Glass. Book. k D .%" D M h CTc. £o 1^ "»o NTi so *» ^ pfr UNCF Al B£i: 01 tod faf **•} 7?io c Er wood ?M ¥ **4 l^SPp, ?iiia Bra; $£'1 ^ %» M A ,N I T DON -^ Mis, Minot O A Fargo #U* V H|^ T V| *d ^ NQ, ' e V/^ i^/v- £*<* to.« ^«es B S ^0„ 5/|/ 'Qi« ^ _P K JOPI « n o I *utluie< 4 * ;o" £ scoVt XOR^V/'ORTH 81 ^ 5 ^^: » Dallas "Hi,. .'>!?. /'udad Juarez I fiV Shrevep s 3EAUM QV &fcfc % % P "7 TROPIC %— t ., °rTAMPICO Rock VZJ.Ta. Birw>n° s T% — HAM ■= EXARKANA -> \^ I VlCKSBUR ® R. Y c *fON fel 3nrqe Jafcksen0e& SDictionarp A CONDENSED DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE GIVING THE CORRECT SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION AND DEFINITIONS OF WORDS BASED ON THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY OF NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D. President of Yale College BY DORSEY GARDNER WITH NEARLY FIFTEEN HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS ALSO AN APPENDIX COMPRISING A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD; SPECIAL DICTIONARIES OF CHRISTIAN, CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL, AND FAMOUS HISTORICAL NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES ; LISTS OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS, OF FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES, OF ABBREVIATIONS; A VARIETY OF INFORMATION AS TO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, COINS, UNITED STATES HISTORY AND STATISTICS, PARLIAMENTARY ORDER, PATENTS, COPYRIGHT, DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION, SIMPLIFIED SPELLING, ETC., ETC. CHICAGO THE REILLY & BRITTON CO. SPRINGFIELD^ MASS. : G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 1909 Copyright, 1884, BT G. & C. MERRIAM & CO. Copyright, 1906, By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. Copyright, 1909, By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. Web. Cond. Diet. Btectrotyped by Houghton Mifflin Company 3 PREFACE. Thb purpose of this -volume is to supply, in as compact a form as is consistent with clearness. the orthography, pronunciation, meaning, and etymology of all English words which are likely U be encountered by the general reader or the student. Words of an exclusively technical or scien- tific nature are in general omitted, — both to reserve space for the adequate treatment of word* in general use, and because the limited class of persons who desire information of this kind would in any case refer to encyclopedias or glossaries devoted to an especial field. Although the book is small, it will be found to contain a more copious vocabulary and fuller' definitions of the essential words, than many dictionaries of greater bulk. The illustrations, which have been profusely used wherever they could aid the understanding of the subject, will be found in many cases to afford a clearer explanation than could be given by the use of words. Arrangement Of Words. — The great condensation of the book is due in part to the exclusion of definitions of derived words, which are in fact self-explanatory as soon as the root-word is thoroughly defined. For instance, under the vocabulary word Blame (p. 51), Blamable is de- fined, but not Blamableness or Blamably ; Blameless, but not Blamelessly or Blameless- ness ; Blameworthy, but not Blameworthiness : the words, however, are given ; also their pronunciation is invariably indicated by accents, or by respelling when necessary ; so also is the part of speech, by the conventional signs uniformly employed. — But the principal saving of space is due to the system of referring words, formed upon a common prefix, to the first of these words which occurs alphabetically ; explaining there the prefix fully and once for all ; and then leaving the etymology of the root-word to be ascertained by reference to the uncompounded word in its proper place in the vocabulary. For example, the inseparable prefix In-, having a negative for;e, is fully accounted for in its regular alphabetical place, and its etymology under the next follow- ing word, Inability ; its euphonic changes (into i- before gn- ; il- before I- ; im- before m and p ; and ir- before ?-) are described ; and then reference is made to the five vocabulary words under which such formatives are grouped : viz. : — Ignoble, covering 24 words, and occupying | of a eolunm. Dlandable, covering 25 words, and occupying | of a column. Immaculate, covering 187 words, and occupying 3^ columns. Inability, covering 661 words, and occupying 12| columns. Irrational, covering 72 words, and occupying 1^ columns. Total ... . 969 words, occupying 17| columns. In the Unabridged Dictionary the corresponding words, as ascertained by measurement, fill 147 »f its much ampler columns; and — by reason of the strictly alphabetical arrangement of that work — extend over 65 pages (words of different derivation being of course intermingled with Jhem). as against 8f pages of this volume. Another similar economy, which has effected the saving of much space, is illustrated by,the following entry (p. 42) : — Be-, prefix, has sometimes an intensive force, as bes-prinkle. Prefixed to nouns or adjectives, it often has the meaning to make, and transforms them into verbs : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, to make a fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of by, as Beside. For words beginning with Be- not found in this vo- cabulary, see the original word : thus, for Bedaub, Bedim, etc.. see Daub, Dim, etc. A like saving has been effected in the case of many of these prolific prefixes. Thus, Re-, with its form Red-, having been accounted for (p. 471), the generality of words so constructed are disposed of by the note : " It may be prefixed to almost any verb and many substantives, the word eo formed being usually self-explanatory/' Still, when a oifference in either pronunciation or IV PREFACE. meaning has taken place, both forms are given and defined : for instance, Rec'Ollect' and Re- collect' are combined in a single paragraph (p. 474), as being of identical derivation; but their widely divergent meanings are adequately denned ; while their etymology is left to be sought under Collect. System Of Grouping. — A saving similar to that made by associating words having the same prefix has been accomplished by consolidating into one paragraph words derived from the same root, provided they have the same initial letter. Thus, under the noun Air (p. 11) are given, first, the direct derivatives, the verb, To Air, the noun Airing, adjective Airy, adverb Airily, noun Airiness ; then follow, alphabetically, the derived compounds — viz. : AirTiath, -bed, -bladder, etc., — of which there are 16 ; and the result is that 21 words are adequately accounted for in 42 lines, although a space equal to 5 of these lines is given to an illustration showing the construction of an Air-pump ; whereas the corresponding words occupy just 200 lines of the broader columns of the Unabridged. Again, under Water (p. 6G8), this book covers 51 words in 188 lines, or about 2 columns, including 6 illustrations ; while in the Unabridged the word and its deriva- tions fill 7f columns, or 837 lines. — It must be explained, however, that, while words of identical etymology have been thus systematically grouped, great care has been taken to indicate the dif- ference between words having the same spelling and pronunciation, but a different etymology. Thus, on page 551, there are 4 separate paragraphs headed Sound, both the meaning and origin of these words and their derivations being totally distinct. There are also 3 entirely different words, Smack (p. 543), yet of the same pronunciation. This point is dwelt upon because, in many elaborate dictionaries, words from totally different sources and of dissimilar meanings have been grouped as if they were of identical origin — which is hopelessly confusing to a student of the language. — It should, however, be understood that only words having the same initial letter are thus associated ; but reference is made to cognate words, if they begin with a different prefix or compound, so as to show their common origin, however widely they may be separated alphabeti- cally. For instance, the paragraph Stand (p. 563) includes 22 words and phrases which fall alpha- betically under stand- ; and these fill but 73 lines, or about three quarters of a column, although 17 of these lines are devoted to the matter of etymology. That is, the etymologies are, traced from the Anglo-Saxon, Old High German, Gothic, Icelandic, Dutch, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit : then follow references (marked *. rt. — " from the same root as ") to 42 cognate words derived from the French and Latin, to 11 from the Greek, and to 31 from various sources, — to 84 differ- ent words in all. To trace out the significance of this group of allied words, the student should examine each of them, with its derivatives. For example, in the case of Stand, its derivatives Understand. Understanding, etc., are grouped among the 67 words associated under the leading word Under ; as are Withstand, etc., under With. But it is only under the stem-word — in this case Stand — that the etymologies have been printed in full, a note under each of the cognate words making a reference to the passage in which they are given. By this system many pages have been saved in the aggregate, although the etymologies are set forth with an almost unprece- dented fullness in some one place, to which reference is clearly made under each derived word. Pronunciation. — The marks indicating pronunciation have been made as few and as simple as is consistent with clearness and precision. The leading word of each paragraph is respelled pho- netically ; but subsequent words within the paragraph are respelled only in instances where the pronunciation changes, or where for any reason it might be doubtful.* — An unmarked vowel, followed by a consonant in the same syllable, is short (as am, end, in, odd, sun) : an unmarked vowel forming a syllable by itself, or ending a syllabic, is long, or has its name sound (as a, be, di-al, no, fu-el, by) ; but a, not under the accent, forming or ending a syllable*, has a brief sound of a in far, or in some cases a brief sound of long a in fate. Vowel sounds which are not thus ex- plained by their position, also the sounds of such consonants as have more than one sound, are marked in accordance with the key-line at the foot of each two adjoining pages. The diacritical marks there employed are self-explanatory, with the exception of that which designates the nasal sound illustrated in the key-line by the French word 6on6on. This n indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal, but care should be taken that the back part of the tongue is not pressed against the palate as is done in producing the English ng. For example, in making the French sound on we may proceed as if about to say ong (as in song), but stop before the sound ng is produced. Similarly the other French nasal vowels can be produced. * Where alternative pronunciations are given for the leading word, the choice between them is understood to apply to the subsequent words in the paragraph, unless these are otherwise marked. For instance, in the paragraph Retroact (p. 488), the pronunciation of the firet two syllables of all words in the paragraph may be either re~'tro- or ret'ro-. PREFACE. V For the sake of brevity, the second part of a compound word in the body of a paragraph is not respelled, if its true pronunciation is given in its alphabetical place in the vocabulary : thus, in the paragraph Sheep (p. 527), the compounds Sheep-walk, Sheep's-eye, are presumed to require no respelling, since the few persons unaware of the pronunciation of the second word in the com- pound can seek it in its own place in the vocabulary. But in cases where there is a deviation from the sound of the original word, this is indicated by respelling, — as in Housewife, under the vocabulary word House (p. 265). — In the large class of verbs and verbal adjectives spelled alike and terminating in -ate (as Degenerate, Duplicate, Elaborate), the attempt has not been made to mark the different quantity of the a in the final syllable, which is always given its long sound, as found in the verb ; but, in fact, it has a less prolonged sound in the adjectives, derived adverbs, and abstract nouns — approximating or falling into that of short e. The Etymologies. — In tracing out the etymology of words, it has been the plan of the editor to indicate the source from which they in fact made their way into the English language, even though forms more closely resembling the modern English may be found in other tongues than those to which they are here attributed. Thus, sea terms may generally be held to come from the Scandinavian languages, less frequently from the Spanish and Portuguese, and only rarely from the French, although the modern form of the English term, modified by Norman and French in- fluence, may appear on hasty consideration to have come from France. On the other hand, many words, both mediaeval and modern, which have to do with law, dress, letters, art, science, eti- quette, etc., are by many lexicographers attributed to the Latin and Greek, whereas they unques- tionably reached England by way of France ; and, where there has seemed to be a certainty or a reasonable presumption that this was the case, the French has here been indicated as the proxi- mate, the Greek, Latin, or Italian, as the remoter source of the word. — The editor has consulted and freely used the results found in the most approved works on the derivation of English words. He has availed himself of the store of etymologies contributed by Professor Mahn to Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, and also of the admirable Etymological Dictionary recently published by Professor Skeat. It is, perhaps, superfluous to explain that, where simply an initial is given in the place usually devoted to an etymology, the word so accounted for has simply been adopted into the English without change from the language indicated ; — thus, on pp. 1, 2, of the vecabulary occur these etymologies: "Aard-vark [D., earth-pig.];" " Abdomen [L.] ; " " Abib [Heb.] ; " "Abren- VOir [F.]," — where it is to be understood that these words have been appropriated, without change in spelling, from the Dutch, Latin, Hebrew, and French, respectively, — the meaning be- ing also identical unless otherwise indicated. The editor's thanks are due to Mr. Zenas W. Bliss, of The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., for many valuable suggestions and criticisms made while the book was passing through the press under his critical eye. The Appendix. — After the conclusion of the vocabulary, there is given an Appendix, which contains : — I. A Pronouncing Vocabulary of Biblical, Classical, Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Proper Names. II. Abbreviations used in Writing and Printing. HE. Arbitrary Signs used in Writing and Printing. Most of these sections require no explanation. But of the one devoted to proper names — in- cluding those which occur in Biblical, Classical, Egyptian, Hindoo, Modern, and Norse history and literature — the editor may explain that, after much inquiry, he was unable to find that such a collection had ever been made. Accordingly, starting upon the foundation of the Classical and Biblical vocabularies of Webster's Unabridged, and gathering from a variety of sources the names which occur in other literatures, he formed the consolidated Pronouncing Vocabulary of Proper Names (pp. 692-785). In this, the origin and pronunciation of all proper names which the reader is likely to encounter are indicated by the same system of marking employed in the body of the book. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. « adjective. abbr abbreviate Dutch. Dan Banish. dat dative. dial. dialect. dim diminutive. disting distinguished.as dis- tinguished from. E English, East. Eccl Ecclesiastical. Eccl. Hist Ecclesiastical His- tory. e. g exempli gratia (for example). Elec. Electricity . Eng.t England, English. Engin Engineering. Entom. Entomology. equiv equivalent. esp especially. etym etymology. F. French. /. feminine. Fig Figurative, figura- tively. Fort Fortification. fr from. t'req ......frequentative. Fries. Friesic. fut future. O German. Oa Gaelic. Qalv Galvanism. gen generally, genitive. Oeog Geography. Geol Geology. Oeom Geometry. Goth Gothic. Or Greek. Oram Grammar. H. High. Heb Hebrew. Her Heraldry. Hind Hindostanee. Hist History. Hort Horticulture. Hung Hungarian. Ic Icelandic. Ichth Ichthyology. i.e id est (that is). imp It . . . .imperfect. incept inceptive. inf. infinitive. ititens intensive. inter y interjection. lr Irish. It Italian. Join.... Joinery. L Latin, Low. LO Low German. LL Low Latin. lit literally. Lithuan Lithuanian. M. Middle. m masculine. Mach Machinery. Malay ..Malayan. Mar Maritime. Math Mathematics. ME Middle English. Mech Mechanics. Med Mediqine. Metal Metallurgy. Metaph Metaphysics. Meteor Meteorology. MHG Middle High Ger- man. Mil Military. - Min Mineralogy. Mus Music. Myth Mythology. N. New, North. n noun. Nat. Hist Natural History. Naut.... Nautical. neut neuter. iVCrr New Greek. NL.. New Latin. Norm. F. Norman French. Norw Norwegian. Numis.... Numismatics. O Old. Obs Obsolete. OB Old Dutch. OF Old French. OHO. .... Old High German. OL.... ..Old Latin. Ottoman,.... ...Onomatopoetic, named from its sound. Opt... ......... Optics. oriff.- ■ original, originally. Ornith Ornithology. OS Old Saxon. P participle. P- a participial adjectiva Taint Painting. Paleon Paleontology . pass passive. Pathol Pathology. perh perhaps. Pers Persian. pers person. pert pertaining. Pg Portuguese. Philos Philosophy. Photog Photography. Phren Phrenology. Physiol Physiology. pi plural. PID Piatt Dutch. Poet Poetry, poetical. Pol Poliah. Polit. Econ.... Political Economy. p.p participle past. p. pr participle present. pref. prefix. prep preposition. vret preterit. Print Printi ng. pr iv privative. prob probably. pron pronunciation, pro- nounced; pronoua prop properly. Pros Prosody. Prov Provincial. Proven ProvengaL q. v quod rt'c?e(whichseej Rhet Rhetoric. Rom Roman. R. Cath Roman Catholic RR Railroads. Russ Russ. S Saxon, South. Scot Scotland, Scottish. Script Scripture, scriptural Sculp Sculpture. sing singular. Skr Sanskrit. Slav Slavonic. Sp Spanish. s.rt from the same rootas superl superlative. Surg Surgery. Surv Surveying. Sw Swedish. Syr Syriac. term termination. Theol Theology. Trans Translation. Turk Turkish. Typog Typography. JJ. S United States. v verb. vb.n verbal noun. v.i verb intransitive. v.t verb transitive. W. Welsh, West. Wallach Wallachian. Zobl Zoology. — equal Co, the same aa CONDENSED DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite arti- cle, and signifying: one or any, but less emphati- cally: it is a contraction of the Anglo-Saxon an, one, and is used before words beginning with a consonant sound. See An. — (,21ns.) The nominal of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of the first tome of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. — A sharp (Af). the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. — A flat (A fc), the name of a tone intermediate be- tween A and G. — AA. (Med.) A sign written after the names of medicines in a prescription, denoting an equal quantity of each. [Contrac. of Gr. ana, throughout, of each.] — A 1, a-wun. An underwrit- er's registry mark for seaworthy vessels of the first or highest class, inferior grades being indicated by A 2, A 2|, etc. ; first-rate ; prime. Aard-vark, ard'vark, n. A plantigrade mammal of South Africa, allied to the armadillo, and feeding on ants. [D., earth-pig.] — Aard-wolf, ard'wdolf , n. A digitigrade carnivorous quadruped of South Af- rica. [D., earth-wolf.] Aaronic, a-ron'ik, Aaron'ical. -ik-al, a. Pertaining to Aaron or to his priestly office. Ab, ab, n. The 5th month of the Israelitish eccles. year, corresponding nearly with August. [Syriac] Abaca, ab'a-ka, n. Manilla hemp. [Native name.] Aback, a-bak r , adv. (Saut.) Backward, as of sails caught in reverse by a change of wind. [AS. on- base, on or at the back.] — Taken aback. Taken by surprise, unexpectedly baffled. Abacus, ab'a-kus, n. A calculating-frame with sliding counters, for compu- ting. (Arch.) The up- per plate upon the cap- ital of a column, sup- porting the architrave. [L.] — Ab'acist. -sist, n. One who computes bv an abacus. CCCOCCCCC- -oeoooooec and alienus, foreign.] — Abal'iena'tion, -shun, n. Act of abalienating. Abandon, a-ban'dun, v. t. [abandoned (-ban'aund), -dONiNG.] To give up whollv and finallv; to relin- quish; forsake; forego. [F. abandonner,' fr. L. ad, to, and L,L. bandum, proclamation.] — Aban'doned. -dund, p. a. Given up entirelv, as to a vice ; de- praved ; reprobate. — Abandonee', -dun-e', n. (J^aw.) One to whom a thing is abandoned. — Aban'doner, n. One who, etc. — Abandonment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; desertion. —Aban- don, a-baN-d6N / ', n. Complete absorption in some object or_emotion. [F.] Abase, a-bas', v. t. [abased (-bast'), abasing.] To bring low, as to the ground ; to cast down ; degrade. [F. abaisser, fr. L-L. bassus, low.J — Abase'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Abash, a-bash' v. t. [abashed (-bashf), abashing.] To strike with sudden shame or fear ; to confuse; confound. [OF. esbahir, to astonish, fr. ex, out, and hah .'] — Abasb/ment. n. Confusion from shame. ABEAM Abate, a-baf, v. t. To bring down or reduce to a lower state, number, degree, etc.; to dirninish; les- sen. (Law.) To cause to fail. a-, i writ; to destroy, as a nuisance.— v. i. To decrei-e, become less ui i strength, subside: to fail, as a writ. [L. ab and bau I nere, to strike.] — Abate'ment. n. Act of abating; deduction: mitigation; discount. — Abaf able, a.~ Abat'er, -or, -er, n. Abatis, Abattis. ab'a-tis, orab-a-:>', n. (Fort.) A row of sharpened branches of trees turned outward for defense. [F.. fr. abattre, to beat down.] Abattoir, ab-at-war'. n. A slaughter-house. [F.] Abatvoix. ab-a-vwa', n. A sounding board over a pul- pit or rostrum. [F. abattre and vouc, voice.] Abb, ab, n. Yarn for the warp of a woolen fabric. [AS. a6. ob.] — Abb-wool, n. Wool for the abb. Abba, ab'ba, n. A Syriac word meining/ar/jer, used in some churches of a religious superior. Abbot, ab r but, n. The head of a society of monks. : governor of an abbey. [L. abbas, abbatis. Set Abba.] — Ab'botehip, n. The state or office of, etc ! — Ab'bacy, -si, n. The condition or privileges of, | etc. — Ab'bess. n. The governess of a nunnery. — Ab'bey, -bT, n. ; pi. Ab'beys. A residence of monks 1 or nuns: monastery; a church attached to a monas- tery. — Abba/tdal. -ba'shal, a. Pert, to an abbey. — Abbe, ab'ba, n. Orig. an abbot : now an ecclesiastic without charge, devoted to teaching, literature, etc. [F.] Abbreviate, ab-bre'vT-at, v. t. To make shorter : to ; reduce by contraction or omission ; to abridge. [L. ab and Sreviare, to shorten.] — Abbre'via'tion. n. j Act of abbreviating : the form to which a word or \ phrase is reduced by contraction or omission. (Mus.) A dash through the stem of a note, dividing it into quavers, semi-quavers, etc. — Abbre'viator,-ter. n. One who, etc. — Abbre'viatory, a. Abbreviating ; shortening. — Abbre'viature, -chur, n. An abridg- • ment : compend._ , Abdicate, ab'dl-kat, v. t. To give up right or claim ' to : to withdraw from : to relinquish, as sovereign j authority. [L. ah and dicare. fr. dicere, to say.] — Ab'dicant, -dicator, -er, n. One who, etc. — Abdi- ca'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ab'dicative, -tiv, a, I Causing, or implying abdication. I Abditory, ab'dl-to-rt, n. A place for secreting or stor- ing goods. [L. abditorium.'] Abdomen, ab-do'men, «. (Anat.) The belly. (Entom.) j The posterior of the sections into T vhich the body is ! divided. [L.] — Abdom'inal. a. Pert, to, etc. — re. ! Fish, like salmon, etc., with ventral fins back of the pectoral. — Abdominous, -nus, a. Having a big belly. — Abdom / ino-thorac , ic. -ras'ik, a. Pert, to the abdomen and thorax or chest. Abduce. ab-dus' [abduced (-dust r ), -ducing], Ab- i duct. -dukf. v. t. T© take away by stealth or by unlawful force. [L. ab and ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Abduc'tion. n. Act of , etc. : a carrying away, esp. ] of a person, by fraud, stealth, or force. — Abduc'tor, : n. One who, etc. (Anat.) A muscle which draws a part from the median line of the body. — Abdu'- cent, -sent, a. Separating : drawing back. Abeam, a-bem', adv. (Jfaut.) On the beam; at right angles to the keel. am, tame, far, pass or opera, fare; end. eve. tSrm: Ttn, Ice: 8dd, tone, §r; sun. cube, full; moon, foot; cow, oil; linger or ink, t&en, boNboN, chair, get ABECEDARIAN ABROACH Abecedarian, a'be-se-dalY-an, n. One who teaches or who learns the A, B, C, or letters of the alphabet. Abed, a-bed/, adv. In bed ; ou the bed. Abele, a-beK, Abel-tree, S'bel-tre, n. The white pop- lar. — A'belmosk, n. The musk-mallow. Aberrance, ab-er'ans, n Deviation from rectitude. [L. aberrans, fr. ab and errare, to wander.] — Aber- rant, a. Straying from right ; exceptional ; abnor- mal. — Aberra'tion, n. Act of wandering, esp. from truth or moral rectitude, or from the natural state (Med.) Partial alienation of mind. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in a heavenly body. Abet, a-bef, v. t. To encourage, aid, further ; — used chiefly in a bad sense. (Law.) To encourage to commit a crime. [OF. abeter, to deceive.] — Abet'ment, n. Aet of abetting; support. — Abet'ter, -tor, -er, n. One who, etc. ; an accomplice ; accessary. Abeyance, a-ba'ans, n. State of suspension, or tem- porary extinction with the expectation of revival, f F. beer (obs. i-erb), to gape, expect.] Abhor, ab-hdr', v. t. [abhorred (-hSrd'), -horsing.] — To regard with horror ; to dislike or hate ex- tremely ; to detest. [L. ab and horrere, to bristle, shudder.] — Abhorrence, -hSrlens, n. Great hatred. — Abnor'' rent, a. Detesting; contrary; repugnant; — with to. — Abherler, -hSr'gr, n. One who, etc. Abib, a'bib, n. The 1st month of the Jewish eccle- siastical year. [Heb.] Abide, a-bid' v. i. [abode (-bod'), abiding.] To con- tinue in a place; to dwell; to continue firm or stable. — v. t. To endure or bear; to await firmly. [AS. abidan, to abide.] — Abid'er, n. One who abides. — Abode'', n. Place of residence; dwelling. Abietin, -tine, a-bi'e-tin, n. (Chem.) A resinous sub- stance obtained from turpentine. — Abi'etite, -tit, n. (Chem.) A substance resembling ma nnite found in the leaves of the silver fir. — AVietlc, o. Pert, to the rir-tree. [L. abies, abietis, fir-tree.] Abigail, ab'Y-gal, n. A lady's waiting-maid. Ability, a-bil'Y-tl, n. Power to act, whether physical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal ; might ; talent; efficiency. [L. habilitas. See Able.] Abintestate, ab-in-tes'tat, a. (Laiv.) Inheriting the estate of one dying without a will. Abiogenesis, ab'l-o-jen'e-sis, Abiogeny, -oj'e-nT, n. Production of life from inorganic matter. [Gr. a priv., bios, life, and genesis, genos, origin.] — Abiog'enist, n. A believer in, etc. Abirritate, ab-ir'rt-tat, v. t. (Med.) To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate. — Abir'rita'tive, -tiv, a. Wanting in irritation; debilitated. — Abir / rita /> tion, n. Want of strength. Abject, ab'jekt, a. Sunk to a low condition ; mean; worthless; groveling. — n. One in a miserable state. Sj. abjectus, fr. ab and jacere, to throw.] — Abjec'- on, n. Meanness of spirit ; baseness. — Ab'jectly, adv. — Ab'jectness, n. Abjudicate, ab-joo'di-kat, v. t. To give away in judg- ment. — Abjudica'tion, n. Act of, etc. [L. ab and judicare.] Abjure, ab-joor' v. t. [abjured (-joordO, -JURiNG.] To renounce under oath, or with solemnity. [L. ab and./wrare, to swear.] — Abjur'er, n. One who, etc. — Abjuralion, n. Act of, etc. — Abjur'atory, a. Containing abjuration. Ablactation, ab'lak-ta'shun, n. The weaning of a child ; a method of grafting now called inarching. [L. ab and lac, Metis, milk.] Ablaqueate, ab-la'kwe-at, v. t. To lay bare or expose. [L. ablaqueare.\— Ablaquea'tion, n. Actor process of laying bare the roots of trees. Ablative, abla-tiv, a. (Oram.) Applied to the 6th case of Latin nouns, in which words signif ying car- rying away or taking from, are used. [L. ablativus, fr. ab and ferre, latum, to carry.] Ablaut, iiblowt, n. A change of the root-vowel in a word, —esp. to denote change of tense in a verb, oi number in a noun, etc.: as, get, gat, got; man, men. [G., fr. ablauten, to be modified.] Ablaze, a-blaz', adv. In a blaze; highly excited. Able, a'bl, a. [abler ; ablest.] Having ability of any kind ; possessing sufficient power, means, skill, etc., to accomplish some end; qualified; efficient; ef- fective. [L. nabilis, fr. habere, to have, hold.] — Ably, a'blY, adv. — A'ble-bod'ied, -bod'id, a. Hav- ing a sound, strong body ; robust. Ablegate, able-gat, n. An ecclesiastic charged with the duty of installing a cardinal. [L. ab and legare, legaivan, to send with a commission.] Ablepsy, ablep-sY, n. Want of sight; blindness. [Gr. « priv. and blepein, to see.] Ablution, ab-lu'shun, n. Act of cleansing or wash- ing ; religious purification ; water used in cleans- ing. [L. ablutio, f r. ab and lucre, to wash.] — Ablu- ent, a. Cleansing ; purifying. — n. (Med.) A puritier of tiie blood; a detergent. Abnegate, ab'nt>gat, v. t. To deny and reject. [L. abneyare.] — Abnegalion, n. Denial and renuncia- tion. — Abnega'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. Abnormal, ab-ndr'mal, a. Contrary to rule, law, or system ; irregular. [L. ab and norma, rule.]— Ab- normality, -nor'mity, n. State or quality of be- ing, etc. ; irregularity ; deformity. — Abnor'mably, -mally, adv. Aboard, a-bord', adv. In a vessel; on board, —prep. On board of. Abode, a-bod'. See under Abide. Abolish, a-bollsh, v. t. [abolished (-boKisht), -ish- ing.] To do away with utterly; to put an end to, destroy, make void, annul. [L. abolere.] — Abol'- ishable. o. Capable of being, etc. — Abollsher , n. One who, etc. — Abolishment, ». Act of, etc.— Abolition, -lish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; a doing away with forever, — esp. of slavery. — Abo- li'tionlsm, -lish'un-izm, n. The principles or meas- ures of an abolitionist. — Abolilionist, n. One who favors abolition, — esp. of slavery. — Aboli lionize, -Iz, v. t. To imbue with the principles of the abo- litionists. Abomasum, ab-o-ma'sum, -ma'sus, n. The fourth stomach of a ruminant animal. |L., fr. ab and omasum, tripe.] Abominate. a-boni'Y-nat, v. t. To turn from, as omi- nous of evil ; to detest, abhor. [L. abominare. fr. ab and omen, a portent.]— Abominable, -na-bl, a. Execrable; hateful; shocking. — Abominably, adv. — Abom'ina'tion, n. Act of abominating; an object of disgust. Aboriginal, ab-o-rij'T-nal. a. First original; primitive. — n. First or original inhabitant. — Aborigines, -nez, n. pi. The original inhabitants of a country. [L. ab and origo, origin.] Abort, a-bdrf, v. i. To miscarry in birth. [L. abor- tus, fr. aboriri, to fail, fr. ab and oriri, to rise, to be born.]— Abor'tion, n. Act of miscarrying; an immature product of conception ; anything which fails to come to maturity. — Abor'tive, -tiv, a. Im- mature; ineffectual; pert, to or causing abortion. — Aborlively, adv. — Abor'tiveness, n. — Abor- ticide, -sld, n. One who destroys, or the act of de- stroying, the life of a fetus before birth ; feticide. [L. cseaere, to kill.] Abound, a-bownd', v. i. To be in great plenty ; to be prevalent ; to possess in abundance, — usually with in or with. [L. abundare, fr. ab and unda, wave, steam, crowd.] — Ahun'dance, n. Overflowing full- ness ; plenty ; riches. — Abun'dant, a. Fully suffi ■ cient ; exuberant ; ample. — Abun'dantly, adv. About, a-bowt', prep. Around ; surrounding ; near; concerning ; on the point of. — adv. Aronnd ; here and there; nearly. (AS. abutan.] Above, a-buv', prep. Higher in place than ; superior to. — adv. Overhead ; in a higher place ; before in order of place ; higher in rank or power. [AS. abufan, fr. an, on, be, by, and ufan, upward.] — Above'board, -bord, adv. Not concealed; openly. — Above'-ground. Alive ; not interred. Abracadabra, ab'ra-ka-dab''- »„„.„.„.„„. ra, n. A cabalistic word, Vr r a Va n a b R formerly used as a charm, VeraAdab arranged in the form of a A /b R a c A D V AKefa-brad', v. t. To WrYcV rub or wear off . [L. ab and A „ A r radere, to scrape, shave.]— » „ R » Abra'dant, n. That which A B R abrades; esp. powder used in grinding and polishing. " — Abra'sion, -zhun, n. A rubbing or scraping off; substance worn off by at- trition. Abreast, a-brest'. adv. Side by side on a line. Abreuvoir, a'bre'vwar', n. A joint between stones in a wall. [F.] Abridge, a-brij', v. t. [abridged (-brijd'), abridg- ing.] To bring within less space ; to shorten, esp. by using fewer words ; to deprive , cut off ; — with of. (Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression. [F. abre'ger, fr. L. abbreviate.] — Abridgement, n. A shortening or diminution ; restriction ; a work abridged or epitomized ; summary; synopsis. Abroach, a-broch', adv. Broached; letting out am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, tSrm; In. Ice; »dd, tone, dr; ABROAD liquor ; in a state to be diffused. [From a, on, and OF. broche, spigot.] Abroad, a-brawd', adv. At large ; unconfined; out of a house or other inclosure; in foreign countries. Abrogate, ab'ro-gat, v. t. To annul by an authori- tative act ; to abolish; revoke ; repeal. [L. ab and rogare, rogatum, to ask] — Abrogation, n. Act of, etc. — Ab'rogative, -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. Abrupt, ab-rupt', a. Broken ; steep ; sudden ; un- connected. [L. ab and rumpere, ruptum, to break.] — Abruptly, adv. — Abrup'tion, n. A sudden breaking oft ; violent separation of bodies. — Ab- ruptness, ». Steepness; suddenness; great haste. Abscess, ab'ses, n. A collection of pus or purulent matter in an accidental cavity of the body. [L. abs, away, and cedere, cessum, to go.] Abscind, ab-sind', v. t. To cut off. [L. ab and scin- dere, scissum, to rend, cut.]— Abscission, -sizh'un, n. A cutting off. (Rhet.) A figure of speech, by which the speaker stops abruptly, as supposing the matter sufficiently understood. Absciss, abSis, n.; pi. Abscisses, ab'sis-ez. Ab- scissa, -sisSa, n. ; pi. Lat. Abscissae, -sis'se, Eng. Abscissas, -saz. (Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. [L. ab and scindere, scissum, to cut.] Abscond, ab-skond'', v. i. To secrete one's self; to decamp ; — used esp. of persons evading legal pro- cess. [L. ab, abs, and condere, to lay up.] — Ab- sconder, n. One who, etc. Absent, abSent, a. Withdrawn from, or not present in, a place ; inattentive to what is passing. [L. ab- sens, fr. abesse, to be away.] — AbSence, n. A being absent ; want; inattention to things present.— Ab'- eently, adv. In an absent manner ; with the thoughts elsewhere. — Absent', v. t. To take or withdraw to such a distance as to prevent inter- course—Absentee'', n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, duty, etc., esp. a land- holder who lives away from his estate. — Absentee'- ism, n. State or habit of an absentee. — Absent Sr, n. One who absents himself. Absinthe, abSinth, n. A cordial of brandy tinc- tured with wormwood. fF., fr. L. absinthium, worm- wood.] — Absin'tnate, n. (Chem.) Absinthic acid combined with a base. — Absin'thiate, -tM-at, v. t. To impregnate with wormwood. — Absin'thian, a. Of the nature of, etc. Absolute, abSo-lut, a. Freed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; arbitrary; unlimited; un- conditioned; finished; perfect; total; complete. [L. ab and solvere, solutum, to loose.] — Absolutely, adv. In an absolute manner ; positively ; arbitrarily. — Absoluteness, n. Quality of being absolute; com- pleteness; arbitrary power. — Absolutism, n. Ab- solute government or its principles.— Absolutist, n. An advocate of absolutism. — Ab'solutistlc, a. Be- longing to absolutism. Absolve, ab-solv', v. t. [absolved (-solvd'), -solv'- JNG.] To set free or release from, as from obligation, debt, responsibility, penalty, etc. ; to exonerate, ac- quit. HL absolvere. See Absolute.]— AbsoluSien, n. {Civ. Law.) An acquittal. (Rom.Cath. Church.) A remission of sin. — Absolutory, a. Absolving. — AbsolvSr, n. One who, etc. — AbsolvSble, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. — AbsolvStory, a. That ab- solves. Absorb, ab-sdrb' v. t. [absorbed (-sorbd'), -sorb- jno.] To drink in, suck up, imbibe as a sponge, swallow up, or overwhelm; to engross wholly. [L. ab and sorbere, to suck in.] — Absorb'abillty, n. Capacity of being, etc. — AbserbSble, a. Capable of being, etc. — AbsorbSnt, a. Sucking up; imbib- ing.— n. A substance or a bodily organ which ab- sorbs. — Absorp'tioo, n. Act or process of being absorbed and made to disappear; engrossment or occupation of mind. — Absorp'tive, -tiv. a. Having power to absorb. — Absorptivity, n. Abstain, ab-stan', v. i. [abstained (-stand'), -stain- ing.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily ; esp. from indulgence of passions or appetites. — v. t. To hinder ; to withhold from. [L. abs and tenere, to hold.] — Abstinence, n. The act or practice of ab- staining. — AbStiueut, a. Refraining from indul- gence; temperate. Abstemious, ab-ste'mY-us, a. Sparing in the free use of food and strong drinks; temperate. [L. abstemivs, fr. abs and temetum, strong wine.] — Abstemiously, adv. — Abstemiousness, n. Absterge, ab-stSrj', v. t. [absterged (-sterjd'), ACANTHUS -sterging.] To make clean by wiping; to cleanse by lotions, etc. [L. abs and tergere, to wipe.] — Abster'gent, a. Serving to cleanse; detergent. — Absterse', -stSrs', v. t. To cleanse by wiping. — AbsterSion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. — AbsterSive, -siv, a. Having the quality of cleansing. Abstract, ab-strakf, v. t. To draw from or separate; to epitomize or reduce; to purloin. [L. abs and tra- here, tractum, to draw.] — Abstract, a. Distinct from something else; separate; withdrawn from the concrete, or from particulars ; difficult ; abstruse; refined. — n. A summary, or epitome ; an abridg- ment. — AbstractSd, p. a. Separated : absent in mind. — AbstractSdly, Abstractly, adv. By itself; in a separate state. — Abstract Sdness, n. State of being abstracted. — Abstraction, n. Act of abstract- ing or separating, or state of being separated; act ol considering separately what is united in a complex object; an abstract or theoretical notion; a purloin- ing. — Abstractitious, -tish'us. a. Drawn from other substances, esp. from vegetables, without fermenta- tion.— Abstractive, a. Having the power of ab- stracting.— AbStractness, n. State of being abstract. Abstruse, ab-stroosl a. Hidden ; has-d to he under- stood. [L. abstrudere, abstrusum, to thrust away.] — Abstrusely, adv. Not plainly ; darkly. — Ab- struse'ness, n. Absurd, ab-serd', a. Obviously inconsistent with reason or common sense ; foolish ; preposterous ; ridiculous. [L. ab and surdus, indistinct, harsh- sounding; also deaf.] — Absurdity, n. Anything absurd. — AbsurdSiess, n. — Absurdly, adv. Abundance. See under Abound. Abuse, a-buz', v. t. [abused, (-buzd'), abusing.] To make ill use of; to misuse; to treat rudely: to maltreat; to revile. [L. ab and uti, usus, to use.] — Abuse, a-bus', n. Ill use ; a corrupt practice or custom; rude language; reproach; insult. — Abu'- sive, -siv, a. Employing or containing abuse; scur- rilous; opprobrious; misapplied. — AbuSively, adv. — AbuSiveness, n. Abut, a-buf, v. i. To terminate or border; to be contiguous. [F. aboutir, f r. bout, end.] — Abut'ment. n. That on which a thing abuts. {Arch.) The solid support of a bridge, etc., at the end. — Abut' tal, n. The butting or boundary of land. Abutilon, a-bulY-lon, n. (Bot.) A genus of shrubs, commonly known as Indian mallows. [Arab.] Abyss, a-bis r , n. A bottomless gulf; hell, or the bot- tomless pit. [G. a priv. and bussos, bottom.] — Abysmal, a-biz'mal, a. Bottomless; unending.— Abyssal, -bisSl, a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. — AbysSic, a. (Geol.) Pert, to an abyss; esp. to strata which formed the bottom of a deep sea. Acacia, a-kaShl-a, n. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs, usually with thorns and pinnate leaves. [Gr. akaJcia, fr. ake, point.] — AcScin, -cine. -sin, n. The inspissated juice of several species or acacia; gum arabic. Acacio, a-kaShl-o, n. A heavy wood of the same family with the red mahogany. Academy, a-kad'e-ml. n. A garden near Athens (named from Academus) where Plato taught; hence, Plato's school of philosophy ; a kind of higher school or seminary ; an institution for the promo- tion of art or science. [Gr. akademeia!}— Academic, -ical, a. Of or relating to a higher institution of learning. —Academic, n. A follower of Plato ; a student in a college, university, etc. — Academics, n. (Met.) The Platonic philosophy. — Academ'- ically, adv. — Ac'ademiSian. -mishSn, n. A mem- ber of an academy, or learned society ; esp., of the French Academy. — Academicism, -sizm, n. The mode of instruction, esp. in fine arts, practiced in academies. Acaleph, akS-lef, n. (Zobl.) A radiate marine animal; a sea-nettle; a jelly-fish; —so called from its sting- ing power. [Gr. akalephe, a nettle.] Acanthus, a-kanlhus, n. ; pi. Eng. Acanthuses, Lat. Acanthi. (Arch.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus, as in Corinthian capitals. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous prickly plants. [Gr. akanthos, fr. ake, point, and an- thos, flower.] — Acan- thaceous, -thaShus, a. Armed with prickles, Acanthus. sun, cube, full; moon, fotit; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, bosboN. chair, eel. ACATALEOTIC ACCOUNT as a plant. —Acan / thocar' , poU8, -kar'pus, a. (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with spines. [Gr. karpos, fruit.] — Acanthocephalan, -sef'a-lan, n. (Zobl.) A species of intestinal worm, having its proboscis armed with spines. [Gr. kephale, head.] — Acan'- thopod. n. (Zool.) A species of insect having spiny Legs. [Gr. pous, podos, foot.] — Acanthopodioui, -po'dt-us, a. (Bot.) Having spinous petioles. — Acanthop'teryglous, -te-rij'T-us, a. Thorny-finned, —applied to an order of fishes. [Gr. pteron, wing, fin.] Acatalectic, a-kat-a-leklik, a. (Pros.) Not defective; — said of a verse which has the complete number of syllables. [Gr. akatatektos.] Acataleptic, a-kat-a-lep'tik, a. Incapable of being certainly comprehended. [Gr. a priv. and katalam- banein, to seize.] Acauline, a-kaw'lin, Acaulous, -lus, a. Having no stem, but flowers resting on the ground. [Gr. a priv. and kaulos, stalk.] Accede, ak-sed', v. i. To agree or assent; to beeome a party, by agreeing to the terms of a treaty or con- vention. [L. accedere, accession, fr. ad and cedere, to go.] — Access, ak-ses' or ak'ses, n. A coming to ; near approach ; admittance ; the way by which a thing may be approached; increase; addition. — Ac- ces'sory, -sary, a. Accompanying ; connected as a subordinate. — n. Something connected as a sub- ordinate. (Law.) One who is implicated in a felo- nious offense, though not present at its perpetration. [The spelling accessary is generally preferred in the law sense.] — Accessorial, -so r rT-al, a. Pert, to an accessory. — Acces'sorily, adv. — Acces'soriness, n. — Accessible, a. Easy of access or approach. — Accessibility , ?i. — Acces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of acceding and becoming joined; increase; that which is added. (Law.) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner has a right to certain additions or improvements. Act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. (Med.) The commencement of a Accelerate, ak-seKer-at, v. t. To quicken the motion or action of ; to hasten ; expedite. [L. ad and cele- rare, to hasten.] — Acceleration, -a'shun, n. A has- tening. — Accel'erative, -tiv, Accel'eratory, a. Quickening. — Accelerator, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc. Accent, ak'sent, n. Superior force of voice upon one or more syllables of a word : a mark used in writing to indicate this stress; a peculiar modulation of the voice. (Mus.) A slight stress upon a tone to mark its position in the measure. (Math.) A mark upon a letter or number, to distinguish magnitudes of similar kind, but differing in value. [F., fr. L. ac- centus, It. ad and cantus, song.] — Accent, ak-sent', v. t. To express or note the accent of; to pronounce or mark with, etc. — Accent'or, -er, n. (Mus.) A leader. — Accenfuable, -u-a-bl, a. Capable of being, etc.— Accent'ual, a. Relating to, etc.— Accenfuate, v. t. To mark or pronounce with, etc.; to bring prominently into notice ; to make conspicuous. — Accentuation, n. Aet of placing accents in writing, or of giving accent to them in speaking. (Eccl.) Pitch and modulation of the voice in reading parts of the liturgy. Accept, ak-sept', v. t. To receive with a consenting mind ; to admit and agree to. (Com.) To receive as obligatory, and promise to pay. [L. acceptare, fr. ad and capere, to take. J — Acceptable, a. Worthy, or sure of being accepted ; pleasing to a receiver ; agreeable ; welcome. — Accept'ableness, -ability, n. — Acceptably, adv. — Acceptance, n. Fa- vorable reception. (Com.) An assent and engage- ment to pay a bill of exchange when due; the bill itself when accepted. (Law.) An agreeing to the act or contract of another. — Aecepfant, n. One who accepts. — Accepta'tion, n. Meaning or sense. — Aocept'er, n. A person who accepts ; esp. one who accepts a bill of exchange. Access. See under Accede. Accident, ak'st-dent, n. An unexpected event; cas- ualty; contingency, pi. (Gram.) The properties and qualities of the parts of speech. (Log.) An unes- sential property or quality. [F., fr. L. accidens, -den- tis, falling to, fr. ad and cadere, to fall.] — Acci- dental, a. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly ; non-essential; fortuitous; contingent; incidental.— n. A casualty. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, oc- curring not at the commencement of a piece of mu- sic as the signature, but before a particular note. — Accident/ ally, «dv. — ACcidence, n. A book con- taining the rudiments of grammar. Accipiter, ak-sip'T-ter, n. A rapacious bird, as an eagle, hawk, etc. (Surg.) A bandage over th« nose. — Accipltrine, -trin, a. Pert, to, etc. [L., fr. accipere, to seize.] Acclaim, ak-klani'", v. t. [acclaimed (-klamdl, -claiming.] To meet with applause; to salute. [L. ad and clamare, to cry aloud.] — Acclaim'', AccLv ma'tion, -ma'shun, n. A shout of assent or appro- bation. — Acclam'atory, a. Expressing applause. Acclimate, ak-kli'mat, Acclimatize, v. t. [acclima- tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To habituate to a climate not native. — Accli'matable, a. Capable of being acclimated. — Acclima'tion, -cli'matiza'tion, -cli '• mature, -ma-chur, n. Process of becoming, or state of being, etc. Acclivity, ak-klivl-tY, n. A slope, considered as ascending, — opp. to declivity ; rising ground. [L. ad and clivus, rising ground.] — Acclivous, -kli'vus, a. Rising with a slope. Accolade, ak-ko-lad / ', n. The ancient ceremony of conferring knighthood, comprising a tap with a sword on the shoulder. [L. ad and collum, neck.] Accommodate, ak-kom'mo-dat, v. t. To render fit, or correspondent; adapt; to furnish with something needed; to reconcile. [L. ad, con, with, and modus, measure.] — Accom'modating, a. Affording accom- modation ; helpful. — Accorn'moda'tion, ». Act of fitting, or state of being fitted ; whatever supplies a want ; adjustment of differences; reconciliation. (Com.) A loan of money. — Accommodation note. One given by the maker to accommodate the receiv- er, who is to provide for it when due. — -train. One which stops at minor or way stations, making less speed than express trains. — Accorn'moda'tor, -fer, n. Accompany, ak-kum'pa-nY, v. t. [accompanied (-kum'pa-nid), -nying.] To go with as companion or associate. ( Mus.) To perform the accompaniment. [F. accompagner.] — Accom'paniment, n. Some- thing that accompanies; an addition by way of orna- ment. (Mus.) A part performed by instruments accompanying voices ; also, the harmony of a figured bass. — Accom'panist, n. (Mus.) The performer who takes the accompanying part. Accomplice, ak-kom'plis, n. A co-operator or asso- ciate. (Law.) An associate in a crime. [L. ad and^ complex, interwoven, fr.plicere, to fold.] Accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v. t. [accomplished (-plisht), -plishing.] To finish, complete, bring to pass, fulfill, realize. [F. accomplir, fr. L. ad and complere, to fill up.] — Accomplished, -plisht, p. a. Complete and perfected; esp., complete in acquire- ments. — Accomplishment, n. Act of accomplish- ing ; acquirement: attainment. Accompt, ak-kownf. See Account. Accord, ak-k&rd', n. Concurrence of opinion, will, or action; consent; harmony of sounds; concord; voluntary or spontaneous motion. (Law.) An agreement between parties in controversy, which bars a suit. — v. t. To make to correspond; to har- monize; to concede. — v. i. To be in accordance; to agree. (Mus.) To agree in pitch and tone. [L. ad, and cor, cordis, heart.] — Accordance, n. Agree- ment. — Accord' ant , a. Corresponding ; consonant ; agreeable. — Accord'antly, adv. — According, p. a. In harmony with; suitable. — Accordingly, adv. In accordance with. Accordion, ak-k6r'dY-un, n. A small keyed wind instrument, with me- tallic reeds. Accost, ak-kost r , v. t. To address; to speak first to. [Li. ad and costa, rib, side.] — Ac- cost'able, a. Easy of access; affable. _ Accordion. Accouchement, ak-koosh-maN', n. Delivery in child- bed. [F.] — Accoucheur, ak-koo-shSr / ', n. A man who assists women in childbirth ; a man-midwife. — Accoucheuse, -shez', n. A midwife. Account, ak-kownf, n. A reckoning; a statement of debts and credits; a statement of reasons, causes, grounds, etc.; a relation or description; importance; reason; consideration; sake. — v. t. To reckon or compute; to hold in opinion; to estimate. — v. i. To render a relation of particulars; to constitute a reason; to render reasons or answer for. [L. ad and computare, to reckon.] — Accountable, a. Liable to be called to account and to suffer punishment ; amenable ; responsible. — Accountability, -aBle- ness, n. State of being, etc. — Accounfant, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, accounts. — Account am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, term; Tn, Ice; 5dd, tone, 8r; ACCOUFLE ACOUSTIC current. A statement showing the Dr. and Cr. sides of a business transaction. Accouple, ak-kup'l, v. t. To join together: to couple. Accentor, Accoutre, ak-koo't6r, r. t. [ACCOUTEREDor -coutred (-koVtSrd), -tering or -tring (-koo'- tring).] To furnish with dress, equipage, or equip- ments, esp. those of a soldier. [F. accoutrer.]—Ac- cou' torments, -trements, n. pi. Dress; equipage; trappings; esp. for military service. Accrementition, ak / kre-men-tish''un, n. {Physiol.) A process of generation in which an organic part sep- arates from the parent part, and becomes a distinct being. — Accrementitial, -tish'al, a. [L. accremen- tum, fr. accrescere, to increase.] Accredit, ak-kred'it, v. t. To give trust or confidence to; to receive, as an envoy, and give him credit and rank; to send with credentials; to procure credit for. [L. ad and credere, creditum, to believe.] Accretion, ak-kre'shun, n. An increase, esp. the in- crease of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts; increase by accession externally; growing together of parts naturally separate. [L. ad and crescere, to grow.] — Accres'cence, -kres'ens, n. Gradual growth. — Accres'cent, a. Increasing. — Accre'tive, -tiv, a. Growing by accretion. Accrue, ak-kroo', v. i. [accrued (-krood'), -cruing.] To increase; to arise; to be added, as increase, profit, or damage. I F. accrue, increase, L. ad and crescere, grow. J — Accru'ment, n. ubat Accubation, ak-ku-ba'shun, n. A reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals. [L. ad and cubare, to lie down.] — Accumbent, ak-kum'bent, a. Leaning, as the ancients did at meals. — Accum'- bency, n. [L. ad and cumbere, to lie down.] Accumulate, ak-ku'mu-lat, v. t. To heap up in a mass; to collect or bring together. — v. i. To grow to a great size, number, or quantity; to increase greatly. [L. ad and annulare, to heap.] — Accu mu- la'tion, n. Act of accumulating; state of being ac- cumulated; that which is accumulated; mass; heap. — Accumulative, -tiv, a. Causing accumulation; cumulative. — Accumulator, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc.; ^sp. power, etc., in machinery. Accurate, ak'ku-rat, a. In careful conformity to truth, or to a standard, rule, or model; correct; pre- cise. [L. ad and curare, f r. cura, care.] — Ac'cu- rately, adv. — Ac'curacy, -ra-sT, -rateness, -rat-nes, n. Precision resulting from care; correctness. Accurse, ak-kers', v. t. [accursed (-kerst'), accurs- ing.] To devote to destruction; to imprecate evil upon; to curse. [AS. a and cursian, to curse.] — Accursed, p. p. a. (part. pron. ak-kersf, a. ak- kers'ed ) Doomed to destruction or misery; worthy of a curse; detestable; execrable. Accuse, ak-kuz', v. t. [accused (-knzdO. -casing.] To charge with a crime, offense, or fault; to arraign; censure ; impeach. [L. accusare, fr. ad and causa, cause, lawsuit.] —Accusation, -za'shun, n. Act of, etc. ; that of which one is, etc. — Accusative, a. Pro- ducing or containing, etc. (Gram.) Applied to the case of nouns, on which the action of a verb termi- nates or falls. —Accu'satively, adv. — Accu'satory, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Accus'er, «. Accustom, ak-kus'tum, v. t. [accustomed (-kus r - tumd), -toming.] To make familiar by use ; to habituate or inure. — Accus 'ternary, a. Usual ; cus- tomary. — Accus'tomarily, adv. Ace, as, n. A single point on a card, die, etc.; the card or die so marked ; a very small degree; a trifle. [L. as, unity, unit, pound.] Aceldama, a-sel'da-ma, n. A field purchased with the bribe which Judas took ; hence called the field of blood. [Heb. khekk, field, and dam, blood.] Acephalous, a-sefa-lus, a. Without a head ; headless. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead of the apex. (ProsS Deficient at the beginning, as a line of poetry. [Gr. a priv. and kephale, head.] — Acepb/alan, n. (Zool.) A mollusk. Acerb, a-serb', a. Sour with bitterness. [L. acerbus.] — Acerbity, -itude. n. Sourness of taste, with bitter- ness and astringency ; harshness of manners. Aceric, a-sSr'ik, a. Pertaining to. or obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. [L. acer. a maple tree.] Acescent, a-ses'ent, a. Turning sour; readilv becom- ing tart or acid. [L. acescere, to turn sour.] — Aces'- cence. -cency, n. Acetabulum, as'e-tab'u-lum, n. One of the suckers in the arms of the cuttle-fish. (Anat.) The socket of the hip-joint. [L., a vinegar cruet, cup.] — AcetaV- nlif era, n. pi. Cuttle-fishes having arms furnished with suckers. [L.ferre, to carry.] Acetic, a-set'ik or -sefik, a. (Chem.) Composed of four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Acetic acid is the pure acid of vinegar. [L. acetum, vinegar.] — Acetate, as'e-tat, Ac'etite. -tit, n. A salt formed by acetic acid united with a base. — Ace'- tous, -tus, a. Sour ; causing acetification. — Acet'- ify, v. t.ori. [acetified (-fid), -fyixg.] To turn into acid or vinegar. [L.facere, to make.] — Acet'iftca'- tion, n. — Acetim'eter, n. An instrument for ascer- taining the strength of vinegar, etc. [L. meirum, measure.] — Acetim'etry, n. Art of ascertaining, etc. —Acetylene, a-sgt'I-len, n. (Chem.) A colorless fas, consisting of two atoms of carbon and two of ydrogen, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor. It is formed by the action of water on calcium carbide. Ache, ak, v. t. [ached (akt), aching.] To have, or be in, continued pain; to be distressed. — n. Continued pain, opp. to sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. [AS. aete, an_ache, acan, Gr. achein. to ache.] Achieve, a-chev', v. t. [achieved (-chevd'), achiev- ing.] To carry on to a final close ; to complete, ac- complish, realize, f F. achever, fr. chef, head, end, L. caput.']— Achievable, a. — Achiev'anee, n. — Achieve , ment, a. Act of achieving ; accomplish- ment ; a great or heroic deed ; feat. (Her.) An es- cutcheon or ensign armorial. — Achiev'er, n. Achor. a'kor, n. A cutaneous disease on the head; scald-head. [L. and Gr.] Achromatic, ak-ro-mafik, a. (Opt.) Free from color; not showing color, from the decomposition of light. [Gr. a priv. and chroma, color.] — Achrematicity, -tis'T-tT, Acnro , 'matism. n. State of being achro- matic. — Achro'matiza'tion, n. Act of rendering, etc. ; deprivation of color. — Achro'inatopsy. n. Inability to distinguish colors ; color-blindnes* ; Daltonism. [Gr. opsis. sight.] Acicular, a-sikMi-lSr, a. Slender, like a needle; needle- shaped. [L. acicula, dim, of acvs. needle.] — Acic'- ularly, adv. — Acic'ulate, -ulated, a. Acicular. — Acic'ulite, -lit, n. Needle-ore ; an ore of bismuth, found in quartz, in long thin crystals. Acid, as'id, w. A sour substance. (.Chem.) A sub- stance having the properties of combining with alkalies and alkaline oxides, and of reddening most blue vegetable colors, and usually with a strong, sharp taste. — a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste ; tart. [L. acidus, fr. acuere. to make sharp.] — Acidity. Ac'idness. n. Quality of being, etc. — Acid'ify, v. t. [acidified (-fid), -fving.] To make acid; esp. to convert into an acid, by chemical combination. [L. facere, to make.] — Acid'ifiable, a. — Acid'ifica'tion, n. — Acidif'ic, a. Producing acid- ity.— Acid'in'er. n. (Chem.) A principle accessary to produce acidity. — Acidim'eter, n. An instru- ment for ascertaining the strength of acids. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Acid'ulous, a. Slightly sour ; sub-acid : sourish. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus.] — Acid'ulate, v. t. To make slightly acid.— Acid''- ulent, a. Somewhat aeid; sour; cross. Aciniform. a-sin'I-fdrm, a. Formed like a cluster of grapes or a grape-stone; full of small kernels. [L. acinus, grape, grape-stone, and forma, form.] Acknowledge, ak-nol'ej, v. t. [acknowledged (-ejd), -edging.] To own, avow, admit; to recognize; to own with gratitude; to own. etc., in a lesal form; to concede, confess, allow. [Prefix a, and Ixioivl- edge.] —Acknowledgment, n. Act of, etc.; some- thing given or done in return for a favor; a declara- tion of one's own act, to give it legal validity. Aclinic, a-klin'ik, a. Without inclination; — said of the magnetic equator, on which the magnetic needle is horizontal. [Gr. a priv. and klinein, to incline.] Acme, ak'me, n. The highest point: crisis. [Gr.] Acne, ak'ne, n. A small hard pimple. [Gr.] Acolyte, ak'o-llt, -lyth, -lith. n. A companion ; asso- ciate. (Astron.) An attendant star. (Eccl. Hist.) An inferior church servant. [Gr. akolouthein, to lol- low.] Aconite, ak'o-nit, n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. — Acon'"- itine, -tin, n. The alkaloid of. etc. [Gr. akoniton.] Acorn, a'kern, n. The seed or fruit of an oak. [AS. secern, fr. secer, a field.] Acotyledon, a-kot'1-le'don, n. A plant having no seed- i lobes, or cotyledons. [Gr. a priv. and kotuledon.] — j Acotyledonous, -led r o-nus, a. Having either no I seed-lobes or such as are indistinct. Acoustic, a-kow'stik, or -koo'stik, a. Pert, to hear- ing, or to the doctrine of sounds. [Gr. akoustikos, I fr. akouein, to hear.] — Acou'stics, n. The science ! of sounds. — Acoustically, adv. — Acoustician, i -tish'an, n. One versed in, etc. ean, cube, full; moon, fotrt; eow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ACQUAINT Acq u ai nt , ak-kwanf, v. t. To make familiar; to com- municate notice to ; to apprise ; to iniorm. [OF. acointer.] — Acquaintance, n. State oi being ac- quainted; familiar knowledge; a person or persons well known. — Acquaintanceship, n. Familiarity; fellowship; intimacy. Acquiesce, ak-wT-es r , v. i. [acquiesced (-wY-esf), -escing (-eslng.)] To rest satisfied; to concur, as- sent, compty. j~L. ad and quiescere, fr. quies, rest.] — Acquiescent, a. — Acquiescence, -cency, n. Si- lent assent. Acquire, ak-kwlr', v. t. [acquired (-kwlrd'), -quie- ING.J To gain, usually by one's own labor or exer- tions; to attain, earn, win. [L. ad and quserere, quaesitum, to seek.] — Acquir'able, a. — Acquire'- ment, Acquisition, -zish'un, n. Act of acquiring; thing acquired; attainment; gain. — Acquisitive, -kwiz'Y-tiv, a. Disposed to make acquisitions. — Ac- quisitively, adv. — Acquisitiveness, n. State or quality of being acquisitive. (Phren.) The organ supposed to give rise to this desire. Acquit, ak-kwif, v. t. To set free; to release, esp. from an obligation, accusation, suspicion, etc.; to clear, absolve ; (reflexh-elu) to bear or conduct one's self. [OF. acquiter, to settle a Glaim, fr. L. quietus, discharged, free. ) — Acquit'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Acquitlal, n. (Laio.) Deliverance from a charge, by a jury or court. — Acquittance, n. Acquitment; a writing which is evidence of a dis- charge; a receipt in full. Acre, a'ker, n. A piece of land containing 160 square rods, or 43,560 square feet. [AS. secer, L. ager, Gr. agros, field.] — Acreage, a'ker-ej, n. A sum total of acres. —Acred, a'kerd, a. Possessing acres; landed. Acrid, aklid, a. Of a biting: taste; sharp; harsh. [L. acer, acris, sharp.] —Ac lidness, Acridity, w. A sharp quality; pungency. —Ac 'rimony, Ac'ritude, n. Quality of corroding or dissolving; sharpness; severity ; asperity, tartness. — Acrimo'nious, a. — Acrimo'niously, adv. Acritochromacy, ak'rt-to-kro'ma-sT, n. Inability to distinguish between colors ; color-blindness ; Dal- tonism. [Gr. a priv., krinein, to separate, and chroma, color.] Acroamatic, ak'ro-a-matlk, Acroatlc, a. Meant only to be heard; oral; abstruse. [Gr. akroasthai, to hear.] Acrobat, aklo-bat, n. One who practices high vault- ing, rope-dancing, etc. — Acrobatic, a. [Gr. akros, on high, and bainein, to go.] Acrogen, ak1o-jen,ra. A kind of cryptogamous plant, which increases by growth at the extremity, — such as ferns, etc. — Acrogenous, a-kroj'e-nus, a. [Gr. akros, extreme, and gignesthai, to be born.] Acronycal, a-kronlk-al, a. (Astron.) Rising at sun- set and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opp. to cos- mical. [Gr. akros and nux, nuktos, night.] Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n. The higher part of a Gre- cian city; the citadel or castle; esp. the citadel of Athens. [Gr. akros and polis, city.] — Ac'ropoll- tan, a. Pert, to, etc. Across, a-kros', prep. From side to side of; quite over; in a direction opposed to the length of. —adv. From side to side; crosswise, [a, on, and cross.] Acrostic, a-kroslik, n. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letter of every line, or of every word, read collectively, form a name or sentence. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. [Gr. akrostichon, fr. akros and stichos, line.] — Acros'- tically, adv. Acrotism, aklo-tizm, n. (Med.) A defect of pulsa- tion. [Gr. a priv. and krotos, the pulse.] Act, v. i. To exert power; to be in action or motion ; to behave or conduct; to demean one's self. — v. t. To perform, esp. on the stage ; to feign ; to assume the office or character of. — n. That which is done or doing; deed; a decree, edict, law, judgment, etc.; any instrument in writing to verify facts ; one of the principal divisions of a play ; a state of reality, or real existence, as opposed to a possible existence; a state of preparation. [L. agere, actum, to put in motion.] — Acting, p. a. Discharging the duties of another. — n. The performance of an assumed part. — Action, ak'shun, n. Exertion of power, or the effect of power exerted; motion produced; agency; thing done; a deed ; conduct ; demeanor ; series of events forming the subject of a play, poem, etc. iOrat.) Gesticulation. (Law.) A suit or process. Com.) A share in the stock of a company. (Paint. tf Sculp.) The position of the several parts qf the 6 ADD body. (Mil.) An engagement between troops. — Actionable, a. (Law.) Liable to a suit. — Action- ably, adv. — Ac'tionary, -tionist, n, (Com.) A stock- holder in a company. — Active, -iv, a. Having the power or quality of acting; engaged in action; ener- getic ; busy ; practical. (Oram.) Expressing tion — ■ ject. tion or transition of action from an agent to an ob- iect. — Actively, adv. — Actlveness, Activity, Actor, akt'er, n. One who acts ; esp. on the stage. — Act'ress, n. A female actor. — Act'ual. a. Existing in act; real: carried out, — opp. to potential, virtual, theoretical, etc.; exist-in;; at present. — Act'- ually, adv. — Actuality, Act'ualness, n. — Act'ual- ist, n. One who considers actually existing facts or conditions, — opp. to idealist — Act'ualize, v.t. To make actual. — Actualization, n. — Act'uary, n. A registrar; a manager of a joint-stock company, esp. of an insurance company. — Act'uate. v. t. To put into action; incite to action. — Actuation, n. Actinia, ak-tin'T-a, n. ; pi. Actix'ix, -i-e. The sea- anemone, which has ray-like tentacles surrounding its mouth. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, a ray.] — Actinlform, a. Having a radiated form. [L. .forma, form.] Actinism, aklin-izm, n. A property in the solar rays which produces chemical changes, as in photog- raphy. [Gr. aktis.] — Actinic, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Actin'ograph, -graf, n. An instrument for re- cording variations in the actinic force of sunlight. — Actin'ogram, n. The record made by an actino- graph. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Actinom'eter. n. An instrument for measuring the intensity of actinic rays. [Gj. metron, measure.] Aculeate, a-kule-at, a. (Bot.) Having sharp points; pointed; — used of prickles fixed in the bark, opp. to thorns growing ^ from the wood. [L. acu- leus, dim. of acus, nee- dle.] Aculeate Stem. Acumen, a-ku'men, n. Quickness of perception or discernment; penetration of mind ; acuteness ; per- spicuity. [L., fr. acuere, to sharpen, fr. acus!] — Acu'minate. v. t. To render sharp or keen. — v. i. To end in a sharp point. — a. Having a long, taper- incr nr»ir»t — Ijtn'minAno n Annminntp _ A/>n'- mination, n. A sharpening ; termination in, etc. Acupression, ak'u-presh'un, Acupressure, -presh'Sr, n. (Surg.) The arresting of hemorrhage from an artery, etc. , by passing a needle through the wounded vessel. [L. acus and premere, pressum, to press.] — Acupuncture, -punk'chur, n. (Med.) The intro- duction of needleslnto the living tissues for reme- dial purposes. [L. pungere, punctum, to prick. J Acute, a-kut', a. Sharp at the end ; pointed ; having nice discernment; shrewd; having quick sensibility; high, or shrill. (Med.) Having symptoms of sever- ity, and coming speedily to a crisis: — opp. to chronic. [L. acutus.] — Acutely, adv. — Acute'ness, n. Adage, ad'ej, n. A saying which has obtained credit by long use; maxim: proverb; aphorism. [F.] Adagio, a-da'jo, a. (Mus.) Slow ; moving leisurely and gracefully. — n. A piece of slow music. [It.] Adamant, ad'a-mant, n. A stone imagined to be of impenetrable hardness ; — hence a diamond or other very hard substance. [Gr. adamas, -mantos, very hard stone or metal, fr. a priv. and daman, to tame, subdue.] — Ad'amante'an, -man tine, -tin , a. Hard as, or made of, etc. — Adamantine spar. A very hard variety of corundum. — Adamantoid, n. A diamond-like crystal, bounded by forty-eight equal triangles. Adam's-apple, ad'amz-ap'pl, n. A species of citron, also of banana; the projection formed by the thy- roid cartilage in the neck. Adansonia, ad-an-so'nY-a, n. The African calabash- tree; baobab. m _ ■ ....... Adapt, a-dapf, v. t. To make fit or suitable; to suit; adjust; attune. [L. ad and aptare, to fit.] — Adapf- able, a. Capable of being adapted. — Adaptabil- ity, Adapt 'ableness, n. — Adaptation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Adapt'er, 7t. One who adapts. (Chem.) A receiver with two necks ; an adopter. Add, ad, v. t. To join or unite, as one sum to another; to subioin, annex. [L. ad and dare, to put, give.] — Ad'dible, -dable, a. - Addibillty, n. - Ad'ditive, -tiv, a. Addible. — Ad'der, n. One who or that which adds ; an adding machine, abacus. — Addi- tion, -dish'un, n. Act of adding: thing added; in- crease; augmentation. (Math.) The branch of anttu metic which treats of adding numbers. (Mus.) A. dot beside a note showing that its sound >s to be am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare - end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6i ; ADDER i lengthened one half. (Law.) A title annexed to a man's name. — Additional, a. Added ; more. — Additionally, adv. — Adden'dum, n. ; pi. Adden'- da, -da. A thing to be added; an appendix. [L.] Adder, ad'der, n. A venomous serpent. [AS. astior.] Addict, ad-dikf. v. U To apply habitually; to ac- custom; to devote. [L. ad and dicere, dictum, to say.] — Addict'edness, Addiction, -dik'shun, n. Addle, ad'dl, a. Putrid; corrupt; producing nothing; barren. — v. t. To make addle, corrupt, or morbid. [AS. adela, mud.] Address, ad-dres', v. t. [addressed (-dresf), -dress- ing.] To prepare or make ready ; to direct words or discourse to; to apply to by speech, petition, etc.; to direct in writing, as a letter; to woo. (Cow.) To consign to another, as agent or factor. — n. A formal application, speech, discourse, etc. ; manner of speak- ing; skill; dexterity; tact; direction of a letter, or the name, title, and residence of the person ad- dressed. In plu., attention in the way of courtship. [F. adresser, fr. L. dirigere, directum, to direct.] Adduce, ad-dus', v. t. [adduced (-dust'), -ducing.J To bring forward, present, cite, quote. [L. ad and ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Addu'cent, Adduc'tive, a. Bringing forward or together. — Adduc'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Adducible, -dus'T-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Adduc'tor, -ter, n. (Anat.) A muscle which draws one part of the body toward another. Adenology, ad-e-nol'o-jT, n. (Anat.) The doctrine of the glands, their nature, and uses. [Gr. aden, gland, and logos, discourse.] — Adenog 'raphy , n. A treatise on the glands. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Adenof- omy, n. Dissection of, etc. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — Ad'enose, -nos, -nous, -nus, a. Gland-like. — Adeni'tis, n. Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. Adept, a-depf, a. Well-skilled; completely versed; proficient, —n. One who is adept in any art. [L. adipisci, adeptum, to arrive at.] Adequate, ad'e-kwat, a. Equal, proportionate, or cor- respondent ; fully sufficient ; requisite. [L. adse- quare, adsequatum, to make equal to.] — Ad'equate- ly, adv. — Ad'equateness, Ad'equacy, -kwa-sl, n. Adfected. See Aefected, under Affect. Adhere, ad-her', v. i. [adhered (-herd'), -hering.J To stick fast or cleave; to become united; to be at- tached or devoted, abide by. [L. ad and hserere, to stick.] — Adher 'ence, Adher'ency, n. Quality or state of adhering; steady attachment. — Adherent, a. United with or to ; sticking. — n. One who cleaves to or supports some person or cause; partisan; follower. — Adher'ently, adv. — Adhesion, -he'- zhun, n. Act or state of sticking; the force with which distinct bodies adhere when their surfaces are brought in contact. — Adhesive, -he'siv, a. Sticky ; tenacious, as glutinous substances. — Adhe'sively, adv. — Adhesiveness, n. Quality of adhering. (Phren.) The orean supposed to be the seat of a tendency to social or personal attachment. Adhortatory, ad-hOr'ta-to-rT, a. Containing counsel or warning. [L. ad and hortari, to incite.] Adieu, a-dQ', adv. Good-by; farewell. — n. A fare- well. [F. a JDieu, (I commit you) to God.] Adipose, ad'T-pos, Ad'ipous, -pu6, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, animal fat ; fatty. [LL. adiposus, fr. adeps, fat.] — Ad'ipocere, -ser, n. A soft, unc- tuous, waxy substance, into which animal flesh is changed by immersion in water or spirit, or by burial in moist places. [L. adeps and cera, wax.] — Adipocerous, -pos'er-us, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Adipocerate.-pos'er-at, v. t. To convert into, etc. — Adi pocera'tion, n. — Ad'ipocer'iform, a. Having the appearance of, etc. [L. forma, form.] Adit, ad'it, n. A horizontal or inclined entrance into a mine; a drift; passage; approach. [L. ad and ire, Hum, to go.] Adjacent, ad-ja'sent, a. Lying near to; contiguous, but not touching. [L. ad and jacere, to lie.] — Ad- ja'cently, adv. — Adja'cency, n. State of being, etc. Adjective, ad'jek-tiv, n. (Gram.) A word used with a substantive, to describe, limit, or define it, or to denote some property of it. [L. adjectinim, fr. ad ^rid. jacere, to throw.] — Ad'jectively, adv. — Ad- jectival, -ti'val or ad'jek-tiv-al, a. Pert, to, etc. Adjoin, ad-join', v. t. [adjoined (-joind'), -joining.] To join or unite to. — v. i. To be contiguous, in contact, or very near. [L. ad and jungere,junctum, to ioin. J — Adjunct, ad'junkt, n. An appendage; a colleague. — a. Added; united. — Adjunct'ly, adv. — Adjunction, n. Act of joining; thing joined.— Adjunctive, -tiv, a. Joining ; tending to join. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — Adjunc'tively, adv. ADMONISH Adjourn, ad-jSrn', v. t. [adjourned (-jgrnd'), -JOUBN- ing.] To put off to another time; to postpone; de- fer; prorogue. — v. i. To suspend business for a time ; to close the session of a public body. [F. ajourner, f r. jour, day. J — Adjourn'ment, n. Act of adjourning ; postponement ; the interval during which business is suspended. Adjudge, ad-juj', v. t. [adjudged (-jujdO, To award or decree ; to sentence. [OF. ADJUDGED (-jUJdO, -JUDGING.] ajuger. fr. L. ad and judicare, to judge.] — Adjudgement, n. — Adjudicate, ad-joo'dl-kat. v. t. To try and de- termine; to adjudge. — Adjudication, n. Act of ad- judicating; sentence; judgment; decision. Adjunct. See under Adjoin. Adjure, ad-joor', v. t. [adjured (-joord'), -juring.] To charge, command, or entreat solemnly, as if under oath. [L. ad and jurare,juratum, to swear.] — Adjuration, n. Act of adjuring; the form of oath. — AdjUT'er, n. One who, etc. Adjust, ad-jusf, v. t. To make exact or conforma- ble ; to fit, regulate, set right. [L. ad and justwi, right.] — Adjust'er, n. — Adjustable, a. — Adjust'- ment, n. Act of, etc.; arrangement; settlement. Adjutant, ad'jothtant, n. A military officer who as- sists the commanding offictr in issuing orders, keeping records, etc. ; a large species of stork, found in India. [L. ad and juvare, jutum, to help.] — Ad'jutancy, n. Of- fice of an adjutant. — Adju'- tor, -joc/ter, n. A helper.— Ad- ju'trix, n. A female helper. — Ad'juvant, a. Helping. — n. An assistant. (Med.) A remedy. Admeasure, ad-mezh'dor, v. t. [admeasured (-mezh'6t)rd), -measuring.] To take the dimensions of; to apportion. — Admeasurement, -6~or- ment, Admen'sura'tion, n. Act or process of, etc.; di- mensions. — Admeas'urer, Adjutant. n. One who, etc. Administer, ad-min'is-ter, v. t. [administered (-terd> -tering.] To manage; to dispense; to give or tender. (Law.) To settle, as an estate. — v. i. To contribute; to bring aid. (Law.) To perform the office of ad- ministrator. [L. ad and ministrare, -tratum, to serve.] — Admin / iste' rial, a. Pert, to admistration. — Admin'istrable, a. Capable of being, etc. —Ad- ministration, n. The act of administering; the executive partof the government; distribution; the persons collectively intrusted with executing laws and superintending public affairs. (Law.) .Manage- ment of the estate of one deceased. — Admin'istra'- tive, -tiv, a. Administering. — Admln'istra'tor, n. — Admin'istra'torship. n. Office of, etc. — Admin'- istra'trix, n. A woman who administers. Admiral, ad'mi-ral, n. A naval officer of the highest rank; the ship which carries him. [ Ar. amir-al-bdhr, commander of the sea.] — Ad'miralship, n. Office of, etc. — Ad'miralty, n. The body of officers who manage naval affairs ; the building where they transact business. — Courts of admiralty. Courts having cognizance of maritime questions. Admire, ad-mlr', v. t. [admired (-mird'), -miring.] To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with approbation, reverence, or affection; to estimate or prize highly, — v. i. To wonder; to marvel. [L. ad and mirari, to wonder.] — Admir'er, n. One who admires; a lover. — Ad'mirable, -mT-ra-bh. a. Worthy of admiration ; rare; excellent; surpassing. — Ad'mirably, adv. — Ad'mira'tion, n. Wonder; esp. wonder mingled with esteem, love, etc. Admit, ad-mit', v. t. To grant entrance to ; to receive as true; to concede, allow; to be capable of. [L. ad and mittere, missum, to allow to go. J — Admittedly, adv. Confessedly.— Admiftance, n. Act of ad- mitting. (Law.) The giving possession of property. — Admis'sible, -sT-bl, a. Worthy of being admitted. — Admis'sibil'ity, n. Quality of, etc. — Admis'sive, -siv, a. Conceding. —Admission, -mish'un, n. Act of admitting; permission to enter; access; the grant- ing of a position not fully proved. A dmix , ad-miks', v. t. To mingle with something else. [I>. ad and miscere, mixtum, to mix,] — Admixtion, -miks'chun, n. A mingling of bodies. —Admix'- ture, -ehot>r, n. A mixing; what is mixed. Admonish, ad-mon'ish, v. t. [admonished (-isht), sun, cube, full : moon, fo"ot ; oow. oil ; linger ar ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ADNASCENT 8 ADYTUM -ishing.] To reprove gently: to counsel against wrong; to instruct, warn, advise. [L. ad and monere, to remind, fr. mens, mind.] — Admon'isher, Ad- monition, -nish'un, n. Gentle reproof; advice.— Admon'itive, -Y-tiv, -itory, a. Containing admoni- tion. — Admon'itively, adv. — Admonitor, -ter, n. One who admonishes. Adnascent, ad-nas'ent, a. Growing to or on some- thing else. [ii._adnasa, adnatus, to grow to or on.] — Ad'nate, -nat, a. (Bot.) Growing close to a stem. Ado, a-doo r , n. Bustle; trouble; labor; difficulty. [Pre- fix a, for to,_and do.] Adobe, a-do'ba, n. An unburnt, sun-dried brick. [Sp.] Adolescent, ad-o-les'ent, a. Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity. [L. ad and olescere, to grow.] — Adoles'cence, -ens, -cency, -en-st, n. Youth; the years from 14 to 25 in men, and 12 to 21 in women. Adopt, a-dopf, v. t. To select and take as one's own when not so before. [L. ad and optare, to choose. J — Adopfer, n. One who adopts. (Chem.) A re- ceiver with two necks. — Adoption, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; receiving as one's own what is not natural. (Theol.) Man's acceptance, through God's grace, on justification by faith. — Adopfable, a. Capable, or worthy, of being, etc. — Adoptive, -iv, a. Adopted; adopting. Adore, a-dor', v. t. [adored (a-dord'), adoring.] To worship with profound reverence; to love intensely. [L. ad and orare, to pray, fr. os, oris, mouth.] — Ador'er, n. A worshiper; a lover. — Ador'able, a. Worthy of, etc. — Ador'ableness, n. — Ador'ably, adv.— Adoration, n. Worship paid to a divine being; homage to one in high esteem. Adorn, a-dora', v. t. [adorned (a-dOmd'). adorning.] To render beautiful; to decorate; embellish; set-off; ornament, f L. ad and ornare, to deck.] — Adorn'- ment, n. Ornament; embellishment. Adosculation, ad-os'ku-la'shun, n. (Bot.) The im- pregnation of plants by farina falling on the pistil; a species of ingrafting. (Physiol.) Impregnation by external contact, without intromission. [L. ad and osculari, to kiss.] Adown, a-down',prep. Down; toward the ground. — adv. Downward. Adrift, a-drift', a. or adv. Floating at random; at large. [Prefix a and drift.] Adroit, a-droif, a. Possessing or exercising skill or dexterity; ready in invention or execution; expert; clever, f Fr. a droit, to the right.] — Adroitly, adv. — Adroifness, n. Adry, a-dri/, a. Thirsty; in want of drink. Adscititious, ad'sl-tish'us, a. Taken as supplemental; additional. [L. adsciscere, to take knowingly.] Adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n. Servile flatterv; syco- phancy. [ L. adulari, to flatter.] — Ad'ula^tor, -ter, n. A servile flatterer. — Ad'ulatory, a. Adult,' a-dult', a. Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength. — n. A person or thing grown to maturity. _[L. adultus.] —Adult 'ness, n. Adulterate, a-dul'ter-at, v. t. To debase or make im- pure by admixture of baser materials; to contam- inate; to corrupt, —a. Tainted with adultery; de- based. [L. adulterare, fr. ad and alter, other.] — AduFteration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Adulterant, -terator, n. One who, or that which, etc. — Adultery, n. Violation of the marriage-bed. (Script.) Violation of one's religious covenant.— Adulterer, n. A man guilty of adultery. — Adul'- teress, n. A woman, etc. — Adulterine, -In or -in, a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. A child born in, etc. — Adulterous, a._ Pert, to, or guilty of, etc. Adumbrate, ad-um'brat, v. t. To shadow faintly forth; to typify. [L. adumbrare, fr. ad and umbra, shade.]— Adum , 'brant, a. Giving a faint shadow. — Adumbration, n. Act of, etc.; a faint resemblance. Aduncous, a-dun'kus, a. (Bot.) Crooked : bent in the form of a hook. [L. aduncus.] — Aduncity, -dun'- st-tt, n. Hookedness. Adust, a-dusf, a. Burnt or scorched; hot and fiery. [L. adustus.] Advance, ad-vans', v. t. [advanced ^-vanst'), -van- cing.] To bring forward ; to raise in rank ; to ac- celerate the growth or progress of ; to help on ; to offer or propose; to supply beforehand; to pay for others, in expectation of re-imbursement. — v. i. To move forward; to improve; to rise in rank, etc. — n. Act of advancing; approach; improvement. (Com.) Additional price or profit; a tender; an offer; a fur- nishing of something before an equivalent is re- ceived; money or goods thus furnished. — a. Be- fore in place or time;— used for advanced; as, an advance-guard. [F. avancer, fr. avant, before, for- ward, L. ante.] — Advanced, -vansf, p. p. Pro- gressive; imbued with novel ideas. —Advance 'ment, n. Act or state of, etc.; improvement; promotion; payment in advance. — Advan'cer, n. A promoter. — Advan'cive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. Advantage, ad-van'tej, n. An v state, condition, etc., favorable to some desired end; superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; profit. —v. t. [ad- vantaged (-tajd), -taging.] To benefit, to pro- mote. [F. avantage, fr. avant.] — Advan'tage- ground, n. Ground that gives advantage; vantage- ground. — Advantageous, -ta'jus, a. Being of, or furnishing, etc.; profitable; beneficial. — Advanta'- geously, adv. — Advanta'geousness, w. Advent, ad'vent, n. A coming; approach; esp. the coming of Christ ; a season of devotion including four Sundays before Christmas. ( L. ad and venire, ventum, to come.] — Adventitious, -tish'us, a. Added extrinsically; accidental; casual. (Bot.) Out of the usual place. — Adventitiously, adv. — Adventive, -tiv, a. Accidental ; adventitious. — Adventual, -chot>-al, a. Pert, to the season of Advent. Adventure, ad-ven'chdor, n. Hazard ; risk ; chance ; an enterprise of hazard ; a remarkable occurrence; a thing sent to sea at the sender's risk. — v. t. [ad- ventured (-chot>rd), -Turing.] To put at hazard; to risk; to run the risk of attempting. — v. i. To try the chance ; to dare. [OF. aventure, fr. LL. adven- tura, an adventure.] — Adven'turer, n. One who, etc. —Adventuresome, -sum, a. Incurring hazard; bold. — Adventurous, a. Inclined to adventure; daring; attended with risk. — Adventurously, adv. — Ad- ven'turousness, n. Adverb, ad' verb, n. (Gram.) A word modifying the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb. [L. ad and verbum, word, verb.] — Adver'bial, a. Relating to or like, etc. — Adver'bially, adv. — Ad- ver'bialize, v. t. To give the force or form of, etc. Adverse, ad' vers, a. Acting in a contrary direction ; conflicting; unfortunate. [L. ad and vertere, versum, to turn.] — Ad'versely, adv. — Ad'verseness, n. — Adver'sity, n. An event or series of events attended with misfortune; affliction; distress. — Ad'versary, n. One who is opposed; antagonist; foe. — a. Ad- verse ; antagonistic — Adver'sative, -tiv, a. Not- ing opposition or antithesis between connected prop- ositions ; — applied to the conjunctions but, however, iiet, etc. — n. An adversative word. Advert, ad-verf, v. i. To turn the mind or attention ; to regard, observe. [L. ad and vertere, to turn.] — Advertence, -tency, -ten-sT, n. Attention; consid- eration. — Adver'tent, a. Attentive; heedful. Advertise, ad-ver-tiz', v. t. or i. [advertised (-tlzd r ), -tising.] To inform or apprise; to make known through the press. [OF. advertir, fr. L. ad and vertere.] — Advertisement, -vSrtiz-ment, or -ver-tiz'ment, n. Information ; public notice through the press. — Advertiser, -tiz'er, n. Advise, ad-viz'. v. t. [advised (-vizdO, -vising.] To counsel; to give information to; to apprise; to ac- quaint, consult. — v. i. To deliberate ; to weigh. well, or consider. [F. aviser. fr. L. ad and videre, visum, to see.] — Advis'able, a. Fit to be advised; expedient. - - Advis'ably, adv. — Advis 'ableness, n. Fitness ; propriety. — Advis'edly, adv. With full knowledge ; purposely. — Advistdness, n. Deliber- ate consideration. — Advise'inent, n. Counsel; con- sultation ; consideration. — Advis'er, n. One who, etc.; a counselor. — Advi'sory, a. Having power to advise; containing advice. —Advice, ad-vis r , ». An opinion offered, as worthy to be followed; sug- gestion; information as to the state of affairs ; coun- sel; intelligence. Advocate, ad > vo-kat, n. One who pleads a cause; esp. one who pleads the cause of another before a tri- bunal. — v. t. To plead in favor of; to maintain by- argument; to defend, support, vindicate. [OF. ad- vocat, an advocate, fr. L. ad and vocare, vocatum, to call.] — Ad'vocacy, -ka-st, Advocation, n. Act of, etc.; intercession. Advowson, ad-vow'zun, n. (Eng. Law.) The right of presenting or nominating to a vacant benefice. [OF. advouson. Law L. advocatio, fr. L. ad and vocare.] — Advowee, -vow-e', or Advow'er, n. One who presents, etc. Adynamic, a / dT-nam / 'ik, a. (Med.) Of weak vital powers; feeble. [Gr. a priv. and dunamis, power.] Adytum, ad'I-tum, n. ; pi. Ad'yta, -ta. (Arch.) A secret apartment, esp. the place of the oracles in an- cient temples. [L.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t§nn ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; ADZ AFFRAY Adz, Adze, adz. n. A carpcnter'6 tool for chipping. [AS. adesa. ff.dile. Edile. ' ' , e'dTl, re. An officer in ancient Rome who cared for public buildings, streets, public spectacles, etc. [L. sedilis, fr. secies, temple.] ffigilops, ej'I-lops, re. An abscess in the corner of the eye. [Gr. aix, goat, and ops, eye.] ffigia, e'jis, re. A shield, esp. Mi- nerva's shield ; anything that pro- tects. [Gr. aig is, goat's skin, a shield covered with it.] < A;elian, e-o'lY-an, a. Pert, to ^olia or AColis, in Asia Minor ; pert, to ASolus, god of the winds; pert, to, * QZ or produced by, the wind. — .ffiolian attachment. A contrivance for converting a piano- forte into a wind instrument. — iEolian harp. A box on which are stretched strings, on which the wind produces musical notes. — Alolic, e-ollk, a. Pert, to 2E©lia. ffion, Eon, e'on, re. A great, indefinite, or infinite, space of time. [Gr. aion, an age, eternity.] Aerate, a'Sr-at, v. t. To impregnate or combine with carbonic acid gas; to supply with common air or with oxygen; to change by exposure to fresh air. [L. and Gr. aer, air.] — Aera'tion, re. Act or process of, etc. ; exposure of soil to the action of the air. — Aerial, a-e'rf-al, a. Pert, to the air, or atmosphere; consist- ing of, inhabiting or frequenting, or existing in, the air ; high ; lofty. — Aerification, a'e-r-i-fi-ka'shun, n. Act of aerifying. — A'eriform, a. Having the form of air, as gas. — A'erify, -ft, v. t. To change into an aeriform state. — Ae'robies, a'er-o-bez, re. pi. Infusoria which require the presence of oxygen to act as ferments. [Gr. bios, life.] — A'erog'noBy, re. The science of the properties of air. [Gr. gnosis, knowledge.]— A'erogram, n. A message sent by wireless telegraphy. [Gr. gramma, a written char- acter.] — A'eroglaphy, re. A description of the air. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — A'erolite, re. A etone falling from, etc. ; meteoric stone. [Gr. lithos, etoue.] — A'erofogy, n. Science of the air and its phenomena. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — A'eroman'cy, n. Divination by the air, winds, etc. [Gr. manteia, prophesying.] — A'erora'eter, re. An instrument for measuring the weight or density of gases. [Gr. metron, measure.] — A'erom/etry, re. Art or science of ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. — A'ero- naut', -nawt, n. An aerial navigator ; balloonist. [Gr. nautes, sailor.] — A'eronautlc, a. Pert, to, etc. — A'eronautlcs, n. Science or art of sailing in a balloon. — A'eronaut'ism, re. The practice of. etc. — A'eropho'bia, -fo'bir-a, re. (Med.) Dread of a current of air. [Gr. phobos, fear.] — A'ero- phyte 7 , -fit, re. A plant deriving support from air. [Gr. phuton, plant.] — A'eroplane, n. A flying ma- chine, or a plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it. — A'e'ros'copy, -os'ko-pT, re. Observation of the atmosphere. [Gr. skopein, to look out.] — Aero- statics, re. Science of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or of bodies sustained in them ; science of aerial navigation. — A'erostat'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. Aerie, elT or alt. re. The nest of an eagle or other bird of prey. _[F. aire, LL. area, nest of, etc.] ffruginous, e-roo'jY-nus, a. Pert, to, or partaking of, copper-rust. [L. serugo, copper-rust.J Esthetic, Esthetic, es-thetlk. a. Pert, to aesthetics. — Aesthetics, n. sing. The theory or philosophy of taste ; science of the beautiful in nature and art. [Gr. aisthetikos, fr. aisthanesthai, to perceive.] ffisthesiometer, es'the-st-om'e-ter, n. An instrument to measure the degree of sensation in the skin. [Gr. aisthesis, sensation, and metron, measure.] Etiology, elT-ol-o-jY, n. Science of the causes of phe- nomena. [Gr. aitia, cause, and logos, description.] Afar, a-far', adv. At a great distance; remote. Affable, af'fa-bl, a. Ready to converse ; easy of ac- cess ; courteous : complaisant ; condescending. [L. ad and f'ari. to speak.] —Affably, adv.— Affabif - . 1?^' n - j. Q ualit y of being, etc.; urbanity; civility. Affair, af-far'. n. Business ot anv kind ; esp. public business. (Mil.) An engagement of troops. [F. affaire, L. ad andfacere, to make, do.] Affect, af-iekf, v. t. To act upon ; to produce a change in ; to influence, aim at, desire, imitate, put on a pretense of. [L. afficere, affectum, fr. ad and facere.] — Affecta'tion, re. Assumption of what is not natural ; false pretense. — Affecfed. p. a. As- suming or pretending to possess, etc.; assumed arti- ficially. (Alg.) Compounded; containing different powers of the unknown quantity (written also Ad- fected).— Affect'edly. adv. In an affected manner. — Affecfedness, re. — Affecfer, re. — Affecting, p. a. Having power to move the passions; pathetic. — Affect'ingly. adv. — Affec'tion, n. An attribute, quality, or property, inseparable from its subject; inclination of the mind toward a particular object; love; attachment. (Med.) Disease. — Affedionate, a. Having or proceeding from, etc. ; tender; fond ; warm-hearted. — Affec'tionately, adv. — Aflec'- tioned, -shund, a. Inclined ; disposed ; affected.— Affective, -iv, a._ Affecting, or exciting emotion. Affettuoso, af-fet-too-o'zo. (Mm.) A direction to ren- der notes soft or affecting.— adv. Tenderly. [It.] Affiance, af-ffans, n. Plighted faith; marriage con- tract; trust; confidence. — v. t. [affianced (-anst), -ancing.] To betroth ; to pledge fidelity in mar- riage, promise marriage to, give confidence to, trust. [F. fiancer, to betroth, L. ad and fides, faith.] — Affi'anoer, n. One who makes a marriage contract between parties. — Affi'ant, re. (Law.) One who makes affidavit. — Affida'vit, n. (Law.) A declara- tion, signed and made upon oath. [L., he made oath.] Affiliate, af-fil'Y-at, v. t. To adopt as a son, receive into fellowship ; to ally ; to receive into a society as a member. (Law.) To assign an illegitimate child to the father. [L . ad and films, son.] — Affili- able, a. Capable of being, etc. — AffiTia'tion, n. Adoption; association in the same family or society; assignment of an illegitimate child to the father. Afflnage, affin-ej, n. A refining of metals. [F.] Affinity, af-fin'T-tt, n. Relationship by marriage; close agreement; conformity; connection. (Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between particles, and forms compounds. (Spiritualism.) A person for whom one of the oppo- site sex feels a passionate attachment. [L. ajfinitas, f r. ad and finis, border.] Affirm af-fgrm", v. t. [affirmed (-fermd'), -firm- ing.] To confirm, establish, or ratify; to assert posi- tively, aver. — v. i. To declare positively. {Law.) To promise, before a magistrate or tribunal, to tell the truth, under pain of perjury. [L. ad and firm- are, fr. firmus, firm.] — Affirm/able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Affirm'' ance, re. Confirmation: ratifica- tion.— Affirnfant, re. One who, etc. (Law.) One who affirms instead of taking oath. — Affirma'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; that which is asserted ; ratifica- tion. (Law.) Declaration by one conscientiously unable to make oath.— Affirnfative, -tiv, a. Affirm- ing, — opp. to negative; confirmative; ratifying.— n. A word expressing assent; an affirmative propo- sition; that side of a question which affirms or maintains, — opp. to negative. — Affirnfatively, adv. — Affirm/or, re. Affix, af-fiks', v. t. [affixed (-fixf), -fixing.] To add at the end; to attach or connect; to fix or fasten in any manner; to subjoin, annex. [L. ad and figere, fixum, to f asten.] — Affix, affiks, re. A syl- lable or letter joined to the end of a word; a suffix. — Affixion, -fik'shun, re. Act of affixing; addition. — Affixture, -fiks'chotir, n. That which is, etc. Afflatus, af-fla'tus, re. A breath or blast of wind; communication of divine knowledge; the inspira- tion of a poet. [L., fr. ad and flare, flatum, to breathe.] — Afflalion, re. A breathing on. Afflict, af-flikt', v. t. To strike down; to overthrow; to give continued pain; to cause to suffer dejection, grief, or distress; to trouble, harass. [L. ad and fij- gere,flictum, to strike.] — Afflict'er, n. — Afflicting, a. Causing pain ; grievous ; distressing. — Affliction, -flik'shun, re. Cause of continued pain, state of be- ing afflicted; sorrow; adversity. — Afflictive, -iv, a. Giving or causing, etc — Affiictlvely, adv. Affluent, affloo-ent, a. Wealthy; plentiful. — re. A stream flowing into a river or lake. [L. ad and fiuere, fluxum, to flow.] —Affluence, -ens, -ency, n. Abund- ance, esp. of riches ; opulence. — Affluently, adv. — Afflux, affluks, Affluxion, -fluk'shun. re. Act of flowing to; that which flows to. Afford, af-ford', v. t. To yield or produce; to give, grant, sell, or expend, with profit or without loss; to impart ; confer. [F. aff'orer, to set a price on, fr. L. ad and forum, market-place, court.] Afforest, af-for'est, v. t. To turn into forest. — Af- foresta'tion, n. Act or process of, etc. Affray, af-fra', re. {Law.) Fighting in a public E lace, causing fear; a tumultuous assault : quarrel; rawl. [F. effrayer, to terrify, L. fragor, a crash.] sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, lien, boNboN, chair, get. AFFREIGHT 10 Affreight, af-frat', v. t. To hire, as a ship, to trans- port goods or freight. — Affreignt'ment, n. The en- gagement or chartering, etc. Affright, af-frlt', v . t. To impress with sudden fear; to appall, shock, alarm, n. Sudden and great fear; terror. [AS. qfyrhtan.] — Affright'edly, adv. Affront, af-frunt', it. Any reproachful or contemptu- ous action; offense. — v. t. To offend by manifest- ing disrespect ; to insult, provoke, outrage. [F. af- fronter, fr. L. ad and frons, frontis, forehead, front.] — Affront'er, n. — Affrontlve. -iv, a. Abusive, in- AGGRESS suiting. — Affront / ingly, adv. " fuz', v. t. To pour out; to sprinkle fundere, fusum, to pour.] — Affusion, -fu'- zhun, n. Act of, etc., as in baptism. (Med.) Pour- ing water on the body, as a remedy in disease. Afield, a-feld', adv. To, in, or on the field ; out of the way. Afire, a-flr', a. or adv. On fire. Aflame, a-flain', adv. In flames; glowing with light. Afloat, a-flot', adv. In a floating state; passing from place to place; unfixed; without guide or control. Afoot, a-fcSot', adv. On foot: in action; in a condition for action. Afore, a-for', adv. or prep. Before. — Afore'going, a. Going before; foregoing; previous. — hand, adv. Beforehand; before. — -mentioned, -shund, adv. Spoken of or flamed before. — thought, -thawt, a. Premeditated. — time, adv. In time past; of old. Afoul, a-fowl', a. or adv. Not free; entangled. Afraid, a-frad', a. Struck with fear or apprehen- sion; timid, [p. p. of obs. affray, to frighten.] Afresh, a-fresh', adv. Anew; over again. Africander, af-rY-kan'dSr, n. One born in Africa, but not of African descent. Afrit, af-rit', Afrite, -ret', Afreet', n. (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee or demon. Afront, a-frunt', adv. In front. Aft, aft, adv. or a. (Naut.) Astern, or toward the stern ; abaft. — Fore and aft. From one end of the vessel to the other. [AS. aeftJ] After, aft'er, prep. Behind in place; later in time; moving toward from behind; in pursuit of; in im- itation of; according to the influence of; in relation to. — adv. Subsequently. — a. Later; subsequent. (Nattt.) More aft, or toward the stern. [The adjec- tive after is often combined with a following noun, forming compounds, but retaining its signification. Some of the following words are of this kind; but in some after seems rather to be a separate word.] [AS. pefter.] — Aft'ermost, -most, a. Hindmost.— Aft'erward, -wards, -wurdz, adv. In later or suc- ceeding time ; subsequently. — Aft'er-birth, -berth, n. The placenta, cord, and membranes inclosing the fetus, which come away after delivery. clap, n. An unexpected subsequent event. crop, n. A second crop. — damp, n. Choke-damp; carbonic acid gas following the explosion of fire-damp in mines. — glow, n. A kind of second twilight, some- times following sunset. — math, n. A second crop of grass in the same year; rowen. — noon', n. Time from noon to evening. pains, n. pi. Pains after delivery, caused by the after-birth, or by clots. — -piece, n. A piece performed after a play. — sails, n. pi. (yaut.) The sails on the mizzen mast and its stays. — state, n. The future life. thought, -thawt, n. Something thought of after an act; later thought or expedient. Aga, a'ga, n. A Turkish commander or chief officer. [Per. ak, aka, lord.] Again, a-gen', adv. Another time; once more; in re- turn; back. —Again and again. Often; repeatedly. [AS. ongegn.]— Against, a-genst', prep. Abreast of ; apposite to ; in op- position to; in prepara- tion for. Agalaxy, ag-a-laks'T, n. (Med.) Failure to se- crete milk after child- birth. [Gr. apriv. and gala, galaktos, milk.] Agama, ag'a-ma, n. A vegetable-eating lizard of Guinea. [Native name.] Agamic, a-gam'ik, a. Produced by the fe- male without the male. — Agamous, ag'a-mus, a. (Bot.) Having no Agama aculeata. visible organs of fructification. [Or. a priv. and gamos, marriage.] Agape, ag'a-pT, n. : pi. Ag'ap^e, -a-pe. A love-feast, or feast of charity, among the primitive Christians. [Gr., fr. agapan, to love.] Agape, a-gap', adv. Gaping, as with wonder. [Prefix a and gape.'] Agaric, ag'a-rik, n. (Bot.) A family of fungi, includ- ing musnrooms; an excrescence growing on the trunk of trees, used for tinder, in dyeing, and in medicine; touchwood. — Agaric mineral. A deposit of carbon- ate of lime. [Gr. agarikon.] Agate, ag'et, n. A precious stone, variety of quartz. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and small- er than nonpareil; —in England called ruby. [Gr. achates, fr. the river Achates.^ flgP"Thi8 line is printed in the type called agate. Agatine, -tin, a. Pert, to or resembling, agate.— Ag'- atize, -Hz, v. t. [agatized (-tlzd), -tizing.] To con- vert into, etc. — Ag'aty, -tT, a. Of the nature of, etc. Agave, a-ga've, n. A genus of plants ; the American aloe, or century plant, from the juice of wnich the liq- uor pulque is made, [i., fr. Gr. agauos, noble.] Age, aj, n. Whole duration of a being; the part of one's lif e.previous to a given time ; the latter part of life; legal maturity ; a particular pe- riod of time in history; the Agaver people of a particular period; hence, a generation; a century ; era.— v. i. To grow old ; to show marks of age. [F. age, OF. aage, edage, L. setas.~\ — Aged, a'jed, a. Advanced in age ; old ; ancient. — n. pi. Old persons. — Agedly, a'jed-lt, adv. Like an aged person. Agendum, a-jen'dum, n. ; pi. Agen'da, -da. Some- thing to be done; a memorandum-book ; a ritual or liturgy. [L.] Agent, a'jent, n. A person or thing that acts or has power to act ; one intrusted with the business of an- other ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a factor ; an active power or cause. [L. agens, agentis. fr. agere, to do.] — A'gentship, n. The office of an agent; agency. — A'gency, a'jen-sT, n. Quality or state of, etc. ; instru- mentality; office or duties of, etc.; bureau of, etc. Agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v. t. To wind into a ball ; to gather into a mass. — j;. t. To collect into a ball. [L. ad and glomerare, f r. glomus, ball.] — Ag- glom'era'tkm, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Agglutinate, ag-glu'tt-nat, v. t. To glue or cause to adhere ; to unite by causing adhesion. [L. ad and glutinare, fr. gluten, glue.] — Agglu'tina'tion, n. Act of uniting, or state of being united. (Lang.) Union of several words in one compound vocable. — Agglu'tina'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to unite. — Agglu'- tinant, a. Uniting.— n. A viscous adhesive substance. Aggrandize, ag'gran-diz, v. t. [aggrandized (-dlzd), -dizing.] To enlarge; to make great or greater in power, rank, honor, etc. ; to augment ; exalt ; in- crease. [L. ad and grandis, great.] — Aggrandize- ment, -gran'diz-ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ag'grandi'zer, n. One who, etc. Aggravate, ag'gra-vat, v. t. To make worse, more severe, more enormous; to enhance; to give an ex- aggerated representation of; to provoke or irritate; to tease. [L. ad and gravis, heavy. 1 — Aggravation, -va'shun, n. Act of, or that which, etc. ; exagger- ated representation; provocation ; irritation. Aggregate, ag'gre-gat, v. t. To bring together ; to collect into a sum or mass ; to accumulate, pile. — a. Formed by parts collected. (Law.) United in one body corporate. — n. An assemblage of par- ticulars; sum total ; lump. [L. ad and grex, gregis, flock.] — Ag'gregately, adv. — Aggregation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ag'gregative, -tiv, a. Causing aggregation ; collective. — Ag'grega'tively, adv. — Ag'gregator, -t5r, n. One who, etc. Aggress, ag-gres', v. t. [aggressed (-gresf), -gress- ino.] To make a first attack ; to begin a quarrel. — n. Attack. [L. ad and gredi, gressum, to step.] — Aggres'sion, -gresh'un, n. First attack ; act lead- ing to controversy; invasion; encroachment. — Ag- gres'sive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. — Aggres'sively, adv. — Aggres'siveness, n. — Aggrei'sor, -s5r, n. am. fame, far, pass or operA, fare ; 6nd, ire, tgrm ; tn. Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; AGGRIEVE 11 AIR Aggrieve, ag-grev', v. t. [aggrieved (-grevd'). -griev- ing.] To give pain to ; to afflict ; to oppress or in- jure ; to harrass. [L. ad and gravis, heavy.] — Ag- griev'ance, n. Injury; grievance. Aggroup, ag-groop', v. t. To bring together, group. Aghast, a-gasf, a. or adv. Struck with amazement; stupefied with sudden fright or horror. [AS. gses- tan, to terrify.] , Agile, aj'il, a. Quick of motion; nimble; lively; brisk. [L. agUis. fr. agere, to act.] — Ag'ileneas, Agility. a-jil'T-tT, n. Quality of being, etc. Agio, a 'jT-o, n. ; pi. A'gios, -oz. (Com.) Difference in value between metallic and paper money, or be- tween different coinages ; premium ; sum given above the nominal value. [It. aggio, agio, exchange, diseount.J — A'giotage, n. Maneuvers of specula- tors to raise or depress the funds; stock-jobbing. Agiat, a-jist / \ v. i. To take another's cattle to graze. [OF. gtste. place to lie down in, fr. L. jacere, to lie.]— Agistment, n. (Law.) Taking and feeding of other s cattle ; price paid for such feeding. Agitate, aj'T-tat, v. t. To move with a violent irreg- ular action ; to shake ; to disturb or exeite ; to dis- cuss earnestly ; to consider on all sides; to revolve, debate. [L. agitare, to put in motion.]— Agite/tien, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; perturbation of mind ; discussion. — Agito/tive, -tiv, a. Having power or tendency to, etc. — Agita'tor, -tSr, n. Aglow, a-glo', adv. Hot; bright with warmth; glowing. Aglutition, ag-lu-tish , un, n. (Pathol.) Inability to swallow. [Gr. a priv. and L. glutire, glutitum, to swallow.] Agnail, agonal, n. Inflammation round a nail; a whit- low. [AS. angnsegl, f r. ange, compressed, nsegl, nail.] Agnate, ag'nat, a. (Law.) Related on the father's side. — n. A male relation by the father's side. [F. agnat, fr. L. ad and nasci, natuni, to be born.] — Agna'tion, n. Descent in the male line. — Agna'tie, a. Pert, to, etc. Agnomen, ag-no'men, a. A name added, among the Romans, in celebration of 6ome exploit. [L.] Agnottlc, ag-nos'tik, a. Professing ignorance ; in- volving no dogmatic assertion ; leaving undeter- mined. — n. One who, etc. [Gr. a. priv. and gnos- tikos, knowing, fr. gignoskein, to know.]— Agnos- ticism, n. The condition of neither affirming nor denying, on the score of ignorance. (Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity can be neither asserted nor denied, proved nor disproved, because of the limits of the human mind, or of the insufficiencv of evidence, — opp. to atheism and to theism; also, the belief of a Christian sect of the third centurv, that God did not know all things. Agnus Dei, ag v nus del cake of wax bearing the figure of a lamb ; also a prayer begin- ning with these words. [L., lamb of God.] Ago, a-go', adv. or a. Past; gone. [AS. agan, to pass away.] Agog, a-gog', a. or "adv. Highly excited by eagerness after an o re- ject. [W. g og, activity, fr. gogi, to agitate.] Agoing, a-go'ing, p. pr. In motion ; going ; ready to go. Agony, ag'o-nY, n. Pain that causes writhing Agnus Dei. or contortions of the body, like those in athletic con- tests : anguish: pang. [Gr. agonia, causing writhing, fr. agon, contest.] — Ag'onist, n. One who con- tends for theorize in public games. — Ag'onism, -nizm, n. Contention for, etc.— Agonistic, -ical. a. Relating to prize-fighting, or to bodilv or mental contest — Ag'onize, v. i. [agonized" (-nlzd), -ni- zing.] To writhe with agony; to suffer anguish. — v. t. To distress: to torture. — Ag'onizingly. adv. Agrarian, a-gra'rT-an, a. Relating or tending to equal division of lands. (Bot.) Growing wild. —n. One who favors equal division of property [L. agrarim, fr. ager, afield.] — Agra'rianiam, n". Equal division, etc. ; the principles ot agrarians. Agree, a-gre', v. i. [agreed (-gred"), agreeing.] To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action ; to yield assent, come to terms, resemble. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. [F. agrier, fr. gri, good- will; L. gratve, pleasing.] — (Bom. Cath. Church.) A Agree 'able, a. Suitable; in pursuance or accord- ance ; pleasing ; ready to agree. — Agree'abillty, Agree'ableness, n. Quality of being, etc. — Agree'- ably, adv. — Agree'ment, n. A state of, etc. ( Oram.) Concord of one word with another in gender, num- ber, etc. (Law.) Union of minds in a thing done or to be done ; a bargain, compact, or contract. Agrestic, a-gres'tik, -tieal, a. Pert, to the fields; un- polished; rustic. [L. agrestis,ir. ager, field.] Agriculture, ag'rT-kul-cho"or, n. The art or science of cultivating the ground; tillage; husbandry. — Ag- ricultural, a. — Agriculturist, n. One skilled in, etc. [L. ager, field, and cultura, cultivation.] Agrimony, ag'rl-mo-ni, n>. A wild plant having yel- low flowers. [LL. agrimonia.] Agrin, a-grin', adv. In the act of grinning. Agriology, ag-ri-eKo-ji, n. The comparative study of human customs, esp. of men in their natural state. — Agriol'ogist, n. A student of, etc. [Gr. agrios, wild, fr. agros, field, and logos, discourse.] Agrostis, a-groslis, n. (Bot.) A genus of grasses; bent-grass; red-top. [Gr. agrostis, grass.] — Ag'ros- toglaphy, Ag'rostorogy, n. A description of the grasses; that part of botany relating to the grasses. [Gr. graphein, to write; logos, discourse.] Aground, a-grownd', adv. On the ground; stranded. Agrypnia. a-grip'nT-a, n. (Med.) Sleeplessness. -- Agrypnotlc, a. Preventing sleep. — n. Anything whicn, etc [Gr. agrupnos, sleepless.J Ague, a'gu, n. Chilliness; an intermittent fever, at- tended by alternate cold and hot fits. — A'guish, a, [F. aigu, sharp, L. acutus.] Agynous, ajl-nus, a. (Bot.) Having fecundating, but not fruit-bearing, organs; male. [Gr. a priv. and gune, woman.] Ah, a, interj. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, contempt, joy, pain. etc. [F., L.] — Aha, a-ha', interj. An exclamation expressing triumph, contempt, or simple surprise. Ahead, a-hed', adv. Farther forward; onward. Ahoy, a-hoi', interj. A sailor's call to attract attention. Ahull, a-hul', adv. "With the sails furled, and the helm lashed on the lee side. Ai, a'e, n. The three-toed sloth, named from its cry. Aid, ad. v. t. To support, by furnishing means to effect a purpose or prevent evil ; to assist, succor, befriend, —n. Help; the person or thing that aids; an aid-de-camp. [F. aider, fr. L,. adjvtare, to help.] — Aid'ance, n. Assistance; help. — Aid-de- camp, ad'de-kaN, n. ; pi. Aids-de-camp, adz-. (Mil.) One who assists a general officer in his military dutt^ [F.] — Aid'er, n. — Aid'ful. -ful, a. Aigret, a'gret, Aigrette'', n. The small white heron; the egret; a tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, etc. (Bot.) The feathery down of a thistle. [F.] Aiguille, a'gweel, n. A sharp rock or mountain top. [F., a needle, fr. L. acicula, dim. of acus.] Ail, al, v. t. [ailed (aid), ailing.] To affect with pain, physical or mental; to trouble, —v. i. To feel pain; to be troubled. — Ail, Ail'ment, n. Slight disease; indisposition; pain. [AS. eglan, to paini] Ailantus, a-lanlus, n. A genus of trees, native of India and China; — commonly, but improperly, spelt ailanthiis. [Malay, ailanto, 1. e., tree of heaven.] Ailurua, a-lu'rus, n. The panda, a carnivorous quad- ruped of India, similar to the raccoon. [Gr. ailouros, a cat.] Aim, am, v. i. [aimed (amd), aiming.] To point with a missive weapon : to direct the intention or pur- pose. — v. t. To direct or point, as a weapon; to di- rect to a particular object, — n. The pointing or directing to an object, with a view to hit or affect it; the point to be hit, or affected; intention; direc- tion ; end; endeavor. — Aimless, a. — Aimlessly, adv. [OF. sesmer, fr. L. sestimare, to estimate.] Air, ar, n. The fluid we breathe; the atmosphere; a fas, as, fixed air; a light breeze; look or mien. Mus.) A melody or tune. — n. pi. An affected, vain manner. — v. t. [aired (ard), airing.] To expose to the air ; to ventilate. [F., fr. L. and Gr. aer.] — Airing, n. Exposure to air; an excursion in the open air. —Airy, arl, a. Pert, to, made of, or re- sembling air; high in air; exposed to the air; un- substantial: frivolous; lively. (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints true to nature. — Airily, adv. In an airy manner; gayiy.— Airiness, n. Openness to the air; levity; gayety.— Air 'bath, n. An ar- rangement for drying substances in air of any de- sired temperature. — bed, n. An air-tight bag, in- flated, and used as a bed. bladder, n. An organ in fishes, containing air, by which their buoyancy sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. AISLE 12 ALE is regulated. brake, n. (Mach.) A contrivance for stopping' the motion of car-wheels by the use of compressed air. brick; n. An iron box of the size of a brick, built into walls for ventilation. — -cells, n. pi. Cavities for air in the leaves, stems, etc., of plants ; minute bronchial cells, in animals ; air- sacs. — drain, n. A space round the walls of a build- ing, to prevent dampness.— -gun, n. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. — -hole, n. An opening for air: a hole produced by a bubble of air. — plant, n. A plant apparently nourished by air only; an epiphyte. poise, -poiz, n. An instrument foT ascer- taining the weight of the air -pump, n. A ma- chine for exhausting the air from vessels. — sacs, n.pl. Receptacles for air in the bodies of birds, which com- municate with the lungs, and render the body spe- Air-pump. cifically lighter. shaft, n. A passage for air into a mine. tight, a. Impermeable to air. — trunk, n. A ventilating shaft, opened from the ceiling to the root. vessels, n. Vessels in plants or animals, which convey air. Aisle, II, n. (Arch.) The wing of a building; a lateral division of a church, separated from the nave by piers; a passage in a church, etc, into which pews or scats open. — Aisled, ild, a. Having aisles. [F., a, wing, fr. L. ala.] Ait. at, Eyot, i'ot, n. A small island. [Icel. ey, islanu.] Aitiology, i-tT-ol'o-jT, n. The doctrine of efficient, as opposed to final, causes. [Gr. aitia, a cause.] Ajar, a-jar', adv. Partly open, as a door. [AS. an cyrre, on the turn.] Akee, a-ke', n. A tree of Guinea, transplanted to the West Indies and South America; its fruit. Akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. With elbow bent outward. [W. cam, crooked, and E. bow.] Akin, a-kin', a. Related by blood; allied by nature. Alabaster, aKa-bas-ter, n. (Min.) A compact variety (if sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, etc. [Gr. alabastron.] Alack, a-lak', Alackaday, a-lak'a-da, interj. Excla- mations expressive of sorrow. Alacrity, a-lak'rT-tT, n. Cheerful readiness: ardor; live'jivess; promptitude. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer, al- acris, lively. ]— Alac'rify, -rt-fl, ?>. t. To make lively. Alamode, al-a-mod', adv. According to the mode or fashion. — n. A thin, glossy, black silk. [F.] Alantine, a-lan'tin, n. A starchy substance; inuline. Alarm, a-larm', w. A summons to arms; a notice of approaching danger; surprise with fear or terror; ap- prehension ; a mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep. — r. t. [alarmed (a-larmd / '), alarming.] To call to arms for defense; to fill with apprehension ; to disturb. — Alarmingly, adv. — Alarm'ist, n. One who intentionally excites alarm. [F. alartne, fr. It. all' arme, to arms!]— Alarm'-bell, n. A bell that gives notice of danger. — -clock, «. A clock made to ring at a particular hour. — -gauge, -gaj, n. A contrivance applied to boilers to show when the steam is too strong or water too low. post, n. A place to which troops repair in case of alarm. watch, n. A watch that can be set to strike at a particular hour. —Alarum, a-la/rum, n. Same as Alarm; —applied to a contrivance attached to a clock for calling attention. Alary, aKa-rY, a. Wing-like. [L. ala, a wing. ] — Alate, a'lat, A'lated, a. Winged; having expan- sions like wings. Alas, a-las', interj. An exclamation expressive of sor- row, pity, concern, or apprehension of evil. [F. hdlas, L. ah! and I ass us, weary.] Alb, alb, n. Ai, ec- clesiastical vest- ment of white lin- ~™- en.— Alb -Sunday, ^^ n. Low-Sunday, the ^$Sp first Sunday "after ^jf?" Easter, when per- «=l fi== sons newly bap- tized wore albs in church. [L. albus, ,,,.„„„ white.] Albatross. Albatross, al'ba-tros, n. A very large web-footed sea- bird of the Southern Ocean. [Pg. alcatraz.] IfiiiHfet. &fe Albata, al-ba'ta, n. German silver, an alloy of cop- per, zinc (or tin), and nickel. Albeit, awl-be'it, conj. Although; be it so; notwith- standing. Albelen, aKbe-len, n. A fish of the trout species. Albertype, aKber-tlp, n. A picture printed from » gelatine plate prepared by means of a photographic negative. [From Albert, of Munich, the inventor.] Albescent, al-bes'ent, a. Becoming white ; whitish. [L. albescere, to grow white.] — Albes'cence, n. The act of becoming, etc. Albicore, aKbT-kor, n. A sea fish of the tunny or mackerel kind. [F.J Albification, aPbl-l'T-ka'shun, n. Act of whitening, or making white. [L. albas, white, and facere, to make.] Albigenses, al'bi-jen'sez, n. pi A party of reformers, who separated from the church of Rome in the 12th century; — so called from AM, in Languedoc. Albino, al-bi r no, n. ; pi. Albi'nos. A person or ani- mal having preternatural whiteness of skin, flaxen hair, and pink iris. [L. albus.] — Albinism, aKbi- nizm, n. State or condition of . etc. (Bot.) A whitish condition of the leaves and other parts of plant*. — Albinis'tic, Albinofic, a.- Affected with albinism. Albion, al'bT-un, n. A poetic name of England,— from its white chalk cliffs. [L. albus.) Albolith, aKbo-lith, n. A kind of artificial stone. Albora, a.l-bo'ra, n. A kind of itch or leprosy. Albugineous, al-bu-jin'T-us, a. Pertaining to the white of an egg, and hence to the white of the eye. Album, aKbum. n. A blank book, for the insertion of autographs, photographs, literary memorials, etc. [L., a white tablet, fr. albus.] Albumen, al-bu'men, n. (Rot.) Nourishing matter found in seeds. (I'hysiol.) A substance existing nearly pure in the white of egg, and its chief com- ponent. [L., fr. albus.] — Albu'inenize, -Iz, v. t. (Photog.) To cover or impregnate with, etc. — Albumin'iform, o. Formed like, or resembling, etc. — Albu / minim / 'eter, n. An instrument to ascertain the quantity of albumen in a liquid. — Albu'minum, n. (Chem.) Substance of cells inclosing the white of eggs. — Albu'minoid, n. pi. A substance resem- bling albumen; a proteid. — Albu'minous, a. Pert, to, etc. Alburnum, al-ber'num, n. The white and softer part of wood next to the bark; sap-wood. [L., fr. albus.] Alcahest, Alkahest, aKka-hest, n. A pretended uni- versal solvent or menstruum of the alchemists. Alcaid, al-kad', n. In Spain, the governor of a castle, fort, or the like; a jailer or warden. Alcalde, al-kaKde, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judjre. Alcedo, al-se'do, n. A perching bird; kingfisher. [L.] Alchemy, al'ke-ml, n. Occult chemistry: an ancient science which aimed to transmute base metals into gold, find the universal medicine, etc. [Ar. al-kimid, Gr. chemeia, fr. cheein, to pour.] — Alchemic, -ical, a. Relating to alchemy. — Alchem'ically, adv. — Al'chemist, n. One versed in, etc. — Alchemist'- ical, a. Alcohol, aKko-hol, n. Pure or highly rectified spirits; ardent spirits in general. [Ar. al-kahdl or at-kohl, kahnl, fine powder of antimony. The meaning has -been extended from "fine powder" to "rectified spirit."] — Al'coholate, -at, n. A salt containing, etc. — Alcoholic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Al'coholism, n. (Med.) A diseased condition of the system, from continued use of alcoholic liquors. — Al'co- holize, v. t. To convert into alcohol. — Alcoholo- meter, Al / coholom , 'eter, n. An instrument for de- termining the strength of spirits. Alcoran. See Koran. Alcove, al'kov or al-kov r , n. A recess, or part of a room, separated from the rest by a partition. [F., fr. Ar. al-qobbah, tent, vault.] Aldehyde, al'de-hid, n. A volatile liquid produced by the oxidation of alcohol. [From al(cohol), L. de, from, and hyd(rogen), i. e., alcohol from which hydrogen has been taken.] Alder, awl'der, n. A tree or shrub of several varieties. LAS. air, L. alnus.] Alderman, awl'der-man, n. ; pi. Al'dermen. A mag- istrate or officer of a city or town corporation. _[ Ah. ealdorttmn,fr. ealdor, an elder. — Alderman 1c, «. — AV dormancy, Aldermanship, n. Office of alder- man. Ale, al , n. A liquor made from malt by fermentation ;' an English country festival, so called from the liquor drunk. [AS. ealu.] — Ale -Conner, -kon'ner, n. An inspector of ale-house measures. hoof, -hot>f, n. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare- £nd- eve. terno .• in. Ice: Bdd, tone, or; ALEE IS Alembic. Alertly, adv. Ground-ivy, formerly used in making ale, instead of hops. — -house, n. A place where ale is retailed. — -wife, n. A woman who keeps an ale-house. Alee, a-le', adv. (Naut.) On the side opposite to the side on which the wind strikes, [a, on, and lee, fr. AS. hied, shelter.] Alembic, a-lem'bik, n. A chemi- cal vessel, formerly used in dis- tillation. [Ar. alanbiq, a still, fr. (Jr. anibix, cup, eup of a still.] Alert, a-lert', a. Watchful ; vigi- lant ; moving with celerity. — Upon the alert. Upon the watcli — Alert'ness, n. Briskness; watchfulness; prompt- itude; nimbleness. [It. all', on the, and erta, erect.] Alethiology, al'e-thi-ol'c-ji, n. The science of truth and evidence. [Gr. aletheia, truth, and logos, dis- course.] Alethoacope, a-leth'o-skop, n. An instrument for viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural proportions. [Gr. alethes, true, and skopein, to view.] Alewife, al'wif, n. ; pi. AleIyives, -wTvz. An Ameri- can tish resembling a herring. [Ind. aloof.) Alexandrine, aKegz-aii'drin, n. A verse of twelve syl- lables, or six iambic feet; — so called from a French poem on the life of Alexander. Alexipharmic, a-leks'T-far'niik, a. That expels or resists poison; antidotal. [Gr. alexein, to keep off, and pharmakon, drug, poison.] — Alexiterlc, -ical, -tgr'T-kal, a. Resisting poison. Alfalfa, al-f all a, n. A perennial plant, allied to clover. [Sp.] Alga, al'ga, n. ; pi. Alo.e, al'je. A grand division of crvptogamic plants, embracing sea-weeds. [L.l — Al'goid, a. Resembling, etc. — Algol'ogist, n. One versed m , etc. — Al'gous, -gus, a. Pert, to, etc. Algarot, al'ga-rot, n. An emetic powder, prepared from antimony. [From Algarotti, its inventor.] Algebra, alle-bra, n. (.Math.) That branch of an- alysis which investigates the relations and properties of numbers by means of letters and other symbols. — Algebraic, -bralk. -ical, a. Pert, to, or performed by, etc. — Algebraically, adv. By means of, etc. — Al'gebraist, n. One skilled in, etc. [Ar. jabara, to bind together, consolidate.] Algid, aKjid, a. Chilled with cold. — Al'gide, -jid, a. Characterized by great coldness, said of certain dis- eases. — Algidity, n. — Algiflc, -jif Ik, a. Produ- cing cold. — Al'gor, -g6r, n. {Med.) Unusual cold- ness; chill at the onset of fever. [L. algidus, cold.] Algorism, al'go-rizm, Algorithm, -rithm, n. (Math.) The art of computing in any particular way. [Sp. algoritmo.] Alguazil, al-ga-zeK, n. A Spanish officer of justice. Alias, ail-as, adv. Otherwise; otherwise called; — a term used in legal proceedings to connect the differ- ent names of a party who has gone by two or sev- eral, and whose true name is doubtful.— n. (Law.) A second or further writ issued after one has expired without effect ; an assumed name. [L.] Alibi, al'T-bi, n. (Law.) When one on trial for crime shows that he was elsewhere when the act was com- mitted, he is said to prove an alibi ; hence, the de- fense under which this proof is made. [L., else- where.] Alien, aKyen, a. Not belonging to the same country; foreign; different in nature. — n. A foreigner; a foreign-born resident of a country, in which he has not citizenship. [L. alienus, foreign, fr. alius, other.] — Alienability, n. Capacity of being alienated. — State of being an T Po convey or transfer to another, as title, property, or right; to make indif- ferent er averse ; to estrange. — a. Estranged. — AFiena'tion, n. (Law.) A transfer of title, or legal conveyance of property, to another. State of being alienated or transferred ; estrangement, as of the affections ; derangement ; insanity. — Alienator, -ter, n. One who, etc. — Aliene, al-yen', v. t. To eonvey_ or transfer, as property; to estrange. —Al- ienee, al-yen-e', n. One to whom a thing is sold. — Alienism, al'yen-izm, n. State of being an alien. Alienist, al'yen-ist, n. A physician who makes a specialty of insanity. — a. Relating to insanity. [F. nhe'nitfe, fr. n^we/insane, fr. L. aFius, other.l Aliferous, a-lifer-us, a. Having wings. [L. ala, a wing, and ferre, to carry.] — Al'iform, al'T-, a. Having the shape of a wing. [L. forma, shape.] Alienable, a. — Alienage, alien.— Alienate, v. t. To Alight, a-lif, v. i. To get down or descend, as from on horseoack; to dismount; to fall or descend, and settle, or lodge. [AS. Khtan, gelihtan.) Alight, a-lit r , a. Lighted; burning. Align, a-lln', v. t. [aligned (-lTnd')< aligning.] To adjust or form by a line, as troops. — v. i. To form inline. — v. t. (Engin.) To layout the ground-plan, as of a road. [L. ad and linea, line.] — Align'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; line of adjustment. (Engin.) Ground-plan of a road. [F. aligivement .\ Alike, a-lTk', a. Having resemblance; similar; with- out difference. — adv. [AS. onlic, antic] Aliment, al'T-ment, n. That which ieeds or supports; food; support: nutriment. [L. alimentum, fr. alere, to feed.] — Aliment'al, -ary, o. Pert, to, etc. — AFimentalion, n. Act or power of affording, etc.; state of being, etc. — Alimentlveness, ». (Pkren.) The organ of appetite for food or drink. [See Phre-nology.] Alimony, al'T-mo-ni, n. An allowance made to a wife out of the estate of a husband from whom she is separated. [L. alimonia, fr. alere.] — Alimo'- nious, -nt-us, a. Affording food; nourishing. Aliped, al'Y-ped, a. Wing-footed. — n. An animal having toes connected by membranes serving as wings, as the bat. [L. ala and pes, pedis, foot. ) Aliquant, al'Y-kwant, a. Not dividing another num- ber without a remainder. [L. aliquantus. some, moderate, from alius, other, and quantus, how great.] Aliquot, aKt-kwot, a. Dividing exactly, or without remainder. [L. aliquot, some, several, aliquoties, several times.] Alive, a-livl a. Having life; not dead; susceptible. Alizarine, a-liz / 'a-rin, n. A coloring principle in mad- der. [Alizari. Eastern commercialname for madder.] Alkahest. See Alcahest. Alkali, al'ka-li or -IT, n. (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, which are soluble in water and alco- hol, unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize and change reddened litmus to blue. [Ar. al-qali, ashes of glasswort.] — Alkalify, al-kaKt-fi or aKka- li-fi, v. t. [alkalified (-fid), -fying.] To form or convert into, etc. — v. i. To become changed into, etc. — Alkaligenou3, -lij'e-nus, a. Producing, etc — Alkalim'eter, n. An instrument to ascertain the strength or purity of, etc. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Alkalim'etry, n. Art of ascertaining, etc. — AK- kaline, -lin or -lm, a. Having the qualities of, etc. — Alkalinity, n. Quality which constitutes, etc. — Alkalizalion, n. The act of rendering alkaline by impregnating with, etc. — Al'kalize, -iTz, v. t. To alkalify. — ATkaloid, n. (Chem.) A salifiable base existing in some vegetables as a proximate prin- ciple. — Alkaloid'al, o. Alkoran, aKko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bible; a tower of a mosque in which the Koran is read. All, awl, a. Every one; the whole.— adv. Wholly; altogether. — n. The whole number, quantity, or amount ; the total. [AS. eall, al.) — All in all. Every thing desired. — All along. Continually: regularly. — All that. A collection of similar things; et csetera. — All -fools' -day. The 1st of April, when it is a custom to play tricks, or make fools. —All- fours. A game of cards, containing four changes. To go on all fours, to move on four legs, or on two legs and two arms or hands. — All-hail. All health; a phrase of salutation. — All-hallow, -hallows, -hal- lowmas. All-Saints'-day. — All-hallow-tide. The time near All-Saints'. — All-Saints'-day. The first day of November, a feast in honor of all the saints. — All-souls' -day. The second of November, a Ro- man Catholic solemnity, when the souls of the faith- ful are prayed for. — Allspice. An aromatic berry of the West Indies. — All-sufficient. Sufficient for everv thing. — All told. All counted; including the whole number. — At all. A phrase of enforcement or emphasis, signifying, in the least; under any cir- cumstances. Allah, alia, n. Arabic name of the Supreme Being. Allantoine, al-lanlo-in, n. A substance found in the allantoic fluid; allantoic acid.— AUantoid, al-lan'- toid or allan-toid, Allantois, al-lanlois or allan- tois, n. A thin membrane, situated between the chorion and amnion, around the fetus. [Gr. alias, gut, and eidos, shape.] — Allantoic, a. Pert. to. etc. Allay, al-la', v. t. [allayed (-lad'), allaying.] To put at rest, appease, abate, mitigate, or subdue [Partly fr. AS. alecgan, to lay down, depress ; partly fr. F. allier, to ally, mix.] — Allay'er, n. He who, or that which, allays. — Allay' ment, n Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. sun, cube, full ; moon, font ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ALLAY 14 ALMIGHTY Allay. See Alloy. Allege, al-lej', v. t. Jalleged (-lejd'), alleging.] To bring forward with positiveness ; to produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse, f L. ad and Ugare. re'abie, re. Capable ,«,, #.. Capable of e-ga'shun, re. Positive to send, dispatch.] — Allege being, etc. — Allegation, al-l declaration Allegiance, al-le'jans, n. Obligation of a subject to his prince or government ; loyalty. [L. ad and Ugare, to bind.] Allegory, aKle-go-rl, n. A story in which the direct and literal meaning is not the real or principal one, but images forth some important truth; figurative description. [Gr. allegoria: alios, other, and ago- reuein, to harangue.] — Allegoric, -gSr'ik, -ical, a. In the manner of, etc. : figurative. — Allegor'ically, adv. — Allegor'icalness, n. — AKlegorist, n. One who teaches by, etc.. — Al'legorize, -nz, v. t. [al- legorized (-rlzd), -rizing.] To form or turn into, etc. ; to understand in an allegorical sense. — v. i. To use, etc. — Allegoriza'tion, n. Allegretto, al-la-gret r to, a. (Mus.) Quicker than an- dante, but not so quick as allegro. [It.] Allegro, al-la'gro, a. (Mus.) Quick, brisk, lively. — n. A quick, sprightly strain or piece. [It.] Alleluiah, al-Ie-lu'ya, n. Praise to Jehovah. [See Halleluiah.] Allemande, al-le-mand', n. A German waltz. (Cook- ery.) A white sauce. [F., German.] Alleviate, al-le'vl-at, v. t. To make light or easy to be borne; to remove in part; to make easier; to lessen, mitigate, assuage, allay. [L. ad and levis, light.] — Alleviation, n. Act of, etc. ; mitigation. — AUe'- viative, -tiv,a.and n. That, or that which, alleviates. Alley, aKIT, n. ; pi. Alleys, al'lYz. A walk in a gar- den; a narrow passage, as distinct from a public street. [F. allege, fr. alter, to go.] — A large marble. [A contr. of alabaster.] Alliaceous, al-lY-a'shus, a. Pert, to garlic; having the smell or properties of, etc. [L. allium, garlic] Alliance. See under Ally. Alligate, aKIY-gat, v. t. To tie together; to unite. [L. ad and Ugare, to bind.] — Alliga'tion, n. (Arith.) A rule relating to the compounding of different in- gredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values. Alligator, al-li-ga'tSr, n. A large carnivorous am- phibious reptile, of the Saurian family, peculiar to America. [Corrup. fr. Sp. el lagarto, the lizard.] AUineate, al-lin'i-at, v.t. (Surv.) Toad- just to a line ; to align. See Align. AlliBJon, al-lizh'un, n. A striking against. [L. ad and Isedere, to dash against. Alligator. Alliteration, al-lit'gr-a'shun, re. Repetition of the same letter at short intervals. — AUit'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. [L. ad and litera, letter.] Allocate, al'lo-kat, v. t. To place, set apart, allot. [L. ad and locare, to place.] — Allocation, n. Act of putting one thing to another ; admission of an article of account; allowance made upon an account. — Allocatur , n. (Law.) Allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court or judicial officer. [LL., it is allowed.] Allocution, al-lo-ku'shun, re. An address ; esp. by the pope to his clergy. [L. ad and locutus. spoken.] Allodium, al-lo'dt-um, re. (Law.) Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner. [LL., fr. OG. 6d, ot, AS. ead, possession, property.] — Allo'dial, a. (Law.) Pert, to, etc.; free of rent or service, — opp. to feudal,. Allonge, al-lunj', re. A thrust with a sword. [F., fr. allonger, to lengthen, L. longus, long.] Allopathy, al-lop'a-thY, n. Employment of medicines to produce effects opposite to those resulting from disease; the ordinary practice, as opp. to homeopathy. [Gr. alios, other, aim pathos, suffering.] — Allop''- athist, al-lop'a-thist. Allopath, n. A practitioner of , etc. — Allopathic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Allopatb/- ically, adv. Alloquy, al'lo-kwl, n. A speaking to, but not with, another or others, — opp. to colloquy. ; — AHo'quial, a. [L. ad and loqui, to speak.] Allot, al-lot'. v. t. To divide or distribute, as by lot; to distribute in parts; to grant, as a portion; to give, assign, apportion. — Allotment, n. Act of allotting; part allotted. — Allottee, -te', n. One to whom a thing is allotted. [OF. allotir, fr. E. lot.] Allotropism, al-lot'ro-pizm, Allofropy, -pi, tt. (Chem.) The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations: as carbon, which appears under the forms of charcoal, graphite, and diamond. [Gr. alios, other, and tropos, way, fr. trepein, to turn.] — Allotrop'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. Allotriophagy, aWo-trl-of'a-ji, re. (Med.) Depraved appetite ; longing for unsuitable food. [Gr. allotrios. belonging to another, strange, and phagein, to eat.] Allow, al-low', v. t. [allowed (-lowd'), -lowing.] To give, afford, or yield; acknowledge; abate or de- duct;grant license to; permit; show, or prove to be; to approve of, justify. — v. i. To make abatement. [F. atlouer, fr. L. ad and locare, to place.] — Allow' - able, a. Capable of being, or proper to be, etc. — Allowably, adv. — Allowance, n. Act of, etc. ; permission or license ; that which is allowed ; a stated quantity. (Naut.) A limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall 6hort ; abate- ment. (Com.) A deduction from the gross weight of goods. — v. t. [allowanced (-anst), -ancing.] To put upon allowance. Alloxan, al-loks'an, n. (Chem.) A product of the ox- idation of uric acid. [From all(antoine) and ox- (alic).] — Allox'anate, -at, n. A combination of alloxanic acid and a base. — Alloxanlc, a. Pert, to, etc., — applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan. — Alloxan 'tin, -tine, -an'tin, n. A substance produced by acting upon uric acid with warm and dilute nitric acid. Alloy, al-loi / \ v. t. [alloyed (-loid r ), -loying.] To reduce the purity of, by mixing with a less valua- ble metal; to abate, impair, or corrupt, — n. Any compound of two or more metals ; a baser metal mixed with a finer ; evil mixed with good. [F. h la tot"=L. ad legem, according to law. This word has been confounded with allay, and the significa- tion of the latter attributed to it.] — Alloy'age, re. Act of alloying; mixture of different metals. Allude, al-lud', v. i. To refer to something not directly mentioned; to hint by remote suggestions; to have reference, advert to. [L. ad and ludere, to play.] — Allusion, -lu'zhun, n. Indirect reference. (Rhet.) A figure by which something is applied to, or under- stood of, another, on account of some similitude be- tween them. — Allu'sive, -siv, a. Hinting at; ref er- ring to. — Allu'sively, adv. — Allu'siveness, n. Alluminor, al-lu'mY-ner, n. One who paints, giving light and ornament to letters and figures; a limner. [L. illuminator, fr. lumen, light.] Allure, al-lur'', v. t. [allured (-lurd'"), alluring.] To try to draw to; to tempt by offers : to entice, se- duce. [L. ad and lure, fr. OF. leurre, a bait.] — Al- lure' ment, n. That which allures. — Allur'er, n. A tempter. Allusion. See under Allude. Alluvium, al-lu'vf-um, -vion, n. ; pi. Allu'via, -vY-a. (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, etc., made by rivers, floods, etc., upon land not permanently submerged. [L. ad and luere, to wash down.] — All*' vial. a. Pert, to, contained in, or composed of, etc ; washed ashore or down a stream; of fresh-water origin. Ally, al-H', v. t. [allied (-lid''), allying.] To unite, or form a connection between. — n. ,• pi. Al- lies, al-liz'. One united by compact, marriage, or any tie; a confederate. [L. ad and Ugare, to bind.] — Alliance, al-li'ans, n. State of being allied; a union or connection of interests; the compact or treaty which is the instrument of allying ; persons or parties allied; league; confederacy; coalition. Allyl, al'lil, n. (Chem.) An organic radical, existing esp. in garlic and mustard. [L. allium, garlic, and Gr. hule, wood, element.] Almagest, al'ma-jest, n. A book of problems in as- tronomy and geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. [Gr. megistos, greatest, and Ar. article al, the.] Alma Mater, al'ma ma'tSr. A college or seminary where one is educated. [L., fostering mother.] Almanac, awl'ma-nak. ». A calendar of days, weeks, and months. [Gr. olmenache.] Almandine, aKman-din, n. (Min.) The red variety of garnet, translucent or transparent. [L. alaban- dina, fr, Alabanrfa, in Caria.l Alme, Almeh, al'mf, n. In Egypt, a dancing-girl. "Ar. 'alimeh, fr. 'alima, to know.] nty, awl-mifY, n. God; the Supreme Being.— ' 'aving all power. am, fSme, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, 5ve, term ; Tn, Tee : Odd. tone. 6r < ALMOND 15 AMACRATIC Almond, a'mund, n. The fruit of the almond-tree; one of the glands called tonsils, at the base of the throat. ILL. amandola, corrup. fr. L. amygdala.] Almost, awl'most, adv. Nearly; for the greatest part. Alms, amz, n. pi. Any thing gratuitously given to re- lieve the poor; a charitable donation. [AS. almes, fr. Gr. eleemosune, fr. eleein, to have pity.] — Alms'- house, n. A house for the poor; poor-house. —Al- moner, al'mun-er. n. One who distributes alms for another. — Al'monry, n. A place for, etc. Alnage, al'nej, n. A measuring by the ell. [OF. alne, fr. L. ulnn, elbow.] Aloe, al'o, n. ,- pi. Aloes, aKoz. (Bot.) A genus of evergreen herbaceous plants. —;>/. (Med.) The in- spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. [L. and Gr. aloe.] — Al'oetlc, -ical, a. Aloft, a-loft', adv. On high. (Naut.) In the top: at the mast-head; above the deck. [Icel. a lo/>t. in the air.] Alone, a-lon', a. Apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary, [all and one.] Along, a-long', adv. In a line with the length ; length- wise; in a line, or with a progressive motion ; onward; in company; together, —prep. By the length of, as disting. fr. across. [AS. and, toward, and lang, long.] — Along'side. adv. By the side of a ship. Aloof, a-loof", adv. At or from a distance, but within view; apart, —prep. At or to a distance from ; away from. [D. te loef, to windward.] Alose. alos, n. The American shad. [F., fr. L. alosa.] Alouchi, Aluchi, a-lu'che, n. A compound resin ob- tained from Madagascar. Aloud, a-lowd r . adv. With a great noise; loudly. Alow, a-lo', adv. In a low place ; not aloft. Alp, alp, n. Avery high mountain; — esp. in the mountain ranges of Switzerland. [Celtic] — AK- pine, -pin or -pin, Al'pen, a. Pert, to or like the Alps; lofty. — Al'penstock, n. An iron-pointed staff used in climbing the Alps. [G. stock; a stick.J Alpaca, al-pak'a, n. An animal of Peru, having long, hne, woolly hair; a species of llama; a thin cloth made of al- paea wool mixed with silk or cot- ton. [Orig. Peruvian name.] Alpha, alia, n. The first letter of the Greek alphabet, used to de- note first. (Astron.) Used to des- ignate the brightest star in a con- stellation.— Al'phabet, n. The letters of a language arranged in order. [Gr. alphabetos, fr. alpha and beta, the first two Greek let- ters.] — Alphabet, Alphabetize, Alpaca. -Iz, v. t. [alphabetized (-Izd), -tizing.] To ar- range in the order of an alphabet. — Al'phabeta'- rlan, n. A learner of the alphabet; abecedarian. — Alphabetic, -ical, a. Of, pertaining to, or arranged in the order of, etc. — Alphabet Icafiy, adv. Alphonsin, al-fon'sin, n. (Surg.) An instrument for extracting bullets from wounds. Alquifou, aKkT-foo, n. An ore of lead, potters' ore. Already, awl-redl, adv. Before this time; now. Alaike, al'sik or al'sek, n. A kind of clover. [From Alsike, a parish of Sweden.] Also, awKso, adv. or conj. In like manner; likewise; too; in addition to. [From all and so.] Alt, alt, a. or n. ( Mus?) The higher part of the scale. [L. altus. high.] Altar, awller, n. An elevated place on which sacri- fices are offered to a deity; in Christian churches, the communion table. [L. altare, altar, fr. same root as altus.] — Al'tarage, n. Profits of priests from offerings. — cloth, n. The covering of an altar. — -piece, n. A painting over the altar; entire decora- tion of an altar. Altazimuth, al-tazl-muth, n. An instrument at- tached to telescopes for taking azimuths and alti- tudes at the same time. See Azimuth. Alter, awller, v. t. [altered (-terd), -tering.] To make some change m; to vary; to change entirely or materially. — v. z. To become, in some respects, dif- ferent; to change. — Al'tered, part. a. (Geol.) Ap- plied to strata that have been changed since their de- Eosition by heat, moisture, etc. [LL. alterare. fr. i. alter, another.] — Al'terable, a. Capable of bei ng altered.— Al'terableness, -ability, n. — Al'terably. adv. — Al'terant, a. and n. Same as alterative.— Alteration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; change; the change made. — Alterative, -tiv, a. (Med.) Having power to restore the healthy func- tions of the body without sensible evacuations. — n. An alterative medicine. Altercate, aller-kat, v. i. To contend in words; to wrangle. [L. altercari, fr. alter.] — Alterca'tion, n. Warm contention; controversy; wrangle. Alternate, al-ter'nat, a. Being t>y turns; one follow- ing the other in succession ; reciprocal, n. — That which happens by turns ; vicissitude ; a substitute. [L. alternare, altematiim, to do by turns, fr. alter.] — Alternate, aller-nat or al-ter'nat, v. t. Toper- form in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to change reciprocally. — v. i. To happen or to act by turns.— Alternately, adv.— Alternation, n. Recip- rocal succession. (Math.) Changes or alterations of order in numbers; permutation.— Alternative, -tiv, a. Offering a choice of two things. — n. That which may be chosen or omitted: a choice of two things. — Alternatively, adv. — Alter'nativeness, n. Quality or state of being, etc. (Biol.) Alternate generation; a form of reproduction in which development from eggs alternates with that from buds, the individuals arising in the two methods differing from one an- other; metagenesis. — Alter'nant, a. (Geol.) In alternating layers. Althea, al-the'a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants includ- ing the marsh-mallow and hollyhocks. [Gr. althaia, fr. althein, to make to grow, to heal.] — Althe'in, n. (Chem.) An alkaline substance existing in the marsh-mallow; asparagine. Althorn, alt'h6rn, n. A musical instrument similar to the saxhorn. [Alt and horn.] Although, awl-tho , conj. Grant all this; be it so; suppose that; notwithstanding. Altiloquence, al-til'o-kwens, n. Lofty speech; pomp- ous language. [L. altus, high, and loquentia, a speaking.] Altimeter, al-tim'e-ter, n. An instrument for taking altitudes by geometrical principles. — Altim /, etry, n. Art of, etc. — [L. altus and metrum, measure.] Altisonant, al-tis'o-nant, -onous, -nus, a. High sound- ing; pompous. [L. altus and sonans, sounding.] Altitude, allY-tud, n. Height ; perpendicular eleva- tion above the ground, or above a given level. (Astron.) Elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. [L. altitudo. fr. altus.] Alto, alio, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest female voices, between tenor and soprano ; m in- strumental music, the tenor. Altogether, awl'to-getfi'er, adv. With united action; without exception: completely. [All and together.] Alto-relievo, aFto-re-le'vo. -rilievo, -re-le-a'vo, n. (Sculp.) High relief; the figure standing out from the background. [It. alto rilievo.] Altruism, allroo-izm, n. Regard for others; devotion to the interests of others; unselfishness; opp. to egotism. — Al'truist, n. One who, etc. — Altruistic, a. [F . altruisme ; L. alter.] Aludel, al'u-del, n. A chemical pot open at each end. used in sublimation. [Prob. of Arabic origin.] Alum, aKum, n. A double sulphate of alumina and potassa. [L. alumen.] — Aluminate, a-lu'ml-nat, v. t. (Engraving.) To wash with alum-water, to pre- vent lines from running.— Aluminlform, n. Formed like alumina. — Alu'mina, -ml-na, AFumine, -min, n. (Min.) One of the earths, having two parts of aluminum and three of oxygen.— Aluminifer- ous, -nif'er-us, a. Producing or containing alum. — Aluminium, Alu'minum, n. The metallic base of alumina; a very light white metal, not easily oxid- ized. — Alu'minous, a. Pert, to, or containing al- um, or alumina. — Al'umish, n. Of the nature of alum. — Al'um-stone, n. A mineral containing alum. Alumnus, a-lum'nus, n. ; pi. Alum'ni, -ni. A pupil; a graduate of a college, etc. [L., fr. alere, to nourish.] Alva, al'va, n. A plant of the pondweed order, dried, and used for stuffing beds and upholstery. Alveary, al'vT-a-rY, n. A bee-hive; the hollow of the external ear. [L. alvearium, fr. alvus, belly, bee- hive.] — Alveolus, al-ve'o-lus, n. ,• pi. Alve'oli. A cell in a honey-comb; the socket in the jaw in which a tooth is fixed. [L., small cavity, dim. of alveus, fr. alvus.] — Al'veolar, -lary, a. Pert, to or resembling tooth-sockets. — Al'veolate, a. Pitted like honey- comb. — Alvine, aKvin, a. Pert, to the lower belly or intestines. Alway , awl'wa, Al'ways, adv. Perpetually ; regularly at stated intervals; invariably. [All and way, pi. ways.] Am, the first person singular of the verb to be in the indicative mode, present tense. Amacratic, am-a-kratlk. a. Pert, to a lens which unites all the chemical rays into one focus. [Gr. ama, together, and kratos, strength.] sBn, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil : linger or ink- then, boNboN, chair, get AMADOU 16 AMENDE Amadou, am'a-doo.n. A spongy, combustible prep- aration of agaric growing on old trees. [F., tinder.) Amain, a-mah', adv. Violently; suddenly. (Naut.) Suddenly, or at once. [AS. a, maegen, strength.] Amalgam, a-mal'gam, n. A compound of mercury, or quicksilver, with another metal; a mixture of different things. [Gr. malagma, any emollient, fr. malassein, to make soft.] — Amalgamate, -gamize, v. t. To compound or mix. — v. i. To unite in an amalgam; to coalesce, as a result of growth. — AmaFgama'tion, n. Actor operation of, etc.; esp. the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury; the blending of different things or races. — Amalgamator, -master, n. A machine for producing an amalgam. Amanuensis, a-man^u-en'sis, n. ; pi. -enses, -sez. One who writes what another dictates, or copies what is written; a copyist. [L. a manu, by hand.] Amaranth, am'a-ranth, n. ( Bot. ) A genus of annual plants, with flowers and foliage of various colors and leaves that last long without withering; an imaginary flower that never fades; a purplish color. [Gr. ani- arantos, fr. a priv. and rnarainein, to wither. — Am- aranthine, -ranth r in, a. Of or pert, to, etc.; not fad- ing ; purplish. Amaryllis, am-a-ril'lis, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant, with large, lily-like flowers of various colors. [Name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] Amasi, a-m-a/sY, n. A preparation of soured milk used in Central Africa. Amass, a-mas', v. t. [amassed (a-masf), amassing.] To collect into a mass or heap; to accumulate, pile up, gather. — Amass'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Amass'ing, n. Act of accumulating; what has been accumulated. — Amass'ment, n. Accumula- tion. [LL. amassare, fr. L. massa, mass.] Amassette, a-mas-set', n. An implement used by art- ists to collect paint on the stone. [F.] Amasthenic, am-as-then'ik, a. Uniting all the chem- ical rays into one focus, — said of a lens; amacratic. [Gr. ama, together, and sthenos, force.] Amateur, am-a-ter', n. One who cultivates a study or art, without pursuing it professionally. [F., fr. L. amator, lover, fr. amare, to love.] — Amateurish, a. Inclined to be an amateur. Amative, am'a-tiv, a. Full of love ; amorous ; ama- tory. — Am'ativeness, n. (Phren.) Supposed seat of sexual desire; propensity to love. [See Phrenol- ogy] — Amato'rial, Am'atory, a. Relating to, in- duced by, or expressive of, love. Amaurosis, am-aw-ro'sis, n. (Med.) A loss or decay of sight, without visible defect in the eye, usually from loss of power in the optic nerve. —Amaurotic, -rot'ik, a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. amauros, dark, dim.] Amaze, a-maz', j;. t. [amazed (-mazd'), amazing.] To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder; to confuse with terror and astonishment. — n. As- tonishment ; perplexity. [Prefix a and maze.] — Ama'zedly, -ed-11, adv.— Ama/zedness, n. — Amaze '- ment, n. A feeling of surprise and wonder ; per- plexity from, etc.; admiration; confusion. -Ama'- zingly, adv. In an amazing degree. Amazon, am'a-zon, n. One of a fabulous race of fe- male warriors, on the coast of the Euxine; a warlike or masculine woman; a virago. [Gr., fr. a. priv. and mazos, a breast, from the fable that the Amazons cut off the right breast, to use weapons more freely.] — Amazo'man, a. Pert, to or resembling, etc. ; belong- ing to the River Amazon, or to the surrounding country. — Am' azon ant. (Entom.) A warlike spe- cies of ants. — Am'azonite, -it, Am'azon stone. (Min.) A variety of feldspar, found near the Ama- zon River, also in the Ural Mountains in Siberia, and in Colorado._ Ambages, am-ba'jez, n. A circuit of words; a circum- locution. [L., fr. ambi, around, and agere, to go.] Ambassador, am-bas'sa-der, n. An envoy of the highest rank sent to a foreign government. — Am- bas'sadress, n. A female ambassador ; the wife of an ambassador. [F. ambassadeur, fr. LL. ambax- iare, to announce.] — Ambassado'rial, a. Pert, to, etc. — Am'bassage, -bassy, -si, n. Embassy. Amber, am'ber, n. A yellow fossil resin, rendered electric by friction.— a. Of, resembling, or of the color of, amber. [Ar. 'anbar.] — Am'ber-pine, n. A tree producing, etc. — Am'ber-seed, n. Musk- seed. Ambergris, am'ber-gres, n. A fragrant substance used in perfumery, etc. It is a morbid secretion of the intestines of the sperm-whale. [Amber and F. grts, g»ay.] — Am'breine, -bre-in, n. The active ' principle of ambergris. — Am'breic, a. — Am'brite, -brit, n. A fossil gum-resin resembling amber, found in New Zealand. Ambidexter, am-bi-deks'ter, n. One who uses both hands equally well; a double-dealer. [L. ambo, both, and dexter, right (hand).]— Am'bidexter'ity. -ter'- T-tT, n. Power of using, etc. ; double-dealing. — Am- bidex'trous, -trus, a. — Ambidex'trousness, n. Ambient, am'bf-ent, a. Encompassing; surrounding. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire, to go around.] Ambiguous, am-big'u-us, a. Doubtful or uncertain, esp. in respect to signification. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigere, to wander about irresolutely. — Ambig'u- ously, adv. — Ambig'uousness, Ambiguity, n. Ambit, am'bit, n. Circuit or compass. ■ [L. ambitus.] Ambition, am-bish'un, n. Eager desire of preferment, superiority, power, etc. ; aspiration ; greediness. [L. ambit io, a gomgaround, esp. of candidates for offic to solicit votes?] — Ambi'tious, -shus, a. Possessing, controlled by, springing from, or indicating, ambi- tion. — Ambi'tionless, a. — Ambi'tiously, adv. — Ambi'tiousness, n. Amble, am'bl, v. i. To move, as a horse, by lifting together the two legs on one side; to pace; to move affectedly. — n. Gait of a horse. [L. ambidare, to walk.] — Am'bler, n. A horse which paces. Amblyopy, am^bli-o-pl, n. Obscurity of sight; incip- ient amaurosis. [Gr. amblus, dim, and ops, eye.] Ambreine. See under Ambergris. Ambrosia, am-bro'zha, n. (Myth.) The food of the gods, which conferred eternal youth. (Bot.) A genus of plants, including rag-weed, hog-weed, etc. [Gr., fr. a priv. and brotos, mortal.] — AmbrCBial, -zhal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.; delicious. Ambrosian, am-bro'zhan, a. Pert, to St. Ambrose. Ambrotype, am^bro-tip, n. A picture taken on a pre- pared glass, in which lights are represented in silver, and shades by a dark background, visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass. [Gr. ambrotos, immortal, and tupos, impression.] Ambry, am'brT, n. An almonry ; a pantry. [OF. armarie, repository for arms.] Ambsace, amz'as, n. A double ace. [OF. ambes, ambs, L. ambo, both, and ace.] Ambulance, am'bu-lans, n. (Mil.) A flying hospital to follow an army in its movements. [L. ambulare, to walk.] — Am'bulance cart, n. A vehicle, for wounded persons. — Am'bulant, a. Walking; mov- ing from place to place. — Ambulation, n. Act of, etc. — Am'bulato'ry, a. Able or accustomed to, etc. (Law.) Not fixed in its legal character, but capable of being altered, as a will. — n. Part of a building intended tor walking in, esp. a place inclosed by a colonnade or arcade, as a portico. Ambury, am'bu-rT, An'bury, n. A soft swelling on a horse, full of blood. _[AS. ampre, crooked vein.] Ambuscade, am , bus-kad, n. A lying concealed, to attack an enemy by surprise ; a concealed place from which to attack ; ambush. — v. t. To lie in wait ; to attack from ambush. [It. imboscata, to set in bushes, fr. in and bosco, LL. boscus, a wood ; E. bush.] — Am'bush, -bo"6sh, n. Act of attacking, etc.; an ambuscade; troops concealed, etc. — v. t. [am- bushed (-b<36sht), ambushing.] To lie in wait for; to surprise; to place in ambush. Ameer, Amir, a-mer'. Same as Emeer, Emir. Ameliorate, a-meKyo-rat, v. t. To make better; to im- prove, —u. i. To grow better; to meliorate. [L. ad and meliorare, to make better.] — Amelioration, n. — Ameliorative, -tiv, a. Producing, etc. Amen, a'men' (in singing pron. a'men'). An ex- pression used at the end of prayers, meaning, So be it. [Gr. andHeb.] Amenable, a-me'na-bl, a. Liable to be brought to account or punishment; responsible; willing to yield; submissive. [F. amener, to lead to, fr. LL. minare, to conduct.] — Ame'nably, adv. — Amenability, Ame'nableness, n. State of being, etc. Amend, a-mend', v. t. To change for the better; to cor- rect, reform. — v. i. To grow better. [F. amender. L. a, from, and rnendum, fault.] — Amend 'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Amend'atory, a. Con- taining amendment; corrective. — Amend'er, n. — Amend'ment, n. An alteration for the better: cor- rection of faults; reformation by quitting vices: in public bodies, an alteration in a bill or motion by adding, changing, etc. (Law.) Correction of im error in a writ or process. — Amends', n. sing. and. pi. Compensation for loss or injury ; satisfaction ; equivalent. Amende, a-maNd', n. A fine ot punishment; repara- 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, AMENITY AMPHIPROSTYLE [L. t: m : retraction. — Amende honorable, -on'o^ra'bl. Public recantation or apology lor injury. [F.] Amenity, a-men'Y-tT, n. Agreeablene>s in situation, .mate, manners, etc. [L. amcenus, pleasant.] Ameaomania, a-men'o-ma'nl-a, n. A kind of insan- which the patient has agreeable delusions. ■ namus and mania, madness.] Ameaerrhoea, a-men'or-re'a. n. ( Pathol. ) Absence ■ >t the menstrual discharge. [Gr. a priv., men. month, and rhein, to flow.] Ament, am'ent, n. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence mg of a scaly sort of spike, as in the alder, birch, etc. ; a catkin. — Amenta'- C8 0U8. -ta'shus, a. Producing catkins. Ament. (L. amentum, thonzor strap.] Amentia, a-men'shT-a, n. Imbecility; idiocy fr. Gr. a priv. and L. mens, mentis, mind.] Amerce, a-mersl v. t. [amerced (-mersf), amer- cing.] To punish by a pecuniary penalty fixed by the court; to punish^ in general. [OF. amercier, to tine, L. merces, wages.]— Amerce'able, a. Liable to, etc.— Amerce'ment, n. {Law.) Pecuniary pen- alty inflicted at the discretion of the court. — A- mer'cer, n. American, a-mer'T-kan, a. Pert, to America, — esp. to the United States, —n. Native of, etc., formerly applied to the aboriginal inhabitants; but now to descendants of Europeans born in America, esp. in the United States. [From Amerigo Vespucci.] — Americanism, -izm, n. Word, phrase, or idiom pe- culiar to America ; regard of Americans lor their | country or its interests. — Americanize, -Tz, v. t. j [-ized (-Izd), -izixg.] To render American. Americim, a-mer'T-sim, n. A South American liz- ard. Ametabolic, a-met'a-bol'ik, a. (Zool.) Pert, to insects which remain wingless and undergo no evident met- amorphosis. [Gr. a priv. and meiabole, change.] Amethyst, am'e-thist, n. A subspecies of quartz, of a bluish violet color. [Gr. arnethustos, remedy for drunkenness, the stone supposed to have this pow- er.] — Amethyst'ine, -in, a. Pert, to, composed of, or resembling, etc. — Amethysfoline, -lin, n. Vol- atile fluid found in cavities of the amethyst. Amiable, a'mT-a-bl, a. Worthy of love; deserving of affection; charming. [L. amabilis, fr. amare, to love.] — A'miableness. -billty, n. — A'miably, adv. Amianth, am'T-anth. Amianthus, am/T-an-thus, n. (Min.) An incombustible flax-like mineral sub- stance, which may be wrought into cloth and paper. [Gr. amiantos (hthos), unsoiled (stone), fr. a priv. and miainein, to stain .] — Annan' thiform [L. forma, shape] and Amian'thoid [Gr. eidos, form], a. Re- sembling, etc. Amicable, am' T-ka-bl, a. Harmonious in mutual in- tercourse; friendly; peaceable. [L. amicus, friend.] — Am'icabUlty, Amlcableness, n. — Ami'cabiy, adv. Amice, am'is, Amlct. n. A loose flowing garment worn by pilgrims. (Eccl.) A piece of embroidered linen, worn on the head like a hood, or on the should- ers like a cape. [L. amicire, amictwn, to wrap about.] Amid, a-mid'. Amidst'', prep. In the midst or middle ; surrounded by ; among. [AS. a and middan, mid- dle.] Amidships, a-mid'ships, adv. Half-way between the stem and the stern. Amiss, a-mis', a. Wrong: faulty: out of order; im- proper. — adv. Wronsly, etc. " [AS. a and mission, to miss.] Amity, am'T-fl, n. Friendship ; harmony ; good un- derstanding. [F. amitie, fr. ami, L. amicus, friend.] Amm onia, am-mo'nT-a, n. A volatile alkali of a pun- I gent smell; spirit of hartshorn. [From salammoniac, first obtained near the temple of Jupiter Amman, bv I burning camel's dung.] — Ammo , niac, -niacal. -id/- | a-kal, a._ Of, or pert, to, etc. — Ammc'niac. or Gum ! ammo'niac, n. (Med.) Concrete juice of an umbel- liferous plant, from Persia. [Gr. ammoniakon, gum said to distill from trees near the temple of Jupiter ' Amnion.] — Ammo /- niated, a. Combined with am- monia, — used of metallic salts. — Ammo'nic. a. Of, [ or pert, to, ammonia. Ammunition, am-mu-nish'un, n. Military stores for attack or defense; articles used in charging^ fire-arms j nd ordnance; as powder, balls, shot, etc. ft. ad, for, I and munitio, defense, fr. munire, to defend.] Amnesty, am'nes-tY, n. A general pardon of offenses sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; I 2 against government. [Gr. umnestia, a forgetting, fr. a priv. and mirnneskeiii. to remember.] Amnion, am'ni-on, Am'aios, n. (Anat.) The inner membrane covering the fetus. (Bot.) The cover- ing of the embryo of the seed. [Gr., fr. amnos, a lamb, so called "from its softness to the touch.] Amoeba, a-me'ba, n. (Zool.) An animalcule capable of numerous changes of form. — Amce'biform. Amoe'boid. a. Resembling, etc. — Amoe'bous.-'ous, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. [Gr. amoibe. a change.] Amcebaean. am-e-be'an, a. Alternately answering. [Gr. amoibaios, alternate, fr. ameibein, to change.] Among, a-miing', Amongst, a-mungst', prep. Mixed or mingled with; associated with; making part of the number of. [AS. amang, fr. gemaug, mixture.] Amontillado, a-mon'til-la'do, n. A dry sherry. [Sp.J Amorous, am'o-rus, a. Inclined to love ; prone to ,-exual enjoyment; enamored: in love; of, or caused by, love. [L. amor, love. J — Am'oreusly, adv. — Amorousness, n. Amoroso, am-o-ro'so. n. A lover, — adv. (Mus.) Lov- ingly; tenderly. [It.] Amorph, arn'orf, n. (C hem. and Min.) A body with- out crystalline structure. — Amor'phism, n. A state of being, etc., as in glass, opal, etc. [Gr. a priv. and morphe, form.] — Amor'phous, -lus, a. Having no determined form: of no particular character; anom- alous. — Amor'photae, -fo-te. n. pi. (Astron,) Stars not comprised in any constellation. Amortize, a-mor'tlz, v. t. (Law.) To alienate in mortmain. [LL. amortisare. fr. L. mors, mortis, death. J — Amortdza'tion. Amortizement, -tiz-ment, n. (Law.) Act or right ol alienating lands to a cor- poration, considered as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain ; extinction of debt, esp. by a sinking fund. Amount, a-mownt', v. i. To rise or reach by accumu- lation ; to come in the aggregate ; to be equivalent. — a. Sum total: effect, substance, or result. [F. mooter, to ascend, fr. L. ad and mans, montem, mountain.]_ Amour, a-moor', n. A love intrigue. [F., fr. L. amor, love.] Ampere, o^'par', -pere, am-par', n. The unit of electric current. [Fr. a French electrician.] Amphibious, am-flb'1-us, a. Able to live in the air and water; adapted for living, etc.; partaking of two na- tures. — Amphibiously, adv. — Amphiblousness, n. [Gr. amphi. on both sides, and bios, life.] — Am- phibla, -I-a. n. pi. (Zool.) The class of reptiles which includes the saurians. — Amphibian, n. An amphibious animal. —Amphibian, -ial. a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Amphiblolite. -lit. n. Fossil remains of an amphibious_animal. [Gr. hthos, stone.] Amphibole, am'fi-bol, n. (Geel.) Hornblende, which is easily mistaken for augite. — Amphibolic, -bollk, a. [Gr. amphibolos, ambiguous, equivocal.] — Am- phib'olite, -lit, n. Hornblende ; trap-rock. [Gr. hthos, stone.] Amphibology, am-fi-boKo-jT, n. A phrase, proposi- tion, etc., susceptible of more than one interpreta- tion. [Gr. amphibolos and logos, speech.] — Am- phibological. -loj'Y-kal, a. Of doubtful meaning. — Amphibolous, -lus, a. Capable of two meanings. Amphibrach, amli-brak, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short. [Gr. amphibrachus. short at both ends.] Amphicar'pic, -carpous, am-ft-car / pus. a. (Bot.) Bear- ing fruit of two kinds. [Gr. amphi and karpos, fruit.] Amphictyons, am-fiklY-unz, n. pi. A council of dep- uties from the different states of ancient Greece. — Amphic'tyonlc, a.— Amphic'tyony, -fiklT-o-nt. n. A league of neighboring states. [Gr. Amphiktuones, prob.'fr. amphrktiones, neighbors.] Amphigean, am-fij'e-an, a. Extending over all the zones of the earth. [Gr. amphi and ge, the earth.] Amphigory, am-fig'o-rl, n. Nonsense verses; a rig- marole, with apparent meaning, but really meaning- less. [F. amphigouri, Gr. amphi and guros, circle.] — Amphigorlc, a. Nonsensical: absurd. Amphilogy, am-fil'c-iY, n. Amphibology ; partial truth; a truth so stated that its opposite might seem equally true. [Gr. amphi and logos, discourse.] Amphimacer, am-nm , 'a-ser, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short, and the others lone. *[Gr. amphtmakros, long on both sides.] Amphipneusta, am-fip-mi'sta. n. pi. (Zool.) Perren- nib--ancliiate amphibians, having both gills and lungs. [Gr. amphi and pnein, to breathe.] Amphiprostyle. am-fiplo-stll, n. A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in front and behind. tger or ink, Aen, boh'boN, chair, get. AMFHISBiENA 18 ANALECTIC but not on the sides. — Amphip'rosty'lar, a. [Gr. ampki and prostulos, with columns in front] Amphisbaena, am-fis-be'na, n. A kind of serpent which appears, from the thickness of its tail, to have two heads, and to be able to move in either direction. [Gr. amphisbaina, fr. amphi and bainein, to go.] Amphiscians, am-fish'T-anz, Amphiscii, -fish/l-I, re. pi. (Geog.) Dwellers between the tropics, whose shadows are cast to the north, or to the south, ac- cording to the position of the sun. [Gr. amphit- kios, throwing a shadow both ways, fr. amphi and skia, shadow.] Amphitheater, -tre, am-fT-the'a-tgr, w. An oval or circular edifice, having rows of seats one above an- other, around the arena; the highest gallery in a theater. — Am'phitheat'rical, a. [Gr. amphi and theatron, fr. theasthai, to see.] Amphora, am'fS-ra, re. An ancient two-handled earth- en vessel. [L., fr. Gr. amphi and phorein, to bear.] Ample, am'pl, a. Large in size ; of great extent or bulk; fully sufficient. jXi. ampins.] — Am'plitude, -tud, re. State of being, etc.; extent of capacity or intellectual powers, or of means, or resources. (Astron.) An arc of the horizon between true east or west and the center of the rising or setting sun or star. (Gun.) The range of a body thrown. (Magnetism.) The arc of the horizon between the sun or a star, at its rising or setting, and the east or west point of the horizon, by the com- pass. — Amply, adv. — Amplify, am'. pll-fl, V. t. [AMPLIFIED (-fid), -FYING.] A m „y, nr To render larger, more extended, or Am P nora - more intense. (Rhet.) To treat copiously. — ©, i. To grow or become large; to dilate. [L. facere, to make.]— Am'plifica'tion, re. — Am'pEative, -plY-a- tiv, Am'plinca'tive, a. Serving or tending to, etc. — Am'plifLer, -n-er, re. Ampulla, am-pulla, re. An ancient flask or bottle, having a narrow neck and big bel- ly; a drinking cup. (Bot.) A hol- low leaf. (Anat.) A dilatation in the semi-circular canals of the ear. HL.] — Ampullaceous, -la'shus, a. Bottle-shaped. Amputate, am'pu-tat, v. t. To cut off, as a limb. — Amputation, re. [L. amb, about, and putare, puta- tum, to prune.] AmDulla Amuck, a-muk', re. Act of killing; F slaughter. — adv. Wildly; indiscriminately.— To run amuck. To rush out frantically, attacking all comers, as is done by fanatics in the East. [Malay, amok.] Amulet, am'u-let, n. Something worn to prevent evil ; a charm inscribed with mystic characters. [F. amulette, L. amuletum, At. hamala, to carry.] Amuse, a-muz', v t. [amused (-muzd'), amusing.] To entertain agreeably; to keep in expectation, de- lude, divert. [F. amuser.] — Amuse'ment, re. That which, etc. ; pastime. — Amu'ser, re. — Amu'sive, -siv, a. Capable of, etc. — Amu'slvely, -singly, adv. Amygdalate, a-mig'da-lat, a. Made of almonds. — re. Ah emulsion made, etc. [Gr. amugdalon, almond.] — Amyg'daline, -lin, a. Pert, to, etc. — re. A crys- talline principle obtained from bitter almonds. — Amyg'dalif'erous, a. Producing almonds. (Min.) Ap- plied to a geode with a movable kernel. [L./erre, to bear.] — Amyg'daloid, re. A variety of trap-rock, with imbedded almond-shaped minerals. — Amyg- daloid'al, a. Resembling amygdaloid. [Gr. eiaos, form.] Amylaceous, am-Y-la'shus, a. Pert, to starch. — Am'- ylene, -T-len, re. A hydro-carbon of anaesthetic prop- erties. — AmyKic, a. Of or from starch. [Gr. amulon, starch.] An, a. Commonly called the indefinite, article. It signifies owe or any, but less emphatically, and is used before a vowel sound. [AS. an, ane, Goth, ains, L. unus.] An, core/. If. [Ohs.] [See And.] Ana, a'na, re. (Med.) An equal part of each. [Gr.] Ana, a'na. A suffix to names denoting a collection of memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is a book of sayings by Scaliger. Sometimes used alone as a noun. [Neut. pi. termin. of L. adjectives in -anus.'] Anabaptist, an-a-bap'tist, re. (Eccl. Hist.) One who denies the validity of infant baptism, and maintains that those so baptized ought to be baptized again. — Anabaptis'tic, a. — Anabap'tism, n. The doctrine of, etc. [Gr. ana, again, and baptizein, to baptize.] Anabasis, a-nab'a-sis, re. Lit., a going up; esp., Cyrus' invasion of Asia; agreat military expedition. (Med.) The first period, or increase of a disease. — Anabatic, a. [Gr. ana, up, and basis, going.] Anacathartic, an'a-ka-thar'tik, a. Exciting dis- charges from the mouth and nose. — re. A medicine having this property: — opp. of cathartic. [Gr. ana, upward, kutharsis, purging.] Anacnoret, Anachorite. See Anchoret. Anacharis, au-ak'a-ris, re. (Bot.) A fresh- water weed which obstructs navigation : waterweed. [L., fr. ana, as if for an priv. ; and charts, grace.] Anachorism, an-ak'o-rizm, n. A practice or expres- sion differing from the usage of the country in which it is employed. [Gr. ana, against, and choros, a country.] Anachronism, an-ak r ro-nizm, n. An error in chro- nology, by which events are misplaced in regard to each other. [Gr. ana, against, and chronos, time.] — Anach'ronisfic, a. Involving, etc. Anaclastics, an'a-klas'tiks, re. That part of optics concerning thejefraction of light; dioptrics. Anaclisis, an'a-kle'sis, n. (Med.) Position taken by a sick person in bed. [Gr. ana, back, and kline, bed.] Anacoluthon, an'a-ko-lu'thon, re. (Rhet.) Want of sequence in the parts of a sentence, when one part has a different grammatical construction from an- other. — Anacolu / 'thic, -thical, a. — Anacolu'thic- ally, adv. [Gr. an priv. and akolouthein, to follow.] Anaconda, an-a-kon'da, re. A large snake of the Boa family, which lives in South America. Anacreontic, a-nak're-on'tik, a. Pert, to, or after the manner of, the Greek poet Anacreon. — re. A poem in praise of love and wine. Anacrusis, an-a-kroo'sis, n. (Pros.) A prefix of unac- cented syllables to a verse beginning with an accented syllable. [Gr. ana, up, and krouein, to strike.] Anadem, an'a-dem, re. A garland ; fillet ; chaplet. [Gr. anadema, fr. anadein, to tie up, to wreathe.] Anadiplosis, aD'a-dt-plo'sis, re. (Rhet.) A repetition of words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next. [Gr., fr. ana, again, and diploun, to double.] Anadrom, an'a-drom, re. A fish that periodically leaves the sea to ascend rivers.— Anad'ro-mous, -mus, a. [Gr. ana, upward, and dromos, a running.] Anaemia, a-ne'mT-a, re. (Med.) Deficiency of blood in the system. — Anae'mic, a. [Gr. aw priv. and haima, blood.J— Anaemot'rophy, -ft, w. Lack of nourish- ment in the blood. [Gr. trophe, nourishment.] Anaesthesia, an-es-the'zht-a, Anaesthe'sis, re. (Med.) Entire or partial loss of perception; insensibility pro- duced by disease or by inhaling ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide gas, etc. [Gr. are priv. and aisthesis, feeling.] — Anaesthetic, a. Capable of rendering insensible by being inhaled; characterized by insen- sibility. — re. That which produces, etc. — Anaes'- thetize, v. t. To produce, etc. Anaglyph, an'a-ghf, re. An embossed or chased or- nament, worked in relief, — when raised on stone a cameo, when sunk an intaglio. [Gr. ana, up, and gluphein, to engrave.] — Anaglyph'ic, -ical, Ana- glyp'tic, a. Relating to the art of carving, engra- ving, enchasing, or embossing plate. Anagoge, Anagogy, an'a-go-jt, re. An elevation of mind; mystical interpretation of the Scriptures; ap- plication to the New Testament of types and alle- gories of the Old; one of four modes of Scriptural in- terpretation, the others being literal, allegorical, and tropological. (Med.) Rejection through the mouth of Dlood from the lungs. [Gr. anagoge, fr. ana, up, and agein, to lead.] — Anagogetical, -jetl-kal, Ana- gogical, -goj'T-kal, a. Mysterious ; spiritual. — Ana gog'ically, adv. — Anagogics, -goj Iks, re. pi. Mys- tical interpretations, esp. of the Scriptures. Anagram, an'a-gram, re. A transposition of the let- ters of a name, forming a new word. [Gr. ana, back, again, and gramma, a letter.] — An agrammafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or making, an anagram. — An'a- grammat'ically, adv. — An agrammatism, n. Act or practice of, etc. — An^grarn'matist, re. A maker of, etc. — An'agram'matize, v. t. To transpose, so as to form, etc. — v. i. To make anagrams. Anagraph, an'a-graf, n. A commentary. [Gr. ana. up, and graphem, to write.] Anal, a'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or open- ing at the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. Analectac, an-a-lek'tik, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of selections. — An'alocts, Analec'ta, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; TCn, Tee ; 5dd, tSne, 6r : ANALEMMA 19 ANCHOVY -lekla. n. pi. A collection of literary fragments. [Gr. ana, up, and legein, to gather.] Analemma. an-a-lem'ma. n. (Geom.) A projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian; an in- strument of wood or brass, showing this projection of the sphere, and having a horizon fitted to it. A tabular mark on a terrestrial globe, to notify the sun's declination on any day in the year. [Gr. ana- lemma, a support, fr. analambanein, to take up.] Analapsis, an-a-lep'sis, n. {Med.) Recovery; conva- lescence. [Gr., fr. analambanein.'] — Analep'tic, a. Corroborating; invigorating; giving strength after disease. — n. Restorative medicine. Analogy, an-aKo-jI, re. A likeness in some respects, between things otherwise different. {Geom.) Equal- ity, proportion, or similarity of ratios. [Gr. ana, similar to, logos, ratio, proportion.] — Analogical, a. According to, or founded on, analogy. — Analog'- ically, adv. — Analoglcalness, re. Quality of being, etc.— Anal'ogism, -jizm, re. Argument from cause to effect; investigation by analogy. — Anal'ogize, -jlz, v. t. To explain or consider by, etc. — Analogous, -gus,a. Correspondent. — Analogously, adv.— An'- alogue, -log, re. — Anal'ogon, re. A thing analogous to some other thing. Analysis, an-al'IC-sis, re. ; pi. Anai/tses, -sez. A reso- lution of any thinginto its constituent elements; — opp. to synthesis. ((Jhem.) Separation of a compound into its constituents. {Logic.) The tracing of things to their source; resolving of knowledge into its orig- inal principles. {Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing them to equations. [Gr. analusis, fr. analuein, to unloose.] —Analyst, an'a-list, re. One who, etc. — Analytic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or fond of, et* — Analytically, adv. — Analytics, re. The science of analysis. — An'alyze, -liz, v. t. [ana- lyzed (-llzd), -lyzing.] To separate into component parts ; to resolve into first principles or elements. — Analyzable -Hz'a-bl, a. — Capable of being, etc. — An'alyzer. re. Anamnesis, an-am-ne'sis, n. {Rhet.) A recalling something omitted. — Anamnes'tie, -nes- tik, a. Aiding memory. [Gr. ana, again, and mnesis, remem- brance.] Anamorphism, an-a-mor'fizm, re. A progression from one type to another; anamorphosis. [Gr. ana, again, and morphe, form.] — Anamorphosis, -m6r'fo-sis or -m3r-fo'sis, re. {Persp.) A distorted representation of an image on a plane or curved sur- face, which, viewed from a cer- tain point, or by reflection from a mirror, appears in proportion. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration. Ananas, a-na'nas, re. The pine- apple. [Malay, nanaz, ananas.] Anandrous, an-an'drus, a. {Bot.) Without stamens. [Gr. a priv. and aner, andros, a man.] Anapaest, an'a-pest, re. {Pros.) " Li " A h fc m i % \t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ANCHYLOSE 20 ANGUISH family. [Sp. anchova ; Biscayan anchuva, drv.] — Ancho'vy pear. A West India fruit, knchylose, an'kY-los, v. t. [anchylosed (-lost), -losing.) To unite or fix immovably: stiffen. [Gr. angkuloun, to crook, stiffen.] — Anchylo'sis, n. An immovable condition of a joint. — Anchylot'ic, a. Ancient, an'shent, a. Old; of former times; advanced m years; pristine; antiquated; obsolete. — n. pi. Those who lived in former ages, opp. to the moderns ; very old men. [F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. ante, before.] — An'ciently, -IT, adv. In old times. — An'cientry, -rl, n. The honor of ancient lineage; gentry; aristocracy. Ancillary, an'sil-la-f Y, a. Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid. [L. ancilla, a female servant.] Ancipital, an-sip'Y-tal, a. (Bot.) Compressed, and forming two opposite angles, as a stem of blue- grass. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two-headed, fr. am, for and), on both sides, and caput, head.] Ancony, an r ko-nY, n. {Iron Works.) A piece of half- wrought iron, bar-shaped in the middle, but un- wrought at the ends. [Prob. fr. Gr. angkon, elbow.] And, conj. A particle wnich expresses the relation of addition, and connects words or sentences. [AS.] Andante, iin-dan'ta, a. (Mus.) Rather slow; less slow than largo , more slow than allegretto. — n. A movement or piece in andante time. — Andantino, -te'no, a. Slow, but quicker than andante. [It.] Andean, an-de'an, Andine, an'din, a. Pert, to the Andes mountains. Andiron, and'T-um, n. A utensil for supporting wood in a fire-place; a fire-dog. [AS. brand-isen, brand-iron, or E. hand-iron or end-iron.] Androgynal, an-droj'Y-nal, -ynous, -nus, a. Having both sexes; hermaphroditical; having mental char- acteristics of both sexes. (Bot.) Bearing both stam- iniferous and pistillii'erous flowers. [Gr. androgynos, fr. aner, man, and gune, woman.] Android, an'droid, Androi'des, -dez, n. A machine in human form, which performs motions of a man. — An'droid, a. Resembling man. [Gr. aner and eidos, form.] Androphagi. an-drofa-ji, n. Man-eaters; anthropo- phagi. — Androph'agous, -gus. Inclined to canni- balism. [Gr. aner and phagein, to eat.] Anecdote, an'ek-dot, n. A particular or detached fact; incident; story; tale. [Gr. anekdotos, not pub- lished, from an priv. and ekdidonai, to give out.] — Anecdo'tal, -dofic, -dot'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Anemo-dynamometer, an'e-mo-din-a-mom'e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring the force and velocity of the wind. [Gr. anemos, wind, du- namis, force, and metron, measure.] — A n e m'egraph, -graf, n. An in- strument for regis- Anemometer, tering the force of the wind. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Anemog'raphy, -ft, n. A description of the winds. [Gr. graphe, description.]— Anemol'ogy, -jY, n. Doctrine of , or treatise on, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Anemom'- eter, n. Same as Anemo-dynamometer.— Anemom / '- etry, n. Measurement by means of an anemometer. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Anem'oscope, n. A weather- cock, esp. a contrivance for bringing down the indi- cations of a wind-vane to a dial below. [Gr. skopein, to view.] Anemone, a-nem^o-nY, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the crowfoot family; wind-flower. [Gr.. fr. an- emos, wind, which strips off its leaves.] Aneroid, an'e-roid, o. Dispensing with the use of quicksilver. — n. A portable barometer, which dis- penses, etc. [Gr. a priv.. neros, wet, and eidos. form.] Anetic. an-et'ik, a. (Med.) Lessening pain; ano- dyne. [Gr. anetikos, relaxing, fr. aneinai, to loosen.] Aneurism, an'u-rizm, n. (Anat.) A soft tumor, arising from dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. [Gr. aneunrsma, fr. aneurunein. to widen.] Anew, a-mi', adv. Newly; over again; afresh. Anfractuous, an-frakt'u-us, a. Winding ; full of turnings. [L. anfractus, a turning, fr. an for amb and frangere.fr actum, to break.] — Anfractuos'ity, -tT, n. State of being., etc. Angel, an'iel, n. A spirit, or spiritual being; an an- cient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of an angel, —a. Resembling, or belonging to, etc. [Gr. anggelos, messenger.] — Angel'ic, -ical, an-jeK- C AE, right angle; CAD, acute angle ; B A E, obtuse an- gle. inr ik-al, a. — Angel'ically, adv. — Angel'icalness, n. — Angelology, -ol'o-jY, n. Doctrine of angelic beings. [Gr. logos,_d}scourse.~\ Angel-fish, an'jel-fish, n. A species of shark, named from its large wing-like pectoral fins. Anger, an'ger, n. A strong passion or emotion of the mind ; indignation ; resentment ; wrath ; rage. — v.t. [angered (-gerd), angering.] To excite to anger; to provoke, displease. — An'gry, -grT, a. In- flamed, as a sore; touched with or showing anger; indignant; furious; choleric. — An'gerly, An'grily, -gri-ll, adv. [L. angor, strangling.] Angina, an-ji'na, n. Inflammation of the throat. [L.] — Angina Pectoris, -pek'to-ris, n. A distressing af- fection of the chest. [L.] Angiography, an-jT-og'ra-fT, w. (Med.) A description of the vessels in the body. [Gr. anggeion, vessel, and graphe, description.] — An'gioKo-gy, -ji, n. Trea- tise or discourse on, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — An- giofomy, -mi, n. Dissection of , etc. [Gr. tome, cut- ting.] Angle, an'gl, n. A corner. q (Geom.) The difference of direction of two lines in the v same plane that meet or tend to meet in a point; or the dif- ference of direction of two planes intersecting, or tending E to intersect, each other. Fish- ing tackle. — v. i. [angled (an'gld), angling.] To fish with line and hook ; to use some bait or artifice ; to in- trigue. [Gr. angkulos, bent fr. angkos, a bend or hollow.] — Angle of incidence. (Opt.) The angle which a ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any medium on which it falls. —Angle of refraction. The angle which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpendicular to that point on which it falls. — A right angle. One formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°. — An ob- tuse angle. One greater than a right angle. — An acute angle. One less than a right angle. — Oblique angles. Angles that are either acute or obtuse.— Fa- cial angle. See under Face. — Visual angle. The angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. — An'gler, n. One who fishes with a hook. (Ichth.) A kind of fish; the fishing- frog. — An'gle-bar. -iron, n. A rolled bar of iron of an angular shape, for the edges of iron safes, etc.; or to connect the side-plates of iron boilers, etc. — Angular, an'gu-ler, a. Having , an angle or angles; pointed; form- ing an angle ; sharp and stiff in character. — An'gularness, -ler- ness, Angular'ity, -lar'Y-tY, n. Quality of being, etc. — An'gu- larly, -ler-lY, adv. With angles; in the direction of the angles.— An'- gulated, -la-ted, a. Formed with angles. — An'gulose, -los, a. Full of angles. Anglican, an'glY-kan, a. English; pert, to England. — w. A member of the church of England; esp. of the high-church or ritualistic party. [AS. An- gles, Engles, L. Angli, the Angles, the English.] — An'glicanism, n. Attachment to England or Eng- lish institutions, — esp. to the English church; the principles of the English church.— An'glicisn^-sizm, n. An English idiom or expression. — An'glicize, -siz, v. t. [anglicized C-sizd),-ciziNG.] To render comformable to English idiom or analogies. — An- glo, an'glo. A prefix meaning English. —Anglo- American. A descendant from English ancestors, born in America, or pert, to the descendants of Eng- lishmen in America. ma'nia. Excessive rever- ence for England or English institutions. — -Nor- man. Pert, to the English Normans, or an English Norman. phobia. Fear or hatred of England. — -Saxon. Pert, to the Saxons who settled in England; the language of the English Saxons. Anglice, an'glY-se, adv. In English; in the English manner. [L.] Angor, an'gnr, n. Intense bodily pain. [L.] Angry. Angrily. See under Anger. Anguilliform, an-gwiKY-form, a. In the form of, or like, an eel. [L. anguilla, eel, and forma, form.] Anguish, an'gwish, n. Extreme pain; agony; grief. [L. angustia, fr. angere, to press together.] fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; »dd, tone, &r; Angle-iron. ANGULAR 21 ANOTTA Angular, Angularity. See under Angle. Anhelation. an he-la'shun, n. Short breath: difficult respiration. [L. anhelare, to breathe with diffi- cult-.] Anhydride, an-hi'drid, n. {Chem.) An oxide of non- metallic bodies, — which may be formed from an acid by abstracting water. — Anhy'drite. -drit. n. (Mm.) Gypsum which contains no water. — An- hy'drous, -drus, a. Destitute of water. [Gr. an priv. undhudor, water.] jiil, an'il, n. (Bot.) A shrub whose Anil, an'il. n. (Bot.) A shrub whose leaves and stalks yield indigo. — Anile, anil, n. A dark blue color. — Aniline, an'i-lin or -fin, n. A dyeing material obtained from indigo, also from benzole in coal tar. — a. Pert, to dyes made from aniline. [Ar. an-nil, the indago plant.] Anile, an'il, a. Old womanish; imbecile. — Anil'ity. -ml-i-tt, An'ileness, -Tl-nes, n. Dotage. [L. anus, old woman.] Animadvert, an'T-mad-verf, v. 1. To turn the mind with intent to notice; to consider by way of crit- icism or censure; to remark, comment. " [L. ani- mus, mind, ad, to, and verters, to turn.] — Animad r - version, -ver'shun, n. Remarks by way of criti- cism, etc. ; strictures ; blame. — Animadver'sive, -siv. a. Having the power of perceiving. — An'imad- ver'ter. n. Animal, an'i-mal, n. An organized living being hav- ing sensation and power of voluntary motion; an irrational being, as disting. fr. man. — a. Of. or rela- ting to. animals; pert, to the merely sentient part of a creature; consisting of the flesh "of animals. [L., f r. anima, breath, soul, animus, mind ; Gr. anemos, wind.] — An'imal-flow'er, n. A name for some zoophvtes. — An'imalism, n. State of mere animals: brutishness. — Animal'ity, -T-tl, n. State of animal existence. — An'imalize. -Tz, v. t. [animalized (-Tzd), -IZIVG-] To rive animal life or properties to; to convert into animal matter by assimilation; to ren- der or regard as merely animal: to supply, as a coun- try, with animals. — An'imaliza'tion, "n. Act of, etc. Animalcule, an-Y-mal'kul. -culum, n. ; pi. -cula, -la. An animal invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. [AnimaicuUe, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, is a barbarism.] [L.. dim. of animal.] — Animal'- cular. -culine, -lin, a. Pert, to, etc. — Animal'culist, n. One versed in the knowledge of, etc. Animate, an'T-mat, v. t. To give natural life to ; to enliven, inspire, prompt, incite.— a. Alive. [L. ani- inare, f r. anima.] — An'imated, p. a. Endowed with animal life; full of life: spirited; lively. — Anima / '- tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; vivacity; spirit: sprightliness. Anime. an'Y-mi, n. A resin used to make varnish. [Sp.] Animosity, an'T-mos'i-tY, n. Violent hatred: active enmity: rancor; malignity. [L. animositas.] Animus^ an'T-mus, n. Intention; spirit : temper. [L.] Anise, an'is, n. A plant bearing aromatic seeds. [Gr. anison.] Ankle, an'kl, n. The joint which connects the foot with the leg. [AS. ancleow, dim. of anke, bent, neck.] — Anklet, n. An ornament for the ankle. Annals, an'nalz, n. pi. A history of events in chro- nological order; a series of historical events; an an- nual publication. [L. annalii (sc. liber), fr. annus, year.] — An'nalist. n. A writer of annals. — An- nalisx'ic, a. Pert, to, or after the manner of. etc. Annats, an'nats. n. pi. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) The first year's profits of a preferment; first-fruits. [L. annus.] Anneal, an-neK, v. t. [annealed (-netd'). axxeal- ino.1 To heat nearly to fluidity and then cool slowly, to render less brittle ; to temper. [AS. anzelan, to burn, kindle.] To heat, as glass, in order to fix colors. [OF. neeler, nieler, to enamel, LL. nir/ellare, to blacken, L. niger, bl?ek.] Annelata. -ellata, an-nel'a-ta, Annel'ida, An'nelids, n. pi. Artieulate animals having bodies formed of small rings, as worms. [L. anneVus, a little ring.] Annex, an-neks', v. t. [anxexed (-neksf). axxex- ixg.] To unite at the end; to affix: to add: to con- nect, esp. as a consequence, —n. An extension of a building ; a subsidiary building ; an addition to a document. [L. ad and" nectere, nexum, to fasten to- gether.] — Annexation, -a'shun. Annexion, -nek r - shun.n. Act of annexing; addition; union. (Laio.) Union of property with a freehold, forming a fix- ture. — Annexa'tionist, n. An advocate of. etc.— Annex'ibie, a. That may be, etc. — Annex'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: thing annexed. ite. an-ni'hl-lat, v. t. To cause to cease to be; to destroy the form or properties of. [L. ad, to, and nihil, nothing.] — Anni'hilable. a. Capable or being, etc. — Anni'Mla'tion. n. Aet of , or state of being, etc. : destruction. — Anni hila'tionist, n. (Theol.) One who believes that eternal punish- ment consists in annihilation: a destructionist. — Anni'hilatory. -rT. a. Tending to, etc. ; destructive. Anniversary, an-nY-ver'sa-rT, a. Returning with the year at a stated time. — n. A day celebrated each year. [L. annus, year, and veriere, to turn.] Annomination, an-nom'i-na'shun, n. A pun; a para- nomasia ; alliteration. [L. ad and noiuen, a name.] Annona. an-no'na, n. A year's production or increase; hence, provision s_f or a'year's use. [1,., fr. annus.] Annotate, an r no-tat, v. i. To make annotations or comments. [L. ad and notare, to mark.]— Annota'- tion,-ta'shun, n. A remark, note, or commentary on some passage of a book. — Anno'tatory, -to-rf , a. Containing annotations. — An'notator, -ter, n. A commentator. Annotto, an-not'to, Arnat'to. Arnot'to, n. A yellow- ish-red vegetable dyeing material. Announce, an-nowns"', v. t. [announced (-nownsf), announcing.] To give first notice of ; to make known, publish, advertise. [L. ad and nundare, to report, fr. mincius, messenger.] — Announce'ment. n. Act of, etc. ; declaration. — Announ'cer, n. Annoy, an-noi r , v. t. [annoyed (-noid'), annoying.; To injure or disturb by repeated acts ; to incom- mode, vex, plague. [F. ennuyer, fr. L. in odio, in hatred.] — Annoy'ance, n. Act of, or state ol being, etc.: that which annoys. — Annoy'er, n. Annual, an'u-al, a. Returning or happening every year; yearly; performed in a year; lasting only one year or season. — n. A thing'happening yearly; a work published once a year; a plant that lasts but one year or season. [L. annualis, fr. annus, year.] — An'hually, adv. Annuity, an-nu'Y-tY, n. A sum of money, payable yearly. [LL. ayinuitas, fr. amius.] — Annuitant n. One who has an annuity. Annul, an-nuK, ». t. [annulled (-nuldO, annul- ling.] To make void or of no effect ; to repeal. nullify, set aside. [LL. onnullare, fr. L. ad, to, and milium, nothing.] — Annul 'ment, n. Act of, etc. Annulet, an'u-let. n. A little ring. (Arch.) A small flat fillet, encircling a column, etc. (Her.) A litth circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. [L. an- nulus, a ring.]— An'nular, -lary, a. Ring-shaped banded or marked with circles, dots, etc. — An'nu- lated.a. Having rings or belts. — An'nulose, -los. a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings. Annumerate, an-nu'mer-at, v. t. To add to a num- ber. — Annumeration, -a'shun, n. [L. ad and numerare, to number.] Annunciate, an-nun'shT-at, v. t. To announce. [L. ad and nunciare, to report.] — Annuncia'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a festival, celebrated March 25th, in memory of the angel's announcement to the Virgin Mary. — Annun'ciator. -ter. n. Anode, an'od, n. The positive pole of an electric bat- tery. [Gr. ana, up, and hodos. way.] Anodyne, an'o-dln, n. Medicine which allays pain. — a. Assuaging pain. [Gr. an priv. and odvrie, pain.] Anoint, a-noinf, v.t. lo pour oil upon; to rub with unctuous substances: to consecrate, by unction ; to smear or daub. \L. in and rmguere, to smear.] — Anoinfed. n. The Messiah. — Anoint'er, n. — Anoinfment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Anomaly, a-nom'a-lY, -alism, -lizm, n. Deviation from common rule or analogv; irregularity. (As- tron.) Angular distance of a planet from its perihel- ion, as seen from the sun : angle measuring appar- ent irregularities in the motion of a planet. [Gr. an, priv. and homalos, even.] — Anomalist'ic, -ical, a. Irregular. (Astrqn.) Pert, to the angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. — Anom^alous, -lus, a. Abnormal. — Anom^alously. adv. Anon, a-non', adv. Quickly; immediately; at an- other time: asrain. [AS. on an, in one (moment).] — Ever and anon. Xow and then: frequently: often. Anonymous. an-non'T-mus, ". Wanting a name ; without the real name of the author : nameless. [Gr. an priv. and onoma, name.] — Anon'ymously. adv. — An'onyme. -nim, n. An assumed name — Anonymity. -nim'T-tT, n. State of being, etc. Anorexia, an-o-reks'T-a, An'orexy, n. (Med.) Want of appetite. [Gr. an priv. and oreris, desire.] Another, an-urh'er, a. Not the same; different; on« more: anv other. [From an, a, one, and other.] Anot'ta. See Annotto. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ANOXJSCKTS 22 ANTHROPOGENY Anourous, Anurous, an-oo'rus, a. Without tails, as frogs. [Gr. an priv. and oura, tail.] Ansated, an'sa-ted, a. Having a handle. [L. ansa, a handle.] Anserine, an'sSr-In, -serous, -us, a. Pert, to, or like a goose, or its skin; silly. [L. anser, goose.] Answer, an'sgr, v. t. [answered (-serd), answer- ing.] To speak or write in return to; to refute; to be or act in return to. — v. i. To make response; to be accountable, liable, or responsible; to be or act in return; to conform; to suit. — n. Something said, written, or done, in return; a mathematical so- lution. [AS. andswarian, fr. and, against, and swe- rian, to affirm.] — An'swerable, a. Capable of be- ing answered ; obliged to answer ; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good ; responsible ; suitable ; equivalent. — An'swerableness, n. Quality of be- ing, etc. — An'swerably, adv. — An'swerer, n. — An'swerless, a. That cannot be answered; having no answer. Ant, ant, w. An emmet; a pismire. [For amt, a contr. of E. emmet.] — Anfbear, -b a r, -eater, -et'er, n. An animal that feeds upon ants. - -eggs, n. pl.The iar- vse of ants, which are in- cased in sacs resembling eggs. — -hill, n. A nest of ants. Anteater. Antacid, ant-as'id.Antiac'icLn. (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. Antagonist, an-tag'o-nist, n. One who contends with another; adversary; opponent. [Gr. antagonizesthai, f r. anti, against, and agon, contest.] — Antagonistic, -ical, a. — An'tagonist'ically, adv. — Antagonism, -nizm, n. Opposition of action ; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. — Antagonize, -niz, v. t. To act in opposition; to contend. Antalgic, an-taKiik, a. Alleviating pain. [Gr. anti and algos, pain.J Antanaclasis, an-tan'a-kla'sis, n. (Rhet.) A play upon words; repetition of words beginning a sen- tence, after a parenthesis. [Gr., fr. anti and anakla- sis, a bending back and breaking.] Antanagoge, an-tan'a-go'jT, n. (Rhet.) A reply to an adversary by recrimination. [Gr. anti and anagoge, a leading up.] Antaphrodisiae, ant'af-ro-diz'Y-ak, a. (Med.) Less- ening venereal desire. — n. Anti-venereal medicine. [Gr. anti, against, and aphrodisiakos. venereal, fr. Aphrodite, Venus, goddess of love.] — Ant'aphro- dific, a. Abating venereal appetite ; efficacious against venereal disease. — n. A medicine which, etc. Antarctic, ant-ark'tik, a. Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it. f Gr. anti and arktos, bear, the constellation called Northern Bear.] Antarthritic, ant'ar-thrifik, a. Counteracting gout. — n. A remedy for, etc. [Gr. anti and arthritis, gout.] Antecede, an-te-sed', v. t. To go before in time. [L. ante, before, and cedere, to go.] — Antece'dence, -dency, n. Act or state of, etc. ; precedence. — Ante- cedent, a. Going before ; prior ; previous. — n. That which, etc.; pi. the earlier events of one's life. ( Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers. (Logic.) The first of two propositions in an enthy- meme; the first and conditional part of a hypothet- ical proposition. (Math.) The first of two terms of a ratio. — Antecedently, adv. Previously. — An- tecessor, -ser, n. One who goes before; a leader; one who possessed land before the present possessor. Antechamber, an'te-cham'ber, An'teroom, -room, n. A room leading to the chief apartment. Antecommunion, an'te-com-mun'yun, n. The part of the Anglican liturgy which precedes the conse- cration of the elements in the communion. Antecursor, an'te-kSr'ser, n. A forerunner. Antedate, an'te-dat, n. A date before the true time. — i\ t. To date before the true time; to anticipate; to take before the true time. Antediluvial, an'te-dl-lu'vT-al, Antedilu'vlan, a. Be- fore the deluge. — Antedilu'vian, n. One who lived before the flood. [L. ante and diluvium, deluge.] Antelope, an'te-lSp, n. A ruminant quadruped, in termediate between the deer and goat. [Gr. anthalop$.~\ Antelucan, an-te-lu'kan, a. Before light, — applied to assemblies ot the early Christians, held before daybreak, to avoid persecution. [L. ante and lux, light.] Antemeridian, an / te-me-rid /, T-an, a. Before noon. Antemundane, an-te-mun'dan, Before the creation of the world. Antelope. Antenatal, an-te-na'tal, a. Before birth. Antenna, an-ten'na, n. ; pi. Anten'NjE, -ne, a. (Zobl.) A movable, articulated org;m of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. [L., sail- yard.] — Anten'nal, a. Antenuptial, a n-te-nup'shal, a. Before marriage. Antepaschal, an-te-pas'kal, a. Before Easter. Antepast, an'te-past, n. A foretaste. [L. ante and pa* cere, pastum, to feed.] Antepenult, an'te-pe-nult', An'tepenult'i-ma, », (Pros.) The last syllable but two of a word. [L. ante, psene, almost, and ultimus, last.] — An'tepe- nult'imate, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Antephialtic, ant'ef-T-aKtik, a. (Med.) Preventing nightmare, f Gr. anti and ephialtes, nightmare.] Anterior, an-te'rT-or, a. Before in time or place; for- mer; foregoing. [L. compar. of ante, before.] — Ante'- riorly, adv. — Anteriority, -or'l-tl, n. Precedence. Anteroom. See Antechamber. Anthelion, ant-hel'yun, n. ; pi. Anthel'fa, -I-a. A luminous appearance on a cloud opposite the sun. [Gr. anti, over against, and helios, sun.] Anthelmintic, an-thel-min'tik, a. (Med.) Destroy- ing or expelling worms, — n. A vermifuge. [Gr. anti, against, ana helmins, helminthos, worm.] Anthem, an'them, n. Church musie adapted to pas sages from the Scriptures; a motet. [Gr. antiphona, fr. anti and phone, sound.] Anthemorrhagic, ant'hem-or-raj'ik, a. (Med.) Tend- ing to stop hemorrhage. [Gr. anti, haima, blood, and rhegnunai, to burst.] Anther, another, w. (Bot.) That part of the stamen containing the pollen. [Gr. anthe- ros, flowery, fr. anthos, flower.] — An'theral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Anther- iferous, -gr-us, a. Producing, etc. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Anther'iform, e & -ther'Tr-form, a. Having the form of, etc. [Li. forma, form.] Anthesis, an-the'sis, n. (Bot.) The opening of a flower. [Gr. bloom, fr. anthos, flower.] — Anthog'raphy, n. Description of flowers. [Gr. graph- ein, to write.] — AnthoKogy, n. A discourse on flowers; collection of flowers ; a collection of beautiful passages from authors. [Gr. legein, to gather.] — Antholog'ical, -loj'- ik-al, a. — An'thoid, a. Resembling a flower. [Gr. eidos, form.] Anthony's Fire, an'to-niz -fir, n. The erysipelas. Anthracite, an'thra-slt, n. A hard dd, filaments; mineral coal. [Gr. anthrax, coal.] — ee, anthers. Anthracific, a. Pert, to, etc. — An'thracene, -sen, -cine, -sin, n. (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon pro- duced in distilling coal-tar; paranaphthaline. — An- thracom'eter, n. A machine for determining the amount of carbonic acid. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Anthrac'onite, n. Marble which takes a coal-black luster when polished. Anthropogeny, an-thro-poj'e-nY, n. The development ot man. [Gr. anthropos, man, and genos, birth.] — Anthrepog'raphy, n, (Phys. Geog.) The distribu- tion of the human race. [Gr. graphe, description.] — An'thropoid, a. Resembling man. [Gr. eidos, appearance/] — Anthrop'olite, ». A petrification of the human body. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — Anthro- pology, -jT, n. The natural history of the human species ; science of man, considered in his entire nature. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Anthropometry, n. The art of measuring the human body. [Gr. metron, measure.] — An'thropomor'phism, -m6r r - fizm, ». Representation of the Deity as having hu- man form or attributes. —An'thropomor'phite, -fit* n. A believer in, etc. — Anthropomorphous, -fus, a. Resembling a man. [Gr. morji/ie, form.] — An'thro- po'path'ical, a. Subject to human passions. — An'- thropop'athism, -pop'athy, -thl, n. Ascription of am, fane, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd. eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne, 6r ; ANTIACID 23 ANY human passions to the Supreme Being. [Gr. pathos, affection, passion.] — An'thropoph'agi, -pof'a-jl, re. ) pi. Man-eaters; cannibals. — Anthropoph'agy, -jY, re. Cannibalism. [Gr. pfiagein, to eat.] — Anthropot'- omy, re. The anatomy, or dissection, of the human body. [Gr. temnem, to cut.] Antiacid. See Antacid. Antic, an'tik, a. Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic ; ludi- crously wild. — n. A buffoon ; odd appearance. — An'ticly, adv. [From antique.} Anticathode, an'tr-kath'od, n. (Phys.) The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Antichrist, anlY-krist, re. An adversary of Christ; the man of sin. — Antichristian, -kris'chun, re. An opposer of Christianity. — a. Opposing, etc. Anticipate, an-tis'Y-pat, v. t. To take or do before another, so as to prevent him; to take up beforehand, or before the proper time ; to foresee ; to expect. fii. ante, before, and capere, to take.] — Anticipa- tion, -pa'shun, re. Act of, etc.; previous view or impression; foretaste; preconception; forethought. — Anticipative, -t.is'Y-pa-tiv, a. — Anticipator, re. —Anticipatory, a. Taking before time. Anticlimax, an-tl-kli'maks, n. A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important, at the close. [Gr. anti, and klimax, staircase, fr. klinein,to slope.] Anticlinal, an-tT-kli'nal, a. Marking inclination in op- posite directions. — re. The crest-line from which strata dip in opposite directions; the anticlinal axis. [Gr. anti and Ktlncin.] Antidote, an'tT-dot, n. That which tends to counter- act poison, etc.— Antidotal, -dot leal, a. — Anti- do'tally, -dotlcally, adv. [Gr. untidoton, fr. dido- nai, to give.] Antifebrile, un-tY-feblil or -fe'bril, a. Abating fever, —re. A medicine to cure fever. Antigalactic, an'tY-ga-laklik, a. Diminishing the secretion of milk. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.] Antilithic, an-tY-lithlk, a. Preventive of stone in the bladder. [Gr. Uthos, stone.] Antilyssic, an-tY-lis'sik, a. Used to counteract hydro- phohia. [Gr. lussa, rage, madness.] Antimacassar, an'tY-ma-kas'sSr, re. A cover to pro- tect chairs, etc., from dirt. [From Macassar hair- oil.] Antimason. an'tY-ma'sn, re. One opposed to Freema- sonry. — Antima'sonry, re. Opposition to, etc. Antimonarchic, an'tY-mo-narklk, -ical, a. Opposed to monarchy. Antimony, anIY-mo-nY, re. A whitish, brittle metal used in medicine and the arts. [LL. antimonium.] — Antimo'nial, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — re. A prep- aration of, etc. Antinomy, anIY-no-mY or -tin'o-mY, n. Opposition of one law or rule to another; a thing contrary. [Gr. anti and nomos, law.] — Antino'mian, re. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect said to maintain, that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no obligation, —a. Pert, to, etc. — Antinc'raianism, n. Tenets of, etc. Antipapal, an-tY-pa'pal, -papistic, -ical, a. Opposing the papacy or popery. Antipathy, an-tip'a-thY, re. Aversion at the presence of a particular objeet ; dislike ; contrariety. {Nat. Phil.) A contrariety in the properties or affections of matter. [Gr. pat/ws, suffering, affection.] — An'- tipathetlc, -ical, a. Having, or produced by, etc. Antiperiodic, an'tY-pe'rY-odlk, a. (Med.) Preventing the return of intermittent diseases. Antipestilential, an'tY-pes'tY-len'shal, a. Counteract- ing infection. Antipharmic, an'tY-f ar'mik, a. Destroying the effect of poison. [Gr. pharmakon, poison.] Antiphlogistic, an'tY-flo-jislik, a. ( Chem^ Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston. {Med.) Counteracts ing inflammation. — n. Medicine or diet which, etc. [Gr. phlogizein, to burn.] Antiphon, anlY-fon, Antiphony, -tif 'o-nY, re. {Mus.) An anthem or psalm sung in alternate parts; a re- sponse. — Antipn'onal, Antiphonlc, -phonlcal, a. — Antiph'onal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. [Gr. antiphonos, fr. phone, voice.] Antiphrasis, an-tif'ra-sis, re. {Rhet.) Use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; ironv. — Antiphrastic, -fraslik, -tical, a. — Antiphraslic- ally, adv. [Gr. anti and phrazein, to speak.] Antiphthisic, an'tY-tizIk, a. Relieving or curing phthisis. [Gr. phthisis, consumption.] Antiphysic, an-tY-fizIk, a. Contrary to nature; un- natural. [Gr. phusiSj nature.] — {Med.) Relieving flatulence; carminative. [Qr. phusan, to inflate.] Anaplastic, an-tY-plas'tik, a. Diminishing plastici ty. (Med.) Unfavorable to healing; preventing granulation. [Gr. plastikos, fr. plassein, to form.] Antipode,_ anlY-pod, re.; pi. Antipodes, -podz or -tip'5-dez. One of those who live on opposite sides of the globe, and whose feet are directly opposite. [Gr. antipous, ir.j>ous,podos, foot.] — Antip'odal, a. Antipope, an'tY-pop, n. One who usurps the popedom. Antiprelatical, an'tY-pre-latlk-al, a. Adverse to pre- lacy. Antique, an-tek', a. Old; ancient; of old fashion; made in imitation of antiquity. — re. Anything very old; a remnant of antiquity; relic. [F., L. antiguus, fr. ante, before.] — Antique'ness, re. — Antio/uity, -tik'wY-tY, re. Ancient tunes, or their people ; great age. pi. Remains of, etc. — Antiqua- rian, -kwalY-an, a. Pert, to antiquity. — re. An anti- quary. — Antiqua'rianism, n. Love of, etc. — Anti- quary, re. One versed in, etc. — An'tiquate, -kwat, v. t. To make obsolete, old, or void. — Antiquated, p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion; out of use. Antisabbatarian, an / tY-sab / b3-ta / 'rY-an,o. Opposed to the observance of the Sabbath. — re. One who, etc. Antiscians, an-tish/Y-anz, Antiscii, -tish'Y-I, re. pi. (Geog.) Dwellers on different sides of the equator, whose shadows* at noon are cast in contrary direc- tions. [Gr. anti, opposite, and skia, shadow.] Antiscorbutic, an'tY-skSr-bulik, -bu'tical, a. {Med.) Counteracting scurvy. Antiscriptural, an-tY-skrip / ch6t>r-al, a. Not accordant with Scripture. Antiseptic, an-tY-seplik, a. Opposing putrefaction. — n. A substance which resists or corrects, etc. Antislavery, an-tY-:da / 'ver-Y, a. Opposed to slavery. Antisocial, an-tT-so'shal, a. Adverse to society or hostile to its existence. Antispasmodic. an / ti-bpaz-mod' r ik, Antispastic, an-tt- spaslik, a. {Med.) Causing a revulsion of fluids or humors; counteracting spasm. [Gr. antispasis, a drawing back, fr. span, to draw.] Antisplenetic, an'tY-sple-nefik, a. Counteracting diseases of the spleen. Antistrophe, an-tislro-fY, re. (Rhet.) Repetition of words in an inverse order; the turning^ of an adver- sary's plea against him. (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) Part of a song or dance, around the altar, performed by turning from left to right, in o/>p. to the strophe, which was from right to left; the stanza of an ode following the strophe. — Antistrophic, -strof Ik, a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. strophe, a turning.] Antithesis, an-tith'e-sis, n. ; pi. -uses, -sez. (Rhet.) An opposition of words or sentiments in the same sentence; contrast; anything directly opposed to an- other. [Gr., fr. thesis, a setting.]— Antithetic, -thet'- ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Antithet- ically, adv. Antitoxic, an'tY-tQkslk, a. Counteracting poison. — An'titox'in, re. A substance (sometimes the product of a micro-organism and sometimes naturally present hi an animal), capable of counteracting or produ- cing immunity from certain diseases. Antitrades, an'tY-tradz, re. The higher winds in the tropics, which blow in a direction contrary to the trade winds. Antitrinitarian, an'tY-trinl-talY-an, a. Opposing the doctrine of the Trinity. — An'trtrin'ita'rianism, re. Opposition to, etc. Antitype, anlY-tip, re. That which is prefigured by the type; thus the paschal lamb was a type of which Christ is the antitype. — Antityplcal, -tip'Y-kal, a. Pert, to, etc. ; explaining a type. — Antityplcally, adv. Antler, antler, re. A deciduous growth of bone on the head of a cervine animal, resembling horns in cattle. [OF. antoiUier, prob. fr. 1.. ante, before.J — Antlered, -lerd, a. Having, etc. Antonomasia, an'to-no-ma'zY-a, re. Use of a proper name for an appellative, as "a Cicero" for a great orator; conversely, the use of a name denoting rank, office, etc., for him who holds it, as " his majesty " for the king. [Gr., fr. anti, instead, and onomazein, to name.] — An'tonomas'tically, adv. Anus, alius, n. The lower orifice of the bowels. [Li.J Anvil, an'vil, re. An iron block, upon which metala are hammered and shaped. [AS. onfilt, anfilte, fr. ore and fyllan, to strike down.] . Anxious, ank'shus, a. Greatly concerned or sohcu tous, esp. about something uncertain; accompanied with anxiety; disturbed; uneasy. [L. annus, fr. angere, to torture.] —Anxiously, adv. — Anxloua- ness, Anxi'ety, ang-zi'e-tY, re. State of being, etc. Any, en'Y, a. One out of many, indefinitely; some; sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. AONIAN 24 APOSTLE an indefinite number or quantity. — adv. To any extent ; at all. [AS. anig, senig, fr. an, ein, one.] — An'ybody, -bod-Y, >i. Any one person out of many ; a person of importance. — how, adv. In any case; at any rate. — wise, adv. In any degree. — -where, -whar, adv. In any place. — whither, -hwitb/Sr, adv. To any place. Aonian, a-o'nY-an, a. Pert, to the Muse6, or to Aonia. Aorist, a'o-rist, n. (Gram.) A tense in Greek, which expresses an action as completed in indeterminate past time. [Gr. aoristos, fr. a priv. and horos, limit.] — Aoristlc, a. Pert, to, etc.; indefinite. Aorta, a-6r1a, n. The great artery from the heart. | Gr. aorte, fr. aeirein, to lift.] — Aort'al, -ic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Aortilis, n. {Med.) Inflammation of, etc. Apace, a-pas', adv. Quickly; nastily; fast. Apagoge, ap-a-go'je, n. (Logic.) The proving a tiling indirectly by showing the impossibility of the contrary thing. [Gr.. fr. apagein, to lead away.] — Apagogical, -gojlk-at, a. Proving by, etc. Apart, a-part', adv. Separately; aside; in a state of separation, exclusion, or of distinction; in two or mare parts; asunder. [F. apart, aside; L. ah or o, from, and parts, partis, a part.] — Apart'ment, n. A room in a building or house. Apathy, ap'a-thY, n. Want, or a low degree, of feel- ing; indifference; unconcern. [Gr. apatheia, fr. a pnv. and pathos, suffering.] — Apathetic, a. — Ap- athetically, adv. — Ap'athist, n. One who is, etc. Ape, ap, n. A quadrumanous mammal having teeth like man, and neither tail nor cheek pouehes; one who imi- tates servilely, like the ape; a dupe. — v. t. [aped (apd), a aping.) To imitate servilely; | to mimic. [AS. apa, Skr. kapi.~] ^ — Ap'er, n. One who. etc. — ^ Ap'ery, n. Practice of, etc — 1 Apish, a. Having the quali- ties of an ape; inclined to imi- tate; foppish; affected; tri- Ape. fling; insignificant. — Aplshly, adv. — Aplshness, n. Mimicry; foolery; foppery. Apeak, a-pek', adv. On the point; in a posture to pierce. (Naut.) Perpendicular. Apepsy, a-pep'sT, n. (Med.) Defective digestion; indigestion. [Gr. apejitos, undigested.] Aperient, a-pe'rY-ent, a. (Med.) Having the quality of opening; laxative. — n. Laxative medicine. [L. aperire, apertum, to open.] —Aperitive, -pfirl-tiv, a. Deobstruent ; aperient. — Aperture, ap'er-chcibr, n. An opening through solid substance; a hole. Apetalous, a-pefal-us, a. (Bot.) Having no petals. Apex, a'peks, n. ; pi. A'pexes; L. pi. ApIces, ap'Y- sez. The top, tip, or summit of any thing. [L.] — Apical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Apic'ulate, a. Pointed. Apharesis, Apheresi3, a-ier'e-sis, n. (Gram.) The taking of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. [Gr. apo, from, and hairein, to take.] Aphasia, ai-a'zhY-a, Aphasy, afa-zY, n. (Med.) Loss of the power of speech, or of memory of words, with- out loss of intelligence or injury to the vocal organs. [Gr. a priv. and phanai, to speak.] — Apha r sic, a. Pertaining to, or affected by, etc. Aphelion, a-fel'yun, a. ; pi. Aphelia, -felY-a. (As- tron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit most distant from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion. [Gr. apo, from, and helios, sun.] Aphis, a'fis, n. ; pi. Aphides, afY-dez. (Entom.) The vine-fretter, or plant-louse. [NL.] — Aphidiv- orous, af-Y-div'er-us, a. Feeding on the aphis, as the lady-bug. [L. vorare, to devour.] Aphony, afo-nY, n. (Med.) Loss of voice. [Gr. o priv. and phone, voice.] Aphorism, afo-rizm, n. A precept or principle ex- pressed m a few words; axiom; maxim: adage. [Gr. aphorismos, fr. apo and horos, a boundary.] — Apb/- orist, n. A writer of, etc. — Aphoristic, -istlcal, a. Having the form of, etc. — Aphoristlcally, adv. Aphrodisiac, af-ro-dizl-ak, a. (Med.) Excitingvene- real desire. [Gr. aphrodisiakos, fr. Aphrodite, Ve- nus, the goddess of love.] Aphthong, aflhong or aplhong, n. A letter or com- bination of letters having no sound. [Gr. a priv. and phthongos, sound.] Aphyllous, afll-lus or a-fillus, a. (Bot.) Destitute of leaves. [Gr. a priv. and phutton, leaf.] Apiary, a'pY-a-rY, n. A place where bees are kept ; bee-house. [L. apiarium, fr. apis, bee.] — A'pianst, n. One who keeps, etc. — Apicul'ture, -chot>r, n. Rearing of bees. [L. cultnra, cultivation.] or written in Apices. See Apex. Apiece, a-pes' adv. To each; each by itself. Aplanatic, ap-lan-atlk, a. Free from spherical aber- ration, — said of lenses. [Gr. a priv. and planasthai. to wander.] — Aplan'atism, -tizm, n. Aplomb, a'ploN, n. Assurance; self-possession. [F a, to, and plomb, lead; perpendicularity.] Apnoea, ap-ne'a, n. Want of breath; suffocation. [Gr. a priv. and pnein, to breathe.] Apocalypse, a-pok'a-lips, n. Revelation; disclosure; the last book in the Bible. [F., Gr. apokalupsis, fr apo and kaluptein, to cover.] — Apoc'alyp'tic, -lyp'- tical, a. Containing or pertaining to, etc. — Apoc'- alyp'tically, adv. Apocope, a-pok'o-pe, n. The cutting off of the last letter or syllable of a word. [Gr., fr. apo. from, and koptein, to cut.] — Apoc'opate, v. t. To cut off, etc. Apocrypha, a-pok'rY-fa, n. pi. Books whose inspira- tion is denied, and which are excluded from the canon of the Scripture. [Gr. apo and kruptein. to hide.] — Apoc'ryphal, -fat, a. Pert, to, etc. ; not canonical; of uncertain credit; spurious. — Apoc'- ryphally, adv. — Apoc'ryphalness, n. Apode, ap'od, n. An animal that has no feet; a fish having no ventral fins.— Ap'odal, a. [Gr. a priv. and ports, podos, foot.] ' Apodeictic, ap-o-diklik, Apodeic'tical, also Apodic'- tic, -dYk-tik, Apodidical, a. Evident beyond con- tradiction. [Gr. apo and deiknunai, to show.] Apodosis, a-pod'o-sis, n. (Gram.) The consequent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, ex- pressing the result. [Gr., fr. apo, from, back again, and didonai, to give.] Apogee, ap'o-je, n. (Astron.) The point in the orbit of the moon most distant from the earth. [Gr. apo, from, and gaia, ge, earth.] — Apoge'a Apology, a-poro-jY, n. Something said c defense or justification; expressed regret for some in iurious remark or act; excuse; anything provided by way of substitute ; a makeshift. [Gr. apologia, fr. apt and legein, to speak.] — Apologetic, -jetlk, -getlcal, a. Excusatory or defensive. — Apologet'- ics, n. (Theol.) The defense of the Scriptures, and evidence of their divine authority. — Apd'o- gist, -jist, n. One who makes an apology. — Apolo- gize, -jiz, v.i. [apologized (-jizd), -gizing.] To make, etc. — Ap'ologue, -log, n. A moral fable. [Gr. apologos, tale, fr. apo and logos, speech.] Aponeurosis, ap'o-nu-ro'sis, n. ; pi. -roses, -ro'sez. (Anat.) A membrane connecting a muscle and a tendon, or surrounding a muscle. [Gr.] — Aponeu- rotic, a. — Aponeurot'omy, n. Dissection of, etc. [Gr. apo, neuron, tendon, and tome, a cutting.] Apophlegmatic, ap'o-fleg-matlk, a. (Med.) Exciting discharges of phlegm or mucus from the mouth or nostrils. [Gr. apo and pJdegma.] Apophthegm, ap'o-them. See Apothegm. Apoplexy, ap'o-plek-sY, n. A disease characterized by sudden loss of sense and voluntary motion, usu- ally caused by pressure on the brain. [Gr. apo, from, away, and plessein, to strike.] — Apoplec'tic, -plec'- tical, a. Of, pert., or predisposed to, etc. Aposiopesis, a-po'sY-o-pe'sis, n. (Rhet.) An abrupt breaking off, as if the speaker was unable or un- willing to say what he had in mind. [Gr. apo, from, and siopan, to be silent.] Apostasy, a-pos'ta-sl, n. Total desertion of one's faith, principles, or paj-ty. [Gr. apostasia, fr. apo and stenai, to stand.] — Apos'tate, -tat, n. One who has for- saken, etc. — a. False, renegade. — Apos'tatize, ■ tiz, v.i. [-tatized (-tizdO, -tizing.] To abandon, etc. Aposteme, ap'os-tem, n. An abscess ; a sore filled with purulent matter. [Gr. apostema, fr. apo and histemai, to stand.] — Aposlemate, -mat, v. i, T« form into, etc. — Apostematous, -tem'a-tus, a. A posteriori, a pos'te-rY-oli. (Logic.) Reasoning a posteriori derives propositions from observation of facts, or principles and definitions from general- izations from facts, or infers causes from effects ; — the reverse of a priori. (Philos.) Knowledge a pos- teriori is derived from facts through induction or experiment. [L.] Apostle, a-pos'sl, n. A person sent forth to execute some important business ; one of the twelve disci- ples of Christ sent forth to preach the gospel. [Gr. apostolos, fr. apo and stellem, to send.j — AposUe- ship, n. The office, etc. — Apos'tolate, -to-lat, n. Mission ; apostleship. — Apostolic, -tollk, -icaL a. Pert, to an apostle or to the apostles, their times, spirit, or doctrines. — Apostollcally, adv. — A pot- am, fame, far, pass &>• opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; APOSTROPHE 25 APPRAISE tol'icism, -sizm, -tolieity, -lis'T-tt, n. State or qual- ity of being apostolical. Apostrophe, a-pos'tro-fl, n. (Rhet.) A turning away from the real auditory, and addressing an imaginary one. (Gram.) Contraction of a word by omitting letters; the mark ['] denoting contraction. [Gr., fr. apo and strophe, a turning.] — Apostrophic, -strof 'ik, a. Pert, to, etc. — Apostropb/ically, adv. — Apo3 / '- [-PHIZED (-t l/.d), -PHIZlXG.j To tropbize. -fiz, v. address by apostrophe; to contract by omitting, etc. Apothecary, a-poth'e-ka-rl, a. One who prepares drugs for medicinal use. [Gr. apotheke, repository.] Apothegm, Apophthegm, ap'o-them, n. A short, pithy, and instructive saying ; a precept ; maxim. [Ap- othegm is now the prevalent spelling.] [Gr. apo- phthegma, fr. apo and phthengomai, to speak plainly.] — Ap'othegmafic, -ical, a. In the manner of, etc. — Apotheg'matist, n. A collector or maker of, etc. Apethem, ap'o-them, n. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to a side of a regular polygon. [Gr. apo and thema, fr. tiihenai, to place.] Apotheosis, ap-o-the'o-sis, n. Act of elevating a mortal to the rank of the gods. [Gr., fr. apo, away (from mortals), and theos, god.] — Apothe'osize, -slz, _t. To deify. Apozem, ap'o-zem, n. {Med.) A deeoction. fr. apo and zeia, to boil.] *s [Gr. Appall, ap-pawl r , v. t. [appalled (-pawld'), appal- ling.] To depress with fear; daunt, terrify, — v. i. To occasion fear. [E. and W. pall, fr. W. pallu, to fail; fr. same root as fail, fall. \ — Appal'ment, n. — Appallingly, adv. Appanage, ap'pan-aj, n. Land assigned by a sovereign prince t© his younger sons; means of sustenance. [F. apanage^ fr. L. ad, to, and panis, bread.] — Ap- pan'agist, -jist, n. One who receives, etc. aratus, ap-pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. -ratus or -ratuses. _ lings provided as means to some end; a set of im- plements. [L., fr. ad and parare, to make ready.] Apparel, ap-par'el, n. Covering for the body ; clothing; raiment; vestment. — v. t. [appareled o/--elled (-eld), -eling or -elling.] To dress; to cover with something ornamental; to embellish. [F. apareil.] Apparent. See under Appear. Appeal, ap-pel', n. (Law.) Removal of a cause or suit to a superior judge or court for reexamination or review ; right of appeal ; a summons to answer to a charge. A call for proof or decision, or to grant a favor; resort; recourse. — v. i. [appealed (-peld r ), -pealing.] (Law.) To remove a cause, etc. To re- fer to another; to call on for aid. — v. t. (Law.) To remove, etc.; to charge with a crime; to accuse. [L. appellare, appellatum, fr. ad and pellere, to drive.]— Appeasable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appellant, -petulant, n. One who appeals. — Ap- perlate, -lat, a. Belonging to, or having cognizance of, appeals. — Appellation, n. Name by which one is called; title; address. — Appel'lative, -tiv, a. Pert. to a common name.— n. A common, as distinguished from a proper, name. — Appel'latively, adv. — Ap- pellatory, a. Containing an appeal.— Appellee 1 ', n. (Law.) The defendant in, etc.; one who is ap- pealed, or prosecuted, by a private man for a crime. — Appellor, -16r', n. One who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for crime. Appear, ap-per', v. i. [appeared (-perd'), appear- ing.] To come or be m sight; to become manifest;' to seem, in opposition to reality. [L. apparere, fr. ad and parere, to come forth.] — Appear'ance, n. Act of, etc.; thing seen; phenomenon; semblance, or apparent likeness; personal presence; exhibition of the person; air; manner; mien. — Appear'er, n. —Apparent, ap-par'ent, a. Capable of being seen, or easily seen; plain; certain; evident; appearing to the eye, but not true or real; seeming.— Apparently, adv. — Appar'entness, n. — Apparition, -rish'un, n. Appearance ; thing appearing ; a preternatural ap- pearance; ghost; specter. — Appari'tional, a. — Ap- paritor, -ter, n. An officer who serves the process of a spiritual court. Appease, ap-pez', v. t. [appeased (-pezd r ), -peasing.] To make quiet, pacify, compose, calm. [F. ap- paiser, f r. L. ad and pax, peace.] — Appeas'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appeas'ableness, n. — Ap- pease'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ap- peas'er, n. One who, etc. — Appea'sive, -pe'siv, a. Having power to, etc. — Appea'sively, adv. Append, ap-pend', v. t. To hang or attach; to add, as an accessory; to annex. [L. ad and pendere, to hang.] — Append' age. n. Something added as sub- ordinate. — Append'ant, n. Thing appended. —a. Hanging; annexed. — Appendicitis, ap-pend'T-al''- tis, n. (Med.) Inflammation of the appendix. — Ap- pendlcle, -t-kl, n. A small appendage. — Appen- dicular, a. Pert, to, etc. ; esp. (Ann/.) said of parts of the skeleton attached to the axial column, as the limbs. — Appendic'ulate, -lat, «. (Hot) llav- ing an appendage, as a leaf with lobes attached to thepetiole. — Append'ix, n. ; pi. -ixes ; L. pi. -ices, -T-sez. Something added ; a concomitant ; literary matter added to a book. (Anat.) A slender blind process of the caecum in man and some animals; — called also vermiform appendix. Apperception, ap-per-sep'shun, n. (Metaph.) Per- ception that reflects upon itself; self-consciousness. [F., fr. L. ad and_perciperc, -ceptum, to perceive.] Appertain, ap-per-tan'. v. i. [-tained (-tand'), -tain- ing.] To belong, relate. [L. ad and peHinere, to pertain.] — Appurtenance, n. That which, etc.; an adjunct. — Appur'tenant, a. Belonging to by right. Appetence, ap'pe-tens, -tency, n. Strong natural de- sire; sensual appetite; tendency to seek or select. [L. appetentia, f r. ad and petere, to seek.] — Ap'pe- tent, a. Very desirous. — Ap'petite, -tit, n. Desire of gratification; esp. desire for food or drink. — Ap'- petize, -tlz, v. i. To create or whet, an appetite. Applaud, ap-plawd', v. t. or i. To praise by clapping the hands, acclamation, etc.; to commend; extol; cry up ; magnify. [L. ad and plau-lere, to clap the hands.] — Applaud'er, Applause, -pl-awz', ?i. Act of applauding; approbation publicly expressed; com- mendation. — Applausive, -plaw'siv, a. Apple, ap'pl, n. A well-known tree and its fruit; the pupil of the eye. [AS. seppelA — Ap'ple-blight. -blit, n. The aphis, or plant-louse. — -bran 7 dy, -jack, n. Brandy made from, etc. but'ter, n. Cider apple-sauce boiled down to the consistency of butter. galls, -gawlz, n. pi. The commercial name for Dead Sea apples. — Apple of discord. A subject of contention or jealousy. — A. of the eye. The pupil. — A. of Sodom. Fruit beautiful without, but composed of dust and ashes. Applique, ap-plek', a. Having a pattern which has been cut out and transferred to another foundation, as in a kind of lace. [F. appliquer, to put on.] Apply, zp-pW, v. t. [applied (-plld'), -plying.] To lay or place; to put, Dring, or carry; to use for a par- ticular purpose; to engage and employ diligently. — v. i. To suit or to agree; to have recourse. [L. appli- care, fr. ad and plicare, to hold.] —Applicable, a. Capable of being applied. — Appli'ably, adv. — Appli'ance, n. Act of applying, er thing applied; instrument or means. — Applicable, a. Capable or fit to be, etc ; suitable. — Ap'plicably, adv. — Ap'- "y of being, petitioner, pplied to some use. — Applicat- ion, n. Act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; the thing applied; act of making request; act of fixing the mind; intenseness of thought. — Ap'"- plicative, -tiv, -catory, -to-rt, a. Applying.— n. That which applies. Appoggiatura, ap-pod'ja-too'ra, n. (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone or an accented part of a measure. [It.] Appoint, ap-point', o. t. To fix; to establish; to consti- tute, prescribe, allot, assign, equip. — v. i. To deter- mine; to ordain. [OF. appoint er, fr. L. ad anipunc- tum, point.] — Appoint'able, a. Capable of being, etc.— Appointee 7 , n. One who is, etc.— Appointor. n. One who, etc. — Appoint'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; stipulation ; arrangement ; es- tablished order; pi. whatever is appointed for use and management. — Apportion, ap-pSr'shun, v. t. [-tioned (-shund), -tioning.] To divide and assign in just proportion. [L. ad and portio, portion.] — Ap'por'tioner, n. One who, etc.— Apportionment. ??. Apposite, ap'po-zit, a. Very applicable ; fit ; rele- vant; pat. (L. ad and ponere, position, to plnce.] — Ap'positely, adv. — Ap'positeness, -sitien. -zish'un, n. Act of adding; accretion. (Gram.) The state of two nouns (one of which explains the other) put in the same case, without a connecting word be- tween them. — Apposi'tional, a. Appraise, ap-praz*, v. t. [appraised (-prazd'), ai praisin pUcabiSity, Ap'plicableness, n. Quality etc. — Ap'plicant, n. One who, etc. ; a pi — Ap'plicate, a. Applied to some use. — Applica' ap-praz G.J To estimate the worth o£ esp. by per- sons appointed for the purpose. — Apprais'al, V A valuation by authority. — Appraise"ment, ?*. — Ap- praiser, n. One who, etc.: esp. one appointed and sworn to fix values. [Sometimes pronounced and written, apprize, apprizal, etc.] [L. ad and pretium, value.] siin, cube, fixll ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, Dondon, chair, get. APPRECIATE 26 ARBITER Appreciate, ap-preShT-at, a. t. To set a price on ; to estimate, esteem, value. To raise the value of. [Americanism.] — v. i. To rise in value. [L. ad and pretium.] — Appreciable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appreciation, n. A just valuation; increase of value. —Appreciative, -tiv, -ciatory, -rT, a. Hav- ing just appreciation. — Appreciatively, adv. Apprehend, ap-pre-hend r , v. t. To seize or lay hold of; to understand; to entertain suspicion or fear of; to arrest, conceive, imagine, dread. •=- v. i. To be of opinion; to believe. [L. ad and prehendere, to seize.] — ApprehendSr, n. — Apprehensible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Apprehension, -shun, n. Act of seizing; a taking by legal process ; a taking in the mind; conception; opinion; faculty by which ideas are conceived; distrust or fear of future evil. — Apprehensive, -siv, a. fearful ; suspicious ; per- ceptive.— Apprehensively, adv. — ApprehenSive- ness, n. Apprentice, ap-prenlis, n. One bound to another to learn a trade or art. — v. t. [apprenticed (-tist), -ticing.] To bind out as, etc. [F. apprenti, a learner , fr. apprendre, to learn, fr. L. ad and pre- hendere.'] — Apprenticeship, n. The condition of, etc. ; his time of service. Apprise, ap-priz', v. t. [apprised (-prlzd'), -prising.] To inform; to give notice, verbal or written; to ac- quaint, make known, communicate. [F. apprise, judicial notification, fr. apprendre, to learn, teach.] Apprize. See Appraise. Approach, ap-proch'', v. i. [approached (-procht'), -proaching.J To come or go near; to approximate. — v. t. To place near; to come near to. — n. Act or opportunity of, etc.; access; passage by which build- ings are approached, pi. {Fort.) Works covering ad- vances towards a fortress [L. ad, and propriare, to draw near, fr. prope, near.] — Approach Sole, a. Accessible. — Appreacb/ableness, n. Approbate, ap'pro-bat, v. t. To express or manifest approbation of. [Bare.] [L. approbare, approba- tum, fr. ad and probus, good.] — Approbation, n. Act of approving; consent, on the ground of propri- ety; approval; liking; attestation. — Ap'proba'tory, -rT, -bative, -tiv, a. Approving, or implying ap- probation. — Approve, -prooV, v. t. ("approved (-proovdO, -proving.] To be pleased with; to think well of ; to commend; to sanction officially. [OF. approver, fr. L. ad and probus.] — ApprovSble, a. Worthy of, etc. — ApprovSl, n. Act of, etc. ; appro- bation. — ApprovSr, n. One who, etc. — Approv'- ingly, adv. Appropinquity, ap-pro-pink / 'wt-tT, n. Nearness. [L. ad and proplnquitas, fr. Iwope, near.] Appropriate, ap-pro'prt-at, v. t. To set apart for a particular purpose, or for one's self ; to assign. — a. Set apart for a particular use or person; belonging peculiarly; fit; pertinent. [L. ad and propritis, one's own.] — Appropriable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appropriately, adv. — Appro 'priateness, n. — Ap- pro'pria'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing, esp. money, set apart. — Appro'priator, -ter, n. One who, etc. (Law.) One who has an appropriated benefice. Approve. See under Approbate. Approximate, ap-proks'T-mat, a. Near to. (Chem.k Math.) Nearly correct. — v. t. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach. — v. i. To come near; ap- proach. [L. ad and proximus, nearest, fr. prope.] — Approximately, adv. — Approximation, n. A coming near.— Approximative, a. Approaching. Appulse, ap'puls or ap-puls', n. A striking against; a touching, or very near approach. — Appal Sion, -shun, n. A striking against by a moving body.— AppulSive, -siv, a. Striking against. — Appal' - sively, adv. [L. ad and pellere, pulsum, to drive.] Appurtenance. See under Appertain. Apricot. a'prT-kot, n. A fruit allied to the plum. [Fr. abricot, fr. Ar. al-birquq, L. prsecoqua, fr. prse, beforehand, and coquere, to ripen, cook.] April, a'pril, n. The fourth month of the year. [L. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, as the month in which the earth opens for new truit.l — April fool. One sportively imposed upon on the first day of April. A priori, a prt-o'ri. Reasoning a priori deduces con- sequences from definitions formed or principles as- sumed, or infers effects from causes previously known ; — the reverse of a posteriori. [L.] Apron, a'purn or a'prun, n. A cloth, or piece of leather, worn before the body, to protect the clothes. [OF. naperon, fr. LL. napa, cloth.] Apropos, ar/ro-po', adv. Opportunely ; seasonably ; by the way; to the purpose. [F.] Aps, aps, n. The wood of the white poplar. Apse, aps, n. (Arch.) The domed part of a church where the altar is placed. [L. and Gr. apsis, arch, vault.] — Apsis, apSis, n. ; pi. -sides, dez. (Astron.) One of the two points in an elliptical orbit which are at the greatest and least dis- tance from the central body. (Arch.) An apse. A P S1S - Apt, a. Fit ; suitable ; having a tendency ; liable ; ready; quick; qualified ; dexterous. [L. aptus, fr. apere, Gr. haptein, to fit.] — Aptitude, -tud, n. Disposition or tendency; readiness in learning; do- cility. — Aptly, adv. — Apt'ness, n. Apteral apler-al, a. (Entum.) Destitute of wings. (Arch.) Having no columns along the sides, but only in front.— Ap'terous, -us, a. (Entom.) Apteral. — Ap'teryx, -iks, n. (Omith.) A bird of New Zea- land, of the ostrich family, having only rudimentary wings and no tail. [Gr. a priv. and pteron, wing.] .ptote, ap'tot, n. ( Gram.) An indeclim [Gr. a priv. and ptotos, fallen, declined.] An indeclinable noun. Aqua, a'kwa, n. Water ; — a Latin word used in chemistry, in significations determined by words annexed. — A. fortis, fSrlis. Nitric acid. — A. ma- rine, ma-ren', or marina, -ri'na. A variety of beryl, so called on account of its sea-green color. — A. regia, re'jT-a. Nitro-chloro-hydric acid. — A. vitae, vi" te. Water of life ; brandy. — Aquapuncture, -punk'- chde-r, n. The introduction of water subcutaneously, to relieve pain. [L. pungere, punctum, to prick.] — Aqua'rium, n. ; pi. -ria. An artificial pond for rear- ing aquatic plants; glass tank for aquatic animals. — Aquatic, -kwatlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, inhabiting, or frequenting, water. — Aquatics, n. pi. Aquatic sports, — as swimming, rowing, etc. — AS^uatint, -tints, n. A method of etching by aqua fortie, producing an effect resembling a water-color or In- dia ink drawing. [It. aequo, tmta, dyed water.] — Aqueduct, ak'we-dukt, n. An artificial conduit for water. [L. ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Aqueous, a'kwe-us, a. Of the nature of, or abounding with, etc.; watery ; made by means of water. —Aqueous huSaor. A transparent fluid, forming part of the eye. — Aquiform, a'kwY-f6rm, a. In the form of water. Aquiline, ak'wt-lln or -lin, a. Belonging to the eagle; curving; hooked ; prominent, like the beak of an eagle. [L. aquila, eagle.] Arab, arSb, n. A native of Arabia; a street vagabond ; a gamin. — Ara- besque, ar'a-besk, n. A species of or- namentation after the Arabian man- ner, intermingling foliage, fruits, etc., with other objects. — a. In the man- ner of the Arabians ; relating to the style of ornament called arabesque. — Arabian, a-ra'bl-an, Arabic, arS-bik, a. Pertaining to Arabia or Arabians. — ArSbic, n. The language of, etc. — ArSbism, n. An idiom of the lan- guage of, etc. — ArSbist, n. One versed in Arabic literature. Arable, ar'fc-bl, a. Fit for tillage or plow- ing; plowed. — [L. arare, to plow.] Arachnida. a-rak'nT-da, n. pi. (Zool.) The genus of spiders. — Arach'noid, -noid, a. Resembling a spider's web. (Anat.) Pert, to a thin membrane between the dura mater and pia mater. (Bot.) Having loose fibers, like cobwebs. [Gr. arachne, spider.] — Araneous, a-ra'ne-us, a. Resembling a cobweb; thin and del- icate. [L. aranea, spider, spider's web.] Arbalest, ar'bal-est, -balist, -balet, -blast, Arcubalist, ar'ku-ba-list, n. A cross-bow, — Arbalister, Arcubal- ister,-bal1st-eror-ba-list / er, n. A cross-bowman. [L. arcuballista, f r. arcus, bow, and ballista, a military engine for projectiles, f r. Gr. ballein, to throw.] Arbiter, ar'bi-ter, Arbitralor, n. One empowered to judge and determine, without control; an um- pire; one chosen by parties in controversy to de- termine their differences. [L.] — Arbitrable, a. Arbitrary ; determinable.— Arbitrage, -trej, n. Judg- ment by an arbiter, esp. as to traffic in stocks or differing values in different markets. — Arbit ra- ment, n. Will; determination; award of arbitrators. — Arbitrary, -tr6r-t, o. Depending on will or dis- cretion ; despotic ; bound by no law ; tyrannical; imperious; capricious. — Arbitrarily, adv. — Ax' - bitrate, -trat, v. t. To hear and decide, as arbitrators. — v. i. To decide ; to judge or act as arbitrator.— Arabesque. am, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, tSrin : Xo Ice : 5dd, tone, 6r ; ARBOR 27 ARGAND LAMP Arbitra'tion, re. Determination by, etc. — Arbitra'- trix, Arlritress, n. A female arbiter. Arbor, ar'ber, n. A bower; a seat shaded by trees. (Mach.) A spindle or axis. [L., a tree.] — Arbo'reous, -re-us, Arbo'real, a. Belonging to, growing on, or of the nature of, trees. — Arbores'cence, -sens, n. Re- semblance of, etc. — Abores'cent, a. Resembling, etc. — Ar'boret, n. A small tree; a shrub. — Arbo- re'tum, n. t. A place for cultivating trees and shrubs. — Ar'boricuFture, -kuKchdor, re. Art of cultivating, etc. — Ar'boricur tural, a. — Arboriculturist, re. One who, etc. — Ar'borist, re. One who makes trees his study. — Ar'boriza'tion, n. A tree-like appear- ance, e«p. in minerals. — Ar'borize, -iz, v. t. To form tree-like appearances in. — Ar'borous, -ber-us, a. Formed by trees. Arbuscle, ar'bus-sl, re. A dwarf tree. — Arbus'cular. Arbuie, ar'but, Arbu'tus, re. The strawberry tree, an evergreen shrub, whose berry resembles the straw- berry. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor.} Arc, ark, re. Part of the cir- cumference of a circle or ^ rC- curve. [L. arcus, bow, arch.] — Arc light. Electric light produced by passage of a powerful current of electricity between carbon points. — Arc'ograph, -graf, re. An instrument for drawing arcs without using a central point. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — ArCuate, -at, -uated, a. Bent like a bow. — Arc'ua'tion, n. A bending; convexity. Arcade, ar-kad", re. A series of arches; a walk arched above; a range of shops along an arched passage. [F., fr. L. arcus.] Arcanum, ar-ka'num, re. ; pi. -na, -na. A secret, f L.] Arch, arch, a. Cunning or sly; mischievous in sport; roguish. [AS. ag, earg, bad, idle.] — Arch 'Iy, adv. — Arcb/neas, re. Arch, arch, a. Chief; of the first class; principal; — used as a prefix in compounded words, most of which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apostle, arch- conspirator, etc. [AS. prefix arce-, erce-, L. and Gr. archi-, fr. same root as Gr. arehein, to be first.] — Arch-angel, ark-an'jel, re. An angel of the highest or- der. — angelic, -an-jel''-, a. Pert, to, etc. — -bishop, arch-bish'op, re. A chief bishop; a metropolitan. — — bish'opric, re. The jurisdiction or diocese of, etc. — -deacon, arch-de'kn, re. An ecclesiastical dignitary next in rank below a bishop. — dea'conry, -dea'con- ahip, re. The office and jurisdiction of, etc. — duke, arch-, re. A grand duke; chief prince; now, strictly, a son of an Emperor of Austria. — duke'dom, re. The jurisdiction of an arch-duke or arch-duchess. — -du'eal, «. Pert, to an archduke. duch/ess, re. A princess of the house of Austria. — -ducb/y, re. Territory or jurisdiction, etc. — en'emy. arch-, n. The devil, —fiend, arch-fend', re. The chief of fiends. — Archidiaconal, ark'T-di-ak'o-nal, a. Pert, to an archdeacon. — Archiepiscopacy, ark'Y-e-pis'ko-pa- sT, re. Estate of an archbishop. — Arch iepis^copal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Arch, arch, re. A curve line or part of a circle; any work in that form, or covered , by an arch.— v. t. or i. [arched — £-*■ (archt), arching.] To form an arch bow, arcn. arch'ez kortT An English ec clesiastical court of appeal.— — Arcb/way, re. Passage un- der an arch. Archaean, ar-ke'an, a. Ancient. (Geol.) Pert, to the earliest geological period, including the azoic and eozoic ages. [Gr. archaios, aneient, fr. arche, be- ginning.] — Archaeology, ar- [F. arche, L. arcus, ;h.] — Arches court, Arch. ke-oKo-jT, re. The science of antiquities; a treatise on antiquities or ancient usages, customs, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Ar'chaeolog'ical, a. Relating to, etc.— ArchaeoKogiat, re. One versed in, etc. —Ar- chaic, ar-ka r ik, -ieal, a. Ancient, antiquated. — Ar'- chaism, -izm, re. An ancient or obsolete word or idiom; antiquity of style or use. Archer, arch'er, re. A bowman. [F., fr. L. arcus, a bow.] — Arch^ery, re. Art of shooting with a bow. » The original pattern of a Archetype, ar'ke-tip, work; the model from which a thing is made. [Gr. arche and tupos, stamp, pattern.] — Ar'chetypal, a. Original. Archil, arTefc-re. A violet dye obtained from sev- eral species o? lichen. [F. orcheil.} Archimedes' Screw. Archimedean, ar'kt-me-de'an, a. Pert, to Archim- edes. — A. screw, or Archimedes' screw. An instrument for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. Archipelago, ar-kl- pel'a-go, re. Any body of water inter- spersed with isles; a group of isles. - Archipelagic, -ailk, a. [Gr. prefix archi- and pelagos, sea.] Architect, ark'Y-tekt, re. One who plans and super- intends the construction of a building; one who contrives or builds up. [Gr. prefix archi- and tek- ton, workman.] — Architect Ive, -iv, a. Adapted to use m architecture. - Ar'chitectonlc, -tonlcal, a. Pert, to, or skilled in, etc. — Ar'chitecton'ios, re. The science of, etc.— Arehitect'ress, re. A female architect. — Architecture, -tek'choor, re. The art or science of building; frame or structure; workman- ship. — Architectural, a. Of. or pert, to, etc. Architrave, ar'kl-trav, re. (Arch.) Lower division of an entablature, the part resting immediately on the column ; an ornamental molding. [Gr. and L. prefix archi- and It. trave, L. trabs, beam.J Archives, ar'kivz, re. pi. Place in which public rec- ord? are kept; rtcords preserved as evidence of facts. [F., L. archivum, Gr. archeion, residence of a mag- istrate.] — Ar'chMst, -kt-vist, re. The keeper of, etc. Archivolt, ar'ki-volt, re. (Arch.) The inner contour of an arch, or a band with moldings running over the arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. [Gr. and L. prefix archi- and It. volto, vault.] Archon, ar'kon, re. A chief magistrate in ancient Athens. [Gr., f r. arehein, to rule.] Arctic, ark'tik, a. Northern; lying far north. [Gr. arktos, bear, the Northern Bear constellation.] — Arc'tics, re. pi. Warm water-proof winter overshoes. — Arctic circle. A lesser circle 23 e from the north pole. Arcubalist. See under Arbalest. Ardent, ar'dent, a. Hot or burning; much engaged; intense ; fierce; vehement; fervent. [L. araere, to burn.] — Ar'dently, adv. — Ar'dency, re. Eagerness ; zeal; neat. — Ardor, ar'der, n. Heat; warmth of passion or affection; eagerness. [L.] Arduous, ard'u-us, a. High or lofty; attended with great labor, like climbing heights; difficult. [L. ar- duvs, steep.] — Ard'uously, adv. — Ard 'uousness, re. Are, ar. Present indie, pi. of the substantive verb, ety- mologically a different word fr. be, am, or was. Are, ar, re. (Metric Syst.) A measure of surface; 100 sq. meters, or 119.6 so. yards. [F., fr. L. area.} Area, a're-a, re. Any plane surface; the inclosed space around a building; a sunken space around a base- ment. ( Geom.) Superficial contents of any figure. [L.] Arefy, ar'e-fl, v. t. To dry. [L. arere, to be dry, and ' 'tao ness. facere, to make.] — Arefac' Act of, etc. ; dry- Arena, a-re'na, n.; pi. Are'nas, -naz; L. pi. Are'nje, -ne. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in an amphitheater, for gladiators, etc., which was covered with sand; any place of public eontest [L., sand, sandy place.] — Arenaceous, -na'shus, a. Of the nature of sand; friable. — Ar'enated, a. Ground into sand. Areola, a-re'o-la, re. ; pi. -olm, -le. An interstice or small space; the colored ring around the nipple, also around certain vesicles. — Are'olar, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. ; filled with, etc. — Are'olate, -lat, a. Marked by, etc. — Areolalion, re. A small space bounded by something of different texture, color, etc. [L., dim. of area.} Areometer, a-re-om'e-ter, re. An instrument for meas- uring the specific gravity of fluids. [Gr. araios, thin, rare, and metron, measure.] — Areom'etry, re. Act of measuring, etc. Areopagus, ar-e-op'a-gus, re. A tribunal at Athens, held on a hill named for Ares, or Mars. [Gr. Ares and pagos, hill.] — Areop'agite, -jit, re. A member of, etc. Aretaics, ar-e-talks, re. sing. (Moral Philos.) Sci- ence of virtue, — contrasted with eudsemonics, the science of happiness. [Gr. arete, virtue.] Argal, ar'gal, Ar'gol, re. Unrefined or crude tartar, [bee Argil.] Argand lamp, ar'gand. A lamp having a hollow wick under a glass chimney, producing a strong light. " burner, [Invented by Aime Argand.} — A. A ring- sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ARGENT 28 ARQUEBUSE shaped gas-burner, admitting a current of air through the center. Argent, ar'jent, a. Silvery; bright like silver. — n. The white color on a coat of arms. [L. argentum, silver, f r. Gr. argon, white.] ■— Argent'al, -gentle, a. Of, or pert, to, silver. — Ar'gentan, w. German silver. — Argentif ereus, -us, a. Containing, etc.— Ar'gen- tlne, -tin, a. Pert, to, resembling, or sounding like, etc.: silvery. — n. {Min.) A silicious variety of carbonate of lime, having a silvery- white luster. White metal coated with silver. — Ar'gentite, -tit, n. Sulphide of silver; vitreous silver; silver glance. Argil, ar'jil, n. (Min.) Clay or potter's earth ; some- times pure alumina. [L. argilla, Gr. argillos, white clay, fr. argos.] — Argillaceous, -la'shus, a. Of the nature of, etc. — Argilliferous, -er-us, a. Produ- cing, etc.— Ar'gilloid, a. Resembling, etc. — ArgiK- lous, a. Clayey. Argive, ar'jiv. a. Pert, to Argos, in Greece. Argonaut. ar /, go-nawt, n. One who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. (Zobl.) The nautilus. [Gr. nautes, sailor.] — Argo- nautlc, a. Pert, to the Argonauts. — Argosy, ar'- go-sT, n. A large ship. Argot, ar-gol n. The secret language of thieves, tramps, etc.; flash; cant. [F., prob. cor. of jargon.] Argue, ar'gu, r. i. [argued (-gild), -guing.] To use arguments ; to reason; to contend in argument, dispute. — v. t. To debate or discuss, prove, persuade by reasons. [L. arguere.) — Ar'guer, n. — Argu- ment, n. A proof or means of proving ; process of reasoning; subject-matter, or abstract of the subject- matter, of a discourse, writing, picture, etc. — Argu- ment'al, a. Belonging to, consisting in, etc. — Ar- gumentation, n. Process or act of, etc. — Argu- mentative, -tiv, a. Containing or addicted to, etc. — Argumen'tum ad homlnem. Unexpected conse- quences pressed against a man, from his own prin- ciples or conduct. [L.J Arhythmous, a-rith'mus, a. {Med.) Without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse. [Gr. a priv. and ruth- mos, rhythm.] Aria, alT-a, n. (Mus.) An air or song; a tune. [It., fr. L. wir, the air.] — Arietta, -et'ta, Ariette, -ef, n. A little aria. [It., dim. of ana.] —Ariose, ar't-os, o. Characterized by melody, as disting. fr. harmony. Arian, a'rY-an, o. Pert, to Arius, or his doctrines. — «. A believer in Arius's doctrine, that Christ was only a superangelic being. — A 'nanism, -izm, n. Doctrine of, etc. Arid, arid, a. Dry ; parched up with heat. [L. aridus, fr. arere, to be dry.] — Aridity, Arldness, n. Absence of moisture: dryness. Aright, a-rTf, adv. Rightly ; without mistake. Arise, a-riz', v. i. [arose (-roz'), arising (-rlzlng), arisex (-rizn')-] To come or get up higher ; to mount, ascend, rise; to come into action, being, or notice: to proceed, issue, spring. [AS. arisan.] Aristocracy, ar-is-tok'ra-sT, n. A form of govern- ment, in which the supreme power is vested in a privileged order: nobility or chief persons in a state. [Gr. arista?, best, and kratein, to rule.] — Aristocrat, -rislo-krat or arls-, n. One who favors, etc. ; a proud or haughty person. — Aristocratic, -ical, a. Of, or Eert. to, etc.— Aristocratically, adv. — Aris'tocrat- im, n. Habits or principles of, etc. Aristotelian, ar'is-to-tell-an, a. Pert, to Aristotle, a Greek philosopher. — n. A follower of, etc. Arithmancy, arlth-man'sY or a-rith'man-sT, n. The foretelling of future events, by means of numbers. [Gr. aritnmo?, number, and manteia, divination.] — Arithmetic, n. Science of numbers; art of com- putation by figures. —Arithmetical, a. According to, etc. — Arithmetically, adv. — Ar / ithmeti / 'cian, -tish'an, n. One skilled in, etc. — Arithmometer, /(. An instrument to facilitate arithmetical calcu- lations; an abacus. [Gr. metron, measure.] Ark, ark, ». A chest, such as contained the Jews' ta- bles of the covenant; Noah's vessel during the del- uge; a large boat for transporting bulky articles. [L. area, AS. ai-fc.] Arm, arm, n. The limb between the shoulder and the hand ; anything resembling an arm, as the branch of a tree, or an inlet of water from the sea; power ; might. (Naut.) The end of a yard; part of an anchor. ( Mil.) A branch of the military ser- vice; an instrument of warfare. — n. pi. Instru- ments or weapons of offense or defense ; deeds or exploits of war. {Her.) Ensigns armorial. — v. t. [armed (amid), armixg.] To furnish with weap- ons ; to add strength, force, etc.; to furnish with means of defense. — v. i. To be provided with means of attack or resistance; to take arms. [AS. arm, L. annus, Gr. annos, shoulder.] — Arm'chair, -char, n. A chair with arms to support the elbows. — -hole, -hoi, n. The cavity under the shoulder; arm- pit: a hole for the arm in a garment. pit, n. The hollow under the shoulder. — Arm'ful, n. ; pi. -fuls. As much as the arms can hold.— less, a. Without arms, —like, a. Of the form of, etc. — Coat of arms, n. (Her.) A habit worn by knights over armor; an armorial device. — Stand of arms, n. A complete set for one soldier. — Small arms, n. Those not requir- ing carriages. — Ar'mament, n. A body of forces equipped for war ; arrangements for defending a fortification ; ships' guns and munitions. — Ai"'- mature, -ma-chur, n. Armor. {Magnetism.) Apiece of iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or electro- magnet, to complete the circuit. [L. armatura, fr. armare, to arm.] — Ar'miger, -mT-ier, n. (Her.) One entitled to armorial bearings. [L. arma, arms, and gerere, to carry.] — Armip'otent, a. Powerful in arms. [L. potens, powerful.] — Arlnistice, -tis, ». A temporary cessation of arms; a truce. [L. stare, to stand still.] — Armlet, n. A small arm. as of the sea; a kind of bracelet. — Arm'or, -§r, n. Defensive covering for the body or for ships. [ME. armure.] — Arnror-bear''er, n. One who carries another's armor or arms; an esquire. — Ar'morer, n. One who makes or has charge of, etc. — Armo'rial, a. Belong- ing to armor, or to a family escutcheon. — Arlnory, n. A place where arms, etc., are kept or manufac- tured. (Her.) Science of coat-armor. Armada, ar-ma'da or -ma'da, n. A fleet of armed ships; esp. the Spanish fleet sent against England, a. d. 1588. [Sp.] Armadillo, ai'ma-dillo, n. (Zobl.) An animal of South America, hav- ing the body encased in bony plates. [Sp., dim. of arma do, ' armed.] Armillary, ar'mil-la-rT, a. Pert, to, or resem- Armadillo. bling, a bracelet or ring ; consisting of rings or circles. — A. sphere. An instru- ment consisting of rings, all circles of the same sphere, representing the circles of the celestial sphere. — Ar'- millate, -lated, a. Furnished with bracelets. [L. armilla, bracelet.] Arminian, ar-min'T-an, n. A follower of Arminius, who denied predestination and kindred doctrines.— a. Pert, to Arminius or his princi- . pies. — Arminlanism, n. The tenets of, etc. Armure, ar'rmlr, n. A wool- en fabric, twilled, or woven with ribs on the surface. [F.j Army, arlnY, n. A body of men armed and orgaa ized for war ; a great number; a host. [F. arme'e, fr. L. armare, to arm.] — Ar'my-worm, -werm, n. A voracious caterpillar, appearing in large hosts. Arnica, ar'nY-ka, n. (Hot.) A plant used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. — Ar'nicine, -ni-sin, n. A bitter resin, the active principle of arnica. Arnotto. See Annotto. Aroma, a-ro'ma, n. The fragrant quality in plants. [Gr.] —Aromatic, ar-o-matlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc.; fragrant; spicy. — Aromatic, n. A plant, drug, or medicine, fragrant, and usually pun- gent in taste. — Aromatize, -ro^ma-tiz or ar'o-ma-tlz, v. t. [aromatized (-tizd), -tizing.] To impregnate with. etc. — Aro'matous, -tus, a. Containing aroma. Around, a-rownd', prep. On all sides of ; about ; from one part to another of. —adv. In a circle; on every side ; at random ; here and there. Arouse, a-rowz', v. t. [aroused (-rowzdO. arous- ing.] To awaken suddenly, excite, animate. Arpeggio, ar-ped^jo, n. (Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, and not simultaneously. [It., fr. arpa, harp.] Arpent, ar'pent, n. A French land measure, used in Louisiana, where it contains 4,088 sq. yards. [F.] Arquebuse, ar'kwe-bus, n. A hand-gun, fired from a hook or rest. [D. haak, hook, and bus, gun.] — Ar'- quebusier, -bus-er', n. A soldier armed with, etc. Armillary Sphere. am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or ARRACK 29 AS Arrack, ai 'rak, n. A spirit obtained from rice or the cocoa-nut tree, etc. [Ar. araq, fr. araqa, to sweat. J Arraign, ar-ran', v. t. [arraigned (-rand'). -kaign- ixg.J (Law.) To call or set to answer at the bar of a court; to call in question, impeach, censure. [L. act and ratio, reason.] — Arraign'ment, n. Arrange, ar-ranj', v. t. [arranged (-ranjd'), -rang- ing.] To put or place in proper order; to adjust or settle. [F. arranger, fr. rang, rank.] — Arrange'- ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; result of ar- ranging; classification; preparatory measure; settle- ment ; adjustment by agreement. (Mus.) Adapta- tion of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not written; a piece so adapted. Arrant, ar'rant, a. Very bad; notorious. [Arghand, p. pr. argh, to be cowardly, fr. AS. earg, timid.] Arras, ar'ras, n. Tapestry; hangings, —made first at Arras in the Netherlands. Array, ar-ra', n. Order; disposition in regular lines; posture for fighting; an orderly collection; dress; raiment. {Law.) A ranking of a jury as impan- eled in a cause; the panel itself; the whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court, — v. t. [ar- rayed (-rad'), -raying.] To dispose in order; to deck or dress. (Law.) To set in order, as a jury; to call them man by man; to draw out, arrange, en- velop. [OF. arrai, fr. rai, order.] Arrear, ar-rer', n. sing.. Arrears', n. pi. That which is behind in payment, or remains unpaid, though due. — Arrear'age, -ej, n. The part of a debt unpaid. Arrect, ar-rekt' ? Arrect'ed, a. Lifted up; raised; erect. [L. amgere, arrectum, to raise.] Arrest, ar-rest', v. t. To check or hinder the motion or action of. (Law.) To take or apprehend by au- thority. To seize on and fix ; to obstruct, delay, check^ stop. — n. (Law.) The taking or apprehend- ing of a person; any seizure, or taking by power; hindrance. [L. ad and restare, to remain.] (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse. — Arresfment, n. (Law.) An order by a judge to detain. — Arresta'tion, n. Act of arresting. — Arret, ar-ref or ar-ra', n. (F. Law.) A judg- ment, decision, or decree of a court or of parliament ; an edict ; a seizure of persons or goods. [F.] Arris, ar'ris, n. (Arch.) The edge formed by two surfaces meeting, whether plane or curved. [L. arista, beard of an ear of grain, bone of a fish.] Arrive, ar-riv', v. i. [arrived (-rivd'), -riving.] Lit., to come to the shore; to come; to gain or com- pass an object by effort, practice, study, etc. [F. arriver, fr. LL. a/lnpare, fr. L. ad and ripa, shore.] — Arri'val, re. Act of arriving; attainment or gain- ing of any object; person or thing arriving. Arrogate, ar'ro-gat, v. t. To claim unduly; to as- sume. [L. arrogare, to claim as one's own, fr. ad and rogare, to ask.] — Arroga'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Abrogative, -tiv, a. Arrogant. — Ar'rogance, re. Undue assumption of importance; haughtiness. — Ar'rogant, a. Assuming undue importance; over- bearing ; presumptuous. — Arrogantly, adv. Arrow, arlo, n. A pointed weapon to be shot from a bow. [AS. arewe.~] — Ar'row-head'ed, -hed'ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow;— esp. applied to the wedge-shaped, or cuneiform, alphabetical char- acters found in inscriptions at Persepolis, Nineveh, Babylon, etc. — Ar'rowroot, -root, re. A tropical plant, and the starch which it yields. — wood, -wdod, n. A straight-stemmed shrub from which American Indians make arrows. — Arrowy, ar'ro-T, a. Con- sisting of, formed like, or resembling, etc. Arsenal, ar'se-nal, re. A public establishment for the manufacture or storage of arms and military equip- ments. [Sp., fr. Ar. darcinah, house of industry.] Arsenic, ar'se-nik. n. (Min.) A metal of a steel gray color, and brilliant luster. (Com.) Arsenious acid ; — a virulent poison, called also oxide of arsenic, white arsenic, and ratsbane. [Gr. arsenikon, fr. arre>i, male, on account of its strength.] — Arsen"- iate, -I-at. n. A salt of arsenic acid.— Ar'senite, -it, n. A salt of arsenious acid. — Arsenic, -ical. a. Composed of, or containing, etc. — Arsenlcate. v. t. To combine with, etc. — Arse'nious, -nl-us, a. Com- . posed of, or containing, etc. — Arseni'uretted, -sen'- uretted, a. Combined with, etc. Arsis, ar'sis, n. (Pros.) The part of a foot marked by a greater stress of voice. [Gr., fr. airein, to raise.]' Arson, ar'sn, n. (Law.) Malicious burning; of build- ings or ships, [li. ardere, arsum, to burn.] Art, art. Second person sing., indie, mode, pres. tense, of the verb to be, but from were. [AS. eart.~] Art, art, re. Employment of means to accomplish an | end; a system of rules for performing actions, — opp. to science: power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, etc.: cunning; arti- fice; deceit: duplicity. [L. ars, artis, fr. Gr. arein, to fit together.] — Artlul, -ful, a. Made, per- formed with, characterized by, or using a rt or skill ; practicing stratagem ; crafty^ — Arffully, adv. — Art'fulness, n. — Ar'tifice, -tl-fis, re. Artiul or skill- ful contrivance; device; finesse; deception; fraud. [L. ars apd/acere. to make.] — Artificer. -tifT-ser, n. A skillful workman in some art; one who con- structs and contrives. — Artificial, -fish'al, a. Made or contrived by art; factitious; hence, feigned; fictitious; cultivated; not indigenous. — Artifi''- cially, adv. — Artifi'cialness, -ciallty, ar-tt-fish'Y- al'I-tT, n.— Artisan, -zan, n. One skilled in any mechanical art ; a handicraftsman. — Art'ist, n. One who professes _and practices one of the liberal arts. — Artiste, ar-tesf, n. One who is dexterous and tasteful in almost any art. [F.] — Artistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or characterized by. art ; made in the manner of an artist. — Artless, a. Free from art, craft, or stratagem: ingenuous; contrived with- out skill or art; inartificial. — Artlessly, adv. "Without art; naturally. — Artlessness, n. — Arf- union, -un'yun, n. An association for encouraging artists. Artery, arler-T, re. One of the vessels which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body; an important channel of communication. [Gr. arteria, fr. airein, to raise, lift.] — Arterial, -te'rT-al, a. Pert, to orcontained in. etc.— Arte'rialize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd),-iziNG.] To communicate the qualities of ar- terial blood to. — Arte'rializa'tion. re. — Arte'ri- ofomy, -mT, n. (Anut.) The opening of an artery to let blood : dissection of, etc. [Gr. iome, a cutting.] Artesian, ar-te'zhan. a. Pert, to Artois (L. Artesium), in France. — A. wells. Wells bored into the earth to reach water, which flows from internal pressure. Arthritis, ar-thri'tis, re. (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, esp. the gout. [Gr., f r. arthron, a joint.] — Arthritic, -thritlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, or affect- ing, the joints. — Arthrography, -f I, n. A descrip- tion of, etc. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] Artichoke, arll-chok, n. An esculent plant resemb- ling a thistle. [It. articiocco.~\ —Jerusalem a. A spe- cies of sunflower, bearing a tuber like the potato. [Jerusalem, corrup. of It. girasole, sunflower.] Article, ar'tT-kl, re. A distinct portion of any writing, consisting of particulars; a clause in a contract, ac- count, treaty, etc; a distinct part; a particular com- modity or substance. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the. — v. t. [articled (-kid), -cling.] To set forth in distinct articles; to bind by articles of covenant or stipulation. — v. i. To agree by ar- ticles; to stipulate. fF., fr. L. articulm, dim. of ar- tus, anoint.]— Artic'ulate, a. (Nat. Hist.) Formed with joints. Distinctly uttered: clear. — n. (Zobl.) An animal having the body and members jointed. — v. t. To joint; to unite by a joint; to form into elementary sounds. — v. i. To utter articulate sounds ; to enunciate. [L. articvlare, articvlatum, to join, to utter distinctly, fr. art i cuius.} — Artic'- ular, a. Of, or pert, to, joints. — Artic'uiately, adv. Distinctly ; clearly. — Artic / ula" , tion, n. (Anat.) Junction of the bones of a skeleton. (Bot.) Con- nection of the parts of a plant bv joints, as in pods; one of the joints, as in cane and maize; one of the parts between joints. Utterance of the elementary sounds of language. — Artic'ulator, -ter, n. One who joints; esp. one who puts together a skeleton; a distinct speaker. Artillery, ar-tiller-T, n. Offensive weapons of war; cannon; great guns: ordnance; the body of men in charge of cannon, etc.; the science of artillery and gunner}'. [LL. artillaria, fr. L. an. ..vtis, art.] — Artillerist, n. One skilled in, etc. Arundinaceous, a-run'dl-na'shus, a. Pert, to, or re- sembling, a reed or cane. [L. arundo, reed.] — Ar'- undin'eous, -T-us, a. Abounding in reeds. Aruspice, a-rus'pis, Harus'pice, n. A priest, in an- cient Rome, who foretold the future by inspecting entrails of victims killed in sacrifice. [L. ai-uspexT\ — Arus'picy, -pI-sT, n. Prognostication by, etc. Aryan, ar'yan or ar'T-an, a. Pert, to an ancient people of Central Asia, from whom are supposed to descend the Celtic, Teutonic, Sclavonic, and other races ; Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. [Skr.' arya, excellent, honorable.] As, az, adv. Like: similar to; of the same kind with; while; during: in the idea, character, nature, or sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boxbox, chair, get. ASAFETIDA 30 ASSAULT condition of; for instance; by way of example; thus. [AS. eal swa, just so, just as, al swa, als.] — As if, or as though. Of the same kind, or in the same manner, that it would be if. — As for, or as to. In regard to, with respect to. — As it were. A phrase used to apologize for some expression, which might seem inappropriate or incongruous. —As well. Also; too; besides. — As yet. Until now. Asafetida, -foetida, as-a-fet'T-da, n. A fetid inspis- sated sap from India, used in medicine. [Per. azd, name of the plant, and L. foetidus, stinking.] Asbestos, as-bes'tus, -bes'tos, n. (Min.) A fibrous variety of hornblende and pyroxene, making an incombustible cloth. [Gr. a priv. and sbennunai, to extinguish.] — Asbes'tiform, a. Having the struc- ture of, etc. — Asbes'tine, -tin, a. Pert, to, etc. •Ascend, as-send', v. i. To mount; to go up: to rise. — v. t. To go or move upward upon; to climb. [L. ad and scandere, to climb, mount.] — Ascend 1 ' able, a. Capable of being ascended. — Ascend'ant, a. Above the horizon; superior; predominant, — re. Superior influence; an ancestor. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth. — Ascend'ency, re. Authority; sway; control. — As- cen'sion, n. Act of ascending; esp. the elevation of our Savior to heaven. — Ascen'sional, a. Relating to, etc. — Ascen'sion day. The day on which our Savior's ascension is commemorated. — Ascent', re. The act of rising; way by which one ascends; an eminence or high place; the angle which an object makes with a horizontal line; inclination. Ascertain, as-ser-tan', v. t. [ascertained (-tand'), -taining.] To make certain; to establish: to find out for a certainty. [L. ad and cerium, sure.] — Ascertain 'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — As'- certain'ment, re. A making or gaining certainty. Ascetic, as-set'ik, re. One who practices undue rigor or self-denial in religious things, —a. Unduly rigid or self-denying. [Gr. askein, to exercise. | — Asceti- cism, -sizm, n. The practice of ascetics. Ascii, ash'T-I, Ascians, ash'yanz, re. pi. (Geog.) In- habitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun, and hence no shadow at noon. [Gr. a priv. and s/cia, shadow.] Aseitic, as-sit'ik, -ical, a. Tending to dropsy of the abdomen. [Gr. askos, belly.] Ascribe, as-krlb", v.t. [ascribed (-krlbd'). ascrib- ing.] To attribute to, as a cause or quality; to im- pute; to assign. [L. ad and scribere, to write.] — Ascrib'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — As'cript, a. Written by the side of another character. — As- crip'tion, re. Act of ascribing; thing ascribed. Asexual, a-seks'u-al, a. Having no distinct sex. [a priv. and L. sexualis, sexual.] Ash, re. A genus of forest trees, or their wood. [AS. sesc] — Asb/en, a. Made or formed of ash-wood; of the color of ashes; ashy. — Asb/ery, -Sr-T, re. A place for putting ashes : a place where potash is made.— Asb/es, -ez, n.pl. Earthy or mineral particles remaining after combustion; —among chemists, and in composition, used in the sing., as, bone-ash, pearl- ash ; the remains of what is burnt; remains of a dead body.— Ash- Wednesday, -wenz'dT. The first day of Lent. — Asb/y, -T, a. Ash-colored; like ashes. Ashamed, a-shamd r , a. Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, impropriety, etc. [AS. dsca- mian, to mnke ashamed, fr. scamu, shame.] Ashlar, Ashler, ash'ler, re. Free-stones as they come from the quarry ; hewn stones for facing walls. [OF. aiselle, dim. of ais, L. assis, plank.] — Ash'lering, re. The setting of ashlar facing; partition timbers in garrets reaching from floor to rafters. Ashore, a-sh5r', adv. On or to shore; on the land. Aside, a-sid', adv. On, or to, one side; apart. — re. A remark in an undertone or by way of parenthesis. Asinine. See under Ass. Ask, ask, v. t. or i. [asked (askt), asking.] To re- quire; to inquire, petition, beg, claim, demand, inter- rogate. [AS. ascian, acsian.~] — Aak/er, re. One who asks. — (Zool.) A water newt, eft. [AS. athexe.] Askance, as-kans', Askant', adv. Obliquely ; side- ways; toward one corner of the eye. [OF. a scanche, on the slope, obliquely, It. schiancio, slope.] Askew, a-sku r , adv. Sideways; askant; awry. [Icel. d ska, on the skew, Dan. skjev, wry, oblique.] Aslant, a-slanf, adv. At a slant; obliquely. Asleep, a-slep', adv. In a state ox sleep; at rest; dead. Aslope, a-slop', adv. With a slope or descent. Asomatous, a-so'ma-tus, a. Without a material body ; incorporeal. [Gr. a priv. and soma, body.] Asp, asp, Asp'ic, re. A small, hooded, poisonous serpent. [Gr. and L. aspis.] Asparagus, as-par'a-gus, n. A culinary plant. [Gr. ana, up, and spargan, to swell with sap.] — Aspar'agine, -jin, n. ( Chem.) A crystalline substance in the juice of asparagus. — Aspar''- tic acid. An acid obtained irom asparagine. Aspect, as'pekt, re. Look; mien; air; appearance to the eye or the mind ; position in rela- tion to the points of the com- pass. (Astrol.) The situation -\.sp. of one planet or star with re- spect to another. [L. ad and spicere, to look.] Aspen, as'pen, n. (Bot.) A species of poplar. — a. Pert, to the aspen. [AS. sesp, asps.] Asperate, as'per-at, v. t. To make rough. [L. osper, rough.] — As'perifo'lious, a. (Bot.) Having rough leaves. [L. jolium, loaf.] —Asperity, -per'Y-ti, re. Roughness of surface, taste, or sound; harshness of spirit and language; acrimony; moroseness. Aspermatous, a-sperma-tus, Asper'mous, -mus, a. ( Bot.) Without seeds. [Gr. a priv. andsperma, seed. Asperse, as-pers', v. t. [aspersed (-persf), aspers- ing.] To bespatter with foul reports or injurious charges ; to calumniate, slander, defame. [L. ad and spargere, to strow, scatter.] — Asper'sion, -shun, re. A sprinkling, as of water or dust, in a literal sense ; spreading of calumnious reports; calumny. Asphalt, as-falt', -phaUtum, re. Mineral pitch; com- pact native bitumen. [Gr. as])haltos.] — Asphalt'ic, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. Asphodel, as'fo-del, re. (Bot.) A perennial plant of the lily species; daffodil. [Gr. asphodelos.] Asphyxia, as-fiks'T-a, -phyx'y, -T, re. (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation. [Gr. a priv. and sphuris, throbbing pulse.] — Asphyx'ia'tion, re. The process of producing, or state of, asphyxia. Aspic. See Asp. Aspire, as-pir', v. i. [aspired (-plrdO, aspiring. 1 To desire with eagerness; to long; to rise. [L. ad and spirare, to breathe, to blow.] — Aspir'ant, a. Aspiring; ardently desirous of rising. — Aspir'ant, Aspir'er, re. One who seeks eagerly. — Aspirate, as'pl-rat, v. t. To pronounce with a breathing or full emission of breath. —re. A letter marked with a note of breathing; a mark of aspiration ( ' ) used in Greek; the rough breathing; anon-vocal conso- nant. — a. Pronounced with a rough breathing. — Aspira'tien, n. Pronunciation of a letter with a strong emission of breath; strong wish or desire. — Aspira'tor, -ter, re. (Med.) An instrument for draw- ing out fluids from cavities of the body, — as pus, blood, etc. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gas through liquids, by suction. To ■' Asquint, a-skwint' the corner of the eye; obliquely. [See Askance.] Ass, ass, re. (Zool.) A quadruped of the horse family, having long, slouch- ing ears. A dull, stupid fellow; a dolt. [AS. assa, L. asinusJ — Asinine, as'I-nln o. Belonging to, or' having the qualities of, an ass ; stupid ; obstinate. Assafetida, re. See Asafetida. Assagai, Assagay, as'- sa-aa, re. A dart or - spear used by certain ' African tribes. [Sp. azaguyu.] Assail, as-saK, v. t. [assailed (-said'), assailing.] To attack with violence; to attack with a view to change feelings, conduct, etc.; to assault, beset, fall upon. [L. ad and salire, to spring.] — As- saiUable, a. Capable of being, etc. — AssaU'ant, n. One who, etc. —a. Assaulting, etc. — Assail / er, re. Assassin, as-sas'sin, re. One who kills or attempts to kill by secret assault. [Ar. hashishin, one who has drunk of the hashish.] — Assas'sinate, v. t. To murder by, etc. — Assas' sina'tion, n. Act of, etc. Assault, as-sawlf, re. A violent attack with blows, weapons, etc., or with words, arguments, appeals. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in. Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r ; ASSAY 31 ASTER and the like; invasion ; incursion ; onset; charge. {Law.) An attempt or offer to beat another, but without touching his person: if the blow takes ef- fect, it is a battery. — v. t. To attack with, etc. [L. ad and saltus, a leaping, fr. satire.] — Assaulfable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Assault'er, n. Assay, as-sa', n. (Chem.) Determination of the quantity of any metal, esp. gold or silver, in an ore or alloy; the substance to De assayed; a trial of weights and measures. — v. t. {assayed (-sad'), assaying.] To subject to chemical examination, etc. — v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [L. exa- gium, a weighing, a balance,] — Assay 'er, n. One who tries or examines metals. Assemble, as-sem'bl, v. t. [assembled (-sem'bld), -BLING.J To bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. — v. i. To meet or come together, to con- vene. [L. ad and simul, together.] — Assem'blage, -blej, n. Act of assembling; collection of individ- uals, or of particular things. — Assem'bly, -bit, n. A company collected in one place, usually for some common purpose; meeting, group. Assent, as-sent', n. The act of assenting, admitting, or agreeing to any thing; consent. — v. i. To admit a thing as true; to express agreement, concurrence, or concession. [L. ad and sentire, to feel, think.] — Assentation, n. Assent by way of flattery or dis- simulation ; adulation. — Assenta'tor, -ter, n. A flat- terer or dissembler. — Assenfer, n. One who assents. Assert, as-serf, v. t. To affirm positively; to aver, maintain, vindicate. [L. ad and serere, sertum, to join together.^ — Assertion, -sgr'shun, n. Act of as- serting; vindication. — Assertive, -iv, a. Positive; affirming confidently. — Assert'or, -er, n. — Assert- ory, -er-t, a. Affirming; maintaining. Assess, as-sea', v. t. [assessed (-sesf), -sessing.] To tax; to value for taxation ; to determine, fix, estimate. [LL. assessare, fr. L. assidere, to sit by.] — Assess- able, a. Liable to be assessed. — Assessment, n. Act of, etc.; valuation; sum charged. — Assessor, -er, n. One appointed to assess persons or property. — Assesso / 'rial, a. Pert, to assessors. Assets, as' sets, n. pi. Property in possession or money due, as opp. to liabilities. [F. assez, fr. L. ad and sat, satis, enough.] Asseverate, as-seVer-at, v. t. To affirm solemnly. [L. ad and severus, serious.] — Assev'era'tion, n. Assibilation, as-sib't-la-shun, n. (Gram.) A making sibilant ; change of a dental or guttural consonant into a sibilant. [L. ad and sibilare, to hiss.] Assiduous, as-sid'u-us, a. Constant in attention ; sed- ulous; persevering; indefatigable. [L. ad and sed- ere, to sit.] — Assid'uously, adv. — Assiduousness, n. — Assiduity, -I-tt, n. Constant application. Assiento, as-st-en'to, n. A contract by Spain with other powers to furnish slaves for Spanish Amer- ica. [Sp., fr. asentar, to make an agreement.] Assign, as-sln', v. t. [assigned (-sind'), assign- ing.] To appoint, allot, apportion; to fix, desig- nate. (Law.) To transfer, or make over to an- other ; to transfer to, and vest in assignees, for the benefit of creditors. — n. (Law.) One to whom property is transferred. [L. assignare, fr. ad and signum, mark.] — Assign'' able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Assignation, -sig-na'shun, n. Act of, etc.; an appointment to meet at given time and place. — Assignee, as-sl-ne', n. One to whom something is assigned. — Assignor, as-sin'er, ». One who, etc. — Assign'ment, n. An allotting to a particular person or use. (Law.) A transfer of title hy writing; writ- ing by which an interest is transferred; transfer of a bankrupt's property to assignees, for creditors. — Assignor, -st-n3r , n. (Law.) One who assigns or transfers an interest. Assignat, as-in-ya', n. Paper currency, issued by the revolutionary government of France, based on secu- rity of the lands of the state. [F.] Assimilate, as-sim't-lat, v. t. To cause to resemble; to convert into a like substance. — v. i. To become similar. [L. ad and similare, fr. similis, like.] — Assim 'liable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Assim'i- la'tion, n. Act of assimilating ; state of resem- blance or identity ; conversion of nutriment into the substance of the body. — Assim'ilative, -tiv, a. Having power of assimilating. Assist, as-sisf, v. t. To give support to; to succor.— v. i. To help; to attend. [L. art and ststere, to stand.] — Assistance, 7i. Aid; relief. — Assist 'ant, a. Help- ing; auxiliary. — n. One who assists. Assize, as-slz', n. Lit, a sitting ; an order or regula- tion, esp. about the weight of bread, etc. (Law.) Periodical sessions of the superior courts in the counties of England, — usually in the pi. — v. t. [assized (-sizd'), -sizing.] To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by authority. [L. assidere, to sit by. See Assess.] — Assiz'er, n. One who as- sizes, or Axes weights, rates, etc. Associate, as-so'sh£at, v. t. To join in company as a friend, companion, partner, etc.; to unite in the same mass. — i'. i. To unite in company. — a. Closely connected. — n. A companion; a mate. [L. ad and socius. companion.] — Asso'ciabil'ity, -sha-bil't-tt, -bleness, n. Quality of being capable of association. — Asso'ciable, a. Capable of being, etc.; compan- ionable; liable to be affected by sympathy. — As- so'cia'tion, -sht-a'shun, n. Union ; connection) un- ion of persons in a society for some particular pur- pose.— Asso'cia'tional, a. Pert, to an, etc. — Asso'- cia'tionalism, n. (Philos.) Doctrine of associational- ists. — Asso'cia'tionalist. n. (Philos.) One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas. — Associative, -tiv, a. Tending or pertaining to association. Assonant, as'so-nant, a. Resembling in sound. (Pros.) Pert, to the rhyme called assonance; not consonant. [L. a>1 and sonare, to sound.] — Asso- nance, n. Resemblance of sounds; a kind of imper- fect rhyme. Assort, as-s6rt', v. t. To distribute into classes; to furnish with all sorts. [L. ad and sortiri, fr. sors, lot.] — Assortment, n. Distribution into classes; things assorted. Assuage, as-swaj', v. t. ("assuaged (-swajd'), assua- ging.] To soften; to allay or lessen, as pain or grief; to appease, soothe, alleviate. [L. ad and suavis, sweet.] — Assuage 'ment, n. Abatement; mitigation. — Assua'ger, n. He who, or that which, assuages. — Assua'sive, -siv, a. Softening; easing. Assuetude, as'swe-tad, n. Custom; habit. [L. as- suescere, assuetum, to accustom to.] Assume, as-sum', v. t. [assumed (-sumd'), assuming.] To take, or take upon one's self; to take for granted, or without proof ; to pretend to possess. — v. i. To be arrogant; to claim unduly. [L. ad and sumere, to take.] — Assum'er, n. An arrogant person. — As- sum'ingly, adv . — Assump'tion, -sum'shun, n. Act of assuming; supposition; thing supposed. (Logic.) The minor proposition in a categorical syllogism. (Eccl.) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Vir- gin Mary into heaven. — Assump'tive, sum-tiv, a. That is or may be assumed. — Assump'sit, n. (Law.) A promise or undertaking, founded on a considera- tion; an action to recover damages for non-perform- ance of contract. [Pret. of L. assumere.] Assure, a-shoor', v. t. [assured, (-shobrd'), assur- ing.] To make sure-or certain; to confirm; to as- sert; insure. (Law.) To covenant to indemnify for loss. [L. ad and seevrus, seeure.] — Assur'anee, n. Act of assuring: adeclaration inspiring credit; free- dom from doubt; firmness of mind; intrepidity; im- pudence; insurance; a contract to pay on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. (Law.) Evidence of conveyance of property. — Assur'edly, adv. Cer- tainly; without doubt. — Assuredness, n. State of being, etc. — Assur'er, n. One who, etc. Assurgent, as-ser'jent, a. (Lot.) Rising upward ob- liquely. [L. assurgere^to rise up.] Astatie, a-stat'ik, a. (Electro-magnetism.) Not tak- ing a definite position or direction; without polarity. [Gr. a priv. and histanai, to stand.] Astel, as'tel, n. (Mining.) A ceiling of boards, to protect persons in a mine. Aster, as'tSr, n, (Bot.) A genus of plants with radi- ated compound flowers. [Gr., 6tar. ] — As'terisk, «. The mark [*] in printing and writing. [Gr. asteris- kos, dim. of aster.] — As'terism, -izm, n. A small cluster of stars. (Printing.) Three asterisks [***] directing attention to a particular passage, tpr. asterismos, f r. aster.] — As'teroid, n. (Astron.) One of the small planets revolving between Mars and Jupiter. [Gr. eidos, form.] —Asteroid 'al, a. Pert. to, etc. — As'tral, a. Belonging to the stars; starry. — As'tra! Lamp, n. An Argand lamp having the oil in a flattened ring. — Astrog'raphy, n. A de- scription of the stars. [Gr. grapKein, to describe.] — Astrog'eny, -troj'-, n. The creation or evolutions of the heavens. [Gr. genos^ birth.] — As'trolabe, -lab, n. An instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars at sea. [Gr. lamhanein, labein, to take.] — Astrol'atry, n. Star-worship. [Gr. latreia, worship.] — Astrol'ogy, -jt, n. Science of predicting events by the aspects of the stars. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. ASTESN 32 ATROCIOUS Judicial astrology pretended to foretell the iate of nations and individuals. — Natural (tstrology predicted events of nature, such as the weather, etc. — AstroKoger, -jer, n. One who pretends to foretell events, etc. — Astrologic, -lojlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Astron'omy, n. Science of the heavenly bodies. [Gr. nomos, law, rule.] — Astron'- omer, n. One versed in as- tronomy. — Astronomic, -ical, a. Pert. to. etc. — As- tronomically, adz Astrolabe. Astern, a-stern', adv. In, at, or toward, the hinder part of a ship; behind a shii Asternal, as-ter'nal, a. Noting the floating ribs, which do not join the breast-bone. [Gr. a pnv. and ■sternon, breast-bone.] Asthenic, as-thenlk, a. Characterized by debility. [Gr. a priv. and sthenos, strength.] A3thma, as'mior az'ma, n. Disordered respiration, with cough and difficult breathing. [Gr., fr. aein, to hlow.j — Asthmatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or af- fected by, etc. Astigmatism, a-stiglna-tizm, n. Defective vision, front the rays of light not converging at one focus. [F. astigmatisms, fr. Gr. a priv. and stigma, a point.] Astir, a-ster', adv. In motion or action. Astonish, as-tonlsh, v. t. To strike dumb with sud- den fear, terror, surprise, or wonder; to amaze. [L. ad and tonare, to thunder.] — Aston'ishing, a. Of a nature to excite astonishment; surprising; won- derful; admirable; marvelous. — Aston'ishment, n. Confusion of mind from, etc. Astound, as-townicr, v. t. To astonish. [AS. dstunian.] Astraddle, a-strad'dl, adv. With the legs across a thing, or on different sides of it. [Freq. of stride.] Astragal, aslra-gal, n. A molding around the top or bottom of a column or a cannon. [See Mold- ing.] [Gr. astragalos, ankle-bone.] — Astrag'aloid, a. Shaped like the ankle-bone. [Gr. eidos, form.] Astray, a-stra', adv. Out of, or from the right way ; wrong. Astrict, as-trikt 1 ', v. t. To constrict ; to contract. [L. ad and stringere, strictum, to draw tight, strain.] — Astridion, n. — Astringe. as-trinj', v. t. [as- tringed (-trinjdO, astringixg.] To bind fast, constrict, contract. — Astrin'gency, n. Quality of being astringent. — Astrin r gent, a. Binding; strengthening; — opp. to laxative, —n. A medicine causing vital contraction in the organic textures. Astride, a-stniK, adv. With the legs apart. Astute, as-tuf, a. Critically examining or discern- ing; shrewd; subtle; sagacious. [L. astutus, shrewd, astus, craft.] — Astutely, adv. — Astuteness, n. Asunder, a-sun'der, adv. Apart; separately. Asylum, a-si'lum, n. ; pi. Eng. Asy'lums, L* Asy'la, -la. A place of refuge; an institution for protection or relief, for the deaf and dumb, insane, etc. [L., Gr. asulon, fr. asulos, inviolable.] Asymmetry, a-sim'me-trT, n. Want of proportion be- tween the parts. [Gr. a. priv. and $ummetria.~\ Asymptote, aslm-tot, sometimes pron. a-simlot, n. {Math.) A line which approaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. [Gr. a priv., sun, with, and ptotos, falling.] — Asymtotle, -ical, a. Asyndeton, a-sin'de-ton, n. (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective, as, veni, vidi, vici (I came, saw, conquered). [Gr. a priv. and sundetos, bound to- gether.] — Asyndetic, a. Lacking connectives. At, prep, denoting presence or nearness in place or time (at home, at one o'clock); hence, relations of situation, condition, etc. (at war, at your service); after verbs of motion, direction towards (to run at). Atabal, afa-bal, n. A kettle-drum ; a tabor. [Ar. •at-'tabl, drum.] Ataghan, afa-gan, Yafaghan, n. A long Turkish dagger. [Turk. gatagdn.J Atavism, afa-vizm, n. Reappearance of a disease, etc., in a family, after having disappeared for one or more generations. [L. atavtts, ancestor.] Ate, at, pret. of Eat. See Eat. Atelier, at'lt-a or a-tel'ya, n. An artist's workroom; studio. [F.] Athanasian, ath-a-na'zhan, a. Pert, to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. Atheist, alhe-ist, n. One who denies the existence of God. [Gr. a priv. and theos, god.]- isbelief in, etc. — Atheistic, -ical, a. A 'theism, n. Disbelief "in, etc. — Atheistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. impious. — Atheistlcally, adv. Athenenm, -naeum, ath-e-ne'um, n.; pi. Eng. Athene'- ums, L. -n^:a, -ne'a. A literary or scientific associa- tion ; a public library and reading room. [Gr. Ath- enai&n, the temple of Athene, or Minerva, at Athens.] Athenian, a-theliT-an, a. Pert, to Athens, in Greece. At her ma-nous, a-therlna-nus, a. (Chem.) Not trans- mitting heat. — Ather'mancy, -si, n. Impermeabil- ity to heat. [Gr. a priv. and therma, heat.] Athirst, a-therst', a. Thirsty; having keen desire. Athlete, athlet, n. A contender for victory in trials of strength. [Gr. athletes, fr. athlon, prize.] — Athletic, -letlk, a. Pert, to wrestling, boxing, and other manly exercises; strong; vigorous. Athwart, a-thwawrf, prep. Across. — adv. Sidewise ; in a manner to cross and perplex. Atilt, a-tilf, adv. In the position of one making a thrust; with one end raised. Atlas, atlas, n. A collection of maps in a volume; a volume of plates or tables; a kind of silk- satin; a kind of large drawing paper. (Auat.) The first vertebra of the neck. [Atlas, a Greek demigod, said to bear the world on his shoulders, and whose figure was printed on the title- pages of old atlas- es.] — Atlante'an, a. Pert, to or resemb- ling Atlas. — Atlan- tes, -lanlez, n. pi. Figures of men, used as columns to sup- port entablatures. — Atlan'tic, a. (Geog.) Pert, to the Atlantic Ocean, or to the isle of Atlantis; descend- ed from Atlas. Atmosphere, at'mos-fer, n. (Physics.) The aeriform fluid surrounding the earth ; pressure of the air on a unit of surface ; a gaseous medium. [Gr. atmos, vapor, and sphaira, sphere.] — Atmospheric, -fe'r'"- ik, -ical, a. Relating to, existing in, or dependent on, etc. Atoll, a-toK, n. A ring-shaped coral island surround- ing a lagoon. [Malay, ator, order, rank.] Atom, at'om, n. An ultimate or constituent particle of matter; a molecule; anything extremely small. [Gr. atomos, fr. a priv. and temnein, to cut.] — Atomic, a-tomlk, -ical, a. Relating to, or con- sisting of , atoms. — At'omism, n. The doctrine of, etc. — Afomist, n. One who holds to the atomical philosophy. — At'omize, v. t. To reduce to atoms or to fine spray, — said of liquids. — Afomizer. n. (Med.) An instrument for converting liquids into spray for inhalation, local anaesthesia, etc. Atone, a-ton', v. i. [atoned (-tond'), atoning.] To stand as an equivalent ; to make reparation, com- pensation, etc.; to expiate. — v. t. To reconcile; to answer or make satisfaction for. [From at one, i. e., to be, or cause to be, at one.] — Aton'able, a. — Atone'ment, n. Reconciliation ; reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury. (Theol.) The expiation of sin made bv Christ. — Aton'er, n. Atony, at'o-nT, n. (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of the organs, esp. of such as are contractile. [Gr. a priv. and tonos, tone, strength.] — Atonic, a. (Med.) Characterized by atony. (Gram.) Unac- cented ; destitute of vocality; surd. — n. (Gram.) a word that has no accent; an element of speech, produced by the breath alone. (Med.) A remedy for organic excitement or irritation. Atop, a-top', adv. At or on the top; above. Atrabilarian, at-ra-bT-la'rT-an, -rious, a. Affected with melancholy. [L. atra bills, black bile.] — At- rabillar, -yar, -bilious, -vus, a. Hvpochondriac. Atramental, at-ra-menlal, -tons, -tus, a. Black; inky. [L. atramentum, ink, fr. ater, black.] Atrium, alri-um, n. ; pi. Atria, alrf-a. (Arch.) An open space before a church. (Anat.) An auricle of the heart. [L., a court or entrance hall.] Atrocious, a-tro'shus, a. Extremely heinous; enor- mously wicked ; flagrant. [L. atrox, fierce.] — Atro'- 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, tare ; end, eve, term ; In Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r ATROPHY 33 AUGITE ciously, adv. — Atro'ciousness, Atrocity, a-tros'- 1-tT, n. Enormous wickedness or cruelty. Atrophy, afro-fT, n. A wasting away from lack of nourishment. [Gr. atrophia, ir. a priv. and treph- ein, to nourish.] Atropia, a-tro'pT-a, Atro'pina. At'ropine, -rc-pin, n. (Client.) A very poisonous alkaloid extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade. [Gr. Atropos, one of the Fates.] — Afropism, n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by using belladonna Attach, at-tach", v. t. [attached (-tachf), attach inc.] To bind, fasten, or tie; to take by legal thority; to lry hold on, by force or by moral influ- ence; to affix, gain over, win. — v. i. To adhere. [F. dtacher; E. tack, to fasten.] — Attach'able, a. Ca- v. i. [attitudinized (-nlzd), -nizinq.] To assume affected attitudes. Attollent, at-tol'lent, a. Lifting up; raising. [L. ad I and tollere, to lift.] Attorney, at-ter'nT, n. ; pi. Attob'xeys. (Law.) One legally appointed by another to transact business for him. [OF. atorne', fr. L. ad and tornare. to turn.] — Power of attorney. A document bv which one is authorized to transact business for another. — At- torneyship, n. Office of, etc. — Attorn'ment, n. (Law.) Agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate as his landlord. Attract, at-trakf, v. t. To draw or cause to tend to ward; to cause to adhere or combine; to allure; to pable of being, etc. — Attachment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a passion or affection; that by which one thing is attached to another; an adjunct. (Civ. Law.) A seizure by legal process ; the writ commanding such seizure. — Attache", at-fa-sha', n. One attached to the suite of an ambassador. [F.] Attack, at-tak' v. t. [attacked (-takf), attack- ing.] To fall upon with force or with unfriendly words; to assail, invade. (Chem.) To begin to de- compose, by chemical agents. — n. A falling on with violence, or with calumny, satire, etc.; onset; in- road; charge. [F. attaquer, a form of attache):] Attain, at-tan', v. i. [attained (-tand'.), attain- ing.] To come or arrive, by motion or efforts; to reach, — v.t. To achieve; to gain; to equal. [L. attinere, to hold to. and attingere, to touch.]— At- tain'able, a. Capable of being, etc. [Improperly used for obtainable, procurable.] — Attainability, Attain 'ableness, n. — Attain'ment, n. Act of, etc., that which is, etc. ; proficiency in knowledge. Attaint, at-tanf, v. i. To stain ; to disgrace. (Law.) To taint or corrupt, as blood; to taint, as the credit of jurors giving a false verdict, —n. A stain; spot. (Law.) A writ to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict. (Far.) A wound on a horse's leg, made by over-reaching. [F. atteindre, fr. L. attin- gere, to touch.] — Attaint' ment, n. State of being at- tainted. — Attainfure, Attain'der, n. ( Com. Law.) Stain, forfeiture, and corruption of blood on con- demnation for certain crimes. Act of attainting. Attemper, at-tem'per, v. t. [attempered (-perd), -Peking.] To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mix- ture: to soften; to mix in just proportion; to make suitable; to adapt. [L. ad and temperare, to soften.] Attempt, at-temf, v. t. To make trial of; to make an attack upon. — v. i. To make an effort or an attack. — n. An essay, trial, or endeavor. [L. ad and tentare, to try.] — Attempt'able, a. Attend, at-tend', v. t. To go or stay with; to wait on, accompany; to be united or consequent to. — v. i. To pay attention with a view to perceive, understand, or comply; to heed; to listen; to wait or be in waiting. [L. art and tendere, to stretch (the mind).] — At- tendance, n. Act of, etc.; persons attending; a train; a retinue. — Attend'ant, a. Present, or in the train ; accompanying or immediately following, as conse- quential. (Law.) Depending on, or owing duty or sen-ice to. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — At- tenf, a. Attentive. — Atten'tion, n. Act of attend- ing or heeding; act of civilitv; care; respect: regard; notice. — Attentive, -iv, "a. Full of attention ; mindful; civil; polite. — Attentively, adv. — At- tent'iveness, n. Attenuate, at-ten'u-at, v. t. To make thin, or less viscid; to make slender; to draw out or extend in length, —v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine: to lessen. [L. ad and tenuare, fr. tenuis, thin.] —At- tendant, a. Thinning. — n. (Med.) A medicine that dilutes the fluids; a diluent. — Attenua'tion, n. Act of making thin or fine; pulverization. Attest, at-test', v. t. To bear witness to; to give proof , of: to call to witness. [L. ad and testari, fr. testis, witness.] — Attesta'tion, n. Testimony; esp., offi- cial testimony. — Attest'or, n. One who attests. Attic, at'tik, a. Pert, to Attica, in Greece, or to its prin- cipal city, Athens.— n. (Arch.) A story in the upper part of a house; a garret. —Attic wit, Attic salt. A poignant, delicate wit. — Attic style. A style pure, classical, and elegant. — Attic purity. Special purity of language. — At'ticism, -sizm, ». Style or idiom used by the Athenians. Attire, at-tir', v. t. [attired (-tird'), attiring.] To dress, array, adern. — n. Clothes: dress; horns I of a buck. [OF. atirer. fr. AS. tir, splendor.] Attitude, at'tl-tud. n. Postu-e or position. [F.. fr. LL. aptitwlo, fr. L. aptus. suited, fitted.] — Attitu'- mvite; to engage. [L. ad and trahere, tractum, t« draw.] — Attractable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Attract'abil'ity, n. — Attract'ile, -il, a. Having power to attract. — Attraction, -trak'shun, w. (Physics.) An invisible power in a body by which it draws any thing to itself; the power in nature tend- ing to draw bodies together or to produce cohesion, and resisting separation. Act of attracting: power or act of alluring, inviting, or engaging. — Attract- ive, -iv, a. Having the power of. etc.: enticing: in- viting. — n. That which, etc. — Attract 'ively, adv. — Attract 'iveness, n.— Attractiv'ity, n. Quality or degree of attractive power. —Attract 'or. -er, n. One who, etc. — Aftrahent, n. That which, etc. Attribute, at-trib'ut, v. t. To consider »3 belonging to; to ascribe to; to impute, refer, charge. [L. ad and ti-ibuere, to bestow.]— Attribute. aftrT-but, n. A thing that maybe attributed; inherent quality; essential or necessary property. — Attrib'utable. a. Capable of being attributed.— Attribution, « . Act of attributing: quality attributed. — Attrib'u- tive, -tiv, a. Relating to, or expressing, an attribute. — 11. A word denoting an attribute or quality. Attrite, at-trif, a. Worn by rubbing or friction. [L. ad and terere, triturn, to rub.] — Attrite'ness, n. State of being, etc. — Attrition, -trish'un, n. Act of wearing by friction: abrasion: state of being worn. Attune, at-tun', v. t. [attuned (-tund r ), attuning.] To put in tune, arrange fitly, make accordant. Auburn, aw'bern, a. Eeddish brown. [LL. albur- nus, fr. L. attnts, white.] Auction, awk'shun, n. A public sale of property to the highest bidder; a vendue. [L. audio, fr. avgere, auctum, to increase.]— _Auc /- tionary, a. Belonging to. etc. — Auctioneer', -er', n. The person who sells, etc. — v.t. To sell by auction. Audacious, aw-da'shus", a. Contemning restraints of law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness. [L. audax,audacis,fr. audere. to dare.] — Audaciously, adv. — Audaciousness, -dacity, -das'i-tl, n. Dar- ing spirit or confidence; venturesomeness; presump- tuous impudence; hardihood: boldness; effrontery; contempt of law or moral restraint. Audible, aw'di-bl, a. Capable of beir.? heard. [L. uudire, auditum, to hear.] — Audibility. Au'dible- ness. n. Quality of being, etc. — Au'dibly, adv. — Au'dience, n. Act of hearing: admittance to a hear- ing: an assembly of hearers. — Au'dit, n. An ex- amination, esp. of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper officers, —v. f. To ex- amine and adjust, as accounts. — Au'ditor. -er, n. A hearer or listener: one authorized to adjust ac- counts. — Au'ditorship. n. Office of, et:. — Au'di- tory. a. Pert, to the sense of hearing. — n. An as- sembly of hearers; audience. — Au'ditress, n. A fe- male hearer. — Audita) Hum, n. The part of a the- ater, etc., occupied by the audience. [L] — Au'di- phone, -fon, n. An acoustic instrument fur enabling aeaf persons to hear by means of vibrations trans- mitted through the teeth. [Gr. phone, voice.] Augean, aw-je'an, a. Pert, to Augeus or his stable, containing 3,000 oxen and unclean ed for 30 years ; filthy. Auger, aw'ger, n. A car- penter's boring tool : an in- strument for perforating soils or roeks. [AS. nafe gar, lit. a nave-borer.] Aught, awt, n. A whit; any thing; any part. [AS. awiht, fr. a, one, and wiht, thing.] Augite, aw'jit. n. A green- ish mineral, consisting Auger. sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bouboN, chair, get. AUGMENT 34 AUTOMATON '. *. ao enlarge or increase; to r. — v. i. To grow larger. [L. 2, to increase.] — Auglnent, n. ition ; increase. (Gr. Oram.) Chiefly of silica, magnesia and lime, and occurring in lavas, trap, basalt, etc.; pyroxene. [Gr — fr. auge, brightness.] Augment, awg-menf, v. t. To enlarge or increase; to swell; to make bigger. augmentare, fr. augere, Enlargement by addition A sign of past time: it is either a syllable prefixed to a word, or an increase of the quantity of the initial vowel. — Augmenfable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Augmentation, n. Act of, etc. ; state of being, etc. ; thing added. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice their origi- nal length. — Augmenfative, -tiv, a. Having the quality of, etc. ^ogur, aw'ger, n. (Rom. Antiq.) One who foretold future events by the actions of birds, or by other signs. One who pretends to foretell future events by omens; a soothsayer. — v. i. [auguked (-gerd), auguking (-ger-ingj).] To conjecture by signs or omens; to prognosticate. — v. t. To predict or fore- tell; to betoken. [L.; prob. a Tuscan word.] — Au r - gural, a. Pert, to, etc. — Au'gurate, v. i. and t. To augur. — Auguralion, n. Act or practice of, etc.— Augu'rial, a. Of or relating to, etc. — Au'- gurship, n. Office of, etc. — Au'gury, n. Foretell- ing of events, etc.; an omen; prediction. August, aw-gust', a. Creating extraordinary respect and veneration; grand; imposing; majestic. [L. augustus, f r. augere, to increase.] — August'ness, n. Au'guet, aw'gust, n. The eighth month of the year. [L., named in honor of Cassar Augustus.) — Augus'- tan, a. Pert, to Augustus or to his times. The Augustan age of any literature is the period of its highest state of purity and refinement. Augustine, aw-gustln, Auguatinlan, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of an order named from St. Agus- tine ; Austin friars ; White friars. — Au'gustinlan, n. One who follows St. Augustine in maintaining that grace is effectual from its nature, absolutely and morally, not relatively and gradually. Atrk, awk, n. A sea-bird of the Alca family, includ- ing the penguin and puffin. [Prov. E. alk, NL. alca.) Aulie. awlik, a. Pert, to a royal court. — n. The ceremony of con- ferring the degree of doctor of divinity. [Gr. aule, hall, court.] Aunt, ant, n. A father's or mother's sister. [OF. ante, L. amita.~\ Aura, aw'ra, n. ; pi. Avrje, aw're. Any subtile, invisible fluid, supposed to Sow from a body. [L., air.] — Au'ral, a. Pert, to the air, or to an aura. Aural, aw'ral, a. Be- longing to the ear. [L. n Wr One ea s r k!lIed A X ?fe Great A <*- W*» im P™™-> orders of the ear. — Aulicle, -rT-kl, n. (Anat.) The external ear: see Ear; one of two muscular sacs at the base of the heart, resembling the ex- ternal ear of some quadrupeds. A kind of ear- trumpet. [L. auricula, dim. of auris.] — Auric'- ula, n. A species of primrose ; the bear's ear. — Auric'ular, a. Pert, to the ear, or to the sense of hearing; told in the ear; secret; recognized by the ear; received or traditional. (Med.) Pert, to the auricles of the heart. — n. A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of a bird's ear ; the little finger. — AuriCulate, Au'riform, a. Ear-shaped. — Au'riscope, -skop, n. (Med.) An instrument for examining the Eustachian tube. — Auris'copy, n. Examination with, etc. [Gr. skopein, to view, ex- amine.] Aurated, aw'ra-ted, a. Resembling gold. [L. aura- tus.] — Aureola, aw-re'o-la, Aureole, awle-51, n. The circle of rays, with which painters surround the body of Christ, saints, etc. [L. aureolis, of gold, dim. of aureus, golden.] Auriferous, aw-rii-Sr-us, a. Yielding or producing gold. [L. aurum, _gpld, and/erre, to bear.] Aurin, Aurine, awlin, n. (Chem.) A red coloring matter produced by heating phenol with oxalic acid and strong sulphuric acid, — used as a dye-stuff. Aurochs, awloks, n. (Zobl.) The Bos urus, or bison, of Poland. [Gr.] Aurora, aw-ro'ra, n. The dawn of day; redness of thesky before sunrise; a species of crowf oot. — Au- ro'ra borealis. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, supposed to be of electrical origin; northern lights. — A. australis. Southern lights. — Auro'ral, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. [L., fr. aweahora, golden hour.] Auscultation, aws-kul-ta'shun, n. Act of listening. (Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, esp. in the thorax, by observing sounds, esp. by means of the stethoscope. [L. auscultatio, a listening.] — Ausculta'tor, -ter, ra. — Ausculta'tory. a. — Aus'cul- tate, -tat, v. t. (Med.) To examine by auscultation. Auspicate, aw'spY-kat, v. t. To give a favorable turn to in commencing. [L. auspicare, fr. auspex, a bird seer, diviner.] — Au'spice, -spis, n. ; pi. Au'spices, -spY-sez. Omen; augury; protection extended; fa- vor shown; patronage.— Aaspicial, -spish'al, a. Pert, to auspices. — Auspicious, -spish'us, a. Having omens of success or favorable appearances; lucky; propitious. — . Auspi'ciously, adv. Austere, aw-ster', a. Sour with astringency; severe in modes of judgment, living, or acting; rigid; harsh; rough; stern. [Gr. austeros. J— Austerely, adv. — Austere'ness, -sterity, -stSr'I-tt, n. Austral, aw'stral, a. Of or tending to the south ; southern. fL. auster, the south wind.] Australian ballot, aws-tralt-an-. (Law.) A system of voting, originally used in South Australia, in which the secrecy of the vote is compulsory and an official ballot is furnished by the government. Authentic, aw-then'tik, -tical, a. Of approved au- thority ; to be relied on ; true; certain; genuine. (Mus.) Having an immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, having a correspondent relation to the dominant below the tonic. [Gr. au- thentikos, fr. authentes, one who does by his own hand.] — Authen'tieally, adv. With marks of cred- Qu Auti ibility . — Authenticate, v.t. To establish by proof , to render authentic ; to prove to be genuine. — Authen'ticalion, n. — Authenticity, -tis'I-tY, n. "uality of being, etc. ;hor, aw'ther, n. The beginner, former, or first mover of any thing; the creator; one who writes a book. [L. auctor, fr. augere, to increase, produce.] — Au'thoress, n. A female author.— Authorship, n. State of being, etc.— Authoritative, -th5r'I-ta-tiv, a. Having authority, or an air of authority ; pos- itive. — Authoritatively, adv. — Authority, n. Legal or rightful power; dominion; persons exer- cising command — chiefly in the pi. ; influence of character, office, station, etc.; testimony; witness: the person who testifies; a precedent, decision of a court, official declaration ; a book, containing pre- cedents, etc. ; the name of its author. — Authoriza'- tion, ft. Establishment by authority. — Au'thorlae, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To clothe with author- ity, empower, legalize; to establish by authority; to give authority, credit, or support to. Auto, awlo. An abbrev. of automobile, used as a pre- fix with the meaning of self --moving, self-propelling ,' as, an autocar, an autotruck, etc. ; hence, an auto- mobile car, carriage, truck, etc. [Gr. autos, self.] Autobiography, aw'to-bi-ogla-ft, n. A memoir of a person written by himself. [G. autos, self, bios, life and graphein, to write." who writes, etc, or containing, Autochthon, aw-tolc'thon, n. one sprung f.„„ same soil he inhabits; an aboriginal or native; that which is original to a country. [Gr., from the land itself, fr. autos, self, and chthon, land.] — Autoch* thonlc, -tochlhonous, -nus, a. Indigenous ; abo- riginal; native. Autocrat, awlo-krat, n. An absolute sovereign; a title of emperors of Russia; one invested with inde- pendent power and unaccountable for his actions. [Gr. autos and kratos. strength.] — Autoc'racy,-sY, n. Independent or self-derived power ; uncontrolled right of governing in a single person; right of self- government in a state. — Autocratic, -ical v a. Auto-da-fe, aw-to-da-fa, n. ; pL Autos-da-fe, -toz-. Punishment of a heretic by burning, in conformity with a judgment of the Inquisition; the sentence then read. [Pg., act of faith.] Autograph, awlo-graf, n. One's own handwriting; an original manuscript. [Gr. autos and graphein, to write.] — Autographic, -IcaL, a. Pert, to, etc. Automaton, aw-tom'a-ton, n. ; pi. -atons; L.pl. -ata, -ta. A machine moved by interior machinery which &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; AUTONOMASY 35 AWE imitates actions of men or animals? any self-moving machine. [Gr. auios and maein, to strive after, move.] — Automatic, -ical. a. Pert, to, or performed by, an automaton; self-acting; esp. applied to machine- ry, in which movements commonly made by hand are made by the machine itsalf ; not depending on the will; acting involuntarily. Automobile, aw'to-mo'bU, a. Containing means of propulsion within itself; self-propelling; as, an auto- mobile torpedo; an automobile car. — n. An auto- mobile vehicle. [Gr. auios, self + L. momlis, mobile.] ATert, a-vgrt', v. t. To turn or cause to turn off, aside, or away. — v. i. To turn away. [L. ab, a, from, and vertere, to tura.l — Avert'er, n.— Averse, a-vers', a. Turned away; having a repugnance or opposi- tion of mind; disinclined; reluctant. — Averse'ly, adv. — Averse'ness, n. — Aversion, -ver'shun, n. Opposition or repugnance ; dislike ; contrariety of nature; cause of repugnance; disgust; antipathy. Aviary, a'vY-a-rY, n. An inclosure for keeping birds. [L. aviarium, fr. avis, a bird.] — A'vicuPture, -chur, Care of birds. [L. avis and cultura, culture.] Autonomy, aw-ton'o-mY, n. Power or right of self- Avidity, a-vid'Y-tY, n. An intense desire; strong ap- government; man's power, as possessed of reason, to j petite ; eagerness. [L. aviditas, fr. avidus, eager.] give law to himself. [Gr. autos and 7iomos, law.]— Avocation, av-o-ka'shun, n. Act of calling aside, or Auton'omist, n. An advocate of, etc Autoplaslry, aw-to-plas'tY, n. (Surg.) The artificial repairing of lesions by transplanting healthy flesh from a neighboring part. [Gr. autos and plassein, to mold, form.] — Autoplastic, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Autopsy, aw'tep-sT, n. Personal observation or ex- amination. (Med.) Post-mortem examination. [Gr. autos and opsis, sight.] Autotype, aw'to-tip, n. A photograph made by au- totypy. — Autotypy, -tot'i-pY or -to-ti'pY, n. A photographic method of making transcripts of pic- tures, Dy potassium bichromate as a chemical agent. [Gr. auios and tupos, an impression, image.] Autumn, aw'tum, n. The third season of the year; the season between summer and winter; fall. [L. autumnus, fr. augere, to increase, to furnish abun- dantlv.] — Autum'nal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Auxiliar, awg-zil'yar, -iliary, -ziFya-rY, a. Helping; as- sisting; aiding; subsidiary. [L. auxiharis, fr. augere, to increase.] — Auxiliary, n. A helper; an assist- ant; esp., in the pi. , foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. ( Gram.) A verb helping to form the moods and tenses of other verbs. (Math.) A quantitv introduced to facilitate some operation. Avail, a-val', v. t. [availed (-vald'), availing.] To profit; to assist; to promote. — v. i. To be of use; to answer the purpose. — n. Advantage; use; ben- efit; —pi., profits or proceeds. TL- ad and valere, to be strong, to be worth.] — Available, a. Capable of being used to advantage : profitable; able to ef- fect the object: valid. — Availably, adv. — AvaiTa- bU'ity, Avail'ableness, n. Avalanche, av-a-lunsh', n. A snow-slip; a mass of snow, ice, or earth sliding down a mountain. [F fr. L. ad, to, and vallis, .valley.] diverting; the business that ealls off. [Improperly used for vocation.] [L. avocatio, fr. ab, a, from, and vocare, to call.] Avocet, -cette, av'o-set, n. An aquatic bird. [P. avocette.] Avoid, a-void', v. t. To keep at a distance from ; to make void ; to annul or va- cate ; to shun. defeat or evade, J as a plea. — v. Lr^s (Law.) To be- = come void, va- cant, or empty. [OF. esveudier, rr. L. _ ex, out, and viduare, to empty.] — A- void'able, a. — Avoid'ance, n. Act of avoiding or of annulling; act of becoming, or state of being, va- cant. — Avoid' er, n. One who avoids: one who car- ries anything away, or a vessel in which things are carried away. — Avoidless, a. Unavoidable. Avoirdupois, av'er-du-poiz', n. or a. A weight in which a pound contains 16 ounces, or 7,000 Troy grains. [F. avoir dupoids, to have (a fixed) weight.] Avouch, a-voweh /r , v. t. [avouched (-vowchf), a- vouching.] To declare positively, maintain, sup- port. [OF. vocher, fr. L. vocare, to call.] — Avoucb/- Avocet. [avowed (-vowd"). avowing.] To declare openly; to own; to acknowledge; to < | able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Avoucb/er, n Avant-courier, a-voN'koo-re'r, v. One sent in advance | Avow, a-vow', v. t. [avowed (-vowd"). avowi to give notice of another's approach. [F., fr. avant, before, and courier, fr. courir, to run.] — Avant- guard, a-vant'gard, n. The van or advanced body of an army; vanguard. [F. avant and E. guard."} Avarice, av'a-ris, n. Excessive love of money or gain; cupidity ; greediness ; covetousness. [L. avaritia, fr.avere, to covet.] — Avari'cious, -rish'us, a. Act- uated bv avarice; parsimonious; miserly; niggardly. — Avari'ciously, adv. — Avari'ciousneeB, n. Avast, a-vasf, interj. (Naut.) Cease ; hold ; stop. [Corrupted fr. D. hand vast, holdfast.] Avatar, av-a-tar', n. An incarnation or metamor- phosis of a deity among the Hindoos. [Skr. ava- tara, descent.] Avaunt, a-vant, interj. Begone. [F. en avant, forward.] Ave-Mary, a've-ma'rY, n. A Latin praver to the Virgin Mary, beginning Ave Maria [Hail, Mary]. Avenaceous. av-e-na'shus. a. Relating to oats. [L. avena, oats.] — Av'enage, -ej, n. Rent paid in oats. Avenge, a-venj', v. t. [avenged (-venjd')., aven- ging.] To vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the wrong-doer; to revenge. [OF. avengier, fr. L. vin- dicare, to avenge.] — Avengier, n. Avenue, av'e-nu, n. An entrance; way; passage; an alley or walk, usually shaded by trees; a wide street. [F. ( fr. adventre, to come to.] Aver, a-ver', v. t. [averred (a-verd'), averring.] To declare positively : to asseverate, affirm, protest; avouch. [F. averer, fr. L. ad and verus, truth.] — Aver'ment, n. Act of averring; positive assertion; verification; establishment by evidence. (Lata.) Offer to justify or prove what is alleged. Average, av'Sr-ej, a. Medial ; containing a mean proportion; according to the laws of average. fess. (Law.) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. [F. avouer, fr. L. vovere, votwn, to vow.] — AvewaObile, a. — Avow'aL n. An open or frank declaration. — Avow'ediy. adv. Openly. —Avowee', re. An advowee; one who has the right to present to a benefice. — Avow'er, n. One who avows. — Avowt- ry, -rY, n. (Law.) Act of a distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Avulsion, a-rul'shun, n. A tearing asunder; a frag- ment torn off. (Law.) Sudden removal of land from one man's estate to another's by an inundation, current, etc. [L. a, ab, and vellere, vulsum, to pluck.] Avuncular, a-vun r ku-lar, a. Of or pert, to an uncle. [L. avunculus, uncle.] Await, a-waf, v. t. To wait or look out for ; to ex- peet; to be ready for. Awake, a-wak', v. t. [awoke, awaked (-waktO, awaking.] To arouse from sleep, or a state resemb- ling sleep; to put into action. — v.i. T© cease to sleep, etc. — a. Not sleeping; wakef ul._ [AS. prefix d and wacan, to wake.]— Awaken, awak'n, v.t.&L [-exed (-end), -ening.] To awake. [AS. awacnan.] — Awak'ener, n. Award, a-wawrd r , v. t. To give by judicial determina- tion; to assign by sentence; to adjudge. — v.i. To determine; to make an award.— n, A judgment, sentence, or final decision ; esp. decision of arbitra- tors; paper containing such decision. [OF. estcar- deir.~] — Award'er, n. One who awards ; a judge. . Aware, a-w^r', a. Watchful; vigilant; hence, ap- prised; cognizant. [AS. gewser.\ i Awash, a-wosh/, a. Washed by the waves or tide. A contribution to a general loss: a mean proportion; j Away, a-wa'. adv. Absent; at a distance; continu- medial quantity: a medial estimate or general state- ou sly. without intermission. — interj. Begone. [AS. ment from a comparison of specific eases ; duty j onweg, dwegJ] payable to shipmasters on goods. — v. t. [aver- Awe, aw, n. Profound fear with admiration or rever- aged (-ejd), -aging.] To reduce to a mean; to pro- j portion. — w. i. To be or form a medial sum or quantity. [LL. overturn.] ence; dread; veneration. •:.t. [AWED(awd), AW- ING.] To strike with etc. [AS. ege, oga, Goth, agis.] — Aw'ful, a. Striking, or filling with, etc.— Aw r - efin, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. AWEATHER 36 BACCALAUREATE fully, « ; . — Aw'fulnesB, n.— Awe'atruck, a. Im- pressed with awe. Aweather, a-wetib/er, adv. (JVaut.) On the weather side, or toward the wind; opp. to alee. Aweigh, a-wa', adv. (Naut.) Drawn out of the ground, and hanging; atrip, — said of the anchor. Awhile, a^whiK, adv. A space of time ; for some time; for a short time. Awkward, awk'werd, a. Wanting dexterity ; with- out skill: bundling; ungraceful; clumsy; uncouth. [ME. awl; auk. contrary, wrong, and term, -ward.] — Awfwaxdly, adv. — Awk'wardness, n. Awl, aWi, n. A pointed instrument for making small holes. [AS. set, alA Awn, awn, n. The bristle or beard of barlev, oats, grasses, etc. [Goth, ahana, chaff.] — Awn'less, a. Awning, awning, n. Acovering.fr. sun, rain, etc. [D. havenung, shelter, or Per. dwan, thing suspended.] Awoke'. See Awake. Awry, a-ri^, a. or adv. Turned or twisted toward one side ; asquint. [AS. writhan, to writhe, twist.] Ax, Axe, aks, n. An instrument for hewing timber, chopping wood, etc. [AS. eax, sex, Gr. axine.] Axial. See Axis. Axil, aks'il, Axilla, -ilia, n. The armpit. (Bot.) The angle between the upper side of a branch or leaf, and a stem or branch. [L. axilla.'] — Axlllar, Ax'illary, a. Pert, to the armpit. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, the axilla. Axiom, aks'i-um, n. A self-evident and necessary truth or proposition; an established principle; max- im; aphorism; adage. [Gr. axioma, fr. axios, worthy.] — Axiomatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or having the nature of, etc. — Axiomatlcally, adv._ Axis, aksls, n. j>L; Axes, aks'ez. The straight line on which a body revolves. (Anat.) The second vertebra of the neck; a tooth-like process, on its up- per surface, serving as a pivot on which the first vertebra turns. (Bot.) The central £m^\ part or column ot a plant, around which the other parts are disposed. A central or medial line between cor- responding parts. [L.] — Axial, -T-al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. — Axiferous, -us, a. (Bot.) Consisting of an axis, without leaves or other appendages. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Axle, aksl, n. T A shaft, rod. bar, or spindle forming the a - Axle - axis of a pulley, drum, or wheel. — Axletree, n. A transverse bar'connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage. — Ax'unge, -unj, n. Wheel-grease ; the firmest part of the fat of animals. (Phar.) Hog's lard prepared for medical use. [L. axunga, fr. axis and ungere, to grease.] Ay, Aye, aT, adv. Yes; yea; — a word expressing assent. — n. An affirmative vote; a voter in the affirmative. Ayah, a'ya, n. In India, a native nurse or waiting maid. (Sp. ana, governess.] Aye, a, adv. Always; continually. [AS. a, aa, Gr. aet.] Aye'-aye, afaf, n. (Zo'ol.) A nocturnal quadruped found i n Mada- gascar, so called from its cry. Azalea, a-zale-a, n. A genus of flower- ing plants. [Gr. azaleas, dry, the plant growing best in dry ground.] Azimuth, az'T- muth, n. An arc, of the horizon : tercepted between : the meridian of the place and a ver- tical circle passing through the cen- ter of any object. [Ar. as-samt, pi. as-sumut, a way or Aye-Aye. path.] —A. compass. A compass resembling the mar- iner's compass, but with a, more accurate graduation of the card, and vertical sights. — Magnetical A. An arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. — Azlmuthal, a. Azoic, a-zolk, a. Destitute of animal life. [Gr. a priv. and zoe, life.] — Azote, a-zof, n. (Chem.) A gas unfit for respiration; nitrogen. — Azotic, -zotlk, a. Pert, to; formed or consisting of, etc. — Az'otize, -tiz, v. t. [azotized (-tlzd), azotizing.] To impreg- nate with, etc.; to nitrogenize. — Azo'tous, -tus, a. Nitrous, as azotom acid. Azure, azh'er or a'zher, a. Of a sky-blue; cerulean. — n. The blue color of the sky ; the blue vault above. (Her.) Blue, represented in engraving by horizontal lines. [Per. laja,ward r blue.] — Az'urite, -It, n. (Min.) Blue carbonate ot copper. Azygous, az'I-gus, a. (Anat.) Without a fellow or corresponding part. [Gr. a priv. and zeugon, a yoke.] B, be. The 2d letter in the English alphabet ; a vocal labial consonant, the correlative of p. It is etymo- Jogically convertible with m, p, /, v, and w. (Mus.) The nominal of the 7th tone in the model major scale (scale of C major), or of the 2d tone in its rela- tive minor scale (scale of A minor). — B flat (Bb.) The tone or half step, or semitone lower than B. Baa, ba, n. Theory of sheep. — v. i. To cry or bleat, etc. Babbitt metal, ba.b'bit-mefal. An alloy of tin, cop- per, and antimony. [From the inventor.] Babble, bab'bl, v. i. [babbled (bab'bld), -bling.] To utter words imperfectly or unintelligibly ; to prate ; to chatter; to make a constant murmuring noise, as a stream running over rocks, —v. t. To prate; to utter. [Imit. of ba, ba, a child's first effort at speech, with freq. suffix -le; or freq. of blab.] — Bab'ble, Bab'blement, n. Idle talk; senseless prate; unmeaning words. — Bab'bler, n. An idle talker; a tell-tale. (Ornith.) A thrush-like bird, having chattering notes. Babe, bab, Baby, ba'bt, n. An infant; a doll. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, an infant. — v. t. [babied (ba'bid), babying.] To treat like a child. [W., Ga., and Ir., baban, W. mab, a son.] — Ba'byhood, -ho"6d, n. State of being, etc. — Ba'byish, a. Like, etc. ; childish. — Ba'by-farm, -farm, n. A place for boarding infants. farming, n. Business of keeping, etc. — house, -hows, n. A toy house for children's dolls, —-jumper, -iurap'Sr, n. An elastic suspensory support for a child. Babel, ba'bel, n. A confused combination of sounds; disorder. [Babel, where men's speech was con- founded.] Baboo, Babu, bamboo, n. A title of respect among the Hindoos. [Bengalee, prince, master.] Baboon, bab-oon / ', n. A large species of monkey. Baby. See under Babe. Babylonian, bab-Y-loliI-an, n. An inhabitant of Babylo- nia; an astrologer, — the Chaldeans having affected skill in astrology. — Babylo'- nian, -lo'nish, -Ionic, a. Pert, to, or made in, etc.; tu- multuous ; disorderly. — Bab'ylonite, -it, n. The cu- neiform character. Bac, Back, bak, n. (Brewing and Distilling.) A tub or ves- sel for cooling, straining, and mixing the wort, etc. A fer- ry-boat for carriages, cattle, i etc. [F. bac, ferry-boat, D. bak, tray, bowl.] Baccalaureate, bak-ka-law / '- re-at, n. The degree of bach- uaDOon. elor of arts. — a. Pert, to, etc. [WL.baccalaureus, bachelor of arts, f r. L. bacca lauri, bay berry, wreaths of which the bachelors wore.] —Baccalaureate ser- mon. A farewell discourse to a graduating class at college. am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Tee ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; BACCARA 37 BAIL Baccara, Baccarat, Dak-ka-ra'. n. Frencn card game. Baccate, bak'kat, a. (Bat.) Pulpy, like a berry. [L. baccatus, f r. bacca, berry.] — Bac'cated, a. Having many berries. — Bacciferoua, -sif 'er-us, a. Produ- cing berries. [L.ferre, to bear.] — Bac'ciform, -sl- form, a. Formed like, etc. -Bacchanal, bak'ka-nal, -nalian, -na'lT-an, n. A dev- otee of Bacchus; one prone to drunken revels. — «. Pert, to reveling in intemperate drinking. [L. Bac- chus, god of wine.] — Bac'chanals, -nalz, -nalia, -na'lT-a, n. pi. Feasts in honor of Bacchus; drunken revels. [L. Bacchanalia, the feast of Bacchus.] — Bacchant, -kanf, n.; L.pl. Bacchantes, -kan'tez. A priest of Bacchus; a bacchanal; a reveler. —Bac- chante, -kanf, n. A priestess of Bacchus ; a fe- male bacchanal. — Bac'chic, -kik, -chical, a. Pert, to, etc.; jovial with intoxication ; drunken. Bachelor, bacb/e-le'r, n. A man who has not married; one who has taken the first degree at a college or university; a young knight. [OF. bacheler, fr. LL. baccalanus, farm-servant, bacca. cow.] — Bachfe- ler's-bufton, -buftn, n. A herbaceous perennial plant. Bacillus, ba-siKliis, n. ; pi. Bacilli, -li. A variety of bacterium. [L. bacillum, little stick.] Back, bak, n. The upper or hinder part of an animal; part opp. to the front; the rear; outward or upward part of a thing, as opp. to the inner or lower part; part opp. or most remote; part out of sight. — a. In the rear ; remote. — adv. To the place whence one came; to or toward a former state, condition, etc.; away from the front ; again ; in return. — v. t. [backed (bakt), backing.] To get upon the back of; to support or strengthen by aid; to force back- ward; to furnish with a back. — v. i. To move or go back. [AS. base] — To back out, or b. down, to withdraw from an engagement.— To b. round, said of the wind when it shifts against the sun's course, indicating^ more bad weather. — To b. an anchor. (Naut.) To lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, to which it is fastened. — To b. astern. In rowing, to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual method. — To b. the oars, or back water. To row backward. — To b. the sails. To arrange them eo as to take out the wind, and cause the ship to move astern. — To b. up. To support or sustain. — Back'- er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports another. — Back'ing, n. Act of supporting and en- couraging ; act of breaking a horse to the saddle ; preparation of a book for its cover, in binding. — Backs, n. pi. (Leather Dealing.} Leather from the stoutest ox-hides. — Back'ward, -wards, adv. With the back in advance ; toward the back ; on the back, or with the back downward; toward or in past time; from a better to a worse state ; in a reverse manner or direction ; eontrarily. — Back'ward, a. Unwil- ling; averse ; dull of apprehension; late or behind- hand. — Back'wardly, adv. — Backwardness, n. Aversion ; reluctance. — Backwardation, n. A broker's term for the allowance made for carrying I over stocks to another day, instead of settling at once. — Back'bite, -bit, v. t. To speak evil of I in the absence of the persen traduced. — v. i. To reyile the absent. — Back'biter, n. — Back'bone, I -bon, n. The spine; firmness; spirit; grit. — door, j -d6r, n. A door at the back of a building or cham- ber ; a private passage ; indirect way. ground, n. Ground in the rear ; a place of obscurity or shade. (Art.) The part of a picture behind,and i subordinate to, the foreground. — handed, a. With | the hand turned backward ; indirect ; oblique. — adv. ' With the hand, etc. — house, n. A building behind ! a main building; a privy. — -log, n. A larare stick, forming the back of a fire. — piece, -pes, -plate, -plat, n. Armor covering the back, —-side, n. Hinder fart of any thing; the rear. — sight, -sit, rt. (Sum.) i The first reading of the leveling staff. — slide, -slid', j v. i. [backslid (-slYd), p. p. -slid'den, -slid ; -sliding (-slld'ing).] To iall back or off ; to apos- I tatize. — slid'er, n. One who, etc.: a renegade.— j -staff, n. An instrument for taking the altitude of I heavenly bodies. — -stairs, -starz, n. pi. Stairs at the back of the house; a private or indirect way. — -stair, a. Indirect: illegitimate; undue. stays, -staz, n. pi. (Naut.) Ropes from the top-mast heads to both sides of a ship, to support the mast. — -stream, n. A current flowing up-stream. — sword, -sord, n. A sword with one sharp edge. — water, I -waw-ter, n. Water held back, as in a stream, by | some obstruction : water thrown back by the turn- j ing of a water-wheel, etc. — woods, -w<56dz. u. pi. \ Indian Badger. | Forests or partly cleared ground on the frontier* of ! a newly settled country. — woods'' man, n. An in- l habitant of, etc. Backgammon, bak-gam'mon, n. A game plaved by two persons, upon a tray, with checkers and dice.— ! v. t. To defeat one's opponent, before he has moved his counters from the first quarter of the board. [Prob. Dan. bakke, a tray, and gammen, game.] Backshish, -sheesh, bak'shesh, n. In Eastern coun- tries, a present or gratuity. [Pers. bakhshish, fr. bakhshidan, to give.] Bacon, ba'kn, n. Hog's flesh salted or pickled and smoked. [OF.; OD. bak, pig.] Baconian, ba-ko'nT-an, a. Pert, to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy. Bacterium, bak-te'rT-um, n. ; pi. Bacteria, -a. (Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the Algffi, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria multiply very rapidly. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others apoear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. [Gr. bakterion. a staff.] — Bacteriology, -ol'o-jT, n. The science relating to bacteria- Bad, bad, a. [comp. worse (wers), superL worst, (werst).J Wanting good qualities ; evil ; vicious. [Prob. fr. Celtic] — Bad'dish, a. Somewhat bad. — Badly, adv. — Bad'ness, n. Bad, Bade. See Bid. Badge, baj, n. A distinctive mark worn on the person. [OS. bag, bog, a ring, LL. baga, ring, ornament.] Badger, baj'er, n. A burrowing quadruped akin to the bear.— v. t. [badgered (baj'erd), -er- ing.] To follow up, as the badger is hunted; to pester or worry. [OF. bageard.] Badigeon, ba-drj'un or -dizh'un, n. A mixture of plaster and freestone, to fill holes in statues; or of sawdust and glue, to fill defects in joiner's work; a kind of cement. [F.] Badinage, bad-e-nazh', n. Light or playful discourse. [F., fr. badiner, to joke.] Baffle, baf'fl, v. t. [baffled (-fid), -fling.] To treat with mockery; to check by shifts and turns ; to balk ; to frustrate, elude, foil. [Scot, bauchle, bachle, fr. Ic. bagr, a struggle.] — Baffler, n. Bag, n. A sack or pouch, to hold or convey any thing. — v. t. [bagged (bagd), bagging.] To put into a bag; to seize or entrap.— v. i. To swell like a full bag. [AS. bselg, Gothic balgs, Ga. baig, bag, pouch.] — Bag'ging. n. Cloth or materials for bags. — Bag'gy, -gl, a. Bulged out, like a bag. — Bag'- man, n. One who carries a bag; a commercial trav- eler. — -pipe, n. A Scot- . tish musical instrument, consisting of a leathern bag, and of pipes, into which air is pressed by the performer. — -pi'per, n. One who plays on, etc. — wig, n. A kind of wig worn in _ the 18th century. ba-gas', n. Su- gr,. : ,~: trifle; thing of no importance; a game played with balls on a board having holes at one end. [F., fr. It. bagatella, a trifle.] Baggage, bag'ej, n. The tents, clothing, utensils, etc., of an army; trunks, bags, etc., for travelers; lug- gage. [F. bagage, fr. OF. bague, bundle.] — n. A strumpet; a playful, saucy young woman. [F. ba- gasse, It. bagascia, a worthless woman.] — Bag'- gage-mas'ter, n. One in charge of pa^ieagers' bag- gage on railroads, boats, etc. Bagging. See under Bag. Bagnio, ban'yo, n. A bath-house; a brothel. [It., fr. Jj.balnewn. bath.] Bah, ba, interj. An exclamation of disj-ist »r con- tempt; pah. Bail, bal, r. t. [bailed (bald), bailing.] , -izing.] To make or prove to be, etc. — Bas - ' tardy, -tf'-dT, n. State of being, etc.; illegitimacy. Baste, bast, v. t. To beat; to cudgel; to sprinkle sun, cube, full ; moon, fottt ; cow, oil ; linger ©?• ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. BASTILE 42 BE flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. Tic. beysta, to beat.] Bastile, bas-teK, n. Orig., a wooden tower used in warfare ; any tower or fortification ; esp. an old fortification in Paris, used as a state prison, but de- molished in 1789. [OF. bastille, f r. bastir, to build.] Bastinade, bas-tY-nad', -nado, -na'do, n. A beating or cudgeling; esp. the Chinese and Turkish punish- ment of beating on the soles of the feet. — v. t. To beat with a cudgel, esp. on the soles of the feet. fSp., bastonada, fr. baston, baton, stick.] Bastion, basfyun, n. (Fort.) A projecting part of the main inclosure, consisting of faces and the flanks. [F., fr. It. bastione, fr. bastire, to build.] Basyle, bas'il, n. (Chein.) An elec- tro-positive ingredient of a com- pound. [Gr. basis, base, and huh, wood.] Bat, bat, n. A club, used in playing ■* ball; a sheet of cotton prepared for filling quilts; a piece of a brick. — v. i. To manage a bat, or play with one. [Ir. and Ga. bat, cudgel.] — Bat 'let, n. A small bat for beating washed linen. — Bats'man, Bat'ter, Bat'ster, n. The player holding the bat. Bat, n. A winged mammal hav- ing a body like a mouse. [ME. and Dan. bakke ; Ic. blaka, to flutter, flap.] — Bat'fowl'ing, n. A mode of catching birds at night by torch-light. — Baf a'-wing, n. A gas-burner having a flame shaped like, etc. Bat - Batch, bach, n. The quantity of bread baked at one time; any business dispatched at once; any quantity of things so united as to have like qualities. [ME. bacche, a baking, fr. AS. bacan, to bake.] Bate, bSt, v. t. To lessen; to abate; .to allow by way of deduction. [Fr. abate.} — Ba'ting, p. pr. used as prep. With the exception of; excepting. Bateau, bat-o', n.;pl. Bateaux, bat-5z'. Alight boat. [F.j AS. bat.] — Bateau bridge. A floating bridge supported by bateaux. Bath, bath, n. ; pi. Baths, bathz. A place to bathe in; act of exposing the body to water or vapor. (Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, through which heat is applied to a body. [AS. bseth.] — AHebrew measure. — Bath/ -brick, n. A brick made of calcareous earth for cleaning metal. — Bathe, bathe, v.t. [bathed (barhd), bathing.] To wash by immersion; to mois- ten with a liquid, — v. i. To be, or lie, in a bath; to immerse. — n. A bath. — Batb/er, n. — Batb/ing-tub, n. A vessel for bathing. Bathos, ba'thos, n. (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean. [Gr., depth.] Bating. See under Bate. Baton, ba-toN', Batoon, ba-toon', n. A staff or trun- cheon. (Her.) A bar on an escutcheon, denoting bastardy. [F. baton.'] Batrachian, ba-tra'kt-an, a. Pert, to animals of the frog tribe. [Gr. batrachos, frog.] Battalia, Battalion, Battel. See under Battle. Batten, bat'n, v. t. [battened (-tend), -tening.] To fatten; to fertilize, as land. — v. i. To grow fat, live in luxury. [Ic. batna, to grow better; Goth. gabatndn, to profit.] — n. A narrow pieoe of board, or scantling; the movable bar of a loom. — v. t. To fasten with battens. [F. baton, stick. J — Bat'tening, n. Batten* fixed to walls for nailing laths to. Batter, bat'ter, w. t. [battered (-terd), -tering.] To beat repeatedly and with violence ; esp. to attack with artillery; to wear with beating or hy use. — n. (Cookery.) A mixture of several ingredients, beaten up with some liquid. [F. battre, fr. L. batere, bat- uere, to beat.] — Bat'terer, n. — Bat'tering-ram. n. (MiL) An engine formerly used to beat down the walls of besieged places ; a blacksmith's haminer, suspended, and worked horizontally. — Bat'tery, -ter-T, n. Act of battering. (Mil.) Any place where cannon are mounted; a body of cannon taken col- lectively. (Elec.) A number of coated jars, con- nected, to be charged and discharged simultane- ously. ( Gatv . ) An apparatus for generating galvanic electricity. (Law.) Unlawful beating of another. Batter, Batster. See under Bat. Batting, baf ting a. Cotton or wool in sheets; bat. Battle, bat'tl, n. A fight between enemies or oppos- ing forces; combat; « (bat'ld), BATTLING.] oataille, a fight, also, a battalion, f r. L>. batalia, i oetween enemies or oupus- agagement.— v. i. [battled To contend in fight. [OF. >attalion, f r. L. batalia, f r. ba- tere for batuere, to beat.] — Bat'tle array, -ar-ra'. Order of battle. — -ax, -axe, n. (Mil.) A kind of ax formerly used as a weapon. — field, n. The place where a battle is fought. — A drawn battle. One in whieh neither party gains a victory. — A pitched b. One in which the armies have been drawn up in form.— Battalia, -tSl'ya, n. Disposition of troops, brigades, regiments, battalions, etc., as for action. [L.J — Battalion, -tSl'yun, n. A body of infantry, containing several companies, and less than a regi- ment. [FT bataillon, fr. It. battaglione.] — Battel, bat'tl, n. (Law.) A species of trial in which one accused of felony fought with his accuser, to prove his guilt or innocence. Battle-door, bat'tl-dor. n. An instrument with a handle and flat board, used to strike a shuttle-cock. [Corrupt, fr. Sp. batidor or Provencal batedor, a bat for beating clothes in washing.] Battlement, bat'tl-ment, n. (Arch.) An indented parapet, orig. used on fortifications. [OF. bas- tiUement, fr. bastiller, to fortify, fr. bastir, to build.] Battue, bat' tod, n. Act of beating woods, etc., for game ; the game itself. [F., f r. battre, to beat.] Baubee, Bawbee, baw-be', n. A half-penny. [Scotch corrup. of F. bas-billon. Battlement, base bullion or coin.] Bauble, Bawble, baw'bl, n. A trifling piece of finery; a gew-gaw. — A fool's bauble. A short stick with a head and ass's ears carved on it. [F. babiole, It. bab- bola, a child's toy; LL. babulus, foolish.] Bauxite, Beauxite, bsk'slt, n. (Jfin.) A ferruginous hydrate of alumina, used in preparing aluminium and alumina, and for lining furnaces exposed to in- tense heat. Bawd, bawd, n. One who keeps a brothel, and con- ducts criminal intrigues. — v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. [OF. baud, bald, gay, wanton, OHG. bald, bold.] — Bawd'ily, adv. Obscenely; lewdly.— Bawd'iness, n. — Bawd'ry, -ri, n. Prac- tice of procuring women, etc.; obscenity; illicit in- tercourse. — Bawd'y, a. Obseene; filthy; unchaste. — Bawd'y-heuse, n. A house of prostitution. Bawl, bawl, v. i. [bawled (bawld), bawling.] To cry with vehemence. — v. t. To proclaim by outcry. — n. A loud, prolonged cry. [Ic. baula, to low, to bellow, Sw. bala.] — Bawl'er, n. Bay, ba, a. Red or reddish, inclining to a chestnut color. [OF. bat, L. badius.] — Bay'ard, -ard, n. A horse of a bay color; any horse. Bay, ba, n. An inlet of the sea. (Arch.) A division in the arrangement of a building ; an inclosed place in a barn, for hay. [F. baie, L. baia, inlet, harbor.] — Bay'win'dow, n. (Arch.) A projecting window, forming a bay or recess; bow-window.— Bay'salt, n. Salt obtained from sea-water. Bay, ba, n. The laurel tree ; pi., an honorary crown, anciently made of laurel tranches. [F. baie, L. bacca, a berry.] — Bayberry, -ber-ri, n. The fruit of the laurel tree; the wax-myrtle, or its fruit. — -rum, -water, n. Fragrant liquor distilled from bay leaves. — tree, n. A species of laurel. Bay, ba, n. Act of facing an antagonist when escape is impossible, —v. i. To bark, as a dog, at his game. — v. t. To bark at. [F. abbayer, f r. L. ad and bau- bari, to yelp.] Bayonet, ba^o-net, n. (Mil.) A dagger fitted upon the muzzle of a gun. — v. t. To stab with, or drive by, etc. [Fr. Bayonne, France, where they were made.] Bayou, bl'oo, n. The outlet of a lake; a channel for water. [F. boyi ' n, b« gut. bowel, a-zar'.n. In the J Bazaar, Bazar, ba-zar', n. In the East, a market-place, or assemblage of shops; a hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods. [Per. bazar.] Bdellium, deryum, n. A resinous exudation from an Oriental tree. [Gr. bdelKon, Heb. b'dolakh.] Be-, prefix, has sometimes an intensive force, as be- sprinkle. Prefixed to nouns or adjectives, it often has the meaning to make, and transforms them into verbs : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, to make a fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of by, as beside. For words beginning with Be- not found in this vocabulary, see the original word : thus, for Bedaub, Bedim, etc., see Daub, Dim, etc. Be, v. i. and auxiliary, [imp. was ; p. p. been ; p. pr. and vb. n. being.] To exist logically, or actually; \m. fame. far. pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, tSrui ; tn. Ice ; 8dd. tone, 6r ; BEACH 43 BEAU to exist in some particular state or relation; to pass from one state to another ; to become. [AS. beon, "W. bod, L. fore, Gr. phuein, Skr. bhu, to be.] —Ber- ing, n. Existence, state, condition; anything ex- isting. — Let be. To let alone, leave untouched. — Be it so. Suppose it to be so; let it be so. Beach, been, n. A sandy or pebbly shore; strand. — v. t. To run upon a beach. fSw. backe, Dan. bakke, rising ground, Ic. bakki, a riage.] Beacon, De'kn, n. A fire to signal an enemy's ap- proach. (Naut.) A signal or mark near the shore, or in shoal water, to guide mariners. That which warns of danger. — v. U [beaconed (be'knd), -coning.] To give light to, as a beacon. [AS. beacen.'] — Bea'conage, n. Money paid to maintain, etc. Bead, bid, «. A little ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament, or for counting prayers, etc. ; any small globular body. — v.t. To ornament with beads. [ME. bede, bead, AS. bed, prayer, fr, bidden, to pray.]— Bead'ing, n. {Arch.) A molding in imitation of beads. A preparation to make liquor hang in drops on the surface of a glass vessel. — Bead'-proef, a. So strong that, when shaken, bub- bles will remain on the surface, — said of spirituous liquors. — Bead'y, a. Resembling beads ; small, round, and glistening. — Bead' -roll, -rol, n. (Bom. Cath. Church.) A list of those for whom prayers are to be counted off on beads; a catalogue in gen- eral. — Beadsman, bedz'man, n. ; pi. Beadsmen. One employed in praying, who drops a bead at each prayer. — Bead'house, Bede 'house, n. A home for poor persons, who must pray for the soul of the founder; an alms-house. Beadle, be'dl, n. A messenger or crier of a court; an officer in a university, who precedes processions ; an inferior parish officer. [OF. bedel, MHG. biitel, a beadle ; s. rt. AS. hew Ian, to bid, proclaim.] — Bea'dle-sbip, n. Office of. etc. Beagle, be'gl, n. A small hound, used in hunting hares. [E.] Beak, bek, n. The bill or nib of a bird, turtle, etc. ; anything pointed or projecting like a beak. [F. bee, L.L. beccusj Armor, bek, a beak, Ga. beic, W. pig.] — Beaked, _bekt, a. Having, or formed like, etc. Beaker, bek'Sr, n. A large drinking-cup or vessel. [OS. bikeri; LL. bicarium, fr. Gr. bikos, a wine jar.] Beam, bem, n. Any large, long piece of timber; a main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, etc.; the part of a balance, from which the scales hang; pole of a carriage; shank of an anchor; a collection of parallel _rays from a luminous body. — v. t. [beamed (bemd), beaming.] To send forth; to emit. — v. i. To emit rays of light; to shine. [AS. beam, tree, ray of light, OHG. paum, a tree.] — Beam'y, a. Emitting rays of light ; radiant ; resembling a beam in size and weight; massy. — Beam'less, a. — Beam'bird, n. The spotted fly-catcher. engine, -en'jin, n. A steam-engine transmitting power by a working Learn. See Steam-engine. Bean, ben, n. A leguminous plant, and its seed. [AS.] — Bean'-fly, n. A fly found on bean flowers. — goose, n. A migratory goose, feeding on beans. Bear, bar, v. t. [imp. bore (formerly bare); p.p. born, borne; p. pr. & vb. n. bearing.] To support or sustain, convey; to possess and use; to carry, wear; to entertain ; to endure, tolerate, suffer; to be an- swerable for; to oarry on, or maintain ; to admit or be capable of ; to behave, act ; to supply with ; to bring forth, give birth to. — v. i. To produce, be fruitful; to press; to take effect; to be situated, with respect to something else; to relate or Fefer to. [AS. beran, Goth, bairan, L./erre, Gr.pherein, Skr. bhri.]—To bear away, or up. (Naut.) To change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. — To b. back. To retreat. — To b. down upon. (Naut.) To drive or tend to.— To b. off. (Naut.) To steer away from land or another vessel. — Tob.up. To stand firm. — To h. upon. To aet or be in position to act, upon. — To b. with. To endure ; to be indulgent C./. — To b. ahand. (Naut.) To assist; to make haste, be quick.— To b. date. To be dated.— To b. down. To overwhelm or crush by force. — Tob. out. To maintain and support to the end— To b. through. To conduct or manage. — Bear'able, a. Endurable. — Bear'er, ». One who. or that which, etc.; one who assists in carrying a body to the grave. (Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, etc., for the payment of money. — Bearding, n. Manner in which one bears himself; deportment; situation of an object, with respect to another object; relation; influence; tendency; act of giving birth. (Arch.) Span of a beam, rafter, etc. (Her.) An emblem or charge in an escutcheon. (Mach.) The part in contact with which a journal moves; part of a shaft or axle in contact with supports. Bear, bar, n. A quadruped of the genus Ursua ; a brutal, roughly-behaved per- son. (Stock Exchange.) One who contracts to' deliver, at some future time, stocks which he does not own, and therefore seeks to pull down their value, — opp. to a bull, who con- tracts to take stocks, and seeks to raise their value. (Astron.) One Ttlar>V Rear of two constellations BIac * tieaT ' in the northern hemisphere, the Greater and Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. — v. t. [beared (bard), bearing.] To depress the value of (stocks) ; to depreciate by alarming rumors. [AS. and Ic. bera, Skr. bhalla, a bear.] — Bear'ish, a. Rude ; violent. — Bear'bait'ing, -bafing, n. The sport of causing bears to fight with dogs. — garden, n. A place where bears are kept lor sport; a turbu- lent assembly. skin, n. The skin of a bear; a coarse, shaggy cloth. — ward, n. A keeper of bears. — Bear's'-foot, n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore. — -grease, n. The fat of a bear, used in pomatum. Beard, berd, «. The hair on the chin and adjacent parts of the face ; the long hairs on a plant ; the awn. — v. t. To seize or pull by the beard ; to set at defiance. [AS.] — Beard'ed, a. — Beardless, a. Beast, best, n. A four-footed animal; a brute; a de- graded or brutal man. [OF. beste, F. bete, L. bestia.] — Beastliness, n. State or quality of being beastly; brutality; filthiness. — Beast'ly, -IT, Bestial, besf- yal, a. Pert, to, having the form or nature of, or re- sembling, a beast ; filthy ; carnal ; depraved. — Beast'liness, ». — Bestiality, -yal'I-tT, n. Brutism; beastliness; unnatural connection with a beast. — Bes'tialize, v. t. To make bestial. — Bes'tiaily, adv. Beat, bet, v. t. [beat; beatotbeaten; beating.] To strike repeatedly, pound, maul, f'.rub ; to break or form by beating; to scour or range over; to overcome in contest, conquer, vanquish ; to indicate by beat- ing a drum. — v.t. To strike repeatedly; to throb, pulsate; to come or ac* with violence; to be in agita- tion or doubt. (Nam.) To sail against the direc- tion of the wind. — To beat about. To try to find. — To b. up for. To go about to enlist men for the ar- my. — To be b. out. To be extremely fatigued.— To b. time. To measure or regulate time in music by motion of hand or foot.— To b. up. To attack suddenly. — Beat, n. A stroke ; blow ; a recurring stroke; pulsation. (Mm.) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating time; a transient grace- tone, struck immediately before the one it orna- ments. A course frequently gone over; a place of habitual resort. — a. Weary; tired; fatigued. [AS. beatan, to beat.] — Beat'ing, n. Act of giving blows; Eunishment by blows; pulsation; throbbing. (Naut.) ailing against the wind by tacks. — Beaten, bet'n, p. a. Smoothed by beating; worn by use. — Beat'er, n. One who, etc.; an instrument for pounding. Beatify, be-at'T-fi, v. t. [beatified (-fid), -fying.] To pronounce or regard as happy. (Bom. Cath. Church.) To declare that one is received into heaven. [Li. beatus, happy, and facere, factum, to make.] — Beatific, -a-til'ik, -tif'ical, a. Imparting or complet- ing blissful enjoyment. — Beatifically, adv.— Beat'- ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Rom. Cath. Church.) An act of the pope declaring a person beatified after death. — Beat'itude, -tad, n. Felicity of the highest kind; pi. the declarations of blessedness made by our Savior in regard to particular virtues. Beau, bo, n. ; pi. F. Beaux, E. Beaus, boz. A man of dress; ada,ndy; a fine, gay man; a ladv's attendant or suitor. [F. beau, bel, fern, belle, firfe. "beautiful, fr. L. bellus, f r. bonus, benus, jjood. ] — Beau'ish, a. Like a beau; foppish. — Beau'jolais, -zho-la, n. A light red Burgundy wine. — Beau ideal, -i-de'al. A conception of perfect or consummate beauty. [F., beautiful ideal.] — Beau monde, -moNd^. The f ash- ionable world. [F., fine world.] — Bel-esprit, bel'es- pre', n. ; pi. Beaux-esprits, genius; a man of wit. [F.] lady, beautiful and admired. o-zes-prf. A fine Belle, bel, w. A young Belles-lettres, bet- let'tSr, n. pi. Polite or elegant literature, esp. poet- ry and rhetoric. [F.] son, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiaen, dondon, chair, get. BEAUTY 44 BEG Beauty, bu'tl, n. An assemblage of graces or pleas- ing qualities; a particular grace, feature, excellence, etc.; a beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. [F. beaute", fr. beau.) — Beau'teous, -tl-us, a. Verv handsome ; beautiful. — Beau'teously, adv. — Beau'- teousness, n. — Beau'tiful, -tt-ftil, a. Handsome; pretty. — Beau'tifully, adv. — Beau'tifulness, n. — Beau'tify, v. t. [beautified (-fid), -fying.] To make beautiful; to adorn; ornament; embellish.— v. L To become beautiful. — Beau'tifier, -fi-er, n. One who, or that which, etc.— Beau'ty spot. A patch or spot placed on the face to heighten beauty. Beaver, be^vSr, n. An amphibious, rodent quadru- ped; its fur; a hat made of the fur ; a cloth, some- times felted, for making overcoats, hats, etc. [AS. bcfer.~] — Part of a helmet which the wearer could raise or lower to eat and drink. [F. baviere, a child's bib, fr.baier, to slaver.] Bebeerine, Bebirine, Bibirine, be-be'rin, n. ( Chem.) An alkaloid from the bark of the bebeeru, bibiru, or green-heart tree of Guiana; it is tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is a substitute for quinine. Becalm, Bechance, Becharm, etc. See Be-, prefix. Became. See Become. Because, be-kawz', conj. By or for the cause that; for the reason that. [By and cause.] BechedeMer, bash'de-ma.r'Vn. The sea-slug; trepang, a Chinese culinary delicacy. [F., lit. a seaspade.J Beck, bek, re. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand. — v. i. To make a nod or sign. — v. t. To notify or call by, etc.; to intimate a command to. [AS. beacnian, to signify by a sign, fr. beacen, a sign.] — Beckon, bek'n, v. i. [beckoned (bek'- nd), -oning.] To make a sign by nodding, etc. — v. t. To make a significant sign to; to summon. Becket, bek'et, n. (Kaut.) A hook,loopof rope, etc., to confine ropes, spars, etc. A spade to dig turf. Become, be-kum', v. i. [imp. became; p. p. become; becoming.] To pass from one condition to another; to enter into some new state. — v.t. To suit or be suitable to ? be congruous with, befit. [AS. becu- man, to arrive, befall, fr. 6e-and cuman, to come.] — Becom'ing, a. Appropriate or fit; graceful; be- fitting. — Becom'ingly,«c/v. — Becom'ingness, re. Becquerel rays, bek-ker-el'. An invisible radiation from the salts of uranium and a few similar sub- stances, capable of producing photographic effects. Bed, re. Something to sleep or rest in or on; matrimo- nial connection ; marriage ; a plat of ground in a garden; bottom of a body of water. (Geol.) A layer, seam, or stratum. Place on which anything rests. — i'. t. To place in a bed; to plant and inclose or cover: to put m a place of rest and security. — v. i. To go to bed ; cohabit. [AS. bed, bedd, Goth. Inidi, Ic. bethr, G. bett, a bed.] — Bed'ding, re. Ma- terials for a bed, for man or beast. {Geol.) Posi- tion of layers, etc. — Bed'rid, -ridden, -rid-n. a. Con- fined to the bed by age or infirmity. — Bed'bug, n, An ©ffensive bug, infesting beds. — chair, re. An adjustable support for the sick in bed. — chamber, n. A room for, etc. — clothes, -clothz, n. Sheets, blankets, etc., for, etc. — fellow, re. One who sleeps with another. — pan, re. A warming pan ; a neces- sary utensil for the bedridden. piece, -plate, re. (Mack.) The foundation-framing or block ; base- plate; sole-plate. quilt, -kwilt, re. A quilted cov- ering for, etc. — Tite, re. Privilege of the marriage- bed. room, re. An apartment for, etc. — side, n. Side of, etc. — sore, n. (Med.) An ulceration, esp. on the back and hips, caused by long lying in bed. — stead, -sted, n. Frame for supporting, etc. — -tick, n. A cloth cas«, to inclose the materials of. etc. — time, n. Hour for going to bed. — To be brought to b. To be confined in childbirth. — To make the b. To put it in order. — From b. and board. (Law.) Separation by partial divorce, without dis- solving the bands of matrimony. Bedevil, be-dev'l, v. t. To throw into utter confusion, as if by evil spirits. Bedlam, bed'lam, re. A madhouse ; scene of uproar. — adj. Pert, to, or fit for, etc. [Corrup. fr. Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, in London, afterwards an insane asylum.] — Bedlamite, -it, re. A madman. Bedouin, bed'ob-en, n. One of the nomad Arab tribes of Arabia and Africa. [F., f r. Ar. badw, wandering.] Bee, be, re. (Entom.) A four-winged insect that makes wax and honey; an assemblage to labor for others. [Amer.) pi. (Naut.) Pieces of plank bolted to the outer end of the bowsprit. [AS. bed, bi, Ic. bff, OHG. pia, Skr. bha.\ — Bee'-bread, -bred, re. A brown, bitter substance, the pollen of flowers, col- lected by bees, as food for their young. — eater, -St' er, re. A bird that feeds on bees. — -glue, -glu, n. The soft, unctuous mat- ter which cements the combs and closes up the cells of bees; propolis. — -hive, re.. The case or box in which domestic bees dwell and store honey, --line, re. The shortest Working Bee. line from point to point, as the bee flies. — master n. One who keeps bees. — moth, 're. A moth whose eggs produce larvas mischievous in beehives.— Bees'"- wax, re. The wax which bees secrete and build cells from. — wing, re. The second crust formed in wine, esp. port, after long keeping. Beech, been, re. A tree of the genus Fagus. [AS. boc, bece, Ic. and Sw. boh, D. beutc, G. buche ; T,. fagus.]— Beechen, bech'n, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, the wood or bark of, etc. — Beech/mast, re. The nuts of, etc. — oil, re. An oil expressed from the mast. 1, neek; 2, shaking-piece; I 10, round; 11, leg: 12, 3, chine; 4, ribs ; 5, clod; foot ; 13, udder ; 14, shin; 6, brisket ; 7, flank ; 8, 15, cheek, loin, sirloin ; 9, rump ; I Beef, bef, re. An animal of the genus Bos, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full-grown state; the flesh of bovine animals, when killed. — a. Pert, to, or consisting of the flesh of, etc. — Beeves, bevz, n. pi., when the animals are meant. [F. bozuf, ox, beef (flesh), L. bos, bovis^ ox, Gr. bous, Sp. buey. Pg. boy, boi.] — Beef -eater, -et-er, re. One who eats beet; a large, well-fed person; a yeoman of tfie guard, in Eng.; a South African bird, that feeds on maggots hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. — Beefsteak, -stak, re. A slice of beef for broiling. Been. See Be. Beer, ber, re. Fermented liquor made from malted grain, with hops and other bitter flavoring matters; a fermented extract of the roots, etc., of spruce, gin- fer, sassafras, etc. [AS. beor, Ic. bior, D. & G. ier.] — Beery, ber'T, a. Of, or resembling, etc. ; affected by, etc. Beet, bet, n. A plant having a succulent root used for food and for making sugar. [AS. bete, L. beta.] Beetle, be'tl, re. a heavy mallet or wooden hammer. [AS. bytel, fr. beatan, to beat.] (Zo'61.) A coleop- terous insect having four wings, the outer pair be- ing stiff cases to cover the others when folded. [AS. bitel, betel, fr. bitan, to bite.] A machine to produce figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. — v. t. To produce ornamental figures on. — v. i. To hang or extend out; to jut. — Bee'tle-browed, -browd, a. Having prominent brows. headed, -hed-ed, a. Having a head like a beetle; dull, stupid. Befall, be-fawK, v. t. [imp. befell; p. p. -fallen; -falling.] To happen to, occur to. — v. i. To come to pass, happen. [AS. befeallen.'] Befogged, be-fogd', a. Involved in a fog; having the senses obscured, or the judgment confused or un- duly influenced. Before, be-f or /r , prep. In front of; preceding in space, der, right, etc.; in presence or sight of; facing; in the power of. — adv. On the fore time, dignity, ore r. art; in front; in time preceding; already. [AS. foran, fr. be- and foran, fore, before.] — Before''- n-and, adv. In a state of anticipation; by way of preparation or preliminary. — a. In comfortable financial circumstances; forehanded.— -time, adv. Of old time; formerly. Beg, beg or ba, n. An Oriental governor of a town, city, or district ; a bey. [Turk, beg, pron. bay.} £m, fame, far, pass or opera, fi'ire ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee : Olid, tone, o> ; BEG 45 BELLY Beg. beg, v. t. [begged (begd), begging.] To ask earnestly, with humility or in charity; to entreat, implore; to take for granted. — v. i. To ask alms or charity ; to practice begging. [AS. bedecian, G. betteln.~\ — Beggar, beg'ggr, ». One who, etc.; one who lives by pegging, a mendicant. — v. t. [beg- gared (-gSrd), -gari.ng.] To reduce to beggary, impoverish, exhaust. — Beg'garly, -IT, a. Extremely indigent; mean; poor. — Beg'garliness, n. — Beg '- gary, n. — A state of extreme poverty. Beget, be-get', v. i. [begot or begat ; begot or be- gotten ; begettixc] To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate, produce. [AS. begitun, to acquire, fr. be- and gitan, to get.] — Beget'ter, n. Begin, be-gin', v. i. [imp. began ; p. p. begun ; be- ginning.] To have an original or first existence; to take rise, commence; to do the first act, take the first step. — v. t. To enter on, commence. [AS.on- ginnan, beginnan, ir.ginnan, to begin.] — Begin'' ner, n. One who, etc. ; esp. an inexperienced practitioner; a tvro. — Beginning, n. The first cause; origin; that wliich is first; commencement; the rudiments, first ground, or materials. Begone, be-gon', inter}. Go away; depart. Begonia, be-go'nT-a, n. A genus of ornamental plants with one-sided leaves, often brightly colored. [Fr. Michel Began,.] Beguile, be-gil', v. t. [beguiled (-gild'), beguiling.] To delude by artifice, impose on ; to cause to pass without notice, deceive, cheat, insnare. > [Prefix be- and OF. guikr, fr. guile, guile.]— Beguile'ment, n. Act of, etc.; state of being, etc. — Beguil'er, n. Beguin. ba-gen' or beg'win, n. One of a sect of re- ligieus women, in the Netherlands, devoted to works of charity. [F.] Begum, be'gum, Be'gaum, -gawm, n. In India, a prin- cess or lady of high rank. Behalf, be-haf, n. Advantage: interest; support; de- fens-e. [AS. healf, lit. half, also side: on /lis behalf = 011 his side.] Behave, be-hav', v. t. [behaved (-havd'), behaving.] To carry, conduct, Dear, —used reflexively. — v. i. To act ; to bear or carry one's self. [AS. behsebban, to surround,_restrain, fr. be- and liabban, to have.] — Behavior, -hav'yer, n. Manner of behaving; con- duct: deportment. Behead, be-hed', v. t. To sever the head from, de- capitate. [AS. beheafdian, fr. be-heafod, head.] Behemoth, be'he-moth, n. An animal described in Job. xl. 1.5-24, supposed by some to be the hippopot- ami!-. [Heb.,pl., beasts, here great beast.] Behest, be-hest', n. Command ; injunction, [be and hest] Behind, be-hTnd', prep. On the side opp. the front; at the back or other side of; left at a distance by; inferior to. — adv. In the rear : backward ; remain- ing : past. [AS. behindanP] — Behind'hand, a. In arrear; in a state of backwardness. Behold, be-hold', v. t. [beheld (p. p. formerly be- holden), beholding.] To fix the eyes upon ; to see with attention. — v. i. To direct the eyes to an object; to look. [AS. behealdan, to hold, guard, ob- serve, see.] — Beholden, -hold'n, p. a. Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. [The old p. p. of be- hold, used in the primitive sense of hold.'] — Be- hold'er, n. A spectntor. — Behold'ing. a. Obliged; under obligation. [Improperly used for beholden.] Behoof, be-hf, n. Advantage; mofit; benefit. [AS. behof.] — Beheov9, -hove, -hoov', v. t. [behooved (-hoovd'), -hooving.] To be necessary for; to be fit r. [AS. behtf re, bazh, n. Undyed "serge, a lady's dress material. or meet for. hofian, to need.] Being. See under Be. Belabor, be-la'ber, v. t. To work diligently upon ; to beat soundly, cudgel. Belay, he-la', v. t. [belayed (-lad'), belaying.] (JVauf.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking turns with it round a pin, etc. [D. beleggen.] —Belay 'ing- pin, n. A strong pin round which ropes are wound. Belch, belch, v. t. [belched (belcht), belching.] To throw up from the stomach with violence ; to eruct; to eject violently from within. — v. i. To eject wind from the stomach; to issue violently.— Act of belching; eructation. [AS. bealcan.] km, -dame, bel'dam, n. An ugly old womar hag. [F. belle dame, fair lady, used ironically.] Beleaguer, be-!e'ger, v. t. [beleaguered (-srerd), -guering.] To surround with an army so as to pre- clude escape ; to besiege, blockade, environ. [D. belegeren, to besiege, fr. leggen, to lay, put, place.] Belemnite. be-lem'nlt, n. A calcareous fossil, cylin- drical and hollow, tapering to a point; the thunder- stone. [Gr. belemnite*, fr. belemnon, a dart.] Bel-eaprit. See under Beau. Belfry, bel'frt. n. Orig., a movable tower, erected by besiegers for attack and defense; a bell-tower ; a cu- pola or turret, or room in a tower, for a bell. [OF. bierfroit, belefreit, MHG. bercj'rit, watch-tower, fr here, protection, and frit, secure place.] Belie, be-li', v. t. [belied (-lid'), belying.] To give the lie to; to show to be false; to give a false account of; to slander, counterfeit. Believe, be-lev', v. t. [believed (-levd'), -lievino.] To be persuaded of the truth of, place confidence in, credit, —v. i. To have a firm persuasion; to think, suppose. [AS. geh/fan, gelefan.] — Believ'er, n. One who, etc.; esp., one who believes in divine revelation. — Believ'able. a.— Belief, -lef, n. An as- sent of mind to the truth of a declaration, proposi- tion, etc.; thing believed; a tenet, or body of tenets; credence; trust; faith; confidence. Belike, be-llk', adv. It is likely; probably; perhaps. Bell, bel, n. A hollow metallic vessel which rings when struck; anything shaped like a bell. [AS. bella, fr. bellan, to bellow, resound.] — Bells, belz, n. (JYaut.) The half-hours of the watch, indicated by strokes on the bell. — Bell'bird, n. A bird of Brazil, also one of _Australia, whose notes resemble bells. — buoy, bwooT, or boi, n. A buoy bearing a bell, which is rung by the movement of the water. — -cot, n. A covering for a bell on buildings having no towers. — crank, n. A bent lever, which changes the direction of motion, used to ring a bell. — faced, -fast, a. Having the striking surface convex, — said of hammers. — flow'er, n. A genus of plants, whose flowers resemble little bells: a kind of apple. — found'er, n. One who founds or casts bells. — ' -found'ery, -found'ry, n. Place where bells are cast. hang'er, n. One Bell-crank. who puts up bells. man, n. One who rings a bell, esp. to give public notice in the streets; a watch- man. met'al, n. An alloy of copper and tin, used for making bells, etc. — -met'al ore. Sulphu- ret of tin, containing copper pvrites. pull, h. A cord or knob, for ringing a bell. — -punch, n. An in- strument combining a punch and bell, which rings when the punch perforates a paper, as a record of some event, as of the receipt of a passenger's fare. — ring'er, n. One whose business it is to ring a bell. — wether, -werh'gr, n. The sheep leading the flock, with a bell at his neck.— To bear away the bell. To win the prize at a race; to be superior. — To bear the bell. To be the leader, — in allusion to the bell-wether, or the leading horse of a team, etc. — To bell the cat. To encounter one of superior force; — fr. the fable of the mice resolving to put a bell on the cat. — To cwse by bell, book, and candle. A form of execration of the Roman Catholic Church. Belladonna, bel'la-don'na, n. Deadly nightshade, formerly used as a cosmetic. [It., prop, fine Lady.] Belle, Belies-lettres. See under Beau. Bellicose, bel'lT-kos, a. Disposed to contention; pugnacious. [L. bellicosits, fr. bell am, war.) — Bel- ligerent, -lij'er-ent, a. Waging war: tending to, or disposed for, war. — n. A nation, power, or state, carrying on war. [L. gerere, to wage.] — Bellip'o- tent, a. Powerful in war. [L. patens, powerful.] Bellow, bel'lo, v. i. To make a hollow, loud noise, a* a bull; to bawl, vociferate, clamor, roar. — n. A loud outcry. [AS. bellan.] Bellows, bel'lus, n. sing, and pi. An instrument to propel air through a tube. [AS. bxlig, bag.] — Bel'- lows-fish, n. A fish having a long tubular snout, like bel- lows-pipe; the trumpet-fish. Bel'luine, bel'- I lu-in, a. Pert, to, or like, a beast; brutal [L. bellua \ beast.] ; BeUy. bel'lT, n. The part of the body con- Bellows-fish. twining the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen; any I thing resembling the belly in protuberance or c*v- cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbo.v, chair, get. BELONG 46 BERLIN ity. — v.i. To swell and become protuberant. [AS, belg, baelig, bag, belly ; D. and Sw. balg, Ga. bolg, belly.] — Bellyache, -5k, re. Pain in the bowels. — •band, ». A bandaround the belly of a horse ; a girth. — boards, bordz, n. pi. Swiss deals, used for sounding-boards of musical instruments. — Belly- ful, -ful, n. As much as fills the stomach, or satisfies hunger. Belong, be-long', v. i. [belonged (-longd'), belong- ing.] To be the property, concern, or proper business of; to appertain; to be a part of, or connected with; to be native to, or to have a legal residence. [D. belangen, to concern.] — Belonging, re. That which pertains to one, as a quality or endowment. Beloved, as a pt. be-luvd', as an adj. be-luv'ed. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. Below, be-lo', prep. Under in place; beneath; not so high; inferior to in rank, excellence, or dignity; unworthy of; unbefitting. — adv. In a lower place; beneath; on the earth, as opp. to the heavens; in hell, or the regions of the dead; in a court of infe- rior jurisdiction, [he- and low.] Belt, belt, n. That which engirdles, restrains, or con- fines; a band or girdle, — v. t. To encircle as with a belt; to encompass. [AS. belt, Ic. belti, Ir. and Ga. bait, L. balteus.] — Belting, re. Material of which belts are made; belts taken collectively. Beluga, be-lu'ga, re. A fish of the dolphin family, from which isinglass and caviare are obtained. [Russ. bieluga, fr. bielyi, white.] Belvedere, bel-ve-der r , n. {It. Arch.) A small struc- ture on the top of an edifice, partly open to the air. A summer-house. [It., lit. a beautiful sight, from bello, bel, beautiful, and vedere, to see.] Bemoan, be-mon', v. t. [bemoaned (-mond'), be- moaning.] To express deep grief for, by moaning; to lament, bewail. Bench, bench, n. A long seat; a work-table; the seat forjudges in court; persons who sit as judges; the court; a collection of dogs, usually placed on benches, for exhibition. [AS. bene, D. and G. bank, Ic. bekkr for benkr, Sw. and Dan. bank.} — Bencb/er, n. A senior member of one of the inns of court ; an al- derman of a corporation. — Bencb/-mark n. {Level- ing.) A mark along a line of survey indicating a point in a series of levels. — show, n. An exhibi- tion of dogs. — war'rant, re. {Law.) A process is- sued by a court against one guilty of contempt, or indicted for crime. Bend, bend, v. t. [bended or bent ; bending.1 To crook by straining; to curve; to turn out of the direct course to some certain point; to incline or exercise closely or with interest; to exert; to apply; to ren- der submissive, subdue. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard. — v. i. To be moved or strained out of a straight line; to bow; to be inclined with interest, or closely; to be direct- ed ; to bow in prayer, or in submission. — re. A turn or deflection from a straight line or direction ; a curve; incurvation. {Naut.) A knot by which a rope is fastened. (Her.) One of the honorable or- dinaries, made by two lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinister base point. {Leather Business.) A butt. [AS. bendan, to bend, bend, a bond, fr.bindan, to bind.] — Bend'able, a. — Bend'- er, n. — Bent, re. State of being inclined from a straight line; flexure; leaning or bias; propensity. Beneath, be-nStb/ or -neth', prep. Lower in place, with something over or on ; under; unworthy of; unbecoming. — adv. In a lower place; below, as opp. to heaven, or to any superior region. [AS. be- neodh, beneodhan, fr. prefix be- and neodhan, below.] Benedict, ben'e-dikt, Ben'edick, re. A married man, or man newly married. [Benedick, a character in Shakespeare's " Much Ado About Nothing."] Benedictine, ben-e-diktln, a. Pert, to the monks of St. Benedict. — n. A monk of the order established by St. Benedict in the 6th century; a Black Friar. Benediction, ben-e-dik'shun, n. Act of blessing; bless- ing, prayer, or kind wishes; esp. the short prayer which closes public worship. [L. bene, well, and dicere, dictum, to speak.] — Benedic'tory, a. Ex- pressing good wishes. * cttoi ' Benefaction, ben-e-f ak'shun, n. Act of conferring a benefit ; benefit conferred, esp. a charitable donation. [L. bene, well, and faoere, factum, to do.] — Bene- factor, -ter, n. One who confers, etc — Benefac- tress, n. A woman who, etc.— Ben'efice, -fis, re. Lit., a benefit, advantage, or kindness. (Church of BngJ An ecclesiastical living. — Sentenced, -fist, a. Possessed of a benefice. — Beneficence, -nef- Y-sens, n. Practice of doing good; active goodness or charity. — Beneficent, a. Doing good; bounti- ful; generous; munificent.— Beneficently, adv.— Beneficial, -e-fish'al, a. Conferring benefits; profit- able. {Law.) Receiving, or entitled to receive, ad- vantage, use, or benefit. — Beneficially, adv. — Beneficiary, -fish'T-er-I, a. Holding office or pos- session, in subordination to another. — n. A feuda- tory or vassal; one who holds a benefice; one who receives a gift, or is maintained by charity. — Ben'- efit, n. An act of kindness; favor conferred; what- ever promotes prosperity, or adds value to property. A performance at a theater, etc., in aid of some person or object. (Eng. Law.) Benefit of clergy, — the exemption of clergymen from criminal pro- cess before a secular judge, anciently extended to all who could read. — v. t. To do good to; be use- ful to. — v. i. To gain advantage. Bene placito, ba'na-pla'che-to. (Mas.) At pleasure. [It., pleasure.] Benevolence, be-nev'o-lens, n. Disposition to do good; benignity; tenderness; charitableness; an act of kindness; a tax illegally exacted bv arbitrary kings of England. See Phrenology. [L. bene and volens, pr. p. of volo, I will, wish.] — Benev'olent, a. Having a disposition to do good ; possessing love to mankind. — Benev'olently, adv. Bengal light, ben-gawK-lit, Bengola, -go'la, n. A fire- work, producing a vivid and sustained colored light, used for signals at night. Bengalee, Bengali, ben-gaw-le', n. The language spoken in Bengal. — Bengalese, -ez', n. sing, and pi. A native, or the natives of, etc. — a. Pert, to Bengal or to its people. Benight, be-nlf, v. t. To involve in night or dark- ness; esp. in moral darkness or ignorance. Benign, be-nin', a. Of a kind disposition ; mani- festing kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; propitious; salutary; gracious. [OF. benigne, fr. L. benignus, fr. benus or bonus, good, and -perms, born.] — Benignly, adv. — Benig'nant, a. Kind; favorable. — Benig'- nantly, adv. — Benig'nity, -nl-tY, w. Quality of be- ing benign; condescending kindness; graciousness; salubrity; wholesome quality. Benison, ben'T-zn, re. Blessing ; benediction. [OF. beneison, beneicon, fr. L. benedictio, fr. bene, well, and dicere, to speak.] Ben'shee. See Banshee. Bent. See under Bend. Bent, Bent-grass, bent'gras, n. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Agrostis. A stalk of coarse, withered grass. [AS. beonet, G. binse.] Benzoin, ben-zoin', n. A fragrant resin from a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc. — Benzoic, a. Pert, to, or ob- tained from, etc. — Ben'zine, -zin or -zen, re. A light oil of petroleum.— Benzole, -zo"K, Ben'zoline, -zo-lin, n. (Chem.) An oily substance obtained from coal tar, and possessing solvent powers. [E. benzoin and L. oleum, oil.] — Ben'zoyl, -zul,-zule, -zQl, n. ( Chem.) A compound radical, consisting of hydrogen, car- bon, and oxygen; the base of benzoic acid. [Gr. hule, wood, matter.] Bequeath, be-kwerb/, v. t. [bequeathed (-kwSthd), -queathing.] To give or leave by will; to hand down, devise. [AS. becwedhan, fr. fee- and cwedhan, to say; s. rt. quoth.'] — Bequeath'er, re. —Bequest, -kwesf, re. (Law.) Something left by will; legacy. Berate, be-rat', v. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently; to scold. Bereave, be-rev'-v. t. [bereaved (-revd') or bereft; bereaving.] To make destitute, deprive; to take away from. [AS. bereafian, fr. reafian, to rob.] — Bereave'ment, re. — Bereav'er, re. Beretta, ba-refta, Birefta, be-, n. A square cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics. [It.] Berg, bgrg, re. A large mass or mountain of ice. [D., Sw., and G. berg, mountain, hill.] — Berg'meal, -mel, -mehl, -mal, n. (Min.) An earthy substance resem- bling flour, composed of shells of infusoria; fossil farina. [G. mehl, meal.] Bergamot, b§r'ga-mot, n. A species of orange, from the rind of which a fragrant essential oil is ex- tracted; the essence or perfume; a variety of pear; a variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot ; a coarse tapestry. [Fr. the town of Bergamo,in Italy.] Berlin, bSrlin or ber-lin', n. A four-wheeled car- riage, like a chariot; a fine worsted for fancy work. — Berlin iron, -i'grn. A very fusible variety of iron, from which fine castings are made. — shop, A shop for fancy work and materials. — -work. Worsted embroidery. [Fr. Berlin, Prussia.] ton, fame. far. pass or opera, fare : end. eve. tirm i In. Ice : Hdd. tone. 47 BEWILDER Berm, berm, n. (Fort.) A narrow path between the parapet and the ditch. [F. and G. berrne.] Bernardino, bSr'nar-din, o. Pert, to St. Bernard, and monks of his order.— n. (Eccl.) A monk of, etc. Berry, ber'T, n. A small pulpy fruit containing seeds; an egg of a fish. — v. i. To bear or produce berries. — v. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. [AS. berige, berga, D. bes, bezie, Ic. ber, Sw. and Dan. oar, G. heere, Goth, basi, berry; Skr. bhas, to eat.] Berserk, bgr'sgrk, Ber'serker, n. A title of Stoerkod- der, a hero in Scandinavian mythology, who fought without defensive armor ; a reckless warrior. [Ic. berserkr, fr. berr, bare, and serkr, coat of mail.] Berth, berth, n. The place where a ship lies when at anchor, or at a wharf ; a sleeping-place in a ship; official situation, position or employment. — v. t. To give an anchorage or place to lie at; to furnish berths to. [Fr. the root of bear, like birth.] — To give a uride berth (to the land, etc.). To keep at a dis- tance from. — Berth/ age, n. A charge for the posi- tion occupied by a ship in a dock, harbor, etc. Beryl, ber'il. ». A hard green or bluish-green min- eral, same as the emerald, except in color. [L. beryl- hts, Gr. berullos.] — Ber'ylline, -lin, a. Like a beryl. Beseech, be-sech', v. t. [besought (-sawf), beseech- ing.] To ask urgently; to solicit, supplicate. [Pref. be- and seek.] — Beseech 'er, n. — Beseechingly, adv. Beseem, be-sem', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to befit. Beset, be-set', v. t. [beset; besetting.] To put or place, on, in, or around; to stop up, waylay, Dlock- ade; to hem in or press on all sides; to environ, be- siege, embarrass, urge. [AS. bisettan, to surround.] — Beset'ment, n. State of being, etc. — Beset 'ting, p. a. Habitually attending, or pressing. Beshrew. be-shroo'', v. t. To wish curses to; to execrate. Beside, be-sld', prep. At the side of; aside from; out of the regular course or order; out of. —Besides, -8tdz r , adv. More than that; moreover; in addition. — prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to. [AS. be sidan, by the side.]— To be beside one's self. To be out of one's senses, or frantic. Besiege, be-sei', v. t. [besieged (-sejd''). -sieging.] To beset with armed forces, in order to compel to surrender; to beleaguer, invest. — Besieg'er, n. Besiqae, -ziqne, ba-zek r , n. A game of cards, played by two or four persons, with two packs from which certain small cards have been removed. [F.] Besom, be / zum, n. A brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom. — v. t. To sweep. [AS. besma, besema, D. bezem, G. besen, broom.] Besot, be-soK, v. t. To make sottish by drink; to make dull or stupid. — Besot 'tedly, adv.— Besot '- tedness, n. State of being besotted ; infatuation. Besought. See Beseech. Bespatter, be-spat'tgr, v. t. [bespattered (-spat r - tgrd), -tering.] To soil by spattering; to sprinkle with water or dirt; to asperse with calumny. Bespeak, be-spek', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; p. p. bespoke or bespoken; bespeaking.] To speak for, or en- gage, beforehand; to indicate or show beforehand; to speak to, address; to betoken, show. Bessemer steel, bes'se-mgr stel. Steel made directly from cast-iron, by a process invented by Sir Henry Best, best, a. (superl. of Good). Having excellence in the highest degree; most good; most advanced; most correct or complete. — n. Utmost ; highest en- deavor. — adv. (superl. of Well.) In the highest degree; beyond all ©ther ; to the most advantage; with the most success, ease, propriety, etc. ; most particularly ; most correctly. [AS. betst, contr. fr. betest, Goth, batista. See Better.] — At best. In the utmost degree applicable to the case. — To make the best of. To permit the least possible inconvenience. Bestead, be-sted', v. t. [imp. and p. p. bestead.] To be in the atead of ; to place or circumstance, as to condition, benefit, etc. ; to assist, serve. Bestial. See under Beast. Bestow, be-sto', v. t. [bestowed (-stod'), bestowing.] To lay up in store; deposit for safe-keeping; to make use of; apply; to give, confer, or impart.— Bestow'al, a. Act of, etc.; disposal. — Bestow'er, n. — Bestow" ment, n. Act of, etc.; that which is be- stowed; donation. Bestride, be-strid', v. t. [imp. bestrid or -strode; p. p. -strid or -stridden ; -striding.] To stride over; to stand or sit with any thing between the legs, or with the legs extended across. Bet, n. That which is staked, or pledged, in a con- test: a wager. — v. t. To stake, or pledge upon the event of a contest; to wager. [Contr. of aoet.J — Bet'ter, -tor, -tgr, n. One who, etc. Betake, be-tak', v. t. [imp. betook; p. p. betaken (be-tak'n); betaking.] To have recourse to; to apply; to resort. Betel, "be'tl, n. A species of pepper, whose leaves are chewed by the people of Central and Southern Asia. [Pg., fr. Malabar beetla-codi.] — Be'tel-nmt, n. The nut of the areca palm, chewed with betel leaves (whence its name) and lime. Bethel, beth'el, n. A chapel for dissenters in Eng., and for seamen in the U. S. [Heb. beth-el, house of God.] Bethink, be-think', v. t. [-thought (-thawf), -think- ing.] To cair to mind, recall, recollect, reflect. Betide, be-tid r , v. t. [imp. betid or betided ; p. p. betid ; betiding.] To happen to, befall, come to. — v. i. To come to mss, happen. [AS. tidan, to happen, fr. tirl, time.] Betime, be-tim'', -times, -ttmz', adv. In good time ; seasonably; in a short time; soon. Betise, ba-tez', n. Silliness; nonsense. [F.] Betoken, be-to'kn, r. t. [betokened (-t'ok^nd), -ek- ing.] To signify by some visible object ; to fore- show by present signs, presage, portend, note. [AS. getacnian, fr. ge- and tacn, token.] Betony, befo-nY, Beton'ica, -T-ka, n. A plant used to dye wool yellow, and medicinally [L. betoni^a, for vettonica, fr. the Vetones, a people in Spain.] Betray, be-tra r , v. t. [betrayed (-trad'), -traying.) To give up treacherously; to violate the confidence of ; to disclose or discover ; to mislead; to fail in re- spect to reliance placed in or upon. [F. trahir, OF. trair, L. tradere, to give up, fr. trans, across, and dare, to give.] — Betray'al, n. Act of, etc.— Betray'- er, n. One who, etc.: a traitor. Betroth, be-troth', v. t. To contract to any one; to affiance; to contract with for a future spouse; to es- pouse; to nominate to a bishopric, in order to con- secration, [be- and troth.] — Betroth/ al, -ment, n. A mutual engagement for marriage; espousals. Better, beftgr, a. (comp. of Good). Having good qualities in a greater degree ; preferable in value, use, safety, etc; improved in health. — n. Advan- tage, superiority, or victory; improvement; pi. those who have claim to precedence; superiors. — adv. (comp. of Well). In a superior manner; more cor- rectly; in a higher degree; more. — v. t. [bettered (-tgrd), -tering.]— To increase the good qualities of; to improve, amend, correct, promote. [AS. bet, adv., betera, adj.; Goth, batiza, adj.: s. rt. bat, good. See Best.] — Bet 'torment, n. A making better. (Law.) An improvement of an estate which renders it bet- ter than mere repairing. — To be better off. To be in a better condition. Better, -tor. See under Bet. Betty, bet'tY, n. A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open; a man who busies himself with women's affairs. — A Florence flask; a pear-shaped, straw-covered bottle. [It. boccetta.] Between, be-twen r , prep. In the intermediate space of, without regard to distance; from one to another of; shared by two or both of; in intermediate relation to. [AS. be, by, and tweon, twain, double, fr. twa, two.] — Between'-decks, n. (Naut.) The open space between two decks of a ship. — Betwixt, -twikst', prep. Same as Between. [AS. betweox, f r. be and tweohs, fr. twih, twa, two.] Bevel, bev'el, n. A slant of a surface at an angle other than a right angle ; an instrument for measuring angles. — a. Having the form of a bevel; slanting. — v. t. [bev- eled (-eld), -eling.] To cut to a bevel angle, — v. i. To slant to a bevel angle, « or from a direct line. [OF. buveau, F. Bevel. biveau, Sp. baivel.] — Bev'el-jgear, -ger, n. (Mach.) Wheelwork in which one wheel drives an* other moving in a different plane. — wheel, n. A wheel having teeth set at an angle greater or less than half a right angle. Beverage, bev'gr-ej, n. Liquor for drinking. [F.,fr. It.beveraggio, drink, L. bibere, to drink.] Bevy, bev'T, n. A flock of birds; a company ; an as- sembly of persons, esp. ladies. [F. bev6e, It. beva.] Bewail, De-waK, v. t. [bewailed ^-wald'), -wailing.] To express sorrow for, as by wailing; to mourn, la- ment. — ?;. i. To express grief. Beware, be-war', v. i. To restrain or guard one's self; to be cautious, take care. [Contr. of be ware = be warv, fr. AS. wfer, cautious. J Bewilder, be-wil'der, v. t. [bewildered (-wiKdgrd), -DERiNG.] To lead into perplexity ; to perplex. sun, cube, full ; moon, fcS&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. BEWITCH 48 BIGGIN ttntangle, confuse, confound, puzzle, [be- and Prov. E. wildern, -wilderness.] — Bewil'deredly, -dSrd-lT, Bewil'deringly, adv. — Bewilderment, ». State of being, etc. Bewitch, be-wkih'', v. t. [bewitched (-wichf), -witching.] To gain an ascendency over by charms; to affect by witchcraft or sorcery; to fascinate. — Bewitch'ery, -er-Y, n. Charm ; fascination. — Be- witch'ingly, adv. — Bewitch'ingness, n— Bewitch'- ment. n. Power of charming. Bewray, be-ra', v. t. [beweayed (-rad'). -wraying.J To disclose perfidiously, betray. [oe- and AS. wre- gan, to betray.] Bey, ba, n. A governor of a Turkish town or district; in some places, a prince ; — same as Beg. [Turk, beg, pron. 6a.] Beyond, be-yond r , prep. On the further side of ; be- fore, in place or time; further than ; past; above, in dignity, excellence, etc. — adv. At a distance; yonder. [AS. begeondan, fr. geond, across, beyond.] Bezant. See Byzaxt. Bezel, bez'el, n. The part of a ring encompassing and fastening the stone. [F.] Bezique. See Besique. Bezoar, be'zor, n. A calculous eoncretion found in the stomach of certain ruminant animals. [OF. and Pg., fr. Per. pad-zahr, pad, expelling, and zahr, poison, for which the stone was a supposed antidote.] —Bezoar mineral. An oxide of antimony. Eias, bi'as, n. A weight on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight line; a leaning of the mind; propensity towards an object; bent; prejudice; in- clination; a wedge-shaped piece taken out of a gar- ment to diminish its circumference.— adv. In a slanting manner; crosswise; diagonally. — v. t. [bi- ased (bi^ast), -asixg.] To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to, prejudice, prepossess. fF. biais, N. Catalan biax, slant, slope, fr. L. bis, double, and fades, face.] Biaxal, bi-aks'al. Biaxial, -t-al, a. {Opt.) Having two axes. [L. bis, twice, and axis.'] Bib, n. A cloth worn by children over the breast. [L. bibere, to drink, because worn when drinking.] — Bibacions, bi-ba'shus, a. Addicted to drinking. — Bibacity, -bas r t-tT, n. Love of, etc. — Bib'ber, n. One addicted, etc.; a tippler. — Bib'ulous, -u-lus, a. Absorbing moisture ; spongy; porous. Bibasic, bi-ba'sik, a. {Chem.) Capable of combining with two parts or equivalents of a base; or contain- ing two equivalents of abase to one of acid. Bible, bi'bl, n. The Book; the volume containing the Scriptures. [F., fr. L. and Gr. biblia, books, col- lections of writings, fr. Gr. bvblos, the Egyptian papyrus, from which paper was made.] —Biblical, bib'lY-kal, a. Pert, to the Bible. — Bib'lically, adv. — Biblicist, -lT-sist, Biblist, n. One who makes the Scriptures the sole rule of faith; a Biblical scholar. Bibliographer, bib-lT-og / 'ra-fer, n. One versed in bibliography. [Gr. biblion, book, and graphein, to write.] — Bxblieg/raphy, -ra-fi, n. A history or de- scription of books and manuscripts. — Bibliograph'- ic, -ical, «. Pert, to bibliography. — Bibliograph'- ically, adv. — Bibliolatry, -oKa-tri, n. Homage paid to books, esp. to the Bible; belief in the ver- bal inspiration of the Bible ; a superstitious rev- erence for the letter of the Scriptures. [Gr. la- treia, worship.] — BiblioKogy, n. A treatise on books; biblical literature. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Bib'lioman'cy, -man'sT, n. Divination by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard. [Gr. manteia, divi- nation.]— Bib / lioma / nia, -ma'nT-a, n. A rage for possessing curious books. [Gr. mania, madness.] — Bib'lioma'niac, n. One who, etc.— BiVliomani'- acal, «. — Bib'liophile,-fil, n. One who loves books. [Qr.philein, to love.] — Bib / liopho , bia, -fo'bt-a, n. A dread of books. [Gr. phobeisthai, to fear.] — BiV- liop'olist, Bibliopole'', n. A bookseller. [Gr. polein, to sell.]— Bibliothe'ca, -the'ka, n. A repository for books; library. [Gr. theke, case, box.] — Bib'- liothe'cal, a. . Bicapsnlar, bi-kap'su-ler, a. {Bot.) Having two seed capsules to each flower. Bicarbonate, bi-kar'bo-nat, n. {Chem.) A carbonate having 2 equivalents of carbonic acid to 1 of base. Bice, Bise, bis, n. {Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared from blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. [F. bise, fern, of bis, brown, black, blue.] Bicephalous, bi-sef'a-lus, a. Having two heads. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. kephale, head. J Eiceps, bi'seps, n. {Anat.) A muscle having two origins. [L. bis and caput, head.] — Bicipital, bi-sip ,r - t-tal, -tons, -tue, a. Having 2 heads. {Anat,} Hav. ing 2 origins. {Bot.)_ Dividing into 2 parts. Bichromate, bi-kro'mat, a. {Chem.) Having two parts of chromic acid to one of other ingredients. Bicker, bik'gr, v. i. [bickered (-Srd), -bring.] To skirmish; to contend in words or petulant alterca- tion; to quarrel, wrangle; to move quickly ; to be tremulous, like flame or water; to quiver. [W. bi era; Mere, conflict, skirmish.] — Bick'erer, n. Bicolor, bi-kuKer, -ored, -erd, a. Of two colors. Bicorn, bi'kfirn, -corned, -k6rnd, -cornous, -kdr'nus, a. Having two horns or antlers: crescent-like. [L. bis and cornu, horn.] Bicorporal, bi-k6r^po-ral, a. Having two bodies. — Bicor'porate, -rat, a. {Her.) Double-bodied. [L. bis and corpus, body.] Bicrural, bi-fcroo'ral/a. Having two legs. [L.&tsand crus, cruris, leg.] Bicuspid, bi-kus'pid, -pidate,-at, a. Having two points. See Tooth. [L. bis and cuspis, cuspidis, point.] Bicycle, bi'sl-kl, n. A two-wheeled velocipede. [L. bis and Gr. kuklos, circle.] — Bi'cycling, n. Act of riding on, etc. — Bi'cyclist, n. One who, etc. Bid, v. t. [imp. bid or bade (bad); p.p. bid or bid- den; bidding.] To offer; esp. to offer to pay; to declare, as a wish, greeting, defiance, etc.; to order, command, invite. — n. An offer of a price, esp. at auctions. [AS. beodan, Goth, budan, to command.] — To bid fair. To offer a good prospect; to make fair promise. — Bid'der, n. Bide, bid, v. i. To dwell permanently; to inhabit. — v. t. To endure, suffer, wait for. [A&.bidan, D. and Goth, beidan.) Bidental, bi-dental, -tate, -tat, a. Having 2 teeth or tooth-like processes. [L. bis and dens, dentis, tooth.] Bidet, bT-def or bY-da r , n. A small horse; an article of bedroom furniture, used in washing the body. [F.] Biennial, bi-en'nT-al, a. Continuing for two years, and then perishing; occurring once in two years. — n. {Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, and then perishes. [L. biennium, a space of two years, fr. bis and annus, year.] — Bien'nially, adv. Once in, or at the return of, two years. Bier, ber, n. A frame for conveying the dead to the grave. [AS. bser, s. rt. to bear!) Biestings, Beestings, bSst'ingz, n. pi. The first milk given by a cow after calving. [AS. beost, bysting.} Bifacial, bi-fa'shal, a. Having the opposite surfaces alike. [L. bis and facies, face.] Bifarious, bi-fa'rT-us, a. Twofold; in two rows. {Bot.) Pointing two wavs. [L. bis and fari, to speak or say.] — Bifa'riously, adv. Biferous, bif 'er-us, a. Bearing fruit twice a year. [L. bis and ferre, to bear.] Biffin, biffin, n. An apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng.; a baked apple crushed flat. [F. beau fin, beautiful. fine; or, corrup. of beefin, as resembling raw beef.] Bifid, bi'fid, Bifidate, bif 'id-5t, a. {Bot.) Two-cleft; opening with a cleft. [L. bis and findere,fidi, to cleave or split.] Bifilar, bif 'Y-lSr, a. Two threaded; involving the use of two threads. [L. bis and filum, thread.] Biflorate, bi-flo'rat, -rous, -rus, a. {Bot.) Bearing two flowers. [L. bis and ftos, f/oris, flower.] Bifoliate, bi-fo'tt-at, a, ( Bot.) Having two leaves. — Bifo'liolate, -lT-o-lat, a. {Bot.) Having 2 leaflets, as some compound leaves. [L. bis and folium, leaf.] Biforate, bi-fo'rat, a. {Bot.) Having two perforations. [L. bis and forare. foratum , to bore.] Biform, bi'form, -formed, -formd, a. Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. — Biform'ity, n. A double form. Bifronted, bi-f runt^ed, a. Having two fronts. Bifurcate, bi-fer'kat, -cated, -ka-ted, a. Forked; di- vided into two branches. [L. bis and furca, fork. J — Bifurca / 'tion, n. A forking. — Bifurcons, -fer / - kus. a. {Bot.) Two-forked. Big, a. Having largeness of size, bulk, etc. ; great with young; pregnant; full of something porten* tons ; proud ; arrogant. [Dan. bug, belly, bulge ; W. bog, Ic. bolga, a swelling.] — Big'ness, n. — Big'wig, n. A person of consequence. Bigamy, big'a-mt, n. {Law.) The crime of having two wives or husbands at once. [L. bis and Gr. ga- mos, marriage.] — Big'amist, n. One guilty of, etc. Bigeminate, bi-jem't-nat.a. {Bot.) Having a forked petiole, with leaflets at the end of each division. [L. bis and geminare, geminatum, to double.] Biggin, big'gm, n. A child's cap or hood. [F. be'gutn, the cap worn ' wooden vessel by Beguin nuns. J — A piggi •1 ; a contrivance for hold in, or small ing coffee- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. Ice i odd, tone, fir : BIGHT 49 BINOMIAL grounds (a bag or perforated metallic vessel) through -which boiling water is poured. [W.picyn; Ir. pigm, small pail; Ga. pigean, dim. of pige, pitcher, pot.J Bight, bit, n. (Geog.) A bend in the sea-coast form- ing a bay. (Naut.) The double part of a folded rope; a round, bend, or coil anywhere except at the ends. [Dan. and Sw. bught, bight of a rope, also bay; AS. bige, byge, bending, corner.] Bigot, big'ot, n. One unreasonably wedded to some religious creed, practice, ritual, etc. ; a devotee; hypocrite. [F.; It. bigotto. J — Big'oted, a. Obsti- nately devoted to a system, party, etc., and illiberal toward the opinions of others. — Big'otedly, adv.— Big'otry, -rT, n. Perverse or blind attachment to, etc.; the practice or tenet of a bigot. Bijou, be-zhoo', n.;pZ. Bijoux, -zhoo'. A trinket, or a Tittle box ; a jewel. [F.] — Bijou'try, -zhoo'trt, n. Small articles of virtu, such as jewelry, trinkets, etc. [F. bijouterie.] Bijugate, bi-ju'gat,-gous, -gus, a. (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets. [L,. bis and jugare, -atum, to join.] Bilabiate, bi-la'bl-at, a. (Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of flowers. [L. bis and labium, lip.] Bilamellate, bi-lam'el-lat, -lated, -lat'ed, a. {Bot.) Formed of 2 plates. [L. bis and lamella, small plate.] Bilateral, bi-lafer-al, a. Having two sides; pert, to the two sides of a central organ or axis. [L. bi3 and latus, lateris, side.] — Bilat' erallty, n. State or quality of being, etc. Bilberry, bil'bSr-rf , n. A shrub of the whortleberry family, and its fruit. [Corrup. of blueberry.'] Bilbo, bu'bo, n.: pi. Bil'boes, -boz. An iron bar or bolt with a sliding shackle and lock, to confine the feet of prisoners; a rapier. [Fr. Bilboa, in Spain.] Bile, bit, a. A yellow, greenish, bitter, viseid fluid secreted by the liver; ill-humor. [L. bilis.] — Bil- iary, bil'ya-ri, a. {Med.) Pert. to. or conveying, etc. — Bilious, -yus, a. Pert, to, or disordered in, the bile; having an excess of bile. — Biliousness, n. — Bi'lin, a. (Chem.) A resinous matter, the princi- pal constituent of the bile. — Bile'-duct, v. {Anat.) The canal which conveys bile ; the hepatic duct. Bile. See Boil, n. Bilge, bilj, n. The protuberant part of a cask. {Want.) The broadest part of a ship's bottom. — v. t. [bilged (biljd), bilging.] (Naut.) To suffer fracture in the bilge ; to spring a leak. [Same as bulge.] — Bilge'- wa'ter, n. (Naut?) Water upon the bilge of a ship. — BiKgy, a. Having the smell, etc., of bilge-water. Bilingual, bi-lin'gwal, -guar, -gwar, a. Containing two languages. — BiHn , guous, -gwus, a. Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. [L. bis and lingua, tongue, language.] Biliteral, bi-ht'6r-al, a. Consisting of two letters. [L. bis and litera, letter.] Bilk, bilk, v. t. [bilked (bilkt), buying.] To disap- point, deceive, or defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement. [Sw. balka, to partition off, whence balk: Goth, bilaikan, to mock, deride.] BUI, bil, n. The beak of a fowl; note of a bird. — v. t. To join bills, as doves; to caress. [AS. bile.] Bill, bil, ». A hook-shaped cutting instrument ; an ancient battle-ax; a pickax, or mattock. (Naut.) The point of the fluke of an anchor. [AS. bil,D. bijt, Ic. bddr, Dan. biil, Sw. bila, ax; G. bille, pickax; Skr. bil, bhil, to break, divide.] - Bill'-hook, -h<56k, n. A small hatchet, with curved edge. — Bill'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who uses a bill. Bill, bil, n. (Law.) A written declaration of wrong suffered, or fault committed ; an obligation given for money; a promissory note; a proposed law. An advertisement posted publicly; an account of goods sold or services rendered, with price annexed ; any paper containing a statement of particulars. [OF. bille, LL. billa, a writing, fr. L. bulla, sealed writing, lit. seal.] — Bill of credit. A paper issued by a state, to circulate as money; a letter instructing a mer- chant to credit the bearer for goods or money. — of entry. A written account of goods entered at the custom-house. — of exceptions. A written statement of errors in law given to a judge before a verdict is rendered. — of exchange. (Com.) A written order desiring the drawee to pay, to the person designated by the drawer, a specified sum of money; a draft.— of fare. A list of articles of food ready at a hotel, etc. — of health. A certificate as to the state of health of a ship's company on leaving port. — of lading. A written reeeipt for goods shipped. — of mortality. An official return of deaths. — of pains and penal- ties. A legislative act inflicting punishment for trea- son or felony, without judicial conviction. — of rights. A summary of the rights claimed by a peo- ple. — of sale. An instrument for the conveyance of goods and chattels. — of sight. A form of entry at the custom-house, by which goods may be provis- ionally landed for examination. — Bill'' -book, n. A book for recording notes, bills, etc. bro'ker, n. One who negotiates the discount of bills. — post- er, -stickler, n. One who posts up placards, etc. Billet, billet, n. A note in writing, or short letter; a ticket from a public officer directing soldiers where to lodge. — v. t. (Mil.) To direct, by ticket, where to lodge; to quarter, as soldiers in private houses. [F.,dim. of OF., bille, a writing.] — Billet-doux, bil'- Ie-doo r , n. A love letter. [F. ; doux, sweet.] Billet, billet, n. A small stick of wood. (Arch.) Aa ornament in Norman work, resembling, etc. [F. billette, billot, dim. of bille, log.] Pert, to the game of billiards. Billiard, bil'yard, — Bil'liards,-yardz, n.pZ. A game played with ball on a rectangular table. _ [F. billard, fr. bille. ball.] Billingsgate, billingz-gaf, n. Foul or profane lan- guage; ribaldry. [The name of a London fish mar- ket, where this dialect prevails.] Billion, biKyun, n. According to French numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000 ; according to the English method, a million of millions, or 1,000,- 000,000,000. [L. bis and F. million.] Billow, billo, n. A great wave or surge of the sea. [Ic. bylgja, Sw. bofja, Dan. bolge, MHG. bulge; s. rt. bulge.] — Billowy, -lo-T, a. Swelling into, etc. Billy, billY, n. A watchman's club. Bilobed, bilobd, -lobate, -lo'bat, a. (Bot.) Divided into two lobes. [L. bis and Gr. lobos, ear-lap.] Bilocular, bi-lok'u-lSr, a. (Bot.) Divided into, or containing, two cells. [L. bis and loculus, dim. of locus, place.] Bimanous, bi-ma'nus, a. (Zo'ol.) Having two hands. [L. bis and manus, hand.] Bimensal, bi-men'sal, -mestrial, -mes'trt-al, -monthly, -munthlt, a. Occurring once in two months. [L. bis and mensis, month.] Bimetalism, bi-met'al-izm, n. The use as legal ten- der of coins of two metals at a fixed relative value. — Bimetallic, a. — Bimet'allist, n. One who advo- cates, etc. Bin, n. A box or inclosed place, used as a repository. — v. t. [binned (btnd); binning.] To store in a bin. [AS. bin, manger, D. ben, G. benne, basket.] Binary, Di'na-rT, «. Compounded of two; double. [L. binus, two-fold, fr. bis.] — Binary arithmetic. That in which two figures only, and 1, are used, in lieu of ten. — Binary compounds. (Chem.) A compound of two elements. — Br nate, -nat, a. (Bot.) Double or in couples; growing in pairs. Bind, bind, v. t. [imp. bound (bownd); p. p. bound, formerly bounden ; binding.] To tie together or confine with cord, bands, etc.; to restrain or hold; to protect or strengthen by a band, or cover; to place under legal obligation to serve. — v. i. To contract; to grow hard or stiff ; to be restrained from mo- tion; to be obligatory. — n. A stalk of hops, which winds round a pole or tree. [AS. and Goth, bindan, D. and G. binden, Ic. and Sw. binda, Skr. bandh, to bind.] — To bind over. To oblige by bond to ap- pear at a court. — To bind up in. To cause to be wholly engrossed with. — Bind'er, n. One who, etc., esp. who binds books; anything that binds: a bandage. — Bind'ery, -Sr-i, n. A place where books, etc., are bound.— Binding, a. Having power to bind or oblige; obligatory. — n. Act of fastening with a band; anything that binds, as a bandage, the cover of a book, or something to secure the edge of cloth from raveling. — Bind'-web, n. (Anat.) The connective tissue of the brain and spinal cord; the neuroglia. — weed, n. (Bot.) A twining wild plant, a kind of convolvulus. — wood, n. Ivy. Binnacle, bin'na-kl, n. (Naut.) A box containing a ship's compass and a light to show it at night. [Pg. bitacola, F. habitacle, binnacle, fr. L. habitaculum, little dwelling, fr. hab- itare, to dwell.] Binocle, bin'o-kl, n. A telescope fitted with , two tubes joining. [L. binus, twofold, and |^ ocidus, eye.] — Binoc'ular, -nok'u-ler, a. f ' Having two eyes; with, or pert, to both | eyes; adapted to the use of, etc. — Binoc' ulate, -lat x a. Having two eyes. Binomial, bi-no'mY-al,~n. (Jig.) An ex- *»nnacle. pression consisting of 2 terms connected by the sign terms; pert, to binomials. [L. bis and nomen, name.] sub. cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. BIOGENESIS 50 BITTERN Biogenesis, bMMen'e-sis, Biogeny, -oj'en-Y, re. The production of Me from portions of matter given off from previously living forms, — opp. to abiogem spontaneous generation. [Gr. bios, opp. to abiogeny or ,uie, genos, birth.] - Biog'enistr n. A believer m,~etc. Biograph, bi'o-graf, n. A device for reproducing upon a screen a moving scene. Biography, bi-og'ra-ft, re. History of the life of a fierson; biographical writings in general. [ Gr. bios, if e, & gruphein, to write.] — Bw>g / 'rapher, -ra-fer, re. One who writes, etc. — Biographic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc.— Biograph''ically, adv. Biology, bi-oKo-jt, re. The science of fife and living things, animal and vegetable. [Gr. bios and logos, discourse.] — Biological, •' " One versed in, etc. -loj'ik-al, a. — Biol 'ogist, re. Biophagous, bi-of 'a-gus, a. Consuming living crea- tures, — said of insectivorous plants. [Gr. bios and phagem, to eat.] Bioplasm, bi'o-plazm, n. The germinal matter essen- tial to the functions of living beings ; unaltered protoplasm. [Gr. bios and plasma, form, f r. plassein, to mold.] — Bloplasmic, -plaz'mik, a. Biparous, hi-pa^rus or bip'a-rus, a. Bringing forth two at a birth. [L. bis and parere, to bring forth.] Bipartible, bi-partl-bl, -tile, -til, a. Capable of being divided into two parts. — Bipartite, bi-par'tlt or bip'ar-tit, a. Having two correspondent parts, as a contract, one for each party; divided into two parts, as a leaf. [L. bis and partire, to divide, fr. pars, partis, part] — Biparti'tioa, re. Act of dividing, etc. Biped, bi'ped, re. An animal having two feet. [L. bis and pes, pedis, foot.] —Bipedal, -pe'dal, Bi'ped, a. Having, or the length of, etc. Bipennate, bi-pen'nat, -aated, a. Having two wings. [L. bis and penna, wing.] Bipetalous, bi-pefal-us, a. (Bot.) Having 2 petals or flower-leaves. [L.6is and petahim, Gr.petalon, leaf.] Biquadrate, bi-kwod'rat, -ratlc, re. (Math.) The 4th power, arising from the multiplication of a square number or quantity by itself . — Biquadratic, a. Pert, to, etc. [L. bis and quadratvs, squared.] Birch, bSrch, re. A forest tree of several species; a rod of birch. [AS. beorc, birce, Skr. bkurja.] — Birch, Birchen, be"rcb/n, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, etc. Bird, bSrd, re. A two-legged, feathered, flying animal. — v. i. To catch or shoot birds. [AS. brid, bird, esp., young bird ; perh. s. rt. bredan, to breed.] — Bird'-cage, n. A cage for keeping birds confined. — call, re. An instrument to decoy birds by imitating their cry. — -fancier, re. One who rears, collects, or sells birds. — -lime, re. A viscous substance used to catch birds. — -seed, r. Small seeds for feeding caged birds ; ca- nary seed, hemp, millet, etc.— Bird-of-paradise, -par'- a-dis, re. A perching bird of New Guinea. — Bird'B''- eye, a. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; general; not in detail. — Bird'a'-eye Maple. Wood of the sugar-maple, full of knotty spots resembling birds' eyes. — Bird's'nest, re. The nest in which a bird lays eggs. — v. i. To hunt for birds' nests. Bireme, brrem, re. A vessel with two tiers of oars. [L. bis and remits, oar.] Birth, berth, re. Act of coming into life, or being born; lineage; extraction; natural state er position; act of bringing forth; that which is produced, ani- mal or vegetable; origin; beginning. [AS. beordh, OFriesic, berthe, Sw. bord, Dan. byrd.] — New birth. (Theol.) Regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life. — Birth 'day, re. The day in which one is born ; its anniversary. mark, re. Some mark or blemish on the body at birth. place, re. The place where one is born ; place of origin.— -right, -rlt, re. Any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by birth. Biscuit, bis'kit, re. Unleavened bread baked hard; a small loaf of leavened and shortened bread; a thin, crisp cake or cracker ; earthen ware after its first baking, before glazing. [F., fr. bis, twice, and cuit, cooked, fr. cvire, L. coqvere, coctum, to cook.] — Meat biscuit. Matters extracted from meat by boil- ing, combined with flour. Bisect, bi-sekf, v. t. To cut into two parts. (Ge.om.) To divide into two equal parts. TL. bis and secare, sectum, to cut.] — Bisection, -sek'shun, re. Act of, etc. — Biseg'ment, re. One part of a line, or other magnitude, divided into two equal parts. Bisexual, bi-seks'u-al, a. (Bot.) Of both sexes. [L.bw and sexus, sex.] Biserial, bi-se'rY-al, a. Arranged in a double series. [L. bis and series.] " p, bish/up, re. An overseer; a spiritual superin- American Bison. ; in Episcopal usage, the highest of the 3 or- ders of the Christian ministry; a piece in the game of chess. [AS. biscop, fr. L. episcopus, Gr. epis/copos, fr. Gr. epi, upon, and skopein, to view, inspect.] — Bish r - opric, re. A diocese; district over which a bishop has jurisdiction; office of, etc. [AS. bisceoprice.] Bismuth, biz'muth, re. A reddish-white metal, harder than lead, and brittle. [F., G.] — Bis'muthal, a. Of, or containing, etc. — Bismutb/ic, a. Pert. to,etc. Bison, bi'sen or bi'sn, n. A quadruped of North America, popularly, but in- correctlv, called the buffalo. [F., L., Gr.] Bisque, Bisk, bisk, re. A soup made of crayfish, or by boil- ing together several kinds of flesh. [F.l Bissextile, bis-seks'til, n. Leap year; every 4th year, in whieh a day is added in the month of February.— a. Pert, to, etc. [LL. bissextilis (annus), fr. L. bis and sextus, sixth, — because in leap year the 6th day before the calends of March (Feb. 24) was reckoned twice.] Bister, Bistre, bis'ter, re. A dark-brown pigment ex- tracted from wood-soot. [F. bistre, G. blester.] Bistort, bis'tort, re. A plant, called also snake-weed. [F. bistorte, fr. L. bis and torquere, tortum, to twist.] Bistoury, bis r too-rY, re. A surgical instrument for making incisions. [Fr. Pistona, Pistoja, in Italy.] Bisulcate, bi-suKkat, a. Two-furrowed. (Zobl.) Cloven-footed.— Bisul'cous, -kus, a. Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. [L. bis and sulcus, a furrow.] Bisulphate, bi-suFfat, n. (Chem.) A sulphate having two equivalents of sulphuric acid to one of the base. — Bisul'phuret, -fu-ret, re. (Chem.) A sulphuret with two atoms of sulphur, as the electro-negative ingredient. [L. bis and sulphur, Skr. sulvari.] Bit. See under Bite. Bitch, bich, re. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox ; a name of reproach for a woman. [AS. bicce.] Bite, bit, v. t. [bit or bitten (bit'tn), biting.] To cut, crush, or seize with the teeth ; to cause sharp pain or smarting to; to cheat; trick; to take hold of; adhere to. —v. t. To seize or wound with the teeth or mouth; to cause hurt, pain, or injury. —re. Act of biting; the wound made by the teeth; a morsel; mouthful; the hold or purchase of a tool; a cheat; a trick ; a sharper; one who cheats. [AS. bitan, D. bijten, Ic. and Sw. bita, to bite, Skr. bhid, to break, cleave.]— To bite the dust, or the ground. To fall in death agonies. — Bit'er, re. One who, or that which, bites. — Bit'ing, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; caustic— Bifingly, adv.— BH/ing-in, n. (Etching.) Process of cerroding metallic plates, by means of acid. — Bit, bYt. n. A mouthful ; morsel ; bite ; hence, a small piece of anything; a small coin in several countries ; small in- strument for boring. [AS. bit, bite, fr. bitan.] — The mouth-piece of a bridle, to whieh the reins are fastened. — v. t. To put a bit in the mouth of. [AS bitol, dim. of bite, a bite, bit.] — Bit-stock, n. to hold the bit in boring. Bitt, bit, v. t. (Naut.) To put round the bitts.— BittB, bitz, re. pi. A frame of timbers to hold a ship's ca-~ bles. [Sw. beting, Dan. beding.] — Bit'ter, n. A turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bittacle, bit'ta-kl, re. The box for the compass on board a ship. [See Binnacle.] Bitter, biftSr, a. Having a peculiar, aGrid, biting taste ; causing pain, smart, or distress ; character- ized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty ; mournful? distressing ; pitiable. [AS., D., Dan., Sw., and G. bitter; AS. bitan, to bite.] — Bit'terish, a. Some- what bitter. — Bit'terishness, re. — Bit'terly, adv. Bit'terness, n. — Bit'tera, -t5rn, re. The brine re- maining in salt works after the salt is concreted; a very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus indicus, etc. — Bitters, -tSrz, re. pi. Liquor, generally spirit- ueus, in which bitter herbs or roots have been steeped. — Bit'ter-spar, -spar, n. A mineral consisting of car- bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia, — the soluble salts of the magnesia being bitter. — Bif- ter-sweet, re. (Bot.) A climbing plant, whose root, when chewed, produces a bitter, then a 6Weet taste. — Brt'terwort, -wert, re. (Bot.) Yellow gentian. Bittern, bit'tgrn, re. A wading bird of Europe, re- Carpenter's bits. A brace or handle, 8m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; 'In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r | BITUMEN 51 BLARNEY lated to the heron. [F. butor, fr. L. butire, to cry as a bittern: prob. onomatop.] Bitumen, bi-tu'men, n. Mineral pitch, a substance smelling like pitch and burning with a bright flame, without residue. [L.] — Bitu'minate, v.t. To im- pregnate with, etc. — Bitu'minize, -nlz, v. t. [bitu- minized (-nizd), -nizixg.] To form into or impreg- nate with, etc. — Bitu 'minous, -nus, a. Having the qualities of, compounded with, or containing, etc. Bivalve, bi'valv, n. (Zobl.) A mollusk having a shell in two parts. (Bot.) A pericarp in which the seed-case opens or splits into two parts. [L. bis val- val, valve.] — Bi 'valve, -valved, -valvd, -valvous, -valv'us, -valv'- ular, -u-ler, a. Biventral, bi'ven'tral, a. Having2 bellies, f L. bis and venter, belly.] Bivious, biv'T-us or bi'vl-us, a. Having, or leading, two ways. [L. bivius; bis and via, way.] Bivouac, biv'wak, n. (Mil.) The guard or watch of a whole army; Bivalve an encampment without tents. — v. t. [bivouacked (-wakt). -wackingJ To be on guard ; to encamp without covering. [F., fr. G. bei- wache, fr. 6ef,_near, and wachen, to watch.] Biweekly, bi'wek'll, a. Occurring once in every two weeks. Bizarre, be-zar', a. Odd; fantastical; whimsical. [F., of Basque-Iberian origin.] Blab, blab, v. t. [blabbed (blabd), blabbing.] To tell unnecessarily, or indiscreetly. — v. i. To talk thoughtlessly; to tattle. — n. One who blabs; a babbler. [Dan. blabbre, Sw. bladdra, G. plappenu] — Blab'ber, n. A tattler; a telltale. Black, blak, a. Destitute of light, or incapable of re- flecting it; very dark or gloomy; dismal or forbid- ding; destitute of moral light or goodness. — n. The darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; anegro; a black dress, or mourning. — v. t. [blacked (blakt), blacking.] To make black; to blacken. [AS. lilac, blsec, Ic. blakkr, black; Dan. black, Sw. black, ink.] — In black and white. In writing or print.— Blacken, blak'n, v. I. [blackened (-nd), -ening.J To make black or dark; to sully, defame, make in- famous. — v.i. To grow black or dark. — Black- ing, n. A preparation for blacking shoes, etc. — Black'ish, a. Somewhat black. — Blackly, adv. Darkly; gloomily; atrociously. — Black'ness, ».— Black art. Conjuration ; magic. [An attempted synonym for necromancy, under the idea that the word was from L. niger, black, instead of Gr. tie- kros, corpse, and manteia, divination.] — -amaor, n. A negro. ball, n. A composition for black- ing shoes, etc.; a ball of black color, used as a neg- ative in voting. — v. t. [-balled (-bawld), -balling.] To reject by putting black balls into a ballot-box. — -band, n. A valuable iron ore, containing enough coaly matter for its own calcination. — berry, -ber- rt, n. A species of bramble; its edible fruit. — bird, n. In Eng. a species of thrush: in Amer. the name is fiven to different birds. — board, n. A board used o write or draw on with chalk. — book, n. A book far registering misdemeanors ; a book on necro- maney. browed, -browd, a. Threatening; dis- mal. — cattle, -kaftl, n. Cattle reared for slaugh- ter, of whatever color. [Eng.] A breed of Dutch cattle of a blaek color. cock, n. The heath- cock; black grouse; black game. — currant, n. A garden fruit. drop, n. (Med.) A liquid prep- aration of opium in vinegar. — flan, n. A fish caught off New England, the tautog ; a small kind of whale. flux, n. A compound used to assist in melting metals. — Mar, n. A friar of the Domin- ican order. — guard, blag'gard, n. Orig. the lower menials of a court; hence a scurrilous person of low character. — v. t. To revile ih scurrilous language. [Orig. the guard of the devil; thence, a fit attendant on the devil.] — guardism, n. Conduct or language of a blackguard. — hole, n. A dark dungeon for refractory prisoners. — -jack, n. A mineral ore, false galena, which is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc blende; a species of oak, called also barren oak; a small, heavy bludgeon. — lead, -led, n. A mineral composed of carbon ; plumbago ; graphite. [From its color and its marking paper like lead.] — -leg, n. A gambler and cheat; a disease of sheep and calves. —-letter, n. The old English or modern Gothic let- ter, used in esrly manuscripts and the first printed books. — a. Written or printed in black-letter; stu- dious of old books. — mail, n. A rate of money, cattle, etc., anciently paid to robbers for exemption from pillage ; extortion of money by threats. — -martin, n. A bird of the swallow family. — -pud- ding, -pud'Ming, n. A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc. — rod, n. The usher of the order of the Garter, who carries a black rod. [Eng.] — -rust, n. A disease of wheat. smith, n. A smith who works in iron. snake, n. A ser- pent of a black color: two species are found in America. — -strap, n. A mixture of spirituous liquor and molasses. tail, n. A kind of perch. thorn, n. A spiny plant bearing a small black fruit, used for hedges ; the sloe. vomit, n. A vomiting of dark -colored matter; or the substance so discharged, a symptom in yellow fever. — wal- nut. An American tree having dark-colored wood. Bladder, blad'der, n. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, containing some secreted fluid; the air bag in fish. [AS. blsedr, a blister, fr. blavan, to blow.] Blade, blad, n. "The leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of a plant, esp. of gramineous plants; the cutting part of an instrument; broad part of an oar. (Anat.) The scapula. A sharp-witted, dashing fellow; a rake. — v.t. To furnish with a blade. — v. i. To have, etc. [AS. bleed; Sw., Dan., and D. blad.]— Blade'-bone, n. The scapula, or upper bone in the shoulder. — Blad'ed, p. p. Having blades. (Mm.) Composed of narrow plates. Blain, blan, n. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a pustule; blister. [AS. blegen, fr. blawan, to blow, flare.] Blame, blam, v. t. [blamed (blamd), blaming.] To censure, find fault with. — n. Expression of disap. probation ; th^t whieh deserves censure ; fault; wrong-doing. [OF. blasmer, fr. Gr. blesphemein, to speak ill.] — Blam'able, -a-bl, a. Deserving of cen- sure; culpable; reprehensible. — Blam'ableness, n. — Blam'ably, adv. — Blame'ful, a. Meriting blame. — Blameless, a. Without fault ; innocent; irre- proachable.— Blamelessly, adv.— Blame'lessneas, n. — Blam'er, n. One who, etc. — Blame'wor'thy, -wgr'thl, a. Same as blamable. — Blame'wor'thi- ness, n. Blanch, Blanc-mange. See under Blank. Bland, bland, a. Pleasing by soothing qualities; mild; gentle ; courteous. [L. bumdvs.] — Bland'neBs, n. — Blanda'tion, n. Gross flattery. — BtandiFoquence, n. Fair, mild, flattering speech. [L. loqui, to speak.] — Bland'ish, v. t. [blandished Hsht>,-iSHiNQ.] To flatter by kind words or affectionate actions ; to soften, caress. — v. i. To act or speak affection- ately. [OF. blandir, to flatter, L. blandiri, to caress, fr. blandus.] — Bland'isher, n. — Blandishment, n. Words err actions of affection; artful caresses. Blank, blank, a. Of a white or pale color; pale from fear; dispirited; lacking something; empty; with- out mixture with anything else; pure. — n. Avoid space; a ticket in a lottery which draws no prize; a paper unwritten; a blank ballot; a document, with vacant spaces left to be filled with names, date, etc. The white spot of a target at which aim is taken. (Mech.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation. [F. blanc, white, OHG. blanch, shining, f r. OHG. Win- chen, to shine.] — Blankly, adv. With paleness; llai " ' ige. Aca ' out ball. — B. indorsement. (Law.) One which confusedly ; vacantly. — Blank'ness, n. — Blank cartridge. A cartridge filled with powder, but with- omits the name of the payee. — B. verse. Verse without rhyme. — Blanch, blanch, v. t. [blanched (blancht), blanching.] To take out the color and make white; to whiten; to make white by stripping off the peel; to give a favorable appearance. — v.t. To grow or become white. [F. blanchir, fr. blanc.'] — Blanch'er, n. One who whitens ; one who an- neals and cleanses money. — Blanc-mange, bl&N'- maNzh', -manger, -m&N'zha, n. A preparation of dissolved isinglass or sea-moss, milk, sugar, etc., boiled till thick. [F.,lit. white food; manger, to eat.] Blanket, blnnk / 'et, «. A loosely woven woolen cover, to proteet from cold; a kind of pear. — v. t. To cover with a blanket. [F. blanchet, OF. blanket, f r. blanc, white.] — Blank'eting, n. Cloth for blankets; the punishment of tossing in a blanket. Blare, blar, v. i. To sound loudly; to roar.— n. Noise; loud sound. [MHG. bleren, to shriek, L. flare, to blow.] Blarney, blar'nY, n. Smooth, deceitful talk; flattery. — v.t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. [Fr.a legend of Blarney Castle, Ireland.] siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or i«k, then. boNboN. chair, get. BLASE; 52 BLOAT s.**s£ bla-za', a. Surfeited; incapable of further en- joyment. [F.] Blaspheme, bias-fern', v. t. [blasphemed (-femd'), -i'HEMING.] To speak reproachfully or impiously • if; to utter abuse or calumny against, — v. i. To utter blasphemy. [Gr. blasphemein, fr. blapsis, in- jury, and pheme, speech.] — Blasphem'er, n. — Blasphemous, -fe-mus, a. Containing blasphemy; impiously irreverent or reproachful toward God. — Blas'phemously, adv. — Blas'phemy, n. An indig- nity offered to God by reproachful, contemptuous, or irreverent words. Blast, blast, n. A destructive or pernicious wind ; a forcible stream of air from an orifice ; exhaust steam from an engine, or the draught through the fire produced thereby; the sound made by blowing a wind instrument; the rending of rocks, etc., by explosives, or the charge used for this purpose; a blight; a flatulent disease of sheep. — v. t. To in- jure, as by a noxious wind; to blight; to affect with sudden violence ; to confound, or strike with force, by a loud blast ; to split, as by explosion. [AS. blsest, Sw. blast, a blowing, Ic. blast); a breath, fr. blasa, to blow.] — Blast 'ed, a. Confounded; ac- cursed; detestable. — Blast'er, n. One who, etc.— Blast'fur / nace, -f Sr'nas, n. (Mech.) A furnace for smelting ores in which air is furnished by pneu- matic apparatus. pipe, n. The exhaust pipe of a steam-engine. Blatant, bla'tant, a. Bellowing, as a calf ; noisy ; bawling. [AS. blsetan, to bleat.] Blather, blarh'e'r, n. Foolish chatter. — v. i. To talk idly. [L. blaterare, to prate.] — Blath'erskite, -skit, n. An obtrusive babbler, or his talk. [Colloq.] — Blatter, blat'tSr, v. i. To patter; to make a sense- less noise, to rail. [G. blattem, fr. L. blaterare.] Blaze, blaz, n. The stream of light and heat from a burning body; flame; light, as from flame; a white spot on a horse's face; a spot made on_a tree by chipping off bark. — v. i. [blazed (blazd), bla- zing.] To shine with flame; to send forth bright light; to be conspicuous. — v. t. To mark, as by chip- ping a tree. [AS. blsese, a flame, fr. blawan. to blow; Ic. bhjs, Dan. blus, a torch, blaze.]— Blaz'ing-star, n. A comet. Blaze, blaz, v. t. To publish far and wide, proclaim. [AS. blsesan, Ic. and Sw. blasa, Dan. bhue, D. bla- zen, to blow, to sound.] — Blazon, bla'zn, v. t. [blazoned (bla'znd), -zoning.] To display, ex- hibit conspicuously, embellish, adorn ; to explain in proper terms, as the figures on armorial ensigns. — n. Art of drawing, or explaining coats of arms; the representation on coats of arms; ostentatious dis- play; publication. [F. and Sp. blason, coat of arms; Sp. blasonar, to blazon, to boast, fr. MHG. blasen, to blow, etc.] — Bla'zer, n. One who spreads reports. — Bla'zoner, n. One who proclaims, a herald. — Bla'zonment, n. Ostentation; publication. — Bla'- zonry, -zn-rl, n. Art of describing armorial bear- ings; exhibition of coats of arms. Bleaberry, ble'ber-rT, n. A plant having^ leaves like box, and purple berries. [Corrupt, fr. blueberry.'] Bleach, blech. v. t. [bleached (blecht), bleaching.] To make white, or whiter, by removing the original color; to blanch.— v. i. To grow white. [AS. Use- can, Sw. bleka, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, to bleach; AS. Mac, pale.] — Bleach'er, n.— Bleach'ery, -er-T, n. A place for bleaching. — Bleaching, n. Act or art of whitening, esp. of whitening fabrics by chem- [ ical agents, etc. Bleak, blek, a. Orig., without color; pale; hence, des- olate and exposed ; cold ; cheerless. — n. The blay, a small, white, river fish. [AS. blsec, Mac, shining; OS. and Sw. blek, Dan. bleg.bleek, pale.] — Bleak'ly, adv. Desolately.— Bleak'ness, n. Blear, Wer, a. Dim, or sore with rheum, — applied to the eyes; causing dimness of sight, — v. t. [bleared tblerd), blearing.] To affect with soreness of eyes, or a watery humor; to make dim. [Dan. blire, plire, Sw. plira, blura, to blink.] — Blear'eye, -i, -eyedness, -Id-nes, n. (Med.) Chronic inflammation of the margins of the eyelids, with gummy secretion of the sebaceous humor. — Blear'eyed, a. Bleat, blet, v. i. To cry as a sheep. — w. The noise of, etc. [AS. blsetan, D. blaten, L. balare, to bleat.] Bleed, bled, v. i. [bled (bifid), bleeding.] To lose blood; to die by slaughter; to drop, as blood, from an incision; to lose sap, gum, or juice: to pay or lose money. — v. t. To take blood from by opening a vein; to draw monev from. [AS. bledan, fr. blod, blood.] — The heart bleeds, a phrase denoting great sympathy or pity, blood; hemorrhage Bleeding, n. A running of Blemish, blemish,!;, t. [blemished (-isht), -ishing.] To mark with deformity; to mar, or make defec- tive; to tarnish; defame, — n. A mark of deform- ity; spot; flaw; taint; imputation. [OF. blesmii; ble- mir, to wound, stain, fr. Ic. blaman, blue, livid.] Blench, blench, v, i. [blenched (blencht), blench- ing.] To shrink; to start back, from laek of cour- age or resolution; to flinch. — v. t. To baffle, dis- concert, break. [AS. blencan, to deceive.] Blend, blend, v. t. [blended or blent, blending.] To mix together, — v.i. To be mixed; to be united. [AS. blanaan, Ic. and Sw. blanda, Dan. blande.] — Blend'er, n. Blende, blend, n. An ore of zinc, consisting of zinc and sulphur. [G., fr. blenden, to dazzle.] — Blend'- ous, -us, o. Pert, to, or containing, etc. Blenny, blen'nf, n. A fish of different species, hav- ing the skin covered with shining mucus. [Gr. bleu- nos, f r. blenna, slime.] Bless, bles, v. t. [blessed (blest) or blest, blessing.] To make happy; to invoke a blessing upon. ( Bib.) To praise, or glorify, for benefits. [AS. bledsian, bloed- sian, fr. blod, blood, in allusion to the consecration of the altar by sacrifice.] — Bless'ed, a. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; impart- ing happiness; hallowed by associations; heavenly. — BlesB'edness, n. State of being blessed ; beati- tude; felicity: heavenly joys. — Bless' er, n. — Bless'- ing, n. A means of happiness ; that which pro- motes welfare; a benediction.— Bleat, a. Made or making happy; cheering. Blet, blet, n. A decayed spot on fruit. [F. blette.]-^ Blet'ting, n. Spotted appearance of over-ripe fruit. Blew. See Blow. Blight, blit, n. Mildew; decay; what frustrates plans or withers hopes ; a species of plant-louse, destruc- tive to fruit trees. — v. t. To affect with blight ; to blast, frustrate. [Perh. fr. AS. blicettan, fr. blican, to shine, glitter ; MHG. blichen, to grow pale.] Blind, blind, a. Destitute of the sense of seeing; un- able to discern, understand, or judge; morally de- praved ; indiscernible; hidden; unseen. — v.t. To deprive of sight or discernment; to obscure; to de- ceive.— n. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; something to mislead" the eye or un- derstanding. [AS., D., Sw., Dan., and G. blind; AS. blanden, to blend, make confused, blind.] — Blind'er, n. One who blinds; a piece of leather partially covering the eye of a horse.— Blindfold, a. Having the eyes covered ; undiscerning. — v. t. To cover the eyes of ; to hinder from seeing. — Blindly, adv. — Blind'-man's-bufF , n. A play in which a blind-folded person hunts others. — Blind'- ness, n. — Blind'-side, n. Side on which one is most easily assailed; foible. —Blind '-worm, -werm, n. A small reptile, like a snake, whose eyes are nearly imperceptible; the slow- worm. Blink, blink, v. i. To wink; to see with eyes half shut; to glimmer. — v. i. To shut out of sight, avoid or evade, conceal. — w. A glimpse or glance. (Naut.) Dazzling whiteness about the horizon reflected from fields of ice at sea. [D. blinken, to shine, Dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, AS. blican, to twinkle.] — Blink 'ard, n. One who blinks; that which twinkles, as a star. — Blink'er, n. One who blinks ; a blind for horses; whatever obstructs sight or discernment. Bliss, blis, n. The highest degree of happiness; felici- ty? .i°y- [-^S. blis, bliss, contr. fr. blids, blidhs, bliss, fr. blidhe, happy.] — Bliss'ful, a. Full of, etc. — Bliss'fully, adv. — Bliss 'fulness, n. — Blithe, blithe, a. Gay ; sprightly. — Blithely, adv. — Blithe'ness, n. — BUthe'some, a. Blithe. — Blithe 'someness, n. Blister, blis'ter, n. A thin watery bladder on the skin; a tumor made by a separation of the film or skin, as on plants, or by swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel; a vesicatory; a plaster applied to raise a blister, — v. t. [blistered (-terd), -tering.] To raise blisters upon; to give pain to, as if by a blister. — v. i. To rise in blisters. [OD. blwjster, blister ; Sw. blaster, bellows, fr. blasa, to blow.] — Blis'tery, -ter-T, a. Full of blisters. Blithe, etc. See under Bliss. Blizzard, bliz'zerd, n. A sudden, violent snowstorm, with high wind and extreme cold. Bloat, blet, v. t. To cause to swell or become turgid; to puff up, make vain; to smoke, as a herring. — t'. i. To grow turgid, as by affusion of liquid in the cellular membrane ; to puff out ; to swell. [Ic. blotna, to become soft; Sw. blot, soft, pulpy.} — am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; tntf v eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; BLOBBER-LIP 53 BLUBBER Block-house, to confine. — Block- Bloat 'er, n. A small fish, usually a herring, par- tially dried or smoked. Blobber-lip, blob'ber-lip, n. A thick lip. [Akin to bloat and blubber.] Block, tkok, 72. A solid mass of wood, stone, etc.; the mass of wood on which criminals are beheaded: the mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped ; a mass or row of buildings; a system of pul- leys arranged in a frame; any obstruction; a section of a railroad, having a telegraph- ic signal at its end, so that no tram can enter it until it is reported clear of preced- ing trains, —v. t. [blocked (blokt), block- ing.] To hinder egress or passage from or into; to stop, obstruct; to secure or sup- port by means of bloeks. [W., Ga., and Riork Ir. ploc, D. and Dan. blok, Sw. block.]- To ' block out. To begin to reduce to shape. — Block'- ish, a. Like a block; stupid: dull. — Block'ishly, adv. — Block'ishness, n. — Block'head, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. house, n. (Mil.) A structure of heavy timber or logs for defense, loop-holed for musketry. — -tin, n. Tin in blocks_or in- gots. — Blockade. Wok-ad', n. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, to compel a surrender from want, with- out regular attacks. — v. t. To shut up by troops or ships, etc ad'er. n. Blomary. See under Bloom. Blonde, blond, n. One having^ fair complexion and light hair and eyes. — a. Of a fair color or com- plexion ; fair. [F. blond, blonde.] — Blonde-lace, n. A fine kind of silk lace. — met'al, n. An English variety of clay iron-stone, used for making tools. Blood, blud, n. The fluid in the arteries and veins; rela- tion by natural descent ; kindred ; lineage, — esp. honorable birth ; the shedding of blood ; murder; temper of mind; disposition; excited feeling; pas- sion: a man of fire or spirit; juice of anything, esp. if red. (Stock breeding.) Descent from parents of recognized breed, —in horses, descent from Arab stock. — v. t. To let blood from; to bleed; to stain with blood; to inure to blood, as a hound. [AS. and Sw. blod, D. bloed, Ic. blodh, Goth. Moth ; fr. AS. bloiuan, to bloom, flourish.] — Bleod'ed, a. Having pure, or nearly pure blood; of the best stock.— Blood'y, -1, a. Stained with, or containing, blood; attended with bloodshed; murderous. —v. t. To stain with blood. — Blood'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Bloodi- ness, n. State of being, etc.: bloodthirstiness. — Blood'less, a. Without blood; dead: without shed- ding blood; without spirit.— Blood'lessly, adv.— Blood'bought, a. Procured at the cost of blood- shed. — guilt' y, a. Guilty of murder. guilt'i- ness, n. — heat, n. Heat equal to the temperature of blood,— about 98° Fahr. — horse, n. A horse of Arab stock. — hot, a. As warm as blood. — hound, n. A ferocious variety of dog, of acute smell, em- ployed to track men or animals. — let'ter, n. One who lets blood, as in diseases ; a phlebotomist. — -let'ting, n. (Med.) Act of letting blood by opening a vein; venesection. — money, -mun'Y, n. Money paid to the next oi kin to one killed by another, or to one instrumental in causing another's death. — -rela'tion, n. One connected by blood or descent. — -root, n. A plant, named from the color of its root; bloodwort. shed, n. The shedding of blood ; slaughter: waste of life. — shed'der, n. — shed'ding, n. The crime of, etc.— -shot, -shot'ten, a. Red and inflamed by a turgid state of the blood-vessels, as in diseases of the eye. spaVin. n. (Far.) A dilatation of the vein inside the hock of a horse, forming a soft swelling. — stone, n. (Mm.) A green silicious stone sprinkled with red jasper; hematite, a brown ore of iron. suck'er, n. An animal that sucks blood; esp. the leech. — thirst'y, a. Desir- I ous to shed blood, murderous. — thirst'iness, n. — I -ves'sel, n. A vessel in which blood circulates; an ; artery or a vein. warm, a. Warm as blood; luke- 1 warm. — wood. n. Logwood,— so called from its color. — Blood'y flux. Dysentery. mind ad. a. Having a cruel, ferocious disposition. sweat. -swet, n. The sweating sickness, in which a dis- ; charge of_ blood accompanies a profuse perspiration, j Bloom, bloom, n. A mass of crude iron from the puddling furnace, undergoing the first hammering. | [AS. bloma, mass, lump.] — Blom'ary, -ery, bloom'- 1 Sr-i, n. The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted from the ore. — Bloom'ing, n. Process of making blooms, or of converting cast into malleable iron. Bloom, bloom, n. A blossom ; the flower of a plant; the opening of flowers ; an opening to higher per- fection, like that of buds into blossoms ; powdery coating upon newly-gathered fruits. — v. i. [bloomeu (bloomd), blooming.] To produce blossoms; to flower; to be in a state of growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. [Ic. blom. Sw. blo/nma, Dan. blomme, D. bloem, L..flos.] — Bloom'ing, a. Flowering ; thriving in health, beauty, and vigor. — n. A clouded appearance of varnish upon the surface of a picture. — Bloom'y, -T, a. Full of bloom; flourishing. Bloomer, bloom'er, n. A man-like costume for women; a woman who wears it. [Fr. Mrs. Bloomer, who devised it.] Blossom, blos'sum, n. The flower of a plant, or the organs of reproduction, with their appendages. — v. 1. [blossomed (-sumd), -somixg.] To put forth blossoms; to bloom; to flourish and prosper. [AS. blostma, D. bloesem, fr. AS. blowan, to bloom.] Blot, blot. v. t. To spot or bespatter; to stain with in- famy, disgrace, disfigure ; to obliterate, expunge, efface, destroy. — n. A spot or stain; blur; an ob- literation; a spot in reputation; disgrace; blemish. [Ic. blettr, Dan. plet, a spot, stain, G. platsch, platze, a splash.]— Blofter, n. One who, or that which, blots. (Com.) A book for registering current mer- cantile transactions. — Blot'ting pa'per. Unsized paper, to imbibe Avet ink. Blot, n. In the game of backgammon, a man left un- covered and liable to be taken up. [Dan. blot, Sw. blott, D. bloot, naked.] Blotch, bloch, v. t. [blotched (blocht), blotching.] To blacken; to spot. — n. A spot on the skin; a pus- tule or eruption. [AS. blsece, fr. Msec, black.] — Blotch'y. a. Full of, etc. Blouse, Blowse, blowz, n. A loose over-garment; smock-frock. [F. blouse, cf . Pers. baljad, a cloth or garment.] Blow, bio, ». A blossom; a flower; a bed of flowers. — v. i. To flower or bloom ; to produce, cause to blossom. [AS. blowan. See Bloom and Blossom.] Blow, bio, n. Act of striking ; stroke ; a sudden or severe calamity. [OD. blauiven, to strike, D. blouwen, to dress flax, G. blduen, to beat with a beetle.] — At a blow. Suddenly, at one effort. — To come to bloivs. To fight. Blow, bio, v. i. [imp. blew ; p.p. blown; blowing.] To produce a current of air with the mouth; to move, as air; to breathe hard or quick: pant: puff; to sound on being blown into ; to brag. — v. t. To drive a current 01 air upon, or drive t>y a current of air; to sound, as a wind instrument; to spread by report : publish; to deposit, as eggs by flies: to form by inflation; to swell by injecting air ; to put out of breath. — n. An egg deposited by a fly in flesh; the act of depositing it. (Xaul.) A violent wind ; a gale. [AS. blawan, G. bldhen, L. flare, to blow, puff up.] — Blowy, blo'T, a. Windy. — A blow or blow-out. A drunken frolic, spree. — To blow out. To remove salt from a boiler by steam at a high pressure. — To b. over. To pass away with- out effect.— To b. up. To be broken and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. — To b. hot and cold. To favor a thing at one time and slight it at another. — To b. off. To suffer to escape. — To b. up. To fill with air, puff up, kindle, burst or scatter by explosion, abuse or scold violently. — To b- upon. To bring into discredit. — Blow'er, n. One who blows; a smelter. (Mech.) A contriv- ance for driving a current of air into something; a steam-jet to partially exhaust a chimney and cre- ate a blast-draught. A screen of metal to increase the draught through a fire or in a flue. — Blow'- hole, n. One of the nostrils by which a whale re- spires and ejects water ; a hole in ice at which whales, fish, etc., breathe. — pipe, n. A tube for driving a current of air through a tiame and concen- trating the heat on an object. — off-pipe, n. A pipe at the bottom of a boiler, for discharging sediment. Blowse. See Blouse. Blowze, blowz, n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. [D. blozen, to blush, Dan. blusse, to blaze, burn in the face, Sw. blossa, to blaze ; s. rt. blush.] — Blowzed, blowzd, BloWzy, a. Coarse, fat, and ruddy-faced. Blubber, blub'ber, n. The fat of whales, etc., yield- ing oil. — i--. z. [blubbered (-bSrd), -Bering.] To sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. BLUDGEON 54 BODY weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face. — v. t. To swell the face with weeping. [S. rt. bladder and blow ; perh. an imitation of the bubbling sound of shaken air and water.] Bludgeon, bluj'un, n. A short cudgel with one end loaded. [Ir. blocan, little block, Ga. blocan, mallet, beetle.] Blue, blu, ». The color of the clear sky; one of the primary colors, ipl-) Low spirits; melancholy; blue-devils. — a. Of the color called blue ; low in spirits; over-strict in morals. — v. t. [blued (blud), bluing.] To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to temper (iron) until it is blue. [Ic. blar, Sw. bla, Dan. blaa, G. blau, F. bleu.]— Blue'ly, adv. With a blue color. — Blue'ness, n. — Blu'ish, a. Somewhat blue— Blu'ing, n. Act of rendering blue; something te give a blue tint, as indigo. — Blue'bell, n. A plant bearing blue bell-shaped flowers. — berry, n. A kind of whortleberry. — bird, n. A small Amer- ican bird, resembling the English robin. — book, n. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.] A list of persons in govern- ment employ. [Amer.] — bot'tle, n. A plant which grows among corn, and has blue bottle-shaped flow- ers; a fly, with a large blue belly. — breast, n. A small European bird. — -devils.-dev'lz, n.pl. Lowness of spirits ; hypochondria. fish, n. An edible salt water game fish; a name sometimes applied to the dolphin. — grass, n. A valuable pasture-grass, in- digenous to the limestone region of Kentucky.— -gum tree, n. The Eucalyptus globulus, of Austra- lia, yielding a resin resembling kino. — light, -lit, n. A composition burning with a blue flame, used as a firework or a night signal at sea. — mass, n. {Med.) A preparation of mercury and conserve of roses, from which blue pills are made. — pe'ter, n. (Brit- ish Marine). A blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing. — pill, n. (Med.) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. — stocking, n. A literary lady; a female pedant. — -stone, -vit'riol, n. (Chem.) Sulphate of copper, used as a caustic. Bluff, bluf. a. Rude or coarse ; blustering ; roughly frank; outspoken; steep; bold.— n. A bank pre- senting a precipitous front; a game of cards. — v. t. To frighten or deter ; to repel by gruffness. [OD. bla/, flat, broad, also, a boaster; D. blaffer, a boaster, noisy fellow, fr. blaffen, to bark, yelp.J — Bluff 'ness, n. — Bluffly, a. Having bluffs. Blunder, blun'dSr, v. i. [blundered (-derd), -der- ing.] To mistake grossly; to err through want of care. — v. t. To confuse, mix together. — n. A gross mistake; error; bull. [Sw. blunda, to shut the eyes, Sw. and Dan. blund, a doze, nap.] — Blun'derer, n. — Blun'derhead, -hed, n. A stupid fellow. Blunderbuss, blun'der-bus, n. A short gun, with large bore for a number of balls, not requiring exact aim; a stupid, blundering fellow. [Corrupt, fr. D. don- derhus, thunder-gui.\] Blunger, blun'jer, w. A wooden blade with a cross handle, to mix clay in potteries. [Same as plunger.] — Blun'ging, n. Process of mixing clay; plunging. Blunt, blunt, a. Having a thick edge or point; dull; dull in understanding; abrupt in address; uncere- monious. — v. t. To dull the edge or point of; to repress or weaken, as appetite, desire, etc. [S. rt. blind and blunder.] — Bluntly, adv. — Blunt'ness, n. Blur, blSr, «. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; blot; a dim, confused appearance, —v. t. [blurred (blSrd), blurring.] To obscure without quite effacing; to cause imperfect vision in; to dim; to blemish, disgrace, sully. [Dan. plire, blire, Sw. plire, Sw. prov. bhtra, to blink; s. rt. blear.] Blurt, blSrt, v. t. To utter suddenly or unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately. [S. rt. blare, blast.] Blush, blush, v. i. [blushed (blusht), blushing.] To have a rosy color; to redden in the face, as from shame, confusion, or modesty. — n. A rosy tint; a red color suffusing the face; sudden appearance ; glance; view. [AS. blyscan, to glow. See Blowze.] Bluster, blus'ter, v. i. [blustered (-terd), -tering.] To blow fitfully with violence and noise; to talk noisily; swagger, — n. Noise and violence; threat- ening talk ; boisterousness ; turbulence; boasting; bullying. [Ic. blastr, a blast, Sw. blast, tempestu- ous weather. See Blast.] — Blus'terer, w. A swag- gerer; a bully. — Blus'teringly, adv. Boa, bo'a, n. A genus of serpents; a round fur tip- pet, shaped like a boa-constrictor. [L., perh. fr. I bos, bulC referring to its size.] — Bo'a-constric'tor, -kon-strik'tSr, n. A large serpent of tropical Amer- | Boa-constrictor. ica, which crushes its prey in its coils. gere, constrictum, to draw together.] Boar, bor, n. The male of swine not castrated; the wild hog. [AS. bar.] — Bearish, a. Swinish; brutal. Board, bord, n. A piece of , timber sawed thin ; a table | to put food upon; food; entertainment, — usually as furnished for pay; a council, or any authorized assembly or meeting. (Naut.) The deck of a ves- sel ; interior of a vessel ; side of a ship ; line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. A table for a game; paper made thick and stiff like a board. (pi.) The stage in a theater. — v. t. To lay, spread, or cover with Doards; to go on board of, or enter; to furnish with food lor compensation; to place at board, for compensation. — v. i. To obtain food statedly for compensation. [AS. and Ic. bord, board, side of a ship, D. bord, board, shelf.] — Board and board. (Naut.) Side by side. — By the b. Over the side.— To go by the b. To .suffer complete de- struction. — Board'er, n. One who takes and pays for meals at another's table. (Naut.) One who boards a ship. — Board'ing. n. A casing made of boards. — Board'ing-house, n. A house for board- ers. ■— -school, -skool, n. A school where pupilshave board and lodging. — Board'wa ges, n. pi. An al- lowance to servants to purchase their own food. Boast, b6st, v. i. To vaunt one's self; to brag. — v. t. To speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation ; to mag- nify or exalt one's self. — ». Expression of ostenta- tion, etc.; the cause of boasting. [W. bost. Ir. and Ga. bosd, a boast.] — Boast'er, n.— Boast 'Ml, -ful, a. Given to boasting.— Boast 'fully, -ingly, adv.'— Boast 'fulness, n. Boat, bot, n. A small open vessel; any vessel. — v.t. To transport in a boat. — v. i. To go in a boat. [AS. and Sw. bat, Ic. batr, D. boot, W. bad, Ga. bata.] — Boat'able, a. Navigable for small craft. — Boat '-bill, n. A wading-bird of South America, hav- ing a bill like a boat keel uppermost. — hook, -h6t>k, n. (Naut.) A hook on a pole, to pull or push a boat. — man, n. One who manages a boat. — swain, bo'sn, n. An officer who has charge of a ship's boats, sails, rigging, etc. [AS. swan, Ic. sveinn. a boy.] Bob, bob, n. Anything that plays loosely, or with jerks; bait used in angling; the ball of a pendulum or plumb-line. — v. t. [bobbed (bobd), bobbing.} To move in a short, jerking manner; to strike with a quick, light blow ; to gain by fraud, delude ; to have the haircut short. — v. i. To have a jerking motion ; to angle with a bob, or with jerks of the bait. [Perh. onomatop. ; perh. fr. Ga. bog, to bob, fr. 6oc, a blow, deceit; Ir. bagaim, I wag.]— Bob'- stays, -staz, n. pL {Naut.) Ropes or chains to con- fine a ship's bowsprit downward to the stem or cut- water. — tail, n. A short tail, or a tail cut short; the rabble, used in contempt, —as in the phrase rag- tag and bob-tail. wig, n. A short wig. Bobbin, bob'bin, n. A kind of spool on which thread is wound; round tape. [F. bobine, bobbin, Ir. and Ga. baban, a tassel.] — Bobbinet, bob-bin-et' or bob'- bin-et, n. A kind of lace wrought by machines. Boblincoln. bob-lin'kun, Bob'olink, n. The rioe-bird, rice-bunting, reed-bird; an American singing-bird. Bob-white, bob' whit', n. The American partridge or quail, — named from its note. Bock-beer, bok'ber, n. A strong kind of lager beer. [G. bock bier, fr. bock, a goat.] Booking, bok'ing, n. A kind of baize or drugget [Fr. Bockmg, Eng.] Bode, bod, v. t. To indicate by signs; to portend, foreshow. — v. i. To foreshow, presage. [AS. 60- dian, to announce, fr. bod, message; s. rt. bid.] Bodice, Boddice, bod'is, n. Stays; a corset. [Prop, the pi. of body.] Bodkin, bod'kin, n. A dagger; a pointed instrument for making holes, etc., or for drawing tape through loops. [W. bidogt/n, dim. of bidog, short sword.] Body, bod'I, n. The material substance of an animal; the principal part, in distinction from parts less im- portant; a person; a collective mass of individuals; a corporation ; a number of particulars taken to- gether; a system; any mass or portion of matter. (Paint.) Consistency; thickness. — v. t. [bodied am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, t5ne. or ; BCEOTIAN 55 BONE (bod'id), bodying.] To produce in definite shape; to embody. [AS. bodig, Skr. bandha.] — Bod'ied, -id, a. Having a body, — usually in composition. — Bodi- less, a. Having no material form; incorporeal real naru, anu useu iu uiiuuiieiiis. Bogey, Bogy, bo'gt. Bogle, bo'gl, Boggle, A hobgoblin; bugbear; specter; a nurse — Bo'gie, Bo'gy, n. A small hand-car or 'ily, a. Having or containing a body; corpo- ; pert, to the body. — adv. Corporeally; entirely; completely. — Bod'y-clothes, -klothz, n. pi. Clothing for the body. color, -kul'er, n. (Paint.) Color that has body, or consistence, in distinction fr. a tint or yash. —-guard, -gard, re. A guard to protect the person; life-guard.— pol'itic, n. A state in its political capacity. snatcher, -snach'gr, n. One who robs graves of bodies. Boeotian, be-o'shan, a. Pert, to Bceotia ; to its bad climate; or to its dull and stupid inhabitants. Boer, boor, n. A Dutch colonist of South Africa. [D., a farmer. See Book.] Bog, «. A quagmire ; marsh ; morass. — v. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. [Lr. bog- ach, Ga. bogan, fr. Ir. and Ga. bog, soft, moist.] — Bog'gT, a. Containing bogs; swampy. — Bog'-ore, re. (Min.) Cellular limonite; an ore of iron formed in marshes. — spav'in, n. (Far.) An encysted tu- mor on the inside of the hough. — trot'ter, n. One who lives among bogs, — applied to Irish robbers. — -wood, re. Wood found buried in peat bogs, dark and hard, and used in ornaments. . bog'gl, re. rsery demon. gie, Bo'gy, n. A small hand-car on railroads; a four-wheeled truck undeT a locomotive; an iron box to receive slag from a puddling furnace. — Bog'- gle, v. i. [boggled (-gld), bogoli no.] To hesitate as if frightened: to waver, vacillate, shrink. [Scot. bogle, W. bwg; specter, goblin.] — Bog'gler, n. Bogus, bo'gus, a. Spurious; counterfeit. [Corrupt. of Borohese, the name of a swindler.] Bohea, bo-he', re. An inferior kind of black or green tea; black tea in general. [Fr. Wu-i. pron. by the | Chinese bu-i, the name of hills where this tea grows.] ; Bohemian, bo-he'mY-an, a. Pert, to Bohemia or its i inhabitants, to gypsies, or to hack-writers for the | press. — re. A native of Bohemia; a gypsy; a needy writer, politician, artist, etc.. who lives Dy his wits. Boil, boil. v. i. [boiled (boild), boiling.] To be agi- tated by the action of heat ; to bubble, effervesce; to be hot or fervid; to be excited; to suffer boiling in liquid. — v. t. To cause to bubble by heat ; to form Dy boiling; to subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. [OF. boillir, fr. L-. bullire, to boil, fr. bidla, a bubble.] — To boil away. To evaporate by boiling. — Boiling point. The temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, —for water at sea-level, 212" Fah. — Boil'er, n. One who boils; a vessel in which anything is boiled. (Mech.) A metallic vessel in which steam is generated. — Boil'- ery, n. A place and apparatus for boiling. — Boil''- ing, n. Act or state of agitation by heat; ebullition; act of subjecting to the action of neat. Boil, boil, re. A small inflamed tumor, which com- monly suppurates, — formerly written bile. [AS. byl, byle, D. bide, buil.] Boisterous, bois'ter-us, a. Tumultuous; turbulent; noisy; roaring. [W. bwystus, brutal, fr. bwyst, feroci- ty.]— Bois'terously, adv. — Bois'terousness, n. Bold, bold, a. Forward to meet danger ; exhibiting or requiring spirit and daring; audacious; forward; impudent; taking liberties in expression; markedly •onspicuous; steep or abrupt. [AS. beald, bald.] — To make bold. To take liberties; to use freedom. — Boldly, adv. — Bold'ness, n. Bole, bSl, n. The body or stem of a tree. [Sw. bal, Dan. bul.] — A kind of fine, compact, or earthy clay. [Gr. bolos, a clod.] Bolero, bo-la'ro, n. A Spanish dance. [Sp., fr. bola, ballj Boll, bol, n. The pod or capsule of a plant ; a peri- carp; a Scotch measure, containing 2, 4, or 6 bush- els. — v. i. To form into a seed-vessel. [Dan. bulne, Sw. bidna, to swell; s. rt. bulge.] Bologna sausage, bo-lon'ya-saw-saj. A sausage of various meats and pork suet. [Bologna, in Italy.] Bolster, bSl'stgr, n. A long pillow or cushion; a pad; compress. — v. t. [bolstered (-stgrd), -steeing.] To support with a bolster ; to hold up ; maintain. [AS., fr. bolla, a round thing, ball.] Bolt, bolt, n. An arrow; dart ; a strong pin, to hold something in place ; a thunder-bolt ; shackle ; 28 ells of canvas. — v. t. To fasten with a bolt, re- strain; to blurt out; to swallow without chewing. — v. »'. To start forth like a bolt, move abruptly, spring suddenly aside; to desert, as a party or or- ganization. — adv. With sudden meeting or collis- ion ; perpendicularly. [AS., OD. bolt, G. bolzen, a bolt, kind of arrow.] — Bolt'er, n. — Bolt'-head, n. (Chem.) A long glass vessel for distillations, a matrass or re- ceiver. — rope, ii. (Naut.) A rope sewed to edges of sails to strengthen them. Bolt, bolt, v. t. To sift ; to separate, as- sort, or jjurify; to examine closely. [OF. butter, F. bluter, to sift, fr. LL. burra, coarse cloth.] Bolt'sprit. See Bowsprit under Bow. Bolus, bo'lus, re. (Med.) A rounded mass ; a large pill. [1,., bit, morsel.] Bomb, bum, n. (Mil.) A hollow iron ball B °" f nd tilled with explosives to be discharged Wilts, from a mortar. [F. bombe, a bomb, fr. L. A, bolt; bombas, Gr. boniboa, a booming sound.] — B, head; Bombard, bum-bard', v. t. To attack with C, nut; bombs. — Bombardier', -der', n. (Mil.) D, check- One who throws bombs; an artilleryman. nut. — Eombard'ment, n. An attack with bombs. — Bomb'ketch, -ves'sel,n.(2vau<.) A strong vessel carrying mortars lor bombarding, —-proof, a. Secure against penetration by bombs. shell, n. A bomb. Bombast, bum'bast, n. Orig., cotton or soft material used as padding ; hence, an inflated style ; fustian, — a. High-sounding ; inflated ; turgid. [LL,. boin- bux, L. bombyx, Gr. bombux, cotton.] — Bombast 'ic ? a. Characterized by, etc. — Bombastically, adv. Bombazet, -zette, buni'ba-zet', Bom'bazine', -sine, -sin, -zen', n. A twilled fabric, with silk warp and worsted weft. [F. bombasin, fr. LL. bombacynus, made of bombax. See Bombast.] Bombic, bom'bik, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, the silk-worm. [L. bombyx, silk-worm.] — Bombycinoos, -bis'I-nus, a. Of the color of the silk-worm: trans- parent with a yellow tint. Bona fides, bo'na fi'dez. Good faith ; sincerity. — Bona fide, -fi'de. In good faith ; really. [L.] Bonanza, bo-nan'za, n. A sudden widening in a vein of silver; a successful venture, — esp. in gold or silver mining. [Sp., fair weather, prosperity.] Bonbon, boN'boN, n. Sugar confectionery ; a sugar- plum. [F., fr. bon, good.] Bond, bond, n. That which binds, fastens, or con- •"■ a binding force or 1 — [■ i i i i i i — rzc 3=E English Bond. influence. ?Law.) A writing by which one binds himself, his heirs, executors, etc., to pay a sum. (Arch.) Union or tie of stones or bricks in a " wall. — a. In a state of servitude or captivity. — v. t. To secure payment of, by giving a bond. [An- other form of band, fr. Flemish Bond. AS. bindan, to bind.] — Bond'age, n. State of being under restraint; obligation. (Old Eng. Law.) Vil- lenage. — Bonded goods. Goods left in charge of cus- toms officers, — bonds being given for the payment of duties upon them.— -ware'house, n. A place where bonded goods are stored. — Bond'maid, n. A female slave. — man, n. A man slave. (Old Eng. Law.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. — serv'ant, n. A slave. — service, n. Slavery. — slave, n. One in slavery. — stone, n. (Masonry!) A stone running through the thickness of a wall to bind it together. — tim'ber, n. A beam worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally. —Bondsman, bondz'- man, n.; pi. -men. A bondman. (Law.) A surety; one who gives security for another. — wom'an, n. A woman slave. Bone, bon, n. (Anat.) A hard whitish substance, com- posing the skeleton; an integral portion of the skele- ton. — a. Made of bone. — v. t. [boned (bond), boning.] To take out bones from; to put whalebone into. [AS. ban, D. and Dan. been, Sw. ben.]— A bone of contention. Subject of dispute. — A b. to pick, or gnaw. Something to occupy or divert. — To pick a b. with. To quarrel with.— To make no bones. To make no scruple. — Body and Bones. Wholly ; unreservedly. — Boneless, a. Without bones. — Bon'y, -t, a. Consisting of, full of, or pert, to, bones; having large or prominent bones.— Bone'ash, n. The residue from calcined bones, — used for making cupels and cleaning jewelry. — -black, n. (Chem.) A carbonaceous substance from sua, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. BONESET 56 EOREOW bones calcined in close vessels. cave, n. A cave containing bones of extinct animals. dust. n. Ground or pulyerized bones, — used as a iertilizer. earth, n. (Chem.) Earthy residuum after cal- ♦ cining bone, chiefly phosphate of lime. — softer, n. One who sets broken and dislocated bones. — -BpaVln, n. (Far.) A bony excrescence, on the in- side of the hock of a horse's leg. Boneeet, bon'set.n. A medicinal plant; thoroughwort. Bonfire, bon'fir, n. Afire to express public exultation, or for amusement. [E. bone-fire = a fire to burn the bones and relics of saints.] Bonhomie, bon'om-e, n. Good nature ; simplicity. [F. bon, good, and homme, man.] tonito, bo-ne'to, n. A fish of fr. Ar. baynis.] Borito, bo-ne'to, n. A fish of the tunny kind. [Sp., Bonmot, boN'mo, n. A witty repartee; a jest. [F. bon, good, and mot, word.] Bonne, ban, n. A child's nurse. [F., fem. of bon.] Bonnet, bon'net, n. A covering for the head. (Fort.) Part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part and its terre-pleine. (Kaut.) An addition to a sail. A plate or a dome-shaped casing; a frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney. [F., fr. LL. bonneta, a kind of stuff.] — Bon'neted, a. Wearing a bonnet. (Fort.) Protected by, etc. Bonny, bon'nl, a. Handsome ; gay ; plump ; well- formed. [Corrup. fr. F. bon, bonne.]— Bon'nily, adv. Bonny-clabber, bon'nT-klab'ber, n. Sour buttermilk; the thick part of soured milk. [Ir. bainne, milk, and clabar, mud.] Bon ton, boN toN. The height of the fashion ; fash- ionable society. [F., good tone, manner.] Bonus, bo'nus, n. (Law.) A premium given for a loan, charter, etc. An extra dividend paid out of ac- cumulated profits; a sum paid to an agent, above a share in profits or stated compensation. [L., good.] Bon-vivant, boN've-v&N', n. A good fellow ; jovial companion. [F.; vivant, p. pr. of vivre, to live.] Bonze, bon'ze, n. A Buddhist priest, monk, or nun. [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan, bozu, a Buddhist priest.] Booby, boo'bl, n. A stupid bird of the gannet fam- ily; a dunce. [Sp. and Pg. bobo, blockhead.] Boodle, boo'dl, n. Money given in payment for votes or political influence; bribe money.* ISlang.l Book, bdok, n. A collection of sheets of paper, etc., bound together; a literary composition, written or printed; a subdivision of a literary work. (Mer.) A volume in which accounts are kept. — v. t. [booked (bdokt), booking.] To enter, write, or register in a book. [AS. boc, D. boek, Ic. and Sw. bok; AS. boc, beech-tree, boards of which were writ- ten on.] — Bookish, a. Given to reading ; more acquainted with books than with men. — Book'- ishly, adv. — Book'ishness, n. — Without book. By memory or without notes ; without authority. — Book'bind'er, n. One who binds books. bind'- ery, n. A place for binding, etc. bind'ing, n. Art or practice of, etc. case, n. A case with shelves for holding books. (Bind.) A book-cover. cov'er, n. (Bind.) A case for a book ; a cover of cloth or other material prepared for casing a book.— -keep'er, n. One who keeps accounts. — keeping, n. Art of recording mercantile transactions and keeping accounts. learned, -lernd, a. Versed in books; ignorant of life. — learn'ing, n. Learning acquired by reading,— esp. as opp. to practical knowl- edge. — maker, n. One who writes and publishes books; a compiler; a sporting man who makes a rec- ord of bets. — mak'ing, n. The practice of, etc.; com- pilation ; systematized betting. — mark, n. Some- thing placed in a book by which to find a particular place. — plate, n. Alabel indicating ownership, place in a library, etc., usually on the inside of the cover of a book. post, n. The post-office arrangement by which books are mailed. selPer. n. One who sells books. — shelf, n. A shelf to hold books.— -shop, -stall, -store, n. A place for selling books. — -stand, n. A stand for selling books in the streets; book-stall; a support to hold books. — worm. n. A worm or mite that eats holes in books ; one exces- sively addicted to study. Boom, "boom, n. A spar tor extending the bottom of sails; a chain cable or connected line of spars, cross- ing a river or other water; a pole set up in shallow water, to mark out the channel; in business, a strong demand for a commodity; an earnest popular in- terest in behalf of some measure. — v. i. [boomed (boomd), booming.] To rush violently, as a ship under press of sail. [D., boom, pole; s. rt. beam.] Boom, boom, n. A hollow roar; the cry of the bittern. — v. i. To make a hollow sound, roar, or cry. [OD. bommen, to drum.] Boomerang, boom'er-ang, n. A missile weapon of the natives of Australia, which describes remark- able curves, and falls near the thrower. Boon, boon, n. Gift; benefaction; grant; prayer or petition. [Ic, Dan., and Sw. bon, AS. ben, peti- tion.]— o. Gay; jovial; kind; bountiful. [F.bo»i.] Boor, boor, n. A countryman ; peasant ; clown; a rude and illiterate person. [D. boer, peasant, fr. bouwen, to till.] — Boorish, a. Like a boor; clown- ish; illiterate. — Boorishly, adv. — Boor'ishness, n. Boose, Booze, Bouze, booz, v. i. To drink excessively; to guzzle. [OD. buisen, to drink deeply, fr. buizt, a large drinking cup.] — Boo'ser, n. — Boo'ay, -zy, -zT, a. Intoxicated; silly; fuddled. Boost, boost, v. t. To lift or push from behind. Boot, boot, v. t. To profit; to advantage, — n. Differ- ence given to equalize an exchange; profit. [AS. and Ic. bot, Goth, bota, advantage ; s. rt. better.] — Bootless, a. Unavailing ; unprofitable. — Boof- lessly,_ae/i>. — Boot'lessness, n. Boot, boot, n. A covering for the foot and leg; a rack for the leg, to torture criminals; a leather-covered receptacle on a coach; a cover for a carriage, against rain and mud; (pi.) a servant who blacks boots.— v. t. To put boots on. [OF. botte, a butt or barrel, a boot, G. butte, tub.] — Boot and saddle. The cavalry trumpet call before marching. — Bootee, boot-e', n. A half boot. — Boot'-crimp, n. A frame for shaping boots. — -jack, n. An instrument for drawing off boots. — -tree, -last, n. A block to stretch boots. Booth, booth, n. A temporary shelter; slight hut. [Ic. budh, Sw. and Dan. bod, Ga. buth, shop, hut; Ir. both, W. bwth, hut.] — Boothy, Bothy, botb/I, n. In Scot., a hut for farm servants. Booty, boot'!, n. Spoil taken in war, or by violence; plunder. [Ic. byti, exchange, barter ; Dan. bytte, Sw. byte, booty: Ic. byta, to divide, distribute.] Bopeep, bo-pep', n. A children's play. Borage, bur'rej, n. A garden plant, used as a cor- dial. [F. bourrache, fr. LL. borra, rough hair, the leaves being rough.] Borax, bo'raks, n. (Chem.) Biborate of soda; a salt formed by combination of boracic acid with soda. [F. and LL., fr. Ar. buraq, Pers. burah, borax.] — Boracic, -ras'ik, Bo'racous, -cus, a. Pert, to, or pro- duced fr., etc. — Bo'rate, n, A salt formed by com- bination of boracic acid with a base. — Bo'ron, h. An elementary substance, allied to carbon, the base of boracic acid. — Bo'ruref, -roor-ef, n. A combi- nation of boron with a simple body. Border, b6r'de"r, n. The outer part or edge of any- thing ; verge; brim; boundary. — v. i. [bordered (-dSrd), -dering.] To touch at the edge; to be ad- jacent; to come near to. — v. t. To make, or adorn with, a border; to touch at the edge. [F. bordure, LL. bordura, D. boord, margin, border.] — Bor'derer, n. One who dwells on a border. — Bor'der-land, n. Land on the frontiers; debatable land. Bore, bor, v. t. [bored (bord), boring.] To perfo- rate or penetrate; to form a round hole in; to weary by tedious iteration or dullness; to vex. — v. i. To pierce or enter by boring ; to be pierced or pene- trated by a turning instrument; to Carry the nose to the ground, — said of a horse. — n. The hole made by boring; cavity of a fire-arm ; caliber ; one who, or that which, wearies by repetition or dullness. [AS. borian, D. boren, Ic bora Dan. bore, h.forare, to bore.] — Bor'er, n. Ont who, or that which, etc. — Border, Bore'worm, n. The teredo, a sea-worm which pierces and destroys submerged wood; also a worm which penetrates trees. — Bore'dom, -dum, n. State of being bored; ennui: the domain of bores. Bore, bor, n. (Physical Geog.) A tidal flood at the mouths of some rivers: a high and rapid flow. [Ic. bara, billow, Sw. bar, hill.] Bore, Born. See Bear. Boreal, bo're-al, a. Northern; pert, to the north or north wind. [L. borealis, f r. Boreas, north wind.] Boron. See under Borax. Borough, bur'ro, n. An incorporated town ; in Eng., a town that sends members to parliament; in Scot., a body corporate, with certain jurisdiction. [AS. burh, burn, D. burg, Ic, Sw., and Dan. bora, fort, cas- tle, fr. AS. beorgan, to protect.] — Bor'ough-Eng'- lish. -in'glish, n. (Eng. Law.) A descent of es- tates to the youngest son, or to the youngest brother, if there are no sons. Borrow, bor'ro, v. t. [borrowed (-rod), -rowing.] To take on trust, with the intention of se paying; to am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; ?nd. eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r BORT 57 BOW take from another for one's own use; to appropriate. [AS. borgian, fr. borg, pledge, security, fr. beorgan, to protect.] — Borrower, n. Bort, bflrt, n. Fragments of diamonds used as pow- der for lapidary work. Boscage, bosk'ej, n. Wood ; underwood ; a thicket. (Paint.) A landscape representing thickets. [F., fr. It. bosco, G. bosch, busch, bush.] — Bosk, n. A thicket. — Bosk'y, a. Woody; bushy. Bosh, bosh, re. Mere show; empty talk; folly. [Turk., empty, vain; Scot, boss, hollow; G. bosse, trifle.] Bosom, DoVzum, n. The breast of a human being; the seat of the passions, affections, etc.; embrace; affectionate inclosure; inclosed place; interior; the part of the dress over the breast. — a. Intimate ; fa- miliar; dear. —v. t. [bosomed (-zumd), -oming.] To inclose in the bosom ; keep with care ; hide from view; embosom. [AS. bosm, D. boezem, G. busen.} Boss, bos, n. A protuberant ornament ; stud, knob. (Meek.) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or where it is coupled to another; a swage or die for shaping metals. — v. t. To orna- ment with bosses; to stud. [F. bosse, a hump; It. bozza, a swelling; OHG. bozo, pozo, D. bos, bunch, bundle.] — Bos'sy, a. Having bosses; studded. Boss, bos, n. A master workman or superintendent. — v. i. & t. To direct, superintend. [D. baas, master.] Boston, bos'ton, n. A game played T>y four persons, with two packs of cards, — introduced by French officers at Boston during the Revolutionary war. Botany, bofa-nT ? re. Science of the structure, classifi- cation, etc., of plants. [Gr. botane, plant, fr. bos- kein, to feed, graze.] — Botanic, -ical, bo-tan'ik-al, a. Pert, to botany; relating to, or containing, plants. — Botan'ically, adv. — Botanist, bot'an-ist, n. One skilled in, etc. — Bot'anize, v. i. [botanized (-Tzd), -izing.] To seek for and investigate plants. Botch, boch, n. An ulcerous affection. [OF. boce, boss of a buckler, boil,— same as F. bosse. See Boss.] Botch, boch, n. A patch of a garment; work done • bunglingly; a clumsy performance. — v. t. [botched (bocht), botching.] To mend or patch clumsily; to express »r perform bunglingly. [OLG. and D. bot- sen, to strike, repair.] — Botch' er, n. A clumsy work- man . — Botch'ery, n. Bungling work; patch work. Bot'fly. See Bots. Both, ooth, a. & pron. The one and the other; the two. — conj., used before the first of two coordinate words or phrases, followed by and before the other. [AS. ba, Sw. bada, Dan. baade, G. beide.] Bother, both'er, v. t. [bothered (-erd), -ering.] To tease or perplex. — n. One who, or that which, bothers ; state of perplexity or annoyance. [Peril. fr. Ir. buaidhirt, trouble, fr. buair, to vex, grieve.] — Both'era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Both'erseme, -Sr-sum, a. Causing bother. Bothy. See Booth. Bots, Bot'ts, bots, a. pi. (Entom.) Small worms found in the intestines of horses. — Bot'-fly. The insect whose eggs produce bots. [Ga. botus, belly-worm.] Bottle, bot'l, n. A narrow-mouthed vessel for hold- ing liquors; the contents of one. — v. t. [bottled (-tld), -tling.] To inclose in bottles. [F. bouteille, LL. buticula, dim. of butica, fr. Gr. butts, a flask.] — Bot'tle-green, re. A dark green, like that of a green glass bottle. — hold'er, n. One who gives a boxer refreshment between the rounds; a backer. — -head, -nose, n. A cetacean allied to the sperm whale; a kind of dolnhin. — nosed, -nozd, a. Having a nose swollen at the end. Bottom, bofum, n. The lowest part of a thing; foun- dation; base; low alluvial land along a river; aval- ley. (Naut.) The keel of a vessel; the vessel itself. Power of endurance: stamina; dregs or grounds. — v. t. [bottomed (-tumd), -toming.] To found or build; to furnish with a seat or bottom.— v. i. To be based. [AS. botm, D. bodem, Sw. botten, bottom; Skr. budhna, depth, ground.] — Bot'tomless, a. Without a bottom: fathomless. — Bot'tomry, -rT, n. (Mar. Law.) A contract by which a ship is bound as security for repayment of money. Boudoir, boo , dw6r, n. A lady's private room. [F., fr. bouder, to be sulky; peril, akin to pout.~\ Bough, bow, re. An arm or large branch of a tree. [AS. bog, boh, bough, orig. arm, shoulder, Dan. bong, 1c. boar, Sw. feofl, shoulder.] Bought. See Buy. Bougie, boo-zhe', n. (Surg.) A long, flexible instru- ment, introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions. [F., wax-candle, bougie, fr. Bvgia, a town of North Africa.] Bouilli, bool'ye, n. (Cookeiij.) Beef, stewed and served_with sauce. [F., fr. bouilHr, to boil.] — Bouil- lon, booKyoN, n. Broth; soup. (Far.) A disease of horses' feet. [F.J Boulder. See_BowLDER. Boulevard, boo-le-var', n. Orig. a bulwark; a broad public walk or street. [F., fr. G. bollwerk, bulwark.] Bouleversement, bool-vars-maN', re. A turning up- sidedown; complete overthrow. [F., fr. boule, ball, and verser, to turn.] Bounce, bowns, v. i. [bounced (bownst), bouncing.] To leap or spring suddenly; to beat or thump, — v. t. To drive violently against anything. — n. A sud- den leap or bound; a heavy, sudden blow or thump; a bold lie. [Platt-Deutsch, bunsen, to beat, knock, D. bonzen, to bounce, throw.] — Boun'cer, -ser. v. One who bounces; a bold lie; a liar; something big. — Boun'cing, a. Plump and healthy; lusty. Bound, bownd, n. External line of any object or space, limit, confine, boundary, —v. t. To limit, terminate, restrain, circumscribe; to give the boun- daries of. [OF. bonne, LL. bodina, bonna, bound, limit, fr. Armor, boden, a cluster of trees, fr. bod, Ir. bot, a cluster.] — Bound'ary, ra-r Y , n. That which fixes a limit, — esp. a visible mark. — Boundless, a. Without bounds ; unlimited ; infinite. Bound, bownd, n. A leap; spring; jump. — v.i. To move forward by leaps; rebound, as an elastic ball. [F. bondir, to bound, rebound, orig. resound ; 8. rt. boom.'] Bound, bownd, a. Destined; tending; going, or in- tending to go, etc. [Ic. buinn, prepared, ready, fr. bua, to get ready.] Bound, Bounden. See Bind. Bounty, bown'tY, re. Goodness ; liberality ; munifi- cence; that which is given liberally; a premium to encourage some object. [F. bonte", L. bonitas, fr. bonus, good.] — Boun'teous, -te-us, a. Disposed to give freely ; generous. — Boun'teously, adv. — Boun'teousness, n. — Boun'tiful, -ful, a. Free in giving. — Boun'tifully, adv. — Boan'tifulness, n. Bouquet, boo-ka', n. A nosegay ; bunch of flowers ; a perfume or aromatic odor. [F., fr. OF. bousquet, bosquet, bush, dim. of bois, wood.] Bourgeois, bur-jois', re. (Print.) A kind of type, in "'erh. the size between long primer and brevier. [Peri ' -'s name.jf This line is in bourgeois type. Bourgeois, boor-zhwaw', n. In France, a man of middle rank in society; a citizen. —Bourgeoisie, boor-zhwaw-ze', n. The middle classes, — esp. those concerned in trade. [F., fr. OF. burgeis, citi- zen, fr. LL. burgus, a fort. See Borough.] Bourgeon, ber'jun, r. i. To put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. [ F., a bud; MHG. buren, to raise, push up.] Bourn, Bourne, born or boorn, n. A bound; limit; goal. [F. borne, corrup. of OF. bonne. See Bound.] — A stream ; rivulet ; burn. [AS. burna, burne, D. born, Goth, brunna, spring, well.] Bourse, boors, re. A merchants' exchange; in France, the money market. [F., fr. Gr. burse, skin, purse.] Bout, bowt, n. A conflict ; trial ; as much of an ac- tion as is performed at one time; a turn. [Dan. bught, Sw. bugt, turn; s. rt. AS. beogan, to bend.] Bouts-rimes, boo / re-ma / ', re. pi. Words that rhyme, given to be formed into verse. [F., rhymed ends.] Bovine, bo'vln, a. Pert, to cattle of the ox kind. [L. 60s, bovis, ox, cow.] — Bo'viform, a. Kesembling, etc. Bow, bow, v. t. [bowed (bowd), bowing.] To bend, inflect, make crooked or curved; to turn from a nat- ural condition; to bend in respect, homage, conde- scension, etc.; to depress, subdue. — v. i. To bend, in token of reverence, civility, etc. — re. An incli- nation of the head or body, in token of respect, etc. [AS. bugan, Sw. buga, Skr. bhuj, to bend.] — Bow'- er, n. Bow, bow, re. (JVaut.) The curving forepart of a ship; stem jprow; the bow-oar. [Dan. boug, bov, Sw. bog, OHG. puac ] — Bow'er, re. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the ship's bow, the second in size. — Bowline, bo'lTn, n. A rope whieh keeps the weather edge of a sail tight forward when the ship is close-hauled. — oar, bow'or, re. The oar near- est the bow of a boat; the one who pulls it. — sprit, bo- or bow-, re. A spar projecting from the bow of a ship, — sometimes called boltsprit. Bow, bo, n. Anything bent; a weapon by which an I arrow is propelled; an instrument having a curved sun. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boubON, chair, get. BOWEL 58 form, as a fiddle-stick. [AS. boga, D. boon, Dan. hue, bow; AS. bugan, to bend.] — Eow-com'passes, -kum'pas-ez,w. pi. Compasses with ^gjfjjs^gfegfi an arched plate ^ on one leg, upon which the other Bow-compass, leg slides; compasses furnished with a bow-pen. — -drill, n. A drill revolved by a bow and string. — •hand, n. {Archery.) The hand holding the bow, the left hand. (Mus.) The hand drawing the bow, right hand. — knot, -not, n. A knot tied with a bow or loop of string, and readily loosened. — legged, -legd, a. Having legs curved outwards. — man, n. One who uses a bow; an archer. — net, n. An ar- rangement of wicker baskets for catching lobsters, etc. —pen, n. A kind of ruling- pen. saw, n. A narrow-bladed Bow-pen. saw for cutting curves. — shot, n. The distance a bow shoots an arrow. string, n. The string which bends a bow. — v. t. To strangle with a bow-string, — a Turkish mode of execution. — wurMew. See Bay- window, under Bay. — wood, n. The wood of the Osage orange, used by the North American Indians for bows. Bowel, bow'el, n. One of the intestines; an entrail; the interior part of anything; the seat of pity; com- passion. — v. t. To take out the bowels of ; to evis- cerate. [OF. boel, fr. L. botellus, sausage, gut.] Bower, boWec, n. One of the two highest cards in euchre, — the highest being the Right bower, the knave of the trump suit; the next the Left bower, the other knave of the same color as the trump. [G. bauer, peasant, f r. the figure sometimes used for the knave on cards.] Bower, bowser, n. Orig. a chamber : a country-seat; cottage; a covered place in a garden; arbor. [AS. and Ic. bur, a chamber, Sw. bur, Dan. buur, cage ; AS. buan, to dwell.] — Bow'ery, a. Covering, as a bower; containing bowers. Bowie-knife, bo'I-mf, n. A kind of knife, worn as a weapon. [Col. Bowie, the inventor.] Bowl, bol, n. A concave vessel to hold liquids; the hollow part of anything. [AS. bolla, Ic. bolli, MHG. bolle, a bowl.] Bowl, b5l, n. A ball. — v. t. [bowled (bold), bowl- ing.] To roll, as a bowl ; to pelt with anything rolled. — v.i. To play with bowls; to roll the ball on a level plain ; to move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball. [F. boule, a ball for bowling, fr. L. bulla, bubble.] — To bowl out. In cricket, to knock down one's wicket by bowling. — Bowl'er, n. A player at bowls. — Bbwl'ing-al'ley, n. A covered place, for playing at bowls. — green, w. Smooth ground, for, etc. Bowlder, Boulder, bol 'der, n. A large pebble. (Geol.) A mass of rock that has been transported by nat- ural agencies from its native bed. [Sw. bullersten, large pebble, fr. bullra, to thunder, in contrast to klappersteen, small pebble, which claps or rattles.] Box, Doks, n. A case er receptacle ; the quantity that a box contains; an inclosed space with seats in a theater, etc.; a money-chest; a small house. (Mach.) A cylindrical, hollow iron, in which an axle-tree runs; a tube in a pump, closed with a valve; the bucket of a lifting pump. The driver's seat on a carriage; a present. (Bot.) A tree or shrub, the dwarf variety of which is used for borders in gar- dens.— v. t. [boxed <>okst), boxing.] To inclose in a box; to furnish with boxes. [AS. box, L. buocus, box-wood, or a case made of it; Gr. puxos, the box- tree, puxis, a case made of box-wood.] — In a box. In difficulty. — In the wrong box. At fault. — To bax the compass. To name the points of the compass in order. — Box'berry, n. The winte^reen or check- erberry. tree, n. The larger variety of box. — -wood, n. The wood of, etc., — very hard and smooth, and used by engravers, turners, etc. X'9X, boks, n. A blow with the hand on the ear or head. — v. t. & i. To fight with the fist. [Dan. baske, to strike, slap, fr. bask, a slap, thwack ; Ga. boc, a box, stroke.] — Box'er, n. Boxhaul, boks'hawl, v. t. [boxhauled (-hawld), boxhauling.] (Naut.) To wear, as a ship, when close-hauled, short round on to the other tack. Boy, boLw. A male child; a lad. [East Friesic, boi, boy, OD. boef, G. bube, L. pupus, boy.] — Boy'hood, -hd&d, n. State of a boy, or of immature age. — Boy'- ish, a. Like a boy; childish; nuerile. — Boy'uhly, adv. — Boy'ishness, n. Boyar, boy'er, n. A nobleman of Russia. [Russ.] Boycott, boi'kot', v. t. To combine against (a land- lord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations. — n. The process, fact, or pressure of boyeotting. [Fr. Capt. Boycott, a land agent in Ireland, so treated in 1880.] Braccate, brak'kat, a. (Ornith.) Having feathers which conceal the feet. [L». braccse, t>reeehes.] Brace, bras, n. A prop or support. {Carp.) A tim- ber crossing a corner from one timber to another. {Print.) A curved line connecting words or lines, ., boll, \ {Naut.) A rope reeved through a block tnus, oow i % f a t the end of a yard. A pair or couple ; a strap, supporting a carriage on wheels; a bit-stock; state of being braced or tight, {pi.) Straps to sus- tain pantaloons, etc. ; suspenders, — v. t. [braced (brast), bracing.] To furnish with braces, support, prop ; to tighten. {Naut.) To move around by means of braces. [OF., orig., the two arms; then, a measure of five feet, L. brachia, the arms.] — Bra'- cer, n. That which, etc.; a band, bandage. Bracelet, bras'let, n. A wrist ornament ; defensive armor for the arm. [F., fr. JL. brachium, arm.] Brachial, brak't-al or bra'kY-al, a. Pert, to, of the nature of, or like, an arm. [L. brachium.] Brachyeataleetic, brak'I-kat'a-lek'tik, n. A verse wanting two syllables at its termination. [Gr. bra- chus, short, and katalegein, to leave off.] Bracken, brak'en, n. Fern. [See Krake.] Bracket, brak'et, n. {Arch. & Engin.) A support projecting from a wall or other surface, {pi.) (Naut.) Short, crooked timbers, resembling knees. (Print.) Hooks [ ] used to inclose a reference, ex- planation, note, etc.; crotchets. — v. t. To place within, connect, or support by, brackets. Brackish, brak'isb., a. Saltish. [D. & LG. brak, brack- ish.] — Brack'ishness, n. Bract, brakt, n. (Bot.) A small leaf or scale, from whose axil a flower proceeds. [L. bractea, a thin plate.] — Brac'teal, -te-al, -teate, Bract'ed, a. Hav- ing bracts. Brad, brad, n. A nail with little or no head. TSw. brodd, Dan. brodde, frost-nail.] — Brad'awl, n. An awl to make holes for inserting brads. Brag, brag, v. i. [bragged ( bragd), -ging.] To praise one's self, or one's belongings, ostenta- tiously; to boast, bluster, vaunt. — n. A boast or boasting; thing boasted of; a game at cards. [W. bragio, to brag, fr. brae, boastful.] — Brag'gado'cio, -do'sht-o, n. A braggart; boast- er; empty boasting. [Name of a character in Spenser's " Faerie Queen."] — Brag'gart, n. A boaster. — a. Boastful. — Brag'ger. Brahma, bra/ ma, n. (Myth.) The first person in the trinity of the Hindoos; the creator. — Brah'man, -min, n. One of the upper or sa- cerdotal caste among the Hindoos. — Brah- man'ic, -ical, Brahminlc, -ical, a. Pert, to the Brahmans, their doctrines and worship, or to the religion of Brahma. — Brah/manism, -minism, n. The religion rr doetrines of, etc. Braid, brad, v. t. To weave or entwine together; to plat; to mingle by rubbing in something fluid or soft. — n. A string, cord, etc., woven from different strands. [AS. bregdan, bredan, to brandish, weave.] Brail, bral, n. (Falconry.) A piece of leather to bind a hawk's wing. pi. (Naut.) Ropes to haul up,_or truss up, sails, for furling. — v. t. [brailed (braid), brailing.] To haul up into, or truss up with, the brails. [OF. braiel, a cincture.] Brain, bran, n. (Anat.) The whitish, soft mass in the upper cavity of the skull, which is considered the center of sensation and perception; the anterior or cephalic ganglion in invertebrate animals. The understanding. — v. t. To dash out the brains of; to destroy. [AS. brsegen, D. brein.'] — Brainless, a. Without understanding. — Brain fe'ver. Inflam- mation of the brain. — pan, n. Bones inclosing the brain; skull; cranium. sick, a. Disordered in the understanding. Brake, brak, n. (Bot.) A fern of different genera. A place overgrown with brakes, canes, brambles, etc. ; a thicket. [AS. bracce, Sw. broken, fern; OLG. brake, bush ; D. braak, Dan. brak, fallow.] — Brack'en, n. Fern. — Bra'ky, a. Full of, etc. Brake, brak, n. An instrument to break flax or hemp; the handle for working a pump or fire-engine ; a frame for confining horses while being shod; an in- &m, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Vn, ice ; odd, tone, or ; BRAMBLE 59 BREAK closure for cattle, horses, etc.; a heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing ; an nppliance for checking motion of wheels, machinery, etc., by friction ; a light wagon used in breaking horses. — v. t. To applv brakes, — esp. to wheels of a rail- road train. [OD. brake, a clog, fetter; Platt-Deutsch brake, an instrument lor breaking flax, F. braquer, to break hemp; s. rt. break.] — Brake'man, n. One who manages brakes, — esp. on railroad trains. Bramble, bram'bl, ». A shrub of the genus Kubtis, including the raspberry and blackberry; any rough, prickly shrub. {AS. breineL, breiitbel. D. brdam, Sw. brotnbar, blackberry.] — Bram'bly, -bit, u. Pert, to, like, or lull of, etc. Bramin. See Brahman, under Brahma. Bran, bran, n. The coat of the seed of wheat, rye, etc-, separated from the flour by bolting ; refuse sifted out of flour or meal. [W., bran, huak ; Ir., chaff; P., dung, dirt.] — Bran new, corrupt, of branch fteto. — Bran'ny.-nT, a. Of or resembling bran. Branch, branch, «. A limb; a bough growing from a stem, or from another bough; a part extended from the main body of athiry*. as a stream running into a larger one; a ramification ; a section or subdivis- ion ; department; a line of family descent, in dis- tinction fr. other lines fr. the same stock. (Law.) A warrant or commission given to a nilot.— v. t. [branched (brancht). branching.] To spread in branches, ramify; to divide into subdivisions. —v. /. To divide as into branches. [F. brtmche, a branch, W. braich, L.brachium, an arm, brunch.] — To branch out. To speak diffusively, or with many words. — Moot and branch. Entirely. — Branchless, a. With- out branches. — Brancb/y. a. Full of,, etc. — Branch'iness, n.— Brancb/let, n. Little branch; twig. Branchial, bran'kt-al, a. Pert, to, or performed by means of , gills, as of fishes. [Or. brangchlon, gill.] — Bran'ebiopods. -o-podz, n. pi- (Zobl.) An order of Crustacea, generally minute, .whose feet were supposed to act as gills. [Gr. pints, podos, foot.] Brand, brand, n. A Durning or partly burnt stick; a sword, 60 called from its flittering brightness; an iron U6ed for naming a mark; a distinctive mark made by burning with hot iron ; quality, kind; a mark of infamy; stigma, — v. t. To impress a ma«£ with hot iron; to stigmatize as infamous. [AS. and D., a burning ; Sw. and Dan., a fire brand; AS- and OD„ a -sword; fr. AS. brinnan, to burn.] — Brand 'tag-Iron, Brond'iron, -i'ern, n. An iron used to brand with. — Brand'-new, a. Quite new. as if fresh from the fire, — written also Oran- and brent new. — -gooae.n. See Brant. Brandish, brandish, t>. t. (brandished (-dish), -DrsH- l.v o.J To wave, as a weapon; to shake of flourish. — rt. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. (F. brandir, fr. OF. brand, sword.] — Bran'disner. n. Brandling, brand'ling, n. A small, red worm, used as bait for fish. [S. rt. brand. See Brant.) Brandy, bran'dY, n. An ardent spirit distilled from wine or other liquors. ID. branctewifn, fr. branden, to burn, to distill, and wijn, wine.] — Bran'lied, -did, a. Flavored or treated with brandy. Erangte, hran/gl,n. A wrangle; a squabble. — t-. i. To wrangle, dispute; to squabble. [F.branler, to shake. It. branfa, a brawl; perh. akin to wranrjle.] BrarJt, brank, n. Buckwheat. [L. brance, a kind of Gallic bread-corn.]— A bridle for 'scolds. [Scofc, to bridle, .restrain; Ga. branp, Ir, brancas, a halter.] Branlin, branlin, n. A fish of the salmon kind.hav- ing marks like brands. Brant, brant, n. A species of wild goose, called also brand-goose ana brent-goose. — Brant'-fox. n. A kind of Swedish fox. — Bran'tail, n. The red start, a bird similar to the nightingale. (S. rt. brand, indicating redness, the color of burning wood.] Brash, brash, a. Hasty in temper. (G. barsch, harsh, impetuous; perh. akm to brnsgtie.)— Brittle, as wood. — n. Refuse boughs of trees; truck; trash. {Geol.) Broken fragments of rocks underlying alluvial de- posits. Broken fragments of ice. (Med.) A rash or eruption. [Armor, break, brusk, fragile, brittle.] — Water-brain. A burning sensation in, the stom- ach, with eructation of an ucid liquid. — \V<-vv>ng- brash. Diarrhea affecting children just weaned. Brass, bras, n. A yellow alloy of copper and zinc; impudence; a brazen face. pi. Utensils, ornaments, etc, mode of brass; esp. plates attached to monu- ments, bearing raised or engraved figures. (AS. ones, G a. pram. Ir pros, W.nrev brass; Ic. brcva, to harden by fire, Sw. brasa. fire.] — Brass'y, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.; hard as, etc.; of the color of, etc.; esh of a boar; fall, strong slice of impudently bold. — Brass'ineBS. n. — Braze, bra-z. iv t. To solder, or cover or ornament with, etc.; to harden to impudence. — Brazen, brfi'zn. a. Pert. to. or made ol, brass; impudent. — v. t. To be im- pudent, or defiant. — Bra'zenly. adv. — Bra'sier, Bra'zier, -zher, n. An artificer in brass; a pan to> hold coals. — Brazen age. (Jli/'.L.) The age suc- ceeding the siVcer aye, when men had degenerated from purity. — B. faced, -last. Bold, hardened, shameless. — H. sea. (Jewish Antiq.) A large ves- sel of brass, in Solomon's temple. — Eras a band. A company of performers on brass musical instru- ments. — leaf, «. Brass in thin khects. Brat, brat, n. A contemptuous name for a child. (VV., a rag, pinafore; Ga. and Ir.. cloak, apron, rag-1 Braunite, brown'lt. n. (Mhi.) A native oxide of manganese. [Fr. A. E. Broun, of Gotha.} Brave, brav, a. Of noble courage; bold, with gener- osity and dignity ; excellent ; beautiful. — n. A brave person ; esp., on Indian warrior; n hector ; a bully. — m. f. [braved (bravd). euAVtxo.J To en- counter with fortitude; to defy, challenge, dare. |F. brare, Sp., Pg., and It. bravo j — BravwOy, adv. — Brav'ery, -2r-T, n. Quality of being, etc.: fear- lessness; showy appearance; ostentation. — Bra'vo, , n.; pi. Bka'voes, -voz. A darinif villain ; bandKt assassin or murderer. — Bravo, bra'vo, iiitcrj. Well done, excellent ! — Brava'do, n. Ostentation of bravery; boast or brag; threatening behavior; a boasting fellow. [Sp. bravado.} Brawl, brawl, v. i. To quarrel noisily and mdeceutly; to scold, wrangle, squabble; to roar, as water. — n. A noisy quarrel ; loud contention; scurrility; uproar. [W., a boast, bragat, to vociferate; Ir. brag' aim, D. b rallen, to brag.) — Brawl' «, n. Brawn, brawn, n. The n< muscles; strci>o~.- the arm. (OF. to flesh, muscle.] — Brawn^y, -1, a. Strong ; big. Brawn'inesa, n. Braxy, brak'sT, n. Gall-sconr. a disease of sheep ; mutton of sheep so affected. — a. Diseased wtth, etc Bray. bra. v. t. [brayed (brad), braving.) To pound, beat, or grind small. [OF. breier, P. bromr, fr. MUG. brechen, AS. brecan, to break.l — Bray'er, n. A printer's instrument for mixing ink. Bray. bra, v. i. To utter a harsh cry. as an ass; to make a harsh, gratinjr noise. — c. t. To utter with a harsh sound. — n. The sound of an ass; any harsh, grating sound. (OF. braire, LL. bragire, to bray; a, rt. break, bark,' etc.] — Bray'er, n. One who braya - like nn ass. Braze, Brazen, Brazier. See under Brass. Brazil-wood, brn-zil'wt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. BRINK 62 BROOD produce, ae income; induce to join. — To b. off. To bear away, procure to be acquitted. — To 6. on. To cause to Begin, or to exist. — To b. out. To expose, detect. — To 6. over. To bear across; also, to con- vert; to cause to change sides or opinion. — To b. to. To resuscitate. — To b. under. To subdue, repress. — To b. up. To nurse, educate; also, to come to the end of one's course. — To b. to. (Naut.) To check the course ef , as a ship, by arranging the sails in a certain manner. — To b. by the lee. To incline rap- idly to leeward of the course. — Bring'er, n. Brink, brink, n. Edge, margin, or border of a steep place; verge. [D. and Sw.J Briquet, brt'ket', n. A block of compacted coal dust, or peat, etc., for fuel; a block of artificial stone, cement, etc., in the form of a brick. [F. briquette, little brick.] Brisk, brisk, a. Full of liveliness and activity, of spirit or life; effervescing, as liquors; alert; nimble; quick; gay. — v. i. To appear with animation,— with up. [W. brpsg, quick, nimble, brys, haste; perh. s. rt. fresh, frisk.] — Briskly, adv. — Brisk'ness, n. Brisket, bris'ket, n. The breast of an animal, esp. that part next the ribs. See Beef. [OF. brischet.) Bristle, bris'l, n. A short, stiff , coarse hair. (Bot.) A species of pubescence on plants. — v. t. [bristled (brisld), bristling (brisling).] To erect the bris- tles of, n* a bristle to. — v. i. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. [AS. byrst, Ic. burst, S w. borst, D. borstel, a bristle ; Skr. hnsh for bhrish, to bristle.] — To bris- tle up. To show anger or defiance.— Bristly, bris'll, a. Thick set with bristles ; rough. — Bris'tliness, n. Bristol-board, bris'tol-bord, ?i. Fine pasteboard, with a smooth surface. — brick, n. A sort of brick for cleaning steel. — -stone, n. (dfin.) Rock crystal, or crystals of quartz, found near Bristol, England. Britannia, hrt-tan'nY-a, n. A compound of block- tin alloyed with antimony, bismuth, and copper. British, brifish, a. Pert, to Great Britain or its in- habitants, or to its original inhabitants. —Brit 'on, n. A native of, etc. — Brit'icism, -sizm, n. A habit or idiom peculiar to, etc. Brittle, brit'tl, a. Easily broken; apt to break; frag- ile. [E., fr. AS. hreotan, Sw. bryta, to break.] — Brit'tleness, ». Britzska, bris'ka. n. A long carriage, with calash top. [Russ. britshka, Pol- bryczka, dim. of bryka, freight- wagon.] _ Broach, broch.. n. A steei tool for smoothing or en- larging hole* in ji metal; a brooch. *■ [See Brooch.] — Britzska. v. t. [broached (brocht), broaching.] To pierce, as with a spit; to tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw liquor; to let out; to open for the first time, as stores; to make public, give out. [F. broche, spit, f r. LL. brocca, pointed stick, L. broccus, tooth, point. Same as brooch. ] — Broach'er, n. A spit; broach; one who broaches. Broad} brawd, a. Wide; extended in breadth, or from side to side; diffused; having a large measure of any thing or quality; ample; comprehensive; gross; obscene. [AS. brad, Ic. breidhr, Sw. and Dan. bred.] — As broad as long. The same one way as another. — Broadcast, n. (Auric.) A sowing of seed by casting it at large from the hand. —adv. Diffusedly; at large, —a. Dispersed, as seed thrown by the hand; widely spread. —Broaden, brawd'n, v. i. To grow broad. — r. t. To make broad, ren- der more comprehensive. — Broad'ish, a. Rather broad. — Broadly, adv. — Broad'ness, n. — Broad'- ax, -axe, n. A broad-edged ax for hewing timber. — brim, n. A kind of hat worn by the Friends or 3 makers; a Quaker. cloth, n. A fine woolen oth for garments, exceeding 29 inches in width. — -piece, «. A gold coin broader than a guinea.— -side, n. Simultaneous discharge of all guns on one side of a ship. (Naut.) A ship's side above water, from bow to quarter. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only. — sword, -sord, n. One with broad blade and cutting edge; a claymore. — B. Church. (Eccl.) A body of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship, — applied esp. to a portion of the church of Eng. — B. gauge, gaj. A distance between the rails of a railroad greater than the standard gauge of 4 ft. 8i in. — B. pen'- nant, n. (Aaut.) A sauare flag at a commodore's mast-head. — B. seal. The public seal of a state. Brobdingnaggian, brob'ding-nag'gl-an, a. Colossal; monstrous, — like the giant-land of Brobdingnug, in " Gulliver's Travels." Brocade, bro-kad', n. Silk stuff, variegated witli gold and silver, or with patterns of flowers, etc.; other stuffs similarly wrought. [Sp. brocado, fr. brocar, to embroider.] — Bro'cateK, -tello, -ka-tel'lo, n. Coarse brocade for tapestry, carriage linings, etc.; marble, clouded and veined with various colors. [Sp. brocatel, F. brocatelle, It. brocatello.] — Bro- cad'ed, a. Worked as, or dressed in, brocade. Bro'cage. See under Broker. Brocard, brok'ard, n. An elementary principle or maxim ; a canon. [Brocardica, a collection of ec- clesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms.] Broccoli, brok'ko-lT, n. A variety of cabbage, re- sembling cauliflower. [It., pi. of broccolo, a sprout, dim. of brocc.o. a skewer, stalk; s. rt. brooch.] Brochure, hro-shoor', n. A printed and stitched work of few leaves; a pamphlet. [F., fr. brocher, to stitch. J Brock, brok, n. A badger. [AS., Ir., Ga., Manx, and Dan. broc, W., Corn., and Armor, broch, a bad- fer; fr. Ga. and Ir. breac, speckled, W. brech, rindled, freckled.] Brogan, bro'gan or bro-gan', Brogue, brog, n. A stout, coarse shoe. [Ga. and Ir. brog, a shoe.] — Brogue, n. A coarse manner of pronunciation. Broider. See Embroider. Broil, broil, n. A noisy quarrel; fray; tumult; dis- cord. [F. brouiller, to jumble, make a tumult; perh. s. rt. brawl.] — Broil'er, n. A promoter of broils. Broil, broil, v. t. [broiled (broild), broiling.] To cook over coals or on a gridiron. — v. i. To be greatly heated. [OF. bruiffer, bruir, to broil, grill; s. rt. brew.] — BroU'er, n. A gridiron. Broke, Broken-hearted, etc. See under Break. Broker, bro'ker, n. One who does business for anoth- er ; an agent to effect contracts for a compensation. [ME. a middle-man, fr. broken, AS. brucan, G. brauchen. to have the use of, to manage.] — Broke, brok, v. i. To act as agent, esp. in love affairs. — Bro'cage, Bro'kage, -kej, Bro'kerage, n. The fee for acting as broker; a commission on sales. [ME. brocage. J — Bro'kerage, n. The occupation of, etc. Broma, bro'ma, n. A preparation of cacao seeds, or drink made from it. [Gr., food, fr. bibroskein, to eat.] Bromine, bro'min, n. (Chem.) One of the elements, related In chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine [Gr. bromos, a stink.] — Bro'mal, n. An oily, color- less fluid produced by bromine acting on alcohol. -~ Bro'mate, n. Bromic acid compounded with a base. — Bro'mic, a. Compounded of bromine and oxygen. — Bro'mide, -mid, n. A compound of bromine with a metallic or combustible base. — Bro'mite, -mit, n. An ore of silver; bromic silver. — Bro'mism, -mizm, n. A cachectic condition caused by using bromine. Bronchi, bron'ki, -chia, -kT-a, -chiae ; -kl-e, n. pi. (Anat.) The ramifications of the windpipe in the lungs. [Gr. brongchia, brongchos, windpipe.] — Bron'- chial, -kT-al, -chic, -kik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to, etc. — Bronchitis, -ki'tis, n. Inflammation of the bron- chial membrane. — Bron'chocele, -ko-sel, n. Morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland; goiter. — Bron'- cho-pneumo'nia, -ko-nu-mo'n'i-a, n. Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs. — Bronchotomy, -kofo-mT, n. An incision into the windpipe; tracheotomy; laryngotomy. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] Bronco." bron/ko, n. A wild or half-tamed animal; esp. a cross between ahorse and a mustang; a native California horse. _[Sp., rough, wild.] Bronze, brQnz or bronz, n. An alloy of copper with tin, sometimes with other metals, esp. zinc; a statue, medal, etc., cast in bronze; a brown color; the_ color of bronze, — v.t. [bronzed (bronzd or bronzd), bronzing.] To give the appearance of bronze ; to make brown; to make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. — a. Made of, or resembling, etc. [F., fr. It. bronzo, bronze, perh. fr. It. brurto. brown, brunire, to bur- nish.] — Bronze age. The prehistoric age succeed- ing the stone age, when men used implements of copper or brass. Brooch, broch, n. An ornament, with a pin to attach it to a garment. (Paint.) A painting all of one color. — v. i. To adorn with jewelry. [Same as broach, q. v.] Brood, brood, v. i. To sit on and cover eggs or young; to sit quietly; to remain long in anxious thought; to muse. — v. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. — n. Offspring; progeny. [AS. brid, a young one, esp. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r i BROOK 63 BUCK young bird, D. broed, G. brut, a brood. See Breed.] — Brood'mare, n. A mare kept for breeding. Brook, bro"6k, n. A email stream of water. [AS. broc, brooc,brook,D. broek, OHG. prusch, G. bruch, marsh; 8. rt. break.) — Brooklet, n. A small brook. Brook, brdok, v. t. To bear, endure; to be contented with. [AS. brucan, D. gebruifcen, Ic. bruka, OHG. pruhhan, _to use, L./rwi. Skr. bhuj, to enjoy.] Broom, broom, n. A genus of leguminous plants; a besom, or brush, to sweep floors, etc., — orig. made of the broom plant. [AS. brom, broom, D.brem, s. rt. bramble.] — Broom'y, a. Full of, consisting of, etc. — Broom'-corn, n. A speeies of sorghum or Guinea-corn, bearing a head of which brooms are made. — stick, n. The handle of a broom. Broth, broth, n. Liquor in which flesh or anything else is boiled. [AS. brodh, fr. breowan, to brew.] Brothel, brorb/el, n. A house of ill-fame. [OF. bor- del, dim. of borde, a hut, 6hed made of boards, D. bord, board.] Brother, brufch r 5r, n. ; pi. Broth'ers or Brethren, brethren (used in the solemn style). He who is born of the same parents with another, or of one of them only; one closely united to another by eome common tie; one who resembles another. [AS. brod- hor, D. broeder, Sw. and D. broder, OHG. pruoder, L. /rater, Gr. phrater, Skr. bhratri, fr. bhri, to bear.] — Broth 'erly, a. Pert, to; kind; affectionate. — Broth'- erliness, n. — Brotherhood, -hottd, n. State of being, etc.; an association; a fraternity; a class of individ- uals of the same occupation. — Broth'er-in-law, n. Brother of a_husband or wife; sister's husband. Brougham, broo'am or broom, n. A light close car- riage. [After Lord Brougham.] Brow, brow, n. The ridge over the eye, with the hair upon it; the forehead; the edge of a steep place. [AS. braew, also bru, pi. brua, Ic. brun, Ga. bra, Pers. abru, Skr. bhru, eye-brow, fr. bhur, to move quickly.] — To knit the brows. To frown, scowl. — Brow'beat, -bet, v. t. [imp. browbeat; p. p. -beat- en; -beating.] To bear down with stern looks or arrogant assertions. Brown, brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow. — a. Of a brown color, —v. t. [browned (brownd), browning.] To give a brown color to. [AS. and Sw. brun, D. bruin, Ic. brunn, G. braun; s. rt. burn.] — Brownish, a. Somewhat brown. — Brown'- mess, n. — Brownie, -t, n. A Scottish household spirit. — Brown'ing, n. Process of coloring brown ; a preparation of burnt sugar for coloring gravy, etc. — Brown 'bread, n. Coarse wheaten bread made of unbolted meal ; a dark-colored bread made of wheat or rye, mixed with Indian meal. [Perh. corrupt, fr. bran-bread.] — coal,n. "Wood-coal; lignite. — study, n. Mental abstraction ; reverie. — B. stout. A su- perior kind of porter. Browse, browz, v. t. [browsed (browzd), brows- ing.] To eat or nibble off, as the ends of branches of trees, etc. — v. i. To feed on shoots of shrubs or trees. — Browse, brows, n. Tender branches or twigs of trees, etc. [F. brouster, to browse, fr. OF. broust, sprig, tendril, bud, MHG. broz, Armor, brous, bud.] — Browser, browz'Sr, n. An animal that browses. Bruin, brooln, n. A bear. [D., brown, fr. his color.] Bruise, brooz, v. t. [bruised (broozd), bruising.] To injure or crush; to contuse; to reduce to fragments; to fight with the fists ; to box. — n. A contusion. [AS. brysan, to bruise, Ga. and Ir. bris, OF. bruiser, bruser, briser, MHG. bresten, to break; s. rt. burst.] — Brofcrer, n. One who, or that which, bruises; a boxer. Bruit, broot, n. Report; rumor ; fame. (Med.) A sound heard on percussion or auscultation. — v. t. To report; to noise abroad. [F., a noise, clamor, bruire. to make anoise, roar, W. broch, din.] Brumal, broo'mal, a. Pert, to winter. [L. bruma, for brevissima, the shortest day in winter, fr. brei-is, short.] — Bru'mous, -mus, a. Foggy. — Bru'maire, -mar, n. In the calendar of the first French Repub- lic, the second month, fr. Oct. 25 to Nov. 21. [F., fog- month, fr. brume, fog.] Brunette, broo-nef, n. A woman of dark complex- ion. [F., brownish, dim. of brun, brown.] Brunt, brunt, n. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset; force of a blow; shock; sudden effort, con- tact, or engagement. [Ic. bruna, to advance with the speed of fire, fr. brenna, to burs; s. rt. burn.] Brush, brush, n. An instrument of bristles, etc., for removing dust, laying on colors, etc. ; branches of trees lopped off ; brushwood; a thicket; a skirmish; a slight encounter; anything resembling a brush. — v. t. [brushed (brusht), brushing.] To apply a Brush- wheel. brush to; to pass lightly over; to remove or gather by brushing. — v.i. To move nimbly in haste; to skim over with slight contact. [OF. broce, brosse, brushwood,F. brosse, bush, brush. LL. brustia, brush, bruscia, thicket, MHG. broz, bud. See Browse.] — To brush up. To clean with a brush. — Brusb/er. n. One who, or that which, etc. — Brush 'y, -I, a. Resembling, etc.; rough. — Brush'inesB.n. — Brush/- wheel, n. A wheel without teeth, re- volving another by friction; a revolving brush for polishing. — -wood, n. A thick- et or coppice; small branches cut from trees. Brusk,Brusque,br66sk, a. Blunt ; rough ; rude. [F. brusque, rude, It. brusco, sharp, tart, sour, said of fruit, wine, etc.] — Brusquely, adv. — Brusqueliess, BruB'querie, -ker-e, n. [F. brusquerie.] Brute, broot, a. Not having sensation or reason; senseless; irrational ; unintelligent ; animal ; bes- tial; rough. — n. A beast; a low-bred, unfeeling person. [L- brutus, stupid.] — Bru'tal, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. ; cruel; inhuman. — Bru'tally, adv. — Brutality, n. — Bru'talize [-talized (-Izd), -iz- ing], Bru'tify [-tified (-tr-fid), -fyino], v.t. To make a brute of, make brutal. — Bru'tish, a. Hav- ing characteristics of, etc. ; ignorant ; stupid; gross ; carnal ; bestial. — Bru'tishly, adv. — Bru'tishness, n. — Bru'tism, -tizm, «. The nature, qualities, or actions, of a brute. Bryony, bri'o-nY, n. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants. [Gr. bruone, fr. bruein, to swell, grow luxu- riantly.] — Bry'onine, -nin, n. ( Chem.) An emetic and cathartic alkaloid obtained from its root. Bub, Bubby, bub'bY, n. A brother. [Corrupt, of brother.] Bubble, bubl. n. A bladder of water or other fluid inflated with air ; anything empty ; a delusive scheme, — v.i. [bubbled (bubld), bubbling.] To rise in bubbles, run with a gurgling noise, — v. t. To cheat, deceive. [Sw. bubbla, Dan. boble, 9. bob- bel,& bubble.] — Bub'bler, n. One who cheats; a fish which makes a grunting noise. — Bub'biy, -blY, a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. Bubby, bub'bTf, n. A woman's breast. [Prov. G. bubi.] Bubo, bu'bo, n. ; pi. Bu'boes, -boz. (Anat.) The groin. (Med.) Inflammation, with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, esp. Jn the groin. £Gr. boubon, groin.] — Bubonocele, -sel, n. A tumor in the groin; inguinal rupture. [Gr. kele, tumor.] Buccal, buk'kal, a. Pert, to the cheek. [L. bucca, cheek.] Buccaneer, Bucanier, buk-a-ner r , n. A pirate ; free- booter. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner, to smoke (meat, fish, etc.), f r. Caribbean boucan, place for drying in smoke, — first applied to Fr. adventurers in Hayti, who established hunters' camps.] — Buccaneering, n. Piracy. — Buccaneerlsh, a. Pert, to, etc. Buccinal. buk-silial, a. Trumpet-shaped. [L. buc- cina, a crooked trumpet.] — Buccinalor, n. (Anat.) The muscle forming much of the cheek, used in blowing a wind instrument. [See Buccal.] Bucentaur, bu-senlawr, n. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half ox and half man. [Gr. bous, ox, and kentauros, centaur.] — The state barge of Venice, used in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. [It. bucentoro.] Buchu, bu'ku, n. (Bot.) A plant used for diseases of the bladder. Buck, buk, n. Lye for soaking cloth, in bleaching; also liquor in which clothes are washed; cloth or clothes washed, — v. t. To steep in lye; to wash in lye or suds. (Mining.) To break up or pulverize, as ore6. [Ga. buac, dung used in bleaching, Ir. buac, lye, buacar, cow-dung ; fr. Ga. bo, W. buw, buwch, cow, L. bos; Kw. bpka, Dan. byge, OD. buiken, OF. buer, G. beuchen, to buck - wash.] — Buck- basket, -bas'ket, n. A basket for carrying clothes to the wash. , buk, n. The male of the fallow deer, goat, sheep, rabbit, and Bare, — also applied to male Buek. son, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNbcw, chair, get. BUCKBOARD 64 BULK Indians and negroes; a gay, dashing, young fel- low. — v. i. To jump viciously, with the head down, as if butting, —said of mules, etc. — v. t. To confine, by passing a stick under the bent knees, and over the wrists, the hands being tied together before the shins. [AS. bucca, Ir. boc, D. bok, Ic. bukkr, he-goat; Sw. and G. bock, Dan. buk, Ga. boc, buck, he-goat ; Skr. bukka, goat.J — Buckish, a. Foppish. — Buck 'shot, n. Coarse shot used for large game. — -skin, n. Leather of deer, goats, etc. pi. Breeches made of it. — stall, -stawl, n. A net to catch deer. Backboard, buk'bord, -wag'on, n. A rude vehicle, having a board resting on two axletrees. Bucket, buk'et, n. A vessel to hold liquids, etc. (Mach.) One of the cavities on the rim of a water- wheel ; the float of a paddle-wheel. See Water- wheel. [Ir. buicead, Ga. bucaid, bucket, fr. Ir. and Ga. boc, to swell.] — Buck'etful, n. Contents of, etc. Buckeye, buk'!, n. A tree indigenous in the Western States; a nickname for a resident of Ohio. Buckle, buk'1, n. A frame with tongue or catch to fasten things together; a curl, or state of being curled or crisped, as hair.— v. t. [buckled (buk'ld), buck- ling.] To fasten with a buckle ; to prepare for ac- tion ; set stoutly at work. — v. i. To bend, bow ; to struggle, contend. [OF. bode (F. boucle), boss of a shield, ring, fr. LL. bucula, boss of a shield, or buc- cula, shield, buckle, dim. of bucca, cheek.] — To buckle to. To bend to; apply with vigor to. — Buck'- ler, n. A kind of shield. (Naut.) A cover fitted to the hawse-holes, to exclude water. [OF. bocler.] Buck-mast, buk'mast, n. Mast or fruit of the beech- tree. [Scot, buck, beech.] Buckra. buk'ra, n. The negroes' name for a white man. — adj. White. [Calabar, a demon, hence, powerful, superior.] Buckram, buk'ram, n. A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. — a. Made of buckram ; stiff, precise. [F. bongran, OF. boucaran, LL. boquerannus, buck- ram, fr. boquena, goat's skin, MHG. boc, goat.] Buckthorn, buk'thdrn, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants. Buckwheat, buk'hwet, n. A plant, whose seed is used as grain. [Scot, buck, AS. boc, beech, and E. wheat, the seeds resembling beech-mast; D. boekweit, G. buchweitzen.] Bucolic, bu-kol'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a shepherd; pas- toral ; rustic. — Bucolic, n. A pastoral poem. [Gr. boukolos, cowherd.] Bucrania, bu'kra'nl-a, n. pi. {Arch.) Sculptured ox-skulls adorned with wreaths, etc. [L.] Bud, bud, n. An undeveloped branch or flower ; a prominence on certain animals, which grows into an animal, as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. — v. i. To put forth buds; to begin to grow, or issue from a stock tike a bud, as a horn; to be in bloom, or growing. — v. t. To insert, as the bud of one plant, under bark of another, to raise a fruit different from the stock. [D. bot, a bud, batten, to bud. OF. boton, button, bud, boter, to push.] — Budlet, n. A little bud. Buddhism, bud'izm, n. The doctrine taught by the Hindu sage', Buddha, in the 6th century b. c, and adopted as a religion in Central and Eastern Asia. etc. [Skr. buddha, wise.] — Buddhist, bud'ist, n. A votary of Buddhism. — Bud'dhist, -ist'ic, a. Buddie, bud'dl, n. {Mining.) A wooden frame for washing ore. — v. t. To wash ore with, etc. Budelight, bud'lit, n. An intense white light, produced by purified coal-gas, burned in a peculiar Argand lamp. [Fr. Bade, residence of the inventor.] Budge, bui.t>.f.&i. [budged (bujd), budging.] To move off, stir, wag. [F. bouger, to stir, It. bulicare, to bubble up, fr. L. bullire, to boil.] Budge, buj, n. Lamb-skin fur, used formerly as an edging, esp. of scholastic habits. —a. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic; austere or stiff. [F. bouge, a wallet, pouch of skin, G. balg, skin, L. butga, leath- ern bag.] — Bndg'et, n. A bag or sack, with its con- tents ; a stock or store ; a governmental financial statement. [F. bongette, dim. of bouge.'] Buff, buf, n. A sort of leather, from the skin of the buffalo, also of other animals, dressed in oil ; a mili- tary coat, made of buff-skin ; the color of, etc. ; the bare skin. (Med.) A grayish, viscid crust observed on blood. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, for polishing. — a. Made of buff leather ; of the color of, etc., —between light pink and light yellow. [Contr. of buffalo.] — Buflry, -t, a. Resem- bling, etc. ; like the blood called buf'f L Buffalo, buf r a-lo, n. ; pi. Buf'faloes, -loz. A kind of wild ox of the eastern continent ; a buffalo-rebe ; applied improperly to the bison. See Bison. [Sp. JEB bufalo, F. buffle, L. bujalus, bubalus, Gr. boubalos, fr. L. bos, Gr. bous, ox.] — Buffalo-chips, n. pi. The dung of the bison, used as fuel. — clover, -grass, n. Plants of the western prairies. — robe, n. The skin of the bison, prepared with the hair on. Buffer, buffer, n. (Mech.) An Buffalo, apparatus to deaden concussion by moving bodies. [ME. buffen, Prov. E. buff, OF. bufer, buffer, to strike.] — A foolish fellow ; good-natured old fellow. [ME. buffen, to stammer.] Buffet, boof-a' or buf 'fet, n. A sideboard or closet, for plate, china, etc. [F., cupboard.] Buffet, buffet, n. A blow with the hand ; cuff ; vio- lent resistance, as of winds and waves. — v. t. To box, beat, slap; to contend against, — v. t. To play at boxing ; to make one's way by buffeting. [OF. bufet, a blow, esp. on the cheek. See Buffer.] — Buf'feter, n. One who buffets ; a boxer. Buffo, buf 'fq, n. The comic actor in an opera. [It.] — Buffoon, -toon', n. One who amuses by tricks, iokes, and pleasantries ; a mimic ; mountebank ; clown. [F. bonffon. It. buffone, fr. buffa, a trick, jest.]— Buf- ioon'ory, -er-T, n. The arts of, etc.; low jests; pranks. — Buffoon'ish, a. Like a buffoon. Bug, bug, n. An insect of many species ; esp. a hemipterous insect which infests beds, etc. — Bug, Bug'bear, -bar, Bug'aboo, -a-boo, n. Something frightful ; a specter ; hobgoblin. [W. bwg, Ga. ana Ir. bocan, Corn, bucca, a specter.] — Bug'gy, -gY, a. Abounding with bugs. — Bug'giness, n. Bugger, bug'ger, n. One guilty of buggery ; a vile creature. — Bug'gery, -1, n. A crime against na- ture ; sodomy. [F. bougrerie, heresy, fr. Bulgaria.] Buggy, bug'gi, n. A light four-wheel vehicle, with or without a calash top. Bugle, Bugle-horn, bu'gl-hdrn, n. A wind instrument for hunting or for military music. [OF. bugle, wild ox, L buguhis. dim. of bos, ox ; F. beugler, to bellow.] — Bu'gler, n. One who plays on, etc. Bugle, bu'gl, n. An elongated glass bead. [G. biigel, a rounded piece of wood or metal, dim. of MHGf. bouch, Ic. baugr, AS. be.ag, armlet, o r n a- Bugle-horn, ment.] — Bu'gled, -gld, a. Ornamented with, etc. Eugloss, bu'glos, n. A plant used in dyeing ; ox. tongue. [Gr. bous, ox, and glossa, tongue, — fr. its long rough leaves.] Buhl, bul, n. A figure of brass, unburnished gold, etc., set into surfaces of ebony, tortoise-shell, etc. [Fr. Boule, a skillful French wood-earver.] Buhr -stone, ber'ston, n. (Min.) A flinty quartz, used for mill-stones. [See Buk.] Build, h\\A,v.t. [BUiLT(bilt)or(antiquated) builded; building.] To frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice; to fabricate; to raise on any foundation ; t« increase and strengthen. — v. i. To practice build- ing ; to construct, rest, or depend. — n. Form, or mode of construction. [OSw. bvlja, to build; OSw., Ic, Dan. bo 1 ., AS. bold, house.] — Build'er, n. — Building, n. Act or business of, etc. ; thing built. Bul, bul, n. The 8th mouth of the Jewish ecclesias- tical year, — parts of October and November. Bulb, bulb, n. (Bot.) A bud growing from a plant, (usually below ground), and producing a stem above and roots below. (Anat.) A part shaped like bulbous roots. A protuberance on a stem, as the bulb of a thermometer. — v. i. To form bulbs. [F. & G. bulhe, L. bulbus, Gr. bolhos, bulbous root, onion.] — Bulbif'erous, -er-us, a. (Bot.) Producing bulbs. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Bulb'ous, a. Having, containing, growing from, or shaped like, etc. Bulge, bulj, n. The protuberant part of a cask, etc. (Naut.) The bilge of a vessel. — v. i. [bulged (buljd), bulging.] To swell out; to be protuberant; to bilge, as a ship. [OSw. btdgja, to swell out, bulgin, swollen; s. rt. ball, boil, bowl, bilge : billoiv, belli/, bulk.] Bulk, bulk, n. Magnitude of material substance; size; mass ; the majority ; the principal portion. (Naut.) The whole cargo of a ship when stowed. — v. i. To appear of great size or importance. [Dan., a lump, Ic. bulki, OSw. bolk, a heap, fr. Sw. bulna, to swell; also Sw. 6w£, Dan. bug, G. bauch, Ga. bulg, belly. See Bulge.] — In bulk. In a mass. — Laden, or stowed in b. Having the cargo loose in the hold. — Sale by b. A sale of goods as they are, without weight or meas- ure. — To break b. (Naut.) To begin to unload.— am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ; in, ice ; odd, tone, dr j BULKHEAD 65 BURBOT fine, -bafing, n. The practice of baitingor exci : bulls with dogs. — calf, -kaf, n. A male calf ; a Bulkier, n. (Naut.) One who ascertains the capaci- ty of goods, to fix the freight or shore-dues upon them . — Bulk'y, -T , a. Large. — Eulk'iness, n. Bulkhead. bulk-Hied, n. (Naut.) A partition in a ship, etc., made with boards, etc. [Ic. balkr, Sw. balk, beam, partition.] Bull, bul, n. The male of any bovine quadruped, also of any large quadruped, as the elephant. (Astron.) Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. ( Stock Exchange.) One who buys stock on time, agreeing to take a certain amount at a future day at a stated price, beyond which he seeks to raise the market value. See Bear. — v. t. To endeavor to raise the price of. [OD. bolle, D. bul, Ic. boli, a bull; AS. bellan, to bellow/) — Bul'lock, n. A young bull; an ox, or castrated bull. [Dim. of bull; AS. bulluca.] — Bull' bait- ting stupid fellow. — dog, n. A variety of dog, of re markable ferocity and courage, — named prob. fr. being used to bait bulls or fr. the size of the head. — -fight, -fit, n. A combat with a bull. — finch, n. A thick-necked singinu-bird allied to the grossbeak. — -frog, n. A large species of frog, which makes a loud, croaking noise. head, n. A fish of the genus cottus ; also the cat-fish, or horned-pout; a stupid fel- low; lubber. — headed, -necked, -nekt, a. Unyield- ing; dogged. — rush, n. A large, strong rush, grow- ing in swamps or water. — trout, n. A large species of trout, ascending rivers periodically to 6pawh. Bull, bul, n. The seal appended to the edicts and briefs' of the pope ; an edict, or rescript of the pope. [L. bulla, a stud, knob, later a leaden seal.] — A blunder; use of language self-contradictory or ex- pressing ideas entirely different from those in- tended. [In allusion to papal edicts.] Bulldoze, buKdoz, v. t. To intimidate by violence. [Amer. political slang.'] [Perh. bull's dose = co wind- ing.] Bullet, bullet, n. A small ball; esp. one of lead for small-arms. [F. boulet, dim. of boule, ball, fr. L. bulla, stud, bubble.] Bulletin, bul'le-tin, n. A statement respecting some event, issued by authority for public information; public notice, esp., of news recently received. [F., fr. It. bulletino, dim. of bulla, a pope's bull.] — BuK- letin-board, n. A board on which to post, etc. Bullion, bul'yun, n. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass; precious metal, coined or uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass. [OF. bullione, a mint, hence, metal taken there, fr. LL. bullare, to btamp, mark with a seal, fr. bulla, a seal.] Bulls-eye, bulz'I, n. (Naut.) A wooden block with- out sheaves, having a groove around it, and a hole through it. A thick piece of glass in a deck, roof, etc., to let in light; any circular opening for air or light; a policeman's lantern; the center of a target; a knob left on a sheet of plate-glass by the blow- pipe; a thick, old-fashioned watch. Bully, bul'I, n. A blustering fellow. —a. Jovial; merry.'— v. t. [bullied (buKlid), bullying.] To insult with blustering menaces; to treat with inso- lence. — v. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome; to swagger, crow, domineer. [D. bulderaar, a blus- . terer, bulderen, to bluster, rage, roar, fr. but, a bull.] Bulwark, buKwerk, «. {Fort.) An outwork for de- fense; a bastion. A means of defense; screen; shel- ter, pi. (Naut.) A ship's sides above the deck. — v. t. To fortify with a rampart; to protect. [Dan. bulvierk, fr. bul, log, and vserk, work.] Bumble-bee, bum'bl-be, n. A large bee; humble-bee. [OD. hommelen, to buzz, hum; s. rt. boom.] Bumboat, bum'botj n. (Naut.) A clumsy boat for conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels off shore. [D. bumboot, a fisherman's or pilot's boat, which contains a bun, receptacle for fish, etc.] Bumkin, bumpkin, n. (Naut.) A piece of timber to which stays, sails, etc., are fastened. [OD. boomken, dim. of boom, tree, boom.] Bummer, bum'mer, n. A vagrant; forager; soldier seeking food and plunder ; dissipated fellow. Bump, bump, n. A thump; heavy blow; swelling or protuberance. — v. t. [bumped (burnt), bumping.} To strike, as against anything solid. [W. pwnip, a lump, pwmpio, to thump, Dang, Corn, bum, Ir. and Ga. beum, a blow, also Ga. beum, to strike.] r , bump, v. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern. [Vf.bwmp, a hollow sound, L. bombus, Gr. bombos, a humming; s. rt. boom.] unper, bum'per, n. A cup filled to the brim. [Cor- rup. of E. bombard, cannon, large drinking vessel.] Bumpkin, bum'kin, n. An awkward, heavy rustic; a clown, or country lout. [Prob. same as bumJcin; perh. fr. bump.] Bun, Bunn, bun, n. A small sweet-cake. [OF. bugne, F. beignet, a fritter, fr. bigne, a swelling fr. a blow; s. rt. bunch and bunyon.] Bunch, bunch, n. A protuberance; hunch; knob or lump; a collection, cluster, or tuft. —v. i. To swell out. — v. t. To form or fasten into a bunch. [Ic. bunki, OSw. and Dan. bunke, a heap, OSw. bunga, to strike; W. pivng, a cluster, pwg, a swelling, pwmpio, to thump. See Bump.]— Buncb/y, -t, a. Swelling out, growing in, or like, etc. — Bunch'iness, n. Buncombe, Bunkum, bun'kuin, n. A body of constit- uents; speech-making for the gratification of con- stituents. [Fr. Buncombe county, N. C, which sent to the 16th Congress a representative addicted to such oratory.] Bundle, bun'dl, n. A number of things bound to- gether, esp. into a package for handling or convey- ance; a parcel; roll. — v. t. [bundled (bun'dldj. bundling.] To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. — t i. To set off in a hurry. [AS. byndel, dim. of bund, thing bound up, fr. bvndan, to bind, D. bondel, G. biindel, dim. of bund.] — To bundle off. To send off in a hurry or pet. — Bun'dle-pillar, n. A column or pier, with smaller ones attached. Bung, bung, n. The stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask; the hole itsell. — v. t. To stop, as the ori- fice, etc.; to close. [W. hwng, orifice, bung, OD. bonne, D. bom, bung.] — Bung'hole, n. The hole in the bilge of a cask. Bungalow, bun'ga-lo, n. In India, a one-storv house. [Pers. bangalah, Bengalese (house), bangla, thatched house, fr. Banga, Bengal.] Bungle, bun'gl, v. i. [bungled (bun'gld), bung- ling.] To act or work awkwardly. — v. t. To make or mend clumsily; to botch. [Prob. fr. E. bangle, fr. bang with freq. suffix -le, to strike often, i. e. clum- sily; Sw. dial, bangla, to work ineffectually, fr. banka, to strike.] — Bungler, n. A clumsy work- man. —Bung 'ling, a. Unskillful; awkward: un- skillfully done. — Bung'lingly, adv. Bunk, bunk, n. A wooden case, for a seat by day and a bed at night; one of a series of berths in vertical tiers. — v. i. To go to bed in a bunk. [Sw. bunke, tub, coop; s. rt. bunch.] — Bunk'er, n. A tub, box, etc., to hold coal, etc. Bunyon, Bunion, bun'yun, n. (Med.) Enlargement and inflammation of the membranous sac at the ball of the great toe. [It. bugnone, a bunch, boil, OF. bugne, F. bigne, a swelling, Ic. bunki. bunch. See Bun.] Bunt, bunt, n. (Naut.) The middle part or belly of a sail. — v. i. To swell out, as a sail; to push with the horns; to butt. [Perh. corrupt, fr. Sw. huk, Dan. bug, belly, fr. same root as bow.] — Bunt'Iine, n. A rope to haul up the body of a sail when tuking it in. Bunting, bunfmg, n. A bird allied to finches and sparrows. [Pern. fr. Scot, buntin, short and thick, plump; perh. fr. W. bontinog, having a large bontin, rump.] Bunting, bunfing, -ine, -in, n. Thin woolen stuff, of which flags are made. [Perh. bolting cloth, fr. Prov. E. bunt, to sift (flour).] Buoy, boot, n. A float; esp. a floating mark to indicate objects beneath the water. — X v. t. [buoyed (boofd), buoy- ing.] To keep afloat; to keep from sinking into ruin or de- spondency; to fix buoys to; to mark by buoys. — v. i. To float; to' rise by specific light- ness. [D. boei, a Duoy, a fet- ter, LL. boia, a fetter, clog, the Buoy, buoy being fastened to its place.] — Buoy'age, n. Buoys collective^; the providing of buoys. — Buoy'- ant, a. Having the quality of rising or floating; bearing up, as a fluid; cheerful; vivacious. —Buoy- ancy, -an-sT, n. Quality of floating; specific light- ness; cheerfulness. (Physics.) Weignt just sufficient to submerge a floating body. — Buoy'antly. adv. Bur, Burr, ber, n. A prickly envelope of the seeds of plants; the rough edge left by a tool in cutting metal; a guttural mispronunciation of the letter r. — v. t. To pronounce with a burr; to talk or whisper hoarsely. [E. ; Sw. borre. a sea-hedgehog, kardborre and Dan. borre, burdock, It. borra, cow-hair, LL. reburrus, Gr. berrhon, rough.] — Eurr'y, -T, a. Abounding in, or resembling, burs. — Bur 'dock, n. A genus of prickly-fruited plants. Burbot, ber'bot, n. A fish shaped like an eel, having sun, cQbe, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. BURDEN 66 BUSH beards on the nose and chin. [F. barbote, fr. barbe L. barba, a beard. See Barbel, under Barb.] Burden, ber'dn. Bur'then, -then, n. That which is borne or carried; what is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive; the contents or capacity of a ship. — v. t. [burdened (-dend), -dening.] To lay a heavy load upon; to oppress. [AS. byrdhen, le. byrdhr, Sw. borda, G. burde, Gr. phortos, a burden, Skr. bhri, to carry; s. rt. bear.} — Beast of burden. An animal for carrying burdens. — Burden of proof [L. onus probandi.] (Law.) The responsibility of fur- nishing the evidence necessary to decide an issue raised in court. — BuT'denous, -us, -some, -sum, a. Grievous to be borne. — Bur'densomely, adv. — Bur'dsnsomeness, n. Burden, ber'dn. n. The verse repeated in a song; chorus; refrain: that which is often repeated; the main topic. [F. bourdon, drone of a bagpipe, hum- ming of Dees, JLL. burdo, a drone bee, akin to buzz.] Burdock. See under Bur. Bureau, bu'ro, n. ; pi. Bu'reaux or -reaus, -roz. Orig., a desk with drawers for papers; the place where a bureau is used, or business transacted ; a department for transaction of public business; the body of subordinate officers under the direction of a department chief; a chest of drawers for clothes, etc. [F„ a desk, writing table, which was covered with (OF.) buret, baize.]— Bureaucracy, bu-ro'kra- sT, n. A system of conducting government business by departments, each under a chief. [F. bureau- eratie, Gr. kratein, to govern.] — Bu'reaucrat, n. One who governs through a bureau. — Bureaucrat- ic, a. — Bureaucrat'icaUy, adv. Burg, berg, n. Orig., a fortified town; a borough. [See Borough.] — Burg'age, -ei, ». (Eng. Law.) A ten- ure by which lands are held at a rent, or by services pert, to trade, etc. — Burgess, ber'jes, n. A freeman of a borough; a representative or magistrate of, etc. ^F. bourgeois. See Bourgeois.] — Burg'grave, Bur r - grave, n. In Ger., orig., one in command of a burg; but the title and domain became hereditary. [G. burggraf; graf, count.] — Burgh, berg, n. Same as burg and borough, — Burgh'' al, a. Pert, to, etc. — BurgVer, ft. An inhabitant of, etc. — Burg / o-maB / - ter, n. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany. [D. burgemeester.] (OrnMh.) An aquatic bird; the glaucous gull, of arctic regions. Burgamot. See Bergamot. Burgeois. See Bourgeois. Burgeon. See Bourgeon. Burglar, berg'ler, n. (Law.) One who breaks and en- ters a house, to commit a felony. [OF., fr. bourg and some corrup. of leres, L. latro, robber.] — Burg / - lary, -la-rl, n. Act of, etc. — Burgla'rious, -rT-us, a. Pert, to, or constituting, etc. — Burgla'riously, adv. Burgundy, bSr'gun-dY, n. A kind of wine made in Burgundy, France. — Bur 'gundy-pitch, -pich, n. Turpentine from which the essential oil has been distilled off. Burial. See under Bury. Burin, bu'rin, n. An engraver's tool having a sharp cut- ting point a n engrav- er's style of execution. ^C^ [F. ; MHG. boren, to bore.] Burin. Burke, berk, v.*. [burked (bSrkt), burking.] To mur- der, without marks of violence, to obtain a body for dissection ; to dispose of quietly or indirectly. [Fr. W. Burke, of Edinburgh, who committed the crime in 1829. ] Burl, berl, v. t. [BTTBLED (bSrld), burling.] To dress, as cloth, by fulling; to pick knots, loose threads, etc., from. — n. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. [Prov. F. bouril, a block, or end of thread, disfigur- ing cloth. See Bur.]— Burl'er, n. A dresser of cloth. Burlap, ber'Iap, w. A coarse fabric of linen, jute, or hemp. [See Bur.] Burlesque, ber-lesk'', a. Provoking laughter by ludi- crous images; jocular, ironical. — n. Ludicrous rep- resentation ; exaggerated parody ; satirical compo- sition intended to ridicule anything; caricature. — V. t. [BURLESQUEDf-lesktO.-LESQt'ING.] To turn into ridicule. [F., fr. It. burlesco, ludicrous, burla, a trick, waggery, banter.] — Burlefta, -lefta, n. (Mm.) A comic opera; a musical farce. [It., dim. of burJa.] Surly, ber'lT, a. Of great bulk; stout; lusty; coarse and rough. [Ga. borrail, swaggering, Ga. & Ir. borr. a bunch, greatness; s. rt. bur.] — Bur'liness, n. Burn, bern, v. t. [burned (bernd) or burnt; burn- ing.] To consume with fire ; to injure by heat; to change by exposure to heat; to produce an effect akin to that of heat. (Surg.) To cauterize. (Chem.) To combine with oxygen, — v. i. To be on fire; to be injured by excess of heat; to have the appearance of fire ; to be hot or in a passion ; to act with de- structive violence; to be akin to fire in the effect pro- duced. — n. A hurt or injury caused by fire; the op- eration of burning or baking. [AS. bsernan, byrnan, Ic.brenna, Sw. branna, G. brennen, to burn.]— To bum one's fingers. To get into unexpected trouble. — To burn out. To burn till the fuel is gone and the fire ceases.— Burning-glass, w. A convex lens which produces intense heathy converging the sun's rays to a focus. — Burnfof'fering, n. Something offered to a deity and burnt on an altar. — Bumper, n. One who burns or sets on fire; an appendage to a lamp or gas-fixture, to promote combustion. Burn, n. A brook. See Bourn. Burnettize, ber'net-iz, v. t. To preserve, as timber, by a solution of chloride of zinc. Burnish, ber'nish, v. t. [burnished (-nisht), -nish- ing.] To polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth ; to render bright. — v. i. To grow or become smooth or glossy, —n. The effect of bur- nishing; gloss; luster. [OF. burnir, brunir, to em- brown, polish, fr. brun. See Brown.] — Bur'nish- er, n. One who^ or a tool which, etc. Burnoose, ber'noos, n. A loose hooded cloak for women, imitated from a garment of the Arabs. [F. bournous, fr. Ar. burnus.] Burr. See Bur. Burrow, bgr'ro, n. A hole in the ground made by rabbits, etc., for shelter. (Mining.) A heap or heaps of rubbish, — v. t. [burrowed O-rod), -rowing.] To excavate or lodge in a hole in the earth; to hide. [A form of Borough, q. v.] Burse, bers, n. Orig., a purse; a fund to maintain poor scholars; a student so maintained; a public meeting place for merchants; an exchange. [Also written bourse.} [F. bourse, LL. bursa, purse, ex- change, fr. Gr. burse, a skin.]— Bur 'sar, -sSr, n. A cash-keeper; purser; a student to whom a stipend is paid. — Bur'sary, -s5r-T, n. The treasury of a col- lege, etc. ; a charitable foundation in a university. Burst, bSrst, v. i. [burst ; bursting.] Te fly or break open violently; to make any sudden change from restraint, invisibility, absence, etc., to an oppo- site state; to issue by a sudden removal of obstacles; to crack, split, sever. — v. t. To break or rend vio- lently; to open suddenly. — «. A breaking forth; disruption ; sudden explosion. [AS. berstan, D. bersten, to burst; s. rt. break.} — Burst 'er, n. Burt, bgrt, n. A flat fish of the turbot kind. Burthen. See Burden. Bury, ber'T, n. A borough ; manor; used as a term, of namesof places, as, Canterbury. — v. t. [buried (beVid), burying.] To conceal by covering; esp. to cover out of sight, as in a grave, the ocean, etc.; to hide in oblivion. [AS. byrgan,byrigan; s. rt. bor- ough.] — Tobury the hatchet. To cease war; an allusion to the custom of American Indians, to bury a tom- ahawk when concluding peace. — Burial, -t-al, n. Act of burying ; interment. — Bur'ying-ground, -place, n. A grave-yard; chureh-yard. Bus, bus, n. An omnibus. [Abbrev. fr. omnibus.] Busby, buz'bY, n. (Mil.) A military cap or bear-skin. Bush, bush, n. A thicket, or place abounding in trees; a branching shrub; a cluster of shrubs; a bushy branch cut from a tree; a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus); hence, a tavern sign, or the tavern it- self. — v. i. To grow thick or bushy. — v. t. To set bushes for, as for peas; to use a bush-harrow on, or for covering. [Dan. busk, D. bosch, OF. bos, F. bois, bush, forest.] — Bush'y, -1, a. Full of bush- es; full and spreading, like a bush.— Bushlness, n. — Bush ''-bean, n. The common, low garden-bean; kidney-bean; French bean. — fighting, n. Irregu- lar warfare in woody country. — -har'row, n. (Agric.) A harrow made of bushes, for covering seeds, etc. — man, n. A settler in the backwoods of Australia. (Oeog.) One of a tribe of savages near the Cape of Good Hope,— so named by the Dutch. [D. bosch-man, boscfijes-man.] — whack'er, n. One accustomed to beat about bushes; a raw country- man; a scythe for cutting brush; one engaged in predatory excursions against an enemy. whack- ing, n. Traveling, or working a way, through bush- am, fame, far, pisa or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, Sr ; BUSH 67 BUZZ es; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along a stream: irregular or predatory warfare. Bush, bush, n. (Mach.) A metal ring or lining let into an orifice. — v. t. To furnish with a bush, or line with metal. [D. bus, a box, L. buxus, the box- tree. See Box.] — Bush'ing, n. A metal lining for a hole; a thimble. Bushel, bush'el, n. A dry measure, containing 8 gallons; a vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring: the circle of iron in the nave of a wheel. [OF. boissel, LL. boisellus, fr. bussula, a little box, fr. L. buxis, Gr. puxis, a box. See Box.] — Bushel '- age. -ej, n. A duty payable by the bushel. Busily. Business, etc. See under Bust. Busk, busk, n. A thin piece of metal, whalebone, or wood, worn in corsets. [F. busque, prob. corrupt, fr. tiuste. See Bust.] Busk, busk, v. t. or i. To prepare, make ready, array. [1c. buask, to get one's self ready, bua, to prepare.] Buskin, bus'kin, n. A covering for the foot and leg, for hunters and actors in tragedy ; tragedy, as dis- ting. fr. comedy. [OF. brossequin, D. broos, a bus- kin : pern, akin" to E. brogue.] — Bus'kined, -kind, a. Dressed in buskins; of, or pert to, tragedy; tragic. Busky. Same as Bosky. See under Boscage. Buss, bus, ». A kiss; a rude or playful kiss. — v. t. [ bussed (bust), bussing.] To kiss. [OG. bussen, F. hai.-er, to kiss ; Ga. bus, mouth; ~L.basium, a kiss.] Buss, bus, n. A two-masted herring-boat. [D. buis, her ring-boat; OF. busse, G. biise. LL. bussa, buscia, boats of different kinds; s. rt. box.] Bust, bust, n. A piece of statuary representing the upper part of the human figure; the portion of the human figure between the head and waist. [F. buste, It. busio, bust, fr. LL. bustum, the trunk.] Bustard, bus'tard, n. A bird of the Ostrich family. [F. bistarde, corrup. fr. avis-tard, L. avis tarda, slow bird.] Bustle, bus'l, v. i. [bustled (bus'ld), bustlin g.] To stir quickly, be very active, — n. Great stir; tumult from excitement. flc. bustla, to bustle : Dan. buse, to bounce, pop; prob. 8. rt. busy.] — Bus 'tier, n. Bustle, bus'l, n. A kind of cushion to expand ladies' skirts behind. Busy, bizl, a. Engaged in business; occupied; con- stantly active; restless: active in what does not concern one; officious; pragmatical.— v. t. [busied (biz'id). busying.] To make or keep busy, employ, occupy. [AS. bysig, busy, bysgian, to employ, fa- tigue. D. bezig, busy, bezigen, to employ.] — Bus'ily, adc. — Business, biz'nes, n. That which busies one: employment; particular occupation for a liveli- hood or gain; traffic in general; concern; right or occasion of making one's self busy: affair; transac- tion; trade; profession; duty. — Bus'inesslike, a. Properly done; thorough; straightforward. —Busy- body, biz'T-bod-T, n. One who officiously concerns himself with others' affairs, a meddling person. But, but, prep. & conj. [AS. butan, buton. from prefix be and utan, uton, outward, without, from, ut, ui-e, out, without, abroad. Cf. About.] Except; besides; unless; save that; were it not that; otherwise than that: that not; only; solely; merely; on the contra- ry; on the other hand; yet; still; nevertheless. [AS. butan, (conj.) except, (prep.) besides, without; eontr. fr. be, by, and utan, outside: D. buiten, except.] But, n. and v. See Butt. Buteher, buch'er, n. One who slaughters animals for food ; one who kills cruelly : one given to slaughter. — v. t. [butchered (-erd), -ering.] To kill, as animals, for food; to murder, esp. barba- rously. [OF. bocher, orig. a killer of goats, fr. boc, F. bouc, he-goat, E. buck.] — Butch'erly, -er-lY, a. Grossly cruel ; murderous. — Butch' erliness, n. — Butch'ery, -er-T, n. Business of a butcher ; great slaughter; massacre. — Butch'er-bird, n. A bird of several species, destructive of smaller creatures. Butler, buflgr, n. A servant in charge of the liquors, etc. [Norm. F. butuUler, a butler, fr. butuille, bot- tle.] — But'lerage, -ej, n. {Old Eng. Law.) A duty on imported wine, orig. paid to the king's butler. — Butler-stop, n. Office of butler. Butment. Same as Abutment. Butt, But, but, n. The larger end, as of a piece of tim- ber; an end; limit; bound; unplowed land at the end of a field; a mark to be shot at; object of aim; one at whom ridicule or contempt is directed ; a thrust given in fencing or by the head of an animal; the stoutest part of tanned ox -hides. (Carp.) A kind of hinge, screwed to the edge of the door, which butts against the casing. The metal ring at the ends of fire-engine hose. — v. i. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity: to be bounded; to abut; to thrust the head forward. — v. t. To strike by thrust- ing the head against. — Butte, but or bit, n. An iso- lated peak or abrupt elevation of land. [OF. bet, F. bout, end; F. butte, a knoll; but, a mark. fr. buter, OF. boter, to strike, push; s. rt. beat.] — Butt'-hinge, n. See Butt. n. — Butt'-joint, But'tiag-joint, n. (Carp.) A joint between two pieces of timber or wood. — Butt'- weld, n. (Mech.) A weld formed by forcing together flattened ends of iron or steel bars, at a welding heat. — But'tock, n. The rump, or protuberant part of the body behind. (Naut.) The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. [Dim. of butt, end.] Butt, but, n. A pipe or large barrel, containing fr. 108 to 126 gallons. [OF. boute. F. botte ; another form of boot.] Butter, but'ter, n. An oily, unctuous substance ob- tained from cream by churning. — v. t. [buttered (-terd), -tering.] To cover with butter. [AS. butera, buter, L. butyrum, Gr. bouturon, butter, fr. Gr. bous, ox, and turos, cheese.] — But'terine, -in, n. A substitute for butter, made from animal fat; oleomargarine. — But'tery, -ter-T, a. Having the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter. — n. A place for keeping butter, milk, provisions, etc. ; a room in some colleges, etc., for the sale of re- freshments; a cellar in which wine is kept. [Perh. in part a corrup. of butlery, fr. butler.] — Butyra- ceous, bu-ti-:a'shus, Butyrous, bu'tl-rus, a. Hav- ing the qualities of, or resembling, butter. — Butyr'- ie, a. ( Cheni.) Pertaining to, or derived from, but- ter. — Buftercup, n. A plant having bright yel- low flowers ; crowfoot. fingered, -fin'gerd, a. Apt to drop things, as if from greasy fingers. — fly, n. A lepidopterous insect of different species. — -fly-valve, n, (Mech.) A valve consisting of two semi-circular clappers or wings hinged to a cross- rib. — man, n. One who sells butter. — milk. n. Milk remaining after the butter is separated from it. — nut, n. An American tree and its fruit, which contains oil; the nut of a South American tree, — called also the Savuart nut. — scotch, n. A candt made from sugar and butter. — tree, n. A tropical tree whose seeds yield a butter-like substance. Butteris. See under Buttress. Buttock. See under Butt. Button, but'n, n. A small ball; knob; a catch, to fasten together parts of dress, or to hold a door closed ; a bud; germ of a plant. (Assaying.) A round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after fusion, —v.t. [buttqneJ) (but'nd), -toxi-ng.] To fasten with, etc — v.i. To be fastened by, etc. [OF. boton, F. bouton, a bud, hence a button, fr. boter, to push out; s. rt. butt.] — But 'ton-hole, b. The hole in which a button is caught. — v. t. To hold by the button or button-hole ; to detain in conversation ; to bore. — mold, -mould, -m6ld, n. A disk of bone, wood, etc., which is made into a button by cover- ing it with cloth. wood, n. The North American plane-tree, producing rough balls ; the button-ball. Buttress, buftress, n. (Arch.) A projecting support to the exterior of a wall ; a prop. — v. t. To support by a buttress : to prop. — But'teris, -tSr-is, n. (Far.) An instrument to pare horses' hoofs. [F. bouter, to push, butt. See Butt.] Butyraceous, etc. See under Butter. Buxom, buks'um, a. Orig., obedient or yielding ; healthy ; jolly ; frolic- some. [AS. bugan, to bow, and suf- fix -sum, same, like.] — Bux'omly, adv. — Bux'omness. n. Buy, bi, v. t. [bought (bawt), butting.] To purchase ; to aequire by paying for ; to procure by a consideration t given, —v. i. To negotiate about a purchase. [AS. bycgan, Goth, bugjan, to buy; pern. s. rt. Skr. bhuj, to enjoy, use, L. fungi.] — To buy off. To influence to com- pliance : to detach by a consideration given. — To o. out. To purchase* the interest of, — so that the purchaser takes the seller's orig. rights. — To b. on credit. To purchase- on a promise to pay at a future day. —Tob. the refusal. To give money'for the right to take at a fixed price and time. — Buy'er, a. Buzz, buz, v. i. [buzzed (buzd). buzzing.] To make a low, continuous, humming sound, as bees ; to speak with a low, humming voice. — v. t. To make known by buzzing ; to spread, as report, by whis- Buttress. efln, eflbe, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil •• linger or ink, tiaen, bowbON, chair, get. BUZZARD 68 CACTUS pers. — n. A continuous, humming noise ; whisper; report spread cautiously. [Onomat] — Buz'zer, n. One who, or that which, etc. Buzzard, buz'erd, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the falcon family. A blockhead ; a dunce. [F. busard, buse, buzzard, LL. busio, L. buteo, sparrow-hawk.] By, bi, prep. Near or next to ; from one to the other side of ; past ; with, as instrument, means, way, etc. ; through means of ; with aid of ; through. — adv. Near ; present ; passing near; going or gone past. — a. Out of the common path ; aside ; — in composi- tion giving the meaning of something incidental, collateral, or private. [AS., OFries., OS., OHG., and Goth, bi, AS. big, D. by, G. bei.~\ — By and by. Pres- ently ; before long. — By one's self. Alone ; solitary. — One by one, day by day, piece bit piece, etc. Each one, day, piece, etc., by itself singly. — To come by. To get possession of ; to obtain. — To do by. To treat, to behave toward. — To set by. To value, esteem. — To stand by. To aid, support. —By the head. (Naut.) Having the bows lower than the Btern. — By the run. All together. — By the bye. In passing ; by way of digression ; apropos to the mat- ter in hand- — By '-end, n. Private end or interest; secret purpose. gone, a. Past ; gone by. — n. Something gone by ; a past event. — -name, n. A nickname ; sobriquet. — path, n. A private path ; obscure way. — -play, n. A scene carried on aside, while the main action proceeds. — stand'er, n. A looker-on; a spectator. — word, n. A common say- ing; proverb. Bye, bi, n. A dwelling ; in certain games, the station of a player. [AS., a dwelling, i'r. byan, to dwell.] By-law, bi'law, n. A law of a city, town, corpora- tion, etc. Tic bsejar-loy, town law, fr. bser, town, log, law ; Sw. bylag, fr. by, village, and lag, law; Dan. bylov, municipal law, fr. by, town, love, law.] Byssus, bis'sus, n. A fine cloth worn by the ancients; asbestus, a mineral having parallel fibers. (Conch.) A tuft of long, silky filaments, by which certain bivalves attach themselves to submarine bodies. (Bot.) A filamentous, fungous plant, growing in subterraneous places. [L., Gr. bussos, fine flax.] — ByssiF erous, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. [L.ferre, to bear.] — Bys'sine, -sin, a. Of, or like, silk. Byzant, biz'ant, Byz'antine, -tin, n. (Numis.) A gold coin, worth $25, coined at Byzantium.— Byzantine, bi-zan'tin or biz'an-tln, a. Pert, to Byzantium. C. C, se.the 3d letter in the English alphabet,has2 sounds, one close (represented in the phonetic respellings in this vocabulary by k), the other a bibilant (repre- sented by s). The digraph ch has 3 sounds, the 1st as in church (represented by eft), the 2d, as in chaise (represented by sh), the 3d, as in chorus (represented by k). — (Hits.) C after the clef is the mark of com- mon time, in which each measure isasemibreve,cor- scale ; the key note major, and the third minor, of the natural scale. — C is used as a contr. for L. cen- tum, a hundred. Cab, kab, n. Abbr. of Cabriolet, q. v. — A Hebrew dry measure of 2 5-6 pints. [Heb. qah, hollow.] Cabal, ka-bal', n. A number of persons united to pro- mote their private views by intrigue: a junto; fac- tion; plot; intrigue. — v. i. [caballed (-bald''), -balling.] To plot, conspire. — Cabal', Cab'ala, kab'a-la, n. Secret tradition, or a mysterious science among Jewish rabbins; mystery. [F. cabale, fr. Heb. qabbatah, reception, mystery received, qabat, to take, receive.] — Cab'alism, -izm, n. Secret science of the cabalists. — Cab'alist, n. A Jewish doctor conver- sant with the cabala. — Cabalisfic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; containing an occult meaning. — Cabalisfic- ally, adv. — CabaJ/ler, n. One who cabals. Caballine, kab'al-hn, a. Pert, to a horse. — n. A kind of aloes, used in medicine for horses. [L. caballus, Gr. kaballes, an inferior horse, nag.] Cabaret, kab'S-ra, n. A tavern. [F.; L. taberna, inn.] Cabas, ka'ba, n. A reticule; satchel. [F., orig. pannier. J Cabbage, kab'ei, n. A garden vegetable, the head of which is edible. — v. i. To form a head in growing. [OF. choux cdbus ; cabus, great-headed, fr. L. caput, head.] — Cab'bage-rose, n. A kind of cabbage- shaped rose. — tree, n. A palm bearing an edible cabbage-like fruit. Cabbage, kab'ej, v. t. [cabbaged (-ejd), -baging.] To purloin. — n. Cloth retained by tailors when cut- ting out garments. [F. cabasser, to put into a basket, fr. cabas, basket.] Cabin, kab'in, n. A small room ;a cottage; hut; an apartment in a ship. — v. i. [cabined (-ind), cab- ining.] To live in a cabin, lodge. — v.t. To con- fine in a cabin. [W., Ga., and Ir. caban, dim. of W. cab, a booth.] — Cabin-boy, n. A waiter in a ship. Cabinet, kab'm-et, n. A small room; closet; room for consultations ; secret council of a government ; a piece of furniture with drawers and doors; a place for valuables. [Dim. of cabin.] — Cab'inet-coun'cil, -kown'sil, n. Confidential council of a prince, etc. — ma'ker, n. A maker of furniture; a joiner. Cable, ka'bl, n. A rope or chain to retain a vessel at anchor, suspend weights, contain and protect a tel- egraph wire, etc. — v. t. To fasten with a cable. — v. i. and*. To telegraph through a cable. [F.; LL. caplum, capulum, fr. L. capere, to take hold of.] — Ca'ble-gram, n. A message sent through a telegraph- ic cable. — Cable's-length. 720 feet. Caboose, ka-boos', n. (Naut.) A galley, or cook-house on deck; a box covering the chimney in a ship. A railroad tool-car. [F. cambuse, D. kombuis, Dan. kabys, Sw. kabysa, cook's room; D. kom, a porridge- dish, and bids, a pipe.] Cabriolet, kab'rl-o-la, n. A one-horse two-seated car- riage with calash top, and covering for the legs. [F., dim. of cabriole, It. capriola, a caper (of a goat),fr. It. caprio, wild-goat, L. caper, goat. See Caper.] Cacao, ka-ka'o or ka'ko, n. The chocolate tree of So. Amer. and the W. Indies. [Sp., fr. Mexican cacou- atl] — Cacaiire, -ka'in, n. (Chem.) The essential principle of cacao. Cachalot, kash'a-lot, n. The sperm whale. [F.; D. kazilot.] Cache, kash, n. A hiding-place for provisions. [F., f r. cacher, to hide.] — Cachet, kash'a, n. A seal, as of a letter. — Lettre de cachet. A sealed letter, esp. an order for imprisoning one obnoxious to the king of France or his ministers. — Cachepot, kash'po, n. An ornamental cover for a flower-pot. [F.; pot, pot.] Cachexy, ka-kek'sY, n. A depraved condition of the system. [Gr. kakos, bad, and eons, state.] — Cachec'- tic, -tical, a. Cachinnation, kak'in-na-shun, n. Loud or immod- erate laughter. [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare, to laugh aloud.] — Cachinnatory, -kin'na-to-rY, a. Consisting of, or producing, etc. Cachou, ka / shoo / ', n. A perfumed pill to correct the breath after smoking, etc. [F., catechu.] Cacique. See Cazique. Cackle, kak'l, v. i. [cackled (kak'ld), cackling.] To make a noise like a goose or hen ; to laugh with a broken noise, giggle; to talk in a silly manner, prattle, — n. The noise of a hen, etc.; silly talk. [Onomat.; OD. kakehm, Sw. kakla, Dan. kagle, G. gackeln.] — Cack'ler, n. Cacochymy, kak'o-kim-T, n. (Med.) A vitiated state of the humors of the body, esp. of the blood. [Gr. kakos, bad, and chumos, juice.] — Cac'ode'mon, n. Orig., an evil spirit. (Med.) The daimon, demon.] — Cac / oe / 'thes, -o-e' custom or habit ; bad disposition. (Med.) An in- ughtmare. [Gr. j'thez, n. A bad curable ulcer. [Gr. ethos, custom, habit.] — Cacog'- , -fT, n. Bad spelling_or writing. [Gr. graphe, tion. [Gr. logos, word.] — Cacophony, -kof 'o-nt, n. raphy, -ft, n. Bad spelling or writing. [Gr. graphe, ~"Q- writingj— CacoKogy, n. Bad grammar or enuncia- (Rhet.) A disagreeable sound of words. (Med.) A bad voice; altered state of the voice. (Mus.) A com- bination of discordant sounds. JGr. phone, sound.] — Cacophonous, -kof'o-nus, -pno Harsh sounding. — Cacophonous, -kof 'o-nus, -phonic, -fon'ik, Harsh sounding. Cactus, kak'tus, n. ; pi. Cac'tuses, -ez, or Cac'ti, -ti. Km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; CAD 69 CALCULATE Cactus. A genus of tropical Amer- ican plants, having thick, fleshy stems, often armed with spines. [L.; Gr. kaktos.\ Cad. kad, n. In Eng., the con- ductor of an omnibus ; an errand-boy; a low-bred, ob- trusive fellow; a snob. [Abbr. oi cadet.']- Cad'dish, a. Vulgar; pretentious. Cadaverous, ka-dav'er-us, a. Resembling a corpse; pale; wan; ghastly. [L. cadaver, a corpse, fr. cadere, to fall.] — Cadav'erously, adv. — Ca- daVerousness, n. Caddice, -dis, kad'dis, n. The larva of the caddice-fly, — used as bait in fishing. [G. koder, bait.] — Cad'- dice-fly, n. An insect, frequenting marsh}* places. Caddis, kad'dis, n. A kind of worsted lace or rib- bon. [Ir. & Ga. car/as, cadan, cotton, fustian, "W. cadas, a kind of cloth.] Caddow, kad'do, n. A chough; jackdaw. [Ga. cadhag.] Caddy, kad'dl, n. A small box for keeping tea, [Malay kati, a weight of 21^ ounces.] Cade, kad, n. A barrel; cask. [Russ. kade, L. cadus, Gr. kados, a cask.] Cadence, ka'dens, n. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking ; a modulation of sound. {Mil.) A uniform time and pace in marching. {Mus.) A pause at the end of an air; a closing embellishment, — v. t. To regulate by musical measure. [F.. fr. L. cadens, cadentis, p. pr. of cadere, Skr. cad, to fall.] — Ca'dency, -st, n. Same as Cadence. — Ca'dent, a. Falling. — Caden'za, -za, n. {Mus.) Modula- tion of the voice. [It.] Cader, Cadre, ka'der, n. (.Mil.) The frame or nucleus of a regiment: a list of officers and men. [F. cadre. It. quadro, fr. L. quadrum, a square.] Cadet, ka-def, n. {Mil.) A gentleman who serves as a private, to obtain a commission; a young man in a military school. [F., younger or youngest son, Gascon capdet, fr. LL. capitellum, dim. of L. caput, head (of the family).]— Cadet'ship, n. Position or condition of. etc. Cadew, ka-du', Cade-worm. Same as Caddice. Cadge, kaj, v. t. To live on another meanly. [Scot. cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, ME. catch, to drive.] — Cadger, kaj'er, n. One who brings butter, eggs, etc., to market from the country: a huckster; one who lives upon others by trickery or begging. — Cadgy. kaj'Y, a. Cheerful, as after eating or drink- ing. Cadi, ka'dY. n. ; pi. Ca'dis, -dTz. A Turkish local mag- istrate. TTurk.] Cadmean. kad-vne'an, Cadmian, kad'mY-an, a. Pert. to Cadmus, prince of Thebes, said to have intro- duced into Greece 16 letters of the alphabet. Cadmia, kad'ml-a, n. {Min.) An oxide of zinc; for- merly^ the ore of zinc, called calamine. [L., fr. Gr. kadmia, calamine.] — Cad'mium, n. {Chem.) A white, ductile, and malleable metal related to zinc. —Cadmium yellow. A yellow compound of cadmium and sulphur, used as a pigment. — Caf amine, -min, n. Silicate, formerly carbonate, of zinc. Caduceus, ka-du'se-us", n. {Myth.) Mercury's rod, — a wand entwined by serpents, and sur- mounted by wings. [L., fr. Gr. kervx, a herald.] Caducous, ka-du'kus, a. {Bot.) Falling oft quickly or easily. [L. caducus, fr. cadere, to fall.] — Cadu'city, -sT-tT, n. Tendency to fall: feebleness of old asre. — Cadu'cibran'chiate, -bran'kY-at, a. {Zobl.) Having temporary gills, — said of am- phibia, which lose" their gills at maturity. [Gr. brangchion, a gill.] Caesar, se'zar, n. An emperor, — esp. of Germany, as being the successor of Au- fustus Caasar and the Roman emperors ; aiser. — C'esa-'rean, Cesa'rean, a. Pert, to Caesar. — Cesarean section. {Surg.) An incision through the parietes of the ab- domen and uterus, to extract the fetus. [Fr. Julius Caesar, said to have been so brought forth, and named in consequence; L. csedere, csesuni, to cut.] — Cae'sarism, -izm, n. Personal rule, by armed force, like Julius Cassar's ; imperialism. Caesura, se-zu'ra or -su'ra, n. ; E. pi. CiEsu'EAS, -raz ; L. pi. -S.M, -re. {Pros.) A pause or division in a verse ; a separation, by ending of a word or pause in the sense, of syllables rythrnically connected. [L., fr, csedere, to cut off.] — Caesu'ral, a. Pert, to, etc. Cafe", kaf a, n. A coffee-hou.-e : lunch-room. [F. cafe. See Coffee.] — Caffeic, -le'ik, a. {Chem.) Pert, to, or obtained fr., coffee. — Caffeine, -ie'ln, n. A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, ob- tained from, etc. Caftan, kaftan or kaf-tan' n. A Persian or Turkish ! garment. [Turk. qaft&n.} j Cag, kag, n. A small cask or barrel; keg. [Dan. & Sw. kagge, Ic. kaggi.] | Cage, kaj, n. A box or inclosure, for confining birds, animals, criminals, etc. {Mining.) A hoist for rais- ing ores, persons, etc., from a pit. — v. t. [caged (kajd), caging.1 To confine in a cage. [F., fr. L. cavea, hollow place, cave, cage.] Caiman. See Cayman. Caique, ka'ek or ka-ek', n. A Turkish skiff or light boat. [Turk. qaiq. boat.] Cairn, karn. n. A rounded or conicai pile of stones. [Ir., Ga., and W. cam, heap.] Caisson, kas'son, n. {Mil.) A chest containing am- munition ; wagon lor conveying military stores. {Arch.) A wooden frame used in submarine build- ing; a panel sunk below the surface. [F., fr. caisse, chest. See Case.] Caitiff, ka'tif , n. A mean, despicable person. — a. Base ; vile. [OF., a captive, wretched person, L. captivus, captive, prisoner, fr. capere, captum, to take ; s. rt. captive and have.] Cajeput, kafe-put. n. An essential oil fr. the East Indies. [Malay, f r. kayu, tree, and putih, white.] Cajole, ka-joK, v. t. [cajoled (-jokf), cajoling.] To deceive or delude by flattery: to wheedle, coax, entrap. [OF. cajeoler, to flatter, to chatter like a bird in a cage, fr. OF.. gaole,jaiole. dim. of cage.] — Cajo'ler. n.— Cajolery, -ler-I, n. A wheedling; coax- ing language; flattery. Cake, kak, n. A composition of flour, butter, sugar, etc., baked: a mass of matter concreted and flattened. — v. i. and t. [caked (kakd). caking.] To form into a cake, or mass. [Ic. and Sw. kaka, D. koek, G. kuchen, a cake, L. coquere, to cook.]— Cak'ing- coal, n. {Min.) Bituminous coal which becomes pasty or semi-viscid in the fire. Calabar bean, kaKa-bar ben'. The seed of a legu- minous plant of tropical Africa, poisonous, and used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye, also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatism. Calabash. kafa-bash.w. The fruit of the calabash tree; a large gourd; a vessel made from the shell, etc. — — Cafabash tree. A tree of tropical America. [F. callabasse, Pg. calabaca, great gourd, fr. Ar. qar, a gourd, and aybas, dry.] Calaboose, kal-a-boos', n. A prison : jail. [Corrupt, of Sp. calabozo, dungeon, prob. fr. Ar. gal'ah, castle, and 6ms, hidden.] Calamanco, kal-a-man'ko, n. A glossy, woolen stuff, ribbed or plain. [LL. calamancus, NGr. kamelau- kion, a camel's hair head covering.] Calamiferous. See under Calamus. Calamine. See under Cadmia. Calamity, ka-fanfi-tT, n. A great misfortune or cause of misery; disaster; mishap; mischance. [F. calam- ity, L. calamitas.] — Calam'itous, -Y-tus, a. Suffer- ing, or producing, calamity ; deplorable ; grievous. — Calamitously, adv. — Calanfitousness, n. Calamus, kaKa-mus, n. ; pi. -mi, -mi. {Bot.) Indian cane, a plant of the palm family; also, the sweet flag. [L.] — Calamiferous, -er-us, a. Producing reeds. Calash., ka-lash', n. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top that can be raised or lowered, and often a movable front, making it either an open or close carriage; also, a Canadian two-wheeled vehi- cle; a hood of a carriage which can be thrown back; a hood-like head-covering. [F. caleche, G. kalesche, Russ. koliaska, fr. koleso, dim. of kolo, a wheel.] Calcar, Calcify, Calcine, etc. See under Calx. Calceated, kafse-a-ted, a. Fitted with, or wearing, shoes; shod. [L. caiceus, shoe.] — Cal'ceola'ria, -rl-a, n. {Bot.) A South Amer. herbaceous or shrubby plant, having shoe-shaped flowers; slipperwort. Calculate, kafku-lat, v. t. To ascertain by arithmet- ical or mathematical processes, or by reckoning pe- culiarities or circumstances ; to fit by adaptation of means to the end ; to compute, estimate, rate. — v. i. To make a calculation. [Improperly used for intend or purpose.] [L. calculare, -latum," to reckon bv means of pebbles, fr. calculus, pebble.] — Caf* culable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Calcula'tian, 6un, cube, full ; moon, fr« Caliduct, kal'i-dukt, n. A pipe to con- oallpers - vey heat; a caloriduct. [L. calor, heat, and ducere, ductum, to lead.] Calif. See Caliph. Caligo, ka-li'go, n. {Pathol) Dimness of sight, from a speck on the cornea; the speck itself. [L., dark- ness, mist.] — Calig'incus, -lij r i-nus, a. Affected with darkness or dimness; dark. Caligraphy. See Calligraphy. Calipash, kal't-pash, n. Part of a turtle Oelonging to the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of a greenish tinge. — Calipee', n. Part belonging to the lower shell, of a yellowish color. [F. carapace, Sp. gdlapago, tortoise.] Caliph, Calif, ka'lif, n. Successor or vicar, — a title of the successors of Mohammed. [Ar. khalifah, fr. khalafa to succeed.] — Cal'iphate. -ifate, -at; n. Of- fice, dignity, or government of, etc. Calisthenic, kal-is-then'ik, a. Pert, to calisthenics. — Cal'isthen'ics, n. sing. Art, science, or practice of healthful bodily exercise. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, and sthenos, strength.] Calk, ka wk, v. t. [calked (kawkt), calking.] To drive oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, to prevent leaking; to put sharp points upon the shoes of, to prevent slipping on ice, — said of a horse or ox ; to wound, with a calk, — said of a horse, etc. — n. A point on a shoe, to prevent slipping. [OF. cauauer, to tread, also to tent a wound or insert lint in it, L. calcare, to tread, trample, fr. calx, the heel; Ga. calc, to caulk, cram.] — Calking iron, kawk'ing-i'ern. An instrument like a chisel, used in calking ships. — Calk'er, Calk'in, Caulk, Cork. Same as Calk, n. Call, kawl, v. i. [called (kawld), calling.] To in- vite or command to come or be present; to con- voke, summon, bid; to give a name to; to desig- nate as for office, duty, etc.; to utter loudly. — v. i. To speak loudly, cry out; to make a brief visit.— n. A vocal address of summons or invitation; a public demand ; requisition; a divine summons; a short visit. {Hunting.) A note blown on a horn. {JVaut.) A whistle to summon sailors to duty. {Fowling.) A noise in imitation of a bird; a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. [AS. ceatlian for callian, Ic. and Sw. kalla, D. and MHG. kallen ; s. rt. Gr. geruein, Skr. gar, to call.] — Call of the house. {Legis. Bodies.) A calling over the names of members, to discover who is absent. — To call back. To retract, recall, summon back. — To c. down. To bring down, invoke. — To c. for. To demand, re- quire. — To c. forth. To bring or summon to action. — To c. in. To collect, summon together. — To c. off. To summon away, divert. — To c. out. To chal- lenge to fight, summon into service. — To c. over. To recite in order, as a roll of names.— To c. up. To bring to recollection, or into action. — To c. to mind. To recollect. — Caliper, n. — Call'ing, n. A sum- mons ; occupation ; vocation ; business. Calla, kal'la, n. A genus of plants of the order Ara- ceve. [Gr. kalos, kale, beautiful.] Calligraphy, kal-lig'ra-fl, n. Fair or elegant penman- ship. [Gr. kalos and graphein, to write.]— Callig''- raphist, -fist, n. An elegant penman. — Calligraph- ic, -ical, -srrafT-kal, a. Calliope, kiTl-lKo-pe, n. {Myth.) The muse presiding over eloquence and heroic poetry. An organ whose tones are produced by steam instead of wind ; a steam-whistle on locomotives, etc. Callipash, Callipee. See Calipash. Callipers. See Calipers, under Caliber. . Callisthenics, n. See Calisthenics. Callow, kal'o, a. Destitute of feathers; naked; un- fledged. [AS. calu, L. calvus, bald.] Callus, kal'lus, n. {Med.) Any preternatural hard- ness in the body, esp. of the skin; new growth of osseous matter uniting fractured bones. [L.] — Cal'- lous, -lus, a. Hardened ; indurated ; obdurate ; un- feeling. — Callously, adv. — Callousness, n. — Cal- losity, -los'I-tl, n. A horny hardness of skin. Calm, kam, a. Not stormy; undisturbed by passion; still; tranquil; serene; placid. — n. Freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance. — v. t. [calmed (kamd), c aiming.] To render still or quiet; to ap- pease, compose, assuage. [F. calme, calm, still, Pg. calma, LL. cauma, heat of the sun, Gr. kauma, fr. kaiein, to burn.] — Calmly, adv. — Calm'ness, n. — Calm'ative, -tiv, a. Tending to calm. — n. {Med.) A soothing medicine; a depressant. Calomel, kaVo-mel, n. {Chem.) A mild chloride of mercury, used as a medicine. [Gr. kalos, fair, and melas, black, — i. e. the white sublimate got f r. the black corrosive sublimate.] Caloric, ka-lor r ik, n. {Physics.) The principle of heat; agent to which phenomena of heat and com- bustion are ascribed. [L. calor, heat.] — Calores'- cence, -es'ens, n. Conversion of heat-rays into light-rays. — Caloricity, -is'Y-tt, n. Faculty of de- veloping- heat, — esp. in animals, to withstand cold. — Calorific, a. Able to produce heat; heating. [L. facere, to make.] — Calorific rays. Invisible heating rays emanating from the sun and burning bodies. — Calor'ifica'tion, n. Production of heat, esp. an- imal heat. — Cal'orie, -o-rT, n. The French unit of heat, — amount required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water 1° centigrade. [F.J — Calor'- iduct, n. A tube to convev heat. [L. ducere, duc- tum, to lead.] — Calor'ifefe, -fer, n. A hot-water heating apparatus for conservatories. [F., fr. L. ferre, to carry.] — Calorim'eter, n. An apparatus for measuring tne amount of heat contained in bod- ies. [Gr. met r on, measure.] —Calorim'etry, -trt, a. am, fame, I'iir, pans ot opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; CALOTTE 71 CAMPHOR (Chem.) Measurement of, etc. — Calorimo'tor, n. A powerful kind of galvanic battery. [L. motor, a mover, fr. movere, to move.] Calotte, ka-lot', Calote, -lot', n. A skull-cap: eap of a sword-hilt. [F. calotte, dim. of OF. cole, a flat cap, prob. fr. L. galea, helmet.] Calotype, kal'o-tlp, n. A kind of photographic pic- ture. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, and tupo*. stamp.] Caloyer, ka-loi'er, n. A monk of the Greek church. [NGr. kalogeros, fr. kalos and geron, old man.] CaJtrap, kal'trap, Cal'trop, Cal'throp, a. A plant whose fruit consists of five prickly nuts united in a whorl. (Mil.) A ball stuck with four spikes, so that one must point upwards, — used to obstruct cavalry. [AS. calcetreppe, Olt. cakatrippa, star- thistle, fr. L. calcare, to tread. See Calk and Trap.] Calumet, kaKu-met, n. A pipe used by American In- dians as a symbol of peace aad war. [F., fr. L. eala- mus, a reed.] Calumny, kal'um-nl, n. False accusation: defama- tion; slander. [F. calomnie, L. calumida, fr. caluere, to deceive; s. rt. challenge.] — Calum'niate. -n Y-at, v. t. To accuse falsely and knowingly, asperse, yili- fv, traduce. — Calum nia'tion, n. False accusation. — Calum'niator, -ter, n. — Calum'nieus. -nl-us, a. Containing or implying, etc. — Calum , niously, adv. Calvary, kal'va-rT, n. A place of skulls; esp. the place of Christ's crucifixion ; a Roman Catholic chapel containing representations of Christ's pas- sion and death. JX. calvaria, skull.] Calve. See under Calf. Calvinism, kal'vin-izm, n. The theological doctrines of Calvin and his followers. — CaJ/vinist, n. One who embraces, etc.— Calvinist'ic, -ical, a. Pert. to. etc. Calx, kalks, n. ; E. pi. Calx'es, -ez; L. pi. Cal'ces, kal'sez. (Cliem.) Earthy residuum remaining after the calcination of a metal or mineral. [L., stone, limestone, Gr. kroke, flint, Skr. carkara, stone, gravel.] — Calcareous, -ka'ri-us, a. Of the nature of limestone; of, or containing, carbonate of lime, — Cal'cic, -sik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or derived from calcium. — Calcif'erous, -sifer-us, a. Containing carbonate of lime. — Cal'ciform, a. In the form of chalk or lime. — Cal'cify, -fi, v. i. and t. To change into a stony condition, in which lime is a princi- pal ingredient. — Calcine, kal-sin' or kal'stn, [calcined (-slnd or -sTnd), -cinixg]. also Calci- nate, -sT-nat, v. t. To reduce to powder or a friable state, by the action of heat; to oxidize, as a metal. — v. i. "To be converted into a powder, etc. — Cal- ciner, -sln'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. — Calculable, a. — Calcina'tion. a. Operation of, etc. — Calcin'atory, -sin'a-to-ri, n. A vessel used in, etc. — Calciv'orous, -er-us, a. Eroding or eating into limestone. [L. vorare, to devour.] — Cal'cite, -sit, n. (Min.) Carbonate of lime. — Cal'cium, -st- um, n. (Chem.) The metallic basis of lime. — Calc'- ainter, n. Loose and porous calcite. [G. kalk, lime, and sinter, dross.] — Cal'cimine, -st-mTn. n. A white or tinted wash for walls. — v. t. To wash with, etc. — Calcog'raphy, n. Art of drawing with chalk, or of engraving in the style of chalk-drawing. — Calcog'- rapher. n. — Cal'car, n. An oven or reverberating furnace, used in glass manufacture. (Bot.) A tube into which a petal is lengthened at the base. [L. calcaria. a lime-kiln.] Calyx, ka'lix, n.:E.pl. Ca'lyxes: L.pl. Cat/yces, kal'I-sez. (Bot.) The outer covering of a flower. [L.; Gr. kalux, calyx, Skr. kafika. a bud; s. rt. chalice, helmet.] — Calycle. kal'T-kl, n. (Bot.) A row of leaflets at the base of the calyx ; outer covering or crown of a seed. [L. caly- culiis, dim. of calyx.] Cam, kam, n. (Much.) A projecting part of a wheel, etc., giving an alternating motion to a piece pressing against it. [D. kam, a comb, ridge, G. kamm. comb, cog.] — Cam'-wheel, n. A wheel of ir- regular outline, producing a variable motion. Camaieu, ka-ma'voo, n. A stone engraved in relief; a painting in a single color. [F. See Cameo.] Camber, kam'ber, n. (Arch.) An arch or convexity on the top of a beam, or of an aperture. [F. cam- hrer, to bow. crook, Gr. kamptein, to bend.] — Cam'- bering, a. Convex, —said of a ship's deck, etc. Cambist, kam'bist. n. A banker: one who deals, or is skilled, in exchange. [L. cambire. to exchange.] — Cambistry, -rt, n. Science of exchange, weights, measures, etc. Q. Camel. Camblet. See Camlet, under Camel. Camboge. See Gambogb. Camboose, kam-boos', n. (Naut.) A cook-room. See Caboose. Cambrel. See Gambeel. Cambric, kam'brik, n. A fine, white fabric of flax or linen: a cotton fabric, in imitation of linen cambric. [Fr. Cambray, in Flanders.] Came. See Come. Camel, kam'el, n. A ruminant quadruped, used in Asia and Africa for carrying bur- dens, (yaut.) A contrivance for lifting ships over shoals. [OF. channel, camel, L. camelus, G. kam- elos, Ileb. gamal, Ar. jamal.] — Cam'ers-hair, a. Made of camel's hair. — Camlet, Cam'elot, -e-lot, ] n. A cloth, orig. of camel's hair, ( now of wool or goat's hair with' silk or thread. [F. camelot. It. cam- belotto.] Camellia, ka-mel'ya, n. A genus of evergreen shrubs. [Fr. the Jesuit, Geo. Jos. Kamel (or Camellus), who introduced it f r. Asia.] Camelopard. ka-mel'o-pard or kam'el-, n. (Zo'61.) A ruminant, long-necked, African quadruped; the gi- raffe. [Gr. kamelepurdalis, fr. kamelos (see Camel) and pardalis, leopard, pardO Cameo, kam'e-o, n. ; pi. -os, -oz. A precious stone or a shell carved in relief. [F. camieu. It. cammeo, LL. cammseus, perh. fr. G. camme, OF. game, L. gemma, a gem.] Camera, kam'e-ra, n. (Arch.) A vaulted roof or ceil- ing. The camera obscura. [L. See Chamber.] — Cam'era. Lu'cida, -lu'sl-da. (Opt.) An instrument which re'flects a picture that may be traced on pa- per, etc. [L., light chamber.] — C- 0b3cura. -ob-sku'- ra. An apparatus which reflects external images, received through a lens, upon a white surface with- in a darkened chamber. [L., dark chamber.] — Cam'erated, -er-at-ed, a. (Arch.) Divided into chambers; arched or vaulted. Camisade, kam-T-sad', -sado, -sa'do, n. (Mil.) A shirt worn over a soldier's uniform, for recognition in the dark; an attack by surprise at night. [F. camisade, fr. OF. camise, shirt.] — Cam'isole, -sol, n. A waist- coat : dressing-jacket ; straight-jacket. [F., dim. of cetmise.) Camlet. See under Camel. Camomile, Chamomile. kam'o-mTl, n. A bitter plant, used in medicine. [LL. camomilla, Gr. chamaime- lon, lit. earth-apple, fr. chamai, on the earth, and melon, apple.] Camp, kamp, n. Ground containing tents, huts, etc., for shelter; company of persons encamped in the same spot. — v. t. [camped (kampt), campixg.] To afford lodging for, as an army, travelers, etc. — v. i. To rest or lodge: to pitch tents, etc.: to encamp. [F., a camp, host, field ; L. campus, field : LL. campus, AS. and ME. camp, D., Dan., and Sw. kamp, Ie. kapp, G. kampf, battle.] — Camp bedstead, n. A compact, portable bedstead. — follower, n. A non- combatant who attends an army. — -meeting, n An encampment in a retired place, for devotion. — -stool, n. A stool which folds into a small compass. Campaign, kam-pan / ', n. A large, open plain ; an extensive tract without hills. (Mil.) The time that an army keeps the field. (U. S. Politics^ The con- test for an election; a canvass. — v. i. To serve in a campaign. [F. campaigne, open field, L. campanra, a plain, esp. that around Naples, fr. campus. See Camp.] — Campaign'er, n. One who has served in campaigns: an old soldier; veteran. Campaniform, kam-pan / 'T-f8rm. a. (Bot.) In the shape of a bell. [LL. campana, bell, and L. forma, form.]— Campanol'ogy, -jT, n. Art of ringing bells; a treatise on it. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Campan'- ulate, -u-lat, a. (Bot.) Bell-shaped. — Cam'panile, -ne'la,n. (Arch.) A bell-tower. [It. andLL.j Campestral, kam-pes'tral, -trian, -trT-an, a. Pert, to, or growing in a field, or open ground. [L. campester, -pestris, fr. campus, field.] Camphene, -phine, kam-ien', n. (Chem.) Pure oil of turpentine. rContr. of camphogen.] Camphor, kam'fe'r, n. The solidified sap of an East Indian laurel tree. [F. camphre, LL. camphora, Skr. karpura, Ar. kafur, camphor, fr. Malay ka- pur, chalk.] — Cam'phire, -fir, n. Obs. spelling of camphor. — Cam'phorate, -fgr-at, v. t. To impreg- nate with. etc. — Camphoric, -foVik, a. Pert, to, or having qualities of, etc. — Camphxetic, -fret'ik, a. etui, cube, full ; moon, fdfct ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bowboir, chair, get. CAMPION 72 CANON Pert, to a tribasic acid obtained from camphor by the action of nitric acid. Campion, kam'pl-on, n. A plant bearing poisonous berries. [Prob. f r. L. campus.] Cam-wood, kam , w6~6d, n. A hard, red dye-wood, from Sierra Leone. [Perh. abbrev. of Campeachy wood.] Can, kan, n. A cup or vessel for liquids. — v. t. [canned (kand), canning.] To preserve in cans, as fish, veg- etables, etc. [AS. canna, Ic. and Sw. karma, D. kan, a can, mug.] — Can'akin, -nikin, n. A little can. Can, kan, v. i. [imp. could.] To be able; to have power. [AS. cunnan, D. kunnen, Ic. and Sw. kunna ; s. rt. cunning, ken,Jcnow, uncouth.] Canaille, ka-nal' or ka'na'y', n. The lowest class of people; the rabble; vulgar; shorts, or low grades of flour. [F., orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. canis, dog.] Canal, ka-naK, re. An artificialwater-course, esp. one for boats. (Anat.) A duct for the passage of liquids or solids. [F. ; L. canalis, a channel, trench, canal, also a reed-pipe; Skr. khan, toTlig.] Canard, kan-ar' or kan-ard', n. An extravagant fabri- cation. [F.] Canary, ka-na'rY, n. Wine made in the Canary Isles. — Cana'ry-bird, -b5rd, n. A singing bird of the finch family, native in, etc. Cancan, kaN-kaN or kan'kan, n. Scandal; tittle-tat- tle ; an indecent French dance. [F.] Cancel, kan'sel, v. t. [canceled (-seld), -celing.] To cross and deface the lines of, blot out, destroy, obliterate, erase, abrogate, do away. (Print.) To suppress and reprint, — n. (Print.) The suppression and reprinting of a part of a work; the part thus al- tered. [F. canceller, Law L. cancellare, to draw lines across a deed, fr. L. cancellus, a grating, dim. of can- cer, a crab ; s. rt. chancel, chancellor, etc.] — Cancel- lated, a. Marked with cross lines. — Cancellation, n. Act of, etc. (Math.) Operation of striking out common factors. Cancer, kan'ser, n. The crab. (Astron.) A sign in the zodiac, denoting the northern limit of the sun's course. (Med.) A livid, scirrhous tumor, usually terminating in an ulcer, and rarely cured. [L.; Gr. karkinos, Skr. karkata, a crab, fr. karkara, hard.] — Can'cerate. v. t. To grow into a cancer. — Cancer- a'tion, re. A growing cancerous. — Can'ceroos, -us, a. Like, consisting of, or affected with, cancer. — Cancriform, kan'krT-fGrm, a. Crab-shaped ; like a cancer; cancerous. — Cancrine, kan'krin, a. Having the qualities of a crab. — Canker, kan'ker, n. An ulcer in the mouth ; anything that corrupts or cor- rodes. (Hort.) A disease in trees. (Far.) A disease of horses' feet. The dog-rose ; a caterpillar. — v. t. [-kered (-kerd), -kering.] To corrode, eat, cor- rupt, infect. — v. i. To become venomous; to waste away, grow rusty. — Can-Tiered, -kgrd. a. Crabbed, venomous, or malignant, in temper. — Can'kerous, -ur, a. Corroding like, etc. — Can'ker-rash, re. (Med.) A form of scarlet-fever, in which the throat becomes ulcerated, —-worm, re. A worm destructive of trees and plants; span-worm; green-looper. Candelabrum. See under Candle. Candid, kan'did, a. Orig. white ; free from bias ; im- partial; open; frank; equitable. [F. candide, white, bright, also sincere, innocent. L. candidus, white, shining, bright, fr. cande>-e, Skr. chand, to shine.] — Can'didly, adv. — Can'didness, re. — Can'dent, a. Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. — Can- didate, -dT-dat, n. One who seeks or is proposed for office or preferment. [L. candidatus, clothed in white, — the dress of such applicants in Rome.] — Can / 'didacy, -di-da-si, -dature, -da-chur, -dateship, -dat-ship, re. Position of. etc. — Caa'dor, -der, n. Freedom fr. prejudice or disguise ; sincerity. [L.] Candle, kan'dl, re. Tallow, wax. spermaceti, paraf- fine, etc.. inclosing a wick, "nd used to furnish light. [AS. candet, L. candeln, fr. candere. See Candid.] — Can'dle-mas, re. The festival of the purification of the Virgin Mary, held Feb. 2, when manv candles were burned. [AS candelmxsse.] — CaH'dle-coal, n. A bright-burning coal; cannel- coal. — light, re. The light of, etc. — nut, n. The fruit of a Pacific island shrub, which burns with a bright flame : its oil is exported for soap-making. — -stick, re. A utensil to hold, etc. — Candela'brum, n. ; L. pi. -bra, -bra, E. pi. -brums. A tall candle- stick: stand for supporting lamps: chandelier. [L.] — Chandelier, shan-de-ler', n. A frame with branches for candles or other lights. [F.l — Chand- ler, chand'ler, re. One who makes or sells candles, also other commodities indicated by a word pre- fixed, as corn-chandler, ship-chandler. [OF. chande- lier, L. cavdelarius.] — Chand'lery, -I5r-T, n. Com- modities sold by, etc. Candy, kan'dT, v. t. [candied (-did), -dying.] To con- serve or boil in sugar; to form into crystals, as sugar — v. i. To change into, or become impregnated, or covered with, sugar; to be formed into crystals. — n. A preparation of sugar or sirup ; a confection of sugar. [F. candir, It. candire, to candy, fr. It. candi, Ar. and Per. qand, sugar, candy.] Candy-tuft, kan'dT-tuft, n. An annual plant, native of Candia. Cane, kan, re. (Bot.) A plant of several species, in- cluding reeds, as bamboo, rattan, etc., also sugar- cane. A reed; walking-stick; staff; a lance made of cane. — v. t. [caned (kand), caning.] To beat with, etc. ; to make or furnish with, etc. [F. canne. L. canna, Gr. kanna, a cane, perh. fr. Heb. qaneh, a reed, Ar. qanat, a cane ; s. rt. cannister, cannon, carb- on.] — Cane-brake, n. A thicket of canes. — Can'jr, -1, a. Of cane, or abounding in canes. Canicula, ka-nik r u-la, Canicule, kan'i-kul, n. (Astron.) A star in the constellation of Canis Major ; the Dog- star, or Sirius. [L. canicula, dim. of canis, dog. J — Canic'ular, a. Pert, to, or measured by, the rising of the Dog-star. Canine, ka-nin', a. Pert, to dogs ; having the quali- ties of a dog. [L. caninus, fr. canis, dog.] — Canine teeth. The pointed teeth, between the incisors and grinders, — resembling a dog's teeth. See ToeTH. Canister, kan'is-ter, n. A basket of rushes, reeds, etc. ; a case for holding tea, coffee, etc. [L. canis- trurn, Gr. kanastron, wicker basket, fr. kane, kanna. See Cane.] — Can'ister-shot, n. (Mil.) A number of small iron balls inclosed in a case fitting a gun. Canker. See under Cancer. Cannabin, -bine, kan'na-bin, n. (Chem.) A poison- ous resin extracted irom hemp (Cannabis Indica), giving hasheesh its narcotic effects. [See Canvas.] Cannel-coal. kan'nel-kol, n. A hard black coal, which burns with a clear flame. [Corrupt, of candle-coal ; Prov. E. cannel, candle. See under Candle.] Cannibal, kan r nf-bal, n. One who eats human flesh; a man-eater. [Sp. canibal, corrupt, of Caribal, a Carib, Caribbean, assimilated to Sp. canino, vora- cious, fr. L. canis, dog.] — Can'nabalism. -izm, n. Actor practice of , etc. ; murderous cruelty. ':aii'un,». A hollow metal cylinder closed A, cascabel; B, first re-en- I of the muzzle ; F. trunn force ; C, second re-en- ion ; G, rim-base ; a. base- force; D, chase; E, swell | ring; b, base of the breech., at one end, for throwing balls by the force of gun- powder. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece, inclos- ing a revolving shaft. [F., fr. L. canna, reed, tube. See Cane.] — Cannonade, -ad', n. Act of attacking with balls from cannon, —v. t. To attack with ar- tillery^— v. i. To discharge cannon. — Cannoneer', -ier', -er, n. An artillery-man. — Can'nonry, -rT, n. Cannon collectively ; artillery. — Can'non-ball, n. A ball to be thrown from, etc. — shot, n. A cannon- ball; the distance a cannon will throw balls. Cannot, kan 'not. To be unable, [can and not. usu ally united in writing and printing.] Cannular, kan'u-lar, a. Having the form of a tube ; tubular [L. cannula, dim. of canna. reed, tube.] Canny, kan'nY, a. Gentle; cautious; harmless; good. [Scot.; Ic. kanna, to know.] Canoe, ka-noo', re. A boat formed of a tree trunk ex- cavated or of bark or skins. [Sp. canoa. a Caribbean word.] Canon, kan'un, n. A law or rule, esp. an ecclesias- tical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline ; the gen- uine books of the Scriptures ; a catalogue of saints. (MusA A continued fugue ; a round. One who holds a prebend in a ca- thedral, etc. (Print.) The largest size of type having a specific name, — former- ly used for printing the canons of the church. [AS. and L., a rule, law ; Gr. kanon, a rod, measur- ing rule, also arni»<" ue ; a round. One who Aa am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Xn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; CANON 73 CAPIAS model, standard of right. See Cane.] — Can'oness, n. A woman who enjoys a prebend. — Canon'ic, -ical. a. Pert, to a canon ; according to the canon or rule. — Canon'ically, adv. — Canon'icalness, n. — Canon'ieals, -alz, n. pi. Full clerical dress. — Ca- non'icate. -ik-at, Gan'onry. -rt, -onship, n. The office of a canon. — Canonicity, -is'l-tl, n. State of belonging to the canon, or genuine books of Scripture ; canonicalness. — Can'onist, n. A pro- fessor of canon law. — Canonist'ic, a. Pert, to a canonist. — Can'onize, -Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -iz- ING.] {Rom. Cath. Church.) To place upon the catalogue of saints. — Canomza'tion, n. Ceremony or act of placing one deceased in the catalogue of saints ; state of being canonized. — Can'on law. (Eccl.) The law sanctioned by the church of Rome. Canon, Canyon, kan'yun, n. A gorge, ravine, or gulch, worn by streams. [Sp. canon, tube or hollow.] Canopy, kan'o-pi. n. A covering over a throne, bed, etc., or overhead. (Arch.) An ornamental projec- tion over doors, windows, niches, etc. — v. t. [cano- pied (-pid), -pying.1 To cover with, etc. [I . cono- pe'e; Gr. konopeion, an Egyptian bod with mosquito- nets, fr. konops, gnat, mosquito.] Cant, kant, v. t. To incline, or place upon edge, as a cask: to give a sudden turn or impulse to; to cut off an angle from. — n. An inclination from a horizon- tal line ; a thrust, push, etc., with a jerk. [D., Dan., and Sw. kant, edge, margin, fr. D. kantre. to cant, upset, G. kante, corner/] — Cantle, kan'tl, n. A fragment, corner, or edge of anything; the hind-bow of a saddle. [OF. cantel, fr. G. kante.] — Cant'let, n. A piece. — Cantliook, n. A lever with a hook at the end, for canting, or turning over, heavy logs. Cant, kant, v. i. To speak in a whining voice, or an af- fected, singing tone; to make whining pretensions to goodness.— n. An affected mode of speaking; a word or phrase hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some profession; religious phraseology ; secret language of gypsies, thieves, beggars, etc. — a. Affected, inele- gant, vulgar, — said of language. [L. cantare, freq. of canere, to sing.] — Cant'er, n. — Cant'ingly, adv. Can't, kant. A colloq. contr. for can not. Cantaloup, -loupe, kan'ta-loop, n. A variety of musk- melon. [Fr. Cantalupo, in Italy.] Cantalever, kan'ta-lev-er, Cantilever, kan'tt-, n. (Arch.) A bracket to support a balcony, eaves of a house, etc. [E. cant," slant, angle, and lev- Cantalever. Cantankerous, kan-tan'ker-us, a. "Very vile or bitter ; perverse ; malicious : contentious. — Can- tanTserousness, n. Cantata, kan-ta/ta or -tafa, n. (Mm.) A poem set to music. [It., fr. It. and L. cantare, to sing. See Cant.] — Cantab'ile, -T-la, Cantilena, -te-la'na, n. A piece suited for singing ; a melodv. [It.] — Can"- ticle, -tl-kl. n. A little song; pi. the Song of Solo- mon, a book of the Old Testament. [L. canticulum, dim. of caniicum, a song.] — Can'tillate, v. t. To chant. [L. cantillare, dim. of cantare.] — Can'til- lation. n. Chanting. — Can'to, n. ; pi. Can'tos, -toz, A chief division, or book, o-f a poem. (Jfus.) The soprano, or highest part. [It.] — Can'tor, n. The leader of a choir ; precentor. [L., singer.] — Can / - toral. a. Pert, to, etc. — Canzo'ne, -na, n. A song or air in 2 or 3 parts, with passages of fugue and imitation. [It.] — Canzonet', n. A little song, in 1, 2, or 3 parts. [It., dim., of canzone.] Canteen, -tine, kan-ten', n. A soldier's vessel for car- rying liquor. [F. cantine, fr. It. cantina, a cellar, dim. of canto, a part, corner, angle, G. kante. See Cant.] — Cantiniere, -ten'yar, n. A female sutler ; a vivandiere. [F.] Canter, kan'ter, n. An easy gallop. — v. i. [can- teeed, (-terd), -teeing.] To move, as a horse, in a canter. — v. t. To ride upon, etc. [Abbr. of Can- terbury gallop, the pace of easy-going pilgrims.] Canterbury, kan'te'r-ber 7 !, n. A stand for music, portfolios, etc. Cantharis, kan'tha-ris, n. ; pi. -thaeides, -thar'T-dez. (Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for blistering: Spanish fly. [L. and Gr.] Canticle, Canto, Cantor, etc. See under Cantata. Cantine. See Canteen. Cantle, Cantlet. See under Cant. Canton, kan'ton or kan-ton', n. A small portion of territory, constituting a government: a part, or di- vision. — v. t. [cantoned (kan'tond or kan-tond'), -toning.] To divide into districts or portions; to allot separate quarters to, as to troops. [F., a corner, a canton, LL. cantonum, a region, province, fr. canto, a squared stone, a province.] — Can'tonal, a. Pert. to, or divided into, etc. — Can'tonize, v. t. To divide into, etc. — Can'tonment, n. A division of a town, etc., assigned to particular troops. Canton ftannel.JSee Cotton-flannel, under Cotton. Cantoon, kan-toon', n. A kind of strong: fustian. Canvas, kan'vas, n. A coarse cloth of hemp or flax, for tents, sails, painting, etc. ; the sails of a vessel. [F. canevas, LL. canabacius, canvas, fr. L. cannabis, Gr. kannabis, Skr. cana. Per. kanab. hemp.] — Can r - vas-back, n. (Ornith.) A species of sea-duck, named from the markings of its plumage. — Can'vass, v. t. [canvassed (-vast), -vassing.] To sift, strain, exam- ine thoroughly, discuss, debate; to go through in the way of solicitation. — v. i. To solicit votes or inter- est. — n. Close inspection to know the state of: ex- amination in the way of discussion : a solicitation or effort to obtain something. [Orig., to sift through canvas.] — Can'vasser, n. One who solicits votes or subscriptions, or examines returns of votes. Canyon. See Canon. Canzone, Canzonet. _See under Cantata. Caoutchouc, koo'chook, n. An elastic substance, ob- tained fr. the juice of several tropical plants: India rubber: gum elastic. [F., fr. Caribbean cauchuc.] — Caouf chine, -chin, -choucine, -choo-sin, u. A vola- tile liquid distilled from, etc. Cap, kap, n. A covering for the head: a cover: top. — v. t. [capped (kapt). capping.] To cover the top or end of; to render complete, consummate: to provide with a cap. [AS. cseppe, LL. cappa, cape, cope, cap; perh. fr. L. capere, to contain.] — To cap verses. To name alternately verses beginning with a particular letter.— To set one's cap for. To seek a man's af- fections, with a view to marriage. — Cap pa'per. Coarse, brown paper, used for making bags; fools- cap, writing paper of a large size. — sheafi n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain. — Cape, kap, n. Part of a garment, covering the shoulders; a cloak. [OF. cape, Pr., Sp., and Pg. capa, It. cappa, Ic. and Sw. kapa, Dan. kappe, D. kap, G. kajme, fr. LL. cappa.] — Caparison, ka-par'I-sun, n. The covering of a horse : trappings : gay clothing. — r. t. [-soned (-sund), -SONING.] To cover with, etc.: to dress. [Sp. caparazon, fr. capa.] — Capoch. -pouch, ka-pooch'', n. A monk's hood; the hood of a cloak. — v. t. To cover with a hoodj^ to hoodwink or blind. [Sp. ca- pucho.] — Capote. -ot r , n. A long cloak for women; a hooded cloak for soldiers, sailors, etc. [F.] — Cap'- uchin', -u-shen r , n. A Franciscan monk, whose dress includes a cowl; a hooded cloak for women; a kind of pigeon having hood-like feathers on the head. [F. capucin, fr. capuce, hood, cowl.] Capable, ka'pa-bl, a. Possessing ability, qualifica- tion, or susceptibility: able; fitted; effective; skill- ful. [F., fr. LL. capabUis, fr. L. capere, to hold, contain.] — Capability, Ca'pableness, n. Capacious, ka-pa'shus. a. Havins capacity; spacious; extended: having ability to take large views of things; broad; comprehensive: liberal. [L. capax, capacis, fr. capere.] — Capa'ciously, adv. — Capa'ciousness, n. — Capacitate, -pas'I-tat, v. t. To render capable, qualify. — Capacity, -tl, n. Power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; ability: element of power ; condition or circumstances : 'character. (Law.) Aptitude or qualification , as of age, resi- dence, etc. (Georn.) The solid contents of a body. Cap-a-pie, kap / a-pe / '. From head to foot. [OF.] Caparison. See under Cap. Cape, kap. n. Part of a garment covering the shoul- ders. [See under Cap.] —A neck of land extending into the sea; a headland. [F. cap, It. capo, head- land, cape, fr. L. caput, head.] Capellet, kap'el-et, r(. (Far.) A wen-like swelling on a horse's hock. [F. capelet.] Caper, ka'per, v. i. To leap or jump about, spring, dance. — n. A frolicsome leap; a skip: jump. [If. C'lpriolare, to caper, leap like a goat, fr. capriolo, kid, dim. of caprto, roe-buck, wild goat, L. caper, capra, wild goat.] — Cap'riole, -rl-ol, n. A leap that a horse makes without advancing: a caper in dan- cing: a lady's head-dress. [F., fr. It. capriola, leap of a kid: s. rt. cabriolet.] Caper, ka'per, n. (Bot.) The flower-bud or unex- panded flower of the caper-bush, used for pickling. [F. capre, L. capparis, Gr. kapparis. Per. kabar.] — Ca'per bush, C. tree. A genus of low shrubs, some of which produce berries, and others pods. Capias, ka'pi-as, n. (Laiv.) A writ or process order- sun, cube, full ; moon, cow- oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CAPILLARY 74 CAPTIOUS ing the arrest of the person named in it: writ of ca- pias. [L., thoumayst take, fr. capere,to take.] Capillary, kap'il-la-rl or ka-pil'la-rt, a. Resembling a hair; long and slender; pert, to capillary tubes or vessels. — Capillary, n. A fine vessel or canal; esp. one of the vessels connecting arteries and veins. [L. capillus, hair; s. rt. L. caput, head.]— Capillary at- traction and repulsion. The cause of the aseent or descent of a fluid in a capillary tube which is dipped in a surrounding fluid. — Capillarity, -lar'l-tl, n. State of being, etc. — Capillaceou3, -la'shus, a. Having long filaments ; resembling hair. — Capil'- lament, n. A filament or hair-like fiber. Cap it a 1 j capital s. Doric. Ionic, metropolis; a stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; means of increasing one's power; influence. [F. capital, LL. capitate, wealth, stock, fr. L. cap- italist {Print.) A letter such as is used at the be- ginning of a sentence or proper name, and distin- guished by form K -n r\T\T^T^ or size from the ABCDEF ABCDEF ofXefame^yp" Capitals - SmaU Capitals " (Fort.) The line bisecting the salient angle of a rav- elin. See Ravelin. — Capitalist, n. A man of large property. [F. capitalists.] — Capitalize, -Iz, v. t. To convert into capital, as money or stock: to com mence with a capital letter. — Capitalization, n Act of converting, etc.; use of capital letters. — Cap itally, adv. — Capita'tion, n. A numbering of per Boris: a tax upon each head; poll-tax: capitation tax [F.; LL. capitatio, fr. L. caput. ] — Caplte, -T-te, n (OE. Law.) A tenure of land directly from the king [L., abl. case of caput.] iapitol, kap'T-tol, n. The temple of Jupiter, in Rome the edifice occupied by a legislature ; government- house. [L. capitolium, fr. caput.] Capitular, ka-pit'u-lar, a. Pert, to a chapter. (Bot.) Gr-swing in small heads, as dandelions. — Capit'- *»\ar, -ulary, -u-la-rt, n. An act passed in a chapter J: knights, canons, etc.: a collection of laws or statutes ; a member of a chapter. — Capifulary, a. Pert, to the chapter of a cathedral. [LL. capitula- rium, hook of decrees, capitulum, chapter of a book, cathedral chapter, dim. of L. caput.] — Capifulate, -u-lat, v. i. To surrender on stipulated terms, as an army, etc. [LL. capitulare, to arrange in chap- ters, hence to propose terms.] — Capit'ula'tion, n. A reducing to heads or articles; act of surrendering, etc. ; an instrument containing the terms of surren- der. — Capifula'tor, n. Capivi, ka-pe've, n. A balsam. See Copaiba. Capnomancy, kap'no-man-sY, n. Divination by the motion of smoke. [Gr. kapnos, smoke, and manteia, divination.] Oapoch, Capouch, Capote. See under Cap. Capon, ka'pn or ka'pun, n, A cock _ prove his flesh for the table. [AS. capun, D. kapoe relded to im- capw , L. capo. Gr. kapon, a capon, fr. Gr. hoptein, to cut.] — Ca'ponize, v. t. To castrate, as a fowl. Caponiere, kap-o-ner', n. (Fort.) A work placed in a ditch for its defense by fire-arms; often serving as a covered passage-way. [F. caponniere.] Caporal, kap'o-ral, n. A kind of smoking tobacco. [F., a corporal.] Capot, ka-pot',- n. A winning of all the tricks of cards at the game of piquet. [Perh. abbr. lr caput mortuum, q. v.; perh. fr. Heb. kapjjoreth, »A.piatory sacrifice, a curse.] Capreolate, kap're-o-lat, a. (Bot.) Having tenants or spiral claspers. [L. capreolus, wild goat, tendril.] Caprice, ka-pres', n. Sudden or unreasonable change of mind; fickleness; freak; whim ; vagary. [F.; It. capriccio, caprezzo, a caprice; perh. fr. It. caprio, (frisk of) a goat; perh. fr. It. capo, heat, and rezzo, ague-fit.] — Capricious, -prish'us, a. Governed by caprice ; unsteady; captious. — Capri'ciously, adv. — Capri'ciousness, n. — Capric'cio, -pret'cho, n. (Mus.) A loose, irregular composition. [It.] Capricorn, kap'rt-kQrn, n. (Astron.) The 10th sigm of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about Dec. 21st. [L. capricomus, horned goat, fr. caper, goat, and conw, horn.] — Caprinca''- tion, n. A hastening of the ripening of fruit, esp. of figs, practiced in the Levant. [L. caprificare, to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall-insect, f r. cap- rijieus, wild fig, fr. caper and ficus, fig.] — Cap'ri- . form, a. Having the form of a goat. [L. forma, form.]— Caprigenous, -prij'e-nus, a. Produced by a goat. [L. genere, gignere, to produce.] Capriole. See under Capek. Capsicum, kap'sl-kum, n. A genus of plants produ- cing red or Cayenne pepper. [NL., fr. capsa, box. the pepper being in pods.] — Cap'sicine, -st-sin, n. (Chem.) The active principle of, etc. Capsize, tap-siz', v. t. [-sized (-sizd'), -sizing]. To upset or overturn, as a vessel. — n. An overturn. [Perh. corrupt, of Sp. cabecear, to nod the head in sleep, to pitch, fr. cabeza, the head, fr. L. caput.] Capstan, kap'stan, n. (Naut.) A machine to weigb anchor or draw up great weights, operating with a cable wound round it like a wheel and axle. [F. cabestan, Sp. cabestrante, fr. cabestrar, L. capistrare, to tie with a halter, fr. Sp. cabestro, L. capistrum, a halter, fr. L. ca- per e, to hold.] Capsule, kap'su?, n. (Bot.) A seed-pod or pericarp. (Chem.) A clay saucer for roasting or ^ p melting samples of ores, etc.; an evaporating dish. (Physiol.) A small membranous sac. A metallic ccvei for closing a bottle. A percussion cap. [F. : L. capsixla, little chest, dim. of capsa, chest, fr. ca- pere, to hold.] — Cap'sular, -sulary, -T, a. Hollow, like, etc.; pert, to, etc. — Cap'suiate, dated, a. In- closed in, or as in, a chest, etc. Captain, kap'tan, n. The military officer command- ing a company or troop; also the commander of a ship, foreman of workmen, etc.; a military leader; warrior. [OF. capitain, LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput.] — Captain-general. (Mil.) A com- mander-in-chief. — C. -lieutenant. An officer, who, with the rank of captain, and pay of lieutenant, commands a company or troop. — Cap'taincy, -sY, n. Rank, post, or commission of, etc. — Cap'tainry, -rt, n. Chieftainship; captainship. — Cap'tainship, n. Condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain; skill in military affairs. Caption, kap'shun, n. (Law.) That part of a legal instrument which shows where, when, and by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. The heading of a chapter, section, or page. [L. captio, fr. capere, to take, seize.] Captious, kap'shus, a. Apt to find fault or cavil; fitted to catch or perplex ; petulant; fretful. [F. captieur, fr. L. captiosus, sophistical, critical, fr. captare, to snatch at, endeavor to take, freq. of ca- pere.] — Captiously, adv. — Cap'tiousness, n. — Cap'tive, -tiv, n. A prisoner taken in war; one charmed or subdued by beauty, excellence, or affec- tion. — a. Made prisoner; kept in bondage; serv- ing to confine; pert, to bondage. [L. captivus,fr. capere.] — Cap'tivate, v. t. Lit., to capture; to over- power with excellence or beautv, fascinate. — Cap tiva'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Captivity, -tiv'Y-tY, n. State of being a prisoner or under control ; sub- jection. — Cap'tor, -ter, n. One who takes, as a pri.+- oner or a prize. [L.] — Capture, kap'chur, n. Act of taking by force; seizure; thing taken. —v. * T» take by force, surprise, or stratagem. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. term ; Yn, Ice ; odd, tone, CAPUCHIN 7b CARDINAL Capuchin. See under Cap. Caput Mortuum, ka'put-m&Vtu-um. Residuum of dis- tillation or sublimation : worthless residue. [L., dead head.] Car, kar, n. A small vehicle moved on wheels; a rail- road carriage; a chariot of war. [OF. car, char, fr. L. carrus, a four-wheeled carriage used in Gaul: W. car, a raft, drag, Ga. car, cart, raft, Ir. can; cart, dray; s. rt. L. currus, chariot, fr. currere, to run, Skr. char, to move; also E. career, cargo, carack, carpenter, charge, chariot.] — Carry, kar'rT, v. t. [carried (kar'rid), carrying.] To convey or trans- port; to bear; to cause to move forward, "urge, im- pel; to transfer from one place to another; to effect, accomplish; to obtain possession of by force ; to bear the aspect of, exhibit, imply ; to behave, con- duct, demean. — v. t. To convey or propel; to bear. [OF. carier, to carry, transport in a car, fr. car.] — To carry coals to Newcastle. To take things where they already abound: to lose one's labor. — To c. off. To kill. — Toe. on. To promote, help forward; to manage, prosecute; to behave boisterously. — To c. out. £o put into execution, bring to a successful issue. — Carrying trade. Freighting. — Car'riage, -rij, n. Act of carrying : conveyance; that which carries; a vehicle; manner of carrying one's self; de- meanor: conduet. — Car'riageable, -rij-a-bl, a. Pass- able by carriages. — Car'rier, -rt-er, n. — Carriole, -T-ol, rt. A small open carriage. [It. carriuola, dim. of car.] — Car'ry-all, -rf-awl, rt. A light, four- wheeled one-horse covered vehicle. [Corrup. f r. cari- oU.] — Cart, kart, n. A two-wheeled vehicle for loads. — v. t. To carry in, etc. [AS. cruet tor cwrt, W. cart, Ga. and Ir. cairt, dim. of car.] — Carfage, n. Act of, etc.; price paid for, etc. — Cart'ar, *».—. Cart'wright, -nt, «. A maker of, etc. Carabine. See Carbine. Carack, Carxack, kar'ak. u. A large ship of burden, formerly used by the Portuguese. [OF. carruque, fr. LL. carraca, ship of burden, fr. carracare, to lade a car, fr. ~L._carrus, car.] Caracole, kar'a-kol, n. A halt turn made by a horse- man. (Arch.) A spiral staircase. — v. i. To move in, etc.: to wheel. [F. and Sp. caracol, a snail, hence a spiral or twist.] Carafe, ka-raf, n. A glass decanter for the table or toilet. [F.] Caragheen. See Carbageen. Caramel, kar'a-mel, n. (Chem.) A black, porous sub- stance obtained by heating sugar to about 400°. A confection made of chocolate, butter, and molasses or sugar. [L. canna, reed, and mel, honey.] Carapace, kar'a-pas, Car'apax, n. A thick shell, cov- ering the turtle's back; upper shell of crabs, etc. [F. carapace, fr. Gr. karabos, a crustaceous animal.] Carat, kar'at, n. A jewelers' weight of 4 grains, used in weighing precious stones; a l-24th part. — a denomination used in determining the proportionate fineness of gold, which is supposed to be divided into 24 equal parts. [F., fr. Ar. air-rat, a carat, the 24th of an ounce, or 4 barley-corns, Gr. keratian, the seed of the locust tree, nearly of this weight.] Caravan, kar'a-van or kar-a-van', n. A eompanv of travelers, pilgrims, etc., traveling together for se- curity: a large carriage on springs, or train of car- riages, for conveying wild beasts, etc. [F. caravane, fr. Per. karwan.] — Caravan'sary, -*a-rt, -serai, -se- rl, n. An Eastern inn, where caravans rest at night. [Per. saray, palace, public edifice, inn.] Caravel, kar'a-vel, Carvel, kar'vel, n. A kind of light, round, old-fashioned ship: a boat used in the French herring-fishery. [F. caravelle. It. caravela, I., carabus, a light ship.] Caraway, kar'a-wa, n. (Bot.) A biennial aromatic plant of the parsley family, and its seed. A sweet- meat containing caraway seeds. [Ar. karwiya, kara- vsb/a, fr. Gr. karon, karbs, cumin.] Carbine, kar'bin, Carabine, kar'a-bln, n. (Mil.) A light musket used bv mounted troops. [F. carabin, fr. OF. calabrien, a light-armed soldier, fr. calobre, LL. chadabula, a war-engine for throwing stones, fr. Gr. kataballein, to strike down.] — Carbineer, kar-bT-ner', n. A soldier armed with, etc. Carbon, kar'bon, n. (Chern.) An elementary sub- stance, forming the base of charcoal, entering large- ly into mineral coals and graphite, and in its pure crystallized state constituting the diamond. [F. carbone. fr. L. carbo. coal; perfi. s. rt. L. cremare, to burn.]— CarbonaceonB, -na'shus, a. Pert. to. con- taining, or composed of, carbon. — Car'bonate, n. A salt formed by the union of carbonic aeid with a base. — Car'bonated, a. Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid. — Carbonic, a. Of, or pert. to. carbon. — Carbonic acid. An acid composed of 1 part of carbon and 2 of oxygen, — a heavy gas, unfit for respiration. — Carboniferous, -ifer-us, a. Pro- ducing, or containing, carbon or coal. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Car'bonize, 'v. t. [-ized (-Tzd),-iziko.] To convert into carbon. — Car / boniza / 'tion, n. Act or process of, etc. — Carbol'ic acid. A substance ob- tained by distillation of coal tar, used as an anti- septic and disinfectant; phenic alcohol; phenol.— Car'bolene, -len, n. A non-volatile hydrocarbon , used to increase the illuminating power of coal gas. — Car'bide, -bid, Car'buret, n. A combination of carbon with some other substance, the resulting compound not being an acid or base. — Car'bureted, a. Combined with, etc. — Car'burize, -bu-riz, v. t. To combine with, etc., — said of mingBng volatile hydrocarbons with gas, to increase its illuminating power. — Car'bnriza'tion, n. Act. process, or result of, etc. — Car'buret'or, n. An apparatus to, etc. Carbonari. kar-bo-na're, n. pi. Members of an Ital- ian secret political society. [It., lit. coal-men.] Carboy, kar'boi, n. A large glass bottle, inclosed in basket-work. [NGr. caraboyia, vitriol, which is sold in carboys.] Carbuncle, kar'bun-kl, n. (Min.) A gem of a deep red color, with a mixture of scarlet. (Med.) A ma- lignant boil. [L. carbunculus, a small coal, gem, boil, dim. of carbo, a (live) coal.] — Car'buncled, -kid, a. Set with the stone called carbuncle; hav- ing a malignant boil: having red or inflamed spots. — Carbun'cnlar, a. Pert, to, etc ; ; red; inflamed. Carcanet, kar'ka-net, n. A chain or collar of jewels. [F. carcan, fr. Armor, kerchen, breast, bosom, circle of the neck, fr. kelck, circle, ring; perh. s. rt. L. ciVcws, circle, ring.] Carcass, Carcase, kar'kas, n. The dead body of an animal: corpse: the body, in contempt; decaying re- mains, as of a ship; the frame of a thing, unfinished or without ornament. (Mil. ) A vessel holding com- bustibles, to be thrown from a mortar. [F. carcasse, It. carcassa. a bomb, shell (shell = body), corrupt, fr. LL. tarcasins, a quiver.] Carcel Lamp, kar'sel-lamp. A la.np in which the oil is raised through tubes by clock-work. Card, kard, rt. A piece of "pasteboard or thick paper, for various uses; a published note of statement, ex- planation, request, etc.; a paper on which the pointa of the compass are marked, — v. i. To play at cards; to game. [F. carte, a paper, card, fr.L. carta, ear- lier charta, Gr. chartes, leaf of paper; s. rt. chart.] — On the cards. Noted for consideration; possible.— Card'-board, n . Stiff pa per or pasteboard for making cards. — case, n. A case for visiting cards. — cat - alogne.-log,rt. A catalogue, as of books in a library, having each item upon a separate card. — table, n. A table for playing cards on. Card, kard, w. An instrument for combing wool or flax, or for cleaning the hair of animals. — v. t. To comb with a card; to mix, or debase by mixing. [F. carde, LL. cardxts, fr. L. carduus, a thistle, car?re, to card wool.] — Card'er, n. One who, etc — Card'- ing-en'gine, -machine'', «. A machine for comb- ing, breaking, and cleansing wool or cotton, and forming it into a roll. Cardamine. kar'da-min, n. A genus of plants, con- taining the lady's-smock, cuckoo-flower, meadow- cress, etc. [L. cardamina.] Cardamom, kar'da-mom, n. A leguminous plant of the East Indies, whose seeds are used in medicine. [Gr. kardamomon.] Cardiac, kar'dt-ak, -diacal, -di'ak-1, a. (Anat.) Pert, to or resembling the heart, also to the upper orifice of the stomach. Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach. — Car 'diac, n. (Med?) A medicine which excites action in the stomach, and animates the spirits; a cordial. [Gr. km-diakos, fr. kardia, the heart.] — Car'dial'gy, -dT- al'jt, n. Heartburn. [Gr. algos, pain.] — Cardi- tis, n. Inflammation of the heart. — CardioKogy, n. (Anat.) A treatise on, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Car'dioid. -dT-oid, n. (Math.) An algebraic curve, shaped like a heart. [Gr. eidos, shape!] Cardinal, kar'dY-nal, a. Of fundamental importance; preeminent : chief ; principal. — n. (Bom. Cath. Church.) One of the ecclesiastical princes of the pope's council. A woman's short cloak; mulled red wine. [Ij.cardinalis, principal, chief; orig. pert, to the hinge of a door, fr. cardo, a hinge, Gr. kradao, I swing.] — Cardinal numbers. The numbers 1,2, 3, sun, cube, full; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox. chair, get. CARDOON 76 CARPUS etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc. ■which are called ordinal numbers. — C. points. (Geog.) North and south, east and west. — C. vir- tues. (Antiq.) Prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. — Car'dinalate, -at, -ship, n. Office, rank, etc., of a cardinal. — Car'dinal bird. A bird hav- ing scarlet plumage, of the hue of a cardinal's robes. flow'er, n. A herbaceous plant, bearing bril- liant red flowers. Cardoon, kar-doon'', n. A salad plant, resembling the artichoke. [L. carduus, thistle.] are,kar, n. Charge or oversight, implying re _ bility; attention or heed; caution; solicitude; watch- responsi- fulness; burdensome sense of responsibility ; trou ble; the object ©f attention or anxiety. — v.i. [cared (kard), caring.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be concerned; to be inclined or disposed. [AS. cam, cearu, OS. and Goth, kara, sorrow, care, fr. Goth. karon, to sorrow; not s. rt. L. cura, care.] — Care'ful, -ful, a. Attentive ; thoughtful : cautious ; full of care or solicitude. — Care'fully, adv. — Careful- ness, n. — Care'less, a. Having no care; inatten- tive ; negligent ; heedless ; unthinking ; free from anxiety . — _Care , lessly, adv. — Carelessness, n. Careen, ka-ren', v. t. (Naut.) To heave on one side, as a ship, to calk, repair, cleanse, etc. — v. i. To in- cline to one side. [OF. came, carene, L. carina, keel of a ship.] — Careen'age, w. Place where, etc.; cost of, etc. Career, ka-rer r , n. A race-course ; rapidity of mo- tion : a race ; course_ of proceeding ; procedure. — v. i. [careered (-rerd'), careering.] To move rapidly. [F. camere, a road, place for horseback exercise, OF. cariere, a road, fr. carier, to carry in a car. See Car.] Careful, Careless, etc. See under Care. Caress, ka-res', v. t. [caressed (-rest''), caressing.] To treat with fondness, affection, or kindness; to fondle. — n. Act of endearment. [F. caresse, f r. LL. caritia, dearness, fr. L. cams, dear { Skr. kam, to love; s. rt. charity, amorous.] — Cares'singly, adv. Caret, ka'rec, n. (Print.) A mark [A] indicating something omitted, either interlined above, or in- serted in the margin. [L., there is wanting, fr. ca- rere, to want.] Cargo, kar'go, n. ; pi. Car'goes, -goz. The lading or freight of a ship. [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, fr. cargare, to load, charge.] Caribou, kar'T-boo, n. The American reindeer. [Can- adian name.] Caricature, kar'Y-ka-choor', n. The exaggeration of that which is characteristic; a picture or description in which peculiarities are so exaggerated as to ap- pear ridiculous. — v.t. [-tured (-choord r ), -Tur- ing.] To make a caricature of. Tit. caricatura, a satirical picture, fr. caricare, to load, burden, blame, LL. carricare, to load a car. See Car.] — Carlca- turlst, n. One who, etc. Caries, ka'rY-ez, n. (Med.) An ulceration of bone. [L., rottenness.] — Ca'rious, -rT-us, a. Affected with, etc. — Cariosity, -tT, n. Caries. Carinate, kar'I-nat, -nated, a. (Hot.) Shaped like the keel of a ship. [L. carina- tus, fr. carina, keel.] Cariole. See under Car. Carl, karl, n. A rude, rustic, rough man ; a kind of hemp. [AS. carl, Ic. karl, man, G. kerl, fellow.] Carline, kar'lin, Car'ling, n. (Naut.) A timber, ranging fore and aft, from one deck beam to another, directly over the keel, serving as a foundation for the body of the ship. [F. car- lingue, Sp., Pg., and It. carlinga.] Carmelite, kar'mel-it, n. A monk of the order of Mount Carmel, Syria; a kind of pear. Carminative, kar-min^a-tiv, a. Expelling wind from the body; warming. — n. (Med.) A medicine tend- ing to expel wind, or to remedy colic and flatulen- cies. [L. carminare, to card, hence, cleanse.] Carmine, kar'min, n. A pigment of crimson color, prepared from cochineal. [F. and Sp. carmin, contr. i'r. Sp. oarmesin, crimson, fr. carm.es, cochi- neal; Ar. qirmiz, crimson.] Carnage, kiir'nej, n. The flesh of slain animals; slaughter; massacre: havoc. [F., fr. 'L.caro, carnis, Gr. kreas, Skr. krarya, raw flesh; s. rt. carcass, car- rion, charnel, crude.] — Car'nal, a. Pert, to flesh; fleshly; sensual: given to sensual indulgence; lust- ful; lecherous: libidinous. [L. carnalis, fr. caro.~\ — Car'nalist, n. One given to sensuality. — Car- Carinated leaf. r ity, n. Sensuality. — Car'nalize, -tz, v. t. [-nal- d (-nal-Tzd), -izing.] To make carnal. — Car'- nal' IZED nally, adv. — Car'nal-mind'ed, a. Worldly-minded. — Car'nary, -na-ri:, n. A vault or crypt of a church, containing human remains; a charnel-house. — Car- na'tion, n. Flesh-color. (Paint.) That part of a picture which represents undraped flesh. (Bot.) A species of clove-pink. [F., fr. L. carnatio, flesh- iness, fr. caro.~\ — Car'neous, -us, a. Consisting of, or like, flesh. — Car'ney, -ni, n. (Far.) A disease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that they cannot eat. [L. carneus.'] — Car'nifica'tion, n. A turning to flesh. — Car'nify, -fi, v. i. To form flesh. — CarniVora, -o-ra, n. pi. An order of animals which subsist on flesh. [L. carnirorus, flesh-eating, fr. vo- rare, to devour.] — Carniv'orous, -rus, a. Flesh- eating. — Carnos^ity, -nos-t-ti, n. A fleshy excres- cence; fleshiness. — Caruncle, kar-un'kl, n. (Anat.) A small fleshy excrescence. (Bot.) An appendage at the hilum or scar of a seed. (Zobl.) A naked fleshy excrescence on a bird's head. [L. caruncula, dim. of caro.~\ — Carun'cular, -culate, a. Pert, to, or formed like, etc. Carnelian. See Cornelian. Carnival, kar'nt-val, n. A festival celebrated before Lent. [F. carnaral, It. carnovale, carnevale, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh, and levare, to lighten, mitigate; not fr. L. vale, farewell.] Carob, kar'ob, n. A leguminous evergreen tree, of Spain, Italy, and the Levant. [Ar. kharrab.] Carol, kar'ol, n. A song of joy or mirth; a lay; a de- votional song. — v. t. [caroled (-old), -oling.] To celebrate in song. — v. i. To sing in joy or festivity; warble. [OF. carole, a sort of dance, carolle, a Christ- mas song, Armor, koroll, a dance, Corn, carol, a choir, concert, W. carol, a song, fr. caroli, to carol, also coroli, to move in a circle, to dance, fr. cor, a circle, choir.] Carotid, ka-rofid, n. (Anat.) One of the 2 large ar- teries conveying blood to the head.— Carat'id, -idal, a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. karotides, fr. karos, sleep, torpor, the ancients believing that stoppage of their circulation caused sleep.] Carouse, ka-rowz', v. i. [caroused (-rowzd'), ca- rousing.] To drink abundantly, —v. t. To drink freely or jovially. — n. A drinking match or season of carousal. [F. carous, Sp. caraos, fr. G. garaus, adv., lit. right out, i. e., the instant emptying of a bumper, f r. gar, completely, and aus, out.] — Ca- rous'al, n. A jovial feast; banquet; merry making. — Carous^er, n. Carp, karp, v. i. To censure, cavil, or find fault, esp. without reason. [Ic. and Sw. karpa, to boast, wrangle.] — Carp'er, n. Carp, karp, w. A family of soft-finned, fresh-water fishes. [D. karper, Dan. karpe,Sw.karp, F. carpe, LL. and Sp. carpa.] Carpal. See under Carpus. Carpel, kar'pel, n. (Bot.) A simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. [NL., dim. fr. Gr. ~ m karpos, fruit.] — Car'- ^ arp - polite, -po-lit, n. A petrified fruit. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — Car'pology, -it, n. The branch of botany treat- ing of seeds and fruit. [Gr. logos, discourse.], — Carpophagous, -pof'a-gus, a. Subsisting on fruit; fruit-eating. [_Gr. phagein, to eat.] Carpenter, kar'pen-ter, n. A worker in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. [OF. car- pentier, LL. carpentrn-ius, fr. carpentare, to work in timber, esp. in carriage-making. See Car.] — Car'- pentry, -tri, n. Art of cutting, framing, and join- ing timber ; timbers connected by being framed to- gether, etc. Carpet, kar'pet, n. A heavy fabric for covering floors. — v. t. To cover with, etc. [OF. carpite, fr. char- pie, lint; LL. carpeta, carpita, thick filoth, dim. of carpia, lint, fr. L. carpere, to pluck, pull in pieces.] — Carpet knight. One who has not known the hard- ships of the field. — On the carpet. Under consid- eration; subject of deliberation. — Car 'pet-bag, n. A traveling-bag, — orig. made of carpet. — Car'pet- ing, n. Materials for carpets: carpets in general. Carphology, kar-fol'o-ji, n. (Med.) A delirious pick- ing at bed-clothes, etc., — an alarming symptom in acute diseases ; floccillation. [Gr. karpos, thing plucked, and legein, to pick.] Carpolite, Carpology, etc. See under Carpel. Carpus, kar'-pus, n. That part of the skeleton form am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ? CARRACK 77 CASSAVA ing the wrist, consisting of 8 bones, in 2 rows. [NL., fr. Gr. karpos, wrist.] — Car'pal, a. Pert, to, etc. Carrack. See Carack. Carrageen, kar-ra-gen", -rigeen', n. A kind of sea- weed, used for jellies, etc.; Irish moss. Carriage, Carrier, etc. See under Car. Carrion, kar'rl-un, n. Dead and putrefying flesh. — a. Pert, to, or feeding on, etc. [OF. caroigne, char- oigne, LL. caronia, a carcass, fr. L. caro, flesh. See Carnage.] Carrom, kar'um, n. (Billiards.) The act of hitting two balls at once_with the ball struck by the cue. Carronade, kar-un-ad', n. A short cannon, formerly used on ships. [Fr. iron works at Can-on, Scotland.] Carrot, kar'ut, n. A plant having an esculent root. [L. carota.] — Car'roty, -T, a. Like a carrot in color; reddish-yellow. Carry, Cart, Carter, etc. See under Car. Carte, fcart, n. A thrust at the inside of the upper part oi. the body in fencing. [F. quarte, fr. L. quar- tus, fourth.] Carte, kart, n. A bill of fare at a hotel. [F., a card. See Card.] — Carte-blanche, -blaxsh, n. A blank paper, signed, to be filled up as the holder pleases; uncon- ditional terms; unlimited authority. [F.; blanche, white.] — C. -de-visite, de-ve-zef, n. A photographic picture of the size of a visiting card. [F.] — Cartel, kar-teKor kar'tel, n. (Mil.) A writing or agreement between belligerents, as for exchange of prisoners. [F. and Sp.. It. cartello, dim. of It. and L. carta. See Card.]— Cartel, or cartel-ship. A ship employed in exchanging prisoners, or in negotiating with an enemy. — Cartog r raphy, n. Art of making charts or maps. [Gr. chartes, leaf of paper, and graphein, to write.] — Car'ton, n. Pastehoard; cardboard; a box of, etc. [F.] — Cartoon, -toon', n. (Paint.) A design on strong paper, to be painted in fresco. A colored design for mosaic, tapestrv, etc. [It. cartone, aug. of L. carta.] — Car'tulary, -la-rT, n. A register- book of a monastery, etc. ; a keeper of eccl. records. [LL. chartula, a document, dim. of L. charta, carta.] /artesian, kar-te r zhan, a. Pert, to the French philos- opher Des Cartes, or to his philosophy. — n. A fol- lower of, etc. Carthusian, kar-thoo'zhan, n. One of a religious or- der named fr. Chartreux, France. — a. Pert, to, etc. Cartilage, kar'tT-lej, n. (Anat.) A smooth, whitish, elastic substance: gristle. [F. ; L. cartilago.] — Car'- tilag'inous, -laj'T-nus, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. Cartouche, kar-toosh / ',n. (Arch.) A scroll-shaped tab- let; a modillion. (Mil.) A case of paper, etc., hold- ing a charge for a fire-arm; the box containing the charge; a case filled with balls, to be shot from a cannon; a soldier's ticket of leave or dismission. [F., fr. It. cartoccio, a roll of paper, cartridge, fr. It. and L. carta, paper. See Card.] — Car'mdge, -trij, n. (Mil.) A case of paper, pasteboard, etc., containing a charge for a fire-arm. [Orig. cartrage, corrupt, of F. cartouche.] — Blank cartridge. A cartridge with- out a ball. — Cartridge-bag, n. A bag containing the charge for a cannon, — -box, n. A case for car- tridges. — paper, n. A thick kind of paper. Caruncle, etc. See under Carnage. Carve, karv, v. t. [carved (karvd), carving.] To cut, as wood, stone, etc., in a decorative manner; to shape by cutting; to cut into pieces; to distribute or apportion to. — v. i. To exercise the trade of a carver; to cut up meat. [AS. ceorfan, D. kerven, Dan. karve; s. rt. grave.] — Carv'er, a. — Carving, n. Act or art of, etc. ; device or figure carved. Carvel. See under Caravel. Caryates, ka-rf-a'tez, -atides, -at'T-dez, n. pi. (Arch.) Figures of women, serving as columns to support entablatures. [L. Carp at es, Gr. Karuatidvx, women of Caryae, priestesses of Diana.] — Caryat'ic, -at'id, a. Of, or pert. to. etc. Cascabel, kas'ka-bel, n. That part of a cannon back of the base-ring. See Cannon. [L. scabellum, a Castanet.] Cascade, kas-kad', n. A waterfall. [F.; It. cascata, waterfall, f r. cascare, to fall, fr. L. casare, to totter, fr. cadere, to fall.] Cascarilla, kas-ka-rilla, n. A plant of Jamaica, whose bark is used in medicine as a tonic. [Sp., dim. of cascara, peel, bark.] Caae, kas, n. A covering, box, or sheath; thsit which incloses or contains; quantity contained in a box. (Print.) A frame subdivided into " boxes "_to hold type for the compositor. — r. t. [cased (kast), ca- sing.] To cover with or put in a c.ise. [F. caisse, OF. cas.se. L. capsa, receptacle, box, cover, fr. capere. to contain, hold; s. rt. cush, chase.] — Casing, n. Act of covering any object with a thin substance-, an outside covering. — Case'-knife, -nlf , n. A large table knife, — formerly kept in a case. — shot, n. (Mil.) A case containing small projectiles. — worm, -werm, n. A grub or worm that makes itself a case; caddis-worm. — Case'harden, -har-dn, v. t. To hard- en, as iron, by converting the surface into steel. — -hardened, -dend, p. a. Having the surface con- verted into steel; hence, impervious to pity, shame, etc. — Case'ment, n. A hinged window case or frame; a hollow molding. [Abbrev. fr. encasement* fr. OF. encasser, to incase, inclose.] Case, kas, n. That which falls, comes, or happens; an event; circumstance; a particular instance; situa-* tion; state; plight; a state of facts involving a ques- tion for discussion, esp. a cause in court. (Gram.) The form of nouns, indicating their relations to the sentence. [F. cos, fr. L. casus, a fall, accident, case, fr. cadere, to fall; s. rt. casual ^casuist, etc.] Caseine, ka'se-in, n. (Chem.) The curd or coagula* ble part of milk; the basis of cheese. [L. caseus, cheese.] — Ca'seous, -se-us, a. Pert, to, or like, cheese. Casemate, kas'mat, n. (Fort.) A bomb-proof chamber from whicli cannon may be fired through embrasures. [F.; It. casamatta, fr. cat* a , a house, and matta, mad, foolish — Case'mated, c Furnished with, o built like, etc. Casern ka'zern n \ A B, Casemate. A gun at B lodging for soldiers in ^ ould n F e t thr0U S h . the em ' garrison towns: bar- bra ™ re »? the ^i, a .S un Casemate. racks. [It. casa, house, at C ™ uld flre % n barbette, or cottage. 1 over l^ e parapet. D, a para- Cash, kas] i. Coin or specie, — also bank- notes or paper con- vertible into money; parapet. pet; E, scarp- wall, the outer face of which is the scarp; a b, terre-plein. , Chinese copper coin, perfo- rated and strung ona thread, worth about one tenth of a cent. — v.t. [cashed (kashd), cashing.] To turn into cash; exchange for money. [F. casse, a box (to keep money in), fr. L. capsa. See Case.] — Cash'-book, n. A book in which to register money received or paid. boy, -girl, n. A messenger in a store, to carry money from salesmen to cashier, pro- cure change, etc.— Cash balance. (Book-keeping.) The amount on the debtor side of the cash account. — C. price. The price at which a thing will be sold for immediate payment, — opp. to the price if sold on credit. — C. sales. Sales made for ready money; stocks sold for delivery on the day of transaction. — Cashier, -er', n. One in charge of the money, ac- counts, payments, etc., in a bank, etc. ; a cash-keeper. Cashew, ka-shoo"', n. A South American tree of the sumac family. [F. acajou, corrupt, of acajaiba, the Brazilian name.] Cashier, kash-er', v. t. [cashiered (-erd'), cashier- ing.] To dismiss from an office or place of trust, by annulling the commission of; to discard from service or from society. [G. cassiren, to cashier, fr F. casser, to break, burst, fr. L. cassare, to bring to nothing, annul, fr. cassus, empty.] — Cassa'tion, n. Act of annulling. — Court of cassation. The high- est court of appeal in France. Cashmere, kash'mer, n. A kind of shawl, orig. made in Cashmere, in Asia; a woolen stuff imitating true cashmere. — Cashmeref, n. A kind of ladies' dress goods, in imitation of, etc. Cashoo. Same as Catechu. Casino, ka-se'no, n. A small country house; a club- house. [It., dim. of casa, house.] — Cassino^se'no, n. A game at cards. Cask, kask, n. A close vessel for liquids, made of staves, hoops, etc.; quantity contained in a cask. . [Sp. casco, a skull, coat (of an onion), cask, helmet.] — Casque, Cask, kask, n. A piece of defensive ar- mor for the head and neck ; a helmet. [F. casque, Sp. casco.] Casket, kask'et, n. A small chest or box, for jewels, etc. ; a coffin. [Corrupt, fr. F. cassette, small chest, dim. of casse. See Case and Cash.] Cassada. Same as Cassava. Cassation. See under Cashier. Cassava, kas'sa-va, n. (Bot.) A species of manihot, yielding tapioca. [Haytian kasabi.] sun, cube, full : moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CASSE-PAPER Broken paper; the out- ream. [F. papier cassd.] ©asee-paper, kas'se-pa'per, side quires of Cassia, kash'a, n. (Bot?) A genus of leguminous plants, including senna; a species of laurel. {Com.) The cheaper kinds of cinnamon. [L.; Gr. kasia, Heb. qetsVoth, cassia-bark, fr. qatsa, to cut, the bark being cut or peeled off.] Cassidony, kits' si-do-nl, u- {Bot.) A species of cot- tonweed, cudweed, or goldy-locks; also, of French lavender. [Fr. Chalcedon, in Bithynia.j Cassimere, kas'sY-mer, n. A twilled woolen cloth, for men's garments. [Corrupt, of cashmere.] C&ssiterite, kas-sifgr-it, n. Oxide of tin, — the ordi- nary tin ore. [Gr. kassiteros, tin.] Cassius, kash'Y-us, n. A purple pigment, obtained from chloride of gold. [Discoverer's name.] Cassock kas'sok, n. (Eccl.) A clergyman's garment, worn under the surplice or gown. [F. cosaque, cas- sock, It. casacca, a great coat, fr. casa, house. J Cassowary, kas'so-wa-rt, n. A bird of Java, resem- bling the ostrich. [Malay kassuwaris.] Cast, kast, v. 1. [cast, casting.] To send or drive from by force; to threw, fling, impel; to direct, or turn, as the sight; to throw on the ground, as in wrestling; to overcome; to throw oft, or shed; to compute, reckon; to make to preponderate; to form, by pouring liquid metal into a mold; to found; to distribute, as the parts of a play among actors. — v. i. To revolve in the mind; to receive form or shape; to warp. (Naut.) To fall off, so as to bring the ship's side to the wind. — n. Act of casting; a throw; thing thrown; distance through which any thing is thrown; a chance or venture; act of casting in a mold; form into which any thing is cast or molded; thing cast in a mold; manner of appearance; assign- ment of actors' parts in a play; company of actors to whom the parts are assigned; a motion or turn, as of the eye ; look ; glance ; squint. [Ic. and Sw. kasta, Dan. /caste, to throw, fr. Ic. kostr, kos, a pile, heap.]— 2'o cast aside. To dismiss, reject. — To c. away. To reject, lavish. — To c. down. To deject or depress. — To c. off. (Naut.) To loose, or untie. — To c. one's self on. To resign or yield one's self without reserve. — To c. in the teeth. To upbraid, twit. — To c. up. To compute or reckon ; to eject or vomit. — Cast'er, n. One who, etc.; a phial or cruet for table condiments, or stand containing them; a swiveled wheel on which furniture is rolled. — Cast'ing. n. Act of, etc.; thing cast in a mold; the warping of a board. — Cast'ing-net, n. A fishing net whieh is cast and drawn. — C. voice, C. vote. Vote of a presiding officer, determining the ques- tion, when the votes of the house are equally di- vided. — Casfaway, n. An abandoned person; a reprobate. — Cast 'off, a. Laid aside; disused. Castanea, kas-ta'ne-a, n. A genus of trees, including the chestnut tree. [L. ; Gr. kastanon, a chestnut.] Castanet, kas'ta-net, n. A noise-making instrument composed of spoon-shaped shells of ivory or wood, clapped together by the fingers. [Sp. castaneta, fr. L. castanea, the shape resembling that of chestnuts.] Caste, kast, n. One of the hereditary social classes in India; a separate and fixed order orclass of society. jPg. casta, a race, fr. casto, L. castus, pure, chaste.] Castigate, kas'tY-gat, v. t. To punish by stripes, cor- rect, chastise. [L. castigare, fr. castus, pure, and agere, to move, i. e., to keep pure; s. rt. chasten.] — Castiga'tion, n. Punishment by, etc. — Cas'tiga- tor, -tSr, n. — Cas'tigatory, -to-rt, a. Tending to correction; punitiye._ Castile Seap, Tcastel-sop. A hard soap, made with olive oil and soda, orig. in Castile, Spain. Castle, kas'l, n. A fortified residence, esp. of a prince or nobleman ; a fortress ; a piece in the game of chess. — v. t. In chess, to cover with a castle, — said of the king, when neither piece has been previously moved, and the king has not been in check. — v. i. In chess, to cover the king with a castle. [AS. cas- tel, L. castellum, dim. of castrum, a camp, fortified place.] — Castle in the air, or in Spain. A visionary project; a scheme with no solid foundation. — Cas'- tfte- builder, -bild'Sr, n. One who builds castles in the air: a visionary. — guard, -ward, n. The guard which defends a castle ; a tax on dwellings near a castle: a feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to per- form service. — Castellan, kas'tel-an, n. A gov- ernor or constable of a castle. — Cas'tellany, -nY, n. The lordship belonging to a castle. — Cas'tel- lated, «. Adorned with turrets and battlements, like a castle. — Castrametation, kas'tra-me-ta'shun, n. (Mil.) Art or act of encamping; laying out of a Ancient Castle. 1, moat: 2, draw-bridge; 3, wicket; 4, sallyport; 5, portcullis; 6, outer walls; 7, parapet; 8, rampart; 9, loop-holes; 10, escutch- eon; 11, bulwark; 12, sen- tinel; 13, magazine; 14, a cell ; 15, donjon or keep; 16, barracks ; 17, barbi- can ; 18, watchman ; 19, turret ; 20, chapel ; 21, belfry; 22, state court; 23, merlons ; 24, e m b r a - sures. - Castiea'- camp. [L. metari, to measure, survey.] - sian, -shan, a. Pert, to a camp. Castor. See Caster, under Cast. Castor, kas'ter, n. A genus of animals, including the beaver; a substance of penetrating smell and bitter taste, found in the inguinal sacs of the beaver; a hat, esp. one made of beaver's fur; a heavy broad- cloth. [L. ; Gr. kastor. Per. khaz, a beaver; Malay and Skr. kasturi, musk.] — Cas'tor-oil. The oil of a West Indian plant, — a cathartic. [Prob. fr. L. castoreum, a medicine made fr. the substance in the beaver's inguinal sacs.] Castor and Pollux, kas'tSr-and-polluks. (Meteor.) An electrical phenomenon, thought to portend a cessation of a storm. See Corposant. Castrate, kas'trat, v. t. To deprive of the testicles, emasculate, geld. [L. castrare ; Skr. castra, a knife.] — Castra'tion, n. Act of, etc. Castrel, kas'trel, Kes'trel, n. A hawk resembling the sparrow-hawk. [F. cresserelle, quercelle, prob. fr. L. circuire, to go round.] Castrensian. See under Castle. Casual, kazh'u-al, a. Happening without design ; coming without regularity; accidental; incidental; occasional. [L. casus, a fall , aceident. See Case.] — Cas'ually, adv. — Cas'ualty, n. That which, etc. ; an accident; death; misfortune. — Cas'ualism, -izm, n. The doctrine that all things occur by chance. — Cas'uist, -u-ist, n. One who studies and resolves cases of conscience. — Casuist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to cases of conscience, or of doubtful propriety.— Cas'- uistry, -rt, n. Science of determining the right or wrong of acts and opinions of doubtful propriety. Cat, kat, n. (Zobl.) A well-known domestic animal. (Naut.) A ship having narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist ; tackle to draw an anchor up to the cat-head. A double tripod; a game at ball; a kind of whip. —v. t. (Naut.) To bring up to the cat-head, as an anchor. [AS., Ir.. and 6a. cat, Ic. kottr, D. and Dan. kat, F. chat, Sp. gato, It. gatto, Late L. catus, Ar. qitt.] — Cat 'amount, n. A species of panther found in the northern United States. — Cat'erwaul. -er-wawl, v. i. To cry as cats in rutting time. — Cat'gut, n. Cord, esp. strings for musical in- struments, made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep; a kind of canvas, with wide interstices. — Cat'kin,?*. (Bot.) An anient; a kind of inflorescence, consisting of overlap- ping scales. — Caflike, a. Stealthy ; noiseless. — Catling, n. A little cat; moss, like cat's hair, growing about trees; catgut. (Surg.) A double-edged, sharp-pointed dismembering knife. — Cafbird, n. An American bird of the , thrush family. — boat, n. A small sail-' p boat, with one sail on a mast close to the bows. call, -pipe, n. A squeaking instru- ment, to interrupt play at theaters. — fish, »■ A large voracious fish of the arctic seas ; also, an American fresh-water fish. — har'ping, -har'pin. n. (Naut.) A rope or iron leg, to brace in the shrouds of the lower masts behind the yards. — head. n. (Naut.) A timber projecting from the bow ot a ship, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or : CATACAUSTIO 79 CATHARINE-WHEEL through which ropes pass to raise the anchor. — -hole, 7,. (Saut.) One of two holes astern, to pass hawsers through. — mint, -nip. n. (Bot.) A strong- scented plant, sometimes used in medicine, and of which cats are fond. nap, "■ A short sleep.— -o' -nine-tails, n. A whip with nine lashes. — stick, n. A club used in the game of ball called cat.— Cat's'cradle. n. A game played by children, with a string about the fingers. [Prop, cratch-cradle, q. v. under Cbatch.] —"-eye, n. Ulin.) A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting yellowish opales- cent reflections. paw, n. A dupe; the tool of an- other, — fr. the fable of the monkey's usinsr the cat's paw to draw chestnuts from the fire. (Naut.) A light air, rippling the surface of still water; a pecul- iar turn in the bight of a rope, to hook a tackle on. — -tail, n. {Bot.) A tall flag, with long flat leaves; ■4 urass, called timothy and hard'* grass; a catkin. Catacaustic, kat-a-kaws r tik, n. A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. [Gr. kata, against, and kaiein, to burn.] Catachreais, kat-j-kre'sis, re. (Rhet.) An abuse of a trope ; a harsh or far-fetched metaphor. [Gr., fr. katachresthai, to misuse.]— Catachres'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, etc.; forced. — Catachres'tically, adv. Cataclysm, kat'a-klizm, u. An extensive overthrow ; a deluge. [Gr. kata, downward, and kluzein, to wash, dash.] Catacomb, kafa-kom, n. A cave or subterraneous place for the burial of the dead. [Gr. kata, and buntbe, a hollow, Skr. ktanbha, a pot.] Catacoustica, kat-a-koos'tiks or -kow'stiks, n. That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes. Catadioptric, kat'a-di-op'trik, -trical, a. Pert, to, or involving, both reflection and refraction of light. [Gr. kata, against, and dioptra, a geometrical instru- ment, fr. dfa, through, and o/itein, to see, look.] Catafalco, kat-a-fal'ko, -falque, -falk"\ v. A temporary structure of carpentry, used in funeral solemnities. [It. catafalco, F. catafalque, fr. Sp. catur, to see, and falco, a scaffold.] Catalectic, kat-a-lektik, a. (Pros.) Wanting a syl- lable at the end. [Gr. kata, down, legeia, to stop.] Catalepsy, kat'a-lep-st, re. (Med.) A sudden suspen- sion of the senses and of volition. [Gr. kutalepsis, a grasping, fr. lambanein, to seize.] — Catalep'tic, a. Catalogue, kafa-log, n. A list of names, titles, or articles arranged methodically. — r. t. To make a list of. [F., fr. Gr. kata, down, fully, and legein, to say, tell.] — Catalogue raiso/ine", -ra'zo-na'. A catalogue of hooks classed according to their subjects. Catalpa, ka-taKpa, n. A tree of North America, hav- ing large leaves and white flowers. [Indian.] Catamaran, kat'a-ma-ran'', re. A raft of India and Brazil, consisting of 3 connected logs, and moved by a sail ; a sail boat with an outrigger ; a large- wheeled truck for transporting heavy weights ; a cantankerous old woman. [Malay kettamaram, tied logs, fr. ketta, a tie, bond, and maram, timber.] Catamenia, kat-a-me'nl-a, n. (Med.) The monthly courses of females; menstrual discharges ; menses. [Gr., fr. kata, back, again, and men, month.] — Cat- ame'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. Catapeltic. See under Catapult. CataphonicB, kat-a-fon'iks, n. Doctrine of reflected sounds. [Gr. kata, down, against, and phone, sound.] Cataphract, kafa-frakt, n. A piece of defensive ar- mor, formerly used by horsemen ; a horseman in complete armor; the armor of plate covering some fishes. [Gr. kata and phrassein, to inclose.] Cataplasm, kafa-plazm, n. (Med.) A poultice. [Gr. kota and plassein, to form, mold.] Catapult, kafa-pult, n. An engine anciently used for throwing stones, arrows, etc. [LL. catapulta, Gr. katapeltes, fr. kata and pallein, to swing, hurl, tt. pallere, to drive.] — Catapelt'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. Cataract, kat'a-rakt, n. A waterfall. (Surg.) An opacity of the crystalline leVis, or of its capsule. [Gr. katarraktes, fr. kata and regnunai, to break.] Catarrh, ka-tar', n. (Med.) Inflammation of the mu- cous membrane of the air passages, with discharge of a watery or glairy fluid. [L. catarrhus, fr. Gr. kata •j nd rhein, to flow.] — Catarrh'al. -ons. -us, a. Pert. t>, produced by, attending, or resembling, etc. Catastrophe, ka-tas'tro-fe, n. A final event, usually of a calamitous nature; the unfolding and winding up of the plot of a play ; denouement. [Gr. katas- trophe, an overthrowing, fr. kata and strepheirv, to turn.] — Catas'trophism, -i'izm, n. Doctrine of catas- trophes, or of special interference with natural laws; esp. (Geol.) the theory that changes on the face of the eartli were caused by, etc., — opp. to uniibrmum. — Catas'trophist, -fist, n. A believer in, etc. Catch, kach, v. t. [caught or (obs.) catched, catch- ixg.J To seize, esp. with the hand; to take captive, as in a snare ; to entangle ; to communicate to, fasten upon; to engage and attach to, charm ; to re- ceive, esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, or infec- tion; to come upon unexpectedly ; to find ; to over- take.— v. i. To be held or impeded by entangle- ment; to spread by infecting. — n. Actof seizing ; seizure ; that which catches or is caught; gain ; a passing opportunity improved. (Mus.) A humorous round, in which the singers catch up each other'3 sentences. [Picard cacher, for OF. cachier, to chase, fr. LL. caciare, fr. L. capture, freq. of capere, to take, lay hold of .] — Catch'able. a. — Catch'er, ». — Catch'penny, ?*. Something worthless, esp. a book, intended to gain money. — a. .Made to gain money ; worthless. — poll, -pol, n. A bailiff's as- sistant. [Fr. poll, the head.] — word, re. The las; word of an actor, summoning the one who is to speak next ; cue. (Print.) The first word of each page of a book inserted at the foot of the preceding page. A phrase caught up and repeated for effect. Catch, kach, Cutch, kuch, n. Commercial names for Catechu, q. v. Catchup, kach'up. Cat'sup, Ketch/Hp, n. A sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Chin, kitjap.'] Catechise, kat'e-klz, v. t. [-chised (-kizd), -chising.J To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and explaining and correcting, — esp. concerning points of religious faith ; to interrogate. [LL. cate- chizare, Gr. katechizein, fr. katecheein, to din into one's ears, fr. eche, a sound, echos, a ringing in the ears.] — Cafechiser, n. — Cafechism, -kizm, n. A form of instruction by questions and answers ; an elementary book of principles, esp. of religious doc- trine, in the form of, etc. — Cat'echist, re. One who, etc. — Catechist'ic. -ical, a. Pert, to a catechist or to catechism.— Catechefic, -ical, -kefik-al, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, asking questions, etc. — Cate- chefically, adv. — Catechumen, -ku'men, n. One receiving rudimentary instruction in Christian doc- trines ; a neophyte. Catechu, kat'e-ku, n. (Chem.) A brown, astringent, vegetable extract, obtained in India. [Cochin-Chin. cay caii.] Category, kafe-go-rY, n. (Logic.) One of the classes of objects of knowledge or thought, by which they can be arranged in a system. State, condition ; predicament. [Gr. kategoria. an accusation ; in logic, a predicament, class, fr. kata. down, against, and agoreuein, to declaim.] — Categorical, -ggrlk-al, a. Pert, to, etc. ; admitting no conditions or excep- tions; absolute; express. — Categorically, adv. Catenary, kafe-na-rl, n. (Geom.) The curve of a cord hanging between two points not in the same vertical line. [L. catena, a chain.] — Cafenary, -na'rian, a. Pert, to or like a chain. — Cafenate, -nat, v. t. To connect, in a series of link>. [L. cate- nare, -natum, fr. catena.] — Catena'tion. re. Union of parts, as in a chain. Cater, ka'ter, v. i. [catered (-terd), catering.] To provide food, buy or procure provisions, purvey. [OF. acat, F. achat, a purchase, LL. acaptum, fr. ac- captare, to buy, freq. of L. accipere, to receive.] — Ca'terer, n. One who, etc. — Ca'teress, n. A woman who, etc. Caterpillar, kat'er-pil-ler, n. The larve of a butterfly or lepidopterous insect. [OF. chattepaleuse, lit., a hairy cat, fr. chate, she-cat, and pelouse, It. peloso. L. pilosus, hairy, fr. L. pilus, a hair.] Caterwaul, Catharpin, etc. See under Cat. Cates, kats, n. pl.< Food, esp. luxu- rious food; dain- ties. [Corrup. of acates. See Ca- ter. J Catharine - wheel, kath'a-rin-hwel, n. (Goth. Arch.) An ornamented circular window, with rosettes or radiating divis- ions. (Pyro- techny.) A re- volving wheel. Catharine-wheel Window. sun ciibe, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boxbox, chair, get. CATHARIST 80 CAVITY [Fr. St. Catharine of Alexandria, represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] Catharist, kath'a-rist, n. A pretender to more purity than others possess. [Gr. katharos, clean, pure.] — Cathartic, -thar'tik, -tical, a. Cleansing the bowels; purgative. — Cathartic, n. A medicine promoting alvine discharges. [Gr. kathairein, to cleanse, fr. katharos.] — Cath'arize, v. t. To clean the surface of. — Cath'arism, -rizm, n. Process of chemically cleaning, etc. — Cathartine, -tharlin, n. The purgative principle of senna. Cathedra, ka-the'dra or kath'-, n. A chair; esp. the seat of one in authority. [L. cathedra, Gr. kathedra, fr. kata, down, and hedra, seat.] — Cathe'dral, n. The principal church in a diocese, where the bishop has his official chair, —a. Pert, to, etc. ; emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop ; offi- cial; authoritative. Catheter, kath'e-ter, n. (Surg-) A tubular instru- ment, introduced into the bladder to draw off urine. [Gr. katheter, thing put in, fr. kata and huenai, to send.] Cathetometer, kath-e-tom^e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring differences of vertical heights, — esp. of liquid columns in glass tubes. [Gr. kathetos, ver- tical height, and metron, a measure/] Cathode, kath'od, n. (Blec.) Negative pole of a bat- tery; surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte. [Gr. kathodos, descent.] — Cathode ray. Ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge. Catholic, kath'o-lik, a. Universal or general ; not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; pert, to, or affecting, the Roman Catholics. — n. A member of the Rom. Cath. church. [Gr. katholikos, univer- sal, fr. katholou, on the whole, in general, fr. kata, throughout, and holos, whole.] — Catholicity, -lis'- I-tl, n. System of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church ; also, by the church of Rome; liberality of sentiment; Catholicism. — Ca- tholicize, -T-siz, v. t. To become catholic or a Rom. Cath. — Catholicism, -t-siz m, n. Quality of being, etc.; the faith of the whole Christian church, or of the Rom. Cath. church ; adherence to the Rom. Cath. church; liberality of sentiment.— CathoKicon, n. A remedy for all diseases ; panacea. Catoptrics, ka-top'triks, n. That part of optics which explains the properties and phenomena of reflected light. [Gr. katoptron, a mirror, fr. optomai, I see.] — Catop'tric, -trical, a. Pert, to, etc. Catsup. See Catchup. Cattle, kaftl, n. pi. Domestic quadrupeds collective- ly, esp. those of the bovine genus. [OF. catel, chatel, fr. LL. capitate, captale, capital, property. See Capital.] — Cat'tle-plague, n. The rinderpest, a contagious murrain affecting neat cattle and sheep. — show, n. An exhibition of domestic animals. Caucasian, kaw-ka'shan, n. One belonging to the Indo-European race, originating near Mt. Caucasus. Caucus, kaw'kus, n. A preparatory meeting for po- litical purposes. [Corrup. of calkers, who formed a political association at Boston in the Revolution.] Caudal, kaw'dal, a. Pert, to, or like, a tail. [L. cauda, tail.] — Cau'date, -dat, -dated, a. Having, etc. Caudle, kaw'dl, n. A warm drink for sick persons, a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. — v. t. To make info caudle. [OF. caudel, chaudel, fr. chald, chaud, LateL. callus, hot.] Cauf, kawf, n. A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water; a vessel for raising coal from mines. [Perh. fr. L. cophinus, Gr. kophinos, basket.] Caught. See Catch. Caul, kawl, n. A net or covering for the head. (Anat.) A membrane covering part of the lower intestines ; the omentum. A part of the membrane enveloping the fetus. [OF. cole, little cap, Ir. calla, OGa. call, hood, cowl.] Caulescent, kaw-les'ent, a. (Bot.) Having a true or perfect stem. — Cau'licule, -ll-kul, n. (Bot.) A short stem. (Arch.) One of the curled tops in a Corinthian capital. See Capital. — Cauliferous, -Br-us, a. Caulescent. [L./erre, to bear.] Cauliflower, kawll-f low'er, n. A variety of cabbage, having edible flower-buds. [Orig., colliflower, fr. OF. col, L. caulis, a cabbage, and i '. flori, fleuri, p.p. of fleurir, ~L.florere, to flourish.] Caulk, etc. See Calk. Cause, kawz, n. That which produces a result, or is the occasion of an action. (Law.) A suit or action in court; a legal process; case. The side of a ques- tion or controversy which one espouses and advo- cates. — v. t. [caused (kawzd), causing.] To effect by agency, power, or influence ; to produce, be the occasion of. [F. ; L. causa, a cause.] — Caus'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Caus'er, n. — Causeless, a. Uncaused or uncreated, original in itself; without just cause, reason, or motive. — Caus'al, a. Rela- ting to, implying, or containing, etc. — Causality, -zall-tl, n. The agency of a cause. (Phren.) The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. See Phre- nology. — Causation, -za'shun, n. Act of causing; agency by which an effect is produced. — Causa'- tionism, -izm, n. The doctrine that all things are produced through the agency of a eausal force. — Causa' tionist, n. A believer that, etc.— Caus'a- tive, -tiv, a. Expressing a reason; causal; affecting, as a cause or agent ; causing. [LL. causare, to cause.] — Caus'atively, adv. Causeuse, ko-zez', n. A lounge or sofa for two per- sons, sitting face to face. [F., fr. causer, to talk.] Causeway, kawz'wa, Causey, kaw'zl, n. A paved or raised way over wet ground. [Orig., cawse, then causey, fr. OF. caucie ( = F. chause'e), fr. LL. calciata (via), (road) paved with limestone, f r. L. calx, lime.] Caustic, kawslik, -tical, a. Destructive to the tex- ture of anything; burning; corrosive: severe; satir- ical; sharp. — Caus'tic, n. Any substance, which, applied to animal substances, burns, or destroys the texture. ( Opt.) A caustic curve, — a curve to which the rays of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents. [Gr. kaustikos, burning, fr. kaiein, kauso, to burn.] — Caus'tically, adv. — Caus- ticity, -tis'I-tl , n. Quality or property of, etc. ; cor- rosiveness; severity of language; sarcasm. — Can'- ter, n. A hot, searing iron. [Gr. kauterion, branding iron, fr. kaiein.] — Cau'terism, -ter-izm, n. Appli- cation of caustics ; cautery. — Cau'teriza'tion, n. (Surg.) Act of burning a morbid part by applica- tion of fire. — Cau'terize, -Iz, v. t. [-teeized (-izd), -izing.] To burn or sear with fire or hot iron. — Caulery, -ter-I, n. A burning, as of morbid flesh, by a hot iron, or by caustic medicines. (Burning by hot iron is called actual cautery ; by caustic med- icines, potential cautery. ) Caution, kaw'shun, n. Prudence in regard to dan- fer; provident care ; wariness; heed; prudence; e*. ortation to wariness; warning; admonition. — v. t. [cautioned (-shund), -tioning.] To give notice of danger to, warn. [OF., fr. L. cautio, security, fr. cavere, to take heed.] — Cautionary, -a-rl, a. Con- taining caution, or warning; given as a pledge.— Caulioner, n. — Cau'tious, -shus, a. Possessing or using, etc.; prudent; watchful ; circumspect. — Cau'- tiously, ado. — Cautiousness, n. Cavalcade, ka v'al-kad, n. A procession of horsemen. tF. ; It. cavalcata, f r. cavalcare, to ride, f r. cavallo, j. caballus, Gr. kaballes, a horse.]— Cavalier, -ler', n. A horseman; knight; one of the court party in the time of King Charles I. — a. Gay ; sprightly ; brave; warlike; haughty. [F. ; It. cavaliere, a Horse- man, chevalier.] — Cavalierly, adv. Superciliously. — Cav'alxy, -rt, n. (Mil.) Mounted troops. [OF. cavallerie, It. cavalleria ; s. rt. chivalry.] Cavatina, kav-a-td'na, n. (Mus.) An air of one move- ment, with little repetition of the words, and fre- quently preceded by a recitative. [It.] Cave, kav, n. A hollow place in the earth; den. — v. t. [caved (kavd), caving.] To make hollow. — v. i. To dwell in a cave. [OF. ; L. cavea, a cave, cage, fr. cavus, hollow.] — To cave in. To fall in and leave a hollow; to break down, yield. — Cavity, kav'I- tl, n. A hollow place; inclosed space; hollowness. — Cav'ern, -3rn, n. A deep hollow place in the earth; cave. — Cav'ernous, -us, a. Full of caverns; hollow. [L. caverna.] Caveat, kal'e-at, n. (Law.) A notice to some officer not to do a certain act until the interested party is heard in opposition. (U. S. Patent Laws.) A de- scription of some invention, lodged ki the office be- fore the patent right is taken out, as a bar to other applications respecting the same invention. Intima- tion of caution; warning. [L., let him beware.] Cavendish, kav'en-dish, n. Tobacco softened and pressed. Caviare, ka-ver'. Caviar, kav'e-ar, n. The roes of certain fish, prepared and salted, — used as a relish, esp. in Russia. [F. caviar, Turk, havyar.] Cavil, kavll, v. t. [caviled (-ild), caviling.] To raise captious objections. — n. A false or frivolous objection. [OF. caviller, L. cavillari, fr. caviUa, a jeering, caviling.] — Cav'iler, n. Cavity. See under Cave. 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; CAVORT 81 CENT Cedar. Cavort, ka-v6rt r , v. i. To bound, frisk, prance. [Sp cavar, to paw (said of a horse).] Caw, kaw, v. i. [cawed (kawd), cawing.] To cry like a crow, or raven. — n. The noise of, etc. [Onomat.] Cawker. Same as Calker. Cayenne Pepper, ka-en' pep'pgr. A very pungent pepper, the product of several species of Capsicum. [Fr. Cayenne, S. Ariier.] Cayman, ka'man, n. ;pl. Cay'mans, -manz. A genus of American reptiles of the crocodile family; alli- gator. [Name in Guiana.] Gazique, ka-z§K r , n. A chief among some American Indians. [Sp. cacique, f r. the language of Hayti.] Cease, ses, v. i. [ceased (sest), ceasing.] To come to an end, desist, forbear, stop; to be wanting.— v. t. To put a stop to, bring to an end. [F. cesser, L. cessare, to go slowly, cease, freq. of cedere, ces- sum, to yield.]— Ceaseless, a. Without cessation; incessant. — Ceaselessly, adv. — Cessa'tion, n. Act of discontinuing; stop; rest; intermission. Cedar, sender, n. An evergreen tree ot different spe- cies. [AS. ceder-beam, cedar tree, L. cedrus, Gr. kedros.] — Ce'dar, -drine, -drin, a. Pert, to, or made of, etc. Cede, sed, v. t. To yield or surrender, give up. [L. cedere, cessum.] — Cession, sesh'un, n. A yielding or surrender, as of property or rights, to another ; act of ceding. Cedilla, se-diKla. n. A mark under the letter c [5], to show that it is sounded like s; as in facade. [It. zediglia, dim. of zeta, the Gr. letter 2, formerly writ- ten below the c, to give it the sound of s.] £eil, sel, v. t. [ceiled (seld), ceiling.] To overlay or cover the inner root of. [E. cyll, syle, a canopy, F. del, heaven, also, a canopy, It. cielo, heaven, can- opy, ceiling, fr. L. caelum, heaven, a vault, Gr. koilos, hollow.] — Ceiling, n. (Arch.) The upper, interior surface of a room. (3 r awO Inside planks of a ship. Celadon, sel'a-don, n. A pale sea-green color. [F.] Celandine, sel'an-dm, n. A genus of plants of the poppy family; swallow-wort, — supposed to flower when swallows appear, and die when they go. [F. celidoine, Gr. chelidonion, fr. chelidon, a swallow. J Celebrate, seKe-brat, v. t. To mention with praise, extol; to honor by solemn rites, or by ceremonies of joy and respect ; to solemnize, commemorate. [L. celebrare, -bratum, to frequent, solemnize, f r. celeber, frequented.] — Cel'ehrated, a. Having celebrity; distinguished: famous. — CeKebrant, n. One who performs a public religious rite. — Celebra'tion, n. Honor bestowed ; commemoration; praise: observ- ance with appropriate ceremonies; solemnization. — CeKebrator, -tSr, n. — Celeb'rity, -rf-ti, n. Condi- tion of being celebrated: a person of distinction. Celerity, se-ler'Y-tY, n. Rapidity of motion; swift- ness; speed. [F. celerite', L. celeritas, fr. celer, quick; Gr. kefes, a racer.] Celery, sel'gr-Y, n. A plant of the parsley family, used as a salad. [F. ce'leri, It. seleri, L. and Gr. seli- non, parsley.] Celestial, se-lesfyal, a. Pert, to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; pert.* to the visible heavens.— n. An in- habitant of heaven. [OF. celestiel, fr. L. caelum, heaven. See Ceil.] — Celeslaally, adv. — Cel'es- tine, sel'es-tin, n. (Min.) Native sulphate of stron- tian, which has a sky-blue color. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order founded by Pope Celestine V. Celiac, selY-ak, a. Pert, to the belly- [Gr. koilia, belly, fr. koilos, hollow.] Celibacy, se-lib'a-sY or seKY-ba-sY, n. The state of an unmarried man; bachelorship. [L. cielebs, unmar- ried.] — Celibate, s«l'Y-bat. n. Condition or life of an unmarried man ; unmarried man: bachelor. Cell, sel, n. A small and close apartment, as in a prison or monastery; any small, closed cavity. (Organic Structures.) A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, etc., forming, by development and reproduction, the cel- lular tissue of animals and plants. [L. cell'a, cell, hut, Gr. kalia. hut, Skr. gala, a stable; s. rt. conceal, L. celare.~\ — Cellar, n. A space under a house. ?j. cellarium, a pantry, fr. cella.] — Cellarage, -ej, n. he excavation for, etc.: a cellar, or series of cellars connected: charge for storage in, etc. — Cellarer, -1st, n. (Ecd.) An officer in charge of, etc., or of procuring, keeping, and distributing provisions. — Cellular, a. Consisting of , or containing cells. [L. cellula, a little cell.] — Cellulated, a. Formed with cells. — Cellule, -Til, n. A small cell. — CeUulif' - erous, -lil'er-us, a. Producing little cells. [L. ierre. to bear.] — Cellulose, -los, a. Containing cells. — n. (Bot.) One of the substances constituting the cellu- lar tissue of plants.— Celluloid, n. A "compound of gun-cotton, camphor, etc., iiniteting coral, ivory, tortoise-shell, amber, etc., and used in manufactur- ing jewelry, etc. Celt, selt, n. One of a race anciently inhabiting Cen- tral and Western Europe, from whom come the Irish, Welsh, and Gael; a stone or metal implement found in barrows of the early Celts. [L. Celtae, Gr. Keltai, perh. fr. Ga. ceiltach, inhabitant of the forest.] — Celtic, a. Pert, to the Celts, or to their language. — n. The language of, etc., the remains of which are found in the Gaelic, Erse or Irish, Manks, and Welsh audits cognate dialects, Cornish and Arm orican or Breton. — Celticism, -T-sizm, n. A Celtic custom. Cement, se-menf or sem'ent, n. Any substance used for making bodies cohere, as mortar, glue, etc. ; bond of union. [OF., fr. L. csementum, rubble, chippingrs of stone, fr. casdere, Skr. chhid, to cut.] — Cement"', v. t. To unite with, etc. ; to unite firmly. — v. i. To unite and cohere. — CementaHon, n. Act of ce- menting. (Chern.) Process of surrounding a solid body with powder of other substances, and heating until the properties of the body are changed by chemical combination with the powder, — as iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal. Cemetery, sem'e-te'r-Y, n. A grave-yard; necropolis. [Gr. koimeterion, sleeping-room, cemetery, fr. hot- man, to put to bed, fr. keimai, I lie down: s. rt. L. quies, E. quiet.] Cenatory, sen'a-to-rY, a. Pert, to supper. [L. cctna, dinner, supper.] Cenobite, Coenobite, sen'o-bit, n. A monk in a con- vent or community, in opp. to a hermit or anchorite. [L. ccenobium, Gr. koinobion, a convent, fr. koinos, common, and bios, life.] — Cenobitlc, -ical, a. Con- ventual; monastic. Cenotaph, sen'o-taf , n. A monument to one buried elsewhere. [OF. cenotaphe, fr. Gr. kenos, empty, and taphos, tomb.] Cense, sens, i\ t. [censed (senst), censing.] Toper- fume with odors from burning substances. [Abbr. fr. incense, fr. L. incendere, to Durn.] — Cen'ser, n. A vase or pan for burning incense. Censor, sen'ser, n. A Eoman officer who registered the effects of citizens, imposed taxes, and inspected manners: an examiner of books, etc., before pub- lication, to suppress anything forbidden: one who censures: a harsh critic. [L., fr. censere, to give an opinion, tax, appraise.] — Censo'rial. -rY-al,-rian, a. Pert, to, etc., or to the correction of public morals. — Censo'rious. -ri-us, a. Addicted to, implying, or expressing, censure; fault-finding: carping;* severe. — Censo'riously, adv. — Censo'riousness, n. — Cen /r - sorship, n. Office of a censor. — Censure, sen'shSr, n. Act of blaming ; reproof ; disapproval; repri- mand: abuse. — v.t. [censured (-sherd), -suring.] To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame, reprehend. [L. censura, an opinion.] — Cen'sur- able. a Worthy of, etc. — Cen'surableness, n. — Cen'surably, adv. — Cen'sus, n. An official enu- meration and registration of the people, estates, and other statistics of a country. [L., a register.] Cent, sent, n. A hundred, as, 10 per cent.; an Amer- ican coin worth the 100th part of a dollar. [L. cen- tum.'] — Cent'age, -ej, n. Kate by the cent, or hun- dred ; percentage. — Cenlal, n. A weight of 10") pounds; hundred-weight. — a. Pert, to, or consist- ing of, etc. — Cen'tenary, -rY, n. Aggregate of 100 single things: esp. a century; 100 years; a cele- bration occurring once in, etc. — a. Pert, to, or con- sisting of, 100; occurring once in every 100 years. — Centenalian, -rY-an, n. One 100 years old. — a. Pert, to 100 years. [L. centenarrus.] — Centen'nial, nY-al, a. Pert, to the 100th anniversary; happening A celebration of, etc. [L. an- mal, a. Hundredth; by the 100. — h. A 100th part. — Centes'ima'tion, n. ( Mil.) A punishment inflicted on one person in 100. — Cen'tury, -tu-rY, n. A hundred; a period of 100 years. — Century plant. The American aloe, gupposed to bloom but once in 100 years. — Centu'rion, -rY-on, n. A Roman captain of 100 foot-soldiers. [L. centtiriaj, — Centulial, -rY-al, a. Pert, to a century, or to 100 men. — Cen'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Hundred-fold. — v. i. once in 100 years nus. a year."] — Centes sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get CENTAUR 82 CHAFE [ T»PLBi> (-tu-pld), -tup ling.] To make, etc. [L. plicate, to fold.] — Centifo'lious, -IT -us, a. Having 100 leaves. [L. folium, a leaf.] — Cen'tigrade, -tt- grid, a. Of 100 degrees; graduated into 100 equal parts. [L. gradus, a degree.] — Centigrade thermom- eter. A thermometer in which 0° indicates the freezing point, and 100° the boiling point of water. — Centare, -t&r', n. A measure of area, contain- ing 1 sq. meter, about 1,550 sq. inches. [F.] — Cen'- tigram, -gram, n. A measure of weight, — the 100th put of a gram = .l.Vt'K gr. avoir, [t .] — Centiliter, -til'I-ter or sen'tT-H-ter, -litre, -tT-le'tr, n. A meas- ure of capacity, — 100th of a liter, more than 0.(5 cu. inch. [F.] — Cen'time, -tern, n. A coin, — the 100th of a franc. [F.] — Centimeter, -tim'e-tSr or sen'tl- me-ter, -metre, son-te-ma'tr, n. A measure of length, — the 100th of a meter, more than .39 inch. [F., fr. L. centum and Gr. met ion, measure.] — Cen'tiped, -tl-ped, -pede, -tT-ped, n. A species of many-jointed, wingless land articulates, having many feet. [L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Centum' vir, -vSr, n. ; pi. -viui, -vl-rl. A Roman judge of common causes among the people. [L. vir, a man.] — Centum'viral, -vi- ral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Centum'virate, -vT-rat, n. Office of, etc. Centaur, sen'tawr, n. {Math.) A fabulous monster, half man and half horse. [L. centauries, Gr. ken- tauros.] — Cen'taury, -rt, n. A plant of several spe- cies, most of them weeds. [Gr. kentaurie, — the Centaur Chiron having used it medicinally.] Center, -tre, sen'ter, n. The exact middle point of anything; the middle portion; midst; point of con- centration; nucleus. (Arch.) A temporary framing on which vaulted work is built. — v. i. [centered or -tked (-terd), -tering or -tring.] To be placed in, etc.; to be central; to be collected to a point, be concentrated. — v. t. To place on, etc.; to collect to a point, concentrate. [F. centre, L. centrum, center, Gr. kentron, a spike, prick, center, fr. kentein, to prick.] — Cen'tering, n. (Arch.) Temporary fra- ming on which vaulted work is built. — Cen'tral, a. Pert, to, placed in, or containing, the center; pert, to the parts near, etc.— Central/ity, -I-tl, n. State of being central. — Cen'tralize, -iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To draw to a central pojnt ; bring to a center. — Cen'traliza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. — Cen'trally, adv. — Cen'tric, -trical, a. Placed in, etc. — Cen'trically, adv. — Centricity, -tris'l-tl, n. State of being centric — Centrifugal, -u-gal, a. Tending to recede from the center. [L. fugere.te flee.] — Centrip'etal, a. Tending toward, etc. [L. petere, to move toward.] — Cen'ter-bit, n. An instrument turning on a projecting central point, for boring holes. See Bit. — board,//. (Naut.) In small craft, a board keel, which may be drawn up or let down; a sliding keel. Centfnel, Centry. See Sentinel. Cento, sen'to, n. : pi. Cen'tos, -toz. A composition formed by verses, etc., from different authors dis- posed in a new order. (Mus.) A medley on a large scale. [L.] Cephalic, se-fal'ik, a. Pert, to the head. — n. A med- icine for headache, etc. [Gr. kephalc, the head.] — Cephalic index. (Physiol.) The ratio of the breadth to the length of the skull. — Cephalalgy, sefa-lal- jt, n. Pain in the head; headache. [Gr. algos, pain.] — Cephalog / rapay, n. A description of the head. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Cephalom'eter, n. (Surg.) An instrument for measuring the head. esp. of the fetus during delivery. [Gr. mefron, measure.] — Cephalopod, sefa-lo-pod or se-faK-, n. (Zobl.) A mollusk having a distinct head, surrounded by a cir- cle of arms or tentacles. [Gr. pous, podos, foot.] — Ceph'aletrip'sy, -st, n. (Surg.) Act of crushing the head of the fetus in the womb, to effect deliv- ery. [Gr. tribein, to grind.] Ceramic, se-ram'ik, a. Pert, to pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's clay, pottery.] Cere, ser, n. Naked wax-like skin at the base of birds' bills. — v. t. [cered (serd), cering.] To wax, or cover with wax. [L. cerare, ceratum, to wax, fr. cera, W. ewyr. Ir. and Ga. ceir, Gr. keros, wax.] — Cera'- ceous, -shus, a. Of the nature of, etc. — Ce'rate, -rat, n. (Med.) Thick ointment, made of wax, oil, etc. — Ce'rated, a. Covered with, etc. — CeriFer- OUB, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Ceru'men, n. The wax of the ear. [NL.] — Ce'- rine, -rin, n. The part of bees-wax soluble in boil- ing alcohol. — Cere'cloth, n. A cloth smeared with melted wax. — Cere'ment, n. A cloth dipped in melted wax, used in embalming bodies. [OF.] — Cerog'raphy, n. A writing on wax ; art of engraving on wax spread upon copper, from which a stereo- type plate is taken. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Cero- grapb/ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Ceroplas'tic. n. Art of modeling in wax. — a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. plassein, to form.] Cereal, se're-al, a. Pert, to edible grain, as wheat, rye, etc. — n. Any edible grain. [L. cerealis, pert, to corn, fr. Ceres, goddess of corn.] Cerebrum, sCr'e-brum, n. (Anat.) The superior and larger division of the brain. [L., fr. Gr. fcaro, the head.] — Cer'ebral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cerebellum, -bel'lum, n. , pi. -bel'la, -la. The hinder and low- er division of the brain. [L., dim. of cerebrum.] — Cerebellar, -beKlous, -lus, a. Pert, to, etc. Ceremony, ser'e-mo-nl, n. Outward rite ; external form in religion ; forms of civility. [F. ceremonie, L. ceerimonia, a ceremony, Skr. karman, a religious action, a rite.] — Ceremo y nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. An established system of rules and ceremonies. — Ceremo'nially, adv. — Ceremo'nious, -nl-us, a. Con- sisting of, or according to, outward forms and rites; ceremonial; particularin observing forms; precise; formal. — Ceremo'niously, adv. Cerise, se-rez^, a. Cherry-colored. [F., a cherry.] Ceroom, se-room', n. A bale or package of skins. [Sp. seron, aug. of sera, a paunier.] Certain, ser'tin, a. Assured in mind ; having no doubts; not to be doubted; fixed or stated; deter- minate ; indeterminate, or not specifically named; one or some. [OF.; L. certus, determined, fr. cer- nere, to sift, discriminate, Gr. krinein, to separate, decide.] — Cer'tainly, adv. Without doubt or ques- tion ; in truth and fact ; without failure. — Cer'- tainness, n. — Cer'tainty, -tT, Cer'titude, -tl-tud, n. Quality or condition of being certain ; exemption from doubt or failure; a fact unquestionably estab- lished. — Cer'tes, -tez, adv. Assuredly ; in truth. — Cer'tify, -ft, v. t. [-tified (-fid), -fying.] To testify to in writing; to make known or establish as a fact; to give certain information of or to. [LL. certificare, -catum, fr. L. certwsan&facere, to make.] — Certified check. A bank-check whose validity is certified by the bank on which it is drawn. — Certif- icate, -I-kat, n. A written testimony to the truth of any fact; written declaration legally authenti- cated.—)', t. To verify by, or furnish with, etc. — Certifica'tion, h. Act of, etc. — Cer'tifier, -iT-er, n. Certiorari, ser'shl-o-ra'ri, n. (Law.) A writ from a superior court, to call up records of an inferior court, or remove a cause, to hasten justice, or correct errors. [LL. certiorare, to certify, fr. L. certior, eomp. of certus, certain.] Cerulean, se-ru'le-an, a. Sky-blue. [L. cseruteus.'] Cerumen. See under Cere. Ceruse, se'rus, n. White lead. — Ce'ruse, Ce'rusite, Ce'russite, -sit, n. Native carbonate of lead. [OF. ceruse, L. cerussa, white lead; s. rt. L. cera, wax. See Cere.] — Ce'rused, -rust, a. Washed with a prep- aration of white lead. Cervical, sSr'vik-al, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the neck. [L. cervix, neck.] Cervine, ser'vin, a. Pert, to the deer. [L. cervus, a hart, deer.] — Cer'vinous, -vt-nus, a. Of the color of, etc.; tawny. Cesarean, Cesarism, Cesura. etc. See Caesar, Caesura. Cespitose, ses'pT-tos, a. (Bat.) Growing in tufts; turf-like. [L. csespes, turf.] — Ces'pitous, -tus, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, turf; turfy. Cessation. See under Cease. Cessavit, ses-sa'vit, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A writ to re- cover lands when the tenant has not for two years performed the service constituting the condition of tenure. [L., he has ceased.] Cession. See under Cede. Cess-pool, ses'pool, n. A cavity in the earth to re- ceive sediment of water from drains. [Prop, sess- pool; Prov. E. soss, a mess of food, scraps, etc., suss, hogwash.] Cestus, ses'tus, n. A girdle, esp. of Venus; a loaded leather covering for boxers' hands. [L.] Cetacea, se-ta'se-a, n. pi. (Zobl.) An order £■/££ of mammiferous marine animals, inclu- ding whales. [L. cetus, whale, Gr. ketos, sea- monster.] — Ceta'cean, -shan, n. An ani- mal of the whale kind.— Ceta'ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cetol'ogy, -jl. n. Nat- ural history of, etc. [Gr. logos,' discourse. Chafe, chaf, v. t. [chafed (chaft), chafing.' To excite heat or irritation in by friction; p eB t u& . to irritate; to fret and wear by rubbing; to V,5BI ' UB • »m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, loe ; odd, tone, dr ; CHAFER 83 CHAMP provoke, inflame. — v. i. To be excited or heated; to fret; to be worn hy rubbing. — n. Heat or irrita- tion from friction : agitation of the mind. [OF. chaufer, fr. LL. caleficare, L. calefacere, to make warm.fr. c»lere,to grow warm, and facere, to make.] — Chafer, cha'fer, n. — Chafery, cha'iSr-T, n. A forge where metal is subjected to a welding heat.— Chaffing -dish, re. A dish or vessel, holding coals, a lamp, etc., to heat what is put upon it; a portable grate. Chafer, cha'ier, n. An insect; cock-chafer; May-bug. [AS. ceafor.] Chaff, chaf, re. The glumes, husk, or light, dry cover- ing of grains and grasses. (Bot.) Scales or bracts ou the receptacle in composite plants. Worthless matter; refuse. [AS. ceaf, D. leaf, G. /cuff.] — Chaf- finch, re. A singing bird of the finch family, feed- ing on chaff. — Chaffy, -T, a. Containing, like, or light and worthless as, chaff. Chaff, chaf, re. Light, idle talk; ridicule. — v. i. [chaffed (chaft), chaffing.] To use, etc., by way of fun or ridicule. — v. t. To make fun of, banter. [Corrupt of chafe.] Chaffer, chaffer, v. i. [chaffered (-f erd), -fering.] To treat about a purchase, bargain, haggle; to talk much or idly. — v. t. To buy, purchase, exchange. [AS. ceap, a bargain, price, and faru, a journey, busi- ness.] — Caaf'ferer, n. Chagreen. See Shagreen. Chagrin, sha-grin', 11. Ill-humor; vexation ; peevish- ness; mortification. — v. t. [chagrined (-grind''), -hrining.j To excite ill-humor in, vex, mortify. [F., perh. meaning (E.) shagreen, Per. sagkri; pern, fr. Genoese sagrina, to gnaw.] Chain, chan, re. A series of connected links or rings; that which confines, fetters, or sec ares; a bond; a se- ries of things connected and following each other iu succession. (Surv.) An instrument for measur- ing land, consisting of 100 links, being 4 rods, or 66 feet, in length. (Naut.) An iron plate bolted at the lower end through the side to the ship's timbers. — v. t. [chained (chand), chaining.] To fasten or connect with, etc.; to enslave; to unite closely and strongly. [OF. chu'ene, chaine. It. and L. catena.'] — Chain'less, a. Without, etc.; unrestrained. -Chain '- bridge, n. A bridge suspended on chains; suspen- sion bridge. — gang, n. A gang of convicts chained together. — mail, n. Flexible armor made of inter- laced rings. — pomp, re. A pomp consisting of an end- less chain, carrying disks, passing upward through a wooden tube, and moving on wheels. — shot, n. (Mil.) Two cannon balls, con- nected by a chain, to cut down masts, etc. — stitch, n. A kind of stitch in sew- ing, made by interlocking threads. — -wales, re. pi- (Faut.) Planks bolted to a ship's sides to spread the lower rigging. See Chan- nels. Chair, char, re. A movable seat with a back, for one person: an official seat, as of a judge ; hence, the of- fice itself; the presiding of- ficerof an assembly; avehi- c!e for one person; an iron block to support and secure railroad tracks, —v. t. [chaired (chard), chairing.] To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [F. ehaire, pulpit, chaise, chair. OF. ehaiere, chaere, chair, fr. L. cathedra, Gr. kathedra, seat, chair, pulpit. See Cathedra.] — Chair'' man, re. ; pi. -men. The presiding officer of an assembly, committee, etc.; one who carries a chair or sedan. — Chairmanship, n. Office of, etc. — Chaise, shaz, n. A two-wheeled, one-horse car- riage, with calash top. [F. See Chair.] Chalcedony, kal-sed'o-nY or kal'se-do-nf, n. (Min.) An uncrystallized, translucent variety of quartz, usually whitish, and with a wax-like luster. [Fr. Chalcechm, in Asia Minor.] Chalcography, kal-kog'ra-fT, n. Art of engraving on copper or brass. [Gr. chalkos, copper, brass, and grapkem, to write.] — Chalcog'rapher, -fer, -raphist, -fist, n. An engraver on, etc. Chaldaic. kal-da'ik, Chalaee, kaKde or kal-de', a. Pert, to Chaldea. — n. Language of the Chaldeans. Chain-pump. Chaldron, chawl'drun or chal'drun, n. A dry meas- ure for coals, usually of 36 bushels, but varying. [OF. See Caldron.] Chalet, shal'a, n. A Swiss wooden cottage; a summer- house on a mountain. [F.] Chalice, chaKis, n. A cup; bowl: communion cup. [OF. calice, L. calix, Gr kulix, Skr. kalaca, cup.] Chalk, chawk, n. (Min.) A soft, white, earthy sub- stance, consisting of carbonate of lime. — v. t. [chalked (chawkt), chalking.] To rub or mark with chalk. [AS. cealc, D., Dan., Sw., and G. /calk, L. calx, lime-stone. See Calx.] — French chalk. Steatite or soap-stone, a soft magnesian mineral. — Red c. An indurated clayev ocher. — To c. out. To lay out, draw out, or describe. — Chalk'y, -1, a. Of, impregnated with, or like, etc. — Chalk'iness, re. — Chalk'-stone, n. (Med.) A concretion in the hands and feet of persons affected by gout. Challenge, chal'lenj, n. An invitation to contest; a sentry s demand of the countersign from those ap- proaching his post; summons to single combat; de- mand made of a right; an exception to a juror or voter. — v. t. [-lenged (-lenjd), -lenging.] To call to a contest, call to answer, defy; to claim as due, demand as a right, make exception or objec- tion to, object to as not qualified to vote. [OF. chu- longe, calenge, a dispute, accusation, fr. L. calumnia, false accusation, caluere, to deceive; s. rt. calumny.) — Challengeable, a. — Challenger, re. Challis, Chally, shal-ll, n. A twilled, fine woolen fabric, for ladies' dresses. [F. chaly.] Chalybeate, ka-lib'e-at, a. Impregnated with some salt of iron. — n. Water, liquor, medicine, etc., containing iron. [L. chalybs, Gr. chalups, steel.] Cham, kam, Khan, lean, re. The sovereign prince of Tartary. Chamade, sha-mad', n. (Mil.) Sound of a drum or trumpet, inviting an enemy to a parley. [F., fr. L. clamare, to_call.] Chamber, chamber, n. A retired room, esp. an upper room, for lodging, privacy, or study; a compartment or hollow, closea space; a place where an assembly meets; the assembly itself; the cavity in a fire-arm where the charge is put. (Law.) A private place where a judge sits to hear cases, and do judicial business out of court, —v. i. [-bered (-be"rd), -Ber- ing.] To reside in or occupy as a chamber ; to be wanton, —v. t. To shut up, as in a chamber. [OF. chambre, L. caniara, camera, a chamber, vault, Gr. kamara, vault, covered wagon.] — Cham'berer, re. One who intrigues or is wanton. [Obs.] — Cham'- ber-coun'sel, -coun'selor, -er, n. A counselor who gives his opinion privately, but does not advocate causes in court. — maid, n. A woman who cares for chambers, or waits upon a lady.— Cham 'beriain, -lin, re. An attendant in charge of the chambers, as in a hotel; an officer of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; one of the high officers of a court; a treasurer or receiver of public money. [OF.] — Cham'berlainship, n. Office of, etc. Chambrel, kam'brel, n. The gambrel. See Gambrel. Chameleon, ka-mel'yun, re. A lizard-like reptile, whose color changes with that of objects about it, or when its temper is disturbed. [Gr. chamaileon, lit. ground-lion = dwarf lion, f r. chamai, on the ground, creeping, and Icon, lion.] Chameleon. Chamfer, chamber, v. t. [-fered (-ferd), -fering.] (Carp.) To cut a groove or channel in; to flute. To cut or grind in a sloping manner; to bevel. — Cham'- fer, Cham'fret, n. (Carp.) A small gutter in wood, etc.; groove, slope, or bevel. [Pg. chanfrar, to slope, hollow.] Chamois, sham'wa or sham'T, n. A species of ante- lope living o n European mountain ridges; a 6of t leather, first prepared from its skin. [F.; MHG. gamz, G. gemse.] Chamomile. See Camomile. Champ, champ, v. t. [champed (champt), champing.] To bite with repeated action of the teeth, bite into small pieces, crush. — v. i. To bite n frequently. [Sw. kamsa, to Cnamois. chew with difficulty, champ; Ic. kiaptr, Gr. gampha, Skr. jambha, a jaw.] — Champ / 'er, re. •tin, cube, full ; moon. cow, oil ; liegsr or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CHAMPAGNE 84 CHARACTER Champagne, sham-pan', n. A brisk, sparkling wine. [Fr. Champagne, France.] Champaign, sham-pan', n. A fiat, open country. — a. Flat; level. [F. See Campaign and Camp.] Champerty, cham'per-tl, n. Maintenance of a law- suit, with an agreement, if successful, to divide the thing in suit. [OF. champart, field-rent, L. campi pars— campus, field, and pars, share.] — Cham'per- tor, -ter, n. One who purchases a suit, or right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a shave of the gain. Champion, cham'pT-un, n. One who engages in a contest; esp. who contends in behalf of another in single combat; one ready to fight all who offer.— v. t. [-pioned (-und), -pioning.] To furnish with, or attend as, etc. [OF.; LL. campio, a champion, combatant in a duel, f r. campus, battle, duel, war. See Camp.] — Cham'pionship, n. State of being, etc. Chance, chans, n. Absence of any defined cause ; for- tuity ; casualty ; an event without assigned cause ; possibility of an occurrence; luck; hazard; oppor- tunity. — v. i. [chanced (chanst), chancing.] To happen, come, or arrive, without expectation. — a. Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. [OF. chaance, cheance, f r. LL. cadentia, that which falls out (esp. in dice-playing), fr. L. cadere, to fall.] — Chance'-med'ley, n. (Law.) The killing of another in self-defense upon an unpremeditated encounter. Chancel, chan'sel, n. That part of a church con- taining the altar or communion table, — formerly inclosed with lattices. [OF. ; L. cancellus, a grating. See Cancel.] — Chancery, chan'ser-T, n. A high court of equity ; equity ; proceedings in equity. [OF. chanceMe, the chancery or seal-office, a court, LL. cancettaria, record-room of a chancellor, fr. L. cancellus, grating. See Cancel.] — To get or hold in chancery. (Boxing.) To get the antagonist's head under one's arm, where it can be pommeled by the other fist; to have in one's power. — Chan'cellor. -sel-ler, n. A high judicial officer; the chief judge of a court of chancery. [OF. chancelier, LL. canceU larius, chancellor, orig. custodian of records.] — Chancellor of the exchequer: A member of the Brit- ish cabinet, the highest finance minister of the gov- ernment. — Lord nigh c. of England. The presiding judge in the court of chancery, highest judicial offi- cer of the crown.— Chancellorship, n. Office of, etc. Chancre, shan'ker, n. An ulcer, esp. a venereal sore. [F. See Cancer.] — Chan'crous, -krus, «. Ulcerous. Chandelier,_Chandler, etc. See under Candle. Change, chanj, v. t. [changed (chanjd), changing.] To alter or make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; to substitute another thing for ; to vary, innovate, exchange ; to give other money, of the same aggregate value, for; to become acid or tainted. — v. i. To be altered, undergo vari- ation, pass from one phase to another, —n. Any al- teration; a passing from one state to another; sub- stitution of one thing for another ; alteration in the order of a series; permutation; that which makes a variety; small pieces of money, which may be given for larger pieces; the balance of money paid beyond the price of goods purchased; building for mercantile transactions. (Colloq. for exchange.) [OF. changier, changer, LateL. cambiare, to change, fr. L. cambire, to exchange.] — Chan'ger, n. — Change'able, -a-bl, a. Capable of change; appearing different under difference of circumstances: varia- ble; fickle; unstable. — Change'ableness, -abil'ity, -tt, n. — Change'ably, adv. — Changeful, a. Full of change ; mutable. — Change'fully, adv. — Change 'fulness, n. — Change'less, a. Not admit- ting alteration; constant. — Change'ling, n. A child left or taken in the place of another ; one apt to change. — a. Taken or left in place of another. Channel, chan'nel, n. The bed of a stream; esp. the deeper part of a river or bay, where the main cur- rent flows. ( Ceog.) A strait or narrow sea between two portions of land. That through which any thing passes. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow, as in a column, pi. (Naut.) Planks bolted to the outside of a vessel, for spreading the lower rigging, — v. t. [-neled (-neld), -neling.] To form a channel in; groove. [OF. chanel, canel, L. canalis. See Canal.] Chant, chant, v. t. and i. To utter with a melodious voice, sing; to celebrate in song. (31us.) To sing after the manner of a chant. — n. Song ; melody. (Mus.) Words recited to musical tones without mu- sical measure. [F. chanter, L. cantare, freq. of ca- nere, to sing; s. rt. cant.] — Chant 'er, n. One who chants ; the tenor or treble pipe in a bagpipe. — Chant'ress, n. A female chanter. — Chant 'icleer, -I-kler, n. A cock, his voice in crowing being clear. — Chant'ry, -rl, n. An endowed chapel where masses for the souls of the donors are celebrated. Chaos, ka'os, n. An empty, infinite space ; unoi^ ganized condition of matter before the creation of the universe; a disordered mass or state of things; confusion. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. chainein, to gape, yawn; s. rt. chasm, hiatus, yawn.] — Chaot'ic, a. Resembling chaos; confused. Chap, chap or chop, v. t. [chapped (chapt), chap- ping.] To cleave or open longitudinally ; to split, crack. — v. i. To crack or open in long slits. — n. A cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. — Chap, chop, n. The jaw, — generally in pi. [OD. koppen, D. happen, Sw. kappa, Gr. koptein, to cut: s. rt. chip, chop.] — Chap'fallen, chop'fawln, a. With the lower jaw drooping; dejected; dispirited. Chap, chap, n. A man or boy; a youth. [Abbrev. of chapman, fr. AS. ceap, trade. See Cheap.] — Chap'- book, n. A small book, esp. one sold by hawkers. — Chap'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who buys or sells; a merchant; itinerant dealer. Chaparral, chap-ar-ral', n. A thicket of low ever- green oaks; thick bramble-bushes in clumps. [Sp., fr. Basque acha, rock, and abarra, evergreen oakJ] Chape, chap, n. A catch, as of a buckle; a metal tip of a scabbard. [F., a cope, chape. See Cap.] Chapeau, shap'o, n. ; pi. Chap'eaus, -6z. A hat. [F.] — Chapeau Bras, -bra. A military hat which can be flattened and put under the arm. [F. ; bras, arm.] Chapel, chap'el, n. A place of worship connected with a church or with some establishment; in Eng. a dissenters' place of worship; a meeting-house; a choir of singers at the court of a prince or noble- man. [F. chapelle, OF. chapele, LL. capella, orig. the sanctuary where the cope (cappa) of St. Martin was preserved. See Cap.] — Chap'lain, -lin, n. An ecclesiastic who officiates in a chapel, or one attached to a ship, regiment, public institution, family, etc.— Chap'laincy, -sT, -ship, n. Office or station of, etc. — Chap'ellany, -la-nl, n. A chapel and jurisdiction within the precincts of a church. — Chap'elry, -ri, n. Bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. Chapellet, chap'el-let, n. A pair of stirrup leathers, with stirrups. See Chaplet. Chaperon, shap'er-oN, n. A hood or cap; a device on horses' foreheads in pompous funerals; one who attends a lady in public as a protector. — v. t. [chaperoned (-ond), -oning.] To attend in public places as protector. [F., a hood, aug. of chape, a cape. See Cap.] — Chap'eronage, -ej, n. Position or protection of, etc. Chapiter, chap'I-ter, n. (Law.) A summary of mat- ters to be inquired of before justices ; articles. — Chap'iter, Chap'trel, n. (Arch.) The capital of a pier or pilaster which receives an arch; an impost. [OF. chapitel, L. capitellum, capital of a column, dim. of caput, head. See Capital and Chapter.] Chaplain, etc. See under Chapel. Chaplet, chap'let, n. A garland or wreath for the head ; a string of beads used in counting prayers. (Arch.) A little* molding, carved into beads, olives, etc. a chapellet ; a tuft of feathers on s peacock's head : a small chapel or shrine. [F. chapelet, a little head-dress, wreath, dim. of OF. chapel, hat, fr. chape. See Chapman. See under Chap, n. Chaptrel. Chapter, chap'tSr, n. A division of a book. (Eccl (Eccl.) A thedral or corporation composed of the clergy of a cat! collegiate church, and presided over by the dean. An organized branch of a society or fraternity: meet- ing of organized societies: place where delinquents receive discipline; a decretal epistle. [Same as chap- iter; F. chapitre, fr. L. capitnlum, dim. of caput, head. See Capitular.] Char, Chare, char [Eng.], Chore, chor [Amer.], n. i day; a single job or task. [ME. chei-r, char, fr. AS. cierr, cyrr,D. keer, OHG. cher, a Work done by the day; a single job or task. "IG. A servant turn, space of time.] — Char'woman, that works by the day. Char, char, v. t. [charred (chard), charring.] To reduce to charcoal by expelling volatile matter: to burn slightly; to hew, as stone. [ME. charren, to turn.] — Char'coal, n. Coal made by charring wood. — Char'ry, -rt, a. Pert, to, or like, charcoal. Character, kar'ak-ter, n. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or sign; manner of writing or printing ; sum am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r i CHARADE 85 CHAT of qualities distinguishing one person or thing from another; good qualities, or the reputation of possess- ing them; qualities belonging to an office or institu- tion ; estimate put upon a person or thin" ; reputa- tion; force of will; energy; the possessoroi a certain character: a person; account; description. — v. t. To engrave, inscribe, distinguish by particular marks, characterize. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. charassein, to en- grave.] — Char'acterislic, -tical, a. Constituting the character ; peculiar. — Char'acteris'tic, n. That which constitutes, etc., or distinguishes a person or thing from another. (Mnth.) The index or expo- nent of a logarithm. — Char'acteris'tically, adv. — Characterize, -Iz, v. t. [-terized (-ter-izd), -izing.] To mark with a peculiar figure; to describe the qual- ities of; to mark or express the character of , desig- nate, entitle. —Char' acteriza'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Char'acterless, a. Having no peculiar character. Charade, sha-rad', n. A composition describing enig- matically objects, expressed by each syllable of a word, separately, and then by the word as a whole. [F.; perh. akin to Sp. charrada, speech of a clown, fr. charro, a churl, peasant.] Charcoal. See under Char. Chard, chard, n. A variety of white beet ; blanched leaves of the artichoke and other vegetables. [F. carde, L. carduus, thistle.] Charge, charj, n. The person or thing committed to the care or management of another ; exercise of cus- tody or care ; office ; commission ; an earnest com- mand, exhortation, instruction, etc. ; whatever con- stitutes a burden on property ; costs ; expense, — usually in pi. ; account of that due from one party to another; imputation: accusation; that quantity, as of ammunition, electricity, etc., which any appara- tus, as a gun, battery, machine, etc., is fitted to hold; onset; attack; signal for attack. (Her.) A bearing on a field. An uncertain weight of lead, supposed to be 36 pigs, or 2,520 pounds. — v. t. [charged (charjd), charging.] To impose, as a load or burden, or as a task, duty, or trust ; to command, request, etc., earnestly; to'give instructions to; to impose as a tax; to place to the account of, as a debt ; to accuse of; to place within or upon an apparatus or machine the quantity it is fitted to contain ; to load ; to bear down upon, rush upon, fall on. — v. i. To make an onset. [F., a load, charger, LL. carricare, to load, f r. L. carrus, a car. See Car.] — Charge / '- able, a. Capable of being charged, imposed, or im- puted ; subject to be charged or accused; creating expense: costly ; burdensome. — Charge'ableness, n. —Charge 'ably, adv. — Char'ger, n. One who, etc. ; a large dish, — which bears a load; a horse. — used in charging ; war-horse. — Charge" d' Affaires, shar-zha' daf-far'. A diplomatic representative, to whom are confided affairs of his nation, in the absence of an ambassador. [F.] — Charga'ship, n. Office of, etc. Charily, etc. See under Chary. Chariot, char'T-ot, n. A war car or vehicle ; a one- seated, four-wheeled carriage. — v.t. To convey in a chariot. [F., fr. char, car. See Car.] — Char'i- otee', n. A tour-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats. — Char / ioteer / ', n. A driver. Charity, charl-tT, n. Disposition to think favorably of others, and to do them good ; liberality to the poor; alms ; any act of benevolence ; a charitable in- stitution, or a gift to create and support such an in- stitution. [OF. charitet, f r. L. caritas, dearness, fr. earns, dear. See Caress.]— Sisters of Charity. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Communities of nuns engaged in works of mercy. — Charitable, a. Full of love and good will ; liberal to the poor ; pert, to, or springing from, charity ; benevolent ; indulgent : beneficent. — Charitableness, a. —Charitably, adv. Charivari, sha-re'va-re', n. A mock serenade of dis- cordant music. [F.] Charlatan, sharla-tan, n. A quack; empiric; mounte- bank. [F. ; It. ciarlatano, fr. ci.arlare, to prattle, ciarla, tittle-tattle.] — Charlatanism, -izm, -tanry, -rl, n. Pretension to skill: quackery. Charles's Wain, eharlz'ez-wan'. (Astron.) The clus- ter of 7 stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear: the Dipper. [AS. carles-wsen, the churl's or farmer's wain.]_ Charlotte-RuBBe, sharlot-roos, n. A dish of custard or whipped syllabub, inclosed in cake. [F. char- lotte, a dish of marmalade, and Rmse, Russian.] Charm, charm, n. Something possessing occult power or influence; that which attracts irresistibly: fasci- nation. — v.t. [charmed (channd), charming.] To subdue, control, or summon by occult influence ; to attract irresistibly, delight exceedingly, fasci- nate, enchant, captivate ; to fortify with charm* or supernatural influences. — v. i. To act as a charm, please greatly. [OF. charme, an enchant- ment, fr. L. carmen, song, Skr. cams, to praise.] — Charm'er, n. One who, etc.; a magician— Charm'- fdl, a. Abounding with, etc. — Charm'ing, p. a. Bewitching; pleasurable. — Charmingly, adv. Charnel, char'nel, a. Containing remains of dead men or animals. [OF., fr. L. carnalis, carnal, fr. caro, flesh. See Carnage.] — Char'nel-house, n. A place where bones of the dead are deposited. Charqui, char'ke, n. In S. Amer., sun-dried beef,— corrupt, into jerked beef. Charry. See under Char. Chart, chart, n. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, etc., con- taining information arranged methodically, or tab- ulated; a map representing water and the adjacent land. — v. t. To lay down in a chart; to map. [L. ^harta, Gr. chartes, paper. See Card.] — Charta 1 '- ceous, -shus, a. Resembling paper or parchment. — Charier, n. ( O. Eng. Law.) A deed, or conveyance. An instrument in writing, bestowing rights and privileges ; act of incorporation ; a special privilege or immunity. (Naut.) The letting or hiring a ves- sel by special contract. — v. t. [chartered (-tSrd), -tering.] To establish by charter; to hire or let by charter, as a ship. [LL. chartarium, archives.] — Magna Charta, mag'na-karla. The charter of English liberties, obtained from King John, a. d-. 1215. [L., great charter.] — Char'ter-par'ty. -par'tT, n. (Com.) A conditional agreement for the hire of a vessel, between the owner or master and him who hires or freights it. [F. chartre partie. a divided charter, the instrument being cut in two, one part for each contractor.] — Chartism, -izm, n. The principles of a political party in Eng. who desired reforms set forth in a document called the People's Charter. — Chartl3t, n. A pa. tisan of chartism. — Chartography, kar-togl-a-fi, n. Cartography; map- making. Chartreuse, shar-trez', n. A Carthusian monastery in France; an alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromat- ic herbs. TF.] Chary, char'T, a. Not inclined to be free or liberal; close ; cautious. [AS. cearig, fr. ceam, care.] — Char'ily, -It, adv. — Char'iness^ n. Chase, chas, v. t. [chased (cliast), chasing.] To Sursue, hunt: to urge onward, drive, persecute. — n. [unting; pursuit; thing hunted: hunting ground. [OF. chacier, cachier, LL. caciare, to chase. See Catch.] — Chaster, re. One who, etc. (yaut.) A gun at the bow or stern, for use in a chase. Chase, chas, v. t. To engrave. [Contr. of enchase, q. v.] — n. The forward part of a gun from the trunnions to the swell of the mouth, — this part being formerly engraved or embossed. See Cannon. Chase, chas, n. (Print.) An iron frame to confine type, when arranged in columns or pages. [Same as case ; F. chasse, f r. L. cajjsa, box, case.] Chasible. See Chasuble. Chimin, kazm, n. A deep opening made by disrupture; a cleft; void space; gap; break. [L. and Gr. chasma. See Chaos.] — Chasm'y, -T, a. Full of, etc. Chassepot, shas'po, n. A breech-loading rifle, or needle-gun, — the French infantry arm. [F ; in- ventor's name.] Chasseur, shas-ser', n. (Mil.) One of a body of light cavalry. An attendant upon persons of raiik, wear- ing military plumes, etc. [F., a huntsman.] Chaste, chast, a. Pure from unlawful sexual inter- course ; virtuous ; pure from obscenity, or from bar- barous, affected, or extravagant expressions. [OF., fr. L. castas, pure.]— Chaste'ress, Chas'tity, tT-tl, n. — Chastely. -11, adv. — Chasten, chat a, b t- [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To correct by pumsnment; to inflict pain upon in order to reclaim, c-iastize s to purify from errors or faults. [OF. chastie. , castier, fr. L. castigare. See Castigate.] — Chast'sMier, »- — Chastize, chas-hz', v. t. 1-tized (-tizd / '),- , ''^iNG.) To chasten. [ME. chastisen. See above.]— Chas tisable, -tiz'a-bl, a. Deserving to be, etc. — CheW tisement, -tiz-ment, n— Chasti3er. -tlz'er, n. Chasuble, chaz'u-bl, Chasible, Cheslble, -T-bl, n- (Eccl.) The upper vestment of a priest in saying mass, having an embroidered cross on the back, and a pillar in front. [ME. chesible, F. chasuble, LL. casubula, dim. of LL. casula, a mantle, dim. of L. casa, house. See Cassock.] Chat chat, v. i. To talk lightly and f a miliarly. — n. Light, idle talk; prate. (Omith.) An America* sun, cube, full ; moon, font ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CHATEAU 86 CHENILLE bird, of the warbler family.— Chat'ter, v. i. [-tehed Herd), -tering.] To utter inarticulate sounds re- sembling language; to talk idly, carelessly, or rapid- ly ; to jabber, prate : to make a noise by collision. — w. Sounds like a magpie's ; idle talk. [Onomat.] — Chattera'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; loquacity. — Chat'terer, n. A prater ; a noisy bird. — Chatter- box, n. An incessant talker. — Chat'ty, -tl, a. Conversing freely; talkative. — Chat'tiness, n. Chateau, sha-to', n. ; pi. -teaux, -toz'. A castle ; a country-seat. [F.] —Chateaux en Espagne. Castles in Spain, — i. e., in the air. — Chatelet, shat'e-la, n. A little castle. [F., dim. of chateau, chastel. See Castle.] — ChaVellany, -la-nl, n. Lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan, or governor of a castle. — Chat'elaine, -e-lan, n. A chain at a lady's waist-belt, for watch, trinkets, keys, etc. [F., lady of the cas- tle, — who wore keys at her girdle.} Chatoyant, sha-toi'ant, a. {Min.) Having a change- able luster, like a cat's eye in the dark. — n. A hard stone, as the cat's eye species of chalcedony, which, when polished, presents an undulating light. [F., p. pr. of chatoyer, fr. chat, cat.] battel, chaftl, n. (Law.) Any property- freehold, or things which are parcel of it. [ME. arid except OF. chatel, same as catel. See Capital, Cattle. Chatter, Chatty, Chatterbox, etc. See Chat. Chaud-medley, shod'med-lY, n. {Law.) The killing in an affray, while under the influence of passion, — opp. to chance-medley, killing in self-defense, or in a casual affray. fF. chaude meue", f r. chaud, hot, and meskr, meler, to mingle J Chauffeur, sho'fSr', n. One who manages the run- ning of an automobile. [F. chauffeur, lit. a stoker.] Chauvinism, sho'vin-izm, n. Fanatical patriotism ; blind adherence to an obsolete party, leader, or idea. [Fr. Chauvin, a character in Scribe's play, " Soldat Laboureur," grotesquely devoted to Napoleon I.] — Chau'viniat, n. A pugnacious politician. Chaw, chaw, v. t. [chawed (chawd), chawing.] To masticate, as food; to ruminate, as the cud; to re- volve and consider. — n. Orig., the jaw; as much as the mouth holds ; a chew. [Once in good use, but now vulgar. See Chew.] Cheap, c-hep, a. Bearing a low price ; of small cost ; of small value. [AS. ceap, price, D. koop, Ic. kaup, Sw. hop, a bargain ; AS. ceapian, to cheapen, buy.] — Cheapen, che'pn, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To attempt to buy, chaffer for, beat down the price of. — Cheap'ener, n. — Cheaply, adv. At a small price. Cheat, ch5t, v. t. To deceive and defraud : to trick, outwit, impose on. — n. An act of deception ; a fraud; trick; imposture; one who cheats. [Abbrev. of escheat, q. v.] — Cheafer, n. Check, chek, n. A sudden or continued restraint ; hindrance ; obstruction ; a mark put against items, in going over a list ; a token to identity a thing or person. {Com.) An order for money, payable on sight. Any counter-register used as security, as the correspondent cipher of a bank-note ; a kind of checkered cloth, as plaids, etc. (Chess.) Exposure of the king to the attack of an adversary's piece. A small chink or cleft. — v. t. [checked (chekt), checking.] To put restraint upon ; to hinder, re- press, curb; to rebuke or reprove ; to make a mark against, as against names, etc., in a list; to compare with a counterpart for correctness.— v. i. To make a stop, pause; to clash or interfere; to crack, as wood; to crack in checks, as paint, etc. [F. ichec, OF. eschec, meaning, in the game of chess, ' mind your king," fr. Per. shah, king, the principal piece in chess; F- dchecs, chess, escnequier, chess- or checker- board, also exchequer.] — Cheekier, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To variegate with cross-lines ; to form into squares ; to diversify with different qual- ities, scenes, etc. — n. One who, etc. ; a piece in the game of draughts or checkers.— Check'er, Check'er- work, -werk, n. Work varied alternately as to colors or materials. — Check'ers, -Srz, Draughts, — a game played on a board of 64 squares of alternate colors. — Cheeky, Checquey, chek'Y, n. (Her.) A field or ar- morial bearing divided in check- ers. — Check' mate, -mat, n. The move in chess which renders fur- ther moving impossible, and ends the game; a complete check, de- feat, or overthrow. — v. t. {Chess.) To put (the adversary's king) in- Cheeky extricably in check. To arrest completely, termi- nate. [F. 6chcc et mat, G. schackmatt, fr. Per. shah mat, lit. the king is dead.] — Check'-roll, n. A list of employees. — string, n. A string by which one in a carriage or railroad car can call the attention of the driver or engineer. — Check'er-ber'ry, n. (Bot.) The partridge-berry; also, the wintergreen.— -board, n. Board for playing checkers upon. Cheddar, ched'der, n. A kind of cheese made at Cheddar, in England. Cheek, chek, n. The side of the face; assurance; im- pudence, pi. (Mech.) Pieces of a machine which form corresponding sides, or are similar and in pairs. pi. (Founding.) The middle part of a flask having more than two parts. [AS. ceace, D. kaak, Sw. kek, kak; s. rt. ./aw;, orig. chaw, .] — Cheek by jowl. In familiar proximity ; close. — Cheek'y, -X, a. Impu- dent; brazen-faced. Cheep. See Chirp. Cheer, cher, n. The countenance and its expres- sion; state of feeling or spirits; state of gayety or mirth ; provisions for a feast; entertainment ; ex- pression of good spirits, by shouting, acclamation, etc. ; applause ; encouragement. — v. t. [cheered (cherd), cheering.] To cause to rejoice, render cheerful; to infuse life, courage, hope, etc., into; to urge or salute by cheers. — v. i. To krow cheer- ful, become gladsome. [OF. chere, L£. cara, the face, Gr. kara, Skr. ciras, the head.] — Cheer'er, »». — Cheer ful, -ful, a. Having good spirits; calmly joyful; promoting happiness; expressing joy; lively; animated; sprightly. — Cheer'fully, adv. — Oheer'- fulness, n. — Cheerily, adv. With cheerfulness. — Cheer'iness, n. — Cheerlngly, adv. — Cheerless, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort; gloomy; dreary. — Cheerlessness, n.— Cheerily, a. Gay ; not gloomy. — adv. In a cheerful manner; heartily. — Cheer'y, -T, a. In good spirits; lively; promoting, or tending to promote, cheerfulness. Cheese, chez, n. Curd of milk, separated from the whey, and pressed; a mass of ground apples pressed together. [AS. cese, cyse, f r. L. caseus?} — Chees'y, -T. Like cheese. — Cheese'-cake, n. A cake made of curds, sugar, and butter. — mite, n. A minute wingless insect found in cheese. — monger, -mun'- ger, n. A dealer in, etc. — -press, n. A press for ex- pelling whey from curd in making cheese. Cheet, chet, v. i. To chatter or chirrup. See Chirp. Cheetah, chela, n. The hunting leopard of India. [Hind. chitaJ, Chef-d'oeuvre, sha / doovr /r , n. ; pi. Chefs-d'oeuvre. A master-piece; capital work in art, literature, etc. [F.] Chegre. Chegoe. See Chigoe. Cheiloplasty, kilo-plas-ti, n. {Surg.) Operation of forming an artificial lip from adjacent healthy flesh. [Gr. cheilos, a lip, and plassein, to form.] Cheliform, kel'Y-fdrm, a. Having a movable joint, which grasDs by closing against a preceding joint or projecting part of it, as in a crab's claw. [Gr. chek, claw, and L. forma, form.] Chelonian, ke-lo'nT-an, a. Pert, to, or designating, the tortoise kind. [Gr. chelone, tortoise.] Chemise, she-mez', n. A shift, or under-garment, for females ; a wall lining an earthwork. [F., fr. LateL. camisia, a shirt, fr. Ar. qamis, shirt, garment of lin- en.] — Chemisette, shem'e-zet', n. An undergar- ment worn over the chemise. [F., dim. of chemise.'] Chemistry, kemls-trT, n. Science of the composition of substances and changes which they undergo. [Gr. chemeia. See Alchemy.] — Inorganic "hemistry. That which treats of inorganic or mineral substan- ces. — Organic c. That which treats of substances forming the structure of organized beings, and their products, whether animal or vegetable. — Practical or Applied c. That which treats of chemical prod- ucts useful in the arts or for economical purposes. — Pure c. That which treats of the elemental con- stitution of substances and their laws of combina- tion. — Chemist, n. One versed in, etc. — Chemlc, -ical, a. Pert, to, or resulting from the operations of the phenomena of, etc. — Chemically, adv. — Chemicals, -alz, n. pi. Substances producing chem- ical effects. — Chemlsm, -izm, n. Chemical attrac- tion; affinity.— Chemltype, -t-tip, n. {Engraving.) An impression in relief, procured by chemical pro- cess, which may be printed from on a printing press. [These words were formerly written with y or i, in- stead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry or chimistry, etc. ; and pronounced accordingly.] Chenille, she-neK, n. Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, used in ladies' dresses. [F., a caterpillar.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; odd, tone, dr ; CHEQUE CHIMERA Cheque, Chequer. See Check, Checker. Cherish, cherish, v. t. [cherished (-isht), -ishing.] To treat with tenderness; to hold dear, foster, com- fort, support. [F. cherir. fr. cher, L. cams, dear. See Caress.] — Cherlsher, n. Cheroot, she-roof, n. A kind of cigar. Cherry, cher'ri, n. (Bot.) A small stone-fruit, and the tree which bears it. A cordial composed of cherry-juice and spirit. — a. Of the color of, etc.; red. [OF. cerise, \,._ cerasus, Gr. kerasos.] Chersonese, kefso-nes, n. A peninsula. [Gr. cher- sonesos, fr. chersos x land, and nesos, island.] Chert, chert, n. (Min.) An impure, flint-like quartz orhornstone. [Celtic; Ir. ceart, pebble, Ga. can; a shelf of rock.] Cherub, chEfub, n. ; pi. CherIbs; Hch.pl. Cher'- UBIM. (Script.) A mysterious composite being, de- scribed in Ezek. i. and x. ; one of two symbolical figures, forming the Mercy-seat upon the Ark of the Covenant. One of an order of angels; a beautiful child, — artists having represented cherubs as_beau- tiful children. [Heb. ke.rub.] — Cherubic, -roo'bik, -bical, a. Pert, to, etc.; angelic. Cherup, chefup, v. i. To chirp. — v. t. To excite by chirping. — n. A short, sharp noise, as of a crick- et. See Chirp. Chesible. See Chasuble. Chess, ches, n. A game played by two persons on a board containing 64 squares. [Fr. Per. shah, king, — the principal piece. See Check.] — Chess-board, n. The board used in, etc. — man, re. Piece used, etc. Chess, ches, n. (Bot.) A kind of grass growing among wheat. [Per. khas, evil, weed, thistle.] Chest, chest, n. A box, to hold articles; the part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breast-bone; tho- rax. (Com.) A case for transporting tea, opium, etc; quantity such a case contains. [AS. cyste, L. cista, Ga. kiste, chest, box.] Chestnut, Chesnut, ches'nut, n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree, inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur; the tree itself: its timber. — a. Of the color of a chestnut; reddish brown. [OF. chastaigne, L. castanea, Gr. kastanon, fr. Castana, in Pontus.] Chetafe. See Cheetah. Cheval-de-frise, shvaf de-frez, n. ; pi. Chevaux-de- f E I S e , shvo'-de-f rez ; F. pron. shvod'frez''. (Mil.) A timber traversed with spikes, used for defense. [F., fr. cheval, horse, and Frise, Friesland.l Chevalier, shev-a-ler", n. A Cheval-de-frise. horseman ; knight ; gallant young man ; a member of certain orders of knighthood. [F., fr. cheval, horse. See Cavalier, under Cavalcade.] Cheveril, chev'er-il, n. Soft leather made of kid- skin; a yielding disposition. — a. Pliable. [OF. chevrel, kid, dim. of chevre, L. capra, goat.] Cheviot, chevl-ut, n. A rough cloth for men's wear, — named from the wool of sheep bred in the Cheviot Hills, Scotland. Chevisance, shev'T-zans, n. (Law.) A making of con- tracts; bargain; an unlawful agreement or contract. [OF., fr. chevir, to come to an end, perform.] Chevron, shevlun, n. (Her.) An honorable ordi- nary, representing two rafters of a house meeting at the top. (Mil.) Distinguishing marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers. (Arch.) A zigzag ornament. [F., rafter.] Chew, chob, v. t. [chewed (chobd), chewing.] To bite and grind with the teeth, masticate; to rumi- nate mentally, meditate. — v. i. To perform the action of, etc. ; to meditate. — re. Thing chewed, or held in the mouth at once; a cud. [AS. ceowan, D. kaawen, OHG. chiuwan, G. kauen, to chew.] Chiaro-oscuro, Chiar-oscuro. See Clare-obscure. Chibouque, -beuk, che-book', n. A Turkish tobacco pipe. [Turkish.] Chic, shek, n. Style; knack, —a. Stylish. [F., little.] Chicane, shlf-kan', n. An artful subterfuge, — esp. ap- plied to legal proceedings; shift; cavil; sophistry.— v. i. To use artifices. [F., f r. OF. chicaner, to wrangle, pettifog, fr. Mediaeval Gr. tzukanion, fr. Per. chaugan, a bat used in the game of polo.] — Chic&'ner, n. One who, etc.; a ca viler ; unfair dis- putant. — Chica'nery, -ner-Y, n. Mean or unfair ar- tifice, to perplex a cause ; trick: quibble. Chich, chich, n. A dwarf pea; chick-pea. [L. cicer.~) Chick, chfk, Chicken, chik'en, n. The young of fowls, esp. of the domestic hen; a young person. [AS. cu.*n, 4im. of cocc, cock.] — Chickling, n. A little chick. — Chick'en-heart'ed, a. Timid, —like a chicken. pox, n. (Med.) A mild disease of chil- dren, contagious and eruptive. — Chick-pea. -pe, n. A species of pea, used as lentils. See Chich. — -weed, n. A creeping weed, eaten by fowls. Chickadee, chik'a-de 7 , n. A bird of North America; the black-cap tit-mouse, — named from its note. Chickaree, chick'a-re', re. The Amer. red squirrel. Chicory, chik'o-rT, re. A plant used for adulterating coffee; succory; endive. [F. chicore'e,L l . cichorium, Gr. kichorion.} Chide, chid, v. t. [imp. chid or (obs.) chode; p. p. chid or chidden ; chiding.] To rebuke, reproach, blame, scold. — v. i. To find fault; to make a rough, clamorous, roaring noise. [AS. cidan.] — Chi'der, n. Chief, chef, a. Highest in rank or office; most emi- nent, influential, or important: principal; prime. — n. Head or leader; chieftain; commander; most im- portant person or thing. (Her.) The upper part of the escutcheon. [OF. chief, chef, fr. L. caput, the head.] — In chief. At the head. (Eng. Law.) From the king. — Chiefly, adv. In the first place: prin- cipally; above all; for the most part. — Chief baf- on, n. (Eng. Law.) Presiding judge of the court of exchequer. — -jus'tice, -tis, n. Principal judge of a supreme court. — Chieftain, -tin, «. The head of a troop, army, or clan ; leader. [OF. chevetaine, fr. LL. capitanus; same as captain.'] —Chief taincy, -sT, -tainship, n. Rank or quality of, etc. Chiffonier, she-fo / nT-a / ' or shif-fon-ef, n. A recepta- cle for rags or shreds; a movable closet; a rag-picker. [F., fr. chiffon, _rag.] Chignon, shen'yoN, n. A woman's back-hair knotted at the back of the head. [F., nape of the neck.] r, Chig'ger, Jig'ger, » I A Chilblain. See under Chill. Chigoe, chig'o, Chigle, -ef, Chig'ger, Jig'ger, flea-like insect of tropical Amer. [Sp. cliico, small.] Child, child, re. ; pi. Children, chifdren. A son or daughter; immediate progeny of human parents; a young person, pi. Descendants. [AS. did, D. and G. kind; fr. Goth, kilthei, the womb.] — To be with child. To be pregnant. — Chihfhood, n. State of a child; time in which one is a child. — Chihfish, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.; puerile. — Childishly, adv. — Childishness, re. State or qualities of, etc.; weak- ness of intellect. — Childless, n. Destitute of off- spring. — Childlessness, n. — Chihflike, a. Like, etc.; submissive; dutiful. — Child 'bear'ing, -barr- ing, n. Act of producing children. bed, -bed, n. State of a woman bringing forth a child, or in labor; parturition. birth, -berth, n. Act of bringing forth a child; travail ; labor. — Child's play. Trifling or easy work. — Chif dermasday, n. An anniversary (Dec. 28), in commemoration of the children slain by Herod; Innocents' Day. [child, yna*s. and day.] Childe, child, in Amer. ; child or child, in Eng., re. A title formerly prefixed to the oldest son's name. Chiliad, kill-ad, n. A thousand; esp. 1,000 years. [Gr. chilias.] — Chif iarch, -ark, n. The commander of 1,000 men. [Gr. archos, leader, f r. arcliein, to lead.] — Chifiasm, -azm, n. The doctrine of Christ's per- sonal reign on earth during the millennium. — Chif - iast, n. A milVenarian. Chill, chil, a. Moderately cold; tending to cause shiv- ering; cool; formal; distant; depressed: dispirited. — n. A disagreeable sensation of coolness, with shivering; a check to enthusiasm or warmth of feel- ing; discouragement. (Metal.) A method of cast- ing iron, so as quickly to cool the surface; a mold in which to cast iron. — r. t. [chilled (child), chill- ing.] To strike with a chill, make chilly, affect with cold; to check enthusiasm, depress, discour- age. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization near the surface, increas- ing the hardness of the metal. [AS. cyle, cele, cold- ness, fr. celan, to cool, fr. col, cool.] — Chilfy, -T, a. Moderately cold. — Chilliness, Chilf ness, n. — Chif Main", -blan, n. A blain on hand or foot, caused bv cold. — v. t. To produce chilblains upon. Chimb, Chime, chlm, Chine, n. Edge of a cask, formed by the ends of the staves. [LG. kimm, D. kim.] Chime, chlm, n. Harmonious sound of bells, or other musical instruments; a set of bells tuned to one an- other ; correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. — i'. i. [chimed (chlmd), chiming.] To sound in harmonious accord ; to be in harmony ; correspond; to jingle, as in rhyming, — v. t. To r move, strike, or cause to sound in harmony. [OP. c.imbale, cymbale, L. cymbalum, Gr. kumbalon, cym- bal. See Cymbal.] — Chf mer, n. Chimera, kt-me'ra, n. (Myth.) A monster vomiting 1, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CHIMNEY 88 CHLORINE flames, and having a lion's head, goat's body, and dragon's tail. A vain or foolish fancy. [L. chi- nisera, Gr. chimaira, she-goat, monster.] — Chimer- ical, -mSr^ik-al, a. Merely imaginary; capable of no existence except in thought; fantastic; delusive. — Chimer'ically, adv. Chimney, chim'hY, n. ; pi. Chim'neys, -niz. Passage through which smoke is carried off; a glass tube above a flame, to create draught and promote com- bustion. {Mining.) A rich spot in a lode. [OF. cheminie, LL. caminata, chimney, fr. L. caminus, hearth, forge, flue.] — Chim'ney-piece, n. A shelf above a Are place. pot, n. A cylinder of earthen ware at the top of chimneys, to prevent smoking. — -swal'low, n. {Ornith.) A swallow which builds in, etc. — sweep, -sweep'er, n. One who cleans, etc The African orang- Chimpanzee. ough, chin'kawf, n. {Med.) Hooping-cough, prop, chink-cough; chink = Scot, kink, to labor Chimpanzee, chim-pan'ze, outang, a species of mon- key resembling man. Chin, chin, n. The lower ex- tremity of the face, below the mouth. [AS. cin, chin, D. kin, Dan. and Sw. kin ', Ic. and G. kinn, OHG. chinni, L. gena, Gr. genus, cheek, Skr. hanu, jaw.] China, chi'na, n. A species of earthen ware originally made in China ; porcelain — Chi'na as'ter. (Bot.) A species of the Aster fam- ily, having large flowers. — C. grass. (Bot.\ An Asi- atic nettle, having fibers used for ropes, textile fabrics, etc. ; ramie. Chincapin, chink'a-pin, n. {Bot.) The dwarf chest- nut. [F. chinquapin.} Chinch, chinch, n. The bed-bug; an insect resem- bling the bed-bug in odor, destructive to grain. [Sp. chinche, bug, fr. L. cimex.] Chinchilla, chin-chiKla, n. A small rodent animal, having soft pearly-gray fur. [Sp.] Chincough, chin'kawf l E - for breath in coughing; D. kinkhoest, Sw. kikhosta, chmcough, fr. Sw. kikna, to gasp.] Chine, chin, n. The back-bone or spine of an animal; a piece adjoining the back-bone, cut for cooking. See Beef. The chimb of a cask. — v. t. To sever the back-bone of. [OF. eschine, spine, fr. OHG. skina, a needle; perh. s. rt. L. spina, a thorn, spine.] Chink, chink, n. A small cieft or fissure; a gap or crack. — v. i. To crack, open. — v.t. To open, or form a fissure in; to fill up the chinks of. [AS. emu, a chink, crack, f r. cinan, to split, crack, chap.] — Chink'y, -I, a. Full of chinks; gaping. Chink, chink, n. A clink, or sharp sound, as of metal struck lightly ; money ; cash. — v. t. [chinked (chinkt), chinking.] To cause to sound by collis- ion. — v. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by the collision of metal. [Onomat. See Clink, Jin- gle.] Chinquapin. See Chincapin. Chinse, chins, v. t. {Naut.) To thrust oakum into the seams or chinks of. Chintz, chints, rc. Cotton cloth, printed in different colors. [Hind, chhint, spotted cotton cloth, chhinta, \ spot, chhintna, to sprinkle.] Chip, chip, v. t. [chipped (chipt), chipping.] To cut into small pieces. — v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces. — n. A piece of wood, stone, etc., sep- arated by a cutting instrument; fragment broken ' off. [E., dim. of chop ; G. and OD. kippen, OSw. kippa.] — Chip bon'net, Chat. Head-coverings made J ©f wood split into filaments. Chipmunk, -monk, chip'munk, -muck, -muk, n. A squirrel-like animal; the striped squirrel. Chipping-bird, chip'ping-berd, n. An Amer. sparrow. Chirograph, ki'ro-graf, n. {Old Law.) A writing re- quiring a counterpart, — a charter-party ; the last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. [Gr. cheir, the hand (OL. Mr, hand, Skr. hri, to seize), and graphein, to write.]— Chirogra- pher, -rog'ra-fer, n. One proficient in writing.— Chirographic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Chirog'- raphist, n. A chirographer; one who tells fortunes by examining the hand. — Chirog / 'raphy, -ft, n. Art of writing ; writing done with one's own hand; handwriting. — ChiroPogy, -jf , n. Communication of thoughts by signs made by the hands and fingers; dactylology. [Gr. logos, speech.] — Chi'roman'cy, -si, n. Divination by inspection of the hand; palm- istry. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Chi 'roman'cer, -ser, -man'tist, n. One who divines, etc. — Chiron '- omy, -ml, n. Gesture. [Gr. nomos, law.] — Chi'ro- plast, n. {Mus.) An instrument to teach fingering. [Gr. plassein, to shape.] — Chirop'odist, n. One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; esp. one who removes corns, warts, etc. [Gr. potts, podos, foot.] — Chirurgeon, -rer'jun, n. A surgeon. [F. chirur- gien, fr. Gr. cheir and ergein, to work.] — Chirur / '- gery, -jer-I, n. Surgery. Chirp, cherp, v. i. [chirped (cherpt\ chirping.] To make a short, sharp sound, as fowls, birds, crickets, etc., do. — v. t. To make cheerful, enliven.— n. A short, sharp note. [E.; onomat.; cf. D. kirren, to coo, OHG. kirran, to creak, L. garrire, to chatter, Gr. gerus, speech, Skr. gir, the voice.] — Chirp'er, n. — Chirrup, chTr'rup, v. t. [chirruped (-rupt), chirruping.] To quicken or animate by chirping; to cherup. — v. i. To chirp. — n. Act of chirping; chirp. — Chir'rupy, -T, a. Cheerful; chatty. Chisel, chiz'el, n. An instrument sharpened to a cut- ting edge, used in carpentry, joinery, sculp- ture, etc. —v. t. [chiseled (-eld), -eling.] To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to cut close, as in a bargain. [OF. cisel, L. sicili- cula, dim. of sicilis, sickle, f r. secare, to cut.] Chisleu, chis'lu, n. The 9th month of the He- brew year, —parts of November and Decem- ber. [Heb. kisleu.] Chisley, chiz'Ti, a. Having a large admixture of pebbles or gravel, — said of a soil between sand and clay. [AS. ceosel, gravel.] Chit, chit, n. The first germination of a plant; a shoot; sprout; a child or babe. [AS. cidh, shoot, sprig; s. rt. child, kith, kin.] — Chifty, -tY, a. Full of sprouts. — Chifchat, n. Famil--. , iar or trifling talk; prattle. ^msei. Chitine, chi'tin, n. {Chem.) A peculiar principle, containing nitrogen, found in the skin of insects and shell of crustaceans. [Gr. chiton, corselet.] — Chi'- tinous, -us, a. Chitterlings, chifter-lingz, n. pi. {Cookery.) The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food. [AS. cwidh, belly.] Chivalry, shiv'al-rt, n. A body of knights serving on horseback; cavalry; the dignity or system of knight- hood; practice of knight-errantry; qualifications or character of knights. {Eng. Law.) A tenure of lands by knight's service. [OF. chevalerie, horse- manship, knighthood, fr. cheval, horse. See Caval- cade.]— Chiv'alric, -alrous, -rus, a. Pert, to, etc.} gallant. — Chiv'alrously, adv. Chives. See Cives. Chlorine, klo'rin, n. {Chem.) A heavy gas of green- ish color, — a constituent of common salt. [Gr. chloros, pale green, fr. chloe, verdure, grass, Skr. hari, green, yellow.] — Chlo'ric, a. Pert, to, or ob- tained fr., etc. — Chlo'i-ate, n. A salt formed by the union of chloric acid with a base. — Chlo'ride, -rid, n. A compound of chlorine with another ele- ment. — Chloride of lime. A combination of lime and chlorine, used in bleaching and disinfecting. — Chlorid'ic, a. Pert, to a chloride. — Chlo'riaize, -iz, -idate, -at, v. t. To treat with a chloride ; esp. C Phot. ) To cover a plate with chloride of silver. — Chlo'rous, -rus, a. Electro-negative; noting an acid containing equal parts of chlorine and oxygen.— Chlorina^tion, n. A process for extracting gold by exposing auriferous material to chlorine gas. — Chlo/ral, n. A liquid compound of chlorine, car- bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, obtained by the action of chlorine upon alcohol. [Fr. chlor{ine) and al- cohol).']— Chloral hydrate. A compound of chloral with water, — used as a hypnotic. — Chlo'ralism, -izm, n. A morbid condition, from excessive use of chloral.— ChloraPum, n. An impure solution of chloride of alumina, — antiseptic and disinfectant. — Chlo'rodyne, -din, n. An anodyne medicine containing chloroform, opium, etc. — Chlo'roform, n. A volatile compound of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine,— an important but dangerous anaesthetic agent. — v. t. To treat with, or place tinder the in- fluence of, etc. [Fr. chlor{ine) and form{yl), fr. L. formica, an ant, formic acid having been originally obtained fr. red ants.] — Chloronreter, n. An in- strument for testing the strength of chloride of lime. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Chlorom / 'etry, n. Act of testing, etc. — Chlo'rophyl, -til, n. {Bot.) The green , coloring matter of plants. [Gr. phullon, a leaf.] — Chloro'sis, -ro'sis, n. {Med.) Green sickness, — a am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm Ice . Odd, t5ne, 6r; CHOCK 89 CHRIST disease of young females. (Bot.) A disease in plants, giving them a pale hue. Chock, chok, v. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, block, etc. — v. i. To fill up, as a cavity. — re. Some- thing to confine a cask, etc., by fitting into the space around or beneath it. [See Choke.]— Chock'-full, -fill, a. Completely full. Chock, chok, v. i. To encounter. — n. An encounter. [F. choc, a shock. See Shock.] Chocolate, chok'o-lat, n. A paste made from the seeds of the Theobroma cacao ; the beverage made by dis- solving chocolate-paste in boiling water. [Sp., fr. Mexican chocolatl.] Chogset, chog'set, n. An edible salt-water fish; the burgall, Conner, or blue perch. Choice. See under Choose. Choir, Quire, kwlr, n. An organized company of singers. (Arch.) The part of a church appropri- ated to the singers ; the chancel. The corporate body of a cathedral. [OF. ckoeur, fr. L. chorus, Gr. choros, band of singers.] — Chorus, ko'rus, n. Orig. a dance in a ring, round dance; a dance with sing- ing, band of singers and dancers; that which is sung hy, etc.; part of a song in which the company join the singer. — Cho'ral, a. Pert, to a choir; sung in chorus, — n. (Mus.) A hymn-tune. — Cho'rally, adv. — Choragic, -raj'ik, a. Pert, to a choragus, — the leader of a musical entertainment. [Gr. cho- ragos.] — Cho'rist, re. A singer in a choir. — Chor- ister, k5r'is-ter,n. One of a choir; a singer in a con- cert; a leader of a choir. Cheke. chok, v. t. [choked (chokt), choking.] To ren- der unable to breathe; to stifle, suffocate, strangle; to obstruct by filling up or clogging; to hinder or check. — v. i. To have the windpipe stopped; to be checked, as if by choking. [E.; Ic. koka, to gulp, kok, the gullet; s. rt. cough.'] — Chok'er, n. One who, or that which, chokes or puts to silence; that which cannot be answered; a collar or cravat. — Chok'y, -T, a. Tending to, etc. — Choke'-full, a. Full to choking, quite full. [See Chock-full.] — Choke'- cher'ry, -cher'rT, n. (Bot.) A species of wild cherry, and its astringent fruit. — damp, n. Carbonic acid gas accumulated in wells, mines, etc., — destructive of life by preventing respiration. — pear, -p&r, n. A kind of pear having a rough, astringent taste. Choler , kol'er, n. The bile, — formerly supposed to be the seat of irascibility: irritation of the passions; anger; wrath. [L. and Gr. cholera, bile, a bilious complaint, fr. Gr. chole, bile, cholos, bile, wrath, anger; s. rt. L. fel, E. gall.] — Chol'era, -er-a, n. (Med.) A disease characterized by bilious vomiting and purging, and by spasms in the legs and arms. — Cholera morbus. A milder form of the disease. — Chol'ic, Cholin'ic, a. Pert, to the bile. — ChoKeric, o. Abounding with choler, or bile; irascible; angry. — Chol'ericly, adv. — Chol'erine, -er-in, n. (Med.) The precursory symptoms of cholera; the first stage of epidemic cholera. — Choles'terine, -ter-in, n. (Chem.) A fatty substance, resembling spermaceti, found in the bile and biliary concretions. [F., fr. Gr. chole and stear, stiff fat.] — Cholesteric, -les'ter- ik or -les-tgr'ik, a. Pert, to, or obtained fr. choles- terine.— Chol'ochrome, -krom, n. The coloring mat- ter of the bile. [Gr. chroma, color.] Chomer, cho'mer, n. A Hebrew measure. [See Homer.]_ Choose, chooz, v. t. [imp. chose (choz); p.p. chosen or chose; choosing.] To make choice of, prefer, elect. — v.i. To make a selection, prefer; to have the power of choice. JAS. ceosan, D. kiezen, Ic. kjosa, to choose, Skr. jush, to enjoy; s. rt. gust.] — Choos'er, n. — Choice, chois, n. Act or power of choosing; election; option; preference; care in, etc., discrimination ; thing chosen; best or preferable part. —a. Worthy of being, etc.; selected with care; uncommon; rare. [OF. chois. a choice, fr. choisir, to choose.] — Choice'ly, adv. With care in choosing; excellently. — Chojce'ness, n. Chop, chop, v. t. [chopped (chopt), chopping.] To cut into pieces; to mince; to sever by blows; to seize or devour greedily. — v.i. To come upon or seize suddenly. — n. Act of chopping; a stroke; piece chopped off, esp. a piece of meat. [OD. konpen, to cut off, behead, Sw. kappa, G. happen, LL. coppare, Gr. koptein, to cut.] — Chop'per, n. One who or that which, etc. — Chop 'house, n. An eating-house ■where chops, etc., are sold. — stick, n. A Chinese eating implement. Chop, chop, v. t. To barter, exchange; to gire back and forth, bandy.— v. i. To wrangle, altercate, dispute. (Naut.) To veer or shift suddenly. [Same as cheap, cheapen ; D. hoo/ien, to buy, barter.] Chop, chop, n. Quality; brand; a permit or clearance. Chops, Chop-fallen, etc. See under Chap. Chopin, chop'in, n. A high patten formerly worn by ladies ; a Scottish liquid measure, containing a quart. [G. schoppen, a liquid measure, orig. a scoop, fr. schopfen, to scoop.] Choral. Chorister, Chorus, etc. See under Choir. Chord, k6rd, n. String of a musical instrument. (Mus.) A harmonious combination of tones simultaneous- ly performed. (Geom.) A right line, uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle. See Segment. — v. t. To provide with musical chords or strings. [L. chorda, Gr. chord e; same as cord.] Chore, clior, n. A small job. pi. Jobs about the house, barn, etc., to be attended to at set times. [See Char.] Chorea, ko-re'a, n. (Med.) St. Vitus's dance; a dis- ease attended with irregular movements of the vol- untary muscles. [Gr. choreia, dance.] Choree, ko-re', n. (Anc. Pros.) A trochee, or foot of 2 syllables, the 1st long and the 2d short; a tribrach, or foot of 3 short syllables. [Gr. cJioreios, pert, to a chorus. See Choir.] — Choriamb, ko'rl-amb, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of 4 syllables, the first and last long, the others short ; that is, a choree and iambus united. [Gr. choriambos ; iaml os, iambus.] — Chori- am'bic, n. A choriamb. — a. Pert, to, etc. Chorion, ko'rl-on, n. (Anat.) The exterior mem- brane investing the fetus in the womb. (Bot.) The outer membrane of seeds. [Gr., skin.] — Cho'roid, n. (Anat.) The second coat of the eye. See Eye. — a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. eidos, form. J Chorography, ko-rog'ra-fl, n. Art of making a map or description of a region or country. [Gr. choros, place, and graphein, to describe.] — Chorog'rapher, n. — Chorographical, -graf Ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc. Chose, shoz, n. (Law.) A thing; personal property. [F., fr. L. causa, cause.] — Chose in action. A thing to which one has a right, but not possession. Chose, Chosen. See Choose. Chough, chuf, n. A bird of the crow family. [AS. ceo ; D. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Sw. kaja; onomat.] Chouse, chows, v. t. [choused (chowst), chousing.] To cheat, trick, defraud. — n. One easily cheated; a tool; gull: a trick; a sham: imposition. [Fr. a Turk, chiaous (interpreter), who perpetrated a no- torious swindle in London, in 1009.] Chowchow, chow'chow, a. Of several kinds mingled; mixed, —n. A kind of mixed pickles. [Chin.] Chowder, chow'der, n. A dish of fish, pork, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed, —v. t. To make into, etc. Chrestomathy, kres-tom'a-thT:, n. A selection of pas- sages, used in acquiring a language. [Gr. chrestos, useful, and mathein, to learn.] Chrism, krizm, n. ( Gr. & Bom. Cath. Churches.) Oil consecrated by the bishop, formerly used in baptism, confirmation, ordina- tion, and extreme unction. [L. and Gr. chrisma, fr. Gr. chriein, to anoint.] — Chris'mal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Chris- ma'tion, n. Act of applying, etc. — . Chris 'matory, -to-rT, n. A vessel to hold the chrism. — Chris r om, -um, a. Anointed with, etc. — n. A white ves- ture, so anointed, put on a child at baptism or on a dead infant. Christ, krist, n. The Anointed, — an . appellation of the Savior, synonymous ^nrisma- with Heb. Messiah. [L. christus, Gr. torv - christos, fr. chriein, to anoint.] — Christen, kris'n, v. t. [christened (-nd), -ening.] To baptize ; to give a name, denominate. [AS. cristnian, fr. oris- ten, a Christian.] — Christendom, kris'n-dum, n. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, opp. to heathen or Mohammedan lands ; the whole body of Christians. [AS. cristendom.] — Christian, kris'chun, n. A believer in the religion of Christ ; one born in a Christian country, or of Christian parents ; a Danish gold coin, worth $4. — a. Pert, to Christ or his religion; professing Chris- tianity ; pert, to the church ; ecclesiastical.— Chris- tian name. The name given in baptism, — opp. to the family name, or surname. — Christian, krisf- yan, n. One of a sect of Baptists, called Disciples of Christ. — Christianity, kris-chl-an'r-tt, n. The re- ligion of Christians; system of doctrines and pre- cepts taught by Christ. — Chris tianiz&'tion, -chun- Y-za r shun, n. Conversion to Christianity. — Chri« / '» sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbow, chair, get CHROMATIC 90 CICERONE taamze, -chun-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make Christian, convert to Christianity, imbue with Christian principles. — Chris'tianly, adv. In a Christian manner. — Christian science, -si 'ens. A system of healing disease of mind and body which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed hy a full understanding of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as under- stood by its adherents. — Christian scientist, -si'en- tist. A believer in Christian science; one who prac- tice* its teachings. — ChriBtless, krist'-, a. Having no faith in Christ. — Christmas, kris'mas, re. The festival of Christ's nativity, Dec. 25th. — Christ'- mas-box, re. A box in which presents are put at Christmas ; a Christmas present. tree, re. An evergreen tree, illuminated and hung with presents and. decorations at Christmas. — ChristoKogy, -ft, re. A treatise concerning Christ; doctrine of the Scrip- tures respecting Christ. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Chromatic, kro-matlk, a. Relating to color. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half-steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular inter- vals of the diatonic scale. [Gr. chromatikos, suited for color, fr. chroma, color.] — Chromatic scale. (Mm.) The scale consisting of 13 tones, including 8 scale-tones and 5 intermediate tones, — the interme- diate tones having formerly been printed in colors. — Chromatics, n. Science of colors. — Chro / mc- litnoglaphy, re. Lithography adapted for print- ing in oil colors. [Gr. bthos, stone, and graphein, to engrave.] — Chromo-lith'ograph, Chro'mo, ». A lithographic picture in oil colors. Chrome, krom, Chromium, kro'mT-um, re. A hard, brittle, grayish-white metal, difficult of fusion. [Gr. chroma, color, — its compounds having many beau- tiful colore.] — Chro'mic, a. Pert, to, or obtained fr., etc. — Chro'mate, n. (Chem.) A salt obtained by the union of chromic aeid with a base. Chronic, kronlk, -ical, a. Pert, or according to time; continuing for a long time. [Gr. chrordkos, fr. chro- nos, time,]— Chronicle, kron'T-kl, re. A register of events in the order of time; a history ; record, pi. Two books of the Old Testament. — v. t. [chron- icled (-kid), -cling.] To record in history; regis- ter. [Gr. chronica, annals.] — Chronicler, n. A writer of, etc. — Chron'ograph, -graf ; re. An instru- ment to record time in astronomical and other observations. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Chronol- ogy* -j*j »• Science of computing time by periods, and assigning to events their proper date6. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Chronol'oger, -ogist, re. One skilled in, etc. — Chronologic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; ac- cording to the order of time. — Chronologically, adv. — Chronometer, re. A time-keeper, esp. if portable and very accurate. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Chronomet'ric, -rical, a. — Chronom , etry, -tri, n. Art of measuring time. Chrysalid, kria'a-lid, Chryg'alis, ». ; pi- Chrysal- ides, -salT-dez. A form into which the caterpillar or larve of butterflies, moths, and some other in- sects, passes, and from which the perfect insect emerges. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, etc [Gr. chrusallis, the gold-colored sheath of butterflies, f r. chrvsos, gold.] — Chrysanthemum, -anlhe-mum, re. (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, including the sun-flower, marigold, etc. [L., fr. Gr. chrusanthe- mon; anthemon, flower.]— Chrys'oberyl, -bgr-il, re. (Min.) A yellowish-green gem, consisting of alu- mina and glucina. [L. chryxoberyllus ; Gr. beruttos, beryl.] — Chrys'olita, -lit, re. (Min.) A greenish mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron. [L. chrysolithus ; Gr. lithos, stone.]— Chrys / oprase, -praz, re. (Min.) A kind of massive quartz, of a grayish or leek-green color. [Gr. prason, a leek.] Chubb, chub, re. A thick, fresh-water fish of the carp family. [Dan. kobbe, a seal (animal), Prov. S"w. kvb- bug, chubby, plump.] — Chub'bed, -by, -bT, a. Like achub; plump, short, and thick. — ChuVbiness, re. Chuck, chuk, v. %. To make a noise like a hen calling her chickens ; to cluck, laugh mockingly, — in a broken, convulsive manner. — v. t. To call, as a hen. — re. Call of a hen; a sudden small noise; word of endearment. [Onomat. ; same as chick.'] Chuck, chuk, v. t. [chucked (chukt), chucking.] To strike gently; to throw, with quick motion, a short distance; to pitch. (Mech.) To place in, or hold by means of, a chuck. — re. A slight blow un- der the chin. (Mach.) A contrivance fixed to the mandril of a turning-lathe to hold the material to be operated upon. fF. cliaquer, to give a shock, D. schokken, to jolt, shake, schok, a bounce, jolt: s. rt. shake, shock.) — Chuck'-far'thing, -fiir'thing, re. A play in which a coin is pitched into a hole. Chuckle, chukl, v. t. [chuckled (chukld), chuck- ling.] To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck; to fondle, cocker. — it. A short, suppressed laugh of exultation or derision. —v. i. To laugh in a sup- pressed or broken manner. [Freq. of choke.] — Chuckle-head, n. A numbskull; dunce. Chuff, ehuf, n. A coarse, dull, or surly fellow ; a clown. [Perh. fr. W. cuff, stock, stump.] — Chuff'y, -T, a. Fat or swelled out, esp. in the cheeks ; surly ; rude ; clownish. — Chufflly, -T-lT, aalv. Chum, chum, re. A chamber-fellow, esp. in a college. — v. i. To occupy a chamber with another. [Perh. fr. AS. cuma, a guest; perh. contr. of F. camarade, a comrade, chamber-fellow, fr. L. camera, chamber.] Chunk, chunk, re. A short, thick piece of anything. [Ic kumbr, a log, fr. kubba, to chop; s. rt. clwp, chvlj.] — Chunck'y, -t, a. Short and thick. Church, chereh, re. A building for Christian worship; a body of Christian believers worshiping together, or having the same rites and ecclesiastical authority; the collective body of Christians; ecclesiastical in- fluence, authority, etc.— v. t. [churched (chSrcht), churching.] To unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after childbirth. [AS. cyrice, circe, D. kerk, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, Scot, kirk, lr. Gr. kuriakon, a church, lr. kurios, the Lord, fr. kuros, might.] — Churchly, -It, a. Pert, to, etc.; fond of church services ; attaching importance to ecclesiastical decrees, etc. — Church'y, -T, a. Char- acteristic of, etc. ; fond of church forms. — Church '- man. tu; pi. -men. An ecclesiastic or clergyman; an Episcopalian, as disting. f r. other Protestants. — Church'manship, re. State of being, etc. — Church'- ward'en, -wawrd'n, re. An officer charged with the pecuniary interests of achurch or parish. — Churcb'- yard, re. Ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. Churl, cherl, re. A rustic; a countryman or laborer! a rough, surly, ill-bred man; one illiberal or miserly; a niggard. [AS. ceorl, Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. karl, man, Scot, carle, 1). karel, fellow.] — Churlish a. Like a churl; narrow-minded; surly. — Churlishly, adv. — Churl'iBhness, re. Churn, chern, re. A vessel in which cream is shaken, to separate the butter from other parts. — v. t. [churned (churnd), churning.] To agitate, in order to make butter: to shake violently. — v. i. To agitate cream, etc. [Ic. kinia, a churn, D. and G. kernen, to churn, fr. Ic. kjarna, J), kern, pith, mar- row; s. rt. corn, kernel.] — Cburn'ing, re. Quantity of butter_made at once. Chute, shoot, re. A rapid descent in a river; an open- ing in a dam for descent of logs, etc. ; a shoot, a fun- nel or slide for loading or unloading grain, coal, etc; flume; penstock. [F., fr. L. cadere, to fall.] Chyle, kil, re. (Physiol.) A milky fluid, derived from chyme, and entering the circulation by the lacteal vessels. [F., fr. Gr. chvlos. juice, fr. cheem, to pour; s«.] — Chylifadion, n. Actor process by which chyle is formed. — Cbylifae'tive, -tiv, Chyll- fica'tory, a. Forming into chyle. — Chylifica'tic re. Formation of chyle by digestive processes. — Chyl'ous, -lus, a. Consisting, or partaking of chyle. Chyme, klm, re. (Physiol.) The pulp formed by food in the stomach, mixed with the gastric secretions. [Gr. chumo*, juice, fr. clieein, to pour.] — Chymifica- tion, klm'T-f r-ka'shun, re. Process of becoming chyme. — Chymlfy, -ii, v. t. To form into chyme. — Chymous, klm' , us, a. Pert, to chyme. Qhymistry, etc. See Chemistry. Cicada, si-ka'da, re. ; pi. -d.e, -de. (Entom.) A hem- ipterous insect, the male of which makes a shrill, grating sound; the harvest fly, q. v. [L.] Cicatrice, sik'a-tris, re. A scar remaining after a wound is healed. [F.] — Cicatrix, sT-kalrike, n. ; pi. Cicatrices, sik-a-tri'sez. Same as Cicatricb. [L.] — Cic'atrize, -triz, v. t. [-teized (-trizd), -tri- zing.] To heal and induce the formation of a cica- trice in. — r. i. To heal or be healed. — CiCatrfcza'- tion, re. Process of, etc. Cicero, sis'e-ro, re. (Print.) The name, esp. among French printers, for a type the size of small pica, — used in an early edition of the works of Cicero. Cicerone, che-cha-ro r ne or sis'e-ro'ne, re. One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place. [It., same as L. Cicero] — Ciceronian, sis-e-ro'ni-an, a. Re- am, fame, far, paee or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 9dd, tone, dr ; CICISBEO 1)1 CIRCUMAMBIENT tumbling Cicero in style or action. — Cicero'nian- ism. -izin, n. Imitation or resemblance of, etc.; a Ciceronian expression. Ciciabeo, che'chis-ba'o or se-sis'be-o, n. The professed gallant of a married woman. [It.] Cider, si'der, n. A drink made from the juice of ap- ples. [F. cidre, cider, fr. L. sicera, Heb. shekar, strong drink, Heb. shahar, to be intoxicated.] — Ci r - derkin, n. A liquor made from the refuse of apples arter the juice is pressed out for cider. Ci^levant, sed-vox', a. Former: previous. [F.] Cigar, st-gar', n. A roll of tobacco, for smoking. [Sp. cigarro; orig. a kind of tobacco in Cuba.] — Cigar- ette', -et', n. A little cigar; tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. Cilia, ail't-a, n. pi. The hair of the evelids; liairs on the margin of any body. [L.] — Cil'iary. -a-rT, a. Pert, to the eyelashes, or to liairs or hair-like ap- pendages in animals or vegetables. — CU'late. -ated. a. (Bot.) Furnished with filaments resembling , eyelashes. (Anat.) Covered with filaments en- j dowed with vibratory motion. Cilicious, st-lish'us. a. Made, or consisting, of hair. [L. cilicium, a covering, orig. made of goat's hair, fr. Cilicia, in Asia Minor.] Cima. si'ma, n. A kind of molding. See Cyma. Cimeter, sim'e-ter, n. A short sword with a recurv- ated point, used by Persians and Turks. [Written j also scimetar, scgmetar, and scimiter.'] [F. ciiueterre, I It. scimit-arra, prob. corrup. of Pers. shamshir, cim- j eter, lit. lion's claw, f r. sham, nail, and sher, Hon.] I Cimmerian, sim-me'rl-an, a. Pert, to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people said to have dwelt in dark caves: intensely dark. Cinchona, sin-ko'na, n. (Bot.) A genus of trees of j the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, produ- [ eing a medicinal bark, known as Peruvian or Jes- j uit's bark ; the bark itself. [Perh. fr. the Countess of Cinchon, cured by the bark in 1638. Cincture, sink'cher, n. A belt ; girdle ; that which encompasses; inclosure. (Arch.) A ring at the top and bottom of a column, separating the shaft from the base and from the capital. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird; Skr. kanchi, girdle.] Cinder, sin'der, n, A small particle remaining after combustion : small coal, with ashes ; ember ; scale thrown off in forging metal. [AS. sinder, fr. sun- drian, to separate; not fr. F. cendre, L. cinis, ashes.! Cinematograph, sin'e-niat'o-graf. Amachine for tak- ing successive photographs of moving objects; also, one for producing, by the rapidly successive pro- jection of such pictures upon a screen, the effect of an animated scene. [Gr. kinema, motion -+- gra- phein, to write.] Cinerary, sin'er-a-rT, a. Pert, to, or containing ashes, j [L. dnerarius, fr. cinis, ashes, Gr. konis, dust, Skr. i kana, a grain, powder.] — Cinera'tion, n. Reduction of anythingto ashes by combustion. — Cineri'tious, -ish'us. a. Having the color or consistence of ashes. Cinnabar, sin'na-bar, n. Red sulphuret of mercury or quicksilver ; vermilion. [LateL. cinnaharis, Gr. kinnabari, Per. zinjarf] Cinnamon, sin'na-nion, n. The inner bark of a tree, of Ceylon, aromatic and of a pungent taste. [L. L cimuxriwmwn, Gr. kinamooion, fr. Heb. qinnamonT] L Cinque, sink, 7j. The number .5 upon dice or cards. [F. cinq, L. guingue, five.] — Cinque 'foil, n. (Bot.) j A plant having leaves resembling the fingers of the hand. (^IrcA.) An ornamental foliation having 5 i points or cusps. [Foil = F.feuille, 1,. folium, leaf.] Cion, Scion, si'un, n. A young shoot or sprout of a | plant. [F. scion, OF. cion, fr. F. scier, L. secare. to ] cut ; s. rt. section, scissors, saw, etc.] id-f ] in, x / Cipher, si'fer, n. (Arith.) A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, in- creases its value tenfold person of no worth l ; a combi- /[ s~\ ; the initials / — ^/ l\/ /r) natical char- ( A/1X /\J lphabet for ^\\]\ f secrets. — 111 (-ferd), Ci- 1 J nation of letters, as of a name; an enigmatical icter ; a private alphabet safe transmission of v. i. [ciphered phering.] To practice arith- metic. — v. t. To write in oc- ^ipner. cult characters ; to represent. [F. chiffre, OF. cifre, fr. Ar. s\fr ; same as zero.'] Circean, ser-se'an, a. Pert, to Circe, a fabled en- chantress ; magioal ; noxious. Circensial, -elan. See under Circus. Circle, sSr'Td, a- A plane figure, bounded by a curve line caHed its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from 'a point within it called the center ; the line boun " ing such a figure ; a circumference. (As tron.) An instrument of observation, whose graduated limb consists of an entire C lrcle. circle. A round body ; sphere ; orb ; compa^ -, cir- cuit; a company assembled about a central point of interest : a coterie; a series ending where it begins ; a form of argument in which unproved statements are used to prove each other : a province or princi- pality. —r. r. [circled (-kid), circling.] To re- volve around; to encompass, inclose. — v. i. To move circularly. [L. circulus, a circle, dim. of cir- cus, a ring.] — Circle of perpetual apparition. At any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. — C. of perpetual otxultation. Boundary of that space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. — Great c. A circle whose plane passes through the center of the sphere, dividing it into two equal parts. — Lesser c. One whose plane does not pass through the center ol the sphere, di- viding it into unequal parts. — Hour c. A great circle of the celestial sphere. — Dress c. The lowest gallery in a theater. — Family c. The gaLery above the dress circle. — Cir'clet, -klet, n. A little circle, as of gold, etc. ; a round body; orb. — Cir'cular, -ku-lar, a. Pert, to a circle; round: repeating itself ; illogical : inconclusive ; adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic ; mean ; address to a number of per- sons having a common interest.—?;. A circular letter, copies of which are sent to variou> persons. — Circu- lar nunibers. (Arith.) Those whose powers terminate in the same digit* as the roots. —C. sailing. (Xaut.) The method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. f— Circularity, -lfir'T-tl. n. State of being, etc. — CiT'cularly, adv. — Cir'eulate, -lat, v. i. To move in a circle : to pass round : to pass from place to place, hand to hand, etc. — v. t. To cause to pass, etc. ; to diffuse ; disseminate. — Cir'culable, -la-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Circula'tion. n. Act of, etc.: currency; circulating coin, bills, etc ; extent to which anything circulates. — Cir'culator, -ter, n. — Cir'culatory, -rl, a. Circular; circulating. Circuit, ser'kit, n. Act of moving or revolving around ; a journeying from place to" place in the ex- ercise of one's calling : region passed over in such a journey, esp. that over which jurisdiction, as of a judge, etc., extends: that which enciicles anything, as a crown ; distance around any «pnce ; space in- closed within a circle, or within certain limits.— r t. To move or make to go round. [F., fr. L. drcuire, -Hum, fr. circum, around, and ire-, to go.] — Circui- tous, -ku'T-tus, a. Goin? round ia a circuit ; in- direct. — Circu'itously. adv. Circumambient. ser-knm-am''bT-ent, a. Surrounding: inclosing on all sides. [L. circum, around, about (oris. ace. of circus, circle), and ambire, to go round.] — Circumam / 'bulate,-lat, r. ;'. To walk round about. [L. ambidare, to walk.] — Circumam / bula''tian, n. Act of, etc. — Circumbend'"ibuB, n. A eircuitous route. [Vulgar.] — Cir'cumcise, -siz, v. t. [-cised (-sizd), -CISIXG.] To cut off the foreskin of, in the case of males, or the internal labia, in females. (Script.) To render holy. [L. circumcidere, fr. csedere, to cut.] — Cir'cumciser. n. — Circumcis- ' ion, -sizh'un, n. Act of, etc. (Script.) Rejection of the sins of the flesh : spiritual purification ; the Jews, as disting. fr. uncircumcised races. — Circum- clusion. -klu , zhun. n. Act of inclosing on all sides. [L. claudere, to shut.] — Circumduct, -dukf, j - . t. To lead about or astray. (Lav.) To contravene : nullify. [L. ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Circumduc'- tion, n. A leading about, an annullins. — Circam''- ference, -fer-ens, n. The line that encompasses a cir- cular figure ; periphery : space included in a circle; anything circular ; external surface of a sphere or orbicular body. [L./erre, to bear.] — Circum / feren / '- tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Circum'ferem'tor, -ter. n. A surveyors' instrument for taking horizontal angles and bearings. — Gir'cumflex, n. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall on the same syllable: a character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and fall of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [». or -*]; and in Latin and some other languages, a long and contracted syllable, marked [ «].— v. t. To mark or pronounce with a circum- flex. [L. fl£ctere,flerum, to bend.] — Circum / 'ftuent. -fluous. -floo-us, a. Flowing around : surrounding in the manner of a fluid. ['L.fluere. to flow.] — Circum- stin, eube, full ; moon, f 6"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. CIRCUS 92 CIVET fuse, -fuz', v. t. To pour round, spread round. [L- fundere, fusum, to pour.] — Circumfusion, -lu'zhun, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Cir'cumgyra''- tion, -jl-ra'shun, re. Act of turning or whirling round. [L. gyrure, to turn around.] — Circumja'- cent, -sent, a. Lying around ; bordering on every side. [L.jacens, p. pr. of jacere, to lie.] — Cir'cum- locu'tion, -ku'shun, re. A circuit of words ; peri- phrase. [L. loqui, locution, to speak.] — Cir / cumloc / - utory, -lok'u-to-rt, a. Pert, to, etc.; periphrastic. — Circumnavigate, -nav r t-gat, v. t. To sail around ; pass round by water. [L. navigare, -gatum, to sail, fr. navis, ship.] — Circumnav'igable, -ga-bl, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iga'tion, re. Act of, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iga'tor, -ter, re. One who, etc. — Circumpo'lar, a. About or near the pole. [L. polus, pole.]— Cir'cumposi'tion, -zish-un,n. Act of placing in a circle, or state of being so placed. [L. pone-re, positum, to place.]— Cir'cumrota'tion, -ta'- shun, re. Act of revolving round ; state of being whirled round. [L. rotare, to turn round, fr. rota, wheel.] — Circumro'tary, -tatory, -ta-to-rt, a. Turn- ing, rolling, or whirling round. — Cir'cumscribe, -skrib, v. t. [-scribed (-skrlbd), -scribing.] To in- close within a certain limit, hem in, limit, restrict, restrain. VL. scribere, scriptum, to write, draw.] — Cir- cumscrib able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Circum- acrib'er, re. — Circumscription, -sk rip-shun, re. Ex- terior line determining the form or magnitude of a body ; limitation by conditions, restraints, etc. ; bound ; limit. — Circumscrip'tible, -tl-bl, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. — Cireumscrip'tive, -tiv, a. De- fining the external form. — Cir'cumspect, -spekt, a. Attentive to all the circumstances of a case ; cautious ; watchful ; vigilant. [L. spicere or specere, spectum. to look.] — Circumspection, -spek'shun, n. Attention to, etc. : deliberation ; wariness ; forecast. — Cir- cumspect'ive, -iv, a. Looking round every way ; careful of consequences. — Cir'cumspect'ly, adv. — Cir'cumspect'ness, n. — Cir'cumstance, -stans, n. The condition of things surrounding an event ; something attending on a fact, though not essential thereto ; a particular incident or adjunct, pi. Con- dition in regard to worldly estate ; state of property. — v. t. [-stanced (-stanst), -stancing.] To place relatively, or in a particular situation. [L. stans, p. pr. of stare, to stand.] — Circumstantial, -stan'shal, a. Consisting in, or pert, to, circumstances, or par- ticular incidents; abounding with, or exhibiting all of, the circumstances ; minute ; particular. — n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance. — C. evidence. (Law.) Any evi- dence not direct and positive. — Cir'cumstan'tial'- ity, -shY-al'TC-ti, n. State of anything as modi- fied bv circumstances ; particularity in exhibiting circumstances ; minuteness. — Cir^umstan'tially, -shal-lT, adv. According to circumstances ; in every particular. — Cir'cumBtan'tiate, -shT-at, v. t. To place in particular circumstances ; to enter into de- tails concerning. — Circumvallate, -vallat, v. t. To surround with a rampart. [L. rallare, to wall.fr. vallum, rampart.] — Cir'cumvalla'tion, n. (Mil.) Act of surrounding with a wall ; a line of field works surrounding the camp of a besieging army. — Circumvent', v. t. To gain advantage over, by arts, stratagem, or deception ; to deceive, delude. [L. venire, ventum, to come.] —Circumvention, -ven'- shun, n. Deception ; fraud ; imposture. — Circum- venfive, -iv, a. Deceiving by artifices. — Circum- vest', v. t. To cover round as with a garment. [L. vestire, to cloth*, f r. vestis, garment.] — Circumvolve, -voW, v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -volving.] To roll ronnd, cause to revolve. — v. i. To revolve. [L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] — CiT'cumvolu'tien, n. Act of, etc. ; thing rolled round another. Circus, ser'kus, n. ; pi. Cir'cuses, -ez. (Roman An- tiq.) An open or inclosed space, or the edifice in- closing it, for games and shows. A circular inclos- ure, for feats of horsemanship; the company of per- formers in a circus, with equipage. — Cirque, sgrk, n. A circus. [F. cirque, L. circus, lit. a ring, circle, Gr. kirkos, krikos, AS. Turing.']— Circensial, -sen''- shal, -sian, -shan, a. Pert, to the circus, in Rome. Cirrus, slr'rus, re. ; pi. Cir'ri, -rt. (Bot.) A tendril. (Meteor.) A form of cloud composed of thin fila- ments, resembling a brush or masses of woolly hair. (Zobl.) A slender, frinse-like appendage. [L., a curl, tuft of hair.] — Cirriferoua, -rif'Sr-us, a. Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant. [L.. ferre, to bear.] — Cir'riped, -rT-ped, n. (Zobl.) A crustaceous an- imal, which throws out from its bivalvular shell a froup of legs resembling a curl. [L. pes, pedis, oot.] — Cirrocumulus, -ku'mu-lus, n. (Meteor.) A fleecy-looking cloud, composed of the cumulus broken up into masses. [L. cumulus, a heaped-up mass.]— Cirrostra'tus, re. (Meteor.) A cloud re- sembling the stratus in its main body, but the cirrus on its margin. [L. stratus, p. p. of_ stemere, to spread out.] — Cir'rous, -rus, -rose, -ros, a. (Bot.) Having, or terminating in, a curl or tendril. Cisalpine, sis-aKpin, a. On the hither (Roman) side of the Alps, — i. e. south of the Alps. [L. cis, on this side, and Alpes, the Alps.] — Cisatlan'tie, a. On this side of the Atlantic Ocean. — Cismon'tane, -tan, a. On this side of the mountains — Cis'pa- dane, -pa-dan, a. On the hither (Roman) side of the Po, — i . e. on the south side. [L. Padanus, f r. Padus, river Po.] Cissoid, sis'soid, n. (Geom.) A curve invented by Diocles. [Gr. kissos, ivy, and eidos, form.] Cist, sist, n. (Arch.) A chest or basket. (Antiq.) A Celtic tomb having a stone chest covered with slabs. [Same as chest; L. cista, Gr. kiste.] — Cis'tern, A reservoir for water or other liquids. [OF. ci»- terve, L. cisterna, fr. cista.] Cistercian, sis-tgr'shan, n. One of an order of Bene- dictine monks established orig. at Citeaux, France. Cit, Citadel, Citizen, See under City. Cite, sit, v. t. To call upon officially or authoritative- ly ; to summon ; to quote, name, or repeat, as the words of another ; to call or name, in proof or con- firmation of. [F. citer, L. citare, citatum, to cause to move, summon, freq. of ciere, to call, excite, Skr. ci , to sharpen.]— Cit'al, n. Summons to appear ; citation ; quotation. — Cita'tion, n. Official call or notice to appear ; paper containing such notice ; act of citing a passage from another person ; words quoted; enumeration; mention. — Cit'atory, -rt, «. Having the power or form of citation. — Cit'er, re. Cithern, sith'Srn, Cit'tern, n. A musical instrument, like the guitar. [Same as guitar ; L. cithera.] Citron, sit'run, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit ; the preserved rind of the fruit. [F. ; LL. citro, Gr. kitron, & citron, kitrea, citron tree.] — Cit'rate, -rat, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of citric aeid and a base. — Cifric, a. Of, or pert, to, an acid in the iuice of lemons and allied fruits.— Cit 'line, -rin, a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. — n. (Min.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. — Cif- rul, n. The watermelon. [NL. citreotus.~] City, sit'T, n. A large or corporate town ; inhabitants of a city. [F. cite", L. citas for civitas, a commu- nity, f r. civis, a citizen ; s. rt. L. quies, E. hive, home, quiet.] — Cit'izen. -I-zen, n. An inhabitant of a city ; a freeman of, etc., disting. fr. one not entitled to its franchises ; a native born or naturalized in- habitant of a country. [OF. citeain, F. citoyen.] — Citizenship, n. State of being, etc. — Cit, n. A contemptuous abbr. of citizen ; a pert townsman. — Cit'adel, n. A fortress in a fortified city. fit. cit- tadella, dim. of citta, a city, L. citas.] — Civic, siv'- ik, a. Pert, to, or derived fr., a city or citizen. — Civ'il, a. Pert, to a city or state, or to a citizen in his civic relations ; lawful or political, as opp. to military ; pert, to an organized community ; civil- ized ; having the manners of one dwelling in a city; courteous: complaisant. —Civil death. (Law.) That which cuts off a man from civil society, or its rights and benefits. — C. engineering. Science of construct ing public works. — C. law. The law of a state, city, or country; esp., the municipal law of the Roman em- pire. — C. war. A war between citizens of the same country. — C year. The legal year, appointed by the government.— Civ'illy, -IT, adv. — Civilian, st-viP*- yan, re. One skilled m the civil law ; one engaged ir pursuits of civil life, not military or clerical. — Civil'lty, -Y-ti, n. Courtesy of behavior; politeness ; good-breeding, pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. — Civ'ilize, -Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To re- claim from a savage state ; to educate, refine. — Civ'ilized, a. Reclaimed, etc. ; cultivated, — Civ'- iliz'able, a. — Civ / iliza / 'tion, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Civ'ism, -izm, re. State of citizenship. Gives, slvz, Chives, chlvz, re.; pi. A species of garlic, growing in tufts. [F. cive, a leek, L. csepa onion; prob. s. rt. caput, a head. _ Civet, siv'et, re. A substance of a musky odor, used as perfume. (Zobl.) A carnivorous animal producing civet, ranking be- tween the weasel and fox, na- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, iv*, tSrm ; In, fee ; 8dd, tone, dr ; CLABBER 93 CLATTER tive of North Africa. [F. civette, fr. Late Gr. zape- tion, fr. Ar. zebed, zabad.] Clabber, klab'bgr, n. Milk turned so as to become thick or inspissated. — v. i. To turn thick. [See Bonny- clabber.] Clack, klak, v. i. [clacked (klakt), clacking.] To make a sudden, sharp noise, as by striking or crack- ing ; to clink, click: to talk rapidly and continually. — v. t. To cause to make a sudden noise ; to clink ; to utter rapidly and inconsiderately. — n. A sharp, abrupt sound made by striking : anything that causes a clacking noise ; continual talk ; prattle ; prating. [D. klak, MHG. klac, a crack : D. klakken, G. krachen, to crash, crack ; Ir. and Ga. clag, Gr. kladzein, to make a din.] — Clack'er, n.— Clack'- valve, n. (Mach.) A valve with a flap, which falls with a clacking sound. Claim, klam, v. t. [claimed (klamd), claiming.] To call for, challenge as a right, demand as due. — v. i. To be entitled to anything, — n. A demand of a right or supposed right; a right to demand; title to anything in possession of another ; thing de- manded ; that to which one has a right. (Mining^) A space of ground worked under the law. [OF. darner, claimer, to call for, cry out, L. clamare, to call out, Skr. kal, to sound.]— Claim'able, a.— Claim "'- ant, n. One who claims. — Claimant, a. Crying earnestly ; clamorously beseeching.— Clamor, klam'- er, n. Loud and continued shouting or exclama- tion; loud noise; uproar; vociferation. — v. t. [clam- ored (-Srd), -obing.] To salute or stun with noise. — v. i. To vociferate, make importunate demands. [OF. andL., an outcry. ]— Clam'orous, -us, a. Noisy; turbulent.— Clam'orously, adv.— Clam 'or oneness, n. Clairvoyance, klar-voi r ans, n. A power, attributed to mesmerized persons, of discerning objects not present to the senses. [F., f r. clair (L. darns), clear, and voir (L. videi-e), to see.] — Clairvoy'ant, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. One who, etc. dam, klam, n. (Conch.) A bivalve shell-fish. pi. (Ship Carp.) Pincers for drawing nails, pi. (Mech.) A kind of vise. [Same as clamp, q. v.] — Clanr- bake, n. A preparation of clams baked between lay- ers of seaweed ; a picnic party regaled with it. Clam, klam, v. t. [clammed (klamd), clamming/] To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. — v. i. To be moist or sticky. [AS., clay, a plaster.] — Clam /r - my, -ml. a. Soft and sticky. — Clam'minesB, n. Clamber, klam'ber, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -Bering.] To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet. [Ic. klambra, to pinch together ; s. rt. clamp, climb.] Clamor, etc. See under Claim. Clamp, klamp, n. A piece of timber or iron, to fasten work together; a mass of bricks heaped material, to cover the jaws of a vise ; a heavy footstep. — v. t. [clamped (Wampt), clamping.] To unite or ren- Clamp, der firm by a clamp. — v. i. To tread heavily or clumsily, to clump. [D. and Sw. klamp, G. klampe, a clamp : D. klampa, Dan. klampe, to clamp, grap- ple, MHG. klimpfen, to press tighty together ; s. rt. dam, climb, clump, cramp. See Cramp.] (San, klan, n. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, and bearing the same surname ; a clique ; a sect, society, or bodv of persons. [Ga. dawn, descendants, Ir. eland, descendants, tribe, clan.] — Clan'ni&h, a. Closely united, like a clan; disposed to unite. — Clan'nishly, adv. — Clan'nish- ness, n — Clan'ship, n. State of union.— Clans'' man, klanz'man, n. One belonging to the same clan. Clandestine, klan-des'tin, a. Withdrawn from pub- lic notice; kept secret ; underhand; sly; fraudulent. [F. clondestin, L. eland estinus, fr. clam, secretly ; perh. rlam-dies-tinus. hidden from daylight.] — Clan- destinely, adv. — Clandes'tineness, n. Clang, klang, v. t. [clanged (klangd), clanging.] To strike together with a ringing metallic sound. — v. i. To produce, etc. — n. A ringing sound. [L. clangor, a loud noise, clangere, to make, etc., Gr. klangge, a clang, kladzein, to clash, clang ; D. klank, Sw. and Dan. klang, a clang ; onomat.] — Clangor, klan'gor, n. A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. — Clan / '- gorous, -us, a. Making a clangor. — Clank, klank, n. The loud, ringing sound made by a collision of sonorous bodies. — v. t. and t. [clanked (klaakt), clanking.] To make, etc. Clap, klap, v. t. [clapped (klapt), clapping.] To strike with a quick motion, making a noise by the collision; to thrust, drive, or put, hastilv or abruptly; to manifest approbation of, by striking the hands together, — v. i. To come together suddenly with noise ; to strike the hands together in applause ; to enter briskly. — n. A loud noise made by collis- ion ; a stroke ; thrust : sudden explosion ; striking of hands in approbation. [Ic. and Sw. klappa, D. klap- pen, to clap (the hands') ; s. rt. clack, clip.)— Clap'- per, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; the tongue of a bell. — Clapboard, klab'berd. n. In Amer., a board thicker at one edge than at the other, for covering houses ; in Eng., a stave. — r. t. To cover with clapboards.— Clap'trap, n. A trick to gain applause. — a. Not genuine. — Clap'perclaw, v. t. To fight and scratch : to revile, scold. Claque, klak, n. A collection of persons engaged to applaud a theatrical performance. [F. See Clack.] — Claquer, kla-ker', n. One employed, etc. Clarence, klar'ens, n. A close four-wheeled carriage. Clarendon, klar'en-dun, n. (Print.) A narrow, heavy- faced type, of all sizes. This line is in Clarendon type. Clare^obscure, klar'ob-skur, Claro-obscuro. kla'ro-ob- skoo'ro, n. Light and shade in painting: a design of two colors. [It. chiaro (L. clarus), clear, and oscuro (X. obscurus), obscure.] Claret, klar'et, n. A French pale wine : a dark-red wine from Bordeaux, etc. [F. clairet, claret, fr. L. clams, clear.] Clarichord. klar'Y-kOrd, n. A musical instrument like a spinet. [L. clarus. clear, and chorda, string.] Clarify, klar'T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.1 To make clear, purify from feculent matter, defecate, fine ; to brighten or illuminate. — v. i. To become pure, as liquors ; to grow clear or bright. [OF. clwifier, L. cvarificare, f r. clarus, clear, and facere, to make. See Clear.] — Clar'ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Clar'ifi'er, n. That which, etc.; vessel in which, etc. Clarion, klar'T-un, n. A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. [OF. ; F. clairon. LL. clario, fr. L. clarus, clear.] — Clar'ionet' Clar'inet, n. A wind reed instrument, used in military bands. Clash, klash, v. i. [clashed (klasht), clashing.] To dash noisily together, come in collision, inter- fere. — v. t. To strike noisily against. — n. A meet- ing with violence : contradiction, as between con- flicting interests, purposes, etc. [Same as clack, q. v.; Sw. and G. klatsch, a clash, fr. klak.] Clasp, klasp, n. A catch, for holding together the parts of anything; a close embrace. — v. t. [clasped (klaspt), clasping.] To shut or fasten together with a clasp ; to embrace ; grasp. [A form of clap and clamp ; AS. clynpan, to grasp.] — Clasp'er, n. One who. or that which, clasps, as a tendril. — Clasp-knife, -nif, n. A knife, whose blade folds into the handle. Class, klas, n. A group of individuals possessing common characteristics ; a number of students of the same standing : an order or division of animate or inanimate objects. — v. t. [classed (klast\ class- ing.] To form into a class, arrange in classes, rank together. — v. i. To be grouped or classed. [F. classe, a rank, order, L. classis, a class, assembly of people, army, fleet; s. rt. calare, to cry out, publish, Gr. kalein, "to convoke.]— Class'mate, n. One in the same class. — Clas'sic. -sical. a. Of the first class or rank, esp. in literature or art ; orig. pert, to the best Greek and Roman writers, now, also, to the best modern authors ; pert, to the Greeks and Latins ; chaste ; pure ; refined. — Classic, n. A work of acknowledged excellence : one learned in the classics. [L. classicus, pert, to the classes of the Rom. people, esp. to the first class, fr. classisA — Clas'sicalism, -izm, Clas'sicism, -sizm, n. A clas- sical idiom, style, or expression. — Classicallty, Clas'sicalness, n. Quality of being classical. — Clas'sicaJly, adv. In a classical manner : accord- ing to a regular order of classes. — Clas'sicist, -sist, n. One skilled in classical learning. — Clas'sicize, -siz, ?'. f. To render classic. — Cbursiiy, -sT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To distribute into classes, ar- range, rank, systematize. [L. facere, to make.] — Clas'sifica'tion, n. — Classif'ic, a. Constituting classes. — Clas'sifica'tory, a. Pert, to, admitting of, or forming the basis of, classification. Clatter, klat't5r, v. i. [-tered (-terd). -tering.] To make rattling sounds ; to rattle with the tongue, prate. — v. t. To strike and make a rattling noise. — sto, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CLAUSE 94 CLICK n A repeated rattling noise. [Freq. of clack ; AS. ciatnmg, a clattering, rattle, D. klater, fr. klateren, to rattle.]— Clat'terer, n. One who, etc.; a babbler. Clause, klawz, n. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence. (Gram.) A portion of a sentence containing a finite verb and its ad- junct. [F. ; L. clausa, a clause, period, fr. claudere, to shut, inclose ; s. rt. close.] Claustral. See under Cloister. Clavate, -vated, kla'va-ted, a. (Bot. and Zobl.) Club- shaped; thicker toward the top. [L. clava. club.] Clavicle, klav'l-kl, n. (Anat.) The collar-bone. [L. claricula, little key, dim. of clavis, key, fr. claudere, to shut.]— Cla'viary, -yT-a-rT, n. (Mus.) An index of keys. — Clavier, kla'vt-er or kl&'vT-a, n. The key-board of an organ, piano-forte, etc. [F.] — Clavichord, -f-kord, n. A keyed stringed instru- ment, preceding the piano-forte. [L. chorda, string.] Claw, klaw, n. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird; a talon. — v. t. [clawed (klawd), clawing.] To pull, tear, or scratch with claws or nails ; to get off or escape. [AS. claivu, D. klaauw, Ic, Dan., and Sw. klo, a claw ; Ic. and Sw. kla, to scratch.] Clay, kla, n. A soft earth, consisting of alumina and silica, with water. (Poetry and Script.) Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body ; the human body. — v. t. [clayed (klad), claying.] To manure with clay ; to purify and whiten with clay, as sugar. [AS. cleeg, Dan, klseg, D. and G. klei; s. rt. cleave, clew, clog.] — Clay'ey, -Y, a. Consisting of, abounding in, or like, clay. — Clay'-marl, n. A smooth, chalky clay. Claymore, kla'mer, n. A two-handed sword formerly used by the Scottish Highlanders. [Contr. fr. Ga. claidheamhmor, broadsword ; cla'utheamh, sword, and mar, great.] Clean, klen, a. Free from dirt, or from that which is injurious; without defects; adroit; dexterous; free from restraint or limitation; complete; sinless; pure. (Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement, — adv. Without limitation or remainder; quite; entirely; dexterously ; adroitly. — v. t. [cleaned (klend), cleaning.] To free from dirt, purify, cleanse. [AS. clsene, clene, W. glain, Ir. and Ga. glan, clean, pure.] — Cleanly, klenlY, adv. In a clean man- ner; neatly. — Clean'ness, n. — Cleanly, klenlY, a. Habitually clean, avoiding defilement : innocent; pure; cleansing; adroit; artful. — Cleanlily, klen'"- Il-lT, adv. In a cleanly manner. — Cleanliness, n. — Cleanse, klenz, v. t. [cleansed (klenzd), cleans- ing.] To render clean. — v. i. To become clean. (AS. clsensian.] — Cleans'able, a. — Cleans'er, n. One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Clear, kler, n. (Carp.) Full extent ; distance be- tween extreme limits. — a. Free from opaqueness, blemish, guilt, obstacle, etc.; able to perceive clear- ly; acute; unbiased: distinctly heard; audible; man- ifest; plain ; distinct. — adv. Plainly; quite ; en- tirely. — v. t. [cleared (klerd), clearing.] To free from obscurity, etc.; to leap or pass by, or over, without touching or failure; to remove so as to leave something unobstructed. — v. i. To become clear from clouds or fog; to become disengaged. (Bank- ing.) To make exchanges and settle balances. (Naut.) To obtain a clearance, and sail from port. [OF. cfer, clair, L. clarus, bright, clear, loud; prob. ir. cldmare, to cry aloud; peril, fr. calere, to glow, become bright.] — To clear a ship. To procure legal permission to sail. — To c. the land. (Naut.) To gain a safe distance from shore. — To c. out. To de- part. — Clearly, adv. — Clear'er, n. — Clear'age, -ej, >i. Act of removing anything. — Clear'ance, n. Act of clearing; a certificate that a ship has cleared at the custom-house; clear or net profit. — Clearing, n. Act or process of making clear; a place of land cleared of wood for cultivation. (Banking.) A method for making exchanges and settling balances. — Clearing-house, n. (Banking.) The place where clearing is carried on. — Clear'sighted, -slfed, a. Having acute sight.— Clear'-sightedness, >?,.— Clear- starch, v. t. T© stiffen with starch, and then clear by clapping with the hands. — Clear'-story, -stolY, Clerestory, kler'sto-rY or kler r es-to-ri, n. (Arch.) An upper story or row of windows, esp. in a Gothic church, rising clear above adjoining parts of the building. — Clear - '- stuff, n L Boards, etc., free from knots. Cleat, klet, n. ( Carp.) A strip of wood nailed to something to strengthen or fasten it. (Naut.) A piece of wood, to belay ropes to. pi eat . A piece of iron to render shoes more durable. ^ >osition 1 | Ff^:® — 1\ t. To strengthen with a cleat. [D. kluit, a lump, W. clwt. Corn, clut, a piece, patch.] Cleave, klev, v. i. [imp. .cleaved (klevd) or (o&O clave; p. p. cleaved; cleaving.] To adhere closely, stick, hold fast ; to be united closely in in- terest or affection; to be adapted; to agree. [AS. clifian, D. kleven, to cling; s. rt. Gr. glia, L. gluten, E. glue, also climb, clip.] Cleave, klev, v. t. [imp. cleft or (obs.) clave and clove ; p. p. cleft or cleaved (klevd); cleaving.] To part or divide by force, split, rive; to part or open naturally, divide. — v. i. To part, open, crack. [AS. cleqfan,D. kloven; perh. s. rt. Gr. gltiphein, to hollow out, L. glubere, to peel.] — Cleav'er, n. One who, or that which, cleaves, — esp. a butcher's meat- chopper. — Cleav'able, a. — Cleav'age, -ej, n. Act of, etc. (Crystallog.) Quality of splitting or di- viding naturally. — Cleft, n. An opening, or a piece, made by splitting; crack; crevice; chink. (Far.) A crack in the bend of the pastern. — Clove'hitch, klovliich, n. (Naut.) A hitch formed with a rope, with ends reaching out in contrary directions. — Clo'ven-foot'ed, -fdot'ed, -hoofed, -hdof t, a. Having the foot divided in two parts, as the ox, etc. Clef, kief, n. (31ns.) A character in musical nota- tion to determine the position and pitch of the scale as^ resented on the staff. clavis, Gr. kleis, key.] Cleft. See under Cleave. _ ™7q~~7 Clematis, klem'a-tis, n. A ge- ^ Wei. * Wet. „. nus of elimbing plants. [LL.; " Wet. Gr. klematis, fr. klema, twig, shoot, fr. klan, to lop, prune.] Clement, klem'ent, a. Mild in temper and disposi- tion; lenient; tender ; indulgent. [F.; L. clemens, dementis.] — Clem'ently, adv. — Clem'ency, -sY, n. Quality of being, etc. Clementine, klenrent-in, a. Pert, to St. Clement or his compilations; or to the constitutions of Clement V. Clench. See Clinch. Clepsydra, klep'sY-dra or -si'dra, n. An ancient water- clock, — a contrivance to measure time, by the flow of water through an aperture. [L.; Gr. klepsudra, fr. kleptein, to steal, and hudor, water.] Clerestory. See under Clear. Clergy, kler' jY, n. The body of ecclesiastics, as disting fr. the laity; in Eng., ministers of the established church ; benefit of clergy. [OF. clergie, fr. LL. clericus, a clerk, clergyman, Gr. klerikos, pert, to the clergy, clerical, fr. kleros, a lot, portion.] — Benefit of clergy. (Eng. Law.) Exemption of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge — once extended to all who could read, but now abolished. — Clergyable, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy. — Clergyman, n. ; pi. -men. An ordained minister. — Cleric, klerlk, n. A clerk, or clergyman. — Cleric, -ical, a. Pert, to the clergy; also to a clerk or copyist. — Clericalism, -izm, n. Clerical domination or influence. —Clerk, klerk, n. Orig., an educated person; scholar; in Eng., a lay parish officer, who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it; a scribe: penman; accountant; an assistant in a shop or score ; who sells goods, keeps accounts, etc. [Pron. klark in England.] [AS. and OF. clerc, a priest, fr. L. clericus.] — Clerkly, a. Scholar-like. — Clerk'ship, n. Condition or business of, etc. Clever, klev'er, a. Possessing skill, talent, or adroit- ness; showing skill in the doer; having fitness, pro- priety, etc.; well-shaped, handsome, good-natured, kind-hearted. [Amer.] [Perh. corrup. of ME. de- liver, agile, nimble, ready of action, fr. OF. delivre, free, prompt, diligent, fr. L. liber, free.] — CleV- erly, adv. — Cleverness, n. Clevis, klevls, Clevy, kleVY, n. A draft-iron on the end of a cart-tongue or plow-beam. [Fr. rt. of cleave, to adhere, hold fast, q. v.] Clew, Clue, klu, n. A ball of thread; thread used as a guide in a labyrinth; that which guides one in anything doubtful or intri- cate. (Naut.) The outer lower corner of * a sail. — v. t. [clewed (klud), clewing.] Clevis. (Naut.) To draw up to the yard, as a sail. To direct, as by a thread. [AS. cliwe, D. and MHG. kluwen, ball of thread, D. kluwenen, to wind.] Click, klik, v. i. [clicked (klikt), clicking.] To make a small, sharp noise, as by gentle striking; to tick. — n. A small, sharp sound: a peculiar articu- lation used by natives of Southern Africa. — n. A small piece of iron, falling into a notched wheel; a am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, tSrm ; in, ice ; Sdd, tone, or ■■ CLIENT 95 CLOTH detent; pawl. [Onomat.; dim. of clack; D. klikklak- ken, to clash together.] Client, kU'ent, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A citizen under the protection of a patron. A dependent; one who ap- plies to a lawyer for advice, direction, etc., in a question of law. [F. ; L. cliens for cluens, one who hears (advice), fr. cluere, Gr. kktein, Skr. cru, to hear.] — Client'al, a. Dependent; of, or pert, to, a client. — Cli'entship, n. State or condition of, etc. — Clientage, -ej, n. Clients collectively; a body of clients. — Clientele, -teK, n. A body of clients, de- pendents, or supporters. [F.] Cliff, klif, n. A high, steep rock ; precipice. [AS. clif, Ic. and D. klif; prob. not s. rt. cleave, to split, but perh. s. rt. cleave, to adhere to, clamber, climb, etc.] — Cliffy, -1, a. Having cliffs; craggy. Climacteric. S>ee under Climax. Climate, kli 'mat, n. (Anc. Geog.) One of 30 zones of the earth, parallel to the equator. Condition of a place in relation to temperature, moisture, etc. [F. ciimat, L. clima, Gr. klima, fr. klinein, to lean, slope.] Climatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or limited by climate. Cli'matize, -tlz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To acclimate. — v. i. To become acclimated. — Cli tol'ogy, -ji, n. Science of, or a treatise on, climates J To lma- [Gr. logos, discourse.] Umax, kli'maks, n. ( which a sentence rises, as if step by step, in impor {Rhet. An arrangement in tance, force, or dignity. The highest point; great- est degree; acme. [L.; Gr. klimax, a ladder, stair- case, fr. klinein, to lean, slope ; s. rt. lean.] — Cli- macteric, kli-mak'ter-ik or khm-ak-tSr'ik, a. Pert, to a critical period of life. — n. A critical period in human life, or one in which change is supposed to take place in the constitution; any critical period. [Gr. Mimakter, step of a ladder.] — Grand or great climacteric. The 63d year. Climb, kllm, v. i. or t. [climbed (klimd) or (obs. or vul- gar) clomb (kl5m), climbing.] To ascend by means of hands and feet; to mount laboriously or slowly. [AS. climban, D. and MHG. klimmen; s. rt. clip, cleave, clamber.] — Climb'able, a. — Climb'er, n. Clime, kllm, n. Same as Climate. Clinch, klinch, Clench, v. t. [clinched (klincht), clinching.] To make or hold fast, grasp, gripe; to render firm, confirm, establish. — n. Act or pro- cess of. etc.; or that which serves to hold fast; a pun. (Naut.) A kind of knot and seizings to fasten a cable or gun to ring-bolts. [ME. clenchen, to rivet, fasten firmly, D. klinken, to sound, tinkle, also to rivet, f r. Mink, a blow, rivet, Dan. klinke, Sw. klinka, a latch, rivet, OF. clenche, a latch.] — Clinch'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; a decisive argument. ding, kling, v. i. [clung, clinging.] To adhere closely, hold fast, esp. by winding round or em- bracing. — v. t. To cause to adhere to. [AS. clin- gan, to shrivel up, dry up, Dan. klynge, to cluster, a cluster, Sw. klange, a tendril, clasper, clanga, to climb ; s. rt. clamber, clamp, climb, clip, clump, ci-amp.] — Cling'y, -T, a. Adhering closely. — Cling'- stone, n. A variety of peach, whose pulp adheres closely to the stone. Clinic, klinlk, -ical, a. Pert, to a bed; confined to bed by illness ; bed-ridden. — Clinic, n. One con- fined, etc. [L. clinicus, a bed-ridden person, a phy- sician, fr. Gr. kline, a bed, fr. klinein, to slope, lie down.] — Clinique, -ek', n. An examination of dis- eased persons by medical professors in presence of their pupils. [F.] Clink, klink, v. t. [clinked (klinkt), clinking.] To make a small, sharp, ringing sound. — n. A ring- ing sound. [Ic. kling! tins! tang!, klingja, to ring, D. klinken, to sound, tinkle, ktink, a blow. See Click.] — Clink'er, n. Several bricks united by heat; scoria, or refuse of a furnace; vitrified mat- ter ejected from a volcano. \T>.klinker, a hardened brick (which is sonorous), klinke, & tile.]— Clink'- stone, n. (Mn.) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition like porphyry, but lamellar. Clip, klip, v. t. [clipped (klipt), clipping.] Orig., to embraee, encompass; to cut off, as with a single stroke; to curtail, cut short, — v. i. To move swift- ly. — n. An embrace; a cutting; shearing; product of a single shearing; a blow or stroke with the hand. [AS. clyppan, to embrace, Ic. and Sw. klippa, to clip, shear, — fr. the drawing closely of the edges of shears; s. rt. cleave, climb.] — Clip'per, n. One who clips; esp. who cuts off edges of coin. {Naut.) A fast-sailing vessel, having the bow sharp and long. — Clip'ping, n. Act of embracing, cutting off , or curtailing; thing clipped off. Clique, klek, n. A narrow circle of persons; coterie; set. [F., fr. clif/uer, to clack, make a noise, D. klik- ken, to click, inform, tell. See Click.] Cloak, klok, n. A loose, outer garment, a disguise or pretext. — v. t. [cloaked (klQkt), cloaking.] To cover with a cloak; to hide or conceal. [OF. claque, cloche, LL. cloca, a bell, cape; s. rt. clock, q. v.] Clock, klok, n. An instrument for measuring time. [AS. clucga, W. and Corn, cloc/i, LL. cloca, clo&:a, F. cloche, a bell; Ir. and Ga. clog, 1). klok, Ic. klukku, Sw. klocka, G. glocke, bell, also clock. See Clack.] — Clock'-work, -werk, n. Machinery of , er resem- bling that of, a clock. Clod, klod, n. A lump or mass, esp. of earth, turf, or clay; the ground, earth; the body as compared with the soul; a dull, stupid fellow; a dolt. — v. i. To collect into concretions ; to clot. — v. t. To pelt with clods. [A form of clot, a. v.; Sw. klodd, a lump of snow, clay, etc.] — Clod'dy, -dT, a. Full of clods; earthy; mean; gross. — Clod'' dish, a. Gross; low; stupid. — Clod'-hopper, ». A rude, rustic fel- low; clown; bumpkin. — Clod'' pate, -poll, -pol, n. A stupid fellow; dolt; blockhead. — Clod'pated, a. Cloff. See Clough. Clog, klog, v. t. [clogged (klogd), clogging.] To en- cumber, or load, esp. with something that sticks fast; to obstruct so as to hinder motion, choke up, em- barrass, impede, hamper, — v. i. To become loaded or encumbered ; to coalesce or adhere. — n. That which hinders motion; an embarrassment; a heavy shoe ; wooden shoe. [E., fr. AS. cispg, clay; s. rt. clew, cleave, clot.} — Clog'gy, -gT, a. Having power to clog. — Clog'giness, n. Cloister, klois'ter, n. A covered arcade ; a monastic establishment. — t;. t. [cloistered (-terd), -ter- ing.] To confine in a cloister. [OF. clointre, L. claustrum, fr. claudere, clausum, to shut, shut in, in- close. See Close.] — Clois'tral, Clans'' tral, klaws'- tral, a. Pert, to, or confined in, etc. — Clois'terer, n. An inmate of, etc. Cloke. See Cloak. Close, kloz, v. t. [closed (klozd), closing.] Tg bring together the parts of; to stop, shut; to bring to an end, conclude; to inclose, encompass, confine. — v. i. To come together, unite or coalesce; to end, terminate. — n. Union of parts; junction; termina- tion; end; a grapple in wrestling. (Mus.) Emi of a strain of music; cadence. An inclosed place; esp. a field or piece of land; a passage from a street to a court, and the houses with- in; the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. [OF.™ clos, inclosed, p. p. of clore, L. claudere, clau- sum, to shut, shut in.] — Clos'er, n. — Closure, klo'- zhur, n. Act of shutting; a closing; that which shuts, incloses, or confines; end; conclusion. — To close with. To accede, consent, or agree; to grapple with. — Close, klos, a. Shut fast; closed; tight; pent up; confined; secret; stagnant; without motion or ventilation; secretive; reticent; parsimonious; nig- gardly; dense; solid; compact; adjoining; near; in- timate; confidential; adhering to rule; strict; accu- rate; precise; evenly balanced: doubtful. — adv. In a close manner or state. — Close communion. With Baptists, communion in the Lord's supper only with those baptized by immersion. — C. breeding. Breeding between animals nearly akin. — C. corpo- ration. A body which fills its own vacancies, and is not open to the public— C. vowel. (Pron.) One pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. — Closely, adv.— Close'ness, n. — Ciose'-bodied, -bod'- id, o. iitting the body exactly. — ast'ed, a. Covet- ous; niggardly. — hauled, -ha'wlrt, a. (Naut.\ Kept as near as possible to the point from which the wind blows. — stool, n. A box containing i chamber ves- sel for the sick. — Closet, kloz'et, »,. A room for re- tirement or privacy; a small, close apartment, for utensils, articles of furniture, etc. — v. t. To shut up in a closet ; to take into a private room for con- sultation. [OF., dim. of clos, an inciosed place.] Clot, klot, n. A concretion, esp. of a soft, slimy char- acter; a coagulation. — v. i. To concrete or coagu- late; to be formed into clots or clods; to becorne gross. [D. kluit, a clod, Moot, a ball, sphere Ic. and Sw. Mot, Dan. Mode, sphere, ball. See Clod.] — Clofty, -tT, o. Full of, etc. Cloth, kloth, n. A woven stuff of fibrous material: a profession, or the members of it, esp. the clerical profession [AS. cladh, Ic. klxdhi, Dan. and Sw. klsede, cloth ;_D. Meed, G. kleid, garment.] —Clothes, klotiiz or kloz, n. pi. Covering for the body, or of sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CLOUD 96 CO APT ATE a bed; garments; dress. TAS. cladhas, pi. of cladh.] —Cloth measure. The measure of length of surface by which cloth is sold, —a division of the yard into quarters and nails. — Clothes'' wringer. A machine for wringing water from clothes after washing. — Clothe, kloflb., v. t. [clothed (klothd) or clad, clothing.] To put garments upon, furnish with raiment ; to cover or invest, as with a garment. — v. i. To wear clothes. [Ic. klsedha, D. kleeden.] — Cloth/ ing, n. Raiment; covering. — Clothier, -ygr, n. One who makes, sells, dresses, or fulls cloth. Cloud, klowd, n. A collection of visible vapor sus- pended in the atmosphere; a mass of smoke or dust resembling vapor; a dark vein or spot in marble, etc. ; that which has a lowering or threatening as- pect; a great crowd or multitude. — v. t. To be overspread with clouds; to render dark or obscure; to variegate with colors. — v. i. To grow cloudy or ofcscure. [AS. clud, a mass; s. rt. clew, cleave, clot, clod.] — Cloud'y, -I, a. Overcast or obscured with, or consisting of, clouds; lacking clearness; not eas- ily understood; having the appearance of gloom; marked with veins or spots. — Cloud'ily, -I-lI, adv. — Cloudiness, n. — Cloudless, a. Unclouded. Clough, kluf , n. A narrow valley between hills. [Ic. klofi, fr. kluifa, to cleave ; same as cleft] Clough, Cloff, klof, n. An allowance of two pounds in every hundred weight, after deducting tare and tret; a sluice for letting off water. Clout, klowt, n. A piece of cloth, leather, etc., for a patch; the center of an archer's butt; an iron plate on an axletree. [AS. clut, Ir. and Ga. clud.] — v. t. To cover with cloth or other material; to patch; join in a clumsy manner; to guard with an iron plate. — Clouts-nail, n. A nail lor securing patches of iron^etc, also for soles of shoes. Clove, klov, n. A pungent aromatic spice, the unex- panded flower-bud of the clove tree. [F. clou, a clove, f r. L. clavus, a nail, — the clove being nail- shaped.]— Clove '-gUly-flower, -jil'fi-flow-er, -pink, n. The carnation pink. Clove, klov, n. (Bot.) One of the small bulbs devel- oped in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. [AS. clufe, perh. fr. cleofan, to cleave.] Clove-hitch, Cloven, etc. See under Cleave. Clover, klo'vSr.w. {Bot.) A plant of the grass kind. [AS. clsefre. D. klaver, Dan. Mover ; prob. f r. AS. cleofan, to cleave.] — To live in clover. To live lux- uriously, or in abundance. Clown, kfown, n. A husbandman; rustic; an ill-bred man ; the fool in a play, circus, etc. — v. i. To act as a clown. [Ic. klunrd, a clumsy fellow; s. rt. clump, club, clumsy.] — Clownish, a. Like, etc.; ungainly; boorish. — Clownlshly, adv. — Clownlshness, Cloy, kloi, v. t. [cloyed (kloidj), cloying.] To glut or satisfy, satiate, surfeit. [OF. doer, F. clouer, t< nail up, fr. L. clavus, nail.] Club, klub, n. A heavy staff, wielded with the hand; one of the suits of cards, having a figure like the clover-leaf. — v. t. To strike with a club. [Ic. and Sw. kluhba, Dan. klub, club; Sw. and Dan. klump, a lump.] — Clubfoot, n. A short, deformed foot. [Dan. klumpfod.] — foot'ed, a. — law, n. Violence. Club, klub, n. An association of persons for some common object, at joint expense. — v. i. and t. To combine to promote some common object; to pay one's proportion of a common expense. [G. klub; same as clump (of people).] — Club'bish, a. Dis- posed to associate. — Club-house, n. House occu- pied by, etc. — room, n. Place where a club meets. Cluck, kluk, v. i. [clucked (klukt), clucking.] To make the noise of a brooding hen. — v. t. To call, as a hen does her chickens. — n. (Pron.) A peculiar articulation used by natives of South Africa. [Ono- mat. ; AS. cloccian, D. klokken, Dan. kluJcke, G. glucken, to cluck. See Clack, Click.] Clue. Same as Clew. Clump, klump, n. A shapeless mass of wood, etc.; a cluster of trees; the compressed clay of coal strata. [Dan. and G.; s. rt. clamp, club. See Club.] Clumsy, klum^zT, a. Without grace of shape, man- ners, etc. ; awkward ; uncouth. [Sw. klummsen, D. kteumsrh, benumbed with cold ; s. rt. clam, clamp, cramp.] — Clum'sily, -zl-ll, adv.— Clum'siness, n. Clung. See Cling. Cluniac. klu'nl-ak, n. One of a reformed order of Benedictine monks, —so called fr. Cheny, in France. Cluster, kluslSr, n. A number of similar things growing, joined, or collected together; a crowd.— v. i. [clustered (-tSrd), -teeing.] To grow in clusters, gather in a bunch or mass. — v. t. To col- w-fr Clutch. lect into a bunch or close body. [AS.; s. rt. clifian, to adhere to, E. cleave, cling.] — Clustery, -I, ». Growing in, or full of, etc. Clutch, kluch, v. t. [clutched (klucht), clutching,] To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand ; to close tightly, clinch. — v. i. To catch, snatch. — n. A-s fripe ; seizure; grasp Mach.) A projecting piece, for connecting shafts, so as to be disen- gaged a t pleasure ; t h e cross-head of a piston-rod. pi. The hands ; hence, power ; rapacity. [ME. clucchen, to claw, clechen, to snatch, fr. AS. gelxc- can, to seize; s. rt. latch.] Clutter, klut'ter, n. A confused collection; confu- sion; disorder. — v. t. [cluttered (-tSrd), -tering.] To crowd together in disorder, fill with things in confusion. — v. i. To make a bustle, or fill with confusion. [W. cludair, a heap, pile.] Clypeate, klip'e-at, a. (Bot.) Shaped like a round shield; scutate. [L. clypeus, a shield.] Clyster, klisler, n. (Med.) An injection into the bowels 1 [L. ; Gr. Muster, f r. kluzein, to wash.] Coach, koch, n. A large, close, four-wheeled carriage. — v. t. To convey in a coach; to cram, or prepare for an examination. [F. coche, fr. L. concha, shell, boat.] — Coach'ee, n. Slang name for a coachman. — Coacb/-box, n. Seat for the driver of a coach. — Coach/man, n. One who drives a coach. Coaction, ko-ak'shun, n. Force ; compulsion. [L. coactio, fr. con, together, and agere, actum, to drive.] — Coactlve, -iv, a. Serving to compel or constrain; acting in concurrence. Coadjutor, ko-ad-julgr, n. One who aids another, or is empowered to perform the duties of another; as- sistant ; colleague; co-worker. [L.; con, with, ad, to, juvare, to help.] — Coadjulrix, n. A female as- sistant.— Coad'jutant, a. Mutually assisting. Coagent, ko-a'jent, n. An assistant or associate. Coagulate, ko-ag'u-lat, v. t. To cause to change into a curd-like state, — said of liquids. — v.i. To un- dergo coagulation, thicken, curdle. [L. coagvlare, f r. coagulum, rennet, fr. con, together, and agere, to drive.] — Coag'ulable, a. — Coagulalion, n. Act of, etc. — Coag'ulative, -tiv, a. Causing, etc. — Co- ag'ulator, n. That which causes, etc. — Coag'u- lum, n. A coagulated mass, as curd. [L.] Coal, kol, n. Wood charred, or partially burnt; char- coal. (Min.) A black, solid, combustible substance, consisting mainly of carbon, used for fuel. — v. t. [coaled (kold), coaling.] To burn to coal, char; to mark with charcoal; to supply with coal. — v.i. To take in coal, —said of steam-vessels. [AS. col, Ic, Sw., and MHG. kol; prob. s. rt. Skr.jral,to blaze.] — To carry coals. To submit to degradation or insult. — To carry c. to Newcastle. To do some- thing superfluous; to lose one's labor. — Tohaul over the c. To scold or call to account. — Coal'ery, -er-T, Colliery, koKySr-I, n. A place where coal is dug.— Collier, -yer, n. A digger of , or dealer in, eoal; a vessel for transporting coal. — Coal'y, -T, a. Pert, to or containing coal. — Colly, kSKl, n. Black grime or soot of coal or burnt wood. — v. t. [collied (kol'id), -lying.] To render black. — Coal'field, n. A region where coal abounds. — heav'er, n. One em- ployed in discharging coal from ships, cars, etc. — -measure, -mezh'gr, n. The measure used in ascer- taining the quantity of coal, pi. (Geol.) Strata of coal with the attendant rocks. — oil, n. Petroleum. — pit, n. A pit where coal is dug, or charcoal made. — scut'tle, n. A utensil for holding coal. — tar, n. A substance, distilled from bituminous coal. — -whip'per, n. One who raises coal from a ship's hold. Coalesce, ko'a-les', v. i. [coalesced (-lest'), coa- lescing.] To grow together; unite into one mass; unite in society. [L. coalescere, fr. con and alescere, to grow up, freq. of alere, to nourish.] — Coales'- cence, -sens, n. Act of, etc.; union. — Coales'cent, -sent, a. Growing together. — Coalition, -lish'un, n. Union in a body or mass; a temporary combination of persons, parties, states, etc., having di'« erent in- terests; confederacy; combination; conspiracy. Coamings, Combings, kom'ingz, n. pi. (Naut.) The raised borders or edges of the hatches. Coaptate, ko-ap'tat, v. t. To adjust, as parts to each other, — esp. (Surg.) to adjust the parts of a broken bone. [L. con and aptare, aptatum, to adapt.] — Co- aptation, -ta'shun, n. Adaptation of, etc. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, Sve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 3r ; COARSE 97 COCOON Coarse, kors, a. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts; not refined or nice; gross: rough; indelicate. [Orig. course, prob. contr. for in course.] — Coarsely, -IT, adv. — Coarse'neBS, n. Coast, kost, n. Orig. the exterior line, or border of a country; edge of trie laud next to the sea; sea-shore. — v.i. To approach; to sail by or near a coast; to sail from port to port in the same country; to slide down a hill on a sled, upon snow or ice. [F. core. OF. coste, L. costa, rib, side; s. rt. accost, cutlet.] — Coasting trade. Trade between different ports of the same country, as disting. f r. foreign trade. — Coasfer, n. A person or vessel that sails along a coast trading from port to port. — Coast'-line, n. Outline of a coast; shore line. — Coast/wise, adv. By way of, or along, the coast. Coat, kot, n. A man's outer garment ; the habit or vesture of an order of men ; an external covering, as fur or hair of a beast ; a layer of any substance covering another ; a tegument ; that on which en- signs armorial are portrayed. — v. t. To cover with a coat. [OF. cote, LL. cota, a garment, tunic ; s. rt. AS. and E. cote, E. cot.] — Coat of arms. (Her.) A nabit worn by knights over armor : an armorial de- vice. — C. or' mail. Armor covering the upper por- tion of the body, consisting of a net-work of iron rings. — Coatee', n. A short coat.— Coating, n. Any substance used as a cover or protection ; cloth for coats. — Coat'armor, n. Coats of arms ; armori- al ensigns. — card, n. A card bearing a coated fig- ure ; viz., the king, queen, or knave. Coax, koks, v. t. [coaxed (kokst), coaxing.] To persuade by insinuating courtesy, flattery, or fond- ling; to wheedle, fawn. [ME. cokes, simpleton, gull, dupe ; pern. s. rt. cockney.] — Coax'er, n. Cob, kob, n. The top or head ; hence, that which is large, round, etc. ; a person at the top, or distin- guished ; a rich, covetous person ; a lump or piece, as of stone; a spider ; a short-legged and stout vari- ety of horse ; the spike on which grains of maize grow. [W. cob, a tuft, spider, cop, top, crest, Ga. copan, boss of a shield, cup, D. kop, head, man, cup.] — Cob'ble, Cob1)le-fltone, Cob'stone, n. A rounded fragment, as of coal, stone, etc. — Cob'nut, n. A large nut; a child's game played with nuts, also the mut winning the game. — Cob'web, n. A spider's net ; a snare or device. — r. t. To cover with, or as with, cobwebs. [Fr. W. cob, spider, and E. web ; or abbr. of ME. alter cop-web, fr. AS. attorcoppa, spider, fr. ator, poison, and coppa = W. cop.] Cobalt, ko'bawlt, n. A reddish-gray metal, brittle, and difficult of fusion : its oxides are used in glass manufacture to produce the blue varieties called smalt. [G. /cobalt for kobold, a goblin, LL. cobalus, Gr. kobalos.] — Cobalt 1c, -ous, a. Pert, to, etc. Cobble, kob'bl. n. A fishing-boat. See Coble. — A stone. See under Cob. Cobble, kob'bl, v. t. [cobbled (-bid), cobbling.] To make or mend coarsely, as shoes; to do bun- glingly. [OF. cobler, coubler, to couple, join to- gether, L. copulare.] — Cob'bler, n, A mender of shoes; a clumsy workman ; a beverage composed of wine, sugar, lemon, and broken ice. Coble, kohl, n. A boat used in herring fishery. [W. ceubal, skiff, ceubren, hollow tree, ceuo, to hollow.] Cobra de capello, ko'bra-da-ka-pello. The hooded snake, a venomous reptile of the East Indies. [Pg., serpent of the hood.] Cocagne, kok-an', n. An imaginary countrv of idle- ness, luxury, and delight : the land of cockneys, — applied to London and its suburbs. [F. : It. Cu- eaqna, fr. cucca, sweetmeats, fr. L. coquere, to cook.] Cocciferous, kok-sif er-us, a. Bearing berries. [L. coccuin, a berry, and/erre, to bear.] Cochineal, koch'1-nel, n. A plant-louse found upon the Mexican cactus; the dried insects used as a scar- let dye-stuff, from which earmine is made. [Sp. cochiiiilla, fr. L. coccinus, scarlet, and coccum. berry, cochineal, the ancients supposing the insect to be a berry.] Cochlea, kokle-a, n. (Anat.) The spiral cavity of the internal ear._ [L., a snail shell.] — Cochleafy, -le-a- rl, -ate, -le-at, -ated, a. (Rat. Hist.) Having the form of a snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. Cock, kok, n. The male of birds, esp. of domestic fowls ; a vane shaped like a fowl, weathercock ; a chief man, leader : an instrument to let out liquor from a cask, spout. [AS., fr. OF. coc. F. cog, L. coccus, a cock ; onomat. ; Gr. kokku, cry of the cuckoo, also of the cock, Skr. ku, to cry, kiij. to cry as a bird.] — Cock-a-hoop. Triumphant ; exulting. [F. huppe, a bird's crest.]— Cock ami bull stoi-y. An improvable or baseless story. — Cock'y, -I. a. Pert ; swaggering ; saucy. — Cockade, -ad r , /i. A rosette or knot of ribbons, etc., on the hat. [Corrup. f r. F. c#- quarde, fr. coq.] — Cock'atoo', n. A bird of the par- rot kind, having a crest of feathers which it can raise or depress. [Onomat.; Malay kakaiua ; kakuk, the cackling of hens, kukuk, crow of a cock.] — Cock'atrice, -tris, n. The basilisk ; a fabulous ser- pent, hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg, and whose breath or look was fatal. [OF. cocatrice, crocodile, LL. cocatrix. crocodile, basilisk.] — Cock'- crow, -crowding, n. The time at which cocks crow ; early morning. — Cock'er, n. One who follows cock- fighting; a dog of the spaniel kind, used for start- ing up woodcocks, etc. — Cock'erel, n. A young cock. — Cock-fight, -fight'ing, -match, n. A con- test of game-cocks. — loft, n. The top-loft ; upper room. —-pit, n. An area wiiere game-cocks fight. [See also under Cockboat.]— Cocks'conib, -kom, n. The caruncle or comb of a cock. {l,ot.) A plant of different genera. A vain, siliv fellow; a fop. [See Coxcomb.] — Cock'spur, n. The spur on a cock's leg. (Eot.) A variety of hawthorn. Cock, kok, n. A pile of hay. — v. t. [cocked (kokt), cocking.] To set up in piles. [Dan. kok, a heap.] Cock, kok, n. Act of turning or setting up ; thing set up ; the gnomon or style of a dial. — v. t. To set erect, turn up ; to place upon the head jauntily. [Ga. coc, to cock.] — Cock/eye, n. A squinting eye. — horse, n. A child's rocking-horse. Cock, kok, n. The hammer of a gun-lock. — v. t. To draw back the cock, in order to fire. [It. cocca, F. coche, the notch of an arrow ; F. de~cocher, to let fly an arrow, encocher, to fit an arrow to the bowstring.] — Cockleather, n. (Arch.) The feather above the notch, when the arrow is fitted to the string. Cock, Cockboat, kok'bot, n. A ship's small boat. [OF. coque, It. cocca, Sp. coca, LL. cocco, cogo, D. and Dan. hog; prob. fr. L. concha, a shell.] — Cock'- bill, n. (Xaut.) Position of the anchor, when sus- pended from the cat-head, ready to drop. — pit, n. A room under the lower gun-deck, used for the wounded during action. — Cockswain, kok'sn, n. The person who steers a boat. Cockchafer, kok'chaf-er, n. (Entom.) The May-bug or dor-beetle. [Corrup. of clock-chafer, Scot, clock, beetle.] — Cock 7, roach, -roch, n. An insect of sev- eral species, infesting houses, ships, etc. Cocker, kok'er, v. t. [cockered (-erd), -ering.] To treat with tenderness, fondle, pamper. [F. coque- liner, te dandle, W. coc>~i, to fondle.] Cocket, kok'et, n. A custom-house certificate that goods have been entered and paid dutv ; the office where goods are entered for export. [Prob. corrup. for L. quo quietus, — words used in the certificate.] Cockle, kokl, n. (Bot.) A weed that grows among corn, corn-rose ; the darnel. [AS. coccel, Ga. cogall, tares.]— (Concha A bivalve shell fish having a cor- rugated shell. [W. cocos, cocs, cockles. L. cochlea, a snail, concha, Gr. kongche, a mussel, cockle.] — v. t. To contract into wrinkles, like ridges of the cockle-shell. — v. i. To take the form of wrinkles. — Cockier, n. One who takes and sells cockles. — Cockle-shell, n. The shell of, etc. — Cockle-stairs, n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs. Cockney, kok'nt, n. : pi. -xeys, -niz. An effeminate person; a resident of London. — a. Pert, to or like, etc. [F. coquin, a beggar, sneak, fr. coquiner, LL. coquinare. to serve in a kitchen, fr. L. coquina. kitch- en ; prob. not fr. Cocagne.] — Cock'neydom, -nf- dum, n. The region of cockneys : London. — Cock'' neyism, -nl-izm, n. Qualities, man- ners, or dialect of, etc. Cocoa, ko'ko, n. (Bot.) A palm tree producing the cocoa-nut. [Pg. and Sp. coco, a bugbear, ugly mask, also a cocoa-nut. from the likeness of the nut to an ugly face.] — A preparation made from cacao seeds; a beverage made from it. [Corrup. of cacao, q. v.] — Cocoa shells. The dried husks of crcao seeds. Cocoon, ko-k(3on r , n. An oblong case which contains the silkworm in its chrysalis state: the case constructed by an insect to contain its larve. __ilL'fi [F. cocon. dim. of coque, a shell.] ■ Cocoon'ery, -«r-T, n. A place for "~^SS silk-worms, when feeding and form- Cocoa tree. ing cocoons. sun, cube, full ; moon, 7 cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. COCTION 98 COHORT Coctiom, kok'shun, n. Act of boiling. (Med.) Altera- tion experienced by morbific matter before elimina- tion. [L,. coctio, a boiling, digestion, fr. coquere, caelum, to cook.] — Coc'tile, -til, a. Made by bak- ing, as bricks. Cod, kod, n. A husk or envelope containing seeds ; a pod : the scrotum. [AS., a bag-]— Uc hth.) A fish in- habiting the northern seas. [G. ■jadde, L. gadus, Gr. ga- dos.] — Coddling, n. A young cod. — Cod'liver oil. A fixed Cod. oil obtained from livers of the cod, very nutrient, and used medicinally for rheumatism, skin diseases, pulmonary consumption, etc. Coddle, kod'al, v. t. [-DLED(-dld), -dling.] To par- boil ; to treat tenderly. [Perh. corrup. fr. caudle.] Coda, kod, «. A collection, system, or digest of laws.— Co'dex, n. ; pi. Codices, kod'Y-sez. A manuscript; book; code. [F. code, fr. L. codex, orig. trunk of a tree, hence tablet, book.] — Codify, -fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyinu.] To reduce to a code or digest, as laws. [L. facere, to make.] — Cod'inca'tion, /;. Act of, etc. — Codicil, -T-sil, n. A supplement to a will. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex.] Codger, kod'jer, n. A mean person ; curmudgeon ; odd old person. [Perh. corrup. of cottager.] Codlin, -ling, kodling, n. An immature apple ; a cooking apple. [Fr. cod, a pod.] Coefficient, ko-ef-nsh'ent, a. Cooperating ; acting in union to the same end. — n. That which unites, etc. (Math.) A known quantity put before letters or quantities, to show how often to take them. [L. co and efficere, to cause, fr. ex, out, and facere, to make.] — Coefficiently, adv. — Coeffi'ciency, -sT, n. Cooperation. Coehorn, ko'h&rn, n. (Mil.) A small bronze mortar, — invented by Baron Coehorn. Coeliac, Celiac, selY-ak, a. Pert, to the belly or in- testinal canal. [Gr. koilia, belly, fr. kodos, hollow.] Coemption, ko-emp'shun, n. Act of purchasing the whole quantity of a commodity. [L. con and euiere, emptuin, to buy.] Coequal, ko-e'kwal, a. Equal with another ; of the same rank, dignity, or power. — n. One who is, etc. — Coequality, -kwol'Y-tY, n. State of being, etc. Coerce, ko-ers', v. t. [coerced (-erst'), coercing.] To restrain by force, constrain, repress, compel. [L. cdm for cum, with, and arcere, to inclose, confine, area, a chest.] — Coer r cible. -st-bl, a. Capable of being, or deserving to be, etc. —Coercion, -er'shun, n. Act or process of, etc. ; restraint.— Coer'cive, -siv, a. Compelling, or able to compel ; compulsbry>v__ Coessential, kores-sen'shal, a. Partaking of the same essence. — CoesBentiality, -shY-aKT-tl, n. Participa- tion of, etc. Coetaneous, ko-e-ta'ne-us, a. Of the same age ; be- ginning at the same time. [L. con and setas, age.] Coeternal. ko-e-ter'nal, a. Equally eternal. — Co- eter / nity,-tl, n. Equal eternity with another. Coeval, ko-e'val. a. Of equal age. — n. One of the same age. [L. con and serum, lifetime, age.] Coexist, ko-egz-isf, v. i. To exist at the same time. — Coexist 'ence, n. Existence it the same time with another. — Coexistent, a. Existing, etc. Coextend, ko-eks-tend', v. t. To extend through the same space with another. — Coexten'sion, -shun, n. Equal extension. — Coexten'sive, -siv, a. Coffee, koffe, n. The berries of a tree growing in warm climates of Asia and America ; a drink made from the roasted berry, by decoc- WJ» tion. [Turk, qahveh, Ar. qah- ^* t we*.] — Coffee-house, n. A house for the sale of coffee and other refreshments. mill, n. A mill for grinding coffee. — -pot, n. A covered pot in which coffee is boiled, or brought upon the table. Coffer, koffer, n. A chest, esp. ^orree. for money. (Arch.) A sunken panel. (Fort.) A hollow work across a dry moat, serving as a parapet with embrasures. A lock to receive a barge. — v. t. [coffered (-ferd), -fering.] To place in a coffer. [OF. eqfre, cofin, fr. L. cophbms, Gr. kophinos, a basket.] — Cofier dam. (Engin.) A box of timber, to exclude water while constructing piers, etc. Coffin, kof'fin, re. The case in which a body is inclosed for burial. (Far.) The hollow part of a horse's hoof. (Print.) A wooden frame inclosing the stone on which forms are imposed, —v. t. [oof- fined (-find), -fining.] To put into, etc. [Same as coffer.] — Coffin-bone, n. (Far.) A horse's foot- bone inclosed within the hoof. Cog, kog. o. t. and i. [cogged (kogd), cogging.] To wheedle, deceive ; to thrust in, Dy deception. [W. coegio, to trick, pretend, coeg, empty, vain.] — re. A tooth on a wheel, transmitting motion. — v. t. To fix a cog upon, furnish with cogs. [Ga. and Ir.; Sw. kuggr, cog ; It. cocca, F. coche, notch. See Cock.] — Cog'-wheel, n. A wheel with teeth. Cogent, ko'jent, a. Having great force ; pressing on the mind; not easily resisted; convincing; conclu- sive. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere, to force, fr. con and agere, to drive.] — Co / ' gently, adv. — Co'gency, -sT, re. Power of constraining; force. Cogitate, koj'Y-tat, r. i. To engage in continuous thought, reflect. [L. cogitate, -tat/im, to think, fr. com and agitare, to agitate, freq. of agere.] — Cogi- tation, a. Act of thinking: meditation; contem- plation.— Cogitable, a. Capable of being made the subject of thought. — Cogitative, -tiv, a. Pos- sessing, or pert, to, the power of meditation; given to thought: contemplative. Cognac, kon'yak, n. A brandy formerly made at Cognac, France. [Written improp. Cogniac.] Cognate, kog'nat, a. Allied by blood or birth ; kin- dred in origin, formation, etc. — n. (Law.) One connected with another by kindred : one related to another on the female side ; one of several things allied in origin. [L. cognatus, fr. con and nasci, natus (orig. gnasci, gnatus), to be born. See Con- nate.]— Cogna^ tion, «. Relation by descent from the same original: participation of the same nature. (Law.) Relationship between descendants from the same father and mother. Cognize, koglnz, v. t. To recognize, perceive. [L. cognoscerc. fr. con and noscere (orig. gnoscere), to know.] — Cognizee, -see, kog- or kon'Y-ze', n. (Law.) One to whom a fine of land is acknowledged. — Cognizor, -sor, kog- or kon-Y-zor / ', n. (Law.) One who acknowledges the right of the cognizee in a fine; the defendant. — Cognition, kog-nish'un, n. Act of knowing: object known. — Cog'nitive, -tiv, «. Knowing. — Cognizable, kog'- or kon'Y-za-bl, a. Capable of being known, or apprehended ; fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation. — Cog'ni- zance, kog'- or kon r Y-zans, n. Knowledge or notice; observation : recognition ; judicial knowledge or ju- risdiction. (Lair.) An acknowledgement or confes- sion. A badge, to indicate the party to which one belongs. — Cognizant, kog'- o • kon'Y-zant, a. Hav- ing knowledge of. — Cognoscible, kog-nos'sY-bl, a. Capable of being known; liable to judicial cogni- zance. — Cognos'cibillty, n. Quality of being, etc. — Cognoscente, -senla, n. ;pl. -centi, -sen'tY. One who Knows; a connoisseur. TOIt.] — Cogno'vit, n. (Law.) An acknowledgment by a defendant of the justice of a plaintiff's claim. [L., he acknowledges.] Cognomen, kog-no'men, n. A surname; the last of the 3 names of an ancient Roman, denoting his family. [L., fr. con and nomen (orig. gnomen), name, ir. noscere, to know.]— Cognomlnal, a. Pert, to a surname. — Cognom / ina''tion, rt. A surname. Cohabit, ko-hab r it, v. i. Orig., to dwell with, or In- habit the same place or country; to live together as husband and wife. [L. con and habitare, to dwell.} — Cohabitant, n. One who, etc. — Cohab ita'tion, n. Act or state of, etc. Co-heir, ko-ar', n. A joint heir.— Co-heiress, ko-ar'es, n. A joint heiress. Cohere, Ico-her', v. i. [cohered (-herd"), cohering.1 To stick together; to follow regularly in the natural order ; to cleave, adhere, agree, fit. [L. con and hserere, to stick.] — Coherence, -ens, -ency, -en-sY, n. A sticking together; suitable connection; consist- ency. — Coherent, a. Sticking together; connected by some relation of form, order, etc.; consistent. — Coher'ently, adv. — Coherer, ko-her'Sr, n. (Elec.) A device, used in wireless telegraphy, for detecting the presence of electric waves. It usually consists of a number of small conducting particles, as metallic fil- ings, inclosed in aglass tube and forming a connec- tion between two electrodes. — Cohe'sion, -zhun, n. Actof stickingtogether; attraction by which particles of homogeneous bodies unite; a stateof connection or dependence. — Cohe'sive, -siv, a. Having the power Of cohering, — Cohe'siveness, n. Cohort, ko'hSrt, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about 500 or 600 soldiers. Any band of warriors. [L. co- hors; s. rt. court, yard.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, COIF 99 COLLOCATE Coif, koif, n. A covering tor the head; cap. [OF.; L.L. cofia, MUG. kuffe, kwpfe, cap; s. rt. G. kopf, E. cup.] — Coifed, koif t, a. Wearing a coil. — Coiffure, -far, n. A head-dress. [F.] Coigne, koin, Quoin, koin or kwoin, n. A corner or external angle; corner-stone; a wedge. [F. coing, coigne, corner, L. cuneus, wedge. See Coin.] Coil, koil, v. t. [coiled (koild), coiling.] To wind in rings, as a rope. — n. Rings formed by winding, etc. [OF. coillir, L. colligere, to collect; s. rt. cull.) — n. Noise; tumult. [OGa. and Ir. goill, war, fight.] Coin, koin, n. A corner or external angle; a wedge to raise, lower, fasten, or level anything, as a can- non, printer's form, etc.; a piece of metal stumped with characters, making it legally current as money; that which serves for payment or recompense. — v. t. [coined (koind), coining.] To stamp and convert into money; to mint; to make or fabricate. [OF., a wedge, stamp upon coin, coin — orig. stamped by means of a wedge; L. cuneus, wedge; 6. rt. Gr. konos, peg, cone, E. cone, hone.] — Coin'age, -ej, n. Act er art of coining; money coined; expense of coining; act or process of forming; invention; fabrication. — Coin'er, n. One who makes coin; a minter; coun- terfeiter: inventor or maker. Coincide, koln-sid, v. i. To fall together, agree in position, correspond, be identical. [L. con and in- cidere, fr. in, upon, and cadere, to fall.] — Coincid'er, n. — Coincidence, -si-dens, n. Act or condition of falling together; agreement or concurrence, esp. of events at the same time. — Coincident, a. Having coincidence; agreeing. Coir, kwoir, n. Cocoa-nut fiber for matting, ropes, etc. [Tamil cuyer, a rope.] Coition, ko-ish'un, n. Sexual intercourse; copulation. [L. coitio, fr. con and ire, iturn, to go.] Coke, kok, n. Mineral coal charred, or deprived by fire of volatile matter. — v. t. [coked (kokt\ coking.] To convert into coke. [Prob. same as cake.] Col, kol, n. A mountain pass. [F., a neck.] Colander, kul'en-der, n. A vessel with a perforated bottom for straining liquids. [L. cohtm, sieve, fr. colare, to strain.] Colcbicum, kol'kf-kum, n. A genus of plants, inclu- ding the meadow saffron, whose bulbs are used me- dicinally for gout and rheumatism. [L.] Colcothar, kol'ko-thar, n. (Chem.) Brown-red oxide of iron remaining after calcination of sulphate of iron, —used for polishing glass, etc. [NX.] Cold, kold.a. Destitute of warmth, physical or moral; bleak; chill; indifferent; spiritless; reserved. — n. Absence of warmth; sensation produced by escape of heat; chilliness. (Med.) A morbid state of the animal system produced by cold; a catarrh. [AS. ceald, Dan. kold, D. koud, G. kalt.]— In cold blood. Without excitement, passion, or compunction; de- liberately. — Cold shoulder. Deliberate neglect or contempt. — Coldly, adv. — Cold'ness, n. — Cold'- blood'ed. -blud'ed, a. Having cold blood; without sensibility; hard-hearted; not thoroughbred, — said of animals. — c his 'el, n. A hard chisel for cutting cold metal. — short, a. Brittle when cold. — sore, n. (Pathol) A herpetic eruption, about lips or nos- trils, attending catarrhal inflammation. Cole, kol, n. A plant of the cabbage family; esp. the species called also rape, which does not head like the cabbage. [L. caulis, stalk, cabbage ; same as kail.] — Cole'wort, -wert, n. Cabbage cut young, before the head is firm. [AS. wyrt, a wort.] Coleus, kole-us. n. A plant of the mint family, hav- ing variegated leaves. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, — fr. the manner in which its stamens are united.] — Co- leop'teral. -terous, -opler-us, a. Having wings covered with a. case or sheath, as beetles. TGr. pteron, a wing.] — Coleop'terist, n. One versed in the studv of, etc. Colic, kol'ik, n. (Med.) Acute pain is the bowels, growing more severe at intervals. [F. colique, fr. Gr. koKkos, suffering in the (kolon) colon.] — Lead colic, Painter's c, or Plumber's c. Colic produced by slow poisoning with lead. — Colicky, -T, a. Pert, to, etc. Coliseum. Same as Colosseum. Collaborator, kol-lab'o-ra'te'r, n. An associate in labor, esp. literary er scientific: co-worker; assistant. [F. coUaborateur, fr. L. con and laborare, to labor.] Collapse, kol-laps', v. i. [-lapsed (-lapsf), -lapsing.] To fall together suddenly, shrink up. — n. A falling together, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. (Med?) A sudden failing of the vital powers. [L. con and labi, lapsus, to glide down, lapse.] — Collap'sion, -shun, n. State of falling together, or shrinking up. Collar, kollar, n. Something worn rouni the neck. (Arch.) A ring or cincture; astragal of a column. (Mech.) A ring-like part of a machine, for holding something to its place, (tfaitt.) An eye in the bight of a shroud, to go over the mast head. — v. t. [col- lared (-lard), -laring.] To seize by the collar, put a collar on. [OF. collier, L. collare, neck-band, fr. collum. neck.] — Col' lax- beam. n. (Arch.) A horizontal piece of timber bracing two opposite raf- ters. — bone, n. (Anat.) The clavicle, a bone joining the breast-bone and shoulder-blade. Collard, kollard, n. A kind of cabbage whose leaves do not form a close head. [Corrup. of colewert.] Collate, kol-lat', v. t. To compare critically; to gather and place in order, as sheets of a book for binding. (EccL) To present and institute in a beaefice. — v. i. (Eccl.) To place in a benefice, as by a bishop. [L. con and ferre, latum, to bear.]— Collation, -la'- Bhun, n. Act of bringing together and comparing; act of conferring or bestowing. (Eccl. Law.) Pre- sentation to a benefice by a bishop. An unceremo- nious repast or lunch. — Colla'tive, -tiv, a. Passing or held by collation. — Colla'tor, -ter.n. One who collates manuscripts or books. (Eccl. Law.) One who collates to a benefice. Collateral, kol-lat'er-al, a. On the side of; subordi- nate^ connected ; indirect. (Genealogy.) Descend- ing from the same ancestor, but not one from the other, — n. A coHateral relation; security given in addition to a principal promise or bond. [L. con and latus, lateris, a side.] — Collateral seaxrity. Se- curity to perform covenants, or pay money, besides the principal security. — Collaterally, -IT, adv. Colleague, kol'leg, n. One united with another in the discharge of some duty; partner; associate. — v. t. or i. To unite with in the sarae office. [F. collegve, L. collega, fr. con and legare, to send on an embassy.] Collect, kol-lekf, v. t. To gather into one body or place, bring together; to infer as a consequence, de- duce. — v. i. To be assembled together, accumu- late; to infer, conclude. [OF. coliecter, LL. collec- tare, to collect money, L. collecta, a collection in money, fr. con and legere, tectum ; to gather, read.] — To collect one's self. To recover from surprise ; to regain composure or self-possession. — Collect 'ed, a. Not disconcerted; self -possessed; cool; composed. — Collect'edneBB, n. — Collectible, -I-bl, a. Capa- ble of being gathered or inferred. — Collect, kol'- lekt, n. A short, comprehensive prayer. — Collecta'- nea, -ne-a. n. pi. Passages selected from various authors ; anthology ; chrestemathy . [L.] — Collecta'- neous, -ne-us, a. Gathered; collected. — Collection, -lek'shun, n. Act of collecting; thing gathered; contribution; assemblage; crowd; mass; compila- tion ; selection. — Collective, -iv, a. Formed by fathering; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; de- ucing consequences. (Gram.) Expressing an ag- gregate of individuals. Tending to collect. — Col- lectively, adv. In a body: unitedly. — Collect' or, -er, n. One who collects or gathers. (Com.) An officer who receives customs, taxes, or toll.— Col- lect'orship, -orate, n. Offiee or jurisdiction of, etc. College, kol'lej, n. A collection er society of men; a society of scholars incorporated lor study or instruc- tion; an establishment for students acquiring lan- fuages and science. [F.; L. collegium, fr. colligere. ee Collect.] — Colle'gial. -giate, -jf-at, a. Pert, to, etc. — Colle'gian, -giate, n. A member of, etc. Collet, kollet, n. The part of a ring in which the stone is set. [F., fr. col, L. collum, neck.] Collide, kol-lld'i v. i. To strike or dash together. [L. coUidere, fr. con and Isedere, to strike.] — Collision, -lizh'un, n. Act of, etc.; a state of opposition; in- terference; clashing. Collie, Colly, kollT, n. A Scotch shepherd's dog. [Ga. cidlean, Ir. cuileann, a whelp, cu, a dog.] Collier, Colliery. See under Coal. Collimation, kol-lY-ma'shun, n. Act of aiming at a mark, or of leveling or directing the sight te a fixed object. [F., fr. L. coHimare, to aim.] — Line of colli- mation. The axial line of the telescope of an astro- nomical or geodetic instrument. — Collima'ting, a. (Opt.) Pert, to, etc. — Collima'tor, n. A telescope arranged to determine errors of collimation. CollinguaL, kol-lin'gwal, a. Having, or pert, to, the same language." [L. con and lingua, tongue.] Colliquefaction, kol-lik'we-fak'shun, n. A melting together of bodies. [L. con, liquere, to be liquid, and/acere, factum, to make.] Collision. See under Collide. Collocate, kollo-kat, v. t. To set or place; station. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, COLLODION 100 COMBAT [L. con and locare, locatum, to place, fr. locus, a place; s. rt. couch. ] — Colloca'tion, n. Act of pla- cing; state of being placed, esp. with something else. Collection, kol-lo'dY-un, n. (Chem.) An adhesive so- lution of gun-cotton in ether and alcohol, used to close wounds, and in photography. [Gr. kolla, glue.] Collop, kol'lop, n. A slice of meat; piece of anything. [E.; OSw. kollops, G. klopps, slices of meat.] Colloqny, kol'lo-kwl, n. Mutual discourse; confer- ence; dialogue. [L. colloquium, fr. con and loqui, to speak.] — Collo'quial, a. Pert, to, or used in, com- mon conversation. — Collo'quially, adv. — Collo'- quialism, -izm, n. A common form of expression. — CoKloquist, -kwist, n. Speaker in a conversation, tiollude, kol-liid', v. i. To conspire in a fraud, act in concert. fL. con and ludere, to play.] — Collud'er, «. — Oollu'sion, -zhun, n. Secret agreement and co- operation for fraud; deceit; connivance. — Collu'- swe, -siv, a. Fraudulently concerted.— Collu'sively, adv. — Collusiveness, n. — Collu'sory, -so-rl, a. Characterized by collusion. Colluvies, kol-lu'vl-ez, n. sing, and pi. A mass of refuse matter; filth. [L., fr. con and luere, to wash.] Colly. See under Coal. Cblocolo, kol-o-ko'lo, n. A wild cat of South Amer. Colocynth, kol'o-sinth, n. (Med.) The coloquintida, or bitter apple; the pith of a species of cucumber, — a strong cathartic. [Gr. kolokunthis, -thidos.~\ Cologne, ko-lon', n. A toilet liquid, composed of al- cohol and aromatic oils, — orig. made in Cologne. Colon, ko'lon, n. (Anat.) The largest of the large intestines. (Gram.) A point [:] marking a pause greater than a semicolon, less than a period. fGr.] Colonel, ker'nel, n. (Mil.) The chief commander of a regiment. fF., fr. It. colonello, colonel, orig., a little column, aim. of colonna, L. columna, column.] — Colo'nelcy, -si, -ship, n. Office, rank, or commis- sion of, etc. Colonnade, kol'on-nad', n. (Arch.) A series of col- umns placed at regular intervals. [F. ; It. colonnata, fr. colonna. See Colonel.] Colony, kol'o-nl, n. A company of people in a re- mote country, and subject to the parent state ; the country colonized. [L. colonia, fr. colonus, farmer, fr. cohere, to cultivate.] — Colo'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — Col'onist, n. A member of, etc. — Col'«nize, v. t. [-nized (-nlzd), -nizing.] < To plant a colony in ; to people by colonies. — v. i. To settle in a distant country. — Col'onizer, n. — Col'oniza'tion, n. Act of, er state of being, etc. — Col'oniza'tionist, n. An advocate of, etc. ; esp. of colonizing Africa by negro emigrants from America. Colophon, kol'o-fon, n. An inscription on the last page of a book, used before title-pages were intro- duced, containing the place or year of publication, printer's name, etc. [LateL. and Gr., summit, finishing stroke.] Colophony, kol'o-fo'nT or ko-lof'o-nt, n. Dark-col- ored resin distilled from turpentine. [Fr. Colophon, in Asia Minor.] Coloquintida. Same as Colocynth. Color, kul'er, n. A property of light causing the eye to distinguish differences in the appearance of ob- jects ; a hue or tint as distinguished from white; that used to give color; paint; pigments; false show; pretense. (Phren.) The organ indicating percep- tion of color. See Phrenology, pi. A flag, ensign, or standard. — v. t. [colored (kul'grd), -oring.] To change the hue of ; to give color to, dye, tinge, paint, stain ; to give a specious appearance to, palli- ate, excuse. — v. i. To turn red, blush. [L., fr. celare, to cover, conceal ; cf. Skr. varna, color, fr. var, to cover, conceal.] — Complementary/ color. One of 2 colors so related that when blended they pro- duce white light. — Primary colors. Those devel- oped from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, — re- duced by some authors to 3 — red, yellow, and blue. See Light. — Col'orable, a. Designed to cover or conceal ; specious ; plausible. — Col'orableness, n. — Col'orably, adv.— Colora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Col'orature, n. (Mm.) A variation or shading of notes for harmony.— Col'ored, -erd, a. Saving color or plausible appearance. — Colored people. Persons of negro descent. — Colorific, a. Communicating or producing color. — Col'orist, n. A painter skilled in coloring. — Col'orless, a. Des- titute of color. — Colorim'eter, n. An instrument for measuring the depth of color, esp. in liquids. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Col'or-blindness, n. Im- perfect perception of colors ; Daltonism. — -ser- geant, -sar'jent or -sgr'jent, n. (Mil.) A non-conh missioned officer, the color-bearer of a regiment. Colorado beetle, kol-o-ra'do-be'tl. The potato-bug, — a destructive yellow beetle, orig. fr. Colorado. Colossus, ko-los'sus, n. ; L. pi. -si, -si ; E. pi. -suses, -ez. A gigan- tic statue; esp. that at the en- trance of the harbor at Rhodes. [L.; Gr. kolossos.] — Colos'sal, • ae 'an, a. Gigantic. — Colosse'um, n. Vespa- sian's amphi- theater in Rome. [Also written Coli- seum.'] Colporteur, kol- por-tgr', Col'- porter, n. One who peddles religious tracts and books. [F. colporteur, fr. cotporter, to carry on one's Colossus of Rhoc neck, fr. col (L. collurn), neck, and porter (L. por- tare), to carry.] — Col'portage, -ej, n. Distribution of, etc.— Col'staff, n. A staff for carrying burdens on two persons' shoulders. [F. col and E. staff.] Colt, kolt, n. The young of the horse kind ; a young, foolish fellow. [AS. ; prob. s. rt. Goth, kuni, kin, E. child.] — Colt'ish, a. Like a colt ; frisky. —Colt's'- foot, n. A plant whose leaves were once used me- dicinally. Colter, Coulter, kSl'tgr, n. The sharp fore iron of a plow, to cut the sod. [AS. and L. culter; Skr. krit, to cut.] Colubrine, kol'u-brin, a. Pert, to serpents ; cunning; sly. [L. coluber, serpent, adder.] Columbary, kol'um-ba-ri, n. A dove-cot ; pigeon-house. [L. columbarium, fr. colum- ba, dove.] — Col'umbine, -bin, n. A genus of plants whose flowers have beak-like spurs. Columbiad, ko-lum'bT-ad, n. (Mil.) A species Colteu. of heavy cannon. [Fr. Columbia = United States.] Column, kol'um, n. (Arch.) A cylindrical support for a roof, ceiling, etc., composed of base, shaft, and capital ; a pillar. (Mil.) A body of troops in files with a narrow front. (Naut.) A body of ships in line, so as to follow in succession. (Print.) Figures, words, or lines set perpendicularly one above an- other. [L. columna, fr. columen, top, culmen, highest point.] — Colum'nar, a. Formed in or like, etc. — Columella, -la, n. (Bot.) An axis, supporting the carpels of some fruits ; the stem in mosses, which is the axis of the capsule. [L., dim. of columen.] Colure, ko-lur', n.; pi. Colures, -lurz'. (Astron. and Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting at right angles in the poles ©f the equator. [L. co- lurus, Gr. kolouros, lit. curtailed, fr. Gr. kolos, clipped, and oura, tail, — part of each being always below the horizon.] Colza, kol'za, n. A variety of cabbage whose seeds afford an oil used in lamps. [Sp.] Coma, ko'ma, n. (Med.) Morbid propensity to sleep; lethargy. [Gr., fr. koiman, to fall asleep.] — Co'- ) matose, -tons, -tus, Drowsy; lethargic. Comate, ko'mat, a. Bushy; hairy. [L. coma, nair.] Comb, kom, n. An instrument with teeth, for adjust- ing hair, wool, etc. ; the crest on a cock's head ; the top, or crest of a wave ; the structure of wax in which bees store honey.— v. t. [combed (komd), combing.] To separate, disentangle, cleanse, ad- just, or lay straight. — v. i. (Naut.) To roll over, as the top of a wave ; to break with white foam. [AS. camb, D. and Sw. kam, G. kamm, a comb, crest, Dan. kam, comb, cam on a wheel.] — Comb'er, n. One who, etc, ; a long, curling wave. Combat, kom'bat or kum'bat, v. i. To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force. — v. t. To fight with, oppose by force, resist, oppose. — n. A strug- gle to resist or conquer. (Mil.) An engagement; conflict; encounter. [OF. combatre, to eombat, fr. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, ere, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; COMBINE 101 COMMINGLE c*m (L. cum) and hat t re (L. batuere), to beat, fight.] — Com-'batant, a. Contending ; disposed to con- tend. — n. One who, etc. ; a champion. — Com / - bater, n. — Com'bative, -iv, a. Inclined to, etc. — Com / 'bativeness, n. Disposition to, etc. (Phren.) The organ indicating it. See Phrenology. Combine, kom-bln', v. t. [-bined (-bindO, -bining.] To unite or join. — v. i. To form a union, confeder- ate; to unite by affinity. [L. con and bums, pi. bird, two and two.]— Combin'er, ».— Combin'able, a. Ca- pable of, etc. — Combinalion, n. Union or connec- tion; coalition ; conspiracy. (Math.) Variation of any number of quantities in all possible ways. Combustible, kom-busli-bl, a. Capable of taking fire and burning ; inflammable ; easily excited ; quick; irascible. — n. A substance that will, etc. fL. con and were, ustum, Skr. ush, to burn.] — Com- bus'tibleness, -tibillty, n. — Combus'tion, -chun, n. A taking fire and burning; conflagration. Come, kum, v. i. [imp. came ; p. p. come ; coming.] To move hitherward, draw near, approach ; to ar- rive at some state or condition, occur, happen ; to become evident, appear. [AS. cumman (imp. cam, p. p. cumen), D. komen, Skr. gam.] — To come about. To come to pass, arrive ; to change.— To c. by. To obtain, gain, acquire. — To c. down with. To pay over, deposit in payment. — To c. home. To come close, press closely, touch the feelings, interest, or reason. (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground, — said of anchors. — To c. in for. To appear and claim a share of.— To c. into. To join or comply with. —To c. off. To depart from, escape; to take place.— To c. out. To become public, be published ; to enter soci- ety; to end.— To c. short. To be wanting, fail.— To c. to. To consent or yield ; to amount to ; to recover, as from a swoon. — To c. up with. To overtake. —To c. upon. To fall on, attack, invade. — A come-down. A downfall ; sudden descent in position. — Comber, n. — Come-out'er, n. One who leaves a church, party, etc., declaring it corrupt. — Coming-in, n. Entrance; arrival. Comedy, kom'e-dT, n. A dramatic composition of an amusing character. [OF. comedie, L. comoedia, Gr. komodia, fr. komos, a banquet, and ode, ode, lyric song.] — Come'dian, n. An actor in. or writer of, etc. — Come / dienne / \ -ma'dl-en', n. An actress in, etc. [F.] — Come'dietta, -ta, n. A little comedy, fit.] — Comic, -ical, a. Pert. to. etc.; exciting mirth; laughable. — Comi'cally, adv. — Comlcalness, n. — Comicality, -T-tT, n. That which is, etc. Comely, kumlY, a. Handsome ; graceful ; well-pro- portioned. — adv. In a becoming or graceful man- ner. [AS. cymlic, fr. cyme, becoming, suitable (fr. cuman, to come), and lie, like.] — Come'liness, n. Comestible*, ko-mes'tt-blz, n. pi. Eatables. [F., fr. L. con and edere, esum or estum, to eat.] Comet, kom'et, n. A member of the solar system, moving in an eccentric . m, orbit, and consisting of a fi-^F nucleus, an envelope, and t" a tail. [OF. comete, L. & cometa. comet, fr. Gr. H^ ■. ■ . - kometes, long-haired, fr. come (L. coma), hair.] — Core'etary. -a-rT, Comet'- ic, a. Pert, to, or resem bling, etc. — Cometog''- raphy, -fT, w. A descnp- Bfc- tion of, etc. [Gr. or a- *— — frrT s=J phein, to write.] — Com'- p . et-flnd'er, -Beek'er, n. corner.. A telescope, with large field of view. Comfit, kumUt, Com'fiture, -ur, n. A dry sweetmeat; a confection. [L. con undfacere, to make.] Comfort, kum'furt, v. t. To relieve or cheer under affliction or depression ; to solace, invigorate, re- fresh, animate. — n. Strength and relief under af- fliction ; support : a state of quiet enjoyment, or whatever causes it; a wadded quilt; a neck wrap- ping. [OF. conforter, vO comfort, LL. confortare, fr. L. con and fbrtis, strong.] — Comlorter, n. One who, etc (Script.) The Holy Spirit. A woolen tippet ; wadded quilt. — Comlortable, a. Afford- ing or enjoying, etc. : free from pain or distress.— n. A coverlet. — Com'fbrtably, adv. — Comlortable- ness, n. — Comlortless, a. Miserable ; forlorn. Comfrey, kumlri, n. A genus of plants used in med- icine. [I>. conferva, fr. confervere, to boil together, to heal, — fr. its healing power.] Comic, Comicality, etc. See under Comedy. ko-mish'Y-a, n. pi. (Rom. Antiq.) Assem- blies of the people to elect officers and pass laws. [L., fr. con and ire, itum, to go.l — Cemilial, -mish'- al, a. Pert, to comitia or popular assemblies. Comity, kom'1-tY, n. Courtesy of intercourse ; civil- ity ; good breeding. [L. comitas, fr. comis, affable.] Comma, korn'ma, n. A character [,] marking the smallest grammatical division of a sentence. [L. ; Gr. komma, a stamp, clause of a sentence, comma, fr. koptein, to cut off.] Command, kom-mand', v. t. To order with authority; to exercise supreme authority over ; to have under influence, control, or vision ; to exact or enforce, bid, direct, overlook, claim, — v. i. To have au- thority, possess chief power, govern.— n. An au- thoritative order ; exercise of authority ; right or possession of authority ; ability to overlook, control, or watch ; a body of troops under a particular of- ficer. [OF. commander, L. commendare, to entrust to one's charge, later, to command, order, f r. eon and mandare, to commit, entrust ; same as commend.'] — Commandant, -danf, n. A commanding officer. [F.] — Command'er, n. A leader ; the chief officer of an army, or a division of it. (Navy.) An officer next above a lieutenant. A heavy, wooden mallet. — Command'ery, -er-T, -ry, -ri, n. A manor belong- ing to an order of knights, and controlled by a com- mander ; a preceptory ; a lodge of the Freemasons called knights templars. — Commanding, a. Fitted to control; imperious. — Command'ment, n. An au- thoritative order ; precept. (Script.) One of the 10 laws given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. Commeasurable. Same as Commensurable. Commemorate, kom-mem'o-rat, v. t. To eall to re- membrance, or celebrate with honor and solemnity. [L. con and memorare, -atum, to call to mind, fr. memor, mindful.] — Commem'orable, a. Worthy to be, etc. — Commem /, orative, -tiv, -tory, -to-ri, a. Serving to, etc.— Commem'ora'tion, n. Act of, etc.; a public celebration. Commence, kom-mens', v. t. [-menced (-mensf). -mencing.] To begin, originate; to take the first university degree. — v. t. To enter upon, begin, begin to be or to appear. [F. commencer. It. comin- ciare, fr. L. con and initiare, to begin, fr. initium, a beginning.] — Commence'' ment, n. First existence of anything; rise; origin; beginning; the day when university degrees are conferred. Commend, kom-mend', v. t. To commit or intrust for care or preservation; to present as worthy of re* gard; to praise; to recommend to the kind reception of. [See Command.] — Commend'er, n. — Com mend'able, a. Capable or worthy of, etc.— Com- mend'ableness, n. — Commend'ably, adv. — Com- mendalion, n. Act of, etc. ; praise; applause; a message of respect; compliments. — Commend'' atory, -to-rT, a. Serving to commend; holding a benefice in commendam. — Commen'dam, n. (Ecel. Law.) A vacant benefice committed to the holder until 8 pastor is supplied. The holding of such a benefice [For L. in commendam.'] — Commend'atary, -ta-rl, n One who holds, etc. Commensurate, kom-men'shoo-rat, a. Having a com- mon measure; commensurable; equal in measure or extent; proportional. — v. t. To reduce to a common measure. [L. con and mensurare, -atum, to meas- ure.] — Commen'surately, adv. — Commen'sura''- tion, n. State of being commensurate. — Commen'- surable, a. Having a common measure. — Commen / '- surableness, -rabillty, n. Capacity of having, etc. — Commen'surably, adv. Comment, kom'ment, v. i. To explain by remarks, criticisms, etc.; to write annotations, —n. An ex- planatory remark, observation, etc. ; annotation ; stricture. [F. commenter, fr. L. commentari, to con- sider, explain; s. rt. L. mens, mind, Skr. man, to think.] — Comlnentary, -ta-rT. n. A series, collec- tion, or book of comments, etc.; a memoir of partic- ular transactions. — Com'mentator, -menter, n. Commerce, kom'mers, n. Exchange of merchandise between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic; social or personal intercourse; famil- iarity. [F., fr. L. eommereium, fr. con and merx, mercis, goods, wares.] — Commercial, -mer'shal, a. Pert, to, or engaged in commerce; mercantile. — Commer'ciaUy, adv. Commutation, kom-mt-na'shun, n. A threat: denun- ciation of punishment or vengeance. [F.: Jj.com- minatio, fr. con and minari, to threaten.] — Commin- atory, -mi-n^a-to-rT, a. Threatening punishment Commingle, kom-min / gl, v. t. [-mingled (-gld), -min- gling!] To mingle tog-ether in one mass, or inti- siin, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. COMMINUTE 102 COMPACT raately; to blend. — v. i. To mix together, become blended. HL. con and E. mingle.'] Comminute, kom'mt-nut, v. t. To reduce to minute particles, pulverize, grind. [L. con and minuere, minutum, to diminish.] — Comminu'tion, n. Act 01 reducing to small particles; pulverization; attenua- tion by removing small particles. Commiserate, kcm-miz'er-at, v. t. To feel sorrow, pain, or regret tor: to be sorry for; to pity, feel for, condole. [F., fr. L. con and miseran, to pity, fr. wiser, wretched.] — Commis'era'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Commis/erative, -tiv, «. Feeling or expressing, etc. — Commir'erable, a. Deserving, etc. — Corn- mis' erator, n. Commissary, korn'mis-sa-rY, n. A deputy; commis- sioner. (Ml.) An officer in charge of a' special de- partment, esp. that of subsistence. [LL. commissa- rius, fr. committere, to commit, fr. con and mittere, to send.] — Commissariat, -sa'rY-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — -riat, n. (Mil.) That department charged with sup- plying provisions for the soldiers; the body of offi- cers in that department; office of a commissary.— Com'missary-gen / 'eral, n. The head of the commis- sary department. — Com'missaryship, n. Office or employment of a commissary. Commit, kom-mif, v. t. To give in trust; to do, per- form, effect; to place beyond one's control; to pledge or bind, — used reflcxively. [L. committere. See Commissary.] — Committment, n. Act of commit- ting, esp. of committing to prison. —Committal n. Act of committing ; a pledge. — Committer, n'.— Commit'tible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Commis- sion, -rnish-'un. n. Act of committing, doing, or per- forming; a formal warrant of committing some trust to a person; a company of persons joined in the ex- ercise of some duty. (Com.) The acting under au- thority of, or on account of, another; thing to be done as agent for another; brokerage or allowance made to as agent.— v. t. [-missioned (-mish/und), -missioning.] To give a commission to, appoint, depute, delegate. [F., fr. L. commissio, a mandate, charge.] — Commis'skmer, n. One commissioned to execute some business for an employer; an officer in charge of some department of the public service.— Commi8 / sionaire , , -nar', n. A factor; commission- merchant; one stationed in a public resort to receive commissions or act as guide, messenger, etc. [F.] — Commis'sion mer'chant. One who transacts busi- ness on commission., as the agent of others, receiv- ing a rate per cent, as his reward. — Commit' tee, -te, j?. A select number of persons appointed to attend to any business, by a legislative body, court, or any collective body of men acting together. — Commit - teeship, n. Office of a committee. Commix, kom-miks'', v. t. or i. [-mixed (-mikst'), -mix- ing.] To mix or mingle; blend. [L. con and E. mix.) — Commix'tion, -chun, n. Mixture. — Com- mix'ture, -chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; mass formed by mingling ; compound. Commode, bom-mod' n. A woman's head-dress; a chest of drawers; a bedroom convenience, — a close- stool. [F.; L. commodus, convenient, lit. in good measure, fr. con and modus, measure.] — Commo'di- ous, -dT-us, a. Affording ease and convenience; fit; comfortable. — Commo'diously, adv. — Commo'di- ousness, n. — Commodity, -T-tT, n. That which af- fords convenience or advantage, esp. in commerce; goods, wares, etc. Commodore, kom r mo-dor, n. The commander of a squadron ; leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. [Sp. comendador, knight-commander, f r. comendar, to charge, fr. L. commendare. See Command.] Common, kom'un, a. Belonging equally to more than one, or to many indefinitely; serving for the use of all; general; public; often met with; not distin- guished by rank or character; commonplace; mean; vulgar. — n. An nninolosed tract of public ground. (Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of another. — v. i. To have a joint right with others in common ground; to board together; eat at a table m common. [OF. commvn, L. communis, common, gen- eral, fr. eon and munis, obliging, binding by obliga- tion.] — Common cancer. One who undertakes, for hire, to transport goods. — C. chord. (Mus.) A chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. — Ccotmcil. A representative council for the government of a city. — C. gender. ( Gram.) One which is either masculine or feminine. — C. law. The unwritten law; law derived from immemorial usage and universal reception, disting. fr. written or statute law.— C. measure. (Arith.) A number which will divide each of two or more numbers ex- actly.— C. noun. (Gram.) The name of one of a class of objects, as disting. fr. a proper noun, the name of a particular person or thing. — C. Pleas. A court for trying civil actions. In the U. S., it some- times has criminal jurisdiction.— C. Prayer. The liturgy of the Prot. Epis. church. — C. sense. Sound, practical judgment; the instantaneous decision of unperverted reason. — C. time. (Mus.) That variety of time in which the measure consists of 2 or 4 equal portions. — C. verb. One which is both active and passive.— In common.. Equally with another, or with others. — Com'mons, -munz, n. pi. The mass of the people; the commonalty; the lower house of the Eng. parliament; provisions, food, fare; a club where all eat at a common table. — Com'monable, a. Held in common; allowed to pasture on common land. — Com'monage, -ej, n. Eight of pasturing on a common; joint light ol using anything in common with others. — Com'monalty, -al-tY, n. The common people ; body of citizens. — Com'moner, n. One under the degree of nobility; a member of the House of Commons; one having a joint right in common ground; a student of the second rank in the univer- sity of Oxford, England.— Com'monly, adv. Usu- ally; ordinarily; for the most part. — Com'mcnness n.— Com'monish, a. Common-place; vulgar.— Com'- mon-place, a. Common ; trite ; hackneyed. — n. (lihet.) A general idea applicable to different sub- jects; a trite remark. — v. t. To enter in a com- mon-place book, or to reduce to general heads. — Com'mon-place'-book, n. A book for recording things to be remembered. — Commonweal, -weK, -wealth, -w?lth, n. Prop., a free state; a popular government ; republic ; whole body of citizens. Commotion, kom-mo'shun, n. Violent motion; agita- tion; a popular tumult; perturbation or disorder of mind; excitement. [F. ; L. commotio, fr. con and motio, motion, fr. movere, motum, to move.] Commune, kom-mun', v. i. [-muned (-mundQ, -mo- ning.] To converse together familiarly, confer; to receive the communion, partake of the Lord's sup- per. [OF. communier, L. communicare, -catum, to communicate, fr. communis. See Common.] — Com- mune, kom'mun, n. A small territorial district in France; municipal self-government. (F. Hist.) A socialistic political party in France, — esp. in Paris. [F.] — Commu'nal, a. Pert, to a commune. — Com'- munism, -nizm, n. Doctrine of community of prop- erty among all citizens of a state or society; social- ism. — Com'munist, n. An advocate of, etc. — Com- mu'nity, -nY-tl, n. Common possession or enjoy- ment; a society of persons having common rights, interests, etc.Tsociety at large; the public, or people in general.— Commu'nicate, -nl-kat, v.t. To im- part for common possession, bestow, confer; tore- veal, or give, as information. — v. i. To share or participate; to have intercourse or means of inter- course. — Commu'nicable, a. That may be, etc.— Commu'nicableness, -cabil'ity, «. — Commu'nica'- tion, n. Act of communicating; intercourse; means of passing from place to place; that which is com- municated ; commerce; correspondence; news. — Commu'nicative, -tiv, a. Inclined to communicate. — Gommu'nicativeness, n. — Commu'nicator, -ter, n. — Commu'nicatory, -to-rY, a. Imparting knowl- edge. — Communion, -mun'yun, n. Intercourse be- tween persons; union in religious faith; fellowship; a body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; the celebration of the Lord's supper. — Commu'nicant. n. A partaker of the Lord's supper. Commute, kom-mut', v. t. To put one for the other, exchange; to substitute, as a greater penalty for a less; to pay less for in gross than would be paid for separate trips. — v. i. To bargain for exemption; to arrange to pay in gross. [L. con and rnutare, muta- tum, to change.] — Commu'table, a. Capable of being exchanged. — Commu'tabiFity, -Y-tl, n. — Commuta'tion. v. Change: barter. (Law.) Sub- stitution of one penalty for another. Purchase of a right to go upon a certain route during a specified period, for less than the aggregate charge for separate trips; an outright sum given as equivalent for a pro rata payment. — Commu'tative, -tiv, a. Relative to exchange: interchangeable. — Com'mutator, -ter, n. (Elec.) An apparatus for directing the course of the current of a voltaic battery- Compact, kom-pakf, a. Closely and firmly united; solid; dense; brief; succinct, — v. t. To drive or press closely together, consolidate; to unite or con- nect firmly, as in a system. [L. compingere, -pactum. &n> fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; COMPACT 103 COMPLETE to join together, fr. con n-n&pnngere, to set, fix: s. rt. fang.] — Compact' ly, -edly, -ed-lY, adv. In a com- pact manner. — Compact'ness, n. Compact, kom^pakt, n. An agreement between par- ties; covenant; contract. [L. cqmpacisci, -pactum, to agree with, fr. con and pacisci, to covenant.] Company, kum'pa-nY, n. State of being a companion; act of accompanying; an assemblage or association of persons; guest's, dieting, fr. the members of a fam- ily: a corporation; a firm: partners whose names are not mentioned in the title of the firm. (Mil.) A subdivision of a regiment. (Xaut.) The crew of a ship. — v. i. To associate. [OF. com panie, compag- nie, f r. LL. companies, a company, a taking of meals together, fr. companis, food taken with bread.fr. L. con and pants, bread.]— To keep company. To ac- company, attend; to associate frequently or habitu- ally, esp. as a lover. — Companion, kom-pan'yun, n. One associated with another; comrade; ally; accom- plice. [OF.]— Companion hatch. (Xaut.) A porch over the entrance of the'cabin.— C. ladder. One by which officers ascend to the quarter-deck. — C. way. A staircase leading to the cabin. — Companionable, a. Agreeable as a companion: sociable. — Compan'- ionableness, n. — Compan'ionably, adv.— Compan'- ionship. n. Fellowship; association. Compare, kom-par', v. t. [-pared (-pard r ), -paring.] To examine the mutual relations of; to represent as similar, for purposes of illustration; to liken. (Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of com- parison. — v.i. To hold comparison; to be like or equal; to admit of comparison. [F. comparer, L. comparare,-atum, to adjust, set together.fr. con and parare, to prepare.] — Compar'er, n. — Comparable, kom'pa-ra-bl. a. Capable or worthy of comparison. — Cem'parably, adv. — Comparative, -p&r'a-tiv, a. Estimated by. or proceeding from, comparison ; naving power of comparing. ( Gram.) Expressing a greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, than the positive. — Compar'atively, adv. In a comparative manner; by comparison; relatively. — Comparison. -T-sun or -Y-sn, ?i. Act of comparing; comparative estimate. See Phrenology. ( .1.) Inflection of an adjective or adverb in its several degrees. (Rhet.) A simile or similitude. Compartment, kom-part'ment, n. One of the parts into which a thi ng is divided. [F. compartiment, fr. L. con and partire, to divide, fr. pars, part.] Compass, kum'pas, n. A circuit; chcumference; an inclosing limit; boundary; an inclosed space; area; extent; capacity, (iff us.) Range of notes comprehended by any voice or instrument. "% A magnetic instrument, to de- „ termine the cardinal points.— ^ V. t. [COMPASSED (-past), -PAS- 3 sing.} To go about or around; sA% to inclose on all sides; to be- siege or invest; to get within reach, or within one's power; to purpose, imagine, plot, gain, consummate. [F. com- pos, LL. compassus, a circle, Mariner's Compass, circuit, round, fr. L. con and passvs, a pace, step, later a wav, route, — hence, a way that joins itself, circuit.] — Mariner's compass. One which has its needle permanently attached to a card, so that both move together, the card being divided into 32 parts, or points.— To fetch a compass. To go round in a circuit. — Com'passable, a. Capa- ble of being, etc. — Com'passes, -ez, n. pi. An in- strument to describe circles, measure figures, etc. Compassion, kom-pash'un, n. A suffering with an- other; sorrow excited by another's distress; pity; sympathy. [OF.; L. compassio, fr. con and pati, possum, to suffer,] — Compas'sionate. a. Full of compassion; tender; merciful. — v. t. To have com- passion for; commiserate. — Compas'sionately. adv. — Compas'sienateness, n.— Compatible. -pat'Y-bl, a. Capable of existing^ in harmony: consistent; agreeable; congruous. [F.]— Compatibleness, -ibil'- ity, n. — Compatibly, adv. Compatriot, kom-pa'trY-ut, n. A fellow-countryman. [OF. compatriote, fr. L. con and LL. patrioia, Gr. patriotes, a fellow-countryman, fr. pater, father.] Compeer, kom-per'', 7i. An" equal; companion; peer. [L. compar, f r. con and par, equal.] Uompel. kom-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pelling.] To drive irresistibly; to necessitate; to take by force or violence, constrain, coerce. [L. con and pellere, pulsum. to drive.] — Compellable, a. Capable of SssSUfat being, etc. — Compel'ler, n. — Compulsion, -pul'- shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; constraint; restraint. — Compul'sative, -tiv, -eatory, -to-rY, -sory, -so-rY, a. Compelling. — Compar" aive. -siv. a. Having power to, etc. — Compul'sively, -sorily. -rY- li. adr. Forcibly. — CompursiveneM, n. Compellation. kom-pel-la'snun, n. Manner of ad- dress; appellation. [L. compellare, to accost.] — Compellative, -la-tiv, n. (Gram.) The name by which one is addressed. Compend, kom'pend. Compendium, -t-um, n. A brief compilation; abridgment; epitome; summary. [L. compendium, fr. con and jj&ndere, to weigh = economize.] — Compendious, -Y-us, a. Summed up i within narrow limits. — Compendiously, adv. In brief. — Compend'iousness, n. | Compensate, kom'pen-sat or kom-pen'sat, v. t. To I make equal return to, give an equivalent to, re- ; munerate, requite: to be equivalent to in value or I effect, counterbalance. — v. i. To make amends, I supply an equivalent. [L. rompensare, -satum, to weigh one thing against another, fr. con and ;>evsart, j freq. of pendere, to weigh.] — Compensa'tion, n. ■ Act or principle of, etc.: an equivalent. (Lav;.) Payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount. — Compensative, -tiv, -satory, -to-rY, a. Affording ! compensation ._ Compete, kom-pet', r. i. To contend, as rivals for a ] prize; to strive emulously. [L. con and petere, peti- I turn, to fly towards, seek, Gr. petomai, Skr. pat, to fly.] — Competition, -tish'un, n . Common strife for the same object; emulation: opposition; jealousy. — Competitive, -Y-tiv, a. Producing or pert, t'o, etc. — Competitor, -Y-ter, n. One who claims what another claims: a rival. [L.] Competent, kom'pe-tent, a. Answering to all require- ments; having adequate power or right; fitted; qual- ified. [F., p. pr. of competer, to be sufficient for, fr. L. compeiere, to solicit. See Compete.] — Com'pe- tently, adv. — Com'petence, -tency, -ten-si, n. State of being competent; sufficiency, esp. of means of subsistence. (Law.) Legal capacity or qualifica- tions; right or authority. Compile, kom-pil', v. t. [-piled (-pild'), -piling.] To put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents. [L. con and pdare, -atum. tc plunder, rob; not fr. pilare, to deprive of hair.] — Compil'er, n. — Compila'tion, n. Act of compiling; thing compiled; esp. a book. Complacent, korn-pla'sent, a. Accompanied with pleasure; gratified; displaying satisfaction. [L. com- placens, p. pr. of complacere, to please, fr. con and placere.) — Compla'centry, adv. — Compla'eence. -cency, -sen-sY, n. A feeling ot quiet pleasure; the cause of pleasure: kindness of manners; civility.— Com'plaisant', -pla-zant', a. Desirous to please; kindly attentive; courteous: well-bred. [F.j— Com'- plaisantTy, adv. — Com'plaisance', n. Kind com- pliance with others' wishes; urbanity; suavity. [F.] Complain, kom-plan', v. i. [-plained (-plana''). -plaining.] To express distress or censiire : to bring an accusation, make a charge, murmur, la- ment, repine. [OF. complaindre, LL. compiangere, fr. L. con and plangere, to bewail. See Plaint.] — Complain'er, n. — Complain'ant, n. One who, etc. (Law.) A plaintiff. [1- .] — Complaint', n. Expres- sion of grief, censure, etc.; cause of complaining; A malady: disease. (Law.) Allegation that some person has been guilty of a designated offense. [F.] Complanate. kom'pla-hat, v. t. To make level or even. [L. con and pi an are, to level, fr. planus, plain.] Complete, kom-plet'. a. Free from deficiency: per- fect; finished: ended; entire; total. — v. t. To bring to a perfect state: to fulfill, bring to pass, achieve. [L. complere. -pletum, to fulfill, fr. con and plere, to fill: s. rt. full, comply.) — Completely, adr"— Com- plete'ness, n. — Comple'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: fulfillment: realization. — Comple'tive, -tiv, a. Making complete. — Com'plement, -ple- ment, n. That which completes or supplies a defi- ciency ; quantity required to make complete. (Astron.) Distance of a star from the zenith, as compared with its altitude. (Trigon.) Difference between an arc or angle and 90 9 . (Arith.) Differ- ence between a number and 10, 100, 1000, etc. (Mus.) Interval wanting to complete the octave. — Com- plemenfal, a. Supplying, or tending to supply, a deficiency ; fully completing. — C»mplement'- ary, a. Serving to complete. — Comple'tory. -to-rY, a. Making complete. — n. Evening; the compline. — Com'pline, -plin. -plin, n. (EccT.) The closing sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ften, boNboN, chair, ge: COMPLEX prayer of the Roman Catholic breviary, recited after sunset. [OF. complie, LL. completa.] Complex, kom'pleks, a. Composed of two or more parts; complicated; intricate. — n. Assemblage; col- lection. [L., interwoven, intricate, fr. con and plec-, rt. of plicare, plicatum, to plait together; s. rt. plait, fold.] — Com'plexness, Complex Sdness, -ed-nes, -ity, -I-tY, n. Intricacy. — Gom'plexly, adv. — Com- ?>iex1ire, -ur, n. Involution or complication of one hing with others. — Complexion, -plekShun, n. State of being complex; connection of parts; frame or texture; hue of the skin, esp. of the face; general appearance. — Complexlonal, -ionary, a. Pert, to the complexion, or to the care of it. — Com-'plicate, -pll-kat, v. t. To fold or twist together, interweave; to render complex, involve. — a. Composed of parts united; complicated. — Com'plicately, adv. — Com'- plicateness, -cacy, -ka-sT, n, State of being, etc. — Complication, n. Intricate or confused blending of parts ; entanglement. — Com'plicative, -tiv, a. Tending to involve. — Complicity, -plis'l-tT, n. Con- dition of being an accomplice. [F. complicity, con- spiracy, fr. complice, confederate, fr. L. complex.'] Compline. See under Complete, Complot, kom'plot, n. A confederacy in some evil design; conspiracy; cabal. [F., a conspiracy.] — Complot', v. t. and i. To plot together, conspire, join in a secret design. CompVutensian, kom-ploo-tenShan, a. Pert, to the polyglot Bible published at Complutum, or Alcala, in Spain, 1522. Comply, korn-pli', v. i. [-plied (-plid'), -plying.] To yield assent, accord, agree, acquiesce. [It. complire, to fill up, fulfill, suit, also, to use compliments, f r. L. complere. See Complete.] — Compiler, n. — Compilable, a. Inclined to, etc. — Compliance, -ans, n. Act of , or disposition to, etc.; concession; obedience. — Compli'ant, a. Pliant; yielding to re- quest.— Compli'antly, adv.— Com'pliment, n. Com- pliance with the wishes of another; manifestation of approbation, regard, etc.; delicate flattery. — v. t. To natter; express respect for. — v. i. To use com- pliments. [F., f r. It. complimento.'] — Compliment'' al, -ary, -a-rY, a. Expressive of, etc. Component. See under Compose. Comport, kom-porf, v. i. To agree, accord, suit. — V. t. To behave, conduct, — with a reflexive pro- noun. [F. comporter, LL. comportare, to behave, fr. L. con and portare, to carry.] — Comporfable, a. Suitable ; consistent. Compose, kom-poz' v. t. [-posed (-p5zdO, -posing.] To form by uniting, put together ; to constitute ; to originate, become the author of; to place in form, reduce to order ; to free from disturbance, set at rest. (Print.) To place in proper order for print- ing t as type. [F. composer, fr. L. con and ponere, position, to place.] — Composed, -Dozd'. p. a. Free from agitation : calm ; tranquil. — Compos Sdly, -ed-lT, adv. — ComposSdness, n. — Compo3fer, n. One who composes ; an author, esp. of a piece of music. — Composition, -zish'un, n. Act of compo- sing, esp. a literary work. (Fine Arts.) That com- bination of parts in which each has its due propor- tion. Arrangement of type for use in printing. State of being composed ; thing formed by com- posing. (Law.) Adjustment of a debt, by compen- sation mutually agreed on. — Composition of forces. (Mech.) The finding of a single force equal to two or more given forces acting in given directions. — Composing-stick, n. (Print.) An instrument 104 con — Compos'ure, -zhur, n. Act of composing ; thing composed ; a settled state ; calmness ; tranquility. Compound, kom-pownd', v. t. To put together, as ele- ments, or parts to form a whole ; to combine or unite ; to settle amicably, adjust by agreement. — v. i. To come to terms of agreement, settle by com- promise. [L. componere. See Compose.] — To com- pound a felony. To accept of a consideration for forbearing to prosecute. — Com^pound, a. Com- posed of elements, ingredients, or parts. — n. That which is compounded ; mixture of elements, in- gredients, or parts. —Compound motion. That which is the result of forces acting in different but not opposite directions. — C. number. One constructed according to a varying scale of denomination, — as 3 cwt. 1. qr., 5 lbs. — Compound'er, n. Comprador, kom-pia-dor / ', n. A native employed by foreign merchants in China to conduct business with other natives ; a steward. [Pg. and Sp., fr. comprar, L. comparare, to buy.] Comprehend, kom-pre-hend', v. t. To include by con- struction or implication ; to take into the mind, ap- prehend the meaning of, conceive, understand. [L. con and prehendere, -hensum, to seize, fr. prse, before- hand, and obs. hendere, to seize ; s. rt. Gr. chanda* nein, E. get.] — Comprehensible, -st-bl, a. Capable of being comprehended, included, or understood. — ComprehenSibleness, -sibillty, n. — Comprehen'- aion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. ; thing comprehended or inclosed within narrow limits ; summary ; epit- ome ; capacity of the mind to understand ; percep- tion. — Comprehensive, -siv, a. Including much within narrow limits; extensive; full. — Compre- hensively, adv. — Comprehensiveness, n. Compress, koin-pres', v. t. ^-pressed (-presf), -press- ing.] To press together, bring within narrower limits, crowd, condense. [L. con and pressare, freq. of premere, pressum, to press.] — Com'press, n. (Surg.) A folded piece of linen, to make pressure on any part. [F.] — Compressible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Compresslbleness, -ibillty, n. — Com- pression, -presh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, of adjustable width. in which type is ar- ranged into words and lines. — Composite, Composing-stick. -pOzlt, a. Made of distinct parts or elements ; compounded. (Arch.) Belonging to an order of architecture made up of the Ionic grafted upon the Corinthian. See Capital. — Composite number. (Math.) One which can be measured exactly by a number exceeding unity. — Compositive, -pBzl- tiv, a. Compounded, or having power of compound- ing. — Compositor, -ter, n. One who sets in order. (Print.) One who sets type. — Compo'nent, a. Composing ; serving or helping to form ; constitu- ting. — n. A constituent part; an ingredient.— Composltae, -te, n. pi. (Bot.) A family of dicoty- ledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads, — including the daisy, dandelion, and aster. — Cora'post, -post, n. (Agric.) A mixture for fertilizing land. — v. t. To manure with compost. Compressive, -iv, a. Having power to, etc, — Compress'or, -er, n. Anything which, etc.— Corn- pressure, -presh'ur, n. Act or force of one body pressing against another ; pressure. Comprise, kom-prlz', v. t. [-prised (-prlzd'). -pris- ing.] To comprehend, include, embrace, imply. [F. compris, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehenaere. See Comprehend.] — ComprisSi, n. Act of, etc Compromise, kom'pro-mlz, n. A mutual promise to refer a dispute to the decision of arbitrators; adjust- ment by mutual concessions.— v. t. [-mised (-mlzd), -mising.] To adjust by mutual concessions, com- pound ; to commit, put to hazard, compromit. [F. compromis, p. p. of convjwomettre, to compromit, fr. L. con andpromittere. -missum, to promise.] — Com , - promis'er, n. — Com'promit, v. t. To pledge, prom- ise ; to put to hazard, by some act which cannot be recalled, bring into danger, compromise. Comptroller. See under Control. Compulsion, Compulsory, etc. See under Compel. Compunction, kom-punkShun, n. Poignant grief or remorse; the sting of conscience. [OF., fr. L. «wi- pungi, -punctus, to feel remorse, fr. con and pungere, to prick, sting.] — Compunc'tious, -shus, a. At- tended with, etc. Compurgation, kom-pgr-gaShun, n. (Law.) The justifying a man's veracity by the oath of others. [L. con and purgare (=purum agere), to make pure.] — Compurgalor, n. One who testifies to the inno- cence of another. Compute, kom-pGt / \ v. t. To determine by calcula- tion, cast up, count, enumerate. [L. con and putare, putatum, orig, to make clean = make clear, settle.] — ComputSr, ».— ComputSble, a — Computa'tien, n. Act or process of, etc.; reckoning; account. Comrade, komlad, n. A mate, companion, or associ- ate. [Sp. camarada, a company, also a partner, fr. Sp. and L. camara, chamber. See Chamber.] Comtism, koNtlzm, n. Positivism ; the doctrine of the F. philosopher, August Cornte, that all knowl- edge is experience of facts acquired through the senses, and that we know nothing of causes or laws, but only phenomena. — Comtlst, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. A Positivist. Con, kon. An abbr. of L. contra, against : in the phrase pro and con, for and against, it denotes the negative or contrary side of a question; as a sub- stantive, it denotes one who is in the negative. Con, kon, v. t. [conned (kond), conning.] Orig., to am, fame, far, pass or oeera, fare « end. eve, term ; In, Ice , Sdd, tone, 6r CONATION 105 CONCORD know; to study, try to fix in the mind, peruse. [AS. cunnian, to examine into, fr. cunnan, to Know.] Conation, ko-na'shun, n. (Phil.) The faculty of vol- untary agency. [L. conari, -atus, to attempt.] — Co'- native, -tiv, a. Pert, to an attempt; endeavoring. Concamerate, kon-kam'gr-at, v. t. To arch over, vault. [L. con and camerare, -atuin, to arch, fr. camera, vault. See Chamber.] — Concamera'tion, n. An arch or vault. Concatenate, kon-kafe-nat, v. t. To link together, unite in a series. [L. con and catenare, -atum, to chain, fr. catena, a chain.] — Concatenation, n. A series of links united, or of things depending on each other. Concave, kon'kav, a. Hollow and curved or rounded, — said of the interior of anything hemispherical. See Lens. — n. A hollow ; arched vault. — v. t. [concaved (-kavd), -caving.] To make hollow. [L. con and cavus, hollow.] — Concava'tion, n. Act of making, etc. — Con'caveness, n. Hollowness. — Concavity, -kav'T-tl, n. The internal surface of a hollow ; rounded body ; space within such body. — Conca'vo-con'cave, a. Concave on both surfaces; double-concave. See Lens. — Conca'vo-con'vex, a. Concave on one side and convex on the other. — Conca'vous.jvus, a. Concave. Conceal, kon-seK, v. t. [-cealed (-seld'), -cealing.] To hide or withdraw from observation ; to withhold from utterance, disguise, dissemble, secrete. [L. cen and celare, to hide ; s. rt. hall, hell, hole, hull, etc.] — Conceal'able, a.— ConcealCr, n. — Conceal- ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; place of hid- ing ; secret place. (Law.) Suppression of truth. Concede, kon-sed r , v. t. To yield or suffer to pass ; to admit to be true, grant, admit, give up, surrender. — v. i. To yield or make concession. [L. con and cedere, cessum, to cede, grant.] —Concession, -sesh/- un, n. Act of granting ; thing granted ; boon ; a privilege, or right granted by government. — Con- cesSionist, n. One who favors, etc. — ConcesSive, -siv, a. Implying, etc. Conceit, kon-sef, n. That which is conceived in the mind ; idea ; thought ; image ; a quaint fancy ; af- fected conception; opinion; estimation; esp. overes- timation of one's self; vanity.— v. t. To conceive, im- agine. — v. i. To form an idea, judge. [OF. concept, conceit, p. p. of concevoir, to conceive. See Con- ceive.]— Conceifed, a. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self ; vain; egotistical. — Conceif- edly, adv. — ConceitSdness, n. Conceive, kon-sev / ', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd / '), -ceiving.] To receive into the womb and breed ; to form in the mind, as a purpose ; to picture to the imagination, understand, believe, think. — v. i. To become preg- nant ; to have a conception, idea, or opinion ; to think. [OF. concerer, concevoir, L. concipere, con- ception, fr. con and capere, to take, hold.] — Con- eeiv'er, n. — Conceivable, a. Imaginable. — Con- ceivSbleness, n. — Conceiv'ably, adv. — Concept, konSept, n. An abstract general conception. — Conception, -sepShun, n. Act of conceiving ; state of being conceived ; formation in the mind of an image, idea, etc.; apprehension; image, etc., formed; notion; a universal; power or faculty of forming an idea in the mind. [F.] — Concep'tive, -tiv, a. Ca- pable of conceiving. — Conceptual, -u-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Concept'ualism, -izm, n. (Metaph>/s.) Theory that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual objects. — Concep'tualist, -tionalist, n. A believer, etc. Concent, kon-senf, n. Concert of voices ; harmony. [L. con and ranere, cantum, to sing.] Concenter, -tre, kon-sen'ter, v. i. [-centered or -trkd (-terd), -tering or -tring.] To come to a point, or meet in a common center. — v. t. To draw or direct to a common center, bring to a point. [F. concentrer, L. concentrare, fr. con and centrum (F. centre)^ center. See Center.] — Concentrate, kon-sen'trat or konSen-trat, v. t. To bring to a common center, unite more closely, combine. — Con- centration, w. Act of, etc. (Chem.) Volatilization of part of a liquid, to increase the strength of the remainder. — Concen'trative, a. Serving to, etc. — Concen'trativeness, n. (Phren.) Power of concen- trating intellectual force. See Phrenology. — Concentrator, -ter, n. (Mining.) A pneumatic ap- paratus for separating dry comminuted ore, accord- ing to the specific gravity of its particles. — Con- centric, a. Having a common center. — Concen- trically, adv. — Concentricity, -tris r t-tY, n. State of being concentric. Concern, kon-sgrn', v. t. [-cbrneb (-serndO, -cern- ing.] To relate or belong to, be of importance to ; to take an interest in ; to disturb, make uneasy. — n. That which relates to one, or affects the weW fare; interest in, or care for, any thing. (Com.) Persons connected in business ; a firm and its busi- ness. [F. concerner, fr. L. concemere, to mix, ming)e, later, to belong to, regard, fr. con and cernere, to sift, decree, observe.] — Concernedly, -ed-lT, adv. In a concerned manner. — Concerning, prep. Pert, to ; regarding ; with respect to. — Concernment, n. Thing in which one is concerned; affair; particular; interposition; meddling; solicitude; anxiety. Concert, kon-serf, v. t. To plan together; to plan; devise. — v. i. To act in harmony, form combined plans, take counsel. [F. concerter, It. concertare, to concert, contrive, fr. L. con and serere, sertum; to join together.] — Concert, n. Agreement in a de- sign or plan; harmony; musical accordance or har- mony ; a musical entertainment. — Concer'to, n. A musical composition written for a principal instru- ment, with accompaniments for a full orchestra. [It.] — Concertina, -te'na, n. A musical instrument of the accordion species. — Concert-pitch, n. The pitch generally adopted for a given tone, by which other tones are governed. Concession, Concessive, etc. See under Concede. Conch, kcnk, n. A marine shell. (Arch.) The domed semicircular or polygonal ter- mination of the choir of a church; apsis. See Apsis. [L. concha, shell, Gr. kongke, mus- sel, Skr. cankha, conch-6hell.' — Concha, kon'ka, n. (Anat.\ The external ear, by which; sounds are collected and trans mitted to the internal ear. See Ear. [L.l — Conchoid, konk'- oid, n. ( Geol.) A curve of the Conch. 4th order. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Conchoid' al. a. (Min.) Having elevations or depressions in form like the valve of a bivalve shell. — Conchology, -koKo-jT, n. Science of shells and animals inhabiting them; mal- acology. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— Conchological, -loj'- Pert. to, et< in, etc. ik-al, a. etc.— Conchol'ogist, n. One versed Conciliate, kon-siKT-at, v. t. To win over; to gain from a state of indifference or hostility. [L. con- ciliare, -atum, fr. consilium, assembly, union. See Council.] — Concil'iaSion, n. Act of, etc.; recon- ciliation. — Conciliator, -ter, n. — Conciliatory, -to- ri, a. Tending to conciliate; pacific. Concise, kon-sTs', a. Expressing much in a few words; laconic; terse; succinct. [F.; L. concisvs, brief, p. p. of couci'iere, to cut down, fr. con and csedere, to cut.] — Concisely, adv. — Conciseness, «.-- Con- cision, -sizh'un, n. A cutting off; division; faction; circumcision. Conclave, kon'klav, n. A private apartment, esp. that where the cardinals meet to elect a pope; as- sembly to elect a pope, the body of curdinals; a pri- vate meeting. [F. and L., fr. L. con and clavis, key.] Conclude, kon-klud', v. t. To close, as an argument, by inferring; to bring to an end; to make a final " judgment or determination of; to infer, finish, end. — v. i. To come to an end, close; to form a final judgment. [L. concludere, -elusion, fr. con and clau- dere, to shut. See Clause.]— ConcludSr, n. — Con- clusion, -zhun, n. Last part of anything; final de- cision; determination: deduction from premises'; an experiment. (Law.) End of a pleading; an estoppel or bar by which one is held to a position which he has taken. — Conclusive, -siv, a. Pert, to a close; ending debate or question; final; decisive; defini- tive. — Conclusively, adv. — Conclusiveness, n. Concoct, kon-kokf\ v. t. To digest; to mature, per- fect, ripen; to devise, plan, plot [L. concoquere, -coctum, to boil together, digest, think over, fr. con and coqvere, to cook. See Cook.] — ConcoctSr, «.— Concoc'tion, n. Digestion; act of bringing to ma- turity, etc.; act of planning ; contrivance. — Con- coct'ive. -iv. a. Having power to, etc. Concomitant, kon-kom / 'T-tant, a. Accompanying, or conjoined: concurrent; attending. — n. One who is, etc.; an accompaniment. [L. con and cornitari. to accompany, fr. comes, a companion. See Count.] — Concomitantly, adv. In company with others.— Concomitance, -itancy, -Tt-tan-sT, n. State of. etc. Concord, kon'kSrd, n. A state of agreement: har- mony; union. (Gram.) Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, persow, or case sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get CON CORPORATE 106 CONDYLE (Mus.) A consonant chord; consonance; harmony. [F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. con and cor, cordis, the heart.] — Concord'ance, -ans, ra. Agreement; accordance; a verbal index to a work, in which pas- sages containing the same word are arranged alpha- betically, with references to the text.— Concord'ist, n. A compiler of a concordance. — Concord'' ant, a. Agreeing; correspondent; consonant. [L. and It. concordare, to agree.] — Concord'antly, adv. — Con- cordat, ». A compact or agreement, — esp. be- tween the pope and a sovereign for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters. [F., fr. It. concordato, a convention, p. p. of concordare.'] Concorpoxate. kc»i-kor'po-rat, v. i. To unite in one mass or body. — a. United in, etc. [L. con and cor- pus, corporis, body.] Concourse, korj'kors, n. A moving or running to- gether; an assembly; crowd; place of meeting. [F. concours, L. concursus, fr. con and currere, to run.] Concrete, kon'kret, a. United in growth; formed by coalition of particles into one body; united in a solid form. (Logic.) Existing in a subject; not ab- stract. — n. A compound or mass formed by con- cretion. (Arch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- bles, etc., cemented by mortar. (Logic.) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term. — Concrete', v. i. To unite or coalesce, as separate particles into a mass. — ?'. t. To form into a mass. [L. con and crescere, cretum, to grow. See Crescent and Create.] — Concretely, adv.— Concrete'ness, n.— Concre'tion. n. Act of concreting; mass or solid matter formed by congelation, condensation, coagulation, or other like natural process. (Geol.) A nodule, produced by aggregation of material around a center. — Con- cre'fional, «. Pert, to concretion. — Concre'tive, -tiv, a. Promoting, etc. — Con'crement, n. Collec- tion formed by. etc. —Concrescence, -kres'ens, n. Act of growing by, etc. — Concres'cive, -siv, a. Growing together. — Concre'tianism, -shan-izm, n. (Psychol.) Doctrine that soul and body are gener- ated together and grow in common. Concnbine, kon'ku-bin, n. A paramour ; a woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a wife of inferior condition. [F.; L. concubina, fr. con and cubare. to lie down.] — Concu'binage, -bl- nej, n. State of being, etc.; the cohabiting of a man and woman not married. — Concu'binal, -binary, -ner-Y, a. Pert, to, etc. Concupiscence, kon-ku'pis-ens. n. Unlawful desire, esp. of carnal pleasure; lust. [F.; L. concupiscentia, fr. concupiscerc, fr. con and cupere, to desire.] — Concu'piscent, a. Libidinous; lustful; salacious. Concur, kon-ker', v. i. [-curred (-kerd'), -curring.] To meet in the same point; to act jointly; to unite in opinion, assent, coincide, approve. [L. con and currere, to run.] — Concur'rence, -rens, n. A com- ing together; onion; conjunction; joint rights, im- plying equality in different persons.— Concur'rent, a. Acting in "conjunction; cooperating; associate; concomitant ; joint and equal in authority. — n. Joint or contributory cause. — Concurrently, adv. Concussion, kon-kush^un, n. Act of shaking or agi- tating, esp. by the stroke of another body; state of being shaken': shock. [F. ; L. concussio, f r. conctitere, -cussu/n, to shake together, fr. con and quatere, to shake.] — Concus'sive, -siv, a. Having power to, etc. Condemn, kon-dem', v. t. [-demned (-demd'), -dem- xing (-dem'ning).] To pronounce to be wrong, blame, censure, pronounce judicial sentence against, doom; pronounce unfit for service. [L. con and damnare, to damn, condemn.] — Condem'ner, n. — Condem'nabie, a. Worthy of, etc.; blameworthy; culpable. — Condemna'tion, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; reason of a sentence; judgment. — Con- dem'natory, -to-rT, a. Bearing condemnation. Condense, kon-dens', v. t. [-densed (-densf), -dens- ixg.] To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress, consolidate, thicken.— v. i. To become close or more compact; to grow thick or dense. [F. condenser, L. condensare, -satum, f r. con and densare, tothicken, f r. densus, thick, dense.] — Conden'sate, -sat, v. t. & i. Same as condense. — Condens'er, n. One who, or that which, etc., esp. {Mach.) a vessel for condensing vapor into a liquid form. See Steam Engine. — Condens'able, a. Capable of being, etc — Condensation, n. Act of, etc. — Conden'sative, -tiv, a. Having power or tendencv to, etc. Condescend, kon-de-send', v. i. To let one's self down; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character; to recede willingly from one's rights ; to deign, vouchsafe. [F. condescendre, fr. L. con and descent dere, to descend.] — Condescendingly, adv. — Con- descension, -sen'shun,w. Act of, etc.; complaisance; courtesy; affability. Condign, kon-dTn', a. Deserved; merited; suitable. [OF. condigne, L. condignus, well-worthy, fr. con and dignus, worthy.] — Condign'ly, adv. Accord- ing to merit. — Condign'ness, n. Condiment, kon'dt-ment, n. Something to give relish to food. [L. condimentum, fr. condire, to season.] Condisciple, kon-dis-si'pl, n. A fellow-disciple ; school- fellow. Condition, kon-dish'un, n. State or situation as re- gards external circumstances ; quality ; property ; attribute; that which must exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else;, stipulation; article; terms, —v. i. [-ditioned (-dish'und), -tioning.] To make terms, stipulate, —v. t. To contract, stip- ulate; to impose conditions on. [F.; L. conditio, a covenant, condition; s. rt. indicare, to point out, also E. token : not f r. L. condere, to put together.] — Conditional, a. Containing, implying, or depend- ing on, etc.; not absolute. (Gram. & Logic.) Ex- pressing a condition or supposition. — Condi'tional'- ity, -MT, 7i. Quality of being, etc.; limitation by terms. — Condi'tionally, adr. With certain limita- tions; on particular terms; not absolutely. — Condi'- tioned, a. Circumstanced, — as well-conditioned. Conditory, kon'di-to-rT, n. A repository to holdthings. [L. conditorium, fr. condere, to put together, hide. J Condole, kon-dol', v. i. [-doled (-dold'), -doling.] To express sorrow at the pain of another. [L. con and dolere, to grieve.] — Condol'er, n. — Condole '- ment, -do'lence, n. Expression of sympathy, etc. Condone, kon-don', v. t. [-doned (-dond'), -doning.] (Eccl. Law.) To pardon; to forgive for a violation of the marriage vow. [L. condonare, -natum, to re- mit, fr. con and donnre, to give.] — Condena'tion, n. Act of pardoning. {Eccl. Law.) Forgiveness by a husband of his wife, or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty. Condor, kon'dor, «. A large bird of the vulture fam- ily, found in the Andes; a gold coin of Chili and the U. S. of Colombia, worth 10 pesos, or more than $9. [Sp., corrup. of Pg. cuntnr.] Condottiere, kon-dot-te-a'ra, n. ;pl. -ERi,-a're. In Italy, the leader of a band of mercenary soldiers, living by pillage; a brigand. [It., fr. L. con and ducere, to lead.] Conduce, kon-dus', v. t. [-DUCED (-dtlSt'), -DU- Cing.] To promote, answer, or further an end; to tend, contribute. [L. con and ducere, ductum, to lead. See Dcke.] — Condu'cible, Condor. -sT-bl, -cive. -siv, a. Tend- ing to promote or forward. — Condu'cibleness, -ci- bil'ity, -civeness, -siv-nes, n. — Con'duct, -dukt, n. Act or method of leading, commanding, etc.; skill- ful guidance; generalship; that which leads, guides, escorts, or brings safely; convoy; guard; warrant; manner of guiding one's self ; behavior; deport- ment ; demeanor. — Conduct', v. t. To lead or guide, escort, attend; to lead as a commander, di- rect, control; to manage, Tegulate, carry. — v. i. To behave, act. — Conduct'ible, a. — Conduct'ibil'ity, n. — Conduction, -duk'shun, n. (Physics.) Trans- mission through, or bv means of, a conductor. — Conduct'ive, -iv, a. Conducting. — Conductiv'ity, n. Quality or power of conducting or giving pas- sage to molecular action. — Conduct'or, -er, n. One who conducts; a leader; guide; manager; one in charge of a railroad train . (Physics.) A substance, esp. a metallic rod, forming a medium for the trans- mission of some substance or fluid, esp. of heat or electricity. — Conduct'ress, n. A woman who, etc. Conduit, kon'- or kun'dit, n. That which conducts or conveys; esp. a pipe, canal, etc. [F.; fr. LL. conduc- tus, escort, also canal, fr. conducere. See Conduce.] Conduplicate, kon-du'plT-kat, a. (Bot.) Doubled or folded together. [L. con and duplicare, to double.] Condyle, kon'dil, n. (Anat.) A rounded projection at the end of a bone ; knuckle. [F. ; Gr. kondidps, fr. kondos, knob.] — Con'dyloid, a. Shaped like, etc., — said esp. of the projection articulating the lower am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; CONE 107 CONFOUND jaw with the head. TGr. eidos, form.] — Con'dylope, -dT-lop, Condyl'opod, n. (Zobl.) An articulated animal, with jointed legs, — as crabs, insects, etc. [Gr. pous.podos, foot.] Cone, kon, n. A solid body, tapering to a point from a circular base. (Bot.) The conical fruit of evergreen trees, as of the pine, fir, cedar, etc. [F. ; L. conus, Gr. konos; s. rt. L. cuneus, wedge, Ski. go, to sharpen, E. hone. See Coin.] — Conic, kon'ik, -ical, a. Formed like, resembling, or pert, to, etc. — Conic section. (Geom.) A curve line formed by the intersection of a cone and plane, — a parabola, hyperbola, or ellipse. — Cone. Coirically, adv. In the form of, etc.— Conicalness, n . — Con'lcB. n. sing. That part of geometry treat- ing of the cone and its curves, n. pi. The curves formed by the intersection of a plane and cone. — Co'niform, a. Cane-shaped ; conical. [L. forma, form.] — Coniferous, -nifgr-us, a. {Bot.) Bearing cones, as pines, etc. [L. fen-e, to bear.] — Co'noid, -noid, n. Anything cone-shaped. (Geom.) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis. — Co'noid, -noid'al, a. Nearly, but not ex- actly, conical. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Conoid'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or formed like, a conoid. Confabulate, kon-fab'u-lat, v. i. To talk familiarly together, chat, prattle. [L. con smdfabulari, -latum, to converse, fr. fabula, a discourse. See Fable.] — Confabula'tion, Confab, n. Familiar talk. Confect, kon'fekt, n. A sweetmeat ; comfit ; confec- tion. [L. conficere, -fectum, to prepare.] — Confec'- tion, n. A preparation of fruit, etc., with sugar ; act of making confects. — Confec'tioner, n. One who makes or sells confections, candies, etc. — Confec'- tionery, -5r-T, n. Sweetmeats in general; confections; candies; place for making or selling, etc. Confederate, kon-fed'Sr-at, a. United in a league; engaged in a confederacy. — n. A person or nation engaged in a confederacy; an ally. — v. t. and i. To uuite in a league. [L. con and foederare, -atum, to league, fr. feedva, foederis, a league.] — Conied'eracy, -a-st, n. A league or covenant ; union between per- sons or states ; persons, etc., united by a league. (Law.) An unlawful combination ; conspiracy. — Confedera'tion, n. Act of confederating ; league ; compact for mutual support ; parties to a league. — Confed'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. Confer, kon-fer', v. t. [-feeeed (-ferd'), -febeixg.] To grant a permanent possession; to bestow, award. — v. t. To discourse or converse seriously ; to com- pare views. [F. conferer, to commune, L. conferre, to bring together, bestow, fr. con and ferre, to bring.] — Conference, -ens, n. Act of conversing ; interchange of views : meeting for consultation ; interview. [F.] — Confer'rable, a. Capable of be- ing conferred. — Confer'rer, n. Conferva, kon-fSr'va, n. ; pi. -\je, -ve. (Bot.) A fresh- water plant consisting of slender-jointed green fila- ments. [L. con and/enrre, to boil.] Confess, kon-fes', v. t. [-fessed (-fesf), -fessixg.] To acknowledge or admit, as a crime, fault, debt, etc. ; to own or recognize ; to admit as true, assent to, (Eccl.) To declare (one's sins) to a priest, in order to receive absolution ; to hear such confession ; to dis- close or reveal, as an effect its cause. — v. i. To make confession. [OF. confesser, fr. L. con and fateri, fessus, to acknowledge. See Fame.] — Con- fess'edly, -ed-lT, adv. By confession: avowedly; un- deniably. — Confession, -f esh'un, n. Acknowledg- ment ; avowal ; admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. (Eccl.) Act of disclosing sins to a priest. A formulary stating articles of faith.— Confessional, i*. The seat where a confessor sits to hear confessions. — Confes'sionalism, -izm, n. The principle of mak- ing confession ; principle of formulating the beliefs of a church into a confession of faith, and exacting acceptance thereof from its members. — Confes'- sionary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to auricular confession. — Canfess'or, -5r, n. One who acknowledges his sins or obligations. {Eccl.) One who professes faith in the Christian religion. A priest who hears confessions. Confide, kon-fid > , v. i. To put faith, believe, —v. t. To intrust, give in charge. [L. goh and fidere. to trust.] — Confid'er, n. — Confidant', n. m.. -fidante', 7i. f., -ft-dant'. A confidential friend. [OF.] — Confidence, -f T-dens, n. Act of confiding ; belief in the reality of a fact or integrity of a person ; that in which faith is put ; feeling of security; self- reliance ; assurance ; expectation ; hope ; courage. — Confidence-man, n. One who appeals to another's confidence in order to swindle him ; a plausible scoundrel. — Confident, a. Having confidenoe -, trustful : self-reliant : having an excess of assur- ance; occasioning confidence. — Confidently, adv. — Confidential, -shal, a. Enjoying confidence; com- municated in confidence. — Confidentially, adv. Configure, kon-fig'ur, v. t. [-figured (-urd), -using.] To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. [L. con and figurare, to fashion, fr. figura, form.] — Conflg'ura'tion. n. Externalform. (Astrol.) Relative position or aspect of the planets. [F.] Confine, konfln, n. Common boundary ; border ; limit. — Confine'', v. t. [-fixed (-find''), -fining.] To restrain within limits ; to bound, immure, re- strict. — v. i. To have a common boundary ; to border. [F. confin, near, adjoining, confmer, to abut upon, confine, fr. L. con and finis, a boundary.] — Conftnable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Confin'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. — Con'finer, n. One who lives on confines; a borderer. — Conflne'ment, n. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; detentiou by sickness, esp. by child-birth. Confirm, kon-ferrn, v. t. [-firmed (-f5rmd r ), -firm- ing.] To make firm, give strength to, render fixed or certain; to render valid by formal assent. (Eccl.) To administer the rite of confirmation to. [F. confcrmer, fr. L. con and ftrmare, -atum, to make firm, fr. firmus, firm.] — Confinner, n. — Confirm 'able. a. — Confirma'tion, n. Act of confirming, or estab- lishing: that which confirms, convincing testimony; ratification. (Eccl.) A rite in Episcopal churchea by which one baptized is admitted to the full privi- leges of the church. — Confirm' ative, -tiv, a. Hav- ing power to confirm. — Confirm'atory, -tc-rf , a. Serving to confirm ; corroborative ; pert, to the rite of confirmation. Confiscate, kon'fis-kat or kon-fis'kat, v. t. To appro- priate, as a penalty, to public use. — a. Appropri- ated, etc. [L. conjiscare, -catiun, to confiscate.fr. con and ftscus, basket, purse, treasury.] — Confis'cable, a. Capable of being, etc. ; liable to forfeiture.— Conflsca'tion, n. Act of appropriating, as a penalty, to the public use. — Con'fiscator. n. One who, etc. — Confis'catory, -to-rT, a. Consigning to, or pro- moting, etc. Conflagration, kon-fla-gra'shun. n. A great fire. [F.- fr. L. con and flagrare.-gratwn, to burn.] Conflict, kon'flikt. n. Violent collision ; a striving to oppose or overcome ; the last struggle of life ; pang ; agony. — Conflict', v. i. To strike or dash together, meet in collision, struggle, strive, battle. [L. con and fligere,flictum, to strike; s. rt. blow.] — Confllct'ive, -iv, a. Tending to conflict. Confluence, kon'flu-ens, n. The meeting or junction of streams : place of meeting ; running together of people ; crowd; multitude. [L. con and Jluere, Jlv-r- um, to flow.] — Con'fluent, a. Flowing together ; running one into another ; meeting in a common current or basin. (Bot.) United at the base. — n. A small stream flowing into a large one ; place of meeting of streams, etc. — Con'flux, n. A flowing together of currents; assemblage: concourse. Conform, kon-fdrin, v. t. [-formed (-fdrmd'), -form- ing.] To shape in accordance with, make alike, bring into harmony or agreement with. — v. i. To conduct in accordance, comply, yield, render obe- dience. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To be a conformist. [F. conformer, fr. L. cow and formare, -matum, to fash- ion, fr. forma, form.] — Conform'er, n. — Conform '- able, a. Corresponding in form, shape, opinion*, etc. ; similar ; like ; in proper form ; disposed to compliance: submissive. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so. — Conform'ableness, -abil'ity, n. State of being, etc. (Geol.) Parallelism of two sets of strata m contact. — Conform'ably, adr. With, or in, con- formity. — Conform'ate. a. Having the same form. — Conforma'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; agreement ; harmony ; structure of a body ; form ; make. — Conformist, n. One who complies with the worship of the church of England. — Conform'- ity, -Y-tT, n. Correspondence in character, etc. ; congruity. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the established church. Confound, kon-fownd', v. t. To mingle and blend, so as to be indistinguishable ; to throw into confu- sion ; to abash, dismay, defeat, ruin, intermingle. [F. confondre, fr. L. con and fundere, fustem, to pour.] — Confound'er, «. — Confound'ed,^. a. Con- fused; perplexed; very great: enormous; abominsfc- ble. — Confound'edlyj adv. Enormously, greatly. s&n, cube, full ; moon, io"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CONFRATERNITY 108 CONJUNCT Confraternity, kon-fra-ter'nY-tT, re. A brotherhood. [F. confraterniU, fr. L. con and fraternitas, brother- hood, fr. frater, brother.] — Confrere, koN'frar, re. An associate. [F. ; F.frere = L. frater.} Confront, kon-frunf, v. t. To stand faeing, or in front of; to face; to stand in direct opposition to, oppose; to set together for comparison, compare. [F. con- f renter, fr. front, L./rons, frontis, forehead, front.] — Confron'ter, n. — Confronta'tion, n. Act of, etc. Confucianism, kon-fu'shan-izm, n. The doctrine of Confucius, founder of the ethical system of China. Confuse, kon-f uz', v. t. [-fused (-fQzd'), -fusing.] To jumble together, render indistinct or obscure, dis- order, abash, disconcert, perplex, distract. [Same as confound ; L. con nn&fundere, fusum, to pour.]— Confus'edly, -ed-li, adv. — Confus'edness, re. — Con- fusion, -fu'zhun, re. State of being mixed or blend- ed so as to produce indistinctness or error ; loss of self-possession ; shame ; overthrow ; defeat ; ruin. Confute, kon-f Of, v. t. To put to silence; to prove to be false or defective, disprove, set aside, oppugn. [F. confuter, to confute, fr. L. confutare, -tatum, to cool (by mixing cold water with hot), to damp, allay, fr. con and rt. of fundere, to pour.] — Confut'er, re. — Confutable, a. — Confut'ant, re. One who confutes or tries to, etc. — Confuta'tion, re. Act of, etc. Conge, koN'zha or kon'je, re. Act of taking leave ; parting ceremony ; a bow or courtesy. (Arch.) A molding in form of a quarter round; a cavetto ; apophygee. See Molding. — v. i. [conge" ed (-zhad or -]5d), congeing.] To take leave with civilities; to bow or courtesy. [F., leave, license, dismission, fr. LL. comiatus, leave, corrup. of L. commeatus, a traveling together, leave of absence, furlough, fr. con and meare, -atum } to go, pass.] — Conge d'elire, koN-zhad-ler' or kon / ia-da-l§r y \ The king's license to choose a bishop. [F., leave to choose.] Congeal, kon-jeK, v. t. [congealed (-jeld / '), -geal- ing.] To freeze, stiffen with eold, or from terror. — v. i. To grow hard or stiff. [OF. congeler, fr. L. con and gelare, -atum, to freeze, fr. gelu, cold.] — Con- gearable, a. — Congeal 'ment, re. Act or process of congealing ; mass congealed ; concretion. — Con- f elation, -jeda'shun, re. Process or act, or state of eing, etc. ; thing congealed ; congealment. Congener, kon'je-ner, re. A thing ot the same genus, or allied in kind. [L., fr. con and genus, kin.] Congenial, kon-jen'yal, a. Partaking of the same feeling; kindred; sympathetic. [L. con and genialis, genial, q. v.] — Conge'nialness, -nial , ity, re. — Con- genlte, -jen'It, -ital, a. Of the same birth; begot- ten together; dating from birth. [L. core and gignere, genitum, to produce.] — Congenltally, adv. Conger, kon'ger, Con'ger-eel, -el, n. A large species of 6ea-eel. [L. ; Gr. gonggroe.] Congeries, kon-je'ri-ez, re. sing, and pi. A collection of particles into one mass ; a heap ; combination. [L., a heap, fr. congerere. See Congest.] Congest, kon-jest', v. t. To collect into a mass or ag- gregate, [t,. con and gererere, gestum, to bring, carry.] — Congestion, -jes'chun, re. (Med.) An un- natural accumulation of blood in any part of the body. — Congestive, -iv, n. Indicating, or attend- ed by, accumulation of blood. Conglaciation, kon-gla'shi-a'shun, re. Act of chan- ging into ice ; congelation. [L. conglaciare, -atum, to freeze, fr. con and glades, ice.] Conglobe, kon-glob', v. t. [-globed (-globd'), -glob- ing.] To gather into a ball. [L. conglobare, -batum, fr. con and globus, a globe.] — Congloba'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a round body. — Conglo'bate, -bat, a. Formed or gathered into a ball. — v. t. Same as Conglobe. — Conglo'bately, adv. In a round form. — Conglobulate, -gl5b r u-lat, v. i. To gather into a globule. [L. globulus, dim. of globus.] Conglomerate, koH-glom'Sr-at, a. Gathered together in a mass; collected. (Bot.) Closely clustered to- gether. (Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, etc.; cemented together. — v. t. To gather into a round body. — re. Collection ; accumulation. (Geol.) A rock, composed of pebbles, cemented by mineral substance. [L. conglo.nerare, -atum, to wind into a ball or clew, heap together, fr. con and gJo'ima (s. rt. globus), clew of thread, ball.] — Conglomeration, n. A gathering into, etc.; accumulation. Conglutinate, kon-glu'tl-nat, v. t. To glue together; unite by some tenacious substance. — v. i. To coa- lesce, —a. Glued together in one mass. [L. con and glutinare, -atum, to glue, fr. gluten., glue.] — Con- glu'tina'tion, re. Act of, etc.; junction; union.— Conglu'tinative, -tiv, a. Uniting by glue, etc.— Conglu'tinant, a. Serving to unite ; healing. «. (Med.) A medicine that promotes the closing and healing of wounds. Congo, kon-'go, Con'gou, -goo, re. A black tea, a su- perior quality of Bohea. [Chin, kung-foo, labor.] Congratulate, kon-grafu-lat, v.t. To wish joy to on some happy event; to felicitate. [L. con and gratu- lari, -latus, to wish joy, fr. g, «tus, pleasing.] — Con- grafulant, a. Rejoicing in participation. — Con- gratula'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Congrat'ulator, re. — Congratulatory, a. _Expressive oi , etc. Congregate, kon'gre-gat, v. t. To collect into an as- semblage.— v. i. To come together; assemble; meet. [L. con and gregare, -gatum, to collect in flocks, fr. grex, a flock.] — Congregation, re. Act of, etc. : col- lection of separate things; assemblv of persons, esp. a religious assembly. — Congregational, a. Pert, to a congregation, to the system of Congregationalism, or, esp., to that of the associated evangelical Trini- tarian Congregational churches; independent.— Con- gregationalism, -izm, n. A system of church gov- ernment which vests ecclesiastical power in each local church, as a self-governing body; independ- ency. — Congrega'tionaUst, re. Congress, kon'gres, re. A meeting of individuals; esp. of two persons of opposite sexes for sexual inter- course; an assembly, as of deputies, envoys, or com- missioners; the assembly of senators and representa- tives of a nation, esp. of a republic; convention; con- vocation; synod; council; diet. [~L.congredi,-gressus, to meet together, fr. con and gradi, to go, fr. gradus, a step.] — Congressional, -gresh'un-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Congres'sive, -siv, a. Encountering; coming together. — Con'gress-man, re. ; pi. -men. A member of the U. S. Congress. Congruence, kon'groo-ens, re. Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. [L. con- gruere, to agree together, accord, congruus, suitable.] — Con'gruent, a. Possessing, etc.— Congru'ity, -1-tt, re. Quality of being, etc.; fitness; harmony. — Con'- gruous, a. Having congruity; pertinent; appropri- ate. — Con'gruously, adv. Conic, Coniferous, etc. See under Cone. Conium, ko'ni-um, n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, poison hemlock. [NL., fr. Gr. koneion.] — Co'nia, -nt-a, Co'nine, -nin, n. An alkaloid obtained by dis- tillation of hemlock with potasb-lye, intensely poi- sonous, paralyzing the motor nerves. Conjecture, kon-jek > chur, n. Formation of an opin- ion on presumptive evidence; surmise, —v. t. and i. [-TURED (-churd), -tueing.] To infer on slight evi- dence, surmise, suspect, guess. [F. ; L. conjectura, a guess, fr. conjicere, to cast together, fr. core and jacere, to throw.] — Conjec'turer, re. — Conjee 'titr- able, a. — Conjec'tural, a. Depending on, etc. — Conjec'turally, adv. Conjoin, kon-join', v. t. [-joined (-joind'), -joining.] To join together, associate, connect. — v. i. To unite, join, league. [F. conjoindre, fr. L. con and jungere, junctum, to join, q. v.] — Conjoint', a. United ; associated. [F.] — Conjointly, adv. Conjugal, kon'ju-gal, -ju'gial, -jt-al, a. Belonging te the marriage state; matrimonial; connubial; nuptial. [F. conjugal, L. conjugalis, conjugialis, pert, to mar- riage, f r. covjugium, marriage, conjugare, -gatum, to unite, fr. con and jugum, a yoke; s. rt. join, yoke.'] — Conjugally, adv. — Conjugality, re. Marriage state. Conjugate, kon'ju-gat, v. t. (Gram.) To inflect, as verbs, —re. A word agreeing in derivation with an- other.— a. United in pairs; yoked together. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation with other words. [L. conju- gare. See Conjugal.]— Conjugate diameter. (Geom.) A diameter parallel to a tangent at the vertex of the primitive diameter. — Conjuga'tion, re. ( Gram.) Act of inflecting, as a verb; a scheme exhibiting all the parts of a verb; a class of verbs inflected in the same manner through their various forms. Conjunct, kon-junkf, a. United; conjoined; concur- rent. [L. cow and jungere, junctum, to join.] — Con- junction, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Astron.) Meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac. (Gram.) A connective or con- necting word.— Conjunc / 'tive, -tiv, a. Closely united; serving to unite. (Gram.) Following or introduced by a conjunction : contingent.— Conjunc'tively, Con- junctly, adv.— Conjuncture, -iunk'chur, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; connection; combination; an occasion or crisis as the effect of the combination or concurrence of circumstances. — Conjunctiva, -tt- va, n. (Anat.) The mucous membrane covering the eye-ball and inner surface of the lids. [L.] Jim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, 5ve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; CONJURE 109 CONSIDER C»njure, kon-j6or r , v. t. [-jured (-jdord'), -juring.] To call on or summon solemnly, adjure. [F. con- jurer, to adjure, also, to conjure or exorcise a spirit, fr. L. con anijurare, -atum. to swear. See Jury.] — ConJur'er, ». — Conjure, kun'jgr, v. t. To affect, produce, excite, etc., as if by magic, or by supernat- ural power; to enchant, charm, bewitch. — v. i. To practice magical arts. — Con'jurer, n. One who con- jures, or practices magic or legerdemain. — Conju- ration, n. Earnest or solemn entreaty; practice of magic arts: incantation. Connate, kon'nat or kon-naV, a. Born with another; existing from birth. (Bot.) United in origin ; united into one body. [L. connatus. See Cognate.] — Connas'cence, -nas'sens, -cency, -sen-si, n. The common birth of two or more at the same time; a being produced with another ; aot at growing together, or at the same time.— Connas 'cent, a. Pro- - Con- Connate Leaf. duced at the same time. natural, kon-nach'gr-ral, a. Connected by nature; inborn; inherent; participating of the same nature. [OF. connaturel, fr. L. naturalis, natural.] — Con- nat'ural'ity, n. State of being, etc. Connect, kon-nekf, v. t. To knit or fasten together; to establish association between. — v. i. To become joined or coherent; to have close relation. [L. con and vectere, n&vum, to bind, knit, join, Skr. nah, to bind.] — Connect 'edly, adv. — Connection, -nek'- shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; persons or things connected together; continuity; junction; de- pendence; relationship. — Connective, -iv, a. Hav- ing power to connect, — n. {Gram.) A word that connects other words or sentences; a conjunction.— Connect 'ively, adv. — Connecfor, -er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. a flexible tube connecting glass tubes in pneumatic experiments.— Connexion, Cennexlve. Same as Connection, Connective. Connive, kon-niv', v. i. [-nived (-nlvdO, -nivingJ To close the eyes upon, wink at, forbear to see. [K conniver, L. connivere, to close the eyes, overlook, fr. con and rt. of nictare, to wink.] — Conniv'ance, n. Voluntary oversight; collusion. — Conniv^ent, a. Forbearing to see ; designedly inattentive. {Nat. Hist.) Brought close together. — Conniv'er, n. Connoisseur, kon-is-sgr', n. A critical judge or master of any art, esp. of painting, music, and sculpture. [OF.,fr. connoittre, to know, fr. L. con and gnoscere, to know.] — Connoisseur'ship, n. Skill of, etc. Connote, kon-not r , v. t. To make known together with, imply, denote or designate, include. [L. con and notare, to mark, fr nota, mark, note.] — Con- nolative, -tiv, ». Implying something additional. (Log.) Implying an attribute ; attributive. — Conno- tative term. One denoting a subject and implying an attribute. Connubial. kon-nu'bY-al, a. Pert, to marriage or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial. [L. connvhium, marriage, fr. con and nubere, to veil, marry.] Gonnumeration, kon-nu'mgr-a'shun, n. A reckoning together. [L. con and numerare, to number.] Conoid, etc. See under Cone. Conquer, kon'kgr, v. t. [-quered (-kSrd), -quering.] To acquire by force ; to subdue, vanquish, sur- mount, master. — v. i. To gain the victory; over- come, prevail. [OF. conquerre, fr. L. con and quse- rere, -situm, to seek. See Quest, Query.] — Con'- querable, a. — Con'queror, -er, n. — Conquest, kon/- kwest, n. Act of, etc.; thing conquered. (Feudal Law.) Acquisition of property otherwise than by inheritance. [F.] Consanguineous, kon-san-gwin'e-us, a. Of the same blood; related by birth. [L. con ;>nd sanguineus, of blood, fr. sanguis, blood.] — Consanguinity, -T-tI,n. Relationship by blood or birth. Conscience, kon'shens, n. The faculty which decides on the lawfulness of our actions and affections, moral faeulty; moral sense; the estimate or deter- mination of conscience; real sentiment; truth; jus- tice; honesty; reasonableness. [F.j L. conncientia, fr. con and scientia, knowledge, fr. scire, to know. See Science.] — Conscience clause. An article in a law, etc., exempting from certain of its provisions persons who cannot conscientiously obey them.— Conscienceless, a. Having no conscience. — Con- scientious, -shl-en'shus, a. Governed by strict re- gard to the dictates of conscience; scrupulous; iust; upright. — Conscientiously, adv. — Conscien'tlous- nesB, n. — Con'scionable, -shun-a-bl, a. Governed by or according to conscience ; reasonable ; just. [= conscience-able. ] — Con'scious, -shus, a. Possess- ing the faculty of knowing one's thoughts or men- taloperations: capable of perceiving sounds, acts, or sensations; made the object of consciousness; aware; apprised; sensible. [L. conscius, f r. conscire.] — Con'- sciously, adv. Knowingly. — Consciousness, n. Knowledge of what passes in one's own mind; im- mediate knowledge of any object; state in which one knows what is passing around one. Conscript, kon'skript, a. Enrolled; written; regis- tered. — n. One taken by lot, to serve as a soldier or sailor. — Conscript", v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, for military service. [L. con and scriwe, scriptunu, to write.] — Conscript fathers. The senators of an- cient Rome. — Conscrip'tion, n. A registering; an enrollment of those liable to be drafted for military or naval service. Consecrate, kon'se-krat, v. t. To make, or declare td be sacred; to appropriate to sacred use6; to enroll among the gods or saints, apotheosize, canonize; to render venerable, dignify. — a. Consecrated; de- voted; sacred. [L. consecrare, -cratum, fr. con and sacrare, to consecrate, fr. sacer, sacred.] — Conse- cration, n. Act or ceremony of consecrating; ded- ication; canonization; apotheosis.— Con'secrator, n. Consecution, kon-ee-ku'shun, n. A sequel; train of consequences; series of things that follow one an- other. [L. con and secrui, secutus, to follow.] — Con- sec'utive, -u-tiv, a. Following in a train; uninter- rupted in succession; following as a consequence or result. (Mus.) Following in the same order. — Con- secutively, adv.— Con'sequence, -se-kwens, n. That which flows out of, and follows, something on which it depends. (Log.) A conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference: deduction; connec« tion of cause and effect. [L. consequent, jp. pr. of consequi.]— In consequence. Hence; for this cause. — In c. of. By reason of; as the effect of. — Ofc. Of importance, value, or influence. — Consequent, a. Following as a result or inference. (Log.) Follow- ing by necessary inference, or rational deduction.— n. That which follows, etc. (Log.) A conclusion or inference. (Math.) The second term of a ratio. — Consequently, adv.— Consequential, -k wenShal, a. Following, etc.; assuming an air ot consequence; pompous. — Consequentially, adv. With just de- duction of consequences; logically; by consequence; in a regular series: with assumed importance. Consensus, kon-sen'sus, /?. Agreement; accord. [L., fr. con and p.p. of sentire, sensum, to feel. See Sense.] — Consent", n. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; voluntary accordn nee with what is done or proposed by another; accord; concurrence; free-will. — v.i. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to yield to guid- ance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent, ac- cede, comply, permit, acquiesce. — ConsentSr, n.— Consentaneous, -ne-us, a. Consistent; agreeable or accordant; suitable.— Consentaneously, adv.— Con- senta'neousness, n. — Consentient, -senShent, a. Agreeing in mind; accordant in opinion. Conserve, kon-serv", v. t. [-served (-sgrvd"), -serv- ing.] To save, preserve, protect; to prepare with sugar, etc., for preservation, as fruits, etc. — n. Any- thing conserved, esp. a sweetmeat, of fruit, etc., prepared with sugar. [F. conserver, to preserve, fr. L. con and servare, -atum, to keep, serve. Se« Serve.] — ConservSr, ra. — ConservSble, a. Capa- ble of being, etc.— ConservSnt, a. Preserving from destruction or decay. — OonservSncy. -sT, Conser- vation, n. Act ef, etc. — Conservative, -tiv, a. Preservative; disposed to maintain existing institu- tions. — n. One who, or that which, preserves from ruin, injury, or radical change; one who desires to maintain existing institutions and customs. — Con- servatism, -tizm, n. Disposition or tendency to preserve what is established; opposition to chango. — Conservator, kon-sgr-valSr or kon"-, n. Onewh» preserves from injury, violation, or innovation. - ' Conservatory, -to-rt, a. Having the quality of pre- serving from loss, decay, or injury. — n. A place for preserving things, esp. a greenhouse for plants; that which preserves from injury; a public place of in- struction in learning or art. Consider, kon-sid'gr, v. t. [-sidered (-sid'erd), -ek- ing.] To think on with care, fix the mind on; to have regard to, take into view or account; to esti- mate, think, view. — v. i. To think seriously, ma- turely, or carefully, reflect, deliberate. [F. consid- erer, L. considerare, -atum, to observe, orig. to ii>- sun, cube, full ; moou, f'G.] To exhibit the construction of, as of a sentence or clause ; to interpret, translate. Constuprate, kon'stu-prat, v. t. To violate the person of, ravish. [L. con and stuprare. -pratum, to ravish, fr. ttuprum, rape.] — Constupra'tion, n. Act of, etc. Consubstantial, kon-sTab-stan'shal, a. Having the same substance or essence. [L. con and substantia, essence, substance, fr. substare, to be present, exist, fr. sub, under, and stare, to stand.] — Consubstan'- tiate. -shT-at, v. t. To unite in one common sub- stance or nature. — Con'substan tia'tion, n. Iden- tity of substance. (Theol.) The actual presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the Lord's supper. — Consubstan'tialist. -shal-ist, n. A believer in, etc. — Con'substan'tiallty, -shi-al'I-tT, n. Coexistence in the same substance. Consuetude, kon'swe-tud, n. Habit; custom; usage. [L. consuetudo, fr. con and suescere, suetum, to De wont.]— Consuetu'dinary, -Y-na-rT, a. Customary; derived from usage; from time immemorial. Consul, kon'sul, n. One of the 2 chief magistrates of the Roman republic, after the expulsion of the kings : one of the 3 supreme magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804 ; an officer appointed by a govern- ment to protect the interests of its citizens abroad. [L., prob. from eonsulere. See Consult.] — Consu- lar, -lary, -rY, a. Pert, to a consul.— Consulate, n. Office, jurisdiction, or residence, of, etc. — Con'sul- ahip, n. Office, or term of office of, etc. Consult, kon-sult', v. i. To seek opinion or advice, take counsel, deliberate. — v. t. To ask advice of : to decide or to act in favor of ; to deliberate upon. [F. consul ter, L. considtare, -tatum, freq. of eonsulere, to consult, consider.] — Consulfer, n. — Consulta / '- tion, n. Act of consulting or deliberating ; a meet- ing, esp. of lawyers er of doctors, to consult. — Con- sultary, -atory, -a-to-rT, a. Formed by, or result- ing from, etc. : advisory. Consume, ken-sum', v. t. [-sumed (-sumd'), -sum- ing.] To destroy, os bv decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire ; to swallow up, absorb, dissipate. — v. i. To wasie away slowly. [L. con and sumere, sumptum. to take, fr. sub, under, up, and emere, to buy.] — Consum'er. n. — Consumable, a. — Con- BUmp'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Med.) A gradual decay or diminution of the body : esp. a disease seated in the lungs, attended with hectic fever, cough, etc. — Consump'tive. -tiv, a. Having the quality of consuming ; destructive : affected with, or inclined to, consumption. — Consump'- tively. adv. — Consumpliveness, ». Consummate, kon'sum-mat or -sum'mat, v. t. To bring to completion, raise to the highest point or degree, perfect, achieve.— Consum'mate, a. Carried to the utmost extent : complete ; perfect. [L. con- swnmare, -rnatvm, fr. con and summa, a sum.] — Con- som'mately, adv. — Consumma'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; completion ; close ; perfection. Contact, kon'takt, n. A close union of bodies ; a touching or meeting. [L. contingere, -factum, to touch closely, fr. con and tangere, to touch. See Tact, Tangent.] — Contagion, -ta'jun, n. {Med.) Transmission of disease from one person to another, by contact; a medium or agency to transmit disease; pestilential influence ; act or means of propagating influence or effect. — Conta'gious, -jus, a. {Med.) Communicable by contact or approach ; infectious; catching. Containing or generating contagion ; pes- tilential; communicable from one to another. — Conta'giously, adv. — Conta'giousness, n. — Con- ta'gionist, n. One who believes in the contagious- ness of certain diseases. — Conta'gium. -jl-nm, n. Contraction of disease by contact with, or by in- halation of germs from/a diseased person. — Con- tig'uous, -u-us, a. In contact : near ; adjoining. — Contiguously, adv. — Contig'uousness, -tigu'ity. n State of being, etc. — Contingent, -jent. a. Liable, but not certain to occur ; dependent on what is un- known : incidental : easual. {Lav.) Dependent for effect on something that may or may not occur. — n. A contingency; what falls to one in an ap- portionment; quota"; proportion. — Contingently, adv. — Contin'gence, -gency, n. Quality of being, etc.: possibility: casualty: chance. Contain. kon-tari', v. t. [-tained (-tand')» -TAiinKG.] To hold within fixed limits, comprehend, comprise; to be able to hold, inclose. — v.i. To live incon- tinence or chastity. [OF. contenir, L. continer*. -tentum, fr. con and'tenere, to hold.] — Contain'er, n. — Containable, a.— Content', a. Having the de- sires limited by present enjoyment; satisfied: at rest. — v. i. To" satisfy the mind of, appease, please, gratify. — n. Satisfaction ; moderate happiness ; that which contents. — Con'tent or Content', «., gen. in pi. That which is contained; power of con- taining : capacity. — Content'ed, a. Content; satis- fied. — Con tent 'edly, adv. — Content'edness, n. — Content'ment, n. 'Satisfaction of mind ; acquies- cence ; that which affords satisfaction ; gratifica- tion. — Con'tinent, n. {Geog.) One of the large bodies of land on the globe. The main land of Eu- rope, as disting. fr. the islands, esp. fr. England. — a. Restraining the indulgence of desires or pas- sions, esp. as to sexual intercourse : temperate ; chaste. — Continence, -nency, n. Voluntary re- straint of one's desires. — Con'tinently, adv. — Con- tinent'' al, a. Pert, to a continent, esp. to Europe as disting. fr. England, or to the Amer. colonies during the Revolution. Contaminate, kon-tam'Y-nat, v. t. To soil, stain, or corrupt by defiling contact ; to pollute, defile, taint. — a. Having defilement; corrupt. [L. contaminare, ■nation, fr. coutamen, contagion, fr. con and tangere^ to touch. See Contact.]— Contam'inable, a.— Contam'ina'tion. n. Act of, etc.: pollution; taint. Contemn, kon-tem', v. t. [-temned (-temd'), -tem- ning (-tem'ning).] To consider and treat as un- worthy of regard ; to reject with disdain, despise, scorn. [F. contemner, L. contemnere, -temtuni or -temptum, fr. con and temnere. to despise.] — Con- tem'ner, n. — Contempt', n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. {Law.) Disobedience of the rules of a court of justice or legislative body.— Contemptible, a. "Worthy of, etc. : abject ; vile ; mean ; base; piti- ful. — Contempt'ibleness, n. — Contemptibly, adv. — Contempt'uous, -u-us, a. Manifesting, etc.: scorn- ful: insolent; fastidious. — Contempt 'uously. adv. Contemplate, kon'tem-plat or -tem'plat. v. r. To look at on all sides, regard with care, meditate on, study ; to have in view, as contingent or probable, look forward to, ponder, plan, purpose. — r. i. To think studiously, muse, meditate. fL. contzmplart , -platum, to observe, consider, (prob. used orig. of the augurs observing auspices), fr. con and temjman. temple. See Consider.] — Con'templator, -ter, n.— Contempla'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Contemplative, -tiv, a. Pert, or addicted to. etc.: studious: thought- ful : having the power of thought or meditation. — Contemplatively, adv. — Contem'plativeness^ n. Contemporaneous, kon-tem'po-ra'ne-us. a. Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time : contem- porary. [L. contemporaneus. fr. con and teinpus, temporis, time.] — Contem'pora'neously. adv.— Con- tem'pora'neousness, n. — Cortem'porary, -po-ra-rl, a. Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time. — n. One who lives at the same time with another. [L. temporarius, temporary.] — Contem'porariness, n. Contempt, Contemptuous, etc. See under Contem.v. Contend, kon-tend', v. i. To strive in opposition, or Bi5n, cube, full ; miwn, fot>t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbo.v, chair, get. CONTENT 112 CONTRIBUTE in debate, engage in discussion, vie, emulate, dis- pute. [F. contendre, L. contendere, fr. con and p- or koop'er, n. One who makes barrels, tubs, etc.— v. t. To do cooper's work upon. — Coop 1 '- ery,-i, n. Trade of, etc. — Coop'erage, -ej, n. Price paid for cooper's work; place where cooper's worfi is done; business of a cooper. Cooperate, ko-op'Sr-at, v. i. To act or operate jointly with another. [L. con and operare, -atum, to work.] — Coop'ora'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; concurrent effori or labor. — Cooperative, -tiv, a Operating jointly. — Cobp'erator, -tgr, n. Coordinate, ko-6r'dt-nat, a. Equal in rank or order; not subordinate. — v. t. To make coordinate, or equal in rank; to harmonize. — n. A person or thing of the same rank with another, pi. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by which the posi- tion of a point is defined with respect to fixed lines, or planes, called coordinate axes and coordinate planes. [L. con and ordinare, -atum, to arrange.] — Cobr'dinately, adv. — Coor'dina /, tion, n. State of being, etc.; act of harmonizing different parts or ob- jects. — Cobr'dinative, -tiv, a. (Oram.) Express- ing orjndicating coordination. Coot, koot, n. A short-tailed water-fowl, frequenting lakes and still waters; a stupid fellow; simpleton. [D. koet, W. cwtiar, lit. bob-tailed hen, fr. cwta, docked, and iar, hen, cwtau, to shorten ; s. rt. cut.~] Cop, kop, n. The conical ball of thread formed on a spindle. [W., a tuft. See Cob.] Copaiba, kc-pa'ba, -va, -va, n. (Med.) A resinous juice, of a bitterish, pungent taste, from a tree of Spanish America. [Sp. and Pg., fr. Brazil. cupauba.~] Copal, ko'pal, n. A resinous substance from 2 East India and S.Amer. trees — used in manufacture of varnishes. [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, resin.] Copang, ko'pang, n. A Japanese gold coin, worth nearly $11. Coparcenary, ko-par'se-na-rT, n. (Law.) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship. [See Parcenary.] — Copar'cener, n. A joint heir. — Copar'ceny, -nT, n. An equal share of an inheritance. Copartner, ko-part'ner, n. A joint partner; associate; partaker. — Copartnership, n. Joint interest or con- cern; an unincorporated business association. Cope, kop, n. A covering for the head; anything ex- tended over the head, as the vault of the sky; a sacerdotal cloak. (Founding.) The top part of a flask. [Variation of cape, q. v.] — Copying, n. (Arch.) The highest course of masonry in a wall. — Cope'- or Coping-stone, n. Head or top stone, in a wall, etc. Cope, kop, v. i. [coped (kept), coping.] To strive, contend, esp. on equal terms or with success; to match, equal. — v.t. To match one's self against. [D. koopen, to buy, bargain; 6. rt. AS. ceapian, to cheapen. See Cheap.] Copeck, -pek. See Kopeck. Copernican, ko-pSr'nl-kan, o. Pert, to Copernicus, a Prussian astronomer who taught the solar system now received. Copier. See under Copy. Copious, ko'pT-us, a. Large in quantity or amount; abundant; rich; full; exuberant. [OF. copieux, L. copiosus, fr. copia, plenty; prob. fr. con and rt. of opes, riches.] — Co'piously, adv. — Copiousness, n. Copper, kop'pgr, n. A metal of reddish color, duetile, malleable, and tenacious; a coin, also a vessel, esp. a boiler, made of copper. — v. t. [coppered (-p?rd), -pering.] To cover or sheathe with copper. [D. koper, G. kupper, F. cuivre, LL. cuper, L. cuprum (contr. fr. Cupriwn ass, Cyprian brass), fr. Gr. kup- rios, pert, to Cyprus, whence the Romans got cop- per.] — Cop'permg, n. Act of covering with, or a covering of, etc.— Cpp'perish, -pery, -T, a. Contain- ing or like, etc. — Cop'per-head, n. A poisonous American serpent, which gives no warning of its at- tack. — plate, n. An engraved plate of polished copper; a print from such a plate. — smith, w. One who manufactures copper utensils. — worm, n. A km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr i COPPICE 115 CORN small worm, which penetrates the bottoms of ships; the ring-worm. — Cop'peras, n. Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol; a green salt, of a styptic, astringent taste. [OF. eoperose, perh. f r. L. cupri rosa, copper- rose; cf. Gr. chalkanthos, copperas, lit. brass-flower.] Coppice, kop'pis, Copse, kops, n. A wood of small growth; underwood; brushwood. [OF. copeiz, newly cut wood, fr. coper, to cut, fr. cop (F. coup), a blow, stroke, LL. colpus, L. colaphus, Gr. kolaphos, a blow.] — Copse, v. t. To trim or cut, as brushwood. Coprollte, kop'ro-llt, n. (Geol.) Petrified dung of ani- mals. [Gr. kopros, dung, and lithos, stone.! — Cop- rolalia, a.— Copropb/agous, -rof'a-gus, a. Feeding on dung. [Gr. pkagein, to eat.] — Copropb/agan, n. A beetle which lives upon the dung of animals. Copt, kopt,n. A descendant of the ancient Egyptians; an Egyptian Christian, esp. of the ancient Mono- physite church. [Ar. kibti, pi. kibt, an Egyptian.] — Cop'tic, o. Pert, to, etc. — n. The language of, etc. Copula, kop'u-la, n. (Logic.) The word uniting the subject and predicate of a proposition. [L., for co- apula, It. con and rt. of apere, to join, Gr. haptein.] — Cop'ulate, -lat, i>. t. To unite in sexual embrace. (L. copidare, -latum, fr. copula.} — Copula'tion, n. Act of coupling; coition.— Cop'ulative, -tiv, a. Serv- ing to couple. (Gram.) Uniting the sense as well as the words. — n. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction. — Cop'ulatory, -to-rt, a. Pert, to, etc. ; copulative. Copy, kop'T, n. A writing like another writing; trans- script; book printed according to the original; one of a series of repetitions of an original work. (Print.) Manuscript, etc., for the compositor. Anything to be imitated ; a model ; pattern. — v. t. [copied (kop'id), copying.] To write, print, engrave, etc., after an original; to imitate, transcribe, model after. — v. i. To do a thing in imitation of something else. [F. copie, copy, also abundance, f r. L. copia, plenty. See Copious.] — Copier, -yer, -T-Sr, -yist, n. One who, etc.; a plagiarist. — Cop'y-book, n. A book containing copies for learners to imitate. — hold, n. (Eng. Law.) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; land held in copy-hold. — hold'er, n. One pos- sessed of land in copy-hold. — Cop'ying-press, n. A machine for taking, by pressure, a copy of manu- script recently written. — Cop'yright, -rlt, n. An author's exclusive right to print, publish, and vend his own works, for his own benefit, during a certain time. —v. t. To secure by copyright, as a book. Coquette, ko-kef, n. A vain, trifling woman, who en- deavors to attract admiration, and gain matrimonial offers, intending to reject her suitor. [F., fem. of coquet (dim. of cog), a little cock, i. e. vain as a cock, strutting.] — Coquet', v. t. To attempt to attract notice, admiration, or love, with a view to disap- point. — v.i. To trifle in love. [F. eogweter-.] — Co- quefry, -rt, w. Affectation of amorous advances; trifling in love. [F. coquetterie.] — Coquet' tish, a. Practicing coquetry; befitting a coquette. Coquina, ko-ke'na, n. A soft whitish stone, formed of shells, found in Florida, etc. [Sp^, shell-fish.] Coracle, kor'a-kl, n. A boat used in Wales, made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oil-cloth. [W. corwgl. dim. of corwg, a trunk, carcase, cwrwg, frame, boat.) Coracoid, kor'a-koid, n. (Anat.) A small, sharp pro- cess of. the shoulder-blade, shaped like a crow's beak. — a. Shaped like a crow's Deak. [Gr. korax, crow, and eidos. form.] Coral, kor'al, n. The solid secretion of zoophytes, produced within the tissues of the polyps, consist- ing almost purely of carbonate of lime; a piece of coral; spawn of the lobster, which has the color of coral. TOF.; ~L.corallum or -Hum, Gr. korallion.] — Cor'alline, -tin. a. Consisting of, like, or contain- ing coral.— n. (Bot.) A submarine, calcareous plant, consisting of many-jointed branches, resembling moss; a piece of certain minute corals, growing in moss-like form; a red coloring matter obtained by treating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic acids. — Cor'alloid, -loidal, a. Formed or branching like, etc. [Gr. eidos, form.] Corb, k6rb, n. A basket used in coaleries. (Arch.) An ornament in building; corbel. [L. corhis, basket.] Corban, kor'ban, n. An alms-basket. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or sacrifice devoted to God; vow by which one bound himself not to give to, or receive from another, some particular object. [Heb. qorban, offering to God, Ar. qurban, sacrifice, victim.] — Corb, n. Alms-basket. Corbeil Corbel, k&r'bel, n. (Arch.) A bmeket of stone, Corbel. wood, or iron, often carved in the s-f^-^j, form of a basket, head, etc., pro- jecting from a wall to support a cornice, parapet, end of an arch, or other structure or mass ; the || J vase or tambor of the Corinthian column; a niche. — Cor'bel, v. t. To furnish with corbels. [OF. cor- bel, F. corbeau, fr. It. & LL. corbella, little basket, dim. fr. L. corbis, basket; also F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula.] Cord, kord, n. A string, or small rope; a solid meas- ure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile 8 ft. long, 4 ft. high, and 4 ft. broad, — orig. measured with a cord. — v. t. To bind with a cord; to pile up, as wood, for sale by the cord. [F. corde, LL. cord a, L. chorda, cord, Gr. chorde, string, orig. of gut.] — Cord'age, -ej, n. Ropes or cords,— used collectively. — Cordelier, kord'le-a or kor de-ler', n. One of the religious order of St. Francis; a Gray friar; one of a violent Jacobin party during the French Revo- lution. [F., a twist of rope.] — Cordeliere, -lyar'', n. A black, Knotted silk handkerchief. [F.] —Cordon, kdr'doN or kSr'don, n. A ribbon borne as a badge of honor. (Arch.) The edge of a stone on the out- side of a building. (Fort.) The projecting coping of the scarp-wall. (Mil.) A series of military posts. [F.] — Corduroy, kor'du-roi, n. A thick cotton stuff, corded or ribbed on the surface. [Prob. for F. corde du roi, king's cord.] — Corduroy road. A roadwav having logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy- places, — so called from its ribbed surface. Cordate, kSr'dat, -dated, a. (Bot.) Having the form of a heart. [OF. and L. cor, heart.] — Cbr'dately, adv. In a cordate form.— Cordial, kSr'dt-al or k&r'- jal, a. Proceeding from the heart; hearty; sincere; affectionate; tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. — n. Anything that comforts and exkilarates. (Med. ) That which invigorates, esp. medicine which does so. (Com.) Aromatized spirit, employed as a bever- age. [F.] — Cordiality, n. Sincere affection and kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. — Cor'di- ally, adv. — Cor'dialness, n. Cordovan, kor'do-van, n. Spanish leather, or goat- skin tanned and dressed; cordwain. [Sp., from Cor- dova, or Cordoba.] — Cordwainer, kSrd'wan-er, n. A worker in cordovan leather; shoemaker. [E. cord- wain, corrupt, of Cordovan.] Core, kor, n. An ancient Hebrew dry measure: a homer. [Heb. cor. J Core, kor, n. The heart or inner part of a thing, esp. of fruit. (Founding.) The internal mold which forms a hollow in casting. —v. t. [cored (kord), coring.] To take out the core or inward parts of. [OF. and L. cor, heart.] — Cor'er, n. Corespondent, ko-re-spond'ent, n. A joint respond- ent; one associated with another in a suit, as in an action of crim. con. Coriaceous, ko-rl-a'shus, a. Consisting of or resem- bling leather; leathery. [L. corium, leather.] Coriander, ko-rT-an'der, n. A plant whose seeds are considered in medicine as stomachic and carmina- tive. [F. coriandre, L. coriandrum, Gr. koriannon, fr. korts, bug, fr. the bug-like smell of the seeds.] Corinthian, ko-rin'thY-an, a. Pert, to Corinth. (Arch.) Pert, to the Corinthian order of architecture, pro- fusely ornamented. See Capital. Cork, k6rk, n. The outer bark of the cork tree, of which stoppers are made; a stopper for a bottle, jug, etc. — v. t. [corked (k6rkt), corking.] To stop or furnish with cork. [Sp. corcho, D. kurk, Dan. and Sw. kork, f r. L. cortex, -ticis, bark.] — Corked, k6rkt, a. Tasting of the cork, — said of wine. — Cork'y, -Y, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Cork'-jacket. n. A jacket having pieces of cork inclosed within can- vas, used to aid in swimming, — -screw, n. A screw for drawing corks from bottles. Cormorant, kdr'mo-rant, n. A voracious web- footed sea-bird, of the pelican family ; a glut- ton, or gluttonous ser- vant. [F. cormoran, fr. Sp. cuerro marino, L. corvus marinus, sea- crow.] Corn, k6rn, n. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize; a grain; the ^^g|$5^>w^ various cereal or fari- naceous grains growing Cormorant. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiuen, boNboN, chair, get. CORN 116 CORRECT is ears, and used for food ; in Scot., oats ; in the U. S., maize, or Indian corn ; plants which produce corn ; a small, hard particle ; a grain. — v. t. [corned (k6md), corning.] To preserve with salt in grains, cure by 6alting ; to form into small grains, granulate ; to feed with grain ; to render intoxicated. [AS.; Ic, Dan., Sw., G. korn; L. granum.] — Corn'y, -T, n., Producing or containing, etc. ; tasting well of malt. — Corn'-broom, n. A broom made from the tops of sorghum or broom- corn, whose stalks resemble Indian coin. — cob,n. The spike on which the kernels of Indian corn grow. cock ie, n. A weed having bright flowers. — crake, n. A bird frequenting corn-fields, the land-rail. shelPer, n. One who, or a machine which, separates kernels from the cob. — shuck, n. The husk covering Indian corn. — starch, n. A preparation fr. maize used in puddings, custards, etc. Corn, k6rn, n. A hard, horn-like induration of the skin, esp. on the toes. [F. come, LL. corna, fr. L. cornu, horn; s. rt. horn.] — Cor'neous, -us, a. Horn- like ; of a horny substance. — Corn'y, -T, a. Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn. — Cor'nute, -nuted, a. Grafted with horns ; horn-shaped. Cornea, kSr'ne-a, n. (Anat.) The strong, horny, transparent membrane forming the front part of the eye ball. See Eye. [L., fr. conm.] Cornel, kSr'nel, n. A shrub and its fruit ; dog-wood. IF. cornille, LL. corniola, L. cornus, fr. cornu, horn, lecause of the_h:iidness of the wood.] Cornelian, kSr-neKyan, n. A kind of chalcedony. [Often spelled carnelian.] [F. cornaline, Pg. corne- lina, It. corniola, G. carneol,ii.Li. cornu, horn, from its semi-transparent, horny appearance.] Corner, kdr'ner, n. The point where converging lines meet ; angle ; space between converging lines or walls which meet; an inclosed or retired place ; a part; an embarrassed position. {Stock Exchange.) The condition of a stock or commodity when a future delivery, in excess of the amount in the market, has been undertaken by parties who are therefore compelled to settle with the buyers at ficti- tious rates; a scarcity of a commodity, created for the purpose of increasing profits. — v. t. [cornered (-nerd), -nering.J To drive into a corner, or into a position of difficulty or necessary surrender ; to get ccntrol of, — said of stocks. [OF. cornier, LL. corneria, corner, angle; akin to L. cornu, horn, pro- jecting point.] — Cornerstone, n. The stone at the corner of two walls, uniting them ; esp. the stone at Corner of the foundation ot an edifice ; that which is indispensable. — Cor'nerwise, a/lv. Diagonally; with the corner in front; from corner to corner. Cornet, kSr'net, n. (Mus.) A wind instrument blown with the mouth ; a species of trumpet ; a certain organ stop or register. A cap of twisted paper, used by grocers. (Mil.) The standard-bearer in a caval- ry troop. [F., dim. of come, L. cornu, horn.]— Cor r - netcy, -sT, n. Office of a cornet. — Cor'net-a-pis'- ton, n. A brass wind instrument, like the French horn, with valves moved by pistons. [F.] Cornice, kdr'nis, n. (Arch.) A molded projection finishing the part to which it is affixed. [OF. and It.; LL. cornice, -ids, fr. LL. coronix, frame, Gr. kor- enis, cornice, lit. crooked ; s. rt. L. corona, q. v.] Cornish, kdrn'ish, a. (Geog.) Pert, to Cornwall, Eng. — n. The dialect or people of, etc. Cornucopia, kSr-nu-ko'pT-a, n. ; pi. -vije, -pT-e. The horn of plenty, overflowing with fruits and flowers, — an emblem of abundance. [L. cornu, horn, and copia, plenty.] Corol, kor'ol. Corolla, ko-T.l'la. n. (Bot.) The inner part of a flower, surrounding the organs of fructification and composed of leaves, called petals. [L., a little crown, garland, dim. of corona, q. v.] — Cor'ollate, dated, a. Like, or having, corollas. — Cor'ollary, -la-rT, n. That which follows over and above a proposition demonstrated; an in- ference; deduction; consequence. [L. cor- ollarium, a present of a garland, hence a gratuity, additional inference.] Corona, ko-ro'na, n. ; pi. -km, -ne. (Arch. A large, flat member of a cornice. (Anat. The upper surface, as of a tooth. (Astron.) Corolla A luminous appearance surrounding the ___„. moon during a total eclipse of the sun. "' I"r*y ' (Bot.) A crown-like margin of the top of ?„•„„,' a flower : an appendage at the top of „' Awi some petals or seeds. (Meteorol. ) A circle, peiaiea. around a luminous body, as the sun or moon; a phase of the aurora borealis, formed by convergence of luminous beams around a point in the heavens. [L., garland, wreath, fr. Gr. korone, curved end of a bow, koronis, -nos, curved.] — Cor'onal, a. Pert, to the kingly crown, or to coronation, or to the crown or top of the head, or (Astron.) to the corona. — ». A crown ; garland ; the frontal bone. — Cor'onary, -na-rY, a. Pert, to, or resembling a crown. — n. A small bone in a horse's foot. — Corona'tion, n. Act or solemnity of crownimg a sovereign. — Cor'oner, n. An officer of the law appointed to inquire into the manner of a violent death. [LL. coronator, lit. one who crowns.] — Cor'onet, n. An inferior crown worn by noblemen ; an ornamental head dress. (Far.) The upper part of a horse's hoof. [F., dim. of OF. corone, crown.] — Coro'iiis, n. (Gr. Gram.) A sign of contraction ['] placed over a word. Corporal, kSr'po-ral, n. (Mil.) The low- Coronet, est officer ot an infantry company. (Naut.) An officer under the master at arms. [Corrupt, fr. F. caporal, It. caporale, a chief, corporal, LL. capora- lis, commander, f r. It. capo, L. caput, head.] — Cor'- poralship, n. Office of, etc. Corporal, kdr'po-ral, a. Pert, to the body ; having a body or substance; not spiritual; material; bodily.— n. (Eccl.) A linen cloth, to cover the elements in the eucharist. [F. corporel, L. corporalis, bodily, fr. L. corpus (OF. corps, cors), body.] — CorporaKity, n. State of being, etc. — Cor'porally, adv. — Corpo- rate, a. United in an association, and endowed by law with rights and liabilities of an individual ; in- corporated ; pert, to a corporation. — Cor'porately, adv. In a corporate capacity. — Corporation, n. A body politic or corporate, authorized to act as a single person, and with the capacity of a perpetual succession. — Corporator, n. A member of a cor- poration. — Corpo / real, a. Having a body; consist- ing of a material body or substance ; material. — Corpo /r really, adr. — Corpo'real'ity, -re'ity, n. Materiality.— Corpo'realism, -izm, n. The doctrine that body is the only real existence ; materialism. — Corpo'realist, n. One who denies the reality of spiritual existences ; a materialist. — Corps, kor, pi. korz, n. sing. & pi. A body of men, esp. of troops ; an organized division of an army. — Corps-d'armee, kor / dar / ma / ', n. A portion of a grand army possessed of all constituents of an independent army. [F., body of the army.] — Corpse, k6rps, Corse, k6rs, n. The dead body of a human being.— Corselet, n. A light breastplate. (Entom.) The part of a winged insect answering to the breast of other animals. [F.] — Cor r s9t, n. An article of women's dress, inclos- ing the waist; stays. — v. t. To inclose in, etc. [F.] — Cor'sage, -sej, n. The boddice of a woman's dress. [F.] — Corpulent, a. Having an excessive quantity of flesh; fat; pursy; obese. [F.; L. corpu- tentus.] — Cor'pulently, adv. — Corpulence, -lency, -sX.n. Fatness. — Corpus Chris'' ti, -kris'ti. (Eccl.) A festival of the church of Rome, kept on Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in honor of the eucharist. [L., body of Christ.] — Corpuscle, kfrKpus-l, n. A minute particle, or physical atom. (Anat.) An ani- mal cell. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.'] — Cor- puscular, -la'rian, a. Pert, to, or composed of, etc. — Corpus'cule, n. A corpuscle. Corposant, kSr^po-zant, n. A flame-like appearance seen at the mast-head and yard-arms of ships on tempestuous nights. _ [It. corpo santo, holy body.] Corradiate, kor-ra'dt-at, v. t. To concentrate to one point, as light or rays. [L. con and radiare, -atian, to radiate, q. v.] — Corra / dia / 'tion, n. Corral, kor'ral, n. A yard or inclosure, esp. for cat- tle, etc. [Sp., fr. corro, a ring, circle, fr. L. currere, to run.] — Corral', v. t. To surround and inclose ; to pen, as cattle. Correct, kor-vekf, a. Conformable to truth, recti- tude, propriety, etc. ; free from error ; accurate ; ex- act ; regular. — v. t. To make or set right ; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, etc. ; to reprove or punish for faults; to obviate or remove, counteract or change, rectify, emend, punish, chasten. [L. cor- rigere, -rectum, fr. con and regere, to lead straight.] — Correct'ly, adv. — Corrector, -er, n. — Correct- ness, n. — Correction, n. Act of correcting; emen- dation of errors; change for the better, amendment; punishment; discipline; what is substituted in the place of what is wrong; counteraction of what is in- convenient. — House of correction. A house where am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : end- eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 8d.d, tone, 6r ; C0RHELAT3 117 COSMOS disorderly persous are confined: a bridewell. — Cor- rec'tloaal, -rec'tive, -tiv, a. Tending, or having power, to corrtot.— Correc'tive. n. That which has, etc. — Correc'tively, adi . — Corrigendum, -rf-jen'- dum, n. ; pi. -genda, -da. A word or thing to be corrected. [L., fut. pass. p. of corr ige re. ] — Cor 'ri- gible, -ri-jY-bl, a. Capable of being, etc.; deserving chastisement. — Cor'rigibleness, n. Correlate, kor-re-lat', v. i. To have reciprocal or mu- tual relations; to be mutually related. — v. t. To bring into mutual relation ; to make, or regard as, coincident. [L. con and E. relate, q. v.] — Correla'- tion, n. Reciprocal relation. — Correlative, -tiv, a. Having or indicating, etc. ; reciprocal. — a. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal i-elation to ume other. (Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun. — Correl'atively, adv. Correspond, kor-re-spond r , v. i. To be adapted, be Congruous ; to have intercourse or communication, esp. by letters ; to agree, fit, write. [L. con and E. respond, q. v.] — Correspond'ent, a. Having or in- dicating correspondence ; suitable ; congruous; con- formable. — n. One who corresponds ; one with whom intercourse is carried on by letters. — Corre- ■pond'ently, -ingly, adv. In a corresponding man- ner; suitable. — Correspondence, -ency, n. Mutual adaptation of one thing to another : congruity ; fit- ness ; friendly intercourse ; esp. by letters ; letters between correspondents. — Correspon'sive, -siv, a. Answerable ; adapted. Corridor, kor'rY-dor, n. (Arch.) A passage-way to apartments independent of each other. [F. ; It. cor- rxdore, fr. correre, L. currere, to run.] Corrigendum, Corrigible, etc. See under Correct. Corrival, fcor-ri'val, n. A fellow-rival ; competitor ; co-rival. — a. Having opposing claims; emulous. Corroborate, kor-rob'o-rat, v. t. To make more cer- tain, confirm. [L. con and roborare, to strengthen, fr. robwr, hard wood. See Robust. ]— Corroborant, a. Strength-giving: confirming. — n. (Med.) A medicine which, etc. — CorroVora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; confirmation. — Corroborative, -tiv, a. Corroborating ; confirmatory. — n. A corrobo- rant. — Coi-rob' oratory, -to-rY, a. Corroborative. Corrode, kor-rod', v. t. To eat away or consume by de- grees; to canker, gnaw, rust, wear away. [F. corroder, fr. L. con and ro-lere, rosum, to gnaw.* See Rodent.] — Corrod'ent, a. Any substance that corrodes. — Corrodlble. -ro'sible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Corro'sion. -zhun, n. The eating away by "slow de- grees, as by the action of acids on metals. — Corro''- sive, -siv, a. Eating away ; having the power of gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing : acri- monious; fretting or vexing. — n. That which, etc. — Corrosive sublimate. Bi-chloride of mercury, a virulent acrid poison. — Corro'sively, adv.— Corro''- ■iveness, n. Corrugate, kor'roo-gat, v. t. To form or shape into wrinkles or folds. — a. Shaped into wrinkles; fur- rowed; contracted. [L. con and rvgare, to wrinkle, fr. ruga, wrinkle.] — Corruga'tion, n. A contrac- tion into wrinkles. — Cor'rugant, a. Able to, etc. Corrupt, kor-rupt'', v. t. To change from soundness to putrescence; to putrefy; to change from good to bad, vitiate, debase, entice, bribe. — v. i. To be- come putrid or tainted, rot; to become vitiated, lose purity. — a. Changed, etc.; spoiled; tainted; de- praved; perverted. [L. con and rumpere, ruptum, to break in pi?ces. See Rupture.] — Corruptly, adv. — Corrupt'er, n. — Corruptible, a. Capable of being, etc. — n. That which may dec iv and perish; the human body. — Corrupt / 'ibleness! -ibil'ity, n. Susceptibility of'corruption. — Corruptibly, adv.— Corrup'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; prod- uct of corruption; putrid matter; putrescence; de- filement: contamination. (Lav.) Taint or impurity of blood, by which one is disabled from inheriting or transmitting any estate. — Corruptive, -iv, a. Having the quality of corrupting.— Corrupt 'ness. n. Corsage, Corse, Corselet, etc. See under Corporal. Corsair, k6r'sar, n. A pirate : piratical vessel. [F. oorsaire, Proven, corsari, one who makes the coma, Proven, and It. corsa, course, cruise, L. cursus, fr. currere. to run. See Course.] Cortege, k6r / tazh'\ n. A train of attendants. [F., fr. It. corteggio, train, fr. corte, court, q. v.] Cortes, kSr'tes, n. pi. The legislative bodies of Spain and Portugal, composed of nobility, clergy, and rep- resentatives of cities. [Sp. and Pg. corre, court.] Cortex, kor'teks, n. ; pi. -tices, -tf-sez. Bark of a tree; outer covering. (Med.) Peruvian bark. (Anat.) A membrane covering any part of the body. [L.] — Cor'tical, -ti-kal, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or re- sembling, bark or rind; external. — Cor'ticate, -ca- ted, a. Having or resembling, etc. — Corticifonn, -tis'Y-iorm, a. Resembling bark. [L. forma, formT] — Cor'ticose, -kos, -cous, -kus, a. Resembling or made of bark. — Cor'ticine, -tl-sin, n. A carpeting material made of ground cork and India rubber. Corundum, ko-run'dum, n. (Jlin.) The earth alumina, as found in a crystalline state. [Hind, kurand.] Coruscate, kor'us-kat or ko-rus'kgt, v. i. To throw off vivid flashes of light; to glitter, gleam, sparkle. [L. coruscare, -catum, to vibrate, glitter; perh. s. rt. L. currere, to run.]— Corus'cant, a. Flashing. — Corusca'tion, a. A flash of light or of intellectual brilliancy; blaze; radiation. Corvet, k6r'vet, Corvette, kor-vef, n. ( Xaut.) A sloop of war, ranking below a frigate, and carrying not more than 20 guns. [F. corvette, Sp. and Pg. corveta, corvette, fr. L. corbita, a ship of burden, fr. corbis, basket.] Corvine, kor'vin, a. Pert, to the crow or raven. [L. corvus, crow.] Corybant, kor'T-bant, n. ,• E. pi. -bants: L. pi. -ban- tes, -tez. A priest of Cybele. [Gr. korubas, -bantos.] — Coryban'tic, a. Madly excited, like priests of Cy- bele, when celebrating Her rites. Corymb, kor'imb, n. (Bot.) An inflorescence, in which the lesser flower-stalks rise to the same height, form- ing an even surface. [L. corymbus, Gr. kontmbos.] — Corymbose, ko-rim'bos or kor'-, a. Consisting of, or resembling, etc. Corypheus, kor'T-fc'us, n. The chief or leader of a Greek dramatic chorus ; any chief or leader. [L. cori/phseus, Gr. koruphaio?, fr. koruphe, head.] Co-secant, ko-se'kant,7i. (Geom.) p The secant of the complement n of an arc or angle. In the fig- ure, AD is the secant of the arc CE, and the co-secant of the complement of that arc, or BE. [For co. secans = comple- menti secans, secant of the com- plement. See Secant.] — Co'- Co-secant, Co-tan- sine, -sin, n. The sine of the gent, complement of an arc or angle. In the figure, BF is the sine of the arc CF, and the co-sine of EF, the complement of that arc. [For co. sinus. See Sine.]— Co-tan'gent, n. The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. In the figure, CD is the tangent of the arc CE, and the co-tangent of EB, the comple- ment of that arc. [For ro. tangens. See Tangent.] Cosey, Cosily. See Cozy. Cosmetic, koz-mct'ik, -ical. a. Improving beauty, esp. of the complexion. — Cosmetic, n. An exter- nal application, to improve the complexion. [F. cosmetique, fr. Gr. kosmetikos, skilled in decorating, fr. kosmos. See Cosmos.] Cosmos, koz'mos, n. The universe, — so called from its perfect arrangement; the system of law, har- mony, and truth combined within the universe. [Gr. kosmos, order, also, the world, universe.] — Cos''- mic, -mical, a. Pert, to the universe, ana having reference to universal law or order; pert, to the solar system as a whole. (Astron.) Rising or setting with the sun; not acronycal. — Cos'micaUy, adv. With the sun at rising or setting. — CosmogOny, -nl, n. Science of the formation of the world or universe. [Gr. genein, to bring forth.] — CosmogOnist, n. One versed in, etc. — Cosmog'raphy, -fT, n. Description of the world or universe, including the figure and relation of its parts, and manner of representing them on a plane. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Cos- mog'rapher, n. One versed in. etc. — Cosmograpb/- ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cosmol'ogy, -jl, n. Sci- ence of the world or universe; or a treatise on its structure and parts. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Coa- moKogist, ru — Cosmoplas'tic, a. Pert, to the for- mation of, etc. [Gr. pf/xssein, to form.] — Cosmopol- itan, -mop'olite, -lit, n. One who has no fixed resi- dence, but is at home in every place; a citizen of the world; one who regards the interests of mankind rather than of his own class or country; a liberal. [Gr. polites, a citizen.] — Cosmopolitism, -lt-tizin, n. Condition or character of a cosmopolite. — Cosmo- rama, -ra'rua, n. An exhibition, through a lens, of drawings of different parts of the world. [Gr. hor- ama, a sight, ir.horan, to see.] — Cosmoram r ic, a. za Co-sine. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boN'box, chair, get. COSSET 118 COUNTENANCE Pert, to a cosmorama. — Cosmotheism, -the'izm, n. The philosophical system which identifies God and the universe; pantheism. [Gr. theos god.] — Cos- mothet'ic, a. (Metaph.) Assuming the actual ex- istence of the physical world. [Gr. tithenai, to place.] Cosset, kos'set, n. A lamb reared by hand ; a pet. — v. t. To fondle, pet. [It. casiccio, fr. casa, house.] Cost, kost, re. Amount paid for anything; charge; ex- pense; whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefit; loss of any kind; det- riment; suffering, pi. (Law.) Expenses in litiga- tion. — v. t. [cost, costing.] To require to be given, expended, or laid out for ; to require to be borne, cause to be suffered. [OF. coster, to cost, L. constare, to stand together, consist, cost, fr. con and stare, to stand.] — Costly, -IT, a. Of great cost; expensive; sumptuous. — Cost'liness, n. Costal, kos'tal, a. Pert, to the side of the body or ribs. [L. costa, rib.] Costard, kos'tard, n. A large apple; the head. fr. its shape. [ME., fr. OF. coste, a rib, this kind of apple being ribbed or ridged.] — Cos'tard- or Cos'ter-mon- ger, -mun'ger, n. An apple-seller; peddler of fruit. Costeaning, kos'ten-ing, n. Process by which miners seek lodes. [Corn, cothas and stean, dropped tin.] Costive, kos'tiv, a. Retaining fecal matter in the bow- els; constipated. [Corrupt, fr. F. constipe", fr. L. con- stipare, -patum. See Constipate.] — Cos'tiveness. re. Unnatural detention, etc. Costume, kos-tum'' or kos'tum, re. An established manner or style, esp. of dress; adaptation of acces- sories, as in a picture, poem, etc., to the circum- stances described. [F. and It.; LL. costuma; s. rt. custom.} — Costumier, n. A dealer in, etc.; esp. in fancy costumes_ for balls, theaters, etc. Cot, kot, Cote, kot, re. A small house; cottage; hut; also, a shed or inelosure for beasts; a cover for a sore finger. — Cot, Cott, kot, re. A sleeping place of small size; a little bed; cradle; folding bedstead. [AS. cote, D. and Ic. kot, G. koth, LL. cota, cot, hut; b. rt. coat. ] — Cot'betty, -bet-tl, -quean, -kwen, re. A man who busies himself with women's affairs. — Cots'wold, -wold, n. Sheep-cotes in an open coun- try. — Cot'tage, -tej, re. A small dwelling; cot; hut. — Cot'tager, Cofter, re. One who lives in a cottage. Co-tangeut. See under Co-secant. Coternporaneous, etc. See Contemporaneous. Coterie, ko-te-re / ', re. A set of persons who meet famil- iarly; a club. [OF. coterie, LL. cottria, a tenure of land by cotters (F. cottiers) who clubbed together.] Cotillon, Cotillion, ko-til'yun, re. A dance of 8 per- sons; quadrille; tune regulating the dance. [F., lit. a petticoat, fr. cotte, coat, frock.] Cotter, kofter, n. A wedge-shaped piece of wood, iron, etc., for fastening the parts of a structure; a key. [Peril, corrupt, fr. cutter.} Cotton, kot'tn, re. The fibrous down enveloping the seeds of the cotton-plant; thread or cloth made of cotton. — a. Made of, etc. — v. i. To rise with a regular nap. [F. and Sp. coton, Ar. qutn, qutunJ] — Cotton flannel. A twilled cotton fabric, with a long plush nap; Canton flannel.— C. velvet, velvet whose warp and woof are of cotton, and the pile of silk. — Cotton'y. -I, a. Downy; soft, like cotton; contain- ing, or like, cotton ; clieap looking. — Cofton-gin, -jin, n. A machine to separate the seeds from cot- ton. plant, n. A plant of several species, growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. — -seed. a. The seed of, etc.,— yieldin oil and oil-cake, —-waste, n. The rei use of cotton factories. wood, n. (Bot.) An American tree of the pop- lar kind, —-wool, re. Cotton in its raw state. Cotton, koftn, v. i. To unite together, agree, adhere. [W. cytcno, to consent, Co'tyledon, kot-Y-le'dpn. re. (Bot.) A Cotton-plant, seed-lobe of a plant, which involves and nourishes the embryo plant, and then perishes. [Gr. kotvledon, fr. kotule, a cup; perh. s. rt. hut.]— Cotyled'onal, a. Having the form of, etc. — Cotyled'onous. -mis, «. Pert, to, etc. ; having a seed-lobe. Couch, kowch, v. t. [couched (kowcht), couching.] To lay down or deposit; to compose to rest; to put in language, phrase, state. — v. i. To lie down, as on a bed, repose; to lie down for concealment, hide; to bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc. — re. A place for rest or sleep; a layer of barley pre- pared for malting. (Painting, Gilding, etc.) A pre- liminary layer, as of color, size, etc. [OF. covcher, colchcr, to place, L. collocare, to place together, fr. con and locus, a place.] —To couch a cataract. (Surg.) To depress it by means of a needle in order to its removal.— To c. a spear, or lance. To place the butt in the projection on the side of armor called the rest, so bringing it into position for attack. — Couch'ant, a. Lying down; squatting. (Her.) Lying down with the head raised, — said of a lion or other beast. — Couch 'er, n. — CouchZ-grass, n. A species of grass which extends rapidly its creeping roots. Cougar, koo'gar, n. (Zo'61.) A species of panther found in southern N. Amer.; also the puma or S. Amer. lion. [F. couguar, S. Amer. dialects, cuguacuara. cuguaeuarana.~i Cough, kawf, n. A violent effort of the lungs to throw oft irritating matter. — v. i. [coughed (kawft), coughing.] To expel air from the throat or lungs with force or noise. — v. t. To expel from the lunges by a cough, eject by a cough, expectorate. [Afe. hwostan, JD. kugchen, MHG. kuchen, to cough.] — Cougher, kawf'er, re. Could, kdbd, imp. of can. See Can. Coulter. Same as Colter. Council, kown'sil, re. An assembly for consultation or advice; congress; diet; convention; convocation. [F. concile, L. concilium, fr. con and calare, to call.] — Coun'cil-man, n.; pi. -men. A member of a coun- cil, esp. of the common council of a city. — Couns- ellor, -er, n. A member of a council. Counsel, kown'sel, re. Mutual advisement, instruc- tion, or interchange of opinions; exercise of delib- erate judgment; result of consultation; deliberate purpose; one who gives advice, esp. in legal matters; collectively, the legal advocates united in the man- agement of a case. — v. t. [counseled (-seld), -sel- ing.] To advise, admonish, or instruct; to recom- mend. [OF. conseil, consel, fr. L. consilium, deliber- ation.fr. consulere, to consult, q. v.] — To keep coun- sel. To hold a purpose, etc., as a secret. — Coun- selor, -er, n. One who, etc.; an adviser; one who i* consulted and gives advice on questions of law; a barrister. — Coun'selorship, n. Count, kownt, v. t. To number, enumerate, reckon, eompute; to consider as belonging to one, esteem, ascribe.—?;.*. To number or be counted; hence, to swell the number, add strength or influence; to depend, rely. (Law.) To plead orally. — n. Act of numbering, or amount ascertained by numbering; reckoning. (Law.) A statement of a plaintiff's case in court. (Crim. Law.) One of several charges in an indictment. [OF. cunter, conter, fr. L. compile tare, to reckon ; same as compute.] —Counter, kowntSr, re. One who counts, or keeps an account; that which indicates a number; a piece of coin- shaped metal, wood, etc., used in reckoning; a table on which money is counted, and goeds laid for ex- amination by purchasers. — Counfer-jump'er, re. A salesman in a shop. — Count'able, a. — Countless. a. Innumerable. — Counting-house, -room, ». Place for keeping accounts, etc., and transacting business. Count, kownt. re. A nobleman in Europe, equal in rank to an English earl. [OF. conte, comte, fr. L. comes, -itis, a companion, count, f~. con and ire, iturn, to go. Ski-. i.\ — Count-palatine. Orig., the judge and highest officer of German kings, after- ward of German emperors and archdukes; later, an officer delegated by German emperors to exercise certain imperial privileges. — Countless, n. The consort of an earl or count. — Coun'ty, -tt, u. Orig. an earldom: a territorial division of a state, for pur- poses of administration, justice, etc. ; a shire. — . County corporate. A county invested with particu- lar privileges by charter, grant, etc. — C. court. A court having jurisdiction over a county. — C. pala- tine. In Eng., one having particular privileges, — so called a palatio (from the palace), because the owner had originally royal powers in administering justice.— C. town. A town where the county busi- ness is transacted; shire town. Countenance, kown'te-nans, re. Appearance or ex- pression of the face; aspect; mien; the face; fea- tures ; encouraging aspect ; favor ; aid. — v. t. [■nanced (-nanst), -nancing.] To encourage by a favoring aspect; to sanction, approve, support. [OF. contenance, L. continentia, fr. contirtsre, to con- tain, maintain, comport one's sell'.] — Out of counte- nance. With the countenance cast down; not as- sured; confounded; abashed. — To keep the c. To preserve a composed look. — Coun'tenancer, n. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tfrm ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; COUNTER 119 COUPLE Counter. See under Count, v. t. Counter, kown'ter, a. Contrary; opposite. — adv. ■ Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction. [This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs and nouns, expressing opposition.]— n. {Xa'utA An arched space in the stem of a vessel. (3Ius.) Coun- ter-tenor. (.Far.) That part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck. The back-leather or heel part of a boot; heel stiffening of a shoe. \F. contre, L. contra, against, fr. con and rt. of trans, beyond.]— Coun'ter-tim'ber, n. (Xaut.) A timber in the stern of a vessel, strengthening the counter. Counteract, kown-ter-akt', v. t. To act in opposition to, hinder, defeat, frustrate.— Counterac'tioH, n. Action in opposition; resistance. — Counteract 'ive, -iv, a. Tending to, etc. Counterbalance, kown-tgr-baKans, v. t. [-balanced i,-aust), -ancing.J To oppose with an equal weight; act against with equal power or effect: countervail. — n. Equal opposing weight; equivalent. Counter-brace, kown'ter-bras, >i. (Xaut.) The brace of the ioretopsail on the leeward side of a vessel. Counterchange, kown-ter-chanj', v. t. To exchange; reciprocate. — Coun'terchange, n. Exchange; re-, ciprocation. Counter charm, kown-ter-charm', v. t. To destrov the effect of a charm upon. — Coun'tercharm, n. That which dissolves or opposes, etc. Countercheck, kown-ter-chek'', r. t. To oppose, check. < — Coun'tercheck, u. Check; stop; rebuke. Counter-deed, kown'ter-ded, n. (Law.) A writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters a public deed. Counterdraw. kown-ter-draw', v. t. [imp. -drew; p. p. -drawn; -drawing.] To copy, as a design, by tracing upon some transparent substance, through which it appears. Counter-extension, kown'tSr-ex-ten'shun, n. (Surg.) Fixation of the upper portion of a limb while ex- tension is practiced on the lower portion, as in cases | of fracture or luxation. Counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, v. t. To put on a sem- | blance of, esp. for a bad purpose; to imitate without ' right, and to deceive or defraud; to forge. — v. i. ! To dissemble, feign. — a. Having resemblance to; fabricated to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine; false, spurious, hypocritical, — n. That : which, etc.; a likeness; counterpart: one who per- sonates another; an impostor; cheat [OF. contre- j'ait, p. p. of rontrcfaire, fr. contre and /aire, L. ' facere, to make.] — Coun'terfeiter, n. One who, etc.; esp. one who forges bank-notes or coin; a forger. — Coun'terfeitly.w^r. By forgery; falsely. Counter-gage, kown'ter-gaj, n. (Carp.) A method of measuring joints, by transferring. Counter-guard, kown'ter-gard, n. (Fort.) A low | work before the salient point of a bastion, to pre- serve the bastion. Counter-indication, kowH /, ter-in / dl-ka / shun,n. (Med.) Any symptom which forbids the use of a particular remedy in disease. Counter-irritate, kown'ter-ir'ri-tat, v. t. (Med.) To produce counter-irritation in. — Coun'ter-ir'ritant. n. That which, etc. — Conn' ter-irrita'tion. n. Ir- ritation excited in one part of the body to relieve ir- ritation in another part. Counter-jumper. See under Count, v. t. Countermand, kown-ter-mand", v. t. To revoke, as a former command. — Coun'termand, n. Revocation of n former command. [F. contremander, fr. contre and mav/Jer, to command, L. mendare.] Countermarch, kown-ter-march', ?;. i. (Mil.) To march back, or in reversed order. — Coun'ter-march, n. A marching back. (Mil.) A change of the wings or face of aoattalion. Counter-mark, kown'ter-miirk, n. An additional mark I oq goods, to afford security or proof. (Far.) An | nrtificial oavity made in the teeth of horses when the crown is worn smooth, to disguise their age. — Countermark', v. t. To apply, etc. Counter-mine, kown'tgr-mln, n. (3111.) A gallery under ground, from which to destroy the mines of | the enemy; means of counteraction. — Counter- j mine', v. t. (Mil.) To oppose by a counter-mine, i To frustrate by secret and opposing measures, —v. »'. To make a counter-mine or counter-plot. Counterpane, kown'ter-pan, -point, n. A coverlet for ' a bed. [OF. contrepoinct, back-stitch or quilting- j stitch, also a quilt, corrup. fr. coutrepoincter, to j quilt: coutre = coute, quieute, a quilt, fr. L. cirtcita, ! ci^hion, qnilt; EL. culcita ptincta, stitched quilt, : pvjir/ere,pimctwi, to prick, stitch.] — Coun'terpane, v. (0. Law.) A counterpart. [OF. contrepan, a pledge, pawn, fr. contre andean, pawn.] Counterpart, kown'ter-part, n. A part corresponding to another part; copy; duplicate; a thing that mar be applied to another so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence a person or thing having qualities lacking in another: an opposite, (Ifus.) The part arranged in connection with another. Counter-plea, kown'tgr-ple, n. (Law.) A replication to a plea or request. Counterpoint, kown'ter-point, rt. A cover for a bed. [See Counterpane.] — (Mus.) The art of composing music in parts, the setting of a harmony of one or more parts to a melody. [OF. contrepoinct, lit. point against point, —musical notes having been indicated by dots or points.] Counterpoise," kown-ter-poiz', v. t. To act against with equal weight, counterbalance. — Coun'torpoiae, /<. A weight sufficient to balance another; equal power acting in opposition; relation of two such forces; equilibrium; equiponderance. Counter-poison. kown'tSr-poi-zn, n. A poison that destroys the effect of another. Counter-proof, kown'ter-pruot, n. (Engraving.) A print taken off from another just printed, and there- fore a reverse of it. — Counterprove', -proov', v. t. To take a copy in reverse. Counter-revolution, kown'ter-rev-o-lu'shun, n. A revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. Counterscarp, kown'ter-skiirp, n. (Fort.) The ex- terior slope of the ditch; the whole covered way, with its parapet and glacis. Countersign, kown'ter-sin, v. t. To sign in addition and opposite to the signature of a principal, — to at- test the authenticity of a writing. — n. The signa- ture of a secretary, etc., to attest authenticity. (Mil.) A private signal "or phrase, whieh must be given to pass a sentry. — Coun'ter-sig'nal, n. A correspond- ing signal. Countersink, kown'ter-sink, v. t. To form, as a de- pression, to receive the head of a 6Crew or bolt be- low the surface; to cause to sink, as a screw or bolt, even with or below the surface. — n. A depression for receiving the head of a screw ; a tool for forming such depression. Counter-tenor, kown'ter-ten'er, n. (Mus.) A middle part between tenor and treble. Counter-timber. See under Counter. Countervail, kown-ter-vaK, v. t. [-vailed (-vald"), -vailing.] To act against with equal force, power, or effect ; to thwart, balance, compensate. [F. contre and valoir, L. ralere, to avail.] — Coun'ter- vail, n. Equal weight, strength, or value; compen- sation; requital. Countervallation, kown'tgr-val-la'shun, n. (Fort.) A ehain of redoubts around a fortress, to prevent sor- ties by the garrison: oonstruction of such works. Cqunterview, kown'ter-vu, n. An opposite or oppos- ing view; opposition; contrast. Countess. See under Count, n. Counting-house. Countless, etc. See under Cotott, v. t. Country, kun'trT, n. A region; region of one's birth, residence, or citizenship; rural regions, as opp. to town; inhabitants of a region. (Laic.) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country: one's con- stituents, or the public. —a. Pert, to "the territory away from a city ; rural; rustic; destitute of refine- ment : rude. [OF. contree. It. and LL. contr&da. f r. L. contra.] — Countrified, -trT-fid, a. Having the appearance and manners of, etc. ; uncouth. — Coun'try-dance, n. See Contra-dance. — man, n. ; pi. -men. An inhabitant or native of a region; a fellow-citizen; a dweller in the country, as opp. to the city; a rustic. — woman, n.; pi. -women, -wim''- en. — seat, n. A dwelling in the country. County. _See under Count, n. Coupe, koo-pa-', n. A compartment in a French dili gence, or in a railroad carriage ; a four-wheeled close carriage for two persons. [F., p. p. of couper, to cut.] Couple, kup'1, 7i. Two things of the same kind con- nected or taken together; a betrothed or married pair; brace. — v. t. [coupled (kup'ld), coupling.] To link or connect together, join; to unite as male and female, marry.— v. i. To come together aa male and female, form a sexual union, embrace. [F., fr. L. copula, a bond, band. See Copula.] — Coup'ler, n. — Coup'let, n. Two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. — Coup'ling, n. Act of bringing or coming together ; connection ; sexual », cube, full; moon, foot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. COUPON 120 COWARD union. (Mach.) That which couples one thing with another, as a hook, chain, etc. Coupon, koo'pon or -poN. n. {Com.) An interest cer- tificate attached to a transferable bond, to be cut off for payment when interest is due. [F., fr. cou- per, to cut.] Courage, kur'ej, n. The quality enabling one to en- counter danger without fear ; bravery ; daring ; firmness; resolution. [F., fr. OF. and L. cor, the heart.] — Coura'geous, -a 'jus, a. Possessing, or characterized by, etc.; bold; hardy; enterprising. — Coura'geously, adv. — Coura'geousness, n. Courant, koo-ranf, -ran'to, n. A piece of music in triple time; a lively dance; a newspaper. [F. cou- rant, p. pr. of courir, to run, L. currere, cursum.] — Cou'rier, -rT-er, n. A messenger sent in haste, usu- ally on public business; an express; an attendant on travelers, who makes arrangements for them on the way. [F.J — Course, kors, n. Act of moving from one point to another; path traversed; motion considered with reference to its direction; line of progress ; progress from point to point without change of direction; also, one of a succession of motions in different directions considered as one act; orderly progress; methodical action; conduct; behavior; a succession of practices connectedly fol- lowed; part of a meal served atone time. (Arch.) A continued level range of brick or stones through- out the face of a building, pi. The menstrual flux. (Naut.) The principal sails of a ship. See Sails. — v. t. [coursed (korst), coursing.] To run, hunt, or chase after, pursue; to run through or over; to cause to run. — v. i. To run, as if in a race or in hunting. [OF. CQurs, L. cursus, fr. currere.'] — In course. In regular succession. — Of c. By conse- quence; in natural order. — Cours'er, n. One who, etc; esp. a swift horse. CJourt, kort, n. An inclosed space; yard or area; resi- dence of a sovereign, nobleman, etc; palace; per- sons composing the retinue of a sovereign, etc.; as- sembling of the retinue of a sovereign; attention to one in power; conduct designed to gain favor; po- liteness; civility. (Law.) A legal tribunal, includ- ing judges, jury, lawyers, sheriffs, etc.; the judge in a case, as disting. fr. the counsel. The session of a judicial assembly; any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. — v. t. To seek the favor of, strive to please, pay court to; to seek in marriage, woo; to attempt to gain by address, solicit. [F. cour, OF. cart, curt, IX. cortis, court-yard, retinue, tribunal, L. cors, cortis, inclosure, cattle-yard.] — Court'er, n. — Court'-card, n. See Coat-card. — day, n. A day in which a court sits to administer justice.— ■dress, n. A dress worn at court. — hand, n. The handwriting used in records and judicial proceed- ings. — house, n. A house in which courts are held. •leet, n. (Eng. Law.) A court of record held annu- ally, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. — martial, -mar'shal, n. ; pi. Courts-martial. A court consisting of mil- itary or naval officers for trying offenses against military or naval law. — -plas'ter, n. Sticking-plas- ter made of silk. — -yard, n. An inclosure round a house. — Courteous, kerfyus, a. Of court-like or elegant manners; pert, to, or expressive of, courtesy; well-bred; polite; complaisant. — Courteously, adv. — Court'eousness, n. — Courtesy, kert'e-sT, n. Ele- gance of manners; act of civility or respect; urban- ity; affability; good-breeding; favor or indulgence, as disting. f r. right. — Courtesy, kgrfsT, n. A ges- ture of respect or civility by women.— v. i. [COURTE- sied (-sid), -sying.] To bow the body slightly, with bending of the knees, as an expression of civility or respect. — Courtier, korfyer, n. One who frequents courts; one who courts favor.— Court'ly, a. Pert, to a court; court-like; high-bred; dignified and ele- gant; disposed to favor the g--ent; fawning; obsequi- ous; sycophantic. — Court 'liness. n. High-breeding; elegance of manners. — Oourt'ship, n. Act of solic- iting favor by complaisance or flattery s act of woo- ing in love. — Courtesan, kert'e-zan, n. Orig. a fol- lower of the court; a prostitute; harlot; strumpet. [Sp. cortesana, fern, of cortesano, pert, to the court, courteous, fr. corte, court.] Cousin, kuz'ii, n. One collaterally related more re- motely than brother or sister; a title given by a king to a nobleman, esp. to one of the council. [F.; IX. cosinus, contr. fr. L. consobrinus, child of a mother s sister, fr. con and sobrinus, cousin-german, fr. sostor, sister.] — Cousinly, a. Like or becoming a cousin. — Cous'inship, n. Relationship of, etc. — Cous'in- ger'man, -jcr'man, n. ; pi. Cousins-german. A first cousin; cou6in in the first generation. Cove, k6v, n. A small inlet, creek, or bay; recess in the sea-shore; a strip of prairie extending into wood- land; recess in a mountain side; a boy or man. — v. t. (Arch.) To arch over. [AS. co/a, chamber, cave, 1c. to^, hut, cell, G. koben, cabin, pig-sty.] — Cov'- ing, n. (Arch.) Projection of the upper stories of a house over those beneath; jambs of a fire-place. Covenant, kuv'e-nant, n. A mutual agreement in writing and under seal ; contract; stipulation; a writing containing terms of agreement. (Theol.) The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. (Law.) A form of action for violation of a contract. — v. i. To enter into a formal agreement, bind one's self by con- tract, agree, bargain, stipulate.—?;, t. To grant or promise by covenant. [OF. convenant, covenant, p. pr. of couvenir, to agree, fr. L. convenire. See Cok- vene.]— Cov'enanter, n. One who makes or sub- scribes a covenant. — Covenantor, n. (Law.) The party who makes a covenant. Cover, kuv'er, v. t. [covered (-erd), -ering.] To overspread or envelop; to brood or sit on; to hide from sight, conceal ; to place under shelter, protect, defend; to extend over, be sufficient for, compre- hend or include, account for or solve, counterbal- ance; to copulate with,— said of the male; to keep under aim, or aim at point-blank. — n. Anything laid, set, or spread over another; an envelope; lid; thing which veils or conceals; screen; disguise; con- dition of concealment, shelter, or defense. (Hunt- ing.) "Woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter game. A table-cloth and furniture; esp. table furniture for one person at a meal. [F. covrir, courrir. It. cop- rire, fr. L. cobperire, to cover, fr. con and operire, to shut, hide.] — Cov'ered, -erd, p. a. Designed for concealment, shelter, etc. — Cov'erer, n. — Cov'es- let, n. The uppermost cover of a bed. [OF. covre- lit, fr. covrir, and lit, a bed, L. lectus.] — Cov'ert, a. Covered over: hid; sheltered. (Law.) Under covei, authority, or protection, as a married woman. — ». A place which covers and protects; shelter; defenses feathers covering the bases of birds' quills. [OF.] — Cov'ertly, adv. Secret]}'. — Cov'ert-bar'on, a. (Law.) Under the protection of a husband; married. — Cov'erture, -er-chur, n. Covering; shelter; de- fense. (Law.) Condition of a woman during mar- riage, — i. e., under the cover or protection of her husband. Covet, kuv'et, v. t. To wish for eagerly, inordinately, or unlawfully; to long for, hanker after, lust after. [OF. coveiler, It. cubttare, L. cupere, to desire.] — Cov'etable, a. — Cov'eter, n. — Cov'etiveness, T iv- nes, n. (Phren.) Excessive desire of accumulating property ; acquisitiveness. See Phrenology. — Cov'etous, -us, a. Very desirous; excessively eager; avaricious; penurious; miserly. — Covetously, adv. — Cov'etousness, n. Covey, kuv'i, n. An old bird with her brood of young; a 6mall flock of birds; a company; set. [F. couve'e, fr. couvi, p. p. of couver, to sit or brood on, fr. L. cvbare, to he down.] Covin, kuv'in, n. (Law.) A collusive agreement be- tween persons to prejudice another. [OF. covaine, fr. convenir. See Covenant.] — Cov / -us, a. Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent. Cow, kow, n. ; pi. Cows ; old pi. Kine. The female of bovine animals. [ME. cu, cou, pi. Icy, hue, and kin, kwyn; AS. cu, pi. cy, D. koe, Sw. and Dan. ho, Olr. and Ga. 60, L. bos, Gr. bous, Skr. gu.] — Cow'- bird, n. The cow blackbird, an Amer. starling. — -catcb/er, n. A frame in front of a locomotive, to catch or throw off obstructions on the track. — herd, n. One who tends cows. — hide, n. The skin of cattle, or leather made from it; a whip made from it. — v. t. To beat with, etc. — -lick, n. A tuft of hair turned up, — as if licked by a cow. — pox. n. (Med.) A disease which appears in pimples on the cow, the matter from which is used for vaccination, as preventive of small pox; kine-pox. — slip, n. A species of primrose, growing in moist places. [AS. ■ cuslyvpe, fr. cu and slyppe, dung.] — tree, n. A South American tree which yields a fluid like milk. Cow, kow, v. t. [cowed (kowd), cowing.] To depress with fear, sink the spirits or courage. [Ic kuga, to tyrannize over, Dan. hue, to bow, subdue.] Coward, kow'ard, n. One who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous man; craven; poltroon: daMard.— a. Destitute of courage; timid; Dase; pert, to a cow- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t8rm ; In, Tee ; Sdd, tone, COWER 121 CRANE ard; proceeding from, or expressive of, cowardice. [OF. couard, It. codardo, fr. OF. coe, It. codn, L. cauda, a tailsperh. one who turns tail.] — Cow'ard- ice, -is, 7i. Want of courage. — Cow'ardly, -IT, a. Wanting courage; befitting a coward: timorous; pusillanimous: mean: base. — ado. In the manner of, etc. — Cowardliness, n. Cower, kow'er, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] To sink by bending the knees; to crouch, esp. through fear. [Ic. and Sw. kura, Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet.] Cowl, kowl, n. A monk's hood or habit; a cap for chimney-tops. [AS. cufle, Ic. kufl, kofl, L. cucullus, cap, hood; s. rt. L. scutum, a shield.]— Cowled, kowld, a. Wearing a cowl. (Bot.) Shaped like, etc. Cowl, kowl, n. A vessel for water, carried on a pole, or cowl-staff, between two persons. [OF. cuvel, cuveau, dim. of cure, L. cupa, tub.] Cowry, koWrT, n. A small shell, used for money in Africa and the East Indies. [Hind, kauri.] Coxalgia, koks-al'jl-a. -al'gy, -it, n. {Med.) Pain in the hip: hip-joint disease. [P. coxalgie, fr. L. coxa, hip, and Gr. algos, pain.] Coxcomb, koks'kom, n. A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, on the cap of a licensed fool; the cap itself : a vain superficial pretender to accomplishments: a fop. {Bot.) A plant producing red flowers like a cock's comb. [Corrupt, of cock's comb.] — Coxcombical, -comical, -kom'ik-al. a. Be- fitting a coxcomb: foppish. — Coxcomb'ically, adv. — Cox'combry, -kom-rT, n. The manners of, etc. Boxawain. See Cockswain, under Cockboat. *oy, koi, a. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; shy ; modest ; bashful. [OF. coi, coit, L. quietus, quiet.fr. quies, rest.] — Coy'ish, a. Somewhat re- served. — Coy'ly, adv. — Coy'ness, n. Coyote, koi-ot', n. The prairie wolf. [Sp., fr. Mexi- can coyotl.] fioz, kuz, n. A contr. of cousin. 3ozen, kuz'n, v. t. [cozened (kuz'nd), -ening.] To cheat, beguile, deceive. [F. cousiner, to claim kin- ship for convenience, to sponge.]— Coz'enage, -ej, n. Practice of, etc. ; artifice ; trick. — Coz'ener, n. Cozy, Cosey, kc/zT, a. [cozier, coziest.] Snug; com- fortable; easy. — n. A woolen covering to retain heat in a tea-pot. [F. causer, to talk, chat, fr. G. kosen, OH.G. choson.] — Co'zily, adv. Irab, krab, n. (Zool.) A crustaceous aninial, having the body covered by a crust- like shell orcarapax; it has ten legs, the front pair of which terminate in claws. (Bot.) A wild apple; the tree producing it, — named from its astringent taste. (Mech.) A crane for moving heavy weights, esp. ships. [AS. crab- v^ran. 6a, Sw. krabba, Ic. krabbi, Dan. and G. krabbe, D. krab, L. carabus, Gr. karabos, crab; D. krabben, L. scalpere, to scratch.] — Crab'-apple. n. A small, sour kind of apple. [Sw. krabbapleT] — -tree, n. The tree bearing, etc. — louse, n. A kind of louse infesting the human body. — Crab 'bed, a. Harsh; rough; peevish; morose: difficult; perplexing; cramped or scrawled, — said of handwriting. [D. kribben, to quarrel, be cross, fr. krabben (above), krihbig, peev- ish; Ic. krab, a crabbed hand, krabba, D. krabbelen, to scrawl, scribble.] — Crab'bedly, adv. — Crab'bed- ness, rt. jrack, krak, v. t. [cracked (krakt), cracking.] To break without entire separation of the parts; to fis- sure; to rend with grief or pain, distress, disorder, derange; to cause to sound abruptly and sharply; to snap; to utter smartly and sententiously; to cry up, extol. — v.i. To be" fractured without quite sepa- rating; to go to pieces, be ruined or impaired; to utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. — n. A partial separation of parts, etc.: a chink; crevice; a sound as of anything suddenly rent; craziness of intellect; insanity. —a. Of superior excellence. [AS. cear- cian, D. kraken, G. krachen, Ga. cnac, to crack; D. krak, G. krach, Ga. erac, a crack.] — Crack'-brained, -brand, a. Impaired in intellect.— Crack'' or, n. One who, or that which, cracks; a small firework, ex- ploding with a sharp noise; a kind of hard biscuit- Crackle, krakl, v. i. To make slight cracks, or small, abrupt, snapping noises, frequently repeated. [Freq. of crack.] — Crack'le, Crack'lin, n. A kind of china, having the glaze or enamel apparently cracked in all directions. — Crack'ttng, n. Small, abrupt cracks or reports; rind of roasted pork. — Crack'nel, a. A kind of brittle biscuit. [F. craqve* lin, D., krakeling.] Cradle, kra'dl. n. A rocking bed for infants ; place in which anything is nurtured or protected during immaturity; infancy. (Agric.) A light framework added to a scythe, to receive grain as cut, and lay it in swaths. (Engraving.) An instrument for pre- paring plates for mezzotints. (Ship-building.) A framework of timbers to support a vessel when out of water. (Surg.) A case tor a broken bone. — r. t. [cradled (kra'dld), cradling.] To lay, or rock in a cradle; to nurse in infancy; to cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. — v. i. Tolie or lodge, as in a cra- dle. (Mining.) A machine roeked by the hand for washing out auriferous earth. [AS. cradol, W. cryd ; s. rt. L. crates, E. hurdle.] Craft, kraft, n. Dexterity in manual employment; the employment itself ; a trade ; cunning, art, or skill; artifice ; guile. (Naut.) Vessels of any kind. [AS. crseft, Sw., Dan., and G. kraft; s. rt. cramp.] — CrafVy, -I, a. Skillful at deceiving : cunning ; sly ; shrewd. — Craft'ily, adv. — Craftiness, n. — Crafts'man, n. ; pi. -men. One skilled in a manual occupation ; an artificer ; mechanic. Crag, krag, n. A steep, rugged, broken rock. (Geol.) A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the tertiary age. [W. craig, Ga. and Ir. creag.] — Crag'ged, -gy, -gl, a. Full of, etc.— Crag"'- gedneas^ -giness, n. Crake, krak, n. (Omith.) A species of rail frequenting corn, etc., whose cry is a grating croak. [Onomat.] Cram, kram, v. t. [crammed (kramd), cramming.] To stuff, crowd, fill to superfluity; to fill with food beyond satiety ; to qualifv for examination by hasty preparation, —v. i. To eat greedily, stuff ; to make a hasty review of studies. [AS. crammian, to stuff, Ic. kremja, to squeeze. See Cramp.] Crambo, kram'bo, n. A play in which one gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme ; a rhyme. [Perh. fr. Cramp.] Cramp, kramp, n. A restriction or restraint ; an iron instrument to hold together timbers, stones, etc. ; a piece of wood on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched. (Med.) A spasmodic contraction of a muscle. — v. t. [cramped (krampt), cramp- ing.] To hold tightly pressed together, restrain from free action ; to form on a cramp, as boot legs ; to afflict with cramp. [Sw. and D. kramp, Dan. krampe, cramp; Sw. krampa, Dan. kramjte, a cramp- iron ; D. krammen, G. krampen, to fasten with cramps; s. rt. cram, clamp, crimp, crumple, and perh. crab. See Clamp.] — Cramp'y, -T, a. Diseased with, or producing, cramp.— Cramp'-fish, n. (Ichth.) The torpedo, or electric ray, w T hose touch imparts a shock of electricity. — iron, n. A cramp; vise. — Cramp'- it, n. A metal tip of a sword-sheath ; a chape ; a cramp-iron. — Crampoons, -poonz', n. pi. Hooked pieces of iron, for raising heavy materials. (Mil.) Iron points worn on shoes to keep a foothold, as in climbing ramparts. [F. crampon.] Cran, kran, n. A measure by which fresh herrings are sold, holding about 3"i gallons. [Ga. crann.] Cranberry, kran'her-rT, n. A red, sour berry, used for making sauce, etc. [Corrup. of erane-berry, fr. its long stalk ; G. kranbeere, Dan. tranebser, Sw. tranbar. See Crane.] Cranch. See Craunch. Crane, kran, n. (Ornith.) A wading bird, having long bill, legs, and neck. A machine for moving heavy weights ; an arm turning on a vertical axis, for supporting kettles, etc., ever a fire ; a si- phon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask, (yaut!) A piece of wood or iron with two arms, used, in pairs, to stow spare spars in. — v. t. Tcraned (krand), craning. J To cause to rise; to raise, as if by a crane. — v. i. To stretch the neck in order to observe something ; to balk at a dangerous leap, etc., show timidity. [AS. cran, D. Dan. trane, Sw. trana, Ic. trani, W., Corn., and Armor, garan, Gr. geranos, L. grus, crane (bird), also D. kraan ; Dan. and Sw. kran, G. krahn, Gr- geranos, crane (m-ichine).] — Crane's-bill, n. (Bot.) The geranium, which has an appendage of the seed-vessel resembling the beak of a crane. (Surg.) Long-beaked pincers. — Cran'age, n. Right of using Crane. kraan, G. kranich. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot»t ; cow, oil ; linger mr ink, then, b»Nbow, ehair, get CRANIUM 122 CREED a crane in loading fqr the use. Cranium, kra'nl-um. -N1A, price paid pi. , Kra'ni-um, n.; pi. i. (Anat.y The skull of I imal ; brain-pan. [L. ; ^ Crane. Gr. kranion, skull, Icara, Skr. cira, the head.] — Cra'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — CranioPogy, -jT, n. Science of the struc- ture of the skull, and its rela- tion to the faculties of the mind ; phrenology. [O logos, discourse.]-CranioPogist, -list, n. One versed in, etc. ; a phrenologist. — Cra'niologlcal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cranionreter, n. An instrument for measuring skulls. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Crani- rtof, " 'etry, -trT, Art etc., to discover their spe- cific differences. — Cranios'copy, -pi, n. Examin; tion of the skull, to discover the parts of the brain supposed to be the organs of particular faculties. [Gr. skopein, to view.] — Craniot'omy, -ml, n. (Surg.) Opening of the fetal head to effect deliv- ery. [Gr. temnevn, to cut.] Crank, krank, n. (Mach.) A bent axis, serving as a handle to communicate circular motion, or to change circular into reciprocating motion, or the reverse. A bend, turn, or winding ; a conceit con- sisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word ; a fit of temper ; a whim, absurd notion ; one full of cranks, or deranged. — a. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship. Full of spirit; brisk; lively. [D. kronlxl, a little bend, krengen, to careen, Dan. kruenge, to heave down, lurch ; 1). and G. krank, sick.] — Crankle, kran/kl, v. i. To run in a winding course ; to bend and turn. — v. t. To break into bends, etc.; to crinkle. — n. A bend ; crinkle. Cranny, kran'ni, n. A small, narrow opening ; fis- sure ; crevice ; chink ; a secret, retired place ; hole. — v. i. To make crannies ; to haunt or enter by crannies. [Dim. fr. F. cran, L. arena, a notch, Skr. krit, to cut.] — Cran'nied, -nid, a. Full of, etc. Crape, krap, n. A thin, transparent stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twistecl, used for mourning garments. [F. crepe, fr. L. crtspus, curled, crisped.] — Crap'y, -Y, a. Resembling crape. Crapulent, krap'u-lent, -ulous, -lus, a. Sick from in- temperance. [L. crapvla, sickness from, etc.] Crash, krash, v. t. [crashed (krasht), crashing.] To break to pieces violently.— v. i. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things breaking at once. — n. Mingled sound of things breaking. [Same as crack and craze ; Sw. krasa, Dan. krase, to crackle.] Crash, krash, n. Coarse linen cloth. [See Crass.] Crass, kras, a. Gross ; dense ; coarse. [L. crassus, thick, fat, for crattus, closely woven.] — Crassi- tude, -T-tud, n. Grossness ; thickness. — Crass'a- ment, n. Thick part of a fluid, esp. of blood; a clot. Cratch, krach, n. A manger or open frame for hay; a crib. [F. creche, manger, OS. kribbia, E. crib.] — Cratch-cradle. Form of the cratch, made upon the fingers with string; scratch-cradle, cat's-cradle. Crate, krat, n. A hamper of wicker-work, for crock- ery. [L. crates, a hurdle.] Crater, kraler, n. The aperture or mouth of a vol- cano. [L. and Gr., a bowl, fr. Gr. kerannunai, to mix.] — Craterlform, a. Cup-shaped. [L. forma, form.] Craunch, Cranch, kranch, v. t. [cRAUNCHED(krancht), craunching.] To crush with the teeth, chew nois- ily, crunch. [Onomat] Cravat, kra-vat', n. A neck-cloth. [F. ; from the Croatians (F. Cravates) in the Austrian army, from whose dress it was adopted in France in 1G36.] Crave, krav, v. t. [craved (kravd), craving.] To ask with earnestness and humility; to long for, beg, beseech, implore. [AS. crafian, Sw. krafva, Dan. kraeve.] — Crav'er, n. Craven, kra'vn, n. One vanquished in battle ; a weak-hearted fellow; coward; dastard. —a. Cow- ardly with meanness; spiritless. [OF. cravante', fr. crevanter, to break.] Craw, kraw, n. The crop or stomach of fowls. [Dan. kro, Sw. krafva.] Craw-fish, Cray-fish, kraw'-, kra'fish, n. (Zoibl.) A crustaceous fresh-water animal, resembling the lob- ster, but smaller. [ME. erevis, fr. OF. crevisse, F. Screvisse, OHG. crebiz, G. krebs; s. rt. crab.] Crawl, krawl, v. i. [crawled (krawld), crawling.] To move slowly, as a worm ; or on the hands and knees, as a human being ; to creep ; to advance slowly and feebly ; to have a sensation as if insects were creeping about the body. — n. Act or motion of crawling. [Ic. krafla, to paw, scrabble, Sw. krala, Dan. kravle, to creep.] — CrawKer, u. Crayon, kra'un, //. A piece of chalk, or other soft sub- stance, for drawing; drawing made with pencil or crayon.— ?', t. [crayoned (-und), -oning.] To sketch, as with, etc. [F., ir._craie, L. creta, chalk.] Craze, kraz, v. t. [crazed (krazd), crazing.] Orig. to break into pieces, crush ; to confuse, impair ; to de- range the intellect of, render insane.— n. State of craziness; insanity; a strong habitual desire or pas- sion. (Pottery.) A defect in the glaze of earthen- ware, causing it to crack. [See Crash.] — Cra'zy, -zf, a. Broken ; decrepit ; disordered in intellect ; deranged. — Cra'zily, adv. — Cra'ziness, n. — Cra'- zy bone. The end of the elbow, a blow upon which benumbs the arm. Creak, krek, v. i. [creaked (krekt), creaking.] To make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by friction of hard substances. — v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. — n. The sound produced. [Onomat. See Cricket.] Cream, krem, n. The unctuous substance forming a scum on the surface of milk; the best part of a thing. — v. t. [creamed (kremd), creaming.] To skim or take off by skimming, as cream ; to take off the best part of. — v. i. To become covered with cream, or thick like cream ; to assume the appearance 01 cream. [F. creme, LL. crema, eream, L. cremor, the milky substance obtained by soaking corn.]— Cream of tartar. Purified tartar or argal, the bi-tartrate of potassa. — which rises, like cream, to the surface of liquor in which it is purified. — Cream'y, -1, a. Full of, or like, etc. — Cream'-cake, n. A cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, etc. — cheese, n. Cheese formed of milk mixed with cream. Crease, kres, n._ A mark made by folding. — v. t. [creased (krest), creasing.] To make a crease in. [Armor. kHz, W. krych, a wrinkle.] Creasote. See Creosote. Create, kre-af, v. t. To bring into being, came to exist, originate ; to be the occasion of, produce ; to constitute, appoint, make. [L. oreare, -attan, to create.] — Crea'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; esp., of bringing the world into existence ; constitution ; formation ; thing created, as the universe. — Crealionism, -izm, n. Doctrine that the soul is immediately created by God, — opp. to traducianism. — Crea'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. ; esp. the Supreme Being. — Crea''- tive, -tiv, a. Having power to create, or creating.— Crea'tiveness, n. — Creature, kre'chur, n. Thing created; esp. a being created with life; animal; man; one who owes his fortune to another ; a servile de- pendent. [OF.] Creche, kresh, n. An asylum for very young children during their mothers' working hours. [F. See Cratch.] Creed, krSd, n. A summary of what is believed ; esp. of Christian belief. [From L. erecfo, 1 believe, the first word of the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds, fr. credere, -itum, Skr. craddadhami, to believe.] — Cre'dence, -dens, n. Reliance of the mind ; trust ; belief; what gives claim to credit or confidence. — Cre'dent, a. Believing ; giving credit. — Creden- tial, -shal, a. Giving a title to credit. — n. That wbich, etc. ; pi. testimonials or certificates showing that one is entitled to credit, or has authority or official powers. — Credible, a. Capable of being believed ; worthv of belief. — Credlbleness, -ibil'- ity, n. — Credibly, adv. — Credit, n. Reliance on the truth of something said or dpne; belief ; faith ; reputation derived from the confidence of others; es- teem ; reputation ; authority derived from character or reputation ; influence derived from the confi- dence or favor of others ; interest. (Com.) Trust given or received ; expectation of future payment ; mercantile reputation. (Book-keeping.) The side of an account on which are entered values received; item* entered on such side of an account. — v. t. To confide in the truth of ; put trust in, believe ; to enter upon the credit side of an account, set to the credit of.—Cre'ditfoncier, kra-de'f oN-se-a', n. A com- pany for carrying on local improvements by means of loans upon real estate. [F. ; fonder, landed, fr. fond, L. fundus, land.]— C. mohilier, -mo-be-le-a', n. A joint-stock company for banking purposes and the promotion of public works by means of loans on personal estate. [F. ; moMKer, personal, fr. L. mo- bilis, movable.] — Creditable, a. Deserving or pos- sessing, etc. ; reputable ; estimable. — Credltable- ness, n. — Creditably, adv. — Creditor, -3r, n. One who gives credit in business matters; one to whom am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, ,ttr;n ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; CREEK 123 CRINITE money is due. — Cred'ulous, -u-lus, a. Apt to be- lieve on slight evidence ; easily convinced or im- posed upon; unsuspecting. — Cred'ulously, adv. — Cred'ulousness, Credulity, -lY-ti, n. Readiness to believe without sufficient evidence. Creek, krek, n. A small inlet, bay, or cove ; a small river or brook ; any turn or winding. [AS. crecca, D. kreek, Sw. krik, Ic. kriki, F. crique.] Creel, krel, /;. A wicker basket, for carrying fish. [Ga. craidhleag.] Creep, krep, v. i. [crept, creeping.] To move along, as a reptile does ; to move on hands and knees, crawl; to move slowly, feebly, timorously, or stealthily ; to steal in, insinuate one's self; to fawn; to grow, as a vine, clinging to other support; to have a sensation of insects crawling upon the body. [AS. crespan, D. kruipen, Sw. krypa.] — Creep v er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; a creeping vine ; a fixture with iron points worn on the shoe to prevent flipping. (Ornith.) A small bird, allied to the wren. pi. An instrument with hooks or claws to drag the S bottom of wells, etc. — Creep 'ingly, adv. By creep- ' ing; slowly; sneakingly ; ignobly. Cveese, Crease, Kris, kres, n. A Malay dagger. [Ma- lay kris.] Cremate, kre-mat r , v. t. To burn, esp. a corpse. [L. cre- mare, -atum, to burn.] — Cremation, n. Act of, etc. Cremona, kre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of violin, made at Cremona, in Italy. Crenate, kre'nat, -nated, a. (Bot.) Having the edge notched like a scallop-shell. [L. crena, notch. See Cranny.] _ Creole, kre'ol, n. One born in America, or the West Indies, of European ancestors; one born in tropical America, or adjacent islands, of any color. [F., fr. Sp. criollo, prop, created, grown up, contr. fr. cria- dillo, dim. of criado, p. p. of criar, to create, edu- cate.] Creosote, kre'o-sot, n. (Chem.) An oily, colorless liquid, having the smell of smoke, and strong anti- septic properties, obtained from distillation ©f wood. [Gr. kreos (L7. caro), flesh, and sozein, to preserve.] Crepitate, krep'T-tat, v. i. To burst with a sharp . sound, crackle, snap. [L. crepitare, -tatum, f req. of crepare, to rattle.] — Crepitation, n. Act of, etc. Crept. See Creep. Crepuscular, kre-pus'ku-lar, -culous, -lus, a. Pert, to twilight ; glimmering ; imperfectly clear. [L. cre- pusculum, twilight, dim. of creper, dark.] Crescent, kres'ent, a. Increasing ; growing ; shaped like the new moon. — n. The increasing moon; moon in her first or last quarter; figure of the new moon, borne in the Turkish flag; the flag itself; the Turkish power. [L. crescens, -centis, p. pr. of cres- cere, to increase, fr. creare, to create.] — Cres'cive, -siv, a. Increasing; augmenting; growing. — Cres- cen'do, a. (Mus.) With a constant- ly increasing volume of voice, — a direction for the performance of Cresaendo. music, indicated as in the margin. — n. A gradual increase in the fullness of tone with which a passage is performed; a passage to be per- formed with constantly increasing volume of tone. [It.] Cress, kres, n. (Bot.) A salad plant of various species. [AS. cserse, cressse, D. kern, G. kresse.] Cresset, kres'set, n. An open lamp, on a beacon, lighthouse, etc., or carried on a pole. [OF. crasset, D. kruysel, a hanging lamp, fr. kruyse, cruse, pot.] Crest, kre6t, n. A tuft, or other natural ornament, on an animal's head, as the comb of a cock; the plume or other decoration on a hel- met ; the helmet itself ; the head, as typical of high spirit; pride ; courage. (Her.) An appendage placed over the shield. The rising part of a horse's neck : see Horse. The foamy, feather-like top of a wave. (Fort.) The top line of a slope, —v. t. To furnish or adorn with a crest; to serve as a crest for. [OF. creste, L. crista, crest of a Crest. (Her.) bird.] — Crest'ed, a. Having, etc. — Crest-fallen, -fawln, a. With lowered front or hanging head; drooping; dejected; cowed. Cretaceous, kre-ta'shus, a. Having the qualities of, or abounding with, chalk. [L. creta, chalk.] — Creta'- ceously, adv. Cretic, kre'tik, n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A poetic foot, composed of one short between two long syllables. [L. Creticus (pes, foot), a Cretan (metrical) foot.] Cretin, kre'tin, n. (Med.) An idiot of a kind" fre- quent in the valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted also with goiter. [F., for crestin, fr. L. castrare, to emasculate, hence stunt.] — Cre'tinism, -izm, n. Condition or disease of, etc.; idiocy; goiter. Cretonne, kre-ton', n. A fabric having a warp of hemp and woof of flax, — used to upholster furni- ture. [Creton, the originator.] Crevasse, kre-vas', n. A crevice or split, as in a gla- cier; a breach in the levee or embankment of a river. [OF., fr. crever, to cleave, burst asunder, L. crepare, to crackle, burst.] — Crevice, -is, n. A narrow_opening from a split; a cleft; fissure; rent. Crew, kroo, n. A company of people associated to- gether; throng; assemblage; a ship's company; the seamen belonging to a vessel. [OIc. kru, a crew; Sw. dial, kry, to swarm; s. rt. crawl.] Crew. See Crow. Crewel, kroo'el, n. Worsted yarn slackly twisted. [For clewel, dim. of clew, ball of thread.] Crib, krib, n. The manger or rack of a stall; stall for cattle; inclosed bedstead for a child: bin for stor- ing grain, salt, etc.; a literal translation of a classic author, — v. t. [cribbed (kribd), cribbing.] To shut in a narrow habitation; to pilfer or purloin. — To crowd together, be confined. [AS. ; D. krib, Ic. and Sw. krubba, crib, manger.' Crib' makes up a third hand for himself, partly from his opponent's. — Crib / 'bage-board, n. A board with holes, to score the game at cribbage with pegs. — Crlb'bing, n. (Mining.) A plank lining of a shaft, etc. (Far.) A horse's trick of gnawing the crib. Cribble, krib^bl, n. A coarse sieve or screen.— v. t. [cribbled (-bid), -bling.] To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle ; to sift. [L. cribellum, dim. of crihrum } a sieve; Skr. kri, to separate.] Crick, knk, n. A spasmodic affection, esp. of the neck or back. [Same as creek.] Cricket, krik'et, n. An orthopterous insect, having a chirping note. [OF. criquet, fr. criquer, to creak, rattle, D. kriek, a cricket, krikkrakken, to crackle.] A game with bat, ball, and wicket; a low stool. — v. i. To play at cricket. [Dim. fr. AS. cricc, staff; s. rt. crutch. J — Crick'eter, n. Cricoid, kri'koid, a. (Anat.) Resembling a ring. [Gr. krikos, ring, and eidos, form.] Cried, Crier. See under Cry. Crime, krim, n. A violation of law, divine or human; esp. a gross offense, outrage, or great wrong; sin; vice. [F.; L. crimen, crinnnis.] — Criminal, krTm'- t-nal, a. Guilty of, involving, or pert, to crime. — n. One guilty of, etc.— Grim, con., abbr. of Crim- inal conversation. (Law.) Adultery. — Criminally, adv. — Criminality, -T-tT, n. Guiltiness. — Crim /r - inate, v. t. To charge with, or convict of, crime; to impeach. — Crimina'tion, n. — Criminatory, -to- rt, a. Pert, to or involving crimination; accusing. Crimp, krimp, a. Easily crumbled. — v. t. [crimped (knmpt), crimping.] To form into ridges, waves, or plaits ; to pinch and hold, seize, decoy. (Cook- ery.) To cause to contract, or to render cnsp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife. — n. One who decoys. [Akin to cramp; D. krimpen, Sw. krimpa, to shrink, G. krimpen, to crumple, shrink cloth.] — Crimple. krimpl, v. t. [crimpled (-Id), -ling.] To cause to shrink or draw together, contract, curl, corrugate. Crimson, krim'zn, n. A deep-red color tinged with blue. — a. Of a deep red color. — v. t. [crimsoned (-znd), -soning.] To dye with crimson. — v. i. To become crimson; to blush. [OF. cramoisin, LL. cramoisinus, Ar. and Per. qirmisi, crimson, Skr. krimija, produced by an insect (i. e., cochineal), fr. krimi, insect, and jan, to produce; s. rt. carmine.] Cringe, krini, v. t. [cringed (krinjd), cringing.^] To cause to shrink, contract, draw together. — v. t. To draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to bow obsequiously, fawn. — n. Servile civility; a mean bow. [AS. cringan, to sink in battle, suc- cumb; s. rt. crank.] — Crin^ger, n. Cringle, krin/gl, n. A withe for fastening a gate. (Naut.) An iron ring on the bolt-rope of a sail; a rope, having a looped end to secure it to a sail. [Ic. kringla, circle, ring, kringar, pulley ; Sw. taring, around, D. kring, circle.] Crinite, kri'mt, a. Resembling a tuft of hair. [L. crinis, hair.] — Cri'natory, -ri, a. Pert, to hair.— Crin'oline, -lin, n. A lady's stiff petticoat, — orig. of siin, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tnen, bowboN, chair, get. CRINKLE 124 CROSS hair-cloth, afterwards expanded by hoops. [F. crin (L. crinis), hair, and fin (L. linuni), flax. See Linen.] — Crinose', -n5s', a. Hairy. Crinkle, krinkl, v. t. [crinkled (-kid), -ling.] To form with short turns or wrinkles. — v. i. To run in and out in short bends. [Freq. of cringe.] Cripple, krip'l, n. One who creeps, halts, or limps. —v. t. ("crippled (-pld), -pling.J To deprive of the use of the limbs, esp. of the legs and feet ; to lame deprive of strength or use, disable. [D. kreupel, lame, Ic. kryppill, G. krueppel^a. cripple. See Creep.] Crisis, kri'sis, n. : pi. -ses, -sez. The decisive mo- ment; turning-point. (Med.) The change of a dis- ease which indicates recovery or death. [L.; Gr. krisis, fr. krinein, to decide, separate.] Crisp, krisp, a. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets; having windings or indentations ; brittle ; friable; effervescing ; sparkling, — said of liquors. — v. t. [crisped (krispt), crisping.] To curl, as the hair; to wreathe, as Dranches of trees: to wrinkle or curl on the surface or edges. — v. i. To form little curls. [AS.; L. crispus, pern. s. rt. L. carpere, to pluck, E. harvest.'] — Crisp'er, n. One who, or that which, crisps. — Crisply, adv. — Crisp'ness, n. — Crisply, -T, a. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzled; prepared so as to break short; brittle. Crispin, kris'pin, n. A shoemaker. [St. Crispin, pa- tron saint of the craft.] Criss-cross, kris'kros, n. A mark formed by two lines crossing, usually at right angles ; a child's game played on paper or a slate. — adv. In op- posite directions ; with opposition or hindrance. [Corrupt, of Christ-cross.] — CriBS'-cross-row, n. See Christ-cross-row. Crith, krith, n. (Chem.) The unit of weight for gases, being 0.0896 gram. [Gr. krithe, a barley-corn.] Critic, kritlk, n. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or art works ; a connoisseur ; a harsh judge ; caviler ; carper. — a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. kritikos, able to judge, krites, a judge, fr. krinein. See Crisis.] — Critical, a. Having skill toiudgeof literary or artistic matters; exact; nicely judicious ; captious ; pert, to criticism ; character- ized by thoroughness and a reference to principles; pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis or turning- point; decisive ; of doubtful issue ; attended with risk. — Critically, adv. — Critlcalness, n.— Criti- cise, -siz, v. t. [-cised (-sizd), -cising.] To examine and judge as a critic; to animadvert on. — v. i. To act as a critic, pass judgment, animadvert.— Critl- ciser, n. — Criticism, -sizm, n. Art of judging of beauties and faults; judgment passed or expressed; detailed examination and review. — Critique'', krT- tek', n. Art of criticism ; critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; thorough analysis of any subject. [F.] — Crite'rion, -rt-un, n. ; pi. -ria, -rt-a, or -rions. A standard of judging; approved or established rule, principle, or test, by comparison with which a judgment is formed. Croak, krok, v. i. [croaked (krokt), croaking.] To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or crow; to forebode evil, grumble. — v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice. — n. The sound of a frog, raven, etc. [Onomat. ; cf . crake, creak, crow.] — Croak'er, n. One who croaks, complains unreason- ably, or habitually forebodes evil; a small Amer. fish, which croaks when caught. Crochet, kro-sha', n. A kind of netting made with a small hook. — v. t. To do netting with, etc. [F., dim. of croc, a crook.] Crock, krok, n. An earthen vessel; pot; pitcher; cup; smut collected on pots, kettles, etc. ; soot ; lamp- black. — v. t. To blaeken with soot, or with the coloring matter of cloth. — v. i. To give off crock, smudge, blacken. [AS. crocca, Ic. krukka, Sw. kruka, D. kruik, G. krug, Ga. crog, W. crochan, pot, pitcher, Skr. karaka, water-pot, karkari, pitcher.] — Crock'ery, -§r-Y, n. Earthen-ware; vessels of clay, glazed and baked; pottery. Crocket, krok'et, n. (Arch.) An ornament in imitation of bent foliage. [See Crook.] Crocodile, krok-'o-dil, n. A large amphibious reptile of Africa and Asia. [F. ; L. croc- ' odilus, f r. Gr. krokodeilos, a . lizard.] — Crocodile tears. False or affected tears ; hyp- ocritical sorrow.— Crocodil''- ian, -dil't-an, a. Pert, to, crocodile. Crocus, kro'kus, n. A genus of early flowering plants; a mineral powder of a deep yellow or red color. [L. ; Gr. krokos, crocus, saffron, Skr. kiinku- ma, Heb. karkom, Ar. karkam, saffron.] Croft, kroft ? n. A small close, or inclosed field, for pasture, tillage, etc. [AS.; D. kroft, a hillock.] Cromlech, kromlek, n. A structure of uprighr stones, with flat ones resting on them, found in countries formerly occupied by the Celts, and supposed to be sepulchers or druidical altars. [W., fr. crom, bend- ing, and llech, flat stone.] Cromorna, kro-mdr'na, n. (Mus.) A reed stop in the organ, of a tone resembling the oboe. [G. Tcrumm- horn, crooked horn.] Crone, kron, n. An old woman, — usually in con- tempt; more rarely an aged man. [Ir. and Ga. crion, dry, withered, W. crino, to wither.] — Cro'ny, -nt, n. Intimate companion; associate; familiar friend. Crook, kro"6k, n. A bend, turn, or curve; device used as a subterfuge; trick; artifice; an instrument bent at the end, esp. a shepherd's or bishop's staff, — v. t. [crooked (krdokt), crooking.] To turn from a straight line, make crooked, bend, turn from rec- titude, pervert. — v. i. To be bent or curved. [Ic. krokr, Sw. krok, Dan. krog, Ga. crocan, W. crwg, a hook, crook; s. rt. crochet, cross, crutch.] — Crook'- back, n. One who has a crooked back or round shoulders. — Crook^ed, p. a. Characterized by a crook or curve; bent; not straightforward; perverse. — Crookedly, adv. — Crookedness, n. Croon, kroon, n. A low, continued moan; murmur; a simple piece of music; plain, artless melody. —v. t. [crooned (kroond), crooning.] To sing in a low tone, hum; to soothe by singing softly. — v.i. To make a continuous noise in a low, hollow tone, as cattle do when in pain; to moan; to hum, sing, or murmur softly. [Scot.; onomat.] Crop, krop, n. The protuberant stomach of a bird, situated in the breast; the craw; the top of any- thing, esp. of a plant; that which is cropped or gath- ered from a single field, or of a single kind of grain, fruit, etc., or in a single season; fruit; harvest.— v. t. [cropped (kropt), cropping.] To cut off the ends of , bite or pull off, pluck. — v.i. (Ceol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or bed of coal; to come to light, be manifest,— with out. [AS.; D. krop, G. kropf, W. cropa, Ga. and Ir. sgrdoan, a bird's crop; D. kroppen, to cram, grow to a rqund head.]— Crop'per, n. A kind of pigeon having a large crop; a hurt by a fall from a horse. (Mech.) A machine for facing cloth by means of spiral knives. — Crops, n. pi. The region above the shoulder in the ox. — Crop'eared, -era, a. Having the ends of the ears cut off. Croquet, kro-ka', n. A game in which wooden balls are driven by mallets through hoops arranged on a lawn. [F., dim. of croc, hook.] Croquette, kro-kef, n. (Cookery.) meat, seasoned, and fried. [F crunch.] Crosier, kro'zher, n. The official staff of an archbishop, or bishop. [OF. croce, LL. crocia, crochia, crook; s. rt. cross.] Cross, kros, n. A gibbet, consist- ing of two timbers placed trans- versely; the theological and re- ligious import of the death of Christ; the Christian doctrine; the gospel; the symbol of Christ's death, and hence, of u. 5. Christianity; affliction regarded Crosiers, as a test of virtue; trial; vexa- , tion; disappointment. (Arch.)?- *" s v91? ?• , A cross-shaped ornament. The »• Archbishop s. cross-like mark signed by those unable to write; a mixing of breeds or stock, esp. in cattle-breeding; product of such intermixture. (Sum.) An instru- ment for laying off off sets perpendicular to the main course. — a. Lying athwart; transverse; intersect- ing; adverse; contrary; perverse; unfortunate; peev- ish or fretful; ill-humored; mutually inverse; inter- changed. — v.t. [crossed (krost), crossing.] To put across or athwart; to draw something, as a line, across; to pass from one side to the other of; to run counter to, thwart, clash or interfere with; to debar; to make the sign of the cross upon; to cancel, erase ; to mix the breed of. — v. i. To lie or be athwart; to pass from one side toward_the other, or from place to place; to interbreed. crux, crucis, cross, orig. A ball of minced ., fr. croquer, to d. [Proven, cros, croiz, fr. L. j. gibbet.] — Crossly, -It, adv. am, fame, far, Dasa or oj)era, fare ; find, eve, term •, Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 3r i CROTCH 125 CROWN In a cross way; peevishly.— Cross'ness, it— Cross'- wiBe, adv. In the form of a cross; across. — Cross'- lng, re. Act by which anything is crossed; act of in- terbreeding ; intersection of roads ; paved walk across a street. — Cross'' -ac'tion, re. {Law.) An ac- tion brought by defendant against plaintiff on the same matter as the original suit. — bar, re. A trans- verse bar. — beam, re. (Arch.) A beam running from wall to wall of a house. — bill, n. {Law.) A defend- ant's bill in a chancery or equity suit. — bill, re. {Ornith.) A bird, the mandibles of whose bill curve in opposite directions, and cross each other. — bow, n. A weapon formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock. — breed, re. A breed produced from parents of different breeds, —-bun, re. A cake marked with across. — cut, n. A short eut across. (Mining.) A level driven across the course of a vein. — cut-saw, n. A saw managed by 2 men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise. days, n. pi. (Eccl.) The 3 days preceding the Feast of the Ascension. — -exam'ine, v. t. [examined (-ind), -ining.] (Law.) To examine for the purpose of eliciting facts not brought out in direct examination or controverting the direct testimony. — exam'ina'tion, n. Exam- ination of a witness, called by one party, by the op- posite party. — eyed, -id, a. Having the eyes turned toward the nose, so that they look in directions which cross one another. — fire, n, (Mil.) The cross- ing of lines of fire from two or more points. — -grained, -grand, a. Having the grain or fibers crossed; perverse and untractable; contrary; vexa- tious. — -Jack, kro'jak, n. (Naut.) The lower yard of the mizzen-mast. — legged, -legd, a. Having the legs crossed. — patch, n. An ill-natured person. — •piece, n. A piece of any structure fitted crosswise. — pur 'pose, n. An opposing purpose; that which is inconsistent or contradictory, pi, A game in which questions and answers concur so as to involve ludi- crous combinations of ideas. — To be at cross-pur- poses. To act counter to one another unintention- ally. — ques'tion, v. t. To cross-examine. ref- erence, n. A reference made from one part of a book to another, where the same or a similar subject is treated of. — road, n. A road crossing another; by- road. — ruff, re. The play in whist when partners trump different suits, and lead accordingly. — sea, n. (Naut.) A chopping sea, caused by waves run- ning in different directions. — tie, n. A sleeper con- necting the rails of a railroad. — tree, n. (Naut.) A timber at the upper ends of the lower masts. — Crosslet, re. A small cross. (Her.) A cross whose arms are terminated with small crosses, or again crossed near the end.— Crucial, kroo'shal, a. Formed like, or pert, to, a cross; severe; searching, as if by Buffering on the cross. [F.] — Cru'ciate, -shY-at, a. {Bot.) Having leaves or petals arranged crosswise. — Cruciferous, -Sr-us, a. Bearing a cross. (Bot.) Cruciate. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Cru'cify, -sT-fi, v. t. [-Cified (-fid), -fying.] To fasten to a cross; de- stroy the power of, subdue completely. [OF. cruci- Jier, fr. L. figere, fixum, to fix.] — Crucifixion, -fik'- ehun, n. Act of, etc.; death on the cross; intense suffering. — Cru'ciflx, n. Figure of a cross, with Christ upon it. — Cru'ciform, a. Cross-shaped. (Bot.) Having 4 equal petals, disposed crosswise. — Cru- cigerous, -sij'gr-us, a. Bearing, or marked with, etc. [L. gerere, to bear.] — Crusade, -sad', n. A me- diaeval military expedition to recover the Holy Land from the Mohammedans; any expedition for a re- ligious purpose ; a hot-headed or fanatical enter- prise. [Proven, crosada, F. croisade.] — Crusad'er, n. One engaged in, etc. — Crusa'do, n. A Portu- guese coin, having a cross stamped upon it. [Pg. cruzado, f r. cruz, cross.] Crotch, kroch, n. Place of division, as of a trunk into branches; fork; a forked piece of wood, metal, etc. [F. croc, a hook, Ic. krokr, a crook. See Crook.] - Crotch'et, n. of which may turn up or down according to its situ- ation. (Print.) A bracket. See Bracket. Acrooked or perverse fancy; whim; conceit. [Same as crochet; dim. of F. croc.] — Crotch'ety, -T, a. Given to crotchets; whimsical. Croton-bug, kro' tun-bug, n. (Entom.) A kind of cock- roach. [Perh. in reference to the Croton water sup- ply of New York.] — oil, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil of hot, biting taste, — a powerful drastic cathartic. [Gr., a dog-louse, tick, also the plant whose seeds yield castor and croton oils, and are shaped like ticks, perh. fr. Gr. krotein, to rattle.] Crouch, krowch, v. i. [crouched (krowcht), crouch- ing.] To bend down, stoop or lie low, bend obse- quiously, stoop meanly, fawn, cringe [See Crook.] Croup, kroop, n. The buttocks of certain quadrupeds, esp. of a horse; place behind the saddle. [F. croupe, crupper, hind part of a horse, Ic. kroppr, hunch* hump; same as crop.) — Crupper, Crouper, krup'er in Amer. ; krBp'er in Eng., n. The rump of a h'crsef a strap passing under a horse's tail and holding the saddle back. — v. t. To fit -with, etc. — Croupier. kroo'pY-er or kroo-per', n. One at the lower end of the table as an assistant-chairman at a dinner; one who watches the cards and collects the money at a gaming-table. [F.] Croup, kroop, n. (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse ringing cough and difficult respiration. [Scot., the disease,also to croak, cry hoarsely; AS. hropan, Ic hropa, D. roepen, G. rufen, to call.] Crow, kro, re. A large bird, usually black, uttering a harsh, croaking note ; an iron lever with a claw shaped like a crow's beak; the voice of the cock.— v. i. [imp. crew or crowed; p.p. crowed (krod) or (obs.) crown (kron); crowing.] To make the shrill sound of a cock; to shout in exultation or de- fiance; to brag; to utter a sound of joy, as an infant. [AS. crawan,D. kraaijen, G. kraehen, to crow; AS. crawe, Ic. kraka, a crow; s. rt. crake, croak, crane.} — Crow'-bar, re. A bar of iron, used as a lever.— -foot, re. (Bot.) A genus of plants; crow-toe. (Naut.) Cordage suspending an awning. (Mil.) A caltrop. — keep'er, re. A stuffed figure; scarecrow. — -quill, n. A pen made from a crow's feather, also from steel,— for fine writing or drawing. — Crow's-feet, n. pi. Wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes.— -nest, re. (Naut.) A look-out place on a mast. Crowd, krowd, v. t. To press or drive together; to fill by pressing, encumber by excess of numbers or quantity ; to press by solicitation, dun, treat dis- courteously. — v. i. To press together in numbers, swarm; to urge or press forward. — re. A number of: persons or things closely pressed together; the lower orders of people; throng; multitude; vulgar; rabble. [AS. creodan. to crowd, press, D. kruijen, to push (a wheelbarrow), drive ; AS. croda, a crowd.] — To crowd sail. (Naut.) To 6et an extraordinary spread of sail. — Crowd'er, n. Crown, krown, re. A wreath encircling the head, esp. as a badge of merit, dignity, or power; a jeweled cap or fillet worn on the head as an emblem of sover- eignty; any object sought for as a prize; anything imparting beauty, dignity, or distinction; one enti- tled to a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; re- fal or imperial power; sovereignty; royalty; a coin earing the image of a crown ; topmost part of any- thing; the part of a hat above the brim and the flat circular part at the top. (Arch.) The highest mem- ber of a cornice; summit of any part of a building. (Bot.) An appendage at the top of the claw of some petals; the head of a root: see Root. (Naut.) That part of an anchor where the arms join the shank; also, bights formed by turns of a cable. — v. U [crowned (krownd), crowning.] To invest with a crown, or with royal dignity; to adorn, dignify; to form the topmost part of, complete, perfect. (Mil.) To effect a lodgment upon. [OF. corone, crown, L. corona. See Corona.] — Crown'er, re. — Crown'- glass, n. The finest window-glass, formed in large circular plates or disks. — impe'rial, n. (Bot.) A plant of the lily family, having showy, drooping flowers. — law, re. In Eng., that part of common law applying to criminal matters. law'yer, n. One who acts for the crown, or pleads in criminal cases. — office, re. (Eng. Law.j A department of the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of criminal cases. — pa'per, re. Paper of a particular size, which formerly had the water-mark of a crown. — post, re. (Arch.) See King-post. — prince, re. The prince royal who succeeds to the crown. — saw, re. (Mech.) A tubular saw, — a hollow cylinder with teeth on the edge. — wheel, re. (Mach.) A wheel with cogs at right angles to its plane. — work, n. (Fort.) An outwork running into the field, consist" ing of two demi-bastions at the extremes, and a bas- tion in the middle, with curtains. sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CRUCIAL 126 CUBE under Cross. Crucial, Crucify, Crucifix, etc. See Crucible, kroo'sY-bl, n. A chemical vessel or melting-pot, capable of enduring great neat without in- . jiwy. [LL. crucibulum, a hanging lamp, also melting-pot, fr. OF. cruche, earthen pot, creuset, B. kroes, pot, crucible.] Crude, krood, a. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared for Crucible use; raw: unripe; immature; not reduced to order or form; undigested; hasty and ill- considered; displaying superficial and undigested knowledge. (Paint.) Coarsely done; not accurately colored. [L. crudus, raw; s. rt. Skr. krura, sore, cruel, E. raw.] — Crude' ly, adv. — Crude'ness, Cru'dity, -dt-tt, n._ Condition of being, or that which is, etc. Cruel, kroo'el, a. Disposed to give pain ; causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery; savage; in- human ; pitiless. [OF.; I.. crudelis; s. rt. crudus. See Crude.] — Cru'elly, -el-lt, a. crus, cruris, leg.] Crusade, Crusado. See under Cross. Cruse, kroos, n. A small cup or bottle. [7c. krus, a pot, Sw. krus, mug, Dan. kraus, jug, D. kroes, cup, crucible. See Crock, Cruet.] — Cru'set, n. A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. Crush, krush, v. t. [crushed (krusht), crushing.] To press and bruise between hard bodies ; to over- whelm by pressure ; to overcome completely, sub- due, ruin . — v. i. To be pressed into a smaller com- pass by external force ; to be condensed. — n. A violent compression. [OF. cruisir, to crack, break, Sw. krysta, Dan. kryste, Ic. kreista, kreysta, to squeeze.] — Crush'er, n. Crust, krust, n. The hard, external covering of any- thing; any concretion. — v. t. To cover with a hard case, or crust; to incrust, envelop, — v. i. To gather into a hard crust ; to concrete or freeze at the sur- face. [OF. cntste, L. crusta, crust of bread ; Ir. cruaidh, hard, Gr. kruos, frost.] — Crust'y, -T, a. Of the nature of erust ; hard ; of a harsh exterior or rough manner; surly; morose. — Crust'ily, adv.— Crustiness, n. — Cnista'cea, -she-a, n. pi. One of the classes of articulated animals, including lob- sters, shrimps, and crabs, which have a crust-like shell covering the body and legs. — Crusta'cean, n. An animal of the class Crustacea. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Crusta'ceol'ogy, n. Science of the Crusta- cea ; malacostracology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Crusta'ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to, or having, a crust- like shell ; crustacean. Crutch, kruch, n. A staff with a cross-piece, to be placed under the arm for support in walking. [D. krul; Sw. krycka, G. kruecke,hh. crocia. See Crook.] — Crutched, krucht, p. a. Supported on crutches ; marked with the sign of the cross. — Crutched friar. (Eccl.) One of a religious order, whose members bore the sign of the cross, — crossed friar, crouched friar. Cry, kri, v. i. [cried (krid), crying.] To speak, call, or exclaim loudly ; to vociferate, proclaim; to weep and sob; to bawl, as a child; to utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. — v. t. To utter loudly or vehe- mently ; to advertise by outcry. — n. A loud utter- ance; outcry; clamor: expression of triumph, won- der, pain, distress, etc. ; public advertisement by outcry ; a pack of hounds. [OF. crier, It. gridare, Sp. gritt or, fr. L. nuiritare, to shriek, freq. of qveri, to lament.]— To cry up. To extol publicly. — To c. down. To decry, depreciate, dispraise, condemn. — Crying, a. Calling for notice ; compelling regard; notorious ; heinous. — Cri'er, n. One who, etc. ; esp. an officer who proclaims the orders of a court or gives public notice by proclamation. Cryolite, kn'o-lit, n. (Min.) A mineral found only in the gneissof Greenland, which melts easily: com- mercial ore of aluminium. [F. cryolithe, fr. Gr. k)~uos, hoar-frost, and lithos, stone.] Crypt, kript, n. A subterranean cell or cave ; esp. a vault under a church, for burial purposes. (Arch. > The space under a building ; subterranean chapel ; hiding-place. [L. a-i/pta, Gr. krupte, fr. kruptein. to hide; s. rt. grot.] — Cryp'tic, -tical, a. Hidden; se- cret; occult. — Cryptogam, n. (Bot.) A flowerless plant, or one which does not fructify by means usu- al to others. [Gr. gamos, marriage.] — Cryptoga'mi- an, -gamlc, Cryptog'amous, -mus, a. Pert, to cryp- togams, or to cryptogamy ; having the fructification concealed. — Cryptog'amy, -mT, n. Concealed fruc- tification. — Cryptography, -IT, n. Art of writing in secret characters ; secret characters or cipher. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Cryptol'ogy, -jT. n. Se- cret or enigmatical language. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Cryp'tonym, -nim, a. A concealed name, known only to the initiated. [Gr. onoma, name.] Crystal, kris'tal, n. (Chem. and Min.) The regu- lar form which a substance assumes in solidify- ing ; a fine kind of glass ; glass of a watch case. — a. Of, or like, crystal ; clear ; transparent. [OF. cristal, L. crystallnm, fr. Gr. krustaUos, clear ice, rock-crystal, fr. krvstainein. to freeze, fr. kruos, frost.] — Crystalline, -lln, o. Of crystal ; having a texture produced by crystallization ; imperfectly crystallized ; resembling'crystal ; pure ; clear ; pel- lucid.— Crystalline fnonor, or lens. A white, trans- parent, firm substance, formed like a convex lens, in the vitreous humor of the eye : see Eye. — Crys'- tallize, -liz, v. t. [-lized (-ftzd), -lizing.] To eause to form crystals, or assume crystalline form. — v. i. To be converted into, etc. — Crys'talliza'tion, n. Act of, or thing formed by, etc. — Crystallography, -fT, n. Doctrine or science of, or treatise on, crys- tallization. [Gr. graphein, to write.] Ctenoid, ten'oid, n. A fish having unenameled scales, jagged at the edges. [Gr. kteis, ktenos, a comb, and eidos, form.] Cub, kub, n. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear. — v. t. or i. [cubbed (kubd), -wng.] To bring forth (animals). [Ir. cuib, cub, whelp, cu, dog, W. cenau, whelp, ci, dog; s. rt. L. conis, dog, E. hound.] Cube, kub, n. (Geom.) A regular solid boriv, with six equal square sides. (Arith.) The product of a number multi- plied twice into itself ; as, 4X4 =16x4=64, the cube of 4.— v. t. [CUBED (kubd), CUBING.] To raise to the third power, by multi- ' plying a number into itself twice. [F. ; L. cubm, Gr. kubos.] — Cube Cube. root. (Arith.) The number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces a certain cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27. — Cu'bic, Cu'bical, a. Having the form or prop- erties of a cube ; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube. — Cubic equation. An equation in which the highest power of the unknown quan- tity is a cube. —C.foot. A solid foot, equivalent to a cubical solid, which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. — C. number. A number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product by the same number. — Cu'bicalry, adv. — Cu'bic- alness, ».— Cu'bature, -chur, n. Process of determin- ing the cubic contents of a body. — Cu'biform, a. Cube-shaped. [L. forma, form.] — Cu'boid, -boW- 2m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Tee : 5dd, tone, 6r ; CUBEB 127 CUNNING American Cuckoo. To make a cuckold of. [OF. cou- al, a. Having nearly the form of, or resembling, a cube. [Gr. eidos, form.]— Cu'bo-cube, n. (Math.) The 6th power. — Cu'bo-cu'bo-cube, n. 9th power. Cubeb, ku'beb, n. A small, spicy, tropical berry, stimulant and purgative. [Hind, kababa.] Cubit, ku'bit, n. (Anat.) The fore-arm. A measure of length, — the distance from the elbow to the end of the" middle finger. [L. cubitus, lit. bend, elbow, Gr. kuptein, to bend.] — Cu'bital, a. Pert, to the cu- bit or ulna; of the length of, etc. Cucking-stool, kuk'ing-stool, n. A ducking-stool, in which scolds, etc., were fastened and plunged into the water. [Pern, corrupt, fr. ducking-stool.] Cuckoo, kot>k / od, n. A bird, named from its note, which lays its eggs an other birds' nests. [Onomat. ; F. coucou, L. cu- culus, Gr. kok- kux , Skr. ko- kila.] — Cuck'- oo-spiVepit'tle. n. An exuda- tion or spume on some plants, esp. about the joints of lav- ender and rosemary. — Cuck'old, n.' A man whose wife is un- faithful.— v. t. cvol, fr. coucou. Cucullate, ku'kut-lat or -kul'lat, -lated, a. Covered, as with a hood or cowl, resembling a hood. [L. cucullus, cap, cowl.] Cucumber, ku'kum-bgr, n. A creeping plant and its fruit. [L. cucumis, -meris.] Cucurbit, -bite, ku-k§r'bTt, n. A chemical vessel used in distillation, orig. of the shape of a gourd. [L. cucurhita, a gourd.] — CucurTjita'ceous, -shus, a. (Bot.) Of, or like, the melon and cucumber family. Cud, kud, n. Food brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their 1st stomach, and chewed a 2d time; a piece of chewing tobacco; quid. [Fr. rt. of AS. ceowan, to chew; same as quid.] Cuddle, kud'dl, v. i. [cuddled (-did), -dling.] To lie close or snug ; to squat, crouch, snuggle. [AS. cudh, familiar, D. kudde, a flock, OD. cudden, to flock together.] — Cud'dy, -dt, n. (Xaut.) A small cabin in a boat. A very small apartment. Cudgel, kuj'el, n. A short, thick stick ; club. —v. t. [cudgeled (-eld), -eling.] To beat. [W. cogyl, Ga. cuaitte, club.] — Cud'geler, n. Cue, ku, n. A tail ; esp. a tail-like twist of hair at the back of the head ; last words of an actor's speech, regarded as a hint for the succeeding player to speak; hint or intimation; the part one is to perform; a straight rod used in playing billiards. [F. queue, OF. coe, L. coda, cauda. tail.] Cuff, kuf , n. A blow with the open hand ; a stroke ; box; buffet.— v. t. [cuffed (kuft), cuffing.] To strike with the flat of the hand, as a man ; or with talons or wings, as a fowl. [Sw. kuffa, to thrust, push, kufva, to suppress, cow.] — n. The fold at the end of a sleeve. [S. rt. coif.] Cuirass, kwe-ras', n. A piece of armor, covering the body from neck to girdle. [OF. cuirace, LL. coratia, breastplate, fr. L. corium (F. cuir), hide, leather.] — Cuirassier, -ser', n. A soldier armed with, etc. [F] finish, kwis, n. Defensive armor for the thighs. [F. cuisse, thigh, fr. L. coxa, hip.] Cuisine, kwe-zen', n. The kitchen ; style of cooking ; cookery. [F., fr. L. coquina, for cuhna, kitchen, fr. coquere, to cook.] — Cu'linary, -na-rT, a. Pert, to the kitchen or cookery. Culdee, kul-de', n. A monk of an order once estab- lished in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. [Corrupt, fr. L. Cult or Dei, worshiper of God; Ir. ceilede, fr. ceile, servant, and de, gen. of dia, God.] Cul-de-sac, koold'sak', n. A street closed at one end; a trap. (Mil.) A position in which an army has no exit but to the front. (Nat. Hist.) A bag-shaped cavitv, or organ, open only at one end. [FH Cull, kill, v. t. [culled (kuld), culling.] To sepa- rate, select, or pick out. [OF. coillir, cueillir, L. colligere, to collect.] — CulPer, n. One who, etc.; esp. one who selects wares for market. Cullender. See Colander. Cullls, kuKlis, n. A fine and strong broth; a savory jelly. [F. coulis, fr. router, to strain, fr. L. colare, to filter, strain.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof; a chan- nel. [F. coulisse, groove.] Cully, kuKU, n. An associate of prostitutes ; one easily deceived; a mean dupe.— v. t. To trick, cheat, or impose on; to deceive. [L. colevs, culeus, the scrotum, OF. couUlon, coillon, a vile fellow.] Culm, kulm, n. (Bot.) The stalk or stem of corn and grasses. [L. cubitus, stalk, stem.] (Min.) Anthra- cite coal, esp. when foundin small masses; glance- coal. [W. civlru, knot or tie.] — Culmif'erous, -ei-'.i-, a. Bearing culms, or producing straw; containing glance-coal. [L..ferre, to bear.] Culminate, kullni-nat, v. i. To reach the highest point of altitude, or of rank, size, numbers, etc. — a. Growing upward, as disting. fr. lateral growth. [L. culmen, same as columeu, top. See Column.] — Culmina'tion, n. Attainment of, etc. ; passage across the meridian; transit. Culpable, kuKpa-bl, a. Deserving censure; worthy ot blame; faulty; censurable. [OF., fr. L. culpare, -atum. to blame, f r. cidpa, fault.] — Cul'pableness, -biKity, -tl, n. — Cul'pably, adr. — Cul'prit, ». One accused or convicted of crime; a criminal. [Prob. corrupt, fr. culpate.] Cultus, kuKtus, Cult, n. Homage; worship: a system of religious belief, worship, or rites. [L. cultus, care, reverence, fr. colere, cultum, to cultivate.] — Cul'tivate, w. t. To till, fertilize; to direct special attention to, foster, cherish ; to improve by labor, care, or study; to civilize, refine. [F. cultiver, LL. cultivare, -atum, fr. L. colere.] — Cul'tivable, a.— Cultiva'tion, n. Art or practice of, etc.; tillage; fostering care ; civilization ; state of being culti- vated ; advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition , refinement; culture. — Cultiva- tor, -ter, n. One who, etc.; an implement used in the tillage of growing crops, tot loosen the surface of the earth. — Culture. kuKchur, n. Act of, etc.: cultivation; refinement of mind or man- ners. — v. t. [cultured Cultivator, (-churd), -Turing.] To cultivate. [F.; L. ctdtura.] Culteri kul'ter, ?i. A colter. See Colter. [L., knife.] — Cul'trate, -trated, a. (Bot. & Ornith.) Sharp-edged and pointed, like a pruning knife. Culverin, kul'ver-in, n. A long and slender piece of ordnance, formerly used. [OF. couleuvrine, fr. coulenvre, L. colubra, serpent, adder.] Culvert, kuKvert, n. An arched drain for water un- der a road, canal, etc. [OF. cotdouere, gutter, fr. colder, to flow, L. colure, to filter.] Culvertailed, kuKrer-tald, a. United, as pieces of timber, by a dove-tailed joint. [AS. culfre, L. columba, dove.] Cumber, kum'ber, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Bering.] To hang or rest on as a troublesome weight: to be burdensome or oppressive to; to ciog. obstruct, em- barrass, impede. [OF. combrer, to hinder, LL. cumbrus, a heap, corrupt, fr. L. cumulus.] — Cum'ber- some, -sum, a. Burdensome or hindering; not easily managed ; oppressive ; vexatious. — Cum / 'bersome- ly, adv. — Cum'bersomeness. n. — Cum'brance, -brans, n. Encumb:ance. — Cum / 'brous, -b'^s. a. Rendering action difficult; giving trouble. — Cum'- brously. adv. — Cum^brousness, n. — Cu'mulate, -lat, v. t. To heap together: amass. [L. cumulare, -latum, fr. cumulus.] — Cumula^tion, n. Act of, etc.; a heap. — Cu'mulative, -tiv, a. Forming a mass ; aggregated; augmenting ; gaining or giving force by successive additions. (Law.) Given by the same testator to the same legatee, — said of a legacy. — Cu'muluB, n. (Meteor.) One of the four primary forms of clouds. — being massed, and often bringing rain. [L.] — Cu / mulc-8tra / 'tus, n. A form of cloud between cumulus and stratus, which is in layers. Cumfrey. See Comfrey. Cumin, kum'in, n. An umbelliferous plant, resem- bling fennel, and having aromatic seeds. [L. cum- inum, Gr. kvminon, Heb. kammon.] Cunctative, kunk'ta-tiv, a. Causing or prone to de- lay; tardy. [L. cunctari, -tatus, to delay.] Cuneal. ku'ne-al. -neate, -neated, -neat'ic, -niform, -ne'iform, a. Having the form of a wedge; pert, to the wedge shaped characters in ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. [L. cuneus,* wedge, and forma, form.] Cunning, kun'ning. Well-instructed ; skillful sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; lingei or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CUP 128 CURSE experienced ; given to underhand maneuvering ; artfully deceitful; sly; crafty; exhibiting skill or craft; ingenious; curious, —n. Faculty or act of using stratagem ; deceit ; art. [Ic. kunnandi, knowledge, fr. kunna, AS. cunnan, to know.] — Cun'niiigly, adv. — Cun'ning-ness, n. Cup, kup, n. A small drinking vessel; contents of a cup; cupful; a drink composed of wine iced and flavored ; that which must be endured ; portion ; lot. (Surg.) A cupping-glass, pi. Repeated pota- tions ; revelry ; drunkenness. — v. t. [cupped (kupt), cupping.] To supply with cups. (Surg.) To bleed by scarification and a cupping-glass. [AS. cuppe, fr. L. cupa, vat, cask, Gr. kupellon, cup, fr. kupe, a hollow, Skr. kupa, a well, hollow. See Coop.] — Cup'ping, n. (Surg.) Operation of drawing blood with a cupping-glass. — Cup'ping- glass, n. A glass cup to be applied to the skin, to draw blood by exhausting the air. — Cup-bearer, n. One who fills and hands the cups at an entertain- ment. — Cup'board, kub'Srd, n. A closet with shelves, for cups, plates, etc. — Cu'pel, n. A small vessel used in refining precious metals; a shallow crucible. — Cupel', v. t. To separate by means of a cupel; refine. [L. cupella, dim. of cupa.] — Cupella'- tion, n. The analyzing or refining of gold, silver, etc., in a cupel. — Cu'pola, -la, n. ; pi. -las, -laz. (Arch.) A spherical vault on the top of an edifice. The round top of a furnace; the furnace itself. [It., fr. L. cupula, a little cask, dim. of cupa.] — Cu'pule, -pul, n. (Bot.) A little cup, as of the acorn. (Nat. Hist.) A fleshy concave disk by which cuttle- fish, etc., grasp and cling. Cupidity, ku-pid'T-tt, n. Eager desire for possession, esp. of wealth ; covetousness ; lust. [F. cupidity, L. cupiditas, fr. cupere, to desire, whence Cu- pido, Cupid, god of love.] Cupola. Cupreous, ku'pre-us, a. Of or resembling copper ; coppery. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprtim, copper.] — Cu- priferous, -er-us, a. Containing or affording cop- per, [h.ferre, to bear.] — Cu'prite, -prit, n. (Chem.) A salt consisting of cuprous acid and a base. (Min.) Red copper ore. Cur, kSr, n. A worthless or degenerate dog; a worth- less, snarling fellow. [Sw. kurre ; OD. korre, dog, Ic. hurra, to murmur, grumble.] — Cur'rish, a. Like a cur ; quarrelsome ; churlish. — Cur'nshly, adv. — Cur'rishness, n. Curable, Curate, Curator, etc. See under Cure. Curacoa, koo-ra-so', n. A cordial, flavored with orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace, first made in the island of Curacoa. Curare, -ri, ku-ra're, n. A South American vegetable poison used by Indians upon arrows, etc., — de- stroying control by the # nerves of the voluntary muscles. [Written urari, woorali, ivourari, etc.] Curassow, ku-ras'so, n. A So. Amer. bird having a short, compressed bill, much arched from the base, and the orbits and cheeks more or less naked. Curb, kgrb, n. A check or hindrance; esp. a chain or strap upon a horse's bit, which may be drawn tight- ly against the lower jaw; a wall to hold back a mass of earth in its place; a wall set within or round the mouth of a well; a curb-stone. —v. t. [curbed (kSrbd), curbing.] To bend to one's will, restrain, confine; to furnish with a curb, as a well; to re- strain by a curb, as a bank of earth. [F. courber, L. curvare, to bend ; s. rt. curve.] — Curb'roof, n. A roof having a double slope; gambrel roof; mansard roof. — stone, n. A stone placed edgewise against earth or stonework to prevent its giving way. Curd, kerd, n. The coagulated or thickened part of | milk, eaten as food, also of any liquid, —v. t. To curdle ; congeal. — v. i. To become coagulated or thickened ; to separate into curds and whey. [Ir. cruth,G&. gruth, curds.] — Curd'y, -T, a. Like, or full of, etc. — Cur'dle, -dl, v. i. and t . (curdled (-did), -dling.] To change into curd, coagulate or concrete; to thicken, congeal. Cure, kur, n. Spiritual charge; care of souls; office of a curate; curacy; medical care; remedial treat- ment of disease ; successful remedial treatment ; restoration to health; remedy; restorative. — v. t. (cured (kiird), curing]. To heal, restore to health, soundness, or sanity; to remedy, remove ; to pre- pare for preservation by drying, salting, etc. — v. i. To effect a cure ; to be healed. [OF. ; L. cura, cure ; perh. s. rt. L. cavere, to pay heed to ; not s. rt. E. care, q. v.] — Cur'er, n. — Cur'able, a. That may be, etc. — Cur'ableness, -ability, n. — Cureless, a. Incurable. — Cur'ative, -tiv, a. Pert, to the cure of diseases ; tending to cure. — Cura'tor, -ter, n. A superintendent, as of a museum, etc. ; trustee; guardian. [L.] — Cu'rate, -rat, n. One who has the cure of souls; orig., any clergyman; now, an assistant to a rector or vicar. — Perpetual curate. One not removable at pleasure. — Cu'racy, -si, n. Office or employment of, etc. — Cu'rious, -rl-us, a. Solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; ex- hibiting care; artfully constructed; eager to learn; habitually inquisitive; inviting and rewarding in- quisitiveness; singular. [F. curieux, OF. curios, L. curiosus, careful, fr. cura.} — Cu'riously, adv. — Cu'- riousness, n. — Curios'ity, -I-tl, n. State of being, etc.; scrupulousness; disposition to inquire, investi- gate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness; that which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. [F. curiosM, L. curiositas.] — Cu'rio, n. ; pi. -Rios, -rT-oz. An article of virtu from abroad, esp. f r. China or Japan. [Abbr. of curiosity.] — Cure, ku-ra', n. A curate; parson. [F.] Curfew, ker'fu, n. The ringing of a bell at nightfall, orig. a signal to cover fires, extinguish lights, and retire to rest. [OF. couvre-feu, f r. couvrir, to cover, and/ew, fire.] Curl, kSrl, v. t. [curled (kerld), curling.] To twist or form into ringlets or coils; to deck as with curls; to raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. — v. i. To bend into ringlets, as hair; to move in curves, spirals, or undulations. — n. A ringlet, esp. of hair; an undulating or curving line ; flexure; sinuosity; a disease in potatoes, in which the leaves seem curled and shrunk up. [D. krul, Dan. krolle, a curl ; D. krullen, Dan. krolle, Sw. dial, krulla, to curl; Sw. krullig, crisp, D. kreuk, Dan. krog, Sw. krok, a crook.] — Curl'er, n. — CurKy, -T, a. Hav- ing curls; tending to curl. — Curl'iness, n. — CurK- ing-irons, -tongs, n. ; pi. An instrument for curl- ing hair. Curlew, ker'lu, n. A wading bird, of the snipe kind. [Named fr. its cry ; OF. corlieu. It. chiurlo, Sp. chi- orlito, LL. corlinus.] Curmudgeon, ker-muj r un, n. An avaricious fellow ; miser; niggard ; churl. [Corrupt, fr. corn-mudging, corn- hoarding; ME. muchen, OF. mucer, to hide.] — Curmud''- geonly, ant, Curlew. Currant, kur'rant, n. A small dried grape, used in cookery; a garden shrub, and its berry. [Fr. Cor- inth, Greece, whence raisins were exported.] Current, kur'rent, a. Running or moving rapidly; now passing or present, in its progress; circulating through the community; generally received; com- mon.— n. A stream, esp. of a fluid; ordinary pro- cedure; progressive and connected movement. [OF. curant, p. pr. of curre, L. currere, to run.] — Cur'- rently, adv. — Cur'rentness, n. — Cur'rency, -st, n. State or quality of being current; general accept- ance ; circulation : current value ; general estima- tion; TTioney. — Cur'ncle, -rt-kl, n. Achaisedrawn by two horses abreast. [L. curriculum, a course, also a light car, dim. fr. currere.]— Curriculum, n. A racecourse; a specified course of study. [L.] Curry, kur'rT, v. t. [curried (kur'rid), currying.] To dress by scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring, — said of leather; to comb, ( rub, or cleanse the skin of, — said of a horse. [OF. conroier, courroyer, to dress leather, f r. conroi, equipage, gear, fr. con and roi, array, order, Sw. reda, Dan. rede, order, Ic. reidhi, tackle ; s. rt. array, ready.] — To curry favor. To seek to gain favor by flattery, or officious civilities. [ME. favell, a horse.] — Cur'rier, -rT-5r, n. A dresser of leather.— Cur'ry-comb, -kom, n. An instrument for cleaning horses. Curry, kur'rY, n. A kind of sauce used in India, con- taining pepper and other spices; a stew of fowl, fish, etc., with curry sauce. — v. t. To cook with curry. [Pers. khur, meat, flavor, taste, khurdi, broth.] Curse, kgrs, v. t. [cursed (kSrst) or curst, cursing.] To wish evil against, execrate ; to bring evil upon, vex, harass or torment, injure. — v. i. To use pro- fane language, swear. — n. Imprecation of evil; ftm. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; CURSIVE 129 CUTLET malediction; imprecation; that which brings evil or affliction ; torment. [AS. cursian, to curse, curs, a curse ; perh. fr. Sw. korsa, Dan. ko>se, to make the sign of the cross, Sw. and Dan. kors, cross.] — Curs''- ed, a. Blasted by, or deserving, etc. ; execrable; hateful. — Curs'ealy, adv. — Curs 'or, n. Cursive, kSr'siv, a. Running ; rapid ; flowing. [L. currere, cursum, to run.] — Cur'sory, -so-rY, a. Char- acterized by haste ; hastily performed : superficial ; careless. — Cur'sorily, adv. — Cur'sorinesB, n. Curt, kert, a. Characterized by brevity ; short ; con- cise ; abrupt ; crusty. [L. "curtus, clipped ; s. rt. shear.]— Curtly, adv. — Curfness, n. — Curtail, -tSK, v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To cut short, abridge, diminish. [OF. courtault, courtaut, docked, fr. court, short, L. curtus.] Curtain, ker'tin, n. A movable cloth screen or cover- ing intended to darken or conceal. (Fort.) Part of the rampart and parapet between the flanks of two bastions. — v.t. [curtained (-tind'), -taining.] To inclose, or furnish, with curtains. [OF. cortine, cur- tine, a curtain, fr. LL. cortina, small court, inclos- ure, rampart, dim. of cors, cortis, a court.] — Cur'- tilage, -lei, n. (Law.) A yard, court-yard, or piece of ground pert, to a dwelling-house. [LL. curtile, court, court-yard, fr. L. cors.] — Cur' tain-lec'ture, -chur, n. A reproof given by a wife to her husband within the bed-curtains, or in bed. Curtesy, kert'e-sY, n. (Laiv.) A husband's life es- tate in the lands of his deceased wife, when he has had issue by her, capable of inheriting. [Prob. fr. court. See Curt.] Curule, ku'rool, a. (Rom. Antiq.) Belonging to a chariot, — said of the chair of certain magistrates, borne in a chariot when they went to council. [L. curulis, fr. currus, chariot, fr. currere, to run.] Curve, kSrv, a. Bent without angles; crooked; curved. — n. A bending without an- fles ; thing bent ; a flexure. Geom.) A line of which no three consecutive points are in the same straight line.— ^urve. v. t. [curved (kSrvd), curvixg.] • To bend, crook, inflect. — v. i. To bend. [L. curvus, Gr. kurtos, bent ; s. rt. circle, curb.] — Curv , edness, -ity, -Y-tY, n. State of being, etc. — CurVate, -ated, a. Curved. — Curva'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Curv'ature, -chur, n. Continual flexure of a line or surface from a recti- linear direction. — Curvilin' , eal, -ear, -e-ar, a. Con- sisting of, or bounded by, curve lines. [L. linea, line.]— Curvet, n. A leap of a horse ; a prank ; frolic. — v. i. To make a curvet; to frisk. — v. t. To cause to, etc. [It. corvetto, a curvet, corvettare, to corvet, fr. corvare, L. curvare, to bow, bend.] Cushat, kush'at, n. The ring-dove or wood-pigeon. [AS. cusceote.] Cushion, kush'un, n. A stuffed bag, to sit or recline upon; any stuffed or padded surface, —v. t. [cush- ioned (-und), -ioning.] To seat on, or furnish with, etc. [OF. coissin. It. cuscino, fr. L. culcita.] Cusp, kusp, n. (Arch.) A projecting point in the or- namentation of arches, panels, etc.; a pendant of a pointed arch. (Astrol.) First entrance of any house in the calculations of nativities, etc. (Astron.) The point or horn of the crescent. (Math.) The point at which two curves or branches of the same curve meet. [L. cuspis, -pidis, point.]— Cusp^id, n. (Anat.) One of the canine or eye teeth: see Tooth. — Cusp- idal, a. Ending in a point. — Cusp'idate, -dated, a. (Bot.) Having a sharp end, like a spear-point. Cuspidor, kusp'I-dor, n. A spittoon; an earthenware waste-basket. [Sp. escuspidor, fr. escuper, to spit.] Custard, kus'tard, n. A dish composed of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. [OF. crous- tade, fr. L. crustare, -aturn, to encrust.]— Cus'tard- ap'ple, n. {Bot.) A plant of the West Indies, whose fruit contains a yellowish, custard-like pulp. Custody. kus'to-dY, n. A keeping or guarding ; esp. judicial or penal safekeeping ; restraint of liberty; confinement ; imprisonment. [L. custodia, fr. custos, a guardian ; s. rt. hide.] — Custo'dial. -dY-al, a. Pert. to. etc. — Custo'dian, n. One who has, etc. ; a keeper; superintendent. Custom, kus'tum. n. Way of acting : habitual prac- tice : habitual buying of goods: business support: patronage. (Law.) Lons established practice, or usage, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent. The eustomary tolCtax, or tribute, pi. Duties imposed on commodities im- ported or exported. [OF. costume, custume, LL. costuma, fr. L. consuescere, -suetum, to accustom, fr. con and suere, to be accustomed; perh. fr. suus, one's own.] — Cus'tomable. a. Common; habitual; sub- ject to the payment of duties.— Cus'tomably, -arily, -rY-lY, adv. In a customary manner ; habitually.— Cus'tomary, a. According to custom ; established by common usage; conventional. (Law.) Holding or held by custom. — Cus'tomer, n. One who fre- quents a place to buy; a purchaser ; buyer.— Ugly customer. One difficult to manage. — Cus'tom- house, n. The building where duties are paid, and vessels entered or cleared. Cut, kut, v. t. [cut, cutting.] To separate the parts of with a sharp instrument : to make an incision in, divide, sever; to hew, as wood; or mow and reap, as grain or corn ; to remove bv cutting; to dock ; to shape by cutting, carve, hew out ; to wound the sensibilities of ; to intersect, cross ; to castrate or geld. — v. i. To serve in dividing or gashing; to ad- mit of incision or severance ; to divide, sever, inter- sect, etc.: to run rapidly ; to divide a pack of cards, to decide the deal or trump, —n. An opening made with a sharp instrument ; a cleft ; gash ; wound ; a stroke with an edged instrument; that which wounds the feelings; a notch, passage, or channel made by cutting ; surface left by a cut ; portion severed or cut off ; an engraved block ; impression from such an engraving; act of dividing a pack of cards: right to divide: manner in which a thing is cut or formed; shape ; style ; fashion. [W. cwtau, Ga. cutaich,U shorten, dock ; W. acta, short, bob-tailed, cwtws, e lot, Ga. cutach, short, cut, a bob-tail, piece, Ir. cut, t short tail, cot. a part, share.] — A short cut. A cros path which shortens the way.— Cut and dried. Pre pared beforehand ; not spontaneous. — C. glass. Glass having the surface shaped by grinding and polishing.— To c. a dash, or a figure. To make a dis- play. — To c. capers. To play pranks, frolic. — To c. doicn. To fell: to abash, shame: to lessen, diminish. — To c. out. To remove from the midst: to shape by cutting, fashion ; to take the place of, supersede. — To c. short. To arrest or check abruptly, abridge. — To c. under. To undersell. — To c. up. To cut to pieces, damage, destroy. — To c. the acquaintance of. or to c. a person. To drop intercourse with, avoid recognizing. — To c. the cards. To divide a pack into portions. — To c. the teeth. To put forth teeth, — To c. across. To pass through in the most direct way.— To c. in. To divide, or turn a card, for de- termining who are to play. — To c. in or into. To interrupt. — Cut'ter, n. One who. or an instrument which, etc. ; a front tooth, that cuts: an incisor. (Naut.) A small boat used by ships of war ; a sloop-rigged ves- sel with a bowsprit which may be run in upon deck. A one-horse sleigh. — Cut'- ting, n. Act or operation of, etc. ; something cut, cut off, or cut out. as a twig cut from a stock for grafting; an excavation cut through a cutter. hill. — Cut'off, n. That which cuts off or shortens. (3fach.) An attachment to a steam-engine which cuts off the passage of steam from the steam-chest to the cylinder. — purse, n. One who cuts purses, to steal their contents, — said when purses were worn at the girdle ; a thief : pickpocket. — -throat, n. One who cuts throats; a murderer : ruffian ; as- sassin. — a. Murderous; cruel. — -water, n. (Naut.) Fore part of a ship's prow, which cuts the water : see Ship. Part of the pier of a bridge, formed with an angle directed up the stream. — worm, n. Alarve or caterpillar which eats or cuts awav plants. Cute, kiit, a. Clever; keen; sharp. [Abbr. of acute.] Cutis, ku'tis. n. (Anat.) The true skin : a dense resisting membrane, next below the cuticle. [L., skin; s. rt. hide.]— Cuta'neous, -ne-us, o. Pert, to, upon, or affecting, the skin.— Cu'ticle. -tT-kl, a. The outer skin: scarf-skin: epidermis. (Bot.) The thin external covering of the bark of a plant. [L. cutic- vla, dim. of cutis.] — Cutic'ular, a. Pert, to, etc. Cutlass, kuflas, n. A broad, curving sword, with but one cutting edge. [F. coutelas, It. coltellaccio, fr. F. coutel. It. coltelto, a knife, dagger, fr. L. cultellus, knife, dim. of culter, plowshare.] — Cutler, n. One who makes or deals in cutlery. [OF. cotelier.] — Cut'lery, -ler-Y. n. Business of a cutler; cutting in- struments in general, or in the mass. Cutlet, kut'let, n. A piece of meat, esp. of veal or sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNOON, chair, get. CUTTLE 130 DACE mutton, cut for broiling ; generally part of the rib with the meat belonging to it. [F. cdtelette, dim. of cote, L. costa, a rib.] Cuttle, kut'tl, Cut'tle-fish, n. A molluseous animal, having ten arms furnished with cu- pules or sucking cups, by which it attaches itself to other bodies. [AS. cudele, OD. kuttel-visch, G. kuttel-fisch.] Cyanogen, si-an'o-jen, n. {Chem.) A compound radical, being a gas com- posed of 1 equivalent of nitrogen and 2 of carbon, an essential ingredient in Prussian blue. [Gr. kuanos, dark blue, and rt. of gennaein, to beget.]— Cyanic, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Cy'- ~, anate, -nat, n. A salt in which the Cuttle-fish, acid is cyanic acid. — Cy'anide, -nid, n. A bosic compound of cyanogen witli other elements. — Cya- nom'eter, n. An instrument for measuring degrees of blueness, as of the sky. [Gr. metron, measure.] Cycle, si'kl, n. An imaginary circle or orbit in the neavens ; an interval of time in which a certain succession of events is completed, and then returns again and again in the same order. {Bot.) One en- tire round in a spire or circle. [F.; L. cyclus, Gr. kuklos, circle, cycle, Skr. chakra, wheel, circle, as- tronomical figure ; s. rt. circle, curve, ring.] — Cycle of the moon, or Golden number. A period of 19 years, after which the new and full moons occur again on the same days of the month. — C. of the sun. A pe- riod of 28 years. — Cyclic, siklik, -lical, a. Pert. to, or moving in cycles. —Cyclic poets. Certain epic poets who followed Homer, and wrote on the Trojan war, — keeping within the circle of a single subject. — Cy'cloid, re. {Geom.) Acurve generated by apoint in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Cycloid'al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cyclom'etry, -trl, n. Art of measuring cir- cles. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Cy'clone, -klon, n. A rotatory storm or whirlwind of extended circuit. — Cyclope'dia, -pse'dia, -pe'dT-a, a. The circle or compass of the arts and sciences, or of human knowl- edge ; a dictionary of arts and sciences ; encyclo- pedia. [Gr. engkuklios paideia, lit. circular ^com- plete) instruction ; en, in, and kuklos ; paideia, in- struction, fr. pais, paidos, a child.] — Cyclopedic, a. Pert, to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia; encyclopedic. Cyclopean, si-klo-pe'an. a. Pert, to the Cyclops ; gi- gantic; vast and rough; massive. {Arch.) Pert, to the earliest buildings found in Greece, consisting of roughly-hewn, uncemented rocks. [Gr. Kuklops, one of a mythical race of giants in Sicily, having one circular eye in the center of the fore- head ; kuklos, circle, and ops, eye.] Cygnet, sig'net, n. A young swan. [L. cygnus, Gr. kuknos, a swan.] Cylinder, silln-dSr, n. { Geom.) A solid body which may be generated by the rota'tion of a parallelogram round one of its sides ; a body of roller-like form, of which the longitudinal section is ob- long, and the cross-section circular. [OF. cylindre, L. cylindrus, Gr. kulindros, lit. a roller, f r. kulindein, kuliein, to roll.] — Cylinder. Cylin'dric, -dricai, o. Formed like, or having prop- erties of, etc. — Cylin'driform, a. Formed like, etc. [L. forma, form.] — Cyllndroid, n. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases elliptical. [Gr. eidos, form.] Cyma, si'ma, n. {Arch.) A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wave-like in form. [Gr. kuma, a wave.] {Bot.) A cyme, q. v. Cymbal, sim'bal, n. A dish-shaped musical instru- ment of brass, held in the hand, and producing, when two are struck together, a ringing sound. [OF. cimbale, cymbale, L. cymhalum, Gr. kumbalon, fr. kumbos, cup, basin, Skr. kumbha, pot; s. rt. cup.] Cyme, sim, w. {Bot.) A flat-topped or convex flower- cluster, like a co-rymb, except that the inflorescence commences with the terminal buds. [L.cyma, Gr. kuma, cabbage sprout.] — Cylnose, -mos, -mous, -inns, a. Containing or in the form of a cyme. — Cym'ling, n. A squash. Cymric, kim'rik, a. Pert, to the Cymry, or people of Wales, or to their language; Welsh. [W. Cymru, Wales.] Cynic, sinlk, -ical, a. Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; surly; austere; pert, to the dog-star; pert, to the philosophers called cynics, or to their doctrines. — Cynic, n. One of a sect of ancient phi. losophers, named from their morose tenets; one who holds views resembling those of the cynics; asnarler; misanthrope. [Gr. kunikos, dog-like, a cynic, fr. kuon, a dog, L. canis, Ir. cm, Skr. cvan.] — Cynic- ally, «(/(. — Cynlcalness, n. — Cynicism, -sizm, n. Practice or principles of a cynic^ Cynosure, sin'o-shoor or si'no-shoor, n. The constel- lation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners are often di- rected; anything to which attention is turned; cen- ter of attraction. [L. cynosura, Gr. kunosoura, name of the constellation; kunos oura, dog's tail.] Cypress, si'pres, n. A coniferous tree, generally ever- green, and having wood remarkable for durability, — anciently used at funerals, and so an emblem or mourning. [OF. cypres, L. cyparissus, cupressus, Gr. kaparissos; prob. not f r. Cyjirus.] Cyprian, sip'rY-an, n. A native of Cyprus; a lewd woman; harlot. — a. Pert, to the island of Cyprus, renowned for the worship of Venus; pert.to lewd- ness, or those who practice it. Cyriologic, sir'Y-o-lojIk, a. Pert, to capital letters. [Gr. kurios, chief, and logos, discourse.] Cyst, sist, n. {Physiol.) A pouch or sac, without opening, containing morbid matter. [Gr. hustis, fr. kuein, to hold, contain.] — Cystic, a. Having the form of, or living in, etc.: containing, pert, to, or contained in, etc. — Cys'toeele, -sel, n. Hernia of the urinary bladder. [Gr. kele, tumor.] — Cyst'ose, -os, a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst; cystic. — Cystofomy, -ml, n. Act of opening cysts; esp. the operation of cutting into the bladder to extract a stone, etc. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] Czar, Tzar, zar, n. A king; chief; a title of the em- peror of Russia. [Russ. tsare, L. Csesar.] — Czarina, za-re'na, n. Title of the empress of Russia. [Russ. tsaritsa.] — Ozarowitz, zar'o-wits, n. Title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia. [Russ. tsare'ivitch.} — Czarev'na, -na, n. Wife of the czarowitz. [Russ.] Czech, tchek, n. One of a branch of the Slavonic race, including the Bohemians, Hannacks (or Moravians), and Slovacks. D. D, de. The 4th letter in the English alphabet. {Mus.) The 2d note of the scale, corresponding to Be. Dab, dab, v. t. [dabbed (dabd), dabbing.] To strike gently, as with the hand or a soft or moist substance. — n. A gentle blow; sudden hit; a lump of anything I soft, with which something is dabbed; a small, flat fish, allied to the flounder. [OD. dabben, to pinch, knead, dabble, G. tanpen, to grope, fumble; s. rt. I baptize, and E. chick.] tap.] — Dab'ber, n. That with which one dabs; an implement used in printing, stereotyping, etc. — j Dab'ble, v. t. [dabbled (-bid), -bung.] To wet by little dips or strokes, moisten. — v. i. To play in | water, as with the hands; to work in a superficial I manner, touch here and there, tamper, meddle. [Freq. of dab; OD. dabbelen.] — Dab'bler, n. Dab, Dabster, dab'ster, n. One skilled at his business; an expert. [Prob. corrupt, fr. adept or dapper.] Dabchick, dab'chik, n. A water-fowl allied to the grebe; dipchick; didapper; dobchick; a babyish per- son. [Sw. doppa, D. doopen, to dip, G. taufen, to ■ E. c/ - ' end with, the first strain, — indicated by D. C. [It., fr. da, from, and capo, head, beginning! Dace, das, n. A river fish, of silvery color. [F. dard, OF. dars, f r. LL. dardus, a dart, fr. its swiftness.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term ; Y-n, ice ; Sdd, tone, Qr ; DACTYL 131 DANCE Dactyl, daklil, n. (Pros.) A poetical foot of 3 sylla- bles, 1 long, followed by 2 short, or 1 accented fol- lowed by 2 unaccented. [L. dactylus, Gr. daktulos, finger, dactyl.] — Dac'tylar, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dac- tylic, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, dactyls. — re. A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dr.ctj'ls. — DaC- tylist, n. A writer of, etc. — DactyloKogy, -jT, re. A method of communication for the deat and dumb, in which motions of the fingers answer to the writ- ten alphabet. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Dactil'iog''- raphy, -fY, re. Art of gem-engraving. [Gr. daktuhos, finger-ring, and graphein, t© write.] Dad, Daddy, dad'dY, re. Father, —a word used by children. [W. tad. Corn, tat, Armor, tarl, tat, It. it aid, Gr. and Skr. tata, father.] — Dad'dy-long-legs, re. A spider having a small round body, and very long, slender legs; the crane-fly. Daddle, dad'dl, v. i. To walk unsteadily, like a child or old man; to do anything slowly. [Scot, daidle.] Dado, da'do, re. (Arch.) The die or square part in the middle of the pedestal of a column; that part of an apartment between plinth and impost molding; an arrangement of moldings, or a border of wood or paper, around the lower part of the walls of a room. [It. and Sp., a die, cube, pedestal; s. rt. die, q. v.] Daedal, de'dal, Daedalian, -dalY-an, a. Formed with art; ingenious; intricate. [Fr. Dsedalus, a mythic craftsman.]— Dsedalous, ded'a-lus, a. (Bot.) Hav- ing a margin with windings, — said of leaves. Daffodil, daf'fo-dil, re. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Narcissus, having a bulbous root, and beautiful flow- ers, usually yellow. [Corrupt, fr. F. fleur iVaffro- dille, OF. asphodile, L. asphodelus. See Asphodel.] Daft, daft, a. Delirious; insane; foolish. [Scot.] Dag, dag, re. A dagger; poniard; a kind of pistol for- merly used. — Dag'ger, re. A short sword; poniard. (Print.) A mark of reference in the form of a dag- ger [t], — called also obelisk. — v. t. To pierce with, etc.; to stab. [W. dagr, OGa. daga, Armor, dag, dager, F. dague, a dagger, ME. and OD. daggen, to stab.] — To look daggers. To look fiercely, reproach- fully, or angrily. — At d. drawn. At enmity. Dag, dag, re. A loose end, as of locks of wool; a leath- er latchet. [AS., anything loose.] — Dag'-lock, re. A dirty lock of wool on a sheep. Daggle, dag'gl, v. t. [daggled (-gld), -gling.] To trail so as to wet or befoul; to wet, dirty. — v. i. To be drawn through water and mud; to draggle. [Prov. E. dag, to sprinkle, Sw. dagga, to bedew, fr. dagg, dew; s. rt. dew.] — Dag'gle-tail, re. A filthy person; slattern; slut. Daguerreotype. da-g?r'o-tip, re. A method of taking pictures by photography, on plates of silvered cop- per, etc.; picture so produced. — v. t. [daguerreo- typed (-tipt), -typing.] To represent by the photo- graphic art, as a picture; to impress with great dis- tinctness. [Fr. Daguerre, inventor's name.] — Da- guerre 'otyper, -typist, n. One who takes, etc.— Daguerrean, -guerreian, -ger'Y-an, re. Pert, to Da- guerre or to his invention .— Daguerre'otyple, -typ'- lcal, -tYp'-, a. Of, or pert, to, the daguerreotype. — Daguerre'etypy, -tlp-T, re. Art of producing, etc. Dahlia, daKya, re. A genus of flowering plants native to Mexico. [Fr. Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist.] Daily. See under Day. Daimio, di'mY-o, ~ One of the feudal nobles of Japan. [Jap., fr. Chin. v -t ming, great name.] Dainty, danlY, a. Delicious to the taste; toothsome; elegant in form, manner, or breeding; requiring dainties: over-nice; fastidious; ceremonious. — re. That which is delicious, delicate, or nice; delicacy. [OF. daintie, agreeableness, dain, dainty, quaint, curious, fr. L. dignitas, dignity, worth, dignus, worthy.] — Dain'tily, -tY-lY, adv. — Dain'tiness, re. Dairy, dalY, re. Place where milk is kept, and made into butter or cheese; business of making butter and cheese. [ME. daierie, dei/erie, fr. deye, Ic. dei-gja, Sw. deja, maid servant, dairymaid.] — Dai '- rymaid, re. A female servant in charge of milk, etc. — man, re. One who sells milk, butter, cheese, etc. Dais, dais, re. A raised floor at the upper end of the dining-hall; upper table of a dining-hall; seat with a canopy for those at the high table. [OF., fr. L. discus, platter, table, Gr. diskos, quoit, round plate.] Daisy, da'zY, re. A common spring flower. [AS. dse- ges-eage, day's eye, daisy.] Dale, dal, re. A low place between hills; vale; valley. [AS. dsel, Dan., Sw., D., OS., and Goth, dal, G. thai.] — Dales'man, n. ; pi. -men. One living in a dale. Dally, dallY, v. i. [dallied (-lid), -lying.] To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in idleness and trifles; to linger, delay; to interchange caresses; to use fondling or wantonness. [AS. dweli- gean, to err, be foolish, Ic. dvala, to delay, D. dwa- ten, to err, wander; s. rt. dwell.] — Dal'lier, re. A' fondler; trifler. — Dal'liance, -lY-ans, re. Act of, etc. Dalmatica, dal-matlk-a, re. (Eccl.) A white gc^Ffty worn over the alb and stole, by deacons in the ffcrt).- Cath. church, —imitated from a dress orig. worn in'. Dalmatia. A robe of kings in the middle ages. Dal Segno, dal san'yo. (Mus.) A direction to go .rv . back to the sign, and repeat from thence to the '/ji« close. [It., from the sign.] Daltonism, dawllon-izm, n. Inability to distinguish- certain colors ; color-blindness. [1 r. the chemist- Dalton, who had this infirmity.] Dam, dam, re. A female parent, —used of beasts, or of a woman, in contempt. [Corrupt, fr. dame, q. v.Ji Dam, dam, re. A mole, bank of earth, wall, etc., to o%» struct the flow of water, — v.t. [dammed (damd), damming.] To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a dam ; to shut up, confine. [D. and Dan. dam, Ic. dammr, Sw. and G. damm, a dam, D. dammen, Sw. damma, to dam.] Damage, dam'ej, re. Any permanent injury to person, property, or reputation; hurt; loss; mischief ; detri- ment, pi. (Law.) A compensation or indemnity to one party, for a wrong or injury done by another. — v. t. [damaged (-ejd), -aging.] To inflict injury upon, hurt, impair. [OF., fr. L. damnum, damage.] — Dam'ageable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Damn, dam, v. t. [damned (damd), damning (darning or dam'ning).] To condemn; to adjudge to punish- ment or death; to censure. (Theol.) To condemn to punishment in the future world. To condemn as bad, by hissing, etc. [OF. damner, L. damnare, -na- tum, fr. damnum.] — Damned, damd, in serious dis- course dam'ned, p. a. Sentenced to punishment in a future state; hateful; abominable. —Damnation, -na'shun, re. (T/ieol.) Condemnation to eternal pun- ishment. — Damliable, a. Worthy of, etc.; odious; detestable. — Dam'nably, adv.— Dam'natory, -rt, a. Condemning to damnation, condemnatory. Damascene, dam r as-sen, Dam'son, -zn, re. A kind of plum. [L. Damascenus, of Damascus, celebrated for its plums.] — Dam'ask, a. Pert, to, originating at, or like, the manufactures of Damascus; having the color of the damask rose. — n. A stuff with raised figures, woven in the loom, — orig. made at Damascus, of rich silk, now made of silk intermin- gled with flax, cotton, or wool, linen woven in imi- tation of the figures in damask silk. — v. t. [dam- asked (-askt), -asking.] To decorate with orna- mental figures, as silk with raised flowers, etc., or steel with etchings, or inlaid devices; to embellish, variegate. — Damask color. That of the Damask rose. — D. rose. A variety of rose native to Damas- cus. — D. silk. A heavy, rich, figured silk, — usually called damask. — D. steel. A fine quality of steel orig. made at Damascus, and valued for sword- blades. — Dam'asken, -een, v. t. To damask.— Danv'- askin, re. A kind of saber, — orig. made at, etc. Dame, dam, re. A lady in rank or culture; the mis- tress of a family in common life; mistress of a com- mon school; a matron. [F., fr. L. domina, tern, of dominus, a lord.]— Dam'sel, -zel, re. A young un- married woman; girl. [F. demoiselle, fr. LL. domi- cellus, a page.] Damn, Damnable, etc. See under Damage. Damp, damp, a. Moderately wet; moist; humid. — re. Moisture; humidity; fog; dejection; depression; dis- couragement, pi. (Mining.) Gaseous products, elim- inated in coal-mines, wells, etc. — v. t. [damped (dampt), damping.] To moisten, make humid, ren- der chilly, depress or deject, discourage. [D. and Dan., vapor, Sw. damb, dust, G. damp/, vapor, D. dampen, to steam, Dan. dampe, to reek.] — Dampen, damp'n, v. t. or i. |-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make or become moist. — Damp'er, re. That which damps or checks; as a valve in a flue, to regulate the draught of air, or a contrivance in mechanism, to check some action at a particular time. — Dampliess, n. Mod- erate humidity; moisture. Damsel. See under Dame. Damson. See under Damascene. Dance, dans, v. i. [danced (danst), dancing.] To move with measured steps, or to a musical accom- paniment; to move nimbly or merrily, caper, frisk. — v. t. To cause to dance, dandle. —re. A brisk amusement, in which the movements of persons are regulated by art, in figures and by the sound of in- struments. (Mus.) A tune by which dancing is reg- siin, cQbe, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DANDELION 132 DAUB ulated. [OF. dancer, F. danser, to dance, fr. OHG. danson, to draw along, trail ; s. rt. L. tendere, to stretch.] — To dance attendance. To wait obsequi- ously.— Dan'cer, n. — Danseuse, dawx-se'z'', n. A female dancer, esp. at a theater, etc. [F., fem. of danseur, a dancer.] Dandelion, dan'de-h'un, n. A plant, with large yellow compound flowers. [F. dent de lion, lion's tooth, from the size and form of its leaves.] Dander, dan'der, n. Corrupt, of Dandruff, q. v. — Anger or vexation. [Low.']— To get up one's dander, or nave one's dander raised. To get into a passion. Dandle, dan'dl, v. t. [dandled (-did), -dling.] To move up and down in affectionate play, as an in- fant ; to caress, fondle ; to treat as a child, toy with, pet. [OD. danten, to do foolish things, trifle, fr. dant, a capricious, effeminate man, OHG. taen- deln, to trifle, dandle, lounge, fr. tant, G. tand, a trifle, idle prattle.]— Dan'dler, re.— Dan'dy, -dt, n. One who affects finery in dress and manner; a fop; coxcomb. [OF. dandin, fr. OD. dant.] — Dan'dy- ism, -izm, n. Manners and character of, etc. Dandruff, dan'druf, -driff, -der, n. Scurf which forms on the head, and comes off in scales. [W. ton, surface,_skin, and peril. W. drwg, Ga. droch, bad.] Danger, dan'jSr, re. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, etc. ; peril ; hazard ; risk ; jeopardy. [F., orig. ab- solute power; hence power to harm; fr. LL. domin- ium, power. See Dominate.] — Dan'gerous, -us, a. Attended with, or causing danger. — Dan'gerously, adv. — Dan'gerousness, re. Dangle, dan'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To hang loosely, or with a waving, swinging, or jerking mo- tion. — v. t. To cause to dangle; to swing. [Dan., Sw., and Ic. dingla, to dangle; Sw.danka, to saunter about.] — To dangle about, or after. To hang upon importunately, beset, follow obsequiously. — Dan'- gler, n. One who hangs about others, esp. women. Dank, dank, a. Damp ; moist ; humid ; wet. [Sw. dial., a marshy place, Sw. dag, dew. See Daggle.] — Danklsh, a. Somewhat damp. Daphne, daf 'ne, re. The laurel, a diminutive shrub, having a fragrant flower. [Gr.] Dapper, dap'pSr, a. Little and active; nimble; neat in dress; smart. [D., bold, G. tapfer, brave.] Dapple, dap'pl, a. Marked with spots of different shades of color; variegated, — re. One of the spots on a dapple animal. — v. t. [dappled (-pld), -pling.J To variegate, spot. [Ic. depill, a spot, dot, fr. dapi, Sw. dial, depp, pool of water; s. rt. dip, dimple.] Dare, dar, v. i. [durst (dSrst), daring.] To have sufficient courage; to be bold enough; to venture. — v. t. [dared (dard), daring.] To have courage for, venture to do; to profess courage to meet; to challenge, provoke, defy, brave [AS. durran, to dare (.dear, I dare, dorste, I durst or dared), Goth. dors, OHG. tar, Gr. tharsein, Skr. dhrish.] — Dar'er, n. — Dar'ing, a. — Dar'ingly, adv. — Dare'-devil, n. A rash, venturesome fellow. Dark, dark, n. Destitute of light; not reflecting or radiating light; obscure; not easily seen through; mysterious ; hidden ; destitute of knowledge and culture; unrefined; evincing foul traits of charac- ter; vile; wicked ; foreboding evil; gloomy; suspi- cious. — n. Absence of light; obscurity; condition of ignorance; secrecy. [AS. deorc, D. donker, Sw., Dan., and G. dunkel, dark.] — Darken, darken, v- t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make dark or black, obscure, render dim, deprive of vision; to render ignorant or stupid; to render less clear or intelli- gible; to cast a gloom upon; to make foul, sully.— v. i. To grow dark or darker. — Dark'ener, re.— Dark'ish, a. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; dim.— Darkly, adv. — Dark'ness, n. State of being, etc. ; obscurity ; gloom ; secrecy ; state of ignorance or error; wickedness; impurity; want of clearness or perspicuity; calamity ; perplexity. — Dark'ling, a. In the dark. — Dark'some, -sum, a. Dark; gloomy; obscure. —Dark'y, -T, re. A negro. Darling. See under Dear. Darn, darn, v. t. [darned (darnd), darning.] To mend, as a hole, by imitating the texture of the stuff with thread and a needle. — n. A place mended by darning. [W. damio, to piece, break in pieces, fr. W., Corn., & Armor, darn, piece, OF. dame, a slice, a broad and thin piece.] — Darn'er, re. Darn, darn, v. t. A substitute for the profane damn. Darnel, dar'nel, n. A weed, — rye-grass. [OF. dame, stupefied; Sw. darrepe, darnel, fr. dar, stupefying, and repe, name of the weed.] Darnex, Darnic. Same as Dornic. Darrein, dar'rin, a. (Law.) Last. [OF. darrein, derrain, f r. L. de and retro, back, backward.] Dart, dart, n. A weapon thrown by the hand; a javelin; any missile weapon; anything that pierces and wounds, — v. t. To throw with a sudden thrust, hurl, launch; to throw suddenly or rapid- ly; to send, emit, shoot. — v. i. To be let fly or launched; to start and run with velocity; to shoot rapidly along. — n. A fish, the dace. IOF.; F. dard, AS. darodh, Ic. darradhr, a dart, Sw. dart, a dagger; perh. s. rt. AS. derian, to injure.] — Dart'er, n. One who darts or throws a dart. (Ornith.) The snake-bird, a bird of the pelican family, — which darts out its long neck at its prey. Darwinian, dar-win'T-an, a. Pert, to the theory of natural selection, struggle for existence, and sur- vival of the fittest, taught by Charles Darwin in his "Origin of Species" and other works, —n. One who believes, etc. ; an evolutionist. — Dar'winism, -win'ianism, -izm, n. The doctrine of evolution. Dash, dash, v. t. [dashed (dasht), dashing.] To throw with violence; to break, as by throwing or collision; to put to shame, confound; to throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner, overspread par- tially, touch here and there ; to form or sketch rapidly or carelessly ; to erase by a stroke, strike out, obliterate. — v. i. To rush or strike violently. — n. Violent striking of two bodies; crash; sudden check; frustration; ruin; an admixture, infusion, or adulteration ; a partial overspreading ; a rapid movement, quick blow, sudden onset; capacity for quick, bold movements against an enemy ; a vain show or blustering parade; aflourish. (Punctuation.) A mark or line, thus [— ], denoting a break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or a change in its construc- tion, a significant pause, or an unexpected turn of sentiment. (Mus.) A mark [T] denoting that the note is to be performed in a short, distinct manner; the line drawn through a figure in the thorough- bass, as a direction to raise that figure half a tone higher. (Racing.) A single trial of speed, — disting. fr. a heat. [Dan. daske, Sw. dial, daska, " The slap.] — Dash/er, n. That which, etc. ; a dash- board. — Dasb/y, -T, a. Ostentatiously fashionable ; showy. — Dash/ingly, adv. Conspicuously.— Dasb/- board, -bord, n. A board on the front of a vehicle to intercept mud, etc. J~ Dastard, das'tard, n. One who meanly shrinks from danger; coward; poltroon. —a. Meanly shrinking; cowardly. [OD. dasaert, a fool, Ic. dsestr, exhaust- ed, breathless, p. p. of dsesa, to groan, lose breath from exhaustion, Sw. dial, dasa, to lie idle.] — Das''- tardize, v. t. [-ized (-tzd), -izing.] To make a das- tard of . — Das'tardly, a. Meanly timid ; base. Data, da'ta, n. pi. Factsgiven or admitted; ground of inference or deduction. — Da' turn, n. Something given, esp. as a standard; a datum-line, a horizontal line or level, from which surface points are reck- oned in surveying. [L. datus, -a, -um, p. p. of dare, to give.] — Date, dat, n. Specification of the time when a writing, inscription, coin, etc., was execu- ted; precise period or time of; epoch; end; conclu- sion ; duration; continuance, —v. t. To note the time of writi.ig or executing; to fix the time of; to refer to as a starting point, —v. i. To have begin- ning, have a date. [F., fr. LL. .lata, a date, fr. dare.] — Date'less, o. — Da'tive, -tiv, re. (Law.) That which may be given or disposed of at pleas- ure. (Gram.) The case of a noun which expresses the remoter object, generally indicated in English by to or for with the objective. — a. (Law.) Capa- ble of being disposed of at will and pleasure; re- movable, as disting. fr. perpetual, — said of an officer; given by a magistrate, as disting. fr. being cast upon a party by the law. Pert, to the dative. Date, dat, re. The fruit of the date-palm. [OF., fr. L. dactylus, Gr. daktulos, a finger, also a date, fr. the shape of the fruit.] — Date'-palm, -pam, -tree, n. The genus of palms bearing dates. Daub, dawb, v. t. [daubed (dawbd), daubing.] To smear with soft, ad- hesive matter; to plaster ; to paint in a coarse or unskillful manner ; to dis- guise, conceal. — n. A viscous, sticky application. (Paint.) A picture coarse- ly executed. [OF. dauber, to plaster, n . t prob. orig. dalber, fr. L. dealbare, Sp. iJaie Iree ' jalbegar, to whitewash, plaster, fr. L. de, down, and albare, to whiten, fr. albus, white.]— Daub 'er, n. — Daub'ery, -Sr-t, re. A daubing; imposition. tne aanve. [OF., fr. L. I am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 8r : DAUGHTER 133 DEAN Daughter, daw'ter, to. A female child or descendant. [AS. dohtor. D. dochter. Dan. and Sw. dotter, Goth. daufitar, OHG. tohter, G. tochter. Gr. thugater, Skr. duhitri; s. rt. du#.] — Daugh'terly, -It, «. Becom- ing a daughter; filial. —Daugh'ter-in -law, n. The wife of one's son. Daunt, dant, v. t. To repress or subdue the courage of, dismay, appall, intimidate. [F. dompter, OF. danter, fr. L. aomitare, to subdue, freq. of domare, to tame; s. rt. tame.] — Daunt'lesB, a. Incapable of being, etc.; bold; intrepid. Dauphin, daw'fin, n. The eldest son of the king of France, and heir of the crown. [Fr. Dauphine", a French province, the lords of which had as their crest a dolphin, OF. dauphin, daulphin, L. del- phinus.] — Dau'phiness, n. Wife of the dauphin. Davenport, dav'en-port, to. A writing-table. Davit, dav'it or da'vit, n. {Xaut.) A spar used on ships, as a crane to hoist the anchor to the top of the bow. pi. Arms projecting over a ship's side or stern, having tackle to raise a boat by. [Prob. corrupt, fr. F. darier, forceps.] Davy-lamp, da'vY-lamp, to. A lan- tern whose light is inclosed within wire gauze, as a protection against explosions of gases in mines, — t>™+„ invented by Sir Humphrey Davy. Davits. Daw, daw, n. A bird of the crow family; jackdaw. [E.; onomat.] Dawdle, daWdl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To waste time in trifling employment, trifle. — v. t. To waste by trifling. [See Dandle.] — Daw'dler, to. An idler. Dawn, dawn, v. i. [dawned (dawnd), dawning.] To begin to grow light in the morning, or to open and give promise, as the understanding or character. — n. The break of day; first appearance of light; first opening or expansion; beginning. [AS. dagian, to dawn, fr. dseg, day, G. tagen, fr. tag. See Day.] Day, da, n. The period from sunrise to sunset; period of the earth's revolution on its axis, — divided into 24 hours; a specified time or period; day of battle; successful contest ; victory. [AS. dseg, D., Dan., and Sw. dag, Ic. dagr, Goth, dags, G. tag ; not s. rt. L. dies, Ir. dia, W. dydd, day.] — Civil day. The day used in ordinary reckoning of time, among most nations beginning at midnight. —Day by day. Daily; every day; continually. —Days in bank. {Eng. Law.) Stated days for the return of writs and appearance of parties. —Da ys of grace. {O. Ting. Law.) Three days beyond the return day in tne writ for the party summoned to make his ap- pearance. {Merc. Law.) Days allowed, usually 3. for payment of a note, after the specified day of payment. —Day's work. {Naut.) The reckoning of a ship's course for 24 hours, from noon to noon. — One day, or one of these days. At an indefinite time in the future.— Daily, da'll, a. Happening or pert, to each successive day; diurnal; quotidian. — adv. Every day; day by day. — n. A publica- tion appearing every day. — Day '-book, to. A book in which are recorded the accounts of the day. — -break, to. The first appearance of light in the morning; dawn of day. — -dream, n. A vain fancy; reverie; castle in the air; unfounded hope. — labor, n. Labor hired or done by the day. — light, n. The light of day, or of the sun. — spring, n. The be- ginning of the day; dawn. — star, n. The morning star. — time, n. Time between sunrise and sun- setting. — Days'man, to. ; pi. -men. An umpire or arbiter, — who appoints a day to hear a cause. Daze, daz, v. t. [dazed (dazd), dazing.] To over- power with light, dazzle, confuse, bewilder. [Ic. dasa, to become weary or exhausted, Sw. dasa, to lie idle; s. rt. doze and perh. dizzy and dull.'] — Daz- zle, d&z'zl, r. t. [dazzled (-zld), -zling.] To overpower with light ; to surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. — v. i. To be intensely bright; to be rendered blind or dim by excess of brightness. — Daz'zlingly, -W, adv. '" zl.) In some communions, one de'kn, n. {Eccl.) admitted to a grade in the ministry lower than priest or elder ; in others, a church officer who assists the pastor at the Lord's Supper, etc. [AS., fr. L. diaco- mis, Gr. diakonos, orig. a servant.] — To deacon out. To read line by line, as a hymn, for others to sing, as was formerlv done by deacons.— Dea'coness, n. A woman specially devoted to the service of the church — caring for the sick, etc. — Dea'conry, -rl, -ship, Diaconate, di-ak'o-nat, n. Office or ministry of a deacon or deaconess.— Diac'onal, a. Pert, to, etc. Dead, ded, a. Destitute of life ; put to death ; inani- mate ; resembling death in appearance or quality : without show of life; without motion; inactive; un- productive ; unprofitable,; dull; monotonous or un. varied; producing death; sure as death; wanting in religious spirit. {Law.) Cut off from the rights of a citizen, or property holder. {Engin.) Not impar- ting motion or power. — adv. To a degree resem- bling death; to the last degree; completely; wholly. — n. The most quiet or death-like time ; period of Srofoundest repose or gloom, pi. Those who are ead ; the departed. [AS. dead, D. dood, Dan. and Sw. dod, Ic. daudhr, Goth, dauchs.] — Dead ahead. {Naut.) Directly ahead, — said of the wind. — D. drunk. So drunk as to be helpless. — D. language. A language no longer spoken. — D. letter. A letter uncalled for at a post-office and sent to the general post-office to be opened ; that which has become ob- solete. — D. lock. An interlocking or counteraction of things, producing an entire stoppage. — Deads, dedz, n.pl. {Mining.) Places yielding no ore; heaps of refuse, containing no ore. — Dead'ly, -IT, a. Ca- pable of causing death ; mortal ; fatal ; destructive; willing to destroy ; implacable. — adv. So as to re- semble, or to cause, death ; mortally ; implacably.— Dead'liness, n. — Dead'ness, n. State of being or seeming dead ; inertness ; coldness ; indifference. — Dead'en, ded'n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -ening.] To impair in vigor, force, or sensibility; to lessen the velocity or momentum of, retard ; to make spirit, less; to deprive of gloss or brilliancy. — Dead '-an gle, n. {Fort.) The space before the parapet out of reach of the fire of the garrison. — beat, a. Tired out. — n. One whose constitution or resources are exhausted; a worthless idler who sponges on others. — center, -point, n. {Mach.) Either of the 2 points in the orbit of a crank at which the crank and con- necting-rod he in a straight line. coForing, n. {Paint.) The first layer of colors, usually gray.— -eye, n. {Xaut.) A wooden block, pierced with 3 holes, to receive the lanyard. — head, n. One who receives free tickets to theaters, public conveyances, etc. — heat, «. A race in which the competitors come in even. — house, n. A morgue; place for the temporary reception of dead bodies. — latch, n. A kind of latch whose bolt may be so locked that it cannot be opened from within by the handle, or from without by the key. — lift, n. The lifting of a thing at disadvantage ; lift made with main strength; an extreme exigency. — light, to. {Xaut.) A strong shutter for a cabin window, to exclude water. — line, to. A line inclosing space in a military Srison, on passing which a prisoner is ' able to be shot. — march, n. A piece of solemn music for a funeral. — -reckoning, n. {Xaut.) Method of determining a ship's position without celestial observations. wall, to. A blank wall, without windows, etc. — ^T :.. ,- -water, n. {Naut.) The eddy water Dead-light, closing behind a moving ship. — weight, «. A heavy or oppressive burden. Deaf, def or def, a. Wanting the sense of hearing; un- willing to hear ; not to be persuaded. [AS. deaf, D. doof, Dan. dov, Sw. dof Ic. daufr, G. taub ; prob. s. rt. Gr. tuphos, smoke, stupor, E. dumb.] — Deaf' en, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make deaf, stun. {Arch.) To render impervious to sound, as a floor, by filling the space beneath it with mortar, etc. — Deafness, to.— Deaf '-mute, to. One deaf and dumb. Deal, del, v. t. [dealt (delt), dealing.] To divide, distribute ; to throw out or bestow successively or indiscriminately. — v. i. To make distribution ; to traffic, trade, carry on business ; to act, have trans- actions with, manage, treat. — to. A part or portion; an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent; division or distribution of cards; portion distributed ; divis- ion of a timber by sawing ; a pine or fir board or plank, esp. one above 7 inches in width, and exceed- ing 6 feet in length; wood of the pine or fir. [AS. dselan, D. deelen, Dan. dele, Ic. deila, Goth, dailjan, to divide, share, fr. AS. dael, D. and Dan. deel, Ic. deild, Goth, dads, a portion, also D. deel, board, plank, and Ic. deild, dole, dealings.] — Deal'er, n. One who deals ; a trader. — Deal'ing, to. Manner of treating others ; trade; distribution, as of cards. Dean, den, n. An ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop; an officer in universities; head or secre- suk, cube, full ; moon, fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DEAR 134 DECARBONIZE tary of a college faculty. [F. doyen, OF. deien, a dean, fr. L. decanus, one set over 10 soldiers, later, over 10 monks, hence a dean, fr. decern, ten ; s. rt. . decipere,-ceptum, to de- ceive, fr. de and capere, to take.] — Deceiv'er, n. One who deceives; a cheat; impostor.— Deceiv' able, a. Subject or liable to be, etc. —Deceit, -set', n. Attempt or disposition to deceive; deception; fraud; imposition. — Deceifful, -ful, a. Trickish; fraudu- lent. — Deceit'fully, adv. — Deceit'fulness, n. — De- ception, -sep'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc.; deceit. [OF.] — Decep'tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Tending to, etc. ; misleading. December, de-sem'bgr, n. The 12th or last month in the year. [L., fr. decern, ten, this having been the 10th month with the Romans, whose year began in March. See Decade and Ten.] — Decern' vir, -ver, n. : E. pi. Decemvirs, -verz, L. pi. -viri, -vT-ri. One of 10 magistrates, who had absolute authority in an- cient Rome. [L., fr. decern, and vir, a man.] — De- cern' viral, -vT-ral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Deeem'virate, -rat, n. Office or term of office of, etc.; a body of 10 men in authority. — Decen'nary, -sen'na-rY, n. A period of 10 years. {Law.) A tithing consisting of 10 neighboring families. [L. annus, a year.] — Decen- nial, -nT-al, a. Consisting of, or happening once in, etc. — Decillion, -sil'yun, n. A number consisting, by English notation, of a million involved to the 10th power, or 1 with 00 ciphers annexed; by French or common notation, a thousand involved to the 11th power, or 1 with 33 ciphers. See Numeration. [L. decern.'] — Decill'ionth, -yunth, a. Pert, to, etc.; preceded by a decillion less one. — n. The quotient of 1 divided by, etc.; one of a decillion equal parts. — Decigram, des'T-gram, n. A decimal measure of weight equal to 1-10 of a gram, or 1.5438 grains Troy. [F. decigramme, fr. L. decimus, tenth, fr. decern, and F. gramme: see Gram.] — Deciliter, de-siKi-ter or des'T-le-tgr, n. A decimal measure of capacity = 1-10 liter = G.1028 cu. inches. [See Liter.] — Decimal, des r i-mal, a. Pert, to decimals: numbered or pro- ceeding by tens. —n. A number expressed in the scale of tens; decimal number; esp. decimal frac- tion. [OF., fr. L. decimus.] — Decimal fractions. Fractions whose denominator is some power of 10, as -J*-, -; o o'* an< l is not usually expressed, but is signified by a point at the left of the numerator, as .2, .25. — Circulating or circulatory decimal. A deci- mal fraction in which the same figure, or set of fig- ures, is constantly repeated; as, 0.354.354354; called also recurring decimal. — Decimate, v. t. To take the tenth part of, tithe; to select by lot and kill every tenth man of; to destroy a certain portion of, devastate. [L. decimare, -matum, fr. decimus.] — Decima'tion, n.— Decima'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. — Decimeter, de-sim^e-ter or des'Y-me-ter, n. A decimal measure of length = 1-10 meter = 3.9371 inches. [See Meter.] — Decline, da-seni', n. A French coin = 1-10 franc, about 2 cents. [F.] — Dec- ister, desls-ter, n. A solid measure, the 1-10 of a stere, or cubic meter — 3.5317 cu. feet. [See Stere.] — Decu'rion, -r;-un, n. A Roman officer command- ing 10 soldiers. [L. ilecurio, fr. decuria, a division of 10, fr. decern.] — [See nlso under Decade.] Decent, de'sent, a. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, and ceremony; free from obscenity; modest; mod- erate, but competent; respectable. [F.,fr. L. decern, ■centis, p. pr. of decere, to become, befit, fr. decus, honor, fame.]— De'cently, adv. — De'centness, n. — De'cency, -st, n. State or quality of being decent; proper formality ; modesty ; what is becoming. Deception, Deceptive, etc. See under Deceive. Decide, de-sid'. v. t. To determine the result of, settle, end, conclude. — v. i. To determine, form a defi- nite opinion, come to a conclusion, give decision. [OF. decider, L. decidere, -cisum, fr. de and csedere, to cut; s. rt. L. scindere, to cut.] — Decid'ed, a. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; unquestionable; free from doubt or wavering; determined; positive; un- deniable; clear. — Decid'edly, adv. — Decid'er, n. — Decid'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Decision, -sizh-'un,?*. Act of settling or terminating, as a con- troversy; determination; conclusion; account or re- port of a conclusion, esp. of a legal adjudication; quality of being decided; prompt and fixed deter- mination. — Deci'sive, -siv, a. Having the power or quality of deciding a question, etc. ; marked by promptness and decision; final: conclusive; positive. — Decisively, adv. — Deci'siveness, ».— Deci'sory, -so-rY, a. Able to decide or determine. Deciduous. See under Decay. Decipher, de-siler, v. t. [-phered (-fSrd). -phering.] To translate from a cipher into intelligible terms; to find out the meaning of, reveal, [de, neg. and cipher, q. v.] — Decipherable, a. — Decipherer, n. Deck, dek, v. t. [decked (dekt), decking. | To cover, overspread; to dress, clothe, esp. to clothe with ele- gance, array, adorn; to furnish with a deck, as a vessel.— n. The floor-like covering of a ship; a pack of cards. [OD. decken, to hide, D. dekken, G. decken, L. tegere, Gr. stegein, to cover, AS. theccan. to thatch; D. dek, a deck, cover, Gr. tegos, stegos, roof; s. rt. thatch.] — Deck'er, n. One who, or that whieh, decks or adorns; a vessel which has a deck or decks, — used esp. in composition. — Deck 'hand, n. (Waut.) An inferior seaman, who works on deck, not aioft. Declaim, de-klam', v. i. [-claimed (-klamd / '), -claim- ing.] To speak rhetorically, make a formal oration, harangue; to speak or talk pompously and elabo- rately; to rant. — v. t. To utter in public, deliver in a rhetorical or set manner. [OF. dec/amer, L. de- clamare, -matum, fr. de and clamare, to cry out.] — Declaim'er, n. — Declamalion, n. Act or art of, etc.; a set speech; pretentious rhetorical display, with more sound than sense.— Declam'atory, -to-ri, a. Pert, to, etc.; characterized by rhetorical dis- play; without solid sense or argument. Declare, de-klar', v.t. [-clared (-klard r ), -claring.] To make known publicly, publish, proclaim; to as- sert, affirm. {Com.) To make full statement of , as of goods liable to taxes, duties, etc. — v. i. To make a declaration, proclaim one's self. (Law.) To state the plaintiff's cause of action in legal form. [OF. declarer, L. declarare, -atum, fr. de and clarus, clear.] — To declare one's self. To avow one's opin- ion. — Declar'edly, -ed-lT, adv. Avowedly ; explicit- ly. — Declaration, n. Act of declaring ; thing de- clared; document by which an assertion is verified. (Law.) That part of the process or pleadings setting forth the plaintiff's cause of complaint; the narra- tion or counts. [F.] — Declarative, -klar'a tiv, -atory, -to-rT, a. Making declaration, etc.; explan- atory; assertive; affirmative. Decline, de-klin', v. i. [-clined (-klind'), -clining.] To bend over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despondency, etc.; to tend towards a close or extinction; to fail, sink, decay : to turn aside, deviate, stray ; to refuse. — v. t. To bend downward, depress; to turn away from, refuse to comply with, reject courteously, shun, avoid. (Gram.) To inflect in order in the changes of gram- matical form.— n. A falling off; tendency to a worse state; deterioration. (Med.) That period of a dis- order when the symptoms abate in violence: a grad- ual wasting awav of the physical faculties. Decay; consumption. [OF. decliner, L. decUnare, fr. de and clinare, to bend, incline, lean; s. rt. L. clivis, a hill, slope, E. lean.] — Declin'er, n. — Declin'able, a. That may be declined; admitting of inflection. — Declension, -klen'shun, n. Declination; descent; slope; a falling off from excellence; deterioration; decay ; act of courteously refusing ; declinature. (Gram.) Inflection of a word, according to gram- matical forms; the form of the inflection of a word declined by cases. — Dec'linate, -l'l-nat, a. (Bot.) Bending downward, in a curve: curved downward; declined. — Declina'tion, n. Act or state of bending downward, or of falling off from excellence, or of deviating or turning aside; obliquity; withdrawal. (Astron.) Angular distance of an object from th*» celestial equator. (Dialing.) The arc of the hori- zon, between the vertical plane and prime vertical circle, or between the meridian and the plane. stin, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DECOCT 136 DEEM {Gram.) Act of inflecting a word through its vari- ous terminations. — Declination of the compass, or needle. Variation of the needle from the true merid- ian of a place. — Dec'linator, -lT-na-ter, n. An in- strument for taking the declination of a reclining plane. — Declin'atory, -klin'a-to-rt, a. Containing a refusal. — Declinature, -klin'a-chur, n. Act of put- ting away or refusing. — Declinometer, n. An in- strument for measuring the declination of the mag- netic needle. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Declivity, -kliv'T-tl, n. Deviation from a horizontal line; de- scent of surface; inclination downward; a descend- ing surface; slope. [F. de'cliviti, L. declivitas.] — Declivous, -kli'vus, -clivitous, -kliv'T-tus, a. Grad- ually descending; sloping. Decoct, de-kokt', v. t. To prepare by boiling, make an infusion of, prepare for assimilation by the heat of the stomach, digest. [L. decoquere, -coctum, to boil down, fr. de and coquere, to cook. See Cook.] — Decoctlble, a. Capable of being boiled or di- gested. — Decodion, n. Act of preparing by boil- ing ; an extract prepared by boiling. Decollate, de-koKlat, v. t. To sever the neck of, be- head, decapitate. [L. decollare, -latum, fr. collum, the neck.] — Decollation, n. Act of beheading. [OF.] — Decollete, da'kol-le-ta 1 ', a. Leaving the neck and shoulders bare; low-necked, as a dress. [F.] Decolor, de-kuKer, v. t. To deprive of color, bleach. [F. decolorer, L. decolorare, fr. de and color, color.] — Decol'ora'tion, n. Removal or absence of color. Decompose, de-kom-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pozdO, -pos- ing.] To separate the constituent parts of, set free from chemical combination, resolve into original elements. — v. i. To become resolved from existing combinations; to undergo dissolution, [de and com- pose, q. v.]— Decomposable, a. — Decomposition, -zish'un, n. Act of, etc.; analysis; state of being separated; release from previous combinations. Decompound, de-kom-pownd'', v. t. To compound or mix with that already compound; to reduce to con- stituent parts, decompose. — a. Compound of what is already compounded. (Bot.) Several times com- pounded or divided, as a leaf or stem, [de intens. and compound, q. v.] — Decompoundable, a. — Decom- posite, -pozlt, a. Compounded more than once. Decorate, dek'o-rat, v. t. To adorn, embellish, orna- ment, beautify. [L. decorare, -atum, to adorn, fr. decus, decdris, an ornament, grace ; s. rt. decere, to befit, decorus, seemly.] — Dec'orator, -t§r, n. — Dec- ora'tion. n. Act of decorating; that which enriches or beautifies; ornament. —Decoration day. May 30th, on which the graves of those who fell in the Amer. civil war are decorated with flowers. — Dec'- orative, -tiv, a. Suited to embellish; adorning.— Decorous, de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus, a. Suitable to the time, place, and occasion ; becoming; proper; seemly. — Decorously, de-ko'- or dek'o-, adv. — De- corousness, de-ko r - or dek'o-, n. — Deco'rum, n. Propriety of speech, manner, etc.; dignity. [L.J Decorticate, de-k6r'«-kat, v. t. To take off the exte- rior coating or bark of; to peel. [L. decorticare, -ca- tum, f r. de and cortex, bark.] — Decortication, n. Decoy, de-coi', v. t. [-coyed (-koidO, -coying.] To entice into a snare, lead into danger by artifice, en- trap, insnare. — n. Anything intended to lead into a snare; esp. a sportsman's lure to entice birds into a net or within shot; a place into which wild fowls are enticed. [L. de-, down, and OF. cot, coy, quiet, tame. See Coy.] — Decoy'-duck, n. A duck, or im- itation of a duck, employed to decoy others. Decrease, de-kres', v. i. [-creased (-krest'), -creas- ing.] To become less, be diminished gradually. — v. t. To cause to lessen, make less. — n. A becom- ing less; gradual diminution; decay; wane, as of the moon. [L. decrescere, -cretum, fr. de and crescere, to grow.] — Decrement, n. State of becoming grad- ually less; quantity lost by waste, etc.— Decres'cent, -kres'ent, a. Decreasing. — Decres- cendo, da-kres-en'do, a. (Mus.) "With decreasing volume of sound, r,......, — a direction to performers, written -L»«,rest.euuu. upon the staff, or indicated as in the margin. [It.] Decree, de-kre', n. An order or decision by a court or other competent authority; law; statute; ordinance; edict, — v. t. [decreed (-kred r ), -creeing.J To de- termine judicially by authority, or by decree; to order, appoint. — v. i. To decide or appoint author- itatively, determine decisively. [OF. decret, fr. L. decernere, decretum, to decree, lit. to separate, fr. de and cernere, to sift, separate, decide, Gr. krinein : s. rt. sheer, skill.] — Decre'tal, a. Containing, or pen. to, a decree. — n. An authoritative order or decree; esp. a letter of the pope, determining some question in ecclesiastical law; a collection of the pope's de- crees. — Decre'tist, n. One versed in the decretals. -Decre'tive, -tiv, a. Having the force, or of the nature of a decree; determining.— Dec'retory, dek'- re-to-rt, a. Established by decree; definitive; serv- ing to determine; critical.— Decletorily, -rt-lY, adv. Decrepit, de-kreplt, a. Wasted or worn by the in- firmities of old age. [Incorrectly written decrepid.] [L. decrepitus, noiseless, hence moving noiselessly like aged people, fr. de and crepitus, a noise, prop, p. p. of crepare, to crackle.] — Decrepltness, -itude, n. — Decrepitate, -tat, v. t. To roast or calcine, so as to cause a continual explosion or crackling. — v. i. To crackle, as salts when roasting. — Decrep'ita'- tion, n. Act of decrepitating. Decrescendo, Decrescent. See under Decrease. Decretal, Decretory, etc. See under Decree. Decry, de-kri', v. t. [-cried (-krid'), -crying.] To cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to depreciate, detract, disparage. [OF. descrier, to call in bad coin, to discredit, disparage, fr. des (L. dis) and crier, to cry.] — Decri r er, n. — Decri'al, n. Clamorous censure; condemnation by censure. Decumbent, de-kum'bent, a. Bending or lying down ; prostrate ; recumbent. {Bot.) Reclining on the ground, and tending to rise at the summit. [L. de- cumbens, p. pr. of decumbere, fr. de and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.]— Decum'bently, adv. — De- cum'bence, -bency, -sT, n. Act, posture, or state of, etc. — Decum'biture, -chur, n. State or time of con- finement from sickness. Decuple. See under Decade. Decurion. See under December. Decurrent, de-kur'rent, n. (Bot.) Extending down- ward, as the base of a leaf. [L. decurrens, p. pr. of decurrere, fr. de and cttrrere, cursum, to run.] — De- cur 'sive, -siv, a. Running down; decurrent. Decussate, de-kus'sat, v. t. To cross at an acute angle; to intersect or lie upon in the form of an X. [L. decussare, -satum, to cross, fr. decussis t a coin worth 10 asses (decern asses) and marked-with an X (= 10). See Ace.] — Decus'sate, -sated, a. Crossed ; intersected. (Bot.) Growing in pairs, each at right angles to the pair above or below (Rhet.) Consisting of 2 rising and 2 falling clauses, in alternate opposition to each other. — Decussa'- tion, n. Act of crossing at an acute angle; state of being crossed; intersection in the form of X. Dedecorous, de-dek'o-rus, a. Disgraceful; unbecom- ing. [See Decorous.] Dedentition, de-den-tish'un, n. The shedding of teeth, [de and dentition, q. v.] Dedicate, ded'Y-kat, v.t. To set apart and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for a sacred purpose: to devote, or give wholly or earnestly up to; to inscribe or ad- dress, as to a patron. — a. Set apart; consecrated; dedicated. [L. dedicare, -catum, to devote, fr. de and dicare, to proclaim, devote.] — Dedicator, -ter, n. One who dedicates, esp. a book.— Ded'icatee', n. One to whom a thing is dedicated. — Dedica'- tion, n. Act of, etc. — Dedicatory, -to-rt, -to'rlal, -rl-al, a. Composing or serving as a dedication. Deduce, de-das', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To derive by logical process; to obtain as the result of reasoning, infer. [L. de and ducere, dvctum, to lead.] — Deduce'ment, n. Act or process of dedu- cing; that deduced; inference.— Dedu'cible, -st-bl, a. Capable of being deduced or inferred. — De- duct, -dukf, v. t. To take away, in calculating; subtract. — Deduc 'tion, n. Act or method of de- ducing, inferring, or concluding; act of deducting or taking away ; that deduced; inference; conclu- sion; that deducted; part taken away; abatement. — Deductive, -iv, a. Of, or pert, to, deduction; capable of being deduced from premises; deducible. — Deductively, adv. — Dedu'cive, -siv, o. Perform- ing the act of deduction. Deed, ded, n. That which is done, acted, or effected; an act ; illustrious act ; achievement ; exploit ; power of action ; agency ; efficiency. (Law.) A sealed instrument in writing, containing some transfer, bargain, or contract, esp. in regard to real estate. — v. t. To convey or transfer by deed. [AS. dsed, D. and Dan. daad, Ic. dadh, act.] — In deed or indeed. In fact ; in truth ; verily. — Deed'lesB, a. Inactive. Deem, dem, v. t. [deemed (demd), deeming.] To conclude on consideration; to think, judge, regard. •— w. i. To be of opinion, think, estimate. [AS. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fire ; end, eve, *3r?> • lu. I«: ; 3dd, tone, 6r ; DEEP 137 DEFINE deman, to judge, deem, D. doemen, Ic. dsema, to doom; AS. dom, a doom, judgment.] Deep, dep, a. Extending far below the surface; of freat perpendicular dimension; extending far back rom the front; low in situation; hard to penetrate or comprehend; mysterious ; profound; secret; of penetrating or far-reaching intellect ; thoroughly versed ; profoundly moving or affecting; penetra- ting; thorough; profoundly quiet or dark; unmixed; sunk low ; depressed ; abject ; strongly colored ; dark ; intense : of low tone; grave; heavy.— adv. To a great depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. — n. That which is deep, esp. deep water; the ocean; that which is profound ; most quiet or profound part ; the midst ; the depth. [AS. deop, D. diep, Dan. dyb, Ic. djupr, G. tie/; s. rt. dip, dive.] — Deeply, adv. — Deep'ness, n. — Deep'en, dep'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make deep or in- crease the depth of, make darker or more intense, more poignant or affecting, or more grave or low in tone. — v. i. To become more deep. —Depth, n. Deepness ; measure of deepness ; a deep, or the deepest, or the middle, part, —as, depth of winter. [Ic. di/pdh, D. diepte.] Deer, der, n. sing, and pi. A ruminant quadruped of eeveral species, the males of which have antlers. iAS. deor, Goth, dius, OHG. tior, L. /era, Gr. therion, wild animal, D. dier. Dan. and Ic. dyr, Sw. djur, animal, beast.] — Deer'stalking, -etawk'ing.n. The hunt- ing of deer on foot, by stealing upon them un- awares. Deface, de-fas', v. t. [DEFACED (-fast'), -FA- CING.] To destroy or mar the face or external ap- pearanc of; to disfigure; to spoil by obliterating Deer important features of. [OF. desfacer, fr. des (L. dis) and face (L. fades), face.] — Deface'ment, n. Act of or condition of being, etc.; that which, etc. — Defa'cer, n. De facto, de-fak'to._ Actually; in fact; existing. [L.] Defalcate, de-fal'kat, v. t. To cut off, take away or de- duct part of, — used chiefly of money, accounts, etc. [LL. defalcate, -catum, to deduct, orig. to cut off with a sickle, fr. L. de andfalx,falcis, sickle.] — Defalcation, n. A cutting off; diminution; deficit; withdrawment ; that cut off ; an abstraction of money, etc., by an officer having it in charge ; em- bezzlement. Defame, de-fam', v. t. [-famed (-famd'), -faming.] To harm the good fame of by slanderous reports; to speak evil of, asperse, slander, calumniate. [OF. defamer, L. diffamare, f r. de and fama, report.] — Defam'er, n. — Defamation, def-a-ma'shun, n. Ma- licious circulation of reports injurious to another; slander; detraction; aspersion. — Defam'atory, -to- rt, a. Containing defamation. Default, de-fawlt', n. Omission of what ought to be done ; failure ; lack ; destitution. (Law.) A neg- lect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to se- cure the benefit of law. — v. i. To fail to appear in court; to let a case go by default. — v. t. To fail to perform. (Law.) To call (one who should be pres- ent in court), and make an entry of his default, if he fails to appear. [OF. deffaute, default, fr. de and faute,falte, fault, fr. IL.faUere, to fail.]— To suffer a default. To permit an action to be called without appearing to answer. — Default'er, n. One who makes default or fails to appear in court when called ; one who fails to account for money in his care; a delinquent; peculator. Defeat, de-fet', n. An overthrow, as of an attack, an army, etc. ; rout ; frustration. — v. t. To render null and void ; to overcome or vanquish, as an army ; to resist with success, ruin, subdue, foil, frustrate. [F. defaite, fr. ddfaire, to undo, fr. de (L. dis) and/aire (L./ac imper. of delere, deletum, to destroy, blot out.] — Delete, -let', v. t. To blot out, erase, destroy. — Dele'tdon, n. Act of, etc. — Deleble, del'e-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Del'ete'rious, -rl-us, a. De- structive to life; poisonous; pernicious. — Delen'da, -da, n. ill. Things to be erased. Delectable. Delectation, etc. See under Delicate. Delegate, del'e-gat, v. t. To send as one's representa- tive ; to commission, depute ; to intrust to the care or management of another, assign, commit. — n. One deputed to represent another ; one elected to represent the people of a territory in Congress, with the right of debating, but not of voting ; a deputy ; representative; commissioner; attorney.— a. Sent to act for another; deputed. [L. de and legare, -gatum, to send, depute.]— Delega'tion, n. Act of delega- ting ; appointment of a delegate ; one or more per- sons representing others, as in Congress, etc. (Law.) A substitution by which a debtor gives a third per- son, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor. Delenda, Delete, Deleterious, etc. See under Delb. Delf , delf , Delft, Delft'ware, n. Earthen ware, covered with white glazing, — orig. made at Delft, Holland. Deliberate, de-lib'er-at, v. t. To weigh in the mind, consider maturely, reflect upon, ponder. — v. i. To take counsel with one's self, weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course of action, reflect, consider. — a. Weighing with a view to decision; carefully considering probable consequences ; cir- cumspect; formed with deliberation; well advised; not hasty or sudden; slow. [L. deliberare, -atum, fr. de and librare, to weigh, fr. libra, a balance.]— De- lib'erately, adv. — Deub'erateness, n. — Delib'era'- tion, n. Act of, etc. — Deliberative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or proceeding or acting by deliberation.— Delib'- eratively, adv. In the way of deliberation. Delicate, del'T-kat, a. Full of pleasure; delightful; pleasing to the senses, or to a nice or cultivated taste; softly tinted, — said of color: fine or slender, —said of thread; slight or smooth, light and yielding,— said of texture; soft and fair, — said of the skin or a sur- face ; refined; scrupulous not to offend, — said of manners or feelings; tender, not able to endure hard- ship, —said of constitution, health, etc.; requiring nice handling; dainty; nicely discriminating. [L. delicatus, luxurious; delicia, luxury, pleasure, deli- cere, to amuse, allure, fr. de and lacere, to allure.] — Del'icacy, -ka-st, n. State or condition of being del- icate; agreeableness to the senses; nicety of form, texture, or constitution; frailty or weakness; ex- treme propriety; susceptibility or tenderness; effem- inacy ; luxury; self-indulgence; critical niceness ; that which is pleasing, delicate, or refined ; a luxury or pleasure; thing pleasant to the senses, esp. to the sense of taste; a dainty. — Del'icately, adv. — Del'- icateness, n. — Deli'cious, -lish'us, a. Affording ex- quisite pleasure; most grateful to the senses, esp. to the taste. [OF. delicieus, LL. deliciosus, fr. L. de- licia.] — Deli'ciously, adv. — Deli'ciousness, n. — Delight, de-lit', n. A high degree of gratification of mind; lively happiness; joy; that which affords de- light. —v. t. To give great pleasure to; to please m hi highly. L. delec v. i. To have or take delight. [OF. deliter, L. delectare, -atum, to delight, freq. of delicere, F. delit, delight (noun).] — Delight'ful, -ful, -some, -sum, a. Affording, etc.; delicious; charming. — Delight'fully, adv.— Delight 'fulness, n. — Delec'ta- ble, a. Delightful. [F.j L. delectabilis.] — Delec'- tably. adv. — Delec'tableness, n. — Delecta'tion, n. Deligate, del'i-gat, v. t. (Surg.) To bind up, band- age. [L. de and ligare, to bind.] — Deliga'tion, n. Act or operation of, etc. Delimit, de-lim'it, v. t. To lay out, as the boundary of a country. [L. de and E. limit, q. v.] — Delimita- tion, n. Act of, etc., esp. when a rearrangement of territory is made; a boundary-line. Delineate, de-lin'e-at, v. t. To represent by sketcn, design, or diagram; to portray to the mind, depict, sketch, picture, describe. [L. de and lineare, -atum, to draw in outline, fr. linea, a line.] — Delin'ea'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; description ; portrait ; outline ; draught. — Delin'ea'tor, -tgr, n. One who, etc.— Delin'eament, -e-a-ment, n. Representation by, etc. Delinquent, de-link'went, a. Failing in duty; offend- ing by neglect of duty. — n. One who fails to per- form his duty; an offender; one who commits a fault or crime. [L. delinquens, p. pr. of delinquere, to be wanting in duty, i'r. de and linquere, to leave.] — De- linquency, -wen-st, n. Failure or omission of duty; fault; crime. Deliquesce, del'T-kwes', v. i. [-quesced (-kwesf), -quescing.] To dissolve gradually and become liq- uid by absorbing moisture from tlie air. [L. de and liquescere, to melt, fr. liguere, to be fluid.] — Deli- ques'cent, -sent, a. Liquefying in the air. (Bot.) Branching so that the stem is lost in the branches. — Deliques'cence, -sens, n. Act or state of being, etc. — Deliq'uiate, -lik'wY-at, v. i. To deliquesce. — De- liq'uium, a. ( Chem.) A melting or dissolution in th« air, or in a moist place. [L.] Delirium, de-lir'T-um, n. (Med.) A state in which one's ideas are wild, irregular, and unconnected; mental aberration. Strong excitement; wild enthu. siasm; insanity; frenzy; madness. [L. , fr. delirus, one who leaves the furrow in plowing, fr. de and lira, furrow.] — Delirium tremens. (Med.) A violent delirium induced by excessive and prolonged use of intoxicating liquors. — Delir'ious, -T-us, a. Suffer- ing from, etc.; wandering in mind; insane.— Delir'- iouaness, n. — Delir'iant, n. (Med.) A poison which occasions mental aberration — as belladonna. Delitescence, del-T-tes'sens, -cency, -sen-st, n. State of being concealed; retirement. (Med.) The period during which poisons lie dormant in the system. [L. delitescent, p. pr. of delitescere, fr. de and lates- cere, to hide one's self, f r. latere, to lie hid.] Deliver, de-liv'gr, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -eking.] To free from restraint, set at liberty, save from evil; to give or transfer, part with to, make over; to com- municate, pronounce, utter, impart; to give forth in action, discharge; to relieve of a child in child-birth. [F. de"livrer, LL. deliberare, to liberate, give over, f r. L. de and liberare, to set free. See Liberate.] — Deliv'erer, n.— Deliv'erance, -ans, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Deliv'ery, -Sr-t, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; rescue; release; surrender; ut- terance; parturition; freedom; preservation. Dell, del, n. A small retired dale or valley; ravine; dingle. [Same as dale. q. v.; OD. delle, pool, ditch.] Delphian, del'fT-an, Del'phic, a. (Gr. Antig.) Rela- ting to Delphi, in Greece, and its oracle; oracular. Dolphin, -phine, del'fin, a. Pert, to the dauphin of France or to an edition of the classics, prepared for his use. [See Dauphin.] — Del'phine, a. Pert, to the dolphin, a genus of fishes. [L. delphinus, a dol- phin.] Delta, del'ta, n.; pi. -tas, -taz. The Greek letter A; a triangular tract of land; esp. the space between 2 mouths of a river. (Geol.) Alluvial flats formed about diverging mouths of a river.— Del'toid. a. Like the Greek A; trian- gular. TGr. delta and eidos, form.] — Deltoid leaf. (Bot.) One of triangular form. — D. muscle. (Anat.) The mus- cle in the shoulder which moves the arm directly upward. Delude, de-lud'', v. t. To lead from truth or into error, mislead the judg- ment of; to frustrate or disappoint; to deceive, beguile, cheat. [L. de and ludere, lusum, to play, mock.] — De- j^tx - d , f lud'er, n. - Delud'able, a. - Delu'- V* 1101 * 1 Ieaf ■ sion, -zhun, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; false belief; error; illusion; fallacy. — Delu'sive, -siv, a. Fitted or tending to mislead. — Delu'sory, -so-rl, a. Apt to delude. Deluge, del'uj, n. An overflowing of the land by water; an inundation; esp. the flood in the days of Noah; anything which overwhelms, as a great ca- lamity. — v. t. [deluged (-ujd), -uging.] To over- flow, as with water, inundate, drown; to overwhelm under a general calamity. [F. deluge, OF. deluve, Li. diluvium, fr. dis and luere, to wash.] Delve, delv, v. t. [delved (delvd), delving.] To dig; to open with a spade; to fathom, penetrate, trace out. — v. i. To labor with the spade. [AS. delfan, D. delven ; s. rt. dale, dell] — Delv'er, n. sun. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. DEMAGNETIZE 140 DEMOTIC Demagnetize, de-mag' net-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -iz- ing.j To deprive of magnetic polarity; to restore from a sleep-waking state, [ete and magnetize, q. v.] Demagogue, dem'a-gog, n. One who controls the mul- titude by specious or deceitful arts; an artful politi- cal orator, [fc.; Gr. demagogos, fr. demos, the com- mon people, and agein, to lead.] — Dem'agogism, -gog-izm, -agogy, -gog'T, -agog'ery, -er-T, n. Arts or practices of, etc. Demain. See Demesne. Demand, de-mand', v. t. To ask or call for, as one who has a claim, right, or power, to enforce the claim; to make requisition of ; to inquire earnestly or authoritatively, question; to require as necessary; to be in urgent need of. {Law.) To call into court, summon. — v. i. To make a demand, ask, inquire! — n. Act of, etc.; requisition; exaction; earnest in- quiry; question; diligent search; manifested want; thing claimed; claim. [OF. demander, L. deman- dare, fr. de and mandare, to entrust.] — In demand. In request; much sought after. — On d. On presen- tation and request of payment. — Demand'' able, a.— Demand'ant, «. One who demands; the plaintiff in an action. — Demand'er, n. Demarcation, -kation, de-mar-ka'shun, n. Act of marking, or of setting a limit; division; separation; a limit ascertained and fixed. [F. demarcation, fr. de" (L. de), down, and marquer, to mark; not fr. de 1 - marquer, to take away a mark, f r. L. dis, etc.] Demean, de-men', v. t. [-MEANED(-mend'), -meaning.] To manage, conduct, treat, deport. [OF. demener, to conduct, guide, manage, fr. de and mener, to con- duct, LL. minare, to lead from place to place; L. minare, to urge, drive on, rninari, to threaten.] — v. t. To debase, lower, degrade. [A blundering for- mation f r. E. mean, base.] — Demean'or, -er, n. Man- ner of behaving; conduct; deportment; mien. Dementia, de-men'shY-a, n. Loss of mental power as a result of brain-disease. [L., madness, dementire, to be out of one's mind, f r. de and mens, mentis, mind.] — De'mency, -sT, n. Dementia. — Demen'tate, -tat, a. Deprived of reason, — v. t. To deprive of reason. — Dementa'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Demephitize, de-mefT-tlz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tiz- ing.] To purify from foul, unwholesome air. [Fr. de and F. me'phitiser, to infect with mephitis, q. v.] Demerit, de-mgr'it, n. That which deserves blame or detracts from merit; fault; crime; vice; state of one who deserves ill. [OF. demerite, LL. demeritum, fr. L. de and merere, to deserve. See Merit.] Demesne, de-men', -main'', -man, n. (Law.) The chief manor-place, with that part of its lands not granted out in tenancy. [OF. demaine, domaine (demesne being a false spelling), fr. L. dominium, lordship; same as domain, q. v.] Demicadence, dem'T-ka'dens, ti. (Mus.) An imperfect cadence, or one that falls on any other than the key- note. [F. demi, half (It. demi, L. demidius, fr. dis, apart, and medius, middle), and cadence, q. v.] — Dem'i-god, n. A fabulous hero, half divine, pro- duced by the cohabitation of a deity with a mortal. — Dem'i-lune, -lun, n. (Fort.) A work beyond the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain between 2 bastions, to defend the curtain; a ravelin. See Ravelin.— Dem / i-monde r , -moNd', n. The lower half of society; persons of doubtful reputation; esp. women kept as mistresses. [F. ; monde, L. mundus, the world.] — Demi-rep, n. A woman of suspicious chastity. [Contr. of demi-reputation.~] — Dem'i-ri'- lie'vo, -re'le-a'vo, n. (Sculp.) Half-relief, or the standing out of a figure from the background by half its thickness. [It.] — Dem'i-seml- qua'ver, -kwa'ver, n. (Mus.) A short note, equal in time to the half of a semi-qua- ver, or l-32d part of whole note. — Demi-tint, n. (Paint.) A grada- tion of color between positive light and positive shade. — Demi- volt, n. An artificial motion of a horse, in which he raises his fore-legs peculiarly. [F. volte, a gait of a horse, fr. L. volvere, to turn.] Demijohn, dem'Y-jon, n. A glass bottle with large body and small neck, inclosed in wicker-work. [F. dame-jeanne (i. e.. Lady Jane), corrupt, of Dama- ghan, a town in Khorassan, once famous for glass- works.] Demise, de-mlz', n. Transmission by formal act or conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; decease of a royal, princely, or distinguished per- Demi-semi-quavers son. (Laic.) Conveyance or transfer of an estate* — v. t. [demised (-mizd''), -mising.] To transfer or transmit by succession or inheritance; to bequeath; to lease. fOF., p. p. of desmettre, to displace, dis- miss, L. dimittere, to send away, fr. dis and mittere t to send.] — Demisable, -za-bl, a. — DemisSion, -mish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; degra- dation; humiliation. Demit, de-mif, v. i. To let fall, depress; to lay down formally, as an office; to yield or submit. [L. de and mittere, to send.J Demiurge, dem'T-erj, n. God as creator and former of the world; an aeon, or exalted and mysterious agent in the creation of the world and of man from matter, — so called by the Gnostics, and regarded as the source of everything evil. [Gr. demiourgos, workman, esp. maker of the world, fr. demos, the people, and ergon, a work.] — Demiur'gic, a. Pert. to, etc.; formative; creative. Demobilize, de-mob'Y-liz, v. t. (Mil.) To dismiss from active service, or a war footing; muster out; disarm, — said of troops. [F. ddmobihser, f r. de and mobiliser, to mobilize, fr. mobile, L. mobilis, mov- able, fr. movere, to move.] — Demob iliza'tion, n. Process of, etc. Democracy, de-mok'ra-sT, n. A form of government in which supreme power is vested in the people, and the legislative and executive functions are exercised by the people or by persons representing them; prin- ciples held by one of the political parties of the U. S. [OF. democratic, Gr. demokratia, fr. demos, the people, and kratein, to be strong, rule, fr. kratm, strength.] — Dem'ocrat, n. An adherent or promoter of, etc.— Democratic, -ical,o. Pert, to, or favoring, etc.; constructed upon the principle of popular gov- ernment ; favoring popular rights,— Democratically, adv. Demolish, de-mollsh, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To throw or pull down, pull to pieces, ruin, over- throw, destroy, raze. [OF. demolir, L. demoliri, -litus, fr. de and moliri, to endeavor, displace, fr. moles, a heap, effort.] — Demollsher, n. — Demoli- tion, -lish'un, n. Act of, etc.; destruction. Demon, de'mun, n. (Gr. Antiq.) A spirit holding a middle place between men and gods; a departed soul. An evil spirit; devil. TOF.; L. dsemon, Gr. daimon.'] — Demoniac, de-mo'nf-ak, -niacal, dem- o-ni'ak-al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; influenced by evil spirits; devilish. — Demo'niac, n. A human be- ing possessed by, etc. — Demo'nian, a. Having the nature of, etc. — De'monism, -izm, n. Belief in demons or false gods. — De'monist, n. One who believes, etc. — De'monship, n. State of being, etc. — DemonolStry, -a-trT, n. Worship of, etc. [Gr. latreia, worship.] — DemonolSgy, -o-jT, n. A treatise on evil spirits. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Demonetize, de-mon'e-tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tTzd>, -tizing.] To deprive of value, or withdraw from use, as currency. — Demon' stiza'tion, n. Process of, or state of being, etc. Demonstrate, dem'on- or de-mon'strat, v. t. To point out, indicate, exhibit: to show, prove, or establish so as to exclude doubt or denial. (Anat.) To ex- hibit and describe the parts of a dead body, when dissected. [L. de and monstrare, -stratum, to show.] — Demonstrable, a. Admitting of decisive proof. — Demon'strableness, -strabil'ity, n. — Demon- strably, adv. — Demonstration, n. Act of, etc.; proof; manifestation of feelings by outward signs. (Anat.) Exhibition of parts of a subject prepared by the dissector. (Logic.) Act of proving by syl- logistic process. (Math.) A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary conse- quence of assumed premises. (Mil.) A decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an intention. — Demonstrative, -tiv, a. Tending to demonstrate; having the power of demonstration; expressing feeling, thoughts, etc.; frank; open.— Demonstrative pronoun. (Gram.) One distinctly designating that to which it refers. — Demonstra- tively, adv. — Dern'onstra'tor, n. One who, etc. — Demon'stratory, -rt, a. Tending to, etc. Demoralize, de-mor'al-Tz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To destroy or undermine the morals of; to render corrupt in morals, discipline, courage, etc. [F. de"* moraliser, fr. de (OF. des, L. dis, apart) and moral- iser, to expound morally.] — Demor'aliza'tion, n. Act of, or state resulting from, etc. Demotic, de-mofik, a. Pert, to the people; popular; common. [Gr. demotes, a commoner, ir. demos, the people.] — Demotic alphabet or character. A form Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn. ice ; Odd. tone, 6r j DEMULCENT 141 DEOXIDATE of writing used in Egypt since 6 or 7 centuries b. c, for books, deeds, etc. : a simplification of the hieratic character; — called also enchorial character. Demulcent, de-mul'sent, a. Softening, mollifying, lenient. — n. {Med.) A substance of a bland, mu- cilaginous nature, to protect the tissues from the action of irritant humors. [L. demulcens, p. pr. of demulcere. to sooth, fr. de and mulcere, to allay.] Demur, de-mer', v. i. [-mukked (-merd'), -murring.] To delay, pause, suspend proceedings in view of a doubt or difficulty. (Law.) To raise an objection, and abide upon it for decision by the court. — n. Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding ; suspense of decision or action. [OF. demeurer, demourer, to stay, fr. L. demorari, to retard, delay, fr. de and morari, to delay, fr. mora, delay; prob. s. rt. L. mentor, mindful.] — Demur'rage, -rej, n. (Com.) Detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed by her charter-partv ; payment for such detention. [Also applied to land carriage, by wagons, railways, etc.]— Demur'rer, n. One who demurs. (Law.) A stop in an action upon a point to be determined by the court before further pro- ceedings can be had. Demure, de-mur', a. Of sober or serious mien ; of modest appearance ; grave ; modest in outward seeming only; making a show of gravity. [OF.de mws = de bons mitrs, of good manners; murs fr. L. moi-es, morals.] — Demurely, adv.— Demure'ness, n. Demy, de-mi r , n.; pi. Demies, -miz'. A size of paper next smaller than medium. — a. Pert, to, or made of, this size of paper. IDemi : see Demicadence.] Den, den, n. A cave or hollow place in the earth, for concealment, shelter, or security ; a customary place of resort; haunt; retreat. — v. i. To dwell as in a den. [AS. denn, OD. denne.] Denarius, de-na'rY-us, n. ; pi. -rii, -rY-T. An old Roman coin worth about lb cents, —orig. worth 10 of the pieces called as. [L., fr. deni, 10 by 10, fr. decern, ten. See December.] — Den'ary, -rt, a. Con- taining 10; tenfold. — n. The number 10. Denationalize, de-nash'un-al-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To divest of national character or rights, by transference to the service of another nation, [de and nationalize."] Denaturalize, de-nach'Sr-al-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To render unnatnral ; alienate from na- ture; to denationalize, [de and naturalise.] Dendrite, den'drit, n. (Min.) A stone pr mineral, showing branching figures resembling trees. [Gr. dendron, a tree; s. rt. drus, tree, oak, E. tree.] — Dendrit'ic, -drlfik, -ical, a. Containing, etc.— Den'droid, a. Resembling a shrub or tree. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Den'driform, -drT-f6rm, a. Den- droid. [L. forma, form.] — Dendrol'ogy, -jY, m. A treatise on trees ; natural history of trees. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— Dendrol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. — Dendrom'eter, n. An instrument to meas- ure trees, f Gr. metron, measure.] Dengue, den'ga, n. A violent fever, with rheuma- tism, epidemic in tropical countries, — called also dandy-, bouquet-, and bucket-fever. See Break- bone fever. [Called dandy in Brit. W. India islands, from the attitudes of the sufferers; corrupt, by Spaniards into Sp. dangue, dengue, lit. prudery.] Deniable, Denial, etc. See under Deny. Denim, den'im, n. A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, etc. Denizen, den'Y-zn, n. An adopted or naturalized citizen; a stranger admitted to residence in a for- eign country; dweller; inhabitant, —v. t. [-zened (-znd), -zening.] To make a denizen, provide with denizens. [OF. deinzein, f r. deinz = F. dans, L. de intus, from within.] — Denization, n. Act of, etc. Dennet, den'net, n. A 2-wheeled carriage, like a gig. Denominate, de-nom'Y-nat, v. t. To give a name or epithet to, entitle, name, designate, —a. Having a specific name; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract. [L. denominare, -atum, fr. de and nomen, a name.] — Denom'inable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Denom ina/tion, n. Act of, etc.; that by which anything is styled; a name, esp. a general name indicating a class of like individuals; a class, or collection of individuals, called by the same name; a sect. — Denominational, a. Pert, to, etc. — Denominative, -tiv, a. Conferring or possessing, etc.: derived from a substantive or adjective. — n. (Gram.) A verb formed from a noun either sub- stantive or adjective. — Denom'ina tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, gives a name. (Arith.) The number below the line in vulgar fractions, snowing into how many parts the integer is divided. (Alg.) That part of any expression below the horizontal line signifying division. Denote, de-nof, v. t. To indicate, point out, mark; to be the sign of, signify, mean, intend. [OF. de noter, L. denotare, fr. de and notare, to mark, nota, a mark.] — Denot^ able, a. — Den'ota'tion, n. Denouement, da-noo'moN, n. The catastrophe, esp. of a drama, romance, etc.; solution of a mystery; issue; event. [F., fr. denouer, to untie, fr. de (L. dis) and noue (L. nodus), a knot.] Denounce, de-nowns', v. t. [-no'unced (-nownsf), -nouncing.] To give formal or official notice of. announce, declare ; to threaten by some outward expression ; to point out as deserving of punish- ment, etc., inform against, stigmatize. [OF. de- noncer, L. denuntiare, -atum, to declare, fr. de and nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.]— Denounce'- ment, n. Notification, esp. of a threat, calamity, etc.; denunciation. — Denoun'cer, n.— Denun'ciate, -shY-at, v. t. To denounce. — Denun'cia'tion, n. Act of, etc.; that by which anything is denounced; public accusation. — Denun'cia'tor, n. — Denun'ci atory, -to-rY, a. Containing, etc.; accusing. Dense, dens, a. Having the constituent parts closely united ; close ; compact. [L. densus, Gr. dasus.] - Dense'ly, adv. — Den'sity, -sY-tl, n. Quality of be- ing, etc. (Physics.) The proportion of solid matter to a given bulk or volume. — Densimeter, n. An apparatus for measuring the specific gravity of liq- uids. [Gr. metron, a measure.] Dent, dent, n. The mark made by a blow; indenta- tion. — v. t. To make a dent upon, indent. [Same as dint, q. v. ; not s. rt. F. dent, tooth.] Dental, den'tal, a. Pert, to the teeth. (Gram.) Formed by aid of the teeth, etc. — n. An ar- ticulation formed by aid of the teeth or gum of the teeth. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] — Dental. formula. {Zo'ol.) A notation of the number and kind of teeth of mammiferous animals. — Den'tate, -tated, a. Toothed ; sharply notched ; serrate. — Denta'tion, Form or formation of teeth. — Den'ticle, -tY-kl, n. A small tooth or projecting point. [L. denticulus, dim. of dens.] — Dentic'ulate, -lated, a. (Bot.) Notched into little tooth-like projections ; finely dentate. — Dentic ula'tion, n. State of being, etc. — i of teet form.] — Dentoid, a. Dentiform. [( Having the form of teeth. & Den'tiform fo eidos, form.]— Den'tifrice, -fris, n. A powder to clean the teeth. [L. dentifricium, fr. fricare, to rub .] — Den 'til, n. (Arch.) An ornamental pro- jection in cornices. — Den'tist, n. One who cleans, extracts, repairs, or fills natural teeth, and inserts artificial ones. — Den'tistry, -rY, n. Art or profes- sion of a dentist. — Denature, -ture, n. An artificial tooth or set of teeth. — Denti'tion, -tish'un, n. Pro • cess of cutting the teeth. (Zo'ol.) System of teeth peculiar to an animal. [L. dentire, -itum, to cut teeth.] Denude, de-nud', v. t. To divest of all covering, make bare or naked, strip. [L. de and nudare, -datum, to make naked, fr. nudus, jare.] — Den'uda'- tion, n. Act of, etc. (Geol.) "".e laying bare or wearing away of rocks, as by running water. Denunciate, Denunciatory, etc. See under Denounce. Deny, de-ni / ', v. t. [denied (-ntd), denying.] To contradict, gainsay, declare not to be true; to re- fuse, reject ; to refuse to grant, withhold ; to dis- claim connection with, responsibility for, etc.; to disown, abjure. [OF. denier, deneier, L. denegare, f r. de and negare, to say no.] — To deny one's self. To decline the gratification of desires, practice self- denial. — Denver, n. — Deniable, a. — Deni'al, n. Act of, etc.; assertion of the untruth of a statement: contradiction; refusal^ disavowal. Deobstruent, de-ob'stroo-ent, a. (Med.) Removing obstructions ; aperient — n. {Med.) A medicine which opens the natural passages of the fluids of the body; an aperient, [de and obstruent, q. v.] Deodand, de'o-dand, n. (Eng. Law.) A thing which has caused a person's death, and is therefore given to God, that is, forfeited to the crown, to be applied to pious uses. [L. Deo dandum, to be given to God.] Deodorize, de-o / aSr-iz, v. t. To deprive of odor, esp. of bad odor from impurities. — Deo'dorizer, n. Deontology, de-on-tol'o-jY, n. Science of that which is morally obligatory. [Gr. deon, deontos, necessary, p. n. of dei, it is necessary, and logos, discourse.] — Deontol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. Deoxidate, -ydate, de-oks'Y-dat, v. t. (Chem.) To de? prive of oxygen, or reduce from the state of an ox- ide, [de and oxidate.] — Deox ida'tion, n. Act or sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DEPART 142 DEPHESS process of, etc. — Deoxidize, -dlz, v. t. [-dized (-dlzd), -DiziNO.] To deoxidate. Depart, de-part', v. t. To go forth or away; to quit, leave, or separate from a place or person; to quit this world, decease, die. — v. t. To leave, quit, re- tire from. [OF. devarttr, fr. de and partir, to part, L. partiri, to divide, fr. pars, a part.] — Depart'- ment, n. A part or portion; a distinct course of life, action, study, etc.; subdivision of business; esp. one of the principal divisions of executive government; territo.ial division; esp. one for governmental pur- poses; a military subdivision of a country; sphere; province: distriet. — Departmenfal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Departure. -piir'chur, n. Act of departing; death ; abandonment, as of a rule of duty, action, plan, etc. (Navigation & Sum.) Distance east or west from the meridian from which a ship or course departs. Depend, de-pend', v. i. To hang; to be sustained by something above; to be in suspense, remain unde- termined; to rely for support, stand related to any- thing, as to a cause or condition ; to trust, confide, rely; to be in a condition of service. [OF. dependre, 1/. dejiendere, f r. de and pendere, to hang.] — De- pendent, -ant, a. Hanging down: relying on, or subject to something else for support; conditional; subordinate. — n. One who, or that which, etc.; one sustained by, or relying on, another; a retainer; a corollary; consequence. [L. p. pr. tlependens, -entis; F. p. pr. dependant.] — Depend'ence, -ens, n. Act or state of, etc.; mutual connection and support; con- catenation; inter-relation; subjection to the direction of another; inability to provide for one's self; reli- ance; trust; thing dependent. — Depend'ency, -sT, n. State of being, etc.; thing hanging; that attached to something else as its consequence, subordinate, sat- ellite, etc.; a territory remote trom the state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony.— Depend'ently. ctdr. — Depend'er, n. Dephlegmato, de-fleg'mat, v. t. To deprive of super- abundant water, as bv evaporation or distillation; to rectify. [NL. dephlrgmare, -matum, fr de and L. phlegma', phlegm.] — Dephlegma'tion, n. Operation of separating water from spirits and acids by evap- oration or distillation; concentration. Dephlogisticate, def-lo-jislY-kat. v. t. (O. Chem.) To deprive of phlogiston, ©r the supposed principle of inflammability, [de and phlogisticate.] — Dephlogis- ticafpd air. Oxygen gas, — so called by Priestley. Depict, de-pikt', v. t. To forma painting or picture of, portray: to represent in words, describe. [L. de and pingere, pictum, to paint, whence, )>ictura, pic- ture.] — Depicture, -pik/chur, v t. [-TURED(-ehurd), -Turing.) To make a picture or painting of. Depilatory, de-pi Ka-to-rT, a. Having power to remove the hair and make bald. [ L. depilare, to strip of hair, fr. de and pilus, hair.] feplete, de-plef, v. t (Med.) To empty, as the ves- sels of the human system, by venesection; to ex- haust the strength, vital powers, or resources of. [L. deplere, depletur" to empty out, fr. de and plere, to fill.]-Deple'tion. Act of, etc. (Med.) Venesec- tion: blood-letting. - Deple'tory, -to-rT, a. Calcu- lated to deplete. Deplore, de-plor', i; t. [-PLOitED(-plord'), -plorino.] To feel or express deep grief for; to weep, convey as tokens of grief, mourn, lament, bewail, bemoan. [I,, de and plorare, to cry out, wail, lament.] — De- plor'er, n. — Deplor'able, a. Pitiable; sad: calami- tous; wretched.— Deplor'ableness,n.— -Deplor'ably, atlr. Lamentably; miserably. Deploy, de-ploi', v. t. [-ployed (-ploid'), -ploying.] (jfil.) To open, extend, display. — 1>. i. To open, extend in line. [Same as display ; F. ddploi/er, to un- roll, OF. desplouer, to unfold, fr. des (Li. dis) and plover (L. plicdre), to fold.] — Dep'loita'tion, n. Same as Exploitation. [F.J Deplume, de-plum', v. t. [-plumed (-pltlmd'), -plum- ing.] To deprive of plumes or plumage, lay hare, expose. [L. de and plumare, to cover with feathers, fr. phima, feather; deplumis, featherless.] — Dep'lu- ma'tion, n. The stripping or falling off of feathers. (Med.) A disease of the eyelids, attended with loss of the eyelashes. Depolarize, de-po'lar-Tz, v t. (Opt.) To deprive of polarity, [de and polarize.] Depone, de-pon', v. t. [-poned (-pondO.-poNiNG.] To assert under oath, make deposition of, depose. — p t. To testify under oath, make an assertion, give tes- timony. [L. de and ponere, to put.] — Depo'nent, a. (Oram.) Having a passive form with an active meaning, — said of certain verbs. — n. (Law.) One I who gives a deposition under oath. (Oram.) A de- ponent verb. [L. deponens, laving down, p. pr.] Depopulate, de-pop'u-lat, r. t. To deprive of inhabi- tants, dispeople, —v. i. To become dispeopled. [L. de and populare, -atum, to lay waste, deprive of peo- ple, f r. populus, a people.] — Depop'ula'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Depop'ula'tor, -t6r, n. Deport, de-pSrt'. r. t. To transport, carry away, ex- ile; to demean, conduct, behave. [OF. deporter, to bear, endure, L. deportare, to carry down, remove, fr. de and portfire, -atum, to carry.] — Deporta'tion, n. Act of or state of being, etc.; banishment; trans- portation. — Deport'ment, n. Manner of deporting one's self, esp. with respect to the courtesies and du- ties of life; demeanor: conduct. Depose, de-p5z', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To reduce from a throne or high station, degrade, di- vest of office; to bear written testimony to, aver upon oath. — v. i. To bear witness, testify by depo- sition. [OF. deposer, fr. de and poser, to place; L. pausare, to pause, later, to place, ir. ponere, position, to place. J— Depos'able, a. Capable of being de- posed. — Depos'al, n. Act of divesting of office. — Depos'er, n. One who, etc.— Deposit, -p5z-, v.t. To lay down, place, put; to lay away for safe keeping, store; to commit to the custody of another: esp. to place in a bank, as money, to be drawn at will. — n. That which is deposed, or laid down, esp. matter precipitated from solution in liquid; that intrusted to the care of another, esp. money left with a banker, subject to order. [F. depositer, L. deponere.] — In deposit, or on deposit. In trust or safe keeping as a deposit; in a state of pledge. — Depositary, -T-ta-rT, n. One with whom anything is left in trust; a trustee; guardian. (Law.) One to whom goods are bailed, to be kept for the bailor without recompense. — Deposition, -zish'un, ». Act of deposing or de- positing; precipitation; act ©f setting aside a public officer; displacement; removal; thing deposited; sed- iment. (Laio.) Testimony taken down in writing, under oath or affirmation; affidavit. —Depositor, -Y-tSr, n. One who makes a deposit. — Depository, •Y-to-rT, n. Place where anything is deposited for sale or keeping. — Depot, de-po' or de'po, n. A place of deposit: warehouse: storehouse. (Mil.) A station where stores are kept, or recruits assembled and drilled; the headquarters of a regiment. A rail- road station. [Same as deposit ; F. dipot, fr OF. de- post, pledge, gage, L. depositum, thing laid down.] Deprave, de-prav', v. t. [-praved (-pravd'), -PRA« vino.] To make bad or worse, corrupt, contaminate, pollute. [OF. depraver, L. depravare, -ratttm, fr. de and pravus, crooked, depraved.] — Dep'rava'tion, n. Act of or state of being, etc.; corruption; profligacy. — Depravity, -prttv'T-tY, n. The state of being cor- rupted; extreme wickedness. Deprecate, dep're-kat, v. /. To seek to avert by prayer, pray for deliverance from, regret deeply. [L. deprecari, -catum, fr. de and precari, to pray, fr. prex, a prayer.] — Depreca'tion, n. Art of depreca- ting; prayer that evil may be removed: entreaty for pardon. — Dep'reca'tive, -tiv, a. Having the form of a prayer; deprecatory. — Dep'reca'tor, -ter, n. — Dep'recatory, -rT, a. Serving to deprecate; tending to avert evil by prayer. Depreciate, de-pre'sht-at, v. t. To lessen in price; to represent as of little value, disparage, traduce, de- tract, underrate — v. i. To fall in value, become of less worth, sink in estimation. [L. de and pretiare, -atum, to prize, fr.pretiwn, price.] — Depre'cia lion, ». Act or state of, etc.: reduction of worth. — De- pre'eia'tive, -tiv, a. Inclined to underrate: tending to depreciate. — Depre'cia'tor, -ter, n. — Deprecia- tory. -to-rT, a. Tending to depreciate. Depredate, dep're-dat, v. t. To subject to plunder and pillage; to despoil, lay waste; to destroy by eat- ing, devour. [L. de and ' prsedan, -datum, to plun- der, fr prseda, plunder, prey.] — Depreda'tion. n. Act of or state of being, etc. — Dep'reda'tor, -t?r, n. Depress, de-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- ing.] To press down, cause to sink, let fall: to bring down or humble; to cast a gloom upon; to embar- rass, as trade, commerce, etc.; to lessen the price of, cheapen. [L. deprimere, depressum, fr de and pre- mere, to press.] — To depress the pole. (Naut.) To cause it to appear lower or nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator.— Depression, -presh'un, n. Act of or state of being, etc.; a falling in of the surface; a cavity or hollow; humiliation; dejection, despondency; embarrassment or hindrance, as of trade, etc. (Astren.) Angular distance of a celes- &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term , In, Ice , Odd, tone, 6r DEPRIVE 143 DESERT tial object below the horizon. (Alg.) Operation of reducing to a lower degree, — said of equations. (Surg.) A method of operating for cataract: couch- ing.— Depressive, -iv, a. Able, or tending to de- press. — Depress'or. -5r, n. Deprive, de-prlv', v. t. [-prived (-prlvd'), -priving.] To take away, remove; to dispossess, divest, divest of office, depose, dispossess of digmtv, esp. ecclesi- astical; to strip, bereave, rob, despoil. [L. de and private, to bereave, deprive, fr. privus, one's own, private.] — Depriv'er, n. — Depriv'able, «.— Dep'ri- va'tion, n. Act of or state of being, etc. (Eccl. Law.) The taking away from a clergyman his benefice or dignity. Depth. See underDEEP. Depurate, dep'u-rat, v. t. To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or feculence; to purify. [LL. de/iurare, -atum, fr. L. de and purare, to purify, fr. purus, pure.l— Depura'tion, n. Depute, de-put', v. t. To appoint as substitute or agent: to delegate. [OF. deputer, to depute, fr. L. cleputare, -tatum, to cut off, prune, also impute, later, to select, fr. do and putare, to cleanse, prune, arrange, think.] — Dep'uta'tion, n. Act of, etc.; person or persons deputed bv another partv to act on his behalf.— Dep'utize, -tfz, v. t. To depute. — Dep'uty, -tT, n. One appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him: lieutenant; delegate: envoy; agent; vicar. [OF. depute.] Deracinate, de-ras'T-nat, v. t. To pluck up by the roots, extirpate. [F. de'raciner, fr. ratine, L. radix, radio'!', root.] Derange, de-rani', t>. t. [-ranged (-ranjd'), -ran- ging.] To put out of place, order, or rank, throw into confusion or disorder, disturb in the action or function, render insane ; to displace, unsettle, dis- concert. [F. de'ranger, fr. de and ranger, to range, fr. rang, row, rank.] — Derange'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; disorder ; esp. mental disorder ; insanity; lunacy; mania. Derelict/de'r'e-likt, n. Forsaken by the natural own- er or guardian ; abandoned ; abandoning responsi- bility ; unfaithful. — n. (Law.) A thing volunta- rily abandoned by its proper owner ; a tract of land left drv by the sea, and fit for use. [L. derelictus, p. p. of derelinqvere, to forsake wholly, fr. de and relmquere, to leave.] — Derelic'tion, n. Act of leav- ing with an intention not to reclaim ; state of being, etc.; unfaithfulness. {Law.) The gaining of land from the sea. Deride, de-rid', v. t. To laugh at with contempt, turn to ridicule, mock, taunt. [L. deridere, •risum, fr. de and ridere, to laugh.l — Derid'er, n. — Derid'ingly, adv. — Deria'ion, -rizh'un, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. ; an object of contempt : laughing-stock ; scorn ; mockery ; insult. — Deri'sive, -siv, a. Ex- pressing, or characterized by, derision. — Deri'sive- ly, adv. — Deri'sory, -so-rT, a. Mocking ; derisive. Derive, de-rfv', v. t. [-rived (-rivd'), -riving.] To receive, as from a source, obtain by transmission ; to trace the origin, descent, or derivation of, recog- nize transmission of, deduce, infer, draw. — v. t". To flow, proceed.be deduced. [OF. deriver, fr. L. de- rivare, -latum, to drain, draw off water, fr. de and rivus, a stream.] — Deriv'er, n. — Deriv'able, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. ; transmissible ; inferrible. — Deriva'tion. a. Act of procuring an effect from a cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, truth from testimony, conclusions or opinions from evidence ; act of tracing origin, as in grammar or genealogy : state or method of being derived; thing derived: derivative: deduction. (Math.) Operation of deducing one function from another according to some fixed law. (Med.) A drawing of humors from one part of the body to another.— Derivative, -rf v'- a-tiv, a. Obtained by derivation secondary. —n. Any- thing obtained, or deduced, from another. ( Gram.) A word formed from another word. (Mus.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another by inversion. (Med.) That adapted to produce a derivation. (Math.) A function expressing the re- lation between two consecutive states of a varying function. — Derivatively, adv. Derm, derm, 7?. The natural covering of an animal; skin. [Gr. derma, dermatos, fr. derein, to skin, flay; 8. rt. tear.]— Derm'' al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dermal"' - gia, -jT-a, n. (Med.) Neuralgia of the skin. [Gr. algos, pain.] — Dermatol 'ogy, -o-iT, n. Science of the structure of the skin, and its diseases. [Gr. log- on, discourse.] Dernier. der'nY-er, a. Last; final ; ultimate, [F., fr. L. de retro, F. den-iere, behind, fr. L. retro, back- ward, behind.] — Dernier i-essort. Last resort. [F.l Derogate, der'o-gat, v. t. To annul in part, repeal partly, restrict ; to detract from, disparage, depreci- ate. — v. i. To take away, detract. — a. Diminished in value; damaged. [L. derogare, -gatum, fr. de and rogare, to ask.] — Deroga'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Stock Exchange.) An alteration or lessening of a contract to sell stocks. — Derog'atory, -to-rl, a. Tending to, etc.: injurious.— Derog'atorily, adv. Derrick, der'rik, n. A mast supported at the top by stays or guys, with tackle for raising ' - ■weights. [Name of a London hangman, hence of a gallows.] — Derrick crane. A crane, the boom or derrick of which can be brought to different angles with Zyf the upright. Derringer, der'rin-jer, n. A short- barreled, large-bored pistol. [In- ventor's name.] Dervis, -vise, der'vis, Der'vish, n. A Turkish or Persian monk ; esp., one who professrs poverty and leads an austere life. [Per. dar- vish, poor.l Descant, dei'kant, h. A variation Derrick Cran ;. of an air ; a discourse formed on its theme, like va- riations on a musical air; a comment. (Mus.) The highest part in a score ; soprano ; a composition in parts: art of composing in parts. — Descant', v. i. To sing a variation or accompaniment: to comment, discourse with particularity. [OF. descant, des- chant, fr. des (L. dis) and cant, chant (L. cuntus), song, L. cantare, to sing.] — Descant'er, n. Descend, de-send', v. i. To pass to a lower place ; to come or go down in any way, etc. ; to plunge, fall ; to make an attack, as if from a vantage-ground ; to lower one's self, condescend; to pass from the more general or important to the particular or more trivial; to be derived, proceed by generation or by transmis- sion. (Astron.) To move to the southward. (Mus.) To fall in tone, pass from a higher to a lower tone. — v. t. To go down upon or along ; to pass from the top to the bottom of. [OF. descendre, L. de- scendere, -censum, fr. de and scandere, to climb.] — Descend'ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, however remotely. [OF., p. pr. of descendre.] — De- scendant, a. Descending; proceeding from an an- cestor or source. [L. descendens, -entts, p. pr. of de- scendere. ] — Descend'er, n. — Descendible, a. Ad- mitting descent; capable of being transmitted by in- heritance.— Descendibility, n.— Descen'sion, -sen'. shun, n. Act of going downward ; descent ; degra- dation. —Descen'sional, a. Pert, to, etc. — Descen'- sive. -siv, a. Descending: tending downward; hav- ing power to descend. — Descent', n. Act of, etc. ; incursion ; sudden attack ; progress downward, as in station, virtue, etc., from the more to the less im- portant, from the better to the worse, from a higher to a lower tone, etc. ; derivation as from an ances- tor ; lineage ; birth ; extraction ; transmission by succession or inheritance: sloping surface ; decliv- ity: thing derived; descendants ; issue ; a step in the process of derivation ; a generation. Describe, de-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scri- bing.] To form or represent by lines, real or imagi- nary ; to sketch in writing, give an account of, rep- resent, recount, explain, depict ; to have or use the power of describing. [L. describere, fr. de and scri- bere, scriptum, to write. See Scribe.] — Describ'er, n.— Describ'able, a.— Descrip'tion, -skrlp'shun, n. Act of describing ; sketch of anything in words ; class to which a representation applies ; qualities distinguishing such a class. — Descrip'tive. -tiv, a. Tending to, or having the quality of, etc. ; contain- ing description. — Descrip'tiveiy, aelv. — Deacry, de-skri', v. t. [-scried (-skrid'), -scrying.] To dis- cover by the eye, as distant objects, faintly seen, espy, detect, discern. [Same as describe; OF. de- scrire, for descrivre, L. describere.] — Descri'er, n. Desecrate, des'e-krat, v. t. To divest ©f a sacred character: to treat sacrilegiously. [L. desecrare, -cra- tum, f r. de and sacrare, to declare sacred, fr. sacer, sacred.] — Desecra'tion, n. Act of, etc. Desert, de-zert', n. A reward. See under Deserve. Desert, de-ze"rt', v, t. To part from, end connection with. (Mil.) To leave without permission, forsake in violation of duty. — v. i. To quit a service with- out permission, run away. — Dea'ert, a. Forsaken; without life or cultivation; waste; barren; desolate. sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNbos, chair, get. DESERVE 144 DESTITUTE — n. A deserted or forsaken tract of land; a wilder- Bess; solitude. [OF., waste, deserted, also a wilder- ness, L. desertus, p. p. of deserere, to abandon, fr. de and severe, to bind, join.]— Desert'er, n. One who forsakes his duty, post, party, or friend ; esp. a sol- dier or seaman who quits the service without leave. — Deser'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Deserve, de-zSrv', v. t. [-served (-zervd'), -serving.] To earn by service, merit, be entitled to. — v. i. To be worthy of recompense. [OF. deservir, L. rfe- servire, fr. de and servire, to serve, servns, a servant.] — Deserv'er, n. — Desert', n. Thing deserved ; re- ward or punishment merited ; worth ; due. [OF. deserte, p.p. of deservir.]— Deserv'edly, adv. Justly. — Deserv'ingly, adv. In a deserving manner. Deshabille, des-a-bil', n. An undress ; careless toilet. f F., fr. de'shabiller, to undress, fr. des and habiller, to dress.] Desiccate, des'ik-kat or de-sik'kat, v. t. To exhaust of moisture; to dry. [L. desiccare, -catum, fr. de and siccare, to dry, fr. siccus, dry.) —v. i. To become dry. — Desic'cant, a. Drying, — n. {Med.) An ap- plication that dries a sore. — Desicca'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Desic'cative, -tiv, a. Dry- ing; tending to dry. — n. An application tending to dry up secretions. Desiderate, Desideratum, etc. See under Desire. Design. de-sTn' or -zin', v. t. [-signed (-sind' or -zlnd'), -signing.] To draw the preliminary out- line of, sketch for a model; to mark out and exhibit, appoint, designate ; to form a plan of, contrive ; to intend or purpose, —v. i. To nave a purpose, in- tend.— re. A preliminary sketch; plan ; preliminary conception ; scheme ; contrivance ; adaptation of means to a preconceived end ; object for which one plans; aim; intent; decorative figures, as of a medal, embroidery, etc. [OF. designer, ,L. designare, -natum, fr. de and signare, to mark, signum, a mark, sign.] — Design'er, n. — Designedly, -IT, adv. By design; intentionally. — Design'able, a. Capable of being marked out. — Designate, des'ig-niit, v. t. To mark out and make known, indicate, call by a distinctive title, denominate, style; to point out by distinguish- ing from others; to set apart for a purpose or duty. — Designation, re. Act of, etc. ; indication ; selection and appointment for a purpose: that which desig- nates; appellation; use or application; signification. — Des'ignative, -tiv, a. Serving to indicate. — Des'- ignator, -ter, n. Desipient, de-sip'Y-ent, a. Trifling ; foolish ; sport- ive. [L. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere, to be foolish, fr. de and sapere, to be wise.] Desire, de-zTr', v. t. [-sired (-zird'_), -siring.] To long for the enjoyment or possession of, wish for, express a wish for, entreat, request. — re. Natural eagerness to obtain any good ; expressed wish ; peti- tion ; object of longing ; inclination. [OF. desirer, L. desiderare, -atum, to long for, fr. sidus, sideris, a star. See Consider.] — Desir'er, re. — Desir'ous, -us, a. Feeling desire; covetous; eager. — Desir'- ously, adv. — Desir'ousness, n. — Desir'able, a. Worthy of, etc. ; fitted to excite a wish to possess.— Desir'ably, -blY, adv. — Desir'ableness, re. — Desid'- erate, -sid'er-at, v. t. To be sensible of the lack of; to want, miss, desire. — Desid'erative, -tiv, a. Ex- pressing or denoting desire. — n. An object of de- sire ; desideratum. (Gram.) A verb formed from another by ehange of termination, and expressing desire of doing what is indicated by the primitive verb. — Desid'era'tum, re. ; pi. -ta, -ta. That of which the lack is felt ; a want generally acknowl- edged. [L., p. p. of desiderare.] Desist, de-sist', v. i. To stand aside, cease to proceed or act. forbear. [OF. desister, L. desistere, fr. de :md sistere, to put, place, fr. stare, to stand.] — De- sist 'ance, n. Act or state of desisting. Desk, desk, re. A table with a sloping top; frame or case; pulpit; the clerical profession. [Same as dish and disk; AS. disc, L. discus, disk, platter.] Desman, des'man, re. ; pi. -mans, -manz. An amphib- ious animal; the musk-rat. Desmine, des'min, re. (Min.) A mineral that crystal- lizes in little silken tufts ; stilbite. [Gr. desmos, bundle, ligament, f r. dein, to bind.] — Desmol'ogy, -jY, n. (Physiol.) Science of the ligaments. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Desolate, des'o-lat, v. t. To deprive of inhabitants, make desert; to lay waste, ruin, ravage, — a. Des- titute of inhabitants; laid waste, in a ruinous con- dition; left alone; without a companion; afflicted. [L. desdktre, -atum, fr. de and solare, to make lone- ly, fr. solus, alone.]— Des'olately,ac?v.— Des'olater, n. — Desola'tion, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a desolate place or country : ruin ; havoc ; devasta- tion; ravage; destitution; gloom. Despair, de-spar', v. i. [-spaired (-spard'), -spair- ing.] To be without hope; to give up all expecta- tion, despond. [OF. desperer, L. desperare, fr. ae and sperare, to hope.] — n. Loss of hope; that which is despaired of. — Despair 'er, n. — Despairingly, adv. — Des'pera'do, -per-a'do, re. A desperate fellow; one urged by furious passions; madman. [OSp., p. p. of desperar.] — Des'perate, -at, a. Beyond nope; despaired of; past cure; proceeding from despair; without regard to danger or safety ; rash ; head- long ; frantic. — Des'perately, adv. — Des'perate- ness, n. — Despera'tion, n. Act of despairing; state of despair or hopelessness. Despatch. See Dispatch. Despise, de-spiz', v. t. [-spised (-splzd'), -spising.j To look upon with contempt, have a low opinion of, contemn, disdain, slight, undervalue. [OF. de- spiz, p. p. of despve, L. despicere, fr. de and specerty to look.] — Despis'er, n. — Des'picable, a. Fit to be despised ; mean ; pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; base; degrading. — Des'picableness, n. — Des'picably, -blT, adv. — Despite', -spit', n. Extreme malice; angry hatred ; an act prompted by hatred, — prep- In spite of ; notwithstanding. [OF. despit, C de- speclus, contempt, p. p. of despicere.]— Despite'ful, -fill, n. Full of despite; malignant.— Despite'fully, adv. — Despite'fulness, n. Despoil, de-spoil', v. t. [-spoiled (-spoild'X -spoii* ing.] To strip or divest, as of clothing ; to rob, be- reave, rifle. [OF. despoiller, L. despoliare, -atum, f r. de and spoliare, to rob, spolium, spoil, booty.) — Despoil 'er. w. — DespoTia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Despond, de-spond', v. i. To give up, abandon hope, become dispirited or depressed. [L. despondere, to promise away, to lose courage, f r. de and spondere, to promise solemnly.] — Despond'ence, -ency, -en- sT, n. State of desponding ; discouragement ; de- jection. — Despond'ent, a. Marked by, or given to, etc. — Despond 'ently, -ingly, adv. — Despond'er, n. Despot, des'pot, n. One who possesses absolute power over another; esp. a sovereign invested with abso- lute power; one who rules regardless of a constitu- tion or laws; a tyrant. [OF. despote, LL. despotus, Gr. despotes; s. rt. Gr. posis, husband, Skr. pati, lord, L. potens, powerful.] — Despot'ic, -ical, a. Having the character of, or pert, to, a despot; ab« solute in power; tyrannical; arbitrary. — Despot'* ically, adv. — Des'potism, -izm, n. The power, spirit, or principles of, etc.; tyranny; agovernment directed by, etc. : absolutism ; autocracy. Despumate, des'pu-mator de-spu'mat, v. i. To throw off impurities, form scum, foam. [L. despumare, -atum, fr. de and spumare, to foam, fr. spuma, froth, scum.] — Des'puma'tion, n. Separation of the scum on the surface of liquor; clarification. Desquamation, des'kwa-ma'shun, n. (Med.) Separa- tion of the cuticle or epidermis in flakes or scalesi exfoliation. [L. desquamare, -attim, to scale off, fr. de and squama, scale.] Dessert, dez-zert', n. A service of pastry, fruits, etc., after an entertainment. [F., fr. desservir, to clear the table, f r. de and servir, to serve at table.] — De8« sert'-spoon, n. A spoon intermediate in size be- tween a tea-spoon and table-spoon. — spoonful, n. ; pi. -spoonfuls. Contents of, etc. Destemper, des-tem'pgr, Distem'per, n. (Paint.') A peculiar sort of painting with opaque colors, ground and diluted with water, glue, etc. [F. de'trempe, fr. de and tremper, to dip, soak, for temprer, L. tern- perare, to temper.] Destine, des'tin, v. t. [-tined (-tind), -tining.] To determine the future condition or application of, set apart by design; to fix, as by an authoritative decree, establish irrevocably, design, mark out, de- vote, ordain, allot, bind. [OF. destiner, L. destinare, -atum, fr. destina, a support, proof ; s. rt. stand.']— Destina'tion, n. Act of destining or appointing; that to which anything is, etc.; predetermined end, object, or use; point aimed at ; purpose ; lot; fate; end. — Des'tiny, -tT-nt, n. That to which one is destined; fate; doom; the fixed order of things; the power conceived of as determining the future.— Des'tinist, n. A believer in destiny; fatalist. Destitute, des'tT-tut, a. In want; devoid; deficient; lacking; needy ; indigent. [L. destitvtus, p. p. of (/(stituere, to set away, forsake, fr. de and statuere. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : 6nd. eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or ; DESTROY 145 DEUTEROGAMY to set.] — Destitu'tion, n. State or condition of be- ing, etc.: deprivation; poverty. Destroy, de-stroi', v. t. [-stroyed (-stroid'), -stroy- ixg.J To pull down, break up the structure and organic existence of; to bring to naught, put an end to, esp. to the life, prosperity, or beauty of; to de- molish., ruin, extirpate, annihilate, kill. [OF. de- struire, to destroy, L. destruere, -structum, to pull down, fr. de and struere, to build.] — Destroy'er, n. — Destructible, a. Liable to, or capable of being, etc. — Destruc'tibil'ity, -T-tT, n. — Destruction, n. Act Of , or state of being, etc.: destroying agency; cause of ruin. — Destruc'tionist, n. One who de- lights in destroying that which is valuable. {Theol.) One who believes in the final destruction of the wicked. — Destructive, -tiv, a. Causing destruc- tion; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devas- tation ; mortal ; deadly ; ruinous ; mischievous. — h. One who destroys ; a radical reformer; destruc- tionist. — Destruc'tively, adv. — Destruc'tiveness, n. Quality of destroying. (Phren.) The faculty which impels to, etc. See Phrenology. Desudation, des'u-da'shun, n. {Med.) A copious sweating; profuse or morbid perspiration. [L. des- udatio, fr. de and sudare, to sweat.] Desuetude, des'we-tud. n. Cessation of use; discon- tinuance of practice, custom, etc.: disuse. [L.desue- tudo, fr. de and suescere. to become accustomed.] Desulphurate, de-sul'fu-rat, r. t. To deprive of sul- phur. Desultory, des'ul-to-rT. a. Leaping from one subject to another, without rational connection; without logical sequence ; disconnected ; rambling ; discur- sive; loose. [L. desultorius, fr. desultor, aleaper.fr. desUire, desuttum, fr. de and sahre, to leap.] — Des'- ultorily, -rY-lt, adv. — Des'ulto'riness, n. Detach, de-tach', v. t. [-tached (-tachf), -tach- ing.] To part, separate, disunite; to separate for a special object, —used esp. in military language. [F. detacher, to unfasten: s. rt. tack. See Attach.] — Detach'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; thing detached, esp. a body of troops or part of a fleet detailed for special service. Detail, de-tal', v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To relate in particulars, particularize. (Mil.) To ap- point for a particular service. — Detail, de'tal or de-tal', n. A minute portion; a particular, — used Chiefly in the plural; a narrative of minute points. (Mil.) The selection for a particular service of a person or company; person or company so selected. [OF., a small piece, fr. detailler, to cut into parcels, Jr. rfeand tattler, to cut; s. rt. tailor.] — Detail'er, n. Detain, de-tan', v. t. [-TAiNED(-tand'), -taining.1 To keep back or from, restrain from proceeding, hold i in custody, arrest, check, delay, hinder. [OF. de- tenir, L. detinere, -tentum, fr. de and tenere, to hold.] — Detain'er, n. One who detains. (Law.) Deten- tion of what is another's, even when the original taking was lawful. (Eng. Law.) A writ authoriz- ing a prison-keeper to keep a person in custody. — | Detain'ment, n. Act of detaining. — Detain' der, n. (Law.) A writ. — Det'inue, -T-nu, n. A person or thing detained. [OF.] — Detent', n. (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement, as wheelwork in a clock. [OF. detente.] — Deten'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; restraint; delay. [OF.] Detect, de-tekt', v. t. To uncover, find out, bring to light, discover, expose. [L. detegere, -tectum, fr. de and tegere, to cover.] — Detect'er, -or, -er, n. — De- tection, n. Act of, etc. : discovery. — Detect'ive, -iv, a. Fitted for, skilled, or employed in, etc. — n. A policeman whose business is to detect rogues. Deter, de-ter', v. t. [-tekeed (-terd'), -terring.] To prevent by fear; to hinder or prevent by opposing motives from doing that to which one is impelled. [L. deterrere, fr. de aniterrere, to frighten, terrify.] — Deter 'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; that which, etc. — Deter'rent L -ter'rent, a. Tending to, etc. Deterge, de-terj', v. t. [-terged (-tgrjd'), -terging.] To cleanse, purge away. [L. detergere, fr. de and tergere, to rub or wipe off.] — Deter 'gent, -jent, a. Cleansing ; purging. — n. (Med.) A medicine that cleanses the vessels or skin from offending matter. — Deter'sion, -shun. n. Act of, etc. — Deter'sive, -siv, a. Having power to, etc. — Deter' sively, adv. Deteriorate, de-te'rlf-o-rat, v. i. To make worse. — v. i. To grow worse, be impaired in quality, degen- erate. [L. detenorare, -aturn, fr. deterior, worse.] — Dete'riora'tion, n. State of growing worse, or of having grown worse. Determine, de-ter'min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), -min- ing.] To fix the boundaries of, mark off and sepa- rate, set bounds to, bring to an end, fix the form or character of; to bring about, as a cause, an effect; to fix the course of, impel, direct, ascertain definitely, settle by authoritative sentence, resolve on, bring to a conclusion or resolve. (Logic.) To define or limit by adding a differentia. (Physical Sc.) To ascer- tain the Quantity of. — v. i. To come to a decision, resolve, limit, settle, shape, decide. [OF. deter- miner, L. determinate, -atum, fr. de and terminare, to bound, terminus, boundary.] — Deter'miner, n. — Deter'minable, a. — Deter'minant, n. That which serves to determine. (Math.) The sum of a series of products of several numbers, formed according to specified laws. — Deter'minate, -nat, a. Having defined limits: fixed: established; conclusive; posi- tive. — Deter'minately, adv. — Deter'mina'tion, n. Act of determining, or state of being determined, tendency to a certain end; a judicial decision, or ending of controversy ; thing determined upon ; resoluteness; decision of mind. (Chem.) The as- certaining the amount of any ingredient in a sub- stance. (Logic.) Act of limiting a concept or no- tion bv giving its essential constituents; addition of a differentia to a concept or notion, dividing its extent. (Nat. Hist.) The referring of minerals, plants, etc., to their species. — Deter'minative, -tiv, a. Having power to determine; conclusive. Deterrent. See under Deter. Detersion, Detersive, etc. See under Deterge. Detest, de-test', v. t. To hate extremely, abhor, abom- inate, loathe. [OF. detester, to loathe, L. detestari, -tatus, to imprecate evil by calling the gods to wit- ness, fr. de and testan, to testify, fr. testis, a wit- ness.]— Detest'able. a. Worthy of, etc.; abomin- able; execrable; abhorred. — Detest'ably, adv.— Detestation, det'es- or de'tes-ta'shun, n. Act of, etc.; hatred; loathing. — Detest'er, n. Dethrone, de-thron', v. t. [-throned (-thrond'), -throning.] To remove or drive from a throne, de- pose. [OF. desthroner, fr. des (L. dis) and throne, throne, LL. thronus, episcopal seat, Gr. thronos, seat.] — Dethrone'ment, n. Deposition.— Dethron'er, n. Detinue. See under Detain. Detonate, det'o-nat, v. i. (Chem.) To explode with a sudden report. — r. t. To cause to explode. [L. detonare, -atum, to thunder down or away, f r. de and tonare, to thunder; s. rt. stun, thunder.] — Detona'- tion, n. Explosion by inflammation of combustible bodies. — Det'onize, -nlz, v. t. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- ing.] To cause to explode, burn with an explosion, calcine with detonation. — v. i. To detonate. Detort, de-t&rt', v. t. To turn from the original or plain meaning, pervert, wrest. [L. detorquere, -tor- turn, fr. de and torquere, to twist.] — Detor'tion, -sion, -shum n. Act of, or state of being, etc. De'tour, da-toor', n. A turning; circuitous route ; deviation from the straight or usual path. [F., fr. de'tourner, to turn aside, fr. di and tourner, to turn.] Detract, de-trakt', v.t. To take away, take credit or reputation from, decry, depreciate, vilify, slander, traduce. — v. i. To remove a part, take away repu- tation, depreciate worth. [L. detrahere, -tractum, fr. de and trahere, to draw.] — Detrac'tion, n. Act of, etc.; calumny; aspersion; censure. — Detract'or, -er, n.— Detractor ess, n. A female detractor.— Detract'- ory, -o-rt, a. Defamatory; derogatory. Detriment, det'rt-ment, n. That which causes dam- age; diminution; injury; prejudice; mischief; harm. [OF.; L. detrimentwn, loss, lit. a rubbing awav.fr. deterere, -tritum, fr. de and terere, to rub.] — Detri- ment'aL, a. Causing detriment ; pernicious. —De- trition, -trish'un, n. A wearing off or away. — De- tri'tus, n. ( Geol.) A mass of matter worn from solid bodies by attrition. [L., p. p. of deterere.] Detrude, de-trood', v. t. . To thrust down, push down forcibly. [L. de and trudere, to shove.] — Detru'- sion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc.; the slipping of one por- tion of a substance over another. Detruncate, de-trun'kat, v. t. To shorten by cutting, cut off, lop. [L. de and truncare, -catum, to shorten, fr. truncvs, maimed, cut short.]— Detrunca'tion, n. Deuce, dus, n. (Gaming.) Two; a card or die with 2 spots. [F. deux, L. duo.) Deuce, dus, n. An evil spirit; demon; the devil. [D. OF., and L. Deus, God, — a Norman oath.] — Deu'- ced. -sed, a. Devilish; extravagant; enormous. Deuterogamy, du-ter-og'a-mt, n. A 2d marriage, after the death of the first husband or wife. [Gr. deuteros, second, and gamos, marriage.] — Deuterog'amist, ru One who, etc. — Deuteron'omy, -o-mT, n. (Bibl.) sun, cube, full ; 10 l, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DEVASTATE 146 DIACAUSTIC The 5th book of the Pentateuch, containing the 2d iving of the law by Moses. [Gr. nomas, law!] — Deu- erop^athy, -thl, n. (Med.) A sympathetic affection, s headache from an overloaded stomach. [Gr. pathos, suffering, f r. pathein, to suffer.] — Deuter- os'eopy, -pi, n. Second sight; meaning beyond the literal sense; second intention. [Gr. skopia, a look- ing out.] — Deutox'ide, -id, n. (Chern.) A compound of 2 equivalents of oxygen with 1 of a base. Devastate, dev'as- or de-vas'tat, v. t. To lay waste, desolate, demolish, pillage. [L. de and vastare, -ta- tum, to lay waste, fr. vastus, waste.]— Devastation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) Waste of the goods of the deceased by an administrator. Develop, de-vel'up, v. t. [-oped (-upt), -oping.] To free from a cover or envelope, disclose or make known, unfold gradually, exhibit, detect. (Math.) To change the form of (an algebraic expression) by executing indicated operations without changing the value. (Photog.) To render (a picture) visible by subjecting it to chemical action. — v. i. To go through a natural evolution, by successive changes to a more perfect state; to become visible gradually. [F. de'velopper, f r. de and s. rt. F. enveloper, E. to wrap, lap.] — Development, n. Act of, etc. (Math.) Act of expanding an expression into another of equivalent meaning; the equivalent expression into which another has been developed. — Development theory. (Nat. Hist.) Doctrine that all existing forms of matter and spirit were developed by uniform laws from simpler forms, without creative act. Devest, de-vest', v. t. To divest. (Law.) To alienate, as title or right, deprive of. — v. i. To be lost or alienated, as a title or an estate. [Except in the legal sense, spelled divest, q. v.] Deviate, de'vl-at, v. i. To go out of one's way, turn aside from a course, swerve, digress, deflect, err. [L. deviare, -atum, fr. de and via, a way.] — Devia'- tion, n. Act of, etc.; state of having deviated; error. — De'vious, -vl-us, a. Out of a straight line; indi- rect; going out of the right course of conduct; err- ing. — De'viously, adv. Device. See under Devise. Devil, dev'l, n. The evil one, Satan, represented in Scripture as the traducer, father of lies, tempter, etc.; an evil spirit; false god; an expletive express- ing emphasis. (Manuf.) A revolving cylinder armed with spikes, for tearing, cutting, or opening raw materials, as cotton, wool, rags, etc. A very wicked person; a dish, broiled with much pepper.— v. t. To make like a devil; to cut up cloth or rags in, etc.; to grill with pepper. [AS. deoful, deofol, L. diabolus, Gr. diabolos, fr. diabaUein, to slander, traduce, fr. dia, across, and ballein, to throw ] — Printer's devil. The youngest apprentice in a printing office, who runs errands, sweeps, etc. — To play the d. with. To interfere with, molest, ruin. — Devilish, dev'l- ish, a. Like, or pert, to, the devil ; wicked in the extreme ; infernal ; hellish ; satanic ; detestable. — Devilishly, adv. — Deviltry, -l-trl, n. Diabol- ism; malicious mischief. — Devllkin, n. A little devil. — Devirs-darn'mg-nee'dle, n. A dragon-fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a nee- dle.— DeVil-fish, n. A name of several sea-creatures, esp. of a genus of ray found in the Atlantic, and of the cuttle-fish. — Di'abol'ic, -ical, a. Like, or pert, to, the devil; impious; nefarious; demoniac. — Di'- abol'ically, adv. — Diabol'icalness, n. — Diablerie, dya'bl-re', Diab'lery, dl-ab'ler-I, n. Deviltry; sor- cery; mischief. [F. diablerie, fr. diable, devil.] Devious. See under Deviate. Devise, de-viz', v. t. [-vised (-vTzd'), -vising.] To form in the mind by new combinations of ideas, ap- plications of principles, or arrangement of parts; to strike out by thought; to plan for, purpose to ob- tain. (Law.) To give by will, — used of real estate; to bequeath. — v. i. To form a scheme, lay a plan, contrive.— n. Act of disposing of real estate by will; a will or testament, properly of real estate; property given by will. [OF. deviser, to regulate, bequeath, talk, It. divisare, to divide, describe, think, L. divi- dere, -visum, to divide; OF. devise, a division, proj- ect, emblem, It. divisa, division, share, choice, LL. divisa, portion of land, decision, mark, device.] — Devis'able, a. Capable of being devised, invented, contrived, or bequeathed.— Devisee, -ze', n. (Law.) One to whom a devise is made or real estate be- queathed. — Devis'er, n. One who devises; an in- ventor. — Devis'or, -6r, n. (Law.) One who gives real estate by will: a testator. — Device, de-vis", n. Thing devised, or formed by design; contrivance; invention ; a stratagem ; a heraldic motto, usually connected witli an emblematic picture; power of de- vising; invention; genius. Devoid, de-void', a. Destitute; not in possession. [OF.. desvoider, to empty out, fr. des and void, L. viduus.] Devoir, dev-w6r', n. Duty; service owed; due act of civility; compliment. [F., fr. L. debere, to owe.] Devolve, de-volv / ', v. t. [-volved (-volvd''), -volving.] To roll onward or downward, overthrow; to trans- fer from one to another, deliver over, hand down. — v. i. To pass by transmission or succession; to be handed over or down. [L. de and volvere, to roll.] — Devolution, n. Act of, etc. Devote, de-vot', v. t. To appropriate by vow, set apart by a solemn act ; to consign over, execrate, doom to evil; to give up wholly, direct the atteotion of wholly or chiefly; to attach, addict, dedicate, re- sign, doom, consign. [L. de and vovere, -votum, to vow, promise solemnly.] — Devot'edness, n. State of being, etc.; addictedness. — Devotee', n. One wholly devoted, esp. to religion; one superstitions! y given to religious ceremonies; a bigot. — Devot'er, n. — Devotion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; af- fection; esp. feelings toward God appropriate to the act of worship; religiousness; piety; act of devoted- ness or devoutness; thing consecrated; an object of affection. [OF.] — Devotional, a. Pert, to, used in, or suited to, devotion. — Devout, -vowt', a. Ab- sorbed in religious feelings; pious; reverent; ex- pressing piety; warmly devoted; earnest ; prayer- ful; sincere. — Devout'ly, adv. —Devout'' ness, n. Devour, de-vowr', v. t. [-vouked (-vowrd'), -vour- ing.] To eat up greedily, consume ravenously; to seize on and destroy or appropriate greedily," self- ishly, or wantonly; to enjoy with avidity, consume, waste, annihilate. [OF. devorer, L. devorare, fr. de and vorare, to consume.] — Devour'er, n. Dew, du, n. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, esp. at night. — v. t. [dewed (dud), dewing.] To wet with dew, bedew. [AS. deaw, D. dauw, Ic. dogg, OHG. tou.\ — Dew'y, -I, a. Covered, or appearing as if covered, with dew; pert, to or like dew; falling gently.— Dewiness, n. — Dew'-drop, n. A drop of dew. — -lap, n. The fold of skin, etc., hanging from the throats of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in grazing; a fold of skin, etc., on the human throat or chin, esp. when flaccid with age. — point, n. (Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins to form. — ret'ting, n. Process of softening and re- moving mucilage from the fibrous and cellular por- tions of flax and hemp, by exposing the stalks to dew, rain, eun, and air. Dexter, deks'ter, a. Pert, to, or on, the right hand; right, as opp. to left. [L.; Gr. dexios, dexiteros, Skr. dakshma, on the right, fr. daksh, to suit, be strong.] — Dexterity, -te'r'T-tl, n. Readiness and physical grace; activity of the mind; quickness and skill in managing affairs ; adroitness ; tact; aptitude; fac- ulty. — Dex'terous, -trous, -trus, a. Ready and ex- pert; skillful in contrivance; quick at inventing ex- pedients; done with dexterity; apt; handy; versed. — Dexterously, adv. — Dex terousness, n. — Dex'- tral, a. Right, as opp. to left.— Dextrorse, -trorsal, -trdr'sal, a. Rising from right to left, as a spiral line or a climbing plant. [L. dextrorsum, contr. fr. dextrovorsum, -versum, toward the right side, fr. dexter, right, and p. p. of vertere, vortere, to turn.] — Dextrose, -tros, n. Grape-sugar ; starch-sugar; sugar obtained from starch and dried fruits,— which causes a right-hand rotation in polarized light. Dey, da, n. The European title for the governor ot Algeria, before its conquest by the French. [Turk. ddi, orig. a maternal uncle ; in Algiers, the com- mander of the Janizaries, who frequently became pasha of that province.] Dhow, Dow, dow, n. A coasting vessel of Arabia, East Africa, etc. [Ar.] Diabetes, di-a-belez, n. sing. & pi. (Med.) A disease attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. [Gr. diabainein, to stand with the legs apart, fr. dia, apart, and bainein, to go.] — Diabet'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or afflicted with, etc. Diablerie, Diabolic, etc. See under Devil. Diacaustic, di-a-kawslik, a. Pert, to a species of caustic curves formed by refraction. — ??. (Med.) That which is caustic by refraction, as the 6un's rays concentrated by a convex lens,— used as a cau- tery. (Math.) A curve formed by the consecutive intersections of rays of light refracted through a lens. [Gr. dia, through, and kaiein, to burn.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r i DIACONAL 147 DICHOTOMIZE Diaconal. Diaconate. See under Deacon. Diacoustic, di-a-kows'tik or -koos'tik, a. Pert, to the science of refracted sounds. — Diacous'tics, »i. Sci- ence of the properties of sound refracted through different mediums. [Gr. dia and akouein, to hear.] Diacritic, -ical, di-a-krit'ik-al, a. Separating; indica- j ting something to be distinguished. [Gr. dia, be- tween, and kruiein^ to separate.] Diadem, di'a-deni, n. A fillet, worn as a badge of ! royalty, a crown ; sovereignty; dignity. (Her.) An arch rising from the rim of a crown, and uniting I with others over its center. [OF. diademc, L. ana l Gr. diadema, fr. Gr. dia and dein, to bind.] Diaeresis. Dieresis. di-er , e-sis,n.;pZ. -ses, -sez. (Gram.) | The separation of 1 syllable into 2 ; a mark [ " ] orer the second of 2 adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pronounced separately, as, aerial. ft. diseresis, Gr. diairesis, fr. dia and hairein, to take.] Diagnosis, di-ag-no'sis, n. (Jled.) Determination of a disease by distinctive characteristics. Scientific de- termination of any kind. [Gr., fr. dia and gnosis, inquirv, knowledge, fr. gignoskein, to know.] — Di- agnostic, a. Pert, to, or furnishing, a diagnosis ; indicating the nature of a disease. — n. Symptom by which a disease is distinguished from others. Diagonal, di-ag'o-nal, a. (Geom.) Joining 2 not ad- jacent angles of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure, and divid- ing it into 2 parts ; crossing at an angle with one of the sides. — n. A right line drawn from one an- fle to another, not adjacent, of a _. gure of 4 or more sides. [Gr. dia Diagonal, and gonia, corner, angle.]— Diag'onally, -IT, adv. In a diagonal direction. Diagram, di'a-gram, n. (Geom.) A figure to illus- trate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration. An illustrative outline or drawing. [L. and Gr. dia- gramma, fr. Gr. dia and graphein, to draw.] — Di'a- graph, -graf, n. An instrument used in perspective. Dial, di'al, n. An instrument showing the time of day from the shadow of a style on a graduated sur- face ; the graduated face of a time-piece on which the time is shown by pointers. (XL. dialis, pert, to a day, fr. L. dies, day.] — Di'aling, n. Science of measuring time by dials ; art of constructing dials. — Di'alist, n. A constructor of, etc. — Di'al-plate, n. The graduated face of, etc. Dialect, di'a-lekt, n. Means or mode of expressing thoughts ; language ; tongue ; local form of a lan- fuage; idiom ; patois ; phraseology. [F. dialecte, L. iatectos, manner of speaking, Gr. dialektos, speech, discourse, language of a district, fr. dia and legein, to choose, speak.] — Dialectic, -tical, a. Pert, to a dialect or to dialects : logical. — Dialec'tics, n. sing. That branch of logic which teaches the rules of rea- soning ; application of logical principles to discur- sive reasoning. [G. dialektike (techne), (art of) dis- cussing by questioning.] — Di'alecti'cian, -tish'an, w. One versed in dialectics ; a logician ; reasoner. — Di'alogue. -log, n. A conversation between two or more, esp. in theatrical performances; a composi- tion in which persons are represented as conversing. — Dial'ogist. -jist, n. A speaker in, or writer of dia- logue. — DiaPogist'ic. -gist'ical, a. Pert, to, or in St r course in dialogue ogize, -jlz, v. i. To dis- Diallage, di'al-lej, n. A dark-green laminate mineral, a variety of hornblende er augite. [Gr., change, fr. the change of luster between its natural joints.] Dialysis, di-al'T-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A diuresis. (Rhet.) Asyndeton. (Med.) Debilitv ; a solution of continuity ; separation of parts. " [Gr. dia and luein, to loose.] — Dialyt'ic, -lifik, a. Unloosing. Diamagnetic. di'a-mag-net'ik, a. Pert, to, or exhibit- ing the phenomenaof, diamagnetism. — n. A sub- stance which, in afield of magnetic force, takes a position at right ansrles to that of the ordinary mag- net. — Di^amagnet'ically, adv. — Diamag'netism, -izm, n. Science of diamagnetic phenomena : con- dition of magnetic action which characterizes dia- magnetics. Diameter, di-am'e-ter, n. (Geo v.) A right line through the center of a figure or bod; terminated Length ter of thickness, the lower part . _ used as a unit for measuring all the parts Diameter. Of an order. [OF. diametre, L. and Gr. diametros. fr. Gr. dia and metrdn, to measure. J — Diam'etral, a. Pert, to a diameter.— Diamet'ric, -rical, a. Pert. to, etc. ; directly adverse. — Diamet'rically, adv. In a diametrical'direction ; directly. Diamond, dKa-mund or di'mund, n. A mineral and gem remarkable for hardness ; crystallized carbon ; a geometrical figure otherwise called rhombus or lozenge ; one of a suit of playing cards, stamped with the figure of a diamond. (Print.) A small type, in size between pearl and brilliant. [OF., Gr.,and D. diamant. It. and Sp. diamante, corrup. of adamant, q. v.] i£S~ This line is printed in the tvpe called Diamond. Diapason, di-a-pa'zon, n. (Gr. Mus.) The oc- tave or interval which includes all the tones. Con- cord, as of notes an octave apart ; harmony ; entire compass of tones ; scale or pitch for giving a stand- ard pitch; one of certain stops in the organ, which extend through the scale of the instrument. [L. and Gr., contr. of Gr. dia jiason chordon sumphonia, con- cord through all the notes.] Diaper, di'a-per, n. Figured linen cloth for towels, napkins, etc. ; a towel or napkin ; infant's breech- cloth. (Arch.) Paneling filled up with arabesque gilding and painting, or with wrought work in low relief. — v. t. [diapered (-nerd), -pering.] To variegate with figures, as cloth ; to put a diaper on, as a child. — v. i. To draw figures. [OF. diapre, diaspre, figured cloth, diaspre. jasper, a stone used in jewelry, Olt. diaspro, L..jasr,is, Gr. iaspis.] Diaphanous, di-af'a-nus, a. Transmitting rays of light, as glass ; transparent ; clear. [Gr. dia and phainein, to show, appear.] — Diaphaneity, -ne'I-tl, n. Qualitj' of being, etc. Diaphoaics, di-a-foCiks, n. Doctrine of refracted sound. [Gr. dia and phone, sound, tone.] Diaphoresis, di'a-fo-re'sis, n. (Med.) Augmentation of insensible perspiration. [Gr. dia and pherein, to carry.] — Diaphoretic, -ical, a. Having power to, etc. — Diaphoretic, n. A medicine which, etc. Diaphragm, di'a-fram, n. A dividing membrane or partition, commonly with an opening through it. (Anat.) The muscle separating the chest from the abdomen ; midriff. [L. and Gr. diaphragma, fr. Gr. dia and phragnunai, to inclose.] Diarrhea, -rhcea, di-ar-re'a, n. (Med.) A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines. [L. diarrhoea, Gr. diarrhoia, fr. dia and rhein, to now.] — Diar- rhet'ic. -rhoefic, a. Producing, etc. Diary, di'a-rY, n. A register of dailv occurrences ; journal; blank-book dated for daily memoranda. [L. diarittm, fr. dies, day.] — Di'ariat, n. One who keeps, etc. Diastase, di'as-tas, n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous sub- stance, generated during- germination of grain for the brewery, which accelerates formation of sugar during fermentation. [Gr. diastasis, fr. diastenai, to divide, fr. dia and stenai, to stand.] Diastole, di-as'to-le, n. (Med.) A dilatation of the heart. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable nat- urally short is made long. [Gr., fr. dia and stellein, to set, place.] Diastyle, di'a-stll, n. (Arch.) An edifice in which 3 diameters of the columns are allowed for each inter- columniation. [Gr. dia and stulos, column.] Diatessaron, di-a-tes'sa-ron, n. (Anc. Mus.) The interval of a fourth. (Theol.) A harmony of the 4 Gospels. [Gr., fr. dia and testares, four.] Diathesis, di-ath'e-sis, n. (Med.) Bodily condition, esp. that which predisposes to a particular disease. [Gr., fr. dia and tiihenai, to place, put.] Diatonic, di-a-ton'ik, a. (Mus.) Pert, to the scale of 8 tones, the 8th of which is the octave of the first. [Gr. diatonikos, fr. dia and teinevi, to stretch, tonos, a stretching, tone.] —Diatonic scale. (Mus.) A scale consisting of 8 sounds with 7 intervals, of which 2 are semitones and 5 whole tones. Diatribe, di'a-trlb, n. A continued discourse or dis- [ putation; an invective harangue; reviling; reproach, f Gr., fr. dia and tribein, to rub.] Dibber, dib'bgr, Dibble, dib'bl, n. A pointed hand instrument, to make holes for planting seeds, etc. — Dib'ble, v. t. [dibbled (-bid), -bling.] To plant with a dibble, make holes for planting seeds, etc. — v. i. To dip, as in angling. [Fr. dip, q. v.] Dice, etc. See under Die, n. Dichotomize, di-kot'o-mTz, v. t. To cut into 2 parts, halve, bisect. (Astron.) To exhibit as a half -disk or semicircle. — v. i. To divide into 2 parts or pairs. [Gr. dicha, in two (Gr. dis, L. bis, Skr. dvis, twice ; son, cube, full : moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. DOHboK, chair, get. DICHROISM 148 DIFFIDENT e. rt. Gr. and L. duo, Skr. dva, E. two), and temnein, to cut.] — Dichofomous, -mus, a. (Bot.) Regularly dividing by pairs, from top to bottom. — Dichot- omy, -mY, n. Division of genera into 2 species. (Astron.) That phase of the moon in which it shows half its disk. {Bot.) Successive division and sub- division of a stem, etc., into 2 parts. {Logic.) Di- vision of a class into 2 sub-classes opposed to each other by contradiction. Dichroism, di'kro-izm, n. (Opt.) Property of pre- senting different colors by transmitted light, when viewed in 2 different directions. [Gr. dis, twice, and chroa, chroma, color.]— Di / achro''mat''ic, a. Having or producing 2 colors. — Diachro'mic. a. Furnish- ing 2 colors, — said of defective vision, in which the compound colors are resolvable into 2 elements only, instead of 3. Dickens, dik'enz, re. The devil, — used as a vulgar interjection. [Contr. of devilkins.'] Dicker, dik'Sr, re. The number of 10, esp. 10 hides or skins ; a chaffering barter of small wares. — v. i. To negotiate a dicker; to barter. [L. decuria, a division containing 10, fr. decern, ten.] Dickey, Dicky, dik't, re. A seat behind a carriage, for servants, etc. ; a bosom to tie over the front of a shirt ; a shirt-collar. Dicotyledon, di'kot-T-le'don, n. (Bot.) A plant whose seeds divide into 2 lobes in germinating. — Di'coty- led'onous, -nus, a. Having 2 cotyledons. Dictate, dik'tat, v. t. To deliver, state, or utter, for another to reduce to writing ; to communicate with authority ; to deliver to a subordinate, as a com- mand; to prescribe, enjoin, urge. — v. i. To deliver commands.— re. A statement delivered with author- ity ; authoritative rule or principle ; order ; direc- tion; impulse; admonition. [L. dictare, -tatum, freq. of dicere, to say.] — Dictation, re. Act of, etc. — Dicta'tor, -tSr, re. One who, etc.; one invested with absolute authority, esp. in times of distress. — Dic- tato'rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, or suited to a dictator; ab- solute ; imperious ; overbearing. — Dictato'rially, adv. — Dicta' torship, re. Office or term of office of, etc. — Dicta' tress, -trix, re. A female who dictates. — Dicta' ture, -ta'chur, n. Dictatorship. Diction, dik'shun, n. 'Choice of words ; selection of terms, manner of expression ; style ; phraseology. [F. ; L. dictio, fr. dicere, dictum, to say ; s. rt. Gr. deiknunai, Skr. dig , to show.] — Dic'tum, re. ; pi. -ta, -ta. An authoritative saying or assertion. (Law.) A judicial opinion by judges on points not necessa- rily in the case. — Dictionary, -a-rt, re. A book in which words are alphabetically arranged and ex- plained; a lexicon ; vocabulary ; a work containing information in any department of knowledge, ar- ranged alphabetically, under heads. [F. dictionnaire, NL. dictionarium, fr. L. dictio.] Did. See Do. Didactic, -tical, di-dak'tik-al, a. Fitted or inclined to teach ; arranged in a form suitable for instruc- tion ; preeeptive. [Gr. didaktikos, fr. didaskein, to teach.] — Didac'tically, adv. — Didac'tics, re. Art or science of teaching. Didactyl, di-dak'til, n. An animal having 2 toes. — Didac'tyl, -tylous, -us, a. Having 2 toes. [Gr. dis and daktulos, finger, toe.] Didapper, did'ap-er, n. A diving bird; the black-chin freloe ; dab-chick. [For dive-dapper ; E. dapper, opper, diver, Sw. doppa, to dip. See Dip, Dive.] Diddle, did'dl, v. i. To totter, as a child in walking. [Scot., to shake, jog.] Dido, di'do, n. ; pi. -dos, -doz. A trick; antic; caper. Didst. Second per. imp. of do. See Do. Die, di, v. i. [died (did), dying.] To cease to live, become dead, expire, become lost or extinct ; to sink, faint; languish, with weakness, discourage- ment, love, etc.; become indifferent; to recede and grow fainter, become imperceptible ; to become vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. [Ic. deyja, Sw. do, Dan. doe, Goth. diwan.~\ Die, di, n. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots from 1 to 6, used in gaming, by being thrown from a box ; any small cubical body. [PI. this sense, Dice (dis); in the fol- lowing senses,DiES(diz).] (Arch.) The cubical part of the pedestal, D - between base and cornice. The piece of metal on which is cut a device to be stamped (on a coin, medal, etc.); one of two pieces of hard- ened steel forming together a female screw for cut- ting the threads of screws. [OF. det, later de\ pi. dez, LL. dadus, a die, lit. thing given forth, fr. datus, p. p. of L. dare, to give.] — Dice, dis, re. ; pi. oidie. A game. — v. i. To play with dice.— Di'cer, n. One who, etc. — Die'-sink'ing, n. Pro- cess of engraving dies. — -stock, n. An implement for holding dies while cutting threads on screws. Dieresis. Same as Di.ekesis. Dies non, di'ez-non. (Law.) A day on which courts are not held. [L. dies non juridicus.'] Diet, di'et, n. Habitual food ; victuals ; course of food selected with reference to a particular state of health. — v. t. To feed, nourish, esp. to cause to eat and drink sparingly, or by rule. —v. i. To eat, feed, esp. to eat sparingly. [OF. diete, diet, LL. dieta, a ration, Gr. diaitta, mode of life, diet, perh. fr. diao for zao, I live, Zend ji, Skr. jiv, to live; s. rt. quick.'} — Di'etary, -a-rt, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. Rule of diet; allowance of food.— Dietetic, -ical, a. Pert, to the rules of, etc. — Dietetics, n. That part of medicine or hygiene relating to, etc. — Diet'er, -a'rian, n. One who observes rules for, etc. Diet, di'et, n. A legislative or administrative assem- bly in some countries of Europe. [Same as preced- ing, bnt influenced by L. dies, a day— day ap- pointed for business, assembly.] Differ, differ, v. i. [-fered (-ferd), -feeing.] Ta be or 6tand apart, disagree, be unlike or discordant; to have a difference or quarrel. — v. t. To cause to be different or unlike. [L. dis, apart, and ferre, to bear.] — Difference, -ens, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. ; disagreement ; dissension ; cause of dis- sension ; occasion of quarrel; that by which one thing differs from another ; characteristic quality. (Logic.) Quality or attribute added to those of the genus to constitute a species ; differentia. (Math.) The quantity by which one quantity differs from another. — v. t. [differenced (-enst), -encing.] To cause to differ, make different, distinguish. — Different, a. Distinct; of various or contrary na- ture, form, or quality; unlike; dissimilar. — Dif- ferently, adv. — Differentiate, -shf-at, v. t. (Math.) To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient of. (Logic.) To distinguish or describe, by giving the differentia, or specific difference of a thing; to define exactly, specialize. — v. i. , To constitute, mark, or show a difference; to discriminate. — Dif'- fer-en'tia'tion, -shT-a'shun, n. (Logic.) Act of dis- tinguishing a thing, by giving its differentia, or spe- cific difference. (Math.) Act or process of differen- tiating. (Physiol.) Production of a diversity of parts by a process of evolution or development. (Metaph.) Tendency in being, organic or inorganic, to assume more complex structure or functions.— Differen'tia, -sht-a, n. {Logic.) The distinguish- ing part of the essence of a species; specific differ- ence. [L.] — Differential, -shal, a. Creating a dif- ference; discriminating; special. (Math.) Pert, to a differential. (Mech.) Differing in amount or in producing force, — said of motions or effects; in- tended to produce difference of motion or effect, — said of machinery, etc. — n. (Math.) An increment^ usually an indefinitely small one, given to a vari- able quantity. — Differential calculus. One of the higher branches of mathematics. See Calculus. — D. coefficient. Limit of the ratio of the increment of a function of a variable to the increment of the variable itself, when these increments are indefi- nitely email. — D. coupling. (Mach.) A slip-coup- ling to regulate the velocity of the connected shaft. — D. gear. A combination of wheel- work produ- cing a motion equal to the difference between two other motions. — D. motion. A single combination producing such a velocity-ratio as would ordinarily require a train of mechanism. — D. screw. A com- pound screw producing a motion equal to the dif- ference of the motions of the component screws. — D. thermometer. Que measuring small differences of temperature. Difficulty, dif ft-kul-tT, n. State of being hard to ac- complish, or to deal with; a thing hard to accom- plish ; a controversy ; variance or disagreement ; obstacle ; perplexity ; distress ; objection. [OF. difficulte, L. difficultas, fr. dis and facilis, easy.] — Difficult, a. Hard to make, do, or perform; beset with difficulty; not easily wrought upon; not com- pliant; painful; austere; rigid. — Difficultly, adv. Diffident, dif fT-dent, a. Wanting confidence in others, or in one's self; distrustful; timid; bashful; reserved. fL. diffidens, p. pr. of diffidere, to distrust, f r. dis and fidere, to trust.] — Diffidently, adv. — Diffidence, -dens, n. State of being, etc. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. Toe ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; DIFFRACT 149 DIM Diffract, dif-frakt', v. t. To break or separate into parts. [L. dis and frangere, fractum, to break.] — Diffrac'tion, n. (Opt.) The deflection and de- composition of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through slits, causing the appear- ance of fringes of prismatic colors. Diffuse, dif-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'). -fusi.vg.] To pour out and spread, as a fluid; to send out, or ex- tend, in all directions ; to expand, disseminate, spend, waste, publish, proclaim. [L. dis and fun- dere, fusum, to pour, spread.] — Diffus'er, n. — Dif- fus'edly, adv. In a diffused manner; dispersedly. — Diffus'edness, n. — Diffu'sible, -zt-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Diffu / sibil , ity, n. — Diffu'sion, •zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; dissemina- tion ; spread ; propagation : dispersion. — Diffuse'', -fus', a. Poured out ; widely spread ; not re- strained, esp. as to style ; copious; prolix; ampli- fted. — Diffusely, adv.— Diffuse'ness, n. Quality of being diffuse; esp. in writing, the use of many words to express the meaning; lack of conciseness; verbosity. — Diffu'sive, -siv, a. Having the quality of, etc.; capable of spreading by flowing; extend- ing. — Diffu'sively, adv. — Diffu'siveness, n. Dig, dig, v. t. [dug or (obs.) digged (digd), dig- ging.] To turn and throw up, as the earth ; to loosen or remove with a spade, etc.; to delve; to hollow out, as a well; form, as a ditch; excavate. — v. i. To work with a spade, etc., do servile work, delve. [AS. dician, to make a dike, Dan. dige, to - Dig/ger, n. — Dig'ging, n. Act or°place of, etc. pi. Places where ore, esp. gold, is dug; regions; localities. Digamma, di-garn'ma, n. A letter (F) of the Greek alphabet, which early fell into disuse, pron., prob., like E. w. [Gr., fr. dis, twice, and gamma, because formed like 2 gammas, one above the other.] Digastric, di-gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Having a double belly; pert, to a muscle between the lower jaw and the mastoid process. [Gr. dis and gaster, belly.] Digest, di-iest', v. f. To arrange methodically; work over and classify ; to prepare in the stomach for conversion into "blood, turn intc chyme, — said of food; to think over, reflect upon; to bear with pa- tience. (Chem.) To soften by heat and moisture, (iferf.) To suppurate, —v. i. To undergo diges- tion; be prepared by heat, suppurate. [L. digerere, -gestum, to separate, dissolve, fr. dis and gerere, to bear, wear.] — Di'gest, n. Thing digested; esp. that which is worked over, classified, and arranged ; compendium ; abridgment ; pandect; a collection of Roman laws. [L. digestum.]— Digest'er, n. One who digests; thing that aids digestion; a closed ves- sel, for dissolving bones, etc., by exposure to a high temperature. — Digestible, -I-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Digestlbleness, -ibillty, n. Quality of being, etc. — Digeslion, -chun, n. Act of digest- ing; classification; conversion of food into chyme; preparation by heat and moisture; gradual solution; production of pus.— Digestive, -iv, a. Causing, used for, or pert, to digestion. Digbt, dlt, v. t. [dight or dighted; dighting.] To put in order, dress, adorn. [AS. dihtan, MHG. dih- ten, G. dichten, fr. L. dictare, to dictate, q. v.] Digit, dijlt, n. A finger; a finger'B breadth, or 3-4ths of an inch. (Arith.) One of the ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which numbers are expressed. (Astron.) A 12th part of the diameter of the sun or moon. [L. digitus, a finger, an inch.] — Digital, a. Pert, to the fingers, or to digits. — Dig' itate, -tated, a. (BotT) Having leaflets arranged, like fin- gers, at the extremity of a stem, or petiole. — Digi- ta'tion, n. A division into finger -like processes. — Dig1tiform,-T-ti-f6rm, a. (Bot.) Formed like fin- gers. —Dig' itigrade, -grad, a. yZobl.) Walk- ing on the toes. — n. An animal that steps on its toes, as the lion, wolf. etc. [L. qradi, to step, walk.] Dignify, dig'nY-fi, v. t. T-fied (-fid), -fyino.] To invest with dignity or honor, give distinction to. [OF. dignifier, LL. dignificare, fr. L. dignus, worthy, and facere, to make.] — Dig'nity, -tl, n. State of being worthy or honorable ; elevation of mind or of rank; quality inspiring respect ; loftiness and ele- fance ; one holding high rank. [OF. d ignite, L. ignitas, fr. dignus.] — Dig'nitary, -ta-rt, n. One who possesses exalted rank, esp. ecclesiastical rank. Digraph, di'graf, n. A combination of 2 written j characters to express one sound. [Gr. dis, twice, ! and graphein, to write.] Digress, dt-gres', v. i. [-gressed (-gresf), -gress- I inc.] To turn aside; esp. in writing or speaking, to turn aside from the main subject of attention or course of argument; to turn aside from the right | path, deviate, expatiate, amplify, transgress. [L. i dis, apart, and gradi, gressus, to step.] — Digres'- sion, -gresh'un, n. Act of, etc.; part of a discour.-e deviating from its main design ; transgression ; offense.— Digres'sional, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, etc. — Digres'sive, -iv, a. Departing from the main subject. — Digress Ively, adv. Dike, dlk, n. A ditch; channel for water made by digging ; bank thrown up to exclude water from low lands. (Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral matter, filling up fissures in the original 6trata. — v. t. [diked (dikt), dikixg.] To surround, protect, or drain by dikes. [AS. die, D. ch'ik, Ic. diki, Dan. dige, Sw. dike, dike; Gr. teichos, Skr. dehi, mound, rampart; s. rt. ditch, dig, dough.] Dilapidate, dl-lap'T-dat, v. t. To suffer to fall into decay or partial ruin ; to diminish by waste and abuse, squander, — v. i. To get out of repair, be- come decayed, go to ruin. [L. dilapidare, -datum, to scatter like stones, fr. dis and lapis, a stone.] — Dilap-'ida'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; ecclesiastical waste. — Dilap'idator, n. One who causes dilapidation. Dilate, dT-laf or di-lat', v. t. To enlarge or extend in all directions, expand, distend, spread out, am- plify, expatiate. — v. i. To expand, swell; to 6peak largely and copiously, expatiate, descant. [OF. dilater, fr. L. dilatus, spread abroad, fr. dis and latus, p. p. of/erre,to carry.] — Dilafer, n. — Dila'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; expansion. — Dil'ata'tion, n. Same as dilation. [OF.] — Dila'- table, a. — Dila'tabil'ity, n. — Dila'tive, a. Causing dilatation. — Dilat'or, n. That which expands; a muscle that dilates any part. — Dil'atory, -to-rl, a. Inclined to put off what ought to be done at once; given to, or marked with procrastination; intended to make delay, or to gain time and defer action; sluggish; backward; tardy. — Dil'atorily, adv.— Diratoriness, n. Dilemma, dl-lem'ma or dl-lern'ma, n. {Logic.) An argument which affords an antagonist alternatives, but is conclusive against him, whichever alterna- tive he chooses. A perplexing state ; difficult or doubtful choice. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. dia, between, and lambanein, to take.] Dilettant, dil-et-tanf, -tante, -tan'ta, n. ; pi. -tanti, -te. An admirer of the fine arts ; an amateur ; esp. one who follows an art desultorily, without serious Digitate Leaf. purpose, or for amusement. [It. dilettante, p. pr. of delettare, L. delectare, to delight.] — Dilettan'teism. -ta-izm, n. Quality of being, etc. Diligent, dil'T-]ent, a. Interestedly and perseveringly attentive ; steady in application to business ; prose- cuted with care and constant effort ; assiduous ; sedulous ; industrious ; careful. [L. diligens, p. pr. of dUigere, to esteem highly, fr. dis and legere, to select.] — Diligently, adv. — Diligence, -jens, n. Quality of being, etc.; assiduity; industry. Diligence, de-le-zhaxs /r , n. A French stage-coach. [F.] — DiKly, -It, n. A stage-coach. [Contr. of diligence.] Dill, dil, n. A plant bearing pungent and aromatic seeds. [AS. dile, D. dille, Sw. and G. dill] Dilly-dally, diKlT-daFlt, v. i. To loiter or trifle. [See Dally.] Dilute, di-laf, v. t. To make thinner or more liquid by admixture with something ; to diminish, by mix- ing, the strength, flavor, color, etc., of ; to reduce, esp. by addition of water. — v.i. To become thin. — a. Thin ; attenuated ; reduced in strength, as spirit or color. [L. diluerc, dilution, fr. dis and luere, to wash.]— Dilut'er, n. — Dilu'tion, n. Act of. 'or state of being, etc. — Dil'uent, -u-ent, a. Diluting. n. That which, etc.; esp. what weakens the blood, by mixture with it. — Dilu'vial, -vt-al, a. Pert, to, or produced by, a deluge, esp. the deluge in Noah's days. — Dilu'vian, «. Pert, to a deluge.— Dilu'vion, -am, n. (Geol.) A deposit of superficial loam, sand, etc., caused by action of the sea. [L. diluvium.] Dim, dim, a. Not bright or distinct; of obscure luster, sound, or vision; dull of apprehension; dark; mys- terious, sullied, tarnished, —v. t. [dimmed (dimd) sun, cube, full ; moon, f$ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. DIME 150 DIPTERAL dimming.] To render obscure, darken, dull ; to de- prive of distinct vision, darken the senses or under- standing of. [AS. dim, Ic. dimmr, Sw. dimmig, dim, Sw. dimma, a teg, a mist; Skr. tamas, gloom, fr. tarn, to choke, obscure.] — Dimly, adv. — Dim'ness, n. — Dim'mish, a. Somewhat dim. Dime, dim, n. A silver coin of the United States, worth 10 cents ; the tenth of a dollar. [F. ; OF. disme. L. decimus, the tenth, fr. decern, ten.] Dimension, df-men'shun, n. Measurement in length, breadth, and thickness ; extent ; size ; application; importance. (Alg.) A literal factor, as numbered in characterizing a term. [OF.; L. dimensio, fr. dis and metiri, mensus, to measure.] — Dimen'sive, -siv, a. Marking the dimensions or limits. Dimeter, dim'e-tgr, a. Having two poetical measures. — n. A verse of 2 measures. [Gr. dis and metron, measure.] Dimidiate, dY-mid't-at, v. t. To divide into 2 equal parts. — a. Divided into two equal parts. (Jfat. Hist.) Consisting of but one half of what the nor- mal condition requires, appearing as if halved ; hav- ing one half set off against the other in functions. [L. dimidiare, -atum, fr. dimidius, half.] — Dimid'i- a'tion, n. Act of, etc. Diminish, dY-minlsh, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To make smaller ; to lessen the authority or dignity of. (Mus.) To make smaller by a semitone. To take away, subtract, abate, reduce, impair. — v. i. To become or appear less or smaller ; to lessen, [dis and E. tninish, fr. OF. menusier, LL. minutiare. fr. L. minuere, -nutum, to lessen.] — Diminlshable, a. — Dimin'isher, n. — Diminu'tion, -nu'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; reduction in size, quantity, degree, dignity, or consideration. (Law.) Omission, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. [OF.] — Dimin'utive, -tiv, a. Of small size; minute; little. — n. Something of small size or value; insignifi- cant thing. (Gram.) A derivative from a noun, de- noting a small or young object of the kind denoted by the primitive. — Dimin'utively, adv. — tm«»*«'- utivenesB, n. — Dimin'uen'do, adi (Mus.) In a gradually diminishing manner, — a direction, written on Diminuendo, the staff or indicated as in the margin. [It., p. pr. of diminuire, to diminish.] Dimissory. See under Dismiss. Dimity, dim / 'Y-tY, n. A kind of stout, white, cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. [Gr. dimitos, dimitv, lit. made with double thread, f r. dis and mitos, a thread of the woof.] Dimorphous, di-m6r / 'fus, a. Occurring under 2 dis- tinct forms. (Crysta'dog.) Crystallizing under 2 forms fundamentally different. [Gr. dis and morphe, form.] — Dimor'phism, -fizm, n. Property of being, etc. Dimple, dim'' pi, n. A slight natural depression on the surface of the body, esp. on the CiieeK o. chin ; indentation on any surface. — v. i. [dimtleTj (-pld), -pling.] To form dimples, sink into depressions. — v. t. To mark with, etc. [Same as dingle, dim. of dip.] Din, din, n. Loud, stunning noise ; racket ; clamor.— v.t. [dinned (dind), -NiNG.] To strike with con- tinued or confused sound; to stun with noise. [AS. dyn, Ic. dynr, din ; AS. dynnan, to make a loud sound, Ie. dynja, to pour, rattle down like hail, Skr. dhuni, roaring, dhvan, to roar, buzz.] Dine, din, v. i. [dined (dlnd), dining.] To partake of the noon meal, or principal meal of the day ; to take dinner. — v. t. To give a dinner to or at. _[F. diner, OF. disner, LL. dimare.] — Din'ner, n. The principal meal, entertainment; feast. [F. diner.~] Ding, ding, v. i. [dinged (dingd), dinging.] To talk with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration ; to bluster ; to sound, as a bell, ring, tinkle. — n. A thump or stroke, esp. of a bell. [Onomat: Ic. deng- ja, to hammer, Dan. dsenge, Sw. danga, to bang.] — Ding'-dong, n. The sound of bells; a repeated and monotonous sound. Dinghy, Dingey, din'gY, n. A boat of the East Indies Dimin' Din narrow dale or valley between ship's smallest boat. [Bengalee.] gle, din'gl, n. A narrow i hills. [See Dimple and Dip Dingo, din'go, n. The Australian native dog. Dingy, din'jY, a. [-giek, -giest.] Soiled; sullied; of dark color; dun. [Fr. dung.] — Din'giness, n. Dinner. See under Dine. Dinosaur, di'no-sawr, -saurian, -saw'rY-an, n. (Pa- leon.) An extinct reptile, of gigantic size, having characteristics of mammals and of birds. [Gr. dei- nos, terrible, and saura, lizard.] *. To make asmall cavity on, by a blow Bio Dint, dint, or pressure. [AS. dynt, Sw. dial, dunt, a blow ; Ic. dyntr, a din t, dynta, to dint.] Diocese, di'o-ses, n. The district in which a bishop exercises ecclesiastical authority. [OF. ; L. dioecesis, Gr. dioikesis, lit. housekeeping, administration, prov- ince, fr. Gr. dia and oikein, to manage a household, fr. oikos, house.] — Diocesan, di-os'e-san or di'o-se'- san, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. A bishop. Dioptric, -trical, di-op/trik-al, a. Assisting vision by means of the refraction of light; using refraction in- stead of reflection, as a lighthouse with lenses in- stead of reflectors; pert, to dioptrics. [Gr. dioptra, an optical instrument for taking heights, fr. dia and optein, to see.]— Diop'trics, n. Science of the re- fraction of light in passing through different media, esp. through different lenses. Diorama, di'o-ra'ma or -ra'ma, n. "View of a paint- ing, illuminated and seen through an opening ; building for such an exhibition. [Gr. dia and ho- rarna, a sight, thing seen, fr. horan, to see.] — Dio- ram'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. Dip, dip, v. t. [dipped (dipt) or dipt, dipping.] To immerse in a fluid and withdraw again; to plunge, as into difficulty, engage ; to take out by immersing and removing again some receptacle, as a ladle, pail, etc. — v. i. To immerse one's self ; to remove some- thing, by immersing and withdrawing a receptacle; to thrust in and partake ; to enter slightly or curso- rily; to incline downward.— n. Action of dipping, or of plunging for a moment into a liquid ; inclina- tion downward ; slope ; pitch ; sauce to be dipped out with a spoon ; a dipped candle. [AS. dippan, dyppan, D. dyppe ; s. rt. deep, dive.] — Dip of the horizon. (Astron.) Apparent angular depression of the visible horizon below the true or natural hori- zon. — Dip of the needle, or magnetic dip. Angle formed by the line of magnetic force, with a hori- zontal line. — Dipped candle. One made by repeat- edly dipping a wick in melted tallow. — Dip'per, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; a vessel for dipping liquids. (Ornith.) A small diving bird, resembling the blackbird; the dabchick, a N. Amer. grebe; also, the spirit-duck, of N. Amer. (Astron.) The 7 prin- cipal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear, — arranged in the form of a dipper.— Dip'ping-nee'dle, n. A magnetic needle, suspended to move in a ver- tical plane and indicate on a graduated circle the magnetic dip. Dipetalous, di-pefal-us, a. (Bot.) Having 2 flower- leaves or petals. [Gr. dis undpetalon, leaf.] Diphtheria, dif- or dip-the'rY-a, n. (Med.) A virulent zymotic disease, in which the mucous membrane, esp. of the throat and air passages, becomes coated With a false membrane. [Gr. diphthera, leather (the membrane).] — Diphtheric, -ther'ik, -therific, a. Pert, to, etc. Diphthong, dif- or diphthong, n. (Orthoepy.) A union of 2 vowel sounds pronounced in one sylla- ble, as, ou in out, — called a proper diphthong ; union of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded, as, at' in rain, —called an improper diphthong. [OF. diphthongue, Gr. diphthonggos, with 2 sounds, fr. dis and phthonggos, sound.] — Diph- thongal, -thon'gal, a. Pert, to, or consisting of , etc. Diphyllous, dif 11-us or di-flKus, a. (Bot.) Having 2 leaves, as a calyx, etc. [Gr. dis and phullon, leaf.] Diploe, dip'lo-e, n. (Anat.) The network of bone tissue between the plates of the skull. (Bot.) The cellular substance of a leaf. [Gr., fr. diploos, dou- ble.] Diploma, dY-plo'ma, n. ; pi. -mas, -maz. Orig. a state fetter of recommendation, —consisting of 2 leaves ; a writing conferring some authority, privilege, hon- or, etc. ; esp. a record of a literary degree. [L. and Gr., lit. thing folded double, fr. Gr. Sis and ploos, f old.] — Diplo'macy, -sT, -matism, -tizm, n. Art of conducting negotiations between nations, esp. in securing treaties; dexterity in securing advantages. — Diplomat, -mate, -mat, -mafic, Diplo'matist, n. One employed or skilled in, etc. — Diplomatic, -ical, a. — Diplomatically, aav. — Diplomatics, w. Science of diplomas, or art of reading ancient writ- ings, public documents, etc.; paleography. Dipper, Dipping-needle. See under Dip. Dipsomania, dip-so-ma / 'nt-a, n. Inordinate desire for alcoholic liquors; oenomania. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and mania, mania.] -Dipsoma'niac, n. One who has, etc. Dipteral, dip't?r-al, a. (Entom.) Having 2 wings only. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of columns on each flank, as well as in front and rear. [Gr. dis am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term : Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; DIPTOTE 151 DISAVOW and pteron, wing.] — Dip'- terous, -us, a. Having 2 wings, as among insects, or wing-like processes, as in plants. Diptote, dip'tot, n. (Gr. & L. Gram.) A noun which has only two cases. [Gr. dis and ptotos, falling, fr. pip- tein, to fali.l Diptych, dip'tik, n. An an- cient tablet, having 2 fold- ing leaves ; a catalogue of bishops and saints. [Gr. dis and ptussein, to fold.] Dire, dlr, a. Evil in a great degree : dreadful ; hor- rible; terrible. [L. dims, Gr. deinox, terrible, Skr. di, to fly.] — Dire'ness. n. -Dire'ful. -ful, a. Same as Dike. — Dire'fully, adr. Direct, dT-rekt', a. straisht ; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous ; straightforward : not swerving from truth and openness ; sincere ; immediate ; unam- biguous: absolute: in the line of descent; not collat- eral. (Asfron.) In the direction of the general plane- tary motion, or from west to east. — v. t. To give di- rection or bearing to: to determine the course of; to point out the proper course to, put upon the right track; to instruct as a superior; to put a direction or address upon, superscribe.— v. i. To give direction, act as guide. — re. (Mus.) A character [ W] placed at the end of a staff on the line or space of the first note of the next staff, to apprise the performer of its situation. [L. dirigere, -rectum, to straighten, direct, fr. dis, apart, end regere, to rule, control.] — Direct chord. Olw.) One in which the fundamental tone is the lowest. — D.fire. {JUL) One in a direc- tion perpendicular to the line of troops or to the parapet aimed at. — D. tax. A tax assessed directly on possessions, discing, fr. taxes on articles of con- sumption, or customs. — Directly, adv. In a di- rect, immediate, express, or absolute manner ; straiffhtway ; immediately. — Direct'ness, re.— Di- rector, re. — Direc'tion, re. Act of directing, or of aiming, rejulating, guiding, or ordering; authorita- tive instruction; address of a person written upon a thing sent; superscription: course upon which any- thing is moving or aimed to move : line or point of tendency; body of persons charged with the manage- ment of a matter ; administration ; management ; government. — Directive, -iv, a. Having power, or tending, to direct. — Direct'or, -5T, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; esp. one of a body of persons ap- pointed to manage the affairs of a company ; part of a machine which directs its motion or action. — I Direct'orate, -rat, re. A body of directors, or the j office of director. — Directo'rial. -rt-al, a. Having the quality of, or pert, to a director or directory. — Direct'orship, n. Office of, etc. — Directory, -rt, a. Containing directions : directorial. — re. A col- lection of directions, rules, or ordinances ; esp. a book of directions for the conduct of worship ; a book containing the names and residences of the in- habitants of any place ; a body of directors ; esp. a committee which held executive power in France under the first republic— Direcfress, n. A woman who, etc. — Direct'rix, re. A directress. (Geom.) A line along which a point in another line moves, and ■which governs its motion and determines the posi- tion of the curve generated by it, or along: which the generatrix moves in generating a warped or sin- gle curved surface; a straight line so situated with respect to a conic section that the distance of any point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of that point from the focus. — Dir'igent, -T-jent, a. Directing. — re. (Geom.) A directrix. Direption. dT-rep'shun. n. Act of plundering or de- spoiling. [L. direj'tio. fr. diripere, -reptwn, to tear asunder, plunder, f r. dix and rapere, to seize.] Dirge, derj, n. A piece of mournful music, to accom- pany funeral rites. [Contr. from the first word of a hymn beginning " Dirige gressus meos," formerly sung at funerals.] Diligent. See under Direct. Dirk. dSrk, re. A kind of dagger or poniard. — v. t. To stab with, etc. [Ir. duirc] Dirt, dert, n. Any filthy substance, as excrement, earth, mud, dust, etc.— v. t. To make foul or filthv; to soil, dirty. [Ic. drit, OD. driet. dirt: Ic. drita, D. drijten, to void excrement.] — Dirt'y. -I, a. [dirt- ier, dirtiest.] Denied with dirt: nasty; filthy; foul; serving to defile; sordid; base; groveling. — ;;. t. [dir- tied (-tid), dirtying] To make filthy, soil: to tar- nish, scandalize. — Dirt'ily, adv. — Dirt'iness, n. — Dirf-eat'ing, re. (J/d. t. To expel (barristers) from the bar. Disbark, dis-bark', v. t. To put on shore, disembark. Disbelieve, dis-be-lev', v. t. Not to believe; to hold not to be true or actual; to refuse credit to. — Disbe- liever, n. — Disbelief, -lef, n. Act of, etc.; refusal of credence; unbelief ; system of error. Disburden, dis-ber'dn, v. t. To rid of a burden, lay off as oppressive, become relieved of, unload, disen- cumber, free. — v. i. To ease the mind. Disburse, dis-bers', v. t. [-bursed (-bersf), -bursing.] To pay out, expend. [OF. desbourser, fr. des and bowse, purse. See Burse.] — Disbursement, n. Act of, etc. ; what is paid out. — DisbursCr, n. One who disburses money. Disburthen, dis-ber'thn, v. t. To disburden. Disc. See Disk. Discard, dis-kard', v. t. To throw out of the hand as useless, — said of cards; to cast off or dismiss; put or thrust away, discharge, cashier, reject. Discern, diz-zern'', v. t. [-cerned (-zerndO, -cerk- ing.] To behold as separate, note the distinctive character of, make out and distinguish by the eye, recognize, perceive with the mind, apprehend, pen- etrate, discriminate, descry. — v. i. To see the dif- ference, make distinction. [OF. discerner, L. dis- cernere, fr. dis and cemere, Gr. krinein, to separate; s. rt. discreet.'] — Discern'er, n.— Discernible, -Tt-bl, a. Capable of being discerned; perceptible; visible; evident; manifest.— Discern'ibleness, n.— Discern'- ibly, adv. — Discern'ment, n. Act of discerning; faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; judgment; discrimination; pen- etration; sagacity. Discharge, dis-charj', v. t. To relieve of a charge, load, or burden, unload; to let go the charge of, as a gun; to relieve from a state of tension, as a Ley den jar; to relieve of something weighing upon one, as a debt, claim, accusation, etc.; to relieve of an office or employment, take out or remove, as a charge, bur- den, contents, etc.; to let fly, as a missile, shoot; to relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, per- forming duty, etc.; to perform or execute, as an of- fice, or part; to give forth, emit or send out, give vent to, utter. — v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, or burden.— n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; thing discharged. — Dischar'ger, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; esp. in electricity, an instrument for discharging a Leyden jar or electrical battery. Disciple, dis-si'pl, n. One who receives instruction from, or accepts the doctrines of, another; pupil; follower; adherent; supporter. [OF. ; L. disc ipulus, fr. discere, to learn, fr. docere, to teach.] — Disci'- pleship, n. State of being a disciple. — Discipline, -sY-plin, n. The treatment suited to a disciple or learner; development of the faculties by instruction and exercise; training to act in accordance with rules; subjection to rule; punishment byway of cor- rection and training. {Eccl.) Reformatory or penal action toward a church member. Subject-matter of instruction. — v. t. [-plined (-plind), -plining.] To educate, develop by instruction and exercise; to accustom to regular action, bring under control, drill; to improve by corrective methods; to inflict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. [OF.; L. disciplina.] — Dis'cipliner, n — Disciplinable, -a-bl, a. Capable of being, liable or deserving to be, etc. — Dis'ciplinableness, n. — Disciplinary, -a-rt, a. Pert, to, or intended for, etc.— Dis'ciplina'rian, -rT- an, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. One who, etc.; esp. one who enforces rigid discipline. — Dis'ciplinant, n. {Eccl.) One of a religious order who practice scourg- ing themselves, or impose other rigid discipline. Disclaim, dis-klam r , v. t. To reject all claim to; to deny ownership of, or responsibility for; to refuse to acknowledge, disown, disavow, renounce, reject. {Law.) To decline accepting, as an estate, interest, or office. — Disclaimer, n. One who, etc. {Law.) A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, opinions, etc. Disclose, dis-kloz r , v. t. To unclose, open; to remove a cover or envelope from; to bring to light; to make known, as that which has been kept secret, divulge, tell, utter, — v.i. To burst open, gape; to make a disclosure or revelation. — Disclos'er, n. — Disclo'- sure, -klo'zhur, n. Act of, etc.; thing revealed. Discoid. See under Disk. Discolor, dis-kul'er, v. t. To alter the color of, stain, tinge; to alter the true complexion or appearance of. — DiscoFora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; spot; stain. Discomfit, dis-kum'flt, v. t. To scatter in fight, break up the plans of, throw into perplexity and dejec- tion, disconcert, rout. — n. Rout; overthrow; dis- comfiture. [OF. desconfiz, p. p. of desconfire, to van- quish, fr. des and confire, L. conjicere, to finish, pre- serve.] — Discom'fiture, -f T-chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; defeat; frustration. Discomfort, dis-kum'fert, n. Want of comfort; in- quietude. — v. t. To destroy or disturb the comfort, peace, or happiness of. Discommend, dis-kom-mend / ', v. t. To mention with disapprobation, blame; to expose to censure or ill favor.— Discommend'' able, a. Deserving, etc. — Dis- com'menda'tion, n. Blame ; censure. Discommode, dis-kom-mod'', v. t. To put to inconven- ience, incommode, annoy. Discommon, dis-kom'un, v. t. To deprive of the right of common, or of the privileges of a place. Discompose, dis-kom-poz /r , v. t. To disarrange, inter- fere with, break up; to throw into disorder, destroy the composure of; to put out of place or service, de- range, agitate, ruffle, fret, displace.— Discompo' sure, -po'znur, n. State of being, etc. Disconcert, dis-kon-sSrf, v. t. To break up the har- monious progress of, throw into disorder, discom- pose, abash, confuse, frustrate. — Disconcer'tion. n. Disconnect, dis-kon-nekf, v. t. To dissolve the union or connection of, sever. — Disconnection, n. Disconsolate, dis-kon'so-lat, a. Destitute of comfort or consolation; deeply dejected; melancholy; inspir- ing dejection; saddening; cheerless. [L. dis and con- solari, -latum, to console.] — Disconsolately, ado . — Discon'solateness, ». Discontent, dis-kon-tenf, n. Want of content; un- easiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction. — v. t. To deprive of content, make uneasy, dissat- isfy. — Discontentedly, adv. — Discontent' edness, -ment, n. State of being, etc. ; inquietude. Discontinue, dis-kon-tin-'u, v. t. To interrupt the con- tinuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit, put an end to; to cease attention to, or entertainment or reception of; to break the continuity of, disunite. — v. i. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts; to be separated or severed; to part. — Discontin'uer, n. — Discontinuance, -ans, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; want of continuity of parts. {Law.) A break- ing off or interruption of an estate; termination of an action in practice by the voluntary act of the plaintiff; entry on the record that the plaintiff dis- continues action; technical interruption of the pro- ceedings in pleading, when a defendant does not answer the whole of the plaintiff's declaration, and the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part un- answered. — Dis'contin'ua'tion, n. Breach of con- tinuity; discontinuance; disruption. — Discon'tinn'- ity, -nu'Y-tY, n. Want of continuity or cohesion. — Discontinuous, -u-us, a. Not continuous. Discord, dis'kord, n. Want of concord or agreement; variance leading to contention and strife; dissension; clashing, {Mus. ) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear disagreeably, owing to the incommen- surability of the vibrations which they produce. [OF.; L. discordia, fr. dis and cor, cordis, heart; s. rt. heart.] — Discord'ant, a. At variance; clashing; jarring; opposing. (Mus.) Not in harmony or con- cord. — Discord'antly, adv. — Discord 'antness, n. — Discord'ance, -ancy, -an-sY, n. State or quality of being, etc.; inconsistency. Discount, dis'kownt, n. An allowance made upon an account, debt, price asked, etc.; deduction for in- terest, in advancing money upon a bill or note not due; act of discounting. — Discount, dis'kownt or dis-kownt', v. t. To deduct from an account, etc.; to loan money upon, deducting the allowance for interest. — v. i. To lend money, abating the dis- count; to anticipate and make allowance for.— Dis'* counter, ».— Discountable, a. Discountenance, dis-kown'te-nans, v. t. To put out of countenance, put to shame, abash; to refuse t« countenance or give approval to, discourage. — ». Unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation. — Discoun'tenancer, n. Discourage, dis-kur'ej, v. t. To extinguish the cour- age of, deprive of confidence; t* deter one from, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; DISCOURSE 153 DISGRACE dishearten one with respect to, dissuade, disooun- tenance. — Disc our 'ageable. a. — Diacour 'agement, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. — Discour'ager. n. Discourse, dis-kors', n. Orig., power to run over, to compare and judge: oral exposition of a subject; talk; conversation; dissertation or treatise; sermon. — v. i. [-coursed (-korst'), -coursing.] To exer- cise reason: to talk or treat of in writing, in a formal manner. — v. t. To utter or give forth. [OF. dis- cours, L. discursus, a running about, conversation, f r. dis, apart, and currere, to run.] — Discours'er, n. — Discoursfve, -iv, a. Reasoning ; containing dia- logue or conversation.— Discur'sive, -ker'siv, -sory, -ser-Y, a. Discoursive-, rambling: digressive. — Dis- cursively. adi\ — Discur'sion, -shun, n. Expatia- tion; desultory talk: act of discoursing. Discourteous, dis-kert'yus or -kerfe-us, a. Uncivil; rude.— Discour'teously, adv. — Discourfesy, -te-sl, n. Rudeness of behavior or language. Discous. See under Disk. Discover, dis-kuv'Sr, v. t. To remove the covering or envelope from, expose to view, make known; to ob- tain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as of a thing not known; to find out, disclose, reveal, im- part, detect, invent. — Discoverable, a. — Discov'- erer, n. One who discovers; one who first findc out an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, or fact; an explorer. — Discovery, -er-T, n. Act of, etc.; thing discovered. Discredit, dis-kredft, n. Want of credit; act of dis- crediting, or state of being discredited; disgrace; re- proach. — v. t. To refuse to credit, disbelieve, de- prive of credibility or of credit, bring reproach upon. — Discreditable, a. Tending to injure credit; dis- graceful; disreputable. Discreet, dis-kref, a. Possessed of discernment or discretion; wise in avoiding evil, and in adapting means to ends; circumspect; wary. [OF. discret, L. discretus, p. p. of discernere, to discern. See Dis- cern.] — Discreetly, adv.— Discretion, -kresh'un, n. Quality of being discreet; sagacity; freedom to act according to one's own judgment. — At discre- tion. Without conditions or stipulations. — Discre'- tional, -ary. -er-I, n. Left to discretion; unrestrained except by judgment. — Discre'tionally, -arily, adv. At or according to discretion. — Discrete, -kref, a. Separate; distinct; disjunctive; containing a dis- junctive clause, — opp. of concrete. — Discrete move- ment of the voice. A leap from one pitch to another. — D. proportion. Proportion where the ratio of the means is different from that of either couplet. — Dis- crefive, -tiv, a. Disjunctive; separating. Discrepant, dis-krep-'ant, a. Discordant; at variance; disagreeing; different. [OF.; L. discrepans, p. pr. of discrepare. to differ in sound, fr. dis and crepare, to make a noise, crackle ; s. rt. decrepit.'] — Discrep'- ance, -ancy, -an-st, n. State or quahty of being, etc. Discriminate, dis-krim'Y-nat, v. t. To separate, dis- tinguish; to mark as different, distinguish by a pe- culiar note or sign. — v. i. To make a difference; to distinguish accurately. — a. Distinguished; having the difference marked. [L. discriminare, -atum, to divide, separate, fr. discrimen.a, space between, sep- aration, fr. discernere. See Discern.] — Discrim''- inately, adv. Distinctly. — Discrimf nateness, n. — Discrim / ina / 'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; faculty of nicely distinguishing ; that which dis- criminates; mark of distinction. — Discrim'inative, -tiv, a. Marking a difference; characteristic; observ- ing distinctions: discriminating. Discrown, dis-krown', v. t. To deprive of a crown. Discursion, Discursory, etc. See under Discourse. Discus, dis'kus. a. ; E.pl. Discuses ; L. pi. Disci, -si. A quoit ; a disk. [L. See Disk.] Discuss, dis-kus', v. t. [-cussed (-kust'), -cussing.] To break up, disperse; to examine or consider by disputation. {Law.) To exhaust a remedy against, as against a debtor before proceeding against the surety. [L. discutere, -cussum, to shake asunder, fr. dis and quatere. to shake ; s. rt. quash.'] — Discuss'er, n. — Discus'sion, -kush'un, n. Act or process of discussing; examination by argument; debate; dis- Sutation. — Discussfve. -iv. a. Able or tending to iscuss. — Discu'tient, -shent, a. Serving to dis- perse morbid matter. — n. A medicine to disperse a tumor or any coagulated fluid in the body. Disdain, dis- or diz-dan', v. t. [-dained (-dandO, -Daining.] To reject as not deserving notice ; to look with scorn upon, contemn, despise, —v. i. To be filled with contemptuous anger. — n. A feeling of contempt and aversion ; haughtiness ; scorn % arrogance. [OF. desdein, disdain, desdegner, to dis- dain, fr. des (L. dis) and degner (L. dignari), to deem worthy, fr. L. dignus, worthy. See Deign.] — Disdainful, -ful, a. Full of, or expressing, dis- dain ; contemptuous ; haughty. — Disdainfully, adv. — Disdainfulness, n. Disease, diz-ez', n. Orig., lack of ease; uneasiness; a morbid condition of body; sickness; disorder; dis- temper; malady. — v.*. To afflict with sickness,— used almost exclusively in the p. p. diseased. Disembark, dis-em-bark', v. t. To put on shore, land, debark. — v. i. To go on land. — Disem barka '- tion, n. Act of, etc. Disembarrass, dis-em-bar'ras, v. t. To free from em- barrassment or perplexity ; to clear. — Disembar''- rassment, n. Disembody, dis-em-bodf , v. i. To divest of the body, free from the flesh, discharge from military organi- zation. Disembogue, dis-em-bog', v. t. [-bogued (-bogd'), -boguing.] To discharge at the mouth, as a stream; to vent. [Sp. desembocar, fr. des (L. dis), em (L. in), and boca (L. bucca), _mouth.] — Disemboguefnent, -embouchure', -aN'boo-shoor', n. Discharge of the waters of a river, etc. [F. bouche, mouth.] Disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v. t. To take out the bowels of, eviscerate, gut. Disembroil, dis-em-broiK, v. t. To free from confusion, disentangle. Disenable, dis-en-a'bl, v. t. To deprive of power, dis- able, disqualify. Disenchant, dis-en-chant', v. t. To free from en- chantment or spells. — Disenchant'er, n. — Disen- chantment, n. Disencumber, dis-en-kum'bSr, v. t. To free from en- cumbrance or impediments. — Disencum 'brance, n. Disendow, dis-en-dow', v. t. To deprive of endow- ment. Disengage, dis-en-gaj', v. t. To release from some previous connection or engagement ; to liberate, free, extricate, disentangle, wean. — v. i. To re- lease one's self, set one's self free, become de- tached.— Diseng; 'gedness, -ga'jed-nes, n. State of being, etc. — Disengage 'ment, -gaj'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure. Disennoble, dis-en-no'bl, v. t. To deprive of that which ennobles,_lower, degrade. Disenroll, dis-en-rol", v. t. To erase from a roll or list. Disentangle, dis-en-tan'gl, v. i. To free from entangle- ment, extricate from complication or perplexity, unravel, clear, disengage. — Disentanglement, n. Disenthrall. See Disinthrall. Disenthrone, dis-en-thron', v. t. To deprive of a throne, dethrone. _ Disentomb, dis-en-toom', v. t. To take out from a tomb, disinter. Disestablish, dis-es-tab'lish, v. t. To unsettle or break up what has been established. — Disestab- lishment, n. Act^or process of, etc. Disesteem, dis-es-tem', n. Want of esteem; low re- gard ; disfavor. — v. t. To feel an absence of es- teem for, regard with disapproval; to slight. — Dis- es'timafion, n. Disesteem; disfavor. Disfavor, dis-fa've'r, n. Want of favor ; disesteem; state of not being in favor; an unkindness; dis- obliging act. — v. t. To withhold or withdraw favor from, regard with disesteem. — Disfa/vorer, n. Disfigure, dis-fjg'ur, v. t. To mar the figure or appear- ance of; to render less complete or beautiful, de- face, injure. — Disfig'urement, -uraf ion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which disfigures. Disfranchise, dis-fran'chiz, v. t. [-chised (-chizd), -CHISING.J To deprive of a franchise or chartered right; to dispossess of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular right, as of Voting, holding office, etc. — Disfran r chisement, n. Disgorge, dis-gOrj', v. t. [-gorged (-g6rjd , >, -gor- ging.] To eject from the stomach, throat or mouth; to vomit ; to pour forth violently, as if from a mouth; to give up, make restitution of. —v. i. To vomit forth what anything contains, make restitu- tion. [OF. desgorger. See Gorge.] — Disgorge'- ment, n. Act of disgorging; thing disgorged. Disgrace, dis-gras', n. Lack or loss of favor, support, or countenance ; ignominy ; infamy ; that which brings dishonor; cause of shame; opprobrium; re- proach; dishonor.— v. t. [disgraced (-grasf), -gra- cing.] To deprive of favor, dismiss with dishonor, bring reproach or shame upon, degrade, defame, sun, cube, full -, moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DISGRUNTLE 154 DISORGANIZE debase. — Disgrace'ful, -ful, a. Bringing disgrace or dishonor; shameful; ignominious. — Disgrace' - fully, adv. — Disgrace'fulness, n. — Disgra'cer, n. — Disgra'cious, -shus, a. Ungracious ; unpleasing. Disgruntle, dis-grun'tl, v. t. To disappoint, dis- please, disconcert. Disguise, dis-gTz', v. t. [-guised (-gizd'), -guising.] To change the guise or appearance of; esp. to con- ceal by an unusual dress, hide by a counterfeit ap- pearance; to affect or change by liquor; to intoxi- cate.— n. A dress or exterior put on to deceive; artificial language or manner assumed for decep- tion; change of manner by drink; slight intoxica- tion. [OF. desguiser. See Guise.] — Disguis'edly, adv. In disguise. — Disguia'er, n. disgust, dis-gust', n. Repugnance to what is offen- sive ; aversion ; distaste ; dislike. — v. t. To pro- voke disgust in, offend the taste of, displease. — Disgust'ful, -ful, a. Provoking disgust; nauseous. — Dlsgust'ingly, adv. In a manner to, etc. Ktish, dish, n. A vessel used for serving up food; any particular kind of food; state of being concave or like a dish. — v. t. [dished (disht), dishing.] To put in a dish, for serving at table; to make like a dish; to frustrate or disappoint. [Same as disk and desk, AS. disc, L. discus. See Disk.] — Disb/ful, -ful, n.; pi. -fuls, -fulz. Contents of, etc. — Dish '- cloth, -clout, n. A cloth for wiping dishes. Dishabille, dis-a-bil', n. Same as Deshabille. Dishearten, dis-hart'n, v. t. [-heartened (-hart 'nd), -ening.] To deprive of heart, courage, or hope; to dispirit, depress, deject. Dishevel, dY-shev'l, v. t. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To dis- arrange or cause (the hair) to hang loose. [OF. des- cheveter, f r. des (L. dis) and chevel (L. capillus), hair.] Dishonest, diz- or dis-on'est, a. Wanting in honesty; fraudulent; disposed to deceive ; characterized by fraud. — Dishon'estly, adv. — Dishon'esty, n. Want of honesty, probity, or integrity; violation of trust; dishonor; unchastity; incontinence. Dishonor, dis- or diz-on'gr, n. Want of honor; dis- grace; ignominy; shame; reproach. — v. t. To de- prive of honor, bring reproach or shame on: to vio- late the chastity of, debauch, ravish ; to refuse to accept or pay, — said of a draft or acceptance which is due and is presented. — Dishonorable, a. Bring- ing or deserving dishonor; shameful; base; want- ing in honor; disgraced. — Dishon'orableness, n. — Dishonorably, adv. — Dishon'orer, n. Disincline, dis-in-klin', v. t. To excite the dislike or aversion of . — Disin'clina'tion, n. State of being disinclined; unwillingness ; aversion ; repugnance. Disinfect, dis-in-fekt', v. t. To cleanse from infec- tion. — Disinfectant, n. That which, etc. — Disin- fection, n. Act of, etc. Disingenuous, dis-in-jen'u-us, a. Not noble: mean; unworthy ; wanting in candor or frankness. — Dis- ingenuously, adv. — Disingen'uousness, n. Disinherit, dis-m-her'it, v. t. To cut off from hered- itary right, deprive of an inheritance. — Di3inher'- itance. -ison, -T-zn, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Disintegrate, dis-in'te-grat, v. t. To separate into integrant parts. — Disin'tegrable, a. — Disin'tegra'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Geol.) Wearing away of strata by atmospheric action. Disinter, dis-in-ter', v. t. To take out of the grave; to bring out, as from hiding. — Disinterment, n. Disinterested, dis-in't§r-est-ed, a. Not influenced by regard to personal advantage; free from self-inter- est; unbiased; impartial ; indifferent. — Disin'ter- estodly, adv. — Disin'terestedness, n. Disinthrall, dis-in-thrawl', v. t. To release from thraldom, emancipate. — Disinthrall'ment, n. Disjoin, dis-join', v. t. To part, disunite, separate. — v. i. To become separated, part. —Disjoint'', v. t. To put out of joint, dislocate; to separate at junc- tures, break in pieces; to break the natural order and relations of. — v. i. To fall or break in pieces. — Disjoint'ly, adv. In a disjointed state. — Dis- junct', -junkt', a. Disjoined ; separated. — Dis- junction, n. Act of disjoining ; disunion ; a dis- junctive proposition. — Disjunct'ive, -iv, a. Tend- ing to disjoin; separating; disjoining, — n. {Gram.) A disjunctive conjunction or proposition. — Dis- junctive conjunction. {Gram.) One connecting words or clauses expressing an opposition or separation in thought. — D. proposition. One in which the parts are connected by disjunctive conjunctions. — Z>. syllogism. {Logic.) One in which the major propo- sition is d isjunctive. —Disjunctively, adv. Disk, Disc, disk, n. A flat, circular plate; a discus; quoit. (Astron.) The face of a celestial body. (Bot.) The whole surface of a leaf; central part of a radiate compound flower; a part of the receptacle expanded under or around the pistil. [L. discus, quoit, plate, Gr. diskos, quoit, fr. dikein, to throw ; s. rt. desk, ^'iKfflffiX dish.] — Disc'ous, -us, -oid, -oid' al, a. Disklike; circular, wide, 1 and flat. — Discoid jlowers. {Bot.) Compound flowers, consisting of tubular florets only, as the tansy. Dislike, dis-lTk', n. Positive and usually permanent aversion; an- tipathy; repugnance. — v. t. To have an aversion_to. Dislocate, dis'lo-kat, v. t. To dis- place, disjoint, put out of joint. — a. Dislocated. — Dislocation, .,. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Discoid Flowers. {Geol.) Displacement of rocks or portions of strata from their original position. {Surg.) A disjoint- ing; luxation. Dislodge, dis-loj', v. t. To drive from a lodge or place of rest or repose, or of hiding or defense, — v. i. To go from a place of rest. — Dislodg'ment, n. Act or process of dislodging or state of being dislodged. Disloyal, dis-loi'al, a. Not loyal: false to allegiance; faithless; treacherous: perfidious; false in love; in- constant. — Disloy'ally, adv. — Disloy'alty, n. Want of loyalty or fidelity. Dismal, diz'mal, a. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sor- rowful and depressing to tfie feelings; dreary; dole- ful; sorrowful; melancholy. [Pern. fr. OF. dismal, LL. decimalis, decima, a tithe, fr. L. decern, ten, — i. e., in tithing time.] — Dis'mally, adv. Dismantle, dis-man'tl, r. t. To deprive of dress, strip, deprive of apparatus, furniture, equipments, defenses, or fortifications. Dismast, dis-mast', v. t. To deprive of masts. Dismay, dis-ma', v. t. [-mayed (-mad'), -Maying.] To disable with alarm or apprehension ; to fill with distressing fear, daunt, appall. — n. Loss of firm- ness and energy through fear; discouragement; ter- ror ; horror ; consternation. [Sp. desmayar, OF. es- mayer, It. smagare, orig. dismagare, fr. OHG. & AS. magan, to be able, have might or power, E. may.] — Dismay'edness, n. State of being, etc. Dismember, dis-mem'b§r ? v. t. [-bered (-bSrd), -Ber- ing.] To divide limb from limb, strip of essential parts, mutilate, sever. — Dismem'berment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc; mutilation ; division; sep- aration. Dismiss, dis-mis', v. t. [-missed (-mist'), -missing.] To send away, cause or permit to go; to remove from office, service, or employment ; to lay aside or re- ject, as a petition or motion in eourt. [L. dimittere, -missum, fr. dis and mittere, missum, to send.] — Di»- miss'al, -mis'sion, -mish'un.n. Act of dismissing; leave to depart ; removal from employment ; dis- charge ; a setting aside as trivial or invalid. — Dis- miss'ive, -iv, a. Giving dismission, or leave to de- part. — Dim'issory, -er-T. a. Dismissive; dismissing to anothi-r jurisdiction. Dismount, dis-mownt', v. i. To come down, descend, alight from a horse . — v. t . To throw or bring down from an elevation, place of honor and authority, etc. ; to throw or remove from a horse, or from a gun carriage ; to break the carriages of (pieces of artillery). Disobey, dis-o-ba', v. t. To neglect or refuse to obey ; to break the commands of. — v. i. To refuse obe- dience. — Disobe'dience, -dt-ens, n. Neglect or re- fusal, etc. — Disobe'dient, a. Neglecting or refus- ing, etc. — Disobe'diently, adv. Disoblige, dis-o-blij', v. t. To offend by an act of un- kindness or incivility ; to be unaccommodating to. — Disobli'ger, n. — Disobli'gingly, adv. — DisoV- liga'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Disob'ligatory, -to-rT, a. Releasing obligation. Disorder, dis-6r'dEr, n. Want of order ; neglect of system; breach of public order ; disturbance of the peace of society ; disturbance of the functions of the animal economy or of the mind ; malady; dis- temper. — v. t. To disturb the order of, throw into confusion ; to make sick ; to disturb the regular operations of, derange, discompose. — Disor'derly, -IT, a. In a state of disorder. — Disor'derliness, n. Disorganize, dis-6r'gan-Iz, v. t. To break or destroy the organic structure or connected system of ; to throw into utter disorder. — Disor'ganiz / er, n. — Dieorganiza'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; End, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, 3r ; DISOWN 155 DISREGARD Disown, diz- or dis-on', v. t. To refuse to own or ac- knowledge ; to disavow, disclaim, renounce. Disparage, dis-par'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -aging.] To dishonor by comparison with what is inferior, injure by depreciating comparisons, decry, under- value, detract from, degrade. [OF. desparager, fr. des (L. dis) and parage (LL. paraticum, paragium), rank, fr. L. par, equal. See Peer.]— Dispar'age- ment, n. Injurious comparison with an inferior; indignity ; derogation ; disgrace. — Disparager, n. Disparate, dis'pa-rat, a. Unequal ; unlike ; dissim- ilar. {Logic.) Pert, to 2 coordinate species or di- visions. — Dis'parates, n. pi. Things so unlike that they cannot be compared with each other. [L. dis- par, unequal, unlike; dis and par.] — Disparity, -par'T-tT, n. Difference in age, rank, condition, or excellence ; dissimilitude ; disproportion. Dispark, dis-park', v. t. To throw open, as a park; to set at large, release. Dispart, dis-parf, v. t. To part asunder, divide, sep- arate.— v. i. To separate, open, cleave. — n. (Gun.) The difference between the thickness of metal at the mouth and at the breech of a piece of ordnance; a piece of metal, cast on the muzzle, to make the line of sight parallel to the bore. — v. t. To allow for the dispart in, when aiming ; to do away with the dispart of, by making the diameter of the base- ring and swell of the muzzle equal. Dispassion, dis-pash'un, n. Freedom from passion.— Dispassionate, a. Free from, or not dictated by, gassion ; cool ; temperate ; impartial ; unruffled. — lispasSionately, adv. Dispatch, dis-pach'', Despatch', v. t. [-patched (-pachtO, -patching.] To send off on a special er- rand, usually in haste; to get rid of by sending off ; put out of the way; esp. to put to death, kill; to dis- pose of, as business. — v. i. To make haste. — n. The sending of a messenger in haste ; any sending away ; rapid performance, as of business ; prompt- ness; speed; a message sent off, esp. from one public officer to another. [OF. despescher, fr. des and pescher, to hinder, LL. pedicare, f r. pedica, a fetter, fr. pes, pedis, a foot.] — Dispatcher, n.— Dispatch'- ful, -ful, a. Bent on haste ; indicating haste. Dispauper, dis-paw'per, v. t. (Law.) To deprive of a pauper's claim to public support, or of capacity of suing in forma pauperis. Dispel, dis-peK, v. t. [-pelled (-peld r ), -pelling.] To drive away, banish, dissipate. [L. dis and pel- fere, to drive.] Dispense, dis-pens', v. t. [-pensed (-pensf), -pen- sing.] To deal or divide out in portions; to apply, as laws, to particular cases; to administer, carry out. — v.t. To permit neglect or omission, suspend op- eration, followed by with. [Same as spend; OF. dis- penser, L. dispensare, to weigh out, dispense, fr. dis- pendere, -penswtn, to spread, expand, fr. dis and pan- dere, to spread.] — Dispens^er, n. — Dispensable, a. Capable of being dispensed or administered, of be- ing dispensed with. — Dispensary, -sa-rT, n. A place in which medicines and medical advice are given gratis to the poor ; shop in which medicines are prepared. —Dispensation, n. Act of dispen- sing or dealing out ; thing dispensed ; esp. ( Theol.), a system of principles, promises, and rules ordained and administered. The granting of a license, or the li- cense itself, to do what is forbidden.— DispenSative, •tiv, a. Granting dispensation. — DispenSatively, adv. — Dis'pensa/tor, n. A distributor; dispenser, — DispenSatory, -to-rt, a. Granting, or authorized to grant, dispensations. — n. A book of directions for compounding medicines; a pharmacopoeia. Dispeople, dis-pe'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To depopulate. Dispermous, di-sperm'us, a. (Bot.) Containing 2 seeds only. [Gr. dis, twice, and sperma, seed.] Disperse. dis-pers', v. t. [-persed (-pgrsf), -pers- ING.] To scatter here and there; to spread, asknowl- edge, light, etc., diffuse, disseminate ; to cause to vanish or separate. — v. i. To separate, vanish, be dispelled. [L. dispergere,-spersum, to scatter abroad, fr. dis and spargere. to scatter ; s. rt. sparse.] — Dis- persed harmony. (Mus.) Harmony of such a na- ture that the tones composing the chord are widely separated, as by an octave or more. — Diapers'' er, n. — DisperSion, n. Actof, or stateof being, etc. (Opt.) Separation of light into its different colored rays. Dispirit, dis-pir^it, v. t. To depress the spirits of ; dishearten, depress, daunt, frighten. Displace, dis-plas', v. t. To change the place of, re- move, put out of place ; to discharge, depose, dis- miss, discard. — Displace'' able, a. — Displace 'ment, n. Act of, or state ot being, etc.; quantity of water displaced by a floating body, as by a ship. (Medical Chem.) A process by which soluble substances are extracted from organic matter. Display, dis-pla', v. t. [-played (-plad'), -playing.] To unfold, spread wide; to exhibit, set in view os- tentatiously, parade, expand. — n. An unfolding; exhibition ; manifestation ; parade. [Same as de- ploy ; OF. desploier, -pleier, to unfold, exhibit.fr. des (L. dis) and jdoier, phier, plier (L. jdicare), to fold ; s. rt. ply.] — DisplaySr, n. Displease, dis-plez', v. t. [-pleased (-plezd'), -pleas- ing.] Not to please ; to excite a feeling of disap- probation or dislike in, make angrv, offend, disgust, vex, affront. — Displeas'ure, -plezh'er, n. The feeling of one displeased; slight anger or irritation; that which displeases. Disport, dis-port', n. Play; pastime; diversion, —v. i. To play, sport. — v. t. To divert or amuse. [OF. des- porter, fr. des and porter, L. portare, to carry.] Dispose, dis-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd r ;, -posing.] To distribute and put in place, set in order, regulate; to assign to a service or use, bestow for an object or purpose ; to give a tendency or inclination ; esp. to incline the mind of .—[OF. aisjx)ser, fr. dis and poser, to place. See Pose.] — To dispose of. To determine the fate of, exercise the power of control over ; to pass over into the control of s*>me one else: to part with, get rid of .— Disposed', -pozd', j>. a. Inclined; minded. — Disposer, n. — Dispos'able, a. Subject to disposal ; liable to be made use of. — Dispos'al, -sure, -zhur, n. Act or power of, etc.; direction; dis- tribution."— Disposition, -zish'un, n. Act of, or state, or manner of being, etc. ; arrangement ; or- der; tendency to any action or state resulting from natural constitution ; natural aptitude e»f mind or acquired aptitude or ciiaracter ; moral character. Dispossess, dis-pos-ses'' or -poz-zes', v. t. To put out of possession, eject. — Dispossession, -sesh'un or -zesh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) An injury to real property which consists of a dep- rivation of possession. Dispraise, dis-praz', n. Detraction from praise : cen- sure; reproach; disparagement.— v.t. To withdraw praise from; to censure, blame. — DispraisSr. n. Dispread, dis-pred', v. t. To spread abroad, expand widely. — v. i. To expand, be spread. Disproof. See under Disprove. Disproportion, dis-pro-porShun, n. Want of propor- tion or symmetry, of suitableness or adequacy. — v. t. To make unsuitable, mismatch. — Dispropor- tionate, -tional, -tionate, a. Unsuitable; inade- quate. — Dispropor'tionabiy, -ally, -ately, adv. Disprove, dis-proov', v. t. To prove to be false or er- roneous: to confute, refute. — DisprovSr, n. — Dis- prov /, able, a. — Disproof', n. Act of, etc. ; convic- tion of error : refutation. Dispute, dis-puf, v. i. To contend in argument, argue a question for and against, discuss, debate ; to strive in opposition to a competitor. — v. t. To argue for and against, discuss ; to struggle for the possession of ; to oppose by argument, call in ques- tion, controvert, doubt, argue, impugn. — n. Con- troversy ; debate ; struggle ; altercation. [OF dis- puter, L. disputare, -atum, from dis and putare, to think, orig. to make clean, clear up.] — Dispufer, Dis'putant, n. One who, etc.— Disputable, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. ; controvertible. — Dis'putable- ness, n. — Disputa'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; argumenta- tion.— Disputatious, -shus, Disput Stive, -putS-tiv, a. Inclined to dispute ; apt to cavil or controvert. Disqualify, dis-kwoKT-fi, v. t. To render unfit, inca- pacitate ; to deprive of legal capacity, power, or right. — Disqual / ifica / 'tion, n. Act of,' or state of being, etc.; disability; esp. legal disabilitv; depriva- tion of legal right or capacity; want of qualification; that which disqualifies. Disquiet, dis-kwiSt, n. Want of quiet or tranquillity; uneasiness; restlessness; anxiety, —v. t. To render unquiet, make uneasy, disturb. — DisquiSter, n. — DisquiStness, -etude, -tud, n. Want of peace or tranquillity; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. Disquisition, dis-kwY-zish'un, n. A systematic in- quiry into, or discussion of, any subject; elaborate argumentative essay; dissertation; an immethodical discussion. [L. disquirere, -quisitum, to examine, fr. dis and qvserere, to seek. See Query.] Disregard, dis-re-gard', v. t. Not to regard; to pay no heed to, neglect, slight. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; omission to notice. — Disregard Sr, n. eon, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DISRELISH 156 DISTEMPER Disrelish, dis-rel'ish, n. "Want of relish; distaste; aver- sion; bad taste; nauseousness. — v. t. Not to relish; to feel disgust at; to make nauseous. Disrepute, dis-re-put', -rep'uta'tion, n. Loss or want of reputation or credit; disesteem; dishonor; dis- grace. — Disrep/utable, a. Not reputable; tending to bring into discredit; low; mean; shameful. — Dis- rep'utably, adv. Disrespect, dis-re-spekf, n. Want of respect or rev- erence; incivility; irreverence. — v. t. To show dis- respect to. — Disrespectful, -ful, a. Wanting in re- spect; uncivil. — Disrespecffuily, adv. Disrobe, dis-rob', v. t. To divest of a robe, or of that which clothes or decorates. — Disrob'er, n. Disrupt, dis-rupt', a. Rent asunder; broken. [L. dis and rumpere, -ruptum, to break, burst.] — Disrup'- tion, -ture, -chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.— Disruptive, -iv, a. Causing, or accompanied Dy, etc. Dissatisfy, dis-safis-fi, r. t. To render unsatisfied or discontented; to displease. — DissaVisfac'tion, n. State or condition of being dissatisfied or discon- tented; displeasure; disapprobation; dislike. — Dis- sat'isfaC'tory, -to-ri, a. Causing dissatisfaction. Dissect, dis-sekt', v. t. To cut in pieces, as an animal or vegetable, to examine the structure and use of its parts; to anatomize; to analyze into its constit- uent parts, for purposes of science or criticism. [L. dis and secare, section, to cut.] — Dissecfible, a. Capable of being dissected. — Dissec'tion, n. Act of dissecting, or of separating into constituent parts for critical examination. —Dissect'' or, -Sr, n. Disseize, dis-sez', v. t. (Law.) To deprive of actual seizin or possession ; to dispossess wrongfully. — Disseizee', -se-ze', n. One disseized, or put out of possession of an estate unlawfully. — Dissei'zin, n. Unlawful dispossessing of one actually seized of the freehold. —Disseizor, n. (Law.) One who, etc. Dissemble, dis-sem'bl, v. t. [-sembled (-bid), -bung.] To hide under a false semblance, put an untrue ap- pearance upon, disguise, mask; to make pretense of, feign, dissimulate, cloak, cover. — v. i. To con- ceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense. [OF. dis and sembler, to ap- pear. See Dissimulate, under Dissimilar.] — Dis- sembler, n. One who,_etc; a hypocrite. Disseminate, dis-sem r Y-nat, v. t. To sow, as seed: to scatter for growth and propagation ; to spread or ex- tend by dispersion, diffuse, circulate, disperse. [L. dis and seminare, -natum, to sow, fr. semen, seed.] — Dissem'ina'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; diffusion ; dispersion. — Dissem'inative, -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. — Disseminator, n. Dissent, dis-sent', v. i. To differ in opinion, disagree. (Eccl.) To differ from the established church. To be of a contrary nature. — n. Act of dissenting; dif- ference of opinion; disagreement. (Eccl.) Separa- i tion from an established church, esp. that of Eng- land. [L. dis and sentire, to feel, think, judge.] — Dissenta'neous, -ne-us, a. Disagreeing; contrary.— Dissent 'er, n. One who dissents; esp. one, not a Roman Catholic, who separates from the church of England; a dissident.— Dissen'tient, -shent, a. Dis- agreeing; declaring dissent. — n. One who, etc.— Dissen'sion, -shun, n. Violent disagreement in opinion; breach of friendship and union; strife. Dissertation, dis-ser-ta'shun, n. A formal or elabo- rate discourse, disquisition, essay. [L. dissertare, -tatum, to debate, freq. of disserere : to set asunder, discuss, fr. dis and serere, to join, bind.] Disserve, dis-serV, v. t. To injure, hurt, harm.— DisserVice, -is, n. Injury; mischief .— DiBserV- iceable, a. Unserviceable; harmful; injurious. Dissever, dis-seVSr, v. t. To part in two, divide asun- der, sever. [OF. dessevrer, fr. dis and sevrer, L. sep- arare, to sever.] — DisseVerance, n. Act of, etc. Dissident, dis'sY-dent, a. Not agreeing; dissenting.— n. (Eccl.) One who separates from the established religion; a dissenter. [L. dissidens, p. pr. of dissi- dere, to sit apart, disagree, fr. dis and sedere, to sit.] — Dis'sidence, n. Disagreement; dissent. Dissilient, dis-siKT-ent or -yent, a. Bursting and opening with an elastic force. [L. dissiliens, p. pr. of dissUire, to leap or burst asunder, fr. dis and sa- tire, to leap.]— DissiKience, n. Act of leaping or starting asunder. Dissimilar. dis-sim'T-lgr, a. Unlike; heterogeneous. — Dissim / ilar , ity, -lar'T-tT, n. Want of resemblance ; unlikeness; dissimilitude. — Dissim'ilarly, -ler-lY, adv. — Dis'simiKitude, -tad, n. Want of similitude; unlikeness ; dissimilarity. (Rhet.) A comparison by contrast. — DissiiVulate, -lat, v. i. To dissemble, feign. [OF. dissimuler, L. dissimula.re, fr. dis and similis, like.] — Dissim / ula''tion, n. Act of, etc. Dissipate, dis'sT-pat, v. t. To drive asunder; to de- stroy by wasteful extravagance, scatter, spend, squander, consume, lavish. — v. i. To separate and disappear, waste away, vanish; to be extravagant, wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure. [L. dissipare, -patum, fr. dis and obs. supare, to throw.] — Dissipation, n. Act of dissipating or dispersing; state of dispersion; a dissolute course of life ; profuseness in vicious indulgences ; a trifle distracting attention^ state of distracted attention. Dissociate, dis-so'sht-at, v. t. To separate, disunite. [L. dis and sociare, to unite, f r. socius, a companion.] — Disso'cia'tion, -shT-a'shun, n. Act of dissocia- ting; state of separation; disunion. (Chem.) Decom- position of chemical bodies effected by heat or me- chanical force, without intervention of chemical at- traction. — Disso'ciable, -sha-bl, a. Not well as- sorted; incongruous; unsuitable to society. — Disso'- cial, -shal, a. Unfriendly to society. Dissolve, diz-zolV, v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solv- ing.] To separate into component parts; to break the continuity of, disconnect; to convert into a liq- uid, melt, liquefy; to destroy the power of; to ter- minate, cause to disappear. (Law.) To annul, re- scind. — v. i. To waste away, be dissipated; to be come fluid, be melted; to fade away, vanish. [L. dis and solvere, solutum, to loose.] — Dissolved blood. (Med.) That which does not readily coagulate. — DissolVable, a. — DissolVent, a. Having power to melt or dissolve. — n. That which has, etc.; a men- struum; solvent. — DissolVer, n. —Dissoluble, dis'« so-lu-bl, a. Capable of being dissolved, liquefied, or disunited. — Dis'solute, -hit, a. Abandoned to vicious pleasures; wanton; vicious; licentious; lewd; debauched. — Dissolutely, adv.— Dissoluteness, n. — Dissolution, n. Act of dissolving, sundering, or separating into component parts ; change from a solid to a fluid state; change of form by chemical agency; dispersion of an assembly by terminating its sessions; breaking up of a partnership; extinc- tion of life; state of being dissolved; destruction. Dissonant, dis'so-nant, a. Discordant; unharmonious; disagreeing; incongruous. [L. dissonans, p. pr. of dissonare, to be discordant, fr. dis and sonare, to sound.] — DisSonance, -nancy, -sY, n. A mingling of discordant sounds; jargon; want of agreement; incongruity; inconsistency. Dissuade, dis-swad', v. t. To advise or exhort against. [OF. dissuader, L. dissuadere, -suasum, fr. dis and suadere, to persuade.] — Dissuad'er, n. — Dissua'- sion, -zhun, n. Act of dissuading ; exhortation against a thing; a dissuasive. — Dissuasive -siv, a. Tending to dissuade.— n. An argument, or coun- sel, employed to deter one from a measure. Dissyllable, dis-siKla-bl, n. A word of 2 syllables only. [OF. dissyllabe, L. disyllabus, Gr. disullabos, Gr. di and suitable, syllable.] — Dissyllabic, a. Con- sisting of, etc. Distaff, dis'taf, n. ; pi. Distaffs. The staff for holding the flax, tow, or wool, from which thread is drawn in spinning by hand; the holder of a distaff; a woman. [AS. distsef.'] Distain, dis-tan', v. t. [-iained (-tand'), -taining.] To stain, sully, disgrace. [OF. desteindre, fr. des (L. dis) and teindre (L. tingere), to tinge, dye.] Distant, dis'tant, a. Separate; far sep- T)i s t a ff arated; remote,— in place, time, con- sanguinity, etc. ; reserved in manners; cold; faint, obscure, — .is from distance. [OF.; L. distans, p. pr. of distare, to stand apart, fr. dis and stare, to stand.] — Distantly, adv. — Dis'tance, -tans, n. Space be- tween two objects; remoteness of place; interval of time; respect; ceremoniousness. — v. t. [distanced (-tanst), -tancing.] To place at, or cause to appear as if at, a distance; to leave behind in a race, sur- pass, excel. — Angular distance. The angle of sep- aration between the directions in which two bodies are seen; apparent distance. Distaste, dis-tasf, n. Aversion of the taste; dislike of food or drink; disrelish; disgust; alienation of af- fection; displeasure; dissatisfaction. — v.t. Not to have relish for; to dislike the taste of, loathe. — Dis- taste'ful, -ful, a. Unpleasant to the taste; displeas- ing to the feelings; nauseous; offensive; repulsive; manifesting dislike. — Distastefully, adv. Distemper, dis-tem / 'per, n. A morbid state of the am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t§rm ; In, Ice ; odd. tone, dr ; DISTEND 15; DIVAN animal system, — esp. of brutes; ill humor, or bad temper. (Paint.) A preparation of opaque or body colors, with size instead of oil; destemper. — v. i. [distempered (-perd), -pering.] To derange the functions of, whether bodily or mental, bring dis- ease upon; to disturb, make ill-humored. (Paint.) To make into distemper. — Distem'perature. -chur, n. Commixture of contrarieties; confusion; dis- turbance; slight illness; mental uneasiness. Distend, dis-tend', v. t. To lengthen out, stretch or spread in all directions, dilate, expand, swell. — v. i. To become expanded or inflated. [L. dis and ten- dere, to stretch.]— Distensible, -si-bl, a.— Disten- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; space occu- pied by the thing distended. Distich, dis'tik, n. (Pros.) A couple of verses mak- ing complete sense; a couplet of 2 lines, of different kinds of verse, repeated in the same order. [Gr. disticfton, f r. dis, twofold, and stichos, row, rank.] — Dis'tich, -tichous, -us, a. Having, or disposed in, 2 rows; two-ranked. Distill. dis-tiK, v. i. [-tilled (-tildO, -tilling.] To fall in drops, flowgently; to use a still, practice dis- tillation.—?), t. To let fall in drops; to subject to, or obtain by, distillation; to rectify, purify. [L. dis and stillare, -atum, to drop, fr. stiXla, a drop.] — Dis- tilKer, n. — Distill'able, a. — Distilla'tion, n. Act of falling in drops ; operation of extracting spirit from a substance Dy evaporation and condensation; rectification ; substance extracted by distilling. — Destructive distillation. (Chem.) Distillation of sub- stances at very high temperatures. — Distill 'ery, -er-Y, n. Works where distilling is carried on. Distinguish, dis-tin'gwish, v. t. [-guished (-gwisht), -guishing.] To separate or recognize by visible marks; to separate by definition of terms or logical division of a subject; to recognize by characteristic qualities; to make to differ, discriminate; to make eminent or known, honor. — v. i. To make dis- tinctions, exercise discrimination. [OF. distinguer, L. distinguere, distinction, to distinguish, mark with a prick, fr. dis and obs. stinguere, to prick; s. rt. Gr. stizein, to prick, E. sting.] — Distin'guisher, n.— Dis- tinguishable, «.— Distinguished, -gwisht, p. a. Having distinction; eminent; noted; illustrious.— Distinguishing, p. a. Constituting difference, or distinction from everything else ; peculiar ; char- acteristic. — Distinct, dis-tinkt'', a. Having the dif- ference marked ; distinguished ; spotted ; varie- gated; separate in place; not united by growth or otherwise ; different ; individual ; not to be con- founded with any other thing; definite; clear; ob- vious. — Distinct'ly, adv. — Distincfness, n. — Dis- tinction, n. Marking off by visible signs ; divis- ion ; discrimination ; distinguishing quality ; esti- mation of difference; conspicuous station; superi- ority; rank; note; eminence. — Distinctive, -iv, a. Marking or expressing distinction. — Distinctively, adv. With distinction; plainly. Distort, dis-tdrf, v. t. To twist out of natural shape, force out of the true posture or direction, wrest from the true meaning, deform, pervert, bend. [L. dis and torquere, tortum, to twist.] — Distortion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; visible deformity.— Distort' ive, -iv, a. Causing or having distortions. Distract, dis-trakt', v. t. To perplex, confuse ; to agitate by conflicting passions; to render insane, craze, — used in the p. p. [L. dis and trahere, trac- tum, to draw ; s. rt. draw. ] — Distraction, n. Con- fusion of attention, or of affairs ; perturbation of mind; a state of disordered reason. —Distract 'ive, -iv, a. Causing perplexity. — Distraught', -trawt', a. Distracted. Distrain, dis-tran', v. t. [-trained (-trand'), -train- ing.] (Law.) To seize for debt, without legal pro- cess. [OF. destraindre, L. distringere, -strictum, to pull asunder, fr. dis and stringere, to hurt, com- press, strain.] — Distrainor, -e"r, n. — Dis'trict, n. A defined portion of a state or city for legislative, elective, or other purposes; portion of territory of undefined extent; quarter; tract; region; country. — v.t. To divide into districts. [OF. ; I>L. districtus, a district, orig., within which a lord may distrain.] — Disti-ict court. U. S. A subordinate tribunal hav- ing jurisdiction over certain cases within a judicial district. — Distress', n. Extreme suffering, of body or mind; that which occasions suffering ; state of danger or necessity. (Law.) The act of distraining; thing taken by distraining. — v. t. [distressed (-tresf), -tressing.] To cause pain or anguish to. ( Law.) To seize for debt, distrain. [OF. distresse.] — Distressful, -iul, a. Inflicting, indicating, or pro- ceeding troin, distress. Distribute, dis-trib'Qt, v. t. To divide among sev- eral ; to dispense, administer, apportion, allot, as- sign; to divide or separate, as into classes, orders, etc. — v. i. To make distribution. [L. dis and tri- buere, tributum, to impart. See Tribute.] — Dis- tributer, n. — Distributable, a. — Distribution, ». Act of distributing or dispensing; almsgiving; sepa- ration into parts or classes; classification; arrange- ment of topics in a discourse. (Print.) The sepa- ration of type, and placing each letter in its proper box. — Distributive, -tiv, a. Tending to distribute ; dealing to each his share. (Logic.) Assigning the various species of a general term. (Gram.) Express- ing separation or division. — Distrib'utively, adv. District. See under Distrain. Distrust, dis-trust', v. t. Not to confide in or rely upon; to mistrust, disbelieve. — n. Doubt of re- ality or sincerity; suspicion of evil designs. — Dis- trustful, -iul, a. Apt to distrust; suspicious; dif- fident; modest. — Distrustfully, adv. Disturb, dis-terb', v. t. [-turbed (-terbd'), -turb- ing.] To throw into confusion; to interfere with, terminate abruptly; to agitate the mind of . render uneasy, discompose, perplex, trouble. [OF. des- tourber, L. disturbare, fr. dis and turbare, to dis- turb, fr. turba, a crowd, tumult. See Turbid.] — Disturb'ance, -ans, a. Derangement of the regular course of things ; confusion of the mind ; public commotion; brawl; disorder. (Law.) Interruption of a right. — Disturb'' er, n. Disunite, dis-u-nit', v. t. To destroy the continuity or union of; to break the concord of, divide, sever, sunder, separate. — v. i. To part, become separate. — Disu'nity, -nT-ti, n. State of separation. — Dis- union, -un'yun, n. Termination of union; a breach of concord and its effect; in U. S., severance by any State of connection with the Federal government. — Disun'ionist, n. An advocate of disunion. Disuse, dis-us', n. Cessation of use, practice, or ex- ercise; cessation of custom ; desuetude. — Disuse, -uz', v. t. [-used (-iizd'), -using.] To cease to use or practice, desist from employing; to disaccustom. — Disu'sage, -zej, n. Gradual cessation of use, etc. Ditch dich, n. A trench in the earth, esp. one for draining wet land, for fencing incloeures, etc.; a fosse or moat. See Ravelin, — v. t. [ditched (dicht), ditching.] To dig a ditch in.—?;. ?'. To make a ditch. [Same as dike, q. v.] — Bitch'er, n. One who digs ditches. Ditheism, di'the-izm, n. Doctrine of the existence of 2 gods, good and evil; dualism. [Gr. dis, double, and theos, god.] — Ditheist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Dithyramb, dith'T-ram, ram'bus, n. An ancient Greek hymn in honor of Bacchus. [Gr. Dithuram- bos, a name of Bacchus, a hymn in his honor.] — Dithyram'bic, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; wild, im- petuous, and boisterous. — n. A dithyramb ; a poem written in wild, enthusiastic strains. Ditone, di'ton, n. (Mus.) An interval comprehend- ing 2 whole tones. [Gr. dis and tonos, a tone.] Dittany, dit'ta-nY, n. (Bot.) An aromatic perennial plant, whose leaves smell like lemon-thyme, and yield an essential oil. [OF. dictame, Gr. diktamnbs, the herb growing on Mt. Dicte, in Crete.] Ditto, dit'to, *»ntr. Do., n. That which has been said; the aforesaid thing; same thing. — adv. As before; in the same manner; also. [It.; L. dictum, thing said, fr. dicere, to say.] Ditty, dit'tY, n. A song; esp. a little poem to be sung. [OF. ditie, a kind of poem, fr. L. dictatum, thing dictated, fr. dictare, to dictate.] Diuresis, di-u-re'sis, n. (Med.) Excretion of urine. [Gr. dia, through, and ouron, urine.] — Diuret'ic, a. Exciting the secretion and discharge of urine. — n. A medicine which, etc. Diurnal, di-er'nal, a. Pert, to the daytime; daily; recurring every day; performed in a day; constitu- ting the measure of a day. (Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night. — n. A book of the daily service of the Rom. Cath. Church for the "little hours." [L. diurnalis, fr. dies, a day; same as journal.] — Diur'nally, adv. Daily; every day. Diutumal, di-u-ter'nal, a. Of long continuance ; last- ing. [L. diuturnus, fr. diu, a long time, old abl. form of dies, day. J Divan, dY-van', n. A book; collection of poems; ac- count-book ; a council ; the Turkish council of state; royal court; court of justice; office for cus- toms; the council chamber; audience chamber; sa- eun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. DIVARICATE 158 DOCIMACY loon for company; a kind of cushioned seat. rPer. and Ar.] Divaricate, di-varT-kat, v. i. To part into 2 branches; to open., fork, diverge from. — v. t. To divide into 2 branches. — a. (Bot.) Widely divergent. [L. dis and varicare, -eatum, to spread apart, straddle, fr. varus, bent apart.] — Di- var^ica'tion, re. A parting; forking; wide divergence ; equivocation. (Nat. Hist.) Intersection of fibers at different angles. Dive, div, v. i. [dived (divd), di- ving.] To descend or plunge into water head first; to plunge thorough- ly into any business or condition; to sink, penetrate. [AS. dyfan, dufan, Ic. dtjfa ; s. rt. dip.] — Di'vef , re. One who dives, or who goes deeply into a business. (Ornitft.) A bird of certain genera, given to diving. — Di'ving-bell, re. A hollow vessel, orig. bell-shaped, air-tight, except at the bottom, in which one mavgo into deep water. — Dive'dapper, re. (Ornith.) The didapper, q. v. Diverge, di-verj'", v. i. [-verged (-vend'), -ver- ging.] To tend from a common point indifferent directions; to deviate gradually from a given line; to vary from a type, or a normal state, or from the truth. [L. dis and vergere, to incline, tend, verge.] — Diverge'ment, Divergence, -gency, -sT, n. A re- ceding from each other in radiating lines. — Di- vergent, a. Deviating gradually, etc. Divert, d I- vert', v. t. To turn off from any course, direction, or intended application ; to turn from business or study; to please, amuse, entertain, rec- reate. [OF. divertir, L. divertere, -versum, fr. dis and vertere, to turn.] — Divert'er, n. — Divers, di r - verz, a. Several; sundry; more than one, but not many. — Di 'verse, -vers, a. Different in kind; un- like ; dissimilar, — adv. In different directions.— Diversely, adv. In different ways, or directions. — Diversity, -tT, re. A state of difference ; unlike- ness; multiplicity of difference; variety. — Diver '- sion, -shun, re. Act of turning aside, from any oc- cupation, object, etc.; that which diverts from care or amuses; solace; recreation; sport. (Mil.) Act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the principal point of attack. — Divertlve, -iv, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. — Diver'sify, -fT, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make diverse or various in form or qualities. [F. diversifier, LL. diversificare, f r. L. diversus and facere. to make.] — Diver'sifica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.— Diver'sified, -fid, p. a. Distinguished by various forms, or by a variety of aspects. — Diver'siform, -f6rm, a. Of a different form; of varied forms. [L. forma, form.] — Divertisement, de-verliz-moN, re. A ballet, etc., between acts of longer pieces. [F.] Divest, dY-vest', v. t. To strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage; to deprive. [L. dis and vestire, to clothe, f r. vestis, garment.] — Divestiture, -Y-chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Divide, dY-vId', v. t. To sever into parts; to cause to be separate; to make partition of among a number, apportion; to make discordant or hostile; toseparate into 2 parts, for ascertaining opinions for and against a measure. (Logic.) To separate into species. — v. i. To be separated, part, open; to vote by separating a legislative house into 2 parts. [L. dividere, -visum, fr. dis and obs. vidSre, to know, prob. s. rt. videre, to see.] — Dividend, re. The share of interest or profit of stock in trade, etc., be- longing to each proprietor. (Arith.) A number or quantity to be divided. — Divid'er, re. One who, or that which, divides ; esp. (pi.) an instrument for dividing lines, describing circles, etc.; compasses. — Divisible, -viz'Y-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Divisibility, re. Quality of being divisible. — Di- vision, -vizh/un, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which divides; portion separated by the divid- ing of a mass; difference in opinion or feeling; dif- ference of condition ; separation of the members of a deliberative body to ascertain the vote. (Arith.) Process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another; rule by which the operation is performed. (Mil.) A section of an army or fleet, complete in itself, and commanded by a general officer. — Divisional, a. Marking, express- ing, or making division; pert, to a division or dis- trict. — Divi'sive, -siv, a. Forming division or dis- tribution; creating division or discord. — Divi'sor, -zer, n. (Arith.) The number by which the div- idend is divided. — Common divisor. Any number dividing 2 or more numbers without a remainder. Divine, dY-vIn', a. Pert, to, proceeding from, or ap- propriated to God, or celebrating his praise; above what is human ; superhuman; godlike ; holy; sa- cred; pert, to divinity or theology. — n. A priest; clergyman; one skilled in divinity, theologian.— v. t. [divined (-vind'), -vining.] To foresee or foreknow, foretell, presage, prognosticate. — v. i. To practice divination, impart presages of the fu- ture, have presages or forebodings, guess or con- jecture. [OF. divin, devin, divine, also a diviner or augur, theologian, deviner, to divine, predict ; L. divinus, divine, s. rt. divus, godly, dews, God.] — Divin'er, re. One who practices divination. — Di- vina'tion, re. Act or art of divining or foretelling future events; augury; omen. — Divinely, adv. In a godlike manner; by the agency of God. — Divin'- ing-rod, re. A forked rod, commonly of hazel, used by seekers for water or metals under ground. — Divinity, -vin'Y-tY, re. State of being divine ; god- head; the Deity; God; a false god; a celestial being, inferior to God, but superior to man; supernatural power or virtue; awe-inspiring character; supreme dignity; science of divine things; theology. Divisible, Division, etc. See under Divide. Divorce, dY-vors r , re. (Law.) A legal dissolution of the marriage contract; separation of a married wom- an from the bed and board of her husband ; separa- tion of things closely united ; the sentence or writ- ing dissolving marriage.— v. t. [divorced (-vorst'), -vorcing.] To separate by divorce, disunite, sun- der. [OF.; L. divortium, a divorce, fr. divortere, a form of divertere, to separate. See Divert.] — Divorce'able, a. — Divorce'ment, n. Divorce. - Di- vorcer, re. Person or cause producing divorce. — Divor'cive, -siv, a. Having power to divorce. Divulge, dY-vuli', v. t. [-vulged (-vuljdO, -vulging.] To make public, disclose, impart. [F. diuulguer, L. divulgare, fr. dis and vulgare, to make common, fr. vulgus, the common people.] — Divul'ger, n. Divulsion, dY-vuKshun, re. Act of plucking away ; a rending asunder. [L. divulsio, f r. ais and vellere, vuv- sum, to pluck.] — Divul'sive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. diz'n or di'zn, v. t. [dizened (-znd), dizen- s gaudily, deck, overdress. [ME. dysyn, to put flax on (distaffs), hence to clothe, deck.] ing.] To dress gaudily, Dizzy, diz'Y, a. Having a sensation of vertigo; giddy; confused ; indistinct ; causing giddiness ; unreflect- ing; heedless, — v. t. To make giddy, confuse. [AS. dysig, silly, OD. duyzigh, dizzy.] — Diz'ziness, re. Djinn, jin, n. See Jinnee. Do, do, n. (Mus.) A syllable attached to the 1st tone of the major diatonic scale for solmization. Do, doo, v. t. or auxiliary, [imp. did ; p. p. donk (dun) ; doing.] To perform, execute, make ; to produce, as an effect or result ; to perform com- pletely, finish, accomplish ; to cook completely ; to translate or transform into, as a written text; to de- ceive, play a trick upon, hoax, humbug. (Stock Exchange.) To cash or advance money for, as a bill or note. — v. i. To act or behave ; to fare ; to be in a state with regard to health. [AS. don (imp. dyde, p. p. gedon), D. doen (imp. deed, p. p. gedaan); s. rt. deed, deem, doom.] — To do over. To make over, perform a second time. — To do up. To pack together; to iron and starch (linen). — To do with. To dispose of, make use of. — To have to do with. To have concern, business, or intercourse with ; to deal with. — 7b do for. To put an end to, ruin, dis- appoint, etc. — To do without. To get along with- out. — To have done. To have made an end. — To have done with. To have completed ; to be through with. — Do'er, n. One who, etc. ; an actor ; agent. Do, doo, v. i. To be worth, be fit, avail, manage, ac- complish a purpose,— as, this will do. [Prov. E. dow, AS. dugan, to-be worth. See Doughty.] Do., pron. ditlo^ See Ditto. Doab, Dooab, doo'ab, n. In India, a tongue of land between the confluence of rivers. Docetism, dos'et-izm, re. Doctrine that Christ suffered only in appearance. [Gr. dokein, to appear.] Docile, dosll, a. Teachable ; ready to learn ; tract- able. [F. ; L. dociUs, fr. docere, to teach ; s. rt. di- dactic, disciple, doctor, etc.] — Docility, -tT, n. Teachableness. — Doclble, a. Docile. [L. docibilis, fr. docere.] — Doclbleness, -ibillty, r>. Docimacy, dos'Y-ma-sY, re. Art or practice of apply- ing tests to ascertain the nature, quality, etc., of ob- jects. [Gr. dokimasia, an essay, examination, fr. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t€rm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, Cr ; DOCK 159 DOLLAR dektmazein, to assay metals.]— Docimas'tic, a. Prov- ing by experiments. Deck, dok, n. A plant, some species of which are weeds, having a long tap-root. [AS. docce, a dock, Ga. dogha, burdock, Gr. daukos, a kind of carrot.] Dock, dok, v. t. [docked (dokt), docking.] To cut off, as the end of a thing, curtail, clip ; to deduct from ; to destroy or defeat, bar. — n. The stump of a tail, or part left after clipping ; case to cover a horse's clipped tail. [W. tocio, to clip, Ic. dockr, a short tail, Sw. docka, a skein (of silk) = length cut off.]— Dock'et, n. A summary or digest; a label tied to goods. (Law.) An abridged entry of pro- ceedings in an action, or list of such entries ; list of causes ready for hearing or trial. A list of matters to be acted on in any assembly. — v. t. To make an abstract of the heads of ; to enter in a docket, mark the contents of on the back, as of papers. Dock, dok, n. An inclosure or basin to receive vessels; space between 2 piers for ships; place where the ac- cused stands in court. — v.t. To place in a dock. [OD. dokke, a harbor, Dan. dokke, Sw. docka, G. docke, a dock, LL. doga, ditch, canal, Gr. doche, re- ceptacle, fr. dechcsthai, to receive.] — Dry or grav- ing dock. A dock from which water may be exclu- ded. — Floating or sectional d. A water-tight struc- ture for raising vessels out of water by its buoyancy. — Wet d. One where the water is shut in, and kept at a given level, to load and unload ships. — Dock'- age, -ej, n. Charge for the use of a dock. — Dock'- yard, n. A repository for naval stores, timber, etc. Doctor, dok'ter, n. One qualified to teach; a learned man ; one who has received the highest degree in a faculty; one licensed to practice medicine ; a physi- cian ; a mechanical contrivance to remedy a diffi- culty.— v.t. [doctored (-terd), -toring.J To at- tend or treat as a physician ; to make a doctor; to alter for the better ; to adulterate, tamper with, fal- sify. — v.i. To practice physic. [L., a teacher, fr. docere, doctupi, to teach.] — Doc'toral, a. Pert, to the degree or practice of a doctor. — Doc'torate, -at, -ship, n. The degree of a doctor.— Doc'toress, Doc'- tress, n. A female doctor. — Doc'trine, -trin, n. Act of teaching ; instruction ; thing taught ; body of principles in any branch of knowledge ; dogma ; tenet. [F. ; L. doctrina, fr. doctor.] — Doc'trinal, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Doc'trinally, adv. — Doc'trinaire', -tre-nar', n. One who rigidly ap- Elies to practical concerns the abstract doctrines of is own philosophical system ; a political theorist ; propounder of new opinions. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Doc'ument, n. An original or official paper, relied upon as the basis or support of anything else. — v. t. To furnish with documents. [F. ; L. documentum, fr. docere.] — Document 'al, a. Pert, to, consisting In, or derived from, etc. — Documentary, -rf, a. Pert, to written evidence ; consisting in documents. Dodder, dod'der, n. A parasitical vine, which, de- caying at the root, is nourished by the plant sup- porting it. [Dan.; Sw. dodra, G. dotter.~\ Dodecagon, do-dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A regular poly- gon, bounded by 12 equal sides, and containing 12 equal angles. [Gr. do- deka, twelve, and gonia, JB§ an angle.] — Do'dec'a- dp ■ he'dron, n. A regular solid contained under 12 equal and regular penta- gons ; a solid having 12 equal faces. [Gr. heara, seat, base.] — Dodec'ahe''- dral, a. — Dodec'astyle, Dodecahedrons. -stll, n. (Arch.) A portico having 12 columns in front. [Gr. stulos, a column.] Dodge, doj, v. i. [dodged (dojd), dodging.] To start suddenly aside, be evasive, quibble. — v. t. To evade by starting aside. — n. Act of evading by some skillful movement ; a dexterous device or trick. [Perh. s. rt. Scot, dod, to jog, North E. dad, to shake; cf. Skr. dhn, to shake.]— Dodg^er, n. Dodo, do'do, n.; pi. Do'does, -doz. A large bird of Mauritius, now extinct. [Pg. doudo, silly.] Doe, do, «. A she-deer ; esp. the female of the fallow- deer. [AS. da, a doe; Dan. daa, a deer.] — Doe' skin, n. Skin of the doe ; compact, twilled woolen cloth. Doer. See Do. — Does, duz. 3d pers. pr. ind. of Do. Doff, dof, V. t. [DOFFED (doft), DOFFING.] To put off (dress) ; to rid one's self of, defer. [Coritr. of do off.] Dog, dog, n. A quadruped of the genus Canis; a mean, worthless fellow; a fellow, — used» humor- ously. (Astron.) One of the 2 constellations in the southern hemisphere. An andiron. (Mech.) A grappling iron ; an iron with fangs to secure a log to be sawed; a catch or clutch, esp. the carrier of a lathe, and an adjustable stop to change the motion of a machine tool. — v. t. [dogged (dojrd), dog- ging.] To follow insidiously or persistently ; to worry ; hunt. JD. dog, Sw. dogg, mastiff. Dan. dogge, bull-dog. J — To give or throw to dogs. To throw away, as useless. — To go to the dor/*. To be ruined. — Dog'ged, a. Surly; obstinate. — Dog'- gedly, adv.— Dog'gedness, n— Dog/gish. a. Churl- ish ; snappish. — Dog'ber'ry, n. The berrv of the dogwood. — -bri'er, n. The dog-rose. — cart, n. A one-horse vehicle for sportsmen. — cheap, <>. Cheap as dog's meat; very cheap. day, n. One of the days when Sirius, or the Dogstar, rises and sets with the sun: they commence late in July, and end early in September. fish, n. A species of shark. — -Latin, n. Barbarous Latin. — rose, n. A species of rose which bears the hip ; the eglantine or sweet- briar. star, n. Sirius, in the constellation Canis Major. — tooth, n. A sharp pointed human tooth, between the incisors and grinders ; eye-tooth ; ca- nine tooth. See Tooth. (Arch.) An ornament con- sisting of tooth-like projections. — trot, n. A gentle trot, like a dog's. watch, n. (Naut.) One of 2 watches of 2 hours each, between 4 and 8 p. M. — -wood, n. A genus of large shrubs or small trees, having hard and serviceable wood. — Dog's-ear, dogz'er, n. The corner of the leaf of a book turned down.— v. t. To turn down, etc.— Dog'-eared, -erd, a. Having the corners, etc. — Dog'gerel. -gSr-el, a. Low in style and irregular in measure, — said of poetry. — n. Mean, undignified verse. Doge, doj, n. The chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa. [It, fr. L. dux, duke, leader.] — Do'gate, -gat, n. Office or dignity of, etc. Dogger, dog'ger, n. (Naut.) A two-masted fishing vessel, used by the Dutch. [D., codfish.] Dogma, dog/ma, n.; E. pi. -mas, -maz ; L. pi. -mata, -ma-ta. That which is held as an opinion i an es- tablished tenet ; peremptory opinion, a principle of doctrine asserted without sufficient evidence. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. dokein, to think: s. rt. L. decet, it behooves, Skr. dag as, fame.] — Degmat'ic, -ical. a. Pert, to a dogma; disposed to assert authoritatively; magisterial; positive. — Dogmatically, adv. Arro- gantly: positively. —Dogmatics, n. sing. Science of Christian doctrines ; doctrinal theology. — Dog'- matism, -tizm, n. Arrogance or positiveness in opin- ion.— Dog'matize, v. i. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To assert positively ; teach with bold and undue con- fidence. — Dog^matist, -tiz'er, n. Doily, doi'lt, n. A small napkin, generally colored, used with fruit and wine. [Manufacturer's name ; perh. also D. dwaal, a towel/) Doit, doit, n. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing; any small piece of money; any trifle. [D. duit; perh. s. rt. dot, perh. fr. F. d'huit, of 8, i. e., the l-8th of a penny.] Dolabriform, do-lab^ri-fdrm, a. (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet. [L. dolabra, pickax, unci forma, form.] Dolce, doKcha, Dolcemente, dol'cha-men'ta, adv. (Mus.) Softly ; sweetly, — a direction to the per- former. [It., fr. L. dulcis, sweet, soft.] Doldrums, dol'drumz, n. pi. A part of the ocean near the equator, abounding in calms, squalls, and light baffling winds. — To be in the doldrums. To be in a state of listlessness or fretfulness ; to be bored. Dole, dol, n. Act of dividing and distributing ; thing distributed; alms; gratuity. — v.t. [doled (dold), doling.] To deal out in small portions ; distribute. [AS. dal, dsel, same as deal. See Deal.] Doleful, dolful, a. Full of grief; piteous; rueful; wo- ful; gloomy; dismal. [OF. doel, duel, grief, mourn- ing, doloir, L. dolere; to grieve, fr. dolor, grief.] — Dole'fully, adv. — Dole'some^sum, a. Doleful ; sor- rowful. — Dolor, n. Pain; grief; distress; anguish. [L.] — Doloriferous, -er-us, a. Producing pain or distress. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Dolorif'ic, -ical, a. Causing pain or grief. [L./acere, to make.] — Dol '- orous, -us, a. Full of, or occasioning sriei ; painful; distressing. — Dol'orously, adv. — Doloro'so, -zo, adv. (Mus.) In a pathetic manner. [It.] Doll, dol, n. A puppet or image of a ba bv for a child. [Perh. fr. OD. dol, a whipping top, dotlen, to sport, play; perh. Dol, contr. of Dorothy.] Dollar, doKler, n. A silver coin of the U. S., equal to 100 cents; a coin of similar value, current in Mex- boh, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. DOLMAN 160 DOOR ico, S. Amer., Spain, etc. ; the value of a dollar. [Abbr. of Joach'unsthaler, a coin first made about 1518 fr. silver, mined at Joachimsthal, Bohemia.] Dolman, dol'man,n. A lady's cloak. [Turk, dolaman.] Dolmen, dol'men, Tol'men, n. A stone table, found among relics of the Druids : a cromlech. [Celt.] Dolomite. doKo-mit, n. ( Geol. & Min.) A magnesian carbonate of lime. [Fr. the F. geologist, Dolomieu.] Dolphin, dol'fin, n. (tchth.) A cetaceous mammal, the true dolphin ; also a fish of about 5 feet in length, celebrated for its changes of color when dying. (Entom.) A species of aphis infesting beans, (Naut.) A rope or strap wound round a mast to support the puddening when the lower yards rest in the slings ; a spar secured to an anchor to which cables may be bent ; a mooring-post. [OF. daulphin, L. delphinus, Gr. delphis.] Dolt, dolt, n. A heavy, stupid fellow, blockhead, ig- noramus, dunce, simpleton. [Corrup. of dulled.'] — Doltish, o. _ Dolt-like ; stupid. Domain, do-man', n. Dominion; authority; territory over which dominion is exerted; landed property; estate; esp. land about the mansion-house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy. (Law.) Owner- ship of land, estate, or patrimony, in one's own right. [OF. domaine, f r. L. dominium, lordship, f r. dominus, a lord. See Demesne.] — Eminent domain. In U. S. the inherent sovereign power of a state, giving to the legislature the control of private prop- erty for public uses. Dome, dom, n. A building; house. (Arch.) A struc- ture above the roof, usually hemispherical in form; cupola; an erection resembling a cupola. [OF., fr. LL. and Gr. doma, a house, Gr. domos, a building.] Domesday, doomz'da. See Doomsday, unler Doom. Domestic, do-mes'tik, a. Pert, to the house or home, to one's place of residence and family, also to a na- tion considered as a family, or to one's own coun- try; intestine; remaining much at home; devoted to home duties or pleasures; living near the habitations of man; tame; made in one's own house, nation, or country. — n. One who lives in the family of an- other, as hired assistant; pi. articles of home manu- facture, esp. cotton goods. [F. domestique, L. domes- ticus, fr. domus, house.] — Domes'ticate, -tt-kat, v. t. To make domestic, conduct as if at home, accustom to live near the habitations of man, tame.— Domes'- tica'tion, n. Act of domesticating. — Domesticity, -tis'Y-tY, n. State of being domestic; a household act or life. —Domicile, -sil, n. An abode or man- sion; place of permanent residence. (Law.) Resi- dence at a particular place accompanied with proof of an intention to remain there, — v. t. [domiciled (-sild), -ciLiNG.] To establish in a fixed residence. [OF. ; L. domicilium, f r. domus and perh. celare, to hide.] — Domicil'iary, -sil'Y-a-rY or -sil'ya-rY, a. Pert, to domicile, or the residence of a person or family. — Domiciliary visit. (Law.) A visit to a private dwelling, esp. to search it, under authority. — Domicil'iate, -Y-at, v. t. To domicile.— Dom'icil'- ia'tion, n. Permanent residence. Dominate, dom'Y-nat, v. t. To predominate over, rule, govern. — v. i. To predominate. [L. dominari, -natum, fr. dominus, a lord, fr. domus, house; s. rt. domare, to tame, E. tame.] — Dominance, -nancy, -sY, n. Ascendency ; authority. — Dominant, a. Ruling; prevailing; predominant, —n. (Mus.) The 5th tone of the scale. [Y.] — Dominant chord. (Mus.) The chord based upon the dominant. — !), estate or tenement. (Law.) The estate to which a servitude or easement is due from another estate. — Domina'- tion, n. Act of dominating; exercise of power in ruling; government; authority; the 4th of the sup- posed orders of angelical beings. [F.] — Domlna- tive, -tiv, a. Ruling; imperious. — Domlnator, -tSr, n. A ruler or ruling power; predominant influence. — Domineer'', v. i. [-neered (-nerd'). -neering.] To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway. [OD. domineren, OF. dominer, fr. L. dominari.]— Domin- ion, -yun, n. Supreme authority; predominance; territory over which authority is exercised. [LL. dominio.] — Dominical, a. Pert, to, or given by, our Lord; indicating Sunday. [OF.] —Dominical letter. One of the first 7 letters of the alphabet, used in almanacs to denote Sunday. Dominican, do-min'Y-kan, a. Pert, to the Dominicans, or to St. Dominic— n. A monk of the order founded by Dominic de Guzman; a predicant; preaching- friar; jarobin; black-friar. Dominie, dom'Y-nY, n. In Scot., a schoolmaster, par- son. [L. dominus, a lord, master.] — Domino, n. ;pl. idiiimuii iiiinii iiiui! i. Dominos. -nos or -noes, -noz. A cape with a hood, formerly worn by priests over head and face; a hood worn by canons of a cathedral church; a woman's mourning veil, or half-mask; a loose cloak, with a hood, used as a disguise; one wear- ing a domino, pi. A game played with 28 pieces of ivory, indented with spots from a 1 to double 6. One of the pieces of the game. [Sp., orig. dress worn by a master, f r. domine, a mas- ter, L. dominus. See Dominate.] — Don, n. Sir; Mr. ; Signor, — a title of courtesy in Spain ; a grand Eersonage, or one affecting consequence, pi. The eads of colleges and fellows of English universi- ties. [Sp., lit. master, fr. dominus.] — Dona, don'ya, n. Lady ; Mistress ; Madam, — a Spanish title of courtesy for women. [Fern, of don.] — Don'na, -na, n._ The title of a lady in Italy. [It.] — Duenna, doo-en'na, n. ; pi. -nas, -naz. The chief lady in waiting on the Queen of Spain; an elderly lady in charge of young ladies in Spain or Portugal; a gov- erness. [Sp. dueiia, same as E. and F. dame.] Don, don, v. t. [donned (dond), donning.] To put on, invest one's self with, — opp. to doff. [Contr. of do on.] Donate, do'nat, v. t. To give, esp. for a specific ob- ject. [L. donare, -atum, to give, fr. donum, Gr. doron, Skr. dana, a gift; s. rt. anecdote, date, dose, dower, etc.] — Donalion, n. Act of giving; thing given or bestowed, gift, grant. (Law.) Act by which one voluntarily transfers to another the title to a thing of which he is owner, without any consideration. [F.] — Donation-party. A party assembled at the house of some one, each bringing some present. — Don'ative, don'a-tiv, n. A gratuity, present. (Eccl. Law.) A benefice conferred by the patron, without presentation, institution, or induction by the ordi- nary. — a. Vested or vesting by donation. — Dona'- tor, do-na'ter, n. (Law.) A donor, giver. —Do'nor, -ner, n. A giver; benefactor. (Law?) One who con- fers a power.— Donee', -ne', n. One to whom a gift is made. (Law.) Party executing a power; appointor. Donatism, don'a-tizm, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Principles embraced by African schismatics of the 4th century, called Donatists, fr. Donatus, their leader. Done. See Do. Done, dun, p. p. Given out; issued; made public,— used in the dating clause of an official public docu- ment. [Done", done, corrup. of F. donne", p. p. of donner, L. donare, to give. See Donate.] Donjon, dun'jun, n. A tower in ancient castles, the strongest part of the fortifications; the keep. See Castle. [Same as dungeon, q. v.] Donkey, don'kY, n. ;pl. -keys, -kiz. An ass, or mule; a stupid or obstinate fellow. [Dim. of dun, a name for a horse, fr. the color.] — Don'key-en'gine, n. A small assistant engine in steam-vessels. — pomp, n. One feeding boilers, worked by the donkey-engine. Donna. See under Dominie. Donor. See under Donate. Doodle, doo'dl, n. A trifler, simpleton. [Perh. contr. of do little ; perh. fr. Scot, dawdle, to be slovenly.) Doom, doom, v. t. [doomed (doomd), dooming.] To pronounce sentence or judgment on, condemn; to ordain as penalty; to mulct or fine; to assess a tax upon; to destine, fate. — n. Judicial sentence; penal decree; that to which one is sentenced; penalty; un- happy fate. [AS., Sw., and Dan. dom, Ic. domr, OHG. tuom, judgment, Gr. themis, law, Skr. dha, to plaee, set; s. rt. deem.] — Dooms'day, dobmz'da, n. A day of doom, sentence, or condemnation; day of the final judgment. — Dooms'day-book, n. A book compiled by order of William the Conqueror, con' taining a survey of all lands in England, that they might De doomed, or adjudged for taxation. Door, dor, n. An opening in the wall of a house for going in and out at; frame by which such an open- ing is closed; means of access; entrance-way, and the apartment to which it leads. [AS. duru, D. dear, Dan. dor, OHG. tor, G. ihuer, Gr. thura, Skr. dvara.] — In doors, or within doors. Within the house; un- der cover. — Next door to. Near to; bordering on.— Out of doors, or without doors, and, colloq., out doors. Out of the house, in open air, abroad. — To lie at one's door. To be imputable or chargeable to. — Door'-keeper, n. One who guards the entrance of a house or apartment; a porter, janitor. — nail, n. The nail or knob on which the knocker of a door strikes, — hence the phrase, dead as a door-nail. — am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : 2nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; DOR 161 DOUBT -plate, n. A plate upon a door, bearing the resident's name, etc. — post, n. The jamb or side piece of, etc. — way, n. The passage of, etc. Dor, Dott, dor, Dor'-beetle, Dor'-bug, n. A large, brownish, destructive tree-beetle ; the cockchafer ; May-bug; —the imago of the voracious white grub- worm. [AS. dora, drone, locust.] Dorado, do-ra'do, n. A southern constellation, con- taining 6 stars. (Ichth.) A large fish, a species of dolphin. [Sp., gilt, fr. dorar, to gild.] Doree. do-re' or do'rl, Do'ry, -rT, John'-dory, n. (Ichth.) An acanthopterygious fish, of a golden yel- low color. [Corrup. of F.jaune-dore'e, golden vellow.] Dorian, do'rT-an, Doric, dor'ik, a. Pert, to Doris, or the Dorian race, in ancient Greece. (Arch.) Pert, to, or resembling, the 2d order of columns, between the Tuscan and Ionic. See Capital. (Mus.) Of, or pert, to, one of the ancient musical keys, marked bv severity tempered with gravity and joy.— Dor'- icism, -sizm, n. A phrase of the Doric dialect. Dormant, dor'mant, a. Sleeping; not in action; qui- escent; not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on. (Her.) In a sleeping posture. — n. (Arch.) The large beam lying across a room; a joist; sleeper. [F., p. pr. of dormir, L. dormire, to sleep.] — Dor'mancy, -si, n. State of being dormant. —Dormant partner. (Com.) A partner who takes no share in the active business, but shares in the profit or loss; sleeping or silent partner. — Dor'mer , D.-win'- dow, n. (Arch.) A vertical win- dow on the inclined roof of a house.— Dor'mitive, -tiv, n. (Med.) A medicine to promote sleep; an opiate, narcotic, sopo- rific—a. Causing sleep.— Dor'- mitory, -rT, n. A room or set of rooms for sleeping in; bed-room. [L. dormitorium, fr. dormitor, a sleeper, fr. donnitare, to sleep, Dormer-window, freq. of dormire.] Dormouse, dor'mows, n. ; pi. -mice, -mis. A small ro- dent mammal which feeds on acorns, nuts, etc., like the squirrel, and is torpid in winter. [Prov. E. dor, to sleep (s. rt. doze, q. v.), and mouse.] Domic, dor'nik. n. Coarse damask and table-linen, made at Dornick or Tournav. Dorsal, dor'sal, a. Pert, to the back. _[F.;LL. dor- salis, fr. L. dorsum, the back.] — Dorsiferous, -er- us, -sip'arous, a. (Bot.) Bearing seeds on the back of the leaves, as ferns. [L. ferre, to bear, parere, | to bring forth.]— Dos'el, n. (Arch.) Tapestry at the back of an altar, etc. — Dos'sier, -sT-a, n. The back of a chair; head of abed; bundle of papers. [F., fr. dos, back, L. dorsum.] Dory, do'rT, n. A fish. See Doeee. — A canoe or small boat. Dose, dos, n. Quantity of medicine given at one time; as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive; anything nauseous that one must take. — v. t. [dosed (dost), dosing.] To form into doses, give m doses, give medicine to, give potions to constantly and without need, give anything nauseous to. [F.; Gr. dosis, fr didonai, Skr. da, to give.] Dosel. See under Dorsal. Dossil, dos'sil, n. (Surg.) A pledget or portion of lint of cylindrical form. [F. dousil. LL. duciculus, peg, tap for a cask, fr. L. ducere, to draw.] Dost, dust. Second vers. pr. of do. Dot, dot, n. A small spot, made with a pen or point. — v. t. To mark with dots or specks, diversify with small detached objects. — !-, i. To make dots or specks. [D. dot, a little lump, Sw. dial, dett, dot, point, something dropped, Ic. and Sw. dial, detta, to drop, fall.] — Dot' ted, p. a. Marked with dots; di- versified with small, detached objects.— Dotted note. (Mus.) A note followed by a dot to indicate an in- crease of length equal to i of its simple value. — D. rest. A rest lengthened by a dot. [Notes and rests are sometimes followed by 2 dots, to indicate an in- crease of length equal to % of their simple value.] m ~^r _«_JL. Dotted Notes and Rests. Dot, a dowry. Dotal, Dotation. See under Dower. Dote, dot, v. i. To have the intellect impaired, esp. by age, so that the mind wavers: to be excessively or foolishly fond. [OD. doten, to dote, mope, Ic. dotta, to nod with sleep, OF. redoter, to dote, talk senselessly.] — Do'ter, -tard, n. One who, etc. — Do'tage, -tej, n. Childishness; imbecility; senility; excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection.— Dot'tard. n. A decayed tree. [For dotard.] — Dot'- terel, -ter-el, -trel, n. A wading bird, like the plover, easily taken by stratagem ; a silly fellow; dupe. Double, dub'l, a. Twofold ; multiplied by 2 ; in- creased by its equivalent; in pairs; presenting 2 of a set together ; coupled ; divided into 2 ; vacilla- ting: deceitful. (Bot.) Having several rows of pet- als formed by cultivation from stamens and car- pels. — adv. Twice ; twofold. — v. t. [doubled (-Id), -lixg.] To multiply by 2, make twice as great, duplicate; to fold one part upon another part of; to contain or be worth twice as much as: to pass around or by. (Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one. — v. i. To increase or grow to twice as much; to return upon one's track. (Print.) To set up a word or phrase a second time by mistake.— n. Twice as much; that which is doubled together; a plait; fold; a turn in running to escape pursuers; a trick : shift ; artifice ; a counterpart; a roofing slate of the smallest size used. [OF.; L. duplus, lit. twice full, fr. duo, 2, and plus, s. rt. plenus, full.] — Double counterpoint. (Mus.) That species of counter- point in which 2 of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave higher or lower. — D. note. (Mus.) A note of double the length of the semibreve or minim; a breve.— To d. upon. (Mil.) To inclose between 2 fires.— Doubler, n. — Doub'- ly, -II, adv. In twice the quantity. — Doub'leness, n — Double -base, -bass, -bas, n. (Mus.) The largest and lowest-toned instrument in the violin form. — -breastfed, a. Lapping over on the breast, with but- tons on each side. — deal'er. n. One who acts two different parts; a deceitful, trickish person. — deal- ing, rc. Artifice; duplicity. — -end 'er, n. (Naut.) A vessel which can sail with either end foremost. — -ea'gle. n. An Amer. gold coin worth $20. — en'try, 7». A mode of book-keeping in which 2 entries are made of every transaction^so that one checks the other. — face, -facedness. -last'ness, n. The acting of different parts; duplicity. — -fiow'er, n. (Bot.) A flower having several rows of petals, as the result of cultivation. — mind'ed, a. Having different minds at different times: un>ettled ; wavering; unstable. quick,;!. (Mil.) The fastest step, in marching, next to the run, requiring ld5 steps in one minute. — a. Performed in, etc. — v. t. 8c i. To move in double-quick time. — -salt, n. (Chem.) A com- Eound salt consisting ot 2 salts in chemical com- ination. — star, n. (Astron.) Two stars so near to each other as to be seen separate by means of a telescope only. — tongued, -tungd, a. Speaking dif- ferently about a thing at different times; deceitful. — Double-entendre, doo'bl-ox-tox'dr, n. An ex- pression admitting of a double interpretation, one of which is often indelicate. [F.; entendre, to mean.] — Doublet, n. Two of the same kind : a pair; couple. (Print.) A word or phrase unintentionally- doubled. Inner garment of a man ; waistcoat. (Lapidary Work.) A counterfeit stone, composed of 2 pieces of crystal, with color between them. (Opt.) An arrangement of two lenses for a micro- scope, to correct spherical aberration and chro- matic dispersion, pi. Two dice, having each the same number of spots on the_upper face. [OF., dim. of double.] — Doubloon', -loon', n. A Spanish and Portuguese coin, double the value of the pistole, worth nearly $16. [Sp. doblon, fr. dohlo, double.] Doubt, dowt, v. i. To be in uncertainty respecting anything : to be undetermined, waver, fluctuate, hesitate: to fear, be apprehensive, scruple, suspect. — v. t. To question or hold questionable, hesitate to believe: to fear, apprehend, suspect, believe. — n. Uncertainty of mind or of condition: fear; ap- prehension ; difficultv expressed or urged for so- lution; objection. [OF. dottier, doubter, L. dubitare, -tatum, to doubt, be of two minds, f r. dubius, doubt- ful, fr. duo. two.] — Doubt'er, n. — Doubt'able, -a-bl, a. Capable of being doubted ; questionable. — Doubt'ful, -ful, a. Not settled in opinion; admit- ting of doubt"; not clear or certain; not easy to be defined, classed, or named: ambiguous; equivocal; of uncertain issue; affected by fear. — Doubt 'fully. adv. — Doubt'fulne88, n. — Doubt'less, ad/'-. With- out doubt or question; unquestionablv. — Du'bious, -bT-us. a. Doubtful. — Du'biously, adv. — Du'bi- ousness. n.— Du'bitable, a. Liable to be doubted. — Dubita'tion, n. Act of doubting. — Du'bitative, -tiv. n. Tending to doubt. sun, cube, ful! ; moon, fde-t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. DOUCEUR 162 DRAFT Douceur, doo-ser', n. A present; gift; bribe. [F., fr., doux, sweet.] Douche, doosh, n. A jet of water or vapor directed upon some part of the body, to benefit it medicinal- ly. [F., fr. It. doccia, conduit, water-pipe, spout, fr. docciare, to pour, fr. L. ductus. See Duct.] Dough, do, n. A mass of flour or meal moistened and kneaded, but not yet baked. [AS. dah, D. deeg, Dan. and Ic. deig, Goth, daigs, dough ; Goth. deigan, to knead, Skr. dih, to smear.]— Dougb/y, -T, a. Like dough ; soft ; yielding to pressure.— Dough'-face, n. One who is easily molded. — Dough'nut. n. A small cake, usually in form of a ring, sweetened and fried in lard. Doughty, dow'tT, a. Characterized by bravery; val- iant ; redoubtable. [AS. dyhtig, fr. dugan, to be strong ; Dan. dygtig, able, fr. due, to avail; Sw. dugtig, Ic. dygdhugr, fr. Sw. and Ic. dvga, to avail. See Do.] — Dough' tily, -tt-lT, adv. — Dough'tiness. n. Doom, dows, v. t. [doused (dowst), dousing.] To thrust or plunge into water ; to dip. [Not the same as dowse, q. v.] [Sw. dunsa, to plump down.] Dove, duv, n. A Dird of the pigeon family, some species of which are domesticated; a pigeon; esp. tame pigeon. [AS. dufa, OS. duva.] — Dove' cot, -cote, -kot, n. A building or box for doves. — Dove'- tail, n. {Carp.) A joint or tenon made by letting one piece, in the form of a dove's tail spread, into a corresponding cavity in another, so that it cannot be drawn out. —v. t. t tailed (-tald), -tailing.] To unite y, etc.: to fit ingeniously. — Dove r - tail-mold ing, n. (Arch.) An orna- ment iu Norman architecture, con- sisting of a rounded molding form Dovetails. ing a series of figures in the form of a dove's tail. Dover's Powder, do'vSrz-pow'der. (Med.) A com- pound of ipecacuanha, opium, and sulphate of potash or sugar of milk, a sedative and sudorific. [Named fr. the inventor.] Dowable, Dowager. See under Dower. Dowdy, dow'dl, a. Awkward ; vulgar-looking. — n. An awkward, ill-dressed woman. TScot. dawdie, slovenly, cow. oil j linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. DRAWL 164 DRILL bill of exchange, draft; a current of air ; draws, as, a sink or drain ; pl. {Med.) a mild vesi- esp. duties paid back by the government, on ex- portation of commodities on which they were levied. — bridge, n. A bridge to be raised up, let down, or drawn aside. See Castle. head, n. (Railroad Much.) A buffer to which a coupling is attached. — -knife, Drawing-knife, n. A joiner's tool for shav- ing off surfaces, by drawing it toward one. — Draw- ing, n. Act of pulling or attracting ; a representa- tion on a plain surface of the appearance of objects; distribution of prizes in a lottery.— Drawing-room, n. A room for the reception of company ; room to which company withdraws from the dining-room ; company assembled in such a room ; a reception of company in it. [Prop, withdrawing-room.]— Draught, draft, n. Act of drawing or pulling ; as, of moving loads, of drawing a net, of drinking, (Mil.) of draw- ing men from a military band or from any company, of delineating; representation; thing drawn, as, that taken by sweeping with a net; quantity drawn in at once in drinking; a potion or potation ; (Mil.) forces drawn, a detachment ; a sketch, outline, or repre- sentation ; ( Com.) an order for payment of money, irrent of air ; that which pl . catory, a sinapism. Capacity of being drawn (Ufaut.) Depth of water necessary to float a ship, esp. when laden. (Com.) Allowance on goods, to insure full weight, pl. A game played on a check- ered board; checkers. The bevel given to the pat- tern for a casting, that it may be drawn from the sand without injury to the mold. — a. Used for drawing; drawn directly from the barrel, etc. — v. t. To draw out, call forth. [Fr. AS. dragan ; D. and Dan. dragt, a load, Dan. dragen, to draw ; same as draft, q. v.] — Draught'-board, n. Board on which draughts are played. — Draughts'' man, n. ; pl. -men. One who draws writings or designs. Drawl, drawl, v. i. and t. [drawled (drawld), drawl- ing.] To utter in a slow, lengthened tone. — n. A lengthened utterance of the voice. [Extension of draw ; D. dralen, Ic. dralla (= drag-la), to loiter.) Dray, dra, n. A low cart for heavy burdens drawn by a horse; a drag; a squirrel's nest. [AS. drsege, a draw-net, fr. dragan, Sw. drog, a dray, lit. thing drawn. See Drag, Draw.] — Dray'age, -ej, n. Use of a dray,;or charge therefor. — Draylnan, n. ; pl. -men. One who attends a dray. Dread, dred, n. Overwhelming apprehension of dan- ger; reverential fear; awe; terror; dismay; an object of fear. — a. Exciting fear; terrible ; frightful; ven- erable in the highest degree, — v. t. To fear in a great degree; to regard with terrific apprehension.— v. i. To be in great fear. [AS. drsedan, OS. dradan, OHG. tratan, to dread.] — Dread'ful, -ful, a. In- spiring dread, awe, or reverence; terrible; shocking. — Dread'fully, adv. — Dread'fulness, n. — Dread*- less, a. Free from dread; intrepid. — Dread'naught. -nawt, n. A fearless person ; a garment of thick cloth, to exclude storm and cold; the cloth itself. Dream, drem.w. A series of thoughts in sleep; a sleep- ing vision; an idle fancy or suspicion; revery; va- gary.— v. i. [dreamed (dremd) or dreamt (dremt), dreaming.] To have images in the mind, during slumber; to let the mind run on in revery; to antici- pate as a coming reality; to imagine. — v. t. To im- agine, think of, or believe in a dream, or in an anal- ogous state. [AS., a sweet sound, harmony, joy, OS. drom, joy, dream, Dan. and Sw. dram, D. droom, Ic. draumr, G. ti-aum, dream; s. rt. drum, drone ; not s. rt. L. dormire, to sleep.] — To dream away, out, through, etc. To pass in revery or inaction; to spend in idle vagaries. — Dream'er, m. —Dream 'y, -T, a. {dreamier; dreamiest.] Full of dreams; appro- priate to dreams. — Dreamless, a. Free from, etc. Drear, Dreary, drer'Y, o. [drearier; -iest.] Excit- ing cheerless sensations or associations; comfortless; dismal; gloomy. [AS. dreorig, sad, orig. bloody, fr. dreor, blood, gore, G. traumg, sad, fr. OHG. tror, gore.]— Drear lly, -Y-lf, adv. — Dreariness, n. Dredge, drej, n. An instrument to take by dragging, esp. a machine for taking up mud, etc., from the bed of a stream, — v.t. [dredged (drejd), dredging.] To catch, gather, or deepen with a dredge. [OF. drege, D. dregnet, AS. draege-net, drag-net; fr. D. dragen, AS. dragan, to draw. See Drag.] — Dredg'- er, n. — Dredglng-machine', n. An engine to take up mud from the bottom of rivers, docks, etc. Dredge, drej, v. t. To sprinkle flour on (meat, etc.).— n. A mixture of oats and barley sown together. (OF. dragee, mixed grain, digestive powder, now a plum, It. treggea, fr. Gr. tragemata, dried fruits, fr. trogein, to gnaw. See Dragees.J — Dredg' er, n. A utensil for dredging meat. Dregs, dregz, n. pl. Corrupt or defiling matter con tained in a liquid, or precipitated from it; feculence lees; sediment; the vilest part of anything. [Ic dregg, Sw. dragg, lees, dregs, Ic. draga, to draw not s. rt. G. dreck, dirt, nor Gr. trux, dregs.] — Dreg gish, a. Full of, or foul with, lees; feculent.— Dreg gy, -gt, a. Containing, etc.— Dreg/giness, n. Drench, drench, v. t. [drenched (drencht), drench- ing.] To cause to drink; esp. to put a potion down the throat of , as of ahorse; to purge violently; to wet thoroughly, soak, saturate with liquid. — n. A drink; draught; esp. a potion of medicine forced down the throat ; one that causes purging. [AS. drencan, to drench, fr. drincan, to drink, D. drenken, to water (a horse), Ic. drekkja, Sw. dranka, to steep, G.traenken, to soak.] — Drench'er, n. Dress, dres, v. t. [dressed (drest) or drest, dress- ing.] To make straight. (Mil.) To arrange as sol- diers in a straight line, align. To adjust, put in good order; to treat with remedies, as a sore; to prepare for use, get ready. (Mach.) To cut to proper di- mensions; to smooth or finish work. To put clothes upon, attire, array, adorn; to break and train for use, as a horse, —v. i. (Mil.) To arrange one's self in a line of soldiers. To clothe one's self. — n. Clothes; garments; a lady's gown; attention to ap- parel, or skill in adjusting it. [OF. dresser, drescer, to set up, arrange, dress, f r. LL. drictus, contr. fr. L. directus, direct, straight.] — To dress up, or out. To dress elaborately, artificially, or pompously. — To d, a ship. (Naut.) To deck her with colors. — Dress'" er, n. One who, etc. ; esp. a surgeon's assistant who dresses wounds, etc.; a table on which food is pre- pared; a cupboard for dishes, etc. — Dressing, n. Dress; raiment; an application to a sore or wound; manure spread over land. (Cookery.) Stuffing ; forcemeat. Gum, starch, etc., used in preparing silk, linen, etc. (Arch.) An ornamental molding around doors, windows, etc. — Dress'y, -1, a. At- tentive to, or showy in, dress. — Dress'-coat, n. A coat with narrow skirts, disting. f r. a frock-coat. — -goods, n. pl. Fabrics for womens' and childrens* outer garments. mak'er, n. A maker of gowns, etc.; mantua-maker. — Dress'ing-gown, n. A light gown, used while dressing ; a loose wrapper worn within doors by gentlemen. — room, n. An apart- ment in which to arrange one's dress, etc. Dribble, Driblet. See under Drop. Drier. See under Dry. Drift, etc. See under Drive. Drill, dril, v. t. [drilled (drild), drilling.] To pierce or bore with a drill; to train in the military art, instruct in the rudiments of any branch of knowledge. — v. i. To muster for military or other exercise. — n. A pointed instrument for boring holes in metals and other hard substances: see Bit, under Bite; a drill-press; training of soldiers in the military art; instruction and exercise in any bus* ness. [D. drillen, to bore, also to train to arms ; s. rt. thrill.] — Drilling, n. Act of piercing with a drill. — Drill' -press, n. A ma- chine-tool for boring in metal . — sergeant, -sar'jent, n. A non- commissioned officer who drills soldiers. Drill, dril, v. t. and i. To sow (seeds) in rows, drills, or channels.— n. An implement for making holes for sow- ing seed; a furrow to put seed into. (Same as trill, cor- r u p t . of trickle ; cf. W. rhillio, to put in a ( row, f r . rhill, row, tren c h . ] — Drilling, n. Act of plant- Drill-press. Drill'-plow, -plough, n. A plow for sowing grain in drills. ing with drill. &m. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; odd, tone, or ; DRILLING- 165 DROPSY Drilling, drilling, n. A coarse linen or cotton cloth, . for trowsers, etc. [G. driUich, fr. L. trilex, -ids, hav- ing 3 threads, fr. tres, three, and liciu.ni, a thread.] Drink, drink, v. i. [imp. drank, formerly drunk; p. JO.DRUNKOrDRANK, formerly DRUNKEN; DRINKING.] To swallow anything liquid; to partake of intoxi- cating liquors in merriment, feasting, etc., or to ex- cess.— v. i. To swallow (liquids), imbibe, absorb; to take in through the senses, hear, see. — n. Liquor to be swallowed. [AS. drincan, D. drinken, to drink; s. rt. drench, drown, perh. drag.] — To drink to. To salute in drinking. — Drink'er, n. One who, etc.; esp. who uses spirituous liquors to excess.— Drink' r - able, a. — Drunk, a. Overcome by drinking; intox- icated; inebriated. — Drunk'en, -n,a. Drunk; given to excessive drinking; pert, to or proceeding from intoxication. — Drtmk'enness, n. State of being, etc.; inebriety; disorder of the faculties as if from intoxication. — Drunk'arft, n. One who habitually drinks to excess; a toper, inebriate. Drip, etc. See under Drop. Drive, drfv, v. t. [imp. drove (drov); p. p. driven (driven); driving.] To push forward, compel to move on; to chase, hunt; to urge on and guide, as beasts drawing a vehicle; to take in a carriage. (Min- ing.) To dig horizontally. To urge, impel, hurry for- ward, force, constrain; to carry on, prosecute.— v. i. To rush and press with violence; to be impelled; to proceed by urging on a vehicle or the animals drawing it; to aim or tend to a point.- n. An ex- cursion in a carriage, — disting. fr. a ride, which is taken on horseback; a road prepared for driving; a strong direct blow given to a cricket ball. [AS. dri/'an, D. drijven, Ic. drifa, Sw. drifya, Dan. drive, MHG. triben, to drive.]— To let drive. To aim a blow, strike with force. — Driv'er, n. One who or that which, etc.; esp. one who drives horses, runs a locomotive, oversees slaves, etc. (31ach.) That which communicates motion to something else. (Naut.) The after-sail in a ship, etc. ; spanker: see Sail.— Drive'-way, n. A passage-way for carriages.— Driv'- ing-band, n. (Mach.) A belt or gearing for trans- mitting power to machinery. — shaft, n. A shaft for, etc. — wheel, n. A wheel that communicates motion; wheel of a locomotive upon which the en- gine acts. —Drift, n. That which is driven; a mass of matter forced into its present position ; a drove or flock, as of cattle, birds, etc. ; act or motion of drift- ing, force which impels; course along which any- thing is driven; tendency of an act, argument, etc.; object aimed at; import of words. (Arch.) The hor- izontal force which an arch exerts. (Geol.) A col- lection of earth and rocks distributed over portions of the earth's surface. (Mech.) A conical hand- tool for shaping a hole in metal. (Mil.) A tool for driving down the composition in a firework. (Min- ing.) A passage under ground. (Rant.) Direction of a current; distance to which a vessel is drawn off from her desired course ; a piece in the sheer-draught, where the rail is cut off. — v. i. To be driven along by a current of water; to be driven into heaps. (Min- ing.) To follow a vein, prospect, — v. t. To drive into heaps. [D., a drove, current; Ic, a snow-drift; Sw., impulse; G. trift, a drove, herd.] — Drifl/y, -T, a. Full of, or tending to form, drifts. — Drifts-sail, n. (Naut.) A sail used under water in a storm, to keep the head of a vessel right upon the sea, and prevent her driving too fast in a current. — way, n. A common way for driving cattle in. (Mining & Naut.) Same as Drift, —-wood, n. Wood drifted or floated by water. — Drove, drov, n. A collection of cattle, etc., for driving or in motion- a moving crowd of people. (Agr.) A drain or channel for irrigating land. [AS. draf, fr. drifan.\ — Drov'er, n. A driver of sheep, cattle, etc. Drivel, driv'l, v. i. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To let spit- tle flow from the mouth, like a child or dotard; to be weak or foolish; to dote. — n. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth; unmeaning utterance; nonsense; a fool; idiot. [ME. drauelen, Platt-Deutsch drabbeln, to slaver; s. rt. Ir. drab, a stain: see Drab; Sw. draf- vel, nonsense.]— Driveler, driv'l-e'r, n. A slabberer; idiot; fool. Drizzle, driz'zl, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To rain gently, fall in very small drops. — v. t. To shed in minute drops.— n. Fine rain or mist; mizzle. [Freq. fr. AS. dreosan, to fall, Dan. drysse, to fall in drops. J — Driz'zly, -zli, a. Shedding small rain. Droll, drol, a. Fitted to provoke laughter ; queer ; funny; comical. — n. One who raises mirth by odd tricks; jester; buffoon; antic; something exhibited farce. [F. drole, a wag, droier, to play tne wag, drolerie, waggery, D. droUig, odd, Sw. and Ic. troll, a hobgoblin?]— DrolKish, a. hav- for sport ; the wag, drolerie, wagg Ic. troll, a hobgoblin/]— DrolKish, a. Somewhat droll. — DrolKery, -er-f, n. Quality of being droll; archness; fun. Dromedary, drunKe-dSr-T, n. A species of camel ing one bunch on the back.— disting. f r. the B actrian Camel, which has two. [OF. dromedaire, LL. dromedariua, L. dromas, fr. Gr. dramein, Skr. dram, to run.] Drone, dron, n. The male o;" the honey-bee, which makes no honey, but after living a few weeks, is killed or driven from the hive; a lazy fellow; sluggard.— v. i. [dr'onld i,drond), droning. live in idleness. [AS. dran. Dun. drone, Sw. nare, ir. drona, to drone, fr. the sound made by the insect.] — ». A humming, low sound; that which gives out a monotonous tone, as, the largest tube ol the bagpipe.— v. i. To give a low, heavy, dull sound. — v. t. To read or recite in a dull, monotonous tone. [D. dreunen. to make a trembling noise, Sw. drona, to drone, bellow, Dan. drone, to rumble, Skr. dhran, to sound.] — Dron'ish, a. Like a drone; idle; slug- gish. — Drone'-bee, n. The male bee. — fly, n. A two-winged insect resembling the drone-bee. — pipe, n. The largest tube of a bagpipe. Drool, drool, v. i. To drop saliva. [Contr. f r. dnvelA Droop, droop, v. i. [drooped (droopt), drooping.} To sink or hang down, as an animal, plant, etc.. from weakness ; to grow faint, be dispirited, flag, languish. [Ic. drupa; s. rt. drjupa, to drip, drop.) Drop, drop, n. The quantity of fluid which falls m one small spherical mass, globule about to fall, smallest easily measured portion of a fluid; what- ever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall from an ele- vated position, as, a door or platform opening down- ward, trapdoor, machine for lowering weights to a ship's deck, contrivance for lowering a gas jet, cur- tain which drops in front of a stage, etc.; a drop press. (Mach.) Distance of a shaft below the base of a hanger, pi. Any medicine measured by drops. (Naut.) Depth of a sail, from head to foot, amid- ships.— v. t. [dropped (dropt), -ping.] To pour or let fall in drops, distill; to cause to descend sud- denly, let fall; to let go, dismiss, set aside; to com- municate in an indirect, cautious, or gentle manner; to lower, as a curtain, the muzzle of a gun, etc.; to send by dropping into the post-office box, as a letter-, to cover with drops, speckle, bedrop; to give birth to, — said of sheep, cattle, etc. — v. i. To distill, fall in globules, let drops fall; to descend suddenly, abruptly, or spontaneously; to die suddenly, come to an end, cease; to come unexpectedly; to fall or be depressed; to lower. (Naut.) To be deep in ex- tent. [AS. dropa, D. drop, Ic. drojri. Sw. droppe, a drop; AS. dropian, Ic. drjupa, to drop.] — Drop se- rene. (Med.) An affection of the retina, causing blindness, — prob. so called because it produces no visible change in the organization of the eye. — To drop aste)~n. (Naut.) To pass or move toward the stern; to slacken the velocity of a vessel, to let an- other pass her. — To d. down. (Naut.) To move down a river, or toward the sea. — Droplet, n, A little drop. — Drop'per, n. — Drop'-lefcter, n. A let- ter dropped into a post-office box, for delivery in the same town. — press, n. A machine for emboss- ing, punching, etc., by means of a weight made to drop on an anvil. — scene, n. A curtain which drops in front of the stage, in a theater, —-wort, -wert, n. (Bot.) A species of Spiraea, including 6ome orna- mental shrubs.— Drip, v. i. and t. [dripped (dript), dripping.] To let fall in drops. — n. A falling in drops; that which fall6 in drops. (Arch.) Edge of a roof; eaves; cornice. [Dan. dryp, a drop, dryppe, to drip, AS. drypan, to let dropj — Drip'ping, n. What falls in drops, as fat from roasting meat.— Drip'-stone, n. (Arch.) A tablet over door-ways, window.-, etc., to throw off rain. — Drip 'ping-pan, n. A pan to receive the fat dropping from roasting meat. — Drib'ble, -bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To fall in drops, or in a quick succession of drops; to slaver, as a child or idiot. — v. t. To throw down in drops. [Freq. of drip.] — Driblet, -let. n. A very small drop; small quantity or sum. Dropsy, drop's^, n. (Med.) An unnatural collection of serous fluid in any part of the body. (Bot.) A disease of plants, occasioned by excess of water. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, chin, boNboN, chair, get. DROSKY 166 [OF. hydropisie, I*. hudropisig, Gr. hydrops, fr. ku- dor, water; s. rt. water.] — Drop'sical, a. Diseased with, like, or pert, to, dropsy. — Drop'slcalness, n. Drosky, dros'kl, n. A 4-wheeled Russian carriage ; a kin 1 1 of victoria used in German cities. [Russ. drofbi.] Drosometer, dro-soro'e-ter, w. An instrument for measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a body. [GV. drosoe, dew, and metron, measure.] Dross, dros, n. The scum or extraneous matter of metals, thrown off in melting; rust; crust of metals; impure matter; refuse. [AS. dros, prop, what falls, fr. dreosan, to fall, D. droemem, dregs, G. drusen, lees, dregs, druse, ore decayed by the weather.] — Dross'y, -T, a. Composed of, like, or pert, to dross; worthless. — Dressiness, n. Drought, drowt, n. Dryness of the weather, prevent- ing growth of plants. [AS. drugadhe, fr. drug- tan, to dry, dryge, dry; D. droogte, fr. droog, dry.] — Drought'y, -I, a. Characterized by drought ; wanting rain; arid; adust; thirsty. — Drought 1- ness, n. — Drouth, n. Same as Drought. Drove, Drover. See under Drive. Drown, drown, v. t. [drowned (drownd), drown- 1 ing.] To overwhelm in water, submerge, deluge; , to deprive of life by immersion, sink under water till dead ; to overpower, overcome. — v. i. To be suffocated in water or other fluid. [AS. druncnian, Sw. drvmkna, Dan. drukne, to be drowned, fr. Sw. dricka, Dan. drikke, to drink.] Drowse, drowz, v. i. [drowsed (drowzd), drows- ing.] To sleep unsoundly, slumber.— v. t. To make heavy with sleepiness. — n. A slight or imperfect sleep ; a doze. [AS. drusian, to be sluggish.] — Drow'sy, -zl, a. [-sier, -siest.] Inclined to doze; heavy with sleepiness; disposing to sleep ; stupid ; soporific. — Drow'sily, adv. — Drow'siness, n. Drub, drub, v. t. [drubbed (drubd), drubbing.] To beat with a stick, thrash, pommel. — n. A blow with a stick or cudgel; a thump. [AS. drepan, to hit, slay, Ic. drepa, Sw. drapa, Dan. drabe, to kill, Sw. drabba, to hit.] — Drub'ber, n. Drudge, druj, v. i. [drudged (drujd), drudging.] To work hard, labor in mean offices with toil. — n. One who drudges. [Ir. drugaire, a drudge, slave.] — Drudg'er, n. — Drudg'ery, -er-Y, ». Act of drudging; hard labor; ignoble toil. Drug, drug, n. Any substance used in the composi- tion of medicine, or in dyeing or in chemical opera- tions; any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable. — v. i. [drugged (drugd), -ging.] To ad- minister drugs. — v. t. To season with drugs; tinc- ture with something offensive or injurious; dose to exeess. [ME. dragges, fr. OF. dragie : see Drage*es and Dredge, v. t. ; or ME. drogges, fr. OF. drogue, It., Sp., and Pg. droga, a drug, trash, rubbish, prob. Jr. D. droog, dry.] — Drug'gist, ». One who deals in drugs, esp. one who buys and sells, without compounding them. — Drug'get. n. A coarse woolen cloth, to protect carpets. [OF. droguet, dim. of drogue, Sp. droguete. It. droghetta, dim. of droga.] Druid, droold, n. A priest among the ancient Celts in Gaul, Britain, and Germany. [Ir. and Ga. druidh, magician, W. derwydd, a druid.] — Druldess, n. A female Druid; enchantress. — Druidlc, -leaL a. Pert, to, or like Druids or their religion. — Druid- ism, n. System of religion, philosophy, etc., of, etc. Drum, drum, n. (Mus.) A hollow cylinder or hemi- sphere, upon which vellum is stretched, to be beaten with a stick. (Mil.) A drummer. Anything drum-shaped, as a sheet-iron radiator, receiving heat from a stove-pipe; a cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed. (Anat^) The tympanum or barrel ©f the ear. (Arch.') The upright part of a cupola; also the bell-formed part of the Corinthian and composite capitals. (Mech.) A cylinder revolv- ing on an axis, for turning wheels by means of straps around it. (Jchth.) A fish which makes a drumming or grunting sound under water. — v. i. [drummed (drumd), drumming.] To beat on a drum, beat with the fingers, as with drum-sticks; to beat, as the heartthrob; to go about to gather recruits, secure partisans, customers, etc. — v. t. To ex-ecute on a drum, as a tune; with out, to expel with beat of drum; with up, to assemble by beat of drum, gather; without up, to solicit the custom of. [Perh. onomat. and s. rt. drone; Dan. drum, a booming sound, lc. thruma, to rattle, E. thrum; D. from, Dan. tromme, G. trommel, a drum.] — Drunv'- mer, n. One who beats, etc. ; a traveling salesman. — Drum'ming, n. Act of beating (a drum); act of Striking repeatedly with the ends of the fingers, etc.; DUCK noise made by a partridge by beating his wings upon his sides. — Drum'flsh, n. See Drum, n. — -head, n. The upper part of a drum; top of a capstan, pierced with holes for levers used in turning it.— Drum-head court-martial. (Mil.) A court-martial called sud- denly or on the field. — major, n. Chief drummer of a regiment; leader of a military band or drum corps when marching. — stick, n. Stick for beating a drum; upper joint of a fowl's leg, shaped like, etc. Drummond-light, drum'mund-lTt, n. An intense light, produced by turning 2 streams of gas, one oxygen and the other hydrogen, upon a ball of lime, or a stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol. [Fr. the inventor.] Drunk, Drunkard, etc. See under Drink. Drupe, droop, n. (Bot.) A pulpy, coriaceous or fibrous pericarp or fruit, without valves, containing a nut or stone with a kernel. See Pericarp. [1., a stone-fruit, f r. L. drupa, Gr. aruppa, an over-ripe olive, fr. drupepes, ripened on the tree (drus, tree, and peptein, to cook, ripen), or fr. drupetes, falling from the tree (piptein, to fall).] — Drupa'ceous, -shus, a. Producing, pert, to, or like, etc. — Dru'- pel, n. Any fleshy or pulpy fruit having many small stony seeds, as the raspberry. Druse, droos, n. (Mining.) A cavity in a rock, stud- ded within with crystals or filled with water. [G., crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. druza.] Druse, drooz, n. One of a peculiar Arabic-speaking sect or people of Mt. Lebanon, Syria. Dry, dri, a. [drier, driest.] Free from moisture, as (said of the weather) free from rain or mist, for vegetable matter) from juices or sap, (of animals) not giving milk, (of persons) thirsty, needing drink, (of the eyes) not shedding tears; destitute of that which interests or amuses ; unembellished ; plain ; characterized by shrewdness, or sarcasm ; sharp. (Fine Arts.) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution. — v. t. [dried (drid), drying.] To free from moisture. — v. i. To grow dry, lose mois- ture; to evaporate wholly, be exhaled. [AS. dryge, D. droog, G. trocken, dry; s. rt. drought, drug, perh. drink.] — Dry-cupping. (Med.) Application of a cupping-glass without scarification of the skin. — D. goods. (Com.) Cloths, laces, ribbons, etc., disting. fr. groceries. — D. measure. A measure of volume for dry or coarse articles. — D. wine. That in which saccharine matter and fermentation are so balanced, that they have decomposed each other, and no sweetness is perceptible. — To d. up. To scorch or parch with thirst; to stop talking. — Dri'er, Dry'er, n. — Dry'ing, a. Adapted to exhaust moisture ; rapidly becoming dry and hard.— Dryly, adv.— Dry'ness, n. — Dry'bone, n. (Min.) Smithsonite ; carbonate of zinc. dock, n. See Dock. nurse, n. A nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand. — point, n. A needle used in copper-plate en- graving to draw fine lines and make dots in stip- pling and shading. — rot, n. Decay of timber, con- verting its substance into dry powder. — rub, v. t. [dry-rubbed (-rubd), -rubbing.] To rub and cleanse without wetting. — salt'er, n. A dealer in salted or dry meats, pickles, sauces, etc., also in drugs, dye-stuffs, and chemicals. salt'ery, n. Articles kept by, or business of, a dry-salter. Dryad, dri'ad, n. (Myth.) A nymph of the woods. [L. dryas, Gr. druas, fr. drus, tree; s. rt. tree.] Duad, Dual, Duarchy, etc. See under Duo. Dualin. See Nitro-glycerine. Dub, dub, v. t. [dubbed rdubd), -bing.] To strike with a sword and make a knight; to invest with any dignity, entitle; to prepare (a game cock) for fight- ing, by trimming the hackles and cutting off the comb and gills. [AS. dubban, to dub, OSw. and Ic. dubba, to strike; perh. same as dab.Y — Dub'ber, n. Dubious, Dubitation, etc. See under Doubt. Ducal, Ducat, Duchy, etc. See under Duke. Duces tecum, du'sez-te'kum. (Law.) A process ordering one to bring specified documents, etc. with him into court. [L., You will bring with Duck, duk, n. A kind of coarse cloth or light eanva . you for tents, small sails, bed-sacking, etc. [D. doek, linen cloth, Dan. dug, Sw. duk, G. tuch, cloth.] Duck, duk, n. A water fowl; a dip of the head. [Dan. dukand, Sw. dykfagel, a diver (bird).] — v. t. [ducked (dukt), ducking.] To plunge into water and suddenly withdraw; to immerse; to plunge the head of in water, immediately withdrawing it; to bow, stoop, or nod. — v. i. To plunge the head in water; to drop the head or person suddenly. [D. duiken, to stoop, Dan. dukke, Sw. dyka, to dive]. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; DUCK 367 DUNG — To make ducks and drakes. To throw a flat stone, etc, obliquely upon the water, making it rebound; to squander. , — Lame duck. A de- ' f aulter at the stock ex- change. — Duck'er, n. One who, etc. ; a plun- ger; diver; a cringing, servile person; fawner. — Duck' ling, n. A young duck. — Duck'- bill, n. (Zobl.) Amam- mii'erous animal of Au- ^-~ ' Jfc Duck (A. boschas). stralia and Van Diemen's Land, having a bill like a duck's, with the head of a quadruped ; ornitho- rhynchus. — Duck'ing-stool, n. A chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and plunged into water ; cucking-stool. Duck, duk, n. A pet, darling. [Dan. dukke, Sw. docka, OHG. tocha, doll. See Doxy.] Duct, dukt, n. Any tube by which a fluid or other substance is conducted to its destination. [L. dticere, ductum, to lead. See Douche, Duke.] — Duc'tile, -til, a. Easily led or drawn out; tractable; flexible ; pliable ; obsequious ; capable of being drawn out into wire or threads. [F. ; L. ductilis, f r. ducere.) — Duc'tileness, -til'ity, -T-tT, •udeen, dud'en, n. A short tobacco- teen.] Dudeen, dud'en, n. A short tobacco-pipe. [Ir. dud- Dudgeon, duj'un, n. A small dagger; hilt of a dagger. [G. degen, sword; MHG., dagger.] Dudgeon, duj'un, n. Anger; resentment; malice; ill-will; discord. [W. dychan, a jeer, dygen, malice, resentment, dueg, spleen.] Duds, dudz, n. pi. Old clothes ; tattered garments; effects in general. [Scot, dud, rag, D. todde.) Due, du, a. Owed; proper to be paid or done to an- other ; required by the circumstances ; suitable ; enforced by conscience ; becoming ; appropriate; fit ; appointed ; exact ; liable to come at any mo- ment ; owing ; occasioned. — adv. Directly ; ex- actly: duly. — n. That which is owed, or which custom, station, or law requires to be paid; a fee; emolument; right; just title or claim. [OF. deu, p. p. of devoir, L. debere, to owe. See Debt.] — Du'ly, -IT, adv. In a due, fit, or becoming manner; regu- larly: at the proper time. — Due'-bill, n. (Com.) A written acknowledgment of a debt, not payable to order or transferable by indorsement. — Du/ty, -tl, n. What is due from one to another; esp. what one is bound, by any obligation, to do, or refrain from doing ; service rendered ; respectful obedience, — said esp. of military service : reverence ; regard. (Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise.— Du'teous, -te-us, a. Performing what is due; or what law, justice, or propriety requires. — Du'teous- ly, adv. — Du'teousness, n. — Dutiable, -tT-a-bl, a. Subject to the payment of a duty. — Du'tiful, -ful, a. Performing obligations required by law, justice, or propriety ; submissive to superiors ; controlled by, or proceeding from, a sense of dutv ; obedient ; respectful. — Du'tifully, adv. — Du/tifulness, n. Duel, du'el, n. A combat between 2 persons; esp. a Sremeditated fight between 2 persons to decide a ifference. — v.i. To fight in single combat. — v. t. To attack or fight singly. [F.: It. duello, L. duellum, fr. duo, two ; L. duellum, bellum, war.] — Du'elist, n. One who, etc. —Duello, n. A duel; practice of dueling; code of laws regulating it. [It.] Duenna. See under Dominie. Duet. See under Duo. Duffel. Duffle, duf 'fl, n. A coarse woolen cloth, with thick nap. [D., name of a town in the Netherlands.] Dug, dug, n. A teat, or nipple, esp. of a beast. [Sw. do.gga, Dan. daegge, to suckle, Skr. duh, to milk.] Dug. See Dig. Dugong, du-gong r , n. A swimming mammal of the E. Indian seas, having the aquatic habits of the whales, but herbivorous. [Malav duyong.) Duke, duk, n. Orig. a leader; chief; in Eng. one of the highest order of nobility next below the Prince of Wales; in some European countries, a sovereign prince without the title of king. [F. due, L. dux, duds, fr. ducere, to lead; s. rt. tug, duct, conduct, adduce, etc.] — Duke'dom, -dum, n. Seigniory or possessions, title or quality, of a duke. — Ducb/ess, n. The consort of a duke; a lady having the sov- ereignty of a duchv in her own right. [F. duchesse, fem. of due.) — Du'cal, a. Pert. to. etc. [F.] — Du'- Lniin^'ness. ™. — cally. adv. — Duch'y, -T, n. Dukedom. — Duc'at, h. A coin of several countries in Europe, 6truck in the dominions of a duke. [OF.; It. aucato.) — Due'a- toon', n. A silver coin of several countries of Eu- rope. [F. & Sp. ducaton, fr. ducat.) Dulcet, dul'set, a. Sweet to the taste, the eai\ or the mind; luscious ; melodious ; harmonious. [OF. doucet, dolcet, Olt. dolcetto; OF. dols, dolce, L. dulcis, sweet.] — DuKcify, -sT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make sweet ; sweeten. [L. facere, factum, to make.] — Dul'cifi- ca'tion, n. — Dul'cimer, n. A stringed instrument, played on with little sticks Dulcimer, or metallic rods. [OF. doulccmer, Sp. dulremele, fr. L. dulce melos, sweet song, L. and Gr. melos, song.] Dull, dul, a. Slow of understanding ; slow in action, motion, perception, sensibility, etc. : lacking sharp- ness; blunt ; not bright or clear to the eve ; heavy; gross ; insensible ; furnishing little delight or vari- ety ; inanimate; sluggish: tarnished; obtuse. — v. t. [dulled (duld), -ling.] To make dull, stupid, or sluggish ; stupefy ; to make blunt ; to dim or ob- scure ; to deprive of activity. — v. i. To become dull. [AS. dol, dwol, Goth, dvvals, foolish, stupid, D. dol, G. toll, mad.] — Dull'ard, n. A stupid per- son ; dolt ; dunce. — DulKness, n. — Dttl'ly, adv. Dulse, duls, n. (Bot.) A sea-weed, which adheres to rocks, and is sometimes eaten. [Scot.] Duly. See under Due. Dumb, dum, a. Without power of speech ; not will- ing to speak ; mute ; silent. [AS. ; Ic. dumhr, Goth. dumbs, G. dumrn, mute : D. dom, Sw. dumb, Dan. dum, stupid.] — Dumb'ly, adv. — Dum^'ness. Dumb'-bells, n. Two spheres of iron connected by a bar, for swinging in the hands. — show, n. Gesture without words; pantomime.— -wait'er, n. A movable frame to carry dishes, etc., from one story to another. — Dum'found, -founder, v. t. To strike dumb, confuse. — Dumb-bells. Dam'my, -mT, n. One who is dumb; a dumb-waiter; a sham package in a shop ; figure on which clothing is exhibited; a locomotive with condensing engines, and without the noise of escaping steam; the exposed hand when .3 persons play at cards ; a clumsy, awk- ward, or thick-witted fellow ; one who plays a merely nominal part in any action ; a thing which is not what it pretends to be. — a. Silent; mute: sham. Dump, dump, n. A gloomy state of the mind ; melan- choly ; despondency, — usually in pi. [Dan., dull, low, Sw. dial, dump'in, melancholy, p. p. of dimba, to steam, D. dommg, damp, misty, fr. dampen, to quench: s. rt. damp.) — Dump'ish. a. Dull: stupid; moping. — Dumplshly, adv. — Dump'ishness, n. Dump, dump, r. t. [dumped (dumpt), dumping.] To unload from a cart by tilting it. [Sw. dompa, Sw. dial, dimpa, to fall down plump.] Dumpy, dump'!, a. Short and thick. [Cf. D. damp- neus, a misshapen nose, Ic. dumpa, to thump, Sw. dumpa, to dance awkwardly.] — Dump'ling, n. A thick pudding or mass of paste in cookery. Dun, dun, a. Of a dark eolor ; partaking of brown and black; swarthy; dark: gloomy; obscure. — v.t. To cure, as codfish, so as to give them a dun color. [AS. dunn, dark, Ir. and Ga. donn, brown, W. dron, swarthy.] — Dun'flsh, n. Codfish rendered dun by curing. — Dun'nish, a. Somewhat dun. Dun, dun, v. t. [dunned (dund), -ning.j To beset, or ask with importunity, as a debtor, for payment. — n. One who duns : an urgent demand of payment. [Same as din : AS. dynnan, Ic. dynju. to make a din, duna, to thunder.] — Dun^ner, n. A dun. Dunce, duns, n. A person of weak intellect ; a dul- lard ; dolt : thickskull ; simpleton. [Orig. a nick- name applied by the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas, to the Scotists, disciples of Johan- nes Duns Scotus.] Dunder, dun'der, n. The dregs of cane-juice, used in distilling rum. [Sp. redundar, to overflow.] Dunderhead, dun'der-hed, -pate, -pat, n. A dunce. [Prov._E., fr. D. donder, thunder.] Dune, doon, n. A low hill of sand on a sea-coast. [AS. dun, same as down, q. v.] Dung, dung, n. The excrement of an animal. — r. t. [dunged (dungdj), dunging.] To manure with dung. (Calico Print.) To immerse in a bath of cow- sun, cube, full ; moon, font ; cow, oil ; lir>p-er or ink, then. boNbox, chair, get. DUJXTG-EON 168 DYAD dung diffused in hot water. — v.u To void excre- ment. [AS. and OFries.; s. rt. dingy. 1 — Dung'y, -Y, a. Full of, etc. ; nasty ; vile. — Dung'-fork, n. A fork with several tines, used to remove or spread dung. — hill, n. A heap of dung ; any mean situa- tion or condition; a vile abode. Dungeon, dun'jun, n. A donjon, q. v., and see Cas- tle; a secure prison: esp. a dark, subterranean place of confinement. [OF. donjon, LL. domnio, dunjo, contr. f r. dominio, a principal possession, dominion. See Domain, Dominate.] Dunker. dunk'er, n. Same as Tunkee. Dunlin, dun'lin, n. (Ornith.) A species of sandpiper. [Prob. Celtic ; s. rt. dune, down.) Dunnage, dun'nej, n. (Naut.) Loose materials laid on a ship's bottom to raise goods above injury by water in the hold; loose articles wedged between parts of the cargo, to hold them steady. [Prob. s. rt. dune.'] Duo, du"o, n. (Mus.) A duet. [L., two ; Gr. duo, Skr. dra. See Two.] — Duet, du-ef, n. A musical composition for two performers. [It. duetto, fr. due = L. duo.]— Du'etti'no, -te'no, n. A short duet. [It., dim. of duetto.] — Du'al, a. Expressing or con- sisting of the number 2; pert, to 2. — Du'alism, -izm, n. The dividing into 2 ; anytbing divided into 2 ; a twofold division ; a system which assumes, or is founded on a double principle. — Du'alist, n. One who believes in dualism. — Dualistlc, a. Consist- ing of 2; pert, to dualism or duality.— Duality, -T-tY, n. That which expresses 2 in number ; division ; separation ; state or quality of being 2. — Du'ad, n. Union of 2 ; duality. [Gr. duas, duados, f r. duo.] — Du'archy, -ar-kY, n. Government by 2 persons. [Gr. arche, government.] — Du'ple, -pi, o. Double. FL. duplus] — Duple ratio. (Math.) That in which the antecedent term is double the consequent. — Sub-duple ratio. The reverse of duple ratio. — Du r - plex, a. Double ; twofold. [L., fr. duo and plicare, -catum, to fold.] — Duplex ratio. (Math.) Product of a ratio. — D. escapement. A peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which, the scape wheel hav- ing 2 sets of teeth, a double action takes place at each vibration of the balance. — Du'plicate, -kat, a. Double ; twofold. — n. That which exactly resem- bles something else ; a copy ; transcript ; counter- part ; that which is of the same kind as some other thing, but not necessarily resembling it in other re- spects. (Law.) A document essentially the same as another, and differing from a mere copy in hav- ing all the validity of an original. — v. t. To double ; to make a copy of. (Physiol.) To divide into 2 by natural growth or spontaneous action. — Duplicate proportioti or ratio. (Math.) The proportion or ratio of squares. — Duplicalion, n. Act of duplica- ting. (Physiol.) Act or process of dividing by nat- ural growth or spontaneous action. — Duplicative, -tiv, a. Having the quality of doubling. — Du'pli- cature, -chur, n. A doubling ; a fold, as of a mem- brane or vessel. — Duplicity, -plisl-tY, n. Double- ness of heart, speech, or dealing ; dissimulation ; deceit; guile; deception. (Law.) The use of two or more distinct allegations or answers, where one is sufficient. — Duumvir, du-um'vgr, n. ; pi. -viri, -vY-rl. One of 2 officers or magistrates in ancient Rome united in the same public functions. [L. duo and vir, man.]— Duum'virate, -rat, n. Union of 2 men in one office ; office, dignitv, or rule of, etc. Duodecimal, du-o-des'T-mal, a. Proceeding in com- putation by twelves. [L. duodecim, 12, fr. duo and decern, 10.] — Duodecimals, n. pi. (Anth.) A kind of multiplication in which the denominations pro- «*eed by twelves, as of feet and inches. —Duodeci- mo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 12 leaves. — n. ; pi. -mos. A book in which a sheet is folded into 12 leaves ; the size of a book thus com- posed,— usually indicated thus: 12mo, or 12°. [L. in duodecimo, fr. duodecimus, 12th, fr. duodecim, 12.] — Du'odene, -den, n. (Mus.) A group of 12 tones, arbitrarily used as a unit of construction. [L. duo- deni, 12 apiece.] — Duoden'ary, -den'a-rt, a. Pert, to the number 12 ; twelvefold ; increasing by twelves. — Duode'num, n. (Anat.) The first of the small in- testines, about 12 fingers' breadth in length. [NL.] Dupe, dup. n. One who is misled ; a gull. — v. t. [duped (dupt), duping.] To deceive, trick, mis- lead by imposing on one's credulity. [F., orig. the name of the hoopoe, a bird easily caught.] Duple, Duplicate, Duplicity, etc. See under Duo. Dure, dur, v. i. [dured (durd), during.] To endure, last, continue. [F. durer, L. durare, -atum, fr. durus, hard, lasting, Ir. and Ga. dur, dull, hard, obstinate, firm, W. dir, certain, sure ; Gr. dunamis, force.] — Du'rable, a. Able to endure or continue in a par- ticular condition; not perishable or changeable; per- manent ; firm ; stable ; constant. — Dulableness, -billty, -tl, n. — Dulably, acfo. — Dur'ance, -ans, n. Continuance ; duration ; imprisonment ; duress. — Dura'tion, n. Quality of enduring; continuance in time ; prolonged existence ; portion of time during which anything exists. — Duress, du'res or du-res', n. Hardship ; constraint ; imprisonment. (Law.) State of compulsion in which one is induced, by re- straint of his liberty or menace of bodily harm, to do some legal act, or to commit a misdemeanor. [OF. duresce.] —During, prep. In the time of ; as long as the action or existence of. [Orig. p. pr. of dureT] — Durom^eter, n. An instrument for testing hard- ness of material, esp. of steel rails. [Gr. metron, measure.]— Dura-mater, dula-ma'ter, n. (Anat.) The outer membrane of the brain. [L.,lit. hard mother,— called mater, because formerly thought to give rise to every membrane of the body.] Durst. See Dare. Dusk, dusk, a. Tending to darkness or blackness ; darkish. — n. Imperfect obscurity ; twilight ; a color partially black or dark. [AS. deorc, dark, Sw. dial, dusk, a shower, duskug, misty.] — Dusk'y, -T, a. Partial! v dark or obscure; dark-colored; gloomy; sad ; intellectually clouded. — Duskily, adv. — Dusk'iness, n. — Dusklsh, a. Partially obscured. Dust, dust, n. Very fine, dry particles of earth, etc. ; powder ; fine sand ; the earth as the resting-place of the dead; the grave; a low condition ; gold-dust ; money ; specie. — v. t. To free from dust, sprink- le with dust, reduce to powder. [AS. and Ic., dust, D. duist, Dan. dyst, fine flour, Sw., Dan., and G. dunst, vapor, L. fumus, Skr. dhuma, smoke, Skr. dhuli, dust, dhu, to blow, shake off.] — To raise, or kick up, the dust. To make a commotion.— Dust'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; an overgarment to protect the clothes from dust. — Dust'y, -X, a. [-ier, -iest.] Filled, covered, sprinkled with, or like, etc. — Dustiness, n. — Dust'brush, n. A brush for removing dust, as from furniture. — man, n. ; pi. -men. One who carries away dirt and filth. Dutch, duch, a. Pert, to Holland, to its inhabitants, or their language, — used also, incorrectly, of Ger- mans. — v. t. To render clear and hard by dipping into hot oil, sand, etc.,— as goose-quills. [G. deutsch, lit. belonging to the people, MHG. diutisk, Goth. thiuda, AS. theod, a people, nation; s. rt. L. Teutones, Teutons, Skr. tu, to be strong.] — Dutch cheese. A small, round, hard cheese, made from skim milk. — D. clinker. A long, hard brick made in Holland. —D.foil, leaf, or gold. An alloy of copper and zinc, rolled or beaten into thin sheets. — D. oven. A tin screen for baking before a fire ; a shallow iron kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning coals.— D. pink. Chalk or whiting dyed yellow, and used in distemper, and for paper-staining, etc. — D. tile. A glazed and painted ornamental tile, used in the jambs of chimneys. Duumvir. See under Duo. Dwarf, dwawrf, n. An animal or plant much below ordinary size ; esp., a diminutive man. — v. t. [dwarfed (dwawrft), dwarfing.] To hinder from growing to the natural size ; to stunt. [AS. dweorg, aweorh, D. dwerg, Ic. dvergr, Sw. and Dan. dverg, a dwarf.] — Dwarfish, a. Like a dwarf ; very small; petty ; despicable. — Dwarf Ishness, n. — Dwarf- wall, n. (Arch.) A low wall, not as high as the story of a building. Dwell, dwel, v. i. [dwelled (dweld) usually dwelt, dwelling.] To abide as a permanent resident ; to inhabit for a time ; to be domiciled, reside, stay, remain. [AS. dwellan, to retard, delay, dwal, dull, torpid, Ic. dvelja, Sw. dvaljas, to dwell, tarry.] — To dwell on, or upon. To continue on, occupy a long time with, hang on with attention, be absorbed with. — Dwell'er, n. — Dwell'ing, n. Habitation ; abode ; domicile. — Dwelling-house, n. A house intended for residence, disting. f r. a store, office, etc. — place, n. Place of residence, abode. Dwindle, dwin'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To diminish, waste away. —v. t. To make less, bring low; to break, disperse. — n. Process of dwindling ; decline. [AS. dwinan, Ic. dvina, Sw. tvina, to dwin- dle, Skr. dhvams, to fall to pieces, perish.] Dyad, di'ad, a. (Chem.) Having an equivalence of 2; capable of being substituted for, combined with, or replaced by, 2 atoms of hydrogen.— n. A couple; pair. (Chem.) An atom whose equivalence is 2? am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tu. T ce ; 5dd, tone, 6r j DYAK 169 EARNEST etc. [F. dyade, L. dyas, dyadis, Gr. duos, duados, the number 2, fr. duo, a. v.l Irak, di'ak, n. One of the aboriginal race of Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, etc. [Malay, savage.] Dye, di, v. t. [dyed (did), dying.] To stain, color, give a new and permanent color to. [AS. deagan, to dye, deag, deah, dye, color.] — Dy'er, n. — Dye / '- house, n. Place where dyeing is carried on. — stuff, n. Material used in dyeing. Dying. See Die. Dyke. See Dike. Dynamic, di-namlk, -ical, a. Pert, to strength or Dower, or to dvnamics. — Dynamics, n. sing. Sci- power, or to dynamics. — Dynanr " ircee, — opp. to stc forces of any kind, or laws which ence of moving forces, — opp. to statics; the moving moral or physical forces of any kind, or laws which relate to them. (Mus.) Science of the force of mu sical sounds. [Gr. dunamis, power, dunasthai, to be strong. See Dure.]— Dynamiter, n. {Opt.) An instrument to determine the magnifying power of telescopes. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Dynamef- rical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dy'namite, n. See Nitro- glycerine. — Dyn'amonr eter, n. An instrument for measuring power, esp. that of animals, men, or machines. — Dyn'amomettfric, -rical, a. Pert, to a dynamometer, or the measure of force. — Dy'nasty, -U, n. Sovereignty ; esp. a race of kings, of the eame line, governing a particular country. [Gr. du- nasteia, lordship, fr. dunastes, a lord, fr. dunasthai.] — DynaB'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. Dyscrasy, dis'kra-sT, n. (Med.) An ill habit or 6tate of the constitution. [Gr. duskrasia, fr. dus-, insep- arable pref. with a bad sense (= E. mis-; s. rt. Skr. dus-, dur-, Ir. do-, Goth, tus-, tuz-, Ic. tor-, OHG. zur-, G. zer-), and krasis, mixture.] Dysentery, dis'en-ter-Y, n. (Med.) Inflammation of the rectum or colon, with griping pains, desire to evacuate the bowels, and discharges of mucus and blood. [Gr. dus- and entera, intestines, fr. entos, within.] — Dysenteric, -ical, a. Pert, to, accom- panied with, proceeding from, or afflicted with, etc. Dysmenorrhea, dis-men'o-re'a, n. (Med.) Difficult menstruation. [Gr. dus-, menes, menses (pi. of men, menos, month), and rhein, to flow.] Dyspepsia, dis-nep'sY-a or -sha, -sy, -st, n. (Med.) Dis- turbance of the functions of the stomach ; chronic difficulty of digestion. [Gr. duspepsia, fr. (his- and peptein, to cook, digest.] — Dyspep'tic, -tical, a. Afflicted with, pert, to, or consisting in, etc. — Dys- pep'tic. n. One afflicted with, etc. Dysphony, dis'fo-nT, n. (Med.) Difficulty of speak- ing, from an ill disposition of the organs of speech. [Gr. dus- and phone, sound, voice.] Dyspnoea, disp-ne'a, n. (Med.) Difficulty of breath- ing. [Gr. dus- and pnoe, pnoie, breathing, pnein, to blow, breathe.] Dysury, dis'u-rt, n. (Med.) Difficulty in discharg- ing urine, with pain and heat. [Gr. dus- and ouron, urine.] — Dysu'ric, a. Pert to^Dr afflicted with, etc. E. E, S, the 2d vowel and 5th letter of the English alpha- bet, is usually silent at the end of words, but indi- cates that the preceding vowel has its long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in mane, mete, which without the final e would be pronounced man, met. (Mus.) E is the 3d tone of the model diatonic scale. £ t> (E flat) is a tone intermediate between D and E. Each, ech, a. A distrib. adj. pron., used either with or without a following noun, and denoting every one of the individuals composing a whole, con- sidered separately from the rest. [To each corre- sponds other. Each other is used elliptically for each the other.'] [ME. eche, elch, AS. selc (perh. for eal lie, all-like, perh. for a lie, ever-like), Scot, ilk, ilka, D. elk, OHG. eogalih, G.jeglich.] Eager, e'ggr, a. Orig. sharp; sour; keen; excited by desire in pursuit of an object ; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain; earnest. [OF. eigre, aigre, L. acer, acris, keen ; s. rt. acrid, vinegar.] — Ea'gerly, adv. — Ea'gerness, n. Ardor; vehemence; avidity. Eagle, e'gl, n. A rapacious bird of the falcon family: its figure is used as a heraldic emblem and for standards and em- blematic devices; a gold coin of the U. S., worth $10. [OF. aigle, L. aquila, prop. fern, of aquilus, brown.] — Ea'gless, n. A female eagle. — Ea'- glet, n. A young eagle. — Ea'gle-eyed, a. Sharp-sighted. Eagre, Egre, e'ggr, Hygre, Higre, hi'gSr, n. A flood tide moving violently up a river, in one or more massive waves. [AS. egor, eagor, Ic. segir, ocean.] Ean,en, v.t.ori. To bring forth (young). [See Yean.] Ear, er, n. The organ of hearing; sense of hearing; willingness to listen; attention ; regard ; part of any- thing like an animal's ear. [AS. eare, D. oor, Ic. eyra, Sw. and OHG. ora, Dan. and MHG. ore, G. ohr, L. auris, Gr. ous, ear ; L. audire, Gr. aio, to hear, Skr. av, to be pleased, take care.] — About the ears. In close proximity. — By the e. In close per- sonal contest. — Up to the e. Deeply absorbed. — Button ear. In dogs, an ear falling in front, and hiding the inside. — Rose e. In dogs, one folding at the back and disclosing the inside.— Eared, erd. a. (Omith.) Having prominent feathers reseml ling ears, — as some owls, etc. — Earless, a. Without ears ; deaf ; unwilling to hear. — Earing, n. Eagle. (Naut.) A rope attached to the cringle of a sail, by which it is bent \ or reefed. — Ear'arop, n. An ear- ring. (Bot.) The auricula, a kind of primrose. — lap, n. Tip of the ear. — lock, n. A curl of hair near the ear; love-lock. — -mark, n. A mark on the ear, by slitting or cropping, to identify a sheep, etc.; any distinguishing mark. — v. t. To mark for identification. — ring, n. An ornament suspended from the ear by a ring passing through the lobe.— -shot, n. Reach of the sense of hearing; distance at which or Auricle words may be heard. — trump'et, ... , n. An instrument to aid in hear- «• h f. lx; h - ant- ing. — wax, n. Cerumen; a sub- «eiix;c. sea- stance secreted by the glands of pna '- P 1 ",? 08 :" the ear. — -wig, n. A leaf-eating ?-^V-°- (boa *- insect, vulgarly believed to creep f 1Ke -> lossa ; a. through the ear into the brain. J ra S us ; e. . anti- [AS. eor-wicga ; wicg, horse, fr. tra su s ! /• tne wegan, to carry.] concha ; o. lobe, Ear, er,H. The spike of Indian corn or lobulus. or other grain, containing the kernels. — v. i. To form ears, as corn. [AS. ear, D. aar, Ic, Dan., and Sw. ax, Goth, ahs, OHG. ahir ; s. rt. L. acus, needle. E. awn.] Ear, er, ?\ t. To plow or till. [AS. erian, erigan, Ic. erja, MHG. eren, em, L. arare, Gr. aroun.] Earl, erl, n. A nobleman of Eng. ranking below a marquis and above a viscount. [AS. eorl, Ic.jarl, warrior, hero, OS. erl, man: perh. s. rt. Gr. arsen, male; perh. contr. of AS. ealdor, an elder.] — EarK- dom, -dnm, n. Seigniory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an earl. — Earl'-mar'shal, n. An officer of state in Eng. who marshals great ceremonials, and is the head of the herald's office. Early, SrlY, a. In advance of the usual or appointed time; timely; not late. — adv. Soon; in good sea- son; betimes. [AS. asrlice, ser. See Ere.] Earn, Em, v. t. [earned (e"rnd), earning.] To de- serve by labor; to acquire bv service or performance. [AS. earnian, to earn, OHG. amen, G. ernten, to reap, fr. OHG. aren, arn, G. ernte, harvest.] — Earning, n. Thing earned; wages; stipend. Earnest, er'nest, a. Ardent in the pursuit of an ob- ject; eager to obtain; intent; fixed; eager; zealous; fervent ; hearty. — n. Seriousness ; reality. [AS. eornest, D. and G. ernst, MHG. ernest, earnestness; eon, cube, full; moon, fdotj cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. EARNEST 170 ECCENTRIC Ic. ern, brisk, vigorous, Gr. ornumi, to excite.] — Earnestly, adv. — Ear'nestness, n. Earnest, er'nest, n. A pledge given in token of a bargain made. [W. ernes, em, a pledge, erno, to give a pledge, Ga. earlas, earnest-penny, Prov. E. arles ; pern. s. it. Gr. arrabon, L. arrha, OF. arrhes, Heb. erabon, a pledge.] — Ear'nest-mon'ey, n. Money paid to bind a bargain or to ratify a sale. Earth, erth, n. The globe we inhabit; the world; the solid materials forming it ; dry land ; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, etc.; the ground; a region; country; the people on the globe. (Chem.) A tasteless and inodorous, uncolored, earthy-look- ing, metallic oxide; a similar oxide, having a slight alkaline reaction, —v. t. [earthed (ertht), earth- IMG.] To hide in, or cover with earth.— v. i. To - retire under ground, burrow. [AS. eorc/he, D. aarde, lc.jordh. Ban. and Sw. jord, G. erde; s. rt. Gr. era, the earth, perh. aroun, to plow; see Ear, v. t.] — Eartb/en, -n, a. Made of aarth, or of burnt clay, etc. — Earth'y, -Y, a. Of or pert, to, etc.; terrestrial; gross; unrefined.— Earth/iness, n. — Earthly, -IT, a. Pert, to earth; not heavenly or spiritual; sordid; carnal ; mean ; groveling ; of all things on earth ; possible. — Earth Tineas, n. Quality of being, etc.; excessive attachment to earthly objects ; worldli- ness. — Eartb/ling, n. An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal. — Earth'ward, adv. Toward the earth. — Earth'bath, n. A covering (a patient) with earth or sand, usually warmed, for remedial purposes. — board, n. (Agric.) The board of a plow, that turns over the earth; mold-board. clos'et, n. A privy in which dry earth is used to deodorize the fecal matter. nut, n. (Bot.) The farinaceous, sweet root of an umbelliferous plant; the seed-ves- sel and seed of a leguminous plant, called also pea- nut. — quake, n. A shaking or concussion of the earth, due to subterranean causes. — work, n. (En- gin.) The removal of large masses of earth, in constructing canals, railways, etc. (Mil.) A forti- fication made by throwing up embankments of earth. — worm, n. (Zobl.) A cylindrical, annulated worm, without head or external organs, found ev- erywhere in moist loam ; angle-worm. A mean, sordid person. Ease, ez, n. Freedom from pain, trouble, toil, con- straint, etc. ; repose ;_tranquillity ; facility; readi- ness.— v. t. [eased (ezd), easing.] To free from what pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to render less painful, disgusting, or oppressive; to release from pressure or restraint, shift a little. [OF. aise, It. agio, Pg. ago, ease; perh. s. rt. Ga. adhais, ease; not s. rt. eadhe, easy.] — To ease off, or away. (Naut.) To slacken gradually. — To e. a ship. (Naut.) To put the helm hard-a-lee, or regulate the sail, to pre- vent her pitching when close-hauled. — Eas'y, -Y, a. [easier, -iest.] At ease; free from pain, etc.; not causing pain or exertion; not difficult; causing ease or comfort ; not resisting ; tranquil ; calm ; compliant. (Com.) Not straitened in money mat- ters. — Eas'ily, -1Y, adv. With ease; readily; gently. — Easiness, n. — Eas'y-chair, n. An arm-chair for rest. — Ease'ment, n. That which gives ease; con- venience ; accommodation. (Law.) A liberty or advantage without profit, which one proprietor has in another's estate distinct from ownership of the soil, as a way, water-course, etc. Easel, e'zl, n. A wooden frame to support pictures while being painted. [D. ezel, G. esel, ass.] East, est, n. The point in the heavens where the sun rises at the equinox ; point opposite the west; eastern part of a country; regions east of any country; esp., the southern parts of Asia. — a. Toward the rising sun. — v. i. To move toward the east ; to orientate. [AS.; D. oost, Ic. austr, Dan. and G. ost, Sw. ostan, east, L. aurora, Gr. eos, Skr. ushas, dawn.] — East-north-east, east- south-east, etc. See Compass. — East'- ern, a. Situated in, etc.; oriental; go- ing toward the east. — East / ernmost / , a ern. — Easfward, adv. Toward the east. — East- erly, -IT, a. Coming from, also, situated or moving toward, etc. — adv. On or toward, etc. — Easting, n. (Jfav. If Surv.) Distance eastward from a given meridian. Easter, esfSr, E. day. n. A festival, celebrated on the Sunday after Good Friday, commemorating Christ's resurrection, corresponding to the Jewish passover. [AS. eastro, Easter festival, fr. Eastre, a goddess whose festival was in April; s. rt. east.] Easy. See under Ease. Eat, et, v. t. _[imp. eat (gt) or ate (at); p. p. eat (et) or eaten (efn); eating.] To swallow or partake of as food; to corrode, as metal, by rust ; to con- sume gradually, as a cancer, the flesh: to waste or wear away; to devour, gnaw. — v. i. To take food, feed; to taste or relish. [AS. etan, D. eten, Ic. eta, Sw. ata, Dan. sede, Goth, itan, OHG. ezzan, G. essen, L. edere, Gr. edein, Skr. ad; s. rt. fret.]— To eat one's words. To take back what one has said; retract. — To eat in or into. To corrode, gnaw, con- sume.— Eat'er, «. — Eat 'able, a. Capable of, or fit to be, etc.; esculent: edible, —n. Anything that may be eaten. — Eating-house, n. A house where food is sold ready cooked ; restaurant. Eau-de-Cologne, o / de-ko-lon / ', n. A perfumed spirit, erig. prepared at Cologne. [F., water of Cologne.] — Eau-de-vie, -ve, n. Brandy. [F.; vie = L. vita, life, fr. vicere, to live.] Eaves, evz, n. pi. (Arch.) The lower edges of a roof, overhanging the walls. [AS. efese, clipped edge of thatch, eaves, Ic. ups.] — Eaves'drop, v. i. To stand under the eaves or near the windows of a house, to listen to what is said within; to seek to hear others' conversation. — Eaves'' dropper, n. Ebb, eb, n. The reflux of the tide; return of tide- water toward the sea; a falling to a worse state; de- cline ; decay, —v. i. [ebbed (ebd), ebbing.] To flow back, return, as water toward the ocean ; to fall to a worse state, recede, sink. [AS. ebba, the ebb, ebban, toebb; D. eb, ebbe, n., ebben, v.; Dan. ebbe % n. and v.: Sw. ebb, n., ebba, v.; s. rt. even.] — Ebb/« tide, n. Reflux of tide- water ; the retiring tide. Ebionite, e'bY-o-mt, n. One of an early sect of Jew- ish Christians, combining Judaism with Christiani- ty, rejecting much of the New Testament, and ac- counted heretics by the Christian fathers. [Heb. ebjonim, the poor, a Jewish name for Christians.] Ebony, eb'o-nY, Eb'on, -un, n. A hard, heavy, and durable wood, usually black, which admits of a fine polish. [OF. ebene, h. hebenus, ebenus, Gr. ebenos, ebene, Heb. hobnim, fr. eben, a stone, fr. its hard- ness.]— Eb'on, a. Of, like, or black as ebony.— Eb'onize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd) -izing.1 To make black like ebony. — Eb'onite, -It, n. India-rubber hard- ened by vulcanization, black like ebony, and used for buttons, combs, electrical apparatus, etc. Ebriety, e-bri'e-tY, n. Intoxication ; drunkenness ; inebriety. [F. ebriete', L. ebrietas, fr. ebrius, drunk.j — Ebrioslty, n. Partial intoxication ; habitual drinking to excess. Ebullient, e-buKyent, a. Boiling over, as a liquid; manifesting exhilaration or excitement, as of feel- ing. [L. ebullire, to bubble up, fr. e, out of, and bullire, to boil. See Boil.] — Ebullience, -yens, -iency, -sY, n. A boiling over. — Ebulli'tion, -lish'un, n. The operation of boiling; effervescence; mani- fest exhilaration of feeling. [OF.] Eburnean, e-bSr'ne-an, a. Made of ivory. [L. ebur. neus, fr. ebur, ivory.] — Eburna'tion, n. (Pathol.) A diseased condition of bone or cartilage, making them unnaturally dense, and like ivory. Ecarte\ a'kar-ta', n. A game at cards played with a pack from which all cards below the 7s are removed. [F., p. p. of icarter, to discard, fr. es (L. ex, from) and carte, card, q. v.] Ecbatic, ek-batlk, a. (Oram.) Denoting mere re- sult or consequence, — disting. fr. telic, which de- notes purpose. [Gr. ek, out, and bainein, to go.] Ecbolic, ek-bollk, n. Producing abortion, — said of medicines. [Gr. ekbole, abortion, fr. ekballein, to cast out.] Ecce-homo, ek'se-ho'mo, n. A picture representing the Savior given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns. [L., Dehold the man.] Eccentric, ek-senlrik, -trical, a. Deviating from the center or from the line of a circle; pert, to eccen- tricity or to an eccentric; not having the same cen- ter,— opp. to concentric ; deviating from the usual course; irregular; anomalous; odd; whimsical. — n. A circle not having the same center as another partly contained within the first ; one who, or that which, deviates from regularity. (Astron.) The supposed circular orbit of a planet about the earth, but with the earth not in its center, in the Ptole- maic system. (Mech.) A wheel having its axis of revolution out of its center of figure, used to obtain a reciprocating or alternate motion from a circu- lar one. [OF. eccentrique, fr. LL. ecceniros, Gr. am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : Yn. fee ; 5dd, tSne. ECCHTMOSIS 171 EDGE ek kentr os , f r. ek, out, and kentron, center.] — Eccen'- trically. adv. — Ec- centricity, -tris' i-t t , n. State of beinir, etc. ; oddity. (As- tron.) Distance of T the center of the or- Eccentric of Steam-engine, bit of a heavenly body from that of the body around which it revolves. Ecchymoais. ek-Y-mo'sis, n. (Med.) A livid spot caused by effusion of blood under the skin. [Gr., fr. ek, out, and cheein, to pour.] Ecclesiastic, ek-kle'zT-as'tik, -tical. a. Pert, to the church or to its organization. — Eccle'sias'tic. n. A j clergyman : priest. [LL. ecclesiasticus, Gr. ekklesi- ' astikos, pert, to the ekklesia, assembly, church, fr. ek- ! kalein. to call forth, summon, fr. e/t*out, and kalein, I to eall.] — Eccle'sias'tically, adv. — Eccle'sias'ti- cism, -sizm, n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical observances, privileges, etc. — Eccle'sias'tea, -tez, n. Lit. a preacher; a book of the Old Testament.— I Eccle Bias'ticus, ». A book of the Apocrypha. — j Eccle'siarch, -zt-ark. n. A ruler of the church. [Gr. I archos, leader.] — Eccle'aiol'ogy, -jT, n. Science of I church building and decoration. [Gr. lof/os, dis- course.] — Eccle'siolog'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Eccle'siol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. Echelon, esh'e-lon, n. (Mil) The position of a mili- tary body in the form of steps, or with one division more advanced than another. [F., fr. ichelle, lad- der, scale, L. scala.] Echinus, e-ki'nus, «. ; pi. -Hi A hedgehog. (Zobl.) A sei-urchin: sea-hedgehog. (Bot.) A prickly head of a plant. (Arch.) A molding carved with eggs and anchors. [L. : Gr. echinos, hedgehog.] — Ecb/- inate. ek'T-nat, -nated. a. Prickly, like a hedgehog. — Ech'inite, n. A fossil echinus. Echo, ek'o, n. ; pi. -oes, -5z. A sound reflected or reverberated to the ear. — v. t. [echoed (-od), -oixg.] To reverberate or send back; to repeat with assent, adopt.— v. i. To be reverberated; to cause an echo, be attended with an echo. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. echos, eche, a ringing in the ears ; s. rt. Skr. vag, to cry, howl, L. vox, a voice, E. catechise.'] — Echom'- eter, n. (Mus.) A scale for measuring duration of 6ounds, and determining their powers. [Gr. metron, measure.]— Echom'etry, -trT, n. Art of, etc., also of constructing vaults so as to produce echoes. Eclaircise, ek-lar'sez or -sTz, v. t. To make clear, ex- plain. [F. e'claircir, fr. clair, L. clams, clear, q. v.] | — Eclair'cissement, -sis-may or -sis-ment, n. The | clearing up of anvthing obscure. [F.] Eclat. a-kla r or e-kla', n. Brilliancy of success or ef- j fort ; demonstration of admiration ; applause. [F., ' fr. Mater, to burst forth, OF. esclater, to shine, fr. OHG. schlizan, to split, burst; s. rt. slit.] Eclectic, ek-lek'tik, a. Selecting; choosing at will. — n. One who follows an eclectic method in philos- ophy, science, religion, etc. [Gr. ek, out. and legein, to choose.] — Eclectic physician. One belonging to no recognized school, Dnt claiming to select medi- cines, etc., from all. — Eclec'tically, adv. — Eclec- ticism. -tT-sizm, ru Act. practice, or svstem. of, etc. Eclipse, e-klips', n. (Astron.) An interception of the light of the sun or moon, by intervention of some other body, either betweea it and the eye, or between the lumi- nous body, and that illumi- nated by it. Temporary or par- tial loss of brilliancy, luster, honor, etc. — v.t. [eclipsed (-klipsf). -sing.] To darken •r hide (a heavenly body) ; to obscure, darken, or extinguish the beauty, luster, or honor, etc., of; to throw into the shade. — v. i. To suffer an eclipse, become eclipsed. [OF ; L. eclipsis, Gr. ekleipsis, a failure, esp. of the sun's light, fr. ek and leipein, to leave.] — Eclip'tic. t>. (Astron.) An imaginary great circle of the sphere, — the apparent path of the sun, or real path of the earth, as seen from the sun. (Geog.) A great circle on the globe, answering to the celestial ecliptic. — a. Pert, to, or described by, the ecliptic; pert, to an eclipse. Eclogue, ek'log, n. A pastoral poem, in which shep- herds converse with each other; a bucolic; idyl. [F. eclogue, L. ecloga. pastoral poem, Gr. ekloge, a selec- tion, esp. of poems. See Eclectic] Economy, e-kon'o-mt, n. Management of domestic Eclipses. S, sun ; E, earth ; M, moon. affairs, esp. as to expense or disbursement; the internal, and esp. the pecuniary, management of any undertaking, corporation, state, etc.: system of rules by which iniythin;; is managed; thrifty house- keeping ; frugality: parsimony. [F. e'conomie, OF. ouxmomie, L. ozconomia, Gr. oikonomia, fr. oikono- mein. to manage a household, fr. oikos, house, and nemein, to deal out.] — E'conomie, -ical, a. Pert, to the household: domestic- pert, to economy or man- agement of pecuniary affairs, private or public ; saving of unnecessary expense; prudent in expen- diture ; managed with frugality ; pert, to the re- sources and wealth of a country. — Economically, adv. — With economy ; frugally. — Economics, ri- sing. Science of domestic and internal management; political economy. — Econ'omist, n. One who man- ages with frugality ; one conversant with political economy. — Econ'omize, v. t. [-mized (-mTzd), -miz- ixg.] To use with prudence, expend with frugality. — v. i. To manage pecuniary concerns frugally. Ecraseur, a-kra-zer*, n. (Surg.) An instrument, used instead of a knife, to sever diseased parts bv the tightening of a chain, without hemorrhage. [F., fr. icraser, to crush. — Ecrasement, a-kraz-mox', n. The operation of, etc. [F.] Ecstasy, ek'sta-sY, n. A state in which the mind i3 carried away beyond the reach of ordinary impres- sions ; frenzy : excessive joy ; rapture ; insanity ; madness. (Pathol.) A disease accompanied by loss of sensibility, voluntary motion, and mental power, the body be"ing erect and inflexible. [OF. ecs/ase, LL. ecstasis, a swoon, trance, Gr. ekstasis, displace- ment, a trance, fr. ek and histanai, to stand.] — Ec- static, -ical, a. Rendering one beside one's self ; delightful beyond measure; rapturous. Ecthlipsis, ek-thlip'sis, n. (Lat. Pros.) A figure by which a final m, with the preceding vowel, is cut off before a vowel beginning the next word. [Gr., fr. ek and thlibein, to press.] Ectype, ek'tlp, n. A copv from an original; a cast in relief from a design. [Gr. ektupos, worked in relief, fr.dk and tupos, stamp, figure.] — Ec'typal, -tl-pal, a. Taken from the original; imitated. — Ectypog'- raphy, -fT, n. A process of etching, giving lines raised on the plate, instead of sunk. Ecumenic, ek-u-menlk, -leal, a. General ; universal, — said esp. of church councils. [LL. ozevmenicus, Gr. oikoumenikos, fr. oikoumene (ge), the inhabited (world), fr. oikein, to inhabit, oikos, house.] Eczema, Sk'ze-ma, n. (Med.) An eruption of mi- nute vesicles upon the skin, without fever. [Gr., fr. ek and zein, to boil.] Edacious, e-da'shus, a. Given to eating ; voracious ; devouring. [L. edajc, fr. edere, to eat.] —Edacity, -das'Y-tY, n. Greediness ; voracity.— Edible, -Y-bl, a. Fit to be eaten as food ; esculent ; eatable. — Edlblenesa, n. State of being edible. Edda, ed'da, n. One of 2 mythological books of the old Scandinavian tribes, containing Sagas of gods and heroes, —one in prose, the other in poems. [Ic, lit. great-grandmother (of Scandinavian poetry).] Eddy, edUY, n. A current of air or water running back, or opposite to the main current : a current moving circularly; whirlpool.— v. t. [eddied (-did), -dying.] To move as an eddy. — v. t. To collect as into an eddy. [Ic. and Sw. dial, idha, Dan. ide, an eddy. fr. Ic. Goth., and OHG. id-, AS. ed-, baek.] Edelweiss, a'dl-vls, -weisse, -vls'sa, n. A white flow- er of the Swiss Alps. [G., fr. edel, noble, and weiss, weisse, whiteness, purity.] Edematous, e-dem'a-tus, -tose, -t5s. a. Pert, to, or af- fected with, a serous humor. [Gr. oidema, tumor, fr. oidein, to swell.] Eden, e'dn, n. The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt : a delightful region. [Heb., delight.] Edentate, e-den'tat, n. An animal of the sloth and armadillo tribes, wanting fore teeth and canines. [L. edentare, -tatum, to render toothless, fr. e priv. and dens, dentis, tooth.] — Eden'tate, -tated, -tal, -talous, -us, a. Destitute of teeth ; of, or pert, to, the sloth and armadillo tribes. Edge, ej, n. The thin cutting side of a blade ; that which cuts as an edge does ; any sharp termimating border ; readiness or fitness to "cut ; acrimowy : se- verity ; border or part adjacent to the line of divis- ion ; verge; skirt; brink; early part; beginning.— r. t. [edged (ejd), edging.] To furnish with an edge, sharpen ; to furnish with a fringe or border ; to make sharp or keen, provoke to action, urge or egg on ; to move by little and little. — v. i. To move sideways or gradually ; to sail close to the wiarL sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get EDIBLE 172 EFT [AS. ecg, D. egge, Ic. and Sw. egg, Dan. eg, G.ecke; 8. rt. L. acies, Skr. agri, edge, Gr. ake, point.] — To set the teeth on edge. To cause a disagreeable tin- gling sensation in the teeth, as from contact with acids, or by a grating noise. — Edging, n. That which forms an edge or border. — Edge'wise, adv. In the direction of, etc. — Edge'-bone, n. A bone of the rump, which, in dressed beef, presents itself edgewise to view. — tool, n. A sharp instrument. Edible. See under Edacious. Edict, e'dikt, n. That which is proclaimed by au- thority ; special proclamation of command or pro- hibition; law; decree; manifesto. [L. edicere, edic- tum, to proclaim, fr. e, out, and dicere, to say.] Edify, ed'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To instruct and improve in knowledge, esp. in moral and relig- ious knowledge. [OF. edifier, L. sedificare, to build, f r. sedes, a building, and facere, to make.] — Ed'ifi- ca'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a building up, esp. in a moral and religious sense. — Edifice, -fis, n. A building; fabric,— chiefly applied to large structures. [F.] — Edifi'cial, -fish'al, a. Pert, to an edifice. — Ed'ifi'er, n. One who builds; one who im- proves another by moral instruction. — E'dile, -dtl, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman magistrate, in charge of buildings, highwavs, public places, etc. [L. sedilis, fr. sedes.] — E'dileship, n. Office of edile. 2dit, edit, v. t. To superintend the publication of ; prepare for publication. [L. edere, editum, to give out, publish, fr. e and dare, to give.] — Editor, -er, n. One who edits, esp. who prepares, superintends, and corrects a book, newspaper, etc., for publication. [L.] — Edito'rial. a. Pert, to an editor. — n. An article by the editor of a newspaper. — Edito'rially, adv. In the manner or character of an editor. — Editorship, n. Business or office of, etc.— Edi'tion, -dish'un, n. The publication of a literary work ; number of copies published at once. Educate, ed'u-kat, v. t. To bring up, as a child ; to cultivate and discipline the powers of the mind, in- struct, train, indoctrinate. [L. educare, -catum, f r. educere, to lead forth, bring up, fr. e and ducere, to lead.] — Educa'tion, n. Actor process of, etc. ; tui- tion ; nurture; teaching; breeding. — Educational, a. Pert, to, etc. — Educationist, n. One versed or interested in, etc.— Ed'ucator, n. One who educates or instructs. [L.] Educe, e-dus', v. t. [educed (-dust'), -cing.] To draw forth, as if from concealment, elicit, extract. [L. educere, eductum. See Educate.] — E'duct, n. Thing brought to light by separation, analysis, or decomposition. — Education, n. Act of drawing out or bringing into view. — Educt'or, -5r, n. Edulcorate, e-dul'ko-rat, v. t. To render sweet, sweeten. (Chem.) To purify. [L. e and dulcorare, -atum, to sweeten, f r. dulcis, sweet.] — EduPcora'- tion, n. Act of edulcorating. Eel, el, n. A species of soft-finned, snake-like fishes. [AS. sel, D., Dan., and G. aal, Ic. all, Sw. al, L. anguil- la, Gr. engchelus, eel ; L. anguis, Gr. echis, Skr. ahi, snake.] — Eel'-grass. n. A grass-like marine plant. — pot, n. A basket or trap used for catching eels. — pout, n. The burbot, a fresh-water fish. E'en, en. A contr. for Even. E'er, ar. A contr. for Ever. Eerie, Eery, elf, a. Awe-inspiring; weird. [Scot.] Effable, ef'fa-bl, a. Capable of being uttered or ex- plained; explicable. [L. effari, to utter, fr. ex, out, and fan, to speak.] Efface, ef-fas', v. t. [-faced (-fast'), -facing.] To erase or scratch out, rub off, render illegible, blot out, obliterate, cancel ; to remove from the mind. [F. effacer, fr. e priv. and face, L. fades, face.] — Efface'ment, n. Act of, etc. Effect, ef-fekt', n. That produced by an agent or cause ; result of causation ; impression produced ; power to produce results ; efficiency ; consequence intended, pi. Goods ; movables ; personal estate. — v. t. To produce, as, a cause, or agent, cause to be; to bring to pass, accomplish, achieve. [OF.; L. effectus, an effect, fr. efficere, -rectum, to effect, f r. ex and facere, to make. See Fact.] — For effect. For display, or for the purpose of producing an impres- sion. — Effect' or, -er, n. One who, etc. ; a maker ; creator. — Effectlble, a. Capable of being, etc. ; practicable ; feasible. — Effec'tion, n. Creation or production. (Geom.) Construction of a proposition. — Effective, -iv, a. Suited or tending to, etc. ; in Condition to act efficiently ; efficacious ; forcible ; energetic. — Effectively, adv. — Effectiveness, n.— Effect'ual, a. Producing, or able to produce, an in- tended effect ; adequate ; efficient. — Effect'ually, adv. — Effect'ualness, v.— Effect'uate, -u-St, v. t. To bring to pass, achieve, accomplish. — Effica'- cious, -shus, a. Effectual ; powerful. [L. efficax, fr. efficere.'] — Effica'ciously, adv. — Efficaciousness, Efficacy, -sY, n. Quality of being, etc. ; virtue : force ; energy. — Em'cient, -fish'ent, a. Causing effects ; producing results ; effective ; effectual. [F.] — n. The producing agent or cause. — Effi- ciently, adv. — Effi'cience, -ciency, -fish'en-sY, n. Efficacy. Effeminate, ef-fem'Y-nat, a. Soft or delicate to an un- manly degree; womanish; weak; voluptuous; cow- ardly.—?;, t. To make womanish, unman, weaken. [L. effeminare, -atum, to make womanish, fr. ex and femina, a woman.] — Effeminately, adv. — Effem'- inateness, -inacy, -sY, n. Unmanly softness. Effendi, ef-fen'dY, n. Master; sir, — a title of a Turk- ish state official or one learned in the law. [Turk. efendi, fr. modern Gr. aphentes, Gr. authentes, a des- potic master, ruler. See Authentic] Efferent, ef'fer-ent, a. Conveying outward; discharg- ing. [L. efferens, p. pr. of efferere, to bear out, fr. e and ferre, to bear.] Effervesce, ef'fer-ves', v. i. [-vesced (-vest'), -ves- cing.] To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bub- ble and hiss; to exhibit feelings that cannot be re- pressed. [L. effervescere, fr. ex and fervescere, to be- gin boiling, fr. fervere, to boil.] — Efferves'cent, -sent, a. Gently boiling or bubbling, by disengage- ment of gas. — Efferves'cence, -cency, -sen-sY, n. Act of, etc. — Efferves'cible, -sY-bl, a. Having the quality of, etc.; capable of producing effervescence. Effete, ef-fet', a. No longer capable of producing young; of worn-out energy; barren; worn out with age or excessive indulgence. [L. effetus, effostus, fr. ex and fetus, q. v.] Efficacious, Efficient, etc. See under Effect. Effigy, ef'fY-jY, Effigies, -fij'I-ez, n. Image of any person or thing; likeness in sculpture, painting, etc. ; impression on a coin representing the prince by whom it was issued. [L. effigies, fr. effingere, to form, fr. ex and fingere, to form.] — To burn or hang in effigy- To burn or hang an image of the person in- tended to be disgraced. Effloresce, ef-flo-res', v. i. [-eesced (-rest'), -res- cind.] (Chem.) To change over the surface, or throughout, to a powder; to become covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization. [L. efflores- cere, fr. ex and florescere, to begin to blossom, fr. florere, to blossom, fr. flos, a nower.] — Efflores'- cence, -cency, -sen-sT, n. (Bot.) Time of flowering. (Med.) Eruption, as in rash, measles, small pox, etc. (Chem.') Formation of powder on the surface of efflorescing bodies, as salts, etc.; powder or crust thus formed. — Efflores'cent, -sent, a. Liable to effloresce; covered with efflorescence. Effluent, ef'flu-ent, a. Flowing out. [L. ex and ftu- ere,fluxum, to flow.] — Effluence, -ency, -en-sT, n. A flowing out; that which issues; effluvium; efflux; emanation. — Efftu'vium, n. ; pi. -via, -vt-a. Subtile or invisible emanation ; esp. noisome or noxious exhalation. [L.] — Efflux, -fluxion, n. Act or state of, or that which, etc.; emanation; effluence. Effort, ef 'fgrt, ». An exertion of power, physical or mental; endeavor; struggle; attempt; trial; essay. [F. efforcer, to endeavor, fr. OF. force, LL. fortia, strength. See Force.] Effrontery, ef-frunt'Sr-Y, n. Excessive assurance ; shamelessness. [OF. effronterie, impudently, fr. L. ex and frons,frontis, forehead. See Affront.] Effulgent, ef-ful'jent, a. Diffusing a flood of light; shining; splendid. [L. ex and fulgere, to shine.] — Efful'gently, adv. — Efful'gence, -jens, n. State of being, etc.; extreme brilliancy. Effuse, ef-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To pour out, as a fluid, spill, shed. — v. i. To emanate, issue.— a. (Bot.) Spreading loosely, esp. on one side. [L. ex and fun- dere, fusum, to pour.] — Effu'- sion, -zhun, n. Act of pouring out ; thing poured out. (Pa- thol.) Escape of a fluid out of its natural vessel into another part ; secretion of fluids from the vessels, as of lymph or se- Effuse Brancii. rum, on different surfaces. — Effu'sive, -siv, a. Pouring forth largely. — Effu'sively, adv. — Effu'- siveness, n. Eft, eft, n. A salamander or newt. [AS. efete, prob. fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; 8dd tone, 6r ; E. G-. 173 ELD 8. rt. Gr. ophis, serpent, Skr. apada, reptile, fr. a priv. and pad, foot. J E. g. or Ex. gr. Contr. for Exempli gratia, q. v. under Example. Egad, e-gad'. interj. An exclamation of exultation or surprise. [Prob. corrupt, of the oath " by God."] Egg, eg, n. A body produced by a female animal, within which, when impregnated, the embryo of a new individual is developed: eggs of oviparous ani- mals contain a supply of nourishment for the em- bryo, and are usually inclosed in a spheroidal shell. Anything egg-shaped [AS. and Dan. seg. D. and G. ei, Ic. egg, Sw. agg, Ir. ugh, W. wy, L. ovum, Gr. oon.] — Egg-nog', n. A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with sugar, milk, and wine or spirits. — Egg'-plant, n. A plant allied to the tomato, bearing e»g-shaped eatable fruit. Egg, eg, v. t. [egged (egd), egging.] To urge on; instigate. [Ic" eggja, to goad, fr. egg, edge, q. v.] Eglantine, eglan-tin or -tTn, n. A species of rose; sweet-brier. [F.; OF. aiglantine, as if fr. LL. acu- lentus, prickly, fr. L. aculeus, dim. of acus, needle.] Egoism, e'go-izm, n. (Philos.) Subjective idealism. An excessive love of self; selfishness. [F. ego'isme, f r. L. ego, I.] — E'goist, n. A follower or Descartes or Fichte; believer in the doctrine of subjective idealism ; one given to egotism. [F. egoiste.] — E'go- tism, -tizm, n. Practice of too frequently using the word I; self-praise ; self-commendation ; conceit; vanity. — E'gotist, n. One who, etc. — Egotistic, -ical. a. Addicted to, manifesting, or pert to ego- tism; vain; self-important; opinionated. v. i. [-tized (-ttzd), -tizing.J To commit, etc. Egregious, e-gre'jus, a. Disting. fr. common men or actions, — generally in a bad sense; extraordinary; monstrous: precious. [L. egregius, lit. chosen out of the flock, fr. e and grex, gregis, flock.] — Egre'- giously, adv. Greatly; remarkably; shamefully. Egress, e'gres, n. Act of going out or leaving; power to leave; departure. [L. egredi, egressum, to go out, fr. e and gradi, to step, go.] — Egres'sion, -gresh'un, n. Act of going out; egress. Egret, e'gret, n. (Ornith.) The lesser white heron. A heron's feather. (Pot.) The flying, feathery, or hairy crown of seeds, as down of the thistle. (Zobl.) A kind of ape. [F. aigrette, OF. hairon, Ic. hegri, AS. higere,a. heron.] — Egrette', -gret r , n. A tuft of feathers, diamonds, etc. ; an ornament of ribbons. [See Aigeet.] Egyptian, e-jip'shun, a. Pert, to Egypt, in Africa.— n. A native of Egypt; a gypsy, — supposed to have originated in Egypt. — Egyptol'ogy, -ol'o-jl, n. Sci- ence of, or a treatise on, Egyptian antiquities. — Egyptol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. Eh, e, interj. An expression of inquiry or slight sur- prise. [AS. se, ea, D. he, G. ei.] Eider, i'der, E.-dnck, «. A sea-duck, which breeds in remote northern regions, and produces fine down. [Ic. sedhr, Sw. eider, Dan. ederfugl.'] — Ei'der-down, n. Down of the eider-duck. Eldograph, i'do-graf, n. An instrument for copying drawings on the same or a different scale. [Gr. eidos, form, and graphein, to draw. Eight, at, a. Twice 4 in number. — n. The number greater by a unit than 7; the sum of 4 and 4; a sym- bol representing eight units, as 8 or viii. [AS. eahta, D. and G. acht, Ic. and Sw. atta, Ir. ocht, L. octo, Gr.okto, Skr. ashtan.'] — Eighth, atth, a. Next in order after the 7th; consisting of one of 8 equal parts into which \ r A W anything is divided. — n. One I J I I . of 8 equal parts; an eighth part. 4 ~ 9 * (Mus.) The interval of an octave. Fio . ht u Kr n ^ a [AS. eahtodha.]- Eighth note. El S hth Notes - (Mus.) The 8th part of a whole note, or semibreve; a quaver. — Eighthly, adv. In the 8th place. — Eighteen, at'en, a. Twice 9 in number. — w. The number greater by a unit than 17; sum of 10 and 8; a symbol representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. [AS. eahtatyne.] — Eighteenth, -enth, a. Next in order after the 17th; consisting of one of 18 equal parts into which any thing is divided, — n. One of 18 equal parts; the 8th after the 10th. — Eighty, aft, a. Eight times ten; fourscore. — n. The sum of 8 Eider-duck. times 10; symbol representing eighty units, lxxx. [AS. eahtatig.] — Eightieth, -f-eth, a. The next in order after the 70th; consisting of one of 80 equal parts into which anything is divided. Eisteddfod, ls-teth'vod, n. The Welsh national con- gress of bards, etc. [W., session; eistedd, to sit.] Either, either or i'ther (analogy and the best usage favoring e'ther), a. or pron. One or the other, — properly of 2 things; each of two, the one and the other. — conj. Either is always correlative to or, and precedes it, indicating the first of certain things, any one of which is true, is to be done, etc. [ME. either, eyther, aither, ay t her, AS. aegther, contr. fr. seghwsether (fr. a, aye, ever, ge- prefix, and hwaether, whether), D. ieder^ OHG. eoweaar, G.jeder.~\ Ejaculate, e-jak'u-lat, v. t. To throw out, as an ex- clamation. — v. i. To utter ejaculations. [L. ejac- ulari, -latum, fr. c and jaculari, to throw, fr. jacu- lum, javelin, dart, fr. jacere^ to throw.] — Ejac'ula'- tion, n. Uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or prayer ; exclamation or prayer uttered. {Med.) Emission of semen. — Ejac'ulatory, -to-rT, a. Cast- ing or throwing out: suddenly darted out; uttered in short sentences. — Eject, -jekt', v. t. To throw out, cast forth; to drive away, expel violentlv, or with disgrace; to dispossess, as of land, dwellings, etc. [L. ejicere, ejectum, fr. e and jacere. ] — Ejec'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ejecfment, n. Ex- pulsion; ejection. {Law.) A species of mixed ac- tion, which lies for recovery of possession of real property, and damages and costs for unlawful de- tention of it. — Eject 'or, n. (Law.) One who ejects, or dispossesses another of his land. Eke, ek, v. t. [eked (ekt), eking.] To increase, en- large, extend; to supply what is scanty, prolong, — generally with out. — adv. In addition; also; like- wise. [AS. ecaw, Ic. auka, L. augere, to augment; AS. eac, Ic. auk, Sw. och, Dan. og, and, also.] Elaborate, e-lab'o-rat, v. t. To produce with labor; perfect with painstaking. — a. Wrought with labor; highly finished. [L. e and laborare, -atum, to labor, fr. labor.] — Elaborately, adv. — Elab'ora'tion, n. Act or process of producing with labor; state of be- ing so produced. (Physiol.) Natural process of for- mation or assimilation, performed by living organs in animals and vegetables. — Elab'orative, -tiv, a. Serving or tendingto elaborate.— Elab'ora'tor, n. Elaine, e-la'in, n. The liquid principle of oils and fats. [Gr. elaia, olive tree, elaion, olive oil.] Elan, a-laN', n. Ardor; zeal, from passion; enthusi- asm ; brilliancy and glow, from emotional excite- ment; dash. [F., fr. 4lancer, to dart, lancer, to hurl.] Eland, eland, n. The largest species of S. African antelope; the Cape elk. [D.] Elapse, e-laps r , v. i. [elapsed (-lapsf), elapsing.] To slide, slip, or glide by; to pass away silently, as time. [L. elabi, elapsus, fr. e and labi, to fall, slide.] Elastic, e-las'tik, a. Springing back; having the in- herent property of recovering its former figure ; springy; readily returning to a previous condition, after heing depressed or overtaxed. [Gr. elaunein, to drive; s. rt. L. alacer, brisk.] — Elasticity, -tis' r - T-tl, n. Quality of, etc.; rebound; power of resistance to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. Elate, e-laf, a. Lifted up; elevated; having the spirits raised by success or hope ; flushed with confidence ; puffed up; proud; swelling. — v. t. To exalt the spirit of, elevate or flush with success. [L. elatus, p. p. of efferre, to carry out, but for tlatus ; s. rt. tollere, to lift/) — Ela'tion, n. Inflation of mind; self-esteem or pride, resulting from success. Elbow, eKbo, n. The joint connecting arm and fore- arm; any flexure or angle, esp. if obtuse, as of a wall, building, etc. ; also an angular or jointed part of any structure. — v. t. [elbowed (el'bod), -bow- ing.] To push with the elbow, as when one pushes by another.— v. i. To jut into an angle, project; to fiush rudely along, iostle. [AS. elboga.t). elleboog, c. alnbogi, G. eltenbogen ; fr. AS. el (L. ulna, Gr. olene), elbow, and boga, a bending, bow; Skr. aratni, elbow.] — At the elbow. At hand; near. — Out at e. Ragged; shabby; in reduced circumstances. — E. grease. Energy; vigorous and continued labor.— EKbow-chair, n. A chair with arms to support the elbows; arm-chair. — room, n. Room to extend the elbows; room for motion or action. Eld, eld, n. Old age; old people; old times; antiquity. [AS. yldo, sell, eld, f r. eald, old; Ic. old, an age, alar, old people.] — Eld'er, a. Older; more advanced in age; prior, as in origin, —n. One who is older; a senior; an ancestor; predecessor; one who, on ac- count of age, acts as ruler or judge; one occupying an office requiring experience and dignity. [A5T sun, ctibe, full ; moon. fo"&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNbox, chair, get. ELDER 174 ELEMENT pldra, compar. of eald ; ealdor, elder, prince, eld- ran, parents.] — Eld'erly, -It, a. Somewhat old. — Eld'ership, n. Seniority; office of elder. — Eld'est, a. Oldest. [AS. yldesta.] Elder, eld'er, n. A genus of plants having broad um- bels of white flowers and dark red berries. [AS. ellen.T.G. elloorn ; perh. same as alder .] — E.-flow'er, n. Flowers of two species of elder, dried, for fla- voring sweet wines. El Dorado, el-do-ra/do. A fabulous region in S. Amer. supposed to be immensely rich in gold, gems, etc.; any country abounding in treasure. [Sp., the golden region; el, the, and dorado, p. p. of dorare, to gild.] Eleatic, e-le-at'ik, a. Pert, to a sect of philosophers, so called fr. Elea, or Velia, in Italy.— n. One of, etc. Elecampane, ePe-kam-pan', n. A plant whose root has a pungent taste, and was used as a stomachic; a sweetmeat from the root. [Abbr. fr. F. enule-cam- pane, L. inula campana— inula, name of the plant, campana, growing in the field, fr. campus, field.J Elect, e-lekf, v. t. To pick out, make choice of; to select for office or employment, select by vote, choese, prefer, appoint. (theol.) To designate as an object of mercy or favor. —a. Chosen; taken by preference. (Theol.) Set apart to eternal life. Chosen, but not invested with office. — n. One chosen or set apart, pi. (Theol.) Those chosen for salvation. [L. eligere, electum, fr. e and legere, to gather, choose.] — Elect'icism, -T-sizm, n. Eclec- ticism.— Election, n. Act of choosing; choice; act of choosing one to fill an office; power of choosing; free will ; discriminating choice ; discernment. (Theol.) Predetermination of individuals as ob- jects of mercy and salvation. Those elected. [OF.] — Elec'tioneeV, -er', v. i. [-eered (-ei-d'), -eer- ing.] To use influence, argument, or arts for se- curing the election of a candidate. — Elect'ive, -iv, a. Exerting the power of choice; making selection; pert, to, consisting in, or dependent on, choice ; be- stowed by election. — Elective affinity, or attraction, (Chem.) Tendency to unite with certain things rather than witli others. — Elecfively, adv. By choice or preference. — Elect 'or, -er, n. One who elects, or has right of choice; one entitled to vote in favor of a candidate for office, or legally qualified to vote; one of the princes of Germany formerly entitled to choose the emperor; one chosen, by vote of the people in the II. S., to elect a president and vice-president. — Elecfress, n. The wife or widow of a German elector. — Elect'oral, -Sr-al, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, electors. — Electorate, -er-at, n. Dignity of an elector ; electorship ; territory of an elector. — Eligible, -jY-bl, a. Legally qualified; worthy to be chosen; desirable; oreferable. [F., fr. L. eligere.]- Eligibly, -b\X,.adv. Suitably. — El- igibleness, -bil'ity, -tl, n. — Elite, a-lef, n. A choice o r sel ect body; best part of anything. [F.] Electrum, e-lek'trum, n. Amber; an amber-colored alloy of gold and silver used by the ancients; Ger- man silver plate. [L.; Gr. elektron, amber, which has electric powers when rubbed.] — Elec'tric, -tric- a! a. Pert, to, occasioned by, derived from, or con- taining, electricity ; capable of occasioning elec- trical phenomena. —Elec'tric, n. A non-conductor of electricity. — Elec'trically, adv. In the manner, or by means of, etc. — Electrician, -trish'an, n. One versed in the science of, etc. —Electric Ity, -tris'Y-tY, n. A subtle agent or power in nature, evolved in any disturbance of molecular equilib- rium, whether from chemical, physical, or mechan- ical cause ; science of the phenomena of the electric fluid. — Elec'trifi'able, a. Capable of receiving, or of being charged with, etc. — Elec'trify, -fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -FYiNG.] To charge with electricity; to give an electric shock to; to excite suddenly; to surprise, esp. by something pleasing or inspiriting. [L. facere, to make.] — Elec'trize, v. t. [-trized (-trizd), -trizing.] To electrify. — Elec'tro-biol'- ogy, -bi-oKo-jY, n. That phase of mesmerism in which the actions, feelings, etc., of a mesmerized person are supposed to be controlled by the will of the operator; science of the electrical currents de- veloped in living organisms. [E. biology, q. v.] — Elec'tro-chemlstry, n. Science of the agency of electricity in effecting chemical changes. — Elec''- trode, -trod, n. Either of the so-called poles of the voltaic circle. [Gr. hodos } a way, path.] — Elec'tro- gild'ing, n. Process of gilding copper, etc., by vol- taic electricity. — Electrol'ogy, -jY, n. Science of the phenomena of electricity and its properties. [Gr. logos, discourse .] — Electrol'ysis, - Y-sis, n. Act or process of chemical decomposition, by the action of electricity, or galvanism. [Gr. lusis, a dissolving, fr. luein, to loose, dissolve.] — Electrolyte, -lit, n. A compound decomposable, or subjected to decom- Eosition, by an electric current. [Gr. lutos, dissotn- le.] — Elec'trolyze, -Hz, v. t. [-lyzed (-lizd), -lyz- ing.] To decompose by direct action of eh ctricity or galvanism. [Gr. luein, to dissolve.] — Elec'tro- mag'net, n. A mass of soft iron, rendr ed tem- porarily magnetic by a surrounding coil of wire through which a current of electricity is passing. — Elec'tro-magnefic, a. Pert, to magnetis-n;, us con- nected with electricity, or affected by it. — Elec'tro- mag'netism, n. Science of the development ui mag- netism by voltaic electricity, and of the cu, rents evolved.— Electrom'eter, n. An instnnni-.it for measuring the quantity or intensity of electricity, or which indicates its presence. [Gr. rneti on, meas- ure.] — Elec'tro-mo'tor, n. Apparatus for genera- ting a current of electricity. — Elec'tro-mus'cular, a. Pert, to the reaction of the muscles under, or their sensibility to, etc. — Elec'tro-neg'ative, -tiv, a. Hav- ing the property of being attracted by an electro- positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis.— n. A body which, etc.— Elec'trophone, -fon, n. An instrument for procur- ing sound by means of electric currents. [Gr. phone, sound.]— Elec'trc-pos'itive, a. Of such a nature relatively to associated bodies, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, while the a& sociated body tends to the positive pole. — Elec'tro- scope,-skop, n. An instrument for detecting changes in the electric state of bodies, or the species of elec- tricity present. [Gr. skopein, to see.] — Elec'trc-ther'- apeu'tics, -ther'a-pu'tiks, n. Science of the appli- cation of electricity as a curative agent.— Electro- type, -tip, n. A plate faced ( by electric deposition) with a shell of copper, silver, etc.. and backed with type-metal, presenting a facsimile of an engraving, page of type, etc. - v. t. [-typed f-tlpt), -typing.] To take capies of by electrotypy. [Gr. tunos, an im- pression, f r. tuptein, to strike.] — Elec'trotyp'er, n.— Elec'trotyp'y, -Y, n. Process of making electrotypes. Electuary, e-lekfu-a-rY, n. A medicine composed of powders, made up into a confection. [OF. lectuaire, electuaire, L. electuarium, fr. elvigere, Gr. ekleichein, to lick away, fr. ek and leichein, to lick.] Eleemosynary, el-e-mos'Y-na-rY, a. Pert, to, or in- tended for the distribution of, charity; given in, or founded or supported by, charity. — n. One who subsists on charity. [LL. eleewosynarvus, an almoner, fr. Gr. eleemosune, alms. See Alms.] Elegant, el'e-gant, a. Pleasing by grace and beauty; polished; graceful: refined; exercising a nice choice. [OF.; L. elegans, fr. e and legere, to choose, select.] — EFegantly, adv. — EKegance, -gans, -gancy, -sY, w. State or quality of being elegant ; grace ; that which is elegant. Elegy, eKe-jY, n. A mournful or plaintive poem; fu- nereal song. [OF. elegie, L. elegia, Gr. elegeia, fr. elegos, a lament, a poem in distichs, perh. fr. las- kein,to scream.] — Elegiac, e-le'jY-ak or el-e-ji'ak, a. Pert, to elegy, or written in elegiacs; used in elegies. — n. Elegiac verse. — Elegracal, a. Ele- giac. — El'egist, n. A writer of, etc. — El'egize, -jiz, v. t. To lament in an elegy; celebrate in ele- giac verse; bewail. Element, el'e-ment. n. One of the simplest or essen- tial parts of which anything consists; one of the ul- timate, undecomposable constituents of matter ; a simple portion of that which is complex; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture; one out of several parts combined in a system or aggregation. (Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the organism. (Math.) An infinitesimal part of any- thing of the same nature as the entire magnitude considered. One of the necessary data upon which a calculation depends, pi. The fundamental prin- ciples of any system in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments. That which ancient philosophy sup- posed to be simple and undecomposable, as the 4 so- called elements, — air, earth, water, and fire ; state natural to anything, or suited for its existence, pi. (Eccl.) The bread and wine in the eucharist. [OF.; L. elementum, a first principle, perh. fr. alere, to nourish.] — Element'al, a. Pert, to the elements, first principles, and primary ingredients, or to the 4 supposed material elements ; pert, to first prin- ciples ; rudimentary. — Elementally, adv. — Ele- menfary, -rY, a. Having only one principle or constituent part; pert, to the elements, rudiments, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : Tee ; odd, tone, 6r ; ELENGH 175 ELTJL etc.; treating of first principles of a science or art; simple; uncombined; initial: introductory. Elencn, e-lenk', n. {Logic.) That part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends; a vicious and fallacious argument adapted to deceive ; sophism. [L. elenchiis, Gr. elengchos, fr. elengchein, to confute, prove.] — Elencb/ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Elephant. eKe-i'ant, n. A pachydermatous quadruped of India or Africa, hav- ing a trunk or prehen- sile proboscis and 2 ivo- ry tusks. — the largest land animal now liv- ing. [OF. olifant, ele- phant, L. and Gr. ele- phas, elephant, Heb. eleph, aleph, ox, AS. olfend, camel.] — Ele- phant paper. Drawing paper of large size, be- ing 28 bv 23 inches.— Pipnhnnt Elephantine, -tine, a. Elephant. Pert, to or like, etc.: huge; immense.— EFephanti"'- asis, n. {Med.) One of several skin diseases, attended with destruction o^ deformitv of the part affected. [L. and Gr.. — the skin resembling an elephant's.] Eleusinian, el-u-sin'f-an, a. Pert, to Eleusis, in Greece, or to_secret rites of Ceres, there celebrated. Elevate, eKe-vat, v. t. To lift to a higher place, raise, exalt: to animate, cheer ; to ennoble, dignify; to raise to a higher pitch or greater degree of loudness; to intoxicate slightly; to lighten, lessen by detrac- tion-, diminish. — a. Elevated ; raised aloft., [L. elevare, -atum, fr. e and levare, to make light, lift, fr. lev is, light.] — Eleva'tion, n. Act of, or condi- tion of being, etc. ; an elevated place. {Astron.) Altitude. (Gunnery.) Angle between the line of direction of a gun and the plane of the horizon. (Arch.) View of a machine, building, etc., drawn to scale, and without regard to perspective. — EK- eva'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, elevates; esp. a contrivance for lifting persons, also goods, grain, etc., to an upper floor; abuilding containing elevators for grain. {Anat.) A muscle which raises a part of the body. {Surg.) An instrument for rais- ing a depressed portion of a bone. — Sieve, a-lav', n. One brought up by another ; a pupil; disciple. [F., fr. e'lever, L. elevare, to bring up, educate.] Eleven, e-lev'n, a. Ten and one added.— n. The sum of 10 and 1; a symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. ; the players on one side in a game of cricket, 11 in number. [AS. endlufon {en = an, one), D. and G. elf, Ic. ellifu, Dan. elleve, Sw. elfva.'] — Elev'enth, -nth, a. Next after the 10th : constitu- ting one of 11 parts into which a thing is divided.— n. One of 11 equal parts. Elf, elf, Elve, elv, n. ; pi. Elves, elvz. A diminutive spirit, supposed to haunt desert places, and delight in mischievous tricks. — v. t. To entangle. [AS. self, Ic. alfr, Dan. and Sw. alf, OHG. alp, G. elf] — Elf'in, a. Pert, to, etc.— n. A little elf; sprite; urchin.— Elf ish, Elv'ish, a. Elf -like ; mischiev- ous. — Elf-ar'row, n. A flint shaped like an arrow- head, vulgarly supposed to be shot by fairies.— -lock, n. Hair knotted, as if the work of fairies. Elicit, e-hVit, v. t. To draw out, bring to light. [L. elicere, elicitum, fr. e and lacere, to entice, allure.] Elide, e-Hd', v. t. {Oram.) To cut off or suppress, as a syllable. [L. elidere, elisum, fr. e and Isedere, to dash against.] — EUs'ion, -lizh'un, n. The cutting off, for the sake of meter or euphonv, of a vowel or syllable, esp. a vowel at the end of a word before another,vowel in the following line. Eligible, Elite. See under Elect. Eliminate, e-lim'T-nat, v. t. {Alg.) To cause to dis- appear from an equation. To set aside as unim- portant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave out of consideration ; to obtain by separating, as from foreign matters; to deduce, inter. [L. ?Km- inare, -atum, f r. e and limen, threshold.] — Elim'- ina'tion, n. Act of expelling or throwing off. {Alg.) The causing a quantity to disappear from an equation. The obtaining by separation; deduction. Elixir, e-liks'er, n. {3fed.) A compound tincture or medicine. {Alchemy.) A liquor for transmuting metals into gold. The refined spirit, or quintessence ; cordial or invigorating substance. [Ar. el (the) iksir, philosopher's stone.] Elizabethan, e-liz'a-beth'an, a. Pert, to Queen Eliza- beth, her times, or the architecture then prevalent. Elk, elk, n. A large monogamous European deer, with palmate antlers, allied to the Amer. moose; a large polygamous Amer. deer, with branching antlers, a congener of the European red deer. [Ic. elgr, Sw. elg, MHG. elch, L. alces, Gr. alke.) Ell, el, n. A measure of length, chiefly for cloth: the English ell is 45 inches ; the Flemish, 27; Scotch, 37.2; French, 54. [AS. eln, D. and G. elle, Ic. alin, Sw. aln, D. alen, ell, cubit; L. ulna, elbow, cubit, Gr. olene, elbow, q. v.] Ellipse, el-lips', n. {Geom.) An oval figure bounded by a regular curve, — the section of a cone by a plane passing obliquely through its opposite sides. — Ellip/- sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. {Gram.) Omis- sion ; a figure of syntax, by which words are omitted. [L. ellipsis, Gr. ElHnse elleipsis, defect, fr. en, in, and leipein, v * to leave, — the inclination of the ellipse being in- ferior to that of the side of the cone.] — Ellip'soid, -soid, n. {Geom.) A solid, all plane sections of which are ellipses or circles. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Ellipsoid'' al, a. Pert, to or like an ellipsoid. — El- liptic, -tical, a. Pert, to or like an ellipse; having a part omitted; defective. — Ellip'tically, adv. Ac- cording to the form of an ellipse. ( Gram.) With a part omitted. — Elliptic'lty, -tis'Y-tT, n. Deviation from the form of a circle or sphere. Elm, elm, n. A tree of several species. [AS.; D. ohm, Sw. aim, Ic. almr, G. ulme, orig. elme, L. ulmus.] Elocution, el-o-ku'shun, n. Mode of delivery of anything spoken, esp. of a public discourse. [L. elocutio, fr. e and loqui, locutvs, to speak.] — Elocu'tionary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to elocution. — Elocu'tion- ist, n. One versed in, or a teacher of, etc. — El'oquent, -kwent, a. Able to express strong emotions ! in an elevated and effective man- ' ner; adapted to express emotion VXxn with fluency and power. [F., fr. L. eloqui.] — EFoquently, adv.— El'oqaence, -kwens, n. Expression of, etc.; what is eloquently said or , written: oratory; rhetoric; persuasive speech. Eloge, a'lozh, n. A funeral oration; panegyric on the dead. [F., fr. L. elogium, a short saying, inscription on a tombstone, f r. Gr. logos, speech.] Elohistic, el-o-hisfik, a. Pert, to Elohim, — said of passages in the Old Testament, where Elohim is used instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme Being. [Heb. elohim, one of the names of God.] Elongate, e-lon'gat, a. Drawn out at length. — v. t. To lengthen, extend, stretch out. [LL. elongare, -gatum, fr. L. longus, long.] — Elonga'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; protraction; extension; that which lengthens out ; removal to a distance; de- parture; intervening space. (Astron.) Angular dis- tance of a planet from the sun. {Surg.) Lengthen- ing of a limb from disease or injury, or in reducing a fractured bone, etc. Elope, e-lop', v. i. [eloped (-lopf), eloping.] To run away, or escape privately, — said esp. of a woman, who runs away with a "lover. [D. ontloopen, to escape, fr. ont- {= G. ent-, AS. and-, Gr. anti-, in opposition to) and loopen, to run ; s. rt. leap.) — Elope'ment, n. Secret departure. Eloquence, etc. See under Elocution". Else, els, a. Stpron. Other; one or something beside. — adv. & conj. Beside ; except that mentioned ; otherwise; if the facts were different. [AS. elles, otherwise, gen. of el, other ; Goth, aljis, fr. alis, other, L. alias, f r. alius.'] — Else'where, -hwar, adv. In any other placej in other places indefinitely. Elucidate, e-lu'si-dat, v. t. To make clear or mani- fest, explain, illustrate. [LL. elucidare, -datum, f :•. L. lucidus, clear.] — Elu'cida'tion^ n. Act of, or that which, etc. ; explanation ; exposition ; illustra- tion. — Elu'cida'tive, a. Making, or tending to make, clear. — Elu'cida'tor, -ter, n. One who ex- plains; an expositor. Elude, e-lud', v. t. To avoid by artifice, stratagem, ordexterity; to remain unexplained or undiscovered by ; to evade, escape, shun, mock. [L. e and lutlere, lusum, to play.]— Elud'ible, a. — Elu'sion, -zhun, n. Escape by artifice or deception; evasion. — Elu'sive, -siv, -sory, -so-rT, a. Tending to elude ; evasive j fallacious ; deceitful. — Elu'soriness, n. Erul, e'lul, n. The 6th month of the Israelitish eccl. year — parts of August and September. [Heb. alalt to harvest.] sun, cube, full ; moon, ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. ELUTRIATE 176 EMBRACE Elutriate, e-lu'trY-at, v. t. To purify by washing. [L. elutriare, -atum, fr. eluere, to wash.] Elve, Elvish. See under Elf. Elysium, e-lizh'T-um, n. ; E. pi. -iums, -Y-umz, L. pi. -ia, -Y-a. (Myth.) The abode of the blessed after death ; any delightful place. [L. ; Gr. Elusion, for E. pedion, the Elysian field.] — Elys'ian, -Y-an, a. Pert, to, etc. ; blissful. Elytron, el'Y-tron, -trum, -trum, n. ; pi. -tra, -tra. (Entom.) A wing-sheath or outer wing of a beetle. [Gr. elutron, fr. eleuein, to roll round.] Em, em, n. (Print.) The space occupied by the letter m when a square type, used as a unit for measuring printed matter. Emaciate, e-ma'shY-at, v. i. To lose flesh gradually, waste away.— v. t. To cause to lose flesh gradu- ally. — a. Emaciated. [L. emaciare, -atum, fr. e and macies, leanness, macer, lean.] — Ema'cia'tion, n. Condition of becoming, or state of being, etc. Emanate, em'a-nat, v. i. To issue forth from a source ; proceed, as a fountain, take origin, flow, arise, spring. [L. emanare, -natum, it. e and manare, to flow ; s. rt. madere, to be moist.] — Emana'tion, n. Act of, or thing which, etc.; effluvium ; efflux. — Em'anant, a. Emanating ; passing forth into an act; making itself apparent by an effect. Emancipate, e-man'sY-pat, v. t. To set free from servitude voluntarily; to liberate; to free from any- thing exerting undue or evil influence. — a. Set at liberty. [L. e and mancipare, -patum, to transfer ownership in, fr. manceps, one who buys (lit. takes in hand) property, fr. manus, hand, and capere, to take.] — Eman'cipa'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. ; liberation; release; f reedom. — Emanci- pator, -ter, n. Emasculate, e-mas'ku-lat, v. t. To castrate, geld ; to render effeminate. — a. Deprived of virility or vigor; unmanned. [L. emasculare, -latum, fr. e and mascidus, masculine, dim. of mas, male.] — Emas 7 - cula'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Embalm.em-bam', v. t. [-balmed (-b&md'), -balm- ing.] To preserve from decay by balm or other aro- matic oils or spices; to perpetuate in grateful remem- brance. [OF. embaumer, fr. en- (L. and E. in-) and baume, balm. See Balm.] — Embalm'er, n. Embank, em-bank', v. t. [-banked (-bankf), -bank- ing,] To inclose with a bank, bank" up. — Em- bank'ment, n. Act of surrounding or defending with a bank ; a mound or bank. Embargo, em-bar'go, n. A prohibition by public au- thority, and for a limited time, of departure from a port ; any hindrance or restraint. — v. t. £embar- goed (-god), -going.] To hinder from leaving port, by law or edict ; to hinder from going forward, by an embargo. [Sp., fr. embargare, to arrest, fr. em- (L. in-) and barra, a bar. See Bar.] Embark, em-bark'', v. t. [-barked (-barkf), -bark- ing. J To put on board a vessel ; to engage, enlist, or invest in any affair. — v. i. To go on board of a vessel, engage in any business, enlist. [OF. em- barquer. See Bark.] — Embarkation, n. Act of, etc.; thing embarked. Embarrass, em-bar'ras, v. t. [-rassed (-rast), -rass- jng.] To hinder through perplexity, render intri- cate, confound, perplex, disconcert, abash, distress. (Com.) To incumber with debt, make incapable of paying. [F. embarrasser, fr. barre, Proven, barra, pi. ban-as, a bar, q. v.] — Embarrassment, n. A state of entanglement or confusion; perplexity arising from insolvency, or inability to discharge debts. Embassy, em'bas-sY, n. The public function of an embassador; persons sent as embassadors; dwelling or office of an embassador. [OF. embassade, fr. LL. ambascia, a message. See Ambassador.] — Em- or Ambas'sador, n. A minister of the highest rank sent by one government to another, to represent the appointing power, in matters between the gov- ernments. — Embas'sado'rial, a. Pert, to, etc. Embattle, em-bat'tl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To arrange in order of battle, prepare or arm for battle. Embay, em-ba', v. t. [-bayed Gbad'), -baying.] To inclose in a bay or inlet ; to landlock. Embed, em-bed', v. t. To lay as in a bed ; to bed. Embellish, em-bel'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lish- ing.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; to adorn, decorate, grace, illustrate. [OF. embellir, fr. em-, en-, and bel, beautiful. See Beau.] — Em- bellisher, n. — Embellishment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; ornament; beauty; adornment. Ember, em'bgr, n. A remnant of burning wood, smoldering amid ashes, — used chiefly in pi., to sig- nify hot cinders covered with ashes. [AS. Ic. eimyrfa, Dan. ennaer, embers.] Ember days, em'ber-daz. (EccL) Certain days set apart for fasting and prayer in each of the 4 sea- sons of the year, — being the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the 1st Sunday in Lent ; the feast of Whitsuntide; Sept. 14th; and Dec. loth: the weeks in which these days fall are called ember weeks. [AS. yrnbren, ymbryne, orig. a circuit, fr. ymbe (G. um-, L. ambi-), around, and ryne, a running, fr. rinnan, to run, hence OSw. ymberdagar; Sw. tamper-dagar, corrupt, fr. L. quatuor_ tempora, the 4 seasons.] Ember-goose, em'ber-goos, n. A web-footed bird, of the Arctic regions ; the great northern diver ; loon. [Norw. embergaas, G. imber, D. embervogel.~] Embezzle, em-bez'zl, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use. [ME. embecyll, to confuse, imbezil, to take away, bezzle, to squander. See Imbecile.] — Embez'zlement. n. Appropriation to one's own use of what is intrusted to one's care. — Embez'zler, n. Embitter. SeejMBiTTER. Emblaze, em-blaz', v. t. [-blazed (-blazd'), -blazing.] To emblazon.— Embla'zon, -zn, v. t. [-zoned (-znd), -zoning.] To deck in glaring colors, decorate ; to adorn with figures of heraldry or ensigns armorial. [OF. blasonner.'] — Embla'zoner, n. — Embla'zonry, -rY, n. Heraldic or ornamental decoration. Emblem, em'blem, n. An object symbolizing some other object, quality, etc. ; figure ; type ; symbol ; adumbration. [OF. embleme, a device, emblem, L. and Gr. emblema, ornament, fr. Gr. emballein, to put in, lay on, fr. en, in, and ballein, to throw, thrust, put.] — Emblematic, -ical, a. Pert, to, comprising, or using emblems. — Emblematically, adv. By way or means of emblems ; in the manner of em- blems. — Emblem'atist, n. A writer or inventor of emblems. — Emblem'atize, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To represent, as by an emblem, sym- bolize. — Em'bolus, n. Something inserted in an- other; that which thrusts or drives, as a wedge or piston. (Pathol.) A plug lodged in a blood-vessel, — usually a clot of fibrine, detached shred of a mor- bid growth, globule of fat, etc. [L. embolus, Gr. embolos, fr. Gr. emballein.'] — Em / Dolizm, -izm, n. Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, etc., in an account of time, to produce regularity. (Pathol.) Occlusion of a blood-vessel by an embolus, — when in the brain, causing apoplexy and paralysis. [Gr. embolisma."] — Embolic, -bolis'mal, -liz'mal, -lis''- mic, a. Pert, to, etc. Emblement, em'ble-ment, n. (Law.) The produce or fruits of land sown or planted ; the claim of an outgoing tenant for growing crops. [Norm. F. em- blear, fr. OF. bled, bid, grain.] Embody, em-bod'*, v. t. [-bodied (-bodld), -body- ing.] To form into a Dody, invest with matter, make corporeal; to collect into a whole, incorporate, concentrate. — Embod'iment, n. Act of, state of being, or that which is, etc.; a complete system, like an organized body. Embogue, em-bog', v. i. To discharge, as a river, its waters into the seaor other river. [See Disembogue.] — Embog'uing, -boglng, n. Mouth of a river. Embolden, em-bold'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.) To give boldness or courage to, encourage. Embolic, Embolism, Embolus. See under Emblem. Embonpoint, oN-boN-pwoN'; n. Plumpness of person; fleshiness. [F.; en bon point, in good condition.] Embosom, em-bdoz'om, v. t. To take into the bosom, cherish; to hide or half conceal. Emboss, em- bos', v. t. [embossed (-bosf), -bossing.] To cover with bosses or protuberances, ornament in relief, fashion raised work upon. [OF. embosser. See Boss.] — Emboss'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; raised work. Embouchure, oN-boo-shoor', n. A mouth, or opening, as of a river, cannon, etc. [F. See Debouch.] Embowel, em-bow'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld"), -eling.] To remove the bowels of, eviscerate, embalm ; to hide in the inward parts, bury, secrete. Embower, em-bow'Sr, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] To lodge or rest in a bower. — v. t. To cover with a bower, shelter_with trees. • Embrace, em-bras', v. t. [-braced (-brasf), -bra. cing.] To clasp or inclose in the arms, press to the bosom, cherish with affection ; te surround or in- close ; to include as parts of a whole, or divisions of a part, comprehend ; to seize eagerly, welcome. — v. i. To join in an embrace. — n. Close encircling with the arms ; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug. lm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr » EMBRASURE 177 EMPIRIC Fort.) An open in a: in [OF. embracer, to embrace, fr. en (L. in) and bi-as, L. brachium, arm. See Brace.]— Embra'cer, «. — Embrace'ment, n. A clasp in the arms; embrace.— Embra'cery, -ser-T, n. (Law.) An attempt to cor- ruptly influence a jury, court, etc. Embrasure, em-bra'zher, n. (Fort.) An opening: in a wall or parapet, through which cannon are discharged : See Casemate and Castle. (A>-ch.) The enlargement of the aperture of a door or window, on the inside of the wall, to give more space or light. [F., fr. OF. embraser. to chamfer off door jambs, fr. EE, Embrasures in era and braser, to chamfer, a parapet, bevel.] AA, Merlons. Embrocate, em'bro-kat, v. t. (Med.) To rub (a dis- eased part) with spirit, oil. etc. [It. embroccare, L. embrocare, -catum, Gr. embrechein, to soak in, foment, fr. en, in, and brechein. to wet : s. rt. rain.} — Embro- cation, n. Act of rubbing a diseased part ; lotion with which an affected part is washed. [OF.] Embroglio. See Imbroglio. Embroider, em-broid'er, v. t. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] To cover with ornamental needle-work or figures. [OF. en and broder, border, to broider, fr. bord, edge, hem ; s. rt. border.) — Embroid'erer, n. — Embroid r - ery, -er-Y, n. Variegated needle-work ; decoration. Embroil, em-broil', v. t. [-broiled (-broild'), -broil- ing.] To throw into perplexity, contention, or trouble ; to entangle, encumber, disturb, trouble. [OF. embrouiller, fr. brouiller, to tangle, jumble. See Broil. ?;.] — Embroil 'ment, n. State of conten- tion or confusion; disturbance. Embrue. See Imbrue. Embryo, em'brY-o, n.: pi. -OS, -oz. The germ of an organized being, in any stage of ante-natal devel- opment, — in egg, womb", or seed. [OF. and Gr. em- bryon. fetus, fr. Gr. en and bruon, p. pr. of bruein, to be full of a thing, swell ; perh. s. rt. brew.] — In em- bryo. In an incipient or undeveloped state ; in con- ception, but not yet executed. — EmbryoFogy, -jY, n. Science of the development of the embryo of animals. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Embryog'eny, -oj'e-nY, n. Embryology. [Gr. genesis, origin.] Emend, e-mend', v. t. To amend. [See Amend.] — Emenda'tion, n. Act of altering for the better; cor- rection; alteration of a text, to give a better reading. [L. emendare. -aturn, to free from fault.] — Em'en- da'tor, -ter, n. — Emend'atory, -to-rl, a. Pert, or contributing to, etc. Emerald, em/er-ald, n. (Min.) A precious stone of a rich green color. (Print.) A kind of type, in size between minion and nonpareil. [OF. esmeraude, L. smaragdus, Gr. smaragdos, Skr. marakata.) g^This line is printed in Emerald type. Emerge, e-merj r , v. i. [emerged (-merjd /r ), emer- I GI>"G.] To rise out of, or as out of, a fluid; to issue j and appear. [L. emergen. See Merge.] — Emer'- ; gence. -gency, -jen-sY, n. Act of, etc.; sudden ap- pearance ; unforeseen occurrence ; pressing neces- sity ; exigency. — Emer'gent, a. Rising out of a fluid or anything that covers ; issuing ; suddenly appearing ; calling for prompt action ; urgent. — Emer'sion, -shun, n. Act of rising, etc. Emeritus, e-rner'Y-tus, n. ; pi. -in, -ti. One honorably discharged from public service. — a. Honorably discharged from performance of public duty, — said of an officer in a university, etc. [L., one who has served his time, fr. e and nierere, to merit, serve.] Emerods, em'e-rodz, -roids. n. pi. {Med.) Hemor- rhoids; piles. [Corrup. fr. hemorrhoids, q. v.] Emersion. See under Emerge. Emery, em/er-Y, n. {Min.) An extremely hard, com- pact, dark-colored, granular mineral, allied to co- rundum and sapphire,— used for grinding and polish- ing metals, stones, and glass. [ME. and OF. emeril, smeriglio, Gr. smeris, fr. sman. smechein, to rub. It. wipe; s. rt. smear.'] — Emery cloth or paper. Cloth or paper coated with powdered emery for polishing metal, etc. — E. wheel. A wheel so faced, for polish- ing ; buff-wheel ; glazer. Emetic, e-metlc. a. Inducing to vomit. — n. Med- icine which, etc. [Gr. emetikos, fr. emein, to vomit.] Emeute, a-mut', n. A seditious commotion or mob, riot. [F., fr. L. emovere, to move out, stir up.] Emication, em-Y-ka'shun, n. A flying off m small particles, as heated iron or fermenting liquors; scin- tillation. [L. e and mlcare, -catum, to sparkle.] Emiction, e-mik'shun, n. The discharging of urine? urine. [L. e and mingere, mictum, to make water.] Emigrate, em'Y-grat, v. i. To remove from one coun- try to another, for residence. [L. e and migrare, -gratum, to migrate.] — Emigrant, a. Pert, to an emigrant; removing from one country to another. — n. One who, etc. — Emigration, n. Removal to an- other country for residence ; a body of emigrants. Eminent, em'Y-nent, a. High; lofty; towering; ex- alted in rank, office, or public estimation ; distin- guished; conspicuous; prominent; illustrious. [L. eminere, to stand out, be prominent, fr. e and minere, to project.] — Eminent domain. See Domain. — Em'- inently, -II, adv. — Eminence, -nency, -sX, n. A height, elevation; an elevated situation among men; distinction; preferment; a title of honor, appl. to a cardinal in the Rom. Cath. church. Emir, Emeer. e-mer', n. An Arabian prince, military commander, and governor of a conquered province; in Turkey, an honorarv title of the descendants of Mohammed. [Ar. amir, prince, fr. amara, Chald. and Heb. amar, he commanded; s. rt. admiral.) Emit, e-mif, v. t. To send forth, cause to issue; to issue forth, as an order or decree; to send into circu- lation, as notes or bills of credit. [L. e and mittere, missum, to send.] — Emissary, -sa-rT, n. A secret agent, to advance the interests of his employers: a spy. — a. Exploring; spying. — Emis'sion, -mish r - un, n. Act of sending or throwing out: issue: thing sent out, or put in circulation at one time. — Emis' sive, -siv, a. Sending out; emitting. Emmet, em'met, n. An ant or pismire. [AS. semete. G. ameise ; perh. s^rt. Ic. ama, to annoy.] Emolliate, e-mollY-at, r. r. To soften, render effem- inate. [L. e and mollire, to soften, fr. mollis, soft.] — Emollient, -yent, a. Softening; making supple. — n. {Med.) An external application to allay irri- tation, and alleviate soreness, swelling, and pain. — Emolli'tion, -lish'un, n. Act of softening. — Em- mollescence, -les'ens. n. The lowest degree of fusi- bility. [L. e and mollescere, to become soft.] Emolument, e-moKu-ment, n. Profit arising from of- fice ; gain ; that which promotes public or private good. [OF.; L. emolumentum, lit. a working out, fr. emoliri, to work out, fr. e and moles, a mass.] Emotion, e-mo'shun, n. A moving of the mind or soul; state of excited feeling; agitation. [L. e and movere, motum, to move.] — Emo'tional, -tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or attended or characterized by, emotion. Empale, em-paK, Impale", v. t. [-paled (-paid'), -paling.] To inclose, surround, shut in; to put to death by fixing on a stake. [OF. empaler, to spit on a stake, fr. en (L. in) and pal (L. palus), stake.] — Em- or Impalelnent, n. A fencing, or inclosing with stakes; execution by thrusting a stake into the body. (Bot.) The calyx of a plant. Empanel, em-pan'el, n. A list of jurors ; a panel. Emperil, em-plrH, v. t. To put in peril, endanger. Emperor. See under Empire. Emphasis, em'f a -sis, n.;pl. -ses, -sez. {Rhet.) Stress of utterance given to words or parts of a discourse, intended to be impressed specially on an audience; peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of thought. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. en, in, and phasis, an appearance, phanein, to show.] — Em'phasize, v.t. [-sized (-sizd), -sizing.] To utter with stress of voice, lay emphasis upon, make emphatic. — Em- phatic, -fat Ik, -ical, a. Uttered with, or requiring, emphasis; attracting attention; forcible; impressive; striking. — Emphatically, adv. Emphysema, em-fi-se'ma, n. (Med.) A swelling pro- duced by air in the cellular tissue. [Gr., fr. en and phusan, to blow.] Empire, em'pir, n. Supreme power in governing; do- minion of an emperor, or, rarely, of a king; predom- inant influence; sway; rule; control; government; state. [OF.; L. imperium, command, fr.impemre, to command, fr. in arid parare, to make ready, order; 8. rt. parade.] — Em'peror, -per-er, n. The sover- eign of an empire, — a title superior to king. [F. empereur, OF. empereor, L. imperator.]— Em'press, n. The consort of an emperor; a woman who rules an empire. [OF. empere'ts, L. imperatrix.] Empiric, em-pirlk or em'pir-ik, n. One who relies upon experiment and observation; one who confines himself to applying the results of his own observa- tion; esp., a quack doctor, charlatan. — Empiric, -ical, a. Pert, to, or founded upon, exoeriment or experience; depending upon, etc., without due re- gard to science and theory. [OF. empirique, L. em- piricus, Gr. empeirikos, fr. empeiria, experience, fr. sun, cube, full : moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, t-hen, boNboN, chair, get. EMPLASTIO 178 ENCOUNTER five legal or moral power or authority, or physi- i en and peira, trial, attempt; s. rt. Gr. poros, a way, E. /ore.] — Empir'ieally, adv.— Empiricism, -sizm, n. Method or practice of an empiric; practice of medicine founded on experience, and neglecting science; quaekery. (Metaph.) The doctrine that all knowledge is derived from experience. Emplaatie, em-plas'tik, a. Fit to be applied as a plas- ter; glutinous; adhesive. [Gr. emplassein, to daub over. See Plaster.] Employ, em-ploi", v. t. [-ployed (-ploid'), -ploying.] To keep in service; to use as instrument, means, or materials, or as agent, servant, or representative. — n. Employment. [OF. employer, to employ, fr. L. irnplicare. See Implicate.] — To employ one's self. To apply one's time and attention; to busy one's self. — Employ' er, n. — Employ^, oN-plw5-ya / ', Em- ployee', -ploi-e', n. One employed. [F. employ 4.] — Employ'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which engages or occupies; service; agency. Emporium, em-po'rl-um, n. ; L. pi. -ria, -rl-a, E. pi. -riums, -umz. A place of extensive commerce or trade; commercial city; mart. [L.; Gr. emporion, fr. emporia, commerce, emporos, passenger, merchant, f r. en and poros, a way, poreuesthai, to travel.] Empower, em-pow'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering. To give leg: ' cal force to, Empress. See under Empire. Empressement, oN-pres'moN, n. Eagerness; zeal. [F.] Emprise, em-prlz', n. An undertaking, enterprise. [OF., fr. en and prise, a taking, fr. prendre, to take, L. prendere.] Empty, emp'tt, a. [emptier, -tiest.] Containing nothing; void; not filled; destitute of effect, sincer- ity, or sense; unable to satisfy; hollow; waste; de- serted; producing nothing; lacking sense; destitute of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial. —v. t. [emptied (-tid), -tying.] To exhaust, deprive of the contents, —v. i. To pour or flow out, discharge itself, become empty. [AS. semtig, fr. semta, leisure.] — Emp'tiness, n. State of being empty; void space, or vacuum; exhaustion; destitution; want of solid- ity or substance; unsatisfactoriness; want of knowl- edge or sense.— Emp'tylng, n. Act of making empty. pi. The lees of beer, cider, etc.; yeast. Empyema, em-pi-e'ma, n. {Med.) A collection of blood, pus, etc., in a cavity of the body, esp. of the pleura. [Gr., fr. empuein, to have abscesses, fr. en and puein, to separate, i',\ puon, pus.] Empyreal, em-pir'e-al, a. Formed of pure fire or light; refined heyond aerial substance. [Gr. empuros, in fire, fr. en and pur, fire; s. rt. fire.'] — Empyrean, -pT-re'an, a. Empyreal, —n. The highest heaven, •where the ancients supposed the pure element of fire to subsist.— Em'pyreumat'ic, -pT-ru-mafik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like the taste or smell of burnt animal or vegetable substances. Emu, Emeu, e'mu, n. A very large bird of Australia, related to the ostrich. [Pg. ema.] Emulate, em'u-lat, v. t. To strive to equal or excel; to vie with, rival. [L. semulari, -atus, fr. semulus, emulous.] — Emula'tion, n. Act of attempting to ex- cel; desire of superiority, with effort to attain it; competition; rivalry; contest; strife. — Em'ulator, -tSr, n. A rival ; competitor. — Em'ulous, -lus, a. Ambitiously desirous of like excellence with an- other; rivaling. — Em'ulously, adv. Emulgent, e-murjent, a. {Anat.) Milking or drain- ing out, —said of the renal arteries and veins. — n. An emulgent vessel; a remedy exciting the flow of bile. [L. emulgere, emulsum, fr. e and mulgere, to milk.] — Emul'sion, -shun, n. A soft, smooth, milk- like remedy, formed by mixing oil with water and gummy or saccharine substances or yelk of egg. [OF.] — Emul'sive, -siv, a. Softening; milk-like; yielding oil by expression; producing a milk-like substance. Emunctory, e-munk'to-rf, n. (Anat.) Any organ of the body serving to carry off excrementitious mat- ter. [L. emungere, emunctum, to blow the nose, wipe, cleanse, fr. e and mungere, to blow the nose.] Enable, en-a'bl, v. t. [-abled (-bid), -bling.] To give strength or ability to; to supply with sufficient power, [en- causal (F. en-, L. in-) and able, q. v.] en-akt', v. t. To decree, make into a 1 Enact, en-al perform; to act the part of, play. — Enact'ive, -tiv, a. Having power to enact, as a law. — Enact'ment, n. The passing of a bill into a law; a decree; the acting, as a part in a play. — Enact 'or, -5r, n. Ensilage, e-nal'la-je, n. (Oram.) A substitution of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another. [Gr., fr. en and allassein, to change.] Enamel, en-am'el, n. A substance like glass, but more fusible and nearly opaque; thing enameled. {Anat.) The smooth, hard substance covering the crown of a tooth. — v. t. [-eled (-eld), -elino.] To cover with, or paint in, enamel; to form an enamel-like surface upon.— v. i. To practice enameling. [F. en and amaile, amel, corrupt, fr. OF. esmail. It. smalto, enamel, MHG. smelzen, D. smelten, to smelt.] — Enam'eler, -elist, n. One who, etc. — Enam'elar, a. Like enamel; smooth; glossy. Enamor, en-am'er, v. t. [-ored (-Srd), -oring.] To inflame with love, charm, captivate. [OF. enamourer, fr. en and amour, L. amor, love.] Encage, en-kaj', v. t. To shut up in a cage. Encamp, en-kamp', v. i. [-camped (-kampf), -camp- ing.] To form and occupy a camp. — v. t. To form into a camp. — Encamp'ment, n. Act of pitching tents or forming huts for temporary rest ; place where an army or company is encamped; camp. Encaustic, en-kaws' tik, a. Pert, to the art of burning in colors, — appl. to a painting in wax liquefied by heat, also to painting on glass or porcelain, or wher- ever colors are fixed by heat. — n. The method of painting in heated or burnt wax, etc. [OF. encaus- tique, wrought with fire, Gr. engkaiein, to burn in, fr. en and kaiein (fut. kauso), to burn.] Enceinte, oN'sant', n. {Fort.) The main inclosure. — a. {Law.) Pregnant; with child. [F.,fr.enceindre, to gird about, surround, L. incingere, fr. in and tin- gere, to gird.] Encephalic, en-se-fal'ik, a. Pert, to the head or brain. [Gr. engkephalon, the brain, fr. en and kephale, the head.] — Enceph'alop'athy, -thT, n. {Pathol.) Dis- ease referable to disorder of the brain. [Gr. pathein, to suffer.] Enchain, en-chan', v. t. [-chained (-chand'), -chain- ing.] To chain, fasten with a chain ; to restrain. — Enchain'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Enchant, en-chant'', v. t. To charm by sorcery, hold as by a spell, delight highly, captivate, fascinate, en- rapture, hewitch. [F. enchanter, f r. L. incantare, to chant a magic formula against one, fr. in and can- tare, to sing.] — Enchant'er, n. One who, etc. ; a sorcerer, magician. — Enchant'ress, n. A woman who, etc.— Enchant'ment, n. Act of enchanting; use of magic arts, spells, or charms; that which en- chants ; incantation ; magic ; sorcejy ; witchery. Enchase, en-chas', v. t. [-chased (-chasf), -chasing.] To inclose in a border or rim, encircle; to adorn with embossed or engraved work. [F. enchdsser, fr. chdsse, same as chassis, frame, caisse, chest, case, q. v.] Enchorial, en-ko'rt-al, -choric, -kor'ik, a. Pert, to a country; native; popular; common, — said esp. of the common written characters of Egypt, disting. f r. the hieroglyphics. [Gr. engchorios, domestic, f r. en and chora, place, country.] Encircle, eD-ser'kl, v. t. [-cled (-kid), -cling.] To form a circle about, embrace ; to go or come round, encompass, inclose, surround, environ. Enclave, en'klav, n. {Geog.) A tract of land sur- rounded by foreign territory. {Her.) Something let into another. — v. t. To inclose within other land. [F., fr. L. in and clavis, a key.] Enclitic, en-klit'ik, -ical, a. { Gram.) Subjoined, — said of a word or particle so closely united to the preceding word as to seem to be part of it, and to lose its own accents, sometimes varying the accent of the preceding word.— n. {Gram.) A word closely joined to another. [Gr. engklitikos, f r. en and klinein, to incline; s. rt. lean.] Enclose. See Inclose. Encomium, en-ko'mT-um, n. ; E. pi. -ums, L. pi. -a, -a. Formal praise; high commendation; eulogy; pane- gyric; applause. [Gr. engkomion, a laudatory ode, fr. en and komos, revelry; s. rt. comic] — Enco'miast, n. One addicted to praise ; a panegyrist, eulogis" ' engkomiastes.] — Enco'miast'ic, -ical, a. Bet st. [Gr. estowing praise ; laudatory. Encompass, en-kum'pas, v. t. [-passed (-past), -pass- ing.] To describe a circle about, inclose, surround, invest, hem in, shut up. — Encom'passment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Encore, oN-kor', adv. Once more; again, — a call for a repetition of a part of a play, etc. — v. t. [-cored (-kord'), -coring.] To call for, etc. [F. ; It. ancoro, still, again, abbr. of L. in hanc horam, to this hour J Encounter, en-kown'ter, n. A meeting face to face; a running against ; a hostile meeting ; conflict t skirmish ; combat ; rencounter ; onset. — v. t. [ws» am, fSme, far, piss or opera &*& ' end, eve, term ; In, Ice j Sdd, tone, 6r ; ENCOURAGE 179 ENGAGE countered (-terd), -tering.] To come against face to face; esp., to meet in opposition or with hostile intent, — v. i. To meet, esp., as enemies. [OF. en- contrer, to encounter, fr. en (L. in) and contre (L. contra), against. See Counter.] Encourage, en-kur'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -agixg.] To give courage to, inspire with spirit or hope, em- bolden, incite, cheer, stimulate, comfort, promote, forward. [F. encourager, fr. «i and courage, fr. coettr, L. cor, heart.]— Encour'agement, n. Act of, etc.; incentive: that which supports, promotes, or advances. — Encour'aging. a. Furnishing ground for hope; favoring.— Encour'agingly, adv. Encnnite, en'krl-mt, n. The stone-lily, a fossil ani- mal of the star-fish family, the joints of whose stems are small calcareous disks. [Gr. en and krinon, lily.] Encroach, en-kroch', v. i". [-croached (-krochf), -croaching.] To enter gradually into the rights and possessions of another, intrude, trench, in- fringe, trespass. [F. en and croc, a hook.] — En- croach'er, n. — Encroacb/ment, n. Act of, etc.; that taken by encroaching on another. Encumber, en-kum'ber, Incum'ber, v. t. [-bered (-berd), -berixg.] To impede the action of, as with a burden; to load with debts, mortgages, etc.; to clog, oppress, embarrass, hinder. [OF. encornbrer. See Cumber.] — Encumbrance, n. That which im- pedes action ; clog ; impediment ; that which en- cumbers an estate; debt; lien; burden; hindrance. Encyclical, en-siklik-al, a. Sent to many persons or places; circular. [Gr. engkuklios, circular, succes- sive, f r. en and kuklos, ring.] — Encyclopedia, -paedia, en-si'klo-pe'dT-a, n. The circle of sciences; esp., a work in which the branches of science or art are discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical order. [Same as cyclopedia, q. v.J — Ency'clope'di- an, a. Embracing the whole circle of learning. — Ency'cloped'ic, -ped'ical, a. Pert, to an encvclo- pedia: universal in knowledge. — Ency'dope'dist, n. The compiler of an encyclopedia ; one whose knowledge embraces the whole range of science. EncyBted, en-sisfed, a. Inclosed in a cyst, bag, blad- der, or vesicle. End, end, n. The extreme or last portion; concluding part: the conclusion; result ; termination of being or of happiness; destruction; cause of destruction or death; object aimed at; purpose; what is left; remnant. — v. i. To bring to an end or conclusion, finish, terminate: to destroy, put to death. — v.i. To come to the end, be finished, cease. [AS., Dan., and G. aide, D. einde, Ic. endi, Skr. anta, an end, limit.] — End 'ing, n. Termination; result. {Gram.) The terminating letter or syllable of a word. — End'- less, a. Without end or conclusion ; perpetually recurring ; eternal ; interminable ; infinite ; inces- sant; void of design. —Endless screw. {Mech.) A screw combined with a wheel and axle, its threads working into teeth on the periphery of the wheel. — Endlessly, adv. — Endlessness, n. — End'wise, -wiz, adv. On end; erectly; with the end forward. Endanger, en-dan'jer, v. t. [-gered (-jerd), -gering.] To put to hazard. Endear, en-der', v. t. [-de a red (-derd'), -dearing.] To make dear, or dearer. — Endear'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. Endeavor, en-dev'er, n. A putting forth of power for some end; an attempt; trial: effort; exertion. — v. i. [endeavored (-era), -oring.] To exert power to accomplish an o eject; to attempt, try, essay, aim. — v. t. To attempt to gain, [en causal and ME. and OF. devoir, duty. See Devoir.] Endecagon. See 'Hendecagon. Endemial, en-de'ml-al, -dem'ic, -domical, -demlk-al, a. (Med.) Peculiar to a people, nation, or district. [Gr. en and demos, a people.] Endive, en'div, n. (Bot.) A species of succory, — used as a salad. [F.: L. intubus.] Endocardium. en-de-kar'dT-um, n. (Anat.) The lin- ing membrane of the cavities of the heart. [Gr. endon, within, and kardia, heart.] Endogen, en'do-jen, n. A plant which increases in size by internal growth and elongation at the summit, in- stead of externally, and having no distinct pith, as the rattan, palm, cornstalk. [Gr. endon, within, and genesthai , to be pro- duced.] — Endogenous, -doj'e- nus, a. Increasing by internal growth and elongation at the summit. Endorse, Endorsement, etc. See Indorse, etc. Endoscope, en'do-skop, n. Apparatus to explore the urethra and bladder. [Gr. endon & sko/iein, to view.] Endow, en-doW, v. t. [-dowed (-dowd'), -dowing.J To make pecuniary provision for; esp., to furnish with dower: to enrich with any gift, quality, or faculty, indue. [F. en and douer, to endow. See Dower.] — Endowment, n. Act of settling a fund or provision for the support of anyone; property, f ur.d, or revenue permanently appropriated to any object; gift of nature; talents; natural capacity. Endue. See Indue. Endure, en-dur r , v. t. [-dured (-durd'), -during.] To remain firm under, sustain, Drook, undergo; to bear with patience, bear up under. — v. i. To con- tinue in the same state without perishing, abide, last; to remain firm under trial, sustain suffering patiently. [OF. endure r, fr. en and durer, to last. See Dure.] — Endur'able. a. — Endur'ance, n. A state of lasting or duration ; continuance ; act of bearing pain or distress without sinking; patience; fortitude: resignation. Eneid, ^Sneid, e-neld, n. An epic poem, by Virgil, in which ^Eneas is the hero. Enema, e-ne'-or en'e-ma, n. (Med.) An injection, or clyster, thrown into the lower bowel. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. en and hienai, to send.] , en'e-mY, n. One who is actuated by unfriend- ly feelings; one who hates ; adversary ; opponent j foe. [OF. enemi, L. inimicus, fr. in priv. and amicus, friend.] — The enemy. (Theol.) The evil one; the devil. (Mil.) The opposing force, — used as a col- lective noun, either sing, or pi. — En'mity, -tl, n. Quality of being, etc.; hostility; rancor; hatred; ill- will ; malevolence. [ME. enmite, OF. enamistiet, later inimitie, fr. en pnv. and amitiet, amity, q. v.] Energy, en'er-jT, n. Internal or inherent power ; power efficiently exerted ; strength of expression i emphasis: vigor: spirit. (Mech.) Capacity for per- forming work, or moving against resistance. [OF. energie, Gr. energeia, fr. en and ergon, work; s. rt. work.] — Energetic, -ical, -jetlk-al, a. Exerting force ; active ; exhibiting energy ; operating with vigor and effect ; powerful ; efficacious ; potent; effective. — Energetically, adv. — En'ergize, -jlz, v. i. [-gized (-jizd), -GiziNG.] To act with force or vigor, — v. t. To give strength to. Enervate, e-ner' vat, a. Weakened; without force. — v. t. To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or cour- age; to enfeeble, debilitate ; to cut the nerves of. [L. enervare, -i-atum, fr. e and nervus, nerve.] — En- erva'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Enfeeble, en-fe'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To render feeble, deprive of strength, weaken, debili- tate, enervate. — Enfee'blement, n. Enervation. Enfeoff, en-fef, v. t. [-FEOFFED(-feft / '), -feoffing.] (Law.) To give a feud to, invest with a fee. [en- and ME. feffen, OF. feoffer. Law L. infeofare. See Endogen. Feoff, under Fee.] — Enfeoffment, n. (Law.) Act of giving the fee-simple of an estate; deed convey- ing the fee. Enfilade, en-fT-lad', n. (Mil.) A line or straight pas- sage. — v. t. To pierce, scour, or rake with shot through the whole length of (a work or line of troops). [F., f r. enfiler, to thread, go through a street, rake with shot, fr. en and./??, thread, ~L. filum.] Enfold. See Infold. Enforce, en-fors', v. t. [-forced (-forsf), -forcing.] To put force upon, constrain, compel; to make or gain by force ; to give force to, strengthen, urge with energy; to put in force, give effect to. — Enforce'- able, a. — Enforce'ment, n. Act of enforcing; com- pulsion ; restraint : a putting in execution ; that which enforces. — Enfor'cer, n. Enfranchise, en-fran'chiz, v. t. [-chised (-chizd), -chising.] To set free, liberate, release; to make free of a city, corporation, or state, naturalize. [See Franchise.]— Enfranchisement, n. Release from slavery or custody; admission to the freedom of a corporationor state. — EnfranChiser, n. Engage. en-gaj r , v. t. [-gaged (-gajd'), -gaging.] To put under pledge, bind, involve; to gain for service, enlist; to win and attach ; to occupy; to enter into contest with, encounter. — v. i. To be- come bound; to embark, take a part, enlist; to enter into conflict. [F. engager, fr. en and gage, q. v., pledge, pawn.] — Engaged', p. a. Pledged; prom- ised; esp., promised in marriage; betrothed; greatly interested ; earnest. — Engaged columns. (Arch.) Columns partly sunk into the wall to which they are attached. — E. wheels. (Mech.) Wheels in gear with sun, cube, full : moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink. titien. boNboN. chair, get. ENGENDER 180 ENSCONCE each other, — the driver being the engaging wheel, the follower the engaged. — Engagement, n. Act of, or state of Deing, etc.; thine engaged or pledged; that which engages; obligation; en- grossing occupation; avocation; employment ; promise. (Mil.) A general action or battle; com- bat ; tight. — Enga'ging, p. a. Winning ; attractive. — Enga'- gingly, adv. Engender, en-jen'der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To form in embryo, procreate ; to cause to exist, produce; to sow the seeds of, breed, beget, occasion, cause. — v. i. To be caused or pro- duced. [F. engendrer, L. ingen- erare, fr. in and generare, to be- _, get, fr. genus, generis, birth. -Engaged Columns. See Gender, Genos.] Engine, en'jin, n. (Mech.) A machine in which me- chanical powers are combined; any instrument by which any effect is produced; esp. one designed to kill; anything used to effect a purpose; means. [OF. engin, fr. L. ingenium, genius, also an invention. See Ingenious.]— Engineer', -er', n. One skilled in engineering; one who manages an engine; one who carries through an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance. — v. t. [engineered (-erd'), -eering.] To perform the work of an engineer; to guide or carry through a measure or enterprise. — Engineer- ing, n. Science and art of utilizing natural forces and materials, — divided into military engineering (the designing and constructing defensive and of- fensive works) and civil engineering (the design- ing and constructing machinery and fixed public works, as roads, canals, etc.) — En'ginery, -jin-rT, n. Act of managing engines, or artillery; engines in general; instruments of war. English, in'glish, a. Pert, to England, its inhabitants, or their language. — n. The people of England; the language of the English nation and of their descen- dants in other countries; a peculiar impulse given to a ball in the game of billiards. (Print.) A kind of type, in size hetween pica and great primer. The type called English — English, v. t. [-lished (-glishf), -lishing.] To translate into English, Anglicize, interpret. (Bil- liards.} To strike (a ball) with the cue, so that the ball receives a rotary motion deflecting it from its natural course. [AS. Englisc.ir. Engle, Angle, the German tribe who settled in Britain.] Engorge, en-g6rj', v. t. [-gorged (-g6rjd'), -gorg- ing.] To swallow with greediness. — v. i. To feed with eagerness or voracity. [F. engorger, fr. en and gorge, throat. See Gorge.] — Engorge'ment, n. Act of swallowing greedily. (Med.) Congestion. Engraft, Engraft. See Ingraft. Engrail, en-gral', v. t. [-grailed (-grald'), -grail- ing.] To variegate or spot, as with hail; to indent or make ragged at the edges, as if broken with hail. [F. engreler, fr. grele, hail.] Engrain, en-gran', v. t. [-grained (-grand'), -grain- ing.] To dye in grain, or in the raw material; to incorporate with the grain or texture of anything. Engrave, en-grav', v. t. [imp. -graved (-gravd'); p. p. -graved or -graven; -graving.] To carve fig- ures, letters, or devices upon; to form by incisions upon wood, stone, metal, etc.; to impress deeply, infix. [OF. engraver, fr. en and G. graben, to dig, cut, carve. D. graven, to dig, graveren, to engrave (fr. the F.).] — Engrav'er, n. — Engrav'ing, n. Act or art of cutting metals, wood, etc., and of repre- senting figures and devices on them, esp. to be printed from them on paper ; an engraved plate ; impression from a plate; print Engross, en-gros', v. t. [-grossed (-grosf), -gross- ing.] To copy in a large, fair hand; to occupy wholly, absorb; to take unduly, swallow up, fore- stall, monopolize. [F. en and gros, large, OF. gros- soyer, to write in a large, fair hand.] — Engross'er, n. — Engross'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; thing engrossed. Engulf. See Ingulf. Enhance, en-hans', v. t. [-hanced (-hansf), -han- cing.] To raise to a higher point, advance, augment, increase, aggravate, —v. i. To be raised up; to grow larger. [OProven. enansar, to further, advance, fr. enans, before, fr. L. in ante.] — Enhance'ment, ru Act of, er state of being, etc. ; augmentation. Enigma, e-nig'ma, n. ;pl. -mas, -maz. An obscure ques- tion or saying; puzzle; riddle; a statement, whose hidden meaning is to be discovered; an action which cannot be satisfactorily explained. [L. senigma, -matis, Gr. ainigma, -matos, fr. ainissestiiai, to speak in riddles, f r. ainos, a story.] — Enigmat'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, containing, or like, etc.; obscure. —Enig- matically, adv. — Enig'matist, n. One who makes, or talks in, enigmas. — Enig'matize, -tTz, v. i. [-TI2ED (-tizd), -tizing.] To deal in riddles. Enjoin, en-join', v. t. [-joined (-joind'J, -joining.] To put an injunction on, direct with authorrty. order. (Law.) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial order or decree. [F. enjoindre, L. injungere, fr. in and jungere, to join.] Enjoy, en-joi', v. t. [-joyed (-joid'), -joying.] To feel or perceive with pleasure ; to have and use with satisfaction; to have sexual intercourse with. [OF. enjoier, fr. en and joie, E. joy.] — Enjoy'able, a. — Enjoy'ment, n. Condition of enjoying; pleasure; cause of joy; gratification; satisfaction; happiness. Enkindle, en-kin'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.J To set on fire, kindle; to excite, rouse into action. Enlarge, en-larj', v. t. [-larged (-larjd'), -larging.] To make larger, increase the capacity of, dilate, as with joy, affection, etc., increase, expand. — v. i. To grow large or larger; to be diffuse in speaking or writing, expatiate. — Enlarge'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; expansion or extension, as of the mind; ennoblement; release from confinement, servitude, distress, etc.; diffusiveness of speech. Enlighten, en-llt'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To supply with light, illuminate ; to make clear to the intellect or conscience, inform, instruct. — Enlight'- ener, n. — Enlight'enment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Enlist, en-list', v. t. To enter on a list, enroll, regis- ter; to engage in public service, unite firmly to a cause, — v. i. To engage in public service by en- rolling one's name ; to enter heartily into a cause. — Enlist'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; the j writing by which a soldier is bound. Enliven, en-liv'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.., To give life, action, or motion to; to give spirit or vi- vacity to, cheer, animate, inspirit, invigorate. [Fr. live.'] — Enliv'ener, n. Enmity. See under Enemy. Enneagon, en'ne-a-gon, n. (Geom.) A polygon of 9 sides and 9 angles. [Gr. ennea, 9, and gonia, angle.] Ennoble, en-no'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To make noble, dignify, give titular rank to, aggran- dize.— Enno'blement, n. Act of, or that which, etc. Ennui, oN-nwe', w. A feeling of weariness and disgust; listlessness; tedium; lassitude. [F., orig. enui and anoi. See Annoy.] Enormous, e-n6r'mus, a. Deviating from, or exceed- ing, the usual rule; great beyond the common meas- ure; huge; vast; prodigious; exceedingly wicked; atrocious. [OF. enorme, L. enormis, fr. e and norma, rule.] — Enor'mously, adv. Excessively. — Enor'- mousness, n. — Enor'mity, -m\-tf,n. State of being, or that which is, immoderate, monstrous, or outrage- ous; atrocious crime; flagitious villainy. Enough, e-nuf, a. Satisfying desire; adequate; suffi- cient. — adv. Sufficiently; fully; quite; in a toler- able degree. — n. A sufficiency; a quantity which satisfies desire. [AS. genoh, genog, fr. geneah, it suffi- ces, D. genoeg, G. genug.] — Enow, -now'. A form of enough. Enquire. See Inquire. Enrage, en-raj', v. t. [-raged (-rajd'), -raging.] To fill with rage, provoke to madness, exasperate. Enrapture, en-rap'chur, v. t. [-tured (-churd), -Tur- ing.] To transport with pleasure; to ravish. Enravish, en-rav'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To transport with delight, enchant. — Enrav'ish- ment, n. State of being, etc. Enrich, en-rich', v. t. [-riched (-richf), -riching.] To make rich, adorn; to fertilize; to store with knowledge, instruct. — Enrich'ment, n. Act of, or that which, etc.; decoration; embellishment. Enroll, en-rol', v. t. [-rolled (-r5ld'), -rolling.] To write in a roll or register, record, enlist; to envelop, involve. — Enroll'ment, n. Act of enrolling; that m which anything is enrolled; a register. Ensample, en-sam'pl. n. An example. [OF.; F. ex- ample, q. v.] Ensanguixie, en-san'gwin, v. t. To stain with blood. Ensconce,' en-skons', v. t. [-sconced (-skonst')i s. far. Diss or opera, fare ; Ice : 6dd, tone. 6r , ENSEMBLE 181 ENTREAT -sconcing.] To cover or shelter, as with a sconce or fort; to protect, hide securely. Ensemble, ox-som'bl, n. The whole ; all the parts taken together. [F., fr. L. insimul, at the same time, f r. hi and simul, together, at once.] Enshrine, en-shrin', v. t. [-shrined (-shrind'), -SHRINING.] To inclose in a shrine: to cherish. Ensiferous, en-sif'er-us, a. Carrying a sword. [L. ensis, sword, and ferre, to bear.] — En'siform, -sl- fdrm, a. Sword-shaped. [L. forma, form.] Ensign, en'sin, n. The banner distinguishing a com- pany of soldiers, army, or vessel; a badge, signal; a commissioned officer, who formerly carried the flag of a company or regiment. [OF. ensigne, LL. insigna, L. msigne, a" standard, neut. of insignis, remarkable. See Insignia.] — En'signcy, -si, -ship, n. Rank or office of an ensign. Ensilage, en'sl-lej, n. (Agric.) Process of preserving fodder crops in a green state, by depositing them in a silo. [F., fr. en and silo, q. V.J Enslave, en-slav', v. t. [-slaved (-slavd'), -slaving.] To reduce to slavery or bondage.— Enslave'ment, ». Act of, or state of being, etc. — Enslav'er. n. Ensnare. See Insnare. Ensphere, en-sfer', v. t. To place in, or form into, a sphere or orb. Ensue, en-su r , v. t. [-sued (-sud r ), -suing.] To fol- low, pursue. — v. i. To follow or come after, suc- ceed. [OF. ensuir, L. insequi, fr. in and sequi, to fol- low. See Sue.] Ensure. See Insure. Entablature, en-tab'la-chur, n. (Arch.) That part of an order which is over the col- umns, including the architrave, frieze, and cornice. [OF.;LL. in- tabulamentum, fr. L. in and tabula, board, table.] Entail, en-tal'. n. That which is en- tailed. (Law.) An estate or fee entailed, or limited in descent to ,.,,, . m \\ mm \ - particular heirs ; rule by which IllllUlilliWIIl l Will ilH the descent is settled. — v . t. [ex- tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To set- tle inalienably on a person or thing, or on a person and his de- scendants. [F. entaille, fr. entailler, to cut away, fr. en and tailler, to cut. See Tail. J — Entailment, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc. Entangle, en-tan'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -glixg.] To twist or interweave so as not to be easily separated; to involve in complications, perplex, embarrass, puzzle. — Entanglement, n. State of being, etc.; intricacy; perplexity. Enter, en'ter, v. t. [-tered (-tSrd), -terixg.] To come or go into, penetrate; to unite in, join, engage in; to attain, reach, begin: to insert; to inscribe, re- cord. (Law.) To go into or upon lands, and take possession of them; to place in regular form before the court, usually in writing. — v. i. To go or come m; to begin; to penetrate; to constitute a part. [OF. entrer, L. intrare, to enter; s. rt. L. trans, across, Skr. tri, to cross.] — En'trance, -trans, n. Act of en- tering, also of taking possession (of property or of- fice); permission or power to enter; door or passage by which to enter; act of beginning; commence- ment: the causing to be entered, as of a ship or goods at a cugtom-house, a name upon a register, etc. — Entree', oN-tra'. n. Entry; permission or right to enter; a course of dishes at table; a side- dish. [F., p. p. of entrer.] — En'try, -tri, n. Act of entering: entrance; making a record; a passage; ves- tibule. (Com,) Exhibition of a ship's papers at the custom-house, to procure license to land goods. (Law.) The taking possession of lands or tenements by setting foot on them; a formal putting upon rec- ord. [F. entr£e.~] Enteric, en-ter'ik, a. (Med.) Pert, to the intestines. [Gr. enteron, intestine.] — Enteri'tis, n. Inflamma- tion of, etc. — Enterofomy. -ml, n. (Anat.) Dis- section of, etc. (Surg.) Incision of the intestines in reducing hernia. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] Enterprise, en'ter-prizl n. That which is undertaken; a bold attempt: adventure: willingness to engage in labor which requires boldness, energy, etc. — v. t. To undertake, venture upon. [F. entreprise; entre- prendre, to undertake, fr. entre, between, and pren- dre, to take.] — En'terpris'ing, a. Bold to undertake. Entertain, en-ter-tan'', v. t. [-taixed (-tand'), -taix- ing.] To maintain, support; to show hospitality to. receive as host; to engage agreeably the attention of. luimr Entablature. divert; to take into consideration: to harbor, cher- ish. — v. i. To receive guests. [F. entretenir, fr. entre (L. inter), between, and tenir (L. tenere), to hold.] — Entertain'er, n. — Entertaining, a. Af- fording entertainment; amusing; diverting. — En- tertain'ment, n. Act of receiving as host, or of I amusing, admitting, or cherishing; that which en- I tertains, esp. a feast, banquet; diversion; pastime. : Enthetic, en-thefik, a. (Pathol.) Pert, to, or orig- inating in, poisons in the body. [Gr. en and tithenai, to place.] Enthrall. See Ixtiirall. • Enthrone, en-thron', v. t. [-throned (-thrond'), ! -throning.] To place on a throne, invest with sov- ereign authority. (Eccl.) To induct or install (a bishop) into a vacant see. — Enthrone'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Enthusiasm, en-thu / 'zl-azm, n. An ardent zeal in re- spect to some object, cause, or pursuit; fervor of soul; fanaticism. [OF. enthusiasme, Gr. entliousias- mos, fr. enikimazein, to be inspired, fr. enthous, for entheos, inspired, lit. full of the god, fr. en, within, and theos, god.] — Enthu'siast, n. One moved by enthusiasm; a visionary; fanatic; zealot. — Enthu'- siasfic, -ical, a. Filled with, etc.; zealous in the pursuit or support of an object or cause.— Enthu- siasfically, adv. Enthymeme, en'thl-mem, n. (Rhet.) An argument consisting of only 2 propositions, an antecedent and a consequent deduced from it. [Gr. enthianema, fr. en and thumos, mind.] Entice, en-ils', v. t. [-ticed (-ilsf). -ticing.] To draw on, or instigate, by hope or desire: esp. to lead astray, tempt, decoy, seduce, inveigle, persuade. [OF. enticer, enticher; perh. fr. MHG. zicken, to push, zecken, to drive, tease.] — Entice'ment, n. Act or practice of, etc.; what incites to evil; allurement; temptation; inducement. — Enti'cer, n. Entire, en-tir', a. Complete in all parts; full and perfect; whole; not participated with others; full; comprising all requisites in itself; without mixture or alloy; without defect; complete; unbroken. (Bot.) Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla. [F. entier, fr. L. integer. See Integer.] — Entirely, adv. Wholly; completely; fully.— Entire'ness, -ty, -tl, n. State of being entire; completeness; integrity. Entitle, en-ti'tl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To give a title to, dignify by an honorary designation, de- nominate, call; to give a claim to, furnish grounds for seeking. Entity, en'tl-tY, n. A real being, whether in thought or in fact; essence; existence. [LL. entitas, fr. ens, entis, p. pr. of L. esse, to be.] Entomb, en-toom', v. t. [-tombed (-toomd'), -tomb- ing.] To deposit in a tomb, bury, inter, inhume. Entomology, en-to-moKo-jI, n. That part of zoology which treats of insects. [Gr. entomon, an insect (neut. of entomos, cut into, fr. en and temnein, to cut: see Insect), and logos, discourse.] — Entomo- logical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to the science of entomol- ogy. — Entomologist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Entomos'tracan, -kan, n. (Zobl.) A crustacean of inferior grade. [Gr. ostrakon, burnt clay, i. e., the hard shell.] Entozoon, en-to-zo'on, n. ; pi. -zoa, -zo'a. (Zobl.) A parasite within a living Deing, as in the intestines or tissues. [Gr. entos, within, and zoon, animal.] — Entozo'al, -ic, a. Pert, to, etc. Entr'acte, oNtr-akf, n. The interval between the performance of 2 acts of a drama ; a dance, inter- lude, etc., performed between 2 acts. [F., fr. entre (L. inter), between, and acte (L. actus, fr. agere, ac- tum, to act), an act.] — Entremets, oNtr-ma', n. A small plate set on between the principal dishes at table. [F.; mets, a dish, mess, q. v.] — Entrepot, -po', n. A warehouse or magazine for deposit of goods ; a bonded warehouse; free port. [F., fr. L. interpos- itum, fr. inter and ponere, position, to put.] Entrails, en'tralz, n. pi. The bowels ; guts; viscera; in- ternal parts, as of the earth. [OF. entrailles, LL. intralia, intranea, L. interanea, entrails, fr. intera- neus, inward, fr. inter, within.] Entrance, Entree, Entry. See under Enter. Entrance, en-trans", v. t. [-tranced (-transf).-TRAN- cixg.] To put into a trance, make insensible to present objects; to ravish with delight or wonder. Entrap, en-trap' v. t. [-trapped (-trapf), -trap- pixg.] To catch as in a trap, insnare. Entreat, en-tret'', v. t. To treat, deal with, use or manage : to treat with, ask earnestly, importune, be- seech, beg, implore. [OF. entrai'ter, fir. en (L. in) 8un, cube, full ; moon. fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. ENTRUST 182 EPIGLOTTIS and traiter (L. tractar.e), to treat, q. v.] — Entreat'y, -T, n. Act of, etc.; solicitation; suit; petition. Entrust. See Intkust. Entwine, en-twin', v. t. [-twined (-twind'), -twin- ing.] To twine, twist together. Entwist, en-twist', v. t. To twist or wreathe around. Enucleate, e-nu'kle-at, v. t. To bring out, as a kernel from enveloping husks ; to make manifest, clear, explain. [L. enucleare, -atum, f r. e, out, and nucleus, q. v.] — Enu'clea'tion, n. Act of, etc. Enumerate, e-nu'mer-at, v. t. To count, number, compute ; to recount, recapitulate. [L. enumerare, -atum, fr. e and numerare, fr. numerals, number.] — Enu'mera'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. (Rhet.) A recapitulation in the peroration of the heads of an argument. — Enu'merative, -tiv, a. Counting, or reckoning up, one by one. Enunciate, e-nun'shT-at, v. t. To announce, pro- claim, declare ; to make distinctly audible, utter, pronounce. — v. i. To utter words or syllables. [L. e and nunciare, -atum. See Announce.] — Enun'- cia'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; mode of pronunciation, esp. as regards distinctness of articulation : thing enunciated or announced; declaration . — Enun 'da- tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to enunciation or ut- terance. Enveigle. See Inveigle. Envelop, en-vel'up, t\ t. [-oped (-upt), -oping.] To surround as a covering ; to wrap up, inclose within a case, wrapper, etc. [OF. envoluper, enveloper, ME. wlappen, It.inviluppare. See Develop.] — Envel- ope, en'vel-op or oN-vel-op', Envel'op, -up,w. That which envelops; a wrapper; esp. wrapper of a letter. {Fort.) A mound of earth, covering a weak part of the works. — Envelopment, n. Act of enveloping ; an inclosing on all sides; that which envelops. Envenom, en-ven'um, v. t. [-omed (-umd), -oming.] To impregnate with venom, or anything noxious to life ; to poison ; to taint with bitterness or malice. Enviable, Envious, etc. See under Envy. Environ, en-vi'run, v. t. [-roned (-rund), -roning.] To surround, encompass, encircle ; to involve, en- velop. [OF. environner, fr. environ, round about, fr. en and virer, to turn, veer. See Veer. — Envi- ronment, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, etc.— Environs, en-vi'- or en'vi-runz, n. pi. Places surrounding another place, or in its neighborhood. Envoy, en'voi, n. One dispatched upon an errand ; esp. one deputed to negotiate a treaty, or transact business, with a foreign government, — disting. f r. an ambassador or permanent resident at a foreign court. [OF., a message, also envoye", a messenger, fr. envoyer, entreier, to send, f r. ent (L. bide), thence, away, and roycr, reier (L. viare), to travel, fr. L. via, a way. [See Voyage.] Envy, en'vY, v. t. [-vied (-vid), -vying.] To regard with discontent and malevolent longing; to be tilled with emulation at sight of; to desire strongly, covet. — v. i. To be filled with envious feelings. — n. Pain, mortification, or discontent, excited by an- other's superiority; an object of envious feeling. [F. envie, L. invidia, envy. See Invidious.] — En'vier, n. — En'viable, a. — En'vious, -us, a. Feeling, ex- hibitimr, or directed by, envy. — En'viously, adv. Enwrap. See In wra p. Eocene, e'o-sen, a. {Geol.) Pert, to the earliest part of the tertiary period, — alluding to the approxima- tion in its life to that of the present era. [Gr eos, day-break, dawn, and kainos, recent.] — E'oeine, -sin,w. (Chem.) A fluorescent rose-colored or red- dish-brown dye-stuff for silks. Eolian, e-o'li-an, Eolic, -ol'ik, a. Pert, to vEolia or ^Eolis, in Asia Minor, to ^Eolus, god of the winds, or to the wind.— Eol'ic, n. The Greek dialect 6poken in ancient iEolia; music or verse of the iEolians. — Eolian harp, etc. See under 2Eolian. Eon. See AZon. Epact, e'pakt, n. The moon's age at the end of the year ; excess of the solar year or month beyond the lunar. [OF. epacte, fr. Gr. epaktos, added, fr. epag- ein, to bring in, fr. epi, to, and agein, to lead.] Eparch, ep'ark, n. Governor of a subdivision of a country. [Gr. eparchos, fr. epi and arche, dominion.] — Ep'archy, -Y, n. A province under an eparch. Epaulet, -lette, ep'aw-let', n. {Mil.) A badge worn on the shoulder by military and naval officers. [F. epaulette, dim. of e'paule, OF. espaule, espalle, shoul- der, fr. L. spatula, a blade, later shoulder, fr. spatha, Gr. spathe, blade.]— Epaule'ment, -pawl'-, n. (Fort.) Aside-work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled with earth, or with earth heaped up. [F., f r. ipauler, to support with the shoulders.] Ependyma, ep-en'di-ma, re. (Anat.) The lining mem- branes of the ventricles of the brain. [Gr., an up- per garment, f r. epi and enduna, garment, fr. en and duein, to put on.] Epenthesis, e-pen'the-sis, n.; pi. -ses, -sez. (Oram.) Insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word. [Gr., fr. epi, en, and tithenai, to put, set.] Epergne, a-parn', n. An ornamental stand in the cen- ter of a table. [F., economy, fr. dpargner, to save, G. sparen, AS. sparian, E. spare.] Epha, Ephah, e'fa, n. A Hebrew measure, equal to 1 4-'.) bushels. [Heb. ephah, fr. Copt, epi, measure, op, to count.] Ephemera, e-fem'e-ra, n. (Med.) A fever of one day's continuance only. (Entom.) The day-fly, or May-fly; strictly, a fly that lives one day only, ap- plied also to short-lived insects. [Gr., fr. epi and hemera, a day.] — Ephem'eral, n. Anything which lasts but a day or a very short time. — Ephem'eral, -eric, -erous, -rus, a. Beginning and ending in a day; diurnal ; existing for a short time only. — Ephem"- eris, n. ; pi. Ephemerides, -mer'Y-dez. A journal; diary. (Astron.) An astronomical almanac; a tabu- lar statement of the assigned places of a planet, comet, etc., on successive days. [Gr., a diary.] Ephod, ef'od, n. (Jew. Aatiq.) The Jewish high priest's upper garment. [Heb., fr. dphad, to put on.] Epic, ep'ik, a. Containing narration ; relating great events. — n. An epic or heroic poem. [L. epicus, Gr. epikos, fr. Gr. epos, word, narrative, song ; s. rt. L. vox, voice.] — Ep'os, n. An epic poem, or its sub- ject; epopee. [Gr.] — Ep'opee, -pe, n. An epic poem, or the fable constituting its subject. [Gr. epopoiia; poiein, to make.] Epicene, ep'Y-sen, a. or n. Common to both sexes, — appl., in gram., to nouns having but one form of gender. [Gr. epi and koinos. common.] - Epicure, ep'Y-kur, n. A follower of Epicurus, a Greek philosopher who assumed pleasure to be the highest good ; one addicted to sensual enjoyments ; a voluptuary ; sensualist. — Epicurean, -ku're-an or -ku-re'an, a. Pert, to Epicurus or his philosophy; given to luxury; luxurious.— n. A follower of, etc.; one given to luxuries of the table. — Epicureanism, -izm, n. Attachment to the doctrines of, also the principles or belief of, etc.— Ep'icu'rism, n. Doc- trines of, etc.; sensual enjoyments; voluptuousness. Epicycle, ep'Y-si'kl, n. (Ptole- maic Astron.) A circle, whose center moves round in the cir- cumference of a greater circle. [F.; L. epicyclus, Gr. epikuklos, fr. epi and ktdclos, cycle, cir- cle.] — Epicy'cloid, -kloid, n. ( Geom.) A cur"e generated by a point in the circumfer- ence of a movable circle, which rolls on the inside or outside of the circumference of a fixed circle, as by the point a or a' Epicycloid. in the circle A or A'. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Ep'icy- cloid'al, a. Pert, to, or having the properties of, etc. — Epicycloidal wheel. A contrivance to secure parallel motion in converting reciprocating motion into circular. Epidemic, ep-Y-dem'ik, -ical, a. Common to, or affect- ing, a whole people or community; generally pre- vailing. — Epidemic, n. (Med.) A disease which, arising from a wide-spread cause, affects many per- sons at once. [OF. epidimique, L. epidemus, Gr. epidemos, fr. epi and demos, the people.] Epidermis, ep-Y-dgr'mis, n. (Anat.) The cuticle or scarf-skin of the body ; outer layer of the skin of animals. (Bot.) External layer of the bark of a plant. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. epi and derma, skin.] Epidote, ep'T-dot/w. (Min.) A vitreous mineral, con- sisting of silica, alumina, lime, and oxide of iron, or manganese. [Gr. epi and uidonai, to give.] Epigastric, ep-Y-gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the upper and anterior part of the abdomen. [Gr. epi and gaster, belly.] Epigenesis, ep-T-jen'e-sis, n. (Physiol.) The theory that, in conception, the germ is created new, not merely expanded, by the procreative power oi the parents, — opp. to the theory of evolution. [Gr. epi and genesis, generation.] Epiglottis, ep-Y-glot'tis, n. (Anat.) A valve of car- tilage at the base of the tongue, whieh closes the glottis and excludes food or drink from the larynx am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; Odd, tone, EPIGRAM 183 EQUAL maoze, v. (. [-iiitu ^iiiu;, -i iaiau.j jloi or express by, etc. — Epigraph, -graf, n. scription on a building denoting its use: a r Ipilepsy, ep'Y-lep'sT, n. (Me'/.) The falling : while eating. [Gr., fr. epi and glottis, fr. glotta, glossa, the tongue.] Epigram, ep'Y-gram, n. A short poem on one sub- i'ect, ending with a witty thought. [F. epigramme, j. and Gr. epigranima, fr. Gr. epi and graphein, to write.] — Epigrammatic, -ical, a. Writing, deal- ing in, pert, to, or like, etc. ; concise ; pointed ; poignant. — Ep'igrammatlcally, adv. — Ep / igram / '- matist, n. Une who composes, etc. — Ep^gram'- matize, v. t. [-tized (-Hzd), -tizing.] To represent An in- motto. Epilepsy, ep'T-lep'sT, n. (Med.) The falling sickness; a disease characterized by convulsions, stupor, and foaming at the mouth. [OF. epilepsie, L. and Gr. epilepsia, fr. Gr. epi and lamoanein, to seize.] — Epi- lep'tic, a. Pert, to, affected with, or consisting of, epilepsy. Epilogue, ep'T-log, n. A speech or short poem ad- dressed to the spectators by one of the actors, after a play. (Rhet.) Closing part of a discourse. [F. ; L. efiilogus, Gr. epilogos, fr. epi and logos, a speech.] — EpTlogis'tic, -jis'tik, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. Epiphany, e-pifa-ni, n. An appearance, or becom- ing manifest. (Eccl.) A festival, celebrated Jan. 6th, to commemorate the appearance of our Savior to the wise men of the East. [F. epiphanie, L. and Gr. epiphania, fr. Gr. epi and phainein, to show.] Epiphyte, ep'T-fit, w. (Boi.) A plant growing upon other plants, but not deriving its nourishment from them ; an air-plant. A vegetable parasite on men and animals. [F., fr. Gr. epi and phvton, plant, fr. phuein, to grow.] Episcopal, e-pis'kc-pal, a. Governed by bishops; pert, to, or vested in, bishops or prelates; pert, to the church of England, or the Prot. Episc. church of U. S. [OF. ; L. episcopalis, f r. niscopus, Gr. episko- pos, overseer, bishop. See Bishop.] — EpiB'copa'- lian,-lT-an,a. Pert, to episcopacy or to the Episc, church; episcopal, —n. One who adheres to, etc. a churchman. — Epis'copa'lianism, -izm, n. Epis- copacy. — Epia'copally, adv. — Episcopate, -pat, n. A bishopric; office and dignitv of a bisliop ; collec- tive body of bishops. — Episcopacy, -sT, n. Gov- ernment of the church by bishops, or by 3 orders of ministers — bishops, priests, and deacons. Episode, ep't-sod, n. (Rhet.) An incidental narra- tive, or digression, arising from the main subject. [Gr. epeisodos, a coming in besides, fr. epi, besides, eis, into, and hodos, a way.] — Episodic, -sSdlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, or contained in, etc. Epistle, e-pisl, w. A writing sent to a person; letter. [OF.; L. epistola, Gr. epistole, fr. epi and stellein, to send.] — Epis'tolary, -to-la-rl, a. Pert, or suitable to, or contained in, letters. Epistrophe, e-pis'tro-fe, n. (Rhet.) A figure in which successive clauses end with the same word or affir- mation Epitaph, ep" in memory of the dead. [F. epitaphe, L. epitaphi- •n. [Gr., fr. epi and strephein, to twist, turn.] 1, ep't-taf, n. An inscription on a monument, fr. Gr. epitaphios (logos), funeral (oration), fr epi and taphos, tomb.] — Epitaphlc, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. Epithalamium, ep'Y-tha-la'mY-um, n. A nuptial song. [L.; Gr. epithalamion, fr. epi& th alamos, bridal bed.] Epithet, ep'Y-thet, n. An adjective expressing some quality, attribute, or relation of a person or thing ; title; appellation. [L. and Gr. epilheton, fr. Gr. epi and tithenai, to place, set.] — Epithetlc, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or abounding in, epithets. Epitome, e-pit'o me, n. ; pi. -mes, -raez. A brief sum- mary; abridgment; compendium ; abstract; synop- sis. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. epi and temnein, to cut.] — EpiVomist, n. One who makes, etc. — Epifomize, v. t. [-MizED (-mizd), -mizing.] To shorten or abridge. — Epit'omiz'er, n. Epizeuxis, ep-T-zuksIs, n. (Rhet.) A figure by which a word is repeated with vehemence or emphasis. [Gr., fr. ejri and zeugnunai, to join, yoke.] Epizoon, ep-Y-zo'on, v.; pi. -zoa, -zo'a. (Zobl.) One of a class of parasitic insects or worms living upon lice, acari, etc.; an animal infesting the surface of the body of another — as lice, fleas, etc. [Gr. epi and zoon, animal.] — Epizootic, -zo-otlk, a. Parasitic on animals; pert, to, or affected by, diseases prevalent among animals — eorresp. to epidemic diseases among men.— Epizo'oty, -o-tY, n. A murrain among horses, cattle, etc. Epoch, ep'ok, n. A fixed point of time, from which dates are reckoned : a remarkable period of time; era ; age. [L. epocha, Gr. epoche, f-r. epecfiein, to hold in, check, fr. epi and echein, to have, hold.] Epode, ep'od, n. (Poet.) The 3d or last part of the ode; a species of lyric poem invented by Arehilo- chus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one. [OF.; L. and Gr. epodos, fr. Gr. epi and adein, to sing.] Eponym, -nyme, ep'o-nim, n. A name of a people, country, etc., derived from that of an individual; the person whose name is so used. [Gr. epi and onoma, name.] Epopee, Epos. See under Epic. Epsom Salt, ep'sum-sawlt. (Med.) Sulphate of mag- nesia having cathartic qualities, — orig. prepared fr. mineral waters at Ejjsom, England. Equal, e'kwal, a. Having the same magnitude, di- mensions, value, degree, etc. ; having competent power or means; fit; not variable; equable; not un- duly inclining to either side; uniform; fair; just; equitable. — n. One not inferior or superior to an- other. — v. t. [equaled (-kwald), EQUALING.] To be or become equal to, or commensurate with; to recompense fully; to make equal or equal to, equal- ize, regard as equals. [L. sequalis, fr. sequus, equal, just; s. rt. Skr. eka, one.] — E'qually, -IT, adv.— Equality, -kwoKl-tt. n. Condition or quality of being equal. (Math.) Exact agreement between ex- pressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity. — E'qualize, -kwal-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make, pronounce, or compare as, equal. — E'qual- izalion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — E'qua- ble, a. Equal and uniform; continuing the same at different times; uniform in action or intensity; not variable. — E'quably, adv. — E'quabillty, -tY, n. Quality or condition of_being, etc.; evenness; uni- formity. — Equate, -kwat', v. t. To make equal, reduce to an average. [L. sequare, -atum. fr. sequvs.] — Equa'tion, n. A making equal: equal division. (Math.) An expression of the condition of equality between two algebraic quantities, the sign= being placed between them. (Astron.) Difference between the true and the mean place or other element of a celestial body .—Equation of payments. (Arilh.) Pro- cess of finding the mean time of payment of sums due at different times. — E. of time. (Astron.) Dif- ference between mean and apparent time. — Per- sonal e. (Astron.) Difference between an observed result and the true, depending on personal qualities in the observer. — Equa'tor, -ter, n. (Geog.) A great circle on the earth's surface, everywhere equally distant from the 2 poles, and dividing the earth's surface into 2 hemispheres. (Astron.) A great cir- cle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane of the earth's equator. [LL. sequator.'] — Equato / '- rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, to the equator. — n. (Astron.) A telescope so mounted that it may be directed to any star, etc., whose right ascension and declination are known. — Eq'uity, ek'wY-tY, n. The giving, or desiring to give, to each man his due, — disting. fr. justice in requiring a higher standard than enact- ment or custom. (Law.) An equitable claim ; a system of jurisprudence, whose object is to supply deficiencies of courts of law. Impartiality; recti- tude; honesty; uprightness. [OF. equity, L. tequilas.] — Eq'uitable, a. Possessing or exhibiting equity; giving, or disposed to give, each his due; pert, to the tribunal or rule of equitv; fair; reasonable; right; candid. [OF.] — Eq'uitableness, n. — Eq'uitably, adv. — E'quanimlty, -tY, n. Evenness of mind; composure: calmness. [L. seqvanimitas, fr. sequvs and animus, mind.] —Equiangular, e-kwY-an'gu- ler, a. Consisting of, or having equal angles. — Equidiflerent, a. Having equal differences; arith- metically proportional. — Equidislant, a. At an equal distance from the same point. — Equilateral, a. Having all the si r'es equal. [L. latus, lateris, side.] — Equi- librate, -brat, v. t. To balance equal- ly 2 scales, sides, or ends ; to keep in equipoise. [L. ssquilibrare, -bru- tum, lihrare, to weigh, poise, fr. libra, P „ ., . . balance.] - Equilibra'tion, «. Act ^hfteral of, or state of being, etc.; equipoise. J.rian to ie. — Equilib / 'rity, -lib'rY-tr. n. State of being equal- ly balanced. — Equilibrium, -rT-um, n. ; L. pi. -ria, -rl-a; E. pi. -eiums, -umz. Equality of weight or force ; a just balance in respect to an object, so that it remains firm ; equal balancing of the mind between motives or reasons. [L.] — In equilib- rio. In a state of equilibrium. [L.]— Equimulti- ple, -tT-pl, a. Multiplied by the same number or cube, full ; moon, f6t>t •, cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. EQUERRY 184 ERR quantity. — n. (A?-ith. & Gcom.) A product arising from the multiplication of primitive quantities by the same number or quantity. — E'quinox, n. The precise time when the sun enters one of the equi- noctial points. [F. e'quinoxe, OF. equinocce, L. sequi- noctium, time of equal day and night; fr. sequus and nox, noctis, night.] — Autumnal equinox. Time when the sun enters the 1st point of Libra, being about Sept. 23d. — Venial e. Time when the sun enters the 1st point of Aries, being about March 21st.— Equinoctial, -shal, a. Pert, to the equinoxes, or to the regions or climate of the equinoctial line or equator, or to the time when the sun enters the equi- noctial points, —n. (Astron.) The celestial equator, — so called because when the sun is on it, night and day are of equal length throughout the world. — Equinoctial colure. (Astron.) Meridian passing through the equinoctial points. — E. points. (Astron/) The 2 points where the celestial equator and ecliptic intersect each other, the one being in the first point of Aries, the other in the first point of Libra.— E'quipoise, -poiz, n. Equality of weight or force, equilibrium ; a state in which the 2 ends or sides of a thing are balanced; equality. — Equipollent, a. Having equal force; equivalent. (Logic.) Having equivalent signification and reach. [L. pollens, p. pr. of pollere, to be strong, able.] — Equipol'lence, -lency, -sr, n. State of being, etc. (Logic.) Equiv- alence between propositions. — Equiponderate, -at, v. i. To be equal in weight, — v. t. To counter- balance. [L. ponderare, to weigh.] — Equipon'der- ance, -ancy, -an-st, n. Equality of weight; equipoise. — Equiponderant, a. Having the same weight. — Equiv'alent, a. Equal in value, force, power, effect, import, etc. (Geom.) Equal in dimensions, but not euperposable. (Geol.) Contemporaneous in origin. — n. That which is equal in value, weight, dignity, or force. (Ckem.) Atomie weight of a substance, or a number which expresses the proportion by weight in which it combines with other substances. [OFT; L. sequivalens, p. pr. of xquivalere ; valere, to be worth. See Value.] — Equivalence, -lency, -st, w. Condition of being, etc.; equal power or force. (Ckem.) The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; valency.— Equiv'ocal, a. Having different significations equal- ly appropriate or plausible; ambiguous; uncertain; capable of being ascribed to different motives; un- certain as to its cause or effect. [L. sequivocus, of doubtful sense; vox, vocis, voice, sense.] — Equiv- ocally, adv. — Equiv'ocalness, n. — Equivocate, -kat, v. i. To use words of equivocal or doubtful signification with a view to mislead; to prevaricate, evade, shuffle. [OF. equivoquer.] — Equivocation, n. Ambiguity of speech ; evasion ; quibbling. — EquiVoca'tor, -t5r, n. — Equivoque, a-ke-vok', Equi- voke, ek'wt-vok, n. An ambiguous term; equivo- cation. [F. Equivoque.] T, e-k' Equerry, e-kwer'rl, T, ek'we-rt, n. A stable; an offieer in charge of nobles' or princes' horses. [F. e~curie, OF. escurie, LL. scuria, a stable, OHG. skiura, a shed; s. rt. esquire ; not s. rt. L. equus.] Equestrian, e-kwes'trf-an, a. Pert, to horses, their management, and the art of riding; riding on horse- back ; performed by one on horseback. — n. A horseman ; rider. [L. equestris, equester, fr. eques, horseman, fr. equus, horse.]— Equestrianism, -izm, n. Performance on horseback; horsemanship.— E'quine, -kwin, Equi'nal, a. Pert, to, or like, a horse. — Eq'uitant, ek'wY-tant, a. Mounted on a horse. (Bot.) Overlapping each other, — said of leaves. [L., p. pr. of equitare, to ride, fr. equus.] — Eq'uita'tion, n. Horsemanship. Equip, e-kwip'', v. t. [equipped (-kwipf), -ping.] To | supply with what is necessary to efficient action, — 6aid esp. of ships or troops; to dress, array, decorate. [OF. equiper, esquiper; Ic. skipa, to set in order, skapa, to shape, form; s. rt. shape, ship.'] — Eq'ui- page, -pej, n. Furniture ; esp. furniture and sup- plies of a vessel, or of an army, body of troops, or single soldier ; equipment ; accouterments ; habili- ments; attendance; retinue. £OF.] — Equip^ment, n. Act of, state of being, or thing used in, etc. Bra, e'ra, n. ; pi. Eras, -raz. A fixed point of time, from which a series of years is reckoned; a succes- sion of years proceeding from a fixed point, or com- prehended between fixed points; epoch; date; pe- riod; age. [L. sera, an era, orig. counters, items of account, prop. pi. of ses, brass, money.] Eradiate, e-ra'dY-at, v. i. To shoot forth, as rays of light; to beam. [L. e, out, and radius, ray, radiare. -atum, to beam.] — Era'dia'tion, n. Emission of light or splendor. Eradicate, e-rad'T-kat, v. t. To pull up by the roots, extirpate, root out; to put an end to, exterminate, destroy. [L. eradicare, -catum, fr. e and radix, radicis, root.] — Erad'icable, a. — Erad'ica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Eradlcative, -tiv, a. Tending or serving to eradicate_. Erase, e-ras / ', v. t. [erased (-rasf), erasing.] To rub or scrape out, efface; to obliterate, as ideas in the mind or memory. [L. eradere, erasum, fr. e and radere, to scrape, shave.] — Eras - ' able, a. — Erase'- ment, n. Act of erasing; obliteration; destruction. — Eras'er, n. — Eras'ure, -ra'zhur, n. Act of eras- ing; obliteration. Erastian, e-rast'yan, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of the Ger. physician, Thos. Erastus, who held the church to be a creature of the state, dependent upon it for authority. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Erasfianism, -izm, n. Principles of, etc. ; state control of religion. Ere, ar, adv. Before; sooner than. — prep. Before in respect to time. [AS. ser, soon, before, Ic. ar, Goth. air, soon, early, D. eer, OHG. er, G. eher, sooner: s. rt. early.] — Ere-long', adv. Soon; before long. — Ere-now', adv. Before this time. — Ere-while', -whiles'', -hwilz', adv. Sometime ago; a little while before. — Erst, erst, adv. First ; at first ; in early times; once: formerly. [AS. asrest, superl. of ser.] Erect, e-rekf, «. Upright, or in a perpendicular pos- ture; raised; uplifted; firmly established; bold.— i'. t. To set upright, lift up, raise; to raise (a build- ing) : to give loftiness or high tone to, exalt ; to cheer; to set up (an assertion or consequence from premises, etc.); to establish anew, construct, build, institute, found. [L. erigere, erectum, fr. e and regere, to rule.] — Erect'er, n. — Erect/ile, -il, a. Capable of being, etc. — Erec'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; thing erected; a building.— Erecfive, -iv, a. Setting upright; raising. — Erect'- ly, adv. Eremite, er'e-mlt, n. Same as Hermit. Ergo, er'go, adv. Therefore; consequently. [L.] Ergot, ergot, n. An elongated, black, poisonous form of the kernel of rye and other grasses, caused by a fungus, —used to cause contraction of the uterus; spur; smut. (Far.) A protuberance behind and be- lowthe pastern-joint. [F., a diseaseof cereal grasses.] — Er'gotine, -in, n. (Che/n.) The narcotic poison ob- tained from, etc. — Er'gotism, -izm, n. Poisoning re- sulting from eating diseased grain, esp. bread made of spurred rye. Ermine, er'min, n. An animal allied to the weasel, inhabiting northern Europe and America, and having the fur white in winter, but the tip of the tail in- tensely black throughout the year; the fur of the ermine; the dignity of judges, whose state robes, lined with ermine, are emblematic of pu- rity. (Her.) One of the furs used Ermine, in blazonry, represented by spots shaped as in the cut. [OF. ; "Sp. armino. It. ermellino, K ^ LL. armdinus, fr. OHG. harmin, ermine-fir. harmo, an ermine.] Erode, e-rod', v t. To eat into or away; to corrode. [L. erodere, -ro- sum, fr. e and rodere, to gnaw.] — Ero'sion, -zhun, n. Act or opera- tion of. or state of being, etc. ; cor- rosion; canker. Erotic, e-rofik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or prompted by, love; amatory. [Gr. erotikos, fr. eros, love.] Erpetology. See Herpetology. Err, er, v. i. [erred (erd), erring (er'ring).] To wander from the right way; to mistake in judgment or opinion: to fail morally. [O F. errer, L. errare, -atum, OHG. irreon, MHG. and G. irren, to wander; Goth, airz-jan, OHG. irran, for irrjan, to make to err, OHG. irri, G. irre, astray ; Skr. ri, to go.] — Errant, er'rant, a. Deviating from an appointed course or direct path; roving; wild; extravagant; no- torious; arrant. [OF.] — Erratic, -ical, a. Roving about without a fixed destination ; eccentric ; not fixed or stationary; transported from the original resting place. — Erratic, n. (Geol.) Material borne away by natural agencies from its original site; a bowlder. — Erratically, ,adv. Without rule, order, or established method; irregularly. — Erra'tum, n.; pi. -ta, -ta. An error in writing or printing.— Erro'- neous, -us, a. Deviating from a right course; not Ermine. am, fame, far, pats or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; ERRAND 185 ESPOUSE conformed to truth or justice; containing error; lia- ble to mislead; irregular; false; mistaken. [L. erro- neus.] — Erroneously, adv. — Erro'neousness, n.— Er'ror, -rer, n. A deviation from the right course; want of truth; inaccuracy; violation of law or duty; blunder ; mistake ; transgression ; fault. (Math.) Difference between the result of any operation and the true result. (Law.) A mistake in the proceed- ings of a court of record in matters of law or of fact. [OF. and L.] Errand, er'rand, n. Something to be said or done by a messenger ; message ; commission; one's purpose in going. [AS. & Dan. serende, Ic. eyrendi, Sw. arende ; perh. s. rt. AS. earu, Ic. orr, swift, Skr. ri, to go.] Errhine, er'rin, n. (Med.) A medicine to be snuffed up the nose to cause sneezing; a sternutatory. [Gr. en and rhh. rhinos, nose.] Erae, ers, n. The language of descendants of the Gael or Celts in the west Highlands of Scotland, called by themselves Gaelic. — a. Pert, to the ancient in- habitants of Scotland. [Corrupt, of Irish.] Erst. See under Ere. Erubescent, er-oo-bes'sent, a. Red, or reddish; blush- ing. [L. entbescens, p. pr. of erubescere, to grow red, fr. rvhere, to be red, ruber, red.] — Erubes'cence, -cency, -sen-st, n. Act of,_etc; redness; blush. Eract, e-rukf, Eruc'tate, -tat, v. t. To eject, as wind, from the stomach; to belch. [L. eructare, -latum, fr. e and ructare, to belch.] — Eructa'tion, n. Act of belching; a bursting forth, as of wind or other mat- ter from the earth. Erudite, er'u-dit, a. Characterized by extensive knowledge; learned. [L. erudire, -ditum, to instruct, fr. e and rudis, rude.] — Erudi'tion, -dish'un, n. State of being, etc.; literature; learning. Eruginous, e-roo'jT-nus, a. Partaking of copper, or copper rust ; resembling rust. [L. aeruginosas, fr. serugo, rust, fr. ass, seris, metal, copper.] Eruption, e-rup'shun, n. Act of Dursting forth, as from inclosure or confinement; that which bursts forth suddenly or violently. (Med.) The breaking out of a cutaneous disease; the disease itself. [L. eruptio, fr. e and rumpere, ruptum, to break, burst.] — Erup'tive, -tiv, a. Breaking forth; attended with, or producing eruption. (Geol.) Produced by, etc. Erysipelas, er-T-sip'e-las, n. (Med.) St. Anthony's tire; an acute inflammatory disease of the skin and subjacent tissues. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. eruthros, red, and pella, pellatos, skin.] — Erysipelatous, -st-peK- a-tus, -sip'elous, -lus, a. Resembling, or of the na- ture of, etc. Escalade, es-ka-lad', n. (Mil.) An attack in which ladders are used to mount a rampart. — v. t. To scale; to mount and enter. [F.; Sp. escalado, p. p. of escalar, to scale, fr. escala, L. scala, ladder.] Escalop, es-skol'up, n. {Conch.) A bivalve shell, with one straight side, the face usually marked with ribs. A curving indenture in the margin of anything. [OF. escalope. See Scallop.] — Escal'oped, -upt, a. Cut or marked like, etc. (Her.) Covered with waving lines, or with indented borders overlapping. Escape, es-kap', v. t. [-caped (-kapf), -caping.] To flee from and avoid, shun; to avoid the notice of, evade. — v. i. To hasten away, avoid danger or in- jury; to be passed without harm. — n. Act of flee- ing from danger, evading harm, or avoiding notice; deliverance from injury or restraint. [OF. escaper, eschaper, It. scappare, to escape, scappata, LL. es- cmpium, an escape, flight, fr. ex cappa, (to slip) out of one's cape.] — Escapade', -pad, n. Fling, or Dack- ward kick of ahorse; an unconscious impropriety of speech or behavior; a mischievous freak. [OF.; fr. It. scappata.'] — Escape'ment, n. Act of escaping; the contrivance in a time- piece which connects the wheel-work with the pendulum or the balance, keeping the latter in vibration, — so called because a tooth escapes from a pallet at each vibration. Escarp, es-karp', n. (Fort.) Anything high and precipitous, as the side of the ditch next the parapet. — r. t. [es- carped (-karpt'), -carping.] (Mil.) To make into, or furnish with, a steep slope. [F. escarpe. See Scarp.] — Es- carp'ment, n. A steep declivity. Eschalot, esh-a-lof, n. (Bot.) A species of small onion or garlic. [F. escalotte, e'chalotte, L. cepa As- calonia, orig. brought fr. Ascalon, in Palestine.] Eschar, es'kar, n. (Surg.) A dry slough, crust, or scab. [F. escarre, L. and Gr. eschara.] — Escharot'- ic, a. Serving or tending to form an eschar; pro- ducing a scar; caustic. Eschatology, es-ka-tol'o-jT, n. The doctrine of the last things, as death, judgment, etc. [Gr. eschatos, furthest, last, and logos, discourse.] Escheat, es-chet', n. (Feud. & Eng. Law.) Reverting of lands to the lord of the fee, through extinction of the blood of the tenant. (£/. S. Law.) Falling or reverting of real property to the State, as orig. and ultimate proprietor, by failure of legal owners ; a writ to recover escheats from the person in posses- sion. Lands which fall to the lord or state by es- cheat; what falls to one; a reversion. — v. i. (Law.) To revert, return, or become forfeited to the lord, the crown, or the state. [OF. eschet, a thing fallen to, fr. escheoir, to fall to the lot of, fr. cheoir, L. ca- dere, to fall.] — Escheat 'able, a. Liable to escheat. Eschew, es-choo', v. t. [-chewed (-chood / '), -chew- ing.] To flee from, shun, seek to avoid. [OF. es- chever, to shun, avoid, OHG. sciuhan, to frighten, fear, shy at, fr. schiech, G. scheu, shy; s. rt. shy.] Escort, es'kdrt, n. An attendant to afford safety, re- spect, honor, or attention; a guard; protection on a journey or excursion. — Escort', v. t. To attend m order to protect; accompany as safeguard. [OF. escorte. It. scorta, an escort, p. p. of scorgere, to guide, L. corrigere, to set right. See Correct.] Escritoire, es-kri-tw6r', n. A writing-desk. [OF.; LL. scriptorium, fr. L. scribere, to write.] Escrow, es'kro, n. (Law.) A bond delivered to a third person, to hold till some condition is per- formed, and not to take effect till the condition is performed. [Norm. F. escrowe, scroll, OF. escroe, escroue, a roll of writings, bond, perh. fr. L. scrobis, ditch, grave; perh. fr. OHG. schraube. E. screw.] Esculapian, es-ku-la'pT-an, a. Pert, to Eseulapius, god of the healing art; medical; medicinal; curative. Esculent, es'ku-lent, a. Suitable to be used for food; edible, — n. Anything eatable. [L. esculentus, fr. escare, to eat, fr. esca, food, fr. edere, esum. to eat.] Escutcheon, es-kuch'un, n. (Her.) The shield; the field or ground on which a coat of i arms is represented ; shield of a family. [The 2 sides of an escutch- eon are designated as dexter and sinister, and the different parts by the following names: A, dexter chief point; B, middle chief point; C, sinister chief point; D, honor or collar point; E, fesse or heart point; F, nombril or navel point; G, dex- ter base point; H, middle base point; I, sinister base point.] (Naut.) Part of a vessel's stern on which her name is written. (Carp.) A plate finishing a key-hole. [OF. escusson. It. scud- one, fr. scudo, L. scutum, a shield. See Esquire.] Eskimo. See Esquimau. Esophagus, e-sof'a-gus, n. (Anat.) Passage through which food and drink pass to the stomach; gullet. [L. oesophagus, Gr. oisophagos, lit. food carrier, fr. oiso (f ut. of pherein, to carry) and phagein, to eat.] Esoteric, es-o-ter'ik, a. Designed for, and under- stood by, the initiated alone; private, — said of doc- trines of philosophers, — ODp. to exoteric. (Pathol.) Resulting from internal physiological causes. [Gr. esoterikos, fr. esoteros, inner, fr. eso (adv.), within, fr. es, eis (prep.), into.] Espalier, es-pal'yer, n. A row of trees trained to a lattice, and sheltering plants; lattice-work to train fruit-trees and shrubs on. [F.; OF. espallusr. It. spalliera, espalier, also back of a chair, fr. spalla, shoulder, back, L. spatula. See Epaulet.] Esparto, es-par'to, n. A kind of Spanish rush or grass, from which cordage, baskets, paper, etc., are made. [Sp. and Pg., L. spartum, Gr. sparton, Span- ish broom, mat-weed.] Especial, es-pesh'al, a. Distinguished among others of the same kind; peculiar; particular; principal; chief. [OF.; L. specialis, fr. species, a particular Escutcheon. kind.] — Espe'cially, adv. Espial, Espionage. See under Espy. Esplanade, es-pla-nad', n. (Fort.) splanade, es-pla-nad', n. (Fort.) The sloping of the parapet of the covered way toward the country ; clear space between a citadel and the town. (Hort.) A grass-plat. Any clear space for public drives. [OF., fr. esplaner, to level; It. spianata, fr. spianare, fr. L. explanare, to flatten out. See Explain.] pouse, es-powz', v. t. [-poused (-powzd'), -pous- ing.] To give as spouse, affiance, unite by promise of marriage or by marriage ceremony; to take as spouse, accept in marriage, wed ; to take up the sun, cube, full ; moon, ftfot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ESPRIT 186 ETHER cause of, adopt, embrace. [OF. espouser, fr. espouse, spouse, q. v.] — Espous'er, re. — Espous'al, n. Act of, etc.; esp. in pi., betrothal or marriage ceremony; the taking upon one's self the care or advocacy of any thing or cause ; adoption. Esprit, es-pre', re. Spirit; soul. [F.] — E. de corps, -de-k6r'. The prevailing spirit which binds men as members of the same societv or profession. [F.] Espy, es-pi", v. t. [-pied (-pld'), -pying.] To catch sight of, discern unexpectedly; to inspect narrowlv, examine and keep watch upon, find out, descry, sp'v. — v. i. To look narrowly, look about. [OF.es/iter, Sp. espiar, It. spiare, fr. OHG. speho?i, G. spahen. See Spy.]— Espi'al, w. Act of, etc. — Espionage, es'pe-on-azh o?--ej,re. Practice or employment of spies. [F., fr. OF. es/iion, It. spione, a spy.] Esquimau, Eskimo, es'kt-mo, re. ; 2d. -maux, -moz. An Indian of tribes inhabiting arctic America and Greenland. [Algonquin eskimantik, eater of raw flesh.] — E. dog. A variety of dog, used among Es- quimau Indians for drawing sledges, etc. Esquire, es-kwir', re. Orig., a shield-bearer or armor- bearer, an attendant on a knight, now, prop., a title of dignity next below a knight, and given in Eng. to younger sons of noblemen, to officers of the king s courts and of the household, to counselors at law, justices of the peace, sheriffs, and other gentlemen : in the U. S., the title is indiscriminately used in ad- dressing letters. — V. t. [ESQUIRED (-kwird'), -QUIR- ING.] To wait on, attend. [OF. esquier, escuyer, fr. EL. scutarius, shield-bearer, fr. L. scutum (OF. escut, escu, F. 4cu), a shield; s. rt. sky.'] Essay, es-sa', v. t. [-sayed (-sad'), -saying.] To try, attempt; to make experiment or trial of; to assay. — Es'say, re. A trial; attempt; endeavor; exertion. {Lit.) A composition shorter and less methodical than a formal treatise. [ME. assay, essay, OF. essai. fr. L. exagium, Gr. exagion, a weighing, fr. ex and agein, to lead.] — Es'sayist, re. A writer of essays. Essence, es'sens, re. Formal or formative nature of a complex notion; constituent qualities of a thing; materials common to a elass as disting. fr. the form of an individual or species; a purely spiritual being; the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essen- tial oil; perfume; odor; scent. — v. t. [essenced (-senst), -sencing.] To perfume, scent. [F. ; L. essentia, fr. esse, Skr. as, to be.] — Essen'tial, -shal, a. Pert, to the essence; really existing; important in the highest degree; highly rectified; pure; un- mixed. {Mus.) Necessary ; indispensable, — said of tones constituting a chord, disting. fr. ornamental or accidental tones. {Med.) Idiopathic; independ- ent of other disease. — re. Constituent principle.— Essential character. {Nat. Hist.) The prominent characteristics disting. one genus, species, etc., from another. — E. oil. A volatile, inflammable oil, giv- ing plants their characteristic odor. — Essen'tial- ness, -tiality, -shY-al'Y-tT, re. Quality of being, etc. ; essential part. — Essentially, adv. Establish, es-tab'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lishing.] To make stable or firm; to settle; to enact by au- thority, ordain; to secure the reception of, uphold; to found, institute, — as a colony, state, etc. ; to set up in business, — used reflexively. [OF. establir, L. stabilire, fr. stabilis, firm, fr. stare, to stand.] — Es- tab'lisher, re. — Establishment, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; thing established, as, a form of gov- ernment; a permanent civil, military, or commer- cial organization; a style of living, accustomed ex- pense, income, salary; permanent place of residence or business. — Establishment of the port. {Hydrog- raphy.) Data, obtained by observation, on which the tides are computed at a given port. Estafet, -fette, es-ta-fef, re. One of a series of couri- ers in relay. [F.; fr. OHG. stephan, to step, walk.] Estate, es-tat', n. Fixed condition of any thing or person; rank; state; position; property; esp. prop- erty in land; also, property of all Kinds which one leaves to be divided at his death; one of the ranks or classes of men constituting the 6tate. {Law.) The interest which one has in lands, tenements, or other effects. [OF. estat, L. status. See State.] Esteem, es-tem / ', v. t. [-teemed (-ternd'), -teeming . To set a value on, estimate, set a high value on, re- gard with respect or affection.— re. High value; great regard. [OF. estimer, L. sestimare or sestumare, -matum, to value; Skr. ish, to desire; s. rt. ask.] — Es'- timable, -tY-ma-bl, a. Capable or worthy of, etc. K)F.] — Es'timableness, n. — Es'timate, -mat, v. t. To form an opinion of the value of, without actually measuring or weighing; to compute, appraise, rate, calculate. — n. An approximate judgment as to amount, cost, etc. — Estima'tion, re. Act of esti- mating; opinion of the worth, etc., formed without using precise data: favorable opinion; esteem; honor; regard. [OF.] — Es'tima'tive, -tiv, a. Inclined, or able, to estimate. — Es'tima'tor, -ter, n. Esthetics. See under ^Esthetic. Estival, es'tY-val, a. Pert, to, or continuing through, the summer. [L. sestivalis, fr. sestas, summer.] — Estiva'tion, re. Act of passing the summer. (Bot.) Disposition of petals within the floral germ or bud. Estop, es-top', v. t. [-topped (-topf), -ping.] (Law.) To impede or bar, stop the progress of. [OF. estoper, f r. L. stupa. See Stop. J — Estop'pel, n. A conclu- sive admission, not to be controverted. Estovers, es-to'vgrz, re. pi. (Lav;.) Necessaries or supplies; an allowance to a person out of an estate, etc., for support. [OF. estover, estovoir, necessary, need, also, to be necessary, fr. ester, L. stare, to stand, or perh. fr. L. studere, to strive after.] Estrade, es-trad', re. A level and slightly raised place in a room. [F., orig. a carpet, place covered with a carpet, fr. L. stratum, bed-covering, pillow.] Estrange, es-trani', v. t. [-tranged (-tianid'), -tran- ging.] To make strange, keep at a distance; to di- vert from its original use or possessor, alienate; to alienate the affections or confidence of. [OF. es- tranger. See Strange.] — Estrange 'ment, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; alienation; removal. Estrapade, es-tra-pad r , re. The action of a horse, when, to throw his rider, he rises before, and kicks furi- ously with his hind legs. [F., fr. Prov. G. strap/en, to draw, G. strajf', drawn tight.] J Estray, es-tra', re. {Law.) A domestic animal, wan- dering from its owner. [OF. estrayer, to stray, q. v.] Estreat, es-tref, re. (Laiv.) A true copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing.— v. t. {Eng. Law.) To extract from the records of a court, and return to the court of exchequer to be prosecuted; to bring into the exchequer, as a fine. [OF. estrait, fr. L. ex and trahere, tractum, to draw.] Estrepement, es-trep'ment, n. {Law.) Destructive waste, committed by a tenant, in lands, woods, or houses. [OF., fr. estreper, to damage, prob. fr. L. extirpare, to pluck up by the root.] Estuary, est'u-a-rY, re. A narrow passage, as the mouth of a river, where the tide meets the current; an arm of the sea; frith. [L. sestuarium, a creek.fr. sestuare, to surge, foam, fr. sestus, heat, surge, tide; s. rt. Gr. aithein, to glow, Skr. indh, to kindle. See Ether.] Etagere, et'a-zh&r', re. A piece of furniture having shelves, one above another. [F., fr. itage, a shelf, , story, fr. Gr. stege, roof, fr. stegein, to cover.] Etat Major, a'ta-ma-zher'. {Mil.) The staff of an army, including all oflicers above the rank of colo- nel; also, all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymas- ters, physicians, signal officers, judge-advocates ; also, their non-commissioned assistants. [F. e'tat, state, position, Li. status, and F. & L. major, greater.] Etcetera, -caetera, et-sefe-ra, contr. etc. and &c. Lit. and other (things); and so on, — used at the end of a sentence, phrase, etc., to indicate that other things are to be understood, or might be mentioned. [L.] Etch, ech, v. t. [etched (echt), etching.] To pro- duce (figures or designs) on metal, glass, etc., by lines eaten in by acid. — v. i. To practice etching. [D. etsen, G. iitzen, to etch, prob. fr. MHG. ezzen, G. essen, E. ea«.] — Etch'ing, re. Act, art, or practice of etching; impression taken from an etched plate. Eternal, e-ter'nal, a. Without beginning or end of existence; always existing; everlasting; endless; im- mortal; continued without intermission; perpetual; ceaseless; immutable. — re. That which is without beginning or end; esp. the Deity; God. [OF. eter- nel, L. seternalis, fr. seternvs, for asviternus, everlast- ing, fr. sevum, age.] — Eter'nally, adv. "Without beginning or end; perpetually. — Eter'nity, -nY-tY, re. Condition or quality of being, etc.; the condi- tion which begins at death. [F. eternitd, L. seterni- tas.~] — Eter'nize, v. t. [-nized, (-nizd), -nizing.] To make eternal or endless, perpetuate; to make forever famous, immortalize. [OF. eterniser.] Etesian, e-te'zhan, a. Blowing at stated times of the year; stated; periodical; annual. [F e"tesien, L. ete- sius, Gr. etesios, for a year, annual, fr. etos, a year.] Ether, e'ther, re. {Physics.) A subtle fluid supposed to pervade all space, and to be the medium of trans- mitting light and heat. (Chem.) A very light, vol- atile, and inflammable fluid, produced by distilla- tion of alcohol with an acid. [L. sether, Gr. aither. am, fac»e, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 6r i ETHIC 187 EUTERPEAN upper air, aithra, clear sky, fr. aitheinAo burn, glow. See Estuary.] — Sulphuric ether. The druggist's common ether, produced by distillation of alcohol and sulphuric acid, — the most valuable of anaesthet- ics. — Ethe 'real, -re-al, a. Pert, to the ether, or to regions beyond the earth or atmosphere ; celestial ; consisting of ether; exceedingly light or airy; tenu- ous. (Chem.) Of, or pert, to, ether. — Ethe 'realize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd). -izing.] To convert into, or sat- urate with, ether; to render ethereal. — E'therize, *-. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izixo.j To convert into, or put under the influence of, ether. — E'theriza lion, n. (Med.) Administration of ether by inhalation; state of the system under its influence. Ethic, -ical, ethlk-al, a. Pert, to manners or morals; treating of moral feelings or duties; containing pre- cepts of morality. [L. ethicus, Gr. ethikos, fr. ethos, custom, moral nature ; s. rt. Goth, sidus, G. sitte, manner, custom, Skr. svadha, self-will, strength, fr. sva, one's self, and dha, to set, place.] —Ethical da- tive. (Gram.) Use of the dative (of a pronoun) when the person referred to is affected by the action described. — Ethnically, adv. According to ethics. — Ethics, n. Science of human duty; body of rules drawn from this science. — Ethol'ogy, -jT, n. Sci- ence of ethics, also of character, and of customs among different communities or in different stages of civilization. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Eth'ologlc, -ical, -lojlk-al, a. Treating of, or pert, to, etc. Ethiop, elhY-op, -opian, -o'pT-an, n. A native or in- habitant of Ethiopia ; an African. — Ethio'pian. -oplc, a. Pert, or relating to, etc. — n. The lan- guage of Ethiopia. Ethmoid, eth'moid, -moidal, -moid'al. a. (Anat.) Re- sembling a sieve, — said esp. of the bone of the nose, through which the olfactory nerves pass. [Gr. eth- mos, sieve, and eidos. form.] Ethnic, eth'nik, -nical, a. Pert, to races ; based on distinctions of race; heathen; pagan, — opp. to Jew- ish and Christian. [Gr. ethnikos, fr. ethnos, a nation.] — Ethnog'raphy, -n, n. Description of races of men, with their characteristics, manners, etc. [Gr. graph- ein, to write.] — Ethnographer, n. One versed in, etc. — Ethnographic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Eth- nol'ogy, -jl, n. Science of the division of man into races, their origin, relations, and differences. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Ethnol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Ethnologic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Ethology, etc. See under Ethics. Etiolate, e'ti-o-lat, v. i. To be whitened or blanched by excluding sunlight, as plants. (Pathol.) To be- come pale through disease or absence of light. — v. t. To blanch. [F. itioler, OF. estioler, to become slender, f r. G. stiel, stalk.] — E'tiola'tion, n. Oper- ation of blanching so as to render plants white, crisp, and tender, by excluding light. (Pathology.) Pale- ness from absence of light, or disease. Etiology, e-tY-ol'o-jY, n. (Med.) Science of the causes of disease. (Metaph.) Investigation of causes. (Biol.) Investigation of causes as exhibited in living struc- tures. [Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, discourse.] Etiquette, et-Y-kef, n. Observance of the proprieties of rank and occasion; conventional decorum. [F., a label, ticket, note of introduction.] Etui, a-twe', n. A ladies' reticule or work-box. [F.; OF. estui, fr. OHG. stucha, G. stauche, a muff.] Etymon, efl-mon, n. ; E. pi. -mons, -monz, Gr. pi. -ma, -ma. An original form; primitive word; root. [L. and Gr., neut. of Gr. etumos, true, eteos, true, real; s. rt. AS. sodh, true. See Sooth.] — EtymoK- ogy, -jf, n. That part of philology which explains the origin and derivation of words; that part of grammar relating to changes in the forms of words. [F. etymologie, L. and Gr. etymologia ; Gr. logos, dis- course.]— Et'ymologlcal, -lojlk-al, a. Pert, to et- ymology. — Et'ymologlcally. adv. — Et'ymologl- con, n. An etymological dictionary or manual. [Gr.] — Etymol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Et- ymologize, -jlz.v. t. To give the etymology of.- v. i. To search into the origin of words, deduce words from their roots. Eucharist, u'ka-rist, n. (Eccl.) The sacrament of the Lord's supper; communion. [L. and Gr. eucha- ristia, thanksgiving, fr. Gr. eu, well, and charts, favor, chairein, to rejoice; s. rt. yearn.]— Eucha- ristlc, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Euchre, u'ker, n. A game at cards. — v. t. To defeat one who has made the trump in playing euchre ; to defeat, outwit, foil. Eudaemonics, u-de-nionlks, n. (Moral Philos.) Sci- ence of happiness. [Gr. eudaimon, happy, fr. eu. well, and daimon. jrenius.J — Eude' monism, -izm, n. That system of philosophy which founds moral ob- ligation upon its relation to happiness. Eudiometer, u-dY-om'e-te'r, n. An instrument to as- certain the purity of the air, or its quantity of oxygen. [Gr. eudia. fair weather (fr. eudios, clear, fr. eu, good, and Zeus, gen. Dios, Jove, ruler of the air), and rnetron, measure.] — Eudiom' etry, -trY, n. Art or practice of, etc. Euhemerism, u-hein'er-izm, Evemerism, e-vem'-, n. The system of mytholog- ical interpretation of the Greek philos- opher Euhemerus, or Evemerus, who taught that the gods were mere men, and the myths expansions of human events. Eulogium, u-lo'jY-um, Eulogy, -jY, n. A speech or writing in commendation of any one's character or services; enco- mium; panegyric. [OF. euloge, LL. eu- logium, Gr. eulogion, -gia, fr. eu, well, _ , and legem, to speak.] - Eulogize, v. t. Eudiometer. [-gized (-jizd), -GiziNG.] To speak or write in com- mendation of; to praise. — Eulogist, n. One who, etc. — Eulogistic, a. Pert, to, given to, or charac- terized by, etc.; laudatory. Eunomian, u-no'mY-an, a. (Eccl. Hist.) Pert, to the heresy of Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicum, who con- sidered Christ a created being, not of divine nature. Eunuch, u'nuk, n. A castrated man, often employed as a chamberlain in the East. [Gr. eunouchos, fr. eune, a couch, and echein, to have in charge. J— Eu- nuchism, -izm, n. State of being, etc. Euosmite, u-oz'mlt, n. A fragrant fossil resin. [Gr. eu, good, and osnie, odor.] Eupatorium, u'pa-to'rY-um, n. A genus of plants, in- cluding hemp, agrimony, boneset, thoroughwort or Indian sage, etc. [Used medicinally by Eupator, king of Pontus.] Eupepsy, u-pep'sY, n. (Med.) Good digestion, — opp. to clyspepsy. [Gr. eu and peptein, to digest, cook.] — Eupeplic, a. Having good digestion; easy of, etc. Euphemism, u'fe-mizm, n. A a licate word or ex- pression used for one harsh or ludelicate. [Gr. eu- phemismos, fr. eu and phemi, I speak.] — Euphemis''- tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Eu'phe- mize, v. t. or i. [-mized (-mlzd), -mizing.J To ex- press in delicate language, make use of euphemism. Euphony, u'fo-nY, n. An agreeable sound, easy, smooth enunciation of sounds. [Gr. euphonia, eu- phony, euphonos, sweet-voiced, fr. eu and phone, voice.] —Euphonic. -ical, -fonlk-al, Eupho'nious. -fo'nY-us, a. Agreeable in sound. — Eu'phonism. -fo-nizm, n. An agreeable sound or combination of sounds ; euphony. — Euphonlcon, n. A kind of pianoforte. — Eupho'nium, -nY-um, n. A bass in- strument of the sax-horn family. Euphrasy, u'fra-sY, a. The plant eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial to the eyes. [Gr. euphrasia, delight, fr. eu and phren, the mind, heart.] Euphuism, u'fu-izm, n. (Rhet.) Affectation of ex- cessive elegance and refinement of language, — fr. Lyly's two performances, entitled, "Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit," and "Euphues and his England." [Gr. euphues, graceful, fr. eu and phue, growth.] — Eu'phuist, n. One who affects excessive elegance of language. — Euphuistlc. a. Pert, to the Euphu- ists or to Euphuism. Euroclydon, u-roklY-don, n. A tempestuous easterly wind in the Mediterranean ; a levanter. [Gr., fr. euros, the S. E. wind, and kludon, wave.] Eurasian, u-ra'shan, n. A child of one European and one Asiatic parent; one born in Asia of Europear parentage. [Contr. of Eur(opean) and Asian.) European, u-ro-pe'an, a. Pert, to Europe or its in habitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of, etc. Eurythmy, u'rith-mY, n. (Fine Arts.) Just or har- monious proportion, or movement. (Med.) Regu- larity of the pulse. [Gr. euruthmia, fr. eu and rhuth- mos, rhythm, proportion.] Euscara, " us-kala, n. Native name of the Basque provinces and language. [Basque euske, sun, east and ara, manner.] Eustachian, u-sta'kY-an, a. (Anat.) Discovered by Eustachius, an Italian physician. — E. tube. (Anat.) A slender air-passage from a cavity in the ear to the back part of the mouth.— E. valve. (Anat.) A semilunar, membranous valve in the heart. Euterpean, u-ter'pe-an, a. Pert, to Euterpe, the muse presiding over wind instruments; pert, to music. sun, cube, full ; moon, cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. EUTHANASIA 188 EVOLVE Euthanasia, u-tha-na'zi-a, Euthan'asy, -a-si, n. Easy death. [Gr. euthanasia, fr. eu and thanein, to die.] Eutychian, u-x/k'T-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eutychius, who considered the divine and human natures of Christto be but one nature ; a monophysite. Evacuate, e-vak'u-at, v. t. To make empty; to re- move, eject, void, discharge; to withdraw from or desert (a city, fort, etc.); to make void, nullify, va- cate. [L. evacuare, -atum, fr. e and vacuus, empty.] — Evacua'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing evacuated or discharged; esp. a discharge by stool or other nat- ural means. — Evac'ua'tive, -tiv, a. Serving or tending to evacuate; cathartic; purgative. — Evac'- uant, a. Evacuative.— n. {Med.) A purgative or cathartic^ — Evac'ua'tor, -ter, n. Evade, e-vad', v. t. To get away from by artifice, elude, escape. — v. i. To escape, slip away, attempt to escape. [F. evader, L. evadere, -vasum, fr. e and vadere, to go.] — Eva'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc.; esp. of eluding an accusation, interrogation, etc. ; shift ; subterfuge ; prevarication ; equivocation. — , Eva'sive, -siv, a. Tending to evade ; marked by evasion. — Eva'sively, adv. Evagation, ev-a-ga'shun, n. Act of wandering; ex- cursion. [L. evagatio, fr. e and vagari, to wander.] Evanescent, ev-a-nes'sent, a. Vanishing ; fleeting ; imperceptible. [L. evanescens, p. pr. of evanescere, fr. e and vanescere, to vanish, fr. vanus, empty, vain.] — Evanes'cence, -sens, n. Act, state, or qual- ity of, etc. Evangel, e-van'jel, n. Good news; the gospel. [Gr. eu. well, and anggelia, tidings, fr. anggelos, messen- ger.]— Evangelic, -ical, a. Contained in, or pert, to, the 4 Gospels; pert, to, consonant with, or con- tained in, the gospel; earnest for the truth taught in the gospel ; technically applied to a party in some Protestant churches. — Evangelically, adv.— Evan- fel'icism, -T-sizm, n. Evangelical principles. — Ivan'gelist, n. One of the writers of the gospel his- tory; one authorized to preach, but not to adminis- ter the eucharist; a preacher without fixed charge; a revivalist. [OF. evangeliste, L. evangelista, Gr. euanggelistes.] — Evan'gelize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -iz- ING.] To preach thegospel to, convert to a belief of the gospel. — v. i. To preach the gospel.— Evan- gelism, -izm, «. Preaching or promulgation of, etc. Evanish, e-vanlsh, v. i. To vanish. Evaporate, e-vap'o-rat, v. i. To pass off in vapor, as a fluid; to be dissipated, be wasted. — v. t. To dis- sipate in vapor or fumes. — a. Dispersed in vapors. [F. evaporer, L. evaporare, -atum, fr. e and vapor. See Vapor.] — Evap'orable, a. — EvajJ'ora'tion, n. Act or process of turning into, or passing off in, va- por; transformation of part of a fluid into vapor, to concentrate fixed matters contained in it in a state of greater consistence. — Evap'ora'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or producing, etc. Evasion, Evasive, etc. See under Evade. Eve, ev, Even, e'vn, n. Latter part or close of the day; evening; the evening preceding some particu- lar day, as Christmas eve is the evening before Christmas: period just preceding some event. [AS. sefen, efen, OS. avand, Ic. a/tan, Sw. a/ton, MHG. abent, evening; Skr. apara, posterior; s. rt. after; not s. rt. even, adj.] — E'ven-song, n. The evening service in church'. — tide, n. The time of evening. — E'vening, n. Latter part of the day and begin- ning of night or darkness; latter portion or declin- ing period (of life, etc.). [AS. sefnung.) Evection, e-vek'shun, n. {Astron.) An inequality of the moons motion in its orbit; libration of the moon. [L. evectio, fr. e and vehere, vectum, to carry.] Evemerism. See Euhemerism. Even, e'vn, a. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; not rough; uniform in motion or action; equable; not easily disturbed; parallel ; on a level ; equally balanced ; adjusted ; fair ; equitable, — said of ac- counts, bargains, etc.; not odd; capable of division by 2, — said of numbers. — v. t. [evened (e'vnd), evening.] To make even or level; to balance; to balance accounts. — adv. In an equal or precisely similar manner: equally; at the very time; so much as; as was not to be expected. [AS. efen, efn, emn, D. even, Ic. jafn, G. eben, equal, level.] — E'venly, adv. — E'venness, n. — E'ven-hand'ed, a. Fair; im- partial. — -mind'ed, a. Calm; equable. Evening. See under Eve. Event, e-venf, n. That which falls out; any inci- dent ; consequence of anything ; occurrence ; ad- venture ; issue ; rosult ; end. [L. eventus, p. p. of evenire, to happen, fr. e and venire, to come.] — Event'fol, -ful, a. Full of, or distinguished fo*, etc. — Event'ual, -u-al, a. Happening as a conse- quence or result; consequential; terminating; ulti- mate. — Eventually, adv. — Eventuality, -I-tl, n. (Fhren.) Disposition to take cognizance of events. See Phrenology. — Eventuate, v. i. To issue, as a consequence or event, terminate. Ever, ev'gr, adv. At any time; at all times; always; continually; without cessation or interruption; to the end. [Contr. E'er, ar.l [AS. aefre ; s. rt. AS. awa, Goth, aiw, ever, Goth, aiws, L. sevum, Gr. awn, life.] — Ever and anon. At one time and an- other. — For e. Eternally. — For e. and a day. Ev- erlastingly ; forever. — EVerglade, n. Low land covered with shallow water and a growth of high grass. — green, a. Always green; verdant through- out the year. — n. A plant which, etc. — lasting, a. Lasting or enduring forever; immortal; eternal; continuing indefinitely. — n. Eternal duration, past and future; eternal; a woolen material for shoes, etc. (Bot.) A plant, whose flowers dry without los- ing their form or color. A game at cards. — last'- ingly, adv. Perpetually; continually. — living, a. Living without end; eternal ; continual; incessant. — more', adv. During eternity; always; for an indefinite future period. — Ev'ery, -Y, a. The sep- arate individuals which constitute a whole, regard- ed one by one. [AS. sefre and aslc, Scot, ilk, each.] — Every now and then. Repeatedly ; often ; fre- quently. — Ev'ery-day, a. Used or fit for every day ; common ; usual ; customary. — where, adv. In every place; in all places. [Not fr. E. where, but fr. ME. ihwar, ywhere, AS. gehwser, everywhere, fr. ge- and hwser, where.] Evict, Eviction. See under Evince. Evident, ev'I-dent, a. Clear to the vision; esp. clear to the understanding ; plain ; obvious ; notorious. [OF.; L. evidens, p. pr. of evidere, to see clearly, fr. e and videre, to see.] — Ev' idently, adv. — Evi- dence, -dens, n. That which makes manifest; ground of belief ; conclusive testimony ; one who makes evident; a witness. (Law.) Means of proof . — v.t. [-denced (-denst), -dencing.] To render evident or clear; to prove, evince. — State's evidence. An accomplice in crime, admitted as evidence for the fovernment. — Evidential, -shal, a. Relating to, or urnishing, evidence; clearly proving. Evil, e'vl, a. Having bad natural or moral qualities; producing sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity ; mischievous; wicked; bad. — n. That which pro- duces unhappiness or suffering ; moral badness ; malady or disease, esp. in the phrase king's evil, the scrofula.— adv. In an evil manner; ill. [AS. yf el, D. euvel, OHG. upU, MHG. ubel, Goth, uoils ; s. rt. E. ill, Gr. hubris, insult.]— The evil one. The Devil. — E'vil-eye, n. A supposed power of fascinating, bewitching, or injuring, by the eyes. — -eyed, -id, a. Possessed of, etc. ; also, looking with envy, jeal- ousy, etc. — mind'ed, a. Having evil dispositions or intentions ; disposed to mischief or sin ; mali- cious. — speak'ing, n. Slander; defamation. Evince, e-vins'', v. t. [evinced (-vinsf), evincing.) Lit., to conquer completely; to prove beyond rea- sonable doubt, make evident. [L. evincere, evictum, to overcome, fr. e and vincere, to conquer.] — Evin'- cible, a. Capable of being proved; demonstrable. — Evincive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. — Evict', v. U (Law.) To dispossess by legal process. — EvicHon, n. Act of, etc. Eviscerate, e-vis'ser-at. v t. To take out the entrails of, disembowel, gut. [L. eviscerare, -atum, fr. e and viscera, bowels.] — Evis'ceralion, n. Act of, etc. Evitable, eVT-ta-bl, a. Capable of being shunned; avoidable. [L. evitabilis, fr. e and vitare, to shun.] Evoke, e-vok', v. t. [evoked (-vokf), evoking.] To call out, summon forth. [L. e and vocare, to call.] Evolve, e-volv', v. t. [evolved (-volvd'), evolving.] To unfold or unroll, develop; to throw out, emit. — v. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed. [L. evolvere, evolutum, to unroll, fr. e and volvere, to roll.] — Evolute, eVo-lut, n. ( Oeom.) A curve from which another curve, called the , involute or evolvent, is described \6 f 7Sf by the end of a thread gradual- ly wound upon the former, or unwound from it. — Evolu'tion, n. Act of unfolding or unrol- ling; in the process of growth, development; a series of things unrolled or unfolded. (Geom.) ARC Evolute. Formation of an involute by un- m km, f5me, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; EVULSION 189 EXCHANGE winding a thread from another curve as an evolute. {Arith. & Alg.) Extraction of roots. {Mil. & Naval.) A prescribed movement of a body of troops, vessel, or fleet. {Physiol.) That, theory of generation in which the germ is held to preexist in the parent, and its parts to be developed, but not actually formed, by the procreative acts. {Biology.) History of the steps by which any living being has acquired its distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics. (Metaph.) Series of changes under natural law, involving continuous progress from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous in structure, and from the single and simple to the diverse and mani- fold in quality or function. — Evolutionary, -rt, a. Pert, to evolution. — Evolu'tionist, n. One skilled in evolutions; one who holds the physiological or metaphysical doctrine of, etc. Evulsion, e-vuKshun, n. Act of pulling out or back. [L. cvulsio, fr. e and vellere, vvlsum, to pluck.] Ewe, u, n. A female sheep. [AS. eowu, D. ooi, Ic. ser, OHG. and Goth, awi, L. ovis, Gr. o'is, Skr. avi, sheep, Skr. avis, devoted, attached.] Ewer, u'er, n. A pitcher with a wide spout. [OF. ewer, aiguire, L. aquaria, fr. aqua (OF. aigue), water. ] Exacerbate, egz- or eks-as'Sr-bat, v. t. To render more violent or bitter; to irritate, exasperate. [L. exacerbare, -batum, fr. ex, out, and acerbus, harsh, bitter.] — Exac'erba'tion, -beseence, -bes'ens, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Med.) A periodical increase of violence in a disease. Exact, egz-akf, a. Precisely agreeing with a stand- ard, a fact, or the truth ; accurate ; methodical ; punctual ; marked by nicety or care ; proceeding from, or characterized by, exactness; correct; pre- cise ; nice ; methodical. — v. t. To demand or re- quire authoritatively or of right; to extort. [OF. ex- acter, to exact, extort, also to weigh, measure, fr. L. exigere, -actum, to exact, lit. drive out, fr. ex and agere, to drive.] — Exacfer, -or, -er, n. One who exacts; an extortioner. — Exaction, n. Authorita- tive demand; a driving to compliance; extortion; thing exacted; tribute. [OF.] — Exactitude', -tud', ». Exactness. — Exactly, adv. Precisely; accurate- ly; strictly. — Exactness, n. Exaggerate, egz-aj'er-at, v. t. To increase or amplify; to neighten, esp. to represent as greater than truth or justice will warrant. {Paint) To heighten in coloring or design. [OF. exaggerer, L. exaggerare, -alum, to heap up, amplify, fr. ex and agger, a heap, fr. ad and gerere, to carry.] — Exag'gera'tion, n. Representation beyond truth; hyperbole. {Paint.) A representation of things beyond natural life, in expression, vigor, etc. [OF.] — Exaggeratory, -to- rt, -tive, -tiv, a. Containing, or tending to, etc. Exalt, egz-awlf, v. t. To elevate, lift up; to elevate in rank, dignity, power, etc.; magnify, extol: to lift up with joy orsuccess, elate; to elevate the tone of, utter. (Chem.) To render pure or refined. [OF. exalter,\,. exaltare, fr. ex and altus, high.] — Exal- tation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {CJiem.) Refinement or subtilization of bodies. [OF.] Examine, egz-amln, v. t. joined (-ind), -ining.] To try and assay by appropriate tests; to inquire into and determine; to investigate the fact, reasons, or claims of ; to consider the arguments for, or the merits of; to try, as an offender; to test the attain- ments of, as a scholar; to question, as a witness; to prove by a moral standard, discuss, scrutinize, ex- plore. [OF. examiner, L. examinare, fr. examen, tongue of a balance, fr. exigere. See Exact.] — Ex- aminable, a. — Exarn'ma'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; careful search, investigation, or in- quiry; process for testing qualification; research; inspection. [OF.] — Examinee', -ne r , n. One sub- jected to, etc. — Examiner, n. One who, etc., esp. one designated to conduct an examination. Example, egz-am'pl, n. A portion taken to show the character of the whole; a sample; a pattern orcopy; a warning; caution; precedent; an instance illus- trating a rule or precept. [OF. ; L. exemplum, f r. eximere, to take out (as a specimen), fr. ex and emere, to take, buy; s. rt. exempt, ertsample, sample.] — Exem'plar, n. A model, original, or pattern, to be imitated. [OF. exemplaire, L. exemplar, -plarium, fr. exemplum.7] — Exem'plary, -rt, o. Serving as, etc. ; commendable ; conspicuous. — Exem'plarily, -rt-lt, adv. — Exemplify, -plY-fl, v. t. [-fied (-lid), -fying.] To show by example, copy, make an at- tested copy of, prove by an attested copy. [LL. ex- emplificare, L. facere, to make.] — Exem'plifica''- tion, n. Act of, or thing which, etc. — Exem'pli gratia, -gra'shT-a, contr. e. g. Lit., for the sake of example ; for instance. [L7] Exanimate, egz-an'l-mat, a. Destitute of life; inan- imate ; dead ; destitute of animation ; spiritless. [L. exanimare, -matum, to deprive of life or spirit, fr. ex and anima, breath, spirit.] Exanthema, egs-an-the'ma. n.; pi. -them'ata, -ta. {Med.) An efflorescence or redness of the skin ; an eruption or breaking out,— esp. when attended with fever. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. ex and anthem, to bloom, blossom, f r. anthos, flower.] Exarch, eks'ark, n. A chief or leader; a viceroy; a su- perior bishop; an inspector of the clergy under the Greek patriarch. [Gr. exarchos, fr. ex and archein, to begin, rule.] Exasperate, egz-as'per-at, v. t. To irritate in a high degree, aggravate, imbitter, provoke, enrage. [L. exasperate -atum. fr. ex and asper, rough, fierce.] — Exas'peralion, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; exacerbation, as of a disease. Excavate, eks'ka-vat, v. t. To hollow out, form a cavity in, form by hollowing. [L. excavare, -vatum, f r. ex and cavus, hollow.] — Excava/tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a hollow formed by removing the interior. {Engin.) An open cutting in the earth, disting. fr. covered cutting or tunnel. — Excava'tor, -ter, n. Exceed, eks-sed^ v. t. To pass or go beyond ; to sur- pass, excel, transcend, —v. i. To go too far, pass proper bounds: to be more or larger. [OF. exceder, L. exceder e, -cessum, fr. ex and cede.re, to go.] — Ex- ceeding, -ingly, adv. In a very great degree ; un- usually; surpassingly; transcendently.— Excess'', n. State of surpassing or exceeding limits; superfluity; undue indulgence of appetite; intemperance ; dis- sipation ; that which exceeds what is usual or proper ; degree or amount by which one thing or number exceeds another ; remainder. — Excessive, -iv, a. Marked by, etc. ; transgressing laws of mo- rality, prudence, propriety, ete. ; extreme ; vehe- ment.— Excessively, adv. Excel, eks-sef, v. t. [-celled (-seld')j -celling.] To exceed, surpass, esp. in good qualities or deeds. — v.i. To have good qualities in an unusual de- gree ; to surpass others. [OF. exceder, L. excellere. See Celerity.] — Excellence, -lens, n. State or quality of being excellent ; eminence : a valuable quality ; a title of honor ; excellency ; superierity ; worth; greatness. [OF.] — Excellency, -sT, n. "Valu- able quality; excellence ; a title of honor given to dignitaries of a court or state, embassadors, etc. — Ex'cellent, a. Excelling or surpassing others in virtue, dignity, attainments, etc. ; worthy ; choice ; select; transcendent. [OF.] — Excellently, adv. Except, eks-sepf, v. t. To leave out of any number specified, exclude. — v. i. To take exception to, ob- ject, —prep. With exclusion of ; leaving out; ex- cepting; but.— conj. Unless; if not. [OF. excepter, L. exceptare, f r. excipere, -ceptum. fr. ex and capere, to take!] — Excepting, prep. With rejection or ex- ception of ; excluding : except. — Excep'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing excepted ; a person, thing, or case, specified as distinct, or not included. {Law.) An objection, oral or written, taken, as to bail or security ; or as to the decision of a judge, etc. An objection ; dissent ; cause of offense. [OF.] — Ex- ceptionable, a. Liable to, etc. ; objectionable. — Exceptional, a. Forming an exception; exceptive; better than the average ; of marked excellence ; eminently superior. — Exceptive, -iv, a. Includ. ing, making, or being an exception ; exceptional. — Excepfor, -er, n. One who takes exceptions. Excerpt, eks'serpt, v. t. To make extracts from, or an extract of ; to select, extract, cite or cite from. — n. An extract ; a passage selected from an author. [L. excerpere, -cerptum, fr. ex and carpere, to pick, gather.]— Excerplion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing selected or gleaned. — Excerp'tor, -ter, n. Excess, Excessive. See under Exceed. Exchange. -CHANGING.] TO give thing else; esp., in trade, to barter ; to part with for a substitute, interchange, commute, bargain, swap, traffic. — v. i. To be changed or received in ex- change for; to pass in exchange. — n. Act of giving or taking one thing in return for another, or of giving and receiving reciprocally ; thing given for something received. ( Com.) Process of settling ac- counts or debts between parties at a distance, with- out intervention of money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called bills of exchange. {Law.) A mu- tual grant of equal interests, the one in considera- , eks-chanj', v. t. [-changed (-chanjdO, ing.] To give or take in return for some- sun, cQbe, fijll ; moos, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. EXCHEQUER 190 EXECUTE tion of the other. Place where merchants and bank- ers of a city transact business, at certain hours, — contr. into 'Change. [OF. eschange, exchange, es- changer, to exchange. See Change.] — Par of ex- change. Established value of the coin or standard of value of one country when expressed in the standard of another. — Exchangeable, a. — Ex- changeability, n. — Exchan'ger, n. Exchequer, eks-chek'er, n. In Eng., one of the supe- rior courts of law, — so called from a checkered cloth, which covered the table. The treasury; pe- cuniary possessions in general. — v. t. [excheq- uered (-erd), -uering.] To institute a process in the Court of Exchequer. [OF. eschequier, chess- board. See Check.]— - Exchequer bills. (Eng.) Bills for money, or promissory bills, issued from the ex- chequer by authority of Parliament. Excise, eks-siz', n. An inland duty of the nature of a direct tax on the consumer, — also levied on li- censes to pursue certain trades, and deal in certain commodities. — v. t. [excised (-slzd'), -cising.] To lay an excise upon; to impose upon; overcharge. [Corrup. of OD. aksiis, aksys, G. accise, excise, OF. assis, assessment, assise, xn assize (at which assess- ments were made).] — Excis'able, a. Liable or sub- ject to, etc. — Excise'man, n. ; pi. -men. An officer charged with collecting excise. Excise, eks-siz'', v. t. To cut off ; to separate and re- move. [L. excidere ; -cisum, fr. ex and csedere, to cut.] — Excision, -sizh'un, n. Act of, etc.; extir- pation ; destruction. (Eccl.) Excommunication. (Surg.) Removal, esp. of small parts, with a cutting instrument. Excite, eks-slf, v. t. To call to activity, awaken, stimulate, irritate, provoke. (Med.) To increase the vital activity of the body, or of any of its parts. [OF. exciter, L. excitare, -tatum, to call out, f r. ex and ciere, to summon. See Cite.] — Excite'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; agitation; that which excites. (Med.) A state of exalted vital activity in the body or any of its parts. — Excifer, n— Excis- ing, p. a. Calling or rousing into action; producing excitement. — Excit'able, a. Capable of being roused into action.— Excitability, n. Quality of being, etc. (Med.) Irritabilitv. — Excit'ant, n. (Med.) A stimulant. — Excita'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Med.) Act of producing excitement ; the excite- ment produced. — Excit'ative, -tiv, -atory, to-rl, a. Tending to excite ; containing excitement. Exclaim, eks-klam'', v. i. [-claimed (-klamd), -claim- ing.] To cry out from earnestness, passion, sur- prise, etc.; to vociferate. fOF. exclamer, L. excla- mare, -matum, fr. ex and clamare, to cry. See Claim.]— Exclaim'er, n. — Exclama'tion, n. Act of. etc.; an uttered expression of surprise, joy, etc. (Rhet.) A word expressing outcry; an interjection. (Print.) A sign by which emphatic utterance or out- cry is marked, thus [!]. — Exclam'ative, -tiv, -atory, -to-rY, a. Containing, expressing, or using, etc. Exclude, eks-klud', v. t. To thrust out or eject ; to hinder from entrance, debar from participation or enjoyment. [L. excludere, -clusum, fr. ex and clau- dere, to shut.] — Exclusion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc. — Exclu'sionist, n. One who would exclude an- other from some privilege. — Exclusive, -siv, -sory, -so-rT, a. Able to exclude; not taking into account. — n. One of a coterie who exclude others ; an ex- clusionist.— Exclusively, adv. — ExcluSiveness, n. Excogitate, eks-koj'T-tat, v. t. To think out, dis- cover by thinking. [L. excogitare, -tatum, fr. ex and cogitare, to think.] — Excogitation, /(. Act of de- vising in the thoughts; contrivance; discovery. Excommunicate, eks-kom-mu'nT-kat, v. t. To ex- pel from communion, esp. of the church ; to pro- nounce an ecclesiastical sentence against. [L. ex- communicare, -catum, to put out of a community. See Communicate, Common.] — a. Excommuni- cated. — n. One who is, etc.— Excommu r nicable, a. Liable or deserving to be, etc. — Excommu / nica r - tion.w. (Eccl.) Act of, etc.; deprivation of church privileges. — Excommu / 'nica / tor, -ter, n. Excoriate, eks-ko'rY-at, v. t. To strip or wear off the skin of ; to abrade, gall. [L. excoriare, -atum, fr. ex and corium, Gr. chorion, skin, hide.] — Exco'ria'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Excortication, eks-kor'tt-ka'shun, n. Act of strip- ping off bark. [L..ex and cortex, corticis, bark.] Excrement. See under Excrete. Excrescence, eks-kresSens, n. Any thing growing out unnaturally from anything else ; a troublesome superfluity. [OF. ; L. e.rcrescentia, fr. ex and cres- natureof, etc.; ejected from tne body as useless. — ExcrementiSious, -tishlis, a cere, to grow.] — ExcresSent, a. Growing out in a preternatural_or morbid manner. Excrete, eks-kref, v. t. To discharge from the body as useless; to eject. [L. excernere, -cretum, fr. ex and cernere, to sift, separate.] — Excre'tion, n. Act of throwing off effete matter from the animal system ; matter excreted ; excrement. [OF.] — ExSretive, -tiv, a, Having the power of excreting, or promo- ting excretion. — ExSretory, -to-rT, a. Having the quality of, etc. — n. (Anat.) A duct or vessel that receives and excretes matter.— Ex'crement, n. Mat- ter excreted and ejected, esp. alvine discharges ; dung; ordure. [L. excrementum.'] — Excrements!, a. Pert, to, or of the : ly as Pert, to, or containing excrement. Excruciate, eks-krooShT-at, v. t. To inflict most se- vere pain upon; to torture, torment. [L. excruciare, -atum, f r. ex and cruciare, to slay on the cross, fr. crux,crucis, cross.] — Excru'cia'tion, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; that which, etc.; torture. Exculpate, eks-kuKpat, v. t. To clear from the im- putation of fault or guilt ; to exonerate, absolve, justify. [L. ex and culpare, -atum, to blame, fr. culpa, fault.] — Exculpa'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Ex- cul'patory, -to-rT, a. Able to, etc. ; excusing; con- taining excuses. — Excul'pable, a. Capable or de- serving of, etc. Excursion, eks-kerShun, w. A setting out from some point; an expedition ; a trip for pleasure or health ; tour; ramble ; jaunt j a wandering from a subject ; digression. [L. excursio, fr. excurrere, -eursum, to run out, fr. ex and currere, to run.] — Excursionist, n. One who, etc. — ExcurSive, -siv, a. Prone to make excursions ; wandering ; enterprising; explor- ing. — Excursively, adv. — ExcurSiveness, n. Dis- position to wander.— ExcurSus, n. A dissertation or digression inserted in a work, and containing a full exposition of some topic. [L.] Excuse, eks-kuz', v. t. [-cusED(-kuzdO,-cusiNG.] To free from accusation, or imputation of blame ; to exculpate, absolve; to pardon, as a fault, regard with indulgence, overlook ; to free from an impending obligation or duty ; not to exact ; to ask pardon or indulgence for. [OF. excuser, L. excusare, fr. ex and causa, a charge. See Cause.] — Excuse', -kus', n. Act of excusing, apologizing, exculpating, par- doning, releasing, etc. ; a plea offered in extenua- tion of a fault; apology; that which extenuates or justifies a fault. — ExcusSr, -kuz'er, n. — Excus'- able, -kHz'-, a. — ExcusSbleness, n. — ExcusSbly, adv. Pardonably. — ExcusStory, a. Making ex- cuse; apologetical. Execrate, eks'e-krat, v. t. To denounce evil against ; imprecate evil upon ; to abhor, abominate, curse. [L. execrari or exsecrari, -cratum, fr. ex and sacer, holy. See Sacred.] — Execra'tion, n. Act of curs- ing; a curse pronounced; that which is execrated.— ExScrable, a. Deserving, etc. ; detestable ; abom- inable. — ExScrably, adv. Execute, eksS-kut, v. t. To follow through to th« end, carry into complete effect ; to render valid, as by signing and sealing ; to give effect to, fulfill, achieve, consummate ;'to inflict capital punishment on, put to death. (Mus.) To perform, as a piece of music, —v. i. To perform an office or duty; to play on a musical instrument. [OF. executer, L. exsequi, executus or exsecutvs, f r. ex and sequi, to follow.] — ExScu'ter, n. — Execu'tion, n. Act of executing ; performance ; legal accomplishment ; a putting to death as a legal penalty ; act or mode of performing works of art, of performing on an instrument, en- graving, etc. (Law.) A final process ; act of sign- ing and sealing a legal instrument. Effect. [OF.] — Execu'tioner, n. One who executes, esp. a judg- ment of death. — Executive, egz-ek r u-tiv, a. De- signed or fitted for, qualifying for, or pert, to, etc. — n. The officer (king, president, etc.) who superintends the execution of laws. — ExecSitor, -ter, n. One who executes or performs; person appointed by a testator to execute his will, or to see it carried into effect, after his decease. [L.] — Exec'utress, -utrix, n. A female executor. [F. exScutrice.] — Execu- torship, n. Office of, etc. — Executory, a. Per- forming official duties ; executive. (Law.) De- signed to be executed in future, or to take effect on a future contingency. — Exequi, eksS-kwY, n. ; pi. -Quies, -kwiz. The followingof a corpse; funeral rite; ceremony of burial. [OF. exeques, L. exeqfiiie, exsequise, funeral obsequies.] — Exequa'tur, -kwa'« ter, n. The official recognition by which a consul is &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; EXEGESIS 191 EXOTERIC authorized to act by the government to which he is accredited. [L., let him perform/] Exegesis, eks-e-je'sis, n. Exposition ; explanation; interpretation ; esp. critical interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. [Gr., fr. ex and hegeisthai, to guide, fr. agein, to lead.]— Ex'egete. -jet, n. One skilled in exegesis.— Exeget/ical, -jetlk-al, a. Pert, to, etc.; explanatory. — ExegetlcB, n. sing. Science of interpretation ; exegesis. Exemplar, Exemplify. See under Example. Exempt, egz-empf, v. t. To take out or from, grant immunity from, release. — a. Taken out or re- moved ; liberated. — n. One freed from duty ; one not subject. [OF., fr. L. eximere, -emptum. See Ex- ample.] — Exemption, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; freedom from that to which others are subject; immunity; privilege. [OF.] Exequator, Exequy. See under Execute. Exercise, eks'gr-siz, n. Act of exercising ; exertion ; use ; act of putting in practice ; performance ; per- formance of a public office or ceremony, esp. of religious worship; exertion for the sake of training or improvement ; hygienic activity ; a disquisition; lesson ; task ; that which gives practice ; a trial. — v. t. [exercised (-slzd), -cising.] To set in action, employ, school or train, busy; to exert for the sake of improvement, improve by practice, discipline; to occupy the attention and effort of; to task, tax, vex; to use, employ, —v. i. To take exercise; use action or exertion. [OF. exercice, L. exercitium, exercise, fr. exercere, to drive out or on, keep at work, fr. ex and arcere, to inclose, keep off.] — Exerciser, n. — Ex'ercis'able, -ible, a. — Exer citation, n. Ex- ercise; practice; use. Exergue, egz-5rg / ', n. The place on a coin or medal, for date, engraver's name, etc. — [F., fr. Gr. ex and ergon, work, i. e., out of the work, or main design.] Exert, egz-Srt', v. t. To put forth, as strength, force, or ability ; to bring into active operation ; to do or perform. [L. exerere or exserere, fr. ex and severe, sertum, to join together.] — To exert one's self. To use efforts, strive.— Exer'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; effort. Exfoliate, eks-foll-at, v. i. (Surg.) To separate and come off in scales, as pieces of carious bone. (Min.) To become converted into scales at the surface. [L. exfoliare, -atum, to strip of leaves, fr. ex and folium, leaf.] — Exfo lialion, n. Scaling off. Exhale, egz-haK, v. t. [-haled (-hald / '), -haling.] To emit, as vapor, send out, as an odor ; to cause to be emitted in vapor, evaporate. — v. i. To rise or be given off, as vapor. [F. exhaler, L. exhalare, -atum, fr. ex and halare, to breathe.] — ExhaKable, a. — ExhaKant, a. Having the quality of exhaling. — Exhalation, n. Act or process of, etc. ; evapora- tion ; that exhaled ; fume or steam ; effluvium. Exhaust, egz-awsr, v. t. To draw out or drain off completely ; to empty by drawing out the contents; to use, employ, or expend entirely, wear out, weary. — a. Drained; exhausted ; having expended or lost its energy. — n. Foul air let out of a room by a reg- ister, etc. [L. exhaurire, -haustum, f r. ex and hau- rire. to draw, esp. water.] — Exhaust steam. (Steam eng.) That allowed to escape from the cylinder after having produced motion of the piston. — ZJ. port, E. valve. Exit passages for exhaust steam. — Exhaust'er, n.— Exhaustible, a. — Exhaustless, a. — Exhaustive, -iv, a. Serving or tending to, etc. ; complete; thorough. — Exhaustion, -chun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; state of being deprived of strength or spirits. Exheredation, egz-hSr'e-da'shun, n. (Law.) A disin- heriting, esp. the excluding a child from inheriting any part of the father's estate. [L. exheredatio, fr. exheredare, -datum, fr. ex and heres, heredis, heir.] Exhibit, egz-iblt, v. t. To hold forth or present to view; to show, display ; to present in a public or official manner. (Med.) To administer as a remedy. — n. Any paper produced as a voucher, or in proof of facts. (Law.) A document proved in a cause, by admission or by witness. Thing exhibited, esp. a collection of articles placed on public exhibition. [L. exhibere, -hibitum, fr. ex and habere, to have or hold.] — Exhibitor, n.— Exhibition, ekslii-bisb/un, n. Act of exhibiting; manifestation: display; thing displayed ; public show. (Med.) The act of ad- ministering a remedy. [OF.] — Exhibitioner, n. In Eng. universities, one who has a pension or al- lowance for support. — Exhibltive, egz-, a. Serv- ing for exhibition. Exhilarate, egz-il'a-rat, v. t. To make cheerful or merry ; to enliven, gladden, cheer. [L. exhilarare, -atum, fr. ex and hilaris, merry. See Hilarious.] — Exhilaration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; animation; cheerfulness; gayety. — Exhil'arant, a. Exciting joy, mirth, etc. — n. That which, etc. Exhort, egz-ort', v. t. To incite by words or advice, ad. vise, warn, caution.— r. i. To deliver exhortation. [OF. exhorter, L. exhortari, -tatum, fr. ex and hort ari, to urge.] — Exhortation, cks-, n. Act or practice of, etc.; language intended to incite and encourage; counsel. — Exhortative, egz-, -tory, a. Containing, or serving for, etc. ; hortatory.— Exhort'er, n. Exhume, eks-hum', v. t. [-humed (-humd'), -huming.] To dig up, as from a grave, disinter. [L. ex and humus, the ground.] — Exhumation, n. Act of, etc Exigence, eks'f-jens, -gency, -jen-sY, n. State of be> ing exigent ; urgent or exacting want ; distress ; emergency; necessity. [OF. exigence, fr. L. exigere, to exact, q. v.] — Exigent, n. (Laiv.) A judicial writ made use of in the process of outlawry. — a. Re- quiring immediate aid or action; pressing. Exile, eksll, n. Forced separation from one's native country ; proscription ; expulsion ; one banished from his country, — v. t. [exiled (-lid), -iling.] To banish from one's country, drive away, trans- port. [OF. exil, L. exilium, exsilium, banishment, exul, one banished, fr. ex and solum, soil, q. v.] Exist, egz-ist', v. i. To be ; to have actual or real be- ing, material or spiritual ; to occur ; manifest it- self ; to live, have life. [L. ex and sistere, to set, place, fr. stare, to stand, q. v.] — Existence, -ens, -ency,-en-sY, n. State of existing or being ; occur- rence, as of events of any kind ; that which exists; a being; creature. — Exist'ent, a. Having being. Exit, ekslt, n. Departure of a player from the stage; any departure ; act of quitting the stage of action or of life ; death ; decease ; way of departure ; pas- sage out of a place. [L., lit. he goes out, f r. ex and ire, to go.] — Ex'eunt, -e-unt. They go out. [L.] — Ex'eunt om nes, -nez. They all go out. [L.] Exode, eks'od, n. (Gr. Drama.) The catastrophe of a play. (Rom. Antiq.) A comic afterpiece. [Gr. exodion, fr. exodos, a going out, fr. ex and hodos, a way, march.] — Ex'odus, -o-dus, n. Departure from a place; esp. departure of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses; 2d book of the Old Testament, which relates this departure. [L. ; Gr. exodos.'] Ex-official, eks'of-fish'al, a. Proceeding from office or authority. [L. ex officio, by virtue of office.] Exogen, eks'o-jen, n. (Bot.) A plant having a stem of consecutive layers of wood and a distinct bark, and increasing by the annual addition of a new layer of wood to the outside next to the bark. [Gr. exo, outside, and genein, genesthai, to bring forth.] — Exog- enous, -oj'e-nus, a. Growing by successive additions to the outside of the wood, between that and the r.^ rio . or , bark. Exogen. Exonerate, egz-on'er-at, v. t. To relieve of (a charge, obligation, or load of blame) ; to absolve, acquit, clear, discharge. [L. exonerare, -atum, fr. ex and onus, oneris, a Durden.] — Exoneration, n. Act. of, or state of being, etc. — Exonerative, -tiv, a. Free- ing from a burden or obligation; tending to, etc. Exorbitant, egz-6r'bY-tant, a. Departing from an orbit or usual track ; deviating from the usual course; excessive; extravagant; enormous; anoma- lous ; irregular. [OF. ; L. exorbitans, p. pr. of ex- orbitare, fr. ex and orbita, track of a wheel, f r. orbis, circle, wheel.] — Exorbitantly, adv. — Exorbitance, -tancy, -si, n. Enormity; extravagance. Exorcise, eks'or-siz, v. t. [-cised (-slzd), -cising.] To drive away (an evil spirit) by adjuring by some holy name; to deliver from the influence of an evil spirit. [LateL. exorcizare, Gr. exorkizein. fr. ex and orkos, an oath.] — Ex , orcis / er, n. — Ex'orcism, -sizm, n. Act of exorcising; a form of prayer or in- cantation for this end. — Ex'orcist, n. One who pretends to expel evil spirits. Exordium, egz-Sr'dY-um. n.; E. pi. -DIUMS, -dY-umz, L- pi. -dia, -dY-a. Beginning of anything ; esp. in- troductory part of a discourse. [L., fr. exordiri, to begin a web, fr. ex and ordiri, to begin.] — Exor- dial, a. Pert, to, etc. ; introductory. Exosmose, eks'os-mos, Exosmo'sis, n. The outward passage of gases, vapors or liquids through mem- branes or porous media. [Gr. exo, outside, and osmos, a thrust, fr. othein, to push.] Exoteric, -ical, eks-o-tSrlk-al, a. Public ; not secret ; capable of being fully comprehended,— opp. to eso- sun, cube, full; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get EXOTIC 192 EXPLOIT ieric. [Gr. exoterikos, external, fr. exotero, compar. of exo, outward, fr. ex, out.]— Ex'oter'y, -ter'I, re. That which is obvious or common. Exotic, egz-ot'ik, -ical, a. Introduced fr6m a foreign country; not native. — Exot'k, re. Anything of for- eign origin, as a plant, word, custom, etc. [L. exot- icus, Gr. exotikos, foreign, fr. exo.] — Exot'icism, -sizm, re. State of being exotic; anything foreign. Expand, eks-pand', v. t. To lay open; to make larger, dilate, distend; to enlarge, extend, open. — v. i. To become opened, spread apart, dilated, or enlarged. [L. expander e, -panswn, fr. ex and pandere, to spread out, open.] — Expanse', -pans', n. That? which is expanded; wide extent of space or body; the firma- ment. — Expansible, a. Capable of being, etc.— Expansibility, -tT, n. Capacity of, etc. — Expan'- Bion, -shun, n. Act of , or condition of being, etc.; thing expanded; expanse; space; room. (Com.) In- crease of the circulation of bank notes. (Math.) De- veloped result of an indicated operation. (Steam eng.) The operation of steam in a cylinder after its communication with the boiler has been cut off. — Expan'sive, -siv, a. Serving or tending, having ca- pacity or tendency, to expand.— Expan'siveness.re. Ex parte, eks-par'te, a. On or from one side only. [L.] Expatiate, eks-pa'shl-at, v. i. To move at large, wan- der without restraint; to enlarge in discourse, des- cant. — v.t. To cause or allow to roam abroad; to extend, diffuse. [L. expatiari or exspatiari, -atum, fr. ex. and spatian, to spread out, fr. spativm, space.] — Expa'tia'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Expa'tia'tor, re. Expatriate, eks-pa'trT-at, v. t. To banish; to remove (one's self) from one's native country. [LL. expa- triare,-atum, fr. L. ex and patria, fatherland, pater, father.] — Expa'tria'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc- : esp. the act of forsaking one's country. Expect, eks-pekt', v. t. To wait for, await; to look forward to, anticipate, think, believe. [L. expectare, or exspectare, -tatum, to expect, fr. ex and spectare, to look a t, f r. specere, to look.] — Expect 'able, a. — Expect'ance, -ancy, -an-sT, n. Act or state of, etc.; thing expected. — Expect'ant, a. Having an atti- tude of expectation ; waiting; looking for; in medi- cine, waiting for the efforts of nature. — n. One who waits in expectation. — Expecta'tion, re. Act or state of expecting; state of being expected; thing expected; ground of expecting; reason for anticipa- ting future benefits; value of any prospect depend- ing upon the happening of some uncertain event. (Med.) The leaving of a disease to the efforts of nature to effect a cure. — Expect'er, n. Expectorate, eks-pek'to-rat, v. t. To discharge (phlegm, etc.) by coughing, hawking, and spitting. — v.u To discharge matter from the lungs or throat; to spit. fL. expectorare, -atum, fr. ex and pectus, pectoris, the breast.] — Expec'tora'tion, re. Act of, etc. ; matter expectorated.— Expec'torant, a. (Med.) Tending to promote discharges from the lungs or throat. — re. (Med.) A medicine which, etc. — Ex- pec'torative, -tiv, a. Expectorant. Expedite, eks'pe-dit, v. t. To relieve of impediments, quicken; to dispatch, issue officially. — a. Free of impediment; expeditious. [L. expedire, -ditum, to free the feet, make ready, fr. ex and pes, pedis, foot.] — Ex'peditely, adv. Readily; speedily. — Expe'- dient, -dl-ent, a. Hastening forward ; tending to further a proposed object; proper under the circum- stances; advisable; profitable; conducive, or tend- ing to self-interest, or selfish ends. — re. Suitable means to accomplish an end; means employed in an exigency; shift; contrivance; resource; substitute. — Expe'diently, adv. With expedience; suitably. — Expe'dience, -ency, -en-sT, re. State or quality of beins, etc.; desirableness; self-interest; self-seeking. — Expedi'tion, -dish'un, n. Quality of being expe- dite; efficient promptness; haste; quickness; an im- portant enterprise or attempt at some distance; an excursion for a valuable end; body of persons mak- ing such an excursion. — Expedi'tious, -dish'us, a. Possessed of, or characterized by, expedition ; prompt; ready; quick; alert. — Expeditiously, adv. — Expedi'tiousness, n. Expel, eks-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pelling.] To drive or force out, eject; to drive from one's coun- try, banish. [L. ex and pettere, pulsum, to drive.] — Expel'lable, a. — Expul'sion, -shun, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Expul'sive, -siv, a. Having power, or serving to, etc. Expend, eks-pend', v. t. To apply or employ in any way; to consume by use, dissipate, waste, — v. i. To be laid out, used, or consumed. [L. expendere, -pen- sum, to pay out, f r. ex and pendere, to weigh.] — Ex- penditure, -chur, re. Act of, etc.; thing expended; expense. — Expense', -pens', re. Act of expending; disbursement; outlay; that expended; cost; charge. [L. expensa.] — Expen'sive, -siv, a. Occasioning ex- pense; costly; lavish; extravagant. — Expen'sively. adv. — Expen'sivenesa, re. Experience, eks-pe'rl-ens, re. Practical acquaintance with any matter by personal observation or trial of it; repeated trial of a matter; instruction so gained; trial; proof; experiment. — v. t. [experienced (-enst), -encing.J To make practical acquaintance with; to have befall one. [OF.; L. experientia, proof, trial, fr. ex and (obs.) periri, peritus, to try.]— To experience religion. (Tfieol.) To become a convert to Christianity.— Expe'rienced, -rT-enst, p. a. Taught by experience, practice, or repeated observations.— Experien'tialism, -shal-izm, re. (Metaph.) Doctrine that all ideas and knowledge are derived from indi- vidual experience, — opp. to intuitionalism. — Ex- per'iment, -per'Y-ment, n. A trial deliberately in- stituted; practical test; proof, — v. i. To operate on a body in order to discover some unknown fact, or illustrate a known one; to test by trial. [OF.; L. ex- perimentum, an experiment.] — Exper'iment'al, a. Pert, to, given to, or skilled in, founded, derived from, or affording, experiment ; taught by, or de- rived from, experience. — Exper'iment'ally, adv. — Exper'imenter, -iment'alist, w.— Expert', a. Taught by use, practice, or experience; adroit; skillful.— Expert, eks'nert or eks-pgrt'. re. One who is, etc.; esp. a scientific or professional witness.— Expert'ry, adv. — Expert 'ness, n. Expiate, eks'pY-at, v. t. To make satisfaction or rep- aration for; to atone for. [L. expiare, -atum, fr. ex and piare, to propitiate, f r. pius, devout.] — Ex'pi- able, a. Capable of being, etc. - Expia'tion, re. Act of, etc.; satisfaction; means by which atonement for crimes is made. — Ex'piator, -ter, re. — Ex'piatory, -to-rT, a. Having power to, etc. Expire, eks-plr', v. t. [-pired (-plrd'), -piring.] To breathe out, emit from the lungs; to emit in minute particles, exhale, — v. i. To emit the breath, esp. the last breath; to die; to come to an end, terminate, perish. [OF. expirer, L. expirare or exspirare, -ra- tum, fr. ex and spirare, to breathe. See Spirit.] — Expira'tion, re. Act of expiring, — as a breathing out of air from the lungs; emission of volatile mat- ter; exhalation ; last emission of breath; death; ter- mination; end; matter breathed forth. — Expi'ra- tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to, or employed in, etc. Explain, eks-plSn', v. t. [-plained (-pland'), -plain- ing, j To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to expound, interpret, elucidate, clear up. — v. i. To five explanation. [OF. explaner, L. explanare, -atum, r. ex and planus, plain, q. v.] — Explainable, a.— Explain'er, re. — Explanation, re. Act of, etc. ; that which makes clear; meaning attributed to anything by one who expounds it; a mutual exposition or meaning, to adjust a misunderstanding; definition; interpretation; account.— Explan'atory, -plan'a-to- rt, a. Serving to explain; containing explanation. Expletive, eks'ple-tiv, a. Filling up; superfluous.—. n. A word or syllable not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy, or for ornament. [OF. expletif, fr. L. explere, -pletum, fr. ex and plere, to fill.] — Ex'pletory, -to-rt, a. Serving to, etc. Explicate, eks'plT-kat, v. t. To unfold the meaning of, explain, interpret. —a. Evolved; unfolded. [L. explicare, -catum, f r. ex and plica, a fold.] — Ex'. plicable, a. — Explica'tion, re. Act of, etc. ; explan, ation; interpretation; sense given by an expositor.— Ex'plica'tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rt, a. Serving to, etc. — Ex'plica'tor, -ter. n. An explainer. — Explic'it, -plis'it, a. Distinctly stated; clear; not obscure or ambiguous; express; having no disguised meaning or reservation. [L. explicitus, old p. p. of explicareT] — Explicitly, adv. — Explic'itneBs, re. Explode, eks-pl5d', v. i. To burst with a loud report; to detonate. — v. t. To cause to explode, touch off; to drive out with violence and noise, as by powder; to bring into disrepute, and reject. [OF. exploder, L. explodere, -plosum, to drive off the stage by clap- ping, fr. ex and plaudere, to applaud, q. v.] — Ex- plod'er, re. — Explo'sion, -zhun, re. Act of explod- ing or detonating. (Steam eng.) The sudden and violent shattering of a boiler by steam pressure,— disting. f r. rupture ; a violent manifestation of feel- ing, attended by an outburst in language, etc. — Explo'sive, -siv, a. Causing explosion. Exploit, eks-ploit', re. A deed or act; esp. a heroic 5m fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; odd, tone, or ( EXPLORE 193 EXTEND act; feat. — v. i. To turn to account; work (a mine, etc.)- [OF. esploit, revenue, profit, exploict, an ex- ploit, act, F. exploiter, to work, manage, fr. L. expli- care. See Explicate.] — Exploita'tion, n. Process of winning ores and minerals from their natural position, and rendering them available.^ Explore, eks-plor', v. t. [-plored (-plord'), -plor- Ing.] To search through, look into all parts of, ex- amine thoroughly (esp. an unknown country). [OF. explorer, L. explorare, -aturn, fr. ex and plorare, to make to flow.] — Explor'er, -plora'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. — Exploration, n. Act of, etc. Expoliation. Same as Spoliation. Exponent, eks-po'nent, n. (Alg.) A number or quan- tity on the right of and above another quantity, de- noting how often the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indicated. One who, or that which, stands as an index or representative. [L. ex- ponents, -entis, p. pr. of exponere. See Expose.] — Ex- ponential, -shal, a. Pert, to exponents; involving variable exponents. Export, eks-p6rt', v. t. To earry (wares, etc.) from a country to other communities. [L. ex and portare, -tatvm, to carry. See Port.] — Ex'port, n. Act of exporting; thing exported. — Exportable, a. — Ex- portation, n. Act of, etc. — ExporJ/er, n. Expose, eks-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To place in a position to be seen; to lay forth to view, as an opinion, etc.; to explain; to deprive of cover or protection, lay open to attack or danger; to deprive of concealment, as a thing that shuns pub- licity; to divulge wrong practices of . [OF. exposer, fr. ex. and poser, Li.ponere, positum, to set, place.] — To expose a child. To disown and abandon it. — Ex- pos^, -po-za', n. A formal statement, recital, or ex- position. [F., p. p. of exposer.] — Expos'er, ». One who exposes. — Exposition, -zish'un, n. Act of ex- posing or laying open; a public exhibition or show; the act of expounding the sense of an author or pas- sage; interpretation ; a work containing explana- tions, or the sense put upon a passage by an inter- preter. [OF.]— Expositive, -tiv, -itory, -to-rf, a. Serving to explain; illustrative; exegetical.— Expos'- itor, -ter, n. One who, etc.; an interpreter. [L.] — Expos'ure, -po'zhar, n. Act of exposing; state of being, etc.; position in regard to points of the com- pass, influences of climate, etc.— Expound', -pownd', v. t. To explain; clear of obscurity; interpret. [OF. espondre, fr. L. exponere.] — Expound'er, n. Ex post facto, eks-post-fak'to. (Law.) Done after the act to which it relates; from, or by, a thing done afterward. [L.] — Ex post facto law. A law which deals with acts done before its passage. Expostulate, eks-p5st'u-lat, v. t. To reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of conduct; to remonstrate. [L. expostulare, -latum, fr. ex and postvlare, to ask, require.] — Expost'ula'tor. -ter, n. — Expost'ula'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; kindly protest. — Expost'ulatory, -to-rT, a. Containing, etc. Exposure, Expound. See under Expose. Express, eks-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- ing.] To press or squeeze out: to imitate; to repre- sent and exhibit (an opinion or feeling) by a look, gesture, or esp. by language; to make known one's opinions or feelings, — used reflexively; to denote, designate ; to send by express messenger. — a. Closely resembling; directly stated; made unambiguous ; clear; plain; explicit; dispatched with special speed or directness. — n. A messenger sent on a special errand; a quick conveyance for packages, commis- sions, etc. [OF. expres, L. expressus, p. p. of expri- rnere, to press out, fr. ex and primere, to press.] — Express'age, -ej, n. Charge for carrying a parcel by express. — Expressible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Expression, -presh'un, n. Act of expressing, or forcing out by pressure; act of representing; dec- laration; utterance; lively or vivid representation of sentiment, feeling, etc. ; look or appearance, as indic- ative of thought or feeling; mode of speech, phrase. (Alg.) The representation of any quantity by ap- propriate characters or signs. [OF.] — Expressive, -iv, a. Serving to, etc.; indicative; full of expres- sion; significant. — Expressively, adv. — Express'- iveness, n — Expressly, adv. In an express, di- rect, or pointed manner^ in direct terms; plainly. Expropriate, eks-pro'prY-at, v. t. To put out of one's possession, resign claim to; to deprive of. [F. expro- pricr, fr. L. ex and proprius, one's own.] — Expro'- pria'tion, n. Act of giving up, or depriving of, property. [F.] Expugn, eks-pun', v. t. To conquer, take by assault. [L. expugnare, fr. ex and pugna, fight.] — Expug'na- ble, -pug'- or -pun'a-bl, a. Capable of being ex- pugned or conquered. — Expugner, -pun'er, n. Expulsion, Expulsive. See under Expel. Expunge, eks-punj', v. t. T-punged (-punjd'), -pun- ging.] To blot out, as with a pen; to strike out, wipe out or destroy, efface, erase, cancel. [L. expungere, f r. ex and pungere, punctum, to prick ; not f r. sponge.] — Expunc'tion, -punk'shun, n. Act of expunging or erasing. Expurgate, eks'per- or eks-pSr'gat, v. t. To purify from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to cleanse, purge. [L. exjmrgare. -gatum, fr. ex and purgare, to purge.] — Expurga'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Expurgator, eks'per- or eks-per'ga-tSr, n. One who, etc. — Expur'gatory, -to-rT, a. Serving to, etc. — Expurgatory Index [L. Index Expurgatorixts.] A catalogue of books forbidden by the Rom. Cath. church, as teaching things contrary to its creed. Exquisite, eks'kwY-zit, a. Carefully selected; of sur- passing excellence ; exceeding, extreme, keen, — used in a bad sense; of accurate discrimination; not easy to satisfy; nice; delicate; refined; perfect. — n. One over-nice in dress or ornament; a fop, dandy. [L. exquisitus, p. p. of exquirere, fr. ex and quserere, to seek.] — Ex'quisitely, adv. — Ex'quisiteneBB, n. Exsanguious, eks-san'gwY-us, a. Destitute of blood, as an animal or insect. [L. ex and sanguis, blood.] Exsert', -Berted, eks-sert'ed, a. Standing out; pro- jecting beyond other parts. [L. exserere, -sertum. See Ex- ert.] — Exsert'ile, -il, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. Exsiccate, eks'sik- or eks-sik'- kat, v. t. To exhaust or evap- orate moisture from; to dry. [L. exsiccare, -catum, fr. ex and siccus, dry.] — Exsicca'- tion, n. Act or operation of, or state of being, etc. — Ex- sic'cative, -tiv, a. Tending, or having power to, etc. — Exsic'cant, a. Drying, —n. (Med.) A drying medicine. Extant, eks'tant, a. Standing out or above the surface; con- tinuing to exist; in being; now subsisting. [Late L. extans, _ . " . for L. exstans, -stantis, p. pr. Exserted Stamens, of exstare, to stand forth, exist, fr. ex and stare, to stand.] Extasy. See Ecstasy. Extempore, eks-tem'po-re, adv. Without previous study or meditation; without preparation: sudden- ly.— a. Without study ; extemporaneous. [L. ex tempore, at the moment: temjiore, abl. of tempus, time.] — Extem'pora'neous.-ne-us, -tem'porary, -ri, a. Proceeding irom the impulse of the moment; called forth by the occasion; unpremeditated; off- hand. —Extem'porize, v. i. [-rized (-nzd), -Riz- ing.] To speak extempore; esp., to make an off- hand address. — v. t. To do in a hasty, unpremedi- tated manner. — Extern 'poriz'er, n. — Extem'pori- za'tion, n. Act of, etc. Extend, eks-tend', v. t. To prolong, esp. in a single direction, as a line; to protract; to enlarge, as a surface or volume; to expand; to widen, continue, as time, lengthen; to hold out or reach forth; to be- stow on ; to offer. (Law.) To value, as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt. — ?', i. To be continued in length or breadth; to stretch, reach. [OF. estendre, L. extendere, -tensum, fr. ex and tendere, to stretch. See Tend.] — Extend'er, n. — Extendible, a. Capable of being, etc. (Law.) Liable to be taken by a writ of extent and valued. — Extendible, -Bile, -sil, a. Capable of being, etc. — Extensibility, n. — Exten'sion, -shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Physics Sf Metaph.) That property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. (Com.) A written engagement allowing a debtor further time to pay a debt. [OF.] — Exten- sion table. A table that can be extended in length by the sliding of parts of the frame. — Exten'sion- ist, n. One who favors extension. — Extea'sive, -siv, a. Having wide extent; expanded; wide. — Exten'- sively, adv. — Exten'siveness, n. — Exten'sor, n. (Anat.) A muscle which extends or straightens any part of the body, as an arm or a finger. [L.] — Ex- tent', n. Space or degree to which a thing is ex- tended; superficies; bulk; size; length. (Law.) In Eng., a peculiar species of execution upon debts sun, cube, full : moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair get. EXTENUATE 194 EYE due to the crown ; in IT. S., a levy of an execution upon real estate. Extenuate, eks-ten'u-at, v. t. To draw out, as the line of an army; to make thin or slender; to lessen; to palliate as a crime; to lower or degrade, as repu- tation or honor. — v. i. To become thinner, be drawn out. [L. extenuare, -atum, fr. ex and tenuis, thin.] — Extenua'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; palliation (of a crime); mitigation (of punishment). — Exten'- uator, -tSr, n. Exterior, eks-telY-gr, a. External; pert, to that which is external; on the outside; extrinsic; pert, to for- eign nations; foreign. — n. Outward surface or part of a thing; external deportment, form, or ceremony. [L., compar. of exter, or extents, outward, foreign.] — External, -ter'nal, a. Having relation to space; outward; exterior; from, or pert, to, the body, its appearance, functions, etc.; accidental; irrelevant; foreign ; pert, to foreign nations. [L. externus, a form of extents.] — Externally, adv. — Externals, -nalz, n. pi. "Whatever things are external or with- out ; outward parts. — Externality, n. Existence in space; exteriority.— Exter nalism, -izm, n. (Met- aph.) Doctrine which deals only with externals, or objects of sense-perception; positivism; phenom- enalism. Exterminate, eks-ter'mT-nat, v. t. To drive from within the limits or borders of; to put an end to the power of, eradicate, extirpate. (Math.) To cause to disappear, eliminate. [JL. exterminare, -natum, fr. ex and terminus, boundary.] — Extermination, n. Act of, etc.; eradication; excision. (Math.) Elim- ination. — Exter mina'tor, -ter, n. — Exter'' mina- tory. -to-rT, a. Of or pert, to, etc.; tending to ex- terminate. Extinguish, eks-tin'gwish, v. i. [-ouished (-gwisht), -guishing.] To smother, quench, destroy; to put an end to; to obscure by superior splendor. [L. ex- tinguere or exsti/iguere, -thictum, fr. ex and stinguere, to quench.] — Extin'guishable, a. — Extin'- guisher, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp., a utensil to extinguish a candle or lamp. — Extinguishment, n. Act of, etc.; suppres- I sion; nullification. (Law.) The putting an end to a right or estate by consolidation or union. — Extinct', -tinkt / ', a. Extinguished; put out; quenched; ended; closed. — Ex- tinc'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. v , t - TOF 1 Mti! Extirpate, eksler- or eks-tSr'pat, v. t. To Su ' 3 "' pull up by the roots, destroy totally, eradicate, ex- pel. [L. extirpare or exstirpare, -patum, fr. ex and stirps, stem, root.] — Extirp'able, a. — ExtirpaHon, n. Eradication; total destruction. — Ex'tirpator, n. Extol, eks-tol', v. t. [-tolled (-told'), -tolling.] To elevate by praise, eulogize, magnify, commend, laud, glorify. [L. extollere, fr. ex and tollere, to lift, raise.] — Extorter, n. Extort, eks-tSrt', v. t. To wrest or wring from, gain by force, exact. — v. i. To practice extortion. [L. extorquere, -tortum, fr. ex and torquere, to turn about, twist.] — Extort'er, n. — Extor'sive, -siv, a. Serving to, etc. — Extortion, n. Act of, etc. ; illegal exaction; thing_extorted; oppression; rapacity.— Extortionate, -at, -ary, -er-Y, a. Practicing, pert, to, characterized by, or implying, etc. — Extor- tioner, n. Extra, eks'tra, a. Over and above; uncommon; ex- traordinary. — n. Something in addition to what is due or expected ; a special edition of a newspaper ; a special train. [L., beyond, for extera (parte), on the outside ; extera is abl. fern, of exter. See Ex- terior.] — Extra'dos, n. (A?-ch.) The exterior curve of an arch. [F., fr. L. extra and F. dos, L. dorsum, back.] — Extradotal, a. Not belonging to dower. [L. dotalis.] — Extraju'dl'cial, -dish'al, a. Out of the proper court, or ordinary course of legal procedure; not legally required. — Extramun'dane, a. Beyond che limit of the material world, or rela- ting to that which is so. — Extramu'ral, a. With- out or beyond the walls, as of a fortified city. [L. mums, wall.] — Extraordinary, -trdr'dY-na-rY, a. Beyond or out of the common order or method ; ex- ceeding the common degree or measure ; remark- able ; uncommon ; rare ; employed for an unusual or special object. — n. That which is, etc. — Ex- traordinarily, adv. — Extraprofes'sional, -fesh'- un-al, a. Foreign to a profession. — Extra-u'terine, -t§r-in, a. Out of the womb, — said of pregnancy. [L. uterus, womb.] — Extrav'agant, a. Wandering beyosd bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained; pro- fuse in expenses; prodigal. [OF.; LL. extravagans, fr. L. vagare, to wander.] — Extravagantly, adv.— Extrav'agance, -agancy, -gan-sY, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; wildness; excess; prodigality; waste; violence. — Extrav'agan'za, -za t n. A musical com- position, characterized by wild irregularity ; an ex- travagant flight of sentiment or language. [It.] — Extrav'asate, -sat, v. t. To let out of the proper vessels, as blood. [L. vas, vessel.] — Extrav'asa'- tion, n. Act of, etc. ; effusion.— Extra'neous, -ne-us, a. Not belonging to, or dependent on ; not essen- tial; foreign. [L. extraneus, a form of extra.] — Ex- tra'neousiy, adv. Extract, eks-trakf, v. t. To draw out; to remove forcibly from a fixed position; to withdraw by dis- tillation, or other chemical process; to take by selec- tion. [L. ex and trahere, -tractum, to draw.] — To extract the root. (Math.) To ascertain the root of a number or quantity.— Ex'tract, n. That which is extracted or drawn out; a passage from a book; citation ; quotation ; anything drawn from a sub- stance by heat, solution, distillation, or chemical process. — Extract'able, -ible, a. — Extraction, n. Act of, etc. ; the stock from which one has descend- ed ; lineage ; birth ; descent ; thing extracted; ex- tract; essence. [OF.] — Extractive, -iv, a. Capa- ble of being, tending or serving to, etc.; capable of furnishing extracts or products; productive. — Ex- tractor, -er, n. Extradite, ekslra-dlt, v. t. To deliver, under a treaty of extradition. [L. ex and tradere, -itum, to deliver.] — Extradition, -dish'un, n. Delivery, by one state to another, of fugitives from justice, in pursuance of a treaty. Extreme, eks-trem'', a. At the utmost point, edge, or border; outermost; furthest; last; final; conclusive; the worst or best; most urgent; greatest; highest. (Miis.) Extended or contracted as much as possible. — n. The utmost point or verge; extremity; utmost limit or degree that is supposable or tolerable ; great necessity. [OF.; L. extremes, superl. of extents, out- ward. See Exterior.] — Extreme unction. (Rom. Cath. Church). The anointing of a dying person with oil. —In the extreme. As much as possible.— In extremis. At the point of death. [L.] — Ex- tremely, adv. — Extremist, n. A supporter of ex- treme doctrines or practice; one who holds extreme opinions. — Extremity, -trem r Y-tY, n. That at the extreme; the utmost limit; verge; border; end; ut- most point; highest degree of inconvenience, pain, or suffering; greatest need or peril. Extricate, eks'trY-kat, v. t. To free from difficulties or perplexities; to cause to be emitted or evolved; to disentangle, disengage, set free. [L. extricare, -ca- tum, f r. ex and tricx, hindrances, trifles.] — Ex'tric- able, a. — Extrica'tion, n. Act of, etc. Extrinsic, eks-trin'sik, -sical, a. Not contained in or belonging to a body; external; outward; unes- sential. [OF. extrinseque, L. extrinsecus, fr. extrin for extrim, fr. exter, outward (see Exterior), and secus, by, beside.] — Extrin'sically, adv. Extrude, eks-trood', v. t. To thrust out, urge, force, or press out, expel; to drive away. [L. ex and tru- '810 Act of, etc. dere, trusum, to thrust.] — Extru'sion, -zhun, n. Exuberant, egz-u'ber-ant, a. Characterized by abun- dance; overflowing; superfluous. [OF.; L. exuber- ans, -antis, p. pr. of exuberare, f r. ex and uberare, to be fruitful.fr. uber, an udder.] — Exu'berance, -an- cy, -sY, n. State of being, etc. — Exu'berantly, adv. Exude, egz-ud r , v. t. To discharge through pores or incisions, as moisture, etc. — v. i. To now from a body through the pores, or by natural discharge. [L. exudare or exsudare, -datum, fr. ex and sudare, to sweat, q. v.] — Exuda'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; sub- stance exuded. Exult, egz-ulf, v. i. To leap for joy, rejoice in tri- umph. [L. exultare or exsultare, fr. exsitere, -sultum, fr. ex and salere, to leap. See Salient.] — Exult' ant, a. Inclined to, etc. — Exulta'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; triumph. — Exultlngly, adv. Exuviae, egz-u'vY-e, n. pi. Cast skins, shells, or cov erings of animals. (Geol.) Fossil animal remains left in the strata of the earth. [!<., f r. exuere, to draw out or off, pull off.] — Exu'vial, a. Pert to, etc. — Exu'viate, -at, v. t. To cast the skin, shell, etc. Eyas, i'as, n. A young hawk just taken from the nest. [F. niais, fresh fr. the nest, fr. L. nidus, nest.] Ey, i, Eybt, i'ot or at, Ait, 5t, n. A little island. [Ic. e organ of sight; power of seeing; view; ey, AS. ig.] Eye, i, n. Th am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; EYE 195 FACILE opinion; estimate; space commanded by the organ of eight; face; front; presence ; observa- tion; watch; notice; look; aspect; a thing resembling the or- gan of sight, in form, position, or appear- ance,— as, the hole in i a needle; a catch for a hook ; spot on a feather, as of a pea- cock; bud or sprout of a plant or root; center of a target. (Jfaut.) Looped part of a rope or stay. — V. t. [EYED (Td), EY- ING.] To fix the eye on, observe, esp. to watch narrowly, or with fixed attention. [AS. cage, D. oog, Ic. auga, G. auge, F. oeil, L. oculus, dim. of old ocus, OGr. okos, okkos, Skr. aksha.] — To have an eye to. To pay particular attention to. — To keep an e. on. To watch. — To see with half an e. To see easily. — To set the eyes on. To have a sight of. — Eyeless, n. Wanting eyes ; blind. — Eye'ball, n. The ball, globe, or anjile of the eye. — Eye'bright, n. A plant formerly u«tt for diseases of the eye. — Eye'brow, Eye. >, optic nerve ; sc, selerotie or ex- ternal coat of the eye ; ch, choroid coat ; r, retina ; z, zonule of Zinn; p, position of the Fetitian canal ; sch, position of canal of Schlemm ; t, iris, the opening in the center of which forms the pupil ; c, cornea ; m, Meibomian glands ; I, crystal- line lens. n. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. — Eye'- glass, n. A glass to assist the sight; the eye-piece of a telescope, etc. — Eyelash, n. The line of hairs that edges the eyelid: a single one of the hair6 on the edge of the eyelid.— Eye'let, n. A small hole for a lace or cord, as in garments, sails, etc.; a metal ring or grommet to fit, etc. [F. oeillet, dim. of ceil.'] — Eyeleteer'', -er', n- A sharp-pointed instrument for making eyelet-holes ; a stiletto. — Eye'lid, n. The cover of the eye. — Eye'sight, n. Vision; view; observation; relative power or capacity of seeing. — Eye'-piece, n. ( Opt.) The lens, or combination of lenses, at the eye-end of an optical instrument. — -serv'ant, n. A servant who attends to duty only when watched. — serv'ice, n. Service performed only under the eye of an employer. — sore, n. Some- thing offensive to the sight. — stone, n. A small, calcareous stone, used for taking substances from between the lid and ball of the eye.— -tooth, n. ; pi. -teeth. A tooth whose root is long, and points up toward the eye ; the pointed canine or cuspidate tooth in the upper jaw next to the grinders. See Tooth. wa'ter, n. A medicated lotion for the eyes. — wit'ness. One who sees a thing done.— Eyne, In, n. Obs. plural of eye. Eyre, ar, n. A journey or circuit; a court of itinerant justices. [OF. eire, erre, oire, L. iter, fr. ire. Hum, to go.] — Justice in eyre. (O. Eng. Law.) An itiner- ant judge, who held courts in different counties.. Eyrie, -ry, a'rY, n. Place where birds of prey build nests and hatch their young. [See Aibie.] F. F, ef, the 6th letter of the English alphabet, is formed by the passage of breath between the lower lip and upper incisive teeth. Its figure is the same as that of the Eolic digamma [F], to which it is related in power. See Digamma. — (Mus.) F is the 4th tone of the gamut, or model scale. F sharp (F$) is a tone intermediate between F and G. Fa, fa. (Mus.) A syllable applied to the 4th tone of the gamut or model scale for purposes of solmization. Fabian, fa'M-an, a. Delaying ; dilatory : avoiding battle, but harassing the enemy. [Fr. Quintus Fa- bius Maximus Verrucosus, a Roman general.] Fable, fa'bl, n. A fictitious story intended to enforce some useful truth ; an apologue ; plot of an epic or dramatic poem; fiction ; falsehood, — v. i. [fabled (-bid), fabling.] To feign ; to write or speak fic- tion. — v. t. To feign, invent, tell of falsely. [F. ; L. fabula, a narrative, ir.fari, Gr. phemi, Skr. bhash, to speak; s. rt. ban.] — Fa'bler, n. A writer of fa- bles or fictions. — Fabulize, fab r u-liz, v. t. [-lized (-Hzd), -lizing.] To invent or relate fables. — Fab'- ulist, n. One who, etc.— Fab'ulous, -lus, a. Feigned; related to fable ; not real ; fictitious ; extravagant; passing belief ; enormous. — Fabulous age. Period in a nation's history described in legendary or myth- ological fables. — Fab'ulously, adv. Fabric, fab'rik, n. Structure of anything; workman- ship ; texture ; make ; thing fabricated, as, frame- work, edifice, building, manufactured cloth ; act or purpose of building; construction. [F.fabrique, fr. Li.fabrica, workshop, art, fabric, fr. faber, fabris, a workman, fr. rt. _of facere, to make ; s. rt. forge.] — Fab'ricate, -rl-kat, v. t. To frame, construct, build; to form by art and labor ; to forge, devise falsely. [L. fabricari, -catus.] — Fabrication, n. Act of, etc.; thing fabricated; a fiction; figment; falsehood. [F.] — Fabricator, -ter, n. Facade, fa-sad', n. Face, front, front view or eleva- tion, of an edifice. [F., fr. face, q. v.] Face, fas, n. The exterior form of anything ; esp., the front part or surface ; one of the bounding planes of a solid. (Mach.) The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, or pulley, or flat surface of a part. Outside appearance ; surface show ; look ; that part of the head of an animal, esp. of man, containing the eyes, nose, mouth, etc. ; visage ; countenance; cast of features; look; air; boldness; shamelessness : effrontery ; presence ; sight ; front ; mode of regard. — v. t. [faced (fast), facing.] To meet in front, oppose with firmness, stand op- posite to, front upon, turn the front toward, con- front; to cover in front. (Mach.) To make flat or smooth the surface of. To adulterate (tea, etc.). — v. i. To turn the face. [F. ; L. fades, face ; s. rt. Gr. phainein, to appear, E. surface.]— To make a face. To distort the countenance. — F. of a bastion. (Mil.) The part between the salient and the shoul- der angle. — F. of a gun. (Mil.) The surface of metal at the muzzle. — F. card. A playing card (king, queen, or knave) having a human face. — F. value. Apparent value. — Fa'cer, n. One who faces; a bold-faced person.— Farcing, n. A covering in front, for ornament, etc.— Fascial, -shal, a. Pert, to the face. — Facial angle. (Anat.) The angle formed by 2 straight lines, one drawn from the middle of the external entrance of the ear to the base of the nose, and the other from the prominent center of the forehead to the most prominent Eart of the upper jaw- one. — Fa'ciaUy, adv. — Facet, fas'et, Facette, fa-set', n. A little face; a small surface. [F. facette, dim. of face.] Facetiae, f a-se'shT-e, n. pi. Witty or humorous writings or sayings; wit- ticisms. , [L., pi. of fa- cet ia, wit, f r. facetus, elegant, courteous; s. rt. fades, face.] — Face'- tious, -shus, a. Given to wit and good humor ; merry; sportive; jocular; characterized by pleas- antry . — Face'tiously, adv. — Face'tiousness, n. Facile, fas'il, a. Easy to be done, surmounted, or removed ; easy of access ; courteous; affable; easily persuaded to good or bad; pliant; flexible. [F. ; L. fadlis, lit. do-able, fr. fa- cere, to do.] — Facilitate, v. t. To make easy or less difficult. [F. faciliter. ] — Facil'ita'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Facility, -U, n. Quality of being easily per- formed ; ease ; readiness proceeding from s' " Facial Angles. European ; 2, African ; 3, monkey. M\ sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; lir«eer or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. PACING- 196 FAITH use; dexterity ; easiness to be persuaded ; pliancy ; ductility ; easiness of access ; complaisance ; what promotes the ease of any action or course of con- duct ; assistance. [F. facility, h.facilitas.] Facing. See under Face. Fact, fakt, n. A doing, making, or preparing ; thing done ; event ; reality ; truth ; statement of a thing done or existing ; a thing supposed or asserted to be done ; act ; deed ; incident. [L. factum, thing done, neut. p.p. of facere, to do; s. rt. fashion, fea- ture, facile, affair, affect, artifice, office, perfect, etc.] — Fac'tion, -shun, n. A party acting from selfish motives against a government or established order of things ; combination ; clique ; junto. [F. ; L. f ac- tio] — Fac'tionist, n. One who promotes faction. — Fac'tious, -shus. a. Given to faction ; prone to Clamor against public measures or men ; pert, to, proceeding from, or indicating, faction. — Face- tiously, adv. — Fac'tiousness, n. — Facti'tious, -tish'us, a. Made by art, — disting. fr. what is pro- duced by nature ; artificial ; unnatural. [L, facti- tious.'] — Fac'tor, -ter, n. {Com.) An agent, esp., who buys and sells goods, and transacts business, for others on commission. (Math.) One of the quantities which, when multiplied together, form a product. A condition helping to produce some re- sult. — Factorage, -ej, n. Allowance given to a fac- tor, as compensation for services. — Fac'torize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] (Law.) To attach (a debtor's goods) in the hands of a third party ; to warn (a garnishee) not to pay to a debtor ; to garnish. — Fac'tory, -rt, n. A place where factors transact business for employers; body of factors in any place; building used for manufacturing goods ; a manufac- tory. — Fac-simHe, -T-le, n. ; pi. -iles, -lez. An exact copy or reproduction. [Abbr. of L. factum simile, made like. See Simile.] — Facto'tum, n. ; pi. -tums, -tumz. One employed to do all kinds of work. [L. facere totum, to do all.] Faculty, fak'ul-tt, n. Ability to act or perform; esp., original capacity for mental activity ; intellectual endowment ; power ; privilege or permission ; li- cense ; a body of men to whom any specific priv- ilege is granted ; in Europe, the graduates in any of the 4 departments of a university or college (Philos- ophy, Law, Medicine, and Theology); the members of a profession or calling ; the corps of professors and tutors in an American college. [F. Jaculte", L. facultas, contr. oifacilitas. See Facility, under Facile.] Fad, fad, n. A hobby; crotchet; trifling pursuit. Fade, fad, v. i. To perish gradually, wither ; to lose freshness, color, or brightness ; to sink away, grow dim, vanish. — v. t. To cause to wither, wear away. [F., tasteless, weak, faint, ~L.fatuus, foolish, insipid, Proven, fatz, facia, foolish.]— Fadeless, a. Not li- able to fade ; unfading. Fadge, faj, v. i. [fadged (fajd), fadging.] To come close, as the parts of things united ; to fit. [AS. fsegian, to fit, adorn, fseger, fair, q. v.] F»ce3, Faecal, etc. See Feces. Faery, -ie, fa'Sr-T, a. or n. Same as Fairy. Fag, fag, n. A laborious drudge ; esp., a school-boy who does menial services for one of a higher class in English schools. — v. i. [fagged (fagd), -ging.] To act as a fag, drudge ; to become weary, tire. — v. t. To treat as a fag, compel to drudge; to cause to labor diligently, tire by labor. [Prob. corrup. of flag, to droop.] — Fag'-end, n. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition ; refuse part of anything. Fagot, f ag y ut, n. A bundle of sticks, for fuel, or forTais- ing batteries, etc., in fortification ; a single stick ; a bundle of pieces of iron or of steel in bars; one hired to take another's place at the muster of a company. — v. t. To make a fagot of, tie together, bind in a bundle. [F.; It. fagotto, fangotto, bundle of sticks; perh. fr. Ic. fanga, armful, it. fa, to fetch, grasp ; s. rt. fang.] Fahrenheit, fa'ren-hit, a. Pert, to, or measured by, a thermometer having the zero of its scale at 32* below the freezing-point of water and the boiling- point at 212° above. [Inventor's name.] Faience, Fayence, ft'oNs, n. Glazed earthen ware, esp. colored pottery. [F., fr. Faenza, in Italy, L. Faventia.] Fail, fal, v. i. [failed (fald), failing.] To be want- ing, fall short, be lacking; to be affected with want; to Decome diminished, decline, decay ; to fall off in vigor, activity, resources, etc. ; to become extinct, perish, die ; to be wanting with respect to an effect, a duty to be performed, result to be secured, etc.; to miss; to be baffled or frustrated ; to become un- able to meet one's engagements, become bankrupt or insolvent. — v. t. To be wanting to ; not to be sufficient for ; to disappoint. — n. Failure ; defi- ciency ; lack ; want. [F.faillir, L. fallere, falsum, to beguile, elude, pass, falli, to err, be baffled, Gr. sphallein, to cause to fall, trip, sphalma, a slip, AS. seallan, OHG. saltan, to fall.] — Without fail. Un- failingly ; unreservedly ; absolutely. — Failing, n. The act of one who fails ; deficiency; imperfection; lapse ; fault ; foible. — Fail'ure, -ygr, n. Cessation of supply, or total defect ; deficiency ; omission ; non-performance ; defect from decay ; bankruptcy; suspension of payment. — Fallacy, f aKla-st, n. De- ceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness, mistake; sophistry. (Logic.) An apparent argument, pro- fessing to decide the matter at issue, but not really doing so. [F. fallace, L. fallacia. fr. fallax, decep- tive, ir. fallere.]— Fallacious, -shus, a. Embody- ing or pert, to a fallacy ; fitted to deceive. — Falla'- ciously, adv. — Fallaciousness, n. — Fal'lible, a. Liable to mistake, to deceive, or to be deceived. [TuL. fallibilis.] — Fal'libly, adv.— Fallibility, -TT-tr, n. State of being, etc. Fain, fan, o. Well-pleased; disposed; inclined; esp., content to accept. — adv. With joy or pleasure ; gladly. [AS. fsegen, OS. fagan, Ic. feginn, glad.] Faineant, fa-na-oN', a. Doing nothing ; idle ; slug- gish; shiftless.— n. An idler; loafer. [7T.,orig./m<- ne'ant, lit. he does nothing.] Faint, fant, n. The act of fainting ; a swoon. — a. Lacking strength; weak; languid; wanting in cour- age, spirit, or energy ; timorous ; dejected ; lacking distinctness ; hardly perceptible, done in a weak or feeble manner. — v. i. To become weak ; grow feeble, swoon ; to lose courage, become depressed ; to decay, disappear, vanish. [OF. feint, p. p. of feindre, to feign, ME. feintise, famtness, cowardice ; not s. rt. L. vanus.] — Faint'ish, a. Somewhat faint.— Faintly, adv. — Faint'ness, n. State of be- ing, etc. ; loss of strength, color, self -consciousness, and self-control. — Faint'' -heart'ed, a. Wanting in courage ; dejected. — Faint'-heart'edness, n. — Faints, n. pi. Impure spirit which comes over first and last in distilling whiskey. Fair, far, a. Free from spots, imperfection, or hin- drance ; unblemished ; pure ; pleasing to the eye \ beautiful; free from a dark hue ; of a light shade ; not overcast; cloudless; propitious; unincumbered; open ; characterized by frankness, honesty, impar, tiality, candor ; inspiring hope and confidence ; dis< tinct ; legible ; not distinguished or unusual ; mod erate; middling. — adv. Fairly.— n. A fair woman, pi. The female sex. [AS. fseger, Ic. fagr, Dan, feir.] — Fair play. Equitable or impartial treat, ment. — To bid f. To he likely, have a fair pros, pect, promise. — F. and square. Justly ; honestly; impartially. —Fairly, -It, adv. Clearly; openly; distinctly ; honestly ; pleasantly. — Fair'ness, n, State of being, etc. ; freedom from stains or imput rity; honesty; candor; distinctness.— Fair'-spok/en, a. Bland; civil; courteous. Fair, far, n. A gathering of buyers and sellers, for ex» hibition and sale of wares. [F. foire. OF. feire, L. feria, a holiday, later, a fair, pi. ferise (=fesise), feast days ; s. rt. feast, festal.] — Fairing, n. A present given or purchased at a fair. Fairy, far'!, n. An imaginary supernatural being or spirit, in human form. [OF. faerie, enchantment, foe, F.fe-e, Pg. fada, It. and LL./ata, a fairy, fay, goddess of destiny, fr. L./atem, fate, q. v.] — Fair- ies of romance. Beings of human race, with powers beyond those of men. — F. ring, or circle. A bare circular path, or a ring of grass higher, greener, and sourer than the surrounding grass, — vulgarly sup- posed to be caused by fairies in their dances. — Fay, fa, n. A fairy; elf. Faith, fath, n. Belief; reliance on testimony; firm and earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, esp., as to moral truth. (Theol.) Loving belief in the Savior ; belief in the truthfulness and supernatural origin of the Scriptures. That which is believed ; a system of religious belief; esp. the system taught by Christ ; also, the creed of a Christian church ; strict adherence to duty and fulfillment of promises; word or honor pledged ; promise given. [OF. fei, feid, L. fides; s. rt. fidelity, affiance, confide, defy, perfidy, etc.] — Faith'ful, -fal, a. Full of faith ; disposed to believe, esp. in th'e declarations and promises of God ; firm in adherence to promises, engagements, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd. tone, dr ; FAKE 197 FAMILY Or duty; loyal; conformable to truth: worthy of be- lief ; trusty; honest; sincere; veracious. — Faitb/- fully, adv. — Faitb/fulness, n. — Faithless, a. Un- faithful; unbelieving; esp. not believing in G(dor religion ; not observant of promises, allegiance, or duty; disappointing; deluding. fake, fak, n. (Naut.) A single turn or coil of a cable or hawser, — v. t. [faked (fakt), faking.] Tocjil, ready for use; to fold or tuck up. [Scot, faik, fold, stratum of stone, AS. faec, space, interval.] Fake, fak, v. t. To cheat, swindle, steal; to make, do; to continue; to manipulate fraudulently, — n. A trick, swindle. [Perh. fr. L. facere, factum, to do, Ga.faigh, to get, reach.] Fakir, fa'kgr. Faquir, fa-ker', i. An Oriental relig- ious' ascetic or begging monk. [Ar., a poor man.] Falcate, fal'kat, -cated, a. Hooked or bent like a sickle or scythe. [L. falcatus, fr. fake, folds, a 6ickle, Gr. phalkes, rib of a ship, pholkos, bow- legged.]— Fal'ciform, -sY-f6rm, a. Sickle-shaped. [L. forma, form.] — Falchion, f awKchun or -shun, n. A short sword, with a curved point. [F '. fwichon, It. falcione, LL. faleio, -onis, fr. L. /ate.] — Falcon, faw'knjB. A raptorial bird having a short, hooked beak, powerful claws, and great destructive power; esp., one of this family trained to the pursuit of other birds, or Jame. [OF. faulcon, LateL. alco, -onis, fr. L. fair, fr. its hooked claws.] — Fal'- coner, -kn-er, n. One who trains hawks for taking wild fowl, or follows the sport of fowling with hawks. — Fal'conry, -rt, n. Art of training hawks; practice of taking game by means of hawks. [OF. faulconnerie.'] — Fal'conet, fal-, n. A small cannon anciently used. Head and foot of Fal- [LL. falconeta, prob. a young con. falcon.] Faldstool, fawld'stool, n. A portable seat, made to fold up like a cami>-stool. (Eccl.) A desk at which the litany is sung or said. [LL. faldistolium, fr. OHG. faldan, to fold, and stual, stool, seat, throne (G.falten and stuhl) ; s. rt. fauteuil.] Fall, fawl, v. i. [imp. fell; p. p. fallen (fawln); falling.] To descend to a lower position, drop down, make a descent by the force of gravity alone; to become suddenly prostrate; to empty; to cease to live, perish, vanish; to lose strength; to be brought forth; to decline in power, wealth, value, etc.; to be- come degraded, sink into vice, error, or sin; to be- come embarrassed, be entrapped ; to become de- jected; to pass into a new state of body or mind; to happen, come to pass; to rush or hurry; to pass by chance, lot, inheritance, etc.; to be dropped or ut- tered carelessly. — v. t. To sink, depress. — n. Act of descending by gravity, or of dropping or tum- bling; death; overthrow; ruin; degradation; dimi- nution of price or value; a sinking of tone; cadence; declivity; aslope; descent of water; cascade; cata- ract; discharge of a river into ocean, lake, or pond; extent of descent ; season when leaves fall from trees; autumn; that which falls; a falling; act of felling or cutting down; lapse from innocence or goodness, esp. the apostasy of our first parents. (Naut.) That part of a tackle to which power is ap- Slied in hoisting. [ME. and G fallen, AS. feallan, ). vallen, Ic. and Sw. falla, to fall, L,.fallere, to de- ceive, Gr. sphaUein.to cause to fall. See Fail.] — To fall aboard of. (Naut.) To strike against. — Tof. among. To come among accidentally or unexpect- edly. — To f. astern, (Jyaut.) To move backward. — Tof. away. To lose flesh, pine; to revolt, rebel; to apostatize; to perish, be ruined; to decline grad- ually, fade.— To f. back. To recede, give way; to fail of performing a promise or purpose.— Tof. foul. To attack. — To, /. from. To recede from; to revolt. — To f. from grace. To sink into vice, sin. — To /. home. (Ship Carp.) To curve inward, as the tim- bers of a ship's side. — To f. in. To concur, agree ; to comply, yield to; to come in, join, enter. — To f. in with. To meet, discover, or come near. — Tof. off. To withdraw, separate; to apostatize; to forsake, abandon; to drop; to depreciate. (Naut.) To fall to leeward. — To f. on. To begin suddenly and eagerly; to assail; to drop on, descend on.— To f. out. To quarrel; to happen, befall, chance. — To f. | over. To revolt; to fall beyond.— To f. short. To I be deficient. — To f. to. To begin hastily and ea- gerly; to apply one's self to; to become the lot of.— To f. under. To come under, or within the limits : of; to become the subject of; to be ranged or reck- oned with. — Fallen, fawln, p. a. Dropped: de- I scended; degraded; decreased; ruined. — Fall'ing- sick'ness, n. (Med) Epilepsy, — a disease in which the patient suddenly loses his senses and falls down. I — Fell, v. t. [felled (ield), felling.] To cause to fall, prostrate (trees, etc.) ; to turn or sew down the edges of (seams). [AS. fellan, fr. feallan, D. veU len, fr. vallen, Ic. fella, ir. falla.] — FelKer, n. Fallacy, Fallible, etc. See under Fail. Fallow, fallo, a. Left unfilled after having been plowed for culture ; pale red or pale yellow. — n. Land that has lain a year or more plowed without being sowed; the tiUing of land, without sowing it for a season. — v. I. [fallowed (-lod), -lowing.] To plow, harrow, and break up (land), without seeding. [AS. fealu,fealo, yellowish, D. vaal, OHG. valo, G. fahl, falb, faded, Ic. fob; L. jiallidus, pale, Gr. polios, Skr. palita, gray; s. rt. pale, — unfilled land appearing faded.] — Failowness, n. — Fallow deer. A species of deer, yellowish in color, smaller than the stag, and domesticated in England. — F.. finch. A small bird; the fallow-chat; wheat-ear. False, fawls, a. Uttering falsehood; given to deceit; dishonest; not faithful or loyal; treacherous; perfid-. ious; not true; fitted to deceive o- disappoint; not genuine or real; designed to deceive; counterfeit; not well founded; erroneous. (Mm.) Not in tune. — adv. Falsely. [OF. /ate, L,.falsus, p. p. of fnllere, to deceive. See Fail.] — False card. In whist, a card played contrary to rule, and misleading one's partner. — F. imprisonment. (Luw.) Imprisonment of a person without warrant, or contrary to law. — F. keel. (Naut.) The timber below the main keel, to serve both as a defense and an aid in holding the wind. — Falsely, adv. In a false manner ; not truly. — False'ness, n. — False'-heart'ed, a. Hol- low; treacherous ; deceitful ; perfidious. — False'- hood. n. Want of truth or veracity, honesty or in- tegrity; deceitfulness; perfidy; counterfeit; impos- ture; lie; fiction; fabrication. — Fals'ify, -I-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To represent falsely, coun- terfeit, forge; to prove to be false, or untrustworthy; to violate, break by falsehood. (Law.) To prove false, as a judgment. (Equity.) To show, in ac- counting, that an item of charge in an account is wrong. — v. i. To tell lies, violate the truth.— Fals'- ifi'er, n. — Fala , ifi / able, a. — FaFsiiica'tion, n. Act of, etc.; a counterfeiting; confutation. (Equity.) The showing an item of charge to be wrong.— Fals'- ity, -T-tf , n. Quality of being false; a false asser- tion; lie; deceit. — Falsetto', -et', -et'to, n. That species of voice in a man whose compass lies above his natural voice. [It. falsetto, treble.] Falter, fawller, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teking.] To fail, stumble; esp. to hesitate, stammer; to tremble, totter; to fail in distinctness or regularity of exer- cise, — said of the mind or of thought. [OF. falter, Sp. and Pg. faltar, to be deficient, OF. falte, Sp., Pg., and It. falta, lack, fault.] — Fal'teringly, adv. Fame, fam, n. Public report or rumor; renown; no- toriety; celebrity; credit; honor. — v. t. [famed (famd), FAMING.J To report; to make famous. [F.; Jj.fama, fr. fan, to speak, Gr. phemi, I say.] — Fa'- mous, -mus, n. Celebrated in fame; renowned; dis- tinguished in story; remarkable: signal; illustrious; excellent. — Fa'mously, adv. — FalnousnesB, n. Family, fam'i-H, n. The body of persons living in one house, and under one head; household; a tribe or race; kindred; course of descent: genealogy; lin- eage; a group of kindred individuals, more compre- hensive than a genus. [F. famille, ~L.familia ; Skr. dhaman, an abode, house, fr. dha, to set, place.] — Familiar, -yar, a. Pert, to a family; domestic; in- timate, as a friend or companion; well versed in (a study) ; unceremonious; free ; well known, as a friend; well understood, as a book or science. — n. An intimate ; close companion ; a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call. (Court of Inqui- sition.) One admitted to the secrets, and employed in the service, of the courts. [OF. familier, L. fa- miliaria.} — Familiarity, -yar- or -T-ar'f-tf , n. State of being familiar: unconstrained intercourse; fiee- dom from constraint; fellowship; affability; inti- macy. — Familiarize, v. t. [-iap>ized (-y:\r-17.d), -izing.] To make familiar or intimate; to hauitu- sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ~, linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. FAMINE im FARINA ate, accustom; to make easy by practice or study. — Familiarly, adv. In a familiar manner; without formality; commonly; frequently. — Fam'ilist, n. {Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect founded in Holland, called the Family of Love, from the affection its members professed for all people, however wicked. — Famllism, -lizm, n. Tenets of, etc. Famine, famln, n. General scarcity of food; dearth; destitution. [F., fr. L. fames, hunger, Skr. hard, privation, want, fr. ha, to abandon, Gr. cheros, be- reft, empty.] — Famish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ish- ing.] To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger; to ex- haust the strength of by hunger; to kill by depriva- tion of anything necessary; to constrain by famine. — -v. i. To die of hunger, starve; to suffer extreme hunger or thirst; to suffer extremity from depriva- tion of anything necessary.— Famishment, a. Pain of extreme hunger or thirst. Famous, etc. See under Fame. Fan, fan, n. An instrument for producing currents of air, by motion of a broad sur- face ; as, an instrument for cooling the person. (Mach.) An instrument for exciting cur- rents of air, in winnowing grain, blowing a fire, ventila- tion, etc., or for checking rapid motion by the resistance of the air; something in the form of a woman's fan, as a peacock's tail, a window, etc.: a vane, used to keep the sails of a smock windmill in the direc- tion of the wind.— v. t. [fanned Fan- wheel, (fand), -ning.] To move as with a fan; to cool by moving the air; to ventilate, blow on; to winnow. [AS. fann, F. van, OHG. wanna, L. vannus, a fan, Skr. vata, wind, va, to blow.] — Fan'ner, n.~ Fan'-blow'er, -wheel, n. A wheel with revolving vanes to impel a cur- rent of air. — -light, n. {Arch.) A window shaped like an open fan.— -palm, n. The talipot-tree of the E. Indies, whose leaves are at first folded like a fan, but spread open. — -tail, n. A kind of bird, esp. a pig- eon, having a f an-shaped tail; a form of gas-burner. Fanatic, fa-natlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, Fan-palm, or indicating, fanaticism; excessively enthusiastic, esp. on religious subjects. — Fanatic, n. One af- fected by excessive and unreasoning zeal. [F. fa- natique, fr. L. fanaticus, pert, to a temple, inspired by a divinity, filled with enthusiasm, fr. fanum, a fane, q. v.] — Fanatically, adv. — Fanatlcalness, -icism, -Y-sizm, n. Excessive zeal ; wild notions of religion; superstition; frenzy. Fancy, fan's!, n. The faculty by which the mind forms an image of anything perceived before, power of combining and modifying such objects into new images, power of creating and recalling such ob- jects for amusement or embellishment; an image of anything formed in the mind; conception; caprice; whim; impression; inclination, liking, or the object of inclination or liking; that which pleases the taste or caprice without much use or value. — v. i. [fan- cied (-sid), -cying.] To figure to one's self, imag- ine. — v. t. To form a conception of ; to have a fancy or liking for. — a. Adapted to please the fancy or taste. [Abbr. of ME. and OF. fantasie, LL. fantasia, Gr. phantasia, imagination, fr. phantazein, to make visible, fr. phainein, to manifest, shine, Skr. bha, to shine.]— Fancy ball. A ball in which per- sons appear in fancy dresses. — F. goods. Fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc. — F. stocks. Stocks which afford opportunity for atock- gambling, as having no intrinsic value, but artificial fluctuations in their prices. — F. store. One where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. — The fancy. Those, collectively, who affect some peculiar taste, as sport- ing, boxing, etc. — Fan'cier, -sY-er, n. One gov- erned by fancy; one who fancies or has a special interest in; one who keeps for sale. — Fan'ciful, -sY- ful, a. Full of, or guided by, fancy; whimsical; abounding in wild images; fantastical; visionary. — Fan'cifuUy, adv.— Fan'cifulness, n. — Fantastic, •tical, a. Produced by the fancy; unreal; of the nature of a phantom; fanciful; imaginative; vision- ary; irregular; wild; capricious. — Fantastic, n. One given to fantastic dress or manners; a dandy. — Fantastically, adv. — Fantasticalness, -ticallty, n. — Fantasy, -si, n. Same as Fancy. — Fan'tasm, Fan torn, n. Same as Phantasm, Phantom, the usual spelling. — Fanta'sia, -ta'ze-a, n. (Mus.) A continuous composition, not divided into move- ments or governed by ordinary musical rules. [It.] Fandango, lan-dan'go, n. A lively dance, practiced in Spain and Sp. Amer. [Sp.] Fane, fan, n. A temple; place consecrated to religion; church. [L. fanum, tr.fari, to speak.] Fanfare, fanlar, n. A flourish of trumpets; defiance; bravado. (Mus.) A short and martial composition, performed by trumpets and kettle-drums. TF.: Sp. fanfarria, bluster, vaunting, Ax.farfar, loquacious (onomat.).] — Fanlaron, n. A bully, swaggerer ; empty boaster. [F. and Sp.] — Fanfar'onadV, n. Vain boasting; ostentation; bluster. [F.] Fang, fang, n. A tusk or pointed tooth of a dog or other carnivorous animal, with which prey is seized and torn; a venomous tooth, as of a serpent; a long, pointed tooth; a claw or talon; any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. [AS. fangan, Ic. and Sw. fa, to seize, D. vangen, Goth, fahan, G. fahen, fangen, to catch; AS., Ic, Sw., G. fang, a catch, also G.fang, a talon.]— Fanged, fangd, a. Having fangs. Fanon, fan'on, n. An embroidered scarf, worn about the left arm of a Rom. Cath. priest, in celebrating mass ; a flag ; ensign. [OF. ; JLL. fano, fr. OHG. fano, banner.] Fantasia, Fantastic, etc. See under Fancy. Fantasm, Fantom. See Phantasm. Faquir. See Fakir. Far, far, a. [farther and farthest are used as compar. and superl. of far, in imitation of further and furthest: the ME. forms were ferrer,ferrest.] Distant in any direction ; remote ; contrary to de- sign or wishes; at enmity with; more distant of the two. — adv. To a great extent or distance of space or of time ; in great part ; in a great proportion; very much; to a certain point, degree, or distance. [ME. fer, AS. feor, D. and OHG. ver, Ic. fjarri, Q. fern; s. rt. Gr. peran, Skr. paras, beyond, para, distant, also E.. fare.'] — By far. In a great degree; very much. — F. off. At or to a great distance; at enmity; in a state of ignorance and alienation. — F. other. Very different. — Fromf. From a great dis- tance; from a remote place. [Far occurs in com- pounds, such as far-extended, far-reaching, which need no definition.] — Far'-fetched, -fecht, a. Brought from far; not naturally deduced or intro- duced; forced; strained. — sight'ed, a. Seeing to a great distance; unable to see near objects distinct- ly. —Farther, -ther, a. More remote; additional; tending to a greater distance ; longer. — adv. At or to a greater distance; beyond; moreover. — Far '- thest, -thest, a. More distant or remote ; furthest. — adv. At or to the greatest distance. Farad, far'ad, n. (Elec.) The standard unit of elec- trical capacity. [Fr. Michael Faraday, the Eng. elec- trician.] — Faradlc, a. Pert, to Faraday, — said esp. of induced currents of electricity, prodaced by certain forms of inductive apparatus. —Far 'adism, -izm, -ization, n. (Med.) Remedial treatment with induced currents of electricity. Farce, fars, n. (Cookery.) Stuffing, like that used in dressing a fowl; force-meat. A low style of comedy; ridiculous or empty show. j"F., stuffing, also a play, fr. farcer, lu.farcire, to stuff, Gr. phrassein, to shut in.] — Far'cical, -sY-kal, a. Pert, or appropriated to farce ; ludicrous ; deceptive. — Far'cically, adv. — Farcin, f ar'sin,' Far'cy, -sY, n. {Far.) A disease of the absorbents, affecting the skin and blood-vessels, and resembling mange and glanders. [F. fmrcin. It. farcina, fr. L./arare. See Farce.] Fare, far, v. i. [fared (fard), faring.] To go, pass, travel; to be in any state, good or bad; to be treated with bodily or social comforts ; to happen well or ill. — n. Price of passage by land or water; experi- ence; food; provisions for the table. [AS., OHG., and Goth, faran, Ic. and Sw. fara, Dan. fare, D. varen, Gr. poreuesthai, to go, Gr. peran, L. expenri, to pass through, Skr. pri, to bring over; s. rt. far, ferry, experience, port, peril.'] — Farewell'', interj. Go well; good-by ; adieu.— n. A wish of welfare at parting ; act of departure. —a. Parting; vale- dictory. Farina, fa-ri'na or -re'na, n. The flour of corn, or any starchy root. (Chem.) Starch or fecula, one of the proximate principles of vegetables. [L., fr. far, a kind of grain, spelt; s. rt. barley.] — Far'ina'- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; FARM 199 FATHER ceous, -shus. a. Consisting or made of meal or flour; yielding farina or flour; like or pert, to meal. Farm, farm, n. A tract of land inclosed for cultiva- tion by a tenant; ground devoted to agriculture: a landed estate ; a lease. — v. t. [farmed (farmd), farming.] To lease or let for an equivalent, as land for a rent; to give up to another, as an estate, business, revenue, privilege, etc., receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; to take at a certain rent or rate; to cultivate, as a farm. — v. i. To till the soil, labor as an agriculturist. [AS. feorm, OF. ferme, fr. LL. firma. a feast, farm, tribute, lasting oath, fr. L. firmus, firm, q. v.] — Farm'er. n. One •who farms, as, a cultivator of leased ground; or, one who collects taxes, customs, excise, etc., for a cer- tain rate per cent. ; or, an agriculturist, husbandman. — Farm'ing. n. The business of cultivating land.— Farm'ery, -er-Y. n. The building and yards of a farm. —Farm '-house, n. A house attached to a farm, for the residence of a farmer. — yard, a. A yard or inclosure attached to a barn. Faro, far'o, n. A game at cards, in which a person plays against the bank, kept by the proprietor of the table. [Perh. fr. Pharaoh, name formerly given to one of the cards.] Farrago, far-ra'go, n. A mass composed of materials confusedly mixed: a medley. [L., mixed fodder, fr. far. See Farina.] — Farraginous, -raj'T-nus, a. Formed of various materials; mixed. Farrier, far'rY-er, n. A smith who shoes horses ; a veterinary surgeon. [OY.ferrer, to shoe a horse, fr. fer, L.femtm, iron.] — Far 'riery, -T, n. Art of shoe- ing horses ; treatment of diseases of horses and cattle. Farrow, far'ro, n. A litter ofpigs. — v. t. & i. [far- rowed (-rod), -rowing.] To bring forth (pigs)- [Dan. fare, to farrow, AS. fearh, OHG. farah, D. varken, L. porcus, a pig.] Farrow, far'ro, a. Xot producing young in a given year, — said only of cows. [D. vaarkoe, a young eow that has not yet had a calf.] Farther. Farthest. See under Far. Farthing, f ar'tiiing, n. The fourth of an Eng. penny. — equal to half a cent. [AS.feordhing, fr. feordh, fourth, fr. feower, four.] Farthingale, far 'thin-gal, n. A hoop petticoat. [OF. verdugalle, Sp. verdugado, lit. provided with hoops, fr. verdugo, shoot of a tree, fr. verde, L. viridis, green.] Fasces, fas'sez, n. pi. (Rom. Antiq.) An ax tied up with a bundle of rods, and borne before magistrates as a badge of authority. [L., pi. of fastis, Gr. phakelos, a bundle; perh. s. rt. Skr. pac.spag, to bind.] — Fas'cial, fash'Y- al, a. Belonging to the fasces. — Fas'ciate, a. (Bot.) Banded or compacted together; rendered flat, as some stems, through mon- strous growth. — Fas'ciated, a. Bound with a fillet or bandage. (Bot.) Flattened in form by growth. — Fas'cicle, -sY-kl, n. (Bot.) A close cluster or cyme, with the flowers much erowded together, as in the sweet-william. [L. fasciculus, dim. of fastis.] — Fascic'ular, a. Growing in bunches or tufts. — Fascine', -sen', n. (Fort.) A bundle of sticks of wood, used in raising batteries, filling ditches, etc. Fasces. [OF. ; L. fastina, a. faggot.] Fascinate, fas'si-nat, v. t. To bewitch, enchant; to allure irresistibly or powerfully, enrapture, capti- vate. [L. fastinare, -natum: perh. s. rt. Gr. bas- kainein, to enchant.] — Fascina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; unseen, inexplicable influence ; that which fascinates; a charm; spell. Fashion, fash'un, n. The make or form of anything: pattern : workmanship ; prevailing mode or style, esp. of dress ; mode of action; manner: sort; way. — (•. t. [fashioned (-und), -oning.] To form, give shape to; to fit, adapt, accommodate. [OF. faceon, fazon.fachon, form, shape, L./acrfo. See Fact.] — Fash'ionable, a. Conforming to the fashion or es- tablished mode; established by custom or use: cur- rent; prevailing at a particular time; observant of the customary mode ; genteel ; well bred. — n. A person of fashion. — Fash'ionably. adv. — Fash'- ioner. n. One who gives shape to anything. Fast, fast, a. Firmly fixed ; closely adhering: firm against attack, or in adherence; steadfast; faithful; not easily disturbed or broken : sound ; moving rapidly ; swift ; rash and inconsiderate : extrava- gant : dissipated. — adv. In a firmlv established, also in a rapid manner. [AS. fsest, Dan. and Sw. fast, Ic.fastr. D. and OHG. vast; s. rt. fetter, foot.] — Fast and loose. Xow cohering; now disjointed; inconsistent; insincere.— Fasten, fas'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To fix firmly, make fast, secure; to hold together, cause to cleave together, cement, at- tach, affix, annex. — v. i. To fix one's self : to clinch. [AS. fxsUiian.] — Fast'ener. n . — Fast'en- ing, a. Anything that binds and makes fast, a; a lock, catch, bolt, bar, etc. — Fast'ness, n. State of being, etc.; fixedness; security: a fast place; strong- hold; fortress. [AS. fsestnes, the firmament. J Fast, fast, v. i. To abstain from food, go hungry; to practice abstinence as a religious duty. — n. Ab- stinence from food. esp., as a religious mortification or humiliation; a time of fasting. [AS. fiesta,,, D. vasten, Dan. faste, Sw. and Ic. fasta, G. fasten; s. rt. fast, firm, i. e. strict in observance.]— To break one's fast. To end a period of abstinence by taking food; esp. to take one's morning meal; to breakiast. — Fast'er, n. — Fast'ing, n. Religious abstinence.— Fast'-day, n. A day set apart for abstinence from usual pursuits, and special praver and humiliation. Fastidious, fas-tid'T-us, a. Difficult to please; deli- cate to a fault; squeamish. [L. fastidtosus, fr. fas- tidium, loathing, fr. fastus, arrogance, and tsedium, disgust.] — Fastid'iously, adv. — Fastid'iousness, n. Fat, fat, a. Abounding with fat, as, fleshy, plump, corpulent, oily, greasy, unctuous, rich: exhibiting the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid; yielding a rich supply; productive.— n. An oily, concrete substance, deposited in ani- mal bodies; the richest productions; best part. — v. t. To make fat, fatten, — v. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshv. [AS. fset, D. vet, Dan. fed, Sw.fet, Ic. feitr: perh. s. rt. Gr. pion, Skr. pivan, fat.] — Fat'- ly, -IT, adv. Grossly; greasily. — Fat'ness. -tiness, n. — Fat'ten, -tn, v. t. [-tened (-tnd). -tening.] To make fat, fill full; to make fertile and fruitful, en- rich. — v. t. To grow fat. — Fat'ner. -tener. n. One who or that which, etc. — Fat'ty, -tt, a. Con- taining or like fat ; greasy. — Fatty degeneration. (Pathol.) A structural disease in which the oil globules in certain organs are multiplied and en- larged, to the exclusion of the efficient parts of the organs. — Fat'ling. n. A young animal fattened for slaughter; a fat animal. Fat, fat, n. A large tub, cistern, or vessel ; a vat. [Prov. E.] Fate, fat, n. A decree pronounced by God: inevit- able necessity: appointed lot; esp.. final lot, death, destruction ; destiny: doom; chance, pi. (MythA Three goddesses (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos) supposed to determine the course of human life. [OF. fat, E. fatum. fate, lit. thing spoken, p. p. of Jari, to speak. See Fairy, Fame.] — Fat'ed. a. De- creed by fate; doomed; destined. — Fate'ful. -fuL a. Bearing fatal power; producing fatal events.'— Fa'tal, a. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate; necessary; inevitable; causing death or destruction; destructive; calamitous. — Fa' tally, adv. — Fa'tal- ism, -izm, n. The doctrine of fate, or inevitable ne- cessity. — Fa'talist, n. One who maintains that all things happen by inevitable necessity. — Fatality, j -l-tl, n. State of being fatal, or proceeding from ! destiny; invincible necessity ; state of being pro- ductive of death: tendency to destruction or danger; mortality. — Fata Morgana, fa'ta-mor-ga'na. A phenomenon, in which, by atmospheric refraction, images of distant objects appear as inverted, dis- torted, displaced, or multiplied. [It., the Fairy Morgana; It. fata, fairy, Armor, mor, sea, and gana, fine lady.] Father, fa'ther, n. Male parent: a remote male an- cestor; progenitor; esp., a first ancestor; one vener- ated for age, kindness, wisdom, etc.; a senator of ancient Rome : a dignitary of the Rom. Cath. church, superior of a convent, confessor, priest, etc.; a dignitary or elder clergyman in the Protestant church; one of the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ; a producer, au- thor, or contriver ; the first of a series ; a distin- guished example or teacher : the Supreme Being; in theology, the first person in the Trinity. — v. t. [fathered (-rherd). -therixg.] To make one's self the father of. beget; to take as one's own child, adopt, acknowledge one's self author of. [AS.fssder, D. vader, Dan. and Sw. fader, Ic. fadhir, Goth, fadar, G. voter, L. and Gr. pater. Per. pidar, Skr. pitri.] — To father on or upon. To ascribe to, or charge upon, as one's offspring or production. — Fa'ther- hood. n. State of being a father: paternity. — Fa'- euii, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbo.w chair, get. FATHOM 200 FEATHER therly, -IT, a. Pert, to, or Like, etc.; paternal; ten- der ; protecting. — Fa'therliness, n. Qualities of, etc. — Fa'therless. a. Destitute of, etc.; without a known author.— Fa'ther-in-law, n. Father of one's husband or wife. — Fa'ther-land, n. The native land of one's ancestors. — lash'er, n. A salt-water fish, allied to the river bull-head. — Fa'ther- or Dad'dy- long'-legs, n. (Entom.) The crane-fly. (Zobl.) A spider, having a small, roundish body and very long feet; -v. t. legs, and running rapidly. Fathom, f ath'um, n. A measure of length = ( space to which a man can extend his arms. — v. [fathomed (-uind), -©Ming.] To measure by a sounding line; esp., to sound the depth of, get to the bottom of. [AS. fsedhm, D. vadem, Ic. fadhmr, Dan. favn, G.faden, a fathom, Sw.famn, embrace, arms; AS. fsedhman, to fathom. J — Fath'omable, a. — Fatb/omless, a. Incapable of being fathomed. Fatigue, fa-teg' - , n. Weariness from exertion; cause of weariness; labor; toil; labors of military men, disting. f r. use of arms. — v. t. [fatigued (-tegcK), -guing.] To weary with exertion, exhaust the strength or endurance of, jade, tire. [OF., fatigue; fatiguer, L. fatigare, to fatigue, OL. adfatim, suffi- ciently.] Fatling, Fatten. Fatty, etc. See under Fat. Fatuous, fafu-us, a. Feeble in mind; weak; impo- tent; without reality; illusory. [L.fatuus; perh. s. rt. Goth, gaidw, Gr. chatis, want, defect.] — Fatu'- ity, -Y-tT, n. Imbecility. Faubourg, fo'boorg, n. A suburb in French cities. [F., for faux-bouro, a false, not genuine, town. See False and Borough.] Fauces, faw'sez, n. pi. The posterior part of the mouth, terminated by the pharynx and larynx. [L. ; perh. s. rt. Skr. bhuka, hole, head of a fountain.] — Fau'cah a. Pert, to the fauces; esp. (Pron.), pro- duced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found in Semitic languages. Faucet, faw'set, n. A tube stopped with a peg, spigot, or slide, for drawing liquid from a vessel. [OF. fausset, faulset, fr. faulser, L,.falsare, to forge, fal- sify, fr.falsus, false, q. v.] Faugh, law, interj. Exclamation of contempt or ab- horrence. [Perh. fr. AS. fian, to hate.] Faulchion. Same as Falchion. Fault, fa wit, n. Want; absence; lack; default; any- thing wanting, or that impairs excellence; a moral failing; an offense less serious than a crime; blun- der; vice. (Geol. & Mining.) A displacement of strata or veins at a fissure, so that they are not con- tinuous. (Hunting.) A lost scent, —v. t. To cause a fault or displacement in (strata or veins). [OF. faute, faulte, Sp., Pg., and It. falta, defect, want, Sp. and Pg. /altar. It. faltare, to lack, freq. fr. L. fallere. See Fail, Falter.] — At fault. Unable to find the scent and continue chase; puzzled; thrown off the track. — To find f. To express dissatisfac- tion, complain. — Fault'y, -Y, a. Containing, or guilty of, faults; imperfect; blamable. — Faultily, -T-1Y, adv. — Faulfiness, n. — Faultless, a. With- out fault; blameless; spotless; perfect. — Faultless- ly, adv. — Fault'lessness, n. Faun, fawn, n. (Rom. Myth.) A god of shepherds and fields, — represented as half goat and half man. [L. Faunus, the deity of agriculture and shepherds, fr. favere, to be favorable.] — Fau'na, -na, n. (Zobl.) The animals of any given area or epoch. Fauteuil, fo-teK, n. An arm-chair, usually orna- mented; a seat in the French Academy. [F.; OF. fauldetueil, LL. faldistolium. See Faldstool.] Favor, fa'ver, n. Kind regard; propitious aspect; act of countenancing, or condition of being counte- nanced; support; a kind act or office; an act of grace; mildness; lenity; object of kind regard; a. gift, token of love; something worn as a token of affection; a letter, — so called in compliment. — v. t. [favored (-verd), favoring.] To regard with kind- ness, aid, befriend; to afford advantages for success to, facilitate. [L., fr. favere, to befriend.] — Fa'- vorer, n. — Fa'vorable, a. Manifesting or indica- ting partiality; kind; propitious; tending to promote or facilitate; advantageous. — Fa'vorableness, n.— Fa'vorably, adv. — Fa'vorite, -it, n. A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with partiality. — a. Regarded with, etc. [OF.] — Fa'- voritism, -izm, n. Disposition to favor, aid, and promote the interest of a favorite; partiality. Favus, fa'vus, n. (Pathol.) A disease of the scalp caused by a parasitic fungus. [L., honey-comb.] — Favose', -vos', a. (Hot.) Honey-combed; like the section of a honey-comb; having pits, depressions, or cells. Fawn, fawn, n. A young fal- low deer; a buck or doe of the first year. [OF. fan, faon,ir. L. foztus. See Fe-;t tus.] Fawn, fawn, v. i. [fawned ( f a w n d ) , fawning.] To court favor by cringing, court servilely, flatter meanly. [Ic. fagna, AS. fmgnian, to rejoice, fr. faegen, glad. See Fain.] — Fawn'er, n. Fay. See Fairy. Fay, fa, v. t. and i. [fayed (fad), faying.] To fit, suit, unite closely with. [Same nsfadge, q. v.] Fealty, fe'al-tt, n. Fidelity to one's lord, to a supe- rior power, or to a government; homage; loyalty; fi- delity. [OF. feaute,fealte,feelteit, li.fidelitas; same as fidelity.] Fear, fer, n. A painful emotion excited by expecta- tion of evil or apprehension of danger; solicitude; alarm; dread; terror. (Script.) Reverence for the Supreme Being, or for men of authority or worth. That which causes apprehension or alarm. — v. t. [feared (ferd), fearing.] To feel a painful appre- hension of, be afraid of, dread; to have a reveren- tial awe of, venerate. To be in apprehension of evil, be afraid. [AS. fser, OHG. fara. var, peril, fear, Ic. far, harm.] — Fear'ful, -ful, a. Full of fear; afraid; easily frightened; indicating, or caused by, fear; inspiring fear; exciting terror; horrible; shocking; awful. — Fearfully, adv. — Fear'fulness, n. — Fearless, a. Free from fear; bold; daring; dauntless; heroic. — Fearlessly, adv. — Fearless- ness, n. — Fear 'naught, -nawt, n. A thick woolen cloth; dreadnaught. Feasible, fe'zY-bl, a. Capable of being effected; prac- ticable. [OF. faisible, fr. faire, L. facere, to make or do.] — Fea'sibleness, -sibil'ity, -t\,n. Practica- bility. Feast, fest, n. A festival; holiday; a solemn or joyous anniversary; a festive meal; banquet; something delicious or highly agreeable. — v. i. To eat sump- tuously; to be highly delighted. — v. t. To entertain with sumptuous provisions; to delight, gratify lux- uriously. [OF./esrine, -brin, re. (Chem.) A peculiar organic compound found sun, cQbe, full ; moon, tdbi ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNborr, chair, get. FIBULA 204 FIGURE in animals and vegetables, and also contained in the clot of coagulated Dleod. Fibula, fib'u-la, n. ; pi. -\.m, -le. A clasp or buckle. (Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. (Surg.) A needle to sew up wounds. [It. and L., a buckle, contr. iorfigibula, fr. L. figere, to fasten.] Fichu, f e-shoo r , re. A cape, usually of lace, worn by ladies over neck, bosom, and shoulders. [F. See Fix.] Fickle, fik'1, a. Liable to change or vicissitude; of changeable mind; wavering; irresolute; unstable; mutaole; capricious. [AS. ficol, fr. fie, fraud, facen, OS. fekn, deceit, Ic.fetkn, an evil, portent.] — Fick'- leness, re. Instability. Fictile, fik'til, a. Molded into form by art. [L. fictilis, fr. fingere, fictum, to shape ; s. rt. feign, figure.] — Fic'tion, -shun, re. Act of feigning, inventing, or imagining ; thing invented or imagined, esp. a feigned story; fabrication; falsehood. [F. ; L. fictio, -onis, ir. fingere.) — Fictitious, -tish'us, a. Feigned; counterfeit ; false. — Fictitiously, adv. — Fig'- ment, n. An invention; fiction. [L. figmentum.) Fid, fid, re. (Naut.) A bar of wood or iron, to support the topmast. A bar or pin, to support or steady anything; a tapering pin, to open the strands of a rope in splicing. Fiddle, fid'dl, re. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music ; violin ; kit. (Bot.) A perennial plant, a species of dock. — v. t. [fiddled (-did), -dling.] To play on a violin; to shift the hands often, like a player on a fiddle, and do nothing; to tweedle, trifle. [AS. fidhele, Ic. fidhla, Dan. fir/del, D. vedel, LL. vidula, vitula ; s. rt. viol.) — Fid'dler, re. A player on, etc. ; a kind of small crab. — Fid'dle-stick, n. The bow for playing on, etc. — Fid'dle-dee-dee', in- ter}. An exclamatory phrase, equivalent to Non- sense!— Fid'dle-fad'dle, re. A trifle; trifling or fussy talk; nonsense. Fidelity, fT-del'T-tT, n. Faithfulness ; adherence to right; esp., adherence to a person or party to which one is bound; loyalty; adherence to ones promise; veracity; honesty; adherence to the marriage con- tract; integrity; faith; fealty. [F. fidelity, L. fidel- itas, fr.fidelis, f aithf uL fides, faith, q. v.] Fidget, fij'et, v. i. To move uneasily one way and the other. — re. Irregular motion; uneasiness; rest- lessness; one who fidgets. [Ic.fika, to climb nimbly, Sw. fika, to hunt after.] — Fid'gety, -T, a. Restless. Fiducial, fY-du'shal, a. Having faith or trust; con- fident; undoubting; of the nature of a trust; fidu- ciarv. [L. fiducia, trust, fr. fidere, to trust.] — Fi- du'cially, adv. With confidence.— Fidu'ciary, -sht- a-rT, a. Confident ; undoubting ; firm ; holding, held, or foundad, in trust.— n. One who holds a thing in trust for another; a trustee. (Theol.) One who depends for salvation on faith, without works. He, fi, interj. An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. [OF., Ic, Dan., and Sw.fy, G.pfui, h.phui, phy, Gr. pheu, Skr. phut.] Fief. See under Fee. Field, feld, re. Felled ground ; cleared land ; place where a battle is fought ; battle ; an open space ; wide extent ; an expanse. (Her.) The surface of the shield; any blank space or ground on which figures are drawn. A collective term for all the riders iu a hunting field, fielders in cricket, or com- petitors in any contest, —v. i. In games of ball, to stand out in the field, to catch balls. [AS. and G. feld, D. veld, Dim. felt ; s. rt../e/Z, a hill.] — Field of ice. A body of floating ice. — Field, or/, of view. In a telescope or microscope, the space within which objects are seen.— To keep the f. (Mil.) To con- tinue the campaign.— To lay against thef. To back (a horse, etc.) against all comers in a race. — Field'- er, re. A player in cricket or base-ball who catches balls struck by the batsman. — Field'-book, n. A book for entries of measurements taken in the field, in surveying or civil engineering. col'ors, n. pi. (Mil.) Small flags with which the quartermaster- feneral marks out ground for the squadrons and attalions. — -day. (Mil.) A day when troops are practiced in field exercises and evolutions. — -glass, re. A small, powerful telescope or binocle. — -gun, n. (Mil.) A small cannon, used on the battle-field; field-piece. — hand, n. An agricultural laborer.— -mar'shal, n. (Mil.) The commander of an army; a military officer of high rank in Germany; the highest military officer in England except the cap- tain-general.— -notes, n. pi (Surv.) Notes made in the field. — -officer, n. (Mil.) A military officer above the rank of captain, and below that of gen- eral, as a major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel.— -piece, n. (Mil.) A field-gun. — sport, re. Diver, sion in the field, as shooting and hunting. — work, re. (Mil.) A temporary work thrown up by troops in the field. "Work done out of doors, as, (Surv.) work with the chain and compass, etc., disting. fr. calculations ; (Bot.), collection of specimens for analysis; ( Geol), excursions for study, etc.— Field'- fare, -far, n. A bird of the thrush kind. [AS. felde- fare, fr. feld and faran, to fare, travel over.] Fiend, fend, n. An implacable or malicious foe; the devil ; an infernal being. [AS. feond, p. pr. of feogan, to hate, D. vijand, Dan. and Sw. fiende, G. feind ; s. rt. foe.] — Fiend'ish, a. Like a fiend ; malignant. — Fiend'ishly, adv. Fierce, etc. See under Ferocious. Fieri-facias, fVe-ri-fa'shT-as, re. (Law.) A judicial writ, commanding the sheriff to collect from the goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the sum recovered in debt or damages. [L., cause it to be done.] Fiery, etc. See under Fire. Fife, fif, n. (Mus.) A pipe used as a wind-instru- ment. — v. i. [fifed (lift), fifing.] To play on a fife. [F.fifre, OHG. pfifa, a fife, G. pfeife. a pipe, pfiff, a whistle ; OHG. pfifen, to fife, L. pipare, to chirp; s. rt. pipe.] — Fif'er, n.— Fife'-rail, n. (Naut.) A rail around the mast of a ship. Fifteen, Fifth, Fifty, etc. See under Five. Fig, fig, n. (Bat.) A fruit tree growing in warm climates; its fruit, eaten fresh or dried. A worthless thing, — in con- tempt. (Far.) An ex- crescence on the frog of a horse's foot, resulting from a bruise. [F. figue, L. ficus.) Fight, fit, v. i. [fought (fawt), FIGHTING.] To strive or contend for vic- tory, contend in arms; to act in opposition, make resistance. — !'.*. To carry on, or wage (a con- flict or battle); to contend with, war against; to cause to fight, manage or maneuver in a fight. — re. A battle, engagement, struggle for victory; com- bat; action; conflict. [AS. feohtan, D. vechten, G. fechten, to fight, AS. feohte, a fight.] — Fight'er, re. Figment. See under Fictile. Figure, fig'ur, n. Form of any thing; shape; outline; structure; appearance; representation of any form by drawing, painting, etc; an image; a pattern cop- ied in cloth, paper, etc.; appearance or impression made by one's conduct; a character standing for, or representing, a number; a numeral; digit, as 1, 2, 3, etc.; value, as expressed in numbers; price; a type or representative. (Rhet.) Pictorial language ; a trope; deviation from rules of grammar. (Logic.) The form of a svllogism with respect to the position of the middle term. — v. t. [figured (-urd), -us- ing.] To make an image of, by drawing or model- ing; to embellish with designs, mark upon; to indi- cate by numerals; to calculate; to state by a meta- phor, signify or symbolize; to image in the mind. (Mus.) To write (figures or other characters) over or under the bass, indicating the accompanying chords; to embellish. — v. i. To make a figure, be distinguished. [F.; ~L.figura, a figure, thing made, fr. rt. of fingere, to form, fashion, feign, Gr. thing- ganein, to handle, Skr. dih, to smear, Goth, deigan, to fashion (pottery, etc.); s. rt. dike, dough, feign, fiction, effigy, perh. lady.] — To cut a figure. To per- form a conspicuous part. — To f. out. Tr compute the amount of.— To f. up. To add, reckon. — Fig- ured bass. (Mus.) An accompaniment indicated by figures on the bass. — Fig'ure-head, re. ( Naut.) The figure or bust projecting from the bow of a ship. See Ship. A person nominally at the head of an as- sociation or enterprize, but lacking ability or au- thority to control affairs.— Fig'urable, a. Capable of being brought to a fixed form. — Fig'urabil'ity, re.— Fig'ural, a. Represented by figure or delineation; consisting of figures. (Mus.) Figurate. — Fig'urate, o. Of a certain determinate form or figure. (Mus.) Relating to discords ; discordant ; figurative. — Figu- ra'tion, re. Act of giving determinate form. (Mus.) Mixture of concords and rtvwsorde. — Fig'urative, Fig, Leaf and Fruit. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5d<*. <*-»9, 6r ; FILACEOUS 205 FINAL -tiv. a. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance ; typical; representative; used in a tropical sense, as a metaphor ; not literal; abounding in figures of speech; flowery; florid.— Fig'uratively, adv.— Fig'- urant, -rant, n. m., -urante, -rant, n.f. A dancer in groups or figures at the opera, but not singly; an ac- cessory character who has nothing to say. [F., p. pr. of figurer, to figure, dance in figures.] Filaceo-UB, Filament, etc. See under File. Filbert, fil'bert, n. (Bot.) The nut or fruit of the cultivated hazel. [Pern, fr. St. PhUibert, whose feast is Aug. 22, in the nutting season: the G. name for the nut is Lambertsnuss, St. Lambert's day being Sept. 17.1 Filch, filch, v. t. [filched (filcht), filching.] To steal or take privily,— said of petty thefts; to pilfer. [Ic. fela, Goth. filhan, to hide, OHG. felahan, to put together.] — Filcb/er, n. File, fll, n. An orderly succession; a line, row; as, (Mil.) a row of soldiers ranged behind one another; a collection of papers, arranged for preservation and reference; wire or other contrivance by which papers are kept in order; fine wire thread of gold or silver; tinsel-covered silk. —v. t. [filed (flld), filing.] To set in order, place on file, insert in its proper place among arranged papers; to bring before a court or legislative body by presenting papers in a regular way. (Law.) To put upon the files or among the records of a court, — v. i. (Mil.) To march (sol- diers) in a file or line, one after another. [OF., a rank, row, fil, a thread, LL. fila, a string of things, "Li.filum, a thread: s. rt. enfilade, defile.'] — Rank and file. (Mil.) The body of private soldiers composing an army.— File'-lead'er, n. (Mil.) The soldier in the front of a file. — Fila'ceous, -shus, a. Composed or consisting of threads. — Filose, -los, a. Ending in a thread-Tike process. — FU'ament, n. A thread, or thread-like appendage; esp. (Bot.), the thread-like part of the stamens supporting the anther: see An- ther. — Filamenfary, -rf, a. Of the nature of, or formed by, etc. — Filament'ous, -us, a. Like a thread: consisting of filaments. — Fil'anders, n. pi. A disease in hawks, characterized by filaments of coag- ulated blood, also by small worms wrapped in a thin net-work near the reins. [F. filandres, f r. L. filum.] — Fil'ature, -chur, n. A drawing out into threads; the reeling of silk from cocoons; a reel for drawing off silk from cocoons; an establishment for reeling. [LL. filatura, fr. filare, to spin.] — Fil'iform, a. Having the form of a thread or filament. [L. forma, form.] — Filigree, n. Net-work containing beads; ornamental work, executed in fine gold or silver wire — a. Pert, to or made of, etc. [Sp. filigrana, fr. fila (LiL.fila) and grano, grain or fiber of a fab- ric] — Fillet, n. A little band or twist, esp. one to encircle the head ; a piece of meat made up of mus- cles, esp. the fleshy part of the thigh; meat rolled into a string-like form. (Arch.) A square ornament, iistel; the longitudinal ridge between the flutings of a Grecian column, except the Doric. (Her.) A kind of ordinary crossing the shield horizontally, —v. t. To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet. \^Ja, fll, n. A steel instrument, covered with sharp- edged furrows, for abrading or smoothing hard sub- stances; a shrewd, artful person, cheat, pickpocket. cut away, with a file; to smooth, polish, improve. [AS. feci, D.yijl, Dan. fiU, Svr.fil, OHG. figala, G. —v. t. [filed (flld), filing.] To rub, smooth, or file; ' feile, Rus'. pila", a file, Skr. pig", 'to form, adorn!] — Filler, n. — Filing, n. Particle rubbed off by a file. Filial, fil'yal, a. Pert, to a son or daughter; becom- ing a child in relation to parents; bearing the rela- tion of a child. [F., Sp., and Pg., fr. L.filius, son, filia, daughter, ong. infant, fr. telare, Skr. dha, to suck.] — Filiate, -T-at, u. t. To adopt as son or daughter. — Filiation, n. Relation of a child to a father; the fixing of a bastard child on some one as its father; affiliation. Filibuster, fiKl-bus'ter, n. A lawless military adven- turer, esp. one in quest of plunder; a free-booter, pirate. — v. i. To act as a filibuster; to obstruct leg- islation by persistent dilatory motions on the part of the minority. [Sp., fr ■. filibote, flibote, D. vlieboot, E. flyboat, a light, swift-sailing vessel.] Filigree, Fillet, etc. See under File. Fill, fil, v. t. [filled (fild), filling.] To make full; to supply abundantly, cause to abound; to satisfy, content; to possess and perform the duties of, oc- eupy, hold; to supply with an incumbent. — v. i. To become full, have ah abundant supply, be satiated; to fill a cup for drinking, give to drink. — n. A full supply; as much as satisfies; a thill, or shaft of a carriage. [AS. fyUan,fullian, ir.ful, full; D. vullen, Ic. and Sw. fylla, Goth, fulljan, G. fuellen. See Full.] — To fill in. To insert so as to fill. — To f. out. To extend or enlarge to the desired limit. — Tof. up. To make quite full, occupy completely.— Fili'er, n. — Fill'ing, n. That which fills up, as, the woof in weaving; or a preparation for filling the pores of porous woods, used in cabinet-making. Fillibeg, fillY-beg, n. A kilt or dress reaching nearly to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland. [Ga. filleadhbeag, little plaid, ir.filleadh, plait, fold, and beag, small.] Fillip, fillip, v. t. [-liped (-lipt), -lipin'G.] To strike with the finger nail, jerked from under the thumb. — n. A jerk of a finger. (E.flip. See Flippant.] Fillipeen. Same as Philopena. Filly, fiKIT, n. A young horse; esp. young mare; fe- male colt; a lively, roistering, or wanton girl. [Dim. of foal; Ic.fylja, ft.foli, a foal, q. v.] Film, film, n. A thin skin; pellicle; membranous cov- ering, causing opacity; a slender thread, as one of those in a cobweb. — v. t. To cover with, etc. [AS. and OFries.; s. rt. E. fell, Vf.pilen, skin.] — Film'y, -T, a. Composed of film, membranous, cobweb-like. Filose. See under File. Filter, filler, n. A piece of woolen cloth, paper, etc., or a receptacle filled with charcoal, etc., through which liquids are strained. — v. t. [filtered (-tern), -tering.J To purify (a liquid) by passing it through a filter; to filtrate.— v. i. To pass through a filter, percolate. [OF. filtrer, to filter./ewfre, orig. feltre, piece of felt, filter, L. filtrum, feltrum. OLG. vilt, felt, q. v.] — FiKtrate, v. t. ~ , n. Act or process of, etc. To filte ,G. jilt, D. , — Filtra'- Fins. 1, ventral; 2, anal; 3, caudal; 4, pectoral; 5, first dorsal; 6, sec- ond dorsal. Destitute of, etc. — Fin'-toed, connected by a membrane, as Filth, filth, n. Foul matter; dirt; nastiness; anything that defiles the moral character; corruption; pollu- tion. [AS. fyldh, OHG. fulida, fr. AS. and OHG. fid, foul, q. v.] - Filth'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] De- filed with filth; morally impure; nasty; squalid; gross ; vulgar. — Filthily, adv. — FiltHlnesB, n. Fimbriate, fim'brl-at, a. (Bot.) Bordered by filiform Erocesses thicker than hairs; f ringed. — v. t. To em, fringe. [L. fimbriatus, fibrous, fr. fimbi-ia, fi- ber, fringe.] Fin, fin, n. (Ichth.) One of the projec- ting, bony, mem- branous organs with which a fish or fish-like animal controls its posi- tion and move- ments. [AS. ; D. vin, Sw. finn, fena, Dan. finne, L. pinna.] — Fin'- ny, -nt, a. Hav- ing, or pert, to, fins. — Finless, a. -tod, a. Having t aquatic birds; palmiped; palmated. Finable. See under Fine, n. Final, filial, a. Pert, to the end or conclusion; last; terminating; conclusive; decisive; mortal; respect- ing the purpose or ultimate end in view. [OF.;L. finalis,tr. finis, the end, for fidnis, lit. a parting, end, fr. rt. of findere, to cleave; s. rt. affinity, confine, infi- nite, etc.] — Finality, -T-tT, n. Final state; a final or conclusive arrangement, settlement. — Filially, adv. At the end; ultimately: lastly; completely. —Finale, fe-nala, re. (3fus.) The end of a piece of music; last note; close. [It.]— Fin'- ial, -1-al, n. The knot, or bunch of foliage, termina- ting pinnacles in Gothic architecture ; the pinnacle itself.— Finish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To bring to an end, put an end to, terminate ; to bestow the ut- most labor upon, complete, perfect. — n. That which finishes or perfects; esp. the last hard, smooth coat of plaster on a wall. [OF. finir, L. finire, fiintum, to finish, fr. . One who, etc.; a machinist. — Fi'nite, -nit, a. Lim ited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded. — Fi'nitely, a'iv. Within limits; to a certain degree only. — Fi'nis, re. An end; conclusion. [L.] sJ5n, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, dien. boxboN, chair, get. FINANCE 206^ FIRKIN Finance, etc. See under Fine, n. Finch, finch, n. One of a family of small singing birds. [AS. fine, G. fink, OHG. fincho, D. vink ; s. rt. W. pine, a finch, also brisk, smart, gay.] Find, find* v. t. [found (fownd), finding.] To meet ■with or light upon accidentally, fall in with; to learn by experience or trial, perceive, experience, detect, feel; to come upon by seeking, discover by study, gain, as the object of effort; to provide for, supply, furnish; to arrive at, as a conclusion, establish, —v. i. (Law.) To determine as an issue of fact, and de- clare it to a court. — n. Thing found; a discovery, esp. ef something archseologically valuable. [AS. and OHG. findan, D. vinden, Dan. finde, G. finden, to find, L. petere, to seek, Gr. piptein, Skr. pat, to fall; s. rt. impetus, pen, feather, petition, appetite.] — To find out. To detect, discover. — To f. fault with. To blame, censure. — Tof. om's self. To be, fare.— Find'er, n. One who, or that which, finds, esp. (Astron.), a small telescope, attached to a larger one, for finding an object readily. — Finding, n. Thing found; discovery; esp. pi., that which a journeyman finds or provides for himself; trimmings, as shoe- bindings, etc. (Law.) That which is found by a jury ; a verdict. — Find'ing-store, n. A shop for tools and trimmings used by shoemakers, etc. — Fonnd ' ling, fownd '-, n. A child found without a parent or protector. [ME. fundeling, D.vondeling.] Fine, fin, a. Finished; brought to perfection; supe- rior; elegant; beautiful; showy; aiming at effect ; over-dressed or over-decked; nice; delicate; exquis- ite; sly; fraudulent; not coarse, gross, or heavy.— v. t. [fined (find), fining.] To make fine, refine, purify. [OF. fin, witty, L. finltus, well rounded (sentence); same as finite : see under Final.] —Fine arts. Those arts depending on the imagination, as poetry, painting, sculpture, engraving, and archi- tecture, — sometimes restricted to the first two.— Finely, adv. In a fine or polished manner; deli- cately; into minute parts; to a thin or sharp edge or point. — Fine'ness, n. — Fin 'or, n. One who fines or purifies; a refiner. — Finding, n. Process of refining. — Fin'ery, -er-T, n. Ornament; decoration; a refin- ery, furnace for making iron malleable. — Fine''- cferaw, v. t. [-drawn, -drawing.] To sew up a rent, without doubling the edges, so as to conceal it. — Fine'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out too subtly. — Fin'- ical, a. Affectedly fine; fastidious; foppish. — Fin'- ically, adv. — Finicality, -tT, n. State of being, etc. — Finesse, fY-nes', n. Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem, —v. i. [finessed (-nest'), -sing.] To employ, etc.; in whist, to play a low card when holding higher, trusting that the opponent cannot take it. [F.j Fine, fin, n. Money paid to settle a claim, or termi- nate a matter in dispute; esp. a payment of money imposed as punishment for an offense; a mulct. (Feudal Law.) A final agreement concerning lands or rents between persons. (Eng. Law.) A sum of money paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or priv- ilege. — v. t. [fined (find), fining.] To impose a pecuniary penalty upon; to mulct. [LawL../rais, a fine, fr. L. finis, an end. See Final.] — In fine. In conclusion; by way of termination or summing up. — Fin'able, a. Liable or subject to a fine. —Fi- nance, fY-nans', n. The income of a ruler or state; revenue ; sometimes, income from an individual ; pi. available resources. [OF. ; LL. financia, a pay- ment, f r. finare, to pay a fine or tax.] — Financial, -shal, a. Pert, to finance or public revenue. — Fi- nan'cialist, n. One skilled in financial matters. — Financially, adv. — Financier'? -ser r , n. An of- ficer who administers the public revenue ; one skilled in financial operations. — v. i. To conduct financial operations. Finery, Finesse, etc. See under Fine, a. Finger, fin'gSr, n. One of the 5 terminating members of the hand; a digit; also, one of the 4 extremities of the hand, excluding the thumb; the breadth of a finger; skill in the use of the fingers, as in music. — v. t. [fingered (-erd), -ering.] To touch with the fingers, handle; to perform on, or with, the fingers; to touch lightly; to pilfer, purloin. — v. i. (Mus.) To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. [AS., Dan., Sw., and G. finger, D. vingerAa. fingr ; prob. 8. Tt.fang.} — To have a finger in. To be concerned in. — To have at the fingers'' ends. To be so familiar with a subject as to be able to speak at once concern- ing it. — Fin'ger-board, n. (Mus.) The part of a violin, etc., where the pressure of the fingers varies the tension of the strings; key-board of a piano, or- gan, etc.; manual. — -bowl or -glass, n. A glass in which to wash the fingers at table. — plate, n. A strip of metal or porcelain on a door to keep th« fingers from soiling the paint. post, n. A post with a pointing finger, directing passengers to the road; sign-post. read'ing, n. Reading, for the blind, by touching letters printed in relief. Finial, Finis, Finish, etc. See under Final. Finical, etc. See under Fine, a. Finless, Finny, etc. See under Fin. Finnikin, hn /, nY-kin, n. A kind of pigeon, with a crest resembling a horse's mane. [Prob. for finical. See under Fine.] Fiord, fY6rd (one syllable), n. A bay or inlet with high banks. [Dan. and Sw.] Fir, fgr, n. A tree allied to the pines, valuable as tim- ber. [AS.furh, Ic. and Sw.fura, Da.ri.fyr, W. pyr.] Fire, fir, n. Evolution of light and heat in the com- bustion of bodies; combustion; state of ignition; fuel in combustion, as on ahearth or in a furnace; the burning of a house, etc.; conflagration; ardor of passion ; warmth of imagination ; enthusiasm ; discharge of fire-arms, — v. i. [fired (fird), firing.] To set on fire, kindle; to inflame, irritate; to ani- mate, give life or spirit to; to cause to explode, dis- charge. (Far.) To cauterize. — v. i. To take fire, be kindled, kindle; to be irritated or inflamed with passion ; to discharge fire-arms. [AS., Dan., and S-w.fyr, D. vuur, G.feuer, Gr. pur, fire, Skr. pavana, fire, also pure.] — Greek fire. An inflammable ma- terial, burning with almost inextinguishable vio- lence, used in war. — Onf. Burning. — Running fire. (Steam. Boilers.} A passage surrounded by water, for gaseous products of com- bustion, — distmg. fr. tube , which holds water, and is surrounded by iiie : small flues are called flue-tubes. [Corrup. of flute, q. v.; OF. fleute x a flute, pipe.] Fluent, llu'ent, o. Flowing or capable of flowing, liquid; gliding; current; ready in the use of words; voluble; copious; smooth. — n. (Math.) A variable quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing, — called, in modern calculus, the function or in- tegral. [L. fluent, -entis, p. pr. of fluere, to flow, Gr. phluein, to swell, overflow.] — Flu'ency, -si, n. Quality of being, etc. — Fluid, a. Capable of flow- ing; liquid or gaseous. — n. A body whose particles move easily among themselves. [OF. fluide, L. fliv- idus.] — Fluidity, -tT. n. Quality of being, etc. ; a liquid, aeriform, or gaseous state. — Flume, flum, n. A stream ; esp. a channel for water driving a mill- wheel, or used in gold-washing. [ AS. flum, L. flumen, a stream, fr. fluere.] — Flu'or, F.-spar, n. (Min.) Fluoride of calcium,— a mineral of beautiful colors, used for ornamental vessels. [L. fluor, f r. fluere.] — F. al'bus. (Med.) The whites ; leucorrhea. [L.] — Fluores'cence, -sens, n. (Opt.) A property of some transparent bodies, of producing surface re- flections of light different in color from the mass of the material. A property possessed by fluor spar, uranium glass, sulphide of calcium, and many other substances, of glowing without appreciable rise of temperature when exposed to light, cathode rays, Xrays, etc. — Fluoroscope, flu-5r'o-skop, n. (Phys.) An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluo- rescence. A fluorescent screen, with hood to protect the eyes, used for observing the shadows cast by ob- jects placed in the path of the X rays. [/'VMorescence + Gx. skopein, to view.]— Fluoric, -Qrlk.o. (Chem.) Pert, to, or obtained from, fluor-spar. — Flu'oride, -id, n. A compound of fluorine. — Flu'orine, -in, n. An element related to chlorine. — Flu'orous, -us, a. Obtained from, or pert, to, fluor. — Fluohy'dric, a. Hydrofluoric, q. v. Flugelman, flu'gl-man, n. (Mil.) The leader of a file; a fugleman. [G.fluegelmavn, file-leader.] Fluke, fluk, n. (Naut.) The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground : see Anchor. One of the points of a whale's tail; in Eng., a shot accidentally made at billiards, called in U. S. a scratch; any un- expected advantage. [LG. flunk, a wing, palm of an anchor, Ir.flegen, to fly.] — Fluk'y. -I, a. Hav- ing, or like, a fluke. — Fluke'-worm, n. A parasitic worm found in the livers of sheep. Flummery, flumlner-i, n. A light kind of food, for- merly made of flour or meal; empty compliment; mere flattery ; nonsense. [W. llymry, oatmeal steeped until sour and boiled, to be eaten with milk; llymrig, harsh, crude, fr. liym, sharp.] Flung. See Fling. Flunk, flunk, v. i. [flunked (flunkt), flunking.] To fail, back out, through fear. — n. A failure. [Slang.] Flunky, flunk'i, n. A livery servant; one who is ob- sequious or cringing; one easily deceived in buying stocks. [F. flanquer, to flank, run along by one's side, support.]— Flunk'yism, -izm, n. Character or qualitv of a flunky. Fluor, Fluoride, etc. See under Fluent. Flurry, flur'rT, n. A sudden blast or gust ; violent agitation; commotion; bustle; confusion. — v. t. [flurried (-rid), -eying.] To agitate, excite, alarm. [Sw. dial, flur, disordered hair, whim, ca- price, flurig, disordered.] Flush, flush, v. i. [flushed (flusht), flushing.] To flow and spread suddenly. — v. t. To cause (game, etc.) to start ; to cleanse by inundating with a sud- den rush of water. — n. A sudden flowing; rush; a flock of birds suddenly started up; a run of cards of the same suit. — a. Full of vigor ; well furnished ; affluent; liberal; prodigal. {Arch, and Mech.) Form- ing a continuous surface. Consisting of cards of the same suit. [F.yfttr,a flowing, current, flush (at cards), L. fluxus. See Fluent, Flux.] Flush, flush, v. i. To become suffused, as the cheeks; to turn red, blush; to shine suddenly, glow. — v. t. To redden suddenly, put to the blush; to make glowing, redden; to animate with joy, elate, elevate. — n. A rush of blood to the face ; blush ; glow. [Sw. dial, fossa, to burn furiously, blaze, Norwe- gian dial, flosa, passion, eagerness; s. rt. flare.] Fluster, fluslgr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To make hot and rosy, as with drinking ; to confuse, muddle, —n. Heat or glow, as from drinking ; agi- tation ; confusion ; disorder. [Ic. flaustra, to be flustered, flaustr, fluster, hurry, flasa, to rush.] Flute, flut, «. (Mus.) A pipe used as a wind instru- ment, having on the side a mouth orifice and holes stopped by the fingers or by keys. (Arch.) A chan- nel in a column or pillar ; fluting; reed. A channel or groove in wood or other work, or in plaited mus- lin, as a lady's ruffle. — v. t. To play or sing in a clear, soft note, like that of a flute; to form flutes or channels in. [OF. flaute, fleute, a flute, flauter, to play the flute, uL.flauta, a flute, f r. L. flare, to blow; s. rt. blow, flue, flout, flageolet] — Flufed, p. a. Thin; fine; flute-like; formed with flutes.— Flutter, Flaulist, flaw'-, Flutist, n. One who plays on the flute. —Fluting, n. A furrow in a column or in a lady's ruffle; fluted work. — Fluti'na, -te'na, n. A musical instrument resembling the concertina. Flutter, flutler, v. i. [-tered (-tSrd), -tering.] To flap the wings rapidly, without flying, or with short flights ; to move with quick vibrations or undula- tions ; to move irregularly, fluctuate. — v. t. To vi- brate or move quickly ; to agitate, disorder, throw into confusion.— n. Act of fluttering; quick and irregular motion; hurry; confusion. [AS. flotorian, to float about, flot, the sea, flota, ship; LG. fluttern, to flutter, flit about; s. rt. flag, flicker, flit, float.} — Flutter-wheel, n. A small water-wheel at the bottom of an upright penstock or flume. Fluvial, flu / vT-al, -viatic, a. Pert, to rivers; growing or living in streams or ponds. [L. fluvialis, -aticus, fr. fluvius, river, fr. fluere, to flow. See Fluent.] — Flu'viatile, -til, a. Pert, to, existing in, or formed by, rivers. Flux, fluks, n. Act of flowing ; quick succession ; change ; matter which flows, as tide setting in tow- ard the shore; state of being liquid. (Chem. & Metal.) Any substance used to promote fusion of metals or minerals. (Med.) Discharge of a fluid from the bowels or other part ; esp., an excessive and morbid discharge; matter thus discharged.— v.t. [fluxed (flukst), fluxing.] To fuse. [OF.; L. fluxus, a flowinsr, orig. p. p. of fluere, to flow. See Fluent.] — Fluxa > tion, n. Act of fluxing. — Flux'- ion, fluk'shun, n. Act of flowing; matter that flows; a constantly varying indication. (Math.) A differ- ential; pi. a method of analysis developed by New- ton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion. — Fluxlonal, -ary, -rt, a. Pert, to, of the nature of, or solved by, fluxions ; inconstant ; variable. Fly, fli, v . i. [imp. flew (flu) ; p. p. flown (flon) ; flying.] To move in the air with wings; to float or move in the air, as clouds, etc.; to move rapidly, like a bird ; to attempt to escape, flee ; to part, burst in pieces. — v. t. To shun, avoid ; to cause to fly, set floating, as a kite. — n. (Entom.) A winged insect of various species, whose wings are transparent; esp. the house fly. A fish-hook dressed in imitation of a flv; a kind of light carriage; that part of a flag from the union to the extreme end. (Xaut.) That part of a compass on which the points are marked. (Mech.) A contrivance to equalize motion or ac- cumulate power in a maehine. (Print.) One who takes sheets from the press ; that part of a power- firinting press which receives the printed sheet and ays it aside. [AS. fleogan, D. vliegen, G.fliegenfto am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare •■ end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; FOAL 213 FOLIACEOUS fly, AS. fleoge, a fly ; s. rt.flow, plume (L. pluma).] — To fly out. To rush out, burst into a passion. — To let f. To throw or drive with violence, dis- charge. (Naut.) To let go suddenly and entirely. — Filler, Fly'er, n. One who or that which, etc.; a fugitive ; runaway, pi. A straight flight of stairs. — Fli'ers, n. pi. Arms revolving around a bobbin on a spinning machine, which twist the sliver, etc., into roving, yarn, thread, etc., and wind it on the bobbin. — Fly'er, n. (Arch.) A step in a flight of stairs which are parallel to each other. —Fly' -blow, n. The egg of a fly. — v. t. To deposit an egg in, or upon, as a fly. — boat, n. A long, narrow, Canal boat ; a flat-bottomed Dutch coasting-vessel. [D. vlieboot. See Filibuster.] catcb/er, n. One ■who hunts flies. (Ornith.) One of several species of birds, which feed on winged insects. — fish, v. i. To angle with flies for bait. leaf, n. A blank leaf at either end of a book. — pa'per, n. Paper prepared to catch or poison flies. — rail, n. A part at a table which turns out to support a leaf. — trap, n. {Bot.) A plant whose leaves are fringed with stiff bristles, and fold together when touched, seiz- ing insects that tight on them, —wheel, n. A wheel in machinery that equalizes its movements, or ac- cumulates power for a variable or intermitting re- sistance. See Steam En- gine .— Fly 'ing-artu'lery, n. (Mil.) Artillery trained to rapid evolu- tions. bridge, n. {Mil.) A bridge supported by boats, or a ferry-boat an- chored up stream, and made to cross by the force of the current. buf- tresa,n. {Arch.) A contriv- ance for strengthening a part of a building, con- sisting of a curved brace or half arch between it and some lower part. — -flan, n. (Ichth.) A fish which can sustain itself in the air for a short time, by its long pectoral fins. — -fib, n. (Naut.) A sail outside of the standing-jib, on the flying-jib-boom. See Sails. — -jib-boom, n. (Naut.) A spar ex- tending beyond the jib-boom. See Ship. — -squir'rel, n. (Zo'61.) A squirrel having an expansive skin on each side, reaching from the fore to the hind legs, bv which it Flying-buttress. Flying-fish. is borne up in leaping. — Flight, flit, n. Act of flee ing or flying ; hasty de- parture, mode of flying ; lofty elevation and ex- cursion; soaring; a num- ber of things passing through the air together, esp. a flock of birds ; a reach of stairs from one landing to another. [AS. flyht.)— Flight'y, -T, a. Fleeting: swift; tran- sient ; ind ufging in flights Fly mg-squrrrel. of ima:rination, humor, caprice, etc. ; volatile ; gid- dy. — Flighfiness, n. Foal, fol, n. A colt or filly, —v. t. & t. [foaled (fold), foaling.] To bring forth, as a colt or filly. [AS. fola, D. veulen, Jc.foli, G. f olden, Gr. polos', a toal, L. pullys, a young animal: s. rt. filly.] Foam, torn, n. An aggregation of bubbles on the sur- face of liquids after violent agitation; froth; spume. — v.i. [foamed (fomd), foaming.] To froth, gather foam; to form or become filled with foam.— v. t. To throw out with violence; to cause to foam. [AS. Jam, Prov. G. fawn, Russ. piena, L. spuma, Skr. jmena.] — To foam at the mouth. To be beside one's self with rage.— Foam'y, -1, a. Covered with foam; spumy. Fob, fob, n. A watch pocket. [Prov. G.fuppe.] Fob, fob, v. t. [fobbed (fobd), -bing.] To cheat, trick, impose on. [D. foppen, to cheat, mock; s. rt. fop.] — To fob off. To shift off by an artifice; put aside. Focus, fo'kus, n. ; E. pi. -cuses, -kus-ez ; L.pl. -CL, -si. (Opt.) A point in which the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted. (Oeom.) A point on the principal axis of a conic section, such that the double ordinate to the axis through the point shall be equal to the parameter of the curve. A central point ; point of concentration. — v. t. To bring to a focus. [L., hearth, Gr. 2>hos, light.] — Fo / '- cal, a. Of or pert, to, etc. Fodder, fod'dgr, n. Food for cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, straw, and various vegetables. — v. t. [foddered (-derd), -dering.] To feed (cattle) with dry food, cut grass, etc. [AS. foilor, fr. foda, food, q. v. ; D. voeder, 1c. fodhr, Dan. and Sw. foder, fodder.] Foe, to, n. An enemy; hostile army; opponent. [AS. fah,fag, fr. feogan, Goth, fijan, to hate; s. rt. fiend, feud.] — Foe'inan, n. ; pi. -men. An enemy in war. Foetus. Same as Fetus. Fog, fog, n. Vapor rising from water or wet land and obscuring the lower part of the atmosphere; mist; a cloud of dust or of smoke. — v. t. [fogged (fogd), -GING.] To envelop, as with fog; befog. [Dan., fr. fyge, to drift, Ic. fok, spray, fr. fjuka, to drift.] — Fog'gy, -gT, a. [-gier, -giest.] Filled or abound- ing with, etc.; cloudy; misty; beclouded; dull: ob- scure. — Fog'gily, -gT-lT, adv. — Fog'giness, n. — Fog'-bank, n. An appearance, at sea, in hazy weather, sometimes resembling distant land, but vanishing as approached. — beu, n. {Naut.) A bell near rocks, shoals, etc., to warn mariners in foggy weather. — horn, n. A huge horn, blown by steam, to warn vessels, at sea, in a fog; a siren. — whis'tle, n. A whistle blown by steam, on a steam-vessel, as a warning, etc. Fog, fog, n. (Agric.) A second growth of grass; after- grass ; long grass that remains in pastures till win- ter: dead grass in meadows, etc., which interferes with the growth or cutting of new grass. [Scot, fog, fouge, moss, W. ffwg, dry grass.] — Fog'gage, -gej, n. Rank or coarse grass, not mowed or eaten down in summer or autumn. Fogy, -gie, -gey, fo'gY, n. A dull old fellow; a per- son behind the times : a conservative. [Perh. dim. fr. D. volkje, folk.] — Fo'gyism, -izm, n. Principles and conduct of a fogy. Foh, fo, interj. An exclamation of abhorrence or con- tempt; poh; fie. See Faugh. Foible, foi'bl, n. A particular moral weakness ; a failing; weak point; infirmity; frailty; defect. [OF., weak. See Feeble.] Foil, foil, v. t. [foiled (foild), foiling.] To render vain or nugatory, frustrate, baffle, balk. — n. Fail- ure of success when on the point of being secured ; defeat; miscarriage; a blunt sword, or one having button at the end, — used in fencing. [OF. fouler to stamp or trample on, LL. fvllare, fotare, to full cloth. See Full, v. t.] — Foil'er, n. Foils. (Arch.) Foil, foil, n. A very thin sheet or plate of metal; a thin leaf of metal, placed under precious stones, to in- crease their brilliancy or give them color; anything of contrasting color or qualities, which sets off another thing to advan- tage. (Arch.) A leaf-like or- nament, in win- dows, niches, etc., called tre-' foil, quatrefoil, q u i n q u e f oil, etc., according to the nnmber of cusps it contains. [OF. feuille, L. folium, a leaf. See Foliage.] Foist, foist, v. t. To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant; to interpolate; to pass off as genuine. [OD. rysten, to fizzle, veest, a fizzle, Dan. tils, n., fise, v., ~E.fizz.\ Fold, fold, n. A doubling of a flexible substance ; times or repetitions, — used with numerals, chiefly in composition, to denote multiplication or increase; that which is folded together, or which infolds; em- brace. — v. t. To lap or lay in plaits ; to double : to lay (the arms, etc.) together; to inclose within folds. — v.i. To become folded. [AS. fealdan, D&n. folde, Ic. falda, to fold ; s. rt. L. plectere, Gr. plekein, to plait, also com/ilex, dvqilex, etc.] — Fold'er, n. One who or that which, etc. ; esp. an instrument for folding paper. Fold, fold, n. A pen for sheep, etc. —v. t. To con- fine (sheep) in a fold. [AS. /' aid, falod, prob. a place protected by palings, fr. Ic. fjol, a thin board.] Foliaceous, fo'll-a'shus, a. (Bot.) Pert, to, or having sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. FOLK 214 FOR Follicle. (Bot.) the texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves inter- mixed with flowers. (Min.) Consisting of leaves or thin laminae ; of the form of a leaf or plate. [L. foliaceus, fr. folium, Gr. phullon, a leaf.] — Fo'liage, -lT-ej, n. A collection of leaves as produced by na- ture. {Arch.) The representation of leaves, flow- ers, and branches._[OF./we?77asre, fr./Mei7fe = L./oZi- um.] — Fo'liate, -at, v. t. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and quicksilver. — a. (Bot.) Hav- ing leaves; leafy. — Folia'tion, n. Act of forming into leaves ; act of beating metal into a thin plate, leaf, or lamina, or of spreading foil over the back- Bide of a mirror. (Arch.) Act of enriching with feather ornaments resembling leaves ; the orna- ments themselves. (Oeol.) The property of some crystalline rocks, of dividing into plates or slabs. — Folio, fo'lT-o or foKyo, n. A sheet of paper once folded; a book made of sheets, each folded once ; a page in a book; two opposite pages bearing the same serial number. (Law.) A leaf containing a certain number of words ; a certain number of words in a writing. — a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 2 leaves; of, or equal to, the size of 1 fold of a sheet of printing paper, when doubled so as to make 2 leaves. [L., abl. of folium.'} Folk, fok, n. People in general, or a separate class of people. [AS. folc, Ic, Dan., and Sw. folk, D. and G. volk ; s. rt. flock, perh. full.'] — Folk-lore, fok'-, n. Tales, legends, or superstitions, current among the people. [G. volkslehre.] Follicle, fol'lT-kl, n. (Bot.) A simple pod opening down the inner suture ; a ves- sel distended with air. (Anat.) A little bag in animal bodies ; a gland. [OF. follicule, L. fob- liculus, dim. of follis, a bag.] — Follic'ular, a. Like, pert, to, or consisting of, follicles. Follow, foKlo, V. t. [-LOWED (-lod), -lowing.] To go or come after ; to go in pursuit of, strive to obtain ; to go with, as a leader, accept as authority, take as a rule of action; to copy after, take as an example; to suc- ceed in order of time, rank, or office; to result from, as effect from cause, or inference from premise ; to watch, as a receding object ; to keep the mind upon while in progress; to understand the meaning, connection, or force of; to attend upon closely, as a profession or calling, —v. i. To go or come after, pursue, attend, accompany, be a result, succeed. {ASjfylcgan.fyligan, D. volgen, Ic. fylgja, G.folgen, OHG. folken ; perh. fr. folk (q. v.), orig. a crowd of people.] — Fol'lower, n. One who follows ; imita- tor; disciple ; adherent ; attendant. (Steam Eng.) The cover of a piston ; a gland. (Mach.) Part of a machine that receives motion from another part. — Fol'lowing, a. Being next after ; succeeding ; en- suing. Folly. See under Fool. Foment, fo-menf, v. t. To apply warm lotions to; to instigate, cherish, and promote by excitements; to en- courage, abet. [OF. fomenter, Li.fomentare, -tatum, iT.fomentum, a lotion, for fovimentum, fr. fovere, to warm.] — Fomentation, n. (Med.) Act of foment- ing, or of applying lotions or poultices ; the lotion applied to a diseased part ; instigation; encourage- ment. — Foment'er, n. Fond, fond, a. Orig. foolish, simple; foolishly tender and loving: doting; loving; tender; much pleased. [ME. fond tor formed, p. p. of fonnen, to act fool- ishly, fr. fori, Sw. fane, a fool.]— Fondly, adv.— Fond'ness, n. — Fondle, fond'1, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To treat with tenderness, caress. — Fond'- ler, n. — Fond'ling, n. Person or thing caressed. Font, n. Assorted type: see under Fobnd. — A bap- tismal vessel: see under Fount. Fontanel, f on'ta-nel', Fontic'ulus, n. (Med.) An arti- ficial ulcer for the discharge ®f humors from the body. — Fontanel, n. (Anat.) A space between the bones of an infant's skull occupied by cartilaginous membrane. [F '. fontanelle, prop, a little fountain, fr. fontaine, fountain ; L. fonticulus, dim. of fons. See Fount.] Food, food, n. What is fed upon; victuals; provisions; anything that sustains, nourishes, and augments ; aliment; sustenance; fare. [AS. and Sw. foda, Ic. fsedhiffsedha, Dan. fade ; hence feed, fodder.] Fool, fool, n. One destitute of reason; an idiot; one deficient in intellect; a simpleton, dunce. (Script.) A wicked person. A professional jester or buffoon. — v. i. [fooled (f oold), fooling.] To act like a fool, trifle, toy. — v . t. To infatuate, make foolish; to make a fool of, impose upon, cheat. [OF. fol, fool, fr. L. follis, a pair of bellows, pi. folles, puffed cheeks (of a jester); s. rt. L. flare, to blow.] — Fool's errand. An absurd or fruitless search or enterprise; pursuit of what can not be found; the undertaking what is impossible. — To fool away. To get rid of foolishly, spend in trifles, idleness, etc. — Fool'ery, -er-T, n. Practice of folly; absurdity; act of folly or weakness: piece of absurdity or nonsense. — Fool'- ish, a. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of understanding; weak in intellect; exhibiting a want of judgment. (Script.) Sinful ; wicked. Ridicu- lous; contemptible. — Fool'ishly, adv. — Fool'ish- ness, n. — Fool'-hard'y, -hard'I, a. Daring without judgment; foolishly bold; rash; venturous; head- long. — FooKhard'iness, n. — Fools'Cap, n. A long folio writing paper, about 13£ by 16A inches. [Orig. made with a water-mark of a fool's" cap and bells.] — Folly, -IT, n. State of being a fool; want of sense; levity, weakness, or derangement of mind; a fool- ish act ; weak conduct ; foolery. [OF. folie.] Foot, fot>t, n. ; pi. Feet, fet. The part of a leg below the ankle; lowest part or foundation; last of a row or series ; fundamental principle ; basis ; ordinary level or rank; a measure consisting of 12 inches. (Mil.) The foot-soldiers, infantry. (Pros.) A com- bination of syllables constituting a metrical element of a verse. — v. i. To tread to measure or music; to dance; to walk.— v. t. To strike with the foot, kick: to tread; to sum up, as numbers in a column; to add a foot to. [AS. jot, pi. fet, D. voet, Ic. fotr, Dan. fod, Sw. fot, G. fuss, L. pes, pedis, Gr. pous, podos, Skr. pad; s. rt. fetter, pedal, pedestrian, biped, etc.] — To foot a biU. To pay it. — Byf. or onf By walk- ing. — Cubic f. A volume equal to that of a cube the edges of which are 12 inches in length. — Square f. An area equal to that of a square the sides of which are 12 inches in length. — To be on f. To be in motion, action, or process of execution. — To set onf. To originate, begin. — Foofing, n. Ground for the foot; firm foundation to stand on; established place; relative condition; state; tread; esp. tread to measure; act of adding up a column of figures; sum total of such a column; act of putting a foot to any- thing, or that which is added as a foot; a plain cot- ton lace, without figures; the finer refuse part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. (Arch.) The broad foundation or base of a wall. — Foot'- ball, n. An inflated ball, kicked about 5 sport of kicking, etc — boy, n. An attendant in livery, footman. — bridge, n. A narrow bridge for foot passengers. — fall. n. A footstep; misstep. — guardB, n. pi. Guards of infantry. — hold, n. A holding with the feet; that on which one may tread securely. — light, n. One of a row of lights at the front of the stage in a theater, etc. — man, n. ; pi. -men. A soldier who marches and fights on foot; a male ser- vant who attends the door, carriage, table, etc. — -mark, n. A mark of a foot, foot-print. — note. w. A note of reference at the foot of a page. — pace, n. A slow pace or step; a stair broader than the rest of a flight; a dais. (Eccl.) The platform on which the altar stands. — pad, n. A highwayman, or robber on foot. — pound, n. The dynamic unit, — being the amount of work done in raising 1 pound througfi 1 foot. — print, n. A trace or foot-mark. — sol dier, n. A soldier who serves on foot. — sore, a. Having tender or sore feet, as from much walking. — stalk, n. (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf or of a flower; a peti- ole, pedicel, or peduncle. — step, n. Sound made by putting down the foot ; mark or impression of the foot; a track; visible sign of a course pursued; token. — stool, n. A stool for the feet. — stove, n. A contrivance to keep the feet warm. Fop, fop, n. A fellow vain and conceited or over nice and affected in dress or manners; acoxcomb; dandy. [D. foppen, to cheat, mock, fopper, a wag.] — Fop'- ling, n. A petty f op. — Fop'pery, -per-T, n. The be- havior, manners, dress, etc., of a fop; coxcombry; folly; impertinence; foolery.— Fop^pish, a. Fop- like; vain of dress; affected in manners; finical; spruce ; dandyish. — Fop'pishly, adv. — Fop'pish- ness, 11. For, f6r, prep. In the place of; instead of; because of; by reason of; with respect to; concerning; in the direction of; toward; during; as being, etc., — indi- cating that in consideration of, or with reference to, which anything takes place, —conj. Because; since; because, introducing a reason of something before advanced, the cause, motive, explanation, etc., of ftm, fame, far, or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, 8r ; FORAG-E 01 r; FORE an action related or statement made. [AS., Sw., and Dan. /or, D. voor, Ic. fyrir, Goth. /aura, for, before; G. fuer, for vor, before, L. and Gr. pro, Skr. pra, before/] — For as much as, or forasmuch as. In con- sideration that; seeing that; since. — For ever. Eter- nally; at all times. — For, or as for. So far as con- cerns ; as regards; -with reference to. — Forev'er, adv. To eternity ; eternally ; at all times ; continu- ally; incessantly; always; endlessly. Forage, i'5r'ej, n. Act of providing food; food for horses and cattle. — v. i. [foraged (-ejd), -aging.] To wander in search of food; to ravage, feed on spoil. — v. t. To strip of provisions, supply with forage. [OF. feurage, pillage, fr. forrer, to forage, fr. torre, fuerre, fodder, straw, LL. fodrium, fr. ODan. foder = E. fodder, q. v.] — For'ager, »*.— Foray, Forray, fo-ra' or fOr'a, n. A sudden incur- sion in border war; a raid. — v. t. To ravage. Foramen, fo-ra'men, n. ; pi. -hamina, -ram'Y-ua. A little opening; perforation. [L., fr. forare, to bore; s. rt. bore.] — Foram'inated, -inous, -T-nus, a. Pierced with small holes; porous. — Foram ini"' erous, a. Having many chambers or holes. Forbear, f6r-bar', v. i. [imp. fokbore (-bor') or (obs.) forbare; p. p. forborne; forbearing.] To re- frain from proceeding, pause, delay; to refuse, de- cline. — v. t. To avoid, abstain from; to treat with consideration, indulge, bear with. [For-, insep. prefix, intensive, or meaning from (AS>., Ic, Dan., and Sw. for-, D. and G. ver-, Goth./ra-, Skr. para-; s. rt. from, far), and bear, q. v.] — Forbear 'ance, n. Act of, or quality of being, forbearing; long-suffer- ing; patience; refraining; mildness. — Forbid', v. t. [-bade (-bad''); p. p. -bidden* or (obs.) -bid ; -bid- ding.] To command to forbear, or not to do; to for- bid from entering or approaching; to oppose, ob- struct, prohibit, interdict, hinder. —v. i. To utter a prohibition, prevent. — Forbid'dance, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc. — Forbid'der, n. — For- bid'ding. p. a. Repelling approach: repulsive; un- pleasant; odious; abhorrent. — Forbore, -borne. See Forbear. — Forfend' or Forefend', v. t. To fend off, avert, forbid, prohibit, defend, guard, secure. — Forego', v. t. [imp. forewent; p.p. -gone; -going.] To quit, leave, relinquish the enjoyment or advan- tage of, give up, resign, renounce. [See also under Fore.] — Forget/, v. t. [imp. -got or (obs.) -gat; p. p. -got, -gotten; -getting.] To lose the remem- brance of; not to think of: to treat with inattention, slight, neglect.— To forget one's self. To be guilty of what is unworthv of one; to lose one's dignity, temper, or self-control. — Forget' ful, -ful, a. Apt to forget; heedless; careless; neglectful. — Forget'ful- aess. n. Quality of being forgetful; loss of remem- brance or recollection ; oblivion; failure to bear in mind; careless omission.— Forget'-me-not', n. (Bot.) A small herb, bearing a blue flower, — the emblem of fidelity. — Forget, ter, m. — Forgive', -giv', v. t. [imp. -gave; p. p. -given; -giving.] To cease to im- pute, remit, excuse; to cease to feel resentment against, absolve, pardon. — Forgiv'able, a. — For- give'ness, n. Act of, or disposition or willingness to, etc.; pardon; remission. — Forgiv'er, n. — For- giv'ing, p. a. Disposed to forgive; mild; merciful; compassionate. — Forlorn', a. Deserted ; lost ; in pitiful plight; despicable; abject; pitiable. [AS. forloren,p. p. of forleosan, to destroy, lose utter- ly. See Lose.] — Forlorn'ness, n. — Forlorn hope. ( Mil.) A detachment of men to lead in an assault, enter a breach, or perform service of uncommon peril. [D. verloren hoop: hoo/> = band, troop.] — Forsake', v. t. [imp. -sook (-sot>k); p. p. -sak'en; -sak'ing.] To quit or leave entirely, depart or withdraw from, abandon, desert, reject. [AS. for- socan; sacan, to contend.] — For sak'er, n. — For- swear', -swar', v. t. [imp. -swore (-swor); p. p. -sworn; -swearing.] To reject or renounce upon oath; to renounce earnestly or with protestations; to deny upon oath. — v. i. To swear falsely, commit perjury. — Forswear'er, n. A perjurer. Force, fors, n. Strength or energy of body or mind; e.-p. power to persuade, convince, or impose obliga- tion; compulsory power; strength for war; a body of combatants. (Law.) Violence; validity; efficacy. (Physics.) Any action between 2 bodies tending to change any physical relation between them. — v.*. [forced (forst), forcing.] To constrain to do, or to forbear, by exertion of power not resistible; to impress by force ; to do violence to, esp. to ravish, violate; to obtain by strength, capture by assault; to impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main strength; to exert to the utmost, strain, produce by unnatural effort; to provide with forces, reeniorca garrison. [OF.; L.I.. fortia, strength, f r. L. fortis, strong; s. rt. firm, fort, for- titude.'] — In force, or of force. Of unimpaired effi- cacy; valid; of full virtue; not suspended or reversed. — For'cer, n. One who, or ( that which, forces or drives; esp. the solid piston of a pump. — For'cible, -sT-bl, a. Possessing force, efficiency, or energy; marked by excessive violence; using force against opposition ; obtained by compulsion; powerful; efficacious"; potent; weighty; cogent. — For'- cibly, adv. — Force'- or For'cing- pump, n. A kind of pump used =! to throw water to a distance, or "*= force it onward by direct action of „ ' . the piston. Forcing-pump. Force, fors, v. t. (Cookery.) To P. pUton; D, de stuff, lard. [Corrupt, of farce, q. l^ery 'ube. v. ; ME. farsen, F. farcer.] — Force'-meat, n. Meat chopped fine, seasoned, and used as stuffing. Forceps, fSr'seps, n. A two-bladed instrument for grasping or traction ; a pair of tongs or pincers, esp. for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, dentists, etc. [L., fr. formus, hot, and rt. of capere, to take.] Ford, ford, n. A place where a river, or other water, may be passed by wading; a stream; current, — v. t. To wade through. [AS., fr. faran, to go, fare, q. v.J — Ford'able, a. Fore, for, a. Advanced in place or position; toward the front; forward; advanced in time; antecedent; advanced in order or series. — adv. In advance; at the front; in the part that precedes. — n. The front. [AS. fore, prep, same as for, q. v.; fore,foran, adv.] — Fore and aft. (Xaut.) From one end of the ves- sel to the other ; lengthwise. — F.-and-aft rigged. (Naut.} Not carrying square topsail yards. — To the f. In front; in plain sight; ready for use. — For'- mer, o. compar. Preceding in time; ancient; long- past ; prior ; anterior; foregoing; first mentioned. [A false formation fr. AS. forma (superl. of fore} = L. primus.] — For'merly, -IT, adv. In time past; of old; heretofore. — Fore'most, a. First in place; chief in rank, dignity, etc. [ME. formest, for forme, first, AS. forma; same as prime, q. v.] — For'ward, -wards, adv. Toward a part or place before or in front; onward; in advance; progressively, — opp. to backward. [AS. foreweard.] — For'ward, a. Near or at the fore part; ready; prompt; willing; earnest; eager; over ready; less modest or reserved than is proper ; unusually advanced; precocious; prema- ture. — v. t. To help onward, advance, promote; to send forward, transmit. — For'warder, n. One who, etc.; esp. who transmits goods. — For'wardly, ado. — For'wardness, «.— Fore'-arm, v. t. To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. — Fore-arm', n. (Anat.) That part of the arm between elbow and wrist. — Forebode', v. t. To foretell, prognosticate; to have an inward convic- tion of, as of a calamity to happen; to presage, por- tend, betoken.— Forebod'er, n. — Fore'cast, v. t. [-cast; -casting.} To contrive beforehand, scheme, project: to foresee, provide against. — v. 1. To con- trive beforehand. — Forecast, n. Previous contriv- ance or determination; foresight of consequences, and provision again st them ; progn ostication. — Fore'- castle, -kas-sl, n. (Naut.) That part of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the after part of the fore channels; in merchant vessels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where the sailors live. See Ship. — Forecit'ed, -sit'ed, a. Cited or quoted before or above. — Foredoom', v. t. To doom beforehand, predestinate.— Fore'father, n. One who precedes another in the line of geneal- ogy ; an ancestor. — Fore'finger. -fin-ger, n. The fin- ger next to the thumb; the index. — Fore'foot, n. ; pi. -feet. One of the anterior feet of an animaL (Xaut.) A piece of timber terminating the keel at the fore-end, and connecting it with the stem. — Fore'front, -frunt, n. The foremost part or place. — Forego', v. t. [imp. -went; p. p. -gone; -going- To go before, precede. [See also under Forbear. . — Foregone conclusion. One which has preceded ar- gument or examination; one predetermined.— For©-* j sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then» boNboir, chair, get. FORE 216 FOiLLVi ground, n. That part of the field of a picture which seems to lie nearest the spectator, or before the fig- ures. — Fore'hand, n. All that part of a horse be- fore the rider; the most important part; prudence; advantage. — Fore 'handed, a. Early; timely; sea- sonable; not behindhand; in easy circumstances. — Fore'head, i'Sr'ed, n. That part of the face from the usual line of hair on the top of the head to the eyes; the brow; assurance. — Forejudge', v. t. To judge before hearing the facts and proof, prejudge. (O. Eng. Law.) To expel from court for miscon- duct. — Foreknow', -no', v. t. [imp. -knew; p.p. -known; -knowing.] To have previous knowledge of, know beforehand. - Foreknow'er, n. — Fore- knowl'edge, -nQl'ej, n. Knowledge of a thing be- fore it happens; prescience.— Fore'land, n. A prom- ontory or cape; head-land. {Fort.) Apiece of ground between the wall of a place and the moat. — Fore'- lay', v. t. To contrive antecedently; to lie in wait for. — Fore'lock, n. The lock of hair growing from the forepart of the head. (Xaut.) A flat piece of iron driven through the end of a bolt, to retain it in place. — To take time, or occasion, by the forelock. To make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an opportunity. — Fore'man, n. ;pl. -men. The first or Chief man, — as, the chief man of a jury, who acts as their speaker; chief of a set of hands employed in a shop; overseer. — Fore'mast, n. {Naut.) The for- ward mast of a vessel; the one nearest the bow. See Ship. — Foremen'tioned, -shund, a. Mentioned be- fore; recited in a former part of the same writing.— Fore'name, n. A name preceding the family name or surname; a first name. — Fore'named, -namd, a. Named or nominated before; mentioned before in the same writing. — Fore'noon, n. The former part of the day, from morning to noon. — Fore-ordain', V.t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to predes- tinate, predetermine. — Fore-or'dina'tion, n. Pre- vious appointment; predestination. — Fore'part, n. The part most advanced, or first in time or in place, anterior part, beginning. — Fore'-plane, n. { Carp.) The first plane used after the saw and ax; jack- plane.— Fore'rank, n. The first rank, front.— Fore- run', v. t. [imp. -ban; p. p. -run; -running.] To run before, precede; to come before as an earnest of something to follow, announce. — Forerun'ner, n. A messenger sent before to give notice of the ap- proach of others ; a harbinger; sign foreshowing something to follow; prognostic. — Fore'sail, n. (Naut.) A sail extended on the fore-yard; the first triangular sail before the mast of a sloop or cutter. See Sail. —Foresee', v. t. [imp. -saw; p. p. -seen; -seeing.] To see beforehand, see or know before occurrence, foreknow. — Foreseer', -ser', n. — Fore- shad'ow, v. t. To shadow or t}'pify beforehand, prefigure. — Foreshort'en, -sh6rt'n, v. t. {Paint.) To shorten by representing in an oblique position; to represent as seen obliquely. — Foreshort'ening, n. The representation or appearance, or diminution of length, of objects viewed obliquely.— Foreshow', v. t. \imp. -SHOWED; p. p. -shown; p. pr. & vb. n. -showing.] To show or exhibit beforehand, prog- nosticate, foretell. — Foreshow'er, n. — Fore'side, n. The front side ; a specious outside. — Fore'sight, -sit, n. The act or power of foreseeing; prescience; foreknowledge; action in reference to the future; wise forethought. {Surv.) Any sight or reading of the leveling-staff, except the one backward, called the back-sight. — Fore'skin, n. (Anat.) The skin that covers the glans penis , prepuce. — Forestall', v. t. To take beforehand, anticipate; to pre-occupy; to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation or by measures taken in advance ; to monopolize, engross. {Eng. Law.) To obstruct or stop up, as a way; to intercept on the road. — Forestall'er, n. One who purchases provisions before they come to market, to raise the price. — Foretaste', n. A taste beforehand ; anticipation. — Fore'taste, v. t. To taste before full possession, anticipate; to taste be- fore another. —Foretell', v. t. To tell before occur- rence, foretoken, foreshow, predict, augur. — v. i. To utter prediction or prophecy, — Foretell 'er, n. — Fore'thought, -thawt, n. Anticipation; prescience; premeditation; provident care; forecast. — Foreto'- ken, -kn, v. U To foreshow. — Fore'token, n. Prog- nostic; previous sign. — Fore'-tooth, n. ; pi. -teeth. (.Anat.) One of the teeth in the forepart of the mouth; aniPCLScr. — Fore'top, n. The hair on the fore part oi r.£>e head; fore-lock; that part of a head- dress that is forward. (Naut.) The platform at the head of the foremast. See Ship. — Forewarn', v. t. To warn beforehand, caution in advance, inform previously. Foreclose, for-kloz r , v. t. {-closed C-klozd'), -clo- sing.] To shut up or out, preclude, stop, prevent, bar, exclude. [OF. forclorre, f r. L. foris, outside, and claudere, to shut.] — Foreclosure, -zhur, n. Act or process of foreclosing; a process in law which bars a mortgager's right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. Foreign, for'in, a. Not native ; extraneous ; alien; remote; not pertinent; not appropriate; not agree- able; not admitted; excluded; outlandish; remote; extrinsic. [OF. forain, fr. h.foras, out of doors, fr. fores, doors; s. rt. h. forum, market-place, E. doorj — For'eigner, n. One of a foreign country ; an alien. — For'eignness, n. Forefend. See under Forbear. Forensic, fo-ren'sik, -sical, a. Pert, to courts of ju- dicature or public discussion and debate; used in courts and legal proceedings, or in public discus- sions ; argumentative. [L. forensis, pert, to the forum, market-place, court.] Forest, for'est, n. An extensive wood ; in U. S., a wood of native growth. {Eng. Law.) Royal hunt- ing-ground. — v. i. To cover with trees or wood. [OF.; LL. foresta, a wood, forestis, open ground re- served for hunting, fr. L. foris, out of doors.} — For'ester, n. One in charge of, or inhabiting, etc. — For'estry, -rY, n. Art of forming or managing, etc. Forever. See under For. Forfeit, fdr'fit, a. Lost or alienated f or an off ense ; liable to penal seizure. — n. A thing lost, or the right to which is alienated, by a crime, offense, neg- lect of duty, or breach of contract; a fine; mulct; penalty; something deposited and redeemable by a fine. — v.t. To lose, or lose the right to, by some fault, etc. [OF. forfait, a fine, crime punishable by fine, prop. p. p. of forfaire, orig. forsfdire, to tres- pass, f r. LL. forisfactum, a trespass, a fine, prop. p. p. of forisfacere, to transgress, fr. L. foris, out of doors, and/acere, to do.] — Forfeitable, a. — For- feiture, -ft-chur, n. Act of forfeiting; the losing of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of condition, etc. ; thing forfeited; amercement; penalty. Forgave._ See Forgive, under Forbear. Forge, forj, n. A place where iron is wrought by heating and hammering; esp. a furnace, where iron is. wrought; a smithy; works where iron is rendered malleable by puddling and shingling; a workshop; place where anything is produced, shaped, or de- vised. — v. t. [forged (forjd), forging.] To f orm by heating and hammering ; to shape out in any way, produce; to make falsely; to produce (that which is not genuine), fabricate, counterfeit, feign, falsify. — v. i. To commit forgery. (Xaut.) To move heavily and slowly, as a ship with the sails furled. [OF., a forge, forgier, to forge, fr. L,.fabrica, faurca,forga,a, workshop, fabric; bp. fofja, a forge, forjar, to iorge.J — For'ger, n. One who forges, makes, or forms ; a fabricator ; esp. one guilty of forgery. — For'gery, -jer-T, n. Act of forging, fab- ricating, or producing falsely ; esp., the crime of fraudulently making a writing purporting to be done by another; thing forged. Forget, Forgive, Forlorn, etc. See under Forbear. Fork, f6rk, n. An instrument with prongs or tines; anything fork-shaped ; one of the branches of a river, road, etc.; place where a road, tree, etc., di- vides; a prong; point. — v. i. \ forked (f6rkt), fork- ing.] To shoot into blades, as corn; to divide into branches. — v. t. To raise or pitch with a fork, as hay ; to dig and break with a fork, as ground ; to form into a fork-like shape; to bifurcate. [AS.. fore, D..vork,L.furca,a fork.]— To fork over. To hand or pay over. — Fork'edness, -iness, n. Quality or state of opening in a tork-iike manner. — Fork'y, -I, a. Opening into parts, shoots, or points; locked ; furcated. Form, form, n. The shape and structure of anything; configuration; frame; external appearance; a men- tal transcript or image; constitution; mode of con- struction, arrangement, organization, etc. : estab- lished method or practice: formula; show without substance ; conventionality: formality; orderly ar- rangement ; shapeliness ; comeliness ; beauty ; a shape ; phantom ; mold ; pattern ; model ; a long bench or seat; a class in a school; class or rank in society; the seat orbed of a hare. {Print.) A page, or pages, imposed and locked up in a chase. ( Parent Perception of form. See Phrenology. — v. t. [formed (t'6rmd), forming.] To give form or shape am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In. Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr j FORMER 217 FOSTER to; to construct, fashion; to model, mold, train; to go to make up, act as constituent of ; to provide with a form, as a hare. [OF. forme, L. forma, shape.]— Form'er, n.— Formless, a. Shapeless; without determinate form ; irregular in shape. — Form'sl, a. Pert, to the form, external appearance, or organization of a thing; pert, to the constitution of a thing, as disting. fr. the matter composing it; constitutive; essential; done in due form, or with solemnity ; express ; according to form ; regular ; methodical; having the form without the substance or essence; dependent on form; conventional; pre- cise ; ceremonious ; stiff ; prim. — Form'ally, -IT, adv. — Form'&Hsm, -izm, n. Quality of being form- al, esp. in matters of religion. — Fofm'alist, n. One orer-attentive to forms. — Formal 'ity, -T-tI,ra. Con- dition or quality of being formal, express, strictly ceremonious, precise, etc.; form without substance; compliance with conventional rules ; ceremony ; conventionality; the formal part; essence; an es- tablished order; usual and express method. — For- mation, n. Act of giving form or shape to or of giving being to; manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction. (Gfeol.) The series of rocks belonging to an age, period, or epoch. (Mil.) An arrangement of troops, as in square, column, etc. — Form'ative, -tiv, a. Giving form; plastic. (Gram.) Serving to form ; derivative ; not radical. — n. (Gram.) That which serves merely to give form, and is no part of the radical; a word formed in ac- cordance with some rule or usage, as from a root. — Formula, -la, n. ; L. pi. -LM, -\e; E. pi. -las, -laz. A prescribed or set form; established rule. (Eccl.) A written confession of faith. (Math.) A rule ex- pressed in algebraic language. (Med.) A prescrip- tion or recipe. (Ghem.) An expression, by means of symbols and letters, of the constituents of a com- pound. [L., dim. of forma.] — Formulary, -la-rl, n. A book containing prescribed forms; prescribed model; formula.— a. Stated; prescribed; ritual. — Formulate, v. t. To reduce to, or express in, a formula.— For'mulize, v. t. [-lized (-Hzd), -lizing.] To formulate. — For / mular / iza''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a formularized or formulated statement or exhibi- tion. Former, Formerly. See under Fork. Formic, fdr'mik, a. (Ghem.) Pert, to ants,— as, formic acid, .11 acid obtained orig. fr. red ants, now by artificial distillation. [L. formica, ant; prob. s. rt Gr. murmex, an ant.] — For'myle, -mil, n. (Ghem.) The hypothetical base of formic acid. — Formica'tion, n. (Med.) A sensation like that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. [L. formicatio, fr. formicare, to creep like ants, to feel like the creeping of ants.] — Formicary, -ka-rl, n. An ant- hill. [L.formicarium.] ormidable, fSr'mT-da-bl, a. Exciting fear or appre- hension ; terrible ; shocking; tremendous. [F.; L. formidahilis, fr. formidare, to dread, formido, fear.] — For'midableness, n. — Formidably, adv. Formula, Formulate, etc. See under i orm. Fornicate, fSr'nt-kat, -cated, a. Vaulted; arched.— Fornicate, v. i. To have unlawful sexual inter- course. [L. fornicari, -catus, fr. fornis, a vault, arch, also a brothel.] — Fornica'tion, n. Inconti- nence or lewdness of an unmarried person; criminal conversation of a married man with an unmarried woman. (Scryjt.) Adultery; incest; idolatry. [OF.] — For'nica'tor, n. One guilty of fornication. Ferray. See under Forage. Forsake, Forswear, etc. See under Forbear. Forsooth, foT-sooth', adv. In truth; in fact; certain- ly; very well, — often used ironically. [AS. for and sodh, truth.] Fort, fort, n. (Mil.) A fortified place; fortress; for- tification. [OF., strong, also a fort, hold, Jj.fortis, strong. See Force, n.]— Fort'alice, -is, n. (Mil.) A small outwork of a fortification. [OF. fortelesce, Sp. fortaleza, LL. fortalitia.] — Fortress, n. A fortified place; stronghold; fortified town; castle; citadel. [OF. forteresce.] — Fortify, -tt-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To add strength to, strength- en; to secure by forts, batteries, etc. [OF. fortifier, LL. fortificare, -catwn, fr. L. fortis and faccre, to make.] — For' tifl'er, n. — For / tifi / able, a. — For'ti- fica'tion, n. Act of, or that which, etc.; esp. de- fensive works; fortress; citadel; bulwark. — For'ti- tude, -tQd, n. Passive courage; resolute endurance; firmness in confronting danger. [L. fortitndo.] — Forte, fort, n. The strong point; that in which one excels. [It. forte, F.fort.] — For'te, -ta, adv. (Mus.) Loud; strong; powerfully. [It.] — Fertis'simo, -se- mo, adv. (Mus.) Very loud ; with the utmost strength. [It., superl. 01 forte.] Forth, fSrth, adv. Forward; onward in time or in place; out from a state of concealment, confinement, non- development, etc.; beyond the boundary of a place; away ; abroad. [AS. fonlh, a form of fore, before, D. voort, fr. voor, before ,G. fort, MUG. vort, fr. vor, before. See Fore and For.] — From forth. Forth from. — Forth'-com'ing, a. Ready to come forth, or appear; making appearance.— Forthwith'', -with' or -with', adv. Immediately ; without delay ; di- rectly. [Prob. corrup. fr. ME. forthwithull. See under Withal.] — Further, fSr'rhSr, a. compar. More remote; more in advance; farther; additional. — adv. To a greater distance; moreover. —v. t. [furthered (-Srd), -ering.] To help forward, pro- mote, advance, forward, assist. [AS. furdhur, furd- hor, further (adv.), fr. fore; D. verier, voraers, fr. vor ;OHG. fiirdir,furdor, ir-furi, before; AS. fyrdh- ran, D. vorderen, G. foerdem, to further.] — Fur- therance, -ans, n. Act of furthering; advancement. — FuTtherer, n. — Furthermore, adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in addition to what 'has been said. — Furthermost, a. Most remote; furthest. — Furthest, a. superl. Most remote; farthest. — adv. At the greatest distance. Fortieth, Fortnight, etc. See under Four. Fortify, Fortitude, Fortress. See under Fort. Fortune, fSr'chun, n. Chance ; accident ; luck ; for- tuity; appointed lot in life ; fate; destiny; what be- falls one; event; good or ill success; esp. favorable issue ; estate ; possessions ; esp. large estate, great wealth. — v. i. To come casually to pass; to happen. [F.; L. fortuna, fr. fors, chance; s. rt. L./erre, E. bear.] — Fortunate, -nat, a. Coming by good luck; auspicious; receiving some unexpected good; lucky: successful ; prosperous. [L. fortunatus, p. p. 01 fortunare, to make prosperous.] — Fortunately, adv. — For 'tunateness, ra. — For' tune-huntfer, n. A man who seeks wealth by marrying a rich woman. hunt'ing, n. Seeking of a fortune by marriage.— -tell'er, n. One who pretends to reveal the future events of one's life. teLVing, n. Actor practice of, etc. — Fortuitous, -tu'r-tus, a. Happening by chance; occurring unexpectedly, or without known cause; accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. [ME. and OF. fortuit, L. fortuities, fr. fors.]— For- tuitously, adv. — Fortuitousness, ra.— Fortuity, -T-tY, ra. Accident; chance; casualty. Forty. See under Four. Forum, fo'rum, ra. ; E.pl. -rums, Z. pi. -ra, -ra. A market-place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people; a tribunal ; court ; assembly empowered to decide eauses. [L.; s. rt. fores, doors. See Door.] Forward, Forwardness, etc. See under Fore. Forzando, 16rd-zan / do, adv. (Mus.) Sudden and forcible; explosive,— usually indicated by the mark > over each note of the passage, or by the letters sf or fz at the beginning of the passage, — written also sforzando. [It., prop. p. pr. of forzare, to force.] Fosse, fos, n. (Fort.) A ditch or moat. (Anat.) A non-articular depression in a bone, wider at the margin than at the bottom; one of variously shaped cavities in the soft parts. [OF.; L../bssa, a ditch, ±r.fodere,fossum, to dig ; s. rt. Gr. bothros, a ditch.] — Fos'sil, a. Dug out of the earth; pert, to, or like, fossils; petrified. — n. A substance dug from the earth. (Paleon.) The petrified form of a plant or animal in the strata of the earth. [OF. fossile, L. fossilis, dug up.] — Fos'silist, n. One versed in, etc. ; a paleontologist. — Fos'silize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -iziNG.] To convert into a fossil or petrifac- tion ; to cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by f ossilization. — v. i. To become changed or antiquated, etc. — Fos'siliza'tion, ra. Act or pro- cess of converting, etc. — Fos'siliferous, -us, a. (Pal°.on.) Containing fossil or organic remains. [L. ferre, to bear.] Foster, fos'tSr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To feed, nourish, support, rear up; to cherish, forward, promote the growth of, stimulate. [AS. fostrian, fr. fostor, nourishment, foda, food, q. v.; Ic. and Sw. fostra, to nurse, foster, Dan. foster, offspring.] — Fos'terer, ra. — Fos'terage, -ej, n. Charge of nurs- ing. — Fos'ter-broth'er, n. A male child nursed at the same breast, or fed by tie same nurse, with an- other of different parents. — sis'ter, ra. A female child, etc. child, -son, n. One nursed by a woman or bred by a man not the parent. — fa/ther, -moth'- siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boirboN, chair, get. FOTHER 218 FRACTION er, n. One who takes the place of a parent in bring- ing up a child. — Fosterling, n. A foster-child. Fcther, foth'e'r, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -bring.] To stop (a leak in a ship's bottom) by drawing under it a sail containing oakum to be sucked into the cracks. [G.futtern, to cover, line.] Fought. See Fight. Foul, fowl, a. Covered with or containing extraneous matter which is noxious or offensive ; nasty; im- pure ; morally defiled in origin or tendency ; ob- scene; scurrilous; cloudy or rainy ; stormy; loath- some; hateful; unpropitious ; not fair or advanta- geous; not conformed to the established rules of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; cheat- ing; interfered with in motion by collision or en- tanglement with any thing ; entangled. — v. t. [fouled (fowld), fouling.] To make filthy, defile, dirty, soil ; to bring into collision with something that impedes motion; to jostle, in a race. — v. i. To become entangled or clogged. — n. An entangle- ment; collision. [AS. and Sw./uJ, D. vuil, Ic. Jull, Goth, fuls, G.faul; s. rt. defile, putrid.] — A foul copy. A first draught, with erasures and corrections. — To fall f. To fall out. quarrel. — To run or fall f. of. To come into collision with. — Foully, -IT, adv. — Foul'ness, n. — Foul'-mouthed, -mowthd, -gpok'en, a. Using language scurrilous, opprobri- ous, obscene t or profane; abusive. Foulard, foo-lard / , n. A thin fabric of silk or silk- cotton, orig. from India, for handkerchiefs and dresses. Foumart, fdo'mart, n. The pole-cat; fitchew. [ME. folmart, f r. AS. ful, foul, stinking, and OF. marte, marten.] Found, Foundling. See under Find. Found, fownd, v. t. To fix upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix or establish firmly, predicate, base, ground; to furnish materials for beginning, begin to raise, build, institute. [OF. fonder, Jj.fundare, -atum, fr. fundus, foundation, base; s. rt. bottom.'] — Found'er, n. One who founds, establishes, and erects; an author. — Found'ress, n. A woman who, etc. — Foundation, n. Act of founding, fixing, or establishing; that upon which anything is founded; groundwork ; base or underground part of a struc- ture ; basis ; a donation, esp. for a charitable pur- pose ; an endowment ; an endowed institution or charity. — Foundationer, n. One supported from the funds or foundation of a college or school. Found, fownd, v. t. To form by pouring metal into a mold; to cast. [OF. fondre, to melt, cast, L./wra- dere, to pour, cast (metal). See Fuse.] — Found'er, n. — Found'ery, -5r-i, -ry, -rt, n. Art of casting; works where metals are cast. — Fount, Font, n. {Print.) A properly assorted quantity of type of the same size, style, and age. [OF. fonte.] Founder, fownd'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] (Naut.) To fill with water, and sink, as a ship; to fail, miscarry; to trip, fall, stumble and go lame, as ahorse. — v. t. To cause soreness in the feet or limbs of, so as to lame, — said of a horse. — n. (Far.) A lameness from inflammation in a horse's foot; inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheuma- tism. [OF.jondrer, to sink in (a bog, etc.), fr. fond, Jj. fundus, bottom.] — Found'erous, -Sr-us, a. Fail- ing; liable to sink from beneath. Fount, Fountain, fownt'in, n. A spring or natural source of water ; an artificially produced jet or 6tream of water; structure in which such a jet or stream flows ; origin ; first cause. [OF. funt,font, funtaine, LL. fontana, L. fans, fontis, a spring.] — Fount'ain-head, n. Primary source ; original. — Font, n. A fountain, spring; a basin for water in baptism. [OF.; AS. fant, L./ons.] Four, for, a. One more than 3, or one less than 5; twice 2. — n. The sum of 4 units; a symbol repre- senting four units, as 4 or iv. [AS. feower, Ic. fjorir, Dan. fire, D. and G. vier, OHG. fior, W.pedwar, L. quatuor, Gr. tessares, Gr. dial, pisures, Russ. chet- vero, Skr. chatvar.] — Four'fold, a. 4 double ; quad- ruple ; 4 times told. — n. 4 times as much. — Four'- - 1 -Four '-in- one hand, esp. ot a team oi 4 norses. — .tour' -o'-clock, n. (Bot.) An Amer. plant of several species, whose flowers open late in the day; after-noon-lady ; Mar- vel of Peru. — Four'score, a. 4 times 20 ; 80. — n. 80 units. [See Score.] — Four'square, a. Having 4 side3 and 4 equal angles. — n. That which has, etc. ; a quadrangle.— Four'way, a. Allowing passage in any one of 4 directions.— Fourth, a. Next following rupie ; i times toiu. — n. i times as iiiucn. — footed, o. Having 4 feet; quadruped. — F( hand, a. Of or pert, to 4 objects, held by on< — said esp. of a team of 4 horses. — Four'-o'-c the 3d and preceding the 5th ; forming 1 of 4 parts into which a thing is di- vided. — n. One of 4 equal parts into which, etc. (Mus.) The interval be- tween one tone and that represented on the 4th de- a gree of the staff above it. [AS. feortha.] — Fourthly, adv. In the_ 4th place. — Fourteen, -ten, n. The sum of 10 and 4 ; symbol repre- senting this number, as 14 or xiv. — a. 4 and 10 more ; twice 7. [AS. feowertyne.] — Fourteenth, a. Succeed Four-way Cock. a, to steam-pipe ; 6, to ing the 13th and preceding u PP er cylinder ; c, to the 15th; making one of condenser; d, to lower 14 parts.— n. One of 14 cylinder, equal parts. (Mus.) The octave of the 7th. — Fort'* night, n. The space of 14 nights; 2 weeks. [ME- fourtenight.] — Fort 'nightly, -It, adv. Once in, etc. — Forty, -tt, a. 4 times 10; 39 and 1 added. — n. The sum of 40 units; symbol representing it, as 40 orxl. [AS. feowertig.] — Fortieth, -tt-eth, a. Fol- lowing the 39th; constituting 1 of 40 parts. — ». One of 40 equal parts. [AS. feowertigadha.] Fourierism, foo'rt-er-izm, n. The system of Charles Fourier, who urged the reorganization of society into small communities, living in common. — Fou / - rierite, -It, n. A believer in, etc. Fowl, fowl, n. A bird, esp. a large, edible bird; a full grown barn-door fowl. [Generally used collectively of wild birds, and in pi. of domesticated birds.] — v.i. To catch or kill wild fowl. [AS. fugol, D. and G. vogel, Ic. and Dan. fugl.] — Barn-door fowl. A common farm-yard cock or hen. — Fowl 'er, n. A sportsman who takes, kills, or pursues wild fowl. - FowFing-piece, n. A gun for shooting birds. Fox, foks, n. (Zool.) A predaceous animal of several species of the genus FaZpes^emarkable for cunning. A sly, cunning fellow. (Naut.) A small strand of rope, made by twist- ing rope-yarns. (Icth.) A fish; the dragonet. A 1 ong-t ailed shark, found in temperate and tropical seas, — the sea-ape, sea- fox, thrasher. — v. t. [FOXED (fokst), fox- ing.] To cover the feet of boots with new front Common Fox ( Vulpes vulgaris). upper leather. To turn sour, — said of beer. etc., in fermenting. [AS. and Ic; D. vos, G.fuchs.\ — Fox and geese. The name of several games. — Foxed, fokst, a. Discolored or stained, — said of timber and of paper in books. — Fox'y, -t, a. Pert, to or like foxes ; wily; of the color of, etc., yellowish or reddish brown : sour, — said of grapes and of beer not well fermented. — Fox'iness, n. Craftiness; shrewdness ; discoloration of books, etc.; decay; de- terioration. — Fox'-chase, n. Pursuit of a fox with hounds. — e'vil, n. A disease in which the hair falls off.— glove, n. (Bot.) A perennial plant with showy flowers, whose bitter, poisonous leaves are used in medicine ; digitalis. [AS. foxes glofa ; cf. Norwegian revhandskje, fr. rev, fox.] — hound, n. A variety of hound for chasing foxes. — hunt, n. The chase of a fox. — hunt'er, n. — hunting, n— -tail, n. (Bot.) A species of grass. — trap, n. A snare to catch foxes. — trot, n. A pace of a horse, between a walk and a trot. Foyer, fwa-ya', n. A public hall; the lobby, or the greenroom, of a theater. [F.; L. focarium, fr. focus, fire-place.] Fracas, fra'kas, n. An uproar ; noisy quarrel ; dis- turbance. [F.; It. fracasso, fr. fracassare, fr.fra, among, and cassare, to break, fr. L. quassare, to shatter, fr. quatere, to shake. See Quash.] Fraction, frak'shun, n. A portion; fragment. (Arith. or Alg.) A division or aliquot part of a unit or whole number. [F.; Ti.fractio, -onis, a breaking, ir.frangere,fractum, to break; s. rt. break.]— Com- mon or vulgar fraction. One in which the number of equal parts into which the integer is divided ie &m, fame, far, or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn. ice ; Odd, t6ne, 6r ; FRAGRANT 219 FREAK indicated by figures or letters, called the denomi- nator, written below a line, over which is the nu- merator, indicating the number of these parts in- cluded in the fraction, as i, — Decimal/. One in which the denominator is a unit or 1 with ciphers annexed, — commonly ex- pressed by writing the numerator only with a point before it; thus, .5 = five tenths, ^; .25 = j^j--— Fractional, -ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to fractions; con- stituting a fraction. — Frac'tious, -shus, a. Apt to break out into a passion; apt to fret; peevish; irrit- able ; pettish. — Frac'tiously, adv. — Frac'tUus- ness, n. — Frac'ture, -chur, n. Act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach. (Surg.) The breaking of a bone. (Jilin.) The appearance of a freshly-broken surface, displaying its texture, — v. t. [fractured (-churd), -turing.] To cause, etc.; to break, crack. [OF.; L. fractura, a breach.] — Comminuted fracture. One in which the bone is crushed, splintered, or broken into fragments. — Compound f. One in which fracture of the bone is complicated by laceration of the integuments. — Simple/. One in which the bone only is broken. — Fragile, fraj'iL a. Easily broken ; brittle ; frail ; liable to fail. [F. ; l,.fragilis.] — Fragility, -MY, n. State of being, etc. — Frag'ment, n. A part broken off; detached portion. [F.; ~L. fragmentum.]— Frag'- mentary, -a-rY, a. Composed of fragments; broken up; incomplete. (Geol.) Composed of fragments of other rocks. — Fran/able, -jT-bl, a. Capable of be- ing broken; fragile. \JAj.frangibUis.] — Fran / gibil / '- ity,n. Fragrant, fra'grant, a. Sweet of smell; having agree- able perfume; odoriferous; balmy; spicy; aromatic. [F.; L.fragrans, -grantis, p. pr. oifragrare, to emit perfume.] — Fra'grantly, adv.— Fra'grance, -gran- cy, -gran-si, n. Quality of being, etc.; a sweet smell. Frail, fral, a. Easily broken; fragile; liable to fail and perish; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm; of infirm virtue; weak in resolution. [OF. fraile, fr. L. fragilis. See Fragile, under Fraction.] — FraiFneSB, n. — Frail'ty, -tl, n. Condition of being frail; weakness of resolution; liableness to be de- ceived; a fault proceeding from weakness; infirm- ity; failing; foible. Frail, fral, n. A basket of rushes, for containing figs and raisins; quantity of raisins — about 70 pounds — contained in such a basket; a rush for weaving bas- kets. [NormF. fraile, basket, LL. fraellum-] Frame, fram, v. t. [framed (framd), framing.] (Carp.) To construct, adjust and put together, fabricate, O f , , v>_ aa \pO make; to originate, devise, invent or fabricate (some- thing false) ; to regulate, shape, conform; to provide i with a fi-ame, as a picture. — n. Anything composed of parts fitted and united together ; a fabric ; struc- ture ; a case or structure for tdmitting, inclosing, o r supporting things, as that which contains a window, door, picture, etc.; a sort of loom ; the bodily struc- ture; make or build of a person; the skeleton; form; constitution; system; regulated or adapted condi- tion; particular state, as of the mind; humor. [AS. fremman, to effect, do, fram, from, strong, excellent, fram, from, away, Ic. fremja, to further, framr (adj.), forward, fram (adv.), forward; s. rt. fore, prime.'] — Balloon frame. (Carp.) A frame for a Duilding constructed of slender studding mostly se- cured by nails. — F. house. One whose frame is of squared'timber. — Fram'er, n. One who frames; a maker. — Frame '-work, n. That which supports or incloses anything else ; a frame, framing. Franc, frank, n. A silver coin, orig. of France, equal to about 19? cents. [F. Franc, E. Frank, name of a Germanic people on the Rhine, that founded the French monarchy.] Franchise, etc. See under Frank. Franciscan, fran-sis'kan, a. (Rom. Cath.) Belonging to the order of St. Francis. — n. A monk of the or- der, founded in 1209, — called also Gray Friars and Friars Minor. Francolin, frank'c-lin, n. A species of partridge, of Europe and Asia. [F. and Sp.] Frame. (Carp.) lb, a b, uprights or posts; ed,ed, struts, ties, or braces. Frangible, etc. See under Fraction. Frangipane, fran'jY-pan, n. A species of pastry, con- taining cream and almonds; a perfume of jasmine. [Prob. fr. the Marquis Frangipani.] — Fran'gipan' ni, -pan'ne, n. A perfume from, or imitating, the flower of a W. India tree. Frank, frank, a. Free in uttering real sentiments; not reserved; ingenuous; candid; open; sincere. — v. t. [franked (fnankt), franking.] To send by public conveyance free of expense; to exempt from charge for postage. — n. A letter free of postage, or of charge for sending by mail; that which makes a letter free, as the signature of one possessing the privilege. [OF. franc, LL. francus, free, OHG. franko, free man, a Frank.] — Frankly, adv. — Frank'ness, n. — Franklin, u. An English free- holder. [OF. frankeleyn, LL. franchilanus, ir.fran- chire, to render free, fr. franchius, francus, free.] — Fran'chise, -chiz, n. A constitutional right or priv- ilege, esp. the right to vote. (Law.) A privilege conferred upon individuals bv grant from a sover- eign or government. The district to which a partic- ular privilege extends; asvlum; sanctuary. — v. t. [franchised (-chizd), -ciiising.] To make free. [ME., freedom; OF., privileged liberty, ir.franchir, LL. franchire, to f ree.] — Fran'chisement, n. Re- lease; freedom.— Frank / almoigne / \-moin / ',n. (Eng. Law.) A tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands forever, usually on condition of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs. [NormF. al- moigne, ahnoignes, alms, q. v.] — Frankpledge, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A member of an ancient tithing, each freeman being a pledge for the good conduct of the others, for the preservation of the public peace; the tithing itself . — Frank'incense, -sens, n. A fragrant resinous substance, from Arabia and In- dia, burned as a religious incense or a medicinal perfume; also a balsamic gum resin from the Nor- way spruce, from which Burgundy pitch is made. [OF. franc encens.] Frank, frank, n. One of the German tribes inhabiting Franconia, who in the 5th centurv conquered Gaul and established the kingdom of France ; an inhabi- tant of Western Europe; European, — a term used in the East; a franc, q. v. Frantic, etc. See under Frenzy. Frap, trap, v. t. [frapi-ed (frapt), frapping.] (Naut.) To undergird. [F.f 'rapper, to strike, seize ropes, fr. Ic. hrappa, to scold.] Fraternal, fra-ter / 'nal, a. Pert, to brethren; becoming brothers; brotherly. [OY.fraternel, LL. fraternalis, L. fratemus, brotherly, frater, brother, q. v.] — Fra- ternally, adv. — Fraternity, -nY-tY, n. State or qualuy of being fraternal; brotherhood; a body of men associated for their common interest, business, or pleasure; a brotherhood. [OF '. fraternite, L.fra- tertiitas.] — Fraternize, fra'ter- or fra-ter'nlz, v.i. [-NIZED (-nizd), -sizing.] To associate or hold close fellowship. [OF. fraterniser.] — Fra'terniza'tion, n. — Frat'ricide, -rY-sid, n. The murder of a brother; one who kills a brother. [L. fratricidium, murder of, etc. ; OF. fratricide, L. fratricida, the murderer of, etc., fr. L. casdere, to kill.] — Frat'iici'dal, a. Pert, to, or involving a brother's murder. Fraud, frawd, n. Deception deliberately practiced, to gain an unfair advantage ; a deceptive trick; guile; craft; stratagem; imposition; cheat. [OF. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis, guile; Skr. dhurta, fraudulent, dhvri, to bend; s. rt. dull, dwell.] — Fraad'ful, -ful, a. Treacherous ; trickish. — Fraud'fully, adv. '— Fraud'ulent, -u-lent, a. Using, containing, founded on, or proceeding fr., fraud; obtained or performed by artifice; trickish; cunning; cheating: insidious; unfair ; knavish. [OF.] — Fraud'ulently, adv. — Fraud 'ulence, -lency, -len-sY, n. Qualitj' of Deing, etc. Fraught. See under Freight. Fray, fra, n. Affray: broil; contest; combat. — ?', t. [frayed (frad), fraying.] To frighten, terrify, [Contr. of affray, q. v.] Fray, fra, n. A fret or chafe in cloth. — v. t. To rub, wear off by rubbing, fret (cloth, etc.)— v. i. To rub; to wear out easily by rubbing; to ravel. [OF. frayer,froyer, L. fricare, to rub. See Friction.] Freak, frek, n. A sudden, causeless change of mind; whim; caprice; sport. [AS.// - ec, bold, rash, la.frekr, OHG. freh, greedy, Sw. frack, Dan. frsek, audacious, G. frech, saucy.] — Freak'ish, a. Apt to change the mind suddenly; capricious; whimsical. — Freak'- ishly, adc. — Freak'islmess, n. Freak, frek, v. t. [freaked (frekt), freaking.] To variegate, checker. — Freckle, frek'l, n. A yellow- efin, cube, full ; moon, fet>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. FREE 220 FRET ish spot in the skin; any small discoloration. — v. t. [freckled (-Id), -ling.] To color with freckles or small discolored spots; to spot. —v. i. To become covered with freckles. [Ic. freknur, Sw. fraknar, freckles, Ga. breac, speckled, Gr. perknos, sprinkled with dark spots, Skr. pricni, variegated; perh. s. rt. fleck.'] — Freck'ly, -lit, a. Full of freckles. Free, fre, a. [fre'er, fre'est.] Not under restraint, control, or compulsion; at liberty; not under arbi- trary government; enjoying political liberty; liber- ated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents or master; released from arrest; capable of voluntary activity; clear of offense or crime; un- constrained by timidity or distrust; unrestrained; immoderate; not close or parsimonious; liberal; not united or combined with anything else; at liberty to escape ; exempt ; clear ; released; invested with a freedom or franchise; not obstructed or appropri- ated; not gained by importunity or purchase; not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty .— v. t. [freed (fred), freezing.] To make free, set at liberty, dis- engage, clear; to keep free, exempt; to relieve from the constraint of. [AS. freo, D. vrij, Ic, Sw., and Dan. fri, Goth, freis, G.frei, free; s. rt. Skr. priya, dear, agreeable, E. friend.] — Free agency. Power of choosing or acting freely. — F. port. (Com.) A port where ships of all nations may load and unload free of duty, provided goods are not carried into the adjoining country; a port where goods are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. — F. wind. (Naut.) A fair wind. — Freely, adv. In a free manner; unrestrained; voluntarily; liberally; largely. — Free'ness, n. — Free'dom, -dum, n. State of being free; exemption from control; liberty; par- ticular privileges; franchise; immunity; improper familiarity; license. [AS. freedom.'] — Free'man, n.; pi. -men. One who enjoys liberty; one not a slave or vassal; one possessed of a_peculiar privilege. [AS. freoman.) — Freed'man, fred'-, n. One who has been a slave, and is freed. —Freehold, n. (Law.) An estate in real property, of inheritance or for life; the tenure by which it is held. — Free'holder, n. One owning, etc. — Free'boot'er, n. One who wan- ders about for plunder; a robber; pillager. [G.frei- beuter, ir.frei, free, and beute, booty, q. v.] — Free'- ma'son, -sn, n. One of a secret association, said to have been orig. composed of masons, now of persons united for mutual assistance.— Free'ma'sonrv, -sn- rf, n. Institutions or practices of, etc. — Free'stone, n. Stone composed of sand or grit, — easily cut. — Free 'thinker, n. One who discards revelation; an unbeliever; skeptic. — Free 'thinking, a. Skeptical. — n. Unbelief . — Free'-born, a. Born free; inher- iting liberty. — hand, a. Drawn with the unaided hand, without instruments or measurement. — -hand'ed, a. Generous. — -heart'ed, a. Open; frank; liberal. — liv'er, n. One who gratifies his appetite without stint. — liv'ing, n. — love', n. Doctrine or practice of consorting with one of the opposite sex, without marriage. — lsv'er, n. — mar 'tin, n. A cow-calf twin-born with a bull, — usually barren. — -soil'er, n. In Amer. politics, an opponent of the extension of slavery; an abolitionist. — trade', n. Commerce unrestricted by tariff regulations or cus- toms duties ; free interchange of commodities. — -trad'er, n. An advocate of, etc. war'ren, n. (Eng. Law.) A royal franchise or exclusive right of killing game within certain limits. will', n. Power of choosing without restraints of natural or physical_necessity. — a. Spontaneous; voluntary. Freeze, frez, v. i. limp, froze; p.p. frozen; freez- ing.] To become congealed by cold; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body; to become chilled. — v. t. To congeal, harden into ice ; to cause loss of ani- mation or life in ? from lack of heat; to chill. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc. [AS. and OHG. freos- an, Ic. frjosa, Sw. frysa, D. vriezen, G. frieren, to freeze; AS. forst, D. vorst, Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. frost, frost, Goth, frius, cold; L. pruina, hoar-frost, pruna, burning coal, pruire, to itch, burn, Skr. plush, to burn.] — Freez'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; a refrigerator ; the utensils used in freezing ice-cream. — Freez'ing-point, n. That degree of a thermometer at which fluids begin to freeze, — said esp. of water, whose freezing-point is at 32° Fah. — Frore, From, fr5rn, a. Frozen; frosty. [For froren, old p. p. of freeze. ; AS. froren, p. p. of freosan.] — Frost, frBst, n. Act or state of freezing; severe cold; frozen dew, — hoar-frost or white-frost. — v. t. To cover with anything like hoar-frost, as cake with sugar. — Black frost. Cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and turn it black, without farming hoar- frost. — Frost 'y, -T, a. Attended with, or producing, frost; without warmth of affection; appearing as rt covered with hoar-frost ; white ; gray-haired. — Frost'ily, adv.— Frost'iness, n.— Frost'ing, n. Com- position, resembling hoar-frost, used to cover cake, etc. — Frost'-bite, n. The freezing of some part of the body by exposure to cold. — bitten, -tn, p. a. Nipped or affected by, etc. — fish, n. A small fish, the tom-cod, abundant on the coasts of the U. S. after frost commences. Freight, frat, n. That with which, anything is laden; cargo; what is paid for transportation of merchan- dise. — v. t. To load with goods, as a ship or vehicle. [OF. fret, OHG. freht, Sw. frakt, Dan. fragt, D. vracht, G.fracht, a cargo; Sw.frakta, D&n.fragte, D. bevrachten, G. frachten, to freight, load.] — Freight'age, -ej, n. Charge for transportation ; freight; cargo; lading.— Freight'er, n. One who loads a ship; one whose business it is to forward freight : one for whom freight is transported. — Fraught, frawt, a. Freighted; laden; filled; stored. French, trench, a. Pert, to France or its inhabitants. — n. The language of the people of France; collect- ively, the people of France. —French leave. Infor- mal, hasty, or secret departure. — French'man, n.; pi. -men. A native or naturalized inhabitant of, etc. — Freneh'ify, -fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make French, Gallicize. [L. facere, to make.] — French'-ber'ry, n. The berry of a species of buck- thorn, which affords a green or purple pigment. — -chalk, n. (Min.) A variety of talc, of a pearly- white or grayish color, used for drawing lines on cloth. — horn, n. A wind-instru- ment of music. — roof, n. A roof with 2 sets of rafters on the sides, the lower near- ly vertical and the upper much inclined, giving much space beneath the roof for chambers ; hip roof ; curb roof; mansard roof . — -white, n. Pulverized talc. Frenzy, fren'zT, n. Violent agitation of the mind ap- proaching to distraction; insanity; madness; rage; delirium. [OF. frenaisie, frenesie, L. and Late Gr. phrenesis, fr. Gr. phrenitis, inflammation of the brain, f r. phren, midriff, heart, senses.] — Fran'tic, Fre- net'ic, -ical, Phrenet'ic, a. Mad ; raving ; noisy ; wild. — Fran'tically, adv. Frequent, fre'kwent, a. Happening at short intervals; given to any eourse of conduct. —Frequent', v.t. To visit often, resort to habitually. [OF. frequent, a., frequenter, v.,L.frequentare, to frequent, fr. (obs.) frequere, to cram.] — Frequent'er, n. — Fre'quently, adv. Often; commonly. — Fre'quency, -sT, n. Con- dition of returning frequently; occurrence often re- peated.— Frequenta'tion, n. The habit of frequent- ing. — Frequent'ative, -tiv, a. ( Oram.) Serving to express the frequent repetition of an action. — n. A verb which, etc. Fresco, fres'ko, n. Coolness ; shade ; a method of painting on walls on a freshly laid stucco-ground of lime or gypsum. — v. t. [frescoed (-kod), -go- ing.] To paint in fresco. [It., cool, fresh, OHG. frisg,fritc, G.frisch, fresh, q. v. J Fresh, fresh, a. Possessed of original life and vigor» new and strong ; lately produced, gathered, or pre- pared for market ; recently made ; in a raw, green, or untried state ; renewed in vigor, or readiness for exertion ; tending to renew in vigor ; cool ; brisk; not salt, as water or meat. — n. A pool or spring of fresh water ; an inundation ; freshet ; the mingling of fresh with salt water in rivers or bays. [AS. fersc, Ic. ferskr, Sw. frisk, Dan. fersk, frisk, D. versch, MHG. vrisch, virsch, fresh, Ic. friskr, frisky, brisk ; s. rt. fare, ferry, fresco, frisk.]— Fresh way. (Naut.) Increased velocity of a vessel. — Fresh'ly, adv.— Fresh'nesB, n.— FreBh'en, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make fresh, take saltness from any- thing. (Naut.) To relieve, as by change of plnce, or by renewing the material used to prevent chaf- ing. — v. i. To grow fresh, lose saltness, grow brisk or strong. — Fresh'et, n. A flood in a river from rains or melted snow. — Fresh'force, n. (Law.) Force done within 40 days. — Fresh'man, n. ; pi. -men. A novice; esp. a student during his first year at college. — Fresh'-wa'ter, a. Of, or pert, to, water not salt; accustomed to sail on or live in fresh water only; unskilled; raw. Fret, fret, v. t. To wear away by friction, eat away, French-horn. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; FRET 221 FROCK corrode, chafe ; to make rough, agitate, disturb ; to tease, irritate, vex, make angry. — v. i. To be worn away or corroded; to chafe: to be agitated or vexed; to utter peevish expressions. — n. Agitation ; vex- ation ; agitation of the surface of a fluid, esp. by fermentation, pi. (Mining.) The worn sides of river banks, where ores accumulate. [AS. fretan, fr. for intens. and etan, to eat, Sw. /rata, ir.for and ata, to eat, D. vreten, fr. ver and eten, G. fressen, fr. ver and essen, Goth, fraitan, fr. fra and item, to eat. See Eat.] — Fret'ful, -ful, a. Disposed to fret •, peevish ; cross. — Freffully, adv. — Freffulness, n. Tret, fret, v. t. To ornament with raised work, vari- egate, diversify. — n. Herpes; tetter. [AS. fnetwan, OS. fratahon,' to adorn ; AS. frxtwe, OS. fratahi, ornament. 1 — Frefty, -tT, a. Adorned with fret- work.— Fret 'work. n. Work adorned with frets; or- namental open work in wood, iron, or stone. —Fret saw. A narrow saw for cutting fret and scroll work. Fret, fret, n. (Arch.) An ornament made of small fillets combined in geo- , — metrical or other terns; a raised ban an open slot. (Her. bearing composed of bars crossed and inter- laced. (Mm.) A wire Fret. on the fingerboard of a guitar or similar instrument, to guide the finger in playing.— v. t. To furnish with frets, as an instrument of music. [OF. frete, a fer- rule, frettes, bars in a grating, freter, to cross, inter- lace; Sp.fretes, bands on a shield (in heraldry) ; It. ferriata, LL. /errata, iron grating, ferrare, to bind with iron, fr. lj.ferrum, iron.] Friable, fri'a-bl, a Easiiv crumbled or pulverized. [OF. ; L. fnabiiu>, fr. friare, to rub, crumble.] — Fri'ableness, -abil'ity, -tT, n. Friar, fri'ar, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) A member of any religious order, esp. of a mendicant order. (Print.) A white patch on a page, from want of ink on the type. [OF. frere, freire, ~L.frater, E. brother, q. v.] —Gray friar. A Franoiscan or Minor. — Black f. A Dominican. — White f. A Carmelite. — Fri'ary, -a- rT, n. A monastery; convent of friars; monkery. Fribble, frib'bl, a. Frivolous ; trifling ; silly. — n. A frivolous fellow; a coxcomb; beau; fop. — v. i. To trifle. [Perh. fr. Prov. F.friboler, to flutter, flit like a butterfly, barivoler, to flutter in the wind ; perh. s. rt. frippery, q. v.] Fricassee, frik/as-se', n. A dish made of fowls or small animals cut into pieces, and stewed or fried. — v. t. [fricasseed (-sedO, -seeing.] To make a fricassee of. [F., prop. p. p. of fricasser, to fricassee, ferh. fr. It. fracassare, to break in pieces. See RACAS.J Friction, frik'shun, n. Act of rubbing one body against another; attiition; abrasion. (Mech.) The effect of rubbing, or resistance which a moving body meets with from the surface on which it moves. [F. ; L. frictio, -onis, fr. fricare, frictum, to rub, fr. friare, to crumble : see Friable ; Skr. ghrish, to grind.] — Fric'tional, a. Relating to, moved by, or produced by friction. — Fric'ative, -tiv, a. (Pron.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath through a narrow opening between two of the mouth-organs. [L.fricatio, Ir. fricare.] Friday, fri'd a, n. The 6th day of the week. [AS. frig- edag, fr. Frig, Ic. Frigg, OHG. Fria, goddess of mar- riage (= L. Juno), wife of Odin or Wodan, and AS. dag, day.] — Good Friday. Friday of Passion Week. Fried. See Fry. Friend, frend, n. One attached to another by senti- ments of esteem, respect, and affection ; a well- wisher; an intimate associate ; one not an enemy ; a favorer: promoter; one of the religious sect usually called Quakers. — v. t. To act as the friend of ; favor. [AS. freotid, f r. freogan, to love, D. vriend, fr. vrije.n, Ic. frsendi, fr.frja, Skr. pri, to love.] — A friend at court. One disposed to act as a friend in a place of special opportunity or influence. — Friend'- less, a. Destitute of friends; forlorn. — Friend'ly, -ll> a. Having the disposition of a friend ; appro- priate to, or implying, friendship; befitting friends ; not hostile; amicable; kind; propitious; favorable. — Friend'liness. n. — Friend/ship, n. Attachment to a person, proceeding from intimate acquain- tance, or from favorable opinion of his estimable qualities ; friendly relation or intimacy ; friendly aid, office, or kindness. Friese, frez, Frisian, frizh'an, n. The language of Friesland, in the Netherlands, — the variety of Low German most nearly akin to English. — Frieslc, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Frieze, frez, n. A coarse woolen cloth with nap on one side. — v. t. To make a nap on (cloth). [F. frise, frize, Sp. frisa. orig. cloth of Friesland (D. Vrie.iland).] Frieze, frez, n. (Arch.) That part of an entablature between the architrave and cornice. [OF./r?'~e. cloth, also a frieze in architecture, /rese,frai*e, a ruff, Sp. friso, a frieze, It. fregio, a fringe, border, chaplet.J Frigate, frig'at, n. A ship of war, larger than a cor- vette or sloop of war, and less than a ship of the line. [F. fregate. It. fregata, perh. fr. L. fabricare, to build.] — Frig'ate-bird, n. A large and rapacious tropical sea-fowl, allied to the pelican. Fright, frit, n. A passion excited by sudden danger ; violent fear ; alarm; terror; consternation. — v. t. To alarm suddenly with danger, affright, scare, dismay, daunt. [AS. fyrhto, OS. forht, Dan.frygt.] — Fright'en, . t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To fright. — Fright'ful, -ful, a. Full of terror ; alarmed ; ex- citing alarm ; terrible ; dreadful : awful ; horrid ; shocking. — Fright'fully, adv. — Fright"' fulness, n. Frigid, frrj'id, a. Cold; of low temperature; wanting warmth, fervor, vivacity, etc. ; impotent. [L.frig- idus, fr. frigere, to be eold,fr./r?7/w.<, Gr. rhigos, cold, n., Gr. rhigoein, to freeze.] — Frigid zone. (Geog.) That part of the earth between each polar circle and the pole, — extending about 23° 28' from each pole. See Zone. — Frigidity, -tT, n. Condition or quality of being frigid ; coldness ; want of warmth, ardor, virility, etc. — Frig'idly, adv. — Frig'idness, n. — Frigoriric, -ical, frig-o-nl'ik-al, a. Causing, producing, or generating cold. [L.facere, to make.] Frill, fril, n. Orig. the ruffling ot a hawk's feathers when shivering with cold ; a ruffle (on clothes). — v. t. [frilled (frild), -ling.] To decorate with frills. — v. i. To shake or shiver, as with cold. [OF. friller, to shiver, frilleux, L. frigidulus, chilly, dim. fr. frigidus. See Frigid.] Fringe, frinj, n. A trimming consisting of hanging threads; a line of projecting objects along the edge of any place or thing ; a border ; confine. — v. t. [fringed (frinjd), fringing.] To adorn or border with fringe. [OF.; F. f range, L. fimbria, fringe, fr. fibra, a fiber, q. v.] Frippery, frip'per-T, n. Old clothes ; cast dresses ; second-hand finery; useless matter: place where old clothes are sold; traffic in old clothes. [OF . friperie, broker's shop, fripier, broker, mender of clothes, dealer in, etc., J ripper, to rub, wear to rags.] Friseur. See under Friz. Frisk, frisk, v. i. [frisked (friskt), frisking.] To leap, skip, dance, gambol. — n. A frolic ; a fit of wanton gayety. [OF. frisqve, Ic. friakr, frisky. See Fresh.] — Frisk 'er, n. One who frisks ; a wanton. — Frisk'y, -T, a. Frolicsome. — Frisk'iness, n. — Frisk'et, n. (Print.) The light frame which keeps the paper in place upon the tympan, and raises it from the form when printed. See Printing-press. [F.frisquette, —from its quick motion.] Frit, frit, n. The material for glass or ceramic glaze, wholly or partially fuzed but not vitrified. — v.t. To prepare (materials for glass, etc.) by exposing to heat. [OF., f ried, fri ture, a frying, dish of fried fish, frire, L. frigere, frictum, to fry, q. v.] — Frifter, n. A small pancake of fried batter: a small piece of meat fried; a fragment; shred; small piece. — v. t. [frittered (-terd), -tering.] To cut (meat) into small pieces for frying; to break into small frag- ments. — To fritter away. To diminish, spend in t'ifling employment. Frith, frith, Firth, ferth, n. A narrow arm of the sea; estuarv ; a kind of weir for catching fish. [Scot. firth, Ic. fjordhr, Dan. fiord ; s. rt. L. portus, a ha- ven, Gr. porthmos, a ferry, Skr. par, to carry over, E. farp,fora.~) Frivolous, friv'o-lus, a. Of little weight, worth, or importance; given to trifling, or unbecoming levity; trivial ; petty. [L. frivohis, fr. fricare. See Fric- tion.] — Friv'olousness, Frivol 'ity, -tT, n. Friz, Frizz, friz, v. t. [frizzed (frizd), -zing.] To form into small curls, as hair; to crisp; to form into little burs, or knobs, as the nap of cloth, —n. That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled. [OF. frizer, Sp. frisar, to raise' the nap on frieze. See Frieze, under Friese.] —Friseur, fre-zer'. n. A hair-dresser. [F.] — Friz'zle, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz. — Friz''- zler, n. Fro. See under From. Frock, frok, n. An outer garment; esp. a loose, coarse sun. cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow. oil : linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. FROG- 222 FRUTESOENT garment worn by men over other clothes, or a gown worn by women and children. [OF.. r'roc, LL. fro- nts, fioccus, a monk's frock, perh. because wooien : see Flock, a lock of wool ; perh. fr. OHG. hroch, G. rock, a coat.] — Frock'-coat, n. A body-coat, with broad skirts, cut like a surtout, but shorter. Frog, frog, n. {Zobl.) A well-known amphibious an- imal, with 4 feet, a naked body, and no tail. {Far.) A tender, horny substance in the middle of a horse's foot, dividing into 2 branches, and running toward the heel in the form of a fork. An oblong cloak-but- ton, swelled in the mid- =_ die. {Railroads.) A trian- ~~M gular plate for the wheels where tracks cross at an Railroad Frog. Frond. cute angle. [AS. froga, frox, Ic. froskr, D. vorsch, G. frosch, the animal ; perh. s. rt. frolic] — Frog'-hop'per, n. A small leap- ing insect, living on plants. Frolic, froKik, a. Full of levity or pranks; gay; merry. — n. A wild prank ; flight of mirth ; scene of gay- ety; merry-making.— v.i. [frolicked (-ikt), -ick- ing.] To play pranks, sport. [D. vrolijk, G.froeh- lich, merry, gay, OHG. and OFiies. fro, G. froh, joyous, jumping for joy, Skr. pru, to go.] — Frolic- some, -sum, a. Sportive. — Frol r ic3omeness, n. From, from, prep. Out of the neighborhood of ; less- ening proximity to ; leaving behind ; by reason of ; out of; by aid of,— used to express departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occur- rence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, sep- aration, etc. — Fro, adv. From ; awav ; back or backward. [AS. from, J 'ram, Sw. fran, Ic. and Dan. fra, Goth, /ram, from ; Ic, Sw., OHG., and Goth. fram, forth, forward.] — Fro'ward, a. Unwilling to comply with what is required ; perverse ; way- ward; refractory. [AS. fromweard.] — Fro'wardly, adv. — Fro'wardness, n. Frond, frond, n. {Bot.) The organ formed by the union into one body of stalks and leaves in cer- tain plants, as ferns. [L. frons, frondis, a branch, leaves.] — Fronda'tion, n. Act of stripping (trees) of leaves or branches.— Fron- des 'cence, -des'ens, n. The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves; act of bursting into leaf. — Frondif erous, -Sr-us, a. Producing fronds. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Frondose, -dos', a. Bearing, or like, fronds; leafy. — Fromrous, -us, a. Producing leaves and flowers in one or^an. Front, frunt, n. The forehead or brow: the face; the countenance, as expressive of character, temper, or disposition, esp. of boldness of disposition, or of im- pudence ; the part of anything directed forward ; position directly before the face of a person, or fore- most part of a thing ; a front-piece of hair worn by ladies. — v. t. To oppose face to face, meet ; to stand opposed or opposite, or over against; to adorn in front, —v. i. To stand foremost; to have the face or front toward any point of compass. — a. Of, or relating to, the forward part : having a position in front; foremost. [OF.; L. frons, frontis, the fore- head, Skr. bhru, eye-brow ; s. rt. affront, effronten/, frownce, f ounce.] — Frontpage, -ej, n. The front part of an edifice or lot.— Front'less, a. Shameless; impudent. — Frontlet, n. A frontal or brow-band ; a frowning brow. [Dim. of frontal.] — Fronfal, frBnfal, a. Pert, to the forehead or front part. — n. A front piece; something worn on the forehead or face. {Arch.) A little pediment over a door or window. {Feci. Arch.) A hanging or ornamental panel in front of an altar. [OF., fr. L. frontale, an ornament for a horse's forehead.] — Frontier, -er, n. That part of a country which fronts or faces an- other country or an unsettled region; the boundary; border.— a. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; conterminous; acquired on a frontier. [OF. fron- tiere, LL. fronteria.] — Front'ispiece, -pes, n. That which presents itself to the front view. {Arch.) The principal face of a building. An illustration front- ing the first page of a book. [OF. frontispice, LL. frontispicium, fr. L. spicere, for specere, to view, see.] Frore, Frost, Frozen, etc. See under Freeze. Froth, froth, n. A collection of bubbles on liquids; spume; foam; empty, senseless show of wit or elo- quence; tight, unsubstantial matter.— v. t. [frothed (frotht), bsothing.] To cause to foam, cover with froth. — v. i. To throw up foam. [Ic. frodha, Dan. fraade, Sw. fradga.] — Froth'y, -X, a. [frothier, -iest.] Full of, or consisting of, froth; spumous; foamy ; not firm or solid ; soft ; vain ; empty; un- substantial. — Frothily, adv. — Frothlness, n. Frounce, frowns, v. t. [frounced (frownst), froun- cing.] To curl or frizzle about the face, as the hair. — n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a mass of pim- ples in a horse's or hawk's palate. [Orig. form of flounce, q. v.] Frouzy, frow'zi, a. Fetid; musty; dim; cloudy. Froward, etc. See under From. Frowey, frow'Y, a. {Carp.) Working smoothly, or without splitting, — said of wood. Frown, frown, v. i. [frowned (frownd), frowning.] To contract the brow, scowl, put on a stern, grim, or surly look ; to look on with disfavor, look threat- ening, lower. — v. t. To rebuke with a look. — n. A wrinkling of the brow in displeasure ; rebuke ; sternness, etc. ; expression of displeasure. [OF. frongner ; It. dial, frignare, to whimper, make a wry face; Sw. dial.fryna, N or vr eg. fisa, to make a wry face.] — Frownlngly, adv. Frowy, Frowzy. Same as Frouzy. Fructescence, Fructify, etc. See under Fruit. Frugal, froo'gal, a. Economical in the use of re- sources; sparing; saving. [F.; L. frugalis, lit. pert, to fruits, ir.frux,frugis, fruits of the earth.] — Fru- gality, -T-tt, n. Quality of being frugal; good husbandry or housewifery. — Fru'gally, adv.— Fru- giferous, -jif'gr-us, a. Producing fruit ; fruitful. it. fe-r-re tr. bear.] — FrugiVorous, a. Feeding on [L. ferre, to fruit. JL. v< orare, to eat.] Fruit, frobt, n. Whatever is to be enjoyed, partaken of, or made use of ; product ; result ; that part of plants which contains the seed ; esp. the juicy, pulpy products of certain plants ; the produce of animals; offspring; young. [OF.; L.fructus, fruit, prop. p. p. of frui, to enjoy; s. rt. brook, to endure.] — Fruit'age, -ej, n. Fruit collectively; fruitery. — Fruiferer, n. One who deals in fruits. — Fruifery, -er-i, n. Fruit collectively taken; a repository for fruit. — Fruitlul, -ful, a. Full of £ruit ; producing fruit abundantly; fertile; prolific; fecund; abund- ant; plenteous. — Fruitfully, adv. — Fruitlulness, «. — Fruitless, a. Not bearing fruit; productive of no advantage; barren; useless; abortive; idle; prof- itless. — Fruitlessly, adv. — FruitlessneBS, n. — Fruify, -1, a. Resembling fruit or its taste.— Fruit'-tree, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit.— Fruition, -ish'un, n. Use or possession of any- thing, esp. accompanied with pleasure; gratification; enjoyment. [OF., fr. L. fruitus, a form of fructus, p. p. of frui.] — Fruc'tescence, -sens, n. {Bot.) The time when the fruit of a plant matures. [F.] — Fruc'tify, -tT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make fruitful; render productive, —v. i. To beat fruit. [F. fructifier, L. fructiflcare, fr. facere, to make.] — Fruc'tincalion, n. Act of, etc. {Bot.) Those parts of a plant, taken collectively, which compose the flower and fruit ; process by which these parts develop and produce fruit. — Fructif- erous, -er-us, a. Producing fruit. [L. ferre, to bear.] Frumenty, froo'men-tT, Fur'menty, Fru'mety, Fur'- mety, n. Food made of wheat boiled in milk, and seasoned with sugar, cinnamon, etc. [OF. frov- merite", fr. froument,wheat,~L. frumentum, corn; s. rt. fruit.] — Frumenta'ceous, -shus, a. Made of, or like, grain. Frush, frush, v. t. To bruise or dash to pieces. — a. Broken or crushed. [F. froisser, to bruise.] Frush, frush, n. {Far.) A tender substance in the sole of a horse's foot; the frog. A discharge of a fetid matter from the frog of a horse's foot; thrush. [ME./rosTi, frog (of the foot, also the animal), G. frosch. See Frog.] Frustrate, frus'trat, v. t. To bring to nothing, pre- vent from attaining a purpose; to make null or of no effect; to baffle, balk, nullify. — a. Vain; in- effectual; useless; void. [L. frus'trare, -tratum, fr. frustra, in vain, prop. abl. fern, of {obs.)frustrus, for frudtrus, deceitful; s. rt. fraud.] — Frustra'tion, n. Act of frustrating; disappointment; defeat. Frustum, frus'tum, n. ; pi. -TA,-ta, or -tums. (Gewn.) The part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the top. [L., a bit, piece, Gr. thraustos, Droken, thrauein, to break.] — Fru3t 'ulent, a. Abounding in fragments. Frutescent, froo-tes'sent, a. Frustums. fiiPiilpp am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tgrru ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone. Sr ; FRY 223 FUNCTION {Bot.) Becoming shrubby, or like a shrub. [L. frutex, -ticis, a shrub, bush.] — Fru'ticose, -kos, -cons, -kus, a. Pert, to shrubs; shrubby; shrublike. Fry, fri. v. t. [fkied (frid), frying.] To cook in a frying-pan over the fire, as meat; to cook in boiling fat, as doughnuts, — v.i. To be heated and agitated, as meat in a frying-pan ; to ferment, foam, or dis- solve with heat. — n. A dish of anything fried. [OF. frire, L. frigere, Gr. phrugein, Skr. bhrajj.] — ¥ry r - ing-pan, n. A shallow iron pan with a projecting handle, for frying meat, etc. Fry, fri, n. A swarm or crowd, esp. of little fishes; a large number; young fishes or animals. [Ic. free, frjo. Dan. and Sw. fro, spawn, fry, Goth, fraiw, 'seed; not s. rt. F.frai, spawn.] — Small fry. Little children, fishes, or animals; insignificant creatures. Fuchsia, fu'sha, n. (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants. [Fr. Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] Fuchfline, fook'sin, n. (Chem.) A deep red coloring matter, used in imitating red wines, — a salt of ros- aniline. [Fr. G. Fuchs, translation of F. Benard (E. Fox), the inventor's name.] Fucus, fu'kus, n. ; pi. -ci, -si. A paint; dye ; false show. (Bot.) A genus of sea-weeds of a tough, leathery kind ; sea-wrack, and other species. [L., rock-lichen, orchil, used as a red dye and as rouge for the cheeks, disguise.] — Fu'cate, -kat, -cated, a. Painted; disguised. — Fu'coid, -koid, n. (Paleon.) Fossil sea-weed. — Fu'coid, -coid'al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. [Gr. eidos, form.] Fuddle, fud'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To make foolish by drink. — v. i. To drink to excess. [LG.fuddig, confused.] — Fud'dler, n. A drunkard. Fudge, fuj, n. A made-up story : stuff ; nonsense, — an exclamation of contempt. [LG.futsh ! begone!] Fuel, fu'el, n. Combustible matter, as wood, coal, peat, etc. ; anything that feeds flame, heat, or ex- citement. [OF. fouaille, lAj.foallia,focale, fuel, fr. L. focus, fire-place.] Fugacious, fu-ga'shus, a. Flying, or disposed to fly; volatile. [L. fugax, -gacis, fr. fugere, -gitum, Gr. pheugein, to flee, Skr. bhuj, to bend, turn aside; s. rt. bow, to bend, centrifugal, refuge, etc.] — Fuga'cious- ness, -gacity, -gas'T-ti, n. Quality of being fuga- cious ; volatility; uncertainty; instability. — Fugi- tive, -jT-tiv, a. Apt to flee away; liable to disappear; easily blown away or absorbed; escaping from duty, service, danger, etc.; unstable; volatile; evanescent. — n. One who flees from his station or duty, dan- ger or punishment ; a deserter ; one hard to be caught or detained. [OF. fugitif, L. fugitivus.] — Fu'gitively, adv. — Fu'gitiveness, n. — Fugue, fug, n. (Mus.) A musical composition in contrapuntal style, in which a subject is proposed by one part, and then responded to by the others, according to certain rules. [F.; It. fuga, a fugue, a flight, L. fuga, flight.] — Fuguist, f ug'ist, n. A composer or player of fugues. Fugleman. Same as Flugelman. Fulcrum, f ul'krum, n. ; L. pi. -cra, -kra ; E. pi. -crums. A prop or support. (Mech.) The point about which a lever turns in lifting or mov ing a body. [L., a support, fulcire, to prop.] lfill, Fulfillment. See under F ch 1 A I J Fulcrum. Fulfill, Full. Fulgent, ful'ient, a. Exquisitely bright ; shining; dazzling ; effulgent. [L. fulgens, -gentis, p. pr. of fulgere, Gr. phlegein, Skr. bhraj, to shine ; s. rt. bright.] — Ful'gency, -st, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. Fulgurite. fuKgu-rit, n. A vitrified sand-tube, sup- posed to have been produced by lightning. [L. fulgurire, -ritum, to strike with lightning, fulgur, lightning.] Fuliginous, fu-lij'1-nus, a. Pert, to soot or smoke; sooty ; dark ; dusky ; 6moky. [L. fuliginosus, fr. fuligo, soot.] Full, ful, a. Filled up; replete; having within it all that 'it can contain ; not empty or vacant ; abun- dantly furnished or provided; sufficient; ample; not wanting in any essential quality ; complete ; per- fect. — n. Complete measure; utmost extent, — adv. Quite ; completely ; exactly. — v. i. To become fully or wholly illuminated. [AS. ful, D. vol, Ic. fullr, Sw. full, G. roll, L. plenus, Gr. pleres, Skr. 'puma, full, pur, to fill; s. rt. fill, plenary.] — Full moon. The moon with its whole disk illuminated, as when opposite to the sun ; time when the moon iefuU.—F. of the moon. Time of full moon. — F, and by. (2> T aut.) Sailing close-hauled, having all the sails full, and as near the wind as possible.— FuH'ness, n. — Fully, -It, adv. —In full manner or degree ; without lack ; entirely; amply; clearly.— Fulfill, Fulfil, rul-fil', V. t. [-FILLED (-fild'), -FILL- ING.] To fill up, make full or complete; to accom- plish or carry into effect, bring to pass, effectuate. [AS. fulfyllan, it. ful and fy 11 an, to fill.] — Fulfill'- ment, n. Accomplishment ; completion ; perform- ance. — Fulsome. fuKsum, a. Offending or dis- gusting by over-fullness, excess, obsequiousness, or grossness. [AS. ful and suffix -som ; not ti.foul.) — Ful'someness, n. Full, ful, v. t. [fulled (fuld), fulling.] To cleanse and scour (cloth); to make compact, strengthen, and thicken (woolen cloth, etc.), by a felting pro- cess, esp. in a mill; to thicken and diminish the size of (underclothes, etc.), in washing. — v. t. To be- come fulled or thickened. [AS. fullian, OF. foul- lei; LL. fullare, to full, cleanse, L. fullo, a fuller ; perh. s. rt. Gr. phalos, white.]— Full'er, n. — Full'- ery, -er-Y, n. Works where fulling is carried on.— Fulling-mill, n. A mill for fulling cloth; a machine for felting wool hats.— FulKer's-earth, n. A variety of clay, used in cleansing cloth, as it imbibes the grease and oil used in preparing wool. Fulminate, fuKml-nat, v. i. To thunder, make a loud, sudden noise, detonate, explode ; to issue de- nunciation, thunder forth menaces. — v. t. To cause to explode; to utter (denunciation or censure.) — n. (Chem.) A compound which explodes by percus- sion, friction, or heat. [L. fulminare, -natum, to lighten, fr. fulmen, thunderbolt; s. rt. fulgere, to shine.] — Fulminating powder. (Chem.) A detona- ting compound of various ingredients, used for per- cussion caps, etc. — Fulmina'tion, n. Act of, or that which, etc. — Ful'minatory, -to-rt, a. Thundering; striking terror. — Fulminlc, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or capable of. detonation. Fulsome, etc. See under Full. Fulvid, fuKvid, Ful'vous, -vus, a. Tawny: dull yel- low, with a mixture of gray and brown. [LL./W- vidus, L. fulvus.'] Fumble, fum'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To feel or grope about ; to seek awkwardly ; to handle much, turn over and over. — v. t. To manage awk- wardly, crowd or tumble together. [Sw. fumla, famle,Ic. falma,D. fommelen, to fumble, grope; AS. folm, ~L.palma, palm of the hand.] — Fum'bler, n. Fume, fum, n. Vapor or gas arising from combustion or chemical action, esp. noxious or offensive exhala- tion; smoke; reek; anything unsubstantial or airv; idle conceit. — v. i. [fumed (fumd), fuming.] To smoke, throw off vapor, or exhalations; to pass off in vapors; to be in a rage. — v. t. To smoke, dry in smoke; to disperse in vapor. [OF. fum, L. fumus, Skr. dhuma, smoke, dhu, to blow; s. rt. dust.'] — Fum'y, -I, -ous, -us, a. Producing, or full of, fume; vaporous. — Fumiferous, a. Producing, etc [L. ferre, to bear.] — Fu'migate, -mt-gat, v. t. To apply smoke to, expose to smoke or disinfecting gas, as in cleansing infected apartments, clothing, etc.; toper- fume. [L. fumigare, -gatum, iv.fumusi] — Fumiga''- tion, n. Act of fumigating^ vapor; scent raised by fire. [OF.] — Fum'arole, -rol, n. A smoke-hole in a volcano or sulphur-mine. [It. fumarola.] — Fu'mi- ter, -mitory, -mT-to-rl, n. (Bot.) A plant of several species, of a rank smell. [ME fumetere, OY.fume- terre, abbr. fr. fume de terre, earth-smoke, L. fumus terrse.] Fun, fun, n. Sport ; merriment ; frolicsome amuse- ment. [Ir. form, delight, song.]— Fun'ny, -nT, a. [-NIER, -niest.] Droll ; comical. — Funny bone. The internal condyle of the humerus, behind which passes the ulnar nerve, a blow upon which causes a thrill in the arm; the crazy bone. Funambulist, fu-nam'bu-list, n. A rope-walker or dancer. [Sp. funambido, fr. L. .funis, a rope, and ambulare, to walk.] — Funam^buiatory, -la-to-rT, a. Performing like a rope-dancer; narrow, like the walk of a rope-dancer. Function, funk'shun, n. Act of executing; perform- ance: peculiar or appointed action; natural or as- signed action. (Math.) A quantity so connected with another, that, if any alteration be made in the latter, there will be a consequent alteration in the former,— the dependent quantity being called a. func- tion of the other. [OF.; L.functio, fr. fungi, functus, Skr. bhuj, to perform, enjoy, have the use of; s. rt. fruit, brook, to endure.] — Func'tional, a. Pert, to functions; required by, or involved in, the appropri- sttn, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, dondon, chair, get. FUND 224 FUSEE ate action. — Functional disease. (Pathol.) A dis- ease affecting the function of an organ, but not its structure; derangement of an organ from a cause external to itself, — opp. to organic disease.— Func'- tionary, -a-rl, n. One charged with the performance of a function ; esp. a public official. Fund, fund, n. A stock or capital; an invested sum whose income is devoted to a specific object; a store laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a supply, pi. The stock of a national debt; public se- curities.— v. t. To provide a fund for the payment of the interest of; to place in a fund, as money. [OF. fond, a bottom, ground, merchant's stock, L. fundus, bottom, fundare, to found; s. rt. bottom.'] —Sinking fund. A sum of money set apart for redemption of debts of government or corporation. — Funded debt. Permanent or bonded debt of a country, bearing a fixed rate of interest. — Fund'able, a. Capable of be- ing funded or converted into bonds.— Fun'dament, n. The seat; part of the body on which one sits; the buttocks; the orifice of the intestines; anus. [OF. fondement, L. fundamentum, foundation.] — Funda- mental, a. Pert, to the foundation or basis; essen- tial, as an element, principle, or law; elementary. Funeral, fu'n5r-al, n. The ceremony of burying a dead person; obsequies; burial; procession attend- ing the burial of the dead. —a. Pert, to burial; used at the interment of the dead. [LL. funeralis, pert, to a (L. funus) burial; perh. referring to the burning of bodies, and s. rt. L. fumus, fume, q . v.] — Fune'- real, a. Suiting a funeral; dismal. [L.funereus.] Fungus, fun'gus, n. ; L. pi. -CU, -ji; E. pi. -GUSE&, -ez. (Bot.) An acotyledonous or cryptogamous plant, such as the mushrooms, toad- stools, the microscopic plants which form mold, mildew, smut, etc., and the minute vegetable parasites of animals ; also, excres- cences on plants. (Med.) A spongv, morbid growth or granulation in animal bod- ies ; proud-flesh. [L., for *\ sfungus, f r. Gr. sphonggos, a sponge.] — Fmrgous, -gus, a. Like fungus; excrescent; growing suddenly, but not substantial or durable. Fungoslty, -tr, n. Quality of what is fungous; fungous excrescence. Funicle, fu'nY-kl, ra. (Bot.) A small cord, or ligature; afi- Fungi. 1, Agaricus comatus. 2, Boletus edulis. 3, Morchella esculents. ber. Funic [L. funiculus, dim. of funis, cord, rope.] 'ular, a. Consisting of a fiber ; dependent on the tension of a cord Funnel, fun'nel, n. An inverted hollow cone with a pipe ; a tunnel ; stove-pipe ; steamship's iron chim- ney. [Perh. fr. VJ.ffynel, an air-hole, vent; or Armor. founit, a funnel for pouring in liquids; or L. infun- dibulum, funnel, fr. in and fundere, to pour.] Funny. See under Fun. Fur, ter, n. The short, fine, soft hair of certain ani- mals, skins of wild animals with the fur; peltry; any coating resembling fur, as a coat of morbid mat- ter on the tongue in fever. — v. t. [furred (fSrd), furring.] To line, faee, or cover with fur; to cover with morbid matter, as the tongue. (Arch.) To nail strips of board upon, as a foundation for lath- ing. [OF. forre, fuerre, Goth, fodr, a sheath, case, Sp. forro, Ic. fodhr, lining of clothes, It. fodero, lin- ing, fur, scabbard ; Skr. pa, to guard, preserve.] — Fur'rier, -rY-Sr, n. A dealer in furs. — Fur'riery, -T, n. Furs collectively; trade in furs. — Fur'ring, n. (Carp.) The nailing on of strips, preliminary to lathing; the strips. — Fur^ry, -rt, a. Covered with, or consisting of, fur. Furbelow, fer'be-lo, n. A puckered flounce ; plaited border of a gown or petticoat, —v. t. [furbelowed Mod), -lowing.] To put a furbelow on. [F.farbala, F., Sp., Pg., and It. falbala.] Furbish, fer'bish, v. t. [-bished (-bisht), -bishing.] To rub or scour to brightness; to polish. [OF. four- Mr. OHG. furpjan ; prob. s. rt. purge, pure.] — FttT / '- bisher, n. Furcate, f&r'kat, -cated, a. Forked; branching like the prongs of a fork. [L. furca, fork.] — Furca ,r - tion, n. A branching like the tines of a fork. Furfuraceous, fgr-fu-ra'shus, a. Made of bran; like bran; scurvy. [L.furfwaceus, fr. furfur, bran.] Furious, etc. See under Fury. Furl, ferl, v. t. '[furled (ferlcl), furling.] To wrap or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast ; to gather into close compass. [Contr. fr. obs. fardel, a bundle, F.fardeler, to pack up.] Furlong, fer'long, n. The 8th of, a mile. [AS. fur- lung, prop, the length of a furr0w, ir.furh, furrow, and lang, long.] Furlough, fer'lo, n. (Mil.) Leave of absence ; esp. leave to be absent from^ervice for a certain time. — v. t. [furloughed (-lod), -loughing.] To grant leave of absence, as to an officer or soldier. [D. ver- lof, Dan. forlov, Sw. forlof, G. verlaub.] Furnace, fgr'nas, n. An inclosed place where a hot fire is maintained, as for melting ores, warming a house, baking bread, etc. [OF. fornaise, L. fornax; s. rt. Jj.formax, warm.] — Blast furnace. One into which an artificial current of air is injected. — Reverbera- toryf. One in which the flames are throwp. down by an arched roof directly upon the surface of the ore, metal, etc. Furnish, fer'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -nishing.] To supply with anything necessary or useful, pro- vide, equip; to offer for use, afford; to fit up, supply with proper goods, vessels, or ornamental append- ages. [OF. fournir, for formir, furmir, fr. OHG. frumjan, to procure, furnish, fruma, utility, gain.] — Fur 'nislier, n.— Fur'niture, -nt-chur, n. That which furnishes, or with which anything is fur- nished or supplied ; whatever must be supplied to a house, room, etc., to make it habitable or agreeable; chattels; movables; effects; necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, carriage, horse, etc. (Print.) Pieces of wood or metal placed around the pages, to hold them in place in the chase,. [OF. fourniture.] Furrier, Furring, Furry, etc. See under Fur. Furrow, fur'ro, n. A trench in the earth made by a plow; any trench, channel, or groove; a wrinkle on the face. — v. t. [furrowed (-r5d), -rowing.] To cut a furrow in, plow; to mark with channels or wrinkles. [AS. and OHG. furh, a furrow, Dan. fare, Sw. fara, a furrow, to furrow, Ic. for, a drain, L. porca, a ridge between furrows.] Further, Furtherance, etc. See under Forth. Furtive, fgr'tiv, a. Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy. [OF., m. furtif, f. furtive, Tu.furtivus, fr.furtum, theft, fur, Gr.phor, a thief, Gr. pherein, to carry off; s. rt. bear.] — Fu'- runcle, -runk-1, n. (Med.) A superficial, inflamma- tory tumor! a boil. [Ld.furunculus, dim. of fur.] Fury, fu'rY, n. Violent passion; over-mastering agi- tation or enthusiasm; violent anger; extreme wrath. (Myth.) A goddess of vengeance. A stormy, tur- bulent, violent woman; virago ; termagant. [OF. furie, L. furia, fr. furere, to rage, Skr. bhuranya,to be active.] — Fu'rious, -rt-us, a. Transported with Eassion; rushing impetuously; moving violently ; oisterous; raging; mad; frantic; frenzied. — Fu'ri- ously, adv. — Fu'riousness, n. Furze, ferz, n. A thorny evergreen shrub with yellow flowers, common in Great Britain ; gorse; whin. [AS. fyrs.] Fuscous, fus'kus, a. Of a dark color; brown or gray- ish-black. [L.fuscus; prob. s. rt. h.furvus, brown, E. brown.] Fuse, fuz, v. t. [fused (fuzd), fusing.] To liquefy by heat, dissolve, melt; to blend or unite. —v. i. To be melted, melt. [L. fundere, fusum, to pour; s. rt. found, confound, confuse, diffuse, futile, chyme, chyle, gush, gut.) — Fu'sible, -zY-b'l, a. [OF.] — FusibiPity, n. — Fu'sion, -zhun, n. Act or operation of melting, without the aid of a solvent; state of being melted ; union of things into oneness, as if melted together [OF.] Fuse, fuz, n. A tube filled with combustible matter, used in blasting, discharging a shell, etc. [Abbr. fr. fusee.] — Fusee', n. A tube or match ; fuse ; cigar-light; fusil. [Corrupt, f r. /wtf.] — Fu'sil, -zil, n. A light musket or firelock. [OF., orig. a steel for lighting tinder, It. and LL. focile, fr. L. focus, a fire-place.] — Fu'sillade, -lad, n. (Mil.) A simulta- neous discharge of fire-arms. — Fusillade'', v. t. To shoot down by a simultaneous discharge. — Fusil- eer', -ier, -er', n. (Mi!.) Formerly, a soldier armed with a fusil; now an infan- try soldier wearing a bear- skin cap like a grenadier's. Fusee, fu-ze', n. The conical wheel of a watch or clock, designed to equalize the Fusee. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn. 5dd, tone, 6r ; FTJSEL 225 GAIN power of the mainspring. [OF.; lAi.fuSQta, a spin- dle) ul of thread, prop. p. p. of fusare, to use a spin- dle, fr. L. fusus, a spindle.] — Fu'sil, -zil, n. (.Her.) A bearing: of a rhomboidal or spindle-shaped figure. [L. fusilhis, dim. of fusics.] — Fu'siform, a. (Bot.) Spindle-shaped; tapering at each end. [L. forma, shape. J Fusel, 'u'sel, Fusel oii, n. (Chem.) An acrid, oily alcohol, nauseous and poisonous. [G., bad liquor.] Fuss, fus, n. A tumult; bustle; annoying ado. — v. i. [fussed (fust), fussing.] To make a bustle or ado. [AS. j'us, prompt, quick, Sw. dial., /us, Ic. fuss, OHG. funs, eager, Sw. fuska, Dan. fuske, to bungle, AS. fundian, to strive alter, ir.findan, to find.] -Fuss'y, -i, a. [-ier, -iest.] Making a fuss, or unnecessary ado about trifles. — Fuss'iness, n. Fust, fust, n. (Arch.) The shank of a column or trunk of a pilaster. [OF. and Pg.; L. fustis, staff, LL., a tree; s. rt. fendere, to strike.] — Fus'tet, n. The wood of a shrub of S. Europe, yielding an or- ange color,— a dye-stuff. TF., fr. LL. fustis.] — Fus'tic, n. The wood of a W . India tree, — used dyeing yellow. [F. and Sp. fustoc] — Fus'tigate Igel, beat with a stick, " tigare.] — Fustig: Fust, fust, n. A strong, musty smell; mustiness. [OF, -gat, To cudgel, beat with a stick. [LateLT/ws- Fustiga'tion fuste, a cask, fr. LL. fustis, a tree, — the cask resem- bling a tree-trunk.]— Fust'y, -T, a. [-iee,-iest.] Moldy; rank; rancid. [OF. fust 4.] | — Fusfiness, n. Fustian, fusfyan, n. A coarse twilled cotton stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, etc. ; an inflated style of writing; bombast. — a. Made of fustian; fompous; turgid; inflated; bombastic. [OF. fustaine, t. fustagno, LL. fustaneum, Ar. fustat, a name for Cairo, in Egypt, whence it orig. came.] Futile, fu'til, a. Of no weight or importance; an- swering no purpose; failing of the designed effect; useless ; vain ; trifling. [OF.; L. futilus, lit. what easily pours out, fr. fundere, to pour. See Fuse, v. t.] — Futility, -I-tr, n. Want of importance or ef- fect; uselessness. Futtock, fut'tok, n. (Naut.) One of the timbers which are scarfed together to form a rib of a vessel. [Prob. corrupt, fr. foot- hooks.]— Futtoek-plates. (Naut.) Plates of iron in a top, to which the dead-eyes are secured. — F.-shrouds. Small i shrouds beneath a top. Future, fu'ehur, a. About to be; liaole to be or come hereafter, — it. Time to come; time subsequent to the present. [OF. m.futur, f. future. L. futurus, fut. p. of esse, to be.] — Futu'rity, -tu'rl-tY, n. The state of being vet to come; fu- ture time; time to come; the future; a future event. Fuze, n. See FUSE. aa, dead-eyes; Fuzz, fuz, r. I. [fuzzed (fuzd), -ZING.] 66, futtock- To fly off in minute particles.— n. Fine, plates; c, light particles; loose, volatile matter, futtock [E\; cf. D roos, spongy.] shrouds. Fy. Same as Fie. Fyke, f Ik, n. A long bag-net distended by hoops, into which fish can pass, but not return. [D.fuiK.] Futtock. G. €r, je, the 7th letter in the English alphabet, has 2 sounds: one simple (called the hard sound, repre- sented in the phonetic re-spellings in this vocabu- lary b3 r g), the other compound (represented r> byi)- (Mus.) G is the name of the 5th tone ~y~" of the natural or model scale, — called also sol. jC__. It was also orig. used as the treble clef, and f(Tj has changed into the character represented in ^~¥- the margin. G # (G sharp) is a tone interme- "^ diate between G and A. fa clef Gab, gab, n. The mouth ; idle prate ; loquacity, — v i. [gabbed (gabd), gabbing.! To talk idly, prate; to impose upon one; to lie. [ME. gabben, to he, Ic. gabba, to mock, Ic. and Sw. gabb, mockery; prob. s. rt. Ir. cab, gob, the mouth; s. rt. gap, gape, gib- berish, gobble, jabber.] — Gab'ble, v. i. [^-bled (-bid). -bling.] To talk noisily, rapidly, and idly, or with- out meaning ; to jabber, babble, chatter ; to utter inarticulate sounds, cackle. — n. Loud or rapid talk without meaning ; inarticu- late rapid sounds, as of fowls. — Gab'bler, n. Gabardine, gab'ar-den', n. A kind of coarse frock or loose upper garment. [Sp. gubar- dina, OF. galrardine ; Sp. & OF. gahan, a great-coat.] Gabion, ga'M-un, n. (Fort.) A wicker cylinder filled with earth, for constructing rmraptts and temporary de- Gabion. tenses. [OF. ; It. gabbione, fr. gabbia, L. cavea, a cage, fr. L. cavus, hollow.] Gable, ga'bl, n. (Arch.) The vertical triangular por- tion of the end of a house, from the eaves to the top; the end of a house. [OF.; MHG. gebel, gi- bel. G. giebel, Ic. gaf, a gable ; MHG. and G. gabd, a fork ; Ir. gabhal, a fork, also gable.] — Gable roof. A roof whose slop- ing rafters are left open to the interior, uncovered by cross- beams or ceiling. — G. window. . A window in a gable, or point- ed at top like a gable. Gad, gad, n. The point of a spear; arrow-head: goad; wedge or in- Gable. got of iron or steel. — v. i. To rove or ramble idly. [Ic. gaddr, a goad, spike, sting, gadda, to goad, drive about; s. rt. goad, yard.]— Gad'der, Gad -about', n. One who t. The language of the Highlanders of Scotland. [Ga. Gaelig.] Gaff, gaf, n. A harpoon; an iron hook on a handle, for landing large fish. (Naut.) A boom or yard, extending the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail. See Ship. — v. t. To strike or take with a gaff. [OF. gaffe, Sp. and Pg. gafa, fr. Ir. gaf, gafa, a hook, gabhal, fork, gabtda, spear; s. rt. gable, javelin.] — Gaf' fie, -fl, n. An artificial spur put on cocks when set to fight. Gaffer, gaffer, n. An old fellow s an aged rustic [Corrup. of Prov. E. gramfer, for grandfather.] Gag, gag, v. t. [gagged (gagd), gagging.] To stop the mouth of, Dy thrusting in something, to hinder speaking; to silence; to cause to heave with nausea. — v. i. To heave with nausea. — ?;. Something thrust into the mouth to hinder speaking: a speech or phrase interpolated by an actor in his part as written. [ME. gaggen, to suffocate, W. cegio, to choke, ceg, mouth, throat ; perh. s. rt. Ir. guggach, stammering.] — Gag'ger, n. Gage, gaj, n. A pledge or pawn: security; something thrown down as a challenge to combat, as a glove, fauntlet, etc. — v. t. [gaged (gajd), gaging.] To ind by pledge, caution, or security ; to engage. [F., fr. gager, LL. Vadiare, to pledge, fr. radium, Li. vas, vadis, AS. wed, a pledge ; s. rt. wager, engage, etc.] Gage, n. A measure. See Gauge. Gaiety .Gaily. Same as Gayety, etc. See under Gay. Gain, gan, v. t. [gained (gand), gaining.] To get, as a profit or advantage; to acquire, win; to be suc- cessful in; to win to one's side, conciliate; to reach, attain to, arrive at. — v. i. To have advantage or profit; to grow rich: advance in happiness, etc. — n. Thing gained; profit; advantage ; benefit; acquisi- tion. [Ic. and Sw. gagn, Dan. gam, gain, Ic. and Sw. gagna, to help, avail, Dan. gavne, to benefit.] — sun, cube, full : moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, chair, get. GAIN 226 GALLOWS To gain the wind. (N'autJ To reach the windward side of another ship. — To g. on or upon. To en- croach on (as water upon land), advance nearer to (in a race), get the better of. — Grainier, n. — Gain'- ful, -ful, a. Producing profit, advantage, or wealth; advantageous; lucrative. — Gainfully, adv.— Gain'- fulness, n. — Gainless, a. Unprofitable. Gain, gan, n. (Arch.) A beveled shoulder of a bind- ing joist, to give additional resistance to the tenon below. [W. gan, a mortise.] Gainsay, gan-sa' or gan-' sa, v. t. [-said (-sad), -say- ing.] To contradict, oppose in words, controvert, dispute._ [AS. gegn L against, and E. say.] — Gain- saver, ffan-sa'- or ffan'sa-e sayer, gan-sa' opposer. or gan'sa-er, n. One who, etc. Gairish, Garish, gar'ish, a. Gaudy; showy; affected- ly fine; extravagantly gay; nighty. [ME. gare, to starve, same as gaze, q. v.] Gait. See under Gate. Gaiter, ga'ter, n. A covering for the ankle, fitting down upon the shoe ; a kind of shoe, chiefly of cloth, covering the ankle. [F. guetre, orig. guestre ; prob. s. rt. MHG. ivester, a child's chrisom-cloth, Goth, wasti, clothing. See Vest.] Gala, gala, n. Pomp, show, or festivity. [F., Sp., and It.; s. rt. It. galante, gay, lively, E. and OF. gal- lant, q. v.] — Gala day. A day of festivity; holiday. Galactometer, gal'ak-tom'e-te'r, n. An instrument to ascertain the quality of milk, by indicating its spe- cific gravity ; a lactometer. [Gr. gala, galaktos (s. rt. L. lac, lactis), milk, and metron, measure.] — Gal'axy, -aks-I, n. (Astron.) The Milky Way. An assemblage of splendid persons or things. [OF. galaxie, L. and Gr. galaxias, fr. gala.] Gale, gal, n. A wind between a stiff breeze and a tempest ; a moderate eurrent of air ; a breeze ; a state of excitement or passion. — v.i. (JS~aut.) To sail fast. [Dan. gal, Ic. galinn, mad, furious.] Galeas. See under Galley. Galeate, ga/le-at, -ated, a. Covered, as with a hel- met. (Bot.) Having a flower like a helmet. [L. galeare, -atum, to cover with a helmet, galea, hel- met.] Galena, ga-le'na, n. Sulphuret of lead ; the principal ore from which lead is extracted. [L.] — Gale''- nite, -nit, n. Galena. Galeopithecus, ga / le-o-pith / 'e-kus, n. The flying lemur ; a nocturnal mammal of the E. Ind. Archipel- ago. [Gr. galee, weasel, and pithe- los, ape.] Galimatias, gal-I-ma'sha, n. Non- sense ; gibberish ; confused talk. [F., fr. a lawyer who, pleading in /-. nl p^ tp rnmlla Latin about a stolen cock, persist- <* aleate Corolla. ently changed gallus Matthise ( Matthew's cock) into galli Matthias (the cock's Matthew).] Galiot. Se« under Galley. Galipot, gal'I-pot, n. A white resinous juice, which flows from pine or fir trees. [F.; Sp. galipodio, OF. garipot, the wild pine or pitch tree.] Gall, gawl, n. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, greenish- yellow liquid in the gall-bladder; bile. Anything bitter; spite; malignity. [AS. gealla, D. gal, Ic. gall, L. fel, Gr. chole ; s. rt. green, gold, yellow.] — GalK- blad'der, n. (Anat.) A pear-shaped membranous sac, on the under side of the liver, containing gall. Gall, gawl, G. nut, n. A vegetable excrescence pro- duced by an insect in the bark or leaves of plants, as the oak-apple, etc., — used in dyeing, making ink, etc. [OF. galle, L. galla.] — Gall'-fly, n. The insect which, etc. — Gallic, gal'lik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or derived from, galls. Gall, gawl, v. t. [galled (gawld), galling.] To fret and wear away by friction ; to excoriate, chafe; to tease, vex, chagrin; to harass, annoy. — n. A wound in the skin from rubbing. [OF. galler, to gall, gale, a scab. L. callus, hard skin, the itch.] Gallant, gallant, a. Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay; noble in bearing or spirit; heroic; courageous; brave. — Gallant', n. A gay, courtly, or fashionable man ; one attentive to ladies ; one who wooes ; a lover; suitor. —a. Attentive to ladies, — v. t. To attend or wait on (a lady). [OF. (F. galant), p. pr. of galer, to rejoice, fr. gale, show, mirth, It., Sp., and Pg. gala, ornament, festive attire ; Goth, gail- jan, MHG. geilen, to make merry, Ic. gala, to sing; AS. gal, D. geil, lascivious, OS. gel, MHG. geil, mirthful.] — Gal'lantly, adv. In a gallant manner, spirit, or bearing ; gayly ; nobly ; bravely. — Gal- lant'ly, adv. In a polite or courtly manner. — Gal '- lantnes3, n. Gayety ; nobleness ; bravery.— Gal'- lantry, -rT, n. Bravery ; intrepidity ; attention to ladies; intrigue. [OF. gallantei-ie.] — Galloon, -loon', n. A narrow woven fabric of cotton, woolen, silk, etc., for binding garments, hats, shoes, etc. [F. and Sp. galon, It. gallone, orig. a ribbon or lace worn on festive occasions.] Galleass, Galleon. See under Galley. Gallery, gaKler-I, n. A long and narrow corridor, or connecting passage-way ; a room for exhibiting works of art; a collection of paintings, sculptures, etc.; a platform on the interior sides of a building, supported by brackets or columns. (JSTaut.) A frame like a balcony, projecting from a ship's stern or quarter. [OF. galle'rie, galerie, It. galleria, Sp. and LL. galena, prob. fr. LL. galare, to rejoice. See Gallant.] Galley, gaKlT, n. ; pi. -leys, -liz. (Naut.) A low, flat-built vessel, with one deck, and navigated with sails and oars; a light open boat; the cook-room of a ship. (Chem.) An oblong reverberatory furnace, with a row of retorts whose necks protrude through lateral openings. (Print.) A frame or tray for receiv- ing type from the composing-stick. [OF. galie, It. and LL. galea.] — Galley-slave, n. One condemned to work at the oar on a galley. — Gal'eas, Gal'leass, -liass, n. A vessel larger than a galley, and resem- bling a galleon, formerly used by the Spaniards and Venetians. [OF. galeace. It. galeazza, Sp. and Pg. galeaza.] — Gal'iot, Gal'liot, n. A small galley; a brigantine, built for chase ; a Dutch vessel, with mam and mizzen masts and a large gaff main-sail. [OF. galiote, LL. galeota, It. galeotta.] — Gal'leon, n. A large ship, with 3 or 4 decks, formerly used by the Spaniards in war and commerce. [Sp. galeon.] Gallic, gaKlik, -lican, a. Pert, to Gaul or France. [L. Gallicus, fr. Gallia, Gaul.]— Gal'licism, -ll-sizm, n. A mode of speech peculiar to the French.— GaPlicanism, n. The principles of the Gallican church, or Rom. Cath. church in France, — esp. of those within that church who seek to maintain its national position against papal encroachments, — opp. to ultramontanism. — Gal'licize, -slz, v. t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To render conformable to the French idiom or language. Galligaskins, gal-lY-gas'kinz, n. pi. Large, open hose or trowsers ; leather guards worn on the legs by sportsmen. [OF. garguescans, corrupt. Yi.Gregues- qiie, It. Grecnesco, Greekish, a name orig. given to them in Venice.] Gallinacean, gal-lT-na'shan, n. A bird of the family which includes the common hen. — Gallina'ceous. -shus, a. Pert, to an order of birds, including do- mestic fowls. [L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina, a hen, gallus, a cock.] — Gal'linule, -nul, n. An aquatic bird inhabiting rivers, ponds, and marshy places ; moor hen. [L. gallinula, dim. of gallina.] Galliniper, gal'lI-nip-pSr, n. A large mosquito. Gallipot, gal'll-pot, n. An apothecary's glazed earth- en pot for containing medicines. [OD. gleypot, fr. gleye, potter's clay.] Gallium, gal r lt-um, n. (Chem.) A silver- white, hard metal, somewhat malleable, and melting at 86° Fahr. [Fr. Gallia, France, also gallus, a cock, in al- lusion to Lecoq, its discoverer.] Gallon, gal'lun, n. A measure of capacity = 4 quarts. [OF.; XL. galona, perh. fr. L. gaulus, Gr. gaulos, a milk-pail, bucket.] Galloon. See under Gallant. Gallop, gaKlup, v. i. [-loped (-lupt), -loping.] To run with leaps or bounds, as a horse; to move very rapidly. — n. A mode of running by a quadruped, by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet together, in successive bounds. [OF. galoper, wal- oper, to gallop, OFlemish walop, a gallop, orig. the boiling of a pot — fr. the sound made; OLG. wallen, AS. weallan, to boil ; Skr. valg, to gallop, val, to move to and fro; s. rt. L. volvere, to roll, E. walk.] — Galloper, n. — Gal'lopade, -ad, n. A kind of dance ; music appropriate to it. [F. galopade.] — Gallopade', v. i. To perform this dance. Galloway, gaKlo-wa, n. A horse of small size, bred in Galloway, Scotland. Gallows, gal'lus or gal'lez, n. sing. ; pi. -lowses. An instrument of execution, consisting of 2 posts and a cross-beam on the top, from which a criminal is sus- pended by a rope round his neck; a like instrument for suspending anything, pi. A pair of suspenders or braces. [AS. galga, gealga, Ic. galgi, D. galg.] — am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r ; GALLT 227 GAP G&l'lowB-bitts, n.pl. (Naut.) A frame in the center of a ship's deck for supporting spare spars, etc. Gaily. See Galley. Sallygaskins. See Galligaskins. Saioche. ga-losh', n. An overshoe; a gaiter to cover the leg and upper part of the foot. [F.; LL. calo- pedia, Gr. katopodion, wooden shoe, dim. of kalo- pous, shoemaker's last, fr. kalon, wood, and pous, foot.] Galoot, ga-loot', n. A noisy, riotous fellow ; rowdy. [Slang. U. S.] Galvanic, gal-van'ik, o. Pert, to, containing, or ex- hibiting, galvan- ism. [Fr. Gal- vani, of Bologna, who invented his battery in 1791.]— Galvanic battery. An apparatus of metals, acids, etc., for generat- ing galvanism. — G?pile. Appara- Galvanic Battery, tus to produce an electric current, —consisting of a pile of alternate silver (or copper) and zinc disks, mid up with disks of paper or cloth between them, moistened with brine or acid water. — Gal' vanism, -va-nizm, n. Electricity developed by chemical ac- tion between different substances without the aid of friction; science of galvanic electricity. — GaK- vanist, n. One versed in galvanism. — Gal'vanize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To affect with galva- nism; to plate or coat with metal, by means of gal- vanism ; to restore to consciousness by galvanic ac- tion. — Galvanized iron. Iron coated with zinc by galvanic deposition; more commonly by a process in which the coating is not produced oy galvanism. — Galvanog'raphy, -ft, n. Art or process of produ- cing copper-plates by galvanic action ; electrotypy. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Galvanom'eter, n. An in- strument for determining the strength and direction of currents of galvanic electricity. [Gr. metron, a measure.] — Galvan'oscope, n. Apparatus for de- tecting the presence of galvanic electricity. [Gr. skopos, viewing.] Gambado, gam-ba'do, n. ; pi. -eadoes, -doz. A case of leather, to defend the leg from mud, in riding on horseback. [It. and Sp. garnba, leg.] Gambit, gam'bit, n. A mode of opening the game of chess. [F., fr. OF. gambier, to walk, fr. garnbe, F. jambe, leg. See Gambol.] Gamble, Gambler^ See under Game. Gamboge, gam-boo]' or -boj', n. A concrete vegeta- ble juice, or gum-resin, of reddish-yellow color, pro- duced by trees of Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar, and used as a pigment. [Fr. Cambodia, in Anam, whence it is exported.] Gambol, gam'bol, v. i. [-boled (-bold), -boling.] To dance about in sport; to frisk.— n. A skipping about in frolic; a hop. [OF. gambade. It. gambata; OF. gambe. It. gamba, leg, LateL. gamba, leg-ooint, Gr. kampe, a bending, Skr. kanip, to go to and fro.] — Gam'mon, n. A hog's thigh, pickled and smoked or dried; a 6moked ham. — v. t. To make bacon of. (Naut.) To fasten (a bowsprit to the stem of a ship). [OF. gambon (F. jambon), a gammon (of bacon), fr. gambe (F. jambe).'] — Gam'brel. n. The hind leg of a horse ; a stick crooked like a horse's leg, used by butchers. — Gambrel roof. A hipped roof ; man- sard or curb roof._ Gambroon, gam-broon', n. Twilled linen cloth for lining. Game, gam, n. Sport of any kind; jest; frolic ; a con- trivance, arrangement, or institution, furnishing sport or amusement ; use of such a game ; a single match at play; contest; tiling gained, as the stake in a game ; animals pursued by sportsmen ; scheme pursued; plan; project. — a. Ready to fight to the last, like a game-cock ; brave ; resolute ; pert, to those animals hunted for game. — v. i. [gamed (gamd), gaming.] To play at any sport: to play for a stake or prize; to gamble. [AS. gamen, a game, OS. and Ic. gaman, mirth, OHG. gaman, joy.]— To make game of. To make sport of, mock, ridicule. — To die g. To maintain an unyielding spirit to the last. — Game'ness, n. Endurance; pluck. — Game'some, -sum, a. Gay ; frolicsome. — Gamy, gam'!, a. (Cookery.) Having the flavor of dead game kept uncooked until nearly tainted. (Sporting.) Show- ing gameness. — Game'ster, n. One who plays at games ; a gambler. — Game'-cock, n. A cock bred to fight. — keeper, n. One who has care of game, esp. in a preserve. — Gam'mon, n. An imposition, hoax, humbug ; the game of back gammon.— v. t. To beat in back gammon by removing all one's counters before one's antagonist has removed any ; to impose on by improbable stories ; to humbug. — Gam'ble, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] 1 r play or game for stakes. — v. t. To squander by gaming. [Dim. of game.] — Gam 'bier, n. Gamin, ga-maN', n. A neglected city boy ; street Arab. [F.] Game-leg, gamleg, n. A lame or crooked leg. [W. cam, gam, crooked. See Gambol.] Gammer, gam'mer, n. An old wife, — correlative of gaffer, q. v. [Corrup. of Prov. E. grammer, for grandmother.] Gammon (of bacon). See under Gambol. — Humbug. See under Game. Gamp, gamp, n. A large umbrella. [Fr. Mrs. Gamp, a character in Dickens's novel, " Martin Chuzzle- wit."] Gamut, gam'ut, n. (Mils.) The scale. [OF. game, gamme (= Gr. gamma = E. letter G, the name of the 7th and last note in the scale) and L. ut, old name for the 1st note, now called do.] Gander, gan'der, a. The male of the goose. [AS. gandra, ganra. See Goose.] Gang, gang, n. A number going in company; a com- pany, esp. of disreputable persons; a squad of work- men; a labor-saving combination of similar imple- ments. (Mining.) A gangue, q. v., below. [ME. and D., a way, passage; AS., ajourney; Sw., agoing, a time ; Dan., walk, gait ; Goth, gaggs (= gangs), a way, street, Ic. gangr, a going, also a gang (of men, animals, etc.) ; AS. gangan, Ic. ganga, to go, q. v.] — Gang'way, n. A passage or way into an inclosed place. (Naut.) The waist. — Gang'-board, n. (Naut.) A plank, with cleats for steps, for entering a boat; a plank within or without the bulwarks of a vessel's waist, for -the sentinel to walk on. [D. gangboord.~] — -cask, n. A cask for bringing water aboard ships in boats.— Gangue, gang, n. (Mining.) The mineral substance inclosing metallic ore in the vein. [F.; G. gang, a vein in a mine.] Ganglion, gan'glT-un, n. (Compar. Anat.) A collec- tion of nerve cells, giving off nerve fibers in one or more directions. (Human Anat.) A mass of vesicu- lar neurine in the course of a nerve, distinct from the brain and spinal cord ; also, a lymphatic gland. (Surg.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated on a tendon. [L. and Gr.; perh. s. rt. Gr. gonggulos, round.] — Lymphatic ganglion. A lymphatic gland. — Gan'gliac, -glionlc, a. Pert, to a ganglion. Gangrene, gan'gren, n. (Med.) The first stage of mortification of living flesh, in which it loses warmth and sensation and becomes discolored. — v. t. To mortify, — v. i. To become mortified or putrescent; to lose vitality. [OF.; L. gangrsena, Gr. ganggraina, fr. Gr. grainein, Skr. gri, to devour.] — Gan'grenous, -nus, a. Mortified: putrefied, — said of living flesh. Gangue, Gangway. See under Gang. Gamster, Gaunister, gan'is-ter, n. (Mech.) A refrac- tory lining for Bessemer converters, consisting of ground siliceous stone and fire-clay ; material for macadamizing roads. (Mining.) Hard, siliceous strata in the coal-formation. Gannet, gan'net, n. The Solan goose, a sea-fowl al- lied to the pelican. [AS. ganot. See Goose.] Ganoid, ga'noid, -noid'- ian, -I-an, n. One of an order of fishes, hav- ing shining bony scales or plates, — including the gar and sturgeon. [NL. ganoidei, fr. Gr. ganos, brightness, and eirfos, form.] Gantlet, ganflet, -lope, -lop, n. A military or naval punishment in which the offender runs between 2 files of men facing one another, who strike him as he passes. [Sw. gatlopp, lit. a run down a lane, fr. gata, street, lane (see Gate), and lopp, a course, running, fr. lopa, to run; s. rt. leap.]— To run the gauntlet. To undergo the above punishment; to pass the ordeal of severe criticism or ill-treatment at many hands. Gaol, jal, Gaoler. See Jail. Gap, gap, n. An opening in anything made by break- Gannet. sun, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. GAR 228 GASH ing or parting ; an opening for passage or entrance ; hiatus; vacant space or time; an opening which is irreparable. [Ic. and Sw., a gap, breach, abyss, Dan. gab, gap, mouth, throat, chasm. See Gab.] — Gape, gap, in Eng. pron. gap, v. i. [gaped (gapt), gaping.] To open the mouth wide, as, expressing desire for food; or indicating sleepiness, indifference, dullness; or showing surprise, astonishment, expectation, etc. ; or manifesting a desire to injure, devour, or over- come; to open as a gap; to gaze, stare, yawn. — n. The act of gaping. {Zobl.) The width of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, etc. [AS. geapan, D. gapen, Ic. and Sw. gapa, G. gaffen, Skr. jabh, to gape, yawn; AS. geap, wide.]— The gapes. A dis- ease of young poultry, attended with much gaping. Gar, gar, Gar'fish, n. A slender sea-fish of the pike family, having a long, pointed head; also one of sim- ilar form, but with rhombic scales, found in fresh waters. [AS., a spear,— fr. its shape; cf. E. pike, ge.i, also Ic. geirsu, a kind of herring, fr. geirr, a spear.] Garage, ga-razh', n. A place where motor vehicles are housed and cared for. [F.] Garb, garb, n. Clothing ; esp. official or appropriate dress ; fashion, or mode of dress ; exterior appear- ance; looks. [OF. garbe, It. garbo, garb, handsome- ness, OHG. garawi, preparation, dress, garo, JVIHG. gare, ready; s. rt. gear.'] Garbage, gar'bej, n. Refuse partsof flesh; offal ; ref use matter from a kitchen ; any worthless or off en- sive matter. [Prob. same as garble.'] Garble, gar'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To sift or bolt; to pick out such parts of as may serve a pur- pose; to mutilate, corrupt. [OF. grabeller, Sp. gar- biUar, to sift, garble, garbillo, Per. gharbil, Ar. ghir- bal, a sieve. 1 — Gar'bler, n. — Gar'bles, -biz, n. pi. Garboard, gar'bord, n. {Naut.) The first plank fast- ened next the keel on the outside of a vessel's bot- tom. Garden, gar'dn, n. A piece of ground for cultivating flowers, or vegetables, etc.; a rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country. — v. i. [-dened (-dnd), -DENING.] To layout or cultivate a garden; labor in agarden. [ME. and OF. gardin(F.jardin), OHG. garto, gen. gartin; s. rt. AS. geard, E. yard.]— Gar'- dener, -dn-Sr, n. One who makes and tends a garden ; a horticulturist. [OHG. gartinare.] — Gar'dening, n. Art of, etc.; horticulture. Garget, gar'get, n. A disease in udders of cows ; a disease in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appetite. (Bot.) A plant having emetic and cathartic qualities; poke or poke-weed. Gargle, gar'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To wash or rinse (the mouth or throat); esp. to hold a me- dicinal preparation suspended and agitated in the throat. — ». A liquid preparation for washing the mouth and throat. [OF. gargouiller, fr. gargouille, the throat, also mouth of a spout or gutter; ^>p. gar- aola, gargoyle ; F. gorge, 1 1. gorga, the throat. See Gorge.] — Gar'goyle, goil, n. {Arch.) A projecting water-spout, carved grotesquely. Garish. See Gairish. Garland, garland, n. A wreath or chaplet of gargoyle, branches, flowers, feathers, etc.; a coronal; the top; firincipal thing; thing most prized; a collection of ittle printed pieces ; an anthology. {Naut.) A bag, used by sailors to keep provisions in; a ring of rope lashed on a mast. — v. t. To crown or deek with a farland. [OF. garlande, F. guirlande, It. ghirlanda, p. guirnalda ; perh. s. rt. OHG. wiara, refined gold, fine ornament, and not s. rt. gala.] Garlic, gar'lik, n. A garden plant, allied to the onion, having a bulbous root, strong smell, and acrid taste. [AS. garleac, fr. gar, spear, and leak, leek.] Garment, garment, n. Any article of clothing. [ME. and OF. garnement, fr. 0F. garnir, guarnir, warnir, to garnish, adorn, fortify, AS. warnian, to beware of, OFriesic wernia, to give a pledge. See Warn.] — Gar'nish, v. t. [-wished (-nisht), -nishing.] To adorn, embellish ; to furnish, as a fort with troops. {Law.) To warn, give notice to. — n. Decoration ; ornament; also, garments, esp. showy ones. {Cook- ery.) Something set round a dish as an embellish- ment. In jails, fetters ; also an entrance : fee de- manded bv old prisoners of one just committed. — Garnishee"*, n. {Law.) One in whose hands the property of another has been attached ; a trustee. — Garnishment, n. Ornament; decoration. (Law.~* Legal notice to appear and give information to the court on any matter; warning to a person, in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay money or deliver goods, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee. A fee.— Gar'ni- ture, -ni-chur, n. That which garnishes; embellish- ment. [F.] — Garrison, gar'rY-sn, n. {Mil.) A body of troops in a fort or fortified town, to defend it or. to repress the inhabitants ; a strong place, in which troops are quartered for its security. — v.t. [gar- risoned (-snd), -soning.] To place troops m (a fortress, etc.) for its defense ; to defend by for- tresses manned with troops. [ME. and OF. garnison, provision, supply, fr. OF. garnir.] Garner, gar'ner, n. A granary ; place wherein grain is stored. — v. t. [garnered (-nerd), -nering.] To store in a granary. [OF. gernier, grenier, L. granaria, a granary, q. v.] Garnet, giir'net, n. {Min.) A mineral of a deep-red color. {Naut.) A tackle fixed to the main-stay, to hoist the cargo. [OF. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. its re- sembling the shape and color of pomegranate seeds, fr. L. granum, a grain, q. v.] Garnish, Garrison, etc. See under Garment. Garret, gar'ret, n. That part of a house on the upper floor, immediately under the roof ; an attic. [OF. garite, orig. a place of refuge or look-out., 'watch- tower, fr. garir, warir, to preserve, keep, OHG. war- jan, AS. warian, to defend, AS. wser, wary, q. v. See Garment.] — Garreteer'', -er', n. An inhabi- tant of a garret; a poor author; literary hack. Garrote, gar-rot" - , n. A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw; instrument by which the punishment is inflicted. — v. t. [garroted ; -eo.t- ing.] To strangle with the garrote ; to seize by the throat from behind, to strangle and rob. [Sp., fr. garra, claw, clutch, Armor. & W. gar, leg, shank ; s. rt. garter,] — Garrotter, n. One who seizes a per- son by the throat from behind, to strangle and rob him. Garrulous, gar'roo-lus, a. Indulging in long, prosy talk, with repetition and excessive detail; talkative; loquacious. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire, to chatter; s. rt. call.] — Garru'lity, -lt-tt, n. Quality of being, etc. Garter, gar'ter, n. A band to hold up a stocking on the leg; the badge of the highest orderof knighthood in Great Britain, instituted by Edward III.: the or- der itself.— v. t. [gartered (-terd), -tering.] To bind with a garter ; to invest with the order of the Garter. [OF. gartier, fr. garret, F. jarret, ham of the leg. See Garrote.] Garth, garth, n. A close; yard; croft: garden; green- sward within aeloister; a dam or wei for catching fish. [W. gardd, inclosure; s. rt. garden.] Gas, gas or gaz, n. An aeriform elastic fluid ; illumi- nating gas, — a mixture of carbureted hydrogen and defiant gas or bi-earbureted hydrogen, obtained by destructive distillation of coal. [D., a word invented by the chemist Van Helmont, who died in 1644 ; perh. f-r. D. geest, ghost (q. v.), spirit, volatile fluid.] — Laughing gas. Nitrous oxide, — used as an anaes- thetic by dentists, etc. — Gaseous, gaz'e-us or ga'- zhus, a. In the form of gas, or an aeriform fluid; lacking substance or solidity ; tenuous.— Gassy, gas'- sT, a. Full of gas; inflated; full of ambitious or de- ceitful talk.— Gas'ify, v. t. [-fied (-ild), -eying.] To convert into gas. [L.facere, to make.] — Gas'ifica'- tion, n. Act or proeess of, etc. — Gas'-burn'er, n. That part of a gas-fixture where the gas escapes from orifices, to be burned. — fix'ture, n. A bracket or chandelier for gas, including a stop-cock, burner, etc. — hold'er, n. A vessel to hold gas- gasometer.— -main, n. One of the principal pipes conveying gag from the works. — -me'ter, n. An instrument to measure the quantitv of gas consumed. [Gr. metron, a measure.] — Gas'olene, -len, -line, -lin, n. A highly volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum, also by distillation o1 bituminous coal. — Gasolier', -ler', n. A chandelier fitted for illumination by gas. [Formed in imitation of chan- delier.] — Gasom'eter, gaz-, n. A gas-holder or res- ervoir. — Gasom'etry, -trT, n. Measurement of gases. Gasconade, gas-kon-ad r , n. A boast or boasting; vaunt; bravado. — v. i. To boast, brag, bluster. IT. gasconnade, — in allusion to the propensity of ike people of Gaseony.] Gash, gash, v. t. [gashed (gasht), gashing.] To make a long, deep incision in. — n. A deep and long cut, esp. in flesh. [OF. garser, to scarify, pierce with a fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; GASKET 229 GAZETTE lancet, LL. garsa, scarification, pern, corrupt, fr. Gr. charaxis, an incision ; s. rt. shear.] Gasket, gas'ket, n. (Faut.) A flat, plaited cord to furl the sail, or tie it to the yard. (3Iech.) Platted hemp to pack pistons, as of steam-engines and pumps; any ring or washer of packing. [F. garcetie.) Gasp, gasp, v. i. [gasped (gaspt), GASPING.] To labor for breath, respire convulsively or violently; to pant with eagerness. — i>. t. To emit with gaspings. — n. A labored respiration; convulsive opening of the mouth for breath. [Ic. geispa, Sw. gaspa, Dan. gispe ; s. rt. gape.] Gastric, gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the stomach. [Gr. gaster, Skr. jathara, the belly.] — Gastric fever. {Pathol.) Bilious, enteric, or typhoid fever; acute inflammatory dyspepsia. — Gastritis, n. {Med.) In- flammation of the stomach.— Gas'teropod, n. (Zo'61.) A molluscous animal (as the snuii_), having a mus- cular ventral disk, which serves in place of feet. [Gr. pons, podos, a foot.] — Gastril'oquy, -o-kwl, n. A voice or utterance which appears to proceed from the stomach; ventriloquy. [L. loqui, to speak.] — Gastril'oquist, -kwist, n. A ventriloquist.— GastroK- ogy, -o-jl, n. A treatise on the stomach. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Gastron'omy, -ml, n. Art or science of good eating; epicurism. [Gr. nomos, law, usage.] — Gastron'enier, n. One fond of good living; an epicure; glutton.— Gastronem'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Gastros'copy, -ko-pT. n. (Med.) Examination of the abdomen, to detect disease; abdominoscopy. [Gr. skopein, to examine.] — Gas'tro-col'ic, a. {Med.) Pert, to both stomach and colon. [Gr. kolikos, pert. to the colon.] — G.-elytrotomy, -el't-trofo-ml, n. (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part of the vagina, to remove a fetus, —a substitute for the Cesarean operation. [Gr. elutron. a sheath, and tome, a cutting. ] — G.-enter'ic, a. (Med.) Pert, to the stomach and intestines. [Gr. enteron, intestine.] — G.-enteri'tis, n. (Pathol.) Inflammation of the lining membrane of , etc — G.-hepat'ic, a. (Med.) Pert, to both stomach and liver. [Gr. hepar, liver.] — G.-hys'terot'omy, -his'ter-ofo-mT, a. (Surg.) The Cesarean operation. [Gr. hustera, womb.] Gate, gat, n. A passage-way in the wall of a city, field, edifice, etc.; a movable barrier closing an opening in a fence or wall or placed across a road; a frame stop- ping the passage of water through a dam, lock, etc.; an avenue: means of entrance. [AS. geat, D. and Ic. gat, a gate, opening, Ic. and Sw. guta, Dan. gade, Goth, gatwo, G. gasse, a street; xVS. gitan, to get, ar- rive at, reach.] — Gate'-way, n. A passage through a fence or wall; a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate is hung. — Gait, gat, n. Walk; march; way; manner of walking or stepping. Gather, gatb/er, v. t. [-ERED(-erd),-ERiNG.] To bring together, collect, assemble; to harvest, pick, pluck; to amass in large quantity or numbers ; to make compact, consolidate : to draw together (a piece of cloth, by a thread), pucker, plait ; to derive, as an inference; to infer, conclude. — v. i. To come to- gether, congregate; to increase; to come to a head, as a sore; to draw an inference. — n. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through it. [AS. gsedrian, gaderian, to"gather, fr. gader, to- gether, gssd, society, company: D. gaderen, to col- lect, f r. gader, together.] — Gatb/erer, n. — Gather- ing, n. That gathered or brought together, as a crowd, assembly ; a tumor, suppurated or matu- rated; an abscess. Gatling-gun, gafling-gun, n. A machine-gun, having a cluster of parallel revolving breach-loading bar- rels. [Named fr. inventor.] Gauchene, gosh^re, n. Awkwardness ; gawkiness ; blundering. [F., fr. gauche, the left hand.] Gaud, gawd, n. A pieci of worthless finery; a trinket. [L. gau h'wn.ioy, in LL. a bead on a rosary; s. rt. joy.] — Gaud'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Ostentatiously fine: showy: gay; merry.— Gaud'ily, -I-lI, adv.— Gaud'iness, n. Gauffer, gawi'fer, v. t. To plait, crimp, or flute; to goffer, as lace. [F. grmfrer, to figure cloth, velvet, etc., fr. gaufre, E. waffle, q. v.] Gauge, Gage, gaj, r. t. [gauged (gajd), gauging.] To measure or ascertain the contents of, as of a pipe, hogshead, etc.: to measure the capacity or ability of; estimate. — n. An instrument to determine dis- tances, dimensions, or capacity; a standard of any kind; estimate. (Physics.) Apparatus for determin- ing at any moment the state, or volume, or pressure of a fluctuating object, as water, steam, etc. (Naut.) Petition with reference to a vessel and to the wind; the depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. The distance between the rails of a railroad. [When the gauge is 4 ft. 8£ in. it is called standard gauge ; when less, narrow gauge.] (Plastering.) The quantity of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to hasten its setting; the composition used in finishing plastered ceilings, etc. [OF. ganger, jauger, to gauge, jauge, a gauge, measure, LL. gangia, the standard measure of a wine-disk: s. it. gallon.] — Gau'ger, n. One who gauges; an officer whose business it is to ascertain the contents of casks. Gault, gawlt, n. (Geol.) A series of beds of clay and marl, whose geological position is between the ui>per and lower green-sand. Gaunt, gant, a. Lean : meager ; pinched and grim. [CI'. Norweg. gaud, a thin stick, also a tall, thin man, overgrown stripling; Sw. dial, gunk, a lean horse.] Gauntlet, gant'let, ?j. A glove with plates of metal on the back, worn as defensive armor; a long glove, covering the wrist. [OF. gantelet, fr. gant, OSw. wante, Ic. vottr, a glove, Dan. vante, D. want, a mitten: perh. s. rt. OSw. winda, to wrap, E. wind.] — To take itp the gauntUt. To accept a chal- lenge.— To throw do w n the ew&r- Gauntlet. g. To offer a challenge. Gauze, gawz, n. A very thin, transparent stuff, of silk, lisen, cotton, wire, etc. [OF. gaze, embroiderv can- vas, orig. brought from G«za, in Palestine.]— Gauz'y, -T, a. Pert, to, like, or thin as gauze. Gave. See Give. Gavel, gav'el, n. A small heap of grain, not tied up; the mallet of a presiding officer. [OF. gavelle, F. javelle, javeau, dim. fr. L. c&pulus, handle, capere, to seize.] Gavelkind, gav'el-kind, n. (O. Eng. Low.) A tenure by which land descended from the lather to all his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, descended equally to his brothers. [Ir. gabhailcine : gabhail, a receiving, tenure, fr. gabhaim, I receive; cine, family, tribe; W. gafael, Corn, gavel, tenure, cenedl, a tribe.] Inci [Native name.] Gavial, 'vT-al, A crocodile found in India. Gawk, gawk, n. A cuckoo; a simpleton: booby. [AS. geac, Ic. gaukr, Sw. gok, a cuckoo; 9IIG. couch, G. gauch, a cuckoo, simpleton: L. cucus, fool, cuckoo, q. v.j— Gawk'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Foolish and awkward ; clumsy and clownish. — n. A fellow awkward from being overgrown, or from stupidity. Gay, ga, a. Excited with delight ; merry; gleeful; sprightly ; jolly ; jovial ; having many or showy colors ; 'dissipated : loose : lewd.' [OF. gai, merrv, OHG. gahi, MHG. gach, quick, rash, lively, MHG. gan, G. gehen. to go; s. > t. go, Jan.] — Gayety. Gaiety, ga'e-tY, n. State of being gay: merriment: acts or entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight, — used often in pi.; finery; show; jollity. — Gayly, Gaily, ga'lT, adv. Gaze, gaz, v. i. [gazed (gazd), gazing.] To fix the eyes in a steady and earnest look ; to gape, stare.— n. A fixed look ; a look of eagerness, wonder, or admiration ; object gazed on. [Sw. dial, gasa, to gaze, stare; s. rt. aghast, gairish.] — Gaz'er, ti. — Gaze'hound, n. A hound that pursues by sight rather than by scent. — Gaz'ing-stpck, n. One gazed at with scorn: an object of curiosity. Gazelle, ga-zel", n. A small antelope of Asia and K. Africa, remarkable for its swiftness, elegant form, and the soft luster of its eyes. [OF.; Ar. ghazal.] Gazette, ga-zef, n. A newspaper: esp., an of- ficial journal. — r. r. To announce or publish in a gazette, or officially. [OF., fr. It. gazzetta.'a magpie, hence tattle (dim. of It. gazza, mag- pie, whence gazzettare, to chatter, to write ga- zettes), also a coin uazeue. worth about l-3d of a cent (dim. of L. and Gr. gaza, treasure, wealth). To the usual etymology, fr. the name of the coin, it is objected that no newspaper could have been published at that price in 1536, in Venice, where the original gazette appeared.] — sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. GEAR 230 GENEROUS Gaz'etteer', -ter ,r , h. A writer of news; officer who publishes news by authority ; a geographical dic- tionary; alphabetical descriptive list. Gear, ger, n. Manufactured stuff or material; goods; clothing; ornaments; dress; horse-trappings. (Jfach.) A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels col- lectively; connection of toothed wheels with each other; gearing. — v. t. (geared (gerd), gearing.] To dress, put on gear, harness. [AS. gearioe, OS. garuuti, MHG. garwe, gear, whence OF. garbe, E. garb, q. v.; AS. gearu, OS. garu, ready, D. gaar, dressed; s. rt. yare.] — Gearing, n. .^ Harness. (Mach.) Parts by which frft' motion communicated to one por •' ra- tion of a machine is transmitted to another, considered collectively ; . esp., a train of wheels for transmit- $ ting and varying motion. _ Gecko, gek'o, n. ; pi. -oes, -oz. A noc- turnal lizard, having flattened toes, ojv. y * with sucking disks, by which it runs T^Sr-lrSr^ upon walls and ceilings. [Onomat., _ "™^ _ — fr. its cry.] Spur Gearing. Ged, ged, n. A fish, the pike. [Ic. gedda, a pike; s. rt. Ic. gaddr, a goad, E. gad, goad. See Gar.] Gee, je, v. t. [geed (jed), geeixg.] To turn to the off-side, or from the driver (i. e., in the U. S., to the right side), said of cattle, or a team, — used in the imperative. [Prob. f r. AS. gegan, to go.] Gehenna,, ge-hen'na, n. The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, a receptacle for the city refuse, fires be- ing kept up, to prevent pestilential effluvia; hence, in the New Testament, hell. [L.; Heb. Ge, valley, and Hinnom.] Gelatine, jeKa-tin, n. (Chem.) An animal substance which dissolves in hot water, and forms a jelly on cooling; animal jelly. Glue and isinglass are forms of gelatine. [F. : Sp., It., and LL. gelatina, fr. L. ge- lare, -latum, to congeal, fr. gelu, frost; a. rt. cool, cold, jelly.] — Gel'able, a. Capable of being congealed, or converted into jelly. — Gelatinate, je-latl-nat, v. t. To convert into gelatine, or a jelly-like sub- stance. — v. i. To be converted, etc. — Gelat'ina'- tion, n. Act or process of, etc.— Gelat'inize, v. t. or i. [-NiZED(-nIzd),-NiziXG.] Same as Gelatinate. — Gelatinous, -nus, a. Of the nature and consist- ence of gelatine ; viscous. — Gelly, -It, n. Jelly.— Gelose', -los', n. {Chem.) A vegetable isinglass pre- pared from sea weed, Chinese moss, etc., —used for food. — Gelid, a. Very cold. [L. gelidus, f r. gelu.) Geld, geld, v. t. To castrate, emasculate; to deprive of anything essential; to deprive of anything excep- tionable, expurgate. [Ic. gelda, Dan. gilde; pern. 8. rt. Goth. giltna, a sickle.] — GeWing, n. Act of castrating; a castrated animal, esp. a horse. [Ic, a gelding.] Gem, jem, n. (Bot.) A bud. A precious stone, esp. when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel; any- thing beautiful, rare, or costlv. — v. t. [gemmed ( jemd), -MING.] To adorn or embellish, as with gems. [OF. gemme, a gem, L. gemma, a swelling bud, also a gem, jewel; perh. s. rt. L. gemere, to sigh (orig. to swell, be full), Gr. gemein, to be full; perh. s. rt. Skr. janman, birth, production.] — Gem'' my, -mT, a. Full of gems; bright; glittering; sparkling like a gem. — Geminate, -mat, a. Having buds; reproducing by buds. [L. gemmare, -matum, to put forth buds.] — Gemma Hon, n. (^Yat. Hist.) Formation of a new individual by the protrusion of part of an animal or plant, whether it becomes free or remains connected with the parent stalk. (Bot.) The arrangement of buds on the stalk. The period of the expansion of buds. — Gem'meous, -me-us, a. Pert, to, like, or of the nature of, gems.— Gemmiferous, -er-us, a. Pro- ducing gems or buds ; multiplying by buds. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Gemmip , arous, -a-rus, a. Produc- Gemini g, or reproducing by, buds. [L.parere, to produce.] dni, jem'I-ni, n.pl. (Astron.) A constellation of the zodiac, containing the 2 bright stars Castor and Pollux ; the 3d sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about May 25th. [L., twins; s. rt. genere, gignere, to beget. See Genus.] — Gemlnous, -nus, a. Double; in pairs. Gendarme, zhoN-darm / , n. ; pi. Gens-d'armes or Gendarmes, same pron. An armed policeman. [F., f r. the pi., gens d'armes, men at arms.] — Gendarm'- ery, -Sr-T, n. The body of armed police. [F. gen- darmerie.'] Gender, jen'der, n. Sex, male or female. (Grain.) A difference in words to express distinction of sex. — v. t. [gendered (-derd), -dering.] To beget, en- £ender. [ME. gendre, OF. and F. genre, It. genere, i. genus, generis, kind. See Genus.] Genealogy, jen-e-aro-jT, n.'An account of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor; a list of an- cestors; pedigree; regular descent from a progenitor; lineage. [OF. genealogie, L. and Gr. genealagia, fr. Gr. genea, birth, descent, and logos, discourse. See Genus.]— GeneaFogize, -o-jiz, v. t. To relate the history of descents.— Genealogist, -jist, n. One who traces, etc. — Gen'ealoglcal, -loglk-al, a. Pert, to genealogy; exhibiting descent from an ancestor. Genera, n. ; pi. of Genus. Generable. See under Generate. General, jen'er-al, a. Kelating to a genus or kind; pert, to a whole class or order ; comprehending many species or individuals; not limited to a precise or detailed import ; lax in signification ; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; having a relation to all ; common to the whole. — n. The whole; the total, — used in pi., or in sing, with the definite article; the chief or superior officer in an administration; esp., one of the chief military officers of a country. [OF., general, universal, L. generalis, pert, to a genus, q. v.] — General assembly. An assembly of a whole body, in fact or by repre- sentation; a legislature. — G. court. The legislature of a state,— fr. its having, or having had, judicial power. — G. issue. (Law.) An issue made by a general plea, traversing the whole indictment at once, without offering any special matter to evade it. — G. officer. (Mil.) One above the rank of colo- nel. — G. ship. A ship employed as a general carrier. — G. term. (Logic.) A term which is the sign of c general conception or notion. — In g. In the main; for the most part; not always or universally. [The word general, annexed to a name of office, usually denotes chief or superior, as, a commissary-general, quarter-master-general.] — Generally, adv. In gen- eral; commonly; upon the whole. — Gen'eralneas, n. Condition or quality of being general; frequency; commonness. — Generality, -t-tt, n. State of being general; that which is general; a vague statement or phrase; the main body, bulk, greatest part. [OF. generaliU.] — Generalize, v. t. [-iZE»(-Izd),-iziNG.] To bring under a genus or genera; to use with a more extensive application ; to make universal in application, as a formula or rule ; to derive, as a genus, or as a general conception, or general prin- ciple. — v. i. To form classes or genera ; to take general or comprehensive views.— Gen'eraliza'tion, n. Act of generalizing. — Generalship, n. Office of, or exercise of the functions of, a general; skill and conduct of a general officer. — Gen'eralis'Bimo, n. The chief commander of a military force; esp., the commander-in-chief of an army consisting of grand divisions under separate commanders. [It.] Generate, jen'gr-at, v. t. To beget, procreate, propa- gate, engender; to cause to be, bring into life; to originate, esp. by a vital or chemical process ; to produce, cause. [L. generare, -atum, fr. genus, q. v.] — Gen'erable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Genera'- tion, n. Act of, etc. ; origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; for- mation; thing generated; progeny; offspring; a sin- gle step or stage in the succession of natural de- scent; the mass of beings living at one period; the ordinary interval of time at which one rank follows another, or father is succeeded by child; an age; race; kind; breed; stock. (Geom.) Formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, by the motion of a point or other magnitude. (Physiol.) The aggregate of the functions and phenomena which attend reproduction. [OF.; ~L. generation- Alternate generation. (Biol.) Alternativen-ess, q. v., under Alternate. — Generative, -tiv, a. Having power to generate or produce ; prolific. — Gen'era'- tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc.; apparatus for generating steam, gas, etc. (Mus.) The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced. — Gen'erant, n. That which generates. (Geom.) A line, surface, or solid, generated by the motion of a point, line, or surface, called the generatrix.— Gen'- era'trix, n. (Geom.) The point, or mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, generates another magnitude. Generic, Generically, etc. See under Genus. Generous, jen'er-us, a. Exhibiting those qualities be- longing to high birth; noble; magnanimous; free to give ; overflowing. [OF. generous, genereux, L. gen- erosus, of noble birth, fr. genus, q. v.] — Generously, -IT, adv. — Gen'eroslty, n. Quality of being gener- Jte, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, tee ; 5dd, tone, dr ; GENESIS 231 GERANIUM ous; nobleness of birth orof soul; magnanimity; lib- erality; munificence. [OF. generosity,!., generositas.) Genesis, jen'e-sis, n. Act of producing, or giving birth or origin to any thing; production; formation; origi- nation; the 1st book of the Old Testament. (Geom.) Same as Generation. [L. and Gr.; s. rt. genus.] — Genetic, -ical, a. Pert, to, concerned with, or de- termined by, the genesis of any thir. r .— Genetically, adv. In reference to, etc. Genet, Jennet, jen'et, n. A small-siz;d, well-propor- tioned, Spanish horse. [OF. genette, Sp. ginete, fr. Ar. zenata, a tribe of horsemen in Barbary.] Genet, Genette, jen'et or je-nef, n. A carnivorous animal, allied to the civet, of gray color, spotted and banded with black or brown, found in southern Eu- rope, Africa, and Asia; its fur; cat-skin, when made into muffs, etc., to imitate skins of the genet. [F. genette, Sp. gineta, Ar.jarneit.] Geneva, je-ne'va. n. A strongly alcoholic spirit dis- tilled from grain, and flavored with juniper-berries or oil of turpentine; gin; Hollands; schiedam. [F. genievre, fr. L. juniperus, the juniper-tree.] Genial, je'nY-al or jen'yal, a. Contributing to, or concerned in, propagation or production ; genera- tive ; kindly ; sympathetically cheerful and cheer- ing: exciting sympathy. [OF.; L. genialis, fr. genius, q. v.] — Geniality, -Y-tY, n. Quality of being, etc. Geniculate, je-nik'u-lat, -lated, a. (Bot.) Bent ab- rupt!}' at an angle, like the knee. [L. geniculu dim. of (jenu, knee; s. rt. knee.] — Genic'ula'tion, .*. State of being bent abruptly at an angle. Genie, je'nY, n. One of a fabulous class of beings, re- garded by the Arabians as intermediate between angels and men, created of fire, and capable of as- suming any form, or of becoming invisible, at pleas- ure. [See Jinnee.] Genital, ien'Y-tal, a. Pert, to generation. [OF.; L. genitalis. See Genus.] — Genitals, n. pi. The sex- ual organs; the privates. — Genltor, n. One who procreates; a sire; father. [L.] — Genitive, -tiv, n. (Gram.) A case in the declension of nouns, ex- pressing the relations expressed in English by of. — a. Pert, to, or indicating, source, origin, possession, etc. [OF. genitif, L. genitivus, the name of the case, lit. pert, to generation.] — Geniti'val, a. Of the ferm of, or pert, to, the genitive case. Genius, jen'yus, n. ;pl. -iuses, -yus-ez. The peculiar structure of mind with which each individual is en- dowed by nature; special taste, inclination, or dispo- sition; distinguished mental superiority; esp. supe- rior power of invention or origination of any kind ; talent ; a man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind; peculiar constitution or character. — Genius, je'nY-us, n. ; pi. -nii, -nY-I. A tutelary deity sup- posed by the ancients to preside over a man's des- tiny in life; hence, a supernatural being; a spirit, good or evil; the animating spirit of a people or pe- riod. [L. ; s. rt. genus, q. vi] Genre, zhoN'r, n. A style of painting, sculpture, etc., representing every-day life and manners. [F. See Gender.] Genteel, jen-tel', a. Possessing or exhibiting the qual- ities belonging to high birth and breeding; well bred; easy in manners; elegant in appearance .dress, or manner; polite; refined; fashionable. [ME. and OF. gentil, L. gentilis, orig. of the same clan, also a gentile, fr. gens, gentis, tribe, race; s. rt. genus.] — Genteelly, adv. — Genteel'ness, «.— Genlfle, -til, n. One of a gentile or non-Jewish nation; a wor- shiper of false gods, heathen, pagan. — a. Pert, to the nations at large, as disting. fr. the Jews ; of pa- gan or heathen people. (Gram.) Denoting a race or country. — Gen'tilism, -izm, n. Heathenism; pa- ganism ; worship of false gods. — Gen'tle, -tl, a. [-TLER, -xlest.] Well-born; of good family or re- spectable birth ; soft and refined in manners ; not rough, harsh, or severe; quiet and docile; soothing. [Same as genteel ; OF. gentil.] — Gen'tly, -til, adv.— Gentleness, n. — Gentility, -til'I-tT, n. Politeness of manner; graceful and easy mien; state or quality of being genteel.— Gentlefolk, -fok, -folks, -foks, n. pi. Persons of good breeding and family. — Gen'- tleman, n. ;pl. -men. A man who is well born, or of good family ; one of gentle or refined manners. Cfler.) One who bears arm6, but has no title, pi. Citizens; people, — an appellation by which men are addressed in popular assemblies, irrespective of their condition.-Gen'tleman-like, Gen'tlemanly, a. Pert, to, like, or becoming a gentleman; polite; complai- sant. — Gen'tlemanliness, n. — GenUe-w< pi. -WOMEN. tle-wom'an, A woman of good family or of good breeding; one who waits about the person of one of high rank. — Gen'try, -trY, n. People of education and good breeding; in Eng., in a restricted sense, the class of people between the nobility and the vul- gar. [ME. gentrie, corrupt, fr. gentrise, OF. genterise, for gentilise, f r. gentil.] Gentian, jen'shan, n. (Bot.) A plant whose root has a yellowish-brown color, and very bitter taste, and is used as an ingredient in stomachic bitters. [OF. gentiane, L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered its properties.) Genuflection, je'nu- or je^u-nek'shun, n. Act of bending the knee, esp. in worship. [F. genuflexion, LateL. genuflexio, fr. E. genu, the knee (a. rt. knee), &TiAflectere'.flexum, to bend.] Genuine, jen'u-in, a. Pert, to or proceeding from, the original stock; not spurious, false, or adulter* ated; authentic; real; pure. [L. genuinus ; 6. rt genus.] — Gen'uinely, adv. — Gen'uineness, n. Genus, je'nus, n. ; pi. Genera, jen'e-ra. (Logic.) A class of objects divided into several subordinate spe- cies. (Science.) An assemblage of species possess- ing certain characters in common, by which they are distinguished from all others, — subordinate to tribe and sub-tribe. [L. genus, generis, Gr. genos, race, gignomai, I am born, L. gignere, Skr. jan, to beget; s. rt. kin, general, gender, generate, ingenious, projenitor, regenerate, genealogy, homogeneous, oxy- gen, etc.] — Generic, -ical, -ner'ik-al, a. Pert, to a genus or kind; comprehensive. — Generlcally, adv. Geocentric, je-o-senlrik, -trical, a. (Astron.) Having reference to the earth as center; in relation to or seen from the earth, — disting. fr. heliocentric, a6 seen from the sun; having reference to the center of the earth. [Gr. gea. ge (Skr. go), the earth, and ken- tron, center, q. v.] — Ge'ode, -od, n. (Min.) A rounded nodule ©f stone, containing a cavity, usually lined with crystals. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Geod'esy, -od'e- 61, n. (Math.) That branch of surveying which al- lows for the curvature of the earth, as in surveys of states, or of long lines of coast. [Gr. daiein, to di- vide.] — Geog'nosy, -si, n. The subject-matter of speculative geology. [Gr. gnosis, knowledge.] — Geog'ony, -nl, n. Doctrine of the formation of the earth. [Gr. gone, birth, fr. genein, to beget ; s. rt. genus.] — Geoglaphy, -fT, n. Science or description of the world, its inhabitants, divisions, governments, products, etc. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Geo- graphic, -ical, -graflk-al, a. Pert, to geography. — Geoglapher, -fer, n. One versed in, etc. — GeoKogy, -jY,«. Science of the structure and mineral constitu- tion of the globe, the causes of its physical features, and its history. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Geol'oger, -ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Geologic, -ical, -lojlk-al, a. Pert, to, etc.— Geol'ogize, v. i. [-gized (-jizd), -gizing.] To study geology, make geological investigations. — Ge'oman'cy, -sY, n. Divination by figures or lines, formed by dots, orig. on the earth, afterward on paper. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Geoman'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Geom'etry, -trY, n. That branch of mathematics which investi- gates the relations, properties, and measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. [Gr. metrein, to measure, metron, a measure.] — Geom'eter, n. One skilled in geometry. — Geomefric, -rical, a. Pert., or according to, the rules or principles of geometry: determined by geometry, — often used in a techni- cal sense, as opp. to mechanical. — Geometrically, adv. — GeonVetri'cian, -trish'an, n. A geometer. — Geom'etrize, v. i. T-trized (-trizd), -tbizing.] To recognize or apprehend geometrical quantities or laws; to proceed in accordance with the principles of geometry. — Geoponlc, -ical, a. Pert, to tillage of the earth, or agriculture. — Geoponlcs, n. sing. Art or science of cultivating the earth. [Gr. ponos, labor.] — Geora'ma, -ra/ma or -ra'ma, n. An inven- tion for exhibiting, on the inner surface of a hollow sphere, a view of the geography of the earth's sur- face. [Gr. orama, view.J — Geos^copy, -ko-pY, n. Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. [Gr. skopein, to view.] — Geor'gic, "Gr'jik, n. A rural poem; poetical composition on lusbandry. [L. georgicv.m (carmen), agricultural (poem), Gr. georgikos, pert, to husbandry, georgia, tillage, georgos, farmer, fr. ge and ergein, to work.] — Geor'gic, -gical, a. Relating to rural affairs. Geranium, je-ra'nY-um, n. A genus of plants having a beak-like torus or receptacle,— called also crane' 's-btll: many of the cultivated pelargoniums are called gera- niums. [L. ; Gr. geranion, fr. geranos, a crane.]— Gera'- niine, -nY-in, Ger'anin, -a-nin, n. (Chem.) A valu- £ •on, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. GERM 232 G-IG able astringent obtained from the root of a species of, etc. Germ, jSrm, n. (Physiol.) That which is to develop an embryo; an ovary; bud. That from which any- thing springs ; origin; first principle. [F.germe, L. germen, -mini?, a sprout, shoot, bud; s. rt. L. creare, to create.] — Ger'man, -main', -mane', -man', a. Nearly related; closely akin; closely allied; appro- priate; relevant. [OF. germain, L. germanus, fully akin, of the same stock, ir. germen.] — Cousins ger- tnan. Cousins having the same grandfather.— Ger'- minal, -mt-nal, a. Pert, to a germ. — Ger'minant, a. Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds.— Ger'- minate, -nat, v. i. To sprout, bud, shoot, — v. t. To cause to sprout. [L. germinare, -natum.] — Germi- na'tion, n. Act of sprouting; beginning of growth; time in which seeds vegetate, after being planted. German, jer'man, a. Pert, to Germany. — n. ; pi. Germans. A native or inhabitant of Germany; the German language; a dance, including a waltz move- ment and variable figures; a party at which it is danced. [L. Germanus, perh. fr. Celt, gairm, a shout, i. «., a shouter; pern. fr. L. germanus, neigh- bor (to the Gauls); perh. fr. G. wehr, F. guerre, war, i.e., warrior.] — Hijh German. The Teutonic dia- lect of Upper or Southern Germany, — comprising Old High German, used from the 8th to the 11th cen- tury; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 15th cen- tury; and New H. G., the language of Luther's Bi- ble-version and of modern German literature. — Low G. The language of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, — including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon or Saxon; Old Saxon; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its dialect, Flemish ; and Piatt deutsch, oalled also Low German.— German sausage- A polony, or gut stuffed with meat partly cooked. — G. silver. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. — G. steel. A metal made of bog iron treated with charcoal. — G. tinder. See Amadou- — Ger 'monism, -izm, n. An idiom of the German language. Germander, jSr-man'd5r, n. A plant formerly much used for medicine and in brewing. [F. germandrie, L. chamsedrys, Gr. chamaidrus, lit. ground-tree, fr. chamai, on the ground, and drus, tree.] Gerrymander, ger'rt-man'der, v. i. To divide (a state) into election districts in an unnatural or unfair man- ner, to benefit a political party. [Fr. E 1 bridge Gerry, governor of Massachusetts when this was done.] Gerund, jer'und, n. (Lat. Gram.) A kind of verbal neuter noun, governing cases like a participle. [L. gerundium, ir. gerere, gestum, to bear.] — Gerundive, -iv, n. The future passive participle. — Gestation, jes-ta'shun, n. The act of carrying young in the womb; pregnancy; passive exercise, in which one is carried about. [OF.; L. gestatio, fr. gestare, -tatum, to carry, intens. of gerere.] — Ges'tatory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to gestation or pregnancy. — Ges'tic, rt. Pert, to deeds or feats of arms; legendary ; relating to bodily motion, — said esp. of dancing. [F. geste, L. gestits, carri lire, motion, gesture, fr. gerere.] — Ges- ture, jes'chur, n- A motion of the body or limbs ex- pressing sentiment or passion, or emphasizing an argument or assertion. — v. t. and i. [gestured (-cnurd), -uring.] To gesticulate. [LL. gestura.] — Gestlc'ulate, -lat, v. i. To make gestures or motions, as in speaking. — v.t. To represent by gesture; to act. [L. gesticulari, -latum; gesticulus, dim. of gestus, gesture.] — Gestic'ula'tion, n. Act of gesticulating ; a gesture; antic tricks or motions. — - Gestic'ula'tor, n. One who gesticulates.— Gestic'ula'tory, -to-rl, a. Represented by, or pert, to, gestures. Get, get, v. t. [imp. got, obs. gat; p. p. got, obsoles- cent gotten; getting.] To procure, obtain, gain possession of, acquire, come by, win; to have, pos- sess, — used only with have and had; to beget, pro- create; to learn, commit to memory; to prevail on, persuade; to procure to be, or to occur, — with a fol- lowing participle ; to betake ; carry, — in a reflexive use. — v. i. To make acquisition, gain ; to fall or bring one's self into a state or condition ; to come to be, become, — with a following adjective belonging to the subject of the verb. [AS. gitan (imp. gset, p. p. giten), Ic geta, Goth, gitan, to get, acquire, Gr. chandanein, L. prehendere, to seize ; s. rt. beget, for- get, apprehend, comprise, surprise, impregnable, etc.] —To get ahead. To advance, prosper. —To g. along. To proceed, advance. — To g. home. To arrive at one's dwelling. — To g. over. To pass over, sur- mount ; to recover from. — To g. through. To pass through; to finish. — To g. up. To arise from a bed, ehair, etc.; to ascend; to make ready, prepare; also, to write, print, or publish. — Get'-up, n. General composition or structure; manner in which parts of a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress. Gewgaw, gu'gaw, n. A showy trifle, toy, bauble, splendid plaything. [ME. giuegoue = gifegofe ; gift is dat. of gifu, AS. geafe, a gift; a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan, to give.] Geyser, gi'ser, n. An eruptive boiling spring, com- mon in Iceland. [Ic, fr. geysa, gjosa, to gush, q. v.] Ghastly, gast'll. a. [-lier, -liest.] Death-like; pale; horrible; shocking; dreadful. — adv. In a ghastly manner; hideously. [ME. gastly, AS. gsesthc, terri- ble, gxstan, Goth, usgaisjan, to terrify. See Aghast. Not fr. ghost, but s. rt.] — Ghast'liness, n. Ghat, Ghaut, gawt, n. In India, a pass through a mountain ; a range of meuntains ; a river landing place, with stairs, temple, etc. [Hind, ghat.] Ghee, ge, n. Butter clarified by boiling. [Hind. ghi? A Gherkin, ger'kin, n. A small species of cucumber used lor pickling. [D. agurkje, orig. agurkken ; Pers. khiyar, a cucumber.] Ghetto, get'to, n. The Jews' quarter in a city, esp. in Rome._ [It.] Ghost, gost, n. The spirit; the soul of man; the soul of a deceased person; an apparition; any faint sem- blance, —as, the ghost of a chance. [ME. gost, AS. gast, G. geist, a spirit, D. geest, Dan. geist, genius, a spirit, Sw. gast, evil spirit, ghost. See Ghastly.] — Holy Ghost. The Holy Spirit; the Paraclete ; the Comforter; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. — To give up the g. To die, expire. — Ghostly, -It. a. Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; sph> itual ; pert, to apparitions. Ghoul, gool, n. An imaginary being among Eastern na- tions, which preys upon human todies. [Per. gholA Giant, ji'ant, n. A man of extraordinary bulk and stature ; a person of extraordinary powers, bodily or intellectual. — a. Like a giant; extraordinary in size or strength. [OF. geant, L. gigas, gigantis, Gr. gigas, -antos ; s. rt. Gr. gignomai, 1 am born : see Genus; prob. not fr. ge, the earth.] — Gi'antess, n. A female giant.— Gi'ant-pow'der, n. Dynamite: see Nitro-glycerine. — Gi'gante'an, ji'gan-te'an, Gigan'tic, a. Of extraordinary size ; mighty. Giaour, jowr, n. An infidel, — applied by the Turks to disbelievers in Mohammed. [Turk. ; Per. gawr.] Gib, jib, n. A piece or slip, in a machine or structure, to hold other parts together, or keep them in place, — usually held in place by a wedge, key, or screw. Gibber, gib'bgr, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -bering.] To speak rapidly and inarticulately. [Same as gabble, jabber, q. v., or f req. of gibe, q. v.] — Gib'berish, n. Rapid talk; unmeaning wards. — a. Unmeaning. Gibbet, jib'bet, n. A kind of gallows, an upright post with an arm projecting from the top; the projecting beam of a crane, on which the pulley is fixed. — v. t. To hang on a gibbet; to expose to infamy. [OF.; perh. s. rt. Ir. giobaim, I tug, pull, Sw. dial, gippa, to jerk: see Jib.] Gibbon, gib'bon, w. A kind of ape remark- ~.. , . able for its long arms. [F.] Gibbet. Gibbous, gib' bus, a. Protuberant; convex; humped. [F. gibbeux, L gibbosus, hunched, fr. L. gibba, a hunch, hump, Skr. kubju, humped-back.] — Gib'- bousness, -bos'ity, -tY, n. Protuberance; convexity. Gibe, jib, v. i. [gibed (jibd), gibing.] To rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout, fleer, scoff. — v. t. To deride, scoff at, treat with sarcastic re- flections, taunt. — n. An expression of censure min- gled with contempt ; railing. [Sw. dial, gipa, to gape, to talk rashly, Ic. geipa, to talk nonsense, geip, idle talk. See Gibber.] Giblets, jib'lets, n. pi. The eatable parts of a fowl which are removed before cooking, as the heart, liver, gizzard, etc. [OF. gibelet, old form of F. gibe- lotte, stewed rabbit: Ga. giaban, a fowl's gizzard.] Giddy, gid'dl, a. [-dier, -diest.] Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling about ; light- headed; dizzy ; inducing giddiness; bewildering on account of rapidity; gyratory; inconstant; unstable-; changeable; wild; thoughtless; excited, —v. i. To turn rapidly, reel. — v. t. To make dizzy, render unsteady. [AS. gyddian, to sing, be merry, gyd, a song, poem; perh. s. rt. gig, j ig.] — Gid'dily, -dt-lt, adv. — Gid'diness, n. Gift. See under Give. Gig, gig, n. A top or whirligig; a light, one-horse car- riage, with one pair of wheels. (Naut.) A ship's wherry, or long, light boat. A playful or wanton persou ; a rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth, 1 am, fame, far. oass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Ttn, Ice ; Sdd, tdne. 8r ; GIGANTEAN 233 GIVE for teaseling woolen cloth ; a dart or har- Joon; fishgig. [Ic. gigja, t. giga, AiHG. gige, G. geige, a fiddle, prob. f r. the rapid motion; Ic. geiga, to vibrate, trem- ble. See Jig.] Gigantean, Gigantic. See' under Giant. Giggle, gig'gl, n. A kind of laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath. — v. i. [giggled (-gld), -gling.] To laugh in a half suppressed or silly manner; to titter. [ME. gagelen, to make a noise like a goose, a form ol cackle; Ic. gagl, a goose; OD. ghichelen, to giggle; onomat.] — Gig'gler, n. Gild, gild, v. t. [gilded or gilt; gilding.] To over- lay or overspread with a thin covering of gold; to cover with a gold-like color; to illuminate, brighten: to give a fair external appearance to. [AS. gyldan, fr. gold, Goth, gulth, gold; Ic. gylla, for gybla, to gild. See Gold.] — Gild'er. n. — Gild'ing, n. Art or practice of overlaying things with gold leaf or a coating of gold; a thin surface of gold covering some other substance. — Gilt, ». Gilding. — Gilt'-head, n. A fish, having a gold-colored space over the eyes. Gill, gil, n. (Physiol.) A fimbriated organ of respira- tion, in fishes and other water animals. The flap be- low the beak of a bird; the flesh on the lower part of the cheeks, or under the chin. [Dan. giselle, Sw. gal, a gill, Ic. gjolnar, gills, a in, mouth of a beast; s. rt. yawn.'] — Gill, Ghyll. gil, n. A woody glen; ravine; rivulet between high banks. [Ic. gil, a deep glen, with a stream, geil, a ravine; s. rt. as preceding.] Gill. SI, n. A measure of capacity = l-4th of a pint. [ME. gille, OF. gelle, fr. LL. gella, a wine-measure; s. rt. f.jale, a bowl, E. gallon, q. v.] Gill, jil, n. Ground-ivy; malt liquor medicated with ground-ivy; a young woman; a sportive or wanton girl. [Short for E. Gillian = L. Juliana, fern, of Julius : the ivy was called Gill-creep-by-the-ground.] Gillie, Gilly, giPTi, n. A boy; page; menial; in Scot., a gamekeeper, or sportsman's attendant. [Ga. gille, Ir. ceile. boy, lad, servant, whence culdee, q. v.] Gillyflower, iil'lT-floWer, n. A name for various cru- ciferous plants, as the stock, clove-pink, etc. [OF. girofee, LI,, caryophyllum, Gr. karuophullon, lit. nut-leaf, fr. karubn, a nut, and phullon, a leaf.] Gilt, etc. See under Gild. Gimbal, gim'bal, n. A combination of rings for sus- pending anything, as a com- pass, so that it maj' keep a con- stant position. [Corrupt, of gimmal, fr. OF. gemeau, fem. gemelle, L. gemellus, -«, a twin, fr. geminus, double. See Gem- ini. 1 — Gim'mal, n. Joined work whose parts move within each other, as a bridle bit or in- terlocked rings; a quaint piece of machinery. Gimcrack, jim'Ttrak, n. A trivial mechanism; a de- vice; toy. [Prov. E. gim, jim, spruce, smart, and crack, ah arch, lively boy, fr. crack, crake, to boast, Ga. cracaire, a talker.] Gimlet, gim'let, n. A small instrument for boring holes by turning it with the hand. [OF. gimbelet, guimbelet, guibelet, fr. MHG.; s. rt. wind.] Gimmal. See under Gimbal. Gimp, gimp, n. A kind of silk, woolen, or cotton twist or edging, for trimming dresses, etc. [F. guimpe. orig. a nun's wimple, OHG. wimpal. See \VlMPLE.] Gin. jin. n. An alcoholic liquor. [Contr. fr. geneva, q. v.] Gin, jin, n. A machine by which mechanical powers are employed in aid of human strength : esp. a ma- chine for raising weights, also for separating the seeds from cotton ; a snare; trap. — v. t. [ginned (jind), -ning.J To clear of seeds by a machine; to catch in a trap. [Contr. fr. engine, q. v.] Ginger, jin'jgr, n. A plant of the E. and W. Indies, whose hot and spicy root is used in cookery and medicine. [AS. gingiber, gingifer, OF. gengibre, L. zingiber, Gr. zinggiberis, Skr. cringavera, fr. cringa, a horn.] — Gin'gerbread, n. Sweet cake flavored with ginger. — Gingerbread work. Work cut or carved in fanciful shape Gingerly. jin'jer-lY. adv. Nicely ; cautiously; dain- tily. [Sw. dial, gingla, gangla, freq. fr. gang, a going.] to go gently, totter, Gingham, ging'am, n. A cotton cloth, the yarn of which is dyed before weaving. [F. guingan, perh. fr. Guingamp, a manufacturing town in Brittany; perh. fr. Jav. ginggang, perishable.] Ginseng, jin'seng, n. A plant whose root is valued as a medicine among the Chinese. [Prob. Chin, gin- seng, first of plants.] Gip. jip, v. t. To take out the entrails of (herrings). Gipsy. See Gypsy. Giraffe, jT- or zhe-raf, n. An African quadruped, whose fore legs are much longer than the hinder ones; the camelo- pard, — the tallest of animals. [F.; Sp. girafa. Ax. zaraf, zarafat.] Girandole, jir'an-dol^ n. A chande- lier. [F.; fr. Sp. girar, L. gyrarc, to turn round in a circle, gyrus, Gr. guros, circle.] — Gir'asole, -sol, -sol, n. (Bot.) A plant; the heliotrope. (Jlin.) A mineral, which, when turned toward the sun orany bright light, reflects a reddish color. [It. girare and sole, L. sol, the sun.] Gird, ggrd, n. The stroke of a rod; a severe twitch or pang; a cut, sarcas- tic remark, gibe. — v. t. To strike, gibe. — v. i. To gibe, sneer, jest scornfully, utter sarcasms. [ME. girden, to strike, pierce, cut, gerde, G. switch.] — Gird'er, n. Gird, gSrd, v. t. [girded or girt; girding.] To en- circle with any flexible band; to make fast, as cloth- ing, by binding with a cord, bandage, etc.; to sur- round, encircle, inclose; to dress, invest. [AS. gyr- dan, Ic. gyrdha, G. guerten, Goth, bigairdan; s. rt. Gr. cheir, hand, Skr. har, to seize, L. /tortus, an in- closure, E. garden, yard, chirograph}/, horticulture, cohort, court, surgeon.] — Gird'er. x. (Arch.) Amain beam in a wall, floor, etc., to support a structure or weight, or to bind others together. (Engin.) Any simple orcompound beam supported at both ends. — Girdle, -1, n. That which girds or encircles ; esp. a band encircling the body and binding together the clothing.— v. t. [girdled (-did), -ling.] To bind with a belt or sash, gird; to inclose, environ; to make a circular incision through (the bark and alburnum of a tree), to kill it. [AS. gyrdel, Ic. gyrdhill, G. guertel, a girdle.] — Gird'ler, n. One who girdles; a maker of girdles. — Girt, gert, v. t. To gird, sur- round. —Girt, Girth, gerth, n. A band encircling the body; esp. one by which a saddle is fastened upon a horse's back; the measure round the body, as at the waist or belly; the circuinierence of any- thing. [Same as girdle; Ic. gjordh, Goth, gairda, a girdle, Ic. gerdh, girth round the waist.] Girl, gerl, n. A female child, or young woman. [ME. girl, gerl, gurl, used of young persons of either sex, OLG. gor, a child.] — Girl'hood, n. The state or time of being a girl. — Girlish, a. Like or befitting a girl; pert, to a woman's youth. — Girlfshness, n. Gist, jist or jit, n. The main point of a question; point on which an action rests; pith of a matter. [OF. giste, fr. gesir, L..jacere, tojie, ir.jactre, to throw.] Give, giv, v. t. [imp. gave (gav); p. p. given (giv'n); giving.] To bestow without receiving a return: to impart (a possession); to grant (authoitfy or permis- sion); to yield possession of, pay; to communicate or announce (tidings); to render or utter (an opin- ion, judgment, sentence, shout, etc.); to permit, al- low, license ; to exhibit as a product or result, pro- duce; to devote, apply. — v.i. To yield to force or pressure; to move, recede. [AS. a if an, Ic. gefa, Dan. give, D. geven, G. geben.] — To give chase. To pur- sue. — Tog. ear. To listen. — To g. in. To allow by wa3 r of deduction from a claim; to declare, make known. — To g. one's self up. To despair of one's re- covery; to resign or devote. — To g. over. To yield completely, quit, abandon.— To. g. place. To with- draw. — To g. way. To withdraw, give place; to yield to force or pressure. (Xaut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. — To g. in to. To yield assent, adopt ; to acknowledge inferiority, yield. — To g. on or ujion. To have a view of, be in sight of, overlook, look toward. — To g. out. To ex- pend all one's strength ; to cease from exertion, yield. — To g. over. To cease, desist. — To g. up. To cease from effort, yield. — Giv'er, n. — Gift, n. Anything given or bestowed ; some quality or en- dowment given to man by God. (Law.) A volun- tary transfer of real or personal property, without any consideration. Present; donation; grant; bene- sun, ciibe, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien; boNboN, chair, get GIZZARD 234 GLEAN faction; boon; gratuity; talent; faculty, — v. t. To endow with some power or faculty. [AS., Ic, D., and G., a gift, Dan. gifte, to give ay-ay in marriage.] Gizzard, giz'zerd. n. An enlarged part of the ali- mentary canal in birds, having strong muscular walls. [OF. gezier, fr. L. gigerium, the cooked en- trails of poultry.] — To fret the gizzard. To worry. Glabrous, gla'brus, a. Smooth ; having a surface without hairs or unevenness. [L. glaber; s. rt. glu- bere, to peel, gluma, a husk, Gr. glaphuros, hollowed, smoothed, fr. glaphein, to carve, hew, graphein, to grave, q. v.] — Gla'brate, -brat, a. (Bot.) Becom- ing smooth from age. Glacial, gla'shal. a. Pert, to ice or its action ; icy ; esp. pertaining to glaciers. (Chem.) Having a glassy appearance, as crystals. [F. ; L. glacialis, fr. glades, ice, gelu, cold. See Gelatine.] — Glacial acid. (Chem.) An acid so strong as to crystallize at an ordinary temperature. — Gla'cia'tion, -sM-a''- shun, n. Act of freezing; that formed by freezing; ice ; process of becoming covered with glaciers. — Glacier, gla'ser or glas'I-er, n. A mass of ice, or snow and ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down mountain slopes or valleys. [F. ; f r. glace, ice.] — Glacis, gla'sis or gla- ses r , n. An easy, insensible slope ; esp. (Fort.), an earthen parapet to the covered way. [F., orig. a slip- pery place, fr. glacer, to freeze, cover with ice.] Glad, glad, a. [gladder; -dest.] Well contented; joy- ous; pleased ; wearing a gay or bright appearance ; ex- pressing or exciting joy; cheering; animating. — v. t. To make glad, affect with pleasure, cheer, gladden. [AS. glsed, Ic. glad fir, shining, bright, glad, D. glad, bright, smooth. OD. glad, glowing, Dan. and Sw. glad, joyous, G. glatt. smooth, even.] — Glad'den, -dn, v. t. [-dened (-dnd), -dening.] To make glad, cheer, please, exhilarate. — v. i. To be or become glad. — Gladly, -IT, adv. — Glad'ness, n. — Glad'- some, -sum, a. Pleased; joyful; causing joy ; pleas- ing. — Glad'somely, adv. Glade, glad, n. An open passage through, or grassy opening in, a wood. [Ic. gladhr, bright, shining, Norweg. glette, a clear spot among clouds, gletta, to peep, Ic. glita, to shine ; s. rt. glad, glitter, glow.] Gladiate, glad'I-at, a. (Bot.) Sword-shaped, as the leaf or legume of a plant. [L. gladius, a sword, for cladius, f r. claaes, slaugh- ter, Skr. cri, to hurt, wound; OF. glaive, It. ctaidheamh, a sword: see Claymore.] — Glad'ia'tor, -ter, n. A sword-player; prize-fighter; esp. in an- cient Rome, one who fought publicly in the arena. [L.] — Glad'iato'rial, -r'f-al, -rian, Gladlatory, -to-ri, a. Pert, to gladiators, or to Roman public games. — Gladi'olus, -o-lus, n. A flow- ering plant of many species having bulbous roots and gladiate leaves. [L., dim. of gladius.] — Glave, Glaive, glav, re. A broadsword; falchion; a curved cutting weapon on the end of a pole, for the repulse of cavalry by infantry. [OF. glaive.] Glair, glar, n. The white of an egg ; any viscous, transparent substance. — v. t. [glaired (glard), glairing.] To smear -with, etc. [OF., for claire, It. Sp. clo chiara d'un ovo, Sp. clara de huero. LL. clara ovi, white of egg, fr. L. clar- us, clear, bright ; s. rt. clear, not s. rt. glare.] — Glair'y, -T, Glar'eous, glar'e- us, a. Like glair. Gladiate eUamour, gla'moor or glam'Sr, n. Witch- Leaves, ery, or a charm on the eyes, making them see things falsely. [Scot.] Glance, glans, n. A sudden shoot of light; sudden dart- ing of the sight ; brief turning of the attention to a thing. (M,n.) Any mineral having a metallic or semi-metallic luster. — v. i. [glanced (glanst), glancing.] To dart a ray of light ; to fly off ob- liquely from an object struck ; to snatch a momen- tary or hasty view; to make an incidental or passing reflection, allude; to be visible only for an instant at a time; to twinkle.— v. t. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely. [Sw. and D. glans, G. glanz, luster, splendor, Sw. glansa, to shine; Ic. glit, a glitter, Sw. dial, glinta, to glitter ; s. rt. glint, glitter, glisten, glass, glow.] Gland, gland, re. (Anat.) A simple or complex organ for secreting, absorbing, or changing some peculiar substance from the blood or animal fluids. (Bot.) A cellular spot or prominence which secretes oil or aro- ma; any very small prominence. (Steam Mach.) The cover of a stuffing-box. (Mach.) A cross-piece or clutch for engaging machinery moved by belts. [OF., an acorn, glaude, a gland, L. glans, glandis, Gr. balanos, acorn, fr. ballet n, to cast, shed, Skr. gal, to fall, drop.] — Glans, n. (Anat.) The vascular bodv forming the apex of the penis. (Med.) An enlarge- ment of the thyroid gland, bronchocele, goiter ; a pessary. [L.] — Gland'ular, -ulous,-lus, a. Contain- ing, consisting of, or like glands. — Glandiferous, -us, a. Bearing acorns or other nuts. fL.ferre, to bear.] — Gland 'iform, a. Shaped like a gland or nut. [L. forma, form.] — Glind'ers, n. (Far.) A highly contagious disease of the mucous membrane in horses. — Gland'ule, -ul, n. A small gland or secre- ting vessel. [F. ; L. glandula.] Glare, glar, n. A bright, dazzling light; a fierce, pier- cing look. — v. i. [glared (glard), glaring.] To shine with a clear, bright, dazzling light : to look with fierce, piercing eyes; to be ostentatiously splendid. — v. t. To shoot out, or emit (light). —a. Polished so as to reflect light brightlv ; smooth ; slippery ; glib. [AS. glser, a pellucid substance, amber, D. gloren, to glimmer, Ic. glora, to gleam, MHG. glosen, to glow. See Glance, Glass.] — Glar'ing, p. a. Clear ; notorious ; open and bold. Glareous. See under Glair. Glass, glas, n. A hard, brittle, transparent substance, formed by fusing silica with fixed alkalies, etc.; any- thing made of glass,— esp. a looking-glass; mirror;" a glass filled with running sand for measuring time, or the time in which a glass is exhausted of its sand ; a drinking-glass; tumbler ; an optical glass; lens; spy- glass ; — in pi. spectacles. A barometer. — v. t. [glassed (glast), glassing.] To see, as in a glass ; reflect, as in a mirror ; to cover with glass ; glaze. [ME., D., Dan., Sw., and G. glas, AS. glees, Ic. gler, glas, OHG. clas ; s. rt. Skr. ghri, to shine, E. glow, glance, etc.] — Glass'y, -X, a. Made of glass ; vitre- ous; like glass; smooth.— Glass'iness, n.— Glass'ful, -ful, n. pi. -fuls, -fulz. Contents of, etc. — Glass'- blow'er, n. One whose business is to blow and fash- ion glass. — crab, n. A kind of crab so transparent that, when in water, only its eyes are seen. — fur'- nace, n. A furnace for melting the materials of glass. — house, n. A manufactory of glass ; house made of glass. — man, n. ; pi. -men. One who sells glass. — -snake, n. A lacertian reptile of the south- ern U. S., so fragile that, when struck, its tail breaks into pieces, — work, n. Manufacture of glass, pi. Place where glass is made ; glass-house. — Glass '- wort, n. A plant whose ashes yield soda, used in glass-making. — Glaze, v. t. [glazed (glazd), glaz- ing.] To furnish with glass, as a window; to cover or overlay with a vitreous or shining substance ; to vitrify the surface of ; to render smooth or glossy. — v. i. To assume a glassy luster. — n. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain ; glazing. (Cookery.) Broth boiled down to a gelatinous paste, to put on braised dishes. — Glaz'er, n. A workman who glazes pottery, etc. ; a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, etc. ; a wooden wheel covered with emery or with an alloy-ring of lead and tin, for pol- ishing cutlery, etc. — Gla'zier, -zhgr, n. One whose business is to set glass. — Glaz'ing, n. Act or art of setting glass, or of crusting with a vitreous sub- stance, or of polishing, smoothing, or rendering glossy; glass or glass-like substance with which any surface is incrusted or overlaid. (Paint.) Trans- parent, or semi-transparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect. Glauber's-salt, glaw'berz-sawlt, n. Sulphate of soda, a cathartic. [Ft. the discoverer.] Glaucous, glaw'kus, a. Of a sea-green color. (Bot.) Covered with a fine bloom or white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a plum or cabbage-leaf. [L. glaucus, Gr. glaukos, silvery, bluish, whence glaus- sein, to shine.] — Glauces'cent, -ses'sent, Glau'cine, -sin, a. Having sometliing of a bluish-hoary appear- ance. — Glauco'ma, -ma, n. A disease of the eye, giving it a bluish or greenish tinge. Glave. See under Gladiate. Glaze, etc. See under Glass. Gleam, glem, n. A shoot of light; beam; ray; bright- ness; splendor, —v. i. [gleamed (glemd), gleam- ing.] To shoot, or dart (light) ; to shine, cast lights to glimmer, glitter. [AS. glsem, OS. glimo, bright- ness, OHG. glimo, a glow-worm ; s. rt. glow?] — Gleam 'y, -X, a. Darting beams of light; flashing. Glean, glen, v. t. or i. [gleaned (glend), gleaning.} toi. fame. far. Diss or oj)era, fare : Snd, eve, tSrm ; Xn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r s GLEBE 235 GLUE To gather (stalks or ears of grain left by the reap- ers); to gatherhere and there; to collect with patient and minute labor. [OF. glener, glaner, LL. glenare, fr. glena. a handful.] — Glean'er, n. Glebe, gleb, n. Turf ; soil ; ground. {Eccl. Law.) Land Delonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice. [F. glebe, L. gleba, clod, soil; s. rt. globe.'] — Gleb'y, -*, a. Pert, to the glebe ; turfy ; cloddy. Glede, gled, n. The common kite of Europe, a rapa- cious bird. [AS. glida; s. rt. glidan, to glide.] Glee, gle, n. Joy ; merriment ; esp. mirth at a feast. (Mus.) A composition for 3 or more voices, gen- erally of a light and secular character. [AS. gleow, gleo, glig. mirth, music, Ic. gly, glee, Sw. dial, gly, mockery, Gr. chleue, Russ. glum, a jest, joke.]— Glee'- ful, -ful, a- Merry; gay; joyous. Gleet, glet, n. (3Ied.) A transparent mucous dis- charge from the membrane of the urethra, common- ly an effect of gonorrhea, —v. i. To flow in a thin, limpid humor ; to flow slowly, as water. [Cf. Ic. glata, to close, AS. glidan, to glide.] — Gleet'y, -I, a. Ichorous; thin; limpid. Glen, glen, n. A secluded and narrow valley ; a dale. [Ga. and Ir. gleann, W. and Corn, glyn.] Glenoid, gle'noid, w. {Anat.) Socket-like — applied to any shallow cavity which receives the end of a bone. [Gr. glene, socket, and eidos, form.] Glib, glib, a. [glibber, -best.] Smooth ; slippery ; voluble; easily moving; fluent : flippant. [D. glib- berig, slippery, glibberen, to slide, glippen, to slip away, glijden, to glide, glad, smooth. See Glide.] — Glib'ly, adv. — Glib'ness, n. Glide, glid, v. i. To move gently or smoothly; to pass rapidly and easily, as over a smooth surface. [AS. glidan, D. glijden, Dan. glide, G. gleiten ; s. rt. glad, qleam, glow, glib, glimmer, glance, etc.] — Glid'er, n. Glim, glim, n. A light or candle. [Same as gleam; Prov. G. glimm, a spark, Sw. dial, glim, a glance.] — Douse the glim. Put out the light. — Glim'mer, v. i. [-jiered (-merd), -mering.] To give feeble or scat- tered rays of light, shine faintly, gleam, glitter, — n. A faint light; feeble, scattered rays of light. [Dan. and G., glimmer, also mica, Dan. glimre, G. glim- mern, to glimmer, Dan. glimme, D. and G. glimmen, to shine.] — Glimpse, glimps, n. A sudden flash; short, hurried view. — v. i. To appear by glimpses. — v. t. To catch a glimpse of, see by glimpses. Glint, glint, n. A glimpse; glance; gleam, —v. i. To glance; peep forth. [Same as glance.] Glioma, gli-o'ma, n. (Pathol.) A tumor of the brain, spinal cord, or retina, developed from neuroglia, the connective tissue of the parts. [Gr. glia, glue.] Glisten, glis'n, v. i. [-tened (-nd), -tenixg.] To sparkle or shine; esp., to shine with a subdued and fitful luster. [OD. glisteren ; s. rt. glitter.] — Glis'- ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To be bright, sparkle, shine, glisten. Glitter, glit'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To sparkle with light ; to be showy, specious, or strik- ing ; to gleam, shine, glare. — n. A bright, spark- ling light; brilliancy; luster. [Ic. glitra, Sw. glittra, AS. ghtiman, to glitter, Sw. glitter, Ic. glit, glitter, ». ; rt. gleam, glow, glint, etc.] Gloaming, glom'ing; tt. Twilight; dusk. [See Gloom.] Gloat, glot, v. i. To look steadfastly, gaze with ma- lignant satisfaction, or passionate desire. [Ic. glotta, to grin, Sw. dial, glotta, to peep, Sw. glo, Dan. gloe, to glow,_ stare. See Glow.] Globe, glob, n. A round or spherical body ; ball ; sphere; orb; anything nearly spherical in shape: the earth ; a sphere on which is a map of the earth or the heavens. [OF.; L. globus; s. rt. L. glomus, a, ball, clew, and gleba, a globe.] — Glo'bate, -bated, a. Globe-shaped; spherical; spheroidal. —Globose 1 ', -bos 1 ', Glo'bous, -bus, Glob'ular, a. Round ; spher- ical, or nearly so. — Globosity, -bOs'T-tY, n. Qual- ity of being round ; sphericity. —Globe '-fish, n. A fish which, by inflating an ab- dominal sac, can swell out its body to a globular shape. — Glob'ule, -01, n. A little globe; a small particle of spherical form. [L. globulus, dim. of_globus.] — Glom'er- ate, -er-at, v. t. To gather or wind into a ball. [L. glome- rare, -atum, fr. glomus .] — Glomera'tion, n. Act of gathering or forming into a spherical body; thing formed into a ball. Gloom, gloom, n. Partial or total darkness ; dimness ; obscurity ; cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; aspect Globe-fish. of sorrow ; dullness ; dejection ; sadness. — v. i [gloomed (gloomd), glooming.) To shine obscure- ly, glimmer ; to appear dark, dismal, or gloomy. — v. t. To render gloomy, make sad, dismal, or sul- len. [AS. glom, gloom, twilight, glomung, gloaming; Sw. glamig, wan, languid, Sw. dial, glumug, staring, woeful, wan, fr. glo, to glow, stare; Prov. G. glmnm, gloomy, troubled ; s. rt. glow, gleam, glum.] — Gloom'y, -t, a. [gloomier, -iest.] Imperfectly il- luminated ; dim ; dismal ; affected with, or express- ing gloom; heavy of heart; moody; sullen ; morose. — Gloom'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Gloominess, n. Glory, glo'rt, n. Praise, honor, etc., accorded by com- mon consent; reputation; fame; an object of pride or boast; occasion of praise; pride; boastfulness; the presence of the divine Being; celestial honor; heaven. {Paint.) A halo around the head or entire person. — v. i. [gloried (-rid), -rying.] To exult with joy, rejoice; to boast, be proud of. [ME. and OF. glorie, F. gloire, L. gloria, prob. for cloria, Gr. kleos, Skr. qravas, Russ. slava, glory; L. cluere, Gr. kluein, Skr. cru, Russ. slumate, to hear; s. rt. loud, Slavonic.) — Glo'rious, -rY-us, «. Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts worthy of glory; noble; illustrious; magnifi- cent; splendid; eager for distinction. — Glo'riously, -It, adv.— Glo'rify, -rf-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make glorious by bestowing glory upon; to ren- der worthy of praise ; to render homage to, worship, adore. [L. facere, to make.] — Glo'rifica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Gloss, glos, n. Brightness or luster from a smooth surface; polish; a specious appearance, representa- tion, and interpretation, — v. t. [glossed (glost), glossing.] To make smooth and shining, render specious and plausible. — v. i. To make sly remarks. [Ic. glossi, a blaze, glys, finery, MHG. glosen, to glow, glose,a glow, gleam, Ic. and Sw. dial, gloa, to glow, q. v.] — Gloss'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Smooth and shining; specious; plausible. — Glossiness, n. Gloss, glos, n. Comment; explanation; interpretation or exposition of a passage, book, etc. — v. t. To il- lustrate, explain.— v. i. To comment, make ex- planatory remarks. [ME. and OF. glose, F. glosse, L. glossa, a difficult word requiring explanation, Gr. glossa, glotta, the tongue, a tongue, language, difficult word.] — Glossier, n. A writer of glosses; commentator. — Glossa'rial, rl-al, a. Containing explanation. — Gloss'arist, n. A writer of glosses or of a glossary. — Gloss'ary, -rl, n. A vocabulary of words requiring elucidation. [L. glossarium.] — Glossog'raphy, -f i, n. The writing of glossaries or glosses. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Glossog'rapher, n. Writer of, etc. — Glossology, -jt, Glottorogy, n. Definition and explanation of terms ; science of language ; comparative philology ; linguistics. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— Glossol'ogist, a. One who defines and explains terms. Glottis, glot'tis, n. (Anat.) The narrow opening at the upper part of the larynx, between the vocal cords. [Gr., fr. glotta, Attic form of glossa, the tongue.] — Glot'tal, a. Pert, to, etc. Glove, gluv, n. A cover for the hand, with a separate sheath for each finger. — v. t. [gloved (gluvd), gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove. [AS. glov, Ic. glofi; perh. s. rt. Goth, lofa, Ic. lofi, palm of the hand, Ga. lamh, the hand, whence lamhainn, glove.] — Glov'er, n. One who makes or sells, etc. Glow, glo, v. i. [glowed (glod), glowing.] To shine with an intense or white heat; to be bright or red with animation, blushes, etc. ; to feel hot, as the skin; to feel the heat of passion. — n. Shining heat, or white heat; incandescence ; brightness of color; redness ; intense excitement or earnestness. [AS. glowan, Ic. gloa, Sw. glo, G. gluehen, Skr. ghri, to glow; Skr. gharma, warmth; s. rt. glad, glade, glass, glare, gloat, gloom, glum, glib, glide, gleam, glimpse, glitter, etc.]— Glow'-worm, n. A coleopterous in- sect: the female, which is wingless, emits, at night, a green light from the extremity of the abdomen. Gloze, gloz, v. i. [glozed (gl5zd), glozing.] To flatter, wheedle, misinterpret. — v. t. To smooth over, palliate or extenuate, — n. Flattery; adula- tion. [Same as gloss, comment.] Glucose, glu'kos, n. A soft, cheap sugar, made from starch, etc v by aid of sulphuric acid, etc.; found also in fruits, honey, and urine of diabetes; grape sugar ; starch sugar ; diabetic sugar. [Gr. gluteus, sweet.] — Glucosu'ria, -rT-a, n. A disease of the kid- neys with glucose in the urine; diabetes. [Gr. ouron, unne.] Glue, glu, n. A hard, brittle gelatine, obtained by stin, cObe, full ; moon, fcJOt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get G-LUM 236 GOD boiling the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals : when heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenacious, and is used as a eement. — v. t. [glued (glad), glu- ing.] To join with glue; to hold together, unite. [OF. glu, LL. gins, glutis, L. gluten, glue, glutus, tenacious; perh. s. rt. clew, cleave.'] — Glu'ey, -X, a. Viscous; glutinous. — Glu'ten, re. (Cfiem.) The viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesive- ness to dough. [L.] — Glu'tinous, -nus, a. Like Elue ; viscousj tenacious. — Glu'tinousness, re. — lu'tinate, -nat, v. t. To unite with glue. [L. glu- tinare, -natum.] — Glutina'tion, re. — Glu'tinative, -tiv, a. Glutinous. 61am, glum, a. Sullen ; moody ; silent. [Prov. G. glumm. See Gloom.] Glume, glum, re. (Bot.) A bract, scale, or husk, covering the flower or seed of grain or grasses. [F.; L. gluma, a husk, hull, fr. gluoere, to peel; perh. s. rt. cleave, to split.] Glut, v. t. To swallow greedily, gorge ; to satiate, sate.— re. Thing swallowed down ; full supply ; supply beyond sufficiency or to loathing; a large wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. [L. glutire, to Glume, swallow, gulp, gula, throat, Skr. gri, to devour; s. rt. deglutition, gullet, gules, prob. glycerine, liquor- ice.']— Glut'ton, -tn, n. One who eats voraciously; a gormandizer; one eager to ex- cess. {Zobl.) A carnivorous mammal; the wolverine. [OF. gloton, L. gluto, Glutton. f r. glutire.] — Glut'tonous. -tn-us. a. Pert, to a glutton or to gluttony ; given to excessive eating. — Glut 'tony, -t, n. Act or practice of a glutton; ex- cess in euting; voracity. Gluten, Glutinate, etc. See under Glue. Glycerine, glis'er-in, n. (Chem.) A sweet viscid liquid, formed from fatty substanees, and consist- ing of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. [F. : fr. Gr. glukeros = gluteus, sweet, perh. s. rt. L. glutire, to swallow. See Glut.] Glyph, glif, n. {Arch.) A sunken channel, usually vertical. [Gr. gluphe ; gluphein, to hollow out, en- grave i s. rt. Gr. glaphein, to hew, graphein, to grave, q. v.] — Glyphography, glT-fog'ra-ft, n. A process of relief line engraving by voltaic electricity. [Gr. graphe. drawing.] — Glyp'tic, -tics, n. Art of engraving figures on precious stones. [Gr. gluptikos, carving.] — Glyptography, -i'T, n. Art, process, or description of, etc. Gnarl, narl, v. i. [gnarled (narld), gnaeltng.] To growl, murmur, snarl. [AS. gnyrian, D. knorren, D. knurre, G. knurren, to growl, snarl; s. rt. gnash.] Gnarl, narl, n. A knot in wood. [OD. knor, Ic. gnerr, a knot, Sw. knorla, curl, G. knorren, lump.]— Gnarled, narld, Gnarl 'y, -T, a. Knotty; full of knots. Gnash, nash, v. t. [gnashed (nasht), gnashing.] To strike together, as in anger or pain. — v. i. To grind or strike together the teeth. [Sw. knastra, to crush between the teeth, Ic. gnista, D. knarsen, G. knir- schen, to gnash; s. rt. crack, crash.] Gnat, nat, n. A small dipterous insect, — some species blood-suckers, others injurious to vegetation. [AS. gnset, perh. f r. the whirring of its wings, Ic. gnata, to clash, gnat, the clash of weapons.] Gnaw, naw, v. t. [gnawed (nawd), gnawing.] To bite off little by little; to wear away by scraping with the teeth; to corrode, fret away. — v. i. To use the teeth in biting; to bite repeatedly. [AS. gnagan, OIc. and Sw. gnaga, Ic. naga, G. nagen, to gnaw; s. rt. E. nag, to worry.] — Gnaw'er, re. Gneiss, nis, re. (Geol.) A schistose rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica or hornblende. [G.] — Gneis'soid, -soid, a. Having characteristics of gneiss. Gnome, nom, n. An imaginary being, supposed to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and guard mines, quarries, etc. ; a dwarf; goblin. [F., prob. fr. Gr. gnome, intelligence, fr. gnonai, to know.] Gnomon, no'mon, n. (Dialing.) The style or pin of a sun-dial, whose shadow shows the hour of day; the index of the hour-circle of a globe. [L. and Gr., an interpreter, fr. gnonai, to know.] — Gnos'tic, n. CEccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the first ages of Christianity, whose system combined oriental the- ology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Gnu. Christianity. — a. Pert, to the Gnostics or their doctrines. [Gr. gnostikos, good at knowing, Ir gnos- tos = gnotos, known.] — Gnosticism, -tl-sizm, re. Doctrines of the Gnostics. Gnu, nu, re. A S. African antelope, having a horse's neck, body, and tail, and single, recurved horns. [Hottentot.] Go, go, v. %. [imp. went; p. p. GONE ; GOING.] To pass from one place to another ; to proceed, advance, — employed in the most various applications of the movement of animate and inani- mate beings, and of movements of the mind; to walk; to pass, circulate; to be with young, be pregnant, gestate; to pass away, leave, depart; to be lost or ruined, perish, die. — v. t. To take (a share in an enterprise) ; to bear a part in. — n. A circumstance or occurrence; fashion or mode; noisy merriment. [AS. gan, contr. fr. gangan. D. gaan, Ic. ganga, Dan. gaae, Sw. ga,G. gangen. See Gang. Went is fr. wend, q. v.]— Go to. Come; move: be- gin, — an obs. phrase of exhortation, serious or scornful. — lb go it. To behave in a wild manner, be uproarious, carry on; to proceed, make progress. — To go back on. To abandon, turn against, expose, retrace. — Go'er, re —Goring, re. Act of moving; departure ; pregnancy ; course of life. — Go'-be- tween', re. An interposer; broker. — by, n. Evasion; escape by artifice ; a thrusting away. — cart, re. A rolling support for children learning to walk Goad, god, re. A pointed instrument to urge on a beast; anything that stimulates. — v. t. To prick, drive with a goad, arouse, instigate. [See Gad.] Goal, gol, re. The point set to bound a race; mark; end or final purpose. [F. gaule, OF. waule, a goal, OFriesic walu, Goth, walus, Ic. voir, a staff, fr. its roundness, Goth, walwjan, L. volvere, to roll.] Goat, got, re. A mammiferous quadruped, having cloven huots, and chewing the cud, — allied to the sheep. [AS. gat, Ie. and D. geit, Dan. ged, Sw. get, G. geiss, Gcth. gaitsa, L. hsedus.] — Goatish, a. Like a f;oat, esp in smell or in ustf ulness. — Goatee', n. Part of the beard left depending from the chin, resembling a goat's. — herd, re. One who tends goats. — -suck'er, re. (Ornitfi.) A Goat's Head, nocturnal insectivorous bird of the family to which the whippoorwill and night hawk belong, — vulgarly supposed to suck goats. Gob, gob, re. A small quantity; mouthful; the mouth; spittle or saliva. [OF., a gulp, Ga. and Ir., the mouth.] — Gob'ble, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To swallow hastily, eat down voraciously.— v. i. To make a noise like a turkey-cock. [OF. gober, to feed greedily, fr. gob.] — Gob'bler, re. A greedy eater; gormandizer; a turkey-cock. Goblet, goblet, ».. A drinking vessel without a handle. [F. gobelet, dim. of OF. gobel, LL. cupellus, cup, dim. of L. cupa, cask, vat. See Cup, Coop.] Goblin, goblin, n. An evil spirit ; frightful phan- tom; gnome; elf. [OF. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, coba- Ivs, Gr. kobalos.] Goby, go'bi, re. A spiny-finned fish, having the ven- tral fins on the breast capable of forming a funnel- shaped sucker. [F. gobie, L. gobius, Gr. kobios.] God, god, re. An object of worship; a divinity; deity; the Supreme Being; Jehovah. [AS. and D.; Ic. gudh, Dan. and Sw. gud, Goth, guth, G. gott ; not s. rt. good.] — Godly, -IT, a. Reverencing God, His laws, etc. ; pious : righteous ; conformed to God's laws. — God'like, a. — Godless, a. Having, or ac- knowledging, no God: ungodl3 r ; wicked. — God'- dess, 71. A female deity. — God'child, re. One for whom a person becomes sponsor at baptism. — -daughter, -daw-tSr, re. A girl for whom, etc. — God'father, re. A man.who becomes sponsor.— God'- head, re. Deity; divinity; divine nature or essence; a god or goddess; the Deity; God; the Supreme Be- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; GODWIT 237 GORDIAN ing. [AS. ha\ office, dignity.] — God 'mother, n. A woman who becomes sponsor. — God'send, n. Some- thing sent by God; an unexpected acquisition or piece ot good fortune. — God'ship, n. Deity; divin- ity; a god or goddess. — God'son, n. One for whom another has been sponsor. — God'speed, n. Success; prosperous journeying, — contr. of " I wish that God may st>eed you." ["Written also as 2 separate words.] — God'ward, adv. Toward God . — Good'-by, -bye, good-bi', n. or interj. Farewell, — a form of address at parting. [Contr. of God be with you.] — Gos'pel, n. Glad tidings, esp. concerning Christ and his sal- vation; one of the historical narratives of Christ's life; a system of religious truth or doctrine. [AS. gods/.ell; spell, story, his-tory; Ic. gudhspjall, OHG. gotsnel, God-story.] — Gos'peler, n. An evangelist; a follower of Wyckliffe; a priest who reads the gos- pel at the altar during the communion service. — Gob 'sip, n. Orig. a sponsor; a comrade; an idle tat- tler; tattle; rumor.— v. i. To prate, tattle. [ME. god- sib, gossib, lit. God-relative; AS. sib, peace, relative.] Godwit. god'wit, n. A wading game-bird of several species, having long legs, and a long, flexible bill. [AS. god wiht (-wight), good creature.] Goffer, goffer, v. t. [-fered (-ferd), -fering.] To plait or flute, as lace, etc. [See Gauffer.] Goggle, gog'gl, v. i. [-OLED (-gld), -gliiVG.] To strain or roll the eyes. — a. Full and rolling or staring, — said of the eyes. — n. A strained or affected roll- ing of the eye. pi. A kind of spectacles. [Ir. and Ga. gog, a nod, also to move slightly, gogshuileach, goggle-eyed; suit, eye, look, glance.] Goiter, -tre, goi'ter, n. {Med.) Bronchocele ; an en- largement of the thyroid gland. See Cretinism. [F. goitre, fr. L. guttur, the throat.] Gold, gold, n. A precious metal, of reddish yellow color and metallic luster, ductile and malleable ; money ; wealth ; a yellow color like that of the metal. [AS. and G.; D. gaud, Ic. gull, Sw. and Dan. quid, Goth, gulth, Rubs, zlato, Gr. chrusos, Skr. hirana ; s. rt. chlorine, green, yellow.'] — Gold'en, -n, a. Made of, con- sisting of, or of the col >r of, Goiter. en age. The fabulous age of primeval simplicity gold; very precious. — Gold- e. Tl " and purity of manners in rural employments. (Rom. literature.) The first part of the classical period of Latinity (b. c. 81- a. d. 14), followed by the silver age. —G. number. (Chronol.) A number show- ing the year of the lunar cycle, — formerly written in the calendar in gold. — G. rule. The rule of do- ing as we woHld hnve others do to us. See Luke vi. 31. — Gold'beat'er, n. One who beats or foliates gold for gilding. — Gold-beater's skin. The outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal in beating. — dust, n. Gold in very fine particles. — finch, n. A singing- bird, —named from the color of its wings; also, a small Amer. bird, the thistlefinch or yellow-bird.— -fish, b. A small fish, named from its color, a native of China. — leaf, n. Gold beaten into a thin leaf. — Gold'smith, n. One who manufactures ves- sels and ornaments of gold. — Gold'ylocks, -T-loks, n. A plant having yellow flowers, like locks of hair; wood crowfoot. Golf, golf, n. A game played with ball and bat or club croo-ked at the end. [D. kolf, club or bat.] Gondola, gon 'do-la, n. A long, narrow, flat-bottomed plea sure-boat, used at Venice ; in U. S., a plat- form car, used on railroads. [It., dim. of gonda, a boat, Gr. kondu, a drinking vessel, perh. Jr. Pers. hand u, a butt, vat.]— Gondolier', -ler', n. A man who rows a gon- dola. Gone. See Go. Gonfalon, gon'fa-lon colors. [ME r». An ensign or standard, and OF. gonfanon, MHG. gundfano; fr. gunt, gund, battle, audfano, vano, standard, ban' ner.] Gong, gong, n. A circular instrument of copper and tin, producing, when struck, a loud, harsh sound; a stationary call-bell. [Malay agong, gong.] Goniometer, go-nY-om'e-tgr, n. An instrument for measuring angles, e^>. angles of crystals, or inclina- tion of planes. [Gr. gonia, angle, and metron, meas- ure.]— Go'niomet'rie, -rical, a. Pert, to, or deter- mined by means of , a goniometer. — Goniom'etry, -trT, n. Art of measuring soMd angles. Gonorrhea, gon-or-re'a, n. (Med.) A contagious in- flammatory discharge from the membrane of the genital organs. [Gr. gouorrhma, fr. gone, semen, and rhein, to flow.] Good, g<56d, a. [better; best.] Possessing desirable qualities; wholesome; adapted to the end designed; fiossessing moral excellence or virtue; kind; benevo- ent; suited; clever; skillful, — followed esp. by at ; adequate; sufficient, — in a commercial sense, hav- ing pecuniary ability; considerable; full ; complete ; fair; honorable. — n. That which possesses desirable qualities, promotes success or happiness, is service- able, fit, excellent, etc.: welfare; prosperity; benefit. pi. Wares, commodities, chattels. — adv. Well ; equally well; to a good degree; quite: considerably. [AS., Dan. ? and Sw. god, G. gut.] — As good as. Not less than; in effect; virtually. — Ax g. as one's word. Performing to the extent promised.— To make g. To fulfill, maintain, supply a deficiency, indemnify. — To think g. To regard as expedient or proper.— For g. , ox for g. and all. Forthe restof the time; finally; permanently. — Good'ness, n. State of being good ; excellence; virtue; kindness. [AS. godnes.] — Good'- ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Pleasant ; agreeable ; comely ; graceful ; portly ; large. [AS. godlic] — Good'liness, n. Grace; elegance. — Good'y, -t, ». Good-wile ; good-woman, pi. Bonbons, etc. — Good'y-good'y, a. Affectedly or sentimentally good; pretentiously, sillily, or hypocritically virtuous.— Good'yish. a. Manifesting goodness in a somewhat silly manner. — Good breed'ing. Polite manners or education. — Good-day', n. or interj. Farewell, — a term of salutation at meeting or parting. — Fri'day, n. A fast, in memory of our Savior s sufferings, kept on the Friday of passion-week. — hu'mored, a. Having a cheerful spirit and demeanor; good-na- tured. — na'tured, a. Naturally mild in temper; not easily provoked; kind. — tem'pered, a. Hav- ing a good temper; not easily irritated. — will', n. Benevolence ; kindly feeling ; zeal. (Law.) The custom of any trade or business. Good-by. See under God. Goose, goos, n. ; pi. Geese, ges. A large web-footed fowl, migratory when wild, liv- ing on land and eating grass when domesticated ; a tailor's smoothing iron, whose handle resembles a goose's neck; a sim- pleton; a game of chance. [AS. gos, pi. ges, Ic. and Sw. gas (all lor gans), D. and G. gans, L. an- ser, Skr. hamsa ; s. rt. gander, gannet.] — Goos'ery, -er-I, n. A place for keeping geese. — Goose'-fish, n. One of agenus of teleost fishes,— the angler, fishing-frog, wide-gab; seav devil, or bellows-fish. — flesh, -skin, n. A roughness of the skin produced by cold or fear. — Goos'ander, n. A migratory, fish-eating duck, of northern regions, — Gos'nawk, n. A short-winged, slender hawk, of temperate regions. [For goose-hawk, AS. gos and hafuc, Ic. gas-haukr.] — Gos'ling, goz'ling, n. A young goose. Gooseberry, gooz'bgr-rTf, n. The fruit of a thorny ,-hrub; the shrub itself, found in all temperate re- gions. [For groise- or ^grose-berry ; OF. groisele, a gooseberry, fr. MUG. and Sw. krus, curled, frizzled, fr. the hairs on the fruit.] Gopher, go'fgr, n. A burrowing animal of several kinds, — pouched rat, squirrel, land-tortoise, etc. [F. gaufre, waffle, honeycomb. See Gauffer.] Gopher, go'fer, n. A species of wood used in build- ing A T oah's ark. [Heb.] Gor-eock, g6r'kok,n. A gallinaceous bird; moor-cock, ved-grouse, red-game. [For gorse-cock. See Gorse.] Gor-cfow. See under Gore. Gordian, g6r'dT-an, a. Pert, to Gordius, king of Phry- gia, or to a knot tied by him, which could not be un- tied, but was cut by Alexander the Great; hence, in- tricate; complicated; difficult. Goose. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bosboN, chair, get. GORE 238 GRADE Gore, gor, n. Blood; thick or clotted blood. [AS. gor, dirt, filth, Ic. gor, gore ; s. rt. Ic. gorn, the guts, Gr. chorde, a string of gut, cord, L. hira, gut, E. cord, chord, hernia, yarn.] — Gor'y, -T, a. Covered with gore; bloody; murderous. — Gor'-crow, n. The com- mon or carrion crow. Gore, gor, n. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth, sewed into a garment, etc., to give greater width at a par- ticular part ; a triangular piece of land. — v. t. To cut in triangular form. [AS. gara, a projecting point of land, gar, a spear; G. gehre, D. geer, a gusset.] Gore, gor, v. t. [gored (gord), goring.] To pierce, stab. [AS. gar, spear. See preceding.] Gorge, g6rj, n. The throat; gullet; a narrow passage, iefile between mountains, or entrance into an outwork of a fort; that whichis swallowed, esp. by g satiate. — v. i. To feed greedily. [OF., the throat hawk. — swallow; esp, V. t. [GORGED (gSrjd), GORGING.]* Tb p., to swallow with greediness; to glut, .ily. [OF., the throat, gullet, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, gorga, L. gurges, whirlpool, abyss, gullet, Skr. gri, to devour.] — Gor 1 ' get, -jet, n. A piece of armor defending the throat or neck. (Mil.) A pendent metallic ornament, worn by officers. (Surg.) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. [OF. gorgeite.] — Gor'geous, -jus, a. Imposing through splendid or various colors; showy; fine. [OF. gorgias, perh. fr. the wearing a gorget, perh. fr. the swelling of the throat in pride.] — Gor'geously, adv. — Gor'geousness, n. Gorgon, g&r'gon, n. (Myth.) A maiden of terrific aspect, whose sight turned the beholder to stone. Anything very ugly or horrid. [L. and Gr. Gorgo, Gorgon; Gr.gorgos, terrible; perh. s. rt. Skr. garj, to roar.] — Gorgo'nian, -nl-an, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. Gorilla, go-ril'la, n. An ape, of tropical Africa, of great eize, strength, and fe- rocity. [Punic] Gormand, gSr'mand, Gourmand, goor'mand, n. A glutton. [OF. gourmand ; govrmander, to de- vour, glut, gourmandise, glut- tony.]— Gor'mandize, v. i. or t. [-DIZED (-dizd), -DIZING.] To eat greedily, feed raven- ously. — Gor'mandiz'er, n. — Gourmet, goor'ma, n. A con- noisseur in eating and drink- Gorilla. Gorse, gSr's, n. A thick, prickly shrub, bearing yellow flowers in early spring; furze; whin. [AS. gorst; perh. s. rt. growan, to grow, whence E. grass.] Gory. See under Gore. Goshawk, Gosling. See under Goose. Gospel, Gossip. See under God. Gossamer, gos'sa-mer, n. A filmy substance, like cob- webs, floating in the air. [ME. gossomer, lit. goose- summer, gossamer being called in Prov. E. summer- goose ; cf. G. sommerfaeden, D. zomerdraden, gossa- mer, lit. summer-threads.] — Gos'samer'y, -mer'T, a. Like gossamer; flimsy; unsubstantial. Got, Gotten. See Get. Goth, goth, «. One of an ancient Teutonic race, who overran the Roman empire; a bar- barian; rude, ignorant person. [L. Gothi, Goth. Guthans, the Goths.] — Gothic, a. Pert, to the Goths. (Arch.) Pert, to a style of architec- ture with high, sharply-pointed arches, clustered columns, etc. : see Capital. Rude ; barbarous. — n. The language of the Goths. (Print.) A style of square-cut type, with no hairlines. flt^" The Type called GOTHIC. — Gotb/icism, -t-sizm, n. A Gothic idiom ; conformity to the Gothic style of building; rudeness of man- ners; barbarousness. — Gotb/icize, v. t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To make Gothic or barbarous. Gouge, gowj, in Eng. gooi, n. A chisel, with a semi-cylindrical blade.— v. t. [GOUGED (gOWJd), GOUGING.] To scoop out with a gouge ; to force out (the eye of a person) with the thumb or finger; to cheat. [F.; Sp. gubia, LL. guvia, chisel.] Gourami, goVra-mT, Go'rami, n. A nest-building, fresh-water, food fish of E. Asia. Governor. French G o t Window, Tour- nay Cathedral. Gourd, gord, n. A rapid-growing cucurbitaceoue plant, bearing a one-celled, many-seeded, hard- shelled fruit: which, when dry, is used for dippers, bottles, etc. [F. gourde, orig. gouhourde, corrupt, of cougourde, L. cucurbita, a gourd; perh. s. rt corbis, a basket.] Gourmand, Gourmet. See under Gormand. Gout, gowt, n. (Med.) A painful constitutional dis- ease ; inflammation of the joints, esp. of the great toe. [F. goutte, a drop, gout, the disease being for. merly attributed to a defluxion of the humors, fr. L. gutta, drop.] — Gout'y, -T, a. Diseased with, sub- ject to, or pert, to, etc. — Goutiness, n. Gout, gob, n. Taste; relish. [F. See Gust.] Govern, guv'grn, v. t. [-erned (-ernd), -erning.] To regulate by authority; to influence, direct, man- age. (Gram.) To require to be in a particular case. — v.i. To exercise authority, administer the laws, have the control. [OF. governer, gouverner, fr. L. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, direct, Gr. kuber- nan, to steer.] — Gov'ernable, -a-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. ; manageable ; obedient. — Gov'ernor, -er, n. One who governs; esp., a chief ruler or magistrate ; a tutor, guar- dian. (Naut.) A pilot. (Mach.) A contrivance connected with mills, steam-engines, etc., to main- tain uniform velocity with a vary- ing resistance: see Steam Engine. [OF. governeur, L. gubernator.] — Gov'erness, n. A female governor; an instructress. — Gov'ernante', -ant', n. A lady in charge of young women ; a governess. [F. gouver- nante.] — Government, n. Act of governing; exercise of authority; restraint; regula- tion; the system of polity in a state; established form of law; right or oower or governing; authority; the ruling power: the administration; a commonwealth; state. (Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construction. —Government' al, a. Pert, to, or made by government. Gown, gown, n. A loose upper garment: esp. the outer dress of a woman; the official robe of professional men and scholars; hence, civil officers, disting. fr. military; a wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors. [ME. goune, W. gwn, Ga. and Corn, gunn ; W. gwnio, to stitch.] — Gownsman, gownz'man, n. ; pi. -men. One whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer; a civilian, disting. fr. a soldier. Grab, grab, n. A sudden grasp er seizure. — v. t. & i. [grabbed (grabd),-BiNG.] To gripe suddenly, seize, clutch. [Sw. qrabba, Skr. grabh, to seize; s. rt. grap- ple, gripe, grip, grasp.] Grace, gras, n. Exercise of love, kindness, or good will; favor bestowed; the divine favor toward man; enjoyment of divine favor ; inherent excellence ; beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; elegance of manners ; the title of a duke or an archbishop of England; a prayer before or after meat. pi. (Myth.) Graceful and beautiful females, the attendants of Venus. (Mus.) Ornamental tones. A play con- sisting in throwing a hoop by means of two sticks.— v. t. [graced (grast), gracing.] To adorn, deco- rate; to dignify, honor. [OF ; L. gratia, favor, fr. atits, pleasing ; Gr. chairein, to rejoice, charis, vor, grace, Skr. hart, to desire; s. rt. yearn.] — Days of grace. (Com.) Days following that when a bill or note becomes due, which are allowed to the payer to make payment in. — Good graces. Favor; friend- ship. — Grace'cup, n. The health drank after say- ing grace. — Graceful, -ful, a. Displaying grace or beauty in form or action"; elegant; easy. — Grace'- fully, adv.— Gracefulness, n.— Grace'less, a. Want- ing in grace or excellence, esp. in divine grace; de- praved; degenerate; corrupt. — Gracelessly, adv. — Gra'cious, gra'shus, a. Abounding in, or charac- terized by, grace; winning favor; acceptable; beau- tiful; graceful; produced by divine grace ; benevo- lent; beneficent; benignant; merciful. — Gra'ciouB- ly, adv. — Gra'ciousness, n. Grackle, Grakle, grak'kl, n. A bird allied to the black- bird. [Onomat. ; L. graculvs, jack-daw.] Grade, grad, n. A step or degree in any series, rank, or order; in a road or railroad, the rate of ascent or descent; a graded ascending or descending portion of a road: a gradient. (Stock-breeding.) The result of crossing a native stock with a better breed. — v. t. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive as- cent, as the line of a canal or road. [F., L. gradus, a degree, fr. gradi, gressus, to step, go.] — At grade. t am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; GRAFF 239 GRAND At the same level. — Down a. A descent. — Up g. An ascent. — Gra'dient, a. Moving by steps; walk- ing; rising or descending by regular degrees of in- clination. — n. Rate of ascent or descent in a road, etc.; grade; a part of a road which slopes upward or downward. [L. gradiens, -dientis, p. pr. of gradi.] — Grada'tion, n. Act of progressing by regular steps; state of being graded, or arranged'in ranks; any degree in an order or series; gradual blending of "one tint with another. [OF.; L. gradatio, ascent by steps.] — Gradatory, grad'a-to-rY, a. Proceeding step by step; gradual; adapted for progressive mo- tion. — n. A step from the cloisters into the church. — Grad'ual, -u-al, a. Proceeding by steps or degrees; progressive; slow. [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi.'] — n. An order of steps; an ancient book of hymns, some of which were chanted on the steps (gradus) of the pulpit. — Grad'ually, adv. In a gradual man- ner; step by step. — Grad'uate, -u-at, v. t. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals; to admit to a certain grade or degree, esp. to an academical degree; to prepare gradually. — v. i. To pass to, or to receive, an academical de- gree ; to pass by degrees, change gradually. — n. ine admitted to an academical degree. — a. Ar- ranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated.— Gradua'tion, n. Act of graduating; art of dividing into degrees or definite parts; marks on an instru- ment indicating degrees, etc. — Grad'uator, n. One who graduates; an instrument for dividing any line into regular intervals. — Gra'dus, n. A dictionary of prosody. [Abbr. fr. L. gradus ad Parnassum, a step to Parnassus.] Graff, graf , Graft, graft, n. A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree ; portion of a tree growing from such shoot. — v. t. Te insert, as a cut- ting from one tree in a branch or stem of another; to implant or incorporate, as a bud upon a stem. —v. i. To insert scions from one tree into another. [OF. graffe, grafe, a pencil, F. greffe, a graft, scion, fr. its resemblance to a cut slip; L. graphiolum, style (for writing), graft, graphium, Gr. graphion, style, fr. graphein, to write.] — Graft'er, n. Graft, graft, n. Acquisition of money or anything of value by the dishonest use of positions of trust; anything so acquired. — Graft'er, n. Grail, gral, n. A broad, open dish, or cup; a chalice. [O !;*. graal, grasal, LL. gradale, grasale, a flat dish, fr. cratella, dim. of L. crater, a bowl.] — Holy Grail, or Sangreal. In mediaeval legends, the dish in which Joseph of Arimathea received the blood of Christ on the cross, which had been lost, and could be recovered only by a knight chaste in act and thought. [Prop. San Great, holy dish; but perverted into Sang Real, real blood (of Christ).] Grain, gran, n. A kernel, esp. of corn, wheat, etc. ; the fruit of certain kindred food plants, viz., corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., —used collectively; any small, hard particle; small portion ; a small weight, — the 20th of a scruple in apothecaries' weight, 24th of a pennyweight troy; a reddish dye from the coccus insect or kermes; a red color of any hue, esp. (Poet.) Tyrian purple ; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its com- parative roughness; texture; arrangement or direc- tion of the veins or fibers of wood ; the hair-side of leather, or the marking on that side. pi. The husks or remains of malt after brewing, or of any grain af- ter distillation ; residuum.— v. t. [grained (grand), graining.] To paint in imitation of the grain of wood; to form into grains, as powder, sugar, etc. — v. i. To form grains, or assume a granular form. [OF.; L. granum. a grain, corn ; s. rt. corn, grind, kernel.] — Against the grain. Against the fibers of wood; against one's wishes ; with difficulty. — To dye in g. To dye with the tint made from kermes ; to dye firm- ly; dye in the wool. — Grained, grand, a. Divided into small particles or grains; roughened; dyed in grain: ingrained; painted in imitation of the grain of wood. (Bot.) Havingtuberclesorgrain-like processes. — Gran'ary, -rT, n, A storehouse for thrashed grain. [L. granaria, fr. granum; same as garner, q. v.] — Grange, granj, n. A granary ; barn ; farm, with stables, etc.; in U. S., an association of farmers to promote direct communication between producers and consumers, to the exclusion of middlemen or traders. [ME. and OF. ; Sp. granja, LL. granea, barn, grange.] — Gran'ule, gran'ul.w. A little grain; small particle. [F.; L. graiiulum, dim. of granum.] — Gran 'ulou&, -lus, -alar, -ulary. -la-rT, -ulate. -ulated. a. Consisting of, or like, grains or granules. — Gran'ularly, -lar-lt, adv. In a granular form. — Gran'ulate, -lat, v. t. To form into, etc.; to raise in small asperities; to roughen on the surface. — v. i. To collect or be formed into grains.— Granula'tlon, n. Act of forming into grains ; development of small grain-like cells in a sore, filling up the cavity, and uniting the sides. — Graniv'orous, -rus, a. Eat- ing grain or seeds. [L. vorare, to devour.] — Gran'- ite, -it, n. (Geol.) A crystalline, unstratified rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica. [It. gran- ito, granite, prop. p. p. of granire, to reduce to grains, to speckle, fr. grano — L. granum.] — Gra- nit'ic, -ical, a. Like, or consisting of, granite. — Granit'iform, a. (Geo/.) Resembling granite in structure or shape. [L.. forma, form.] — Gran'itine, -tin, n. A rock containing 3 species of minerals, some of which differ from those which compose granite^as quartz, feldspar, and shorl. Grain, gran, n. A prong ; tine ; pi. a fish spear. [Ic. gren, Dranch, bough.] Grallatory, gral'la-to-rT, -torial, -to'rt-al, a. Pert, to the grallatores or wading birds. [L. grallator, a walker on stilts, fr. grallse, stilts, fr. gradi, to walk. See Grade.] Gram. See under Grammar. Gramercy, gra-mer'st, interj. An obs. expression of thankfulness with surprise. [F. gran y merci, grea: thanks.] Graminaceous, gram-i-na'shus, Gramin'eal, -eons, -e- us, a. Pert, to the grasses. [L. gvamen, graminis, grass; s. rt. Skr. gri, to devour.] — Graminiv'oroua, a. Feeding on grass, etc. [L. vorare, to eat.] Grammar, gram'mar, n. Science of language ; art of speaking or writing with propriety, according to established usage ; a treatise on the principles of language, or on the elements of any science. [OF. gramaire, fr. LL. and Gr. gramma, a letter of the alphabet, fr. Gr. graphein, to write.] — Gramma'- rian, -rt-an, n. A philologist ; one who teaches grammar. — Gram'mar school. A school in which grammar, or the science of language, is taught; esp. in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught. — Grammatical, a. Pert, to, or according to the rule* of, grammar. [OF.] — Grammatically, adv. — Grammat'icize, v, t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To render grammatical.— Gram, Gramme, gram, n. The metric unit of weight, = IS.Toti grains troy or 15.432 avoirdupois. [F. gramme, fr. Gr. gramma.] Grampus, sram'pus. n. A voracious cetaceous mam- ma 1 of the dolphin family, having sock- eted, conical teeth, and breathing by a spout-hole on the top of the head. [Corrup. of It. gran pesce, Pg. Gramnus gran peixe, or Sp. gran urampus. pez = L. grandis piscis, great fish ; cf . porpoise.'] Granary. See under Grain. Grand, grand, a. Of large size; extensive ; relatively great; greatest; chief; principal ; great in size and fine or imposing in appearance; holding elevated or advanced rank, as in years or station; majestic; dig- nified; stately; exalted. [OF.; L. grandis, prob. 8 rt. gravis, heavy.] — Grand juror. One of a grand jury. — G. jury. (Law.) A jury whose duty it is, in secret session, to examine accusations against offenders, and. if they see just cause, to find bills of indictment against them to be presented to the court. — G. vizier. The head of the Turkish council of state. — Grand'ly, adv. — Grand'eur, -jur, n. Quality of being grand ; splendor of appearance ; elevation of thought or expression, or of mien or deportment ; no- bility of action ; sublimity ; augustness ; magnifi cence. [OF.] — Gran 'dam, -nam, -ny, -nT, n. An old woman ; esp. a grandmother. [E. and F. dame.] — Grand'aunt, -ant, n. The aunt of one's father or mother. — un'cle, n. ; — child, n. A son's or daugh- ter's child. daugh ter, n. Daughter of a son or daughter. — son, n. —-father, n. A father's or moth- er's father. — mother, n— -sire, n. A grandfather; any male ancestor. — Grandee', -de', n. A man of rank; in Spain, a nobleman of the first rank. [Sp. grande, great, also, a nobleman.] — Grandiloquent, -o-kwent, -oquous, -kwus, a. Speaking in a lofty style: bombastic. [L. grandiloquus ; loqui, to speak.] — Grandil'oquence, -kwens, n. Lofty words or phrasesj bombast; pomposity of speech". — Grand'- iose, -T-os, a. Imposing; striking; flaunting; turgid; bombastic. [F.] — Grand'iosity, -os-T-tT, n. Swell of style or manner ; a bombastic person. eun, «*be, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, dondon, chair, get. GRANGE 240 GRAVE Orange, Granite, Granivorous, etc. See under Grain. Grant, grant, v. t. To allow, yield, concede; to be- stow or confer, in answer to prayer or request; to make conveyance of, give the possession or title of. — n. Act of granting ; a bestowing; admission of something as true ; thing granted; gift; boon. (Law.) A transfer of property by deed or writing; esp., an appropriation or conveyance by the government. SOF. graanter, graunter, creanter, to assure, guaran- ee, promise, yield, LL. creantare, to guarantee, credential, a promise, L. credere, to trust.] — Grant'- able, a. — Granfer, n. — Grant'or, -6r, n. (Law.) One who makes a grant or conveyance. — Grantee', n. (Law.) One to whom a grant is made. Granular^ Granule, etc. See under Grain. Grape, grap, n. The fruit of the vine. (Mil.) Grape-shot. [OF. grappe. It. qrappolo, bunch of grapes, grap- pare, to seize, MHG. hrapfe, a hook, krip/en, to seize, clutch; s. rt. grapple.) — Grap'y, -Y, a. Made of, or like, grapes. — Grap'ery, -er-T, n. A building for cultivating grapes.— Grape'-shot, n. (Mil.) A number of iron balls, included between circular iron plates at top and n, to write. See Grave, v. Rrl]n . sW Ically, adv. In a graphic ^rape-shot. jue manner. — Graphite, -It, n. (Min.) bottom, with rings and a connecting pin. — stone, n. The seed of the grape. vine, n. The vine, having small green flowers, and lobed leaves, which produces grapes. Graphic, -ical, graflk-al, a. Pertaining to writing; written; inscribed; well de- lineated or described. [Gr. graphikos, fr. graphein I.]— Graph' or picturesque Native carbon, disting. by softness, metallic luster^ and by leaving a lead-colored trace on paper, — used for pencils, and for many mechanical uses, and often called plumbago or black lead. — Graphophone, grafo-fon, n. A form of phonograph. [Gr. gra- phein, to write + phone, sound.] — Grapn'otype, -tip, «. A process for producing relief plates for printing without engraving. [See Type.] Grapple, g-rap'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pldj, -pling]. To seize, lay fast hold on, with the hands or with hooks. — v. i. To contend in close fight. — n. A sizing ; close hug in contest. (iVaut.) A hook for fastening one ship to another. [OF. grappil, F. grappin, a grapple, fr. grappe, orig. a hook, now a bunch of grapes : see Grape.] — Grap'line, Grap'- nel, n. A small anchor, with 4 or 5 flukes or claws, to hold small vessels; any instrument designed to grapple or hold.— Grap'pling- i'rons, n. pi. Irons for grappling and holding fast. Grasp, grasp, v. t. [grasped (graspt), grasping.] To seize and hold, catch, take possession of ; to comprehend. — n. Gripe of the hand; seizure by embrace; power of seizing and holding ; wide-reaching power of in- tellect to comprehend subjects. [Same as grope, q. v.] — Grasping, a. Seizing; avaricious ; greedy of gain; exacting. — Grasp'er, n. Grass, gras, n. Herbage; the plants constituting the food of cattle, etc.; pasture. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having long, narrow, alternate leaves, sheath- ing a stem generally jointed and tubular, flower generallyin glume-covered spikelets.andfarinaceous seeds. — v. t. [grassed (grast), grassing.] To cover with grass or turf. [AS. gsers, grses, D., Ic, Sw., Dan., Goth., and G. gras; s. rt. green, grow.] — Grass'y, -T, a. Covered, abounding with, or like, grass; green. — Grass'' iness, n. — Grass'-cloth, n. A fine, light quality of cloth, resembling linen. plot, n. A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn.— -wid'ow, n. A woman living away from her hus- band. — Grass'hop- per, n. A jumping orthopterous noc- turnal insect, with 4 joints in feet, and green or transpar- ent wing -covers, which feeds on grass or leaves : the common diurn- Grapnel. al "grasshoppers" are locusts. [AS. S^^azed" Grasshopper (6. viridissintus). (grazd), grazing.] To feed or supply (cattle) with grass ; to eat (herbage) from the ground ; to tend grazing cattle. — v. i. To eat grass or herbage ; to supply grass. [ME. grasen.] — Graz'er, n. One who grazes or feeds on herbage. — Gra'rier, -zhSr, n. One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market — Grazing, n. Act of feeding on grass; a pasture. Grate, grat, n. A lattice-work, used in windows of prisons, etc. ; a frame of iron bars for holding coals, — v. t. To furnish with grates or cross-bars. [LL. grata, crata, a grating; It. grata, a gridiron, grate, L. crates, a hurdle, whence E. crated] — Grat'ing, n. A partition of parallel or cross-bars. Grate, grat, v. t. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another; to wear away in small par- ticles, by rubbing with anything rough ; to fret, vex, irritate. — v. i. To rub hard, so as to offend; to make a harsh sound by friction of rough bodies. [OF. grater, Sw. kratta, D. k?-assen, to scratch, rub; s. rt. scratch.] — Grat'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. an instrument for rubbing off small par- ticles of a body. — Grating, n. A harsh sound of rubbing. Grateful, grafful, a. Having a due sense of benefits; willing to acknowledge and repay benefits ; afford- ing pleasure ; pleasing to the taste ; acceptable ; gratifying ; welcome. [OF. grat, L. gratus, pleas- ing. See Grace.] — Gratefully, adv. — Grateful- ness, n. —Gratify, grat'i-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- ing.J To please by satisfying some wish; to give pleasure to, indulge, please, recompense. [OF. grat- ifier, L. gratificari, -catus, fr. gratus and facere, to make.] — Grat'ifi'er, n. — Gratitude, -tad, n. State of being grateful; thankfulness. [F.; L. gratiludo, Act of f r. gratus.] — Gratification, rang mind, taste, or appetite; that which affords plea£ ure. — Gra'tis, adv. For nothing ; freely ; gratui- tously. [L., for gratiis, abl. pi. of gratia, favor.] — Gratuitous, -T-tus, a. Given without a recompense; without reason, cause, or proof. [L. gratuitus.] — Gratuitously, adv. — Gratuity, -tT, n. A free gift, present. [OB. gratuiU, LL. gratuitas.] — Grat'ulate, v. t. To salute with declarations of joy ; congratu- late. [L. gratulari, -latus.] — Gratula'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Grat'ulatory, -to-rt, a. Expressing joy. Grave, grav, v. t. [imp. graved (gravd), p.p. gravek or graved; graving.] To carve or cut, engrave; to give shape to, by eutting with a chisel. (Naut.) To clean, as a ship's bottom, by burning off filth, grass, etc., and paying it over with pitch, — v. i. To write or delineate on nard substances; to practice engrav- ing. — n. An excavation in the earth as a place of burial; tomb; sepulcher ; death or destruction, pi. The sediment of melted tallow. [AS. grafan. to dig, engrave, D. graven, Ic. grafa, to dig, Gr. graph- ein, to scratch, engrave, write, L. scribere, to write ; 8. rt. grove, groove, grammar, graphic, prob. carve.] — Grav'er, n. One who, etc. ; a sculptor; an en- graving tool, burin, q. v. ; a tool for turning metals. — GraVing, n. Act of, etc. ; thing graved or carved; act of cleaning a ship's bottom ; impression on the mind, heart, etc. — Grav'ing-dock, n. A dry dock, in which ship's bottoms are cleaned, etc. — Grave'- clothes, n. pi. Clothes i;i which the dead are in- terred. stone, n. A memorial stone set by a grave. — yard, n. A yard for the interment of the dead; cemetery. Grave, grav, a. Of importance ; influential ; serious, — said of character, relations, etc. ; not light or gay; solemn ; sober ; plain ; serious ; weighty ; momen- tous. (Mus^ Not acute or sharp ; low ; deep. [F. ; L. gravis, Goth, kavrs, Gr. barus, Skr. guru ; s. rt. care, grief.] — Gravely, adv. In a grave, solemn manner; soberly. — Grave'ness, n. — Grava'men, n. (Law.) The grievance complained of ; the substan- tial cause of action. [L., fr. gravis.] — Gravid, gravid, a. With child ; pregnant. [L. gravidus.] — Gravim'eter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies. [L. gravis and Gr. metron, measure.] — Gravity, -T-t T, n. Sobriety of character or demeanor ; relative importance, sig- nificance, dignity, etc. (Physics.) The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction ; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth. (Mus.) Lowness of sound. [F. gravite", L. gravitasJl — Specific gravity. The ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard, — usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. — Gravitate, v. i. To obey the law of gravitation, tend toward the center. — Gravita'tion, n. Act of gravitating. (Physics.) That attraction by which all &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; GRAVEL 241 GRIDDLE bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other. Gravel, grav'el, n. A mass of small stones or frag- ments of stone mixed with sand, etc. {Med.) Small calculi in the kidneys and bladder ; painful symp- toms caused by such calculi, — v. t. [graveled (-eld), -eling.] To cover with gravel; to stick in the sand : hence, to puzzle, embarrass ; to hurt (a horse's foot) by gravel lodged under the shoe. [OF. gravele, gravelle, dim. of grave, sand mixed with stones ; Armor, grouan, Corn, grow, gravel, W. gro, pebbles, Skr. gravan, a stone, rock.] — Grav'elly, a. Abounding with, or consisting of, gravel. Gravy, gra'vY, n. Juices obtained from meat in cook- ing", made into a dressing ; any liquid dressing for food. [Frob. fr. E. greaves, tallow drippings.] Hoary ; white mixed with black ; old [Frob. Gray, gra, a. '. mature. — n. Any mixture of white and black; an animal of gray color. [AS. grseg, D. graauw, G. grau, L. ravns, gray; s. rt. Skr. ghur.jur, to become old, Gr. graios, aged, gray.] — Grayish, ~ Gray'-beard, Some- . An Grayling. what gray. — Gray'ness old man.— Gray 'ling, n. A fish allied to the trout, found in N. Europe. — Gray '- wacke, -wak,w. (Geol.) A conglomerate o r grit -rock, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. [G. grauwacke; grau and wacke, wacke.] Grayhound. See Greyhound. Graze, Grazier, etc. See under Grass. Graze, giaz, v. t. [grazed (grazd), grazing.] To rub or touch in passing. [Prob. fr. rase, influenced by grate ; F. raser, to rase, graze, grate.] — Graz'- ing^ n. A touch in passing. Grease, gres, n. Animal fat in a soft state ; esp., fatty matter of land animals. (Far.) An inflammation of the heels of a horse. [OF. gresse, graisse, fatness, gras, orig. eras, L. crassus, fat. See Crass.J — Grease, grez or gres, v. t. [greased (grezd or grest), greasing.] To smear or anoint with grease ; to bribe ; to cheat or cozen.— Greasy, grez'T or gres'T, a. [-IER ; -iest.] Composed of, or characterized by, grease; oily; fat; unctuous; smeared with, or like grease or oil ; smooth. (Far.) Affected with the disease called grease. — Greas'ily, adv. — Greas'i- ness, n. — Greasier, n. A contemptuous name for Mexicans and Spanish Americans. Great, grat, «. Large in solidity, surface, or linear dimensions; of wide extent; big; expanded; large in number; numerous ; long continued ; superior; ad- mirable: commanding ; endowed with extraordi- nary powers, strong, mighty, noble; holding a chief position, eminent ; weighty; important. (Geneal- ogy.) Older, younger, or more remote, by a single generation. [AS. ; perh. s. rt. L. grandis, great. J— Great-grandfather, a grandfather's father ; great- ?randson, a grandson's son. Etc. — Greatly, adv. n a great degree ; much ; nobly ; illustriously. — Great'ness, n. Largeness of bulk, dimensions, num- ber, quantity, etc. ; high rank or place ; magnanim- ity ; strength or extent of intellectual faculties ; force; intensity. — Great'-coat, n. An over-coat. Greaves, grevz, n. pi. Ancient armor for the legs. [OF. greves, Sp. grebas ; OF. greve, shin, shank.] Greaves, grevz, Graves, gravz, n.pl. The sediment of melted Jullow. [Sw. dial, grevar.] Grebe, greb, n. A diving bird, having a straight, sharp beak, lobated toes, no tail, and legs set far back. [F., a grebe ; Armor, kriben, Corn, and W. crib, a comb, crest, — some varieties being crested.] Grecian, Grecize, etc. See under Greek. Greed, gred, n. An eager desire or longing ; greedi- ness. [Ic. gradhr, Goth, gredits, hunger.] — Greed'y, -T, a. [-IER, -iest.] Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; ravenous ; voracious ; eager ; covetous. [AS. grsedig, Ic. gradhugr, Skr. gridnu, fr. gridh, to be greedy.] — Greed'ily, adv. — Greed'iness, n. Gree-gree. Gri-gri. gre'gre, n. An African magician. Greek, grek, a. Pert, to Greece, Grecian. — n. A na- tive or inhabitant of Greece ; language of Greece. [AS. and F. Grec, L. Grsecus, Gr. Graikos.] — Greek church. The eastern church; that part of Christen- dom which separated from the Roman or western church in the 9th century; the established church of Russia.— G.fire. A combustible composition which burns under water. — Gre'cian, -shan, a. Pert, to Greece. — n. A Greek; one versed in the Greek lan- guage, literature, or history.— Gre'cize, v. t. [-cized (-slzd), -cizing.] To render Grecian; translate into Greek.— Gre'cism, -sizm, n. An idiom of the Greek language ; a Hellenism. Green, gren, a. Having the color of growing grass, or a colorcomposed of blue andyellow; verdant;emerald; see Light ; full of life and vigor; new; recent: not ripe ; not fully grown or perfect ; immature in age or experience; young; raw; awkward; not seasoned; not dry ; containing its natural juices. — n. The color of growing plants ; a grassy plain or plat. pi. Fresh leaves or branches; wreaths. (Cookery.) Leaves and stems of young plants dressed for food. — v. t. [greened (grend), greening.] To make green. [ME. and AS. grene, D. groen, G. gruen, green, Gr. chloros, greenish, Skr. nan, green, yellow ; s. rt. chlorine, grow, yellow.'] — Paris green. A poisonous arsenical pigment, of vivid green tint. — Greenish, a. Somewhat green, or tinged with green.— Green'- ishness, n. — Greenfly, adv. — Green'ness, n. — Greening, n. — A kind of apple, of green color. — Green'back, n. A U. S. legal tender note, having the back printed in green. — Green'backer, n. An advocate of an unlimited issue of inconvertible legal tender notes.— Green'finch, n. (Ornith.) The green grossbeak. — Green'gage, n. A variety of plum, having green pulp when ripe. [Introduced into Eng. by SirW. Gage, about 1725.] — Green'horn, n. A raw youth. [Low.]— Green'aouse, n. A house to preserve tender plants in during cold weather. — Green 'room, n. The retiring-room of actors in a theater. — Greenland. (Geol.) A soft green silicate of alumina, potash, and iron, found in the lower cretaceous, etc. — Green'shank, n. (Ornith.) A species of snipe. — Green'stone, n. (Geol.) A green- ish crystalline trap rock. — Green'sward, n. Turf freen with grass. — Green'-gro'cer, n. A retailer of resh fruits, vegetables, ete. — sick'nesa, n. (Med.) A disease of young women, in which the complexion is pale and unhealthy, the blood depraved, and the nervous system disordered. Greet, gret, v. t. To salute kindly or respectfully, wel- come, accost. — v. i. To give salutations. [AS. gretan, D. groetan.] — Greet'er, n. — Greet'ing, n. Gregarious, gre-ga'rt-us, a. Living in a flock or herd. [E. gregarius, fr. grex, gregis, flock ; s. rt. Gr. agei' rein, to assemble, E. aggregate, congregate, egregi- ous, etc.] — Grega'riously, adv.— Grega'riousness, n. Gregorian, gre-go'rY-an, a. Pert, to, or originated by Gregory. —Gregorian chant, G. tones. A choral mel- ody or melodious formula introduced by Pope Greg- ory I. in the 6th century. — G. calendar, G. year. The ordinary calendar and year, as established by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582. — G. telescope. The reflect- ing telescope of Prof. Gregory of Edinburgh. Grenade, gre-nad', n. (Mil.) A hollow shell filled with powder, and fired by a fuse. [OF. ; Sp. granada, a pomegranate, also a gre- nade (shaped lik^ a pome- granate and full of grains), L. granatus, full of seeds, fr. granum, a grain, seed. See Grain, Garnet.] — Gren'adier', -der', n. Orig., a soldier who threw grenades ; later, one of a company of tall soldiers, posted on the right of a bat- talion, to lead it in attacks; now, one of a regiment so- called. Grenadine, gren'a-din, n. A fabric, for ladies' dresses, etc. Grenado, n. Same as Grenade. Grew- See Grow. Grewsome. See under Grisly. Grey. Same as Gray. Greyhound, gra'hownd, n. A slender, swift, keen-sighted variety of dog. [Ic. grey- hundr; grey, dog, and hundr, hound; not fr. E. gray, which in Ic. is grar.] Griddle, grid'dl, n. A pan, broad and shallow, for bak- Greyhound, ing cakes ; a cover, to close an opening in the top of a stove ; a sieve with a wire bottom, used by miners. [ME. gredil,W. gredyll, Ir. greideal, grid- dle, gridiron; W. greidio. Ir. greadaim, to scorch; not s. rt. grill.]— Grid'dle-cake, n. A thin cake, sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink- then, boNboN, chair, get. GRIEF 242 GROOM made by frying batter in a griddle or iron pan. — Grid'iron, -i-Srn, n. A grated utensil for broiling meat, etc. [ME. gredyron.'] «frief, gref, n. Pain of mind ; painful sense of loss ; cause of sorrow. [ME. and OF. gref, grief, heavy, sad, L. gravis. See Grave, a.] — Grieve, grev, v. t. [grieved (grevd), grieving.] To occasion grief to, inflict mental pam upon, make sorrowful.— v. i. To feel grief, be in pain of mind on account of an evil, sorrow, mourn. [OF. grever, L. gravare, fr. gravis.] —To come to grief. To meet with an accident; to be ruined, or destroyed. — Grievance, -ans, n. A cause of grief or uneasiness; wrong done and suffered; af- fliction; burden; oppression; injury.— Griev'ons, -us, a. Causing grief or sorrow ; painful ; hard to bear ; heinous ; flagitious ; full of grief. — Griev'- ously, adv. — Griev'ousness, n. Grille, grif , n. The offspring of a mulatto woman and negro man. [F.] Griffin, griffin, Griffon, n. (Myth.) An imaginary animal, generated between the lion and eagle. (Zobl.) A species of vulture found in the moun- tainous parts of Europe, N. Africa, and Turkey. [ME. and OF. griffon, LL. griffus, L. gryphus, gryps, Gr. grups, fr.grupos, curved, hook-beaked, rrig, grig, n. The sand eel ; a cricket ; grasshopper. [S. rt. cricket ; cf. D. krik, krekel, a cricket, Sw. dial. kraka, G. kriechen, to creep." Grill, gril, v. t. [grilled (grild), -ling. To broil on a grate or gridiron ; to torment as if by broiling. [F. griller, fr. gril, gridiron, grille, grating, L. cra- ticula, small gridiron, fr. crates, a hurdle. See Crate, GrateO — GriUade', -lad', n. Act of grill- ing; thing grilled. Grim, grim, a. [grimmer, -mest.] Of forbidding or f ear-inspiring aspect ; ferocious ; horrid ; ghastly ; grisly; surly. [AS.; gram, angry, grimetan, to rage, roar, Dan. grim, ugly, grim, Ic. grimmr, grim, stern.] — Grim'ly, a. and adv. — Grim'ness, n. Grimace, grY-mas', n. A distortion of the counte- nance, to express contempt, disapprobation, etc. ; a smirk; made-up face. [F.; AS. and Ic. grima, D. grijns, a mask ; s. rt. grin, grim, grime.'] Grimalkin, grY-maf kin, n. An old cat. [For gray malkin; malkin dim. of Maud, Matilda, fr. OHG. maht-hilt ; maht = E. might ; hilt — AS. hild, battle.] Grime, grim, n. Foul matter; dirt. — v. t. To sully or soil deeply ; to dirt. [Dan. grim, griim, OD. grym- sel, soot, smut, Sw. dial, grima, a smut on the face. See Grimace.] — Grinfy, -Y, a. [-ier, -iest.] Full of grime; dirty; foul. Grin, grin, v. i. [grinned (grind), -ning.] To open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, as in laughter, scorn, or pain. —v. t. To express by grin- ning. — n. Act of, etc. [AS. grennian, Dan. grine, Sw. grina ; s. rt. groan, grim.] Grind, grind, v. t. [ground (grownd), grinding.] To reduce to powder, by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth ; to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction; to prepare for examination ; to oppress by severe exactions, harass. — v. i. To perform the operation of grinding ; to become pulverized, pol- ished, sharpened by friction ; to drudge. [AS. grin- dan ; s. rt.L.friare, fricare, to rub, Gr. chriem, to graze, Skr. ghrish, to grind, E. friable, friction.] — Grind'er, n. One who, or that which, grinds; one of *he double teeth which grinds or masticates food, a. molar : see Tooth, — Grind'ery, -er-Y, n. Shoe- makers' materials.— Grind 'stone, n. A flat, circular, revolving stone, for grinding and sharpening tools. — Grist, grist, n. That which is ground at one time; supply; provision. JAS., fr. grmdan, gristbitian, to grind the teeth.] — Grist' -mill, n. A mill for grind- ing grain. — Gris'tle, -1, n. (Anat.) A smooth, solid, elastic substance in animal bodies ; cartilage. [AS., dim. of grist, as it must be crunched if eaten.] — Gris'tly, -1Y, a. Consisting of, or like, etc. Gripe, grip, v. t. [griped (gript), griping.] To catch with the hand, clutch; to seize and hold fast; to pain the bowels of, as if by pressure or contraction; to pinch, distress. — v. i. To hold or pinch as with a gripe; to get money by hard bargains or exactions; to suffer griping pains. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship. — n. Grasp; seizure; clutch; that on which the grasp is put; a handle; op- pression ; cruel exaction; pinching distress; spas- modic pain in the intestines. (Naut.) The fore- foot; sharpness of a ship's stern under the water: pi. ropes, dead-eyes, and hooks, to secure the boats to the deck. [AS. gripan, Ic. and Sw. gripa, Skr. grah, to seize; b. rt. E. grab, grope, grasp, not s. rt. grap- ple, grapnel.] — Grip'er, n. — Grip, grYp, n. A grasp; a holding fast; a peculiar clasp of the hand; that by which anything is grasped. — v. t. [gripped (grYpt), -ping.] To give a grip to, gra6p, gripe. [F. gripper, f r. Ic. gripa?] Griqua, gre'kwa, n. One of a mixed race, living in Griqua land, S. Africa, descended from the Dutch boers and Hottentots of Cape Colony. Grisette, gre-zet', ». A young, laboring French woman; esp. one kept as a servant and mistress. [F., orig. a coarse and cheap dress, fr. oris, gray.] Grisly, gris'lY, a. Frightful; horrible; terrible. [AS. gryslic, gryrelic, G. grausig, fr. graus, horror, grau- sen, to eause to shudder, MHG. gruen, to shudder, Dan. gru, terror.] — Gris'liness, n. — Grew'some, Grue'some, groo'sum, a. Ugly; frightful. Grison, gri'son, n. A S. Amer. animal, like a large weasel. [F., f r. grison, gray-haired, f r. gris, gray.] Grist, Gristle, etc. See under Grind. Grit, grit, n. Sand or gravel; rough particles; struc- ture of a stone as to fineness or coarseness, or adap- tation to grinding and sharpening; spirit; spunk. (Geol.) A hard, gritty conglomerate or sand-stone. pi. Hulled and broken grain; groats. (High Milling.) Fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats. — v. i. To give forth a sound as of sand under the feet; to grind. — v. t. To grind, grate. [AS. great, Ic. grjot ; s. rt. grout.] — Grif ty, -tY, a. Containing, or consisting of, sand, etc.; rough; spirited and resolute. — Grit'tiness, n.— Grif stone, n. A hard sandstone. Grizzle, griz'zl, n. Gray; a mixture of white and black. [F. and MHG. gris, gray, G. greis, a gray- haired man ; prob. s. rt. gray ; s. rt. grisette.] — Griz'- zled, -zld, o. Gray. — Griz'zly, -zlY, a. Somewhat gray. — Grizzly bear. A large and ferocious bear of Western N. Amer. Groan, gron, v. i. [groaned (grond), groaning.] To give forth a low, moaning sound, as in pain or sor- row; to strive after earnestly. — n. A low, moaning sound, — usually uttered in pain; sometimes, in de- rision. [AS. granian ; s. rt. grin.] Groat, grawt, n. An old English coin worth 8 cents; any small sum. [ME. and OLG. grote, name of the com, also great, D. groot, E. great.'] Groats, grawts, n. pi. Oats or wheat hulled and broken or cracked. [AS. gratan ; s. rt. grind.] Grocer, gro'sgr, n. A dealer in tea, sugar, spices, etc. [Orig. grosser, OF. grossier, a wholesale dealer, fr. gros, great.] — Gro'cery, -sSr-Y, n. pi. Commodities sold by grocers. A grocer's store. [OF. grosserie.'] Grog, grog, n. A mixture of spirit and water, usually not sweetened. [Fr. " Old Grog,'" nickname of Ad- miral Edw. Vernon, who wore grogram breeches, and, about 1745, had the sailors' rum diluted with water.] — Grog'gery, -ger-Y, n. A grog-shop.— Grog'- gy, -gY, a. Overcome with grog; tipsy; weakened in a fight so as to stagger; moving in a hobbling man- ner, from tender feet, — said of a horse. — Grog'gi- nesfi, n. — Grog'shop, n. A place for retailing, etc. Grogram, grog'ram, Grog'ran, n. A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair; also, a strong, coarse silk. [OF. gros-grain; gros, coarse, grain, grain, texture.] Groin, groin, n. The depressed part of the body be- tween belly and thigh. (Arch.) The angular curve made by the intersection of 2 semi-cylinders or arches. — v. t. [groined fgroind), groining.] (Arch.) To fashion into, or adorn with groins. [Prov. E. grain, fork of the branches of a tree, Ic. grein, branch, arm, greina, to fork, branch off.] — Groined, groind, a. (Arch.) Having an angular curve made t>y intersection of arches. Grommet, grom'met, n. (Naut.) A ring formed of a strand of rope laid round by others in a particular manner; a metal ring to finish an eyelet, etc. (Mil.) A rope wad for cannon. [F. gourmette, fr. gourmer, to curb, thump.] Groom, groom, n. A servant; esp. one in charge of horses; one of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's depart- ment; a man recently married, or about to be mar- ried; a bridegroom. — v. t. [groomed (groomd), grooming.] To tend or care for (a horse). [ME. Groined Arch. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, t5ne, 6r; GROOVE 243 GRUME Grossbeak. grom, grome. prob. fr. AS. and Goth, guma, L. homo, a man.] — Grooms'' man, n. An attendant of a bride- groom atjiis wedding. Groove, groov, n. A furrow, channel; a long hollow cut by a tool.— v. t. [grooved (groovd), grooving.] To cut a groove in, form into grooves, furrow. [D. groef, groeve, a grave, groove ; s. rt. grove, q. v.] Grope', grop. v. i. [groped (gropt), groping.] To at- tempt to find something in the dark, or as a blind person, by feeling; to feel one's way. — v. t. To search out by feeling in the dark. [AS. grapian, to seize, handle, grap, grip of the fingers, gripen, to gripe; s. rt. grasp.'] Gross, gros, a. Great; excessively or disproportion- ately large ; bulky ; coarse ; rough ; not easily aroused ; stupid: vulgar: indelicate; obscene; impure; thick; dense; palpable; whole; entire; total.— n. The main body, bulk, mass; the number of 12 dozen. [OF. gros, L. grossus, thick; s. rt. grocer, grogr am, engross, etc.] — A great gross. 12 gross; 144 dozen. — In the g., in g. In the bulk, or the whole undivided; all parts taken together. — Gross'ly, -It, adv. — Gross'- ness, n. — Gross'beak, -bek, n. A singing bird of several species, allied to the finch and linnet, having a convex bill, very thick at the base. [F. gros'bec, great beak.] Grot, grot, Grot'to, n. ; pL -toes, -toz. A natural cav- ern; an artificial cave or cav- ern-like apartment. [F. grotte. It. grotta, fr. L L. grupta, a crypt, cave, L. crypta, a crypt, q. v.] — Grotesque'', -tesk r , a. Like figures formerly painted in grottoes; whimsical; extravagant. [OF.] Ground, imp. and_p. p. of Grind, q. v. Ground, grownd, n. The surface of the earth, also of a floor; region; territory; land; estate; basis on which anything rests ; foundation ; premise, reason, or da- tum ; originating force, agency, or agent. (Paint.) The surface on which an object is represented; that portion of manufactured articles, of a uniform color, on which the figures are drawn or projected, pi. Sediment; dregs: lees. (Arch.) Pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are at- tached. (Mus.) A composition in which the base, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody; the tune on which descants are raised. (Elec.) A conduct- ing connection with the earth, making it part of an electrical circuit.— v. t. To lay or set on the ground; to found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, fix firmly; to instruct in elements or first principles. (Elec.) To connect with the ground, so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit.— v. i. To run aground; to strike and remain fixed. [AS., Dan., Sw., and G. grund, ground ; perh. orig. dust, earth, and s. rt. grind.] — To gain ground. To advance, proceed for- ward in conflict, obtain an advantage. — To give g. To recede, yield advantage. — To lose g. To retire, retreat, lose advantage, credit, or reputation. — Groundless, a. Without ground or foundation ; false. — Groundlessly, adv. — Groundlessness, n.— Ground'age, -ej, n. A tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port.— Ground '- ling, n. (Ichth.) A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water; the spined loach. A spectator in the pit of the theater, orig. on the ground and without seats. — Ground'sel, n. An annual, low-growing plant. [ME. greneswel, AS. grundeswelge, fr. grund and swelgan, to swallow, fr. its profuse growth.] — Ground'sel, -sill, n. The timber in a building next to the ground; ground-plate; sill. [ME. grunsel, fr. sill, q. v.] — Ground'swell, n. A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean after a storm, or caused by a distant gale. — Ground'work, n. Foundation; basis; the essential part, ground; first principle; orig- inal reason. — Ground'-ash, n. A sapling of ash.— -bait, n. Bait dropped to the bottom of the water to collect fish. — floor, n. The floor of a house on a level, or nearly so, with the ground. — hog, n. The American marmot; woodchuck; also, an animal of Australia. — nut.n. The peanut; also, a leguminous, twining plant, producing clusters of purple flowers, and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste; also, the dwarf ginseng; also, a European plant, hav- ing an edible root of globular shape, and sweet, aro- matic taste. — plan, n. Plan of the foundation or rooms of a building. — plate, n. (Arch.) One of the lower horizontal timbers of a building upon which the frame stands; agroundsill. — plot.n. Ground on which a building is placed; plan of the lower part of a building. — rent, n. Rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's land. — squir'rel, n. A squirrel_that burrows in the ground; a chipmunk. Group, groop, n. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an as- semblage of persons or things: an assemblage of fig- ures or objects in a certain order or relation, or hav- ing some resemblance or common characteristic. (Mus.) A number of 8th, 16th, etc., notes tied to- gether; any musical ornament consisting of several short tones, — v. t. [grouped (groopt), grouping.] n a cjroup of, forr combine. [F. groupe, group, It. groppo, knot, group, To form a t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. GUTTA-PERCHA 246 HACK Gutta-percha, gntla-pgr'cha, n. An inelastic inspis- sated sap from trees of the Malayan archipelago, re- sembling caoutchouc in its properties. [Malay, gatah (spelled gutta, fr. confusion with L. gutta, a drop), gum, and percha^. name of the tree.] Guttural, gutler-al, a. Pert, to, or formed in, the throat. — n. A letter pronounced in the throat. [F. ; L. gutturalis, fr. guttur, the throat ; prob. s. rt. gutta, a drop.] — Gut'turally, adv.— Gufturalness, n. Guy, gi, n. A rope or rod attached to anything to steady it. TSp. guia, a guy, also a leader, fr. guiar, F. guii/er, E. guide, q. v.] Guy, gi, n. A grotesque effigy of Guy Fawkes, dressed up in Eng., on Nov. 5th, anniversary of the Gunpow- der Plot; a person of queer dress or appearance. Guzzle, guz'zl, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To swal- low liquor greedily, drink frequently. — v. t. To swallow much or often. — n. An insatiable thing or person. [OF. gouziller, to gulp, swallow; s. rt. F. gosier, throat.] — Guz'zler, n. Gybe, jib, v. t. & i. [gybed (jibd), gybing.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a vessel to the other. Gymnasium, jim-na'zT-um, n. ; pi. -sia, -zi-a. A place for athletic exercises; school for the higher branches of literature and science. [L.; Gr. gumnasion, fr. gumnazein, to exercise, fr. gumnos, naked.] — Gym'- nast, n. One who teaches or practices gymnastic ex- ercises; manager of a gymnasium. — Gymnaslic, -tical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Gymnaslically, adv. — Gymnas'tic, n. Athletic exercise ; one who practices or teaches, etc. — Gymnastics, n. Athletic exer- cises, or the art of performing, etc.— Gymnos'ophist, -o-fist, n. One of a sect of E. Indian philosophers who went almost naked. [Gr. gumnosophistes ; so- phistes, philosopher.] — Gym'nosperm, -no-sperm, n. (Bot.) A plant that bears naked seeds, as the com- mon pine and hemlock. [Gr. sperma, seed.] — Gym- no'tus, n. The S. Amer. electrical eel. [Gr. notos, the back.] Gynarchy, jin'ar-kT, n. Government by a woman. [Gr. gune, woman, and archein, to rule.] — Gyn'eoc'- racy, -e-okla-sl, n. Gynarchy. [Gr. kratein, to rule.] — Gyn'ecoKogy, -ji, n. (Med.) Science of the nature and diseases of women. [Gr. logos, dis- course.] Gypsum, jip'sum, n. (Min.) A mineral consisting of sulphate of lime and 21 per cent, of water: when burnt to drive off the water, and ground up, it forms plaster of Paris. [L.; Gr. gupsos, chalk. Per. jabsin, lime, Ar. jibs, plaster, mortar.] — Gyp'seous, -se-us, a. Like or containing gypsum. — Gypsog'raphy, -sog'ra-f i, n. Act or art of engraving upon, etc. [Gr. graphein, to write.] Gypsy, Gipsy, Gypsey, jip'si, n. ; pi. -sies, -siz. One of a vagabond race, orig. fr. India, living by theft, fortune-telling, tinkering, etc.; a cunning or crafty person. [Corrupt, of Egyptian, fr. an idea that they came from Egypt.] Gyrus, jilus, n. ; pi. -ki, -ri. (Anat.) A convolution of the brain. [L.; Gr. guros, a ring, circle, also (adj.) round; L. gyrare, -ratum, to turn round.] —Gyre, jir, n. A circular motion, or circle described bv a moving body. — Gy'ral, a. Moving in a circular path; whirling; gyratory. (Med.) Pert, to a gyrus. — Gy'rate, -rat, v. i. 1 o revolve round a central point, move spirally. — Gyra'tion, n. Act of turn- ing or whirling around a fixed center; a circular or spiral motion; rotation.— Gy'ratory, -to-rT, a. Mov- ing in a circle, or spirally.— Gyrlalcon, jerlaw-kn, n. A falcon from the far north, bolder and stron- ger than the peregrine or common European falcon. [OF. gerfault, It. gerfalco, LL. gerofalco, gyrofalco, a falcon (falco) which circles before descending on its prey; prob. not fr.G. geier, a vulture, fr. L.gyrare.] — GyT'omancy, jir'o-man'si, n. A kind of divination performed by walking in or around a circle. [Gr. manteia, divination.]— Gyloscope, -skop, n. A rota- ting wheel mounted in a ring or rings, illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, composition of ro- tations, etc. [Gr. skopein, to view.] Gyve, jlv, n. A shackle, esp. one to confine the legs; chain. [W. gefyn, Ga. and Ir. geimheal, fetter, chain, Ir. geibhaim, Ga. gabh, to take, receive.] H. H, ach, the 8th letter of the Eng. alphabet, commonly classed as a consonant, is a mere breathing, aspira- ting a following vowel. (Mus.) The 7th degree in the diatonic scale, used by Germans for B natural. Ha, ha, inter). An exclamation of surprise, joy, or grief. [MflG.; G. he; MEG. and OFries. haha, de- noting laughter.] Eabeas Corpus, ha'be-as-kfir'pus. (Law.) A writ to bring a party before a court or judge ; esp., one to inquire into the cause of a person's imprisonment or detention by another, to protect the right to per- sonal liberty. [L., you may have the body.] Haberdasher, hab'Sr-dasb/er, n. A seller of small wares, such as tapes, pins, needles, thread, etc. [OF., fr. Ic. hapurtask, prob. peddler's wares, fr. haprtask, pack, haversack, q. v.j — Hab'erdaBb/ery, -Sr-i, n. Goods sold by, etc. [OF. haberdashrie.] Haberdine, hab-er-den' or hab'er-din, n. A dried salt cod. [Prob. corrupt, fr. Aberdeen-fish.'] Habergeon, ha-ber^je-un, n. Defensive armor from neck to middle, formed of iron meshes. [OF. hauber- gon, dim. of hauberc. See Hauberk.] Habiliment, ha-bil'i-ment, n. A garment ; clothing. [F. habillement, f r. habiller, to dress? get ready, fr. ha- bile, ready, L. habilis, fit. See Able and Habit.] Habit, habit, n. The usual condition of a person or thing ; ordinary state ; esp. physical temperament ; fixed custom ; involuntary tendency or aptitude to perform certain actions, acquired by their fre- quent repetition ; manner ; way ; custom ; moral character ; attire ; dress ; habiliment ; a garment, esp. a closely fitting coat worn by ladies. — v. t. To dress, clothe, array. [OF. ; L. habitus, a garment, also a habit, custom, fr. L. habere, habitum, to have, keep ; 8. rt. exhibit, inhabit, prohibit, able, dishabille, debt,binnacle, malady; not s. rt.have.]— Habitat, n. (Nat. Hist.) The natural abode of a plant or animal. [L., 3d pers. sing, of habitare, to dwell, freq. of ha- bere A — Habitant, n. An inhabitant ; dweller ; res- ident. £F., fr. habiter, L. habitare.'] — Habitable, a. [F.: L. habitabilis.]— Habltableness, -ability, -tT, n. — Habltancy, -an-st, n. Same as Inhabitancy. — Habita'tion, n. Act of inhabiting ; state of dwel- ling; place of abode; mansion; residence. (Bot.) A habitat. [F.] — Habit'uai, «u-al, a. Formed or ac- quired by, or according to, habit ; rendered per- manent bv continued causes. [OF.] — Habit'ually, adv. — Habit'uate, v. t. To make accustomed, ac- custom ; familiarize. — Habit'ua'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Habitude, -tfld, n. Fre- quent repetition of an act or feeling, and its result- ing consequence ; customary manner or mode of living, feeling, or acting. [F.; L. habitudo.] — Ha- bitue, a-bit'oo-a', n. One habituated to a certain place, employment, etc. ; a frequenter. [F.] Hacienda, a/the-en'da, n. An estate for stock-raising; farm. [Sp., employment, estate, fr. L. faciendum^ -da, what is to be done, fr. facere, to do.] Hack, hak, v. t. [hacked (hakt), hacking.] To cut irregularly and awkwardly, notch ; to speak with stops or hesitation. — v. i. To cough in a broken manner, hawk. — n. A notch ; cut ; hesitating or faltering speech. [D. hakken, to hew, Sw. hacka, to chop, ONorthumb. hackande, troublesome; s. rt. hash.]— Hag'gess, -ges, -gis, n. A pudding contain- ing parts of a sheep, with herbs. [Scot., f r. hag = E. hew ; D. haksel, minced meat.] — Hag'gle, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -glixg.] To cut into small pieces; to roughen by cutting; to tease, worry.— v. i. To be difficult in bargaining, chaffer, higgle. [Freq. of Scot, hag ; D. hakkelen, to mangle, stammer, hakketeren, to wran- gle, cavil, fr. hakken.] — Hag'gler, n. One who, etc.; one who forestalls a market.— Hig'gle, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To carry provisions about for sale ; to chaffer. — Hig'gler, n. Hack, hak, n. A horse, or carriage, let out for com- mon hire; a family horse used in all kinds of work; a man who hires himself out for literary work ; a am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Cnd, term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd. tone. 8r HACKBERR7 247 HALLELUJAH drudge ; a large pick for working stone : a rack for feeding cattle; a frame for drying fish, or cheeses: a place where bricks are dried before burning : the wooden frame in the tailrace of a mill. —a. Haek- neved; hired; mercenary. [Abbr. of hackney.] — Haick'ney, -nt, n. ; pi. -neys, -niz. A hack; nag; ponv ; one worn by hired drudgery ; a hireling ; pros'titute. — a. Let out for hire ; prostitute; much used; common ; trite. — v. t. [hackneyed (-nid), -xeying.] To devote to common use, as a horse or coach; to make trite or commonplace. [OF. haquenee, OD. hackeneye, prob. fr. hakken, to chop (see Hack, r. (.), to jolt, and negge, a nag.] — Hack'ney-coach, n. A coach kept for hire; a hack. Hackberry, hak'bgr-ri, n. An Amer. tree, resembling an elm, bearing a small edible fruit. Hackle, hak'l, Heckle, Hatch'el, hachl, v. t. [-led (-Id), -lino.] To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or hatchel; to tear rudely asunder. — a. An instrument with teeth for separating (coarse flax from fine) ; any flimsy substance nn- spun, as raw silk; a fly for angling. [D. hekel, dim. of haak, hook.] — Hatch'eler, n. Hackmatack, hak'ma-tak, n. The black larch or tamarack tree. [Of Indian origin.] Had. See Have. Haddock, had'dok, n. A sea-fish smaller than the cod, which it resembles. [Cf. Ga. alag, OF. hadot, a haddock. Gr. gados, a cod, < AS. hacod. See Hake.] Hades, ha'dez, n. The hab- itation of the dead. [Gr. Haddock. Hades, Haides, perh. fr. o priv. and idem, to see.] HasmaL etc. See Hemal. Haft, haft, n. A handle (of a knife, sword, etc.) : i hilt. [AS. hseft; s. rt. AS. habban, Ic. hafa, L. ca- pere, E. have.'] Hag, hag, n. An ugly old woman; a fury ; she-mon- ster; a witch; sorceress. [AS. hcegtesse, MHG. hacke, a witch, perh. fr. AS. haga, MHG. hag, a hedge.] — ' Hag'gish, a. Like a hag ; ugly ; horrid. — Hag'- ; ship. n. State or title of, etc.— Hag'gard, a. Ap- ■ pearing wasted by want; thin; hollow-eved. Haggard, hag'gard, a. Wild or intractable. — n. An! untrained or refractory hawk ; anything wild or in- | tractable. [OF. hagard, wild, strange, orig. livin in a hedse, fr. MHG. hag. See Hag part of the Haggess, Haggle, etc. See under Hack, v. t. Hagiographa, hag-l-og'ra-fa, n. pi. That Old Testament not embraced by the Law and the Prophet6 ; the lives of the saints. [Gr., fr. hagios, holy (s. rt. 8kr. yaj, to worship), and graphein, to write.] — Hagiog'raphal, -fal, a. Pert, to the hagi- ographa. or to sacred writinss. — Hagiog'rapher, n. A sacred writer. — Hagiog'faphy, -ft, n. Same as Hagiogf.apha. — Hagiol'ogy, -jT, n. A narrative of the lives of the saints. [Gr. logos, speech.] Haguebut. hag'but or hag'e-but. See Arquebttse. Hah. interj. Same as Ha. Ha-ha, ha-ha', n. A fence, wall, or ditch sunk in a slope so as not to be seen until one is close upon it. [Reduplication of haw, a hedge. See Haw.] Haik. hak. n, A piece of cloth worn by Arabs over the tunic. [Ar. haik, fr. haka, to weave.] Hail, hal, n. Frozen rain, or grains of ice precipi- tated from the clouds, —v. i. [hailed (hald), hail- ing.] To pour down masses of ice or frozen vapor. — r. t. To pour down, as hail. [AS. hagal, D., Dan., Sw., and G. hagel; s. rt. Gr. fcachlax, a peb- ble.]— Hail'stone, n. A pellet of hail. — Hail 'y, -T, a. Full or consisting of, etc. Hail, hal, interj. An exclamation of salutation. — n. A wish of health; a salutation. — v. t. To call to one at a distance ; to salute ; to name, address. In the phrase, to hail from, to assign as a ship's port of reg- istry, or the place whence one comes or to which one" belongs. [Ic. heiU, hale, whole, in go«d health. heUsa. to say nail to, to greet.] — HaiK-fe'llow, n. An intimate companion.— Hale, a. Sound: healthv: robust. [AS. hal; s. rt. Ic. heiU, E. whole, health.] Hair, bar. n. A small animal filament growing from the skin, or a mass of such. (Bot.) A filament'on the surface of plants. (Mech.) A secondary sprins in some rifle or pistol loeks, to unlock the tunibler. [AS. hser, D. and Dan. haar.] — To split hairs. To make distinc- tions of useless nicety. — .iVof tcorth a h. Of no value. — To a h. With the nicest distinction. — Hair'y. -T, a. Made of, covered with, or like, etc— Hair'inesB, n. — Hairless, a. Without hair. — Hair'-breadth, n. The diameter or breadth of a hair; a very small distance, —a. Very narrow. — -brush, n. A brush for smoothing the hair. — -cloth, «. Stuff made wholly, or in part, of hair. dresser, n. One who dresses or cuts hair. — line, -stroke, n. A slender line in a letter or in drawing. — -trig'ger, n. An easily moved secondary trigger in some gua locks, which unlocks the hair. — pin, n. A pin used in dressing the hair. — spring, n. The fine steel re- coil-spring of a watch-balance. Hake, hak, n. A sea-fish of the cod family, having only 2 dorsal fins. [Xor- weg. hakefish, lit. hook- fish, fr. hake, Ic. haki, hook; AS. hacod.] aaKe - Halberd, hol'berd, -bert. n. An ancient weapon, combination of battle-ax, spear, and bill-hook, with a handle 6 ft. long. [OF. haleharde, MHG. helmbarte, prop, long-handled ax, f r. halm, helve, handle, and OHG. parta, broad ax.] — Hal'berdier' -er r , n. One carrving, etc. Halcyon, haKsT-on, n. The king-fisher. — a. Pert, to, or like the halcyon, which was said to lay her eggs near the sea during the calm weather about the winter solstice ; calm ; peaceful ; undisturbed; happy. [L. halcyon, al- cyon, Gr. alkuon, halkuon.] Hale, hal, a. Sound; healthy. See un- der Hail, interj. Hale, hal or hawl, v. t. [haled (hald or hawld), haxhtg.1 To drag, haul. [F. haler, to haul, OHG. halon, to fetch; same as haul.] Half, haf, n. ; pi. Halves, havz. One of 2 equal parts of a thing. —a. Consisting of a moiety, or half . — adv. In part, or in an equal part or degree. [AS. healf, D. and Sw. half.] — To go halves. To have an equal share. —Halve, hav, v. t. [halved (havd), halving.] To divide into 2 equal parts. — Half- and-half', n. A mixture of beer or porter and ale. — bind'ing, n. A style of book-binding in which the backs and corners are in leather, and the sides in paper or cloth. — blood, n. Relation between persons born of the same father or of the same mother, but not of both. — blood'ed, a. Proceeding from a male and female of different breeds or races; degenerate ; mean. breed, n. A person who is half-blooded ; esp. the offspring of Indians and whites. — brotb/er, n. A brother by one parent only. sis'ter, n. caste, n. One born of a Hin- doo parent on the one side, and of a European on the other. cock, n. The position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch. — heart'ed, a. Wanting in true affection; illiberal: lacking interest; lukewarm. moon, n. The moon wheH half its disk appears illuminated : anything shaped like a half-moon. (Fort.) An outwork composed of 2 faces, forming a salient angle. note, n. (Mus.) A minim, in value Halberd. T*- s. ±=z=fc 22: one half of a semi- breve, or whole note, and represented thus: — pay, n. Half the amount of wages or salary ; more common- ly, diminished or reduced pay. — penny, haf'pen-nt, Hap^pen-nT, or ha.'pe-n-nX,n.pl.; Half-pence, haf'-. An Enslish coin worth 1 cent ; the value of half a penny. — step. n. (JIus.) A semitone. — tone, -ton. A middle tint, neither very dark nor very light, in a painting, engraving, photograph, etc.; a photo-ensraving having such tints. — way. adv. In the middle; at half the distance; imperfectlv; par- tially. — a. Midway. — witted, a. Weak in intel- lect;" silly; foolish. — -yearly, a. Two in a year. — adv. Twice in a vear: semi-annually. Halibnt. hol'I-but," n. A large, edible flat-fish, dark above and white beneath. [D. heilhoi. fr. heilig, holy, and bot, a plaice, — one to be eaten on holidays.] Hall, hawl, a. A building or large room devoted to public business or domestic convenience ; a pas- sage-way at the entrance cf a house or suite of cham- bers ; a manor-house : a larze edifice belonging to a collegiate institution; a place of public assembly ; a college in an English university. [AS. heall, iorhal, fr. helan, to conceal, cover: s. rt. cell,!,, cella, fr. ce- tare, to conceal ; not s. rt. L. anla, a hall.] Hallelniah. -jah. halie-hi'ya, AHelu'iali, n. & interj. Praise ye Jehovah, — an exclamation used in songs sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxi*o>~, chair, get. HALLOO 248 HAND of praise and in thanksgiving to God. [Heb. ha- lelujah ; halal, to praise, jah, contr. of Jehovah.'] Halloo, hal-loo', v. i. [-looed (-lood'). -looing.] To cry out, call to by name, or by the word halloo.— v. t. To eneourage with shouts, chase with shouts, call or shout to. — re. A call to invite attention. — interj. Ho, there ! ho ! — an exclamation to call attention or to encourage one. [Prob. AS. interj. eala ; ea = E. ah ! ; la = E. lo /] Hallow, hal'lo, v. t. [-lowed (-lod), -lowing.] To make holy, consecrate, treat as sacred. [AS. hal- gian, fr. halig, holy, q. v.] — HalToween', -en', re. The evening preceding All Saints' day. — Hallow- mas, re. The feast of All Souls, All Saints, or All Hallows. [ME. halowe, halwe, a saint, fr. AS. halig, and mass, q. v.] Hallucination, hal-lu'st-na'shun, re. Error; delusion; mistake ; an illusion of sensible perception, occa- sioned by some bodily or organic disorder or affec- tion. [L. hallucinatio, fr. hallucinari, or alucinari, to wander in mind, dream.] Halo, ha'lo, re. ; pi. Ha'los, -loz. A circle of light; in painting, a glory ; a luminous circle round the sun or moon. — v. t. or i. [haloed (-lod), haloing.] To form, or surround with, a halo. [L. and Gr. halos } a round threshing floor, Gr. aleein, to grind, eleuein, to wind, curve; s. rt. L. volvere, to roll, Skr. valaya, a circle.] —Hagioscope, -skop, re. An in- strument for exhibition, illustration, or explanation of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like. [Gr. skopein, to view.] Haloid, haloid, a. ( Chem.) Resembling a salt, — ap- plied to binary compounds, such as chloride of so- dium, or common salt. [Gr. hals, halos, salt, and eirtos, form.] Halser, haws'er. Saim as Hawser. Halt, hawlt, v. i. To stop in walking or marching ; to step lamely, limp; to nesitate ; to liavean irregu- lar rhythm. — v. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease march- ing ; to stop. — a. Halting in walking ; lame. — re. A stop in marching ; act of limping ; lameness. [ME., Dan., and Sw.; AS. healt, lame, AS. healtian, to halt.] — Halt'er, n. Halter, hawl'ter, re. A strong strap or cord ; esp. a strap and headstall for a horse ; a rope for hanging malefactors. — v. t. [haltered (-terd), -tering.] To put a halter on. [AS. healfter; perh. s. rt. Skr. kal, to drive.] Halve. See under Half. Halyard, Halliard, haKyard. re. (Namt.) A rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. [Contr. of hale-yard. See Hale, v. ?.] Ham, ham, re. The inner or hind part of the knee; the thigh of any animal, esp. that of a hog cured by salting and smoking. [AS. hamm, Sw. dial, and D. ham; s. rt. L. camurus, W. cam, bent, It. gamha, F. jambe, leg, E. chamber, gambol, gammon.] — Ham'- shack'le, v. t. To fasten by a rope binding the head to one of the fore legs; to bind, restrain.— Ham r - string, re. One of the tendons of the leg.— v. t. [ham- strung or -stringed (-stringd), -stringing.] To lame or disable by cutting the tendons, etc. Hamadryad, ham / 'a-dri / ad, re. ; E. pi. -ads, -adz, L. pi. -ades, -a-dez. A wood-nymph, feigned to live and die with her special tree. [Gr. Hamadruades, fr. hama, together or coexistent with, and drus, tree.] Hames, hamz, re. pi. The curved pieces fastening a horse's traces and harness to the collar. [Perh. s. rt. OHG. ham, W. cam, curved. See Ham.] Hamite, ham'it, -it'ic, a. Pert, to Ham or his descend- ants; esp. to a group of peoples and languages of N. E. Africa. Hamlet, hamlet, re. A small village; little cluster of houses in the country. [OF. hainel; s. rt. OFries. and AS. ham — E. home, q. v.] Hammer, harn'mgr, re. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, etc.; something of like form or action, as the striker of a clock, gun lock, etc. — v. t. [hammered (-merd), -merino.] To beat, form, or forge with a hammer; to contrive by intellectual labor, — v. i. To be busy; to be working or in agita- tion. [Dan. and G.; AS. hamor.] — Ham'merer, re. — Ham'mer-hard'en, v. t. To harden (metal) by hammering in the cold state. — Ham'mer-head, re. (Ichth.) A shark, having the eyes set on projections from .the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer shape. Hammer-cloth, ham'me'r-kloth, n. The cloth covering a coach-box. [Orig. hamer-cloth, fr. D. hemel, Sw., Dan., and G. Aimmel, heaven, also a tester, cover- ing, AS. hama, a covering.] Hammock. ! Hammock, ham'mek. n. A netting or cloth suspended by clews, to hold a bed etc. [Sp. hamaca, Indian origin.] Hamose, ha-mos', Ha' mous, -mus, a. (Hot.) Having the end hooked or curved. [L. hatnus, hook.] Hamper, ham 'per, re. A large basket for conveying things to market, etc. [Contr. f r. hanaper.] — Hari'aper, -a-per, re. A bas- ket, usually of wicker-work; a basket, in the early Eng. treasury, to receive fees due the king; hence, the exchequer; a basket in the Hanaper Office of the Court of Chancery to hold writs regarding the pub- lic. [LL. hanaperium, a receptacle for cups, fr. OF. hanap, OHG. hnapf, D. nap, a cup.] Hamper, ham^per, re. An instrument that shackles; a fetter. — v. t. [hampered (-perd), -pering.] To put a fetter on, shackle, eneumber. [ME. hamperen, fr. AS. hamelian, Ic. hamla, to mutilate, maim.] Hamster, ham'stfer, n. A species of short-*ailed rat, having cheek pouches, which stores grain, etc., in its burrow. [OHG. hdmistro, hdmastro.] Hand, hand, re. The outer extremity of the human arm, consisting of the palm, thumb, and fingers; that which resembles a hand, as, a limb of certain animals, or an index or pointer of a dial; a measure of the hand's breadth; 4 inches; a palm, — applied to the measurement of a horse's height; side; part; direction; power of performance; skill; actual per- formance; deed; act; an agent, servant, or laborer; style of handwriting ; chirography ; possession ; ownership; course of performance or execution; agency in the transmission from one person to an- other; that which is held in a hand at once. — v. t. To give, transmit, lead, guide, or lift, with the hand. [AS., D., Ic, Sw., and G.; s. rt. Goth, hin- than, to seize.] — At or on all hands. From those in every direction; by all parties. — At hand. Near in time or place. —By h. With the hands, disting. fr. instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals. —From h. to h. From one person to another. — H. in h. In union ; conjointly; unitedly. — H. over h. By pass- ing the hands alternately one before or above an- other. — H. to h. In close union; close in fight. — H. to mouth. Precariously ; from day to day. — Laying on of hands. A form used in consecrating to office and in blessing persons. — Offhand. Without delay, hesitation, or difficulty. — Off one's h. Out of one's possession or care. — On h. In present posses- sion. — To bear a h. (Naut.) To give help quickly; hasten. — To be h. and glove. To be intimate and familiar, as friends or associates. — To be on the mending h. To be convalescent or improving. — To change hands. To change sides, or change owners. — To come to hand. To be received. — To have a h. in. To be concerned in. — To have in h. To under- take, be engaged upon. — To lend a h. To give as- sistance. — To put the h. to, or lay h. on. To seize. — To strike hands. To make a contract, or to be- come surety for another's debt or good behavior. — To take in h. To attempt, undertake; to seize and deal with. — To wash the h. To profess innocence. — Under the hand of. Authenticated by the hand- writing or signature of. — Handler, n. One who hands or transmits. — Hand'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Skillful in using the hand; dexterous; adroit; ready to the hand; convenient. — Hand'ily, adv. — Hamv- iness, «. — Hand'bill, re. A loose printed sheet, cir- culated for some public announcement. — Hand'- Cttff, re. A fastening consisting of a ring around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one on the other wrist; a manacle, — v. t. [handcuffed (-kuft), -cuffing.] To put handcuffs on ; to manacle. — Hand'fast, a. Stout; steadfast.— re. Hold; custody; in Scot., formerly, marriage for a year and a day. — Hand'ful, -ful, re. ,• pi. -fuls. As much as the hand will contain; a small quantity or number. — Hand 1 ' maid, -maiden, re. A maid that waits at hand; a female servant. — Hand'saw, re. A saw used with the hand. — fiand'spike, re. A bar, used as a lever. — Hand'spring, re. A spring in which one places his hands on the ground, turns a somersault, and alights on his feet. — Hand'writ'ing, re. The form of writing peculiar to each hand or person; chirog- raphy ; what is written by hand ; manuscript. . vehicle borne by men's hands, bell, re. A small bell rung by Hand'-bar'row, without a wheel the hand. — book, re. A small book of reference am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term ; Tb, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; HANG 249 HARD manual. — breadth, n. A space equal to the breadth of the hand; a palm. — gallop, n. A slow gallop, restrained by the hand. — -or'gan, n. A portable organ, played by a cylinder set with pins, turned by the hand. — rail, n. A rail to hold by, as of a stair- way, locomotive, etc. — Handicap, n. A race in which the horses carry different weights, according to their age and character for speed, etc., to equalize the chances as much as possible; an allowance of a certain amount of time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the competitor possessing in- ferior advantages. — v. t. To encumber with a handicap; to hamper. [Fr. hand V cap, prob. fr. drawing lots from a cap.] — Handicraft, n. Manual occupation; work performed by the hand.— Hand- icraftsman, n. ; pi. -men. A man skilled in manual occupation ; a manufacturer. — Handiwork, n. Work done br the hands. [AS. handgeweorc] — Handkerchief, hank'er-chif, n. A cloth, for wip- ing the face, etc. ; a neckerchief ; neckcloth. — Handle, -1, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To touch; to use or hold with the hand; to manage or wield; to make familiar by frequent touching; to deal with, practice; to treat; to practice on, transact with; to discourse on, discuss. — n. That part of a vessel or instrument held in the hand when used. [AS. handlian, Dan. handle, to handle, Dan. handel, a handle.]— To give a handle. To furnish an occa- sion.— Hand'ling, n. A touching or use by the hand ; treatment; action. (Paint.) The mode of using the pencil. — Hand'sel, n. A gift; earnest money; sale, gift, or delivery, which is the first of a series; a first installment. — v. t. To give a handsel to. [Dan., AS. handselen, a delivery into the hand, fr. hand and sellan, to give, deliver.] — Handlome, han'sum, a. [-somee, -somest.] Having a pleasing appearance or expression; comely; good-looking; marked with propriety and ease; appropriate; lib- eral; generous; moderately large. [D. handzaam.'] — Hand'somely, adv.— Hand'someness, n. Hang, hang, v. t. [hanged (hangd) or hung, hang- ing. Hanged is preferable to hung when reference is had to execution by suspension.] To suspend; to fasten, so as to allow of free motion upon the point or points of suspension; to put to death by suspending; to decorate by hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, etc.; to droop. — v. i. To be suspended, dangle, de- pend; to be fastened so as to allow free motion on the point of suspension; to rest for support, depend; to be a weight; to hover, impend; to lean or in- cline. — n. The manner in which one part hangs upon another; connection; arrangement; plan. [AS. hangian, Ic. hanga, D. hangenJ] — To hang fire. (Mil.) To be slow in discharging or communicating fire through the vent to the charge ; to be slow in exploding. — To h. a scythe. To fasten it properly to the snath.— To h. by the eyelids. To hang by a very slight hold. — To h. on. To keep hold, hold fast, stick. — To h. together. To be united, stand by- one another; to be self-consistent. — To get the h. of. To learn the arrangement of, become accus- tomed to. — Hang'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; a short sword; that by which a thing is sus- pended, esp. (Mach.) a part suspending a journal- box, in which shafting runs. — Hang'er-on, n. One who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or plan; a dependent.— Hanging, n. Death by suspension; that which is hung, as, drapery for a room.— Hang'- dog, n. A degraded man, fit only to be the hangman of dogs. — a. Like, etc.— Hang'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who hangs another ; a public executioner. — Hang'nail. n. A small piece of skin hanging fr. the root of a finger-nail.— Hasg'bird, n. The Balti- more oriole,— whose nest hangs from the limb of a tree. — nest, n. The nest of, etc.— Hang Ing- but- tress, n. (Arch.) A but- tress supported upon a corbel, and not standing solid on the foundation. — Hank, hank, n. Two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together. (JTatrf.) A ring slidingon a stay, to which a sail is bent. [Ic. hanki, clasp of a chest, hangr, hank, coil, fr. hanga, to hang ; Sw. hank, a string, tie-band. \ — Hank'er, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -erino.] To de- sire vehemently. [L>. hunkeren, OD. hengelen, to hanker after, fr. D. nangen.] Hap, hap, n. That which happens or comes suddenly or unexpectedly; chance; fortune: accident; casual event; fate; lot. — v. i. [happed (hapt), -ping.] To happen, befall, come by chance. [Ic. happ.) — Hap'- ly, -IT, adv. By hap, chance, or accident; perhaps. — Hapless, a. "Without hap or luck; unfortunate; unhappy.— Hap'-haz'ard, n. Extra hazard; chance; accident. — Hap'pen, -pn, v. i. [-pened (-pnd), -pening.] To come by chance, fall out; to take place, occur. — To happen on. To meet with, fall or light upon. — Hap'py, -pT, a. [-pier, -piest.] Favored by hap, luck, or fortune ; successful; en- joying good; delighted ; satisfied; secure of good; prosperous ; blessed ; furnishing enjoyment ; pro- pitious ; favorable. — Hap'pily, -pl-ll, adv. By good fortune; in a happy manner, state, or circum- stances ; with address or dexterity; luckily; suc- cessfully; felicitously; gracefully. — Hap'piness.n. Hara-kiri, ha'ra-ke'rT, n. A Japanese method of sui- cide by cutting open the stomach. [Incorrectly written hari-kari.'] [Jap., stomach-cutting.] Harangue, ha-rang', n. A speech addressed to a pub- lic assembly; a popular oration; declamation; rant- ing.— v. i. [harangued (-rangd"), -ranguing.] To address a large assembly. — v. t. To address by a harangue. [OF.; It. aringa.a. speech from an ar- ingOj pulpit, also an arena, ir. OHG. hring, G. and E. ring.] — Harang /, uer, n. Harass, har'as, v. t. [-assed (-ast), -assing.] To fa- tigue to excess; to weary with importunity, care, or perplexity; to annoy an enemy by repeated and un- looked-for attacks ; to weary, jade, tease, vex, dis- turb. [OF. harasser, prob. fr. harer, to set a dog on (a beast, etc.), OHG. haren, to cry out; s. rt. Gr. kerux, a herald.] — Har'asser, n. Harbinger, har'bin-ier, n. An officer of the Eng. royal Household who precedes the court when trav- eling, to provide lodgings, etc.; a forerunner; pre- cursor.— V. t. [HARBINGERED (-jeid), -GERIXG.] To precede and announce, usher in. [ME. herbergeour, one who provided lodgings, fr. OF. and MHG. her- berge, a house, lodging, harbor, q. v.] Harbor, harsher, n. A place of security and comfort; a lodging; asylum; a refuge for ships; port or haven. — v.t. [harbored (-berd), -boring.] To entertain as a guest, shelter; to protect (a ship from storms); to secrete (a thief); to indulge, cherish (malice, etc> — v. i. To lodge or abide for a time ; to take shelter. [Ic. herbergi, harbor, inn, lodging, lit. host-shelter, fr. herr, an army, and bjarga, to save, defend.] — Har'borer, n. — Har'borless, a. Without a har- bor. — Har'borage, -ej, n. Place of shelter; enter- tainment. — Har'bor-mas'ter, n. An officer who executes regulations respecting harbors. Hard, hard, a. Not easily penetrated, or separated into parts ; not yielding to pressure ; difficult to penetrate with the understanding; difficult to ac- complish; full of obstacles; difficult to resist or con- trol; difficult to bear or endure; severe; oppressive; unreasonable; unjust; difficult to please or touch; not easy to influence; not agreeable to the taste; rough, acid, sour, as liquors. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance. — adv. With pressure; with urgency; diligently; earnestly; with difficulty; un- easily; vexatiously; vigorously; energetically; rap- idly; nimbly; violently. [Dan. and Sw.; AS. heard, OHG. harti.] — Hard money. Coin or specie, dis- ting. fr. paper money. — H. pan. The hard stra- tum of earth beneath the soil. —H. water. Water which contains some mineral substance that decom- poses soap, and thus renders it unfit for washing. — H.by. Nearby; close at hand. — H. up. "Without money or resources. — Hardlsh, a. Somewhat hard. — Hardiness, n. — Hardly, adv. In a difficult manner; scarcely; barely; severely; harshly; rough- ly. — Hard'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make hard or more hard; to indurate; to strengthen, inure; to confirm in wickedness, obstinacy, etc. — v. i. To become hard or more hard, acquire solid- ity; to become strengthened. — Hard'ener, -n-er, n. One who hardens. — Hard'hack, n. A very astrin- gent plant, common in pastures. —Hard'ship, n. That whicn is hard to bear, — as toil, injury, etc.— Hard'ware, n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitehen furniture, etc. — Hard'-fa'vored. a. Having coarse or harsh features. — flst'ed, a. Having hard or strong hands, as a laborer; covetous; aiggardl^. sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. HARE 250 HARRY — Hard' -fought, a. Vigorously contested. — handed, a. Having hard hands, as a laborer. — heart ed, a. Cruel; pitiless; unfeeling. tack, n. (Naut.) Sea- bread.— Hard'y, -T, a. [-iee, -iest.] Bold; brave ; stout ; intrepid ; full of assurance ; impudent ; strong ; firm ; compact ; inured to fatigue; able to bear exposure to cold weather. [ME. and OF. hardi, orig. p. p. of OF. hardir, f r. OHG. hartjan, to hard- en, make strong, fr. harti.] — Hard'ihood, -iness, n. Boldness, united with firmness and constancy of mind; audacity; impudence. — Hard'ily, udr. Bare, har, n. A swift rodent, having long hind legs and ears, short tail, and divided upper lip. [D. and Sw.; AS. har a, S k r. caca, orig. a jumper, fr. cac , to jump ; prob. s. rt. haste.] — Hare'- brained, -brand, a. Wild,; Ciddy ; heedless. — Hareb- ell, n. A plant having blue, Hare bell-shaped flowers.— Hare''- lip, n. A lip, commonly the upper one, having a fis- sure or perpendicular division like that of a hare. — Har'rier, har'rl-er, n. A kind of hound used in hunting hares. Harem, halem, n. The apartments allotted to females in the East; the wives and concubines belonging to one man. [Ar. har am, anything forbidden or sa- cred, fr. haraina, to prohibit.] Haricot, har'e-ko, n. A kind of ragout of meat and vegetables; the kidney-bean. [F.J Harier, Harrier. See under Hare and Harry. Hark, hark, v. i. To listen. [Imperat. of hearken, q. v.] Harlequin, hiirle-kin or -kwin, n. A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes; a merry-andrew; zany. [F. arlequm, OF. MerJek'm, perh. fr. OFries. helle kin (AS. helle cyn), the kindred of hell, i. e. a demon.] — Harlequinade', -ad, n. Exhibitions of harlequins. Harlot, harlot, n. A prostitute; strumpet. [OF. ar- lot, It. arlotta, a harlot, arlotto, a hedge-priest, LL. arlotus, a glutton; perh. s. rt. OHG. karl, AS. ceorl, E. churl, q. v.] — Harlotry, -rt, n. Trade or prac- tice of, etc.; prostitution. Harm, harm, n. Injury; hurt; damage; misfortune; evil; wickedness. — v. t. [harmed (harmd), harm- ing.] To hurt, injure, damage. [Sw. and G.; AS. hearm, grief, harm ; Skr. grama, toil, fatigue, fr. cram, to be weary.] — Harmful, -ful, a. Full of harm; injurious. — Harm 'less, a. Free from harm or from power or disposition to harm; innocent; un- harmed.— Harmlessly, adv. — Harmlessness, n. Harmattan, har-matlan, n. A dry, hot wind, blow- ing from the interior of Africa to the Atlantic in Dec, Jan., and Feb. [Ar.] Harmony, harlno-nY, n. Just adaptation of parts to each other; concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc. ; a literary work which brings together parallel passages respecting the same events, and shows their consistency. (Mus.) Musical concord ; a succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation ; science of their construction and progression. [Harmony re- sults from the concord of musical strains which differ in pitch and quality: the term may also be ap- plied to sounds which are not musical. Melody de- notes the pleasing alternation and variety of mu- sical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain.] [F. harmonie, L. and Gr. harmonia, f r. Gr. harmos, a fitting, joining, f r. arein, to fit; s. rt. arm, article.'] — Harmo'nious, -nl-us, a. Adapted to each other ; symmetrical ; agreeing in action or feeling; musically concordant; symphonious. — Harmo'niously, adv. — Harmonic, -ical, a. Concordant; musical; consonant. (Mus.) Relating to harmony or music; harmonious. (Math.) Having relations or properties bearing some resem- blance to those of musical consonances. — Harmon'- ic, n. (Mus.) A musical note produced by a num- ber of vibrations which is a multiple of the num- ber producing some other. — - Harmonica, -t-ka, n. A musical instrument in which the tones are pro- duced by friction against the edges of a series of glasses ; one in which slips of glass or metal of graduated lengths are vibrated by percussion ; a small, flat, wind instrument of music, — a toy for children. — Harmonically, adv. In a harmonical manner; in respect to harmony, as disting. fr. mel- ody. — Harmonics, n. sing. & pi. Sing. Doctrine or science of musical sounds. PI. (Mus.) Secondary tones which accompany any principal, and appar- ently simple, tone, as the octave, the 12th, the 15th, and the 17th. — Har'monist, n. One who shows the harmony of corresponding passages of different au- thors, as of the 4 evangelists. (Mus.) A musical composer. — Harmo'nium, -nt-um, n. A keyed in- strument of music, in which the tones are produced by the vibration of free reeds — Har'monize, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -nizixg.] To agree in action, adap- tation, or effect on the mind ; to be in peace and friendship, as individuals or families; to agree in vo- cal or musical effect, —v. t. To adjust in fit propor- tions, cause to agree; to show the harmony of. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony. — Har'mbniz'er, n. Harness, har1ie6, n. The iron covering which a sol- dier formerly wore ; armor of a horse; equipments of a draught horse; tackle; tackling; the part of a loom comprising the heddles with their means of support and motion. — v. t. [harnessed (-nest), -nessixg.] To dress in armor, equip for defense, make ready for draught. [OF. harnas, fr. Armor. harnez, old iron, armor; s. rt. W. haiarn, Ga. iarunn = E. iron, q. v.] — Har'nesser, n. Harp, harp, n. An upright, stringed instrument of music, usually played with the fingers of both hands. — V. i. [HARPED (harpt), harp- ing.] To play on the harp; to dwell tediously or monotonous- ly in speaking or writing. [D.; AS. hearpe; perh. s. rt. L. crepare, to crackle.] — Harp'er, -ist, n. A player on the harp. — Harp'- sichord, -st- k6rd, n. A mu- sical instru- ment, now su- perseded by the piano-forte. [OF. harpe- chorde, fr. harpe and chorde, corde, a string.] Har ping-iron, harp ' ing-i'em, Harpoon', -noon'', n. A barbed javelin, with cord at- tached,for striking large fish, whales, etc.— v. t. [har- pooned (-poond'), -pooning.] To catch or kill with, etc. [D. harpoen, F. harpon, orig. a grappling-iron, fr. harper, to grapple, grasp; prob. s. rt. L. harpago, Gr. harpage, a hook, L.and Gr. harpax, rapacious, L. rapere, to seize, E. harpy, q. v.] — Har'poneer', -po- nerl -poon'er, -poon'er, n. One who throws, etc. Harpings, harplngz, n. pi. (Naut.) The fore parts of the wales, encompassing the bow of a ship. Harpy, har'pTr, n. ; pi. -pies, -piz. (Myth.) A fabu- lous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having a woman's face and vulture's body. One who is ra- pacious; an extortioner, plunderer. (Ornith.) The marsh harrier. A large, crested, stout-legged, preda- ceous bird of Mexico and S. Amer., — the narpy eagle. [OF. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. harpuia, lit. a spoiler ; s. rt. Gr. harpazein,lL. rapere, to seize. See Harpoon, Rapacious.] Harquebuse. Same as Arquebuse. Harridan, har'rl-dan, n. A decayed strumpet; a hag. [F. haridelle, a worn-out horse, jade.] Harrier, n. A dog. See under Hare. — A bird. See under Harry. Harrow, har'ro, n. An iron-toothed instrument drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, and to cover seed when sown. —v. t. [harrowed (-rod), -rowing.] To draw a harrow over, to break clods and level the surface or to cover seed sown; to lacerate, torment, harass. [AS. hearge, Dan. harv, Sw. har/, a harrow, D. hark, Sw. harka, a rake, Dan. harve, Sw. harfva, to harrow, Sw. harka, to rake; perh. s. rt. Gr. kerkis, a peg, skewer; not s. rt. F. herce, a harrow.] — Harlower, n. One who har- rows; a hawk; a harrier. Harry, harlt, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] To strip, pillage; to worry, harrow. [AS. hergian, to lay waste, fr. here, gen. herges, an army ; s. rt. Skr. cri, to Harp. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or j HARSH 251 HAUNT wound, cirna, wasted.] — Har'rier, -rl-e"r, n. Alow- flying bird of the falcon family, of several 6pecies. Harsh, harsh, a. Rough to the touch, taste, or feel- ing; grating; austere; severe. [Dan. and Sw. harsk, rancid, G. narsck, harsh, rough, Skr. katu, pungent, krit, to cut.] — Harsb/ly, adv. — Harsh'ness, n. Hart, hart, n. A stag; the male of the red deer. [AS. heort, Ic. hjortr, s. rt. L. cervus, a hart, Gr. keras = E. horn, q." v.] — Harts'horn, n. The antler of the hart, or male deer. — Salt of hartshorn. An impure solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by distillation of hartshorn. — Spirit ofh. A solution of carbonate of ammonia. Harum-scarum, har /, um-skar r um, a. Wild ; precipi- tate; giddy; rash. [Cf. hare, to fright, and scare, to terrify suddenly.] Haruspice, ha-rus'pis, n. A person in ancient Rome who professed to interpret the will of the gods by inspecting entrails of beasts sacrificed, or by observ- ing natural phenomena; a diviner; soothsayer. [L. haruspex, -picis, prob. ir.haruga, a ram for offering, and spicere, to look.] iarvest, har'vest, n. The season of gathering crops; that which is reaped; product of any labor; gain. — v. t. To reap or gather (fruits, etc.) [AS. hserfest, MHG. herbest, autumn, orig. crop; s. rt. Gr. karpos, fruit, L. carpere, to pluck.] — Har'vester, n.— Har r - vest-fly, n. A large, hemipterous insect, allied to the plant louse, often called locust, seventeen-year- locust, etc., — the males of several species making a loud buzzing noise ; the cicada. home, n. The song sung by reapers at the feast at the gathering of corn; the feast itself ; time of harvest. — moon, n. The moon near the full at the time of harvest in Eng., or about the autumnal equinox, when it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. Has. 3d person sing, of Have. Hash, hash, v. t. [hashed (hasht), hashing.] To chop into small pieces, mince and mix. — n. That which is chopped up; minced meat, or meat and vegetables minced; a second preparation or exhibi- tion of old matter. [OF. hachis, fr. hacher, G. hack- en, E. hack, q. v.] Hasheesh, -ish, hash'esh, n. A slightly acrid, narcotic and intoxicating gum-resin, produced by common hemp when cultivated in warm climates. Haslet, haslet, n. Inwards of a beast, esp. of a hog, used for food. [F. hastille, fr. haste, a spit, L. hasta, a spear.] Hasp, hasp, n. A clasp, esp. one that passes over a staple to be fastened by a padlock; a spindle to wind thread on.— v. t. [hasped (haspt), hasping.] To fasten with a hasp. [AS. hsepse, Dan., Sw., and G. haspe; s. rt. AS. gehsep, fit.] Hassock, has'sok, n. A thick mat for kneeling in church. [ME. hassok, a straw-stuffed cushion, orig. coarse grass; W. hesgog, sedgy, fr. hesg, sedges.] Hast. 2d person sing, of Have. Hastate, has'tat, -tated, a. (Bot.) Shaped like the head of a halberd. [L. hastatus, fr. hasta, spear.] Haste, hast, n. Celerity of motion; state of being urged or pressed by business; sudden excitement of feeling or passion: dispatch; hurry; precipitation. — Haste, Has'ten, has'n, v. t. [hast'ed, hasten k (has'nd); hast'ing, has'tenixg To drive or urge forward, push on, expedite, hurry. — v. i. To move with celerity, be rapid, speedy, or quick. [OSw. hasta, Dan. haste, G. Hastate Leaf hasten, to haste ; OSw., Dan., OFries., and G. hast, haste; s. rt. Sk bound. See Hare.] — Has'tener, has'n-er, Hasfy, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Quick ; speedy; for- ward; eager; precipitate; rash; caused by, or indi- cating, passion. TSw. and Dan. hastig.] — 'Hast'ily, -Tt-lY, adv.— Hast'iness, n. — Hast'y-pud'ding, n. In TJ. S., a pudding made of Indian meal stirred into boiling water; mush; in Eng., a batter or pudding of flour stirred into boiling water or milk till it be- comes stiff ; oatmeal porridge. Hat, hat, n. A covering for the head, esp. one with a crown and brim. [Dan.; AS. hset; prob. s. rt. L. cassis, helmet, Skr. chhad, to cover; not s. rt. G. hut, hat=E. hood.} — Hafter, n. One who makes or sells hats. — Hat'band, n. A band round the crown of a hat. Hatch, hach, v. t. [hatched (hacht), hatching.] To produce from eggs by incubation, or by artificial Qac, to jump, iflc'n.pr ri Hatchment. heat; to contrive or plot; to originate. — v. t. To produce young, bring the young to maturity. — n. As many chickens as are produced at once; abrood; actof exclusion from the egg; disclosure; discovery. [Sw. hacka, lit. to produce i'r. a hack, coop, G. hecken, fr. hecke, breeding-cage.] — Hatch'er, n. Hatch, hach, v. t. To cross with lines in a peculiar manner in drawing and engraving. [F. hacher, to hack. See Hash.]— Hatch'et, n. A small, short- handled ax, to be used with one hand. [F. hachette, dim. of hache, an ax, fr. hacher.} — To bury the hatchet. To make peace. — To take up the h. To make war, — phrases derived fr. the practice of the Amer. Indians. Hatch, hach, n. A door with an opening over it: a weir for catching fish; a floodgate; a bed-frame; the frame of cross-bars laid over the opening in a ship's deck; cover of the opening in a deck or floor, or into a cellar ; hatchway. [AS. haca, bar, bolt of a door, D. hek, fence, gate; perh. s. rt. hook.] — Hatch'-boat, n. A swift-sailing, yacht-like fishing boat, having a small sail at the stern and no bowsprit. — way. n. An opening in a deck, floor, etc., covered by a hatch or trap-door. Hatchel. Same as Hackle. Hatchet. See under Hatch, to cross with lines. Hatchment, hach'ment, w«. (Her.) A frame bearing the escutcheon of a dead person, placed in front of the house, on a hearse, or in a church. An ornament on the hilt of a sword. [Corrupt, of achieve- ment.^ Hate, hat, v. t. To have a great aversion to, dislike, regard with ill-will, abhor, detest, loathe. — n. Strong dislike or aversion ; hatred. [AS. hete, D. haai, Ic. hatr, Goth. hatis, hatred, AS. hatian, D. haten, Goth, hafjnn, to hate.] — Hat'er, n. — Hafable, a. — Hate'ful, -ful, a. Manifesting hatred: exciting or deserving dislike or disgust; odious; detestable : loathsome ; malig- nant.— Hate'fully, adv. — Hate'fulness, n. — Ha > - tred, n. Very great dislike: odium: enmity; rancor; repugnance; antipathy. Hauberk, haw'berk.w. A shirt of mail formed of steel rings interwoven. [OF. hauberc. halherc, OHG. hals- berge, fr. hals (s. rt. AS. heals, L. collum), the neck, and bergan, AS. beargan, to hide.] Haughty, haw'tT, a. [-tier, -tiest.] High: lofty ; having a high opinion of one's self, with' contempt for others ; expressing or indicating haughtiness; proud; arrogant; scornful; imperious. [ME. hautein, OF. hautain, fr. haut, halt, L. altus, high.]— Haugh r - tily, -tl-lT, adv. — Haugh'tiness, n. Quality of be- ing, etc.; superciliousness; loftiness. —Hauteur, o- ter / ', n. Haughty manner or spirit; pride. [F.] Haul, hawl, v. t. [hauled (hawld), hauling.] To pull or draw with force; to drag: to transport by drawing. — v. i. (Naut.) To change the direction of a ship, sail with changed course. To pull apart, as badly trained oxen, when yoked.— n. A pulling with force: a draught of a net; that taken at once (by hauling a net, etc.). [See Hale, v. t.] — To haul over the coals. To call to account, reprove. — HauKer, n. Haulm, Halm, Haum, hawm, n. The stem or stalk of grain, beans, etc.; straw. [AS. healm, D., Dan., and Sw. halm, L. culmus, a stalk, calamus, Gr. kalamos, a reed, kalame, stalk of corn; s. rt. culminate."] Haunch, hanch, n. The hip; thigh; hind quarter; that part of an animal body between loin and buttock. See i iT^.„„iAi!Ljfl» _ . Horse. [F. hanche, OHG. encha; s. rt. / OHG. euchila^E. lC^/f ff' '/^^r^U^s-^ ankle, Gr. angke, — * w ?_-i'__. the bent arm, E. , , „ . „ - . , angle, anchor!] - A A > Haunches of an Arch. Haunches of an arch. (Arch.) The parts between the crown and the springing. Haunt, hant, v. t. To frequent, resort to frequently; to visit pertinaciously or intrusively: to infest, as a ghost or apparition. — v. i. To persist in staying or visiting, —n. A place to which one frequently re- sorts. [OF. hanter; perh. s. rt. Armor, hent, a path, stin, cube, full ; moon, f6"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get- HAUTBOY 252 HEAD or L. haditare, to dwell, or, more prob., LL. ambi- tare, to go about, f r. L. ambitus, a going about.] — Haunt'er, n. »»utboy, ho'boi, n. An oboe; a wooden musical pipe, with a reed, finger holes, and keys, resemb- ling the clarionet. A treble stop in an organ. (Bot.) A sort of strawberry. [F. hautbois, lit. high wood, haut, high, and bois, wood, fr. the high tone of the instrument; It. oboe.] Jauteur. See under Haughty. Have, hav, v. t. [had, having. Indie, pres- ent, I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they have.'] To own, hold in possession; to pos- sess, as something which appertains to, is connected with, or affects one; to hold, re- gard, or esteem; to accept possession of; to obtain; hence, to beget or bear (young); to cause or procure to be, effect, require; to cause or force to go; to take; to take or hold one's self; to be under obligation. {Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the p. p. to form preterit tenses; as, I have loved, I shall w have eaten. Had rather, had as lief, had -t|- aut - better, are prob. corrupt, for would rather, "°7- etc., when contracted; as, Pd rather.] [Dan.; AS. habban, Ic. hafa ; s. rt. L. capere, to seize, hold, Gr. kope, a handle, W. caffael t to get, E. haft, q. v.] Havelock, hav r e-lok, n. A light cloth covering for the head and neck, tised by soldiers. [Fr. the Eng. Gen. Sir Henry Havelock:'] Haven, ha'vn, n. A harbor ; port; place of safety; shelter; asylum. [D.; AS. hsefen sea, habban, to hold, have, q. v.] rt. AS. hsef, the Haversack, hav'er-sak, n. A bag in which a soldier carries Ins rations when on a march; leather bag for carrying charges from ammunition chest to gun. [F. havresac, G. habersack, fr. haber, oats, & sack, sack.] Havoc, hav'ok, n. Wide and general destruction; dev- astation ; waste. — v. t. \To waste, destroy, lay waste. — interj. A cry orig. used in hunting, after- ward in war as signal for slaughter. [Prob. fr. AS. nafoc, a hawk, q. v. : W. hafog, navoc, is prob. f r. E.] Haw, haw, n. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard; the berry and seed of the hawthorn. [AS. haga, an inclosure, yard, house, D. haag, a hedge, whence The Hague; s. rt. L. cingeie, to surround, E. cinc- ture, hedge.] — Haw'finch, n. A small bird; the gross- beak. — Haw'thorn, n. A thorny flowering shrub or tree,— used in Europe for hedges. [AS. hsegthorn.] — Haw'haw, Ha'-ha, n. A fence or ditch sunk between slopes, so that it is not perceived till approached. Haw, haw, n. A hesitation or intermission of speech. — v. i. [hawed (hawd), hawing.] To stop, in speak- ing, with a sound like haw, oi to speak with hesita- tion. [Onomat.: see Ha.] Haw, haw, v. i. To turn to the near side, or toward the driver, — said of cattle or a team.— v. t. To cause (a team) to turn to the near side (U. S., the left side). [Perh. for here ; but cf . F. huhau = haw.] Hawk, hawk, n. A rapacious bird of many species, re- sembling the falcons, except in the shortness of its wings; a falcon. — v.i. [hawked (hawkt), hawk- ing!] To catch birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose; to practice falconry; to soar or strike like a hawk. [AS. hafoc, heafoc, Ic. haukr; s. rt. have, q. v.] — Hawk'er, n. One who, etc.; a fal- coner. — Hawk'-eyed, -id, a. Having keen sight. Hawk, hawk, v. i. To make an effort to force up phlegm with noise.— v. t. To raise (phlegm) by hawking. — n. A noisy effort to force up phlegm from the throat. [Prob. onomat.; W. hochi, to throw up phlegm, hoch, act of, etc.] Hawk, hawk, v. t. To sell by outcry; to cry, peddle. [OD. heukeren, to sell by retail, heukelaar, a huck- ster, q. v.]— Hawk 'er, n. A peddler. Hawse, nawz, n. (Naut.) The situation of the cables before a vessel's stem, when moored with 2 anchors, one on either bow; distance ahead to which the ca- bles usually extend. [Ic, D., Dan., and Sw. hals, the neck, part of a ship's bow, tack, Ic. halse, to clew up a sail; not s. rt. hale, haul, hoist, etc.] — Hawse'- hole, n. A hole in the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes.— Haws'er, n. (Naut.) A small ca- ble; a large rope, in size between a cable and a tow- line. [Ic. and D. halser.] Hay, ha, n. Grass dried for fodder. — v. i. To cut and dry grass for preservation. [AS. hig, Ic. hey; s. rt. E. hew, to cut.] — Hay'-cock, n. A conical pile of hay, in the field. — fe'ver, n. {Med.) A catarrh ac- companied with fever, and sometimes with parox- ysms of dyspnoea, to which some persons are sub- ject in the spring and summer; hay-asthma; hay cold; rose-cold; rose-fever. — knife, n. A sharp in- strument used in cutting hay out of a stack or mow. — loft, n. A loft or scaffold for hay. — mak'er, n. One who cuts and dries hay. — mak'ing, n. The business of cutting grass and curing it for fodder. — . -mow, -mow, n. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a barn for preservation. — rick, n. A rick of hay. usually, a long pile for preservation in the open air. — -stack, n. A stack or large conical pile of hay in the open air, laid up for preservation. Hazard, haz'ard, n. That which conies suddenly or unexpectedly; chance; accident; casualty; danger; peril; risk; a game at dice. — v. t. To expose to chance or evil; to venture to incur, or bring on; to risk, jeopard, endanger. — v.i. To encounter risk or danger. [F. hasard, Sp. azar, orig. a game at dice, fr. Ar. al zar, the die, Per. zar, a die.] — Haz'- ardable, a.— Haz'arder, n. — Hazardous, -us, a. Exposed to hazard; risky; bold; daring; precarious; dangerous; uncertain. — Hazardously, adv. Haze, haz, n. A slight lack of transparency in the air; light vapor or smoke in the air; obscurity; dimness. — v. i. To be hazy. [Ic. hoss, AS. hasu, smy, dusky.] — Ha'zy, -zT, a. Thick with haze. — Ha'ziness, n. Haze, haz, v. t. [hazed (hazd), hazing.] To vex with chiding or reproof; to play abusive tricks upon. [Sw. hasa, to hamstring, fr. has, tendon.] Hazel, ha'zl, n. A nut-bearing shrub or small tree used for making hoops, crates, charcoal for gunpow- der and crayons, etc. — a. Of alight brown color. [AS. hsesel.] — Ha'zelly, -It, a. Of the color of the hazel-nut; light brown.— Ha'zel-nut, n. The fruit of the hazel. See Filbert. He, he, prow. [nom. he; poss. his; obj. him; pi. nom. they; poss. theirs; obj. them.] The man or mascu- line being or object named before; any man; the man or person; man; any male person. [AS., masc. nom. he, gen. his, dat. him, ace. nine ; pi. nom. & ace. hi, hig, gen. hira, heora, dat. him,heom.] — Himself'', pron. An emphasized form of he ; having command of himself; in his true character.— ify himself. Alone; sequestered. Head, hed, n. That part of any animal body contain- ing the perceptive organs of sense, and foremost or uppermost in the creature's locomotion; the upper- most, foremost, or most important part of an inani- mate object; the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity; place where the head should go; chief; leader; place of honor, or of command; an individ- ual; seat of the intellect; brain; understanding; the source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; hence, the altitude of the source, and also the quantity in reserve, and the pressure resulting from either; that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet; a separate part of a discourse; cul- minating point or crisis; strength; force; height; a rounded mass of foam on beer, etc.; ahead-dress; power ; armed force ; an ear of wheat, barley, or other small cereal; the eatable part of a cabbage, etc. —v. t. To be at the head of; to lead, direct; to form a head to, fit or furnish with a head; to get in front of, so as to hinder or stop; to check or restrain, —v. i. To originate; to go or tend; to form ahead. [AS. heafod; s. rt. L.capvt, Gr. kephale, the head, Skr. kapala, the skull, E. chief] —Head or tail. This side or that side; this thing or that, — a phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal figure, and tail the other side.— To come to a h. To mature; to suppurate. —To his h. Before his face. — To make h., or to make h. against. To resist with success; to advance.— To h. down. To trim or cut off the branches or tops of trees. — To h. off. To intercept.— Head'er, n. One who heads nails, pins, etc., or leads a partv or mob. {Arch.) A brick or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface of the wall. A plunge into water, with the head fore- most. — Head'ing, n. Act of providing with a head; what stands at the head; title; material for the heads of casks. {Mining.) A gallery, drift, or adit in amine. {Sewing.) The extension of a line of ruffling above the line of stitch. {Masonry.) End of a stone pre- sented outward. — Head'y, -T, a. Willful; rash; hasty; apt to affect the head; intoxicating. — Head'- iness, n Rashness ; stubbornness ; obstinacy. — Head'ache, n. Pain in the head. — Head'land, n. {Geog.) A cape; promontory. A ridge or strip of unplbwed land at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. — Headless, a. Having no head; beheaded; destitute of a chief or leader. — Headlong, adv. fcm, fame, far, pass or ©pera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone. 6r HEAL 253 HEATH With the head foremost; rashly; precipitately; hast- ily; without delay or respite. — a. Acting without deliberation ; hasty ; rash ; steep ; precipitous. — ' Head'ship, n. Authority or dignity; chief place. — Heada'man, n. ; pi. -men. An executioner.— Head''- ■pring. a. Fountain; source; origin. — Head'stall, n. That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses the head. — Head'strong, a. Not easily restrained; directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy; violent; untractable; stubborn; heady.— Head' way, n. Progress made by a ship in motion; progress; success. (Arch.) Clear space or height under an arch, over a stairway , etc.— Head '-band, n. A fillet; band for the head; the band at each end of a book. — cheese, n. A dish made of portions of the head and feet of swine cut up fine and pressed into the form of a cheese. — dress, n. An ornamental covering worn on the head. — gear, n. Covering or ornament of the head. — -light, n. (Enr/in.) A light, with a reflector, at the head of a locomotive.— -man, v., -pi. -men. A chief; leader. — -piece, n. Head; ar- mor for the head; helmet; understanding. — quar- ters, n. pi. The quarters or place of residence of any chief officer; center of authority or order. — sea, n. A sea that meets the head of a ship, or rolls against her course. — stock, n. (Mach.) The part of a lathe that holds the revolving spindle and its attachments; the part of a planer that supports the cutter. — stone, n. The principal stone in a foundation; corner-stone; stone at the head of a grave. — tire, n. Attire for the head. — wind, n. A wind that blows in a direc- tion opposite to the ship's course. Heal, hel, v. t. [healed (held), healing.] To make hale, sound, or whole ; to cure of a disease or wound ; to remove or subdue; to restore to original purity or integrity; to reconcile, —v. i. To grow sound, re- turn to a sound state. [AS. hselan, fr. hal, whole, q. v. ; s. rt. kail, hale.) — Heal'able, a.— Heal'er. n. — Heal'ing, a. Tending to cure; mild; mollifying. — Health, helth, n. State of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul ; esp. the state of be- ing free from physical pain or disease ; a wish of health and happiness. [AS. hseldh.) — To drink a health. To drink with the expression of a wish for the health and happiness of some other person.— Healthlul, -ful, a. Free from illness or disease ; well ; healthy '; serving to promote health ; whole- some; salutary; indicating, characterized by, or re- sulting from, health.— Health'fully, adv.— Health '- fulness, n.— Health'y,-!, «. [-ier, -iest.] Being in a state of health : conducive to health ; sound ; hale ; wholesome; salutary; salubrious. —Healthily, adv. — Healthiness, n— Health'-lift, n. A machine for exercise, by lifting weights. Heald, held. n. A heddle. Heap, hep, n. A pile or mass ; a crowd ; throng. — v. t. [heaped (hept), heaping.] To throw or lay in a heap, make aheap of, pile ; to amass, accumu- late. [AS., a heap, heapian, to heap.] — Heap'er, n. Hear, her, v. t. [heard (herd), hearing.] To per- ceive by the ear; to give attention to, listen to, heed, obey ; to attend to for the purpose of judging a cause between parties, try; to listen to and answer favorably ; to favor. — v. i. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving sound ; to perceive or appre- hend by the ear, listen; to be told, receive by report. [AS. hyran, heran ; prob. not s. rt. Gr. akouein, L. audire, to hear, E. ear.} — Hear 'er, n. — Hear 'rug, n. Act of perceiving sound ; sense by which sound is perceived; attention to what is delivered; audience; a listening to facts and evidence, for adjudication ; extent within which sound may be heard. — Hear'- Bay, n. Report ; rumor ; common talk. — Hearken, hark'n, v. i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To listen, give heed, hear with attention, obedience, or compli- ance. [OD. harcken, fr. hooren, to hear, AS. hyrcni- an, heorcnian, fr. hyran.) — Heark'ener, n. Hearse, hers, n. A carriage for conveyingthe dead to the grave: monument; tomb. —v. t. To lay in a hearse. [ME. and OF. herce, orig. a harrow, then a harrow-shaped frame for holding candles, used in churches and atfunerals, then funeral-pageant, bier, hearse, tomb, from L. hirpex, -picis, a harrow.] — Hearse'-cloth, n. A pall; cloth to cover a hearse. Heart, hart, n. (Anat.) A hollow, muscular organ, contracting rhythmically and keeping up the circu- lation of the blood. The seat of the affections or sensibilities, also of the understanding or will, and of moral life and character ; individual disposition and character ; the inmost or most essential part of any body or system ; vital portion ; courage ; spirit ; vigorous activ- „ 7 ity ; power of fertile production ; that which is heart-shaped, esp. a q s-*vr-\ figure like that '■ ( ) in the margin, V /or one of ase- \ / ries of playing- 7 *"| -^ cards, distin- _. Heart. gu i s hed by it. "* [AS. heorte, L. cor, Gr. Z» ker, kardia, Skr. hrid, ^ hridaya; s. rt. Gr. kra- daein, to quiver, beat, Skr. kurd, to jump.] — Heart'en,-n,i'.t |-ened (-nd), -ening.] To en- courage, embolden. — Section of Heart. superior vena cava; 6, pul- monary artery ; c, aort 1: d, pulmonary art oul- monary veins;/", left au ■iele; g, mitral valve h, lefi ven- tricle ; i, Beptum ; /, ri^-lit ventricle; *, < ferior ; m, tricuspid v live , n, right auricle ; 0, pulm«na- ry veins. [See LtJNG.] Heart 'y, -T, a. [-iee, -iest.] Exhibiting the action of the heart ; proceeding from the heart ; exhibiting strength ; sound ; firm ; promoting strength; nourishing; rich; sin- cere ; cordial ; warm ; zealous; vigorous; ener- getic— Heart 'ily. -1-lT, adv. — Heartiness, «. — Heartless, a. Without » heart; destitute of sensibility orcourage ; unsymp* ■ thetic; cruel. — Heartlessly, adv. — Heart leBsnes* n. — At heart. In the true character or dispositions really; substantially. — To break the h. of. To brin* to despair or hopeless grief. — To get by h. To com mit to memory, learn thoroughly. — To have the h. it the mouth. To be much frightened. — To set the h at rest. To put one's self at ease. — To set the h. upon To long for earnestly. — Heart'-ache, n. Sorrow; an guish of mind; mental pang. — brok'en, a. Deeplj affected or grieved. — burn, n. (Med.) An uneasy, burning sensation in the stomach ; cardialgia. — -burn'ing, n. (Med.) Same as Heartburn. JDis content; secret enmity. — rend'ing. a. Breaking the heart; very distressing. sick. a. Sick at heartl depressed; lowspirited. sick'ening, a. Tending to make the heart sick or depressed. — string, n. A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace and sustain the heart. — wood, n. The hard, central part of the trunk of a tree, differing in color from the outei layers. — Heart's'-ease, n. Peace or tranquillity oi feeling. (Bot.) A species of violet; pansy. Hearth, harth or herth, n. The floor of a fire-place; the house itself, considered as the abode of comfort and hospitality; a projecting shelf in front of a 6tove; a form of metallurgic furnace; the lower part of a blast or reverberatory furnace. [AS. heordh, hearth, OGH. hert, ground, hearth, Goth, haitrja, burning coals.] — Hearth'-stone, n. Stone forming the hearth; fireside. Heat, het, n. Caloric ; the force, agent, or principle in nature which renders bodies solid, fluid, or aeri- form, and which we perceive through the sense of feeling; sensation caused by caloric, when present in excess; high temperature, as disting. fr. low tem- perature, or cold ; indication of high temperature; redness; high color; flush; state of oeing once heat- ed or hot ; a single effort, as in a race; a course; ut- most violence, rage, vehemence; agitation of mind, exasperation ; animation in thougnt or discourse ; ardor; fermentation; sexual excitement in animals. — v. t. To make hot, communicate heat to, — said of inanimate objects ; also of animals, to excite by action, or make feverish; also of the passions, to in- flame, excite. — v. i. To grow warm or hot by the action of fire, by fermentation, or by chemical ac- tion. [AS. heatu, fr. hat, hot, hsetan, to heat.] — Heat'er, n. One who, or that which, heats ; any contrivance to impart heat to something else, or te> contain something to be heated. Heath, heth, n. (Bot.) A flowering shrub of many species. A place overgrown with heath; a desert; a cheerless tract of country. [AS. hsedh, a heath, Goth, haithi, a waste.] — Heath'y, -T, a. Full of, or abounding with, heath. — Heath'-cock, n. (Or- nith.) A large bird which frequents heaths ; the black grouse. hen, n. The female of, etc. -- -game, n. The heath-cock, etc. grass, n. A per- ennial, leafy-stemmed grass. — Heather, herh'er, n. Heath. — Heath'ery, -Sr-T, a. —Heathen, heUm, n. Apagan; idolater; an irreligious, unthinking person. sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, DONboN, chair, get. HEAVE 254 HEiJX, — a. Gentile; pagan. [AS. hsedhen, orig. a dweller on a heath; cf. pagan, a dweller in a (L. pagus) vil- lage.] — Hea'thendom, -dum, n. That part of the world where heathenism prevails ; heathen nations considered collectively. — Hea'thenish, a. Pert, to, etc.; rude; savage; cruel; inhuman. — Hea'thenish- ness, n. — Hea'thenism, -izm, n. Religious system or rites of a heathen nation ; idolatry ; paganism ; manners or morals prevalent in a heathen country. — Hea'thenize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To ren- der heathen or heathenish. Heave, hev, v. t. [imp. heaved (hevd) or hove(Iiov); p. p. heaved, sometimes hoven (hov'n) ; heav- ing.] To move upward, lift; to raise, elevate; to throw, cast, send ; to force from or into any position; to throw off ; to raise or force from the breast. — v. i. To be thrown up, be raised; to rise and fall with alternate motions, as the bosom in heavv breathing, as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, etc.; to swell, dilate, distend; to labor, pant; to make an effort to vomit, retch. — n. An upward motion ; swell or distention, as of the breast, waves, etc. ; an effort to raise up something, as the contents of the stomach, etc. (Geol.) A horizontal dislocation in a lode, at an intersection with another lode. pi. A disease of horses characterized by difficult breath- ing. [AS. hebban, Dan. hseve, to heave ; perh. s. rt. L. capere, to seize, E. have.] — To heave a ship to. To bring the ship's head to the wind, and stop her mo- tion. — To h. up. To relinquish, give up ; to vomit out. — To h. in sight. To come in sight, appear. — Heavier, n. One who, etc. (Naut.) A bar used as a lever. — Heav'y, -1, a. Having the heaves. — Heave'-offering, n. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering made to God, which was heaved or elevated. — Heavy, hev'i, a. [-ier, -iest.] Heaved or lifted with labor; weighty; ponderous; large in size, ex- tent, or quantity; bulky; difficult to move; not easy to bear ; nard to endure ; laden with that which is weighty; pregnant; bowed down ; slow; sluggish ; lifeless"; dull; inanimate ; strong ; violent ; loud ; low, or deep ; clammy ; solid ; not easily digested; impeding motion ; cloggy ; clayey ; having much body or strength; dark with clouds, or ready to rain. — adv. With great weight ; ponderously. [AS. hefig, fr. hebban?]— Heavily, -T-1T, adv. With great weight; grievously; slowly; with difficulty .— Heav''- lness, n. [AS. hefignes.] — HeaVy-spar, n. {Min.) Sulphate of baryta, often occurring in large crys- tals remarkable for their great weight. — Heft, n. Weight ; ponderousness. — v. t. To heave up, lift ; to try the weight of, by raising. Heaven, hev'n, n. The arch overhanging the earth ; the sky; atmosphere; the dwelling-place or immedi- ate presence of God ; the home of the blessed ; the Supreme Being; God; supreme happiness; great fe- licity; bliss. [AS. heofan, OS. hevan, ; not s. rt. G. himmel, Goth, hirnins, heaven; prob. not s. rt. E. heave, perh. s. rt. L. camera, a vault.] — Heav'enly, -n-lT, a. Pert, to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; celestial; appropriate to heaven in character or hap- piness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed. — adv. In a manner resembling that of heaven; by the influ- ence or agency of lieaven. — Heav'eniiness, n. — Heav^nly-mind'ed, a. Having the thoughts and af- fections placed on or suitable for heaven and heav- enly objects: devout; godly.— Heav'enward, a. and adv. Toward heaven. Heavy, etc. See under Heave. Hebdomadal, heb-dom'a-dal, -dary, -da-rf, a. Week- ly ; consisting of, or occurring once in, 7 days. — fiebdom'adary, n. (Rom. Oath. Ch.) A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to perform certain services. [L. hebdomadalis, pert, to a week, fr. L. and Gr. hebdomas, number of 7, a week, fr. hepta, seven; s. rt. seven.] Hebetate, heb'e-tat, v. t. To render obtuse; to dull, blunt, stupefy. — a. Obtuse ; dull. [F. he'be'ter, L. hebetare, -tatum, fr. hebes, dull.] — Hebeta'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. [F.] Hebrew, he'broo, n. One of the ancient inhabitants of Palestine ; an Israelite ; Jew ; the Hebrew lan- guage. — a. Pert, to the Hebrews, or to their lan- guage. [F. he'breu, L. Hebrseus, Heb. ibri, perh. fr. abar, he crossed over, said of Abraham, crossing the Euphrates.] — Hebraic, a. Pert, to the Hebrews; designating their language. — Hebra'ically, adv. After the manner of the Hebrew language ; from right to left.— He'braism, -izm, n. A Hebrew idiom; a peculiar expression in the Hebrew language ; the Hebraic type of character ; servile and severe al- legiance to conscience: stoical self-control; unrelax. ing industry. — He'braist, n. One versed in the Hebrew language and learning. — Hebraistic, a. Pert, to, or resembling, Hebrew. — He^braize, v. t. To convert into the Hebrew idiom ; to make He- brew or Hebraistic. — v. i. To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom. Hecatomb, hek'a-toom, n. {Antiq.) A sacrifice of 100 oxen or beasts of the same kind; any large num* ber of victims. [F. and L. hecatomhe, Gr. hekatombe fr. hekaton (for henkaton, f r. heis, hen, one, and rt. of Skr. cata, L. centum, AS. hund). 100, and bous, ox; s. rt. E. cow.] —Hectare, hek-tar', n. A measure of area = 100 ares, or 10,(. 00 square meters=2.4711 acres. [F., fr. Gr. hekaton and L. area, q. v.] — Hec'to- gram, -to-grain, n. A measure of weight = 100 grams or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois, [fr . hectogramme ; Gr. gramma, l-24th ounce.] — Hectoliter, hek-toKT- ter or hek'to-li'ter, n. A measure for liquids = 100 Kters=\-l0th cubic meter, nearly 26i gallons of wine measure. [F. hectolitre; Gr. htra, pound.]— Hec- tometer, hek-tom /r e-ter or hek'to-me'ter, n. A meas- ure of length = 100 meters, nearly 328.09 Eng. feet. [F. hectometre ; Gr. metron, measure. See Meter.] — Hectostere, hek / to-star r , n. A measure of solidity = 100 cubic meters =3531.05 cubic feet. [F. ; Gr. ste- reos, solid.] Heckle. Same as Hackle. Hectic, hek'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to hectic; habitual; constant ; affected with hectic fever. — Hec'tic, n. {Med.) The fever of irritation and debilitv, occur- ring usually at an advanced stage of exhausting disease, as in pulmonary consumption. [F. hectique, Gr. hektikos, fr. hexis, a habit of body, fr. echein, tut. hexo, to have; s. rt. Skr. sah, to bear, endure.] Hector, hek'ter, n. A bully; a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow ; one who teases or vexes. — v. t. [hec- tored v-terd), -toring.] To bully, bluster, irritate, vex. —v. i. To bluster. [Name of a Trojan warrior.] Heddle, hed 'dl, n. {Weaving.) One of the threads of yarn or metal in the harness of a loom ; a heald : each heddle has a central eye or loop by which the warp thread passing through it is raised or depressed to form the shed for the passage of the weft shuttle. Hederaceous, hed-e-ra'shus, a. Pert, to, resembling, or producing ivy. [L. hederaceus, fr. hedera, ivy.] — Hed'eral, a. Composed of, or pert, to, ivy. Hedge, hej, n. A fence or line of bushes (esp. thorn- bushes) or small trees thickly set. — v.t. [hedged (hejd), hedging.] To inclose or separate with a hedge; to hinder from progress or success; to sur- round for defense, protect, hem in; to surround so as to prevent escape. — v. i. To hide as in a hedge, skulk; to bet on both sides. [AS. hege, a hedge. J— To hedge a bet. To bet upon both sides, guarding against loss, whatever may be the result. —Hedge '- hog. n. (Zobl.) A small in- sectivorous animal having prickles or spines on the upper part of its body, and able to roll itself into a ball.— Hedge'-priest, n. A low, ignorant priest. — row, n. A row of shrubs, or trees, planted for inclosure, or separation of fields. — spar'row, n. A European bird which frequents hedges. Heed, hed, v. t. To mind, regard with care, take notice of, attend to, observe.— n. Attention; notice; regard ; careful, reverential, or fearful attention. [AS. hedan, to heed. OHG. huaten, to protect, fr. huota, D. hoede, G. hut, heed, protection; s. rt. AS. hod, D. hoed, G. hut, a hat, E. hood.] — Heedful, -ful, a. Full of heed; cautious; circumspect; vig- ilant: attentive. — Heed'fully, adv. — Heed'fulness, n. — Heedless, a. Without heed: careless; thought- less. — Heedlessly, adv. — Heedlessness, n. Heel, hel, n. The hinder part of the foot, or of any covering for the foot; the latter or remaining part of anything ; something heel-shaped ; a protuber- ance; a spur, as set on the heel; part of a thing cor- responding in position to the human heel, esp. {Naut.) the after end of a ship's keel, or the lower end of a mast, boom, bowsprit, etc. — v. t. [heeled (held), heeling.] To use the heels in, as in dancing, running, etc.; to add a heel to. [AS. hela, D. hiel; prob. s. rt. L. calx, Gr. lax, for klax, heel, L. cellere, to strike, Skr. kal, to drive; or else AS. hela is contr. of hohila, dim. of hoh, heel, not s. rt. L. calx.] — Neck and heels. Doubled up: the whole length of the body. Hedge-hog. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in. Ice ; Odd. tone, 6r ; HEEL 256 HELP — To be at the h. of. To pursue closely.— To be out at the h. To have on worn out stockings; hence, to be in bad condition. — To cool the h. 1 o wait. — To go h. over head. To move in a hasty, inconsiderate, or rash manner. — To Ion b>) the h. To fetter, shackle, confine. — To show the h. To flee, run from. — To take to the h. To flee.— Heel'-piece, n. Armor for the heels; a piece of leather on the heel of a shoe. tap, n. A piece of leather for the heel of a shoe; a portion of liquor at the bottom of a glass after drinking, — v. I. To add a piece of leather to the heel of (a shoe, etc.). Heel, hel, v. i. (Naut.) To incline; to lean, as a ship. [AS. hyldan.'] Heft. See under Heave. Hegemony, he-gem'o-nT, n. Leadership; preponder- ant influence or authority (of a government or state). [Gr. hegemonia, St. hegemon, leader, fr. he- geisthai, to go before.] Hegira, he-ji'ra or hei'T-ra, n. The flight of Moham- med from Mecca, Sept. 13, A. D. 622; the limn; year beginning July 16, a. d. 622,— from which date Mo- hammedans reckon time; any flight or exodus. [Ar. hijrah, fr. hajr, separation, absence.] Heifer, liefer, n. A young cow. [AS. heahfore. lit. a high ox, fr. heah, high, and fear, ox; s. rt. MHG. pjar, OHG. varro, .far, ox, Gr. poris, a heifer, L. parere, to produce, E. parent.'] Heigh-ho, Who, interj. An exclamation of surprise, uneasiness, or weariness. Height, Hight, hit, n. Condition of being high; ele- vated position ; distance to which anything rises above that on which it stands, above the earth or level of the sea; altitude; that which is elevated; an eminence; hill; mountain; elevation in excellence of any kind, as in power, learning, arts ; an ad- vanced degree of social rank; utmost degree in ex- tent or violence; progress toward eminence; grade; degree. [ME. highte, AS. heahdhu, fr. heah, high, q. v.] — Heighten, Highfen, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ENING.] To raise higher, elevate ; to carry for- ward, make better, increase; to advance toward a worse state, intensify ; to set off to advantage by contrast. [AS. hean.X Heinous, ha'nus, a. Hateful ; odious ; great ; enor- mous; monstrous; flagrant; atrocious. [OF. hainos, fr. haine, hate, hair, Goth, hatjan, to hate, q. v.] — Hei'nously, adv. — Hei'nousness, n. Heir, ar, n. One who receives, inherits, or is entitled to succeed to the possession of property after the death of its owner; one who receives endowment from an ancestor or relation. [OF. heir, eir, L. heres : 8. rt. L. herus, master, Gr. cheir, hand, Skr. hri, to convey, take.]— Heir apparent. (Law.) One whose right to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the person in possession. — H. at law. One who, after the death of an ancestor or relation, has a right to inherit all his intestate estate.— H. presumptive. One who, if the possessor of an estate should die immediately, would be his heir, but whose right may be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by other contingency. — HerT'dom, -dum, n. Suc- cession by inheritance.— Heirless, a. A female heir. — Heirloom, -loom, n. Any piece of personal prop- erty, which descends to the heir along with the in- heritance; one which has been long in a family. [See Loom.] — Heir 'ship, n. State, character, or priv- ileges of an heir; right of inheriting. Hektare, Hektogram, etc. See Hectare, etc., under Hecatomb. Held. See Hold. Heliac, he'li-ak, Heli'acal, a. (Astron.) Rising or setting at or near the same time as the sun. [Gr. he- liakos, pert, to the helios, sun ; prob. s. rt. Skr. ush, to burn.]— Heli'acally, adv. — He'liocen'tric, -li-o- sen'trik, -trical, a. Having the sun as a center, or appearing to be seen from it. [Gr. kentron, center, q. v.] — Heliog'raphy, -ft, n. Art of taking pictures on any prepared material by means of the sun and a camera obscura; photographv. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Heliol'atry, -tri, n. Worship of the sun. [Gr. latreia, worship.] — Heliom / 'eter, n. An instru- ment for delicate astronomical measurements. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Helioscope, -skop, n. A tele- scope for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes. [Gr. skopein, to look.] — He'liostat, n. An instru- ment by which a sunbeam may be steadily directed to one spot. (Geod. and Mil.) A heliotrope. [Gr. statos, placed, f r. histanai, to stand.] — He'liotrope, -trop, n. (Bot.) A fragrant plant; turnsole. (Geod- zsy and Mil. Signal Service.) An instrument for making signals to an observer at a distance, by means of the sun's rays thrown from a mirror. (Min.) A variety of chalcedony, of a deep-green color, variegated with blood-red or yellowish spots. [F.; L. heliotropium (the plant); Gr. trepein, to turn.] - He'liofropism, -pizm, n. (Bot.) The faculty by which certain plants are supposed to turn their leaves or flowers toward the sun. — He'liotype, -tip, n. A picture made by heliotypy. [Gr. tvpos, im- pression.] — He'lioty'py, -ti'pi, n. A method of printing photographic pictures from a surface of prepared gelatine. Helix, he'liks, n. ; pi. Hei/ices, -i-sez. A spiral line, as of wire in a coil; something spiral. (Arch.) A little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian capital: see Capital. (Anat.) The whole circuit or extent of the external border of the ear : see Ear. (Zobl.) A spiral univalve shell, as of a snail. [L. and Gr., a curl, spiral, fr. Gr. he lissein, to turn round s. rt. L. volvere, to rol E. volute, q.v.]— Hel' ical, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.; spiral. — Hell- coid, a. (Geom.) A warped surface gen- erated by a straight line moving in a cer- tain manner.— a. Helices (Zool.). Spiral; curved like the spire of a univalve shell. [Gr. eidos, shape.] — Hemispheric, -sfer'ik, -ical, a. Spiral. [Gr. sphairikos, spiral.] Hell, hel, n. The place of the dead ; lower regions ; grave ; the place or state of punishment for the wicked after death; place where outcast persons or things are gathered, as, a dungeon or prison ; also, in certain games, a place to which those caught are carried for detention; also a gambling-house; also a place into which tailors throw shreds, or printers broken type. [AS.; D. and Ic. hel ; s. rt. AS. helan, L. celare, to hide, cella= E. cell, peril. Skr. kri, to cover.] — HelKish, a. Pert, to, or fit for. hell; in- fernal; malignant; wicked: detestable. — Hellish- ly, adv. — HelKishness, n. — Hell' hound, n. A dog of hell; agent of hell; miscreant. Hellebore, heKle-bor,w. (Bot.) A poisonous plant used in medicine. [OF. ellebore, L. helleborus, Gr. helle- boros; prob. in part fr. Gr. bora, food.] Hellenic, hel-len'ik or -le'nik, a. Pert, to the Hel- lenes, or inhabitants of Greece : Greek ; Grecian. [Gr. Hellenes, the Greeks, fr. Hellen, son of Deuca- lion, the Gr. Noah.] — Hellenism, -izm, n. A Greek phrase, idiom, or construction ; a Grecism ; the ancient Greek type of character, — aiming at cul- ture, grace, and amenity.— Hel 'lenist, n. A Jew who used the Greek language as his mother tongue; one skilled in the Greek language; a Grecian. Helm, helm, n. (Naut.) A vessel's steering apparatus; esp. the tiller. The place of direction or manage- ment. [AS. helma, helm, rudder, G. helm, helve, handle. See Helve. Halberd.] — Helms'man, helmz^man, n. ; pi. -men. The man at the helm. Helm, helm, v. t. To cover with a helmet. — Helm, Helm'et, n. Defensive armor for the head ; head-piece ; morion : thing like a helmet in form, posi- tion, etc., as, the upper part of a retort, or the hood-formed upper sepal of some flowers. [AS., D., and G. helm, also D. helmet; s. rt. hell (in the sense of covering).] Helminthic, hel-min'thik, a. Pert. to, or expelling worms. — n. A medicine for expelling worms ; vermifuge. [Gr. helmins, -minthos, — a worm? lit. curling thing; s. rt. Barred Helmet. helix, q. v.] — Hel'minthoKogy, -jT, n. Science or description and natural history of worms. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Helot, ne'lot or heKot, n. A slave in ancient Sparta; hence, a slave. [Gr. Heilos, Heilotes, perh. fr. hai- rein (2d aorist heilon), to conquer : perh. fr. Helos, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were enslaved by the Spartans.] — Hel'otism, -izm, n. The condi- tion of, etc.; slavery. Help, help, v. t. [imp. & p. p. helped (helpt), obs. imp. holp and p. p. holpen; helping.] To aid, assist; to furnish with the means of deliverance; to furnish with relief in pain or disease ; to change sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get HELTER-SKELTER 256 HERB for the better, remedy; to prevent, hinder; to for- bear, avoid. — r. i. To lend aid or assistance. — n. Aid; assistance : remedy; relief ; in U. S., one who helps, a domestic servant. [AS. helpan, to help, helpe, help; s. rt. Skr. klip, to be fit for, kalpa,&ble.] — Help'er, n. One who helps or assists; an assistant^ auxiliary. — Helpful, -fyl, a. Furnishing help ; useful; wholesome. — Helpfulness, n. — Helpless, a. Destitute of help or strength ; feeble ; weak ; beyond help ; irremediable ; bringing no help. — Helplessly, adv. — Helplessness, n. — Help'mate, -meet, n. An assistant; helper; consort; wife. [Fr. a misunderstanding of an help meet (fit), Gen. ii., 18.] Helter-skelter, hel'ter-skeKter, adv. In hurry and confusion. [Onomat.] Helve, helv, n. The handle of an ax or hatchet; head of the ax.-t;. t. [helved (helvd), helving.] To furnish (an ax) with a helve. [OD.; AS. hielf. See Helm.] Helvetic, hel-vefik, a. Pert, to the Helvetii, the in- habitants of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the states and peoples of the Alpine regions. Hem, hem, n. The border of a garment or cloth, dou- bled and sewed, for protection or ornament; edge; margin. — v. t. [hemmed (hemd), -ming.] To fold and sew down the edge of; to border, edge. [AS. hemm, hem, a hem, G. hamme, a fence, hedge; s. rt. G. himmel, heaven, canopy, orig. a vault, L. camera, vault, chamber.] — Hem-stitch, v. t. [-stitched (-sticht), -stitching.] To ornament at the head of a hem by drawing out a few parallel threads, and fastening cross-threads in clusters. Hem, hem, interj. An exclamation whose utterance is a sort of half-cough, indicative of hesitation or doubt, — better expresse'd by hm. — n. The sound thus represented. — v. i. To make the sound ; to hesitate in speaking. [Onomat.; D. hem. See Hum.] Hemal, Haemal, he'mal, a. Pert, to the blood or blood vessels. [Gr. haima, blood.] — Hem'orrhage, hem'- Sr-ej, n. (Med.) Any discharge of blood from the blood-vessels. [OF. hemorrhagie, Late L. hsemor- rhagia, Gr. haimorrhagia, fr. haima and rhegnunai, to break, burst.] — Hem'orrhoids, -roidz, n. pi. (Med.) Small erectile tumors of the vascular, mu- cous, or cellulartissues of the rectum; piles. [F.hem- orrhoides ; Gr. rheein, to flow; s. rt. Skr. sru, to flow.] — Hemorrhoidal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Hemostatic, a. (Med.) Pert, to stagnation or stoppage of the blood. Serving to arrest hemorrhage; styptic. [Gr. statikos, causing to stand, fr. histanai, to stand.] — Hem'atite, -a-tit, n. (Min.) The sesquioxide, or specular ore, of iron. [Fr. the red color of the pow- der.]— Brown hematite. The hydrous sesquioxide of iron; limonite. Hemiplegia, hem-T-ple-jt-a, Hem'iple'gy, -iT, n. (Med.) A palsy that affects one side only of the body. [Gr. hemiplegia, -plexia, f r. hemi- (= L. semi-, Skr. sami, half, sama, same, equal), half, andplessein, to strike, plege,plexis, a stroke.] — Hemip'ter, -teran, n. (En- tom.) One of an order of insects having the wing- covers transparent toward the end, or throughout, the true wings straight and unplaited, and feed- ing on vegetable or animal juices by means of a sucking-tube. [Gr. pteron, a wing, f r. petomai, to fly.] — Hemip'teral, -terous, /^ -us, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Hemisphere, -T-sfer, n. A half sphere ; one half of a sphere or globe ; half of the terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or picture. [OF.; Gr. sphaira t a sphere.] — Hemispheric, -s f e r ' i k, -ical, a. Containing, or lr pert, to, etc.- Hem'istich, Hemipter (Pentatome). -stik, n. Half a poetic verse, or a verse not com- pleted. [L. hemistichium ; Gr. stichos, row, line, verse.] — Hemis'tichal, a. Pert, to, written in, by, according to, or into, hemistichs. — Hemltone, -ton, n. Same as Semitone. [L. hemitonium; Gr. tonos, a tone.] Hemlock, hem'lok, ri. An umbelliferous plant whose leaves and seeds yield an acrid poison (conia) used in med.; an evergreen tree common in N. Amer.; hemlock spruce. [AS. hemlic; hem perh. same as ME. hem, malign, s. rt. G. hammen, to maim: see Hamper; -lie, fr. AS. leac, a leek, q. v.] Hemorrhage, etc. See under Hemal. Hemp, hemp, n. A plant the fiber of whose skin or bark is used for cloth and cordage ; fiber of the plant, prepared for spinning; a rope. [AS. henep, fr. L. cannabis, Gr. kannabis, Skr. cana, hemp; s. rt. canvas. ] — Hemp'en, -n, a. Made of hemp. Hen, hen, n. The female of any fowl, esp. of the do- mestic fowl. [AS. and D., fern, of AS. hana, D. haa?i, a cock, orig. a singer; s. rt. L. canere, to sing.] — Hen'bane, n. A plant poisonous to domestic fowls: all parts of the plant are highly narcotic, and it is used in medicine as a substitute for opium; hy- oscyamus. — Hen'-har'rier, n. A species of harrier (bird) destructive to poultiy. — heart'ed, a. Cow- ardly; timid. — pecked, -peltt, a. Governed by one's wife. — roost, n. Pluce where poultry rest at night. — Hen'nery, -ner-T, n. An inclosed place for fowls. Hence, hens, adv. From this place, this time, this cause or reason, or this source, origin, or cause. [ME. hennes, contr. hens, AS. heonan, for hinan, fr. nine, him; cf. G. hinnen, L. hinc, hence, fr. G. ihn, him, L. hie, this.] — Henceforth'' or Henceforth, Henceforward, adv. From this time forward. Henchman, hencn'man, n. ; pi. -men. A page ; serv- ant; hanger-on. [ME. henseman, prob. fr. ME. and AS. hengest, horse, i. e., a groom ; prob. not fr. haunch.] Hendecagon, hen-dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure of 11 sides and 11 angles. [Gr. hendeka (fr. hen, one, and deka, ten), eleven, and gonia, angle.J Hendiadys, hen-di'a-dis, n. (Gram.) A figure in which the same idea is presented by two words or phrases. [NL., fr. Gr. hen dia duoin, one by two.] Henna, hen'na, n. (Bot.) An oriental flowering shrub of the genus Lawsonia. Powdered henna leaves, or a paste made of the leaves, used by Egyptians and Asiatics to dye their nails, etc., of an orange hue. [Ar. hinna-a, the dyeing or coloring shrub.] Hepatic, he-pafik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or having the color of the liver. [OF. hepatique, L. hepaticus, fr. Gr. hepar^ hepatis, ~L.jeeur, Skr. yakrit, the liver.] — Hepat/ica, -T-ka, n. A ranunculaceous plant, the lobes of whose leaves are thought to resemble the lobes of the liver. [L.]— Hep'atiza'tion, w. (Med.) Conversion of the lungs, etc., into a substance re- sembling the liver. — Hep'atogas' trie, a. Pert, to the liver and stomach. [Gr. gaster, gastros, belly.] Heptad, hep'tad, n. (Chem.) An atom whose equiv. alence is 7 atoms of hydrogen, or which can be combined with, substituted for, or replaced by 7 atoms of hydrogen. [Gr. heptas, heptados, fr. hepta, seven, q. v.] — Hep'tachord, -kord, n. (Anc. Mas.) A system of 7 sounds ; a lyre with 7 chords. (Anc. Poet.) A composition sung to the sound of 7 chords. [Gr. chorde, chord.]— Hep'taglot, n. A book in 7 languages. [Gr. glotta, tongue, language.] — Hep'- tagon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure consisting of 7 sides and 7 angles. [Gr. gonia, angle.] — Heptag'o- nal, a. Having, etc. — Heptan'gular, -tan'gu-ler, a. Having 7 angles. — Hep'tarcny, -tark-T, n. A government by, or country governed by, 7 persons. [Gr. arche, sovereignty, archein, to rule.] — Hep'ta- stich, -stik, n. (Pros.) A composition consisting of 7 verses. [Gr. stichos, row, rank.] Her, her, pron. and a. The objective case of the per- sonal pronoun she ; pert, to a female, or a noun in the feminine gender ; being the possessive case of the personal pronoun she. [Written hers when the noun which it governs, or with which it agrees, is not given, but implied.] [ME. and AS. hire, gen. and dat. of AS. heo, she. \ — Herself, pron. An emphasized form of she ; in her ordinary or real character ; in her right mind; sane.— By herself. Alone; apart; unaccompanied. Herald, her'ald, n. (Antiq.) An officer who pro- claimed war or peace, and bore messages from the commander of an army. In Eng., an officer who regulates public ceremonies, and records and blaz- ons the arms of the nobility and gentry; a king at arms; a proclaimer; publisher; a forerunner ; pre- cursor; harbinger. — v. t. To introduce, orgive tid- ings of, as by a herald ; to proclaim. [OF. heralt, heraut, OHG. herolt, ir.hari, AS. here, an army (see Harry), influenced by OHG. forharen, to proclaim, whence foraharo, a herald.]— Heral'dic, a. Pert, to heralds or heraldry. — Her'aldry, -rT, n. Art or office of a herald ; art, practice, or science of re- cording genealogies, and blazoning arms. — Her'* aldship, n. Office of a herald. Herb, erb, n. A plant having a soft or succulent stalk, or stem, that dies to the root every year. [F. herbe, L. herba ; prob. s. rt. OL. forbea, food, Gr. phorbe, pasture, fodder, Skr. bharb, to eat.] — Herby, herb'. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 8r ; HERCULEAN 257 HERRING Y, a. Of the natureof, pert, to, or covered with, herbs. — Herbose'. -bos', Herb'ous, -us, «. Abound- ing with, etc. — Herb'orize, v. i. [-rized (-nzd), -rizixg.] To search for plants, or new species of plants. — HerVorizalion, n. Act of seeking plants in the field ; the figure of plants in mineral sub- stances: see Arborization.— Herba'ceous, her-ba / '- shus. a. Pert, to herbs; having the nature of an herb. — Herb'age, erb r - or hgrb'ej, n. Herbs collectively; grass; pasture. (Law.) Liberty or right of pasture in the forest or grounds of another man. [F.J — Herb'- al. herb'al, n. A book containing the names and de- scriptions of plants ; a collection of dried plants ; hortus siccus ; herbarium. — a. Pert, to herbs. — Herb'alist, n. One skilled in, or who makes collec- tions of, plants. — Herbalium, n. ; Eng. pi. -Kiums; L. pi. -ria, -rY-a. A collection of dried plants ; book for preserving plants ; hortus siccus. [L.] — Herb'- ary, -a-rT, n. A garden of herbs ; cottage garden. — Herbes'cent, -bes'ent, a. Growing into herbs. [L. herbescens, p. pr. of hei-bescere, to grow into herbs.] — Herbif'erous, -Sr-us, a. Bearing herbs. [L.ferre, to bear.] — Herbiv'orous, -o-rus, a. Eating herbs ; feeding on vegetables. [L. vorare, to devour.] Herculean, her-kule-an, a. Very great, difficult, or dangerous; having extraordinary strength and size. [L. Hercules, most famous of Greek heroes, cele- brated for strength, and esp. for 12 difficult labors.] Herd, herd, n. A number of beasts assembled together; a company of people ; crowd; rabble. — v. i. To unite or associate in a herd, as beasts; to unite in a company by custom or inclination. — v. t. To form or put into a herd. [AS. heord, herd, a herd, ME. herdien, to herd.]— Herd'man, Herds'man, n. ; pi. Herd'men, HerdsIien. The owner or keeper of herds. — Herd'-book, n. A book of pedigrees of choice breeds of cattle ; herd-register. — Herds'- grass, n. One of several species of grass, highly es- teeme_d for hay; timothy; red-top. Here, her, adv. In this place, — opp. to there; in the present life or state. [AS., Ic, Dan., and Goth, her, ft. rt. of he ; cf . hence.] — Here'abouV, -abouts'. adv. About this place; in this neighborhood.— Hereaffer, adv. In time to come : in some future state. — n. A future existence or state. — HereafrV adv. At, or by reason of, this. —Hereby'', adv. By means of this. — Herein'', adv. In this. — Here'lnaft'er. adv. In the following part of this. — Hereto', adv. To this. — Heretofore", adv. In times before the pres- ent ; formerly. — Here'unto', adv. Unto this or this time ; hereto. — Hereupon', adv. On this ; hereon. —Herewith'', -with'' or -with/, adv. With this. — Herein'' to, adv. Into this. —Hereof', -of or -ov', adv. Of, concernins or from this. — Here- on', adv. On this ; hereupon. Hereditary, he-red'Y-ta-rY, a. Descended by inheri- tance ; capable of descending from an ancestor to an heir ; transmitted, or that may be transmitted, from a parent to a child ; ancestral ; patrimonial ; inheritable. [L. hereditarily, fr. hereditare, to in- herit, fr. heres, heredis, an heir, q. v.] — Heredlta- ble, Heritable, a. Capable of being inherited. — Heredity, -Y-tY, n. Transmission of qualities of parents to offspring. — Her'edit'ament, n. (Law.) Any species of property that may be inherited.— Hereditarily, adv. By inheritance. — Heritage, -ej, n. Thing inherited; inheritance. [F.] — Her- itor, -or, n. Orig. an heir; in Scot, a proprietor in a parish. [LL.] Heresy, her'e-sY, n. An opinion opposed to the es- tablished or usually received doctrine; esp. (Theol.) rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some fundamental religious doctrine or truth ; hetero- doxy. [OF. heresie, Qt. hairesis, a choice, sect, her- esy, fr. hairein, to take.] — Herpetic, n. One who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the Christian religion; schismatic; sec- tarian. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A Protestant. — He- retical, a. Containing, or pert, to, heresy. — He- retlcally, adv. — Heresiarch, her'e-sY- or he-re'zY- ark, n. A leader in heresv; chief heretic. Heriot, hSr'Y-ot, n. (Eng. Law.) A tribute of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, payable on trie de- cease of a tenant by copyhold or other landholder. [AS. heregeatu, what was given the lord of the manor to prepare for war, fr. here, army, and geatu, pro- vision, fr. getan, gitan, to get.] Heritable, Heritage. See under Hereditary. Hermaphrodite, her-maf ro-dit, n. An animal or hu- man being having both the male and the female gen- erative organs. (Bot.) A flower that contains both the stamen and the pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. [Fr. Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes, or Mercury, and Aphrodite, or Venus, who, when bathing, became joined in one person with Salmacis, the nymph of the fountain.] — Her- maphroditp brig. (NauV) A bri', r square-rigged for- ward and schooner-rigged alt. -- Hermaph'rodite, -roditlc. -leal, a. Partaking of both sexes. — Her- maphroditism, -ro-dit-izm, -rodism, -rod-izm, n. Union of two sexes in the same individual. Hermeneutic, hgr-me-nn'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to inter- pretation; exegetical. — Hermeneu'tics, n. sing. Sci- ence of interpretation ; exegesis, — esp. applied to interpretation of the Scriptures. [Gr. h< rmeneutikos, fr. hermeneutes, hermeneus. an interpreter, perh. fr. Hermes, Mercury, tuteiarv god of skill.] Hermetic, her-metlk, -ical, a. Pert, to chemistry; chemical: pert, to that philosophy which pretends to explain all the phenomena of nature from the 3 chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury ; pert, to the system which explains causes of diseases, etc., on the principles of the hennetical philosophv, esp. on the system of an alkali and acid ; perfectly close, so that no air, gas, or spirit can escape. [LL. hermeticus, fr. the Egyptian Hermes Trismrgistus, the fabled inventor of alchemy.] —Hermetically, adv. Hermit, her'mit, n. A recluse : anchoret ; esp. one who lives in solitude from religious motives. [ME. heremite , eremite, F. hermite, LL. herem>ta,eremita, Gr. eremites, lit. dweller in a desert, fr. eremia, des- ert, eremos, deserted.] — Her'mitage, -ej, n. The habitation of a hermit; a secluded residence. [F.] — Her'mitess, n. A female hermit. Hern. Same as Herox. Hernia, her'nY-a, n. (Surg.) A rupture ; a tumor formed by protrusion of any internal part through a natural or accidental opening in a muscular or membranous wall. [L.] — Strangulated hernia. Ir- reducible protrusion, with constriction, of an intes- tine. — Her'nial, a. Pert, to, or connected with, her- nia. — Herniotomy, -mY, n. (Surg.) Act or opera- tion of cutting for the cure of hernia, or relief of strangulated hernia. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] Hero, helo, n. ; pi. -roes, -roz. A man of distin- guished valor, intrepidity, or enterprise in danger; a great or extraordinary person ; principal person- age in a poem, story, etc. (Myth.) An illustrious man, placed among the gods, after his death. [OF. and Sp. heroe, L. and Gr. heros, Skr. vira, hero ; L. vir, AS. wer, man.]— Heroic, a. Pert, to, like, or becoming a hero; brave; intrepid: noble. — Heroic age. The age when the heroes are supposed to have lived. —H. poetry. That in which the life of a hero is celebrated ; epic poetry.— H. treatment, remedies. (Med.) Those of a violent character. — H. verse. (Pros.) The verse of heroic poetry, being in Eng. the iambic of 10 syllables. — Heroically, adv. In the manner of a hero; with valor; bravely; coura- geously; intrepidly. — He'roicomlc, -ical, a. Con- sisting'of the heroic and the ludicrous. —Heroine, her^o-in, n. A female hero. [F., L., and Gr.] — Her'oism, -izm, n. The qualities or character of a hero; courage; fortitude; bravery; valor. Heron, her'un, n. A wading bird of many species with long slender legs, neck, and bill. [F. ; OF. hairon, OHG. heigir.] — Her'onry, -ri, n. A place where herons breed. Herpes, her'pez, n. (Med.) An eruption of the skin ; esp. an eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, ac- companied with itching or tingling, including shingles, ringworm, etc. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. herpein, to creep, fr. its tendency to creep from one part of the skin to an- other.] —Herpetic, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. — Herpetol'- ogy, -jY, n. Natural history Heron. or description of reptile rupeds. [Gr. her- peton, reptile (fr. herpein), and log- os, discourse.] — Her ' petol ' ogist, n. One versed in, etc. Herring, herling, including oviparous quad- sun, cube. f"11 ; moon, fdbt : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. HERS 258 HIERARCH n. A small fish, appearing in vast shoals in the spring, upon the coasts of Europe and America, where they are taken in great quantities. [AS. hxrincg, fr. here, an army, tr. their great shoals; cf. W. ysgadan, herrings, fr. cad, a host, army.] Hers, hgrz, Herself. See Her. Herschel, her'shel, n. A planet discovered by Dr. Herschel, in 1781, — now called Uranus. Herse, hers, n. (Fort.) A lattice or portcullis in the form of a harrow ; a harrow used instead of a che val- de-frise. A hearse. [Same as hearse.'] Hesitate, hez'Y-tat, v. t. To stop or pause respecting decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty, doubt, waver, scruple ; to stop in speaking, falter, stammer. [L. hsesitare, -tatum, intens. form of hserere, to hang or hold fast.] — Hesitation, re. Act of hesitating. [F.] — Hesitancy, -tan-sY, re. Act of hesitating or doubting; doubt ; action or manner of one who hesitates; indecision. Hesper, hes'per, Hes'perus, n. The evening star. — Hespe'rian, -rY-an, a. Western; occidental. Hessian Fly, hesh'an-fli, n. A small, two-winged fly, or midge, nearly black, destructive to young wheat, — supposed to have been brought into Amer. by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution. Hest, hest, re. Command ; precept ; order. [AS. has, fr. hatan, to call', bid.] Hetchel. Same as Hackle. Heteroclite, het'er-o-klit, n. (Gram.') A word which is irregular or anomalous, esp. a noun irregular in declension. Any thing or person deviating from common forms. [Gr. heteroklitos, fr. heteros, other, and klinein, to lean, inflect.] — Het'eroclite, -clit'- ic, -clifical, a. Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal.— Het'er- odox, a. Contrary to some acknowledged standard, as the Bible, creed of a church, etc. ; not orthodox ; holding opinions or doctrines contrary to some ac- knowledged standard. [Gr. doxa, opinion.] — Het'- erodox'y, -doks'Y, re. Heresy ; an opinion or doc- trine contrary to some established standard. — Het'- eroge'neal, -je'ne-al, -neous, -us, a. Differing in kind ; having unlike qualities ; dissimilar. TGr. genos, race, fr. genein, to beget.] — Het'erogene'ity, -ne'Y-tY, Het'eroge'neousness, n. — Het'erogen'esis, «. Spontaneous generation; descent, in which suc- cessive generations differ from each other; produc- tion of a living being by beings of a different spe- cies, — opp. to homogenesis or gamogenesis. [Gr. gen- esis, fr. genein.'] — Het'erog'enist, n. A believer in, etc. — Het'erop'athy, -thi, n. (Med.) Treatment of disease by supplanting one morbid condition by another and different one, — applied by homceop- athists to the ordinary medict-l practice. [Gr. jm- thein, to suffer.] Hetman, het'man, re. ; pi. -mans. A Cossack com- mander-in-chief. [Pol. hetman, Russ. ataman, fr. G. hauptmann, head man, chieftain.] Hew, hu, v. t. {imp. hewed; p. p. hewed (hud) or hewn (hun); hewing.] To cut with an ax, shape with a sharp instrument, chop, hack. [AS. heawan, OHG. houwan ; s. rt. L. cudere, to strike, pound, E. hoe.] — Hew'er, n. One who hews wood or stone. Hexad, heks'ad, n. (Chem.) An atom whose equiv- alence is 6, or which can be combined with, substi tuted for, or replaced by, 6 atoms of hydrogen. [Gr. hexas, hexados, the number 6, fr. hex, six, q. v.] — Hex'achord, -kord, n. (Mus.) An interval of 4 tones and 1 semitone : a scale of fi notes ; an instrument with 6 strings. [Gr. hex and chorde, chord.] — Hex'- agon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure of (i sides and 6 angles. [Gr. gonia, angle.] — Hexag'onal, a. Hav- ing, etc. — Hex'ahe'dron, n. A regular solid body of 6 equal faces ; a cube. [Gr. hedra, seat, base.] — Hex'ahe'dral, a. Of the figure of, etc. — Hexam'- eter, n. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of (J feet, either dactyls or spondees, — a. Having, etc. [Gr. me tron, measure.] — Hex'amet'ric, -rical, a. Consisting of, etc. — Hexan'gular, -ar/gu-ler, a. Having 6 angles or corners. — Hex'apla, -a-pla, n. A collection of the Holv Scriptures in 6 languages or (i versions. [Gr., fr.'hexaploos, -pious, six fold.] — Hex'aplar, a. Sextuple; containing 6 columns. Hey, ha, interj. An exclamation expressive of joy or exhortation. [G. and D. hei.] — Hey'day', interj. An expression of frolic, exultation, or wonder. [G. heida, D. hei daar, hallo! hot there; G.da, D. daar = E. there.] Heyday, ha 'da, re. A frolic; wildness. [Corrupt, of hmh day.] Hiatus, hi-a'tus, n. ; L. pi. same as sing.; E. pi. -tuses. -ez. An opening ; gap ; chasm ; space where some- thing is wanting ; a break in a manuscript, where part is lost or effaced. (Gram.) Concurrence of 2 vowels in 2 successive syllables or words. [L., p. p. of Mare, to yawn ; s. rt. yawn, chasm.] Hibernal, hi-ber r nal, a. Belonging or relating to winter; wintry; win terish. [F.; L. hibernalis, hiber- nus ; s. rt. L. hiems, winter, Gr. chion, Skr. hima, snow.]— Hi'bernate, -nat, v. i. To winter; to pass the winter in seclusion, esp. in lethargic sleep, as bats, bears, etc. — Hiberna'tion, n. Act of, etc. j Hibernian, hi-ber' nl-an, a. Pert, to Hibernia, now Ireland ; Irish. — n. A native or inhabitant of Ire- land; a Milesian.— Hiber'nianism, -nicism, -nY-sizm, ' n. An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to, etc. Hibiscus, hi-bis'kus, n. A genus of plants, some spe- cies bearing showy flowers, some edible, some yield- ing mucilage or fiber. [L.] Hiccough, Hiccup, Hickup. hik'kup, re. A spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and adjacent parts, producing a sudden sound, usually caused by gas- tric derangement; the sound itself. — v. i. [hic- coughed (-kupt), -coughing.] To have, etc. [Ono- mat.; F. hoquet, D. and Armor, hik, Dan. hikke, W. ig, a hiccough; D. hikken, Dan. hikke, to hiccough.] Hickory, hik r o-rY, n. A nut-bearing American tree of several species, having strong, tenacious wood. Hicksite. hiks'it, n. A follower of Elias Hicks, who se- ceded fr. the Society of Friends in the U. S., in 1827. Hid, Hidden. See Hide, v. t. Hidage. See under Hide (of land). Hidalgo, hi-daKgo, n. In Spain, a nobleman of the lower class; a gentleman by birth. [Sp., contr. fr. hijo de algo, son of something ; hijo, OSp. figo, L. filius, son; algo, L. aliquod, something.] Hide, hid, v. t. [imp. hid; p. p. hid, hidden; hiding. 1 To withhold, or withdraw from sight ; to conceal from knowledge, keep secret, disguise, dissemble, screen ; to protect from danger, defend. — v. i. To lie concealed or secreted; to keep one's self out of view. [AS. hidan, hydan, Gr. keuthein, to hide; s. rt. L. custos, a protector, E. sky.] — Hide-and-seek. A play in which children hide themselves, and another seeks them.— Hid'er,w. — Hid'ing, n. Concealment. Hide, hid, n. The skin of a beast, raw or dressed; the human skin, — so called in contempt.—?;, t. To flog, whip. [AS. hyd, OHG. hut, L. cutis, Gr. kutos, skutos, skin, hide; same as hide, to conceal.]— Hide'- bound, a. Having the skin stuck so closely to the ribs and back, as not to be easily loosened or raised; having the bark so close as to impede growth. Hide, hid, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A house or dwelling; a portion of land, differently estimated at 60, 80, or 100 acres. [LL. hida, fr. AS. hid, contr. fr. higid = hiwisc, an estate sufficient to support a household; s. rt. AS. hiwan, domestics, a household, E. hire.] — Hid'age, -ej, n. A tax formerly paid to the King of Eng. for every hide of land. Hideous, hid'e-us, a. Frightful or shocking to the eye; distressing to the ear ; hateful ; grim ; grisly ; terrible. [ME. hidous, OF. liidos, hideus, hisdos, perh. fr. L. hispidosus, fr. hispidiis, rough, bristly.] — Hid'eou3ly, adv. — Hid'eousness, re. Hie, hi, v. i. L H,Er > (hid), hying.] To hasten. [AS. higian; s. rt. Gr. kiein, to go, L. ciere, to summon, citns, quick, Skr. ci, to sharpen, E. cite, hone.] Hierarch, hKe-rark, n. One who rules or has author- ity in sacred things; chief of asacred order. [Gr. hi- erarches, fr. hieros, sacred (orig. vigorous; s. rt. Skr. ishiras, vigorous, fresh), and archos, leader, archein. to rule : see Arch, a.] — Hi'erarch'al, a. Pert, to a hierarch. — Hi'erarch'y, -rark'Y, n. Dominion m sa- cred things; the body of persons having ecclesiastical authority; a government administered by the priest- hood. [F. hierarchie, Gr. Merarchia.] — Hi'erarch'- ical, a. Pert, to a hierarchy. — Hi'erat'ic, a. Con- secrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pert, to priests, — applied to a mode of ancient Egyptian writing, being the sacerdotal character. [Gr. . hieratikos, fr. hierateuein, to I £| be a priest, fr. hieros.] — Hier- oglyph, -glif , -glyph'ic, n. A sac red character, — esp. the picture-writing of the ancient Egyptian priests; the figure of an animal, etc., standing for a phrase, word, or letter ; any character or figure having a mysterious significance. [Gr. hierogluphikos : g lu v h e i n, to ;j^avJ!3 Hieroglyphics. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; HIGGLE 259 HIPPOCAMPUS hollow out, engrave: see Glyph.] — Hieroglyphic, -ical, a. Emblematic; expressive ot some meaning j by characters, pictures, or figures; obscure ; enig- i matical. — Hi'eroglyphlcally, aUuno$, river.] Hippoeras, hip'po-kras, Hippopotamus. (Med.) Wine with an in- fusion ot spices and other ingredients, used as a cor- dial. [Orig., wine of Hippocrates, — so called by apothecaries because supposed to be made according to the prescription of Hippocrates.] Hire, hTr, v. t. [hired (hlrd), hiking.] To procure (the services of another, or a chattel or estate) for temporary use, for a compensation;, to contract with for wages; to bribe; to grant the use of, forcompen- Bation; to let, lease, —n. Price, reward, or compen- sation for the temporary use of anvthing; recom- pense for personal service; wages; "salary; pay; a bribe. [AS. h>jr; prob. s. it. AS. hired, family.house- hold, E. hind, servant, hive.]— Hire'ling, ». One hired; a mercenary. — a. Serving for wages; venal; mercenary. — Hir'er'. n. Hirsute, hgr-sat', a. Rough with hair; set with bris- tles; hairy; shaggy, [h. hirsutus; e. rt. horrere, to bristle. See Horror.] — Hirsnte'BesB, n. His, hiz, pron. See He. Hispid, his'pid, a. Rough with bristles or minute spines; bristly. [L. hispichts.] Hiss, his. v. i. [hissed (hist), hissing.] To make a sound like that of the letter s, esp. in contempt or disapprobation; to make a like sound, as a goose or serpent, or as water thrown on hot metal, or steam escaping through a narrow orifice; to glide with a whizzing noise. — u.t. To condemn by hissi'fg; to procure disgrace for. — n. A sound like that of s, esp. as a mark of disapprobation; voice of a goose or serpent. [Onomat. ; AS. hysian, OD. hisschen, D. st'3sen, G. zischen.] — Hissing, n. A hiss; occa- sion of contempt; object ot scorn and derision. Hist, hist, interj. Hush; be silent,— a word command- ing silence. [Peih. same as his*: cf. Dan. Ays, si- lence ! hysse, hush; and cf. E. whist.] Histology, his-tol'o-jl, u. Science of the minute struc- ture of the tissues of plants, animals, etc. [Gr. histos, a web, and logos, discourse.] History, his'to-rT, ». A statement of what is known: arecond; description; a narrative of events; a state- ment of the progress of a nation or an institution, with philosophical inquiries respecting effects and causes. [L. and Gr. historia, fr. Gr. histor, for idtor, knowing, learned, fr. eidenai, to know.] — Natural history. Description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. — His- io'rian, n. A writer or compiler of history; chron- icler; annalist. — Historic,, -tor'ik, -ical, a. Con- taining, pert, to, contained or exhibited in, deduced from, or representing history. — Historical painting. That branch of painting which represents events of history, with regard to time, place, and accessories, and with exercise of imaginative art. — The historic seme. Capacity to represent the unity of a past age. — Historically, adv. — Histo'riog'rapher, -fer, n. A historian; writer of history; esp. an officer em- ployed to write the history of a prince or state. [Gr. graphcin, to write.]— Histo'riog'raphy, -IT, n. Art or employment of, etc. Histrionic, h|s-trT-on / 'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a stage- player, or to playing; theatrical. (L. histrionicus, fr. histrio, a player.] — Histrionically, adv. Hit, hit, v. t. [imi>. & p. )>. hit; hittixg ] To reach with a stroke or blow; esp. to reach or touch an ob- ject aimed at, as a mark, usually with force; to reach or attain exactly, accord with, suif . — v. i. To meet or come in contact, strike; to succeed in an attempt. — n. A collision; the stroke or blow that touches anything, — often with implied luck or chance: an apt expression or turn of thought. [Tc. and Sw. hxtta, Dan. hilte, to hit upon, fit; prob. s. rt. Goth. Itmitau, to catch, E. hint.]— To hit off. To describe with hits or characteristic strokes. — To hit on, or upon. To light upon; to come to by chance. Hitch, hich, ». i". [hitched (hicht), hitching.] To become entangled, caught, linked, or yoked; to move spasmodically by jerks, or with stops; to fidget, move. — v. t. To fasten, unite, yoke, harness; to raise or pull with a jerk. — n. A catch ; impedi- ment; temporary obstacle or stoppage. (zVairf.) A knot or noose in a rope for fastening it to a ring or other object. [ME. hicchtn; cf. Scot, hocch, to move by jerks; not s. rt. hook.] Hither, hith'er, adv. To this place. — a. On the side or direction toward the person speaking; nearer. [AS. hider, hidher, Goth, hidre, h.citra; s. rt he, ef. hence] — Hith'erto', -too', adv. To this place; up to this time; as yet; until now, — Hith'erward, adv. This way; toward this place; hither. Hive, hlv, n. A fox or other place for a swarm of honey-bees to live in; a swarm of bees; crowded or busy place; company; crowd. — v. t. [hived (hf\ J). hiving.] To collect into, or cause to enter, a hive; to collect and lay up in store. — v. i. To take shelter or lodgings together. [AS. hyfe, orig. house, hiw- neden, 1c. hju, household; s. rt. Skr. ci, Gr. keimai, to lie down, L. civis, a citizen, E. civic, city, ceme- tery, quiet, hide, hire, etc.] — Hiv'er, n. One who collects 4 bees into a hive. Hives, htvz, n. (Med.) A disease, the croup; also an eruptive disease, allied to chicken-pox. [Scot.] Ho, Hoa; ho. interj. Halloo! oho! oh! attend! — a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach; stop! standstill! hold! whoa! [1c. ho, ho. hoa, to shout " Ho!" D. hou, hold! stop! fr. houden, to hold.] Hoar, hOr, a. White, or grayish-white; gray or white with age; hoary. [AS. har, la. harr; perh. s. rt. Skr. cara, variegated ill color (used of hair mixed with white); not s. ft. Ic. har— E. high, nor E. hair.] — Hoar'y, -I, a. White or whitish; hoar. (Bol.) Cov- ered with short, dense, grayish-white hairs.— Hoar'- tness,w.— Hoar'-frest, n. The white particles formed by congelation of dew. — Hoar'hound. Hore 'hound, ». A bitter plant, one species of whioh is used for coughs. [AS. hune or harhune, fr. ha>' (the stem being hoarV) and hune, strong-scented; s. rt. D. cvnila, Gr. konile, a species of strong-smelling origanum.] Hoard, hord, n. A store of anything laid up; a hidden stock; treasure. — v. U - To collect and lay up; to store secretly. — v. i. .To collect a hoard, lay up a store. [AS. hord, a hoard, lit. thing housed, hordian, to hoard; s. it. /rouse.] — iioard'er, w. Hoarse. h5rs, a. Having u harsh, rough, grating voice, as when affected with a cold; rough; discordant. [ME. hoos, hors, AS. has] — Hoarsely, adv. — Hoarseliess, n. Hoax, hOks, n. A deceptive trick or story; a practical joke.— v. t. [hoaxed (hokst), hoaxing.] To de- ceive; to play a trick upon for sport, or without mal- ice. [Corrupt, of hocus-pocus ; not fr. AS. hux, husc, a taunt.] — Ho'cus, v t. To deceive or cheat, to adulterate, drug. — n. One who, etc.— Ho'cas-po'- cus, n. A juggler; juggler's trick. — v. t. Tocheat. [Cf. Hokos-I'vkos, name of a juggler in Ben Jonson's " Magnetic Lady,"— the formula of a juggler when playing a trick being, "Hocus pocus, tontus, talonlus, vade celeriter, jubeo , " said also to be corrupt, of "Hoc est corpus," said by priests when elevating the host.] Hob, hob, n. The nave of a wheel, the flat shelf at the side of a grate, where things are placed to be kept warm. [Same as hub and hump, q v ] — Hob'nail, *. A thick-headed nail for shoes. Hob, hob, n. A clown . rustic ; fairy. [A personal name, corrupt, of fiol/in. Robert, — whence the sur- names Hohbs, Hobson. Hopkins, etc.] — Hob'goblin, n. An imp; frightful apparition [Sec Goblin] Hobble, hob hi, r. t. (-bi.ed (-bid), -blino ] To walk lainely, bearing chiefly on one leg; to limp: to move roughly or irregulaily. — v. t. To hopple, clog. — n. An unequal, halting^ gait; difficulty; perplexity [Freq. of hoj>, q. v.;D. hobbelen, to ride on "a. hobbyr horse (q. v.), stammer, stutter, Prov. G hcpp'-ln, to hop. hobble.] — Hob'bler, n. — Hob'bly, -bli, a. Causing to hobble; lull of holes; rough, — said of a road. — Hob'bledehoy', -de-hoi', -tehoy', h. A strip- ling; a youth between boyhood and manhood. Hobby, hob'bY, Hob'by-horse, n. A strong, active horse, of middle siz.e; an ambling horse; a nag; 8 stick, or figure of a horse, on which boys ride; a sub- ject upon which one is constantly setting off; a fav- orite theme of discourse, thought, or effort. [ME. and OF. hobin, a nag, It. ubino, puny, OD. hobben, to toss up and down, OSw. hoppa, a young mare, also to hop; s. -rt. hop. See Hobble.] Hobnob, hob'nob, adv. Take or not take, — a famil- iar invitation to reciprocal drinkiDg.— v i. To drink or feast familiarly. [AS. habban, to have, and nab' ban, to have not, fr. ne, not, and habban] fame, far, pes& cr opera, fare i end, eve, term i In. Ice ; odd. tfiu*. fir « HOCK 261 HOLY Bock, hok, n. The hough, q. v. See Horse. — v. t. To hamstring; to hough, [bee Hough.] Hock, hok, n. A light-yellowish Rhenish wine, either sparkling or still. [I r. Hochheim, Germany.] Hockey, hok'Y, n. A game at ball played with a club hooked at the bottom. [Fr. hook, q. v. J Hocus, Hocus-pocus. See under Hoax. Hod, hod, n. A trough or box on a handle for carrying mortar and brick; a coal-scuttle. [F., OD., and G. hotte; prob. s. rt. hut.} — Hod'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who carries a hod; a mason's tender. Hodgepodge, hoj'poj, n. A mixed mass; a medley of ingredients. [See Hotchpotch.] Hodiernal, ho-dT-gr'nal, a. Of, or pert, to, the pres- ent day. [L. hodiernus, fr. hodie, to-day, contr. fr. hoc die, on this day.] Hoe, ho, n. An instrument for cutting up weeds and loosening the earth, —v. t. [hoed (hod), hoeing.] To cut, dig, scrape, or clean, or to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe. — v. i. To use, or labor with, a hoe. [F. hove, OHG. houwa, a hoe; s. rt. E. hew.] — Hoe'cake. n. A coarse cake, of Indian meal, baked before the fire, or in the ashes, — sometimes on a hoe; a johnny-cake. Hog, hog, n. A swine; porker; esp. a castrated boar; a mean, filthy, or greedy fellow, — the domesti- cated animal, kept for lard and pork, being com- moaly trained to gluttonous and filthy habits.— v. t. [hogged (hogd), -ging.] To cut short the hair of. — v. i. To become bent upward in the middle, like a hog's back. [ME.; perh. fr. W. hivch, a sow. Armor, and Corn, hoch, a hog; s. rt. Ir. suig, AS. suga, L. sus, Gr. hus, a sow, q. v.; or perh. fr. Scot. hag, to cut: cf. Prov. G. hacksh, a boar, fr. hacken, to cut.] — Hog of wool. Trade name for the fleece of sheep of the 2d year. [Prov. E. hog, hogget, a young sheep.] — Hog'gish, a. Having the qualities of ahog; gluttonous; filthy; selfish; swinish.— Hog'- 8ty, -sti, n. A pen or house for swine. — Hog'-frame, n. A fore-and-aft truss, on steamboats, to prevent vertical flexure. herd, n. A keeper of swine. — •pen, n. A hogsty. Hogshead, hogz'hed, n. An Eng. measure of capaci- ty = 63 wine gallons, or 52i imperial gallons; in U. S., a large cask, of indefinite contents. [Corrupt, of OD. oshoofd, 6. oxhofd, a hogshead, — perh. fr. an ox-head, branded on casks.] Hoiden, Hoyden, hoi'dn, n. A rude, bold girl; a romp. — a. Rude; bold; inelegant; rustic. [OD. heyden, a heathen, gentile, gipsy, vagabond, fr. heyde, a heath; cf. Heathen.] — Hoi'denish, a. Like, etc. Hoist, hoist, v. t. To raise, lift; esp. to lift by means of tackle. — n. That by which anything is hoisted; act of hoisting. (Naut.) The perpendicular height of a flag or sail. [OD. hyssen, to hoist.] — Hoist'- way, n. An opening in floors of a warehouse, etc., through which to hoist goods. Hoity-toity, hoi'tY-toi'ti, a. Thoughtless, giddy, flighty,— used also as an exclamation, denoting sur- prise, _with some degree of contempt. Hold, hold, v. t. [held or (Laio) holden; holding.] To sustain, restrain, keep in the grasp, retain; to maintain possession of, or authority over, defend; to be in possession of, derive title to; to impose re- straint upon; to keep up in being or action, carry on, continue; to prosecute, nave, take, or join in; to con- tain, as a vessel, anything put into it; to have ca- pacity for; to accept (an opinion), maintain; to con- sider, regard, account, —v. i. To keep one's self in a given position or condition; to remain fixed, as, to halt, stop, — mostly in the imperative; or, to remain unbroken or unsubdued; or, to last, endure; or, to be valid, continue on being tested; or, to remain at- tached, cleave; to derive right or title, — n. Act of holding; manner of holding, whether firm or loose; seizure; grasp; authority to take or keep; claim; binding powerand influence; something which may be seized for support; place of confinement; prison; custody; a fortified place. (Mus.) A character [thus, fZ\] placed over or under a note or rest, indicating that it is to be prolonged. [AS. healduu, Dan. holde, to hold.]— To hold Jorth. To offer, put forward; to speak in public, harangue. — To h. in. To restrain, curb. — To h. off. To keep at a distance. — To h. on. To continue, go on. — To h. one's own. To keep good one's present condition. (JVaut.) To keep up; not to be left behind. — To h. out. To extend, stretch forth; to continue to suffer, endure. — To h. up. To raise, lift; to support one's self; to cease raining; to keep up; not fall behind. — To h. over. To remain in office, possession, etc., beyond the regular term — To h. to, or with. To take sides with a person or opinion.— 7b /(. together. To remain in union.— Hold'er, n. — Hold'ing, n. A tenure; thing held; hold; influence; power. — Hold'back, ». Check; hindrance; restraint; iron or strap on the thill of a vehicle, by irhich the harness holds it back when going down hill.— Hold'-fast, n. A catch, hook, etc., to secure something else. Hold, hold, n. The interior cavity of a vessel, in which the cargo is stowed. See Ship. [D. hoi; same as hole, q. v.] Hole, hoi, n. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation in the ground, or a natural cavity inhabited by an animal; a low, narrow, or dark lodging ; aperture; perforation; rent; pit; den; cell. [AS., D., Ic, and OHG. hoi, a cave; AS. holen, p. p. of helan, to hide.] — Hollow, hSl'lo, a. Containing an empty space, within a solid substance; not solid; sunken; rever- berated from a cavity, or resembling such a rever- berated sound; not sincere or faithful. — n. A cav- ity ; hole ; excavation ; a low spot surrounded by elevations ; concavity. — v. t. [hollowed (-lod), -lowing.] To make hollow, excavate. — adv. So as to make hollow, or empty of resources, strength, etc.; completely. [AS. holh, holg, a hollow place, fr. hoi.)— Hol'lowness, n. — Hol'low heart'ed, a. In- sincere; false; not sound and true. Holiday, Holiness, etc. See under Holy. Holland, hol'land, n. A kind of linen first manufac- tured in Holland. — Hollands, n. Gin made in, etc. Hollo, -loa, hoKlo or hol-lo', -la, -la, interj. & n. Ho; attend ; here. — Hollo, hollo or hol-lo', Hol'la, -la, [-laed (-lad), -laing.] v. i. To call out or exclaim; to halloo. [F. hold, fr. interj. ho and la, there; not the same as halloo, q. v.] — Hol'low, -lo, interj. and v. t. Same as Hollo. Hollow, Hollowness, etc. See under Hole. Holly, hoFlY, n. An evergreen tree or shrub having glossy green prick- ly leaves, and bear- ing berries that turn red or yellow about Michael- mas; also the holm oak, an evergreen oak. [ME. holin, AS. holen, Armor. kelen ; perh. s. rt. L. culmen, a peak, the leaves being pointed.] Hollyhock, hol'lT- hok, n. A tall flowering plant of many varieties ; rose-mallow. [ME. holihoc, f r . noli (as brought f r. the Holy Land), and AS. 'hoc, a mallow.] Holm, holm or horn, Holm Oak, n. The evergreen oak. [Corrupt, fr. ME. holin. See Holly.] Holm, holm or horn, n. An islet, or river isle; a low, flat tract of rich land on the banks of a river. [AS., amound, billow; Dan., a quay, dockyard; G., a hill, island, dockyard; s. rt. L. columen, culmen, moun- tain top, collis, hill.] Holocaust, hoKo-kawst, n. A burnt sacrifice or offer- ing, wholly consumed by fire ; a great slaughter. [Gr. holokauston, fr. holos, whole, entire, and kaiein, tut. kauso, to burn.] — Holograph, -graf, n. Any writing, as a letter, deed, will, etc., wholly in the handwriting of the one from whom it proceeds. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Holograpb/ic, a. Of the na- ture of, or pert, to, etc. Holster, hoKster, n. A leather case for a pistol, car- ried by a horseman. [D., fr. hidlen, to cover, dis- guise; s. rt. AS. hoi = E. hole, also, E. hull, q. v.] Holt, holt, n. A wood; esp. a woody hill. [AS. and Ic. orig. cover, shelter; s. rt. holster, etc.] Holy, ho'lT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Set apart to the ser- vice or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; accept- able to God ; free from sinful affections ; pure ; guiltless. [AS. halig, fr. hal, whole.] — Holy office. The Inquisition. — 77. of holies. (Script.) The in- nermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or tem- ple, where the ark was kept. — 77. One. The Supreme Being.— 77. water. (Gr. & Jiom. CatJi. Churches.) Water consecrated by the priest. — 77. week. (Eccl.) Holly. efin, cube, full; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. HOMAGE 262 HONOR The week before Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is commemorated. — H. Writ. The sacred Scriptures. — Ho'lily, -tt-ft, adv. In a holy manner; piously. — Holiness, n. — His Holiness. A title of the Pope and of Greek bishops. — Ho'ly-day, n. A consecrated day; religious anniversary or festival; a festival of any kind; holiday. [In the latter sense, holiday is the preferable spelling.] — Hol'iday, hSK-, n. A festival day; day of exemption from labor; day of amusement or of joy and gayety. — a. Pert, to, etc.; joyous; gay. — Ho'ly-stohe, n. (Naut.) A stone for cleaning the decks of ships. — v. t. To scrub with, etc. Homage, hom'ej, n. (Feud. Laiv.) An acknowledg- ment made by a tenant to his lord, on receiving in- vestiture of fee, that he was his man, or vassal. Re- spect or reverential regard; esp., respect paid by ex- ternal action; obeisance; reverential worship; de- vout affection. [OF., L. homaticum, hominium, fr. L. homo, a man, servant, vassal. See Human.] Home, hom, n. The house in which one resides; place or country in which one dwells; all that pertains to a dwelling-place. — a. Pert, to one's dwelling, country, or family; domestic; close; pointed.— adv. To one's home or country; close ; closely; to the point. [AS. ham, home, a dwelling, Goth, haims, Gr. koine, a village; s. rt. Gr. keimai, Skr. ci, to lie down, Gr. koite, a bed, L. civis, a villager, citizen, E. hive, q. v.] — To he at home on any subject. To be conversant or familiar with it. — ' To come home. (Naut.) To become loosened from the ground by the violence of the wind or current, — said of an anchor. — Hoine'less, a. Destitute of a home. — Home'ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Belonging to home, domestic; familiar; plain; rude in appearance; un- polished; of plain features; not handsome.— Home'- liness, n. — Home'sick, a. Depressed in spirits by separation from home. — Home'sickness, n. — Home'spun, a. Spun or wrought at home; coarse; plain; plain in manner; rude. — n. Cloth made at home. — Home'stead, n. The inclosure or ground j immediately connected with a mansion; home or | seat of a family. (Law.) A person's dwelling-place, with that part of his landed property contiguous to it. — Home'ward, adv. Toward home. — Home'- bred, «. Bred at home ; native ; domestic ; rude ; uncultivated. — made, a. Made at home; of do- mestic manufacture. Homeopathy, ho-me-op'a-thY, n. (Med.) Theory that disease is cured by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the patient's complaint, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses. [Gr. homoiopatheia, likeness in feeling or condition, sympathy, fr. homoi- os (fr. homos, same ; s. rt. same), like, similar, and pathein, to suffer.] — Ho'meopatn'ic, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Ho'meop'athist, Ho'meopath, n. A be- liever_in, or practitioner of, etc. — Homoiou'sian, -moi-oo'zY-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who held that the Son was of like, but not the same, essence with the Father, — opp. to homoousian, q. v., under Homo- centric. [Gr. homoios and ousia, substance, essence, fr. einai, to be, p. pr. on, ousa, 6n.] Homer, ho'mer, n. A Hebrew measure, — as a liquid measure, 75 wine gallons; as a dry measure, 11 l-9th bushels. [Heb. chomer, fr. chamar, to swell up.] Homeric, ho-mer'ik, a. Pert, to Homer, the poet of Greece, or to his poetry. Homicide, hom'Y-sid, n. The killing of any human being by the act of man ; manslaughter; one who kills another; amanslayer. [F.; L. homicidium, man- slaughter, homicida, a man-slayer, fr. homo, a man, and csedere, to cut, kill; s. rt. schism.'] — Hom'ici'dal, a. Pert, to homicide; murderous. Homily, hom'Y-lY, n. A plain and familiar sermon; a serious discourse. [L. and Gr. homilia, fr. Gr. hom- ilos, an assembly, concourse, fr. homos, same, and He, eile, a crowd, fr. eilein, to press, crowd ; s. rt. Skr. vri, to surround, cover; nots. rt. L. volvere.~\ — Homilefic, -ical, a. Pert, to homiletics. — Homilef- ica, n. sing. Science of preaching or of preparing and delivering homilies or sermons. — Hom'ilist, n. One who preaches to a congregation. Hominy, honv'i-nT, n. Maize hulled and broken, but coarse, prepared for food by being mixed with water and boiled. [Indian aidiuminca, parched corn.] Hommock, hom'mok, n. A hillock ; small conical eminence. [See Hummock.] Homocentric, ho-mo-sen r trik,a. Having the same cen- ter. [Gr. homokentros, fr. homos, one and the same (see Homeopathy), and kentron, center, q. v.] — Homocer'cal, -ser'kal, a. (Ichth.) Hav- ing the tail symmetrical, the verte- bral column terminating at its com- mencement, — opp. to heterocercal. — Homoeop'athy, n. Same as Homeop- athy. — Homoge'neal, -je'ne-al, -ne- ous, -ne-us, a. Of the same kind or nature; consisting of elements of the Homocercal like nature. [Gr. genos, race, kind, ,. -, .. , genein, to beget; s. rt. kin.] - Ho'mo- < tal1 ?** her " gene'ity, -ne'Y-tY, -ge'neousness, n. rlI W- Sameness of kind or nature; uniformity of structure or material.— Homogen'esis, n. That method of natural descent in which the successive generations are alike ; gamogenei is, — opp. to heterogenesis. [Gr. genesis, q. v.] — Homologous, -gus, a. Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or struc- ture. [Gr. logos, speech, proportion.] — Hom/ologue,. -log, n. That which is, etc. — Hom'onym, -nim, n. A word having the same sound as another, but dif- fering from it in meaning, — as the noun fcear and the verb bear. [Gr. onoma, name.] — Homon'ymous, -Y-mus, a. Having different significations, or ap- plied to different things; equivocal; ambiguous.— Homon'ymy, -mY, n. Sameness between words which differ hi signification; ambiguity. — Ho'mo- ou'sian, -mo-oo /r zY-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect who maintained that the Son had the same essence with the Father, — opp. to homoionsian, q. v., under Homeopathy. [Gr. ousia, substance.] — Homoph'- onous, -mofo-nus, a. Of the same pitch; unison- ous; expressing the same sound or letter with an- other. [Gr. phone, sound, tone.] — Homoph'ony, -nY, n. Sameness of sound; singing in unison. Homony. Same as Hominy. Hone, hon, n. A stone of a fine grit, used for sharp- ening instruments, esp. razors. — v. t. [honed (hond), honing.] To sharpen on a hone. [AS. han; s. rt. Skr. c.ana, a grindstone, go, ci, to sharpen, Gr. konos = E. cone, q. v.] Honest, Honesty, etc. See under Honor. Honey, hun'Y, n. A sweet, viscid fluid, esp. that col- lected by bees from flowers, and stored in honey- comb; that which is sweet or pleasant; sweet one; darling, — v. i. [honeyed (-id), -eying.] To use endearments; to practice servile flattery, fawn.— v. t. To make luscious, sweeten. [AS. hunig.] — Hon'ey-bag, n. The receptacle for honev in a bee. — comb, n. The mass of waxen cells, formed by bees, for their honey, eggs, etc. ; any substance, perforated with cells like those of a honey- comb. [AS. hunigcamb.] — dew, n. A sweet, sac- charine substance, found on the leaves of plants in drops, like dew. — guide, n. An Af- rican bird, allied to the cuckoo, which, by its motions and cries, leads to hives of wild honey. — -lo'cust, n. A N. Amer. tree, having long pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. — moon, n. The first month after marriage. suck'le, n. One of several species of flowering plants, from whose co- rolla a drop of honey may be sucked. Hong, hong, n. A foreign factory or mercantile house in Canton. [Chinese.] Honor, on'er, n. Esteem due to worth; when said of the Supreme Being, reverence, veneration ; mani- festation of respect or reverence; that which right- fully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration,— esp., excellence of character, — in men, integrity; in women, chastity; a nice sense of what is right, just, and true, with a correspondent course of life; dig- nity ; high rank ; reputation ; a mark of respect. pi. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; in certain games, the 4 highest cards — the ace, king, queen, and jack.— v. t. [honored (on'erd), -or- ing.] To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect, — when said respecting the Supreme Being, to adore, worship; to dignify, elevate in rank or sta- tion. (Com.) To accept and pay when due. [L. honor, honos, gen. honoris.] — Honors of war. (Mil.) Distinc- tions granted to a vanquished enemy. — Law or code ofh. Rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion. — On one's h. On the stake of one's reputation for integrity. —To do the hotwrs. To show attention to a guest. — Hon'orer, n.— Hon'- Honey-comb. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; HOOD 263 HORN »- u, a, Hood-molding orable, a. Worthy of honor: estimable ; actuated by principles of honor; proceeding from an upright and laudable cause; conferring honor; performed or accompanied with marks of honor; an epithet of respect or distinction; becoming men of rank and character. — Hon'orableness, n. — Hon'orably, adv. — Hon'ora'rium, Hon'orary, -rT, n. A fee ottered to professors in universities, and to medical or other professional gentlemen. [I,, honorarium (donuni), fr. honorarius, honorary, fr. honor.] — Hon'orary, a. Conferring, or intended merely to confer, honor; possessing title or place without performing services or receiving reward. — Hon'est, a. Decent; honor- >.ole; fair; good; unimpeached: fair in dealing with 3thers; upright; just; free from fraud; equitable; .iccording to truth; proceeding from just principles, or directed to a good object; chaste; virtuous. [OF. honeste, L. honestus.] — Hon'estly, -IT, adv. — Hon /r - esty, -tY,n. Quality or state of being honest; upright disposition or conduct ; integrity ; probity ; faith- fulness; honor; justice; equity; candor; veracity. Hood, ho"6d, n. A covering for the head, which leaves only the face exposed; anything resembling a hood in form or use, as, the top of a carriage, or a chim- ney-top, often movable on a pivot. — v. t. To cover or furnish with a hood; to cover, hide. [AS. hod, hood, D. hoed, G. hut, hat, G. hueten, to protect ; s. rt. heed, q. v.] — Hood'-cap, n. A kind of seal, hav- ing a membranous muscular sac over its head, which it inflates when alarmed. — mold'- ing, -moulding, n. ^AJ-ch.) A project- ing molding, a s over the head ot the arch of a Goth- ic door or w i n- dow ; drip- stone. — Hood'wink, v. t. [-winked (-winkt), -winking.] To blind by cover- ing the eyes: to cover, hide: to impose on. Hoodlum, hood'lum, n. In California, etc., a rough; rowdy; ragamuffin: blackguard. Hoof, hoof or hot>f, n. ; pi. Hoofs, rarely Hooves. The horny substance that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, deer, etc.: see Horse. An animal; a beast. [AS. and Sw. hof, D. hoe/, Skr. capha.] — Hoof'bound, a. (Far.) Having a dryness and contraction of the hoof, occasioning lameness. Hook, ho"6k, n. Some hard material, bent into a curve for catching, holding, or sustaining anything ; a snare; a scythe or sickle; a bolt or spike with a ver- tical pin at one end — v. t. [hooked (hdokt), hook- ing.] To catch or fasten, seize or draw, with a hook; to draw or obtain by artifice, insnare; to steal. — v. i. To bend, be curved. [AS. hoc, hooc ; s. rt. Gr. kuklos — E. cycle, Skr. chakra, a wheel, kuch, to bend.] — By hook or by crook. One way or other: by any means, direct or indirect. — On one's own h. On one's own account or responsibility. — Hooked, ho^k'ed or hdokt, a. Hook-shaped; curvated; pro- vided with a hook. — Hook'edness, n. Hookah, hfSok'a, n. A kind of pipe, used in the Orient, having a long, flexible stem, in which the smoke of the tobacco passes through water. [Ar. huqqa,_ir. huqq, a hollow place.] Hoop, hoop or hot>p, n. A circular band of wood or metal, esp. one for holding together the staves of casks, etc.; a flattened ring; a circle, or combination of rings of elastic material, for expanding the skirts of dresses,— chiefly in pi.; a quart pot,— orig. bound with hoops, like a barrel. — v. t. [hooped (hdopt), hooping.] To bind or fasten with hoops; to clasp, encircle. [D. hoep, a hoop, Ic. hop, a hollow bay; s. rt. Gr. kamptein, to bend, Skr. chapa, a bow, E. hump, hop, to jump.] — Hoop'er, n. One who hoops casks, etc.; a cooper. — Hoop'-iron, n. Iron in nar- row, thin strips, for securing boxes, casks, etc. — -skirt, n. A frame-work of elastic hoops for expand- ing the skirts of a lady's dress. Hoop, hoop, v. i. To whoop, q. v. — Hoop'er, n. A wild swan, which utters a note like whoop. — Hoop'- ing-cough, n. A cough in winch the patient whoops, with a deep inspiration ot breath. [See under Whoop.] Hoopoe, hoop'o, -oo, -6t>, n. A bird, with an erectile Hoopoe. crest, found in Europe and X. Africa. [Fr. its cry; OF. hupe, L. upupa, Gr. epops.] Hoosier, hoo'zhgr, n. A citizen of Indiana. [Perh. fr. the salutation, " Who'f yere f "J Hoot, hoot, v. i. To cry out or shout in contempt: to cry as an owl. — r. I. To utter contemptuous cries or shouts at. — n. A cry in contempt: cry o! an owl. [Sw. hut, W.hwt, begone! away!] Hoove, hoov, Hbven, hov'n, n. A disease in cattle, with inflation of the stomach by gas. [S. rt. heave.'] Hop, hop, v. t. [hopped (hopt), -pufG.] To leap on one leg; to skip, as birds do; to move bv leaps, as toads do. — n. A jump; spring; a dance. "[AS. hop- pian, to hop; s. rt. Skr. kuj>, to be excited, £,. cupido, strong desire, E. heap, hoop, h map.) — Hop'per, n. One who hops; a trough through which grain passes into a mill by jolting or shaking; a vessel in which seed-corn is carried for sowing. — Hop '-scotch, n. A child's game, in which a stone is driven bv the foot from one compartment to another of a figure traced or scotched upon the ground. — Hop'ple, -pi, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To tie the feet of looselv to- gether, to prevent running or leaping. — n. A fetter for horses, or other animals, when turned out to graze. [Freq. of hop : see Hobble.] Hop, hop, n. A twining vine ; pi. its bitter, aromati" flower-scales and fruit, dried and used in brew- ing, cooking, and medi- cine. [D.; s. rt. Gr. kam- jiulos, bent, curved, Skr. chapala, trembling, kamp, to vibrate.] — Hop'-bine, -bind, n. The stalk or vine on which hops grow. Hope, hop, n. A desire of some good, with at least a slight belief that it is obtainable ; that which gives hope or furnishes ground of expectation; thing which is hoped for; anticipation; trust; belief; confidence. — v. i. [hoped (hopt), hoping.] To entertain hope, place confidence. — v. t. To desire with expectation. [AS. hopa, hope, hopian, to hope; perh. s. rt. L. cupere, to desire.] — Hope'- ful, -ful, a. Full of hope; havins qualities which excite'hope; promising. — Hope'fiilly, adv.— Hope' - - fulness, n. — Hope'less, a. Destitute of hope; de- spairing; giving no ground of hope; desperate: un- hoped for ; unexpected . — Hope'lessly , adv.— Hope / '- lessness, n. Horal, Horary. See under Hour. Horde, hord, n. A wandering troop or gang; esp. a clan or tribe of a nomadic people posse-sing no fixed habitations. [F., fr. Turk, and Per. ordu, a camp.] Horehound. See Hoarhound, under Hoar. Horizon, ho-ri'znn, n. The apparent junction of the earth and sky. (Astron.) A plane pussing through the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given place, —called the sensible hori- zon ; a plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and passing through the earth's center, — called the rational or celestial horizon. [F.. L., and Gr., orig. p. pr. of Gr. horizein, to bound, limit, horos, a boundary.] — Artificial horizon. A level mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow ves- sel, or a plane reflector adiusted to the true level ar- tificiallv. — Dip of the h.~ The vertical ansle con- tained "between the visible horizon and the sensible horizon. — Hor'izon'tal, a. Pert, to, near, or par- allel to, etc.; on a level; measured or contained in a plane of the horizon. — Hor'izon'tally, adv. Horn, horn, n. A hard, projecting, and usually curved and pointed organ, growing from the heads of cer- tain animals; something made of, or like a horn, as, a wind instrument of music; or, a drinking-cup; or, sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. HOROLOGUB 264 a utensil for holding powder; something resembling a horn in position or projection; the tough fibrous material of which horns are composed. {Script.) A symbol of strength, power, exaltation. An em- blem of acuckold, — chiefly in pi. — v. t. [horned (hornd), horning.] To furnish with horns; to give the shape of a horn to; to cuckold. [AS., Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. horn, W., Ga., and Ir. corn, L. cornu; s. rt. corn, corner, cornet, etc.] — To draw, pull, or haul in the horns. To repress one's ardor, restrain one's pride, take back arrogant or boastful words, — in allusion to the behavior of a snail or some in- sects, in retracting the feelers when alarmed. — To take a h. To take a drink. — Horned, hdrnd, a. Having, or shaped like, etc. — Hornby, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Consisting of horns or of a horn-like sub- stance; hard; callous. — Horn '-book, n. A primer, — formerly covered with horn to protect it; any ele- mentary text-book ; hand-book. mad, a. Mad as one who has been horned or cuckolded; stark mad; raving crazy. owl, n. A species of owl, having 2 tufts of feathers on its head. stone, n. (Jain.) A silicious stone resembling flint, but more brittle. — Horn'beam, n. A tree having a smooth, gray bark and white and very hard wood. — Horn'bill, n. A large bird of Africa and Asia, having a large bill curving downward, on which is a process resembling another growing upward. — Horn'blende, n. (Min.) A com- mon mineral, occurring massive, or in prismatic crystals, and of various colors: it consists essen- tially of silica combined with magnesia, lime, or iron. [G. : 6ee Blende.] — Hor'net, n. A large, strong, venomous wasp. [AS. hyrnet,ir. hyrne, horn, — fr. its antenna? or horns.] — Horn'- pipe, n. An instrument of music consisting of a wooden pipe, with n ,- n holes, and a horn at each end; tlornDill. a lively air of compound triple time; a British dance. — Horn'work, n. (Fort.) An outwork composed of 2 demi-bastions joined by a curtain: it is connected by wings with the works in rear. Horologue, Horoscope, etc. See under Hour. Horror, hor'rer, n. A shaking, shivering, or shudder- ing, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; a pain- ful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence ; that which excites horror or dread. [L., fr. horrere, to bristle, be rough, also to dread, fr. the bristling of the hair through terror; s. rt, Skr. hrish, to bristle, prob. E. grind7\ — The horrors. Delirium tremens. — Hor'rent, a. Standing erect, as bristles; bristled. — Hor'rible, -rT-bl, a. Exciting, or tending to ex- cite, horror; dreadful; awful; shocking; hideous; horrid. [OF.; L. horribilis.] — Hor'ribleness, n.— Hor'ribly, -bit, adv.— Hor'rid, a. Rough; bristling; prickly; fitted to excite horror; very offensive or disagreeable. [L. horridus.] — Hor'ridly, adv. — Hor'ridness, n. — Hor'rify, -ri-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make horrible, strike with horror. — Horrific, a. Causing horror; frightful. Horse, h6rs, n. A hoofed quadruped used for draught or the saddle; the male of the genus horse, disting. fr. the female ; mounted soldiery, cavalry (used without pi. termination); a frame with legs used for supporting something. (Mining.) A mass of earthy »»»atter inclosed between branches of a vein. (Naut.) i^ foot-rope from the middle of a yard to its extrem- is; a ^hick rope near the mast for hoisting a yard or extending a sail on it. — v. t. [horsed (horst), hors- ing.] "Ti provide with a horse or horses; to ride or sit on anyw'ng astride; to cover (a mare) — said of the male, r Ass., and Ic. hors, also Ic. and OHG. hros, MHG. rose, 1 :. sV'ft; prob. s. rt. L. currere, to run, whence E. corset ; prob. not s. rt. Skr. hresh, to neigh.] — Hers 'y, -T, c Pert, to, or suggestive of, horse-racing. — Ho^slnass, n. State of being, or characteristics of, a iorse; fondness for horses, ra- cing, etc.— Horse / V»-ck, r>. The back of a horse; con- dition of being moulded on a horse. — Horse'man, n. ; pi. -men. A ridec on horseback. (Mil.) A mounted soldier. — Horse- 'macship, n. Act or art of riding, and of training and managing horses ; manege. — Horse'shos, n. An iron shoe for horses, shaped like the letter u; anything so shaped. — Horse'whip, n. A whip for driving horses. — v. t. To strike with a horsewhin. — Korse > woman, n. ; pi. Horse. 1, ears ; 2, forelock ; 3, fore- head ; 4, eye ; 5, eye-pits ; 6, nose ; 7, nostril ; 8, point of nose ; 9, lips ; 10, nether jaw ; 11, cheek ; 12, poll ; 13, mane; 14, withers; 15, parotid glands ; 16, throat ; 17, neck ; 18, jugular vein ; 19, shoul- der ; 20, chest ; 21. ribs ; 22, back ; 23, loins ; 24, hip ; 25, flank ; 26, belly ; 27, haunoh ; 28, thigh ; 29, buttock ; 30, stifle ; 31, leg ; 32, tail ; 33, hock ; 34, cannon or shank- bone ; 35, arms ; 36, knees ; 37, passage for the girths ; 38, elbow ; 39, shank ; 40, bul- let ; 41, pasterns ; 42, coro- net ; 43, foot ; 44, hoof ; 45, fetlock. -women. A woman who rides on horseback. — Horse'-bean, n. A kind of small bean usually given to horses. — block, n. A block on which one steps in mounting a horse. — boat, n. A boat for convey- ing horses over water; boat moved by horses. — -break'er, n. One whose employment is to break horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. — car, n. A railroad car drawn by horses. — -chest'nut, -ches'- nut,w. A tree bearing showy flowers and large nuts, — said to have been brought f r. Constantinople ; the nut. [So called because the nut was formerly ground and given to horses.] — cloth, n. A cloth to cover a horse. — doc'tor, n. One whose business is to cure sick horses; a farrier; veterinary surgeon. — fly, n. A large fly that stings horses and sucks their blood. — guards, n.pl. (Mil.) A body of cavalry for guards. — hair, n. The hair of horses, esp. that of the mane and tail. — -jock'ey, n. One who rides or trains race horses; a dealer in horses. latitudes, n. pi. A sail- or's name for 2 zones of calms and baffling winds, one in each hemisphere, — said to be very fatal to horses on shipboard. — laugh, n. A loud, coarse, boister- ous laugh. — leech, n. A large leech; a farrier; vet- erinary surgeon. — lifter, n. A carriage hung on poles borne between 2 horses. — mack'erel, n. A spiny-finned fish, about the size of the mackerel. disting. by having a lateral line of larger keeled scales; also, the Amer. tunny; also, the blue-fish. — -marine', -ren', n. A name for an impossible kind of soldier. — mar'ten, n. (Entom.) A kind of large bee. — mill, n. A mill turned by a horse. — play, n. Rough, rude play. pow'er, n. The power which a horse is capable of exerting. (Mach.) A standard by which the capabilities of steam engines, etc., are measured. — estimated as 33,000 pounds raised 1 foot in a minute. A machine operated by horses. — race, n. A race by horses. — radish, n. (Bot.) A cruciferous herb, allied to scurvy grass, having a root of a pungent taste, used, when grated, as a condiment and in medicine. — rake, n. A rake drawn by horse-power. rail'road, n. A railroad running through streets, on which the cars are drawn by horses. — way, -road, n. A road in which horses may travel. Hortation, hdr-ta'shun, n. Act of exhorting, or giv- ing advice. [L. hortatio, fr. hortan, -tatus, to en- courage.] — Hbf tative, -tiv, a. Giving exhortation; advisory, —n. A precept; exhortation. — Horta- tory, -to-rT, a. Giving advice. Horticulture, h6f tT-kul'chur, n. Art of cultivating gardens; cultivation of a garden or orchard. [L. hor- tus, a garden (s. rt. Gr. chortos = E. yard), and cul- tura, culture, q. v.] — Horticultural, a. Pert, to, etc.— Horticulturist, n. One who practices, etc. — Hor'tus Sic'cus. A collection of dried plants; an herbarium. [L., dry garden.] Hosanna, ho-zan'na, n. ; pi. -nas, -naz. An ex- clamation of praise to God. [Gr.; Heb. hoshiahnna, save, we pray.] Hose, hoz, n. ; pi. Hose, formerly Hosen, ho'zn. Close-fitting breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to im, fs-me, far 4 pass or opera, fare ; &?d. ev«- term : In, ice ; Odd, tone, Qr i HOSPICE 265 HOUSE the knee; stockings; a flexible pipe to convey water. [Dan. and G.; AS. and Ic. hosa, breeches, stockings.] — Ho'sier, -zher, n. One who deals in hose, or in goods knit or woven like hose. — Ho'siery, -zher-t, s. Business of a hosier; stockings and knit goods. Hospice, hos'pes, n. A place of refuge or entertain- ment for Alpine travelers kept by monks, who also occupy it as a convent. [F.; L. hospitium, fr. kospes, a guest, host, LL. hospitare, to receive as a guest.] — Hos'pitable. -pt-ta-bl, a. Receiving and entertain- ing strangers without reward; kind to guests; pro- ceeding from or indicating kindness to guests. [F.] — Hos / pitably, -bit, adv. — Hos'pital, n. A building in which the sick are treated : a refuge for the dis- abled, infirm, or dependent. [F. ; LL. hospitale.] — Hos'pitaler, n. One residing in a hospital ; one of an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusa- lem, a. D. 1042, for pilgrims. — Hos'pital'ity, -t-tt, n. Act or practice of one who is hospitable. —Host, host, n. One from whom another receives food, lodging, or entertainment ; a landlord. [OF. hoste, fr. L. hospes.] — Host' ess, n. A female host or inn- keeper. — Host'ry, -rT, n. An inn ; stable. [Sp. hostei-ia.] — Hos'tel, -telry, hOs'tel-rt, n. An inn. [Same as hotel ; OF., contr. fr. LL. hospitale.]— Hos- tler, hosier or os'ler, n. One who has the care of horses at an inn ; stable-boy ; groom. [OF. hosteller, inn-keeper.] — Hotel', n. An inn or public houses esp. one of some stvle or pretensions. [F., contr. fr. OF. hostel.'] — HoteP-de-ville, -de-vel, n. A city hall; town hall; guildhall. [F.] — H. Dieu', -die' (one syl.), n. A hospital. [F. ; Dieu, God.] Hospodar, hos'po-dar 7 , n. A title of a prince or Turk- ish governor in Moldavia and Wallachia. [OSlav. and Russ. gospodarj, gospodj, lord, master ; s. rt. Gr. despotes : see Despot.] Host. See under Hospice. Host, host, n. An army ; any great number or multi- tude. [OF., host, army, L. hostis, stranger, enemy, army ; s. rt. Russ. goste, AS. gsest = E. guest, q. v.] — Hostile, h5s'til, a. Pert., or appropriate to, an en- emy; inimical; adverse; repugnant. [F.; L. hostilis.] — Hos'tilely, -til-It, adv. — Hostility, -til't-tt, n. State of being hostile; act of an open enemy, esp. in plural, acts of warfare. [F. hostUM, L. hostilitas.~] Host, host, n. {Rom. Catk. Church.) The consecrated wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, offered in the mass as a sacrifice. [L. hostia, a victim, fr. hostiri, . fostire, to strike ; s. rt. L. hasta, a spear, Skr. hims, han, to strike.] Hostage, hos'tej, n. A person given as a security for the performance of conditions. [OF., L. obses, fr. obsidere, to abide, remain ; fr. ob, at, about, and se- dere = E. sit ; not fr. L. host is, enemy.] Hostel, Hostess, etc. See under Hospice. Hostile, etc. See under Host, an army. Hot, hot a. [hotter ; hottest.] Having much sensible neat ; characterized by heat, ardor, or ani- mation :, lustful ; lewd ; acrid ; biting ; pungent ; fiery; eager; brisk ; violent ; furious. [AS. hat; s. rt. heat, q. v.] — Hotly, -It, adv. — Hot'ness, n. — Hot' bed, n. (Gardening.) A bed of earth, heated by fermenting manure, and covered with glass, for raising early plants. A place which favors rapid development. — brained, -brand, a. Ardent in tem- per ; violent ; rash. — head'ed, a. Of ardent pas- sions ; vehement. — house, n. A house kept warm to shelter tender plants. press, v. t. [-pressed (-prest), -pressing.] To press between hot plates, for giving a smooth and glossy surface, or to express oil, etc. — Hot'spur, n. One who is violent, passion- ate, rash, or precipitate. Hotchpotch, hoch'poch, n. A confused mixture of ingredients. (Law.) A blending of property for equality of division. In Scot., a kind of mutton broth, containing green peas, carrots, etc. [F. hoche- pot, fr. hocher, to shake, mix; OD. hut spot, fr. hutsen, to shake, jolt; F., D., E., and W. pot.] Hotel, etc. See under Hospice. Houdah. See Howdah. Hough, hok, n. The hock, the joint on the hind leg of a quadruped, between knee and fetlock : see Horse ; the posterior part of the knee-joint in man. — v. t. [houghed (hokt), houghing.] To disable by cutting the sinews of the leg ; to hamstring. [ME. houch, fr. AS. hoh, D. hat:, heel, Ic. and Dan. na, hough-sinew ; prob. s. rt. L. coxa, hip, E. heel.] Hound, hownd, n. A hunting dog; prop., one which hunts game by the scent. — v. t. To incite, as a hound, to pursuit; to hunt, chase; to urge on, as by hounds ; to incite or spur on. [AS., Dan., Sw., and G. hund ; s-. rt. L. canis, Gr. kuon, kunos, Skr. £ van. Ir. and Ga. cu, W. ci, a dog.] Hour, owr, n. Sixty minutes; the time of the day, as indicated by a timepiece ; fixed or appointed time ; conjuncture; limit of the time appointed for one's regular labor, — as, after hours, pi. (Myth.) God- desses of the seasons, etc. [OF. hore, L. and Gr. hora ; prob. s. rt. E. year, Skr. yatu, time.] — Hour'- ly, -It, a. Happening or done every hour : occur- ring every hour ; frequent ; often repeated ; con- tinual. — adv. Every hour; fre- quently. — Hour' - glass, n. An in- strument for measuring time, esp. the interval of an hour, by the running of sand out of a glass vessel. hand, n. The hand or index which shows the hour on a timepiece, —-plate, n. The dial of a timepiece.— Ho'ral, ho'- ral, a. Relating to an hour, or to . hours. [L. horalis, fr. hora.] — Ho' rary, -ra-rt, a. Pert, to an hour ; not- v ing the hours; occurrhr once an hour; " our -g las - continuing an hour ; hi.i.ly. — Horog'raphy, -ra-ft, n. An account of the hours ; art of constructing timepieces ; dialing. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Hor'ologe, h5r'o-loj, n. A timepiece of any kind. [OF. ; L. horologium, Gr. horologion, a sun-dial, wa- ter-clock ; Gr. legein, to tell.] — Horolog'ical, -15j'- ik-al, a. Pert, to a horologe, or to horology. — flo- rol'ogy, -jt, n. Science of measuring time. — Ho- roPogist, n. One versed in, etc.— Horom'etry, -trt, n. Art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours and subordinate divisions. [Gr. metron, meas- ure.] — Hor'oscope, -skop, n. (Astrol.) An observa- tion of the heavens at the moment of a person's birth, by which astrologers claimed to foretell the events of his life ; scheme of 12 houses or signs of the zodiac, into which the circuit of the heavens was divided for such prediction of fortune. [F.; L. hor- oscopus, Gr. horoskopos ; Gr. skopein, to consider.] — Horos'copy, -ko-pt, n. Art or practice of predicting future events by the disposition of the stars and planets; aspect of_the stars at the time of birth. Houri, how'rt or hoo'rt, n. A nymph of paradise,— so called by Mohammedans. [Per. hurt, hur, fr. Ar. hur, pi. of ahwar, beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] House, hows, n. ; pi. Houses, howz'ez. A building used as a shelter for animals of any kind ; esp. one for the habitation of man ; a dwelling ; mansion ; tenement; household affairs; domestic concerns; a household; family; a race of persons from the same stock ; a tribe ; esp. a noble or illustrious race ; a body of men united in their legislative capacity. ( Com.) A firm or commercial establishment. (As- tro).) A 12th part of the heavens. An inn: hotel; an audience; assembly of hearers. [AS., Ic, Sw., Goth., and OHG. hus; prob. s. rt. Skr. koca, a coop, shell, egg, store-room, E. hide, sky.] — House of correction. A prison for idle and disorderly persons, vagrants, trespassers, etc. — H. of God. A temple or church. — Religious h. A monastery or convent. — To bring down the h. To draw forth applause from a whole audience. — House, howz, v. t. [housed (howzd), housing.] To shelter, protect by covering.— v. i. To take shelter or lodgings, abide, dwell. [ME. housen, to build * house, provide a house for.]— House'hold, n. Those who dwell under the same roof and com- pose a family. — a. Belonging to the house and fam- ily ; domestic. — House'holder, n. The head of a family; one who occupies a house. — House'keepei , n. One who occupies a house with his family ; a householder ; a female servant who has the chief care of the family. — House 'keeping, n. Care of domestic concerns; hospitality; a plentiful and hos- pitable table.— House'leek, n. A succulent plant found on old walls and roofs. — Houseless, a. Des- titute of a habitation ; without shelter. — House'- maid, ». A female servant who does the house- work. — House'wife, hows' wif or huz'wtf, n. The mistress of a family ; a little case for materials used in sewing, etc., — prop, hussif, q. v. — House'wifely, -It, a. Pert, to a housewife, or to female manage- ment of home affairs ; like a housewife. — House'- wifery, huz'wif-rt, n. Business of the mistress of a family ; female management of domestic concerns. — House '-break'er. n. One who feloniously breaks into a house. — break'ing, n. Act of, etc. — flag, n. (Naut.) The particular flag of an owner or shipping- firm, usually raised on the main-mast. — room, ». Room or place in a house. — warm'ing, n. An enter- tainment given when a family enters a new house. sud, cube, full ; moon, fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger o»* ink, then, box box, chair, get. HOUSING 266 HUM Housing, howz'ing, n. A saddle-cloth ; horsecloth ; act of putting under shelter. (Arch.) Space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of another ; a niche for a statue. (JMach.) The part of the framing which holds a journai-box in place ; up- rights supporting the cross-slide of a planer. [F. housse, LL. hucia, a mantle, tunic, housia, MHG. hulst, a coverlet for a horse, OHG. hullen, to cover s. rt. holster, husk ; not fr. house.] Hove. See Heave. Hovel, huv'l, n. An open shed for sheltering cattle, etc., from weather ; a small, mean house. — v. t. [hoveled (-Id), -eling.] To put in a hovel, shelter. [Ic. hof, a temple, hall; G., a yard, court.] Hoven, hoVn, a. Swelled or puffed out, — applied to cattle when distended with gas from eating too much green food. [See Heave.] Hover, huv'Sr, v. i. [-ered (,-erd), -eeing.] To hang fluttering in the air, or upon the wing ; to move to and fro in the neighborhood of. [ME. hoi'en, to abide, dwell, W. hofio, to hover, fluctuate, OD. hoven, to entertain in a house, AS. hof, house.] How, how, adv. In what manner or way ; by what means ; to what degree or extent ; in what propor- tion; for what reason ; in what state, condition, or plight. [How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is often employed alone, as interrogation, interjection, or exclama- tion ; with a following that, it is no longer in good use.] [AS. hu, hwy, Goth, hwaiwa = hwe aiwa, why ever.] — Howbe^it, conj. Be it as it may; never- theless; notwithstanding; yet; but; however.— How- ev'er, adv. In whatever manner or degree ; at all events; at least. — conj. Nevertheless; notwithstand- ing ; yet ; still ; though. — How'soev'er, adv. In what, manner soever; to whatever degree ; however. Howadji, how-aj'T, n. A traveler ; a merchant, — merchants being the chief travelers in the East. [Ar.] Howdah, how'da, n. A seat on the back of an ele- phant or camel. [Hind. & Ar. haudah.] Howel, how'el, n. A cooper's plane for smoothing and chamfering the inside of casks, etc. Howitzer, how'its-er, n. {Mil.) A short, large bore cannon, with . or without a chamber, in- tended to throw large p r o j e c- tiles with small charges. [G. havbitze, ft. Bo- hemian hauf- Setf 1Sf0r Howitzer. HOWl, howl, V. I. [HOWLED (howld), HOWLING.] To cry as a dog or wolf; to utter a loud, protracted, and mournful sound ; to utter a sound of distress, wail ; to roar, as a tempest, — v. t. To utter with outcry. — n. The protracted cry of a dog. etc. ; a loud cry of distress ; yell. [OF. huller, D. huilen, Ic. and Sw. yla, MHG. hulen, L. ululare, Gr. hulan, to howl ; L. ulula, OHG. uwila, Skr. uluka, an owl, q. v.] — Howl'et, n. An owl ; owlet. Hoy, hoi, n. (Naut.) A coasting vessel for passengers and goods, usually a sloop. [D., F., and G. heu.] Hub, hub, n. The central part or nave of a wheel ; hilt of a weapon ; projecting obstruction ; mark at which quoits, etc., are cast ; block for scotching a wheel; a fluted steel screw for cutting chasing tools, etc. ; a punch for making die-matrixes. [Same_as hob and hump.] Hubble-bubble, hub'bl-bub'bl, n. A tobacco-pipe so arranged that the smoke passes through water, mak- ing a bubbling noise. [Onomat.] Hubbub, hub'bub, n. A great noise of confused voices ; a tumult ; up- roar ; riot. [F. houper, to call to ; s. rt. whoop.] Huckaback, huk'a-bak, n. A kind of linen with raised figures, for table-cloths and towels. [LG. huk- kebak, prob. orig. peddler's ware. See Huckster.! „ . , , k„ K ki„ Huckle-backed, huk'1-bakt, a. Hav- Hubble-bubble, ing round shoulders. [Huckle, dim. of Prov. E. huck = hook, q. v. ; s. rt. Skr. kuch, to bend.] Huckleberry, huk'l-ber'rT, n. A branching shrub, of several species, producing a small, black, edible berry; the fruit of this shrub. [Written also whortle- berry. .] [G. puckelbeere.] Huckster, huk'ster, n. A retailer of small articles ; a peddler ; hawker ; a mean, trickish fellow. — r. i. To deal in some small articles, or in petty bargains. [Prob. fem. of hawker (q. v.) for hucker ; D. heuker, heukelaar, a retailer, heukeren, to huckster, hucken, to stoop, bow — i. e., under a pack; s. rt. hug, huckle- backed, hook, etc.] Huddle, hud'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dung.] To presa or hurry in disorder ; to crowd together confusedly. — v. t. To hurry and slight; to put on, put together or put away hastily or in disorder. — n. A confused crowd of persons or things ; tumult ; confusion. [ME. hodren, to crowd together, cover, fr. huden to hide, LG. hudderken, to huddle, as a hen her chick- ens, fr. hueden, to hide.] — Hud'dler, n. Hudibrastic, hu-dt-bras'tik, a. Similar in manner to Hudibras, hero of a burlesque poem ; in the style of doggerel poetry. Hue, hu, n. Color ; shade ; tint ; dye. [AS. hiw, heo, Goth, hiwi, appearance, Sw. hy, skin, complexion.] Hue, hu, n. A shouting or vociferation. [OF. huer, OSw. huta, to hoot, OF. hue"e, hue and cry.] — Hue and cry. (Law.) Outcry with which a felon was anciently pursued ; later a proclamation requiring all persons to aid in retaking him. Huff, huf, n. A fit of petulance or anger ; a boaster. — v. t. [huffed (huft), huffing.] To swell, puff up ; to treat with insolence, bully. — v. i. To dilate, swell up ; to take offense ; to bluster, storm. [Onomat. ; Scot. hauch,hech, to breathe hard,G. hauchen, to blow, puff, q. v.] — Huffish, a. Disposed to put on swell- ing, petulant, or bullyish airs; arrogant. — Huff'ish- ness, n. — Huff'y, -t, a. Puffed up ; swelled ; char- acterized by arrogance, bluster, or petulance. Hug, hug, v. t. [hugged (hugd), -ging.] To embrace closely; clasp to the bosom; to hold fast, treat with fondness ; to cherish in the mind. (Naut.) To keep close to. — n. A close embrace ; clasp ; gripe. [Sw. and Ic. huka, to bend, sit. See Huckster.] Huge, huj, a. Very large or great ; monstrous ; im- mense; extended; carried to a high degree; gigantic; vast. [OF. ahuge; prob. s. rt. G. erhoehen, to exalt, fr. hoch = E. high.] — Hugely, adv. — Huge'ness, n. Hugger-mugger, hug'ger-mug'ge'r, n. Privacy ; se- crecy.— a. Secret; clandestine; sly; confused; disor- derly; mean. [Sw. i mjugg, Dan. i smug, in secret.] Huguenot, hu'ge-not, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A French Prot- estant of the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th century. [F. ; prob. f r. some reformer so named.] — Hu'guenotism, n. Religion of, etc. Hulk, hulk, n. The body of a vessel; esp. the body of an old ship unfit for service; anything bulky or un- wieldy. [LL. hulka, Gr. holcas, a merchant ship, f r. kelkem, to drag, tow.] — Hulk'ing, a. Heavy ; un- wieldy. Hull, hul, n. The outer covering of anything, esp. of a nut or of grain; the husk. (Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel: see Ship. — v. t. [hulled (huld), hulling.] To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of; to pierce the hull of (a ship). [AS. hulu, husk, D. hoi, hold (q. v.) of a ship, hullen, to mask, dis- fuise, Goth, huljan, Ic. hylja, to hide, cover ; s. rt. olster, husk, housing.] Hum, hum, v. i. [hummed (humd), -ming.] To make a dull, prolonged, nasal sound, like that of a bee in flight; to drone, murmur, buzz, drawl; to make as if speaking, but without opening the mouth, or ar- ticulating; to mumble.— v. t. To sing with shut mouth; to murmur without articulation; to make a murmur or buzz of approbation. — n. Noise of bees in flight, of a revolving top, whirling wheel, etc.; any inarticulate buzzing sound; an imposition or hoax. [Onomat; G. hummen, D. hommelen, to hum; Sp. and Ps- zomhar, to hum, joke, jest.] — Hum / '- mer, n. — Hum'bug, n. Imposition under fair pre- tenses; a hoax; one who hoaxes; an impostor. — v. t. [humbugged (-bugd), -ging.] To deceive, im- pose on, cajole. [Fr. hum and bug: see Bugbear.] — Hum'buggery, -ger-T, n. Practice ot imposi- tion.— Hum 'drum, a. Dull ; stupid ; common- place. — Hurn'ming-bird, n. A very small Amer. bird of many species, re- markable for the metallic brilliancy of its plumage, its swift motion, and the Humming Dim. humming sound of its wings when in flight, or hov- ering about flowers in pursuit of insect food. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or i HUM 267 HURRY Ham, hum, interj. Ahem; hem,— a sound with a pause implying doubt and deliberation. [See Hem.] Human, hulnan, a. Pert, to man or mankind; hav- ing the qualities or attributes of man. [OF. humain, fentle, humane, manly, L. humanus, human, fr. omo, a man, lit. creature of the earth, fr. humus, earth, ground; s. rt. AS. guma, man.] — Hu'manly, -It, adv. After the manner of men. — Hu'manist, n. One who pursues the study of the humanities or po- lite literature; one versed in the knowledge of hu- man nature. — Humanity, -T-tT, re. Quality of be- ing human; mankind collectively; quality of being humane ; kindness; benevolence; mental cultiva- tion; liberal education, pi. The branches of polite or elegant learning; belles-lettres.— Hu'manize, v. t. [-IZED (-Tzd), -izing.] To render human or humane. — v. i. To become or be made more humane; to be- come civilized, be ameliorated. — Human'ita'rian, -rt-an, n. One who holds tbat Jesus Christ was merely a man: one who practices humanity or be- nevolence. (Philos.) One who limits the sphere of duties to human relations and affections, excluding the spiritual. — a. Pert, to humanitarians; benevo- lent: philanthropic; ethical, — disting. fr. religious. — Human / ita , rianism, ^izm, n. Doctrine or practice of, etc. — Humane'', -man', a. Having the feelings proper to man. and a disposition to treat others with kindness; kind; benevolent: merciful; tending to refine. — Humanely, adv. — Humane'ness, n. Humble, hum'bl or um'bl, a. [-blee, -blest.] Low; unpretending; mean: thinking lowly of one's self ; not proud, arrogant, or assuming; mbdest: meek. — v.t. [humbled (-bid), -bling.]" To bring low, re- duce the power, independence, or exaltation of, bring down; to make lowly in mind, abase the pride of, depress, humiliate, degrade, sink. [OF.; ~L.hu- milis, lit. near the ground, hvmi. Gr. chamai, on the ground. See Hnu.v.] — Hum'bly, -blT, adv.— Hum'- bleness, «. — Humiliate, hu-miKl-at, v. t. To reduce to a lower position, humble, depress, abase. [L. hu- miliare, -atum. ] — Humil'ia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Humility, -tl, n. State or quality of being humble; lowliness of mind; modesty; diffi- dence. [OF. humiliteit, humility, L. humilitas.] Humble-bee, hum'bl-be, n. A large, hairy bee, of many species, having nests in the ground; a bumble-bee. [Onomat. ; D. hommel, G. hummel, a humble-bee, D. hommelen, G. hummen, to hum. See Bumble-bee.] Humbles, Umbles, um'blz, Nom'bles, n. pi. The en- trails of a deer or other beast. [OF. nombles, fr. LL. nurnbUe, numble, for lumbulus, dim. of L. lumbus, loin.]— To eat humble pie. To take up with mean fare, accept humiliation, apologize abjectly. Humbug, Humdrum. See under Hum. Humerus, hu'mer-us, n. The shoulder ; the upper arm; esp. the long bone fr. shoulder to elbow. [L.] — Hu'meral, a. Pert, to, etc. Humid, hu'mid, a. Containing sensible moisture ; damp; moist. [L. humidus, fr. humere, to be moist. See Humor.] — Humidity, -T-tT, n. Moisture; damp- ness; degree of wetness or saturation. Humming-bird. See under Hum. Hummock, hum'mok, n. A rounded knoll or hillock; a ridge or pile of ice on an ice-field; in Florida, tim- | bered land. [Prob. dim. of hump; D. homp, a hump, hunch, hompelig, rugged.] Humor, hu'mer or u'mer, n. Moisture; any fluid of an animal body except blood, esp. a portion of the eye. {Med.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as often causes an eruption on the skin; an eruptive affection of the skin ; a rash. State of mind (formerly fancied to depend on the condition of the fluids of the body); disposition: temper; whim; ca- price ; present disposition: that quality of the im- agination which excites mirth by ludicrous images or representations ; wit ; satire ; pleasantry. — v. t. [humored (-merd), -moring.] To comply with the humor of, please by indulgence, gratify, favor; to adapt one's self to! [OF. and L., fr. L. humere, umere, to be moist: s. rt. Gr. hugros, moist, Skr. uksh, to wet.] — Hu'moral. a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, the humors. — Hu'moralism, -izm, n. State of be- ing humoral: doctrine that diseases have their seat in the humors or fluids of the body. — Hu'morism, n. {Med.) Humoralism. Humorousness. — Hu'morist, n. One who attributes diseases to the diseased state of the humors : one who has strong peculiarity of j character, which he indulges in odd or whimsical I ways ; one who has a playful fancy or genius : a ' wag; droll. — Hu'morous. -us, a. Subject to be gov- erned by humor or caprice; full of humor: exciting ! laughter; jocose; witty; merry; capricious; whimsi. cal.— Hu'morously, -IT, adv. — Hu'morousness, n. — Hu'morsome, -sum, a. Influenced by humor. Hump, hump, n. A protuberance; bunch; esp. the protuberance formed by a crooked back; a hunch. f D. homp ; s. rt. E. heap, hop, Gr. kujdtos, a hump. kuphonotos, Skr. kubja, humpbacked.] — Hump' back, n. A crooked back; hunchback. Humus, hu'imis, n. That portion of the soil formed by decomposition of vegetable matter. [L., earth, ground, soil. See Human.] Hunch, hunch, n. A hump; protuberance; a thick piece ; hunk ; a push or jerk, as with the elbow. — V. t. [HUNCHED (huncht), HUNCHING.] To push with the elbow or with a sudden jerk; to crook, as the back. [Same as hook and hug ; Ic. hofrra, to go bent, to crouch, G. hucke, the bent back, hoeckerig. hunchbacked, Skr. kunch, to bend. See Hump.] — Huncb/back, n. A humpback; one who has, etc. Hundred, hun'dred, n. The number of ten times ten; a division of a county in Eng., supposed to have originally contained 100 families, or freemen. — a. Ten times 10; 90 and 10. [AS. ; fr. hund, 100, and rsed, a reckoning, rate, q. v., Goth, garathjan, to reckon; Ic. hundradh, OHG. hunterit, also hunt, Goth, hund, Ga. dad, L. centum, Gr. hecaton, Skr. cata, 100.] — Hundred-weight. A denomination of weight, usually denoted by cwt. {C, in L. =100; wt , in E., weight), containing, according to differing laws or customs, 100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois. — Hun'' dredth, a. Next following in order the 90th; forming one of 100 parts into which anything is divided. — n. One of 100 equal parts into which one whole is divided. Hung. See Hang. Hunger, hun''ger, n. A craving for food; any eager desire, — v. i. [hungered (-geid), -gering.] Tc crave food; to long for. — v. t. To make hungry, famish. [Sw., Dan., and G.: AS. hungor, Goth, huh- rus, hunger, huggrjan, to hunger; prob. s. rt. Skr. kunch, to contract.] — Hun'gry, -grl, a. [-grier. -griest.] Feeling hunger; having an eager desire; showing hunger; not rich or fertile; poor; barren. [AS. hungrig.]— Hun^grily, -IT, adv. Hunk, hunk, w. A large lump or piece; a hunch. [See Hunch.] — Hunk'er, n. One opposed to progress in politics; a conservative; fogy. — Hunks, n. A covet- ous, sordid man; a miser; niggard. Hunt, hunt, v. t. To follow after (game or wild ani- mals); to chase; to search diligently after, pursue.— v. i. To follow the chase, go out in pursuit of game; to seek by close pursuit, search, —n. A chase of wild animals, for catching them; pursuit; search; an association of huntsmen. [AS. huntian, prop., to capture, Goth, hunths, captivity.] — Hunt'er, n. One who pursues wild animals, a huntsman; a dog, also a horse, used in the chase; a watch which has the crystal protected by a metallic cover. [AS. huntaJ] — Hunt'ress, n. A woman who, etc. — Hunting- horn, n. A bugle; a horn used to cheer the hounds in pursuit of game.— Huntslnan, n. ; pi. -men. One who hunts, or practices hunting; a servant who man- ages the chase. Hurdle, her'dl, n. A framework of withes and stakes or of iron; a crate. [AS. hyrdel; s. rt. L. crates, a hurdle, Gr. kartalos, basket, E. crate, Skr. krit, to weave.] Hurdy-gurdy, her'dT-geVdT, n. A stringed instrument, of music, whose sounds are produced by the friction of a wheel, and regulated by Hurdy-gurdy, the fingers. [Onomat.: cf. Scot, hur, to snarl; gurr, to growl.] Hurl, herl, v. t. [hurled (herld), -hurling.] To send whirling or whizzing through the air: to throw vio- lently. — n. Act of hurling; a cast: fling. [Contr. of hurtle, freq. of hurt, q. v.] — Hurl'er, n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling. — Hurl'ing, n. Act of throwing with force; a game of ball. Hurl-bone, herKbon, n. {Far.) A bone near the mid- dle of the buttock of a horse. Hurly, herlT, Hurly-buray, n. Tumult; bustle; con- fusion. [F. hurler. It. urlare, to yell, howl, q. v.] Hurra, -rah, hoor-ra'. interj. Huzza! a shout of joy or exultation. [See Huzza.] Hurricane, hurlT-kan, n. A violent stom, chcracter- ized by extreme fury of the wind and its auddcn changes. [Sp.and Carib. huracan.~\— Hurricc:::o deck, {Satd.) The upper deck of steamboats. Hurry, hur'rT, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] xo hasten-, urge onward: to cause to be done quickly; to im- siin, cube, full ; moon, io"ot : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. HURT 268 HYDRA pel to violent or thoughtless action ; to precipitate, expedite, quicken. — v. i. To move or act with haste or precipitation.— n. Act of hurrying; haste; speed; urgency; bustle. [OSw. hurra, to whirl round, Dan. hitrre, to buzz, hum, Ic. hurr, a noise = E. whir.] Hurt, hert, v, t. [hurt, hurting.] To wound or bruise painfully; to damage, injure, harm; to wound the feelings of, annoy, grieve. — n. A physical in- jury causing pain; detriment; wound; harm; loss; mischief ; disadvantage. [OF. hurter, keurter, to knock, dash, hit against, W. hyrddu, to push, butt, attack, Corn, hordh, a ram.] — Hurt'er, n. — Hurt'- ful,-ful, a. Tending to impair or destroy; pernicious; harmful; mischievous: injurious; unwholesome. — Hurffully, adv. — Hurt'fulness, ?;. — Hurt'less, a. Harmless; innocent. — Hur'tle, -tl, v. i. To clash, jostle; to move rapidly, skirmish; to make a clash- ing, terrifying, or threatening sound. — v. t. To brandish; to push forcibly. [Freq. of hurt; ME. hurten, to dash.] Hurtleberry. Same as Huckleberry and Whortle- berry. Husband, huz'band, n. A man who has a wife. — v. t. To direct and manage with frugality; to cultivate (land); to till. [AS. husbonda, Ic. husbondi, fr. kits, house, and buandi, dwelling, fr. bua, to abide, dwell.] — A ship's husband. (Naut.) An agent who manages the business of a snip for the owners. — Hus'bandman, n. ; pi. -men. A farmer; tiller of the f round. — Hus'bandry, -ri, n. Care of domestic af- airs; domestic economy; business of a husbandman or farmer; agriculture; tillage. Hush, hush, a. Silent ; still ; quiet. — n. Stillness ; quiet, — v.t. [hushed (husht), hushing.] To still, silence; to calm (commotion or agitation).— v. i. To be still; to be silent, — esp. used in the imperative, as an exclamation. [Onomat. ; same as ivhist.] — Hush'-mon'ey, n. A bribe to secure silence. Husk, husk, n. The external covering of certain fruits or seeds of plants. — v. t. [husked (huskt), husk- ing.] To strip off the external covering of. [D. and LG. hulse, a husk; s. rt. AS. hulc, a hut, E. hol- ster.'] — Husk'ing, n. Act of stripping off husks, as from Indian corn ; a meeting of neighbors, to assist in husking corn. — Husk'y, -I, a. Abounding with, consisting of, or like husks. Husky, husk'!, a. Rough in tone; hoarse; raucous. [AS. hwosta, D. hoest, Skr. kasa, a cough.] — Husk'- mess, n. Hussar, huz-zar'', n. (Mil.) Orig. one of the national cavalry 'of Hungary and Croatia; now one of the light cavalry of European armies. [Hung, huszdr, fr. husz, 20, because formerly every 20 houses were to furnish one horse-soldier.] Hussif, huz'zif, n. A case for thread, needles, etc., — called also housewife. [Ic. husi, a case, skserishusi, a Hussy, huz'zi, n. An ill-behaved woman or girl jade; pert girl; a case for thread, needles, etc.: see Hussif. [Corrupt, of housewife, q. v. under House.] — Hus'wife, -zif or -wif , n. A female economist or housekeeper; a worthless woman; a case for sewing materials. See Housewife.— Hus'wifery, n. Man- agement of family concerns by a woman. Hustings, hus'tingz, n. pi. The principal court of the city of London, held before the lord mayor, record- er, and aldermen ; place where the election of a mem- ber of Parliament is held; platform on which candi- dates stand. [AS. husting, Ic. hust.Ju'ng, a council, fr. hus, house, and thing, thing, also assembly, meeting, parliament, court.] Hustle, hus'l, v. t. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To shake together in confusion, jostle, shove about roughly. [D. hutselen, to shake up and down in a tub, etc., fr. O D, hutsen, to jog, jolt.] Hut, hut, n. A small house, or cabin. — v. t. To place in huts, as troops in winter quarters. [F. hutte, OHG. hutta, Skr. kuti, a hut, fr. kut, to bend, cover.] Hutch, huch, n. A chest, box, etc., for storing things; a coop for rabbits ; a low-wheeled car in a mine. [OF. huche, LL. hutica, prob. fr. OHG. huatan, to take care of, huota, care; s. rt. E. heed, q. v.] i, huz-za'', n. A shout of joy. — inter j. Hurrah! ■v.i. [huzzaed (-zad'), -zaing.] To utter a shout of joy, approbation, or encouragement. [G. hussa, Dan. and Sw. hurra. See Hurry.] Hyacinth, hi'a-sinth, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant of many varieties, bearing spikes of fragrant flowers : the " wild hyacinth" ( Eastern quamash) and " Pe- ruvian hyacinth " are varieties of scilla. (Min.) A red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. [F. 3; s. rt. hus, house, q. v.; not fr. wife.] rl; hyacinthe, L. hyacinthus, Gr. huakin- thos; same as jacinth; in Grecian fa- ble, a beautiful Laconian youth, be- loved by Apollo, who killed him by a cast of his quoit, from whose blood the flower sprang up.] — Hyacinth'ine, -in, a. Made of, or like, hyacinth ; of a violet, purple, dark auburn, or brown color. _ Hyades, hi'a-dez, Hy'ads, -adz, n. pi. (Astron.) A cluster of stars in the ' head of the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the approach of rainy weaJier, when they rose with the sun. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. huein, to rain.] Hyaline, hi'a-lin, a. Glassy; crystal- line; transparent. [Gr. hualinos, fr. hualos, glass.] Hybrid, hi'brid or hib'rid, n. An ani- mal or plant produced from mixture Hyacinth, of 2 species; a mongrel; mule. — a. Produced from, etc. [L. hibrida, hybrida ; perh. s„ rt. L. superus, Skr. upan, over, above; perh. fr. Gr. hubris, -bridos, wantonness, violation.] Hydatid, hid'' a-tid, n. (Zool.) A parasitic membran- ous sac filled with a pellucid fluid, found in various- parts of the body of organized beings. [Gr. hudatis, -idos, a water vesicle under the upper eyelid, fr. hudor, water: see Hydra.] Hydra, hi'dra, n. ; E. pi. -dras, -draz, L. pi. -dr.b, -dre. (Myth.) A water-serpent having many heads, one of which, being cut off, was succeeded by an- other, unless the wound was cauterized. A multi- farious evil, or one not to be repressed by a single effort. (Zool.) A minute kind of fresh water pol- yp. [L. ; Gr. hudra, water-snake, fr. Gr. hudor, hu- datos, water ; s. rt. L. unda, Skr. udan, Goth, wato, D. and E. water, q. v.] — Hy'drous, -drus, a. Con- taining water, watery. — Hydremia, -dre'mY-a, n. (Pathol.) An abnormally watery state of the blood. [Gr. hudor and haima, blood.]— Hydran^gea, -je-a, n. (Bot.) A shrubby genus of plants bearing oppo- site leaves and large heads of showy flowers. [Gr. anggeion, vessel, capsule.] — Hydrant, n. A pipe or spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of an aqueduct ; a water-plug ; street foun- tain. — Hydrar'gyrum, -jT-rum, n. Quicksilver ; mercury. [Gr. arguros, silver.] — Hy'drate, -drat, n. ( Chem.) A compound formed by the union of a def- inite proportion of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral salt. — Hy'dride, -drid n. (Chem.) A compound of the binary type, in which hydrogen, as a negative, is united with some other element. — Hydrau'lic, -drawlik, -lical, a. Pert, to Hydraulic Ram. hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. — Hydraulics, sing. That branch of science or of engineering which treats of fluids, esp. water, in motion. [F. hydrau- lique, music of running water, Gr. hudraulis, an or- gan worked by water, aulos, a tube, pipe.] — Hydravr- lie cement. Cement which will harden under water. — H. press. A press in which great power is obtained fr. a forcing pump which forces water into a large cylinder. — //. ram. A machine for raising water by means of the momentum of the water of which a portion is to be raised.— Hy'droceie, -sel, n. (Med.) Dropsy of the scrotum or of the coverings of the testicles or spermatic cord. [Gr. kele, tumor.] — Hydrocephalus, -sefa-lus, n. (Med.) Dropsy of the brain. [Gr. kephale, head.] — Hy'drodynamlc, a. Pert, to, or derived from, the force or pressure of wa- ter. — Hy / drodynam , ics, n. Principles of dynamics, as applied to water and other fluids.— Hy / drofluor y 'ic, -floo-oVik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or derived from, fluorine and hydrogen, —if. acid. An acid obtained by distilling fluor-spar with sulphuric acid. — Hy'- drogen, -jen, n. (Chem.) An inflammable, colorless, inodorous gas of extreme lightness, — one of the ele- ments of water. [Gr. genein, to generate, — the com- bustion of hydrogen producing water.] — Hy'dro- genate, -at, v. t. (Chem.) To combine with hydro- gen.— Hy'drogenize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.J To combine with hydrogen, hydrogenate. — Hydrog''- enous, -droj'e-nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, hy- drogen. — Hydrog y 'rapher, -fer, n. One who draws maps of the sea, etc., with the adjacent shores. — am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, Odd, tone, 6r ; HYEMAL 269 HYPO Hydroglaphy, -ft, re. Art of measuring and de- scribing the sea, lakes, rivers, etc., or of forming charts of the same. [Gr. gi'aphein, to draw, de- scribe.]— Hydrol'ogy, re. Science of water, its prop- erties, phenomena, and laws, its distribution in lakes, rivers, etc., over the earth's surface. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— Hy'droman'cy, -man'sT, n. Div- ination or prediction of events by water. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Hy'dromel. -drc-mel, n. A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water. [Gr. meli, honey.] — Hydrom''eter, re. An instrument for determining the specific gravities and thence the strength of liquids; also, one for measuring the ve- locity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reser- voirs, etc. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Hydromet'ric, -rical, a. Pert, to hydrometry or made by a hydrom- eter. — Hydrom'etry, -trf, n. The determining the specific gravity and strength of liquids; art or oper- ation of measuring the velocity or discharge of run- ning water.— Hydrop'athy, -a-tht, re. The water- cure, a mode of treating diseases by the use of pure water. £Gr. pathos, suffering.] — Hydropathic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc.— Hydrop > athi8t, Hy'dropath, n. One who practices, etc.— Hydropho"'bia, -fo'M-a, re. {Med.) A preternatural dread of water, — a symptom of canine madness; the disease caused by inoculation with the saliva of a rabid dog. [Gr. phobos, fear.] — Hydrophobic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Hydrop'ic. -ical, a. Dropsical; resembling dropsy. — Hy'dropult, n. A machine for throwing water Dy hand power, — a garden engine, fire extinguisher, etc. [Gr. pallein, to hurl.] — Hy'droscope, -skop, re. An instrument to mark the presence of water in air; a kind of water clock used by the ancients. [Gr. skopein, to view.] —Hydrostatic, -ical, a. Relating to liydrostatics; pert, to, or in accordance with, the principles of the equilibrium of fluids. — Hydro- statics, re. Science of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids. [See Statics.] — Hydrotholax, re. (Med.) Dropsy in the chest. [Gr. thorax, chest.] Hyemal, hi-e'mal, a. Belonging to, or done in winter. [L. hyemalis, hiemalis, fr. hyems, or hiems, winter.] Hyena, hi-e'na, re. ; pi. -nas, -naz. A carnivorous mammal of ***,& Asia and Afri- ca, allied to the dog: its habits are nocturnal, and it gener- ally feeds upon carrion. [L. hysena, Gr. nu- aina, lit. sow- like, fr. reus = L. sus, E. sow.] flygeian. hi-ie r - an, a. Relating „ to Hygeia, god"- Hyena, dess of health; pert, to health or its preservation. TGr. Hugeia, f r. hugieinos, hugies, sound, healthy.] — Hy'giene, -jt-en. re. Science of preserving health, esp. of households and communities. — Hygienic, -en-ik, a. Pert, to, etc.; sanatory. Hygrology, hi-groKo-jT, re. Doctrine of the fluids of the body, or the phenomena and causes of atmos- pheric moisture. [Gr. hugros, wet, damp, and logos, discourse.]— Hygrom'eter, n. An instrument for measuring the moisture of the atmosphere. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Hygromefric, -rical, a. Pert, to hygrometry ; made by, or according to, the hy- grometer; readily absorbing and retaining moisture. — Hygrom'etry, -trt, re. Determination of the hu- midity of bodies, esp. of the atmosphere. — Hy'gro- scope. -gro-skop, re. An instrument which shows whether there is more or less moisture in the atmos- phere, but not its amount. [Gr. skopein, to view.] Hylotheism, hi-lo-thelzm, re. Doctrine or belief that matter is God. [Gr. hule, wood, matter, and Theos, God.]— Hylozo'ism, re. Doctrine that matter pos- sesses a species of life. [Gr. zoe, life, zan, to live.] Hymen, hi' men, n. (Myth.) The god of marriage and nuptial solemnities. (Anat.) The virginal mem- brane. [L.; Gr. Hitmen, god of marriage, also skin, membrane.]— Hymene'al, -e'an, a. Pert, to mar- riage or a wedding: nuptial. — ». A marriage song; epithalamium.— Hymenop'teral, -tc-r-al, -terous, -us, a. Pert, to an order of insects having 4 membranous wings, as the bee, the wasp, etc. [Gr. pteron, wing.] Hymn, him, re. An ode or song of praise, adoration, thanksgiving, etc., esp. one sung in worship. — v. t. [hymned (himd), hymning.] To worship or extol j by singing hymns ; to sing. [OF. ymne, hymne, L. kymntis, Gr. humnos.] — Hymenal, n. A book of I hymns. — Hym'nic, a. Relating to hymns. — Hym- nbg'raphy, -ft, re. Art of writing hymns ; hymuol- ogy. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — HymnoKogy, -jT, n. A collection of hymns ; hymns of a period or coun- try ; hvmns collectively ;" treatise on hymns. [Gr. loqos, discourse.] Hyoid, hi'oid, Hyoid'ean, -e-an, a. Having the form of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [vl. [Gr. huoeides, fr. {, (hu) and eidos, form.] — Hyoid bone. A bone between the root of the tongue and the larynx. Hyp, hip, re. A morbid depression of spirits; melan- choly. — v. t. To make melancholy, depress the spirits of. [Contr. of hypochondria, q. v.] Hypallage, hi-palla-je, re. (Gram.) A figure consist- ing of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. hupo (s. rt. L. sub, E. up), under, and ullage, a change, fr. alias- sein, to change, alios, other; s. rt. alien, else.'] Hyperbaton, hi-per'ba-ton, n. (Gram.) A figurative construction, changing the natural and proper order of words and sentences. [Gr., prop. neut. of huperbatos, trans- posed, fr. huper (s. rt. L. super, compar. of sub, under, fr. supeiits, upper; Skr. upari, compar. of upa, near, under), above, beyond, and bainein, to go.] — Hyper'bola, -bo-la, re. (Geom.) A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting-plane makes a greater an- gle with the base than the side of the / cone makes. [Gr. huper and ballem, to throw.]— HyperTjole, -bo-le, re. (Rhet.) T T_. r , p _ h .i, A figure of speech which expresses a ypz T0Ola ~ more or less than the truth; exaggeration. — Hyper- bolic, -ical, a. (Math.) Pert, to or of the nature of the hyperbola. Relating to, or containing, hyperbole. — Hy'perbollcally, -It, adv. In the form of a hy- perbola; with exaggeration. — Hy'perbol'iform, a. Having the form of a hyperbola. — Hyper'bolist, re. One who uses hyperboles. — Hyperbolean, -re- am a. Northern; very far north; arctic; heace very cold; frigid. — re. An inhabitant of the most north- ern region of the earth. [L. and Gr. Boreas, the north wind.] — Hy'percat'aledic. a. ( Gr. & Lot. Pros.) Having a syllable or two beyond the regular measure. [See Catalectic.] — Hypercritlc, re. One critical beyond measure ; a captious censor. [Gr. kritikos, critical.] — Hypercrific, -ical, a. Over- critical; critical beyond use or reason; excessively nice or exact. — Hypercritlcism, -sizm, n. Excess- ive or unjust criticism. — Hyperlneter, re. A hyper- catalectic verse ; anything exceeding the ordinary standard of measure. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Hy- pertrophy, -tro-ft, re. (Med.) Morbid enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body. [Gr. trophe, nourishment.] Hyphen, Mien, re. (Print.) A mark, thus [-], to con- nect syllables of divided, or parts of compound, words. [L. and Gr., for Gr. huph' en, under one ; hupo (see Hypallage) and hen, neut. of heis, one.] Hypnotic, hip-notlk, a. Tending to produce sleep; soporific ; characterized by unnatural or morbid sleep. [Gr. hupnoun, to lull to sleep, hupnos, sleep.] — Hyp'notism, -no-tizm, re. A kind of mesmeric sleep or somnambulism; a similar condition pro- duced by gazing at a verv bright object. — Hyp'no- bate,-bat,re. One who walks in his sleep; a somnam- bulist. [F.; Gr. bainein, to go, walk. J Hypo, hi'po, re. A morbid depression of spirits; hyp. [Contr. of hypochondria.] — Hyp'ochon'dria, hip'o- kon'drT-a, re. (Med.) A mental disorder, in which one is tormented by melancholy and gloomy view?, esp. about his own health. — Hyp / ochon' r driac. a. Pert, to the hypochondrium, or the parts of the body so called ;"affected, characterized, or produced by, hypochondria; producing melancholy, or low spirits. — re. A person affected with hypochondria. — Hyp'ochon'drium, re.; pi. -dria. (Anat.) That part of the cavity of the abdomen which, on either side, is beneath the cartilages of the false ribs. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. hupo (see Hypallage) and chondros, a gristle, cartilage, esp. of the breast-bone.] — Hy- poc'risy, -rl-st, re. The act or practice of a hypo- crite; simulation, or dissimulation; esp. the assum- ing of a false appearance of virtue or religion. [Gr. hupokrisis, a reply, acting of a part, hupokrinomai, I act a part, reply, fr. hupo and krinomai, I contend. dispute, middle voice of krinein, to judge, discern.] — Hyp'ocrite, -krit, re. A pretender to virtue o* sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. HYPO which he has not. — Hypocritlc, -ical, 270 ICHTHYOLOGY Belonging to a hypocrite; exhibiting hypocrisy.— Hypocritically, adv. — Hypoder'mic, -derlnik, a. {Med.) Pert, to what js under the skin; subcutane- ous. [Gr. derma, skin.] — H. injection. The intro- ducing, by a syringe, under the skin, some medicinal substance— an aesthetic, narcotic, etc.— Hypogastric, a. (Anat.) Relating to, or situated in, the middle of the lower part of the abdomen. [Gr. gaster, belly .] — Hypos'tasis, hi- or hY-posla-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. Substance, or subsistence; hence, each of the 3 sub- divisions of the Godhead, — the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. stasis, a placing, stand- ing.] — Hypostatic, -ical, a. Pert, to hypostasis, or substance; constitutive or elementary; personal, or distinctly personal. — Hypostatlcally, adv. — Hy- potenuse, hi- or hY-pot'e-nus, n. (Geom.) The longest side of a right-angled trian- gle, or the line that subtends the right angle. [F. ; L. hypotenusa, Gr. hupotein- ousa, the subtending (line), f r. hupo and teinein, to stretch.] — Hypothecate, hi- or hi-, v. t. {Law.) To confer on (one's creditor) a right in a thing, with power „», >,„„„*. to sell it for the discharge of a debt out e 'nuse of the proceeds; to subject (property) to liability for a debt without delivery of possession or transfer of title ; to pledge. [OF. lujpotheque, L. hypo- theca, a mortgage, Gr. hupothcke, an under-prop, also a pledge, mortgage, fr. hupo and theke, a pledge, tithe- nai, to place.] — Hypothecation, n. (Civ. Law.) Act or contract by which property is hypothecated. iLaw of Shipping.) A contract whereby the vessel, freight, or cargo is made liable for repayment of money advanced for the necessities of the ship. — Hypotb/enuse. Same as Hypotenuse.— Hypothe- sis, hi- or hi-, n. ; pi. -SES,-sez. A supposition; some- thing not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument; a theory assumed to account for known facts or phenomena. — Hypothetic, -ical, a. Char- acterized by a hypothesis ; conditional ; assumed without proof for the purpose of reasoning. — Hypo- thetlcally, adv. Hyson, hi'sn, n. A species of green tea. [Chin, Tit- tshun, i. e., lit. first crop, or blooming spring.] — Hy- son skin. Refuse portion of the fine tea called Hy- son : skin is a Chinese word meaning refuse. Hyssop, hYs'sup or hi'zup, n. A plant whose leaves nave an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. [OF. hyssojje, Gr. hussopos, Heb. ezobh.~] Hysteria, his-telY-a, n. (Med.) A nervous affection, manifested by alternate fits of laughing and crying, or temporary delirium, with a sensation of strangu- lation. [OF. hysterique, Gr. husterikos. suffering in the womb, ir.'hustera, womb.] —Hysteric, -tgrlk, -ical a. Of, or pert, to, affected, or troubled, with hysterics; convulsive; fitful.— Hysterotomy, -o-mY, n. (Surg.) Operation of cutting into the uterus, to take out a fetus; the cesarean section. [Gr. tome, a cutting, temnein, to cut.] Hysteron-proteron, hisle-ron-profe-ron, n. (Rhet.) Afigure in which the word that should follow comes first; an inversion of logical order, in which the con- clusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved before the evidence. [Gr. husteros, the lat- ter, proteros, sooner.) t, i, the 9th letter of the Eng. alphabet, has 2 principal sounds,— the long sound, as in pine, fine, ice; and the short, as in pin, fin, gift. 1 and J were formerly regarded as the same character, and in English dic- tionaries were long classed together. f, i, pron. [poss. my or mine ; objective me ; pi., nom. we; poss. our or ours; obj. us.] The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person, — the word by which a speaker or writer denotes himself. [ME. ik, ich, i, AS. ic, D. and Goth, ik, Ic. eh, Dan.jeg, G. ich, W. t, L. and Gr. ego, Skr. a/iarn. prob. for agam.} Iamb, i'amb, Iam'bus, L. pi. Iam'bi, -bi ; E. pi. -buses, -bus-ez, Iam'bic, n. (Pros.) A foot of 2 syllables, the 1st short and 2d long, or the 1st unac- cented and 2d accented. A verse composed of such feet. pi. A satirical poem ; satire ; lampoon, — this verse being often employed in such poems. f_Gr. iambos, lit. a throw, fr. xaptein, to cast, throw ; prob. s. rt. L. jacere, to throw.] — Iam'bic, -bical, a. Consisting of, pert, to, or com- posed of, etc. Ibex, i'beks, n. A wild goat of the Alps and other mountains of Europe, remarkable for its /i long, recurved horns. [L.] _ »jj*' ss, T' Ibex rhich Ibidem, i-bi'dem, adv. In the same place,— abb re v. ibid. [L.] Ibis, i'bis, n. A grallatory bird, one species of was regarded in ancient Egypt with adoration. [L. and Gr.] Icarian, i-ka'rT-an, a. Adventurous in flight; soaring too high for safe- ty. [Fr. Icarus, son of Daedalus, who fled on wings to escape Minos; but the sun melted the wax that cemented his wings, and he was drowned in the sea.] Ice, is, n. Frozen water or other fluid; concreted sugar ; water or cream flavored and frozen, —v.t. [iced (1st), icing.] To cover with, orconvert into, ice; to cover with concreted sugar; to frost; to cool, as with ice; to freeze. [AS., Sw., and OHG. is, D. ijs, Dan. its.]— To break the ice. To make the first opening or advances; to introduce a subject, open the way.— Ibis. I'cy, -si, a. [icier, iciest.] Pert, to, composed of, like, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty; chilling in manner, etc. [AS. isig.] — I/ciness, ».— I'cing, n. A covering of concreted sugar; frosting. —Ice'berg, n. A hill or mountain of ice floating on the ocean. [D. ijsberg, Dan. iisbierg, fr. D. berg. Dan. bierg, moun- tain, hill.] — Ice'blink, n. A bright appearance near the horizon, occasioned by the reflection of light from ice, and visible before the ice itself is .seen. [Dan. iisblink ; blinke, to gleam. See Blink.] — -cream, n. Cream or milk, sweetened, flavored, and congealed by a freezing mixture. — -floe, n. A large sheet of floating ice. — -house, n. A repository for preserving ice during warm weather. plant, n. A species of mesembryanthemum, sprinkled with watery vesicles, which glitter like ice. —Ice- landic, w. The language of the inhabitants of Ice- land: it is of Scandinavian origin, and more nearly allied to the old Norse than any other language now spoken. — Iceland-moss, n. A kind of nutritious lichen, found in arctic regions and on high moun- tains.— I'cicle, -sY-kl, n. A pendent conical mass of ice. [AS. isgicel; gicel, small piece of ice.] Ichneumon, ik-nulnon, n. A carnivorous animal of Egypt, resembling a weasel, very destruc- tive to the eggs of the crocodile, and of poultry ; a hymenop- terous insect whose larvesare parasitic in icnneumon. other insects; ichneumon fly. [L. and Gr., lit. the tracker, because it hunts out the eggs of the croco- dile, fr. ichneuein, to track or hunt after, fr. ichnos, track, footstep.] Ichnograph, ik'no-graf, Ichncg'raphy, -ra-fY, n. (Drawing.) A horizontal section of a building or other object; aground-plan. [Gr. ichnographia, f r. ichnos, track, and graphein, to describe.] Ichor, i'kor, n. (Myth.) An ethereal fluid that sup- plied the place of blood in the veins of the gods. An acrid waterv discharge flowing from an ulcer, wound, etc. [Gr.; s. rt. Gr. ikntas, moisture, ikma- nein, Skr. sich, to wet.] — I'chorous, -us, a. Com- posed of, or like, ichor; thin; watery. Ichthyology, ik-thY-ol'o-jY, n. Science of the struc- ture, habits, classification, etc., of fishes. [Gr. ich- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r \ ICICLE 271 IGNOBLE thus, fish, and logos, discourse.] — Ichthyoph'agous, -ofa-gus, a. Eatin? or subsisting on tish. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Ich'thyosaur', -o-sawr', -sau'rus. -saw'rus, a. (Paleon.) An extinct carnivorous rep- Ichthyosaurus. tile, lizard-like, and with vertebras like those of fishes. [Gr. sauros, lizard.] Icicle, Icing, etc. See under Ice. Iconoclast, i-kon'o-klast, re. A destroyer of images or idols; one who exposes impositions or shams. [Gr. eikon, image, and klastes, a destroyer, fr. klaein, to break.] — Iconoclastic, a. Breaking images. — Iconog'raphy, -ra-fl, n. Description of ancient im- ages or representations, as statues, paintings, en- gravings on gems or metals, etc. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Iconol'ogy, -jl, re. Pictorial or emblem- atical representation : description of pictures or statues. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Icosahedron, i'ko-sa-he'dron, re. A solid of 20 equal sides. (Geom.) A regular solid, consisting of 20 equal and similar triangular pyramids whose ver- tices meet in the center of a circumscribing sphere. [Gr. eikosi, 20, and hedra, seat, base.] Icteric, ik-terlk, re. A remedy for the jaundice. — Icteric, -ical, a. Pert, to, or affected with, jaundice; good against the jaundice. [Gr. ikteros, jaundice.] Ictus, iklus, n. (Pros.) The stress of voice laid upon the accented syllable of a w r ord. [L., fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] — Ic'tic, a. Pert, to or produced by a blow; sudden; abrupt. Icy. See under Ice. I'd, id. A contr. fr. I won! i or I had. Ide, id, n. A lake fish of N. Europe, of the genus of the dace, roach, etc., but ascending rivers to spawn. Idea, i-de'a, re. ; pi. Ide'as, -az. The image or picture of a visible object, formed by the mind ; a similar image of any object, whether sensible or spiritual; a general notion or conception, formed by general- ization ; a notion, conception, or thought ; a belief, doctrine, or opinion : one of the archetypes or pat- terns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have existed from eternity in the mind of the Deity. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. idein, to see, Skr. vid, to perceive, know : see Wit, to know.] — Ide'al, re. A conception proposed by the mind for imitation, real- ization, or attainment: a standard of perfection, beauty, etc. — a. Existing in idea or thought; intel- lectual; mental: proposed for imitation, realization, or obedience: existing in imagination only; unreal; teaching the doctrine of idealism. [OF.; L. idealis.] — Ide'alism, -izm, re. The system or theory that makes everything to consist in ideas ; doctrine that we have no'rational grounds to believe in the real- ity of anything but ideas and their relations.— Ide r - alist, re. One who holds the doctrine of idealism ; one who idealizes, or forms picturesque fancies or ro- mantic expectations. — Ideality, -I-tl, re. A lively imagination, united to a love of the beautiful. See Phrenology.— Ide'alize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make ideal, give an ideal form or value to. — v. i. To form ideas. — Ide'at, re. (Metaph.) The ontological reality or actual existence corresponding with an idea. — Ide'ogram, -ograph, -o-graf, re. A pictorial representation of a visible object or of an abstract idea; a hieroglyph. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Ideog'raphy, -ra-fl. n. Science of representing ideas independently of sounds, etc., as in short-hand writing, etc. — Ideographic, -ical, a. Standing for and representing a notion or idea, without reference to the name given to it. — IdeoKogy, -o-jt, re. Sci- ence of ideas. (Metaph.) A view of the formation of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensa- tion. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Idem, i'dem. The same as above, — abbreviated id. [L.] — Iden'tical, -tik-al, a. The same ; the very same : not different : expressing sameness or the same truth. — Identically, adv. — Idenlify, -tT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make to be the same, unite or combine, treat as having the same use or effect ; to determine or establish the identity of, prove to be the same. — v. i. To become the same, coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [F. identifier.'] — Iden'tifica'tion, re. Act of, etc. — Iden'tity. -ti-tl, re. State or quality of being iden- tical ; sameness ; condition of being the same with something described or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed. [F. identite, L. identitas.] Ides, idz, n. pi. (Anc. Rom. Calendar.) The 15th day of March, May, July, and October, and the l'ith of other months. [F. ; L. idus ; peril, s. rt. Skr. indu, the moon.] Idiom, id'T-um.re. A mode of expression peculiar to a language or dialect; genius or peculiar cast of a lan- guage; peculiar form or variety of language. [F. idi- ome, L. and Gr. idioma, f r. Gr. idioun, to make one's own, fr. idios, one's own, peculiar to one's self, Skr. svayam, self (reflexive pron.).] — Id'iomatlc, -o- matlk, -ical, a. Peculiar to a language; conformed to the mode of expression of a language. — Idioc'- rasy, -ok'ra-sT, Fdiosyn'crasy, -sin'kra-sT, re. Pe- culiarity of constitution or temperament; individ- ual characteristic or susceptibility. [Gr. idios, sun. together, and kiwi*, a. mingling, f r. kerannunai, to mix.] — Idiop'athy, -a-thT, re. (Med.) A morbid state or condition not occasioned by any other dis- ease. [Gr. pathos, suffering, disease.]— Idiopathic, a. Pert, to, or indicating, etc. — Idiot, -1-ut, re. Orig., a person in private life, also an unlearned, ignorant, or foolish person; now, a person destitute from birth of the ordinary intellectual powers ; a fool; imbecile; simpleton. [F.: L. idiota, Gr. idiotes, a private person, hence, one uneducated and igno- rant.]— Idiocy, -o-sl, Idlotcy, ». Absence of the mental faculties, natural to man, from congenital imperfection in the size, form, or quality of the brain. — Idiotic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like an idiot ; foolish, sottish. — Idlotism, -izm, re. An idiom. Idle, i'dl. a. [idler, idlest.] Of no account ; use- less; vain: unprofitable; not called into active service; inactive; doing nothing ; averse to labor or employ- ment; indolent; lazy.— v. t. [idled (-did), idling.] To spend in idleness, waste, consume. [AS. inlet, vain, empty, useless, Dan. and Sw.iV/e/, sheer, mere, pure; s. rt.'Gr. itharos, clear, pure (water).] — I'dle- ness, n. Inaction ; sluggishness ; sloth. [AS. idel- rees.] — I'dler, n. — I'dly, -dll, adv. Idol, i'dul, re. An image or representation of any- thing; image of a divinity, made as an object of wor- ship; that on which the affections are strongly, ex- cessivelv, and improperly set; deceitful image ; phan- . torn. [OF. idole, L. idolum, Gr. eidolon, fr. eidomai, I appear, seem, idem, to see : see Idea.] — I'dolize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To make an idol of, pay idolatrous worship to ; to love or reverence to excess or adoration. — I'doliz'er, re. — Idol'ater, -dol'a-ter, re. A worshiper of idols ; a pagan ; an adorer ; great admirer. [OF. idolatre ; Gr. latreia, service, fr. latris, servant, fr. latron, hire.] — IdoK- atress, re. A female worshiper of idols. — Idol'a- trous, -trus, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, consist- ing in, or partaking of, etc. — IdoKatry, -trT, re. Worship of idols, or anything which is not God; ex- cessive veneration for anything. [F. idolatrie.'] Idoneons, i-do r ne-us, a. Suitable ; convenient ; fit ; proper. [L. idoneus.~] Idyl, i'dil or idll, re. A short pastoral poem; also a narrative poem, in an elevated and finished style. [L. idyllium, Gr. eidullion, fr. eidos, form, appear- ance, fr. eidomai, I see. See Idol.] If, if, conj. In case that; granting, allowing, or sup- posingthat; whether. [AS. gif, Ic, OFries., and Oh. ef, also OFries., OS., and D. of, if; Ic. efa, to doubt; prob. s. rt. L. opiniri. to suppose, apisci, Skr. ap, to obtain; not fr. AS. git an, to give.] Igneous, ig'ne-us, a. Pert, to, consisting of, contain- ing, or like fire. (Geol.) Resulting from the action of fire. [L. igneus, fr. ignis, fire, ignire, -nitum, to set on fire, Skr. agni, fire, perh. fr. aj, to move.] — Ig- nite', -n!f, v. t. To kindle, set on fire. — v. i. lo take fire, begin to burn. — Ignilor, -tSr, re. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. the contrivance for inflaming powder in a torpedo, etc. — Ignitlble, a. Capable of being ignited. — Igni'tion, -nish'un, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ignes'cent, -sent, a. Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating. — Ignif'erous, -er-us, a. Producing fire. [L./erre, to bear, produce.] — Ignip'otent, a. Presiding over fire. [L. .pot ens, powerful.]— Ig'nis- fat'uus, -u-us, re. ,• pi. Ig'nes-fat'ui, -nez-fat'u-I. A flitting light that appears, at night, over marshy grounds, etc., supposed to be occasioned by decom- position of animal or vegetable substances, or by in- flammable gas; will-o'-the-wisp. [L./atuus, foolish, i. e., misleading.] Ignoble, ig-no'bl, a. Of low birth or family; not no- ble or illustrious; mean; worthless; not honorable, sun, cube, full -• moon, f<5ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. IGUANA 272 IMAGE elevated, or generous; base; degenerate; degraded; disgraceful; infamous. [F. ; L. ignobilis, f r. in priv. (see Inability) and gnohilis, later nobilis, noble, q. v.] — Igno'bleness, n. — Igno'bly, -bit, adv. — Ig'- nominy, -min'T, n. Public disgrace or dishonor; an act deserving disgrace ; opprobrium ; reproach ; shame; contempt; infamy. [F. ignominie, L. igno- minia, fr. in priv. and gnomen, nomen, renown, name, q. v.] — Ignominious, -T-us, a. Marked with, or de- serving, etc.; infamous; despicable.— Ignominlous- ly, adv.— Ignore', -nor", v. t. [-nored (-nord'), -noring.] To be ignorant of. (Law.) To throw out (a bill) as false or ungrounded. To refuse to take notice of; to leave out of account or considera- tion. [F. ignorer, L. ignorare, fr. in priv. and gnos- cere, noscere, to know, q. v.]— Ignora'mus, n. ; pi. -muses, -ez. An ignorant person ; a vain pretender to knowledge. [L., we are ignorant, — orig. written upon bills of indictment by grand juries, when the evidence was insufficient.] — Ig'norance, -rans, n. Condition of being ignorant ; want of knowledge. [F.] — Ig'norant, a. Destitute of knowledge; umn- structed or uninformed ; unacquainted ; unaware; displaying, or resulting from, ignorance; illiterate. fF.] — Ig/norantly, adv. — Igliorantism, -izm, n. Policy of keeping the masses in a state of ignorance ; obscurantism. — Ig'norantist, n. One who, etc. Ignana, I-gwa'na, n. An edible lizard of tropical Amer. [Sp., fr. Caribbean yuana.] Ihlang-ihlang, e / lang-e'lang, n. A powerful perfume obtained from the volatile oil of an E. India flower. [Malay, flower of flowers.] jOex, ileks, n. A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, including holly. [L.] — Hide, T-lislk, a. Pert, to the holly, — said of an acid contained in its leaves. — nicin, -cine, -sin, n. The bitter principle of, etc. Ileum, iKe-um, n. The lower part of the small intes- tine. [NL., fr. Gr. eilein, to roll, twist up.] — JV- ium, -I-um, n. One of the flattened upper side bones of the pelvis, forming part of the hip joint ; flank bone; haunch bone. [L.; ilia, the flanks.] — Iliac, -T-ak, Hi'acal, a. Pert, to the ileum or the ilium. Eiad, il'I-ad, n. A Greek epic poem, composed by Homer, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. Ilk, ilk, a. The game; also; each; every. [In Scot- tish usage, the phrase of that ilk denotes that one's surname and the title of his estate are the same ; as, Grant of that ilk, i. e., Grant of Grant; in Eng. and the U. S., it is ignorantly used to signify of that same kind ; as, others of that ilk.~\ [Scot, ilk, AS. sale, each, ylc, ylca, the same. See Each.] HI. il, a. [Comp. and superl. wanting, their places being supplied by ivorse and worst, q. v.] Bad; evil; contrary to good in a physical sense ; opposed to advantage, happiness, etc. ; contrary to good, in a moral sense ; sick; unwell; not accordant with rule, fitness, or propriety ; cross ; surly ; peevish. — n. Evil of any kind; misfortune; disease: pain; wick- edness; depravity; iniquity, —adv. With pain or difficulty; not easily; not rightly or perfectly; not well. [Ic. illr, ill (adj.), Dan. ilde, Sw. ilia, ill, badly (adv.); s. rt. AS. yfel = E. evil, q. v.] — Ill'ness, n. Disease ; indisposition : malady ; sickness ; wrong moral conduct; wickedness. — Illy, -It, adv. In an ill or evil manner; not well. [Sometimes used, im- properly, for ill.'] — 111 '-bred, a. Not well-bred; badly brought up; impolite. fa'vored, -vSrd, a. Ill-looking : ugly. nat/ured, -na^churd, a. Bad- tempered; peevish; cross; surly; dictated by, or in- dicating, ill-nature. nat/uredly, adv. — starred, -stard, a. Fated to be unfortunate. — will', n. En- mity; malevolence. Ulapse, il-laps', n. A sliding in ; entrance of one thing into another ; sudden attack. [L. illapsus, fr. in (see In) and labi, lapsus, to fall, slide. See Lapse.] Illation, il-la/shun, n. Act of inferring from premises or reasons ; thing inferred ; inference ; deduction: conclusion. [F.; L. illatio, fr. in and ferre, latum, to carry, whence inference; L. latum = tlatum, Gr. tletos, borne: see Tolerate.]— Illative, -tiv, a. Relating to, formed by, or dependent on, illation; inferential; denoting an inference or rational con- nection or justification. — n. An illative particle. Zllaudable, il-lawd'a-bl, a. Not laudable ; worthy of censure or dispraise. [L. in priv. (see Inability) and laudibilis. See Laudable.] — Hle'gal, a. Not legal; contrary to law; unlawful; illicit. — Illegal- ity, -Y-tT, n. Quality or condition of being illegal. — Ule'galize, v. t. To render unlawful. — nie'gally, adv. — Illegible, -lej'T-bl, a. Incapable of being read; not legible or readable.— Illegibly, adv.— Illegibility, n. — Illegitimate, -jit'i-mat, a. Not regular or authorized ; unlawful ; unlawfully be- gotten; born out of wedlock; illogical; not author- ized by good usage. — v. t. To render illegitimate. — Illegit'imalion, n. Act of illegitimating; state of being illegitimate; illegitimacy. — Illegitimacy, -sT, n. State of bastardy; state of being not genuine. — Illib'eral, a. Not liberal; not free, generous, or noble; niggardly; mean; base ; narrow-minded ; in- dicating a lack of breeding, culture, etc.— Hlib'eraK- ity, n. Quality of being illiberal. —Ulib'erally, adv. — Illicit, -lislt, a. Not permitted or allowed; pro- hibited; unlawful. [F. illicite, L. illicitus ; licere, lici- tum, to be allowed, be lawful.] — Illicitly, adv.— 11- licltness, n.— Illimitable, a. Incapable of being limited or bounded; limitless; unlimited; immeas- urable : infinite ; vast. — Ulit'erate, a. Ignorant of letters or books ; untaught ; unlearned ; unlet- tered. [L. illiteratus ; literatus, learned: see Lit- eral.] — Illit'erateness, -eracy, -st, n. State of be- ing illiterate ; ignorance ; a literary blunder. — Il- logical, -lojlk-al, a. Ignorant or negligent of, or contrary to, the rules of logic or sound reasoning. — Illoglcally, adv. — Illoglcalness, -icallty, -Y-ti, n. State or condition of being, etc. Illness, Ill-natured, etc. See under III. niude, il-lud', v. t. To play upon by artifice, deceive, mock. [F. illuder, L. illudere, -lusum, fr. in, on, upon, and. ludere, to play.] — Hlu'sion, -zhun, n. An unreal image presented to the bodily or mental vis- ion ; delusion ; mockery ; chimera ; fallacy; hallu- cination; a lace fabric used for ladies' dresses, bri- dal veils, etc. [F. ; L. illusio.] — Illu'sionist, n. One fiven to illusion ; a juggler. — IUu'sive, -siv, a. )eceiving by false show; deceitful. — Hlu'sively, adv. — niu'siveness, n. — Illu'sory, -so-rt, a. De- ceiving by false appearances; fallacious. Illume, il-lum'' [-lumed (-lumd'), -luming], IUu'- minate, Hlu'mine, -min, v. t. To enlighten, supply with light ; to light up (a building, etc.) in token of rejoicing or in honor of some person, party, or event; to adorn (a book or page) with colored illustrations; to explain, elucidate. [F. illuminer, L. Uluminare, -natum, fr. in, on, upon, and luminare, to light up, fr. lumen, light.] — Illu'minable, a.— nin'mina'tion, n . Act of, or state of being, etc. ; festive decoration of buildings with lights; adornment of books with col- ored illustrations; thing illuminated, as a house, book, or manuscript ; that which illuminates or gives light; brightness; splendor. — Dlu'mina'tive, a. Tending to illuminate or illustrate; illustrative. — Hlu'mina'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, illuminates; esp., one who illuminates manuscripts and books. [L.]— Ulu'mina'ti, n. pi. Lit., those who are enlightened, — a name assumed by persons claiming a superior light on some subject, esp. by certain philosophers early in the 19th century, who conspired against Christianity. — Uln'minee', -ne', n. One of the Illuminati. Illusion, Illusive, etc. See under Illude. Illustrate, il-luslrat, v.t. To make clear or bright ; to set in a clear light, exhibit distinctly; to explain; to exemplify, esp. by means of'figures, comparisons^ examples, etc. ; to ornament and elucidate with pictures or figures. [L. illustrare, -tratum, fr. in, upon, and lustrare, to enlighten; prob. s. rt. L. lu- cidus, bright, lumen, light, luna, moon. See Lu- cid.]— IUustra'tion, n. Act of illustrating; expla- nation: elucidation; state of being illustrated ; that which illustrates, esp., a picture, etc. — IUuslrative, -tiv, a. Tending to illustrate; explaining. — Illus''- trator, n. One who illustrates. [L.] — Illustrious, -trt-us, a. Possessing luster, brightness, or brillian- cy; characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; con- ferring luster or honor; brilliant; distinguished; famous; renowned; eminent; glorious. [F. illustrt?, L. illustris, bright, renowned.] — Uluslriously, adv. Illutation, il-lu-ta'shun, n. The smearing the body with mud, esp. with sediment from mineral springs; a mud-bath. [F., fr. L. in and lutum, mud.] Illy. See under III. Image, im'ej, n. A similitude of any person or thing, sculptured, drawn, or otherwise made perceptible to the sight; statue; picture; likeness; effigy; an idol: semblance ; appearance; representation of anything to the mind. (Rhet.) A word-picture; illustration; description; metaphor. (Opt.) The figure of any ob- ject formed by rays of light upon the retina of the eye, or upon a mirror or screen, or at the focus of a lens. — v. t. [imaged (-ejd), -aging.] To form an image of ; to represent to the mental vision. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone. IMAM 273 IMMUNITY [F.; L. irnaqo, imaginis ; 8. rt. L. imitart. to imitate, q. v.] — Im'agery, -ej-rl, n. Images in general, or in mass ; unreal show ; work of the imagination or fancy; false ideas; rhetorical decoration ; figures in discourse. —Imag'ine, -aj'in, v. t. [-ined (-ind), -ININO.] To form in the mind a notion or idea of ; *o contrive in purpose; to represent to one's self; to fancy, conceive, suppose, plan, devise, frame. — v. i. *To form conceptions, think, suppose. [F. imaginer, L. unaginari, hiatus, to picture to one's self.] — Im- Ag'iner, n.— Imaginable, a.— Imag'inary, -rt, a. Ex- isting only in imagination or fancy ; ideal ; chimer- ical ; visionary ; unreal. — Imag'ina'tion, n. Power by which the mind forms ideas or mental images ; power to create or reproduce an object of sense pre- viously perceived, or to recall a mental or spiritual state before experienced ; power to recombine ma- terials furnished by experience or direct apprehen- sion; fancy; power to recreate with readiness, under ike stimulus of feeling, for an elevated end or pur- pose; invention. — Imag' ina'ttre, -tiv, a. Proceed- ing from, and characteri2ed by, the imagination ; given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc. nam, T-miira', I'man, I'man. Imaum', T-mawm' priest among Mohammedans ; a Mohammedan prince who has supreme spiritual and temporal pow- er. [Arl imam, fr. amma, to walk before, preside.] Imbanfcment. Same a3 Embankment. Imbecile, im'be-eil or .sgK, a. Destitute of strength, either of body or of mind; decrepit; weak; feeble; impotent, —n. One who is, etc. [F. irnbecille, L. imbeciUus or -lis ; ME. imbe'cill,imbe'cel, to weaken, diminish, subtract from. See Embezzle.] — Imte- efl'ity, -T-tY, n. Quality of being imbecile. Imbed, im-bed', v. t. To sink or lay, as in partially inclosing clay, mortar, etc. Imbezzle. Same as Embezzle. Imbibe, im-blb', u. f. [-bibed ( r b\bd / '), -bibing.] To drink in, absorb; to receive into the mind and re- tain. [F. imbiber, L. imbibere, f r. in .and bibere, Skr. pa, to drink.] — Imbibition, -bish/un, n. Act of 'im- bibing. Imbitter. im-bit/t5r, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To make bitter, make unhappy or grievous; to make more distressing, render violent, exasperate. Imbody, Imbolden, Imbosom, etc. See Embody, Em- bolden, etc. Imbow, im-bo', v. t. To make like a bow; to arch, vault. Imbricate, im'brT-kat, -cated, a. Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter-tile; lying oyer each other in regular order, like shin- fles on a roof. [L. imbricare^-catum, o cover with tiles, to form like a gut- ter-tile; imbrex, a tile.] — Imbrica'tion, n. An overlapping of the edges, like that of tiles or. shingles. Imbroglio, im-brol'vo, n. An intricate plot; a complicated and embarrassing state of friings. . [It., fr. imbrogliare, to entangle, perplex, fr. in(= L. in) and broglio, confusion, broil, q. v.] Imbrown, im-brawn", i». t. (-browned (-brownd'), -browning,] To make brown, darken the color of. tan. . Imbrue, lm-broo', v. t. [-brued (-brood'), -brcino.] x To soak; to drench in a fluid, as in blood. fOF. embruer, fr. en (L. in) and bevrer,bruer, L. bibere, to drink; f». it. imbibe, imbue; hot s. rt. brew.] Imbrnte, im-broof, v. t. To degrade to the state of a brute, make, brutal, — v >'. To sink to the state ot a brute. Imbue, im-bu'^f. t. [-bued (-bad'). - tinge deeply, dye;* to cause to become impressed or penetrated, [t*. imbvere, fr. in and rt. 61, Skr. pa, whence Imbibere.. See Imbibe.] Imitate, im'I-tat, v. t: To follow as a pattern, model, or example; to copy; to produce a likeness of, in form, color, qualities, conduct, manners, etc. ; to counterfeit; to produce bv imitation. [L. imitari, -4aJw ; b. rt; image.] — Im'itable, a. Capable or worthy of being, etc. — Im'itabil'ity, -tT, n. — Iml- ta'tion, n. Act of imitating; thing made or pro- duced as a copy; likeness; resemblance. See Phre- nology. — Im'itativa, -tiv, a. Inclined to imitate; imitating; exhibiting an imitation of a pattern or model ; formed after a model, pattern, or original.— Imitator. -tSr, n. Immaculate, iro-mak'n-lat, a. Spotless; without blem- ish; unstained; undefiledj pure; limpid. [L. in pmv. (sec Inability) and maculare, -latum, to spot, mao- ula, a spot.] — Immal'leable, -le-a-bl, a. Not malle- able, not capable of being extended by hammering. — Immate'rial, -rT-al, a. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; of no essential consequence; unimportunt. — Imiaate / 'rialism, -izm.n. Doctrine that immaterial substances or spiritual beings exist or are possible; doctrine that the material world ex- ists only in the mind. — Immate'rialiBt, n. One who believes, etc. — Immate / rial v ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of being, etc. —Immature'', -tured', -turd', a. 'Not mature or ripe; not arrived at perfection or comple- tion; crude; too early; premafure.— Immature'ly, adv. — Immature / 'ne88, -tu/rity, -rl-tt, n. Condition or quality of being immature. — Immeas'urable. im-mezh'er-a-bl, a. Incapable of being measured ; illimitable. — Immeas'urably, adv.— Imme'dlate, -dT-St, a. Not separated by any- thing intervening ; proximate; close; not deferred by an interval of time; present producing its effect by direct agency ; acting directly. [OF. immediat; L. mediare, -atum, to be in the middle, medius, mid- dle.]— Imme'diately, adv. In an immediate man- ner ; without intervention of anything; without de- lay ; directly ; instantly ; quickly ; presently. — Im- me'diatenesa, n. — Immelo'dious, -dt-us, a.- Not melodious; harsh. — Immemo'rial, -rf-al, a. Beyond memory, record, or tradition ; out of mind. (Eng. Law.) Previous to the reign of Richard I. — Imme- mo'rially, adv.— Immense', -mens'!', a. Unlimited; unbounded; very great; "huge; infinite; immeasur- able ; prodigious ; monstrous. [F. ; L. immeneus; metiri, mensus, to measure, q. v.] — Immensely, adv. — Immen'sity, -el-tT, n. Unlimited extension ; in- finity ; vastness in extent or bulk ; greatness. — Im- men'surable, a. Not to be measured; immeasurable. — Immen'aurate, a. Unmeasured. — Imm«tnod r - ical, a. Not methodical; wanting method. — Immla'cible, im-mis'sT-bl, a.- Not capable of be- ing mixed.— Immls'cibiiaty, a. — Immit'igable, a. Not capable of being mitigated or appeased. — Immot/ile. im-mob'il, a. Incapable of being moved; fixed; stable. [F.; L. immobilis. See Mo- bile.]— Immobility, n. Condition or quality of be- ing, etc. — Immod'erate, -Sr-gt, a. Not moderate ; not confined to suitable limits; excessive; exorbit- ant; unreasonable; extravagant. — Immod'erately, adv. — Immod'erateneaB, , n. — Immod'est, a. Not limited to due bounds; immoderate; wanting in the reserve or restraint which4ecorum and decency re- quire; indecorous; shameless; impudent-; indecent; unchaste ; lewd ; obscene. — Immod''eatly, adv. — Immod'eBty, -est-I, n. Want of modesty ; inde- cency ; unchastity ; want of delicacy or decent re- serve. — Immor'al, -mor'al, a. Net moral; incon- sistent with rectitude ; contrary to conscience bf the divirre law ; vicious ; unjust ; impure ; unchaste ; profligate ; abandoned ; lewd i obscene. — Immor''- ally, adv. — Immoral'ity, -mo-ral'1-tT, n. Quality ot being immaral; vice; an immoral- act or practice. — Immor'tal, -mdr'tal, a. Not mortal ; exempt from liability to die; conneoted with, or terminating- in, immortality;- destined to live in all ages of this world; "eternal; never-ending; ceaseless; enduring; imperishable; deathless.— Immortal / 'ity, n. Qual- ity of being immortal ; unending existence ; ex- emption., from -oblivion. — Immor'talize, -12, v.t. To render immortal; to exempt from oblivion, per- petuate. — Immor/ tally, adv.— Irn'mortellss'. -tel', n. pi. (Bot.) A name of several genera of unfading flowers; everlasting, q. v. Wreaths composed of them, —placed upon coffins, monuments? etc. [F.] — Immoveable, -mooVa-bl, a. Incapable of being moved; firmly fixed; steadfast; not to be induced to change^ incapable of being altered or shaken; unal- teTableS not easily affected ormoved; unimpressible; hard-hearted, ' (Lmv.) Permanent in place cr ten- ure; fixed;'— n. That which cannot be moved, pi.- (Civil Lata*) Lands, and things adherent thereto, — by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as build- ings and their accessories; by their destination, as seeds, plants, manure, etc.; and by the objects to which they are applied, as servitudes. — Immor''- ablenesa, -abil'ity, n. — Immovably, adv.— Im- mune, im-niun', a. Exempt; protected by inocu- lation.— Immu , 'nize, v. t. To make immune.— Im- munity, im-mu'nf-tt, n. Exemption from any charge, duty ."office, tax or imposition ; a particular privilege ; freedom. State of being not susceptible to poison, disease, ete. [F. immunite, L. immunitas, tr. in and r.iun%3, serving, obliging. See Common.] — i, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or iQk, then, dongon, chair, get. cube, full ; 18 IMMUSICAL 274 IMPROPRIETY Immu'sical, -zik-al, a. Not harmonious; unmusical- — Imrnu' table, a. Not mutable; unchangeable; in- variable ; unalterable. — Immu'tably, adv. — Im- mu'tableness, -tabil'ity, n. — Impalpable, im-pal'pa-bl, a. Not palpable ; not to be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be per- ceived by touch ; not easily apprehended by the mind. — Impal'pably, adv. — Impalpability, n. — Imparity, -par'I-tl, n. Inequality; disproportion ; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, etc.; indivisibility into equal parts. — Impartial, -par'- shal, a. Not partial ; unprejudiced; disinterested; equitable; just. — Impartiality, -shT-al'- or -shal'- T-tT, n. Freedom from bias; disinterestedness; equi- tableness. — Impartially, -shal-lt, adv. — Impart'- ible, -part'I-bl, a. Not partible ; indivisible. — Im- part'ibil'ity, n. Quality of being impartible ; indi- visibility. — Impass'able, -pas'a-bl, a. Incapable of being passed; impervious; impenetrable; pathless.— Impassibility, n. Quality or condition of being im- passible. — Impas'sible, -p&s'sT-bl, a. Incapable of suffering or passion, pain or sympathy ; unfeeling ; without.sensation. [F. ; L. impassibilis ; passibilis, ca- pable of' suffering, fr. pati, passus, to suffer.] — Im- pas'sibleness, re.— Impas'sive, -pas'siv, a. Not sus- ceptible of pain or suffering; insensible; impassible. — Impas'siveness, n.— Impat'ible, a. Intolerable ; impassible. — Impa'tience, -shens, n. Quality of be- ing impatient ; restlessness ; want of patience ; vio- lence of temper ; passion. — Impa'tient, a. Not patient ; not bearing with composure ; intolerant ; hasty ; prompted by, or exhibiting, impatience. — Impa'tiently, adv. — Impec 'cable, im-pek'ka-bl, a. Not liable to sin ; exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. [L. im- peccahilis ; peccabilis, fr. peccare, to err, sin.] — Im- pec'cancy, -kan-sY, -cabil'ity, -tT, n. Quality of being, etc. — Impecunious, -kun'T-us, a. Not hav- ing money; poor. [L. in and pecunia, money.] — Impecu / nios / ity, n. Want of money.— Impenetra- ble, -e-tra-bl, a. Incapable of being penetrated or pierced ; inaccessible (to knowledge, reason, sym- pathy, etc.). — Impen'etrableness, -trabil'ity, n. Quality of being impenetrable. (Physics.) That property of matter by which it excludes all other matter from the space it occupies. Obtuseness; stu- pidity ; want of sympathy or susceptibility ; cold- ness. — Impenetrably, adv. — Impenitent, a. Not penitent; not repenting of sin ; not contrite; obdu- rate. —«. One who does not repent; a hardened sinner.— Impen'itently, a lv.— Impenitence, -iten- cy, n. Condition of being impenitent. — Imper- ceiv'able, -per-sev'a-bl, -cep'tible, -sep'ti-bl, a. Not perceptible ; insensible ; impalpable ; not easily apprehended : very small ; fine ; very slow in pro- gress. — n. That which cannot be perceived on ac- count of its smallness.— Impercep'tibleness, -tibil'- ity, n. Quality of being, etc.— Imperceptibly, adv. — Imper'fect, a. Not perfect or complete in all its parts; wanting in some part; unfinished; not equal to the standard; not fulfilling its design; esthetically or morally defective; marked by, or subject to, de- fects or evil.— Imperfect tense. (Gram.) A tense ex- pressing uncompleted action or state, esp. in past time.— Imperfec'tion, -fek'shun, n. Quality or con- dition of being imperfect; want of perfection; de- fect; deficiency; fault; failing; frailty; foible; blem- ish; vice.— Imper'fectly, adv.— Imperforate, -per'- fo-rat,a. Not perforated or pierced; having no open- ing.— Imper'forable, a.— Imper'fora'tion, n. State of being imperforate, or without aperture. — Im- perishable, -per'ish-a-bl, a. Not perishable; inde- structible.— Imper'meable,-per'me-a-bl, a. Not per- meable ; not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance; impervious. —Impermeability, n. — Imper'sonal, a. Not personal; not representing a person; not having individuality. — Impersonal verb. (Gram.) A verb without the inflections appropriate to the 1st and 2d persons; one without a definite sub- ject, as, it rains.— Impersonality, n. Condition or quality of being impersonal. — Impersonally, adv. — Imperspic'uous, -per-spik'u-us, a. Not perspicu- ous; obscure; vague.— Imper'spicu'ity, w. "Want of perspicuity. — Im'persua'sible, -swa'zY-bl, a. Not to be moved by persuasion; not yielding to argu- ments. — Imper'tinence, -nency, -nen-sY, n. Condi- tion or quality of being impertinent; irrelevance; unbecoming conduct ; rudeness ; incivility ; that •which is impertinent; a thing out of place, or of no value, etc.— Imper'tinent, a. Not pertinent; having no bearing on the subject; irrelevant; inapplicable; contrary to rules of propriety; impudent; rude; of no account ; trifling; frivolous. — Impertinently. adv. — Im'pertur'bable, -per-ter'ba-bl, a. Incapa- ble of being perturbed or agitated. —Im'pertur'ba- bil'ity, u. — Imper'turba'tion, n. Freedom from agitation of mind; calmness; quietude. — Imper'- viable, -vT-a-bl, -viou3, -vi-us, a. Not pervious; not admitting of entrance or passage through; impass- able; impenetrable.— Imper'viously, adv.— Imper'- viousness, n. — Impi'ety, im-pi'e-tY, n. Quality of being impi- ous ; irreverence toward the Supreme Being ; an impious act; want of reverence, filial affection, or obedience to parents; ungodliness; irreligion; sin- fulness ; prof aneuess. — Im'pious, -pY-us, a. Not pious ; irreligious ; profane ; proceeding from, or manifesting, a want of reverence for the Supreme Being. — Im'piously, adv. — Im'piousness, n. — Impla'cable, im-pla'ka-bl, a. Not placable; inca- pable of being pacified; unappeasable; inexorable; relentless. — Impla'cably, adv. — Impla'cabillty, n. — Implausible, -plaw'zi-bl, a. Not plausible ; not wearing the appearance of truth. — Implumed', -phlind', -plu'mous, -mus, a. Having nu plumes or feathers. — Impolicy, im-pol'Y-sY, n. Quality of being impol- itic; mexpedience; bad policy. — Impolite', -lit 7 ', a. Not polite; not of polished manners; impolite; un- civil; rude.— Impolitely, adv.— Impolite'ness,w.— Impolitic, -Y-tik, a. Not politic; wanting in policy or prudent management ; indiscreet ; inexpedient. — Impoliticly, adv. — Impon'derable, -der-a-bl, a. Not ponderable; without sensible weight. —Impon- derability, n. Quality of being, etc. — Impolous, -po'rus, a. Destitute of pores; compact in texture; solid.— Imporoslty, -ros'l-tl, n. Want of porosity; compactness that excludes pores. — Importune', -tun', v. t. [-tuned (-tund'), -tuning.] To request with urgency; to press with solicitation, tease. [ME. (adj.); OF. importun, importunate, urgent, trouble- some, L. importunns, unfit, troublesome, rude; s. rt. L. portus, a harbor, — i- e. hard of access, unsuit- able.] — Importu'nity, -nT-tT, n. Quality of being importunate; urgent request: pertinacious solicita- tion. [F. import unite'.] — Import'unacy, -p6rt'u-na- sY, n. Quality of being importunate. — Import 'u- nate, a. Troixblesomely urgent; pertinacious in so- licitation. — Import'unately, adv. — Impos'sible, -pos'sT-bl, a. Not possible; incapable of existence, or of being done, thought, endured, etc.; impracti- cable. — Impossibility, n. Quality of being impos- sible; an impossible thing. — Im'potent, a. Not po- tent ; wanting power, strength, or vigor, whether physical, intellectual, or moral. (Law.) Wanting the power of procreation. — n. One who is, etc. — Im'potently, adv. Weakly ; without power over the passions. — Im'potence," -tency, -ten-si, n. Con- dition of being, etc. (Law & Physiol.) Want of procreative power. — Imprac'ticable, im-prak'tY-ka-bl, a. Not prac- ticable; incapable of being accomplished by means at command ; not easily managed ; untractable ; not to be overcome or persuaded by any reasonable method ; not capable of being easily dealt with ; in- capable of being passed or traveled ; impossible ; infeasible. — Imprac'ticableness, -ticabil'ity, n. — Imprac'ticably, adv. — Imprecision, -sizh'un, n. Want of precision or exactness. — Impreg'nable, a. Not to be stormed or taken by assault ; not to be shaken : invincible. [OF. improvable, fr. in and prendre, to take, L. prehendere, to seize.] — Impreg'- nably, adv. — Imprescriptible, -skrip'tY-bl, a. Not capaole of being lost or impaired by neglect to use, or by the claims of another founded on prescription; not derived from, or dependent on, external author- ity. — Improb'able, a. Not probable ; unlikely to be true. — Improb'ably. adv. In an improbable man- ner. — Improbability, n. Quality of being improb- able; unlikelihood. — Improbity, -Y-tY, n. Absence of probity; want of integrity or rectitude of princi- ple; dishonesty.— Improfi'cience. -fish'ens, -ciency, -en-sY, n. Want of proficiency. — Improp'er, a. Not proper; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or end; unfit; indecent. — Improper fraction. (Arith.) A fraction whose denominator is less than its nu- merator, as, 4. — Improp'er ly, adv. In an improper manner; not fitly; unsuitably; incongruously; inac- curately. — Im'propri'ety, -pri'e-tY, n. Unfitness or unsuitableness to character, time, place, or circum- stances; that which is improper; an unsuitable act, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; IMMANENT 275 IMPEL expression, etc. — Improvident, a. Not provident; wanting forecast; inconsiderate; negligent; heed- less. — Improv'idently, adv. — Improvidence, n. Quality of being, etc. — Improvise', -viz', v. t. [-vised (-vizd r )» -vising.] To speak extemporane- ously, esp. in verse; to bring about on a sudden, off- hand, or without previous preparation ; to do or make on the spur of the moment, — v. i. To utter compositions without previous preparation; to do anything off-hand. [F. improvise); It. improvvisare, to sing extempore verses, fr. improwiso, sudden, unprovided for, L. improvisus, unforeseen, fr. in and providers to foresee. SeePuoviDE.] — Impro- vis'er, n. — Improv'isate, -T-sat, v. t. or i. To im- provise. — Improv'isa'tion, n. Act or art of making poetry, or performing music extemporaneously ; that which is improvised. — Improv'visato're, -ve'- za-to / 'ra, n. One who composes and sings or recites poems extemporaneously and immediately. [It.] — Improv'visatri'ce, -ve-za-tre'cha, n. A woman who, etc. [It.] — Impru'dence, -proo'dens, n. Quality of being imprudent; want of prudence; an imprudent act. — Impru' dent, a. Not prudent; wanting pru- dence or discretion; injudicious; incautious; unad- vised; rash. — Impru'dently, adv. — Im'pudence, n. Quality of being impudent; effrontery; sauciness. [F.] — Im'pudent, a. Bold, with contempt or disre- gard of others; unblushingly forward; wanting mod- esty; shameless; audacious; brazen; pert ; rude ; saucy; impertinent; insolent. [F.; L. impudens, fr. in and pudens, modest, f r. pudere, to feel shame.] — Im'pudently, adv. — Im'pudic'ity, -dis'l-tT, n. Im- modesty. — Impn'nity, -nl-tf ? n. Exemption from punishment or penalty, — or from injury or loss; se- curity. [F. im.pun.it6, L. impunitas, fr. in and pazna, punishment.] — Impure'', -pur', a. Mixed with ex- traneous substances; not pure; foul; defiled by sin or guilt; unholy; unhallowed; unchaste; lewd; un- clean; obscene. {Old Test.) Not purified according to the law of Moses; ceremonially unclean.— Im- pure'ly, adv.— Impure'ness, Impu'rity, -rf-ti, n. Condition or quality of being, or that which is im- pure. — Imputres'cible, -sl-bl, a. Not putrescible; not subject to putrefaction or corruption. Immanent, irn'ma-nent, a. Remaining within ; in- herent; internal or subjective, — opp. to emanent, or transitive. [L. imm.ane.ns, p. pr. of immanere, to re- main in or near, fr. in, in (q. v.), and manere, to re- main.] — Im'manence, -nency, -nen-st, n. Condition of being immanent; inherent; an indwelling. Immanity, im-man'Irti, n. Monstrosity; atrocity. [L. immanitas, fr. immanis, huge ; s. rt. magnus, great.] Immanuel, im-man'u-el, n. God with us, — an appel- lation of the Savior. [Heb., fr. im, with, anu, us, and el, God.] Immerse, im-mers', v. t. [-mersed (-mersf), -mers- ing.] To plunge into anything that surrounds or covers, esp. into a fluid; to engage deeply, involve. [L. immerge, -mersum, fr. in and mergere, to plunge, sink. See Merge.] — Immer'sion, -shun, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; state of being deeply engaged. {Astron.) Disappearance of a celestial body, by pass- ing behind another, or into its shadow. Inunesh, im-mesh', v. t. [-meshed (-meshf), -mesh- ing.] To entangle in the meshes of a net, or in a web. Immigrate, im'mi-grat, v. i. To remove into a coun- try for permanent residence. TL. in and migrare, to migrate.]— Im'migrant, n. One who, etc. — Immi- gration, n. Act of immigrating. Imminent, im'mi-nent, a. Threatening immediately to fall or occur; impending; near; at hand; threat- ening evil : dangerous. [L. imminens, p. pr. of im- minere, fr. in and minere, to jut, project.] — Im'mi- nence, -nens, n. Quality or condition of being, etc.; that which is imminent ; impending evil or danger. Immit, im-mit r , v. t. To send in, inject, infuse. [L. in and mittere, missum, to send.] — Immis / 'sion, -mish'un, n. Act of, etc.; injection. Immix, im-miks', v. t. To mix, mingle. Immolate, im'mo-lat, v. t. To sacrifice; to kill, as a sacrificial victim. [L. immolare, -latum, to sacrifice, orig. to sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal, fr. in and mola, meal, q. v.] — Immola'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: that which is immolated ; a sac- rifice. — Im'mola'tor, -ter, n. Immure, im-mur', v. t. [-mueed (-rnurd')i -muring.] To inclose within walls, confine, imprison, incarcer- ate. [OF. enmurer, fr. en (L. in) and murer, L. mu- rare, to wall, fr. mums, a wall.] Imp, imp, n. A graft; scion; a young or inferior devil; little demon ; a mischievous child. — v. t. [imped (impt), imping.] To graft ; to extend, enlarge, or mend, as by inserting a feather into a broken wing ; to increase, strengthen, plume. [ME. imp, ymp, LL. impotus, a graft on a tree, Gr. em/ihutos, engrafted, emphuein, to implant, fr. en, in, and phuein, to pro- duce.]— Imp'ish, a. Like an imp; mischievous. Impact, im-pakt', v. t. To drive close, press firmly together. — Im'pact, n. Collision; force communi- cated. (Mech.) The single instantaneous blow or stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest. [L. impingere, -pactum, to strike against, fr. in and pangere, to strike.] Impair, im-par', v. t. [-paired (-pard'), -pairing.] To make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excel- lence, or strength: to injure, weaken, enfeeble. [OF. em/ieirer, LL. impejorare. fr. L. in, intensive and pejor, worse.] — Impair'er, n. Impale, im-pal', r. t. [-paled (-paid'), -paling.] To fix on a stake; to put to death by fixing on a stake; to inclose, as with stakes, posts, or palisades. {Her.) To join, as 2 coats of arms, pale-wise.— Impale'ment, n. Act of impaling; space inclosed by stakes or pales. (Her.) The division of a shield pale-wise, or by a vertical line. Impanation, im-pa-na'shun, n. The supposed real presence and union of Christ's material body and blood with the substance of the elements in the eucharist; consub- stantiation. [LL. impanare, fr. L. in and panis, Dread.] Impanel, im-pan'el, v. t. [-eled Impaloment { ^ er0 . (-eld), -eling.] To write or enter v v ' (the names of a jury) in a list; to form (a list, etc.). Impark, im-park', v. t. [-parked (-parkf), -park- ing.] To inclose for a park; to inclose or shut up. Impart, im-parf, v. t. To bestow a share or portion of; to allow another to partake in; to make known, show by words or tokens, communicate, confer, give, reveal, disclose, divulge. — v. i. To give a part or share. [OF. impartir, L. impartire, impertire. fr. in and partire, to part, divide, fr. pais, partis, part.] — Impart'er, n— Impartible, a.— Impart 'ibility, n. Impassion, im-pash / 'un, v. t. [-passioned (-pash'und), -signing.] To move or aft'ectiStrongly with passion. — Impas'sioned, -pash'und, p. a. Actuated or agi- tatedly passion; animated; excited.— Impas'sion- ate, -at, v. t. To affect powerfully. Impaste, im-past', v. t. To knead,' make into paste. (.Faint.) To lay on colors thick and bold. — Impas- ta^tion, -pas-ta'shun, n. Act of making into paste; that formed into paste; esp., a combination of dif- ferent substances by means of cements capable of resisting fire or air. Impatronize, im-pafron-iz, v. t. To gain to one's self the whole power of, — said of a seigniory. Impawn, im-pn_wn r , v. t. To pawn, pledge. Impeach, im-pech'", v. t. [-peached (-pecht / '), -peach- ing.] To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; esp., to charge (an officer) before a competent tribunal, with misbehavior in office ; to bring discredit on, charge with impropriety, call in question, accuse, arraign, censure, indict. [OF. empescher, fr. LL. impedicare, to fetter, fr. L. in and pedica, a fetter, fr. pes, foot ; or perh. fr. Sp. empachar, It. impac- ciare, to delay, fr. L. impingere, -pactum, to bind, fasten, fr. in and pangere, Skr. pac, to bind.] — Im- peach/able, a.— Impeach/er. n.— Impeach/ ment, n. Act of, or state of being, impeached, — as, a calling to account, arraignment, esp., arraignment of a pub- lic officer for maladministration ; or a calling in question as to purity of motives or rectitude of con- duct, etc. Impearl, im-perK, v. t. [-pearled (-perld'), -pearl- ing.] To form into, or decorate with, pearls, or things resembling pearls. Impede, im-ped', v. t. To hinder, obstruct. [L. im- pedire, lit. to entangle the feet, fr. in and pes, pedis, foot.] — Imped'iment, ^(Jd^I-ment, n. That which impedes or hinders progress or motion; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty. — Impediment in speech. A de- fect which prevents distinct utterance. — Imped'i- tive, -T-tiv, a. Causing hindrance: impeding. Impel, im-peK, v. t. [-pelled (-peld'). -pelling.] To drive or urge forward; to incite to action, instigate, actuate, move. [L. impellere, fr. in and pellere, pul- sion, to drive.]— Impellent, a. Having the qualitv of impelling, —n. A power or force that drives for- ward. — ImpeKler, n. — Im'pulse, -puis, n. Act of impelling; impulsion; action of a force so as to pro- son, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, ge*.. IMPEN 276 IMPREGNATE duce motion suddenly; effect of an impelling force; sudden and unconsidered thought or mental pur- pose exciting to action ; hasty inclination ; impres- sion; instigation; shock.— Imptd'sion. -shun, n. Act of impelling ; influence acting unexpectedly or temporarily on the mind, from without or within; impulse. — Impul'sive, -siv, a. Having power of driving or impelling; actuated by impulse. (Mech ) Acting momentarily. — Impul'sively, adv. Impend, im-pend', v. i. To hang over, be suspended above, be imminent; approach menacingly. [L. im- pendere, fr. in and pendere, to hang.]— Impendence, -ency, -en-sT, n. State of impending; near approach; menacing attitude. — Impend'ent, a. Impending; imminent; threatening; pressing closely. — Impend '- ing,jD. a. Hanging over; impendent. Imperative, im-per'a-tiv, a. Expressive of command; commanding ; authoritative ; not to be avoided or evaded ; obligatory ; binding. [OF. imperatif, L. imperativus, fr. imperatum, a command, imperare, to command, fr. in and parare, to make ready, order.] — Imperatively, adv. Imperial, im-pe'rl-al, a. Pert, to an empire, or to an emperor; belonging to supreme authority, or one who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme; of superi- or size or excellence. — n. {Arch.) A kind of dome, found in Moorish buildings; a tuft of hair on a man's lower lip; an outside seat on a diligence; a case for luggage on top of a coach; a large kind of drawing-paper, 21 by 30 inches. [F.; L. imperialis, fr. imperium, empire, q. v.] — Imperialism, im-pe'- rt-al-izm, n. Power or character of an emperor; imperial authority; spirit of empire. The policy, practice, or advocacy of seeking, or acquiescing in, the extension of the control, dominion, or empire of a nation. — Imperialist, n. A subject or soldier of an emperor ; advocate of imperial government. — Impe'rious, -rt-us, a. Command- ing ; authoritative ; esp., dictatorial, haughtv. ar- rogant ; commanding with rightful authority ; ur- gent. — Impetuously, adv. — Impe'riousness, n. — Impe'riaKity, -I-tl, n. Imperial power; an imperial right or privilege. — Imperially, adv. Imperil, im-pSr'il, v. t. [-iled (-ild), -iling.] To bring into peril, endanger. Impersonate, im-per'sun-at, v. t. To invest with per- sonality; to ascribe the qualities of a person to; per- sonify; to represent the person of; personate. — Im- per'sona'tion, Imperson'ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. Impetus, lm'pe tus, n. The force with which any body is driven or impelled; momentum. [L., fr. in and petere, to fall upon.] — Impet'uous, -pefu-us, a. Rushing with force and violence; vehement in feeling ; precipitate ; passionate. — Impet'uously, adv. — Impet'uousness, -uos'ity, -u-os'l-tT, n . Impnee, lm'fe, n. African sugar-cane, resembling sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane. Impierce, lm-pers' v. t. To pierce through, penetrate. Impinge, lm-pinj^ v. i. [-pinged (-pinjd'), -pin- ging.] To fall or dash against; to touch upon, strike, hit. [L. impxngere, fr. in and pangcre, pactum, to fasten, strike. See Impact, Impeach.] Implant, im-plant', v. i. To set, plant, or infix, for the purpose of growth ; to sow. — Implanta'tion, n. Act of implanting, etc., in the mind or heart. Implead, lm-pled', v. t. (Law.) To institute and prosecute a suit against in court; to sue at law.— Implead'er, n. Implement, im'ple-ment, n. Whatever may supply a want; esp., an instrument or utensil as supplying a requisite to an end. [LL. implementum, an accom- plishing, hence, means for accomplishing, fr. in and plere,pletum, to fill.] — Imple'tion, n. Act of filling; «tate of being full ; that which fills up ; filling. Implicate, im'plT-kat, v. t. To infold, entangle ; to con- nect in many relations ; to bring into connection with ; to show to be connected or concerned. [L. implicare, -plicatum and -plicitum, fr. in and plicare, to fold, fr. plica, a fold. See Ply.]— Implication, rc. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; involution ; entanglement ; that which isimplied, but not expressed; inference. [F.] — Im'plica/tive, -tiv, a. Tending to implicate.— Im'- plica'tively, adv. By implication.— Implicit, -plis'- lt, a. Fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words; implied; trusting to the word of another, without reserve ; unquestioning. — Implicitly, adv. By implication ; with unreserved confidence.— Im- plicitness, n. —Imply', -pli', v. t. [-plied (-plid'), -plying.] To contain by implication ; to include virtually; to involve, import, mean, signify. — Im- pliedly, -ed-lT, adv. By implication. Implore, im-plor',u. t. [-PLORED(-pl6rd /- ), -ploring.] To call upon, or for, in supplication; to pray earnest- ly; to beseech, crave, entreat, beg. [F. implorer, L. implorare, f r. in and plorare, to wail.] — Implor'er, n. — Implor'ingiy, adv. Impoison, im-poi'zn, v. t. To impregnate or affect with poisonj to imbitter, impair. Import, ini-porf, v. t. To bring in from abroad; esp. to bring (merchandise) from another country, in the transactions of commerce; to include, as signifi- cation or intention; to imply, signify, denote, mean; to be of importance or consequence to, interest, con- cern. [F. importer, L. importare, fr. in and portare, -tatum, to carry. See Port.] — Im'port, n. That which is imported, or brought in from abroad ; pur- port; meaning; intended significance; importance; consequence. — Importable, a. Capable of being imported. [F. importable means intolerable, once the meaning of the E. word.] — Importance, n. Quality of being important; consequence; moment; significance. [F.] — Important, a. Having weight or consequence ; significant ; momentous ; grave. [F.] — Importation, n. Act or practice of import- ing; goods introduced into a country from abroad. — Import'' er, n. One who imports goods. Impose, im-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd') ; -posing.] To lay on ; to set or place, put, deposit ; to lay as a charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, etc.; to levy; to pass off, palm. (Eccl.) To lay (the hands in confirmation or ordination). {Print.) To prepare for printing or casting by arranging the pages upon the stone, and securing them in the chase. [F. im- poser, L. imponere, -positum, fr. in and ponere, to place. See Pose.] — Impos'er, n.— Impos'able, a. — Imposing, pj. a. Adapted to impress forcibly ; impressive ; commanding. — Imposing-stone, n. (Print.) A stone on which the pages or columns of type are imposed or made into forms.— Imposition, -zish'un, n. Act of imposing, laying on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, etc.; thing imposed; charge; burden; injunction; levy; tax; a trick or de- ception put on others. (Eccl.) Act of laying on the hands as a religious ceremony, in ordination and the like. [F.] — Impos'tor, -pbVter, n. One who im- poses upon others, esp. one who fraudulently assumes a character or title nothisown; deceiver; cheat; pre- tender. [L.] — Impos'torship, n. Condition, char- acter, or practice of an impostor. — Impost'ure, -pSs'chur, n. Act or conduct of an im- postor; deception practiced under a false character; fraud; trick; imposition; de- lusion. [F.] — Im'post, -post, n. A tax, tribute, or duty; often a duty laid by government on goods imported into a country; tribute; toll; excise; custom. (Arch.) That part of a pillar, pier, en- tablature, wall, or abutment upon which an arch or superstructure rests. [F.] Imposthume, im-pSsfhum, n. A collec- tion of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal body ; an abscess. [Corrupt, of aposteme, q. v.] — Imposf- hume, -humate, v. i. To form an abscess; to gather. — v. t. To affect with an ab- scess. — Impost'huma'tion, n. Act of forming an abscess; an abscess. Impostor, Imposture, etc. See under Impose. Impound, im-pownd /r , v. t. To confine in a pound or close pen, restrain within limits. Impoverish, im-poVer-ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ish- ing.] To make poor, reduce to poverty; to exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of. [Corrupt, fr. F. appovrir, to impoverish, appovrissement, a beg- garing, fr. ap- (L. ad), towards, and OF. porre, poor, q. v.] — Impoverishment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Imprecate, im^pre-kat, v. t. To call down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous; to invoke, as evil. [L. in and precari, -catum, to pray.] — Impre- cation, n. Act of imprecating, or invoking evil on any one; malediction; curse; execration; anathema. — Im^precatory, -to-rt, a. Maledictory. Impregnate, im-preg^nat, v. t. To make pregnant, get with young; to render fruitful or fertile, fertil- ize; to infuse particles of another substance into. — a. Rendered prolific or fruitful ; impregnated. [L. im- prssgnare, -nation, fr. in and prssgnavs, prsegnas, pregnant.] — Impregnation, n. Act of impregna- ting; fecundation; state of being impregnated; inti- mate mixture of parts or particles; infusion; satura- tion. — Impregn', -pren', v. t. To impregnate. a, Impost. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, 6r; IMPRESS INABILITY Impress. im-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- ing.] To press, or stamp, in or upon: to make a mark or figure upon; to produce by pressure; to in- culcate, imprint: to take hy force for public service. [L. impressare, freq. fr. in and premere, presgwn. to press.] — Im'press. n. A mark made by pressure; indentation: imprint; stamp; mold: mark of distinc- tion: impression or influence wrought on the mind; act of impressing for the public service. — Impress '- ible. a.— Impressibility, n. Quality of being im- pressible. — Impres'sion. -presh'un. n. Act of im- pressing or stamping; that produced by pressure, — as. a stamp made by pressure, mark: or, sensible re- sult of an influence exerted from without; or, influ- ence on the purposes, feelings, or actions; or, effect or influence on the organs of sense, which is the con- dition of sensation or sensible perception; hence, an indistinct notion, remembrance, or belief; or, a copy taken bv pressure from type, an engraved plate, etc., also, all" the copies taken at once; an edition; that which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or agency. (Paint.) The ground-color; a stratum of a simile color laid upon a wall or surface. — Im- pressionable, «. Susceptible of impression; capa- ble of being molded: susceptive. — Impressive, -iv, a. Making, or tending to make, an impression ; adapted to arouse the attention or touch the feel- ings; capable of being impressed; susceptible; im- pressible. — Impressively, adv. — Impress'iveness, ». — Impress 'ment. n. Act of seizing for public use, or of impressing into public sen-ice. Impresario. irn-pre-sa're-o. n. The manager of an opera, etc. [It., fr. impresa, enterprise, fr. L. im- pressare. See Impress.] Imprimis, im-pri'mis, adv. In the first place: first in order. [L., for in prints, among the first, chiefly; in and primus, first.] Imprint;, im'print. n. Whatever is printed on the title-page of a book: esp. the name of the printer or publisher, with time and place of publication. —Im- print'', v. t. To impress ; to mark by pressure ; to stamp; to stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by means of types; to fix indelibly, as on the mind or memory. [S"ee Print.] — Im'prima'tur, n. A license, to print a book, etc. [L.. let it be printed.] Imprison. im-priz'n, v . t. [-oned (-nd), -oxixg.] To put into a prison, confine m a prison or jail; to limit, hinder, or restrain; to incarcerate, immure. — Im- prisonment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; re- straint of liberty: custody; durance. Impromptu, im-promp'tu, adv. or a. Off-hand; with- out previous study ; extempore. — n. An off-hand or extemporaneous composition. [F., fr. L. in promptu, in readiness, fr. promptus, readiness, f r. promere, to bring forward.] Impropriate, im-pro'pri-at, v. t. Orig., to appropriate to private use. (Eng. Eccl. Laic.) To place the pronts of, for care and disbursement, in the hands of a layman: to appropriate to private use or put in possession of a layman. [L. in and propriare, -atum, to appropriate, fr. proprius, one's own.] — Impro'- pria'tdon, n. Act of impropriating; esp. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) act of putting an ecclesiastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lav corporation; a benefice in the hands of "laymen. That which is appropriated, as thanks, or ecclesiastical property. — Impro'pria 7 - tor, n. One who impropriates : esp. a layman who has possession_of the lands or a living of the church. Improve. ini-proov', v. t. [-proved (-proovd'), -prov- ing.] To make better; to increase the value or good qualities of; to use to good purpose: to advance, mend, correct, rectify.— r. i. To grow better; to make or show improvement; to grow worse; to increase, be enhanced, rise. [Same as approve, q. v.] — Improve'- ment. n. Act of improving, or state of being im- proved; progress toward what is better: act of mak- ing profitable use of anything, or state of being profitably employed; practical application, as of the doctrines and principles of a discourse ; that which improves anything, or is added to it by way of im- proving it. — Impfbv'er, n. — Improvable, a. — Im- prov'ableness. n. Impugn, lin-pun', v.t. [-fugxed (-pQnd'), -pcgxixg.] To attack by words or arguments, contradict, call in question. [F. impugner, L. impugnare, fr. in and pugnare, to fight.] — Impugnable, -pun'a- or -pug'- na-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Impugn'er, n. Impulse. Impulsion, etc. See under Impel. Impunity. Impure, etc. See under Immaculate. Impurple, im-per'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plixg.] To color or tinge with purple, make red or reddish. Impute, im-puf, v. t. To charge, ascribe, attribute; to charge to one as the author, responsible origina- tor, or possessor of. (Theol.) To set to one's account i as the ground of approval or condemnation. [F. imputer, L. imputare, fr. in and putare, to reckon, ong. cleanse, fr. put us, cleansed: s. rt. purus, pure, q. v.] — Lmput'able, a. — Imput'ableness, n.— Im- putation, n. Act of imputing or charging; thing imputed or charged: charge of evil; censure; re- proach : intimation. (Theol.) Attribution of per- sonal suilt or personal righteousness on account of the offense or the atonement of another. — Imput- ative, -tiv, a. Coming by imputation; imputed.— Imput'atively, adv. — Imput'er, /;. In, in, prep. Within ; inside of; surrounded by; not outside of.— adv. Not out ; within ; inside;" into. (Law.) With privilege or possession. — n. A person who is in office, — opp. of out ; a re-entrant angle; a nook or corner. [AS., D., Goth., G., Olr., and L. in, | Ic, Sw., and Dan. i, W. yn, F. en, Gr. eni, en; s. rt. Gr. and Goth, ana, G. an = E. on.] —In the name of. In behalf of; on the part of; by authority,— often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like. — To he or keep in with, lo be close or near; to be on terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with. — In'ner, a., compar. Further in: interior; internal; not obvious; obscure; pert, to the spirit or its phe- I nomena. [AS. mnera."] — In'nermost, In'most, a., superl. Furthest inward; most remote from the out- ward part. [AS. innernest.'] — Inly, -It, a. Internal; ! interior: secret, — adv. Internally; secretly. [AS. inlic] — In'to, -too, prep. To the "inside of;" within. [AS. in to (2 words).] —In' ward, a. Placed within; j interior; seated in the mind or soul. — n. That which, etc.; esp.. pi., the inner parts of the body; the vis- cera. — In 'ward, -wards, adv. Toward the inside, ] center, or interior; into the mind or thoughts. [AS. inneweard, fr. inne, within, and -weard, towards.] — In'wardly. adv. In or toward the inner parts or t heart: internally: secretly; privately. — In-and-in, a. (Breeding.) From animals of the same parentage.— i Inasmuch/, adv. Seeing that; considering that ; | since, — followed by as. — In'somuch', adv. So; to [ such a degree; in such wise. — Inn 'ing, n. Ingath- ering of grain: in games of ball, the turn for using; the Bat; pi. lands recovered from the sea. [See Ixx.j ! In-, in, inseparable pre/., with negative force: it be- comes i- before gn, il- before I, im- before m and p, and ir- before r. Many of the words formed by it ! are self-explanatory: those which have been insert- ed in this vocabulary are grouped under Igxoble, Illaudable, Immaculate, Inability, and Irra- ' tioxal. [See Inability.] Inability, in-a-bil'I-ti, n. Quality or state of being unable ; lack of ability ; impotence ; incapacity ; weakness. [L. in-, prefix with a negative force (= E. un-, Olr. and Skr. an-, Gr. and Zend, ana-, an-, j a-; prob. same as Gr., Zend., and Goth, ana, up, in Gr., also, back or backwards), and E. ability, q. v.] — Inaccessible, -ak-ses'T-bi, a. Not accessible ; not to be reached, obtained, or approached. — Inac- cessibly, adv. — Inaccess'ibleness, -ibaity, n. — Inac'curate, -rat, a. Not accurate ; displaying a want of careful attention; erroneous. — Inac'curate- ly. adv. — Inac 'curacy, -si, n. State of being in- accurate: want of exactness: mistake: fault: error; blunder. — Inac'tion. n. Want of action; idleness; rest. — Inactive, -iv. a. Not active ; having no Eower to move: not disposed to action or effort; not usy: idle; dull: indolent; slothful; lazy. (Chem.) Not producing results.— Inactively, adv.— Inac tivlty, -tiv'i-ti, n._ Quality or state of beinar, etf- — Inad'equate. -e-kwat, a. Not adequate: unequir » the purpose ; insufficient to effect the object; inf being cured; not admit- ting remedy or correction; irremediable; irrecover- able; irretrievable. — n. A person diseased beyond the reach of cure : a sick person who cannot be cured. — IncurSbleness, -ability, re.— Incur 'ably, adv. So as to be incurable.— Incu'rious, -ku'rl-us, a.. Not curious or inquisitive; destitute of curiosity; uriinquisitive. — Inde'cent, in-deSent, a. Not decent; unfit to be seen or heard ; indelicate ; immodest ; gross ; unchaste; obscene; filthy. — Inde'cently, adv. In a manner to offend delicacy. — Inde'cence, -cen- cy, -sen-sY, re. Want of decency ; lack of modes- ty; that which is indecent; an indecent word, act, etc.; indecorum; impurity; obscenity. — Indecid'- uous, -sid'u-us, a. Not deciduous; evergreen. — In- decipherable, -sf fer-a-bl, a. Incapable of being deciphered. — Indecision, -sizh'un, re. Want of decision; wavering of mind; irresolution. — Inde- cisive, -sf siv, a. Not decisive ; not bringing to a final close; prone to indecision; wavering; vacilla- ting ; hesitating. — Indecfsiveness, re.— Indeclhf- able, -klin'-a-bl, a. (Gram.) Not declinable : not varied by terminations.— IndeclinSbly, adv. With- out variation of termination. — Indecorous, -de-ko'- rus or -dek'o-rus, a. Not decorous; violating good manners ; unbecoming ; unseemly ; rude ; coarse ; uncivil. — Indecorously, -de-ko'- or -dek'o-, adv. — Indecorousness, re. Violation of propriety. — Inde- co'rum, re. Want of decorum; impropriety of be- havior; a breach of decorum. — Indefatigable. -faf- Y-ga-bl, a. Incapable of being fatigued- unwearied; persevering ; assiduous. — Indefatlgatleness, re. — Indefatlgably, adv. — Indefeasible, -ie'zY-bl, a. Not to be defeated; incapable of being made void — Indefea'sibif ity, re. — Indefectible, a. Not liable to defect, failure, or decay. — Indefect'ibif ity, n. — In- defective, -iv, a. Not defective: perfect; complete. — Indefensible, a. Not defensible; not capable of being maintained, vindicated, or justified.— Inde- fenSive, -siv, a. Having no defense. — Indefuf- able, -im'a-bl, a. Incapable of being defined. — In- definite, -del'I-nit, a. Not definite; not limited, precise, or certain; having no determined or certain limits. (Bot.) More than 12, esp. when the number is not constant, — said of the parts of a flower, etc. — Indefinitely, adv. — Indef iriteness, re. — In- dehis'cent, -de-hisSent, a. (Bot.) Not opening spontaneously at maturity. — Indehis'cence, -sens, re. Property of not opening, etc. — Indeliberate, -de-lib'er-at, a. Done without deliberation ; sud- den ; unpremeditated. — Indelible, -def I-bl, a. Not to be blotted out: incapable of being effaced, lost, or forgotten. [OF. mdelebile, L. indelebilis, fr. in and delebilis, capable of being destroyed, fr. delere, to destroy, blot out.] — Indelibly, adv. — Indelibility, n. — Indelicate, -def Y-kat, a. Not delicate ; offensive to gooi manners, or to purity of mind : indecorous ; unseemly ; coarse ; broad ; gross ; indecent. — Indef icately, adv. — Indef i- cacy, -Y-ka-sY, n. Want of delic;.cy ; coarseness of manners or language. — Indenfhify, -nY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To save harmless, secure against future loss or damage; to make up for that which is past : to reimburse. [L. indemnis, un- harmed, fr. in and damnum, harm, loss. See Dam- age.! — Indem'nifica'tion, re. Act of indemnifying; reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; that which indemnifies.— Indenf nity, -nMI, re. Secu- rity to save harmless; exemption from loss or dam- age ; compensation or remuneration for loss, dam- age, or injury sustained. [F. indemnity, L. indern- nitas.~\ — Indemonstrable, -monStra-bl, a. Incapa- ble of being demonstrated; not susceptible of proof. — Independent, a. Not dependent; not subject to the control of others; affording a comfortable live- lihood; not subject to influence; self-directing; ex- pressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; separate from: exclusive. (Eccl.) Belonging or pert, to the Independents. — re. (Eccl.) One who believes that an organized Christian church is complete in itself, and independent of all ecclesiastical authority. — Independently, adv.— Independence, -ens, -ency, -en-si, n. State or qual- ity of being, etc.; exemption from reliance on others, or control by them. — Indescrib'able, -skrib'a-bl, a. Incapable of being described. — Indesert', -zgrf, n. Want of merit or worth. — Indestruc'tible, -strukA tl-bl, a. Not destructible ; incapable of decom- position. — Indestruc'tibif ity, re. — Indeter'mina- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; INDETERMINATE. 280 INELEGANCE ble, -ter'mY-na-bl,a. Impossible to be determined, ascertained, or fixed. — Indeterminate, -mT-nat, a. Not determinate ; uncertain ; not precise. — Inde- terminately, adv. — Indeter'minateness, n. — In- deter'mina'tion, n. Want of determination; an un- settled or wavering state, as of the mind; want of fixed or stated direction. — Indevo'tion, n. Want of devotion; impiety. — Indevout', -vowt', a. Not having devout affections ; undevout. — Indiffer- ent, -ISr-ent, a. Not making a difference; having no influence or preponderating weight ; of no ac- count ; neither particularly good, nor very bad ; passable ; not inclined to one side, party, or thing more than to another ; neutral ; impartial ; un- biased; disinterested; feeling no interest, anxiety, ©r care, respecting anything. — Indifferently, adv. In an indifferent manner; impartially; tolerably; passably. — Indifference, -ens, n. Quality of being i ndiff erent, or not making or measu ring a difference ; passableness ; mediocrity : impartiality ; freedom from bias; state of the mind when it feels no interest in what is presented to it: carelessness; unconcern; apathy; insensibility.— Indif ferency, -en-st, n. Ab- sence of interest in, or influence from, anything; equilibrium ; indifferentism. — Indif ferentism, -izm, n. State of indifference. — Indigested, -dT- jest'ed, a. Not digested ; undigested ; crude ; not regularly disposed and arranged. {Med.) Not brought to suppuration. — Indigestible, a. Not digestible; not easily converted into chyme; not to be received or patiently endured. — Indigos 'toon, -jes'chun, n. Want of due digestion ; a failure of the gastric juices to produce necessary changes in food in the alimentary canal ; dyspepsia ; difficult or painful digestion. — Indig'nant, a. Affected with indig- nation ; feeling wrath and scorn or contempt. [L. indignans, p. pr. of indignari. to be indignant, dis- dain ; in and dignari, to deem worthy ; dignus, worthy.] — Indig'nantly, adv. — Indigna'tion, n. Strong disapprobation ot what is flagitious in char- acter or conduct ; anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence; wrath; resentment; rage. [F. ; L. indignatio.'] — Indig'nity, -nT-tl, n. Un- merited contemptuous treatment ; contumely ; in- jury accompanied with insult. [F. indignete", L. indignitas.] — Indirect', -dT-rekt', a. Not direct ; not straight or rectilinear; circuitous; roundabout; not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the most plain and direct method or course; by remote means ; not straightforward or upright ; unfair ; dishonest. — Indirec'tion, n. Oblique course or means; dishonest practices; indirectness. — Indi- rectly, adv.— Indiscernible, -diz-zern'Y-bl, a. In- capable of being discerned; not discoverable. — In- diecerp'tible, -serp'tT-bl, a. Not discerptible; inca- pable of being destroyed by dissolution or separation of parts. — n. Indis'ciplinable,-si-plin-a-bl,a. Not disciplinable : incapable of being subjected to dis- cipline. — Indiscov'erable, -kuv'er-a-bl, a. Inca- pable of being discovered. — Indiscreet', -kret', a. Not discreet; wanting in discretion; imprudent; in- judicious ; rash ; hasty ; heedless. — Indiscreetly, adv. — Indiscre'tion, -kresh'un, n. Want of discre- tion; imprudence; animliscreet act; indiscreet behav- ior. — Indiscrete'', -kret', a. Not_discrete or separa- ted.— Indiscriminate, -krim'I-nat, a. Wanting dis- crimination ; not making any distinction. — Indis- crim'inately, adv. — Indiscrim'ina'tion, n. — Indis- pensable, a. Not dispensable : impossible to be omitted or spared ; absolutely necessary ; not ad- mitting dispensation ; not providing for release or exemption. — Indispen'sableness, n. — Indispen- sably, adv. — Indispose', -poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To render unfit or unsuited, disqualify; to disqualify for the exercise of proper functions ; to make somewhat ill ; to disincline, render averse or unfavorable ; to make unfavorable op disinclined, — with toward. — Indispos'edness, n. Condition or quality of being, etc.; slight aversion; indisposition. — Indisposi'tion, -zish'un, n. Con- dition of wanting adaptation or affinity ; slight dis- order of the healthy functions of the body; want of fitness in feeling; disinclination; aversion. — Indis'- putable, -pu-ta-bl, a. Not disputable ; too evident to admit of dispute : incontestable ; unquestion- able; incontrovertible; certain; positive. — Indis'pu- tableness, n. — Indis'putably, adv. — Indissoluble, -so-lu-bl, a. Not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied ; perpetually binding or obligatory.— Indis'solnbleness, -lubil'ity, n. — Indis'solubly, adv. — Indissolv'able, -diz-zolv'a-bl, a. Incapable of being dissolved ; indissoluble. — Indistinct'- -tinkt', a. Not distinct or distinguishable ; obscure to the mind ; confused ; not presenting clear and well-defined images or perceptions; imperfect; faint; undefined; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain. — Indistinc'tion, n. Want of distinction or distin- guishableness; confusion ; indiscrimination; equal- ity of rank or condition. — Indistinctly, adv. Not clearly; confusedly; obscurely. — Indistinct'ness, n. — Indistin'guishable, -tin'gwish-a-bl, a. Not dis- tinguishable ; unable to be distinguished. — Indi- vid'ual, -vid'u-al, a. Not divided, or not to be divided ; single ; one ; of, or pert, to, one only; pe- culiar to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing; distinctive. — n. A single person, animal, or thing of any kind ; esp. a human being ; a person. [L. individuus, indivisible, f r. in and dividuus, divis- ible, fr. dividere, to divide.] — Individ'ualism, -izm, n. Quality of being individual ; individuality : ex- cessive or exclusive regard to one's personal inter- est; selfishness. (Social Science.) Doctrine that the interests of society are best promoted by each in- dividual's seeking his own personal welfare, — opp. to socialism and communism. — Individ'ual'ity, -u- al'Y-tT, n. Condition or quality of being individual; distinct nature or existence ; character or property peculiar to an individual ; distinctive character. See Phrenology. — Individ'ual'iza'tion, n. Act of individualizing ; state of being individualized. — Individ'ualize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To select or mark as an individual ; to particularize. — In- divid'ually, adv. In an individual manner or re- lation ; separately ; inseparably; incommunicably. — Individ'uate, -u-at, v. t. To distinguish from others of the species ; to discriminate; to cawse to exist as an individual whole.— Indivld'ua'tion, n. Act of making single, or the same, to the exclusion of others ; act of endowing with individuality : act of separating into individuals by analysis. — Indi- visible, -viz'Y-bl, a. Not divisible; not separable into parts. (Math.) Not capable of exact division; incommensurable, —n. That which is indivisible. (Geom.) One of the elements or principles, sup- posed to be infinitely small, into which a body or figure may be resolved; an infinitesimal. — Indivis'- ibleness, -ibil'ity, n. — Indivis'ibly, adv. — In- doc'ible, -dos'I-bl, a. Incapable of being taught, or not easily instructed ; intractable. — Indoc'ible- ness, -ibil'ity, n. — Indoc'ile, -dos'il, a. Not teach- able; not easily instructed; dull; intractable.— In- docil'ity, n. Dullness of intellect; intractableness. — In'dolence, -lency, -do-len-sT, n. Habitual idle- ness; indisposition to labor ; laziness. [L. indolen- tia, fr. in and dolere, to feel pain.] — In'dolent, a. Indulging in ease ; avoiding labor and exertion ; habitually idle; lazy; listless ; sluggish. —Indolent tumor. (Med.) A tumor causing little or no pain. — In'dolently, adv. — Indomitable, -dom'i-ta-bl, a. Not to be subdued ; untamable ; invincible. [L. in and domitare, freq. of domare = E. tame, q. v.] — Indu'bitable, -bT-ta-bl, a. Not dubitable; too plain to admit of doubt ; unquestionable ; evident ; in- contestable. — Indu'bitably, adv. — Induc'tile, -til, a. Not ductile ; incapable of being drawn into threads, as a metal. — Ined'ited, in-ed'it-ed, a. Not edited; unpublished. — Ineffable, a. Incapable of being expressed in words; unspeakable; unutterable. — Inef'fableness, -fatality, n. — Ineffably, adv. — Inefface'able, -fas'a-bf, a. Incapable of being effaced.— Ineffect'- ive, -i'ekt'iv, a. Not effective; incapable of produ- cing any effect, or the effect intended; useless; vain; fruitless ; weak. — Ineffect'ual, -u-al, a. Not pro- ducing the proper effect ; inefficient; weak. — Inef- fectually, adv. — Ineffect'ualness, n. — Inef'fer- ves'cent, -fer-ves'sent, a. Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence. — Inef'ferves'cible, -sT-bl, a. Not capable of effervescence.— Inef'fica'- cious, -f Y-ka'shus, a. Not efficacious ; not having power to produce the effect desired, or the proper effect.— Inef'fica'ciousness, Ineffieacy, -ka-st, n. Inefficiency; ineffectualness. — Ineffi'ciency, -fish'- en-sT, n. State or quality of being inefficient; want of power or exertion of power to produce the effect. — Inefficient, -fish'ent, a. Not efficient; not pro- ducing the effect; inefficacious; habitually slack or remiss; effecting nothing. — Inelas'tic, a. Not elas- tic; wanting elasticity.— Inel'egant, a. Not elegant; wanting in anything which correct taste requires. — Inelegantly, adv. In an inelegant manner; coarsely; roughly. — Inel'egance, -gancy, -gan-sT, n. am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; fidd, tone, 6r ; INELIGIBLE 281 INGRATE Quality of being, etc. — Ineligible, -T-jT-bl, a. Not eligible; not proper to be elected to an office; unde- sirable. — Ineligibility, n.— Inept', a. Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; silly; nonsensical. [OF. ineptc, L. ineptus, fr. in and apttts, apt, q. v.J — Ineptitude, -T-tud, n. Quality of being inept ; unfitness; foolishness; nonsense. — Inequality, -kwol'T-tT, n. Quality of being unequal; lack of uni- formity; diversity; unevenness; want of levelness; disproportion to any office or purpose ; inadequacy. (Alg.) The expression of 2 unequal quantities, with the sign of inequality between them,— as, 3 > 2. (As- tron.) An irregularity or deviation in the motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. — Ineq'uitable, -ek'wT-ta-bl, a. Not equitable ; not just. — Inert', -erf, a. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion im- pressed; indisposed to move or act; dull ; powerless for an effect or influence; inactive; sluggish. [L. in- ers, -ertis, f r. in and ars. artis, art, skill.] — Inertly, adv. — Inert'ness, «.— Iner'tia, -er'shT-a, n. (Phys- ics.) That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion. Indisposition to move ; inac- tivity ; sluggishness. [L.] — Ines 'tunable, -tT-ma- bl, a. Incapable of being estimated or computed ; above all price ; incalculable ; invaluable. — Ines'- timably, adv. — Inevitable, -T-ta-bl, a. Not evi- table ; incapable of being avoided ; unavoidable ; not to be withstood or resisted. — Inev'itableness, n. — Inevitably, adv. — Inexact', -egz-akt', a. Not exact; not precisely correct or true. — Inexcit'able, -eks-slt'a-bl, a. Not susceptible of excitement. — Inexcus'able, -eks-kuz'a-bl, a. Not admitting ex- cuse or justification. — Inexcus'ableness, n. — In- excus'ably, adv. — Inexhaust'ible, -egz-awst'T-bl, a. Incapable of being exhausted or emptied ; un- failing. — Inexhaust'ibleness, ?*. — Inexist'ent, -egz-ist'ent, n. Not having being ; not existing ; existing in something else ; inherent. — Inex'ora- ble, -eks'o-ra-bl, a. Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or prayer; unyielding: unchangeable. — Inex'orably, adv. — Inexorability, n. — Inex- pedient. -eks-pe'dT-ent, a. Not expedient ; not tending to a good end or to promote a purpose or cause ; unfit ; improper. — Inexpe'dience, -diency, -dT-en-sT, n. — Inexpen'sive, -eks-pen'siv, a. Not expensive. — Inexpe'rience, -eks-pe'rT-ens, n. Ab- sence or want of experience. — Inexpe'rienced, -rf- enst, a. Not having experience ; unskilled. — In- expert', -eks-pgrt', a. Not expert ; without knowl- edge or dexterity derived from practice. — Inex'pi- able, -eks'pT-a-bl, a. Admitting of no atonement or satisfaction ; incapable of being appeased by atonement ; implacable. — Inex'piably, adv. — In- ex'plicable, -eks'plT-ka-bl, a. Not explainable; in- capable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted for. — Inex'plicableness, -cabil'ity, n.— Inex'plica- bly, adv.— Inexplicit, -eks-plis'it, a. Not explicit; not clearly stated. — Inexpressible, -eks-pres'sT-bl, a. Not capable of expression ; not to be uttered ; unspeakable ; ineffable ; untold. — Inexpressibly, adv.— Inexpressive, -iv, a. Not expressing orintend- ing to express; meaningless; inexpressible. — Inex- pug'nable, -eks-pug'na- or -ptin'a-bl, a. Incapable of Deing subdued by force; impregnable. — Inex- tinct', -eks-tinkt', a. Not quenched ; not extinct. — Inextin'guishable, -tin'gwish-a-bl, a. Not capable of being extinguished ; unquenchable. — Inextir'- pable, -eks-ter'pa-bl. a. Not capable of being extir- pated. — Inex'tricable. -eks'trT-ka-bl, a. Not capa- ble of being extricated. — Inex'tricably, adv. — Infal'lible, in-fal'lT-bl, a. Not fallible : entirely exempt from liability to mistake; not liable to fail, or to deceive confidence ; certain. — Infal'libleness, -libil'ity, ».— Infal'llbly, adv. — In'famy, -fa-mT, n. Total loss of reputation ; public disgrace ; extreme baseness or vileness. (Law.) That loss of character which a convict incurs, and by which a person is at common law rendered incompetent as a witness. [F. infarnie, L. infamia, fr. in and fama, fame, q. v.] — in'famous, -mus, a. Of ill report ; having a reputation of the worst kind ; held in abhorrence ; detestable ; scandalous ; disgraceful ; base ; igno- minious. (Law.) Branded with infamy by convic- tion of a crime. — In'famously, adv. — In'fant, n. A young babe ; sometimes, a child several years of age. (Law.) A person not of full age; a minor. — a. Pert, to infancy ; intended for young children. [L. infans, fr. in and fari, to speak.]— In'fancy, -sT,k. State of being an infant ; early part of life ; begin- ning or early period. (Law.) State or condition of one under age ; nonage; minority. — In'fantile, -til or -til, In'fantine, -tin or -tTn, a. Pert, to, or char- acteristic of, infants or young children. [OF.] — In- fan'ta, -ta, n. In Spain and Portugal, any princess of the royal blood, except the eldest daughter when heiress apparent. [Sp. and Pg.] — Infan'te, -ta, n. Any son of the king, except the eldest, or heir ap- parent. [Sp. and Pg.] — Infanticide, -T-sId, n. {Law.) The killing of a newly-born child. Child- murder; a slayer of infants. [F.; L. infanticidium ; csedere, to kilf.] — In'fantry, -fant-rT, n. (Mil.) Foot- soldiers, disting. fr. caralry- [F. infanterie. It. in- fanteria, lit. a band of infants, i. e., of youths or servants following a knight.] — Infea'sible, -fe'zT- bl, a. Not capable of being done or accomplished; impracticable. — Infea'sibil'ity, n. — Infec'und, a. Unfruitful ; not producing young ; barren. — Infe- cun'dity, n. Want of fecundity; barrenness. —In- felicitous, -lis'T-tus, a. Not felicitous ; unhappy; unfortunate. — Infelicity, -T-tT, n. Unhappiness, misery ; misfortune ; unfortunate state ; unfavor- ableness. — Infer'tile, -fer'til, a. Not fertile ; un- productive ; barren. — Infertility, n. — In'fidel, -fT-del, a. Unbelieving; disbelieving the inspiration of the Scriptures, or the divine institution of Chris- tianity. — n. One without faith, or unfaithful ; a disbeliever in Christianity ; unbeliever ; esp. a free- thinker, atheist, or skeptic; formerly, one not of the faith, — said by persons of any religion of those not of the same belief, as by Christians of Mohamme- dans, and vice versa. [OF. infidele, L. infidelis. See Fidelity.] — Infidelity, n. Want of faith or be- lief ; skepticism ; disbelief of the divime origin of Christianity ; unfaithfulness to the marriage con- tract; breach of trust; treachery; deceit. — In 'finite, -fT-nit, a. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; without limit in power, capacity, intensity, or moral excellence; perfect; indefinitely large or extensive; immeasurable ; illimitable ; unbounded. (Math.) Greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. (Mus.) Capable of endless repetition. — n. In- finite space or extent; the Almighty. (Math.) An in- finite quantity or magnitude. An infinity; an incal- culable or very great number. — In'finitely, adv. — In'finiteness, n. — In'finites'imal, a. Infinitely small; less than any assignable quantity.— n. (Math.) An infinitely small quantity, or one less than any assignable quantity.— Infinitive, -T-tiv, a. Unlimit- ed ; not bounded or restricted. — Infinitive mode. (Grain.) That mode of the verb which expresses the action of the verb without limitation of person or number; as, to love : infinitive is often used as a noun to denote this mode.— Infinitude, -T-tud, n. Quality of being infinite ; infiniteness ; infinite extent ; im- mensity ; boundless number ; countless multitude. [F.] — Infinity, -T-tT, n. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; boundlessness; unlimited capaci- ty, energy, or excellence; endless or indefinite num- ber ; immense multitude. (Math.) The state of a quantity when greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. [F. infinite'.] — Infirm', -ferm', a. Not firm or sound; weak; weak of mind; irresolute; not solid or stable ; sickly ; feeble ; imbecile. — In- firm'ary, -a-rT, n. A hospital, or place where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed. — Infirmity, -T-tT, n. State of being infirm ; an imperfection or weakness ; esp. ; a disease, malady ; failing ; foible ; debility; imbecility; imperfection. — Infirm' ness, n. — Inflexible, -fleks'T-bl, a. Not capable of being bent ; firm ; firm in purpose ; not to be changed ; incapable of change; unbending: unyielding; rigid; inexorable ; stubborn ; unrelenting. — Inflex'ible- ness, -ibil'ity, n. —Inflexibly, adv. — Infor'mal, -fQr'mal, a. Not in the regular, usual, or estab- lished form; irregular; not according to official or prescribed rules or forms; not binding; without cer- emony.— Informality, n. Want of customary form. — Inform'ally, adv. — Infran'gible, -jl-bl, a. Not capable of being broken or separated into parts; not to be violated. — Infre'quent, -kwent, a. Seldom happening or occurring to notice; unfrequent; rartst uncommon. — Infre'quently, adv. — Infre'quence, -quency, »?. — Infu'sible, -zl-bl, a. Not fusible ; in- capable of fusion. — Infu'sibil'ity, n. — Ingel'able, in-jel'a-bl, «. Incapable of being con- fealed. — Inglo'fious, -rT-us, a. Not glorious ; not ringing honor ; shameful ; disgraceful. — Inglo'ri- ously, adv.— In'grate, -grat, a. Ungrateful; unpleaa- ing to the sense. — n. An ungrateful person. [F. in- grat, L. ingratus, fr. in and gratiis, Deloved, dear, etin, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t : cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get INGRATITUDE 282 INSOLVENCY grateful.] — Ingratitude, -grat'i-tud, n. Want of gratitude ; insensibility to favors ; unthankfulness. — Inharmonic, in-har-mon'ik, -ical, a. Not har- monic; unharmonious.— Inharmo'nious, -mo'ni-us, a. Not harmonious ; discordant. — Inhos'pitable, -pi-ta-bl, a. Not hospitable ; not disposed to enter- tain strangers. — Inhos'pitableness, -pital'ity, n. — Inhos'pitably, adv.— Inhu'man, a. Destitute of the kindness belonging to a human being ; character- ized by, or attended with, cruelty ; pitiless ; merci- less ; savage ; barbarous. — Inhumanity, n. State of being inhuman. — Inhu'manly, adv. — Inimical, in-im' I-kal, a. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy ; unfriendly ; opposed in tendency, influence, or effects ; repugnant. [L. in- imicalis, fr. inimicus, unfriendly, fr. in and ami- cus, a friend.] — Inimlcally, adv. — Inimitable, -T-ta-bl, a. Not capable of being imitated or copied. — Inimltableness, -tabillty, n. — Inimitably, adv. — Iniq'uity, -ik'wi-tl, n. Absence of, or deviation from, equal or just dealing: want of rectitude ; an act of injustice or unrighteousness ; wickedness ; sin; crime; a character in the old Eng. moralities, or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice and sometimes of another. [F. iniquity, L. in iquitas, fr. in and sequitas, equity, q. v.] — Iniq'ui- tous.-wt-tus, a. Characterized by iniquity; wicked; nefarious ; criminal. — Iniq'uitously, adv tous, -wT-tus, a. Characterized by iniquity nefarious ; criminal. — Iniq'uitously, adv. -Injudicious, in-ju-dish'us, a. Not judicious; void of judgment; indiscreet; unwise; rash; hasty; im- prudent. — Injudi'ciously, adv. — Injudi'ciousness, n. — In'jure, -jur, v. t. [-jured (-jurd), -juring.] To do harm to, hurt, damage ; to wound, as the person : to impair soundness, as of health; to damage or les- sen the value of, as goods or estates; to slander, or impair, as reputation or character ; to diminish, as happiness; to give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to impair, as the intellect or mind. [F. in- jurier, L. injuriari, fr. injuria, an injury, inwrius, unjust, fr. in and jus, juris, law, right.] — In'jurer, n. — Inju'rious, -j'u-rT-us, a. Not just ; wrongful ; hurtful or prejudicial to the rights of another ; tending to injure ; pernicious ; baneful ; contume- lious ; Tiurting reputation. — Injuliously, adv. — Inju'riousness, n. — In'jury, -ju-rT, n. That which injures, brings harm, or occasions loss or diminution of good; mischief; detriment: damage.— Injus'tica, -tis, n. "Want of justice and equity ; violation of the rights of an individual ; wrong. — Inliocent, in 'no-sent, a. Not harmful; free from guilt; not tainted with sin; lawful; permitted; not contraband; harmless; inoffensive; pure; blameless; faultless; upright.— n. One free from guilt or harm; an ignorant person; hence, an idiot; dolt; simpleton. [F. ; L. innocens, -centis, fr. in and nocere, to hurt.] — In'nocence,-sens, n. State of being innocent; innocu- ousness; state of being not chargeable with guilt or sin; purity of heart ; ignorance ; imbecility. — In r - nocency, -sen-si, n. Same as Innocence, but an- tiquated.— In'nocently, adv.— Innoc'uous, -nok'-u- us, a. Harmless; safe; producing no ill effect; inno- cent. [L. innocvus, fr. in and nocuus, hurtful, nocere, to hurt.] — Innoc'uously, adv. — Innoc'uousness, n. —Innoxious, -nok'shus, a. Free from mischiev- ous qualities; harmless in effects ; innocent ; guilt- less. — Innox'iously, adv. Harmlessly. — Innox'- iousness, n. — Innumerable, -mer-a-bl, a. Not ca- pable of being numbered, for multitude ; very numerous; countless; numberless; unnumbered.— Innu'merabil'ity, n.— Innu'merableness, n— Innu- merably, adv. — Innutri'tion, -trish/un, n. Want of nutrition. — Innutri'tious, -trTsh/us, a. Not nutri- tious, or nourishing; innutritive. — Innu'tritive, -trT-tiv, a. Not nourishing. — Inobserv'ant, in-ob-z e r v'ant, a. No t taking notice ; heedless. — Inobservance, -ans, n. Wantof observ- ance; negligence. — Ino'dorous, -o'der-us, a. Want- ing scent ; Tiaving no smell. — Inoffen'sive, -siv, a. Givingno offense, provocation, ordisturbance; harm- less ; doing no injury or mischief. — Inoffensively, adv. — Inoffen'siveness, n. — Inofficial, -fish'al, a. Not official ; not done in the usual forms or by the proper officer. — Inoffi'cially, adv. — Inoffi'c'ious, -fish'us, a. Not civil or attentive. (Law.) Regardless of natural obligation ; contrary to natural duty. — Inop'erative, -er-a-tiv, a. Not operative; producing no effect. — Inopportune', -por-tQn', a. Not oppor- tune; unseasonable in time.— Inopportunely, adv. — Inop'ulent, -u-lent, a. Not opulent; not wealthy. — Inor'dinate, -6r'di-nat, a. Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds ; irregular; disorderly; excessive ; immoderate. [L. inordinatus, fr. in and ordinare, -atum, to set in order.] — Inordinately, adv. — Inor'dinateness, -dinacy, -na-sT, n. — Inorganic, -ical, a. Not organic; without organs; not being, or derived from, an organized structure; unorganized; pert, or relating to unorganized substances. — Inor'- ganized, -izd, a. Not having organic structure. — Inqui'etude, in-kwi'e-tud, n. Disturbed state ; uneasiness of mind or body. — Insalu'brious, in-sa-lu'brT-us, a. Not salubrious : not healthful; unwholesome.— Insahi'brity, -bri-t Y, n._ Unhealthfulness; unwholesomeness. — Insane', -san', a. Not sane ; unsound in mind ; crazy ; dis- tracted; delirious; frantic; raving: mad; used by, or appropriated to, insane persons. — Insanely, adv.— Insanity, -san'Y-tY, n. Derangement of mind ; dis- order of the mental faculties arising from disease of the brain; alienation; aberration: mania.— Insa'tia- ble, -shT-a-bl, a. Incapable of being satisfied or ap- peased. — Insa'tiableness, n. Greediness of appetite that cannot be appeased. — Insaliably, adv. — Insa'- tiate, -shT-at, a. Insatiable. — Irsati'ety, -ti'e-tY, n. Insatiableness. — Insat'urable, -u-ra-bl,a. Not capa- ble of being saturated. — Ir.scient, in'shY-ent or in- si'ent, a. Having little or no knowledge; ignorant. [L. insciens, fr. in and scire, to know.] — Inscru'table, -skroola-bl, a. Incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study, or of being discov- ered or explained bv human reason. — In scru'table- ness, -tabillty, n.— Inscru'tably, adv.— Insec'able, -sek'a-bl, a. Incapable of being divided by a cutting instrument. [L. insecafnlis, fr. in and secabilis, that may be cut, fr. secare, to cut.] — Insecure', -se-kur', a. Not secure; not safe; exposed to or apprehensive of danger or loss. — Insecurely, adv. — Insecu'rity, -ku'ri-tT, n. Condition of being insecure; danger; hazard; want of confidence in one's safety ; uncer- tainty. — Insen'sate, a. Destitute of sense; stupid; foolish. — Insen'sible, -si-bl, a. Destitute of the power of perceiving; void of feeling; wanting ten- derness; incapable of being perceived by the senses; progressing by imperceptible degrees; impercepti- ble; dull; stupid; torpid; unfeeling; indifferent ; hard: callous. — Insen'sibly, adv. — Insensibility, n. — Insen'tient, -shent, a. Not having perception, or power of perception. — Insep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Not separable; incapable of being separated or dis- joined. — Insep'arableness, -arabil'ity, n. — Insep'- arably, adv. — Insignificant, -1-kant, a. Not sig- nificant; destitute of meaning; having no weight or effect; without weight of character; unimportant; immaterial; trivial; mean: contemptible. — Insig- nificantly, adv. — Insignificance, -icancy, -1-kan- sT, n. Want of significance or meaning; want of force or effect; unimportance; want of claim to con- sideration or notice. —Insincere', -sin-ser', a. Not sincere ; not being in truth what one appears to be; deceitful; hypocritical; false, — said of things; not to be trusted or relied upon; dissembling; disingen- uous. — Insincere'ly, adv. — Insincerity, -ser'i-tl, n. Want of sincerity; dissimulation; hypocrisy; de- ceitfulness. — Insipid, a. Destitute of taste; want- ing spirit, life, or animation; vapid; dull; spiritless; lifeless; flat. [F. insipide, L. insipidus, fr. in and sapidus, savory, fr. sapere, to taste.] — Insipidly, adv. —Insipidity, -pid'i-tT, Insipidness, n. Qual- ity of being insipid; want of taste; tastelessness; want of interest, life, or spirit. — Insobri'ety, -bri'- e-tT, n. Want of sobriety; intemperance. — Inso'- ciable, -sha-bl, a. Not sociable; not given to conver- sation; taciturn. — In'solent, -so-lent, a. Proud and haughty, with contempt of others; proceeding from insolence; overbearing; insulting; abusive; saucy; impudent; audacious; pert; opprobrious. [F.; L. insolens, fr. in and solens, accustomed, p. pr. of solere, to be accustomed.] — In'solently, adv.— In'solence, -so-lens, n. Pride or haughtiness manifested in con- temptuous and overhearing treatment of others; im- pudence. — Insolid'ity, n. Want of solidity; weak- ness.— Insol'uble, -sol'u-bl, a. Not soluble; incapa- ble of being dissolved, particularly by a liquid; not to be solved or explained.— Insorubil'ity, w.— Insolv' able, a. Not solvable; not capable of solution or ex- plication; incapable of being paid or discharged. — Insolv'ent, a. (Law.) Not solvent; not having suf- ficient estate to pay one's debts; not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; respecting persons unable to pay their debts, — n. One not solvent. — Insolv'ency, -en-si, n. Condition of one unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Cdd, tone, or i INSOMNIA 283 INAUHATE of trade and business; insufficiency to discharge all debts of the owner. — Insom'nia. -nY-a, n. Want of sleep ; inability to sleep; wakefulness. [L., 1 r. in and somnis, sleep.] — Insom'nious, -nY-us,_a. Rest- less in sleep; sleepless. — Insouciance, aisr-soo'se-oxs', n. Carelessness; unconcern. [F., fr. insouciant, heed- less, fr. in and soucier, L. sollicitare, to care for.] — In- stability, -sta-bil'i-tl, n. Want of stability; want of firmness in purpose; inconstancy; fickleness; un- steadiness. — Insta'ble, a. Not stable ; prone to change or recede from a purpose; mutable; incon- stant. — Insubjec'tion, -jet' shun, n. Want of sub- jection; disobedience to government. — Insubordi- nate, -6r'dl-nat, a. Not submissive; mutinous. — Insubor'dina'tion, n. Want of subordination; dis- obedience to lawful authority. —Insufferable, -fer- a-bl, a. Incapable of being suffered ; insupportable ; unendurable: intolerable; disgusting beyond endur- ance. — Insufferably, adv. — Insuffi'cient, -fish'- ent, a. Not sufficient: inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; wanting in strength, power, ability, or skill; incommensurate; unequal; unfit. — Insuifi'- ciently, adv.— Insuffi'cience, -fish'ens, -ficiency, n. — Insu'perable, -per-a-bl, a. Not superable; incapa- ble of being passed over, overcome, or surmounted; insurmountable ; unconquerable : invincible. — In- su'perableness, -perabil'ity, n.— Insu'perably, adv. — lisupport'able, a. Incapable of being supported or borne; insufferable; intolerable. — Insupport'a- bleness, n. — Insupport'ably, adv. — Insuppos'able, -poz'a-bl, a. Incapable of being supposed; incon- ceivable. — Insuppress'ible, -pres'1-bl, a. Not to be suppressed.— Insurmount 'able, -ser-mownt'a-bl, a. Incapable of being surmounted, or overcome ; insu- perable.— Insurmount'ableness, n. — Insur mount '- ably, adv. — Insuscep'tible, -sus-sep'tl-bl, a. Not susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or impressed. — Insusceptibility, n. — Intact', in-takt', a. Untouched, esp. by any- thing that harms, defiles, etc. ; uninjured. [L. in- tactus, fr. in and tactus, p. p. of tangere, to touch.] — Intan'gible, -jf-bl, a. Not tangible ; that can- not be touched ; immaterial ; not perceptible to the touch L — Intan'gibleness, -gibil'ity, n. — Intast'a- ble, -tast'a-bl, a. Incapable of being tasted ; taste- less ; unsavory.— In'teger , -te-jer, n. A whole num- ber, in contradistinction from a fraction or a mixed number. [L., untouched, whole, entire.] — In'te- gral, -te-gral, a. Complete; whole; entire; not frac- tional. {Math.) Pert, to, or being a whole num- ber ; pert, to, or proceeding by, integration. — n. A whole ; an entire thing ; a whole number. (Math.) An expression which, being differentiated, will pro- duce a given differential.— In'tegrally, adv. — In'- tegrant, a. Making part of a whole ; necessary to constitute an entire thing. — Integrate, -grat, v. t. To make entire; to restore; to give the sum or total. (Math.) To find the integral of. — Integration, n. Act of making entire. (Math.) Operation of find- ing the primitive function which has a given func- tion for its differential coefficient. — Integ'rity, -teg'rf-tT, n. State of being entire or complete ; wholeness; moral soundness; honesty; uprightness; unimpaired, or genuine state; puritv; probity; vir- tue; rectitude. [F. integrity, L. integritas.] — Intern'- ! perance, -per-ans, n. Want of moderation or due I restraint; excess in any indulgence; habitual indul- j gence in spirituous liquors; act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate. [F.] — Intem'perate, a. In- dulging to excess any appetite or passion, either ha- I bituallyorin a particular instance; excessive; un- I fovernable; inordinate; addicted to excessive or ha- itual use of spirituous liquors. — Intem'perately, adv. — Intem'perateness, n. — Inten'able, a. Inca- 1 pable of being held; untenable. — Interminable, j •tSr'mi-na-bl, a. Without termination ; admitting BO limit; boundless; immeasurable; infinite; unlim- ited; wearisomely protracted.— Inter 'minably, adv. — Inter'minate, a. Unbounded ; endless. — Intes'- table, a. Not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. [L. intestahilis, fr. in and testabilis, hav- ing a right to give testimony, fr. testari, -tatus, to be a witness, to make a will.] — Intes'tacy, -ta-sT, n. State of one dyings without having made a valid will. — Intes'tate, a. Dying without havins made a valid will ; not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will. — n. A person who dies without making a valid will. — Intolerable, -er-a-bl, a. Not tolerable : not capable of being endured ; insufferable. — Intol'er- ableness, n. — Intol'erably, adv. — Intolerance, -cr- ane, n. State of being intolerant; refusal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions; illiberality ; bigotry.— Intol'erant, a. Not enduring difference of opinion or sentiment, esp. in relation to religion; not able or willing to endure. — Intol'era'tion, n. Want of toleration ; intolerance. — Intrac fable, -trakt'a-bl, a. Not tractable ; not easily governed, managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disci- plined, or tamed; stubborn; perverse; refractory; unruly; headstrong; unteachable. — Intract'able- ness, -ability, n. — Intract'ably, adv. — Intran'si- tive, -sl-tiv, a. (Gram.) Expressing an action or state limited to the agent, — i. e., an action that does not pass over to, or operate upon, an object. — In- transitively, adv. Without an object following. — Intransmissible, -trans-mis'sT-bl, a. Not capable of being transmitted. — Intransmut'able, -mut'a-bl, a. Not capable of being transmuted, or changed into another substance. — Intransmut'abil'ity, n. — Intrepid, a. Fearless; bold: brave: undaunted. [L. intrepid us.] — Intrepidly, adv. — Intrepidity, -tre- pid'T-tT, n. State or quality of being intrepid; fear- less bravery; courage: heroism; valor. — Inutility, in-u-til'f-tl, n. Uselessness; unprofita- bleness. — Invalid, in-valid, a. Not valid ; of no force, weight, or cogency: weak. (Law.) Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null. [F. inralide, L. inral- idus, fr. in and validus, fr. valere, to be strong, to be in force.] — In'valid, a. In ill health; feeble; infirm. — n. A person who is weak and infirm, sickly or indisposed. — v. t. To enroll on the list of invalids in the military or naval service. — Invalidate. -I- dat, v. t. To render invalid; to destroy the strength or validity of, render of no force or effect. — InvaP- ida'tion, n. Act or process of rendering invalid. — Invalidity, n. Want of cogency ; want of legal force or efficacy. — Inva'riable, -ri-a-bl, a. Not given to variation or change ; immutable ; unalter- able ; always uniform. — Inva'riableness, -riabil'- ity, n. — Inva'riably, adv. — Inver'tebral, -ver'te- bral, a. (Zo'ol.) Destitute of a vertebral column, as some animals ; invertebrate. — Invertebrate, -brat, n. An animal which, etc. — Inver'tebrate, -brat'ed, a. Destitute of a backbone ; invertebral. — Invig'ilance, -ilancy, -vij'i-lan-sT, n. Want of vigilance; neglect of watching. — Invin'cible, -sT- bl, a. Incapable of being conquered or overcome ; unconquerable: insuperable. — Invin'cibleness, -ci- billty, n— Invin'cibly, adv. — Invi'olable, -o-la-bl, a. Not violable ; not capable of being broken or violated ; not to be profaned ; sacred ; not suscep- tible of hurt or wound. — Invi'olably, adv. — Invi- olability, n. — Invi'olate, -lat, -lated, a. Unhurt; unprofaned ; unpolluted ; unbroken. — Invisible, -viz'T-bl, a. Ineapable of being seen ; impercep- tible by the sight. — Invisibly, adv. — Invis'ibil'- ity, n. State of being, or that which is, invisible. — Invol'untary, -un-ta-rl, a. Not having will or power of choice: independent of will or choice; not pro- ceeding from choice; not done willingly. — Invol- untarily, adv. — Invol'untariness, n. — Invul'ner- able, -ner-a-bl, a. Incapable of being wounded or receiving injurv ; unassailable ; able to resist argu- ment. — Invul'nerableness, -nerabillty, n. Inamorata, in-am'o-ra'ta, n. /., -rato, -ra'to, n. m. One enamored, or in love; a lover. [It. innamorata, -to, p. p. of innamorare, to inspire with love. See Enamor.] In-and-in, Inasmuch. See under In, prep. Inarch, in-arch', v. t. [-arched (-arcntO. -ABCHING.] To graft by uniting, as a scion, to a stock, without separating it from its parent tree. [E. in and arch, q. v.] Inaugurate, in-aw'gu-rat, v. t. To induct into office formally ; to cause to begin; to set in motion, or action ; to make a public exhi- bition of for the first time. [L. inaugurare, -atum, fr. in and aug- urare, -art, to practice augury, fr. augur, q. v.] — Inau'gural, -gu- ral, a. Pert, to, or performed or pronounced at, an inauguration. — n. An inaugural address. — In-, augura'tion, n. Act of inaugu- rating; formal beginning of any movement, course of action, etc. -ra-to-rl, a. Suited or pert, to inauguration. Inaurate, in-aw'rat, v. t. To cover with gold, gild.— a. Gilded. [L. inaurare, -atum, fr. in and aurum, gold.] Inarching. - Inau'guratory, sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboK, chair, get. INBEING- 284 INCLINE Inbeing, in-bCing, n. Inherence; inherent existence. Inborn, m'b6rn, a. Born in or with; implanted by nature. Inbreathe, iE-breth', v. t. [-breathed (-brettd'), -BKEATHSB'u.J To infuse by breathing. Inbreed, in-bred'', v. t. [-bred, -breeding.] To pro- duce or generate within; to breed in-and-in: see under In. — Xn'bred, a. Bred within; innate; nat- ural. Inca, in'ka, n. ; pi. Incas, -kaz. A king or prince of Peru, before its conquest by the Spaniards. Incage, in-kaj', v. t. [-caged (-kajd'), -caging.] To confine in a cage; to inclose. Incalescent, in-ka-les'sent, a. Growing warm ; in- creasing in heat. [L. incalescens, p. pr. of incalescere, f r. in and calescere, to grow warm or hot.] — Inca- les'cence, -sens, -cency, -sen-sT, n. A growing warm; incipient or increasing heat; calef action. Incandescent, in-kan-des'sent, a. White or glowing with heat. [L. in and candescere, to grow warm, f r. candere, to glow ; s. rt. candid, candle.] — Incandes- cent light. The bright light emitted by an electric conductor (e. g., a strip of carbon) heated to incan- descence by an electric current in a rarefied atmos- phere or vacuum.— Incandes'cence, -sens, n. A white heat, or the glowing whiteness of a body caused by intense heat. Incantation, in-kan-ta'shun, n. Act of enchanting; enchantment; act of using magical words or formu- las. [L. incantatio, fr. incantare, to chant a magic formula over one. See Enchant.] — Incant'atory, -a-to-rf, a. Dealing by enchantment ; magical. Incarcerate, in-kar'ser-at, v. t. To imprison, confine, shut up, or inclose. — a. Imprisoned; confined. [L. in and carcerare, -atum, to imprison, fr. career, a prison .] — Incar'cera'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. Incarnate, in-kar'nat, v. t. To clothe with flesh, em- body in flesh. — a. Invested with flesh; embodied in a fleshy nature and form. [L. incarnare, -natum, f r. in and caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnage.] — In- carna'tion, n. Act of assuming flesh, or of taking a human body and the nature of man; state of being united with a human form and nature; an incarnate form; a striking exemplification in person or act; manifestation. [F.] — Incar'native, -tiv, a. Caus- ing new flesh to grow. — Incar'nadine, -din, a. Flesh-colored: of a carnation color. — v.t. To dye red. [F. incarnadin. It. incarnadino, flesh-colored. Incase, m-kas', v. t. [-cased ^-kasf), -casing.] To inclose in a case, surround with something solid. — Incase'ment, n. Act or process of, etc.; any inclos- ing substance. Incatenation, in-kat'e-na-shun, n. Act of linking to- gether. [L. in and catena, chain.] Incavation, in-ka-va'shun, n. The act of making hollow; an excavation; depression. [L. incavare, to make hollow, fr. in and cavare, fr. cavus, hollow.] Incendiary, in-sen'di-a-rT, n. One who maliciously sets *ire to a building ; one who excites or inflames tactions; an agitator.— a. Pert, to the malicious burning of a dwelling; inflammatory; seditious. [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium, a burning, incendere, -censum, to kindle, fr. in and (obs.) candere, to burn; s. rt. L. candere, to glow, E. candid, candle, incan- descent.]— Incen'diarism, -rizm, n. Act or practice of, etc. — Incense', -sens', v. t. To enkindle or in- flame to violent anger ; to enrage ; exasperate ; irri- tate; heat; fire. — In'cense, n. Odors of spices and gums burned in religious rites ; a mixture of fra- grant gums, spices, etc., for producing a perfume. — v. t. To perfume with incense. [F. ensens, L. in- censurn, incense, prop. p. p. of incendere.'] — Incen'- sion, -shun, n. Act of kindling, or state of being kindled or on fire. — Incen'sive, -siv, a. Tending to excite or provoke ; inflammatory. Incentive, in-sen'tiv, a. Inciting : encouraging or moving. — n. That which incites to determination or action ; motive ; stimulus : encouragement. [L. incentivus, fr. incinere, to strike up or set the tune, f r. in and canere, to sing.] Inception, in-sep'shun, n. Beginning ; commence- ment. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere, -ceptum, to begin, fr. in and capere, to take.] — Incep'tive, -tiv, a. Be- ginning ; expressing or indicating beginning. — In- cipient. -sip'I-ent, a. Same as Inceptive. — In- cip'iently, adv. — Incipience, -ency, -I-en-sI, n. Inception. Inch, inch, n. The 12th part of a lineal foot; a small distance or degree. [AS. ynce, fr. L. uncia, an inch, also an ounce.] — Inch'-meal, -mel, n. A piece an inch long. — adv. By small degrees; little by little. — By inch-meal, by inches. Gradually. Inchoate, in'ko-at, a. Recently, or just, begun ; in- cipient ; also, incomplete. [L. in'choatus, p. p. of inchoare, to begin.] — Inchoa'tion, n. Act of be- ginning; commencement; inception. — Incho'ative, -tiv, a. Expressing or indicating beginning. Incident, in'sl-dent, a. Falling upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface ; happening accidentally ; casual; fortuitous; liable to happen; naturally hap- pening or appertaining. {Law.) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the prin- cipal. — n. That which usually falls out or takes place; an event; circumstance; that which happens aside from the main design: an episode or subordi- nate action. {Law.) Something depending on or passing with the principal. [F., an incident, cir- cumstance, fr. L. incidens, -dentis, p. pr. of inci- dere, to befall, fr. in and cadere, to fall. See Ca- dence.] — Incidental, a. Happening, as an occa- sional event, without regularity ; not necessary to the chief purpose : occasional ; accidental ; casual ; fortuitous ; contingent. — n. An incident. — Inci- dentally, adv. Without intention ; accidentally i beside the main design. — In'- - -„ cidence, -dens, n. An acci- *• dent or casualty. {Physics.) Direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, falls on any surface. — Angle of inci- dence. The angle which a ray of light, or body, falling on any surface, makes with a per- ' T pendicular to that surface. A B H, angle of ln- Incinerate, in-sin'er-at, v. t. To cidtaee ; C B ±1, burn to ashes. [L. incinerare, angle of reflection. -atum, fr. L. in and cinis, cineris, ashes.]— Incin'era'- tion, n. Act of, etc. Incipience, Incipient, etc. See under Inception. Incise, in-siz', v. t. [-cised (-sizd^), -cising.] To cut in or into with a sharp instrument, carve, en- frave. [F. inciser, L. incidere, -cisum, fr. in and cse- ere, to cut.] —Incised leaf. {Bot.) One sharply and deeply cut or notched.— Incision, -sizh'un, n. Act of cutting into a substance ; separation of the substance of any body made by a cutting in- strument ; a cut ; gash. [F.] — Inci'sive, -si'siv, a. Having the quality of cutting, or penetra- ting ; sharp ; acute ; sarcastic ; biting. [F. incisif] — Inci'sor, -zer, n. A cutter ; a fore tooth, which cuts, bites, or separates : see Tooth. [L.] — Inci'sory, Incised Leaf, -so-rt, a. Having the quality of cutting. — Incis'ure, -sizh'ur, n. A cut; incision. Incite, in-sif, v. t. To move to action, stir up, spur on, stimulate, instigate, rouse, prompt, animate. [F. inciter, L. incitare, ir. in and citare, to rouse, fr. ciere, cire, to put into motion.] — Incite'ment, n. Act of inciting ; that which incites ; motive ; incentive ; stimulus, encouragement. [F.] — Incit'er, n. — In- ci'tant, n. Incitement. — Incita'tion, n. Act of, or thing which, etc. Inclasp, m-klasp', v. t. [-clasped (-klaspf), -clasp- ing.] To clasp within or into ; to hold fast to, em- brace, encircle. Incline, in-klin', v. i. [-clined (-klind'), -clining.1 To deviate from a line, direction, or course toward an object; to lean; to favor an opinion, a course of conduct, or a person ; to be disposed. — v. t. To cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to give a tendency or propension to, as to the will or af- fections; to dispose; to bend; to cause to stoop or bow. — n. An ascent or descent, as in a road or railway ; a grade. [F. incliner, L. inclinare, -natum, fr. in and cliuare, GT.klinein '= E. lean, q. v.] — Inclined plane. {Mech.) A plane that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane: it is one of the mechanical pow- ers. — Inclin'er, n. — Inclin'- A . able, a. Having a propension of will; somewhat disposed.— A D, Inclined Plane. Inclination, n. Act of inclining; leaning; deviation from a normal direction or position: propension; a disposition more favorable to one thing than to an- other; bent; tendency; bias; prepossession; predilec- tion; love; regard; desire. {Geom.) The angle made am, fame, far, oass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; Odd. tone, 6r INCLOISTER 285 INDIAN by 2 lines orplanes, which meet, or -would meet, if produced. [F.] — Inclin'atory, -a-to-rl, a. Having the quality of leaning or inclining. Incloister. ih-klois'ter, v. t. To shut up in a cloister. Inclose, in-kloz'. >•. t. [-closed (-klozd'), -closing.] To surround, shut in, confine on all sides, encom- pasa : to put within a case, envelope, etc. [See Close.] — Inclos'er, n. — Inclos'ure. -klo'zher, n. Act of, state of being, or tiling which is inclosed ; space contained or fenced up ; that which incloses ; a barrier, fence. Incloud, in-klowd', v. t. To envelop in clouds, dark- en, obscure. Include, in-kind', v. t. To confine within, contain, shut up; to comprehend, as a genus the species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; to embrace. [L. includere, fr. in and cludere, clau- dere, to shut.] — Inclu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Inclu'sive, -siv, a. Inclosing ; encircling : comprehending the stated limit or ex- tremes. — Inclu'sively, a/lv. In an inclusive man- ner ; so as to include. Income, in'kum, n. That gain which proceeds from labor, business, or property of any kind; revenue ; re- ceipts ; esp. the annual receipts of a private person, or a corporation, from rents, business profits, etc.— In'coming, -kum-ing, a. Coming in; accruing; com- ing in as occupant or possessor. In Cbmmendam, in-kom-men , dam. By favor ; — as, in £ng., to hold a vacant living in commend am, is to hold it bv favor of the crown, till a regular pastor is provided; in Louisiana, applied to a kind of limited partnership. [LawL. _See Commendam.] Incorporate, in-k6r r po-rat, a. United in one body; in- corporated; associated. — v. t. To combine (different ingredients) into one body or mass; to give a material form to, embody: to unite with a substance or mass ' already formed or in being; to combine into a struc- ture or organization ; to form into a legal body, or body politic : to constitute into a corporation. — v. i. To unite so as to make a part of another body; to be i mixed or blended. [L. incorporare, -atum, fr. in and corpus, corporis, body.] — Incor'pora'tion. n. Act of incorporating, or state of being incorporated; union of different ingredients in one mass ; combination into a structure or organization. (Law.) The for- mation of a legal or political body by the union of individuals; bodv incorporated: a 'corporation. Incrassate, in-kras'sat, v. t. To make thick or thicker; to thicken. (Pharmacy.) To make thicker by the mixture of other substances less fluid, or by evapo- rating the thinner parts. — v . i. To become thick or thicker. [L. incrassare, -satum, fr. in and crassus, thick.] — Incras'sate, -sated, a. Made thick or fat; thickened: inspissated. (Hot.) Thickened; becom- ing thicker. — Incrassa'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; inspissation. — Incras'sative, -sa-tiv, a. Having the quality of thickening. — n. That which has the power to thicken. Increase, in-kres', v. i. [-creased (-kresf). -cbeas- ing.] To become greater in bulk, quantity, num- ber, value, intensity, authorirv, etc. ; to grow, aug- ment, advance ; to* multiply by the production of young. — v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, or amount: to add to; to improve in qual- ity; to aggravate. [NorniF. encreser, OF. creisser, L. ', increscere, fr. in and crescere, to grow.] — Increase, in-kres r or in^kres, n. A growing larger; that which results from growth : produce ; profit ; interest ; progeny; issue; offspring; augmentation: extension: growth; addition; accessiou. — Increas'able, a. — In- crement, in'kre-ment, n. Art or process of increas- ing: augmentation; matter added: produce. (JIath.) The increase of a variable quantity or fraction from its present value to its next ascending value. (Rhet.) An amplification without strict climax. [L. incre- mentum, fr. increscere.'] — Incres'cent, -sent, a. In- creasing; growing; augmenting. Incremate, in'kre-mat, v. t. To consume (a dead body) by burning; to cremate. [L. in intens. and cremare, -matum, to burn.] — Increma'tion, n. Act i or process of, etc. Incrnst, in-knist', v. t. To cover with a crust or | hard coat: to form a crust on the surface of . — In- crusta'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: a crust or coat of anything on the surface of a body. Incubate, in/ku-bat, v. i. To sit, as on eggs for hatch- ing. [L. incubare, -batum, to lie on, fr. in and cu- bare, to lie down.]— Incuba'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Path.) • Germination of a contagious poison. — /. of a disease. Period between the reception of a morbific poison and the manifestation or t. — In'cubus, n. ; E. pi. -buses, -bus-ez, L. pi. -bi, •bi. (Med.) The nightmare. Anvthing that weighs heavily upon one, or prevents the free use of the faculties. [L.] Inculcate, in-kul'kat, v. t. To impress by frequent admonitions, teach by frequent repetitions : to urge on the mind. [L. inculcare, -catum, to tread on. fr. in and calcare, to tread, fr. calx, the heel.] — Incul- ca'tion. n. Act of impressing, etc. Inculpate, in-kul'pat, r. t. To expose to blame: to censure; to accuse of crime, impute guilt to; to crim- inate. [LL. inctdpare, -patum, fr. L. m and culpa, fault.] — Znculpa'tion, n. Blame; censure; crimina- tion. — Inculpatory, -pa-to-rl, a. Imputing blame. (Law.) Tending to establish guilt; criminatory. Incumbent, in-kum'bent, a. Lying or resting upon ; supported; buoyed up; lying or restin£, as duty or obligation : indispensable. — n. One in present pos- session of a benefice, or office. [L. incumbent, p. pr. of incumbere, to lie down upon, fr. in and cwnbere, cubare, to lie down.] — Incum'bency, -ben-sT, n. State of being, or that which is, ir.cumbent; a weight: rule ; duty; obligation. (Eccl.) State of holding a benefice, or office. Incur, in-ker', v. t. [-cueeed (-kerd""). -curbing (-ker'ing).] To meet or fall in with, as something from which inconvenience or harm is to be appre- hended; to expose one's self to; to become liable or subject to: to contraet. [L. incui-rere, to run into or toward; fr. in and currere, to run.] — Incur - ' sion. -shun, n. An entering into a territory with hostile intention: invasion; inroad; raid; foray. [F.; L. in- cur sio.} — Incur'sive, -siv, a. Making an attack or incursion: hostile. _ Incurvate, in-kgrv'at, v. t. To bend, crook. — a. Curved inward or upward. [L. incurvare, -vatvm. fr. in and curvus, bent.] — Incurva'tion, n. Act of bending, or of being curved; state of being bent; curvature; act of bowing. — Incurve'', v. t. [-curved (-kervd'). -cueving.] To bend, make crooked.— Incurv'ity, -I-tT, n. State of being, etc.; curvature. Indart, in-darf, r. t. To dart or strike in. Indebt, in-det', v. t. To bring into debt, place under obligation.— Indebt'ed, a. Being in debt; under ob- ligation; obliged by something received, for which restitutionor gratitude is due. — Indebtedness, n. Indeed, in-ded'. adv. In reality; in truth: in fact,— used interj ectionally, as an expression of surprise. Indenizen, in-den'I-zn, v. t. [-ZENED(-znd), -zening.] To naturalize. Indent, in-denf, v. t. To cut into points or inequal- ities, like a row of teeth; to notch, jag; to bind out by indenture or contract. (Print.) To begin aline or lines at a greater or less distance from the margin.— v. i. To be cut or notched; to crook or turn; to wind in and out. — n. A cut or notch in the margin of any- thing. [LL. indentare, fr. L. in and dens, tooth.] — Indenta'tion, n. A notch; a cut in the margin of paper or other things ; a recess or depression in any border. (Print.) Act of, etc. ; blank space at the be- ginning of aline.— Indenfed, p. a. Jagged; notched; bound out by indented writings. — Indent'' ure, -den'chur, n. * Act of indenting, or state of being indented. (Law.) A mutual agreement in writing between parties, wheieof each party had formerly a part. — v. t. [IN DENTUEED (^hurd), -TURING.] To bind by indentures. [Law L. ihdentura, an inden- ture, indentare, to indent (the edsres of deeds, so that the divided parts will tally).] Index, in/deks. n. ; E. pi. -dexes, -deks-ez ; L. pi. -dices, -dl-sez. That which points out, indicates, or manifests : esp., a pointer or hand that directs to anvthin?:, as the hour of the day, road to a place, etc.; table for facilitating reference to topics, names, etc., in a book. ( Anat.) The fore finger, or point- ing finger. (Arith. & Alg.) The figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the exponent. [In this sense, the plural is always in- dices.] — v.t. [indexed (-dekst), -dexing.] To pro- vide with or form an index or table of references. [L.. fr. iadicere, to proclaim, announce, mdicare, to point out, indicate, q. v.] — Index'ical, a. Having the form of an index: pert, to an index. Indian, ind'yan or in'dT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, either of the Indies, East or West, or the aborigines of America; made of maize or Indian corn. — n. A native or inhabitant of the Indies: one of the aborig- inal inhabitants of America, — so called from their fancied resemblance to the people of India. [Fr. India, fr. the river Indus, fr. Skr. sindhu, river, sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tr.cn, boNboN, chair, get. INDICAN 286 INEBRIATE syand, to flow.] — Indian corn. Maize, a plant of the genus Zea, native of Amer. — /. file. Single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another, the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, etc. — /. sum- mer. A period of warm and pleas- ant weather occurring late in au- tumn. — India paper. A delicate absorbent paper, manufactured in China or India, from the inner bark of the bamboo or cotton tree. — /. ink. A substance brought chiefly from China, used for water colors, consisting of lamp-black and animal glue; sepia. —J. proof. An impression from an engraved T .. ,, plate, taken on India paper. —/. Indian Corn. rubber. See Caoutchouc. — Indiaman, ind'ya- or in'dY-a-man, n. (Naut.) A large ship employed in the India trade. Indican. See under Indigo. Indicate, in'dY-kat, v. t. To point out, make known, show. (Med.) To manifest by symptoms; to point to as the proper remedies. [L. iudicare, -catum, fr. in and dicare, to proclaim, make known; s. rt. token, index.] — In'dicant, a. Serving to point out. — n. (Med.) That which, etc. — Indica'tion, n. Act of, or that which, etc.; mark; token; sign; symptom. — Indic'atiye, -a-tiv, a. Pointing out; bringing to notice ; giving intimation or knowledge of some- thing not visible or obvious. — Indicative mode. (Gram.) That mode of the verb which indicates, that is, which affirms or denies: it is also used in asking questions. Indicative is also sometimes used substantively to denote this mode. — Indic'atively, adv. — In'dica'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; esp. an instrument by which the working steam records its pressure in the cylinder of a steam en- gine ; an instrument for recording or announcing telegraphic messages. — In'dicatory, -ka-to-rY, a. Serving to show or make known. Indict, in-dif, v. t. (Law.) To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the finding or presentment of a grand jury. [L. indicere, indictum, to proclaim, Jr. wi and dicere, to say, speak.] — In- dict'' able, a. Capable, liable, or subject to, etc. — Indicfer, n. — Indicfment, _ , . n. Act of indicting, or state of being Indicator, indicted; written accusation, or formal charge of a crime, preferred to a court by a grand jury under oath; hence, an accusation in general. — Indicfor, -dr, n. (Law.) One who indicts. — Indication, -dik / '- shun, n. (Chron.) A cycle of 15 years, instituted by Constantine the Great, and substituted for Olym- piads in reckoning time. [F. ; L. indictio, orig. an imposition of a tax, a cycle of tributes.] — Indicative, -dik'tiv, a. Proclaimed ; declared. Indifferent, Indignant, etc. See under Inability. Indigenous, in-dij'e-nus, a. Native; born or origina- ting in (a place or country); produced naturally in a country or climate; not exotic. [L. indigenus, fr. OL. indu, for in (cf. Gr. endon, within), and L. genere, gignere, to beget, to be born.] Indigent, in'dY-jent, a. Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor. [F.; L. indigens, p. pr. of indigere, to stand in need of; indu, for in, and egere, to be needy.] — In'digence, -gency, -jen-sY, n. Poverty ; penury ; destitution ; need; pauperism. Indigo, in'dY-go, n. A blue coloring matter obtained from a leguminous plant of several species. See Light. [F.; Sp. indico, L. indicum, Gr. indicon, in- digo, fr. L. Indicus, Gr. Indikos, Indian, q. v.] — In'- dican, n. (Chem.) A colorless substance, found in certain plants, and in the blood and urine of man, which forms indigo when decomposed. Indite, in-drf, v. t. To direct or dictate what is to be uttered or written ; to compose, write, be author of. [OF. endicter, enditer, LL. indictare, freq. of L. indicere. See Indict.] — Indite'ment, n. Act of inditing. — Indit'er, n. Indoctrinate, in-dok'trY-nat, v. t. To instruct in the rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch of learning; to instruct in or imbue with a doctrine. [L. in and doctrina, doctrine.] — Indoc'trina'tion, n. Act of , or condition of being, etc.; information. Indoor, in 'dor, a. Being within doors. Indorse, in-dSrs', v. t. [-dorsed (-d6rsf), -dousing.] To write upon the back or outside of. (Law.) To write one's name upon the back of (a paper), to transfer it, or to secure the payment of (a, note, draft, etc.); to give one's name or support to; to sanction. [LL. mdorsare, f r. L. in and dorsum, the back.] — Indorsee'', -se', n. (Law.) The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by in- dorsement. — Indorsement, n. Act of writing on the back of a note, bill, etc.; a writing, usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable instrument, by which the property therein is as- signed and transferred; sanction or support given. — Indors/er, -or, n. One who indorses; the party by whom a bill, note, or check is indorsed. Indrawn, in'drawn, a. Drawn in. Induce, in-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust''), -ducing.] To lead in, introduce; to prevail on, move or effect by persuasion or influence, incite, cause. (Physics.) To cause by proximity without contact or transmission. [L. inducere, -ductum, fr. in and ducere, to lead.] — Induce'ment, n. That which induces ; a motive or consideration that persuades to action; reason; in- citement; influence. (Law.) Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble or introduction. — Indn'- cer, n. — Indu'cible, a. Capable of being induced. — Induct 1 ',?;, t. To bring in, introduce ; to intro- duce (to a benefice or office). — Induc'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Philos.) Act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, or from particulars to generals. Formal introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of a person into office. (Physics.) The property by which one body, having electrical, galvanic, or magnetic polarity, causes it in another body without direct contact. (Math.) A process of demonstration in which a general truth is gathered from an ex- amination of particular cases. [F. ; L. inductio.] — Induc'tional, Inductive, -iv, a. Leading or draw- ing ; tempting ; proceeding or derived by induction. (Elec.) Operating by, or facilitating induction.— Inductively, adv. By induction or inference. — Inducfor, n. The person who inducts another into an office or benefice. Indue, in-du', v. t. [-dued (-dud''), -duing.] To put on, as clothes, draw on; to clothe, invest, endow, furnish, supply. [L. induere, -dutvm, to put on, clothe with; s. rt. induvise, clothes, eocuvise, spoils; not s. rt. Gr. endunein, to put on.] — Indu'tive, -tiv, a. (Bot.) Covered, — said of seeds having the usual integumentary covering. Indulge, in-dulj'', v. t. [-dulged (-duljd'), -dulging.] To be complacent towards; to give way to, yield to the desire of ; to withhold restraint from ; to grant as by favor, gratify, cherish, foster. — v. i. To give one's self up ; to practice a forbidden, or question- able, act without restraint. [L. indulgere.'] — InduK- fence, -gency, -jen-sY, n. Quality of being indulgent; orbearance of restraint or control; favor granted ; liberality; gratification. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Re- mission of temporal punishment for sins : supposed to save the sinner from purgatory. [F. indulgence, L. indulgentia.~] — Indulgent, a. Prone to indulge or humor; not opposing or restraining. [FT]— In- dulgently, adv 1 — InduKger, n. Indurate, in'du-rat, v. i. To grow hard, harden; be- come hard. — v. t. To make hard, deprive of sen- sibility, render obdurate. — a. Hardened; not soft; without sensibility ; unfeeling ; obdurate. [L. in- durare. -atum, fr. in and durare, to harden, fr. durus, hard.] — Indura'tion, n. Act of hardening or process of growing hard; state of being indurated; obduracy; stiffness; want of pliancy. Industry, in r dus-trY, n. Habitual diligence; assidu- ousness ; laboriousness ; a productive occupation. [F. industrie, L. industria, perh. fr. OL. indo, for in, and rt. of struere, to arrange, build, toil.] — Indus- trial, -trY-al, a. Consisting in industry : pert, to in- dustry, or the arts of industry. — Indus 'trious, -trY- us, a. Given to, or characterized by, etc.; diligent in a particular pursuit, or to a particular end. — In- dus 'triously, adv. Indwell, in-dweK, v. t. & i. [-dwelt, -dwelling.] To dwell in, abide within.— Indwell'er, n. An inhab- itant. — Indwelling, n. Residence within, or in the heart or soul; interior abode. Inebriate, in-e'brY-at, v. t. To make drunk, intoxi- cate; to stupefy, or to make furious or frantic; to exhilarate. — v. i. To be or become intoxicated. — n. One who is drunk; esp. an habitual drunkard; a sot; toper. [L. inehriare, -atum,, fr. in intens. and am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; INNEFFABLE 287 INFRALAPSARIAN ebriare, to make drunk, fr. ebrius, drunk.] — Ine'- bria'tion, Inebri'ety, -bri'e-tr, re. Condition of be- ing, etc. — Ine'briant, -brY-ant, a. Intoxicating. — n. Anything that intoxicates;. Ineffable, Inept, etc. See under Inability. Ineye, in-i', v. t. To inoculate (a tree or plant) by the insertion of a bud. Infatuate, in-fafu-at, v. t. To make foolish; to weak- en the intellectual powers of; to inspire with an ex- travagant or foolish passion; to besot, stupefy, mis- lead. [L. infatuare, -atum, ir. in intens. and fattens, foolish. J — Infat'ua'tion, n. Act of infatuating ; state of being infatuated; folly. Infect, in-f ekf, v. t. To taint with disease ; to affect with morbid or noxious matter ; to communicate bad qualities to, corrupt, poison, vitiate, pollute, de- file. (Law.) To contaminate with illegality, or ex- pose to penalty. [ME. infecten, to infect, fr. OF. in- fect, infected, fr. L. inficere, -tectum, to put into, stain, infect, fr. in and facere, to make.] — Infecf- er, n. — Infec'tion, n. Act or process of infecting; that which infects; result of infecting influence; a prevailing disease ; that which taints, poisons, or corrupts, by communication from one to. another; contamination by illegality, as in cases of contra- band goods. — Infedious, -shus, a. Having qual- ities that may infect ; pestilential; corrupting, or tending to contaminate ; vitiating. (Law.) Con- taminating with illegality. Capable of being easily- diffused or spread.— Infecliously, adv. — Infec- tiousness, n. — Infective, -iv, a. Communicating disease; infectious. Infer, in-ier', v. t. [-ferred (-ierd'), -ferring (-fer'- ring).] To derive either by deduction or induction; to draw or derive, as a fact or consequence. [F. in- ferer, L. inferre, fr. in and ferre, to bring ; s. rt. bear.) — Infer'able, -fer'rible, -f er-I-bl, n. Capable of being inferred or deduced from premises. — In- ference, -fer-ens, n. Act of inferring ; thing in- ferred ; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true ; conclu- sion ; deduetion; consequence.— Inferential, -shal, a. Deduced or deducible by inference. Inferior, in-fe^rt-er, a. Lower in place, social rank, or excellence ; subordinate. (Astron.) Between the earth and the sun; below the horizon. (Bot.) Grow- ing below some other organ. — n. A person who is younger, or lower in rank, station, intellect, etc., than another. [L., compar. of in/ems, low, nether ; s. rt. Skr. ad7ias, underneath, low, adhara, lower.] — Inferiority, -rf-or'r-tt, n. State of being infe- rior ; a lower state or condition. — Infer'nal, -fer / '- nal, a. Pert, to the lower regions, or regions of the dead ; pert, to, like, appropriate to, or inhabiting hell; hellish; diabolical. — n. An inhabitant of hell. [F. ; L. infemalis, f r. infernus, lower, f r. inferos.] — Infernal machine. A machine or apparatus con- trived to explode for the purpose of assassination or other mischief. — Infer'nally, adv. Infest, in-f est', v. t. To trouble greatly, harass; to so occupy or frequent as to make unsafe or unpleas- ant; to haunt. [F. inf ester, L. infestare, fr. infestus (fr. in and rt. of offendere, to offend, defendere), at- tacking, hostile.] — Infestation, n. Act of infest- ing; molestation. — Infest "or, n. Infeudation, in-fu-da'shun, n. (Law.) Act of put- ting one in possession of an estate in fee. Granting of tithes to laymen. [See Feud, under Fee.] Infibulation, in-fib / u-la''8hun, n. Act of clasping, or confining, as with a buckle or padlock. [L. infibu- lare, -laUim, to buckle, or button together, fr. in and fibula, clasp, buckle.] Infilter, in-fiKtgr, v. t. or i. To filter or sift in. — In- nllrate, -trat, v. i. To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of a substance. — Infiltra'tion, re. Act or process of infiltrating ; substance which has entered the pores or cavities of a body. (Med.) Effusion of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part. Infinite, Infirm, etc. See under Inability. Infix, in-fiks', v. t. [-fixed (-nksf), -fixing.] To fix by piercing or thrusting in ; to implant or fix, as principles, thoughts, instructions. [L. infigere, -fix- um, fr. in and figere, to fix.] Inflame, in-flam', v. t. [-flamed (-flarad'), -flam- ing.] To set on fire, kindle ; to excite to excessive and unnatural action ; to produce morbid heat, red- ness, or swelling ; to excite or increase (passion or appetite) ; to provoke to anger or rage : to irritate, exasperate, anger, —v. i. To grow hot, angry, and gainful. [L. infiammare, fr. in and fcammare, to &me,Jfamma, flame.]— Inflanv'er, n. — Inflamlna- ble, -flam'ma-bl, a. Capable of being set on fire ; easily enkindled. [F.] — Inflam'mableness, -ina- bility, n. — Inflamma'tion, re. Act of, state of be- ing, etc. (Med. & Surg.) A redness and swelling of any part of an animal body, attended with heat, pain, and febrile symptoms. Violent excitement ; heat ; passion. — Inflam'matory, -to-rl, a. Tending to inflame._ Inflate, in-flaf, v. t. To swell or distend with air or gas; to blow into; to puff up, elate; to cause to be- come unduly expanded or increased. [L. inflare, -flatum, fr. in and fiare, to blow.] — Inflate'', -flat''- ed, a. Filled with air; distended; puffed up; bom- bastic. — Infia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Inflect, in-Hekf, v. t. To bend, turn from a direct line or course. (Gram.) To vary (a noun or verb) in its terminations, decline, conjugate. To modulate (the voice). [L. inflectere, -fiexum, fr. in and fiectere. to bend.] — Inflection, -flexion, -flek'shun, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; a bend ; fold ; a slide or modulation of the voice in speaking. (Gram.) The variation of nouns, etc., by declension, and verbs by conjugation. (Mus.) Any modification in the pitch or tone of the voice. (Opt.) The deviation which light undergoes in passing the edges of an opaque body; diffraction.— Infleclional, a. Pert, to inflec- tion. — Inflective, -iv, a. Capable of inflection. Inflict, in-flikf, v. t. To lav, send, impose, apply; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer. [L. infiigere, -fiictum, f r. in and fligere, to strike.] — Inflict'er, n. — Inftic'- tion, n. Act of inflicting ; thing inflicted or im- posed.— Inflictive, -iv. a. Tending or able to inflict. Inflorescence, in-flo-res'sens, n. A flowering; the un- folding of blossoms. (Bot.) Mode of flowering, or general arrangement and disposition of the flowers ; an axis on which all the buds are flower-buds. [F., fr. L. inflorescere, to begin to blossom, fr. in and florescere, to flourish, q. v.] Influence, inHu-ens, n. A flowing in or upon; influx; agency or power which affects, modifies, or sways; controlling power quietly or efficaciously exerted ; authority arising from station, character, intellect, wealth, etc. — v. t. [influenced (-enst), -encing.] To control by hidden, but efficacious, power ; to persuade, lead, direct; to modify, affect, bias, sway. [OF., fr. LL. infiuentia, orig. an inundation, fr. L. infiuere, to flow in, fr. in and fiuere.fluxum, to flow.] — Influenlial, -shal, a. Exerting influence or power, by invisible operation, as physical causes on bodies or as moral causes on the mind. — Influenlially, adv. — InHux, n. Act of flowing in ; infusion ; in- tromission; introduction; importation in abundance. — Influen'za, -za, n. (Med.) A violent form of epi- demic catarrh. [It.] Infold, in-fold', v. i. To wrap up or inwrap ; to in- close; to embrace. Infoliate, in-folY-at, v. t. To cover with leaves or ob- jects resembling leaves. [L. in and folium, leaf.] Inform, in-fSrm', v. t. [-formed (-fdrmd'), -form- ing.] To give form, shape, or vital or organizing power to; to animate; to make known to, advise, instruct, tell; to communicate a knowledge of facts to, by way of accusation.— v. i. To give intelligence or information. [F. informer, L. informare, te put into form, inform, tell, fr. in and forma, form, q. v.] — Inform - ' ant, n. One who informs or gives intel- ligence. — Informalion, n. Act of informing, or communicating knowledge ; news or advice com- municated by word or writing; intelligence; knowl- edge derived from reading, observation, or instruc- tion. (Law.) A prosecution for some offense against the government. — Inform'er, n. One who informs or gives intelligence. (Law.) One who informs against another for the violation of some law. One who makes a business of informing against others, — esp. who, for selfish, ends, volunteers accusations, to have others punished. Infraction, in-frak r shun, re. Breach; violation ; non- observance. [F. ; L. infractio, fr. infrinqere, -frac- tion, f r. in and frangere, to break.] — Infringe', v. t. [-fringed (-frinjdO, -fringing.] To break, as con- tracts ; to violate, transgress, neglect to fulfill or obey. — v. i. To violate some rule ; to encroach, trespass. — Infringelnent, n. Act of violating ; breach; non-fulfillment. — Infring , er, n. — Infract'- or, -5r, n. One who infringes ; a violator ; breaker. Infralapsarian, in'fra-lap-sa'rf-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A Cafvinist who considers the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past, and the elect as being at the time of election in a fallen state. [L. in- fra, below, under, after, and lapsus, fall.] siin, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. INFUNDIBULAR 2"8'8 INITIAL Infundibu- Infusoria (as seen through a microscope). Infundibular, in-fun-dib'u-lar, -olate, -u-lat, a. Hav- ing the form of a funnel. [L. infundibulum, a fun net, fr. infundere, to pour in or into.] liform, -dib'u- or -dY-bu'lY-f6rm, a. Having the form of a funnel. (Bot.) Funnel-shaped, — said of monopeta- lous corollas. Infuriate, in-fu'rf-at, a. Enraged ; mad; raging; furiously angry, —v. t. To render furious or mad; to enrage. [It. infuriare, -ato, fr. It. and L. in furia, in a fury.] _ Infuscate, in-f us'kat, v. t. To darken, m. n .ke black, obscure. [L. infuscare, -catum, fr. in and fuscare, to make dark, fuscus, dark.] — Infusca'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Infuse, in-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To pour in, as a liquid ; to instill, as principles or qualities ; to inspirit or animate ; to steep in Infundibuliform water of suitable temperature, for the Corolla, purpose of extracting medicinal or other qualities. [F. in/user, L. infundere, -fusum, fr. in and fundere, to pour.]— Infu'sible, -zT-bl, a. Capable of being- infused. — Infu'sibil'ity, n. Capability of being in- fused, or poured in.— Infu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of infusing, pouring in, or instilling ; instillation ; thing infused; suggestion. (Pharmacy.) Act or pro- cess of steeping (a plant, etc.) in water, to extract its virtues; liquid obtained by this process.— Infu'sive, -siv, a. Having the ^— / - power of infusion. _^ a s=^S' %'?'l — Infuso'ria, -rt-a, n. pi. (Zobl.) Mi- nute or microscopic animals found in water and other fluids; animalcules. — InfusoHal, -fu'- sory, -so-ri, a. Pert, to, composed of, or containing, etc. Ingathering, in'gath-er-ing, n. Act or result of gath- ering or collecting into a place, esp. securing the fruits of the earth; harvest. Ingenerate, in-jen'er-at, v. t. To generate or produce within. — a. Generated within; inborn. rL.ingen- erare, -atum } £r. in and generare, to engender.] Ingenious, in-jen'yus, a. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of invention ; skillful or prompt to invent ; proceeding from, pert, to, or characterized by inge- nuity ; witty; well formed; well adapted. [F. in- genieux, L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium, natural capacity, genius, fr. in and genere, gignere, to beget, in pas- sive, to be born. See Engine.] —Ingeniously, adv. — Ingenuousness, Ingenuity, -je-nu'f-tT, n. Quali- ty or power of ready invention; quickness or acute- ness in forming new combinations ; curiousness in design. [F. ingenuity, L. ingenuitas. ] — Ingen'uous, -jen'u-us, a. Of honorable extraction; noble; gen- erous; free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation ; open ; frank ; artless ; sincere. [L. ingenmis.] — Ingen'uously, adv. — Ingen'uousness, n. —Ingenue', iiN-zha-noo', n. An actress who takes the part of a virtuous, artless girl. [F.] Ingestion, in-ies'chun, n. Act of throwing into (the stomach). [L. ingestio, fr. ingerere, -gestum, to place in, fr. in and gerere, to bear.] — Inges'ta, -ta, n. pi. Whatever is put into the body by the alimentary canal, as food, drink, etc. ; what is put into any- thing; contents, — opp. to egesta. [L.] Ingle, in'gl, n. A fire, or fireplace. [Ga. and Ir. aingeal, fire ; s. rt. L. ignis, Skr. agni, fire. See Ig- neous.] Ingot, in'got, n. A mass or wedge of gold, silver, or other metal, cast in a mold ; a mass of unwrought metal. [AS. in and goten, poured, p. p. of geotan, to pour, shed water, fuse metals: fr. ME. ingot came F. lingot (= Vingot: c£. E. nugget), whence LL. lin- gotus, an ingot, not fr. L. lingua, the tongue.] Ingraft, in-graft', v. t. To insert, as a scion of one tree or plant into another for propagation; to intro- duce ; to subject to the process of grafting; to set or fix deeply and firmly. [See Graft.]— Ingraft 'ment, n. Act of ingrafting ; thing ingrafted ; scion. Ingrain, in-gran', a. Dyed in the grain ; thoroughly inwrought, as color. [ME. engreynen, fr. F. en graine ; era = L. in ; grame f r. LL. grana, the dye from cochineal, Sp. & It. grana, grain, cochineal.] — Ingrain carpet. A double or two-ply carpet. — In- grain, m'gran or in-gran', v. t. [-grained (-grand"), -graining.] To dye in the grain or before manufac- ture'; to work into the natural texture, as color. Ingrate, Ingratitude, etc. See under Inability. Ingratiate, in-gra'shl-at, v. t. To introduce or com- mend to another's favor; to worm into one's confi- dence. [L. in and gratia, favor. See Grace.] Ingredient, in-gre'dT-ent, n. That which is a com- ponent part of any compound or mixture; an ele- ment. [F.; L. ingrediens, entering into, p. pr. of in- gredi, -gressus, to enter, fr. in and gradi, to walk, go.] — In'gress, n. Entrance; power, liberty, or means of entrance or access. — Ingres "sion, -gresh'- un, n. Act of entering; entrance. Inguinal, in'gwY-nal, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the groin. [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, inguinis, the groin.] Ingulf, m-gulf, v. t. [-gulfed (-gulftO, -gulfing.] To swallow up in or as in a vast deep, gulf, or whirl- pool; to cast into a gulf, overwhelm. Ingurgitate, in-gerfjT-tat, v. t. To swallow greedily great quantity; to swallow up, as in a gulf; to _ f. [L. ingurgitare, -tatum, fr. whirlpool, gulf.] ingulf. [L. ingurgitare, -tatum, fr. in and gurges. Inhabit, in-hab'it, v. t. To live or dwell in. — v. f. To have residence, dwell, live, abide. [F. inhabiter, L. aihabitare, fr. in and habitare, to dwell. See Habit.] — Inhabitable, a. Capable of being inhabited; hab- itable. — Inhab'itance, -ancy, -an-sl, n. Condition of an inhabitant; legal residence; esp., the right to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a town.— Inhabitant, n. One who resides per- manently in a place. (Law.) One who has a legal settlement in a town, city, or parish ; a resident. — Inhab'ita'tion. n. Act of inhabiting, or state of be- ing inhabited; abode; place of dwelling. — Inhab'- itativeness, -a-tiv-nes, n. (Phrenol.) An organ sup- posed to indicate the desire of permanent residence in an abode. See Phrenology. — Inhabiter, n. Inhale, in-hal', v. t. [-haled (-hald'), -haling.] To draw into the lungs: to inspire. [L. inhalare, fr. in and halare, to breathe.] — Inhal'er, n. One who inhales; an apparatus for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, for medicinal purposes; a con- trivance to filter or warm the air for delicate lungs or in a deleterious atmosphere ; a respirator; appar- atus to carry air for a diver, etc. — Inhala'tion, n. Act of inhaling. Inhere, in-her', v. i. [-hered (-herd'), -hering.] To be fixed or permanently incorporated. [L. inhasrere, fr. in and hserere, to stick, hang.] — Inher'ent, a Existing in something, so as to be inseparable from it; naturally pertaining to; innate; inborn; native; inwrought. — Inher'ently, adv. — Inherence, -en- cy ? -en-sT, n. State of inhering; existence in some- thing. [F. inherence.] — Inhe'sion, -zhun, n. In- herence. Inherit, in-her'it, v. t. (Law.) To take by descent from an ancestor; to succeed, as an heir, to the estate or rights of a deceased person. To receive or take by birth, have by nature ; to become possessed of, own.— v. i. To have as an inheritance, possession, or prop- erty. [OF. heriter; L. inhereditare, inhseredare, to ap- point as an heir, fr. liseres, heir.] — Inheritable, a. Capable of being inherited, or of being transmitted from parent to child, or of taking by inheritance, or receiving by descent.— Inher'itably, adv. By inher- itance. — Inheritance, -ans, n. (Law.) An estate which a man has by descent as heir to another, or which he may transmit to another as his heir; that inherited; a permanent or valuable possession or blessing ; a possession received by gift, or without purchase ; ownership. — Inheritor, n. One who, etc.; an heir. — Inheritress, -itrix, n. An heiress; a female who, etc. Inhesion. See under Inhere. Inhibit, in-hiblt, v. t. To check, repress, restrain, hinder; to forbid, prohibit. [L. inhibere, -hibitum, fr. in and habei'e, to have.]— Inhibi'tion, -bish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; restraint; prohibi- tion ; embargo. [F.] — Inhibitory, -t-to-rY, a. Tend- ing or serving to inhibit; prohibitory. — Inhibitory paralysis. (Med.) Paralysis depending on the in- hibition of nerve action. Inhospitable, Inhuman, etc. See under Inability. Inhumate, in-hu'mat, v. t. To inhume. [L. inhu- mare, -matum, f r. in and humare, to cover with earth, fr. humus, the ground. See Humble.] — Inhuma'- tion, n. Act of, etc.; interment. — Inhume', -hum', v. t. [-humed (-humd'), -huming.] To bury, inter. [F. inhumer.] Initial, in-ish'al, a. Of, or pert, to, the beginning ; am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; INJECT 289 INSCRIBE incipient; placed at the beginning or head (of a list or series). — a. The first letter of a word. [L. in- itialis, fr. initium, entrance, beginning, fr. voire, to go into, enter, begin, fr. in and ire, itum, to go; s. rt. commence, q. v.] — Ini'tiate, -ish'T-at, v. t. To introduce by a first act, begin; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce into a society or organization, or secret ceremonies. — a. Begun; commenced ; incomplete, as a right, etc. ; intro- duced to a knowledge of. [L. initiare, -atum.] — Ini'tia'tion, -ishl-a'shun, n. Act or process of ini- tiating; ceremony by which one is introduced into any society; introduction into the principles of any- thing mysterious. — Initiative, -tiv, a. Serving to initiate ; initiatory. — n. An introductory step or movement ; right to introduce a new measure or law, as in legislation. — Ini'tiatory, -to-rT, a. Suit- able for an introduction or beginning; introductory; tending or serving to initiate. Inject, in-jekf, v. t. To throw in, dart in. [L. in- jicere, -jectum, fr. in and jacere, to throw.] — Injec'- tion, -jek'shun, n. Act of injecting or throwing in, — applied esp. to the forcible throwing in of a liq- uid, or aeriform body, by a syringe, pump, etc.; thing injected, esp., a liquid medicine injected into a cavity of the body. (Anat.) Act of filling the ves- sels of an animal body with some colored substance, to render visible their figures and ramifications. A preserved part of an animal body, thus injected. (Steam Eng.) Act of throwing cold water into a condenser; cold water thrown into a condenser to produce a vacuum. — Inject'or, n. A person or thing that injects. Injoin, in-join', v. t. See Enjoin. — Injunc'tion, in- junk'shun, n. Act of enjoining or commanding; thing enjoined; an order; command; precept. (Law.) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, re- quiring a party to do or to refrain from doing cer- tain acts. [L. injunction] Injudicious, Injure, etc. See under Inability. Ink, ink, n. A colored fluid, viscous material, or pig- ment used in writing, printing, etc.— v. t. [inked (inkt), inking.] To blacken, color, or daub with ink. [OF. enque, L. encaustum, neut. of encaustus, Gr. engkaustos, burnt in, encaustic, q. v.] — Ink'y, -T, a. Consisting of, like, or soiled with, ink ; black. — Ink'iness, n. — Ink'-ber'ry, n. A shrub of the holly family, growing in sandy ground, and produ- cing a small black berry. — Ink'horn, n. An ink- stand, — formerly made of horn. — . Ink'stand, n. A vessel for holding writing ink. Inkling, inkling, n. Inclination; desire ; a hint or whisper; intimation. [ME. incle, to intimate, hint, Ic. ymta, Dan. ymte, to mutter, murmur; s. rt. hum ; onomat.] Inlace, in-las', v. t. [-laced (-last'), -lacing.] To work in, as lace; to embellish with work resembling lace; to lace. Inlagation, in-la-ga'shun, n. (Law.) The restitution of an outlawed person to the protection of the law. [Law L. inlagatio, fr. inlagare, to restore to law, fr. in and AS. lagu, lag, lah, law. Inland, inland, a. Within the land; remote from the sea ; interior ; carried on within a country ; do- mestic; drawn and payable in the same country.— n. The interior part of a country. [AS., a domain (legal term), Ic. inlendr, native; fr. in and land.] — Inlander, n. One who lives in the interior of a country. Inlay, in-la', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -laying.] To in- sert (pieces of pearl, ivory, etc.) in a groundwork of some other material, to form an ornamental surface. [in and lay.] — In'lay, n. Pieces of wood, ivory, etc., inlaid, or prepared for inlaying. — Inlay'er, n. Inlet, inlet, n. A passage by which an inclosed place may be entered; a bay or recess in the shore of the sea, etc., or between isles, a narrow strip of water running into the land; a creek, tin and let.] Inly, Inmost, Inner, Inning, etc. See under In. Inmate, in'mat, w. One who lives in the same apart- ment or house with another, [in and mate.] Inn, in, n. A house for the lodging and entertainment of travelers; tavern; public house; hotel: in Ens-., a college or society of students at law and barris- ters, also one of the buildings containing law cham- bers. — v. t. To put under cover, shelter ; to afford lodging and entertainment to; to_ lodge. [ME. and AS. in, inn, an inn, also AS. in, inn, within (adv.), Ic. inni, an inn also indoors (adv.), fr. in, q. v.] — Inn'holder, -keeper,_n. One who keeps an inn. "■"- in'nat or in-natl a. Inborn; native; natural: originating in, or derived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opp. to being acquired from experi- ence. [L. innatus, fr. in and natus, born, p. p. of nasci, to be born.] — Innately, in'- orin-nat'll, adv. Naturally. — Innate'ness, n. Innerve, in-nerv', v. t. [-nekved (-nSrvd'), -nerv- ing.] To give nervous energy or power to; to in- vigorate, strengthen. — Innerva'tion, n. Act of in- nerving. (Physiol.) Nervous activity. Innocent, Innocuous, etc. See under Inability. Innovate, in'no-vat, v. t. To change by introducing something new ; to introduce as a novelty. — v. i. To introduce novelties. [L. innovare, -vatum, fr. in and norare, to make new, f r. novus, new.] — Inno- vation, n. Act of, or a change effected by, innova- ting; a change in customs, etc. — In'nova'tor, n. Innuendo, in-nu-en'do, n. ; pi, -does, -doz. An ob- lique hint; remote intimation or allusion. (Law.) A parenthetic explanatory averment employed in proceedings for libel or slander, to point the applica- tion to persons or subjects, of the alleged defamato- ry matter. [L., lit. by giving a nod, by intimation, gerund of innuere, to nod towards, intimate, fr. in and nuere, to nod.] Innuit, in'nu-it, n. The name of the Amer. Esqui- maux for their own race. [Esquim. invJc, man.] Inoculate, in-ok'u-lat, v. t. To bud ; to insert (the bud of a plant in another plant) for propagation. (Med.) To communicate, as a disease to a person, by inserting infectious matter in his skin or flesh. — v. i. To graft by inserting buds; to communicate disease by inserting infectious matter. [L. inoculare, -latum, fr. in and oculare, to furnish with eyes, fr. oculus, an eye (q. v.), also a bud.] — Inoc'ula'tion, n. Act or art of inoculating. — Inoc'ula'tor, a. Inosculate, in-os'ku-lat, v. i. To unite, as 2 vessels at their extremities; to anastomose ; to blend, or be- come united. — v. t. To unite by apposition or con- tact. [L. in and osculari, -latum, to kiss.] — Inos / - cula'tion, n. Junction of vessels, channels, or pas- sages, so that their contents pass from one to the other; anastomosis; inherent union or blending. Inquire, in-kwir'', v. i. [-quired (-kwird'), -quiring.] To ask a question; to make examination or investi- gation. — v. t. To ask about; to make inquiry re- specting. [ME. enqueren, enquei-e, OF. enquerre, en- querir, L. inquirere, -quisitum, fr. in and quserere, to seek.] — Inquirer, n.— Inquiry, -kwlr'l, n. Act of inquiring ; search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination into facts or principles; a question ; query; interrogatory ; scrutiny: investi- gation; research. — Writ or' inquiry. A writ issued where the defendant has suffered judgment to pass against him by default, in order to assess the plain- tiff's damages, where thev cannot be ascertained by calculation. — In'quest, -kwest,n. Act of inquiring; inquiry ; quest. (Law.) Judicial inquiry ; official examination ; a jury, esp. a coroner's jury. [ME. and OF. enqueste, fr. L. inquisita (res), (thine) in- quired into.] — Inquisi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act of in- quiring ; examination ; investigation. (Lavi.) Ju- dicial inquiry; inquest; the finding of a jury. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A tribunal for the examination and punishment of heretics. [F.; L. inquisitio.] — In- quisitional, a. Pert, to, or making inquiry; of, or pert, to, the Inquisition. — Inquisitor, -kw'iz'Y-ter, n. One who inquires; esp., one whose official duty it is to inquire and examine. (Rom. Cath. Church'.) A member of the Court of Inquisition. [L.J— In- qtuVito'rial, -to'ri-al, a. Pert, to inquisition, or to the Court of Inquisition, or resembling its practices. Inquisitive, -T-tiv, a. Apt to ask questions: given Inquisitively, adv. — In- ), -railing.] To to research; prying; curious. [ME. and OF. inquis itif, L. inquisitivus.] — Inquis'"" qiiisltiveness, n. Inrail, in-raK, v. t. ("-railed (-: inclose or surround with rails Inroad, inlod, n. A sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; irruption; encroachment, (in and road raid, f r. AS. rad, a riding.] Insane, Insatiable, etc. See under Inability- Inscribe, in-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scrib- ing.] To write or engrave, imprint: to mark with letters, characters, or words ; to commend by a short address, less formal than a dedication; to 'im- print deeply, impress. (Geom.) To draw within, as one figure within another. [L. itv>crihpre, scriptum, i fr. in and scrihere, to write. Set 1 Scribe.] — In- I scrib'er, n. — Inscription, -skrip'shun, n. Act of I inscribing; thing which is inscribed; esp., anything 1 engraved on a solid substance for preservation or siin. cube, full ; moon, fo^t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. INSCROLL, 290 INSTANT Insect. , head; d, an- prothorax;/, mesothorax; g, metathorax; h, mid- dle or central legs or arms; i, cen- tral wings; o, anterior or first wings; j, posterior legs ; k, abdomen ; I, tibia; m, tarsus. public inspection ; an address or consignment of a book to a person, as a mark of respect. [F. ; L. in- scription — Inscriplive, -tiv, a. Bearing inscription. Inscroll, in-skroK, v. t. To write on a scroll. Inseam, in-sem / ', v. t. To impress or mark with a seam. Insect, in'sekt, n. (Zobl.) An articulate animal whose body is divided by cross lines or incisions into a number of segments or rings, and in the winged or adult state is divid- ed into 3 distinct parts, the head, thorax, and abdo- men, h a s 6 legs, never more than 4 wings, and that breathes air in tubes opening ex- ternally by spira- cles. Anything small or contempt- ible. [F. insecte, L. insectum, p. p. of in- secare, to cut into, fr. in and secare^ to cut, — as appearing to be cut through.] — Insect'ile, -il, a. Having the nature of insects. — Inser- tion, n. A cutting in ; incisure ; incis- ion. — Insedivore, -tT-vor, n.; pi. ■ vor es, -vor z. (Zool.) One of an a, antennae ; 6, eyes; order of small plan- terior legs or arms; tigrade mammals that feed upon in- sects. [L. vorare, to devour.] — Insec- tivorous, -tiVer- us, a. Feeding or subsisting on insects; pert, to the Insectivores. Insecure, Insensible, etc. See under Inability. Insert, in-serf, v. t. To set or place in among, intro- duce. — Inserting, n. A setting in ; something in- serted or set in, as lace, etc., into garments. [L. in- serere, -sertum, fr. in and severe, to join, connect.] — Insertion, -shun, n. Act of inserting, or setting or placing in or among other things; condition of being inserted ; mode, place, etc., of inserting; thing set in, as lace, cambric, in narrow strips, etc. Inset, in'set, n. That which is set m ; an insertion. (Bookbinding.) A portion of a printed sheet in cer- tain sizes of books which is cut off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded sheet, to com- plete the succession of paging, — called also off-cut. Inshrine. Same as Enshrine. Inside, in'sid, prep, or adv. Within the sides of; in the interior; contained within. — a. Being within; contained; interior; internal. — n. The part within; interior portion ; one who, or that which, is within, or inclosed; hence, an inside passenger of a coach or carriage, pi. The inward parts, entrails, bowels. [in and side.') Insidious, in-sid't-us, a. Lying in wait; watching an opportunity to insnare or entrap; intending or in- tended to entrap ; crafty ; wily ; sly ; designing ; treacherous ; deceptive. (Med.) Existing without marked symptoms; likely to elude notice; more dan- gerous than it appears. [F. insidieux, L. insidiosus, fr. insidite, troops of men in ambush, a plot, snare, fr. in and sedere, to sit.] — Insidiously, adv. — In- sidlousness, n. Insight, in'sit, n. Sight or view of the interior of anything; introspection; thorough knowledge; pow- er of acute observation and deduction; discernment. Insignia, in-sig'nT-a, n. pi. Badges of office or honor; marks by which anything is distinguished. [L. in- signe, pi. insignia, from insignis, distinguished by a mark, fr. in and signum, a mark, sign.] Insinuate, in-sin r u-at, v. t. To introduce gently, or as by a winding or narrow passage; to wind in; to introduce artfully, instill ; to hint, suggest by re- mote allusion; to push or work one's self (into favor). — v. i. To creep, wind, or flow, in ; to ingratiate one's self. [L. insinuare, -atum, fr. in and sinuare, to wind about, fr. sinus, a bend.] — Insin'ua'tion, n. Act of insinuating; a creeping or winding in; act of gaining favor by gentle or artful means; art or pow- er of pleasing and stealing on the affections; a hint; suggestion by distant allusion ; innuendo. [F.] — InsFn'ua'tive, -tiv, a. Stealing on the confidence or affections ; using insinuations ; giving hints. — Insin'ua'tor, n. Insist, in-sist', v. i. To dwell upon as a matter of special moment; to be persistent or pressing. [F. ira- swter, L. insistere, fr. in and sistere, to set, fr. stare = E. stand.) — Insistent, a. Standing or resting on.— Insistence, -ens, n. Quality of being urgent. Insition, in-sish'un or -sizhlin, n. Insertion of a scion in a stock. [L. insitio, fr. inserere, -situm, to ingraft, fr. in and serere, to sow.] In situ, in-si'tu. In its natural place, — said of a rock or fossil when found in the situation in which it was orig. formed or deposited. [L.] Insnare, ln-snar', v. t. [-snared (-snard'), -snaring.] To catch in a snare, entrap; to inveigle, seduce by artifice. — Insnar'er, n. Insolate, in'so-lat, v. t. To dry in the sun's rays; to expose to the sun's heat; to ripen or prepare by ex- posure to the sun. [L. insolare, -latum, fr. in and sol, the sun.] — Insola'tion, n. Act or process of ex- posing to the rays of the sun; sunstroke. Insolent, Insoluble, etc. See under Inability. Insomuch. See under In. Inspect, in-spekf, v. t. To view closely and critically, esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, dis- cover errors, etc.; to view and examine officially, as troops, arms, goods offered for sale, etc. [L. mspeo tare, freq. of inspicere, fr. in and specere, to look at, to view.] — Inspection, -spek'shun, n. Act of in- specting; careful survey; official examination ; act of overseeing; superintendence. [F.l — Inspect'or, -Sr, n. — Inspectorate, -orship, n. Office or residence of an inspector; district embraced by an inspector's jurisdiction. Insphere, in-sferl v. t. [-sphered (-sferd'), -spher- ing.] To place in a sphere. Inspire, in-spir', v. i. [-spired (-spird'), -spiring.] To draw in breath, inhale air into the lungs; to breathe, blow gently.— v. t. To breathe into, fill with the breath; to infuse by breathing, infuse into the mind; to convey, as by a superior or supernat- ural influence; to affect, as with a supernatural in- fluence; to inhale. [OF. en- or inspire?; L. inspirare, •atum, fr. in and svirare, to breathe. See Spirit.] — Inspir'able, a. Capable of being inspired. — Inspi- ration, n. Act of inspiring, breathing in, infusing, etc.; inhalation; extraordinary elevation of the im- agination or other powers of the soul; result of such extraordinary elevation in the thoughts, emotions, or purposes inspired; esp., a supernatural divine in- fluence on the sacred writers, by which they were qualified to communicate truth with authority. — Inspiratory, in-splr'a- or in'spT-ra-to-rT, a. Pert, to or aiding inspiration. — Inspir'er, n. — Inspirit, -spirit, v. t. To infuse or excite spirit in, give new life to, enliven, animate, cheer, encourage. Inspissate, in-spis'sat, v. t. To thicken (fluids) by evaporation. — a. Thick; inspissated. [L. inspissare, -satum, fr. in and spissare, to thicken, fr. spissus, thick.] — Inspissa'tion, n. Act of, etc. Instability, etc. See under Inability. Install, in-stawK, v. t. [-stalled (-stawW), -stall- ing.] To set in a seat, give a place to; to instate in an office, rank, or order, with ceremonies. [F. in- staller, LL. installare, fr. in and stallum, fr. OHG. stal = G. and E. stall, q. v.] — Installalion, n. Act of installing; esp. of instating an ordnined minister in a parish; institution. [F.] — Installment, n. Act of installing; a part of a sum of money paid or to be paid at a time different from that of the balance. Instant, in'stant, a. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest; closely impending in respect to time; imme- diate; making no delay; quick; present; current. — n. A point in duration; a moment; a particular time; a day of the current month. [F., an instant, moment, L. instans, p. pr. of instare, to stand upon, press upon, fr. in and stare, to stand.] — In'stantly, adv. Without the least delay or interval: with ur- gency ; directly; immediately; at once. — Instanta''- neous, -ne-us, a. Done in an instant. — Instanta'- neously, adv. In a moment. — Instanta'neousness, -stan'tanelty, -ta-ne'T-tT, n. Quality of being in- stantaneous.— Instanler, adv. Immediately; with- out delay; instantly. [L.] — In'stance, -stans, n. Quality or act of being instant or pressing; occasion; order of occurrence; something cited in proof or ex' emplification ; a case occurring; application ; exam- ple. — v. t. [-stanced (-stanst), -stancing.] To am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 8r j INSTAR 291 INTELLECT mention as an example or case. (F., instance, ur- gency, L. instantia.~] Instar, in-star', v. t. To set with stars, or with bril- liants. Instate, in-staf, v. t. To set or place, establish (in a rank or condition), install. Instead, in-sted', adv. In the stead, plaee, or room; equivalent to; equal to. [AS. on stede, in the place.] Instep, in'step, n. The arched middle portion of the human foot, comprising the metatarsus and part of the tarsus, esp. the projection on the upper side near its junction with the leg; that part of the hind leg of a horse from the thigh to the pastern-joint. [Prob. corrupt, fr. instopor instup, fr. mandstoop=in-bend.] Instigate, in'stT-gat, v. t. To incite, set on, goad or urge forward, stimulate, impel, animate. [L. in fol- low.] — Intrin'sically, adv. Introcession, in-tro-sesVun, n. {Med.) A depression, or sinking of parts inward. [L. introcedere, -cessum, . to go in, fr. intro, inwardly, within, and cedere, to fo, pass: intro = intero, abl. of interns, inward. See NTERIOR.] Introduce, in-tro-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -du- Cing.] To lead, bring, conduct, or usher, in ; to in- sert, put in; to bring to be acquainted ; to present ; to bring into notice or practice; to produce, cause to exist ; to open to notice, begin. [L. introducere, -ductum, fr. intro and ducere, to lead.] — Introdu'- cer, n. — Introduction, n. Act of introducing, esp. of making persons known to each other ; prelimina- ry matter ; preface; a formal preliminary treatise ; esp. a treatise introductory to other treatises, or to a course of study. [F.; L. introdvetio.] — Introduc'- tive, -tiv, a. Serving to introduce, introductory. — Introductory, -to-rt, a. Serving to introduce some- thing else ; previous ; preliminary ; prefatory. Introit, in-tro'it, n. Any musical vocal composition for opening church services; church service in gen- eral. [L. mtroitus, fr. introire, -Hum, to go into, en- ter, fr. intro and ire, to go.] Intromit, in-tro-mit', v. t. To send in, let in, admit; to allow to enter. [L. intrornittere, -mission, fr. in- tro and mittere, to send.] — Intromia'sion, -mish'= un, n. The action of sending or conveying in. Introspect, in-tro-spekt', v. t. To look into or within p view the inside of. [L. introspicere, -spectum, fr. in- tro and spicere, specere, to look.]— Introspec'tion, n. A view of the interior ; a looking inward ; ex- amination of one's own thoughts and feelings. — In- trospec'tive, -tiv, a. Inspecting within ; seeing in- wardly. Introvert, in-tro-vert', v. t. To turn inward. [L. in- tro and vertere, versum, to turn.] — Introver'sion, n Act of, or state of being, etc. Intrude, in-trood', v. i. To thrust one's self in; to en- ter, unwelcome or uninvited, into company; to force one's self in without permission. — v. t. To thrust in, or cause to enter without right or welcome ; to force or cast in; to obtrude, encroach, infringe, tres- pass. {Oeol.) To cause to penetrate, as into the clefts or fissures of rocks. [L. intrudere, fr. in and trudere, to thrust.] — Intrud'er, n. — Intru'sion, -zhun, n. Act of intruding; entrance without invitation, right, or welcome; encroachment. {Geol.) The penetra- ting of one rock, while melted, into cavities of other rocks. {Law.) The entry of a stranger, after a par- ticular estate of freehold is determined, before the heir in remainder or reversion. [F.] — Intru'sionist, n. One who intrudes into the place of another, or who favors such intrusion. — Intru'sive, -siv, a. Tending or apt to intrude; entering without right or welcome. Intrust, in-trust', v. t. To deliver in trust, confide to the care of, commit, consign. Intuition, in-tu-ish'un, n. An act of immediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness ; a truth that cannot be acquired by, but is assumed in, experience. [L. intueri, -tuitus, to look on, f r. in and tueri, to look.]— Intui'tional, a. Pert, to, or char- acterized by, intuition; derived or obtained by in- tuition; intuitive.— Intui'tionalism, -tionism, -izm, n. {Metaph.) Doctrine that the perception or recog- nition of truth is intuitive, — opp. to experientialism and to sensationalism. — Intui'tionalist, -tionist, n. A believer that, etc. — Intu'itive, -i-tiv, a. Seeing clearly; knowing by intuition; received or obtained by intuition. — Intu'itively, adv. In an intuitive manner ; without reasoning. — Intu'itivism, -tiv- izm, n. {Moral Philos.) Doctrine that ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. Intumesce, in-tu-mes', v. i. [-mesced (-mesf), -mes- CING.] To enlarge or expand with heat ; to swell. [L. intumescere, fr. in and tumescere, fr. tumere, to swell. See Tumid.] — Intumes'cence, -ens, n. State or process of swelling ; a swelling with bubbles ; a tumid state or mass. [F.] Intussusception, in'tus-sus-sep'shun, n. Reception of one part within another. {Anat.) The abnormal eim, cube, full ; moon, lot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, gev W1TH1 IN TWINE 296 INVOLVE slipping of a part of an intestine within another part. Nutrition ; interstitial deposition of nutritive parti- cles. [L. intus, within, and susceptio, a taking up or in.] Intwine, in-twin', v. t. [-twined (-twind'), -twin- ing.] To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe. tntwist, in-twist', v. t. To twist into or together. tmunbrate, in-um'brat, v. t. To shade. [L. inumbrare, -bratum, fr. in & umbrare, to shade, f r. umbra, shade.] Inundate, in-un'dat, v. t. To overflow, deluge, flood; to fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity. [L. inundare, -datum, fr. in and undare, to rise in waves, overflow, fr. unda, a wave.] — Inunda'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a flood; spreading of water over low grounds ; superfluous abundance. Inure, in-Qr', v. t. [-ured (-fird'), -uking.] To apply or expose in practice till use gives little or no incon- venience; to harden, habituate, accustom. — v. i. To take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the use or benefit of. [E. in and ods. ure, use, work, op- eration, also to use, accustom, OF. ovre, oevre, uevre, eure, F. ceuvre, L. opera, work. See Opera.] — In- ure'ment, n. Use; habit; practice; custom. (nurn, in-ern', v. t. [-urned (-ernd'), -urning.] To put m an urn. To bury, inter, intomb. Invade, in-vad', v. t. To enter with hostile intentions, attack ; to infringe, encroach on, violate. [F. in- vader, L. invadere, -vasum, fr. in and vadere, to go.] — Invad'er, n.— Invasion, -zhun, n. Act of en- croaching upon the rights or possessions of another; hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of another; a raid; approach or first attack of any foe, or anything hurtful or pernicious. [F. ; L. invasio.~] — Inva'sive, -siv, a. Tending to invade; aggressive. Invalid, Invariable, etc. See under Inability. Invaluable, in-val'u-a-bl, a. Precious beyond any as- signable value ; inestimable, [m intens. and valu- able.] — Inval'uably, adv. Inestimably. Inveigh, in-va', v. i. [-veighed (-vad'), -veighing.] To exclaim or rail against, utter invectives ; to ex- press reproach. [L. mvehere, -vectum, to carry into, attack, fr. in and vehere, to carry ; s. rt. vehicle.'] — Inveign'er, n. One who, etc. ; a railer.— Invec'tive, -tiv, n. A severe or violent utterance of censure ; harsh accusation ; abuse ; reproach. — a. Satirical ; abusive ; vituperative. [F.] Inveigle, in-ve'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flat- tery; to entice, seduce, wheedle. [Peril, fr. It. in- vogliare, to make one long for, f r. in and voglia, a desire, fr. voglio, L. volo, I wish; perh. corrupt, fr. OF. aveugler, to blind, hoodwink, fr. aveugle, LL. aboculis. blind, fr. L. ab, away, and oculus, eye.] — Invei'glement, n. Act of, or thing which, etc. ; en- ticement. — Invei'gler, n. Invent, in-vent', v. t. To discover, commonly by study or inquiry; to find out; to make, manufac- ture; to fabricate, contrive, devise, frame. [F. in- venter, L. invenire, -ventum, to come upon, find, fr. in and venire, to come.]— Invent 'fid, -ful, a. Full of invention. — Invent'ible, a. — Invention, -shun, n. Act of finding out; contrivance of that which did not before exist; thing invented; an original contrivance ; power of inventing. [F.] — Invent'- ive, -iv, a. Able to invent; quick at contrivance.— Invent'or, -€r, n. [L.] — In'ventory, -to-rt, n. A fist of the property of which a person or estate is found to be possessed, or of property assigned or conveyed ; a priced list or schedule of movables on hand, as the goods of a merchant, etc. ; register; roll; schedule. — v. t. [inventoried (.-to-rid), -rying.] To make an inventory of; to insert or register in an account of goods. [LL. inventarium.] — Invento'- rial, -rf-al, a. Pert, to, etc. Invert, in-vert', v. t. To turn over, put upside down, place in a contrary order, give a contrary direction to. (Mus.) To change the position of, — said of tones which form a chord, or parts which compose harmony. [L. invertere, -versum, fr. in and vertere, to turn.] — In' vert, n. {Arch.) An inverted arch. Inverted Arches. — Invert'ed, p. a. Changed in order; reversed. (Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by up- heaval, etc. — /. arch. (Arch,) An arch placed with crown downward, or with its intrados below the axis or springing line. — Inverse', -vers', a. Oppo- site in order or relation; reciprocal. (Bot.) Invert- ed: having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual. (Math.) Opposite in nature and effect. — Inverse'ly, adv. In an invert- ed order or manner. — Inver'sion, n. Act of invert- ing; a complete change of order; reversed position. ( Oram.) A change of the usual order of words. Invest, in-vest', v. t. To put garments on, clothe, dress, array; to endow, confer, give; to clothe, as with office or authority; to grace, bedeck. (Mil.) To inclose; to surround, so as to intercept succors and prevent escape; to lay siege to. To place (property) so that it will be safe and yield a profit. — v. i. To make an investment. [F. investir, L. investire, fr. in and vestire, to clothe, fr. vestis, clothing. See Vest.] — Invest'iture, -T-chur, n. (Feudal Law.) The act of investing, giving possession, or livery of seizin. Right of giving possession of any manor, office, or benefice; that with which anyone is in- vested or clothed. [F.] — Invest'ment, n. Act of investing ; that with which any one is invested ; a vestment ; the laying out of money in the purchase of property, usually of a permanent nature; amount invested, or that in which it is invested. (Mil.) Act of surrounding or besieging by an armed force.— In- vest'or, -er, n. Investigate, in-ves'tt-gat, v. t. To follow up, pur- sue, search into. [L. investigate, -gatum, fr. in and vestigare, to track, trace, fr. vestigium, footstep, track. See Vestige.] — Inves'tiga'tion, n. Act of investigating ; research ; study ; inquiry. — Inves'- tiga'tive, a. Given to investigation ; inquisitive.— Inves'tiga'tor, -ter, n. One who searches diligently into a subject. — Inves'tigable, a. Admitting of be- ing searched out; discoverable by search. Inveterate, in-vet'er-at, a. Firmly established by long continuance ; obstinate ; deep-rooted ; having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habit- ual. [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare, to retain for a long time, fr. in intens. and vetus, veteris, old; s. rt. veteran.) — Invet'erately, adv. — Invet'erate- ness, -eracy, -a-sT, n. Obstinacy confirmed by time. Invidious, in-vid't-us, a. Enviable; desirable; like- ly to incur ill-will or hatred, or to provoke envy; hateful. [L. invidiosus, f r. invidia, envy.] — Invid'- iously, adv. — Invid'iousness, n. Invigorate, in-vig'or-at, v. t. To give vigor to, strengthen, animate. [L. in and vigor, vigor.] — In- vigora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Invincible, Invisible, etc. See under Inability. Invite, in-vit', v. t. To ask, request; esp. to ask to an entertainment or visit; to allure, tempt to come, attract, entice. — v. i. To call to anything pleasing. [~F.inviter,L,.invitare, -tatum.]— Invit'er, n. — In- vita'tion, n. Act of inviting; the requesting one's company to visit, to dine, or to accompany one to any place. — Invl'tatory, -to-rt, a. Using or con- taining invitations. Invoice, in' vois, n. (Com.) A list or account of goods or merchandise sent to a purchaser, consignee, etc., with prices and charges annexed ; bill of parcels. — v. t. [invoiced (-voist), -voicing.] To make a written account of, as goods; to insert in a priced list. [Fr. envois, things sent, goods forwarded, — an E. pi. of F. envoi, a sending or thing sent, fr. envoyer, to send. See Envoy.] Invoke, in-vok' v. t. [-voked (-vokf), -voking.] To call for or ask, invite earnestly or solemnly ; to address in prayer. [F. invoquer, L. invocare, -catum, fr. w_and vocare, to call, vox, voice.] — In'vocate, -vo-kat, v. t. To invoke. — Invoca'tion, n. Act of addressing in prayer; form or act of calling for the assistance or presence of any being, esp. of some di- vinity. (Law.) A call or summons; esp., a judicial call, demand, or order. Involve, in-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -volv- ing.] To roll up, intwine, wind round; to envelop in anything which exists on all sides ; to complicate or make intricate; to connect by way of natural con- sequence or effect; to include by rational or logical construction, comprise, contain; to overwhelm, em- barrass; to take in, catch, entangle, implicate, blend. (Math.) To raise to any assigned power, multiply into itself. [F. involver, L. involvere, -volution, to roll about, wrap up, fr. in and volvere, to roll.] — fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice : 8dd, tone, 6r ; INWALL 297 irrationa: Involv'edness, n. State of being involved. — In- volve'ment, n. Act of, or state of "being, etc. — In'- volate, -vo-lut, n. (Geom.) A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or un- woundfrom it, — called also evolvent. SeeEvoLUTE. — In' volute, -lu'ted, a. (Bot.) Rolled inward from the edges. — Involu'tion, n. Act of involving; state of being involved; complication; that in which any- thing is involved; envelope. {Gram.) The insertion of clauses between the subject and the verb, in .) Act or process of raising a quantity to an. power assigned. [F. ; L. involutio.] — Involu'cre, wav which involves or complicates the construction, (Math.] : kgr, n. °(l?oL) A" whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. [L.] — Involucel, -vol'u- sel or in'vo-lu'sel, n. (Bot.) A partial or small involucre. [Dim. of in- volucre.'] In wall, in-wawK, v. t. [-walled (-wawld'), -ling.] To inclose or for- tify with a wall. ^Sr' £j Wardly ' etC - See a, Involucre; 6, Involucel. Inweave, in-wev', v. t. [imp. -wove (-wov'),p. p. -woven or -wove ; inweaving.] To weave together; to intermix or intertwine by weaving, to weave in. Inwork, in-wgrk', v. t. [-worked (-werkf), -work- ixg.] To work or exert energy in or within. Inwrap, in-rap', v. t. [-wrapped (-rapf), -wrap- ping.] To cover by wrapping, infold; to involve in difficulty or perplexity. Inwreathe, in-reth / ', v. t. To surround as with a wreath. Inwrought, in-rawf,£. p. or a. Wrought or worked in or among other things. Io, i'o, n.; pi. Ios, i'oz. An exclamation of ioy or triumph, — often used interjectionally. [L., on! ah! huzza!] Iodine, i'o-din or -din, n. (Chem.) An irritant poison, much used in medicine: it is a grayish or bluish-black solid, of metallic luster, chiefly ootained from ashes of sea-weed : at 347° of Fahrenheit, it becomes a violet vapor, whence its name. [Gr. iodes, for ioeides, vio- let-colored, fr. ion, a violet, and eidos, appearance.] — I'odate, -dat, n. A compound of iodic acid with a base. — I'odide, -did, n. A non-acid compound of iodine with a metal or other substance. Ionian, i-o'nY-an, Ionic, a. Pert, to Ionia, in Greece, or to the Ionians. — Ionic dialect. ( Gr. Gram.) A di- alect of the Greek language, used in Ionia.—/, mode. (Mus.) An airy kind of ancient music. — J. order. (Arch.) An order characterized by a species of col- umn whose distinguishing feature is the volute of its capital: see Capital. — J. school. A sect of philos- ophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia, who held that water is the principle of all natural things. Iota, i-ola, n. A tittle; a very small quantity or de- gree; a jot. [Same as, jot; Gr. iota, Heb. yod, the smallest letter in the alphabet of each.] I U, i-c-u, n. A paper having on it these letters, with a sum named, and signed, — used in Eng. to ac- knowledge a debt ; a due bill. [= I owe you.] Ipecac, ip'e-kak, Ip'ecac'uan'ha, -u-an'a, n. (Bot. & Med.) The dried root, or an extract of the root, of several S. Amer. plants, esp. of one growing in Bra- zil, used as an emetic, also as a sudorific and expec- torant, and, in small doses, to check persistent vom- iting. [Braz. i-pe-caa-guen, lit. smaller road-side sick-making plant.] Iranian, i-ra'nl-an, n. An ancient inhabitant, also the ancient language, of Iran or Persia. — a. Pert, to Persian and cognate group of Aryan languages. Ire, Ir, n. Anger; wrath; keen resentment. [F.; L. ira.] — Irelul, -ful, a. Full of ire ; wroth. — Iras'- cible, i-rasl-bl, a. Susceptible of anger; easily pro- voked; irritable. [F.; L. irascibilis, fr. irasci, to be angry, f r. ira.] — Iras'cibleness, -cibillty, «.— Iras'- cibly, adv. — Irate', -rat', a. Angry; incensed; en- raged. [L. iratus.fr. irasci.] Iris, Kris, n. ; E. pi. Irises, -ez ; L.pl. Irides, ir'T-dez. Trie rainbow ; an appearance resembling the rain- bow. {Anat.) A colored membrane at the anterior part of the eye in the midst of the aqueous humor, and perforated by a circular opening called the pu- pil : see Eye. (Bot.) Flower-de-luce ; a tuberous or bulbous-rooted plant, of the flag family, of many varieties, some of which produce flowers of exquisite ill beauty, and one furnishes orris root. [L. and Gr. (gen. in L. iridis, in Gr. iridos), a rainbow, also the name of the messenger of the gods.] — I'riscope, -rt- skop, n. An instrument for exhibiting the prismatic colors. [Gr. skopein, to 6ee.] — Iridofomy, -ot'o-mt, n. (Surg.) Incision of the iris, to relieve occlusion of the pupil, etc. [Gr. temnein. to cut.] — Iridec'to- my, -ek'to-mi, n. (Surg.) Excision of a portion of the ins, to form an artificial pupil, etc. [Gr. ektemnein, to cut out.] — Iridescent, -descent, a. Having col- ors like the rainbow. — Irides'cence, -sens, n. Ex- hibition of colors, etc. — Iridium, -T-um, n. ( Chem.) One of the metals, the heaviest of known substances. Irish, i'rish, a. Pert, to, or produced in, Ireland. — n. pi. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, sing. The language of the Irish, — a species of Celtic. [AS. yrisc] — I'rishism, -izm, n. A mode of speak- ing peculiar to the Irish. — Irish Moss. See Carra- geen. Irk, erk, v. t. [irked (erkt), irking.] To weary, give pain to, — used impersonally. [ME., tired, op- pressed, irken, to tire, Sw. yrka, to urge, press; s. rt. L. urgere = E. urge, Skr. vrij, to press out, exclude, Gr. heirgein, to press in, repress, AS. weorcsum, painful, irksome, E. wreak and perh. work.] — Irk'- some, -sum, a. Wearisome; tiresome; giving unea siness. — Irk'somely, adv. — Irk'someness, b. Iron, i'grn, n. (Min.) The most common and useful of the metals, being gray in color, hard, malleable, duo. tile, and susceptible of polish: according to the meth- od of manufacture and proportion of carbon with which it is combined, it forms wrought iron, cast iron. and steel. An instrument or utensil made of ironl I. Fetters; chains: manacles. — a. Made of iron; ike iron in color, hardness, strength, etc.; inflexible: hard ; unrelenting ; binding fast ; impenetrable. — v. t. [ironed (-ernd), ironing.] To smooth with an instrument of iron; esp. to smooth with a heated flat-iron ; to shackle with irons, fetter or handcuff; to furnish or arm with iron. [AS. iren, isen, OHG. isarn; prob. s. rt. ice.] — Hony, -ern-T, a. Made or partak- ing of , iron ; hard. — Hon-bound, a. Bound with iron; faced or surrounded with rocks. — -clad, a Protected or covered with iron. — n. A vessel pre- pared for naval warfare by being plated with iron. — mas'ter, n. A proprietor of iron-works. — mon'- ger, n. A dealer in iron wares, or hardware. — sides, n. A strong man ; a cuirassier, — applied esp. to Cromwell's cavalry. — wood, n. (Bot.) A tree of species belonging to several different genera. — -work, n. Anything made of iron. pi. A furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling-mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work. Irony, i'run-i, n. A kind of ridicule which exposes the errors of others by seeming^ to adopt or defend them; dissimulation; satire. [F. ironic, L. ironia. Gr. eironeia, fr. eiron, a dissembler, prop. p. pr. or eirein, to say, talk; s. rt. verb, word.] — Ironic, -ron'- ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, containing, or expressing, irony; expressing one thing and meaning the oppo- site. — Ironically, adv. Irradiate, ir-ra'dl-at, v. t. To cast a bright light upon, illuminate : to animate by light or heat.— a. Adorned with brightness. [L. irradiare, -atum, to cast ray6 on, f r. in and radius, a ray, q. v.] — Irra'dialion, n. Act of emitting beams of light; thing irradiated: il- lumination. (Opt.) Apparent enlargement of bril- liant objects beyond their proper bounds. — Irra'di- ance, -diancy, -an-st, n. Emission of, etc.; that which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor. Irrational, ir-rash'un-al, a. Not rational; void of rea- son or understanding; contrary to reason; absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable. (Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction. [L. in- priv. (see under Inability) and E. rational, q. v.] — Irra'- tionallty, n. Want of reason or the powers of un- derstanding.— Irra'tionally, adv. Without reason; absurdly. — Irreclaim' able, -klam'a-bl, a. Incapa- ble of being reclaimed. — Irreclaim / 'ably, adv. — Ir- rec'oncil'able, -sTKa-bl, a. Incapable of being rec- onciled, or appeased; implacable: incapable ot being made to agree or harmonize; incongruous; incom- patible; inconsistent.— Irrec'oacil'ableness, n.— Ir- rec'oncil'ably, adv. — Irrec'oncil'ia'tion, -stl'I-a' shun, n. Want of reconciliation. — Irrecoverable -kuv'gr-a-bl, a. Not capable of being recovered, re- stored, remedied, or regained; irreparable; irretriev- able; irremediable; incurable.— Irrecov'erably, adv. — Irredeem / 'able, a. Not redeemable; not subject to be paid at the nominal value, as a note or bill of sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot •, cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. IRRIGATE 298 1SCHIATI0 Indebtedness. — IrreduOible, -du'sY-bl, a. Incapa- ble of being reduced, or brought into a different state or form of expression. — Irrefragable, -ra-ga- bl, a. Not refragable; not to be refuted; incontro- vertible ; unanswerable ; unquestionable ; undeni- able. — Irref ragably, adv. — Irref'ragabillty, n. — Irrefutable, ir-ref O-ta- or ir're-fuf a-bl, a. Incapa- ble of being refuted or disproved. — Irrefutably, arte. — Irreg'ular, -u-lSr, a. Not regular; not accord- ing to common form or rules, to established principles or customs, to nature or the usual operation of nat- ural laws, to the rules of art, or to rules of moral rec- titude; not straight; not uniform; abnormal; anom- alous ; erratic ; eccentric ; unsettled ; variable ; dis- orderly; intemperate; vicious. (Gram.} Deviating from the ordinary form in respect to the inflectional terminations. — IrregOiarly, adv. — Irreg'ularlty, -u-lar'T-tt, n. State of being or that which is. irreg- ular; deviation from symmetry, or established form, custom, or rule ; deviation from moral rectitude; an act of vice. — Irrefative, -a-tiv, a. Not relative ; with- out mutual relations; unconnected. — Irrelevant, -e-vant, a. Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent. — Irrelevantly, adv. — Irrelevancy, -van-st, n. Quality of not being applicable, or of not serving to aid and support. — Irreliglon, -re-lifun, n. "Want of religion, or contempt of it; ungodliness; worldli- ness ; impiety. — Irreligious, -lijOs, a. Destitute of religion; impious; ungodly; indicating a want of religion; profane; wicked. — Irreligiously, adv. — Irreme'diable, -me'dl-a-bl, a. Not to be remedied, cured, corrected, or redressed. — IrremeOUableness, n. — IrremeOUably, adv. In a manner or degree that precludes remedy, cure, or correction. — Irre- mis'sible, a. Not remissible; unpardonable. — Irre- mis'sibly, adv. — Irremov'able, -moovO-bl, a. Not removable; immovable. — Irremov' ably, adv.— Ir- rep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Not reparable; not capable of being recovered or regained.— Irrep'arably, adv. — Irrep'arabillty, n. — Irrepeaf able, -peKa-bl, a. Not capable of being repealed. — Irrepleviable, -plev'T-a-bl, -isable, -l-sa-bl, a. (Law.) Not capa- ble of being replevied. — Irrepressible, -pres'T-Dl, a. Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or con- trolled. — Irreproachable, -proch/a-bl, a. Incapa- ble of being justly reproached: free from blame; up- right.— Irreproach 'ably, adv.— Irresisfance, -zisf- ans, n. Forbearance to resist; passive submission. — Irresistible, a. Incapable of being successfully re- sisted or opposed. — Irresistlbleness, -tibillty, n.— Irresistibly, adv.— IrresOluble, -rezO-lu-bl, a. In- capable of being dissolved, set free, or resolved into Sarts . — Irresolute, -rezO-lut, a. Not resolute ; not ecided; given to doubt; wavering; vacillating; un- decided; unsettled; unstable.— Irresolutely, adv. — Irres01utenesg,«.— Irres'olu'tion, -rez'o-lu'shun, n. Want of resolution or decision; fluctuation of mind; irresoluteness. — Irresolvable, -re-zolv'a-bl, a. In- capable of being resolved.— Irrespective, -spektlv, a. Not having respect or regard to. — Irrespecf- ively, adv. Without regard ; not taking circum- stances into consideration.— Irres'pirable, -pl-ra-bl, a. Unfit for respiration. — Irresponsible, a. Not responsible; not liable or able to answer for conse- quences; not to be trusted. — Irresponsibility, n. — Irreten'tive, a. _ Not retentive or apt to retain. — Irretrievable, -trev'a-bl, a. Not retrievable ; ir- reparable. — Irretriev' ably, adv. — IrrevOrent, a. Not reverent; not entertaining or manifesting due regard to the Supreme Being; wanting in respect to superiors; proceeding from or expressive of irrever- ence.— Irreverently, adv. —Irreverence, n. Ab- sence or detect of reverence, — Irreversible, -vers'- Tf-bl, a. Incapable of being reversed; irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable.— Irrevers Idleness, n. — Irreversibly, adv. — Irrevocable, -o-ka-bl, a. In- capable of oeing recalled or revoked. — IrrevOca- bleness, -cabillty, n. — Irrevocably, adv. Beyond recall; in a manner precluding recall or reversion. Irrigate, irlT-gat, v. t. To water, wet, moisten; to water (land) by causing water from a stream to flow over it in many artificial channels. [L. irrigare, -gatum, fr. in and rigare, to water ; s. rt. rain.'] — Ir- rigation, n. Act of, etc.; esp. the operation of caus- ing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants. — IrrigOous, -u-us, a. Watered ; watery ; moist ; penetrating; pervading. [L. irriguus.~] Irritate, irll-tat, v. t. To excite heat and redness in (the skin or flesh of animal bodies, as by friction); to fret; to increase the action or violence of; to ex- cite anger in, tease, provoke, exasperate. (Physiol.) To produce irritation in. [L. irritare, -tatum, to snarl (said of dogs), also to provoke, tease; perh. f req. of irrire, hirrire, to snarl; prob. onomat.] — It'- ritable, a. Capable of being, etc. ; easily inflamed or exasperated. — Ir'ritably, adv. — Ir'ritabiilty, n. Quality of being easily irritated; susceptibility to excitement. (Physiol.) A healthful vital suscep- tibility to the influence of natural, medicinal, and mechanical agents; a morbid and excessive vital susceptibility to the influence of natural, medicinal, and mechanical agents; the general vital activity of any and every part of the living animal body, whether in health or disease. — Irlitant, a. Irri- tating. — n. That which in any way causes pain, heat, or tension. — Irrita'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; undue excitement; esp., excitement of anger or passion; provocation; exasperation; anger (Physiol.) A normal and appropriate action of an or- gan or part of an organized being under appropriate stimulus or conditions of action ; a vitiated and ab- normal sensation or action, or both in conjunction, produced by natural, medicinal, or mechanical agents. [F.] — Irlita'tive, -tiv, Ir'ritatory, -rl-ta- to-rT, a. Serving to excite or irritate ; accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation. Irruption, ir-rup'shun, n. A breaking, or sudden, violent rushing into a place ; a sudden invasion or incursion. [F. ; L. irruptio, f r. irrumpere, to break in, fr. in and rumpere, ruptum, to burst. See Rup- ture.] — Irrup'tive, -tiv, a. Rushing in or upon. Is, iz, v. i. The 3d pers. sing, of the substantive vei/b, in the indicative mood, present tense. [AS.; Ic. and Dan. er, Goth, and G. ist, L. est, Lith. and Gr. esti, Skr. asti, fr. as, to be.] Isagon, i'sa-gon, n. (Math.) A figure whose angles are equal. [Gr. isos, equal (s. rt. Skr. vishu, equally), and gonia, angle.] — IOobar, -bar, -bare, -b&r, -bar'- ic, -barlk, n. (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting those places upon the earth's surface having the same mean height of the thermometer at the level of the sea. [Gr. isos and baros, weight.] — Isobath r - ytherm, -bath/T-therm, n. A line touching points on the earth's surface where the temperature is the same at the same depth. [Gr. isos; bathus, deep; and therme, heat.] — Fsochromatlc, -kro-matlk, a. ( Opt.) Having the same color, — applied to 2 rings, curves, or lines, having the same color or tint. [Gr. chroma, color.] — Isocb/ronal, -soklo-nal, -ronous, -nus, a. Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times. [Gr. chronos, time.] — Isocb/ronism, -nizm, n. State or quality of being, etc. — IsogeO- therm, -jeO-thSrm, n. (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line or curved surface passing beneath the earth s surface through points having the same mean tem- perature. [Gr. ge, the earth, and therme, heat.] — Isoge'othernfal, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. — Isomeric, -so-merlk, a. (Chem.) Having the quality of isomerism. [Gr. meros, part.] — Isonv- erism, -somOr-izm, n. (Chem.) An identity of ele- ments and of atomic proportions, with a difference in the amount combined in the compound molecule, and of its essential qualities. — Isomet'iic, -rical, a. Pert, to, or characterized by, equality of measure. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Isometrical projection. A method of delineating machines, buildings, etc., in which the ground-plan and elevations are shown in one view, 3 planes being projected at an equal angle upon a single plane. — Isoper'imetlical, -per'T-mefrik-al, a. Having equal perimeters or circum- ferences. [Gr. perimetron, circumfer- ence.]— IsoperimO try, -e-trt, n. (Geom.) The science of figures hav- ing equal perimeters or boundaries. — iOopod, -so-pod, n. (Zobl.) A species of crustacean whose legs are alike. [Gr. pons, podos, foot.] — IsosOeles, -sosOe-lez, a. (Geom.) Having only 2 legs or sides that are equal, — said of a triangle. See Triangle. [L.; Gr. skelos, leg. ] — IOotherm, -therm, n. (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line Isopod. over the earth's surface passing through points hav- ing the same mean annual temperature. [Gr. therme, heat.] — Isothernfal, a. Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhib- ited by means of isotherms; having the nature of an isotherm; illustrating the distribution of tempera- ture by means of a series of isotherms. Ischiatic, is-kl-atlk, a. Pert, to the hip. [Gr. ischion, hip.] 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tgrm : In, Ice ; 5dd, tone. 6r ; ISHMAELITE 299 IZZARD Ishmaelite, ish'ma-el-It, re. A descendant of Ishmael, whose hand was against every man; one at war with society; an outlaw; outcast. Iainglas3, i'zin-glas, re. A semi-transparent, whitish form of gelatine, chiefly prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of sturgeons; sheets of mica, — popu- larly so called. [D. huizenl>las, lit. sturgeon-bladder, fr. huizen, sturgeon, and bias, bladder.] Iais.i'sis.n. (Myth.) The principal goddess worshiped bv the ancient Egyptians. Islam, iz'lam, re. The religion of Mohammed ; the whole body of his followers. [Ar. islam, obedience to the will "of God, fr. salama, to submit to God.] — Is'lamism, -izm, re. The faith or creed of, etc.; Mo- hammedism; Mahometanism.— Islamit'ic, a. Pert, to Islam; Mohammedan. Island, iKand, n. A tract of land surrounded by wa- ter; a floating mass, resembling an island, —v. t. To cause to become an island, as by surrounding with water; to surround, insulate. [ME. Hand, ylond (the s having been inserted from confusion with isle, q. v.), AS. igland, fr. ig, island, and land, land, Ic. and OD. eyland, Sw. bland; Ic. ey, Dan. and Sw. o, isl- and; s. rt. AS. ea, L. aqua, water.] — Isl'ander, IV- and-er, re. An inhabitant of an island. Isle, II, re. An island. — v. t. To cause to become an island, or like an island. [ME. iU, yle, OF. isle, F. V>>, L. insula. See Insular.]— Isl'et, iKet, n. A [OF. islette.] Ism, izm, n. A doctrine or theory, esp. used contemp- iittle isle. [OF. islette.'] tuously; a specious, but wild or visionary theory. [Fr. the E. termination -ism, denoting the theory, doctrine, or abstract idea of that signified by the word to which it is appended.] Isobar, Isochronal, Isosceles, etc. See under Isagon. Isolate, is'o-lat, v. t. To place in a detached situation, puce by itself, insulate. (Chem.) To separate from other substances; to obtain in a pure state. ("Same as insulate; It. isolare, fr. tso/a = L. insula, island.] — Is'ola'tion, n. State of being isolated. Israolite, iz'- or is'ra-el-it, re. A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Jew. — Is'raelific, -Tfik, Is'raelit'ish, -it'ish, a. Pert, to Israel; Jewish; Hebrew. Issue, ish'shoo, re. Act of passing or flowing out; a moving out of any inclosed place; egress; act of sending out; delivery; that which passes, flows, or is issued or sent out, — as, the whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; or, ultimate result or end; or, progeny, a child or children, offspring; or, produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or other property; evacuation; discharge; a flux or running. (Med.) An artificial ulcer designed to promote a secretion of pus. (Law.) In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determina- tion. Any point in debate or controversy on which the parties occupy affirmative and negative posi- tions ; the presentation of alternatives between which to decide.— v. i. [issued (-shood), -suing.] To pass or flow out, go out, rush out ; to proceed, as from a source, or as progeny ; to be produced as an effect or result : to arise, proceed. (Legal Pleadings.) To come to a point in fact or law, on which the parties join and rest the decision of the cause. To close, end, terminate. — v. t. To send out, put into circulation: to deliver for use; to send out, deliver by authority. [OF. issue, fern, of issu, p. p. of tt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ,^■1 JOUST 304 JUMBLE profession of editing, or writing for, journals.— Jour'nalist, n. The writer of a journal or diarv; conductor of, or contributor to, a public journal. — Jour'nalize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izixg.] To enter an account of in a journal.— v. i. To aid by writ- ing in carrying on a public journal. — Jour'ney, -nl, n. ; pi. -neys, -niz. Travel from one place to another ; passage ; voyage ; tour ; expedition ; pil- grimage.— V. i. [JOURNEYED Q-nid), -NEYING.] To travel from place to place. [F. journee, orig. a whole day, a day's work or travel, LL. jornata, day's work.] — Journeyman, n. ; pi. -men. One hired to work by the day; a workman who has learned his trade and is supposed to be capable of earning the full rate paid for day's work. —Jour 'ney-work, n. Work done by a journeyman working at his trade. Joust. Same as Just. Jove, jov, n. The chief divinity of the ancient Ro- mans; Jupiter. [OL. Jovis, ior'Diovis; s. rt. Skr. div, to shine, deva (L. dens), a deity, daiva, divine, Gr. Zeus, AS. Tiw (whence E. Tuesday), Ic. Tyz, OHG. Zio, Ziu, a chief Aryan divinity.] — Jo'vial, -vt-al, a. Under the influence of Jupiter, the planet; gay; joyous; jolly. [OF., born under the planet Jupiter, L. jovialis.] — Jo'vially, adv. — Jo'vialness, Jovi- al'ity, -al'I-tt, Jo'vialty, n. Merriment. Jowl, jol, n. The cheek. [ME. chole, chowl, chattel, AS. ceafl, the jaw, OS. kaflos, the jaws ; s. rt. Skr. jahh, to yawn, jambha, the jaws.] — Cheek by jowl. With the cheeks close together; in close fellowship. — Jowler, joK- or jowKer, n. Name for a hunting- dog, beagle, or other thick-jawed dog. Joy, joi, n. The emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good ; exhilaration of spirits ; cause of happiness ; gladness ; pleasure ; delight ; felicity; rapture ; bliss ; mirth ; festivity ; hilarity. — v. i. [joyed (joid), joying.] To rejoice, be glad, exult. [pF.joye,joie, goie, It. gioja, fr. L. gaudia, fr. gauaium, joy, f r. gaudere, to rejoice. ] — Joy'ance, -ans, n. Gayety; festivity. — Joy'ful, -ful, a. Full of joy ; very glad ; exulting. — Joyfully, adv. — Joy'fulness, n. — Joyless, a. Destitute ot joy; giv- ing no pleasure; unenjoyable. — Joylessly, adv.— Joy'lessness, n. — Joy'ous, -us, a. Full of joy ; joy- ful; glad; lively; blithe; gleeful; sportive; delight- ful. — Joy'ously, adv. — Joy'ousness, n. Jubilant, ju'bt-lant, a. Uttering songs of triumph; rejoicing; shouting with joy. [L. jubilans, p. pr. of jubilare, -latum, to shout, ir.juhilum, a shout of joy; perh. s. rt.joke ; not s. rt. jubilee.'] — Jubila'te, -la / - te or -la'ta, n. The 3d Sunday after Easter, — the church service formerly beginning on that day with the words of the 06th psalm, "Jubilate Deo," etc. [L., imperative of jubilare.'] — Jubila'tion, n. Act of rejoicing; exultation. [F.; L. jubUatio.] Jubilee, ju'bY-le, n. {Jewish Hist.) Every 50th year, at which time all slaves were liberated, and all lands alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. {Rom. Cath. Church.) A solemnity celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, latterly of 25 years. A season of public festivity and joy; joy- fulness; exultation. [OF. jubile", L. jubilseus, jubilee, fr. Heb. yobel, a blast of the trumpet.] Judaic, Judaism, Judaize, etc. See under Jew. Judge, juj, n. {Law.) A civil officer authorized to hear and determine causes, civil or criminal. The Supreme Being; one skilled to decide on the merits of a question, or on the value of anything; a con- noisseur; expert. (Jewish Hist.) A chief magistrate with civil and military powers, such as those who governed the nation more than 300 years, pi. The title of the 7th book of the Old Testament, —v. i. [judged (jujd), judging.] To hear and deter- mine (in causes on trial); to pass sentence; to as- sume authority to try anything and pass judgment oo it: to form an opinion, determine, distinguish. — v. t. To hear and determine by authority (a case before a court, or controversy between parties); to examine and pass sentence on; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward; to determine upon inquiry or deliberation; to esteem, think, reckon. [F.juge, L. judex, judicis, a judge, judicare, -catum, to judge, fr. jus, law (see Just), and dicare, to point out, make known.] — Judge-Advocate. {Mil.) One appointed to act as public prosecutor at a court-mar- tial.— J.- A.- General. {U.S. Army.) An officer at the head of the bureau of military justice, with the rank of brigadier-general. — Judg'er, n. One who judges or passes sentence. — Judge' ship, n. Office of judge. — Judgement, n. Act of judging; process ef the mind in comparing ideas, to find their mutual j relations, and to ascertain truth ; that discerned by the mind in judging ; opinion ; notion; facility in i judging ; faculty of judging or deciding truly and wisely ; good sense ; taste. {Philos.) The act or faculty of comparing objects, and discerning their illations, attributes, or properties; result of the act thus performed. {Law.) Sentence of the law, pro- nounced by a court or judge; decision of a court. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recom- pense for wrong committed. {Theol.) The final punishment of the wicked. — Judg'ment-day, n. {Theol.) The last day, when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God's moral govern- ment. seat, n. The seat on which judges sit in court ; a court ; tribunal. — Ju'dicative, -dt-ka-tiv, a. Having power to judge. — Ju'dicatory, -to-rT, a. Dispensing justice. — n. A court of justice; tri- bunal; distribution of justice. — Judicature, -ka- chur, n. Power of distributing justice by legal trial and determination; right of judicial action; juris- diction; a court of justice; extent of jurisdiction of a judge or court. [F.; L. jw/icatura.] — Judicial, -dish'al, a. Pert, or appropriate to courts of justice; practiced or employed in the administration of jus- tice; proceeding from a court of justice; positive or established by statute; inflicted, as a penalty or in judgment. [OF. judiciel, L. judicialis, fr. judicium, a trial, judgment.] — Judicially, adv. In the forms of legal justice; by way of penalty.— Judi'ciary, -dish'I-a-ri, a. Passing judgment or sentence; pert, to courts of judicature, —n. That branch of govern- ment in which judicial power is vested; judges col- lectively. — Judicious, -dish'uB, a. According to, having, or exercising, sound judgment; prudent ; wise; discerning; sagacious. [F. judicieux.] — Ju- diciously, adv. — Judi'ciousness, n. Jug, jug, n. A vessel, with a capacious body and nar- row mouth, and usually a handle on one side; a large earthen or stone hottle ; a pitcher ; ewer ; a prison; jail. —v. t. [jugged (jugd), -ging.] To boil or stew, as in a jug ; to commit to jail, imprison. [Prob. f r. Jug, Judge, formerly nicknames for Joan or Jenny ; cf. jack, jitt, susan, formerly names for drinking vessels.] Juger, ju'jer, n. A Roman measure of land = 28,808 sq. feet, or 240 by 120 feet. [L. jugerum.] Juggle, iug'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To play tricks by sleight of hand ; to conjure ; to practice artifice or imposture. — v. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. — n. A trick by legerdemain; an imposture- deception. [OF. jogleres, jougleor, L. jocuiator, a jester, fr. jocular i, -latus, to jest, fr. jocvlus, dim. of jocus, a joke, q. v.] — Jug'gler, n. One who prac- tices tricks by sleight of hand; a cheat; deceiver. — Jug'glery, -gler-T, n. Art or act of, etc.; trickery; imposture. Jugular. See under Join. Juice, jus, 7i. The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance, esp. that which may be ex- pressed from fruit or meat, or which flows from them in cooking. [OF. jus, juice, liquor, sap, soup, L. jus, Skr. yusha, soup, yu, to join, mix.] — Juiceness, a. Destitute of juice ; dry. — JuKcy, ju'si, a. [-CIEE, -ciest.] Abounding with juice; moist; suc- culent. — Jui'ciness, n. Jujube, ju'jub, n. An oriental fruit, allied to the plum, of a blood-red or saffron color, and having a sweet, granular pulp. [OF. jujubes, L. zizyphum, Gr. zizuphon, fruit of the tree zizuphos, Per. zizafun.] — Jujube paste. The dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, an expectorant made of gum arabic sweetened. Julep, ju'lep, n. A sweet drink; esp. {Med.), a demul- cent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture; a bever- age composed of some spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint. [F. ; Sp. julepe, Per.julab, julep, fr. gulab, rose-water, fr. gul, a rose, and ab, water.] Julian, jul'yan, a. Pert, to, or derived from, Julius Caesar. — Julian calendar. The calendar as adjusted by Julius Csesar, in which the year was made to con- sist of 365 days, 6 hours, instead of 365 days. — J. epoch. Epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 B. c. — J. period. A chronological period of 7980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and in diction cycles. — J. year. The year of 365 days, 6 hours. —July', -li', n. The 7th month of the year,— fr. Julius Caesar, born in this month. Jumart, ju'mart, n. The supposed offspring of a bull and mare. [F., prob. corrupt, fr. L. chimsera, q. v.] Jumble, jum'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To mix am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Toe ; odd, tone, dr ; JUMP 305 JUST in a confused mass; to put or throw together with- out order.— v.?'. To meet, mix, or unite confusedly. — n. Confused mixture; orderless mass or collec- tion : a small, sweet cake, often ring-shaped. [Freq. of jump, q. v.] — Jam , bler, n. One who mixes things in confusion. Jump. jump. r. i. [.tumped (jumt), jumping.] To lift the feet wholly from the ground and alight again upon them, usually with a forward motion ; to leap : to skip, spring, bound; to jolt: to coincide.— v. t. To pass by a leap, pass over eagerly or hastily, skip over.— n. Act of jumping; a leap ; spring; bound: a venture. (Geol.) A dislocation in a stratum ; a fault. {Arch.) An abrupt in- terruption of level in a piece of brick- work or musonry. [ial. guru}. a. MHG. gum- lien, to jump. Ic. goppa, to skip, Dan. gumpe, to jolt.] — Jump'er, n. One who or that which jumps; the maggot of the cheese-fly : a long iron chisel or borer; a kind of sleigh ; one of a certain re- ligious sect. — Jump'seat. n. A carriage with a movable seat, readily changed from the one-seated to the two-seated form. Juncate. junk'et, n. A cheese-cake; delicate food; a furtive or private entertainment. [See Ju>-ket.] Junction, Juncture. See under Join. June, jun, n. The 6th month of the year. [L. Junius, fir. Juno, because it was sacred to tnis goddess.] Juneating, jun'a-ting, n. A kind of earlv apple. [See Jexxetixg.] Jungle, jun , »l, n. Land mostly covered with forest trees, brush-wood, etc., or coarse, reedy vegetation, but not wholly uninhabited. [Hind. jangdt,jungul, fr. Skr. jangala, dry, desert.] — Jnn'gly, -gll, a. Consisting of, or abounding with, jungles. Junior, jun'yer, a. Less old ; younger, esp. applied to the younger of 2 persons of the same name: pert, to a younger person, or to a junior. — n. A younger per- son; of a lower or younger standing; as", esp., one in the 3d year of his collegiate course in an Arner. col- lege, or in the 1st year of his course at a theological seminary. [L., compar. of juvenis, Skr. yuvan, young.] — Junior'ity, -yor'i-tT, n. The state of be- ing junior. Juniper. ju'ni-pSr, n. An evergreen shrub or tree, whose berries are used to flavor gin and as a power- Jump-seat. Two-seat form. ful diuretic. JL. juniperus. See Geneva.] Junk, junk, n. Pieces of old cable or cordage. (Aaut.) Hard salted beef supplied to ships. [Pg. junco, a .3U. JUHISU, \j 11 1 11. 'an. Malay ajonq.] junk. n. A thick rush, also cordage made from rushes, L. juncus, a rush, — the beef "being so called because as tough as old ropes.] — Junk'-wad, n. (Artillery.) A wad made of oakum, bound with spun yarn, used in fir- ing hot shot, being placed between the charge and projectile. — Junk Dealer. One who buys and sells junk, old" metals, etc. Junk, junk, n. A ship used in China. [Pg. and Sp. Junco, Ch:' cht Junk, piece: lump. [Same as chunk.'] — Junk-bottle. A bottle, usually of green June. ,ade thick and strong, for holding liquors, etc. Junket, jugk'et, n. Juncate: a sweetmeat: a stolen entertainment. — v. i. To make aprivate entertain- ment; to feast, banquet. — v.t. To give entertain- ment to ; to feast. [It. giuncata, a kind of cheese which was brought to market upon rushes, p. p. of giuncare, to strew with rushes, fr. giunco, L. juncus, a rush; s. rt. jonquil, junk.] — Junk'eting. n. A pri- vate entertainment, esp. when secret and jovial. Junta. Junto. See under Joix. Jupiter, ju'pT-ter, n. (Rom. Myth.') The supreme deity; the son of Saturn : Jove. (Astron.) The largest planet, and, next to Venus, the brightest: it has 4 moons. [L. = Dions pater : see Jove.] Jupon. ju-pon / ' or zhoo-pawx'. Juppon, jup-pon', n. A sleeveless jacket, orig. worn over armor, composed of several thick- nesses of material sewed through and faced with silk or velvet ; a petticoat. [F. jupon.] Jurassic, ju-ras'sik, a. (Geol.) Of the age of the middle secondary, or the oolite and lias, — named fr. rocks of the Jura mountains. Juridic, ju-rid'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a judge: acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law. [L. juridicus, fr. jus, juris, law (see Just), and dicare, to pro- claim : see Judge.]— Jurid'- ically, adv. According to forms of law. — Ju'riscon'sult, -ris- kon'sult. n. A man learned in the law, and consulted thereon: a jurist; counselor. [L.juriscon- sultus, fr. jus and consulere, -sul- tum, to consult.] — Ju'risdic'- tion. n. Legal power or authoritv of determining causes; power o*f governing or legislating, or of ex- T ercising authority ; limit within d u P° n - which power may be exercised. [F. ; L. jurisdio- tio, fr.jus and dic'tio. a saying : see Diction.] — Ju'- risdic'tional. a. Pert, to jurisdiction. — Ju'risdic'- tive,-tiv, a. Having jurisdiction.— Ju'rispru'dence, -proo'dens, n. The science of law; knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or com- munity. [F.; L. jurisprvdentia, fr.jus and pruden- tia, a foreseeing, knowledge.] — Medical jurispru- dence. Science of the application of anatomy, phys- iology, and therapeutics, to the determination of cases" in law. — Jurisprudent, a. Understanding law: jurisprudential. — n. One who, etc. — Jurispru- den'tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, etc. Jurist. See under Just. Jury, ju'ri, n. (Law.) A body of men, selected and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to declare the truth of it on the evidence given them in the case: a committee for adjudging prizes at a public exhibition, etc. [F. jurie. lit. a company of sworn men, prop. fem. p. p. of jurer, L. jurare, to swear; s. rt. just.] — Ju'ryman, n. ; pi. -iie>\ One impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror. — Ju r - ror, n. (Law.) One who serves on a jury; a jury- man. One of a committee chosen to adjudge prizes at a public exhibition, etc. \Y.jureur, L.jurator.] Jury-mast, ju'rr-mast. n. (3 T atrt.) A temporary mast erected in a ship, to supply the place of one carried away. [Perh. fr. Dan. kiore. a driving, fr. kiore. Ic. keyra, to drive, — i. e. a thing by which a ship is driven: prob. not for injury-mast,] Just, just, a. Rendering, or disposed to render, to each one his due : conformed to fact, to the truth of things, to a proper standard, to reasonable expectations, etc. ; upright; impartial: righteous: equitable: true: fair; regular. — adv. Precisely; exaetly: closely: nearly. [T. juste, L. Justus, fr. jus, juris, right, law. lit. that which binds; s. rt. Skr. yu, to bind.] — But just. That and no more; barely: scarcely. — J. now. The least possible time since :" a moment ago. — Justly, adv. — Jusfness, n. — Jus'tice, -tis. n. Quality of being just; the renderin? to every one his due: conformity to truth and reality: fair" representation of facts; just treatment ; merited reward or punishment ; equity; justness: one duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and ad- minister justice". [OF., justice, also a judge, L. jus- titia. justice: LL., a tribunal, a judge, fr. L. Justus.] — Jus'ticeship. n. Office or dignity of a justice. — Justiciable. -tish'T-a-bl. a. Proper to be examined in courts of justice. — Justiciar. -tish'T-ar. -ciary, -tish'T-a-rT, n. A judge or justice: a lord chief jus- tice. [LL,. justitia'rius'.] — Ju'rist. n. One versed in the law. esp. in the civil law, or the law of nations. [F. juriste. LL. jurista. fr. L. jus.] — Jus'tlfy. -tt-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To prove or show to be just, or conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or dutv: to vindicate as right; to pronounce free from blame. (Theol.) To treat as just, though guilty and deserving punishment. (Print.) To form even'or true lines of(type) by proper spacing; to ad- just, cause to fit. rF.justifier, L.j"stijicare, fir. Justus and facere, to make.] — Jus'tifi'able, a. Capable of being proved to be just: defensible: warrantable; excusable. — Jus'tiii'ableness. n. — Jus 'tin ably. adv. — Jus'tifica'tion. n. Act of justifying; vintti- sun, cube, full ; moon, toot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboy, chair, get. JUST 306 KEEN cation ; defense ; state of being justified. {Law.) The showing of a sufficient reason in court why a party accused did what he is called to answer. (Theol.) The treating of sinful man as though he were just. [F. : L. justification — Justificative, -tiv, -ca'tory, -to-rY, a. Justifying ; having power to justify. — Jus'tinca'tor, n. — Jus'tifL'er, n. One who justifies; one who pardons and absolves from guilt and punishment. Just, Joust, just, n. A mock encounter on horseback; a tilt; one of the exercises at tournaments.— v. i. To engage in a mock fight on horseback; to push, drive, jostle. [ME. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, to just, tilt, tourney, orig. to meet, approach, fr. jouste,Li. juxta, near to, hard by; LL. juxtare, to approach, join. See Juxtaposit.] Jostle. See Jostle. Jut, jut, v. i. To shoot forward, project beyond the main body. — n. A shooting forward; projection. [Same as jet, q. v.] — Jufty, -tl, n. A projection in a building; a pier or mole; jetty. [See Jetty, under Jet.]_ Jute, jut, n. A substance resembling hemp, used in manufacturing mats, coarse carpets, etc. ; also, the plant which produces it. [Bengali jut, j'oot, jute; Skr.iata, Malay jat, matted hair, a braid.] Juvenile, ju've-nil, a. Young ; youthful; pert, or suited to youth. — n. A young person or youth. [F.; L. juvenilis, fr. juvenis, young; s. rt. young.] — Ju'- venileness, -niKity, -I-tl, n. Youthfulness; manners or customs of youth. — Juvenes'cent, -nes'sent, a. Becoming young. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenes- cere, to grow young again, ir. juvenis.] — Juvenes'- cence, -sens, n. A growing young. Juxtaposit, juks-ta-pozlt, v. t. To place in close con- nection or contiguity. [L. juxta 0= jugista, fern, abl. of superl. of jugis, continual, fr. rt. of jungere, to join, q. v.} and rt. of position, a. v., under Pose.] Jux'taposi'tion, -zish'un, n. A placing or being • ity. [£] placed in nearness or contiguity. K. K, ka, the 11th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is silent before n, but elsewhere has one invariable sound, like c hard. Kabala. See Cabala. Kafir, Kaffir, Caffre, kaf 'Sr, n. One of the great Bantu race, occupying Africa between Negro land and Cape Colony, so named by the Arabs; specifically, one of a Bantu tribe living in Kaffraria. [Ar. kafir, infidel.] Kaiser, ki'zSr, n. An emperor. [G.; L. Csesar, q. v.] Kale, Kail, kal, n. A plant allied to the cabbage, culti- vated for its curled or wrinkled leaves or "sprouts"; borecole. [Ga. and Ir. cal, Manx kail, L. caulis.] Kaleidoscope, ka-li'do-skop, n. An optical instrument which, by a change of position, exhibits its contents in a variety of colors and symmetrical forms. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, skopein, to behold.] Kalendar. See Calendar. Kali, ka'lY, n. (Bot.) A species of glasswort, the ashes of which are used in making glass. [Ar. qah. See Alkali.]— Ka'lium, n. (Chem.) Potassium,— so called by German chemists. Kalif. See Caliph. Kalmia, kal'mt-a, n. An evergreen shrub, native to N. Amer., having corymbs of showy flowers; laurel. [Fr. Peter Kalm.] Kaloyer. See Caloyer. . . Kamsin, kam'sin, n. A hot southerly wind in Egypt ; the simoom. [Ar. khamsin, fr. khamsun, 50, because it blows for about 50 days.] Kanaka, ka-na/ka, n. A native of the South bea isl- ands, esp. of the Sandwich Islands. [Maori, man.] Kangaroo, kan / ga-roo > ', n. A ruminating, marsupial animal of Australia and the neighboring islands, having short fore legs, used only for digging, bringing food to the mouth, etc., and long hind legs, with which it makes e n o rm o u s bounds. [Native name.] Kaolin, -line, ka'o-lin, n. (Min.) A variety of clay used for making porce- lain. [Chin, kaoling.] Karob, ka'rob, n. With goldsmiths, the 24th part of a grain. Katydid, ka'tT-did, n. A broad-winged green grass- hopper, living in trees, — the males of which, at night, by means of membranes in their wing-covers, make a sound, resembling ka-ty-did. Kayak, ka'ak, n. A light boat of Greenland, made of seal-skins stretched upon a frame, and coming close round the body of the oarsman. Kayle, Kail, kal, n. A nine-pin; kettle-pin. [D. kegcl, a nine-pin, keg, kegge, a wedge; Dan. kegle, a cone, kegler, nine-pins; s. rt. keg.] Keblah, keb'la, n. The point toward which Moham- medans turn in prayer, being the direction of Mec- Kangaroo. ca. [Ar. kiblah, anything opposite, the south, fr. kabalah, to be or he opposite.] Keck, kek, v. i. [kecked (kekt), kecking.] To heave the stomach; to retch, as in an effort to vomit. — n. A retching or heaving of the stomach. [Prov. G. koecken.] — Keck'le, kekl, n. Same as Keck. Keckle, kek'l, v. t. [keckled (-Id), -ling.1 To wind rope round (a cable) to preserve it from being fret- ted, or to wind chains round (a ship's hull) to de- fend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. [Perh. s. rt. Gr. kuklos, circle, round.] Kecksy. See Kex. Kedge, kej, n. (Naut.) A small anchor used to keep a ship steady when riding in a harbor or river, and esp. at the turn of the tide, to keep her clear of her bower anchor. — v. t. [kedged (kejd), kedging.] To warp, as a ship; to move by means of a kedge, as in a river. [Sw. dial, keka, to tug, to drag one's self forward.] — Kedg'er, n. A kedge. Keel, kel, n. The principal timber in a ship, extend- ing from stem to stern at the bottom, and supporting the whole frame : see Ship ; hence, a ship ; a low, flat-bottomed vessel, to convey coal ; a broad, flat vessel, for cooling liquids; a keel- er. (Bot.) The 2 lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, inclosing the stamens and pistil. (J¥at. Hist.) A projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or curving surface. — v. i. [keeled (keld), keeling.] To plow with a keel, navigate ; to turn up the keel, show the bottom. [ME. kele, Keel, (-tfot.; a keel, partly fr. AS. ceol, Ic. kjoll, OHG. cheol, a ship ; partly fr. Ic. kjolr, D. and G. kiel, keel oi a ship.] — False keel. A strong timber bolted to the bottom of the keel, to protect it. — Keel'age, -ej, n. Right of demanding a toll for a ship entering a har- bor; duty so paid. — KeeKer, n. A shallow tub for holding materials for calking ships, or for other uses. — Keel'-boat, n. A large, covered boat, with a keel, but no sails, used on Amer. rivers for trans- porting freight; a low, flat-bottomed freight-boat.— Keel 'haul, v. t. [-hauled (-hawld), -hauling.] (Naut.) To haul under the keel of a ship, as a pun- ishment, by ropes attached to the yard-arms on each side. [OD. kielhaalen; D. halen, to haul, pull.] — KeeKson, kel'sun, n. (Ship-building.) A piece of timber laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and binding the floor timbers to the keel. [G. kielschwein, Norweg. kjolsvill; svill — G. schwelle = E. sill, q. v., corrupt, to -son.] Keeling, kel'ing, n. (Ichth.) A kind of small cod. [Ic. keila.] . Keen, ken, a. Eager; vehement; sharp; having a fine, Keelson; 6, Keel; c, False Keel. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term -^ rn, Jce ; Odd, tone. 6r ; KEEP 307 RE'S cutting edge ; piercing; severe; acrimonious; acute of mind ; penetrating ; having mental acuteness. [AS. cene, sharp, acute, Ic. kxnn, wise ; s. rt. ken, can.] — Keen'ly, adv. — Keen'ness, n. Keep, kep, v. t. [kept, keeping.] To cause to re- main in a given position, situation, or condition ; to maintain unchanged: to hold, retain in one's power or possession; to nave in custody, take care of; to detain; to protect, guard, sustain; to hide; to attend upon ; to maintain (an establishment, institution, etc.); to conduct, manage; to supply with necessaries of life, entertain; to maintain (an assistant, servant, horse, etc.); to continue in (a course of action); to adhere to, perform, observe, obey (duty, promise, command); to confine one's self to, remain in, haunt, frequent; to celebrate, solemnize. — v. i. To remain in any position or state, continue, stay; to last, en- dure; to reside for a time, dwell. — n. Act of keep- ing; custody; care; state of being kept; resulting condition; case; maintenance; support; that which keeps or protects; a stronghold; castle; esp. the strongest and securest part of a castle, the donjon: see Castle ; that which is kept or had in charge. [AS. cepan, a form of cypan, to traffic, sell, store up, retain, keep, fr. ceap, traffic, price. See Cheap.] — To keep company with. To frequent the society of, accompany, go with ; to give or receive attentions, with a view to marriage. — To k. good or bad hours. To be early or late in returning home or in retiring to rest. — To k. school. To teach a school, as a pre- ceptor. — Keener, n. One who or that which keeps, or has possession of anything; one who has care of a prison and custody of prisoners, or care, custody, or superintendence of anything; one who keeps him- self or remains; a ring which keeps another on the finder.— Keep'ership, n. Office of keeper. — Keep'- ing, n. A holding; restraint; custody; maintenance; supnort; just proportion; conformity; congruity. — Keep'ing-room, n. A common parlor or sitting-room. — Keep'-sake, n. Anything kept, or given to be kept, f irthe sake of the giver; a token of friendship. Keeve, kev, n. A large vessel for fermentingliquors. {Mining.) A vat for dressing ores. — v. t. To set in tub, for fermentation. [AS. cyf, L. cupa, a cask.] Bg, keg, n. A small cask; barrel;'cag. [See Cag.] Kelp, kelp, n. Calcined ashes of sea-weed, from which carbonate of soda and iodine are made. (Bot.) The sea-weed yielding kelp. [ME. kilp.] Kelpie, Kelpy, kel'pf , n. In Scotland, a spirit of the waters, in the form of a horse, vulgarly believed to warn those soon to be drowned. [Scot.] Kelt. Same as Celt. Kelter, kel'ter, n. Regular order or condition. [Perh. fr. Ir. cealt, clothes.] Ken, ken, v. t. [kenned (kend), -ning.] To know, understand; to recognize, descry. — n. Cognizance; view; esp. reach of sight or knowledge. [ME., D., and G. kennen, Ic. kenna; s. rt. can, q. v. J — Ken/- ni.ig, n. The limit of vision at sea, — 20 miles. Kennel, ken'nel, n. A house for dogs ; a pack of h-mnds ; the hole of a fox or other Deast. — v. i. [kenneled (-neld), -neling.] To lodge, lie, dwell, — as a dog or fox. — v. t. To keep in a kennel. [ME. kenel, NormF. kenil, OF. chenil ; NormF. Ian, OF. chen, L. canis, a dog; s. rt. hound.) Kennel, ken'nel, n. A gutter; puddle. [Same as chan- nel; ME. and OF. canel, L. canalis; s. rt. canal.'] Kennel-coal. See Cannel-coal. Keno, ke'no, n. A game played with numbered cards, and balls correspondingly numbered. [F. quine, 5 winning numbers, fr. L. quini, 5 each, fr. quinque, 5.] Kentle. Same as Quintal. Kentledge, kentle;), n. (Naut.) Pigs of iron for bal- last Laid on the floor of a ship. [D. kant, edge, cor- ner. [See Cant.] Kept. See Keep. Keramic. See Ceramic. Kerchief, kgr'chif , n. A square of fine linen used by women to cover the head ; any cloth used in dress, esp. on the head. [OF. covre-chef, fr. covrir, to cover, and chef, L. caput, head ; s. rt. head.] Kerf, k5rf, n. A notch, slit, channel, or way through wood made by a saw or other cutting instrument. [AS. cyrf, a cutting off, fr. ceorfan, to cut, carve.] Kerite, ke'rlt, n. An insulating material used in tel- egraphy, composed of tar or asphaltum, combined with animal or vegetable oils, and vulcanized by sulphur. [Gr. keras, horn.] Kermes, ker'mez, n. Dried bodies of an insect found on various species of oak around the Mediterranean, containing coloring matter analogous to carmine, and used in dyeing. [See Crimson.] — Kermes min- eral. An artificial sulphuret of mercury, in the state of fine powder, — named from its brilliant red color. Kern, kern. n. An Irish foot-soldier of the lowest rank; a boor. (Eng. Law.) An idle person or vaga- bond. [OGa. and Ir. cearn, a man.] Kern, kern, n. A hand-mill ; a quern. (Type-found- ing.) Part of a type which hangs over the body, or shank. — v. i. [kerned (kgrnd), kerning.] (lype- founding.) To form with a kern. [See Quern.] Kernel, ker'nel, n. A little grain or corn ; anything included in a shell, husk, or integument ; a small mass around which other matter is concreted ; nu- cleus ; central part of anything. [AS. cyrnel, dim. of corn, grain.] _ Kerosene, ker'c-sen, n. A hydrocarbon illuminating oil, distilled from petroleum. [Gr. keros, wax.] Kersey, ker'zf, n. A coarse woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from long wool. [Prob. fr. Kersey, in Suffolk, Eng.]— Ker'seymere, -mer, n. A thin, twilled cloth, generally of the finest wool; cassimere. Kestrel, kes'trel, n. A small, slender hawk, of a red- dish fawn color, streaked and spotted with white and black. [F. cresserelle, cristel.] Ketch, kech, n. A vessel with 2 masts, a main and mizzen-mast, usually from 100 to 250 tons burden. [Corrupt, fr. Turk, qaiq, a boat, skiff.] Ketchup. See Catchup. Kettle, ket'tl, n. A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, used for heating water, etc. [AS. cetel, cytel, fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep vessel, bowl ; s. rt. Gr. kotulos, cup, E. cotyledon, q. v.] — Ket'tle-drum, n. A drum made of a copper vessel, usually hemispher- ical, or shaped like a kettle, covered with parchment ; an informal af- ternoon or early evening party. [See Drum.] Kex, keks, Keck'sy, -sY, n. The dry stalk of the hemlock, or of other plants; a dry husk or covering. [W. ceceys, hollow stalks, cegid, L. ci- Kettle-drum. cuta, hemlock.] Key, ke, n. A portable instrument to shut or open a lock, by moving or raising a bolt or tumbler, or one by which anything is wound, screwed, turned, or tightened, as, a watch-fc?/, bed-key, etc.; that which unlocks a secret or mystery, or discloses anything difficult, a solution, explanation; that which locks up and makes fast, as, (Arch.) a piece of wood let into another across the grain to prevent warping ; (Masonry.) the highest central stone of an arch, key- stone; or (Mech.) a piece of wood or metal, placed in coincident slots or mortises, to hold parts together; a wedge or cotter in a frame, chain, etc.; a fin, spline, feather, or wedge, fastening a wheel or crank upon a shaft. (Mm.) A lever of wood, ivory, or metal, in an organ, piano-forte, etc., pressed by the fingers in playing the instrument; the fundamental tone of a movement, key-note.— v. t. [keyed (ked), keying.] To fasten with keys or wedge-shaped pieces of wood or iron. [AS. cseg, OFries. kai, kei.] —Key of a position, or country. (Mil.) A point the possession of which gives the control of that position or country. —Power of the keys. (Keel.) Authority of the ministry in Christian churches, esp. in the Rom. Cath., to administer the dis- cipline and grant or with- hold the privileges of the churchj — from Christ' s promising to St. Peter "the keys of the kingdom of heav- en." — Keyed, ked, a. Fur- nished with keys ; set to a key, as a tune. — Key'-board, n. (Mis.) The whole range of the keys of an organ or piano-forte. hole, n. A hole in a door or lock, for re- ceiving a key. (Carp.) An excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to re- ceive the key which fastens them. — note, n. (Mm.) The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece is written. seat, n. (Mach.) A rectangular groove, esp. in a wheel and shaft, to receive a St. Peter's Keys, an emblem of papal power or authority. Key-seat. cube, full ; moon fo"ot : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. KEY 308 KING key, 60 as to prevent one part from turning on the cither. — stone, n. (Arch.) The wedge-shaped stone on the top or middle of an arch or vault, which binds the work. Key, ke, n. An island rising little above the surface, as in the "W. Indies ; a quay. [See Quay.] — Key'- age, -ej, n. Money paid for use of a key or quay. Khalif. See Caliph. Khan, kawn or kan, n. A prince ; king ; chief, — so called among the Tartars. [Per. and Tart.] -Khan '- ate, -at, n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. Khan, kan, n. An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] Khedive, ka-deV or ke'div, n. Governor, viceroy, — a title granted by the Sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt, in 1866. [Per., a prince.] Kibe, kib, n. An ulcerated chilblain, as in the heels. [W. cibi, cibwst, for cib-gwist ; cib, cup, husk (prob. s. rt. cup), and gwst, a humor, disease.] Kibitka, kl-bifka, n. ; pi. -kas, -kaz. A framed tent of the nomad Tartars; a leather-covered Russian ve- hicle, used for winter travel and as a movable habi- tation. [Rus., fr. Ar. kubbah, vault, tent.] Kick, kik, v. t. [kicked (kikt), kicking.] To strike, thrust, or hit violently with the foot. — v. i. To practice striking with the foot ; to thrust out the foot violently ; to manifest opposition ; to recoil, — said of a musket, etc. — n. A blow with the foot ; recoil of a fire-arm, when discharged. [W. cicio, to kick, cic, foot.] — To kick the beam. To fly up and strike the beam,— said of the lighter arm of a loaded balance; to be found wanting in weight. — To k. the bucket. To lose one's life, die, — alluding to a bent piece of wood, called a bucket, by which a slaugh- tered pig is hung up. — Kick'er, n. Kickshaw, kik'shaw, n. Something fantastic or un- common, or that has no particular name : a fantas- tical dish. [Corrup. fr. F. quelque chose, something; quelque = L,. qualis, of what kind — E. which; chose =L. causa, cause, thing.] Kid, kid, n. A young goat ; a bundle of heath and furze ; a small wooden tub or vessel, — applied, among seamen, to one containing food; leather made of kid skin; a glove of kid leather; among thieves, etc., a child. [Dan. and Sw.; Ic. kidh, lit. that which is produced; s. rt. chit, child, kin, etc.] — Kid'ling, n. A small kid. — Kid' dy, -dT, v. t. [-died (-did), -dy- ing.] To deceive, hoax, take advantage of. — Kid'- nap, v. t. [-naped (-napt), -naping.] To steal and carry away or secrete (a man, woman, or child). [Niap same as nab; Dan. nappe, to snatch.] — Kid'- naper, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away a human being; a man-stealer. Kiddle, kid'di, n. A kind of wear in a river for catching fish, —corrupt, pron. kittle. [LL. kidellus.] Kidney, kid'nT, n. ; pi. -neys, -niz. (Anat.) One of 2 oblong, flattened glands, at each side of the lum- bar vertebras, and surrounded with fatty tissue, which constitute the secretory organs of the urine. Habit; disposition ; sort ; kind ; a waiting-servant. [ME. kidnerc ; kid corrupt, fr. quid, quith, 1c. krirlhr, Sw. qved, AS. ciodh, the womb (s. rt. Skr.jathara, belly, womb, Gr. gaster, L. venter) ; nere = Ic. nyra, D. nier, kidney, prob. s. rt. Skr. niv, to be fat.] — Kid'ney-bean, rc. (Bot.) A sort of bean, — shaped like the kidney. — Kid'ney-form, -shaped, -shapt, a. Shaped like, etc. Kilderkin, kil'der-kin, n. A small barrel; a liquid measure containing 18 gallc 16 or 18 gallons. [OD. kindekin, lit. little child, dim. of kind = E. child, v.] kil, Kill, kil, v. t. [killed (kild), kill- ing.] To deprive of life, animal or tt-:a' „„ B y. nno /i vegetable ; to put to death, slay, Kidney-shaped destroy; to deprive of active quali- ties, appease, quell, calm, still. [Ic. kolla, to hit in the head, kollr, top, head, crown ; D. kollen, to knock down, kolhijl, butcher's axe, kol, a knock on the head; prob.' s. rt. W. col, peak, summit. Ir. coll, a head, L. collis, a hill: see Quell.] — Kill'er, n. Killikinick. See Kinnikinic. Killock, kil'lok, n. A wooden anchor for mooring a fishing boat at sea; in N. Eng., a small iron anchor. Kiln, kil, n. A large furnace or oven for calcining, vitrifying, baking, burning, or drying anything: a pile of brick for Durning or hardening. [AS. ci/Jn, fr. L. culina, a kitchen: s. rt. culinary.] — Kiln'-dry, kil'dri, v. t. To dry in a kiln. Kilogram, kiKo-gram, abbr. Kilo, kelo, n. A measure of weight, — 1,000 grams = 2.67951 pounds troy, or 2.20485 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.31 grains). [F. kilogramme, fr. Gr. chilion, 1,000, and gramma, l-24th ounce: see Gkam.] — Kiloliter, kl-lol'I-ter or kil'o- li'ter, n. A measure of capacity = 1 cubic meter = 1,000 liters = 35.3166 Eng. or 35.3105 Amer. cubic feet, or 264.14 Amer. gallons of 231 cubic inches. [F. kilolitre: see Litek.J— Kilometer, kT-lom'e-ter or kil'o-me'ter, n. A measure of length, — 1,000 meters = 3,280.890 Eng. or 3,280.709 Amer. feet, or .62135 of a mile. [F. kilometre: see Meter.]— Kilostero, ke- lo-star', n. A measure of solidity or volume, — 1,000 cubic meters = 35,316.6 Eng., or 35,310.5 Amer. cubic feet. [F.] Kilt, kilt, n. A short petticoat, worn by men in the Highlands of Scotland, and by children in the Low- lands. [Ga. kilt, Dan. kilte, to tuck up, Ic. kilting, a skirt; s. rt. Ic. kjalta, the lap, E. child.} Kilter. See Kelter. Kimbo, kim'bo, a. Crooked ; arched ; bent. [See Akimbo.] — To set the arms akimbo. To set the hands on the hips, with the elbows outward. Kin, kin, n. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity; relatives; kindred. —a. Of the same nature or kind; akin. [AS. cynn, Ic. kyn, kin, kindred, tribe; s. rt. E. andXi. genus, q. v.] — Of kin. Allied; related by birth or marriage. — Kin'ship, n. Relationship.— Kins'folk, -fok, n. Relations; persons of the same family. — Kins 'man, -woman, n. One who is, etc. — Kind, kind, n. Race; genus; generic class; esp. one fixed by the laws of nature ; sort; nature; style; manner ; character ; native character. [AS. cynd, gecytal.] — a. Having feelings befitting a common nature; esp., showing tenderness or goodness; dis- posed todogood; obliging; indulgent; tender; good; gentle; friendly; loving. [AS. cynde, gecynae.J — Kind'ly, -IT, a. [-liek, -liest.] Belonging to the kind or species; natural; kindred; sympathetic; dis- posed to do good; gracious; favorable; mild; gentle. — adv. In a kind manner; benevolently. — Kind'- liness, n. — Kind'ness, n. Quality of being kind ; good will; benevolence; a kind act; act of good will. — Kind'-heart'ed, a. Having kindness of nature. — Kin'dred, n. Relationship by birth ormauriage; consanguinity; kin; relatives by blood or marriage; relations.— a. Related; congenial; of like nature or properties. [ME. kinrede, fr. AS. cynn and -rseden, condition, lit, law; s. rt. read.] Kindergarten, kin'der-gar'ten, n. A school for young children, combining play with study. [G., children's garden.] — Kin'dergart'ner, n. A teacher in, etc. Kindle, km'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To set on tire, light; to inflame, as the passions; to exasper- ate, rouse, provoke. — v. i. To take fire ; to begin to be excited ; to grow warm or animated. [Ic. kyndill, fr. AS. candel, fr. L. candela, a candle, Ic. kynda, to light a fire.] — Kin'dling, n. Act of , etc. pi. Mate- rials easily lighted, for starting a fire. Kine, kin, n. pi. Cows. [Fr. ME. ky, cows = AS. cy, pi. of cu, cow, q. v., — a double plural.]— Kine'- pox, n. (3/ed.) Cow-pox, q. v. Kinematics, kin-e-mat'iks, n. Science of pure motion. [Gr. kinema, motion.] Kinetoscope, ki-ne'to-skop, n. A machine for the production of animated pictures. [Gr. kinetos, movable + skopein, to view.] King, king, n. A sovereign; monarch; chief among competitors; a playing-card having the picture of a king; the chief piece inthegame of chess; acrowned checkerman. pi. The title of 2 books in the Old Testament. — v. t. To supply with a king, make royal. [AS. cjjning, fr. cyn, a tribe, race, km, q. v., with suffix -ing, belonging to, son of, i. e., elected by, or chief of, the tribe.] — King at arms. An offi- cer in Eng. who directs the heralds and has jurisdic- tion of armory.— King's English. Correct or current language of good speakers; pure English. — King'- ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Directed by a king ; monarchical; royal; belonging to, suitable to, or be- coming, a king; regal. — adv. With an air of royal- ty ; in a king-like manner. — Kingliness, «■ — King'ship, n. State, office, or dignity of, etc.; royal- ty. — King'cup, n. The buttercup, q. v. — King'- d'om, -dum, n. Quality and attributes of a king ; royal authority ; monarchy ; country subject to a king; domain; one of the great divisions in nat.hist. classification; adepartment. [AS. cyned.om.']— King'- fish, n. The opah, a fish having splendid colors ; also, the Amer. whiting; also, the black-spotted Spanish mackerel. — King'fisher, n. A bird of sev- eral widely distributed genera, inhabiting borders am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, t5ne, or ; KINK 309 KNIFE Kingfishei of streams, and living on fish, which it takes by darting down on its prey in the water. — King'-bird, n. A small bird of X. Amer., the tyrant fly- catcher or bee-martin, — noted for its courage in driv larger birds from the vicinity of its nest. crab, h. A large = crustacean, having the form of a horse's foot, with sharp, straight tail-spine ; horse-shoe crab. — kilFer, n. One who kills a king; a regicide. — -post,w. (Arch.) A beam in the frame of a roof, or any compound girder binding the tie-beam to the ridge. — King's Bench- (Law.) The highest court of common law in Eng., — so called because the king used to sit there in per- son. — King's'-evil, n. A scrofu- A > *Jng-post. lous disease, formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a king. ink, kink, n. A spontaneous twist or doubling upon itself of a rope or thread, which prevents its running freely; a crotchet; whim. — v. i. [kinked (kinkt), kinking.] To twist or knot spontaneously. [D. and Sw., a kink.] " I ,c, kin / nt-kt-nik r , n. A preparation for ? mok- used by the North American Indians, consisting of the bark and leaves of red sumac or red willow. [Indian.] Kino, ki'no, n. An astringent extract of a deep brownish-red color, obtained from certain tropical trees. [Prob. an E. Indian word.] Kinology, ki-noFo-jr, n. Science of the laws of mo- tion or of moving bodies. [Gr. kviein, to move, and logos, discourse.] Kiosk, kt-osk', 72. A Turkish open summer-house, supported by pillars. [Turk, kiushk. fr. Per. kushk.] Kip, kip, n. The skin of a young beast. — Kip'-skin, n. Leather prepared from the skin of young cattle, intermediate between calf -skin and cow-hide. Kipper, kip'per, v. t. [-peeed (-perd), -ebbing.] To cure (fish) by means of salt and pepper, and by hanging up. — n. A salmon after spawning, also one split open, salted, and dried or smoked. [D. kippen, to hatch, also to catch.] Kirk,kerk,7!. In Scot., a place of worship: church; the established church in Scotland. [Scot.; Ic. kirkja, fr. AS. cirice. See Church.] — Kirk'man, n. ; pi. -men. One ofjthe church of Scotland. Kirschwasser, kersh'vas'ser or -wos-ser. n. An alco- holic liquor, obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the small black cherry ; Swiss brandy. [G., fr. kirsche, cherrv, and wasser, water.] Kirtle, ker'tl, n. An upper garment; gown; petticoat; short jacket. [AS. cyrtel, Ic. kyrtell ; prob. s. rt. L. curtus, E. curt, shirt, short, skirt.] Kismet, kis'met, n. Destinv; fate. [Turk.] Kiss, kis, v. t. [kissed (kisf), kissing.] To salute or caress with the lips; to buss; to touch gently, —v. i. To join lips, touch, meet. — n. A salute made by touching with the lips pressed closely together and suddenly parting them; a small piece of confection- ery. [AS. coss, a kiss, cyssan, to kiss; s. rt. L. gustu- lus, a small dish of food, also a kiss, dim. of gustus, a taste, E. choose, gust.] — Kiss'er, n. — Kiss / ing-com / - fit, -kurrpfit, n. A perfumed sugar-plum to sweeten the breath. — Kiss'ing - crnst, n. (Cookery.) An overhanging portion of the upper crust of a ioaf. Kit, kit, n. A vessel of various kinds; esp., a wooden tub; that which comprises a necessary outfit, as of tools, necessaries, etc., as of a workman, soldier, etc. [D. ; OD. kitte, a tub; perh. s. rt. AS. o/tc, a cell, and, if so, E. cot.] Kit, kit, n. A small violin or fiddle. [AS. cytere, L. cithara = E. cithern, guitar.] Kit-cat, kit'kat, a. Of the style of three-quarter length portraits on canvas 28 or 23 inches by o0, which was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for portraits of members of the Kit-cat Club. [Named fr. Christo- pher Cat, its pastry cook.] Kitchen, kich'en, n. A room appropriated to cook- ery; a utensil for roasting meat. [AS. cicen. L. co- quina, fr. coquere, to cook, q..v.] — Kitch'en-gar'den. rt. A garden for raising vegetables for the table. — -maid, n. A woman employed in the kitchen. — -stuff, n. Fat collected from pots and dnpping-pans. Kite, kit, n. A rapacious bird of the hawk kind, dis- ting. fr. hawks and falcons by having a forked tail and long wings ; one who is rapacious ; a frame of wood cov- ered with paper, for flying in the air : fic- titious commercial pa- per designed to de- ceive— v. i. Lit., to fly a kite ; to raise money, K](e or sustain one's credit by the use of fictitious mercantile paper. [AS. cyta.) Kith, kith, n. Acquaintances or friends. [ME. kith, cudhdhe, fr. AS. cydh, kindred, cydhdhe, native land, fr. cudh, p. p. of cunnan, to know.] — Kith and kin. Intimate acquaintance and relations. Kitten, kit'tn, n. A young cat. — v. i. [kittened (-tnd), -tening.] To bring forth young, as a cat. [Dim. of cat; cf. F. chatton, fr. chat, L. catulus, a whelp, fr. catus, a cat.] Kleptomania, klep-to-ma'nl-a, n. A morbid impulse to steal; propensity to thievishness. [Gr. kleptein, to steal, and mania, madness.] Klick. Same as Click. Knab, nab, v. t. [knabbed (nabd), -bixg.] To seize with the teeth, lay hold of. [See Nab.] Knack, nak, n. A petty contrivance: toy; something requiring neat performance ; facility of perform- ance ; dexterity ; adroitness. [Same as crack tnd knock; Ga. cnac, "W. cnec, a crack, snap, — thence a snap with the fingers, juggler's trick, dexterity.] — Knack'er, n. A maker of knacks, toys, etc. Knacker,, nak'er, n. A dealer in old horses for slaugh- ter, and in hoofs, dog's meat, etc. [Orig. a harness- maker; Ic. hnakkr, a saddle.] Knag, nag, n. A knot in wood, esp. a protuberant knot; a peg for hanging things on; a shoot of an antler. [Ir. and Ga. cnag, knob, peg: s. r-t. knack, knuckle.] — Knag'gy, -gT, a. Knotty; full of knots; rough in temper. Knap, nap, n. A protuberance; knob or button ; ris- ing ground; a summit. [AS., W., Ga., and Ir. cnap, nob, button.] Knap, nap, r. t. [knapped (napt), -ping.] To bite, bite off; to strike with a loud noise; to snap. — v. i. To make a short, sharp sound; to snap. [Ga. cnap, to knock, D. happen, to crack, snap, crush, eat; s. rt. knack.] — Knap'sack, n. A case for food, clothing, etc., borne on the back by soldiers, travelers, etc. [D. knajjzak, fr. knap, eating, and zak, bag.] Knar, Knarl. See Gnarl. Knave, nav, n. A dishonest person; rascal; villain; a playing-card marked with the figure of a servant or soldier, a jack. [AS. cnafa, cnapa, a boy.] — Knav'ery, -Sr-T, n. Disnonesty; pet- ty villainy ; trickery ; mischievous Knavish,* a. Like a knave ; villainous. — Knav' ishly, adv. — Knav'ishness, n. Knead, ned, v. t. To work and press into a mass; esp., to work into a well-mixed mass, as the materials of _bread. [AS. cnedan, D. knedem.]— Knead'er, n. ne, n. (Anat.) The joint connecting the 2 " parts of the leg. (Mech.) A piece of tim- or metal with an angle in the shape of the bent knee. [AS. cneo, D. and G. knie, Dan. knee, L. genu, Gr. gonu, Skr.janu ; s. rt. genuflection, hexagon, etc.] — Knee'-deep. a. Rising to the knees; sunk to the knees. — high. -hi. a. Rising or reaching upward to the knees. — -joint, n. (Mach.) A joint consist- ing of 2 pieces butting on each other like the knee bent, so as to thrust with increasing power when pressed into a straight line; a toggle-joint. pan, n. (Anat.) The patella, — a flattened round pone on the front part ofthe knee-joint — Kneel, nel, v. i. [knelt (nglt) or kneeled (neld), kneeling.] To bend the knee, fall on the knees. [Dan. knaele^ AS. cnemcianPt — KneePer, n. Knell, nel, n. The stroke of a bell, rung at a funeral, or at the death of a person: a death-signal. — v. i. [knelled (neld), knelling.] To sound as a knell, or as a warning or evil omen. [AS. cnpl, a knell, sound of a bell, cnyllan, to beat noisily.] Knew. See Know. Knickerbockers, nik'er-bok'erz, n. pi. Trousers end- ing at the knee, as worn in Holland, and now by sportsmen, young boys, etc. Knickknack, "nik'nak," n. A trifle or toy; bawble; gewgaw. [Fr. knack, q. v.] Knife, nif, n. ; pi. Knives, nivz. A cutting instrument principal ] ber or me sun, cube, full : moon, fot)t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. KNIGHT 10 KUMISS having a blade with a sharp edge and a handle. [AS. cnif, D. knijf, knife, knijpen, to pinch; s. rt. nip.'] — Knife'board, n. A board on which to clean knives; in Eng., a seat along the roof of an omnibus. Knight, nit, n. A military attendant; a follower; a partisan ; champion; lover; one admitted, in feudal times, to a certain military rank, with special ceremonies; in Eng., one on whom a dignity next below that of baronet is con- ferred by the sovereign, enti- tling him to be addressedas Sir; a piece in the game of chess, usually bearing a horse's head. — v. t. To dub or create a knight. [AS. cniht, D. and G. knecht.] — Knightly, -It, a. Pert, to, or becoming, a knight. — adv. In a manner becoming, etc. — K n i g h t'l i n e s s, n. — Knight'hood, -hotid, n. Char- acter, dignity, or condition of a knight ; the whole body of knights at a particular time. — Knight-er'rant, -er'rant, n. A knight who traveled in search of adventures, to exhibit mil- itary skill, prowess, and gen- erosity. — Knight-errantry, -rt, n. Practice of, etc. Knit, nit, v. t. [] TO.] Ti KNIT or KNIT- Knight in full Armor. knot or into knots; to tie; to form, by the interlooping of yarn or thread in a series of connected knots, by means of needles; to join, cause to grow together; to unite closely, con- nect; to draw together, contract. — v. i. To unite or weave anything by making knots; to be united closely. [AS. cnyttan,ir. cnotta, a knot] — Knit''- ter, n. — Knifting, n. The work of a knitter; net- work formed by knitting. — Knit'ting-nee'dle, n. A long needle of steel, wood, etc., used for knitting stockings, etc. — Knot, not, n. A complication of threads, cords, or ropes, formed by tving, knitting, Or entangling, which resists sepa- ration; a bond of union; connec- tion; something not easily solved; a difficulty; perplexity; a figure, the lines of which are interlaced or intricately interwoven ; a collec- tion; band; clique; a joint in the stem of a plant; a hard place in wood caused by fibers passing transversely across the grain, as at the insertion of a branch; a protu- berance. (Naut.) A division of the log-line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel's motion. A nau- tical mile of 6,086.7 ft. (Ornith.) A bird allied to the snipe. — v. t. To form a knot; to unite closely; to entangle ; perplex. — v. i. To form knots or joints. [D. ; AS. cnotta, L. nodus, for gnodus, a knot.] — Knof-grass, n. (Bot.) A weed-like plant of several species,— so called from the joints of its stem. — Knofted, a. Full of knots; having intersecting lines or figures. — Knot'ty, -ft, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Having many knots; hard; rugged; difficult; intricate; perplexed.. — Knot'tiness, n. Knives. See Knife. Knob, nob, n. A hard protuberance; bunch; round ball at the end of anything; a ball-shaped handle. rSame as knop, q. v. J — KnoVby, -bT, a. Full of knobs or protuberances. — Kaob'biness, n. Knock, nok, v. i. [knocked (nokt), knocking.] To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to strike against, clash. — v. t. To strike, drive against; to strike for admittance, rap upon (a door, etc.) — n. A stroke with something heavy ; a rap. [AS. cnucian, cnokien, fr. Ga. cnac, to crack, crash, break. See Knack.] — To be knocked up. To become fatigued, fail of strength; to become worn out, as with labor; to give out. — To knock u/>. To tire out; to arouse by knocking.— To k. off. To cease, desist. — To k. under. To yield, submit.— To k. down. To strike down, fell. (Auctions.) To assign to a bidder by a blow or knock; to knock off.— To k. in or on the head. To stun or kill by a blow upon the head; to Knots. , single knot ; b, double knot ; c, figure of 8 knot ; d, over-hand knot; e, bowline knot. put an end to, frustrate. — Knock'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. a kind of hammer fastened to a door, used in seeking admittance. — Knock'- down, a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow, — said_ of a blow or an argument. — Knock'-kneed, -ned, a. Having the legs bent in- ward, so that the knees touch in walking. Knoll. Same as Knell. Knoll, nol, n. The top or crown of a hill; esp., a little round hill or mount ; a small elevation of earth. tAS. and W. cnol, a hillock, Ga. and Ir. cnoc, a hill, ). knol, a turnip, — fr. its roundness.] Knop, nop, n. Orig. a knob ; tufted top ; button. (Arch.) Around Dunch of flowers or leaves; the foliage on the capital of a pillar. [D., a knob, but- ton, bud, AS. ensep, top of a hill, prob. fr. Ga. cnap, a slight blow, lump, knob, button, also (v.) to strike. See Knap and Nap (of cloth).] Knot, etc. See under Knit. Knout, nowt or noot, n. An instrument of punish- ment in Russia, with which stripes are inflicted on the bare back. — v. t. To punish with the knout. [Russ. fenut.] Know, no, v. t. [knew (nu), known (non), know- ing.] To be aware of as true or actual; to have mental cognition of ; to perceive or apprehend clearly; to be acquainted with; to recognize; to ac. knowledge, approve ; to have sexual commerce with. — v. i. To have knowledge, possess informa- tion ; to take cognizance. [AS. cnawen, L. noscere for gnoscere, Gr. gignoskein, Skr.ina, ; s. rt. can, ken, keen, noble, narrate, etc.] — To know how. To un- derstand the manner of; to be wise or enlightened enough. — Know'able, a. — Knowing, p. a. Skill- ful; well-informed; intelligent. — Knowingly, adv. With knowledge ; intelligently ; deliberately. — KnowPedge, HOrej, n. Act of knowing ; certain apprehension ; that which is known ; a cognition ; learning; scholarship; familiarity gained by actual experience ; practical skill ; information ; notice ; sexual intercourse. Knuckle, nuk'l, n. The joint of a finger, esp. when made protuberant by closing the fingers; knee-joint, esp. of a calf. —v. i. [knuckled (-Id), -ling.] To submit in contest to an antagonist; to yield, — said to be derived from the old custom of striking the under side of a table when defeated in argument.— v. t. To beat or strike with the knuckles. [D. and Dan. knokkel, dim. of D. knoke, bone, knuckle; s. rt. knag, knoll] — Knuckle-joint, n. (Mach.) A joint or hinge in which a projection on one part enters a recess on the other and is held by a pin on which both turn. Knur, Knurr, ner, Knurl, n. A contorted knot in wood; nodule; protuberance; hard substance; Knuckle-joint, a c r o s s-grained fellow. [OD. A in . Bi thimble . <» knorre, Dan. knort; s. rt. ' P spa de Wdle. gnarled, knob, knag, etc.] — KnurPy, -T, a. [knurlier, -iest.] Full of knots; capable of enduring or resisting much. Kobalt. Same as Cobalt. Kobold, ko'bQld or kob'o'ld, n. A kind of domestic spirit or elf among the Germans. [G. See Cobalt and Goblin.] Kopeck, ko'pek, n. A Russian coin worth about 2-3da of a cent. [Russ. kopeika, fr. koppe, a lance, —be- cause it orig. bore a figure of a spearman.] Koran, ko'ran or ko-ran / ', n. The sacred writings of the Mohammedans, — same as Alcoran. [At. al, the, and quran, book, f r. qaraa, he read.] Koumiss, koo'mis, n. A fermented or distilled intox- icating liquor made fr. mare's or camel's milk, used by the Tartars. [Russ. kumys, of Mongolian origin.] Kowtow, kow-tow', n. In China, a prostration by way of salutation. — v. i. To perform the ceremony of prostration. Kraal, kral or krawl, n. In S. Africa, a village ; col- lection of huts; hut. [D., prob. fr. Hottentot.] Kraken, kra'ken, n. A fabled sea animal of enor- mous size. [Prob. fr. OSw. krake, trunk of a tree, fr. its clumsy form.] Kreosote. Same as Creosote. Kreutzer, kroifser, n. A German coin of variable value, — less than a cent. Kufic, ku'fik, a. Of, pert, to, or used in, ancient Arabic, — said of the characters employed in writ- ing it, so called from Kufa, on the Euphrates. Kumiss. See Koumiss. ftm, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In, Ice ; Qdd, tone, 8r ; KUMMEL 311 LAOONIC Kummel, kum'mel, n. A Russian and German li- queur, consisting of a sweetened spirit flavored by caraway seeds. [G.] Kursaal, kur'sal, n. In Germany, a public hall for amusement, formerly for gaming. [G.] Kyanize, ki'an-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd). -izing.] To render proof against decay, as wood, by steeping it in a solution of corrosive sublimate, or other agent. [Fr. Ki/an, the inventor.] Kyriologic, kir^-o-loj'ik, -ical, a. Denoting objects dv conventional signs or alphabetical characters. [Gr. /curios, proper, literal, and logos, discourse.] L, el, the 12th letter of the Eng. alphabet, has only 1 sound, as in like, canal. In Eng. words, the termi- nating syllable le. is unaccented and the e is silent, as in able, eagle, pronounced abl, egl. — L of a house. A wing, or part attached to the main build- ing; properly, a wing joined at right angles to the main building, giving it the shape of the letter L. La, la. (Mus.) A syllable applied to the 6th tone of the scale for the purpose of solmization. La, law, interj. Look; see; behold. [AS. See Lo.] Labarum, lab'a-rum, n. The imperial standard adopt- ed by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity. [Late L.] Labefaction, lab-e-fak'shun, n. Act of making weak or lax; state of being weakened; decay; downfall. [L. labefacere, fr. labere, to totter, and facere, to make.] Label, la'bel, n. A narrow slip of paper, parchment, etc., affixed to anything, indicating its contents, ownership, etc.; any paper annexed to a will by way of addition, as a codicil. (Her.) A fillet with pendants or points, usually 3. ( Goth. Arch.) A pro- jecting tablet or molding over doorways, windows, etc.; drip- stone. — v. t. [labeled (-beld), labeling.] To affix a label to. [OF., fr. OHG. lappa, a small flap: s. rt. lap, lapel, lappet.'] Labial, la'bi-al, a. Pert, or belong- ing to the lips. (Pron.) Uttered principally with the lips, as 6, m, and p. — n. (Pron.) A letter representing a sound formed T chiefly with the lips. [Late L. Label. (Her.) labiatis, fr. L. labium, lip, q . v.] — La'biate, -at, -ated, a. (Pot.) Having the limb of a tubular co- rolla or calyx divided into 2 unequal parts, one pro- jecting over the other like the lips of a mouth. — La/biodent'al, c. (Pron.) Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the lips and teeth, as,/" and v. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] — Label'lum, n. (Bot.) The pendulous petal of the orchis family. [L., a little lip, dim. of labium.] Labor, la'ber, n. Toil or exertion, physical or mental, esp. when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable; that which requires hard work for its accomplishment; drudgery; work; task; travail; the pangs and efforts of childbirth. — v. i. [labored (-herd), -boring.] To exert muscular strength, work, toil; to exert one's powers of mind; to take pains; to be oppressed with difficulties; to be in travail. (Naut.) To pitch and roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. — v. t. To work at; to form with toil, exertion, or care; to finish or prosecute with effort; to urge. [ME. and OF. labour, L. labor, labos for rabos, s. rt. L. robur, strength, Skr. labh, to get, perform, Gr. lambanein, to take.] — Laboring oar. The oar which requires the most strength or exertion, or on which most de- pends. — La 'bored, -herd, a. Bearing marks of con- straint or effort in execution or style. — La'borer, -bSr-Sr, n. One who labors in a toilsome occupation, esp. one requiring little skill. — Labo'rious, -bo'rT- us, a. Requiring or employing labor, perseverance, or sacrifices; toilsome; irksome; using exertion; dili- gent ; industrious. — Labo'riously, adv. — Labo'ri- ousnesa, n. — La'borsome, -sum, a. (Naut.) In- clined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea. Laboratory, la.b'c-ra-to-rT, n. A place for operations and experiments in chemistry, pharmacy, pyro- techny.etc; place where anything is prepared for use. [Prop, elaboratory, f r. OF. elaboratoire, fr. L. elahorare, -atum, to take pains, fr. e, extremely, and labornre, to work. See Elaborate.] Laburnum, la-b^r'num, n. An Alpine tree, cultivated for its pendulous racemes of yellow flowers. [L.] — Labur'nin, -nine, -nin, n. (Chem.) A poisonous al« kaloid in the unripe seeds of, etc. Labyrinth, lab'T-rinth, n. A place full of intricacies, or formed with winding passages; any involved in- closure, or object or arrangement of involved form; an inextricable or bewildering difficulty; maze. [F. labyrinthe, L. labyrinthus, Gr. la'mrinihos, a maze, fr. laura, a lane, alley.] — Labyrintb/ian, -Y-an, a. Winding; intricate.— Labyrintb/ic, -ical, -ine, -in, a. Like or pert, to a labyrinth. Lac, lak, n. A red, resinous substance produced by an insect, mainly upon the banian tree, fr. which are made shellac, sealing-wax, varnishes, dyes, etc. ; in the E. Indies, 100,000,— as, a lac of rupees. [Per. lak, luk, gumlac; Hind, lak, 100,000, referring to the num- ber of insects in a nest; Skr. laksha, the animal dye (f r. rakka, p. p. of ranj, to dye, redden), also 100,000.] — Lac'quer, Lack'er, n. A varnish for metals, etc., consisting of a solution of shellac in alcohol, colored by gamboge, saffron, etc. — v. t. [lacquered (-kerd), -queringT] To varnish with, etc. [F. lacre, lacquer, Pg. lacre, sealing-wax, fr. laca= Per. lak, gum» lac] — Lac'quering, n. Act of, etc.; covering pro- duced by, etc. Lace, las, n. A string or cord for fastening; an orna- mental network of linen, silk, or cotton. — v. t. [laced (last), lacing.] To draw together with a lace or string; to adorn with lace; to variegate with stripes; to beat.— v. i. To have a lace; to be tied with a lace or string. [OF. las, lags, L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot; s. rt. L. lacere, to allure, E. lasso, de- light.] — La'cing, n. A fastening with a cord through eyelet-holes; a cord used in fastening. Lacerate, las'er-at, v. t. To tear, rend, wound, sepa- rate by violence, injure, or afflict. [L. lacerare, -atum, fr. lacer, mangled; s. rt. Skr. vracch, to tear, Gr. lakis, a rent, rhakos = E. rag, q. v.] — Lacera'- tion, n. Act of, or breach made by, rending.— Lac'- era'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to lacerate. Lache, lash, Laches, lash'ez, n. (Law.) Negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thine at the proper time. [O. & NormF. lachesse, fr. F. lache, lax, indolent, L. laxus, loose.] Lachrymal, lak'rf-mal, a. Generating or secreting tears ; pert, to, or conveying, tears. [L. lacryma, orig. dacrima, Gr. dakru, a tear ; s. rt. tear.] — Lacb/rymose', -mos', a. Generating or shedding tears; tearful. — Lacb/rymatory, -ma-to-rY, n. A ves- sel found in sepulchers of the ancients, supposed to have contained the tears of the deceased person's friends. [LL. lacrymatorium.] Lacing. See under Lace. Lack, lak, v. t. [lacked (lakt), lacking.] To be desti- tute of, be in need of, want. —v. i. To be in want, be wanting, —n. "Want; destitution; need; failure. [ME. lak, failing, fault, D. lak, blemish, stain, Ic. lakr, defective; ME. lakken, to be destitute of, D. laken, OFries. lakia, to blame; s. rt. leak.] — Lack r - brain, n. One deficient in understanding. — Lack'- lus'ter, a. Wanting luster; dull. Lackaday, lak'a-da', interj. Alas, —an expression of sorrow or regret. [Abbr. fr. alackaday, q. v.] — Lackadaisical, -da'zY-kal, -dai'sy, -z i, a. Affected- ly pensive or sentimental. Lacker. Same as Lacquer, under Lac. Lackey, lak'Y, n. ; pi. -eys, -iz. An attending serv- ant; footman; a servile follower. — v. t. To attend, wait upon. [OF. laquay, alacay, Sp. lacayo, perh. fr. Ar. luka, a slave.] Laconic, la-kon'ik, a. Pert, to Laconica or its inhab- itants; expressing much in few words; brief; con- cise; pithy. — n. A concise, sententious method of speaking; laconism; a concise phrase or expression. [L. laconicus, fr. Gr. Lakon, a Lacedaemonian. Spar- tan, — proverbial for an affectation of brevity.]-^ siln, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN. chair, get. LACROSSE 812 LAMBREQUIN Laconical, a. Same as Laconic. — Laconically, adv. — Lac'onism, -izm, Lacon'icism, -1-sizm, n. A concise manner of expression; laconic style; senten- tious phrase.— Lac'onize, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- ing.] To speak in a concise, sententious manner. Lacrosse, la-kros', n. An outdoor game, orig. of the Canadian Indians, played on ice or level ground, with balls and a wicker bat (crosse). [F.] Lacquer. See under Lac. Lacteal, lak'te-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, milk ; milky. (Anat.) Con- . n veying chyle. — n. One of the minute tubes which convey the chyle from the small intestine through the mesen- teric glands to the thoracic duct. [L. lacteus, milky, fr. lac, lactis, Gr. gala, galaktos, milk ; s. rt. lettuce.] — Lac'tate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of lactic acid, or acid of milk, with a base. — Lacta'tion, n. Act of giving suck, or time of suckling; se- T cretion .or excretion -L-acteals and Adjacent .Farts, of milk. — Lac'tean, a, aorta; 6, thoracic canal; c, lym- a. Milky; resem- phatic glands; d, radicals of the bling, or consisting chyliferous vessels ; e, intestine ; Of, milk; conveying /. mesentery ; g, lacteals. chyle. — Lac'teous, -te-us, a. Milky; resembling milk ; la cteal , conveying chyle.— Lactes'cence, -sens, n. Tendency to milk; milkiness or milky color. (Bot.) The juice, commonly white, which flows from some plants when wounded.— Lactes'cent, a. Producing milk or white juice; abounding with a thick, colored juice. [L. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere, to turn to milk, fr. Utctere, to be milky.] — Lac'tic, a. (Chem.) Pert, to milk, or procured from sour milk or whey. — Lactiferous, -er-us, a. Bearing or conveying milk or white juice; producing a thick, colored juice, as a plant. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Lactom'eter, n. An in- strument for ascertaining the proportion of cream in milk ; galactometer; a kind of hydrometer for as- certaining the value of milk by noting its specific gravity. [Gr. metron, measure.] Lacuna, la-ku'na, n. ; pi. -ir.fi, -ne. A small opening, pit, or depression; blank space; vacancy; niatus. (Bot.) The small pit or cup-shaped depression in the top of the thallus of some lichens; a vacant space between the cells of plants; an air-cell. (Anat.) A small cavity or sac in a mucous membrane. [L.; Gr. tokos, a hole, pit, tank: see Lake, water.] Lacustral, Lacustrine. See under Lake. uad, lad, n. A young man, or boy; stripling; fellow; Comrade. [W. llawd, Ir. lath, a youth, Ir. and Ga. tuth, strength; s. rt. lass.] T.ajjftnnm, lad'a-num, n. A gum-resin of a dark color and pungent odor, chiefly used as an external stim- ulant. [L. See Laudanum.] Ladder, lad'der, n. A frame of wood, rope, etc., con- sisting of 2 side-pieces, connected by rounds, form- ing steps by which persons may ascend; that which resembles a ladder in form or use; that by means of which one attains to eminence. fD.: AS. hlseder; perh. 8. rt. L. clathri, trellis, grate, Gr. Jcleithron, bar, bolt, kleiein, to shut, E. cloister.] Lade, lad, v . t. [imp. laded ; p. p. laded, laden ; lading.] To load ; to put on or in, as a burden or freight ; to throw in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle ; to dip. [Same as load, q. v.] — Lading, n. That which lades or constitutes a load or cargo ; freight ; burden.— La'dle, -dl, n. A cup with a long handle, used in lading or dipping; the float of a mill-wheel. (Gun.) An instrument for drawing the charge of a cannon.— v. t. [ladled (-did), -dling.] To use a ladle for dipping or drawing out. Ladino, la-de'no, n. ; pi. -nos, -noz. The name in Cent. Amer. for the mestizo, or half-breed descend- ant of whites and Indians. [Sp., fr. lado, L. latus, side.] Ladrone, la-dron', n. A robber; thief; pirate; rogue; rascal. [Sp.; L. latro, servant, robber.] Lady, la'dt, n. A mistress ; the female head of a household ; a woman of social distinction or posi- tion; the feminine corresponding to lord; a woman of gentle or refined manners; a wife, or spouse.— [ AS. hlsefdige, fr. klaf, a loaf, and perh. dsegee, a kneader, Goth, deigan, to knead.]— Our Lady. The Virgin Mary. — La'dykin, n. A little lady, — abbr. by Elizabethan writers to Lakin, as a title for the Virgin Mary. — La'dyship. n. Rank or position of a lady, — used as a title. — La'dy-bird, -bug, n. (En- tom.) A small, hemispherical, spotted beetle, feeding on plant-lice. — -day, n. Day of the annunciation of the virgin Mary, March 25. — love, n. A sweetheart or mistress. — La'dy's-slip/per, n. (Bot.) A terres- trial orchid, cult, for its flowers, the front segment of which resembles a slipper. tresses, n. A little orchidaceous plant, with an erect spike about which the white flowers are arranged in a spiral, somewhat resembling a tress of hair; a species of grass. Lag, lag, a. Slow; tardy; last; long-delayed. — n. One who lags; thatwhichcomesinlast; thefag-end; rump; lowest class ; amount of retardation of anything, as a valve in a steam-engine.— v. i. [lagged (lagd), -ging.] To walk or move slowly, stay behind, loiter, linger, delay. — v. t. To cover (a steam-boiler, etc.), to prevent radiation of heat. [Ga. and Ir., weak, faint, W. Hag, slack, sluggish, L. laxus, lax, loose ; s. rt. Gr. lagaros, slack, E. lax, languid, etc.] — Lag' r - gard, a. Slow; sluggish; backward. — n. One who, etc. — Lag'ger, n. — Lag'ging, n. The nonconduct- ing covering of a steam-boiler ; timber of a shaft in mines; planking over centering of arches and tun- nels. Lager-beer, la/gSr-ber, n. A German beer, — so called fr. its being stored for some months before use. [G. lager, bed,_storehouse, and bier, beer. See Lair.J Lagoon, la-goon', n. A creek, shallow pond, or lake, esp. one into which the sea flows; lake in a coral island. [It. lugone, aug. of lago, a lake, also, laguna. L. lacuna, a pool, both fr. L. locus, lake, q. v.] Laic, Laical. See under Lay, a. Laid. See Lay, v. t. Lain. See Lie. Lair, !ar, n. A place in which to lie or rest; esp. the bed of a wild beast ; any couch or resting-place. [AS. leger, fr. Ucgan, to he down ; G. lager, OHG. legar, couch, fr. liagan, to lie, q. v., and see Layer, under Lay ; s. rt. leaguer.] Laird, lard, n. In Scot., a lord ; a landholder under the degree of a knight or squire. [See Lokd.] Laity. See under Lay, a. Lake, lak, n. A large collection of water surrounded by land. [AS. lac, L. lacus, a lake, Gr. lakkos, a hollow, hole, pit; s. rt. lagoon.] — Lakelet, n. A lit- tle lake. — Lake'-dwel'lirig, «. One of a class of pre- historic dwellings, found esp. in Switzerland, built on piles or foundations of tree stems, reeds, etc., above the water of lakes. — Lacus'tral, -trine, -trin, a. Pert, to lakes or swamps. Lake, lak, n. A deep-red coloring matter, consisting of aluminous earth and cochineal or other red sub- stance; a compound of animal or vegetable coloring matter and a metallic oxide. [F. laque, rose-color, Per. lak, coloring produced f r. lac, q. v.] See Ladykin, under Lady. Lallation, lal-la'shun, n. An imperfect pronuncia- tion of the letter r % in which it sounds like I. [L. lair lare, to speak Lama, la/ma,"»?. A superior; a Buddhist priest in Thi- bet, Mongolia, etc. [Thibetan llama.] — Grand or JDelai-Lama. The Buddhist pontiff of Thibet, and supreme ruler in ecclesiastical and secular affairs. Lamb, lam, n. The young of the sheep kind ; one as innocent and gentle as a lamb. — v. i. To bring forth lambs, as sheep. [AS., Goth., and Ic.] — Lamb of God. (Script.) The Savior Jesus Christ, who was typified by the paschal lamb. — Lamb'kin, n. A small lamb. — Lamb's'-wool, -wo~61, n. The wool of lambs ; a beverage formed of ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples. Lambative. See under Lambent. Lambda, lambda, n. A variety of moth, having a mark like the Greek letter A on its wings. [Gr., name of A, A. = E. L, I.] — Lambdoid'al, Lamdoid'- al, a. In the form of the Greek A- [Gr. eidos, form.] Lambent, lam'bent, a. Playing on the surface; touch- ing lightly; gliding over; twinkling or gleaming. [L. lambens, p. pr. of lambere, to lick — said some- times of flames, Gr. laptein; s. rt. labial, Up, lap.] — Lam'bative, -tiv, a. Taken by licking with the tongue. — n. A medicine which, etc. Lambrequin, lam'bSr-kin, n. A covering for a knight's helmet, protecting it from heat, moisture, etc.; ornsp }f the letter r, in which it sounds like I. [L. lair to sing lullaby, Gr. lalein, to chatter, G. lallen, eak imperfectly.] ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm j la, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; LAME 313 LANGUAGE mental drapery hanging from a window casing, u shelf, etc. [F.J Lame, lam, a. Crippled or disabled in a limb, or otherwise injured so as to be unsound and impaired in strength ; imperfect ; not satisfactory ; hobbling; not smooth. — v. t. [lamed (lamd), laming.] To make lame, cripple, render imperfect and unsound. [AS. lama, D., Dan., Sw., and MHG. lam, lame, Ic. lama, to bruise, ProvE. lam, to beat. See Limb.] — Lame duck. A defaulter at the stock exchange. — Lamely, adv. In a lame, crippled, or imperfect manner: unsteadily; feebly. — Lame'ness.M. Lamellar, lam'el-lar, a. Composed of, or disposed in, thin plates, layers, or scales. [L. lamella, dim. of lamina, q. v.] — Lam'ellate, -lat, -lated, a. Com- posed of, or covered with. etc. Lament, la-ment', v. i. To weep or wail, mourn; to feel deep regret or sorrow. — v. t. To mourn for, bemoan, deplore, bewail, —n. Grief expressed in complaints or cries; lamentation; an elegy or mourn- ful ballad. [F. lamenter, L. lamenlari, to lament, lamentum, a cry ; s. rt. L. latrare, to bark.] — Lam'- entable, a. To be lamented; sorrowful; expressing grief; fitted to awaken lament; pitiable; miserable; pitiful; low; poor.— Lam'entably, adv.— Lamenta'- tion, n. Act of bewailing ; expression of sorrow. [F.]— Lament'er, n. .«..,* Lamina, lam't-na, n. ; pi. -km, -ne. A thin plate or scale ; a layer lying over another. (Anat.) A bone, or part of a bone, resembling a thin plate. (Bot.) The blade of a leaf. [L.l — Lamlnable, a. Capable of being formed into thin plates. — Laminar, -nary, -nate. -nated, a. Consisting of plates, scales, or lay- ers, one over another. Lamm, lam, v. t. To beat. [See Lame.] Lammas, lam'mas, n. The 1st day of August. [AS. hlafmassse, loaf-mass, feast of first fruits, fr. hlaf, loaf, and rnxsse, feast.] Lammergeir, lam'mer-gir, -geyer, -gi-e'r, n. A vulture of the Eastern hemis- phere, having the neck covered with feathers like true eagles, and seeking living animals for food as well as car- rion. [G. lammergeier, fr. lamm, pi. lammer, lamb, and geier, vul- ture.] Lamp, lamp, n. A ves- sel for producing arti- Lammergeir. ficial light or heat by means of a wick saturated with inflammable liquid; whatever yields light or cheerfulness. [ME. and OF. lampe, L. and Gr. lam- pas, fr. Gr. lampein, to shine; s. rt. lymph, limpid, lan- tern.] — Lamp'light'er, n. One who, or that which, lights a lamp.— Lamp '-black, n. A black pigment of fine charcoal deposited from smoke of burning oil, resinous substances, etc. Lamper-eel. Same as Lamprey. Lampoon, lam-poon / ', n. A personal satire in writing. — v. t. [lampooned (-poondO, -pooning.] To abuse in written satire'; to libel, defame, calumniate, lash. [Fr. lampon, orig. a drinking song, as apt to contain the exclamation lampons! let us drink ! fr. tamper, to drink ; s. rt. lap.] — Lampoon'er, n. Lamprey, lam'pre, n. An eel-like fish, having a round, sucking mouth, set with numerous minute teeth. [OF. lamproie, It. and LL. lampreda, f r. L. lambere, to lick (see Lambent), and petra, rock,— the fish at- taching itself to rocks with its mouth.] Lanate, la'nat, -nated, a. Woolly. (Bot.) Covered with a substance like curled hairs. [L. lanatus, fr. lana, wool, down.] — Lanifer- oua, -er-us, -nig'erous, -nij'er-us, a. Bear- ing or producing wool. [L.fen-e, gerere, to bear.] — La' nary, -na-rt, n. A store-place for wool. [L. lanaria.] — Lanu 'ginose, -jl-nos, -ginous, -nus, a. Covered with down, or soft hair; downy. [L. lanugo, woolly substance, fr. lana.] Lance, fans, n. A weapon consisting of a long shaft and metal point ; spear ; a soldier S armed with a spear; lancer.— v. t. [lanced ' (lanst), lancing.] To pierce with a lance; to open with a lancet; to throw in the man- ner of a lance. [F.; L. lancea, Gr. longche, a lance.] — Lan'cer, n. — Lance'wood, n. A light, tough, elastic timber fr. the W. In- , dies.— Lan'ceolate, -se-o-lat, -lated, a. (Bot.) late Lea£ Oblong and gradually tapering toward the outer ex- Lanceo- tremity. [L. lanceolatus, furnished with a lanceola, spike, dim. of lancea.] — Lan'cet, -set, n. A sur- gical instrument, sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in venesection, and in opening tumors, abscesses, etc. (Arch.) A high and narrow window pointed like a lancet. [F. lancette, dim. of lance.] — Lan'ci- nating, -sT-nat-ing, a. Acute dart- ing (pains), as if fr. the thrust of a lancet. — Lanch, v. t. [lanched (lancht), lanching.] To throw, as a lance, dart; to pierce with a lance. [F. lancer; same as launch.] Land, land, n. Earth, or the solid matter constituting the surface of the globe; any portion of the sur- face of the glohe, considered as be- ...=^.— longing to an individual or people; Lancet Window: ground; soil; inhabitants of a re- gion; the main land, disting. from an adjacent island: the ground or floor. (Law.) Any earth whatso- ever; real estate, —v. t. To set on shore, disembark, debark. — v. i. To go on shore from a vessel, dis- embark. [AS., D., Ic, Dan., Sw., Goth., and G- land ; AS. lendan, to land ; perh. s. rt. lawn.] — Land'- ed, a. Having an estate in land; consisting in real estate. — Landing, n. Act of, or place for, going or putting onshore from a vessel; platform of a rail- road station. (Arch.) The level floor at the end of a flight of stairs, or a resting place between 2 flights. — Landing-place, n. A landing. — Landless, a. Having no property in land.— Land'ward, adv. To- ward the land. — Land'fall, n. A sudden transfer- ence of property in land by the death of its owner. (Naut.) The first land discovered after a voyage. — Landlady, n. A woman who has tenants hording from her; mistress of a lodging-house. — Landlock, v. t. To inclose or encompass by land. — Landlord, n. The lord of a manor or of land ; the owner of land or houses who has tenants under him; master of an inn or lodging-house. — Landlouper, -loop-gr, n. A vagabond or vagrant. [D. landlooper, lit. land- runner, f r. loopen, to run or ramble.] — Landlub- ber, n. One who passes his life on land, — so called among seamen.— Land'man.w. ;pl. -men. A man who lives or serves on land, — opp. to seaman. — Land'- mark, n. A mark to designate the boundary of land; any fixed and known object or prominent feature of a locality; a striking historical event. (Naut.) Any elevated object on land that serves as a guide to sea- men. — Land'scape, -skap, n. A portion of land which the eye can comprehend in a single view; a picture exhibiting some real or fancied scene in na- ture. [D. landschap ; -schap — 'E. -ship.] — Lands'- man, n.; pi. -men. One who lives on the land, — opp. to seaman. (Naut.) A sailor when first at sea, — Land'-flood, n. An overflowing of land by water, esp. by inland waters ; a freshet. force, n. A military force serving on land. hold'er, n. A holder or owner of land. — slide, -slip, n. The slid- ing down of a mass of land from a mountain ; the mass which slides. — tax, n. A tax assessed on land and buildings. — Lan'damman, n. A chief magis- trate in some of the Swiss cantons ; the president of the diet of the Helvetic republic. [G. landamtmann, fr. land, country, and amtmann, Dailiff .] — Land'- grave, -grav, n. A German nobleman of the rank of an Eng. earl or French count. [D. landgraaf; graaf, count.] — Land'gravine, -ven, n. Wife of, etc. [D. landgravin.] — Landgrav'iate, -grav'Y-at, n. Territory, office, or jurisdiction of, etc. — Land'- sturm, lant'stoorm, n. In Germany, a general levy of the people for war ; the last reserve. [G. sturm, storm, alarm.] — Land'wehr, -var, n. In Germany and Russia, the militia ; national guard. [G. wehr t defense.] Landau, lan'do, n. A kind of coach whose top maj be thrown back. [Fr. Landau, Bavaria.] Lane, Ian, n. A narrow way, road, street, alley, or private passage; passage between lines of people standing on each side. [AS.; perh. s. rt. Ic. Ion, an inlet, Landau. Isena, a hollow place, vale.] Langrage, lan'grei, Lan'grel, n. A kind of shot for tearing sail? and rigging, consisting of a bundle of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron. sun, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, Hie»i, boNbo.v, chair, get. LANGUAGE 314 LARK language, lan'gwej, n. Human speech; expression of ideas by the voice, by writing, or other instru- mentality; forms of speech peculiar to a particular nation; characteristic mode of arranging words pe- culiar to an individual speaker or writer; style; ideas suggested by inanimate objects; a nation, as disting. t>y their speech ; tongue ; idiom ; dialect. [ME. and F. langage, fr. langue, L. lingua, the tongue. See Lingual.] languish, lar/gwish, v. i. (^-guished (-gwisht), -GUISHING.] To become languid or weak; to suffer, as from heat or drought; to grow dull, pine, droop, faint; to look with tenderness. — n. Act or condi- tion of, etc.: tender look or appearance. [F. lan- guir, L. languescere, to become weak, fr. languere, to be weak ; s. rt. Gr. langazein, to slacken, Ic. lakra, to lag, E. lax, q. v.] — Lan'guish.er, n. — Lan'guishment, n. — Lan'guor, -gwer, n. State of being languid ; lassitude; dullness of the intellec- tual faculty; listlessness. [L.] — Lan'guid, -gwid, a. Drooping from exhaustion; indisposed to exertion; slow in progress ; promoting or indicating weak- ness; faint; heavy; dull; weary; without animation. — Lan'guidly, adv. — Lan'guidness, n. Laniard. Same as Lanyard. Laniary, la'nt-a-rl, a. Lacerating or tearing. [L. laniare, to tear in pieces.] — Lan'ner, «./., Lan'ner- et, n. m. A long-tailed hawk found in Europe. [L. laniarius.'] Laniferous, Lanigerous. See under Lanate. Lank, lank, a. Loose or lax, and yielding to pressure; thin ana slender; not plump; not full and firm. [AS. hlanc; prob. s. rt. G. lenken, to bend. See Link.] — Lankly, adv. — LanVness, n. — Lank'y, -T, a. Somewhat lank; slender; slim. Lansquenet, lans'ke-net, n. A German foot-soldier of the 15th or 16th cent.; a mercenary; soldier of for- tune; a game at cards. [F.; G. and D. landsknecht, a foot-soldier, fr. G. land, land, and knecht, knight.] Lantern, lan'tgrn, n. A portable or fixed transparent case inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, etc.; upper part of a lighthouse. (Arch.) A little dome over the roof of a building to give light; an open tower. (Mach.) A trundle wheel. [F.lan- terne, L. lanterna, fr. Gr. lampter, a light, torch, fr. lampein, to shine. See Lamp.] —Dark lantern. . A lantern with a single opening, which may be closed to conceal the light. —Magic I. See under Magi. Lanthanium, lan-tb.a'nt-um, Lan'thanum, n. A metal occurring with cerium, — so called because its prop- erties were concealed by those of the latter. [Gr. lanthanein, to lie hid.] Lanuginose, -nous. See under Lanate. Lanyard, lan'yard, n. (Naut.) A short piece of line for fastening something in ships. (Mil.) A piece of twine, with an iron hook at one end, used in fir- ing cannon with a friction-tube. [OF. laniere.] Lap, lap, n. The loose part of a coat ; part of the clothing that lies on the knees when one sits down; part of the body thus covered; part of any sub- stance which extends over or lies upon another; an edge; border; hem. (Mach.) A piece of soft metal, used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cut- ting glass, gems, etc., or in polishing cutlery, etc. — v. t. [lapped (lapt), -ping.] (Mach.) To cut or polish (glass, etc.) with a lap. —v. i. To extend over or upon; to lay partly over something else. [AS. Iseppa, a loosely hanging portion, Ic. lapa, to hang down; s. rt. Skr. lamb, to hang, L. labi, to glide, E. lobe, lapse, limp, label.] — Lap'ful, -f ul, n. As much as the lap can contain. — Lap'stone.'rc. A stone for the lap, on which shoemakers beat leather. — Lap'- dog, n. A small dog held in the lap. — streak, a. Made with boards whose edges lap one over another. — Lapel', n. That part of a coat which is made to fold over. — Lap'pet, n. Part of a garment, etc., hanging loose; a flap. Lap, lap, v. t. [lapped (lapt), -ping.] To fold, wrap, or twist round; to infold, involve. — v. i. To be spread or laid on or over; to be turned over or upon. [ME. lappen, wlappen, older wrappen; same as wrap, q. v.] Lap, lap, v. i. To take up food or drink with the tongue; to make a sound like that produced by tak- ing up drink with the tongue. — v. t. To take with the tongue, lick up. [ME. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian, Gr. laptein, to lap, L. lambere, to lick; s. rt. lambent, labial, lip.] Lapidary, lap'Y-da-rf, n. An artificer who cuts, pol- ishes, and engraves precious stones; a dealer in, or virtuoso skilled in gems, etc. — a. Pert, to the art of cutting stones. [F. lapidaire, L. lapidarius, jeweler, stone-mason, fr. lapis, -idis, a stone, Gr. "lepas, a bare rock, lepis, scale, flake, lepein, to peal, E. leaf, dilapidate.)— Lapida'rian, a. Of, pert, to, or inscribed on stone. — Lapides'cent, -sent, a. Growing or turning to stone.— n. A substance hav- ing the quality of petrifying a body, or of being con- verted into stone.— Lapides'cence, -sens, n. A nard- ening into a stony substance; a stony concretion.— Lapid'ify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To form into stone. — v. i. To become stone or stony. — Lap- idif' ic, -ical, a. Forming or converting into stone.— Lapid^fica'tion, n. Operation of, etc. — Lap'idist, n. A lapidary. Lapse, laps, n. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; unobserved progress or passing away; a slip; error; failing in duty. (Eccl. Law.) Omission of a patron to present a clerk to a benefice within 6 months after it becomes void. — v.i. [lapsed (lapst), lap- sing.] To pass silently or by degrees, glide, slip; to commit a fault, deviate from rectitude, fail in duty; to pass from one proprietor to another, by the negli- gence or failure of some one. (Law.) To become ineffectual or void. [L. lapsus, a slip, lapsare, to slip, freq. of labi, lapsus, to glide, slip.] — Laps'able, a. Lapsided, lop'sld-ed, a. Same as Lopsided. Lapwing, lap' wing, n. A wading bird of the plover family found on the sea- coast and on marshy moors in Eng. ; the pewit. [AS. hleapewince, fr. hleapan, to run, leap (q. v.), and rt. of OHG. winchan, to totter, wa- ver; s. rt. L. vagus, wan- dering: see Vagrant.] Lar, lar, n. ; pi. Lares, la'rez. (Rom. Antiq.) A household deity, regard- ed as the soul of a de- Lapwing, ceased ancestor. Larboard, lar'berd, n. (Naut.) The left-hand side of a ship (looking toward the prow); port. Larceny, lar'se-nY, n. (Law.) Unlawful taking of others' property ; theft. [OF. larrecin, larcin, L. latrocinium, fr. latro, a robber, Gr. latris, a hireling, leis, booty.] — Lar'cenous, -se-nus, a. Of the nature of, or given to, etc. Larch, larch, n. A coniferous tree, having deciduous leaves, in whorls or clusters. [OF. larege, L. and Gr. larix.) Lard, lard, n. The fat of swine, melted and separated from the flesh. — v. t. To smear or mix with lard; to grease; to fatten, enrich; to mix with something by way of improvement ; to interlard. [OF. ; L. larda, lar- ida, lard, Gr. laros, pleasant, sweet, larinos, f at.] — Larda '- ceous, -shus, a. Consisting of, or resembling, lard. — Lard'er, n. A room where food is stored; pantry. [OF. lardier, a tub to keep bacon in.]— Lard'erer, » the larder. Larch. One in charge of Lares. See Lar. Large, larj, a. Having great size, wide, extensive,— said of surface or area ; abundant, plentiful, — of quantity; numerous, populous, bulky, huge, — of size ; diffuse, full, — of language, style, etc. ; liberal, comprehensive, — of the mind; generous, noble, — of the heart or affections. [F.; L. largus.] — At large. Without restraint or confinement; diffusely; fully. — To go or sail I. (Naut.) To have the wind crossing the direction of a vessel's course, so that the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest speed; esp. to have the wind on the Deam or the quarter. — Largely, adv. — Large'nesB, n. — Lar'gess, n. A present ; gift ; donation. [F. lar~ gesse, L. largitio, fr. largxri, -gitus, to bestow, fr. largus.] — Lar'go, a. (Mus.) Slowly. [It., broad, large.] — Larghet'to, -gefto, a. ( Mus.) Somewhat slowly, but not so slowly as largo. [It., dim. of largo.) Lariat, lar't-at, n. A long rope or cord for picketing horses in camp, also used as a lasso. [Sp. lariata.] Lark, lark, n. A migratory singing bird of several species, having a long, straight hind claw, strong bill, and erectile crest; esp. the skylark or laverock. — v. i. [larked (larkt), larking.] To catch larks. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6i : LARK 315 LATIN [ME. larkt, laverock, AS. lawerce, laverce, for liew- werca, guile- worker, Ub wa, a traitor.] — Lark'spur, n. A plant with showy blue, red, or white flowers ; delphinium. Lark, lark, n. A frolic; a jolly time. — v. i. To make sport, frolic. [ME. lak, lok, AS. lac, play, contest, lacan, to play; s. rt. wedlock, knowleilge.'] Larmier, lar'mt-er, n. {Arch.) The dripstone of a doorway or window. (Zo'ol.) A membranous pouch at the inner corner of the eye in the deer and ante- lope. TF., fr. larme, L. lacrima, a tear, drop.] Larrup, lar'rup, V. t. To beat or flog. [D. larp, a lash.] Larum, lar'um, n. An alarm: anything to give an alarm or notice. [Abbr. of alarum, for alarm, q. v.] Larva, lar'va, n. ; pi. -vs., -ve. An insect in the first stage after leaving the egg; a caterpillar, grub, or maggot. [L., ghost, specter, mask.] — Lar'vated, a. Masked; elothed as with a mask.— Larve, larv, n. Same as Larva. Larynx, lar'inks, n. (Anat.) The upper part of the trachea or windpipe, constituting the or- gan of voice. [L. ; Gr. larungx, larung- gos.]— Laryngeal, ISr'in-je'al la- rin'je-al, -gean, a. , fli Pert, to the larynx. *Hf ""'III — Laryngot'omy, -gofo-mT, n. {Surg.) Operation of cutting „_ ^! into the larynx, from the outside of the tv< neck, to assist respi- ration when ob- Larynx, s t r u c t e d, or to re- Ay lateral view of larynl . B< section move foreign bodies, of larynx; h. hyoid bone ; th, thy- [Gr. temnein, to cut.] roid cartilage ; ar, arytenoid car- Lascar, las'kar or las- tilage ; cr, cricoid cartilage ; tr, kar', n. In E. Indies, trachea ; t, tongue : si, superior a native sailor, em- vocal cord; ir, inferior vocal cord ; ployed in European "' Tent " cle - vessels; a camp follower. [Per. lashkar, an army, lashkari, soldier, camp-follower.] Lascivious, las-siv'I-us, a. Loose ; wanton ; lewd ; lustful; tending to produce lewd emotions. [L. las- civus, Gr. lastris, lecherous: s. rt. Skr. lash, to de- sire, las, to embrace.] — Lasciviously, adv. — Las- civlousness, n. Lash, lash, n. The thong of a whip; a whip; scourge; cord; string; a stroke with a whip ; stroke of satire or sarcasm; cut. — v. t. [lashed (lasht), lashing.] To strike with a lash, whip, scourge; to satirize; to throw up with a sudden jerk; to dash against; to tie or bind with a rope or cord. — v. i. To ply the whip, make a severe attack. [ME. lasche, a thong, a stroke, G. lasche, a flap, D. lasch, a joint, seam, lasschen, to ioin together.] — Lash'er, n. One who whips or lashes; a piece of rope for binding one tiling to an- other. Lass, las, n. A young woman; girl. [W. llodes, fem. of llawd, a lad, q. v.] Lassitude, las'sT-tud, n. State of being relaxed or weak; languor of body or mind; weariness. [F.; L. lassitudo, fr. lassus, faint; s. rt. late, q. -.] Lasso, las'so, n. ; pi. -sos, -soz. A rope or long leather thong with a running noose, for catching wild horses, etc. [Pg. laco, a snare ; s. rt. lace, q. v.] Last, Lastly. See under Late. Last, last, n. A foot-shaped block, on which boots or shoes are formed. [AS. last, least, Goth, laists, foot- track, path, fr. Goth, lais, I know, — the trace being that by which one knows a man's path, leisan, to find out; s. rt. learn.'] Last, v. i. To continue in time, endure; to continue unimpaired, hold out. [AS. Isestan, to observe, per- form, last, remain, fr. last (above), Goth, laistjan, to follow, f r. laists.'] — Last'ing, p. a. Of long con- tinuance ; that may continue or endure ; durable ; permanent. — n. A very durable woolen stuff. — Lasfingly, adv. Durably; with continuance. Last, n. A load; a weight or measure, varying as to different articles, but estimated at 4,000 lbs.; the burden of a ship. [AS. hliest, a burden, fr. hladen, to load; Dan., D., and G. last, fr. Dan. lade, D. and G. laden, to load.] Latakia, lat-a-ke'a, n. A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, grown near Latakia, the ancient Laodicea. Latch, lach, n. A movable catch for fastening a door orgate. {Naut.) A latching.— v.t. [latched (lacht), latching.] To catch or fasten by means of a latch. [ME. lacche, a latch, lacrlien, AS. Iseccan, to seize, lay hold of, perh. fr. L. laqimis, a snare, but not same word as lace.] Latchet, lach'et, n. The string, thong, or fastening of a shoe or sandal. [Dim. of lojce, a. v.; ME. lachet, OF. lacet, dim. of laqs. a snare.] — Latch'ing. n. {Naut.) A loop on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is connected with the foot of the sail. Late, lat, a. [later or latter, latest or last.] Coming after others, or after the proper time; slow; tardy; far advanced towards the end; existing not long ago, but not now; deceased; out of office; hap- pening not long ago; recent, —adv. After the usual time, or time appointed; not long ago; lately; far in the night, day, week, etc. [ME. lat (adj.), late (adv.), AS. Iset, D. laat, late, G. lass, L. lassus, weary. See Lassitude.] — Lately, adv. Not long ago; recently.— Late'ness. n.— Lafer, a. Poste- rior ; subsequent. — Lat'ter, lifter, a. More re- cent; mentioned the last of 2: lately past; modern; final. — Latter-day Saint. A Mo nnon. — Lafterly, adv. Lately; of late. — Laf ish, iafish, a. Some- what late. — Lat'est, a. Longest after the proper time; tardiest; last; most recent. —Last, a. Follow- ing all the rest; final; closing; hindmost; next before the present; incapable of being increased or sur- passed; utmost; most unlikely; having least fitness. — adv. The last time: the time before the present; in conclusion; finally; after all others in order or time. [Contr. of latst, superl. of ME. lat ; D. laatst, superl. of laat.'] — Lastly, adv. In the last place; in conclusion^ at length; finally. Lateen-sail, la-ten r sal, n. {Naut.) A triangular sail, extended by a long yard, — used in small boats, fe- luccas, xebecs, etc., esp. in the Mediterranean. [F. Latine, fem. of Latin, triangular sails being so called.] Latent, la'tent, a. Not visible or apparent; hid; secret; dormant. [L. latens, latentis, p. pr. of latere, Gr. lan- thanein, to lie hid; s. rt. Skr. rah, to quit, leave, E. lethe, lethargy.] — Latent heat. (Physics.) That por- tion of heat in any body which cannot be discerned by touch or by thermometer, but which becomes sensible heat during certain changes in the body. Lateral, lafer-al, a. Proceeding from, or attached to, the side; directed to the side. [L. lateralis, fr. latus, lateris, side.] — Lat'erally, adv. By the side; sidewise; in the direction of the side. — Lat / erifo r - lious, -lT-us, a. {Bot.) Growing on the side of a leaf at the base. {L.felium, leafT] Lath, lath, n. ; pi. Laths, liithz. A thin, narrow board, or strip of wood to support tiles, covering, or plastering. [ME., G., and F. latte, fr. AS. Isettu, a lath, perh. fr. W. Hath, a rod, staff; s. rt. lattice, latten.] — Lath, lath, v.t. [lathed (lathd), lath- ing.] To cover or line with laths. — Latfing, n. A covering of, or process of covering with, etc. — Lath'y, lath'!, a. Thin as a lath; long and slender. A, shears or framing ; B, lead-screw ; C, tail-stock ; D, com- pound rest ; F, face-plate ; L, feed ; M, head-stock. Lathe, lath, n. (Mach.) A machine-tool in which a revolving piece of wood, metal, etc., may be shaped by a cutting instrument ; the movable swing-frame of a loom. [Ic. lodh, perh. for hlodh, fr. hladha, to lade, — a water-wheel resembling a lathe.] Lather, lath'er, v. i. [-ered (-€rd), -bring.] To form a foam with water and soap : to become frothy. — v. t. To spread over with lather. — n. Foam made by soap moistened with water ; froth irom profuse sweat, as of a horse. [AS. leadhor, lather, ledhrian, to anoint, Ic. laudhr, foam, soap, leydhra, to wash.] Laticlave, lat'i-klav, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A badge worn by Roman senators, supposed to have been a purple stripe on the tunic. [L. laticlavus, f r. latus, Droad, and clavus, nail.] Latin, latin, a. Pert, to the Latins, a people of La- tium, in Italy; Roman; pert, to, or composed in, the sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, set- LATISH 316 LAW language used by the Romans or Latins. — n. A na- tive or inhabitant of Latium; the language of the ancient Romans. [F.; L. Latinus, pert, to Latium, the country of Italy in which Rome was situated.] — Latin church. The church of Rome and kindred communions, — disting. fr. the Eastern or Greek church.— L. races. The peoples of Western Europe, whose languages are allied to the Latin, — the Ital- ian, French, Spanish, etc. — L. Union. A monetary league between the governments of France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece, to secure uniform- ity of coinage. — Dog Latin. Latin grammatically accurate, but not elegant nor idiomatic. — Low L. The Latin of the middle ages. — Lat'inism, -izm, n. A Latin idiom or mode of speech. — Lat'inist, n. One skilled in Latin; a Latin scholar. —Latin 'ity, -I-tT, n. The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the use thereof; purity of the Latin style or idiom.— Lafinize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.J To give Latin terminations or forms to (foreign words) m writing Latin; to translate into Latin. Latish. See under Late. Latitat, lat'T-tat, n. {Law.) A writ by which a per- son was summoned into the King's Bench, to an- swer, as supposing he lay concealed. [L., he lies hid, fr. latitare, intens. of latere, to lie hid.] Latitude, lat r T-tud, n. Extent from side to side, or distance side wise from a given point or line ; breadth ; width; space; looseness; laxity; independence; ex- tent of signification, application, etc.; extent of de- viation from a standard, as truth, style, and the like ; amplitude; scope. (Astron.) Angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic. (Geog.) Distance of any place on the globe from the equator. [F. ; L. latitudo, fr. latus, broad, OL. stlutus = stratus, spread out, fr. sternere, to spread, stretch out; s. rt. street, strew, star.] — Latitudinal , a. Pert, to lati- tude; in the direction of latitude. — Lat / itud / ina / '- rian, a. Not restrained; not confined by precise lim- its; lax in religious principles or views. — n. One who, etc. ( Theol.) One who departs from the strict principles of orthodoxy; in Eng., one of the Broad Church party. — Lat'itud'ina'rianism, n. A latitud- inarian system or state; freedom of opinion in relig- ious matters ; laxity of doctrine. Latria, la'trt-a or la-tri'a, n. The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God. [L. ; 6r. latreia, fr. latreueiu, to serve, latres, servant, worshiper.] Latrine, lat'ren, n. A water-closet; privy. [F.; L. latrina, fr. latere, to be hid.] Latten, laften, n. A fine kind of brass or bronze, used in the middle ages ; metal in thin sheets, as sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; milled brass. [OF. laton, fr. latte, a lath, q. v.; It. latta, tin.fr. LL. latta, a lath, — fr. its thinness.] Latter, Latterly. See under Late. Lattice, laftis, n. Work made by crossing laths, rods, or bars, and form' ing a n et-w ork : < anything made of strips interwoven so as to form net- work; esp., a win- d o w or window- blind.— v.t. [-TIC ED (-tist), -ticing.] To form into open work ; to furnish with a lattice. [F. lattis, fr. latte, lath, q. v.] Laud, lawd, n. A eu- logy; praise; com- mendation ; that part of divine wor- ship which consists in praise ; music in honor of any one. Lattice Window. ■ v. t. To praise, extol. [L. laudare, -atum, fr. laus, praise.] — Laud'able, a. Praiseworthy; commend- able; healthy. — Laud'ableness, n. — Laud'ably, adv. — Lauda'tion, n. Commendation; praise. — Laud ''- atory, -to-rT, a. Containing or expressing praise. — n. That which, etc. Laudanum, law'da- or lod'a-num, n. A strong tinc- ture or alcoholic solution of opium. [L. ladanum, Gr. Iwlanon, the resinous substance exuding from the shrub (L.) lada, Gr. ledon, Pers. ladan.] Laugh, laf, v. i. [laughed (laft), laughing.] To ex- press mirth, derision, or satisfaction by the coun- tenance or voice; to appear gay, lively, or brilliant. — v. t. To express by laughing ; to ridicule or de- ride. — n. An expression of mirth, etc., peculiar to the human species ; laughter. [AS. hlehhan, G. lachen, Goth, hlahjaa ; onomat.] — To laugh at. To ridicule, deride. — To I. in the sleeve. To laugh se- cretly, esp. while apparently preserving a serious demeanor toward the one laughed at. —To I. out of the other corner or side } of the mouth. To weep ; to be made to feel vexation or disappointment, esp. after exhibiting exultation. — To I. to scoy-n. To deride, treat with mockery.— Laugb/able, a. Fitted to excite laughter ; droll ; ludicrous ; comical. — Laughableness, n. — Laugb/ably, adv. In a man- ner to excite laughter. — Laughter, n. — Laugh''- ing-gas, n. (Chem.) Nitrous oxide, or protoxida of nitrogen, — which ordinarily produces exhilaration when inhaled. — stock, n. An object of ridicule. — Laugh'ter, laf 'ter, n. An involuntary movement of the muscles of the face, or expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, etc., and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. [AS. hleahtor, G. lachter.] Launch, lanch, v. t. [launched (lancht), launching.] To cause to slide from the land into the water; to send forth or dispatch; to throw (a spear or dart). — v. i. To go forth, as a ship into the water; to expa- tiate in language. — n. The sliding of a ship from the land into the water. (Naut.) The largest size of boat belonging to a ship. [F. lancer, to fling, hurl, dart, fr. lance, a lance, q. v.] Laundry, Laundress. See under Lave. Laurel, iaWrel, n. A flowering shrub or tree of sev- eral genera and many species: the Laurus nobilis, or sweet bay, with which heroes, poets, and scholars were formerly crowned, is an evergreen shrub of Africa and Europe, with aromatic leaves and purple berries : the mountain laurel, sheep laurel, and swamp laurel are handsome but poisonous species of kalmia. (pi.) A laurel crown; honors. [F. lau- rier, L. laurus.] — Lau'reate, -re-at, a. Decked or invested with laurel. [L. laureatus, fr. laurus.] — Poet laureate. In Eng., an officer of the royal house- hold, orig. retained to compose odes for the king's birth day and other state occasions.— Lau'reateship, n. Office of a laureate. — Laurea'tion, n. Act of crowning with laurel, as in bestowing a degree. — Lau'restine, -res-tin, -rustin, n. An evergreen shrub of S. Europe, which flowers during the winter months. [L. laurus and tinus, name of a plant.] Lave, lav, v. t. [laved (lavd), laving.] To wash, bathe, — v. i. To wash one's self. [F. laver, L. la- vare, Gr. louein ; s. rt. alluvial, deluge, lotion.] — La r - ver, «. A vessel for washing. (Script. Hist.) A large brazen vessel in the tabernacle or temple, to hold the water in which the priests washed their hands and feet and the sacrificial animals. [OF. lavoir, a washing pool.] — Lavatory, lav'a-to-rT, a. Washing, or cleansing by washing. — n. A place for washing ; a wash or lotion for a diseased part ; place where gold is obtained by washing. [F. lava- toire, L. lavatorium, working place of a lavator, washer.] — Laundry, lan'drT, ». A washing; place where clothes are washed and done up. — v. t. To wash and iron (clothes). [ME. lauendrye, fr. lauen- der, OF. lavendiere, LL. lavanderia, a washerwom- an.]— Laun'derer, -der-er, n. A man who washes clothes. — Latin' dress, n. A washerwoman. — Lav'- ender, n. An aromatic plant which yields an oil used in medicine and perfumery. [F. lavande, lavender, It. lavanda, lavender, also a washing, — the plant being used in washing, and to scent washed linen.] — Lavender-color. The color of lavender flowers, — a grayish-blue. — Lava, la'va or la/va, n. Melted rock ejected by a volcano. [It., fr. It. and L. lavare.] Lavish, lav'ish, a- Expending profusely, excessively, or foolishly; unrestrained; prodigal; extravagant.— v. t. [lavished (-isht), -ishing.] To besto"w with profusion, expend prodigally, squander. [Fr. obs. E. lave, to pour out (water); not s. rt. lave, to wash.] — Lav'ishly, adv. — Lav'ishment, n. State of being lavish; profuse expenditure. — Lav'ishness, n. Law, law, n. A rule of conduct established by au- thority ; statute; regulation; edict; decree ; the ap- pointed rules of a community or state, for the con- trol of its inhabitants ; established usage; a rule, principle, or maxim of science or art ; the Jewish or Mosaic code, disting. fr. the gospel; hence, the Old Testament ; litigation; legal science; jurisprudence. (Nature.) The regular method or sequence by which certain phenomena follow certain conditions or causes, etc. ; any force, tendency, propension, or. ftm, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; LAWN 317 LEAD instinct, natural or acquired. (Morality.) The will of God, as the supreme moral ruler, concerning the conduct of all responsible beings. [AS. laou, OS. lag; 6. rt. L. lex, F. lot, law, E. lie, q. v.J — Law'ful.-ful, a. Agreeable, conformable to, or allowed by, law; com- petent; constituted by law; legal: constitutional; le- gitimate; rightful. — Law'fnlly, adv. In accordance with law; legally. — Law'fulness, w. — Lawless, a. Not subject to, or unrestrained by, the law of mo- rality or of society; contrary to, or unauthorized by, the civil law; not subject to the laws of nature.— Law'lessly, adv. — Lawlessness, n. — Law'giver, n. One who makes or enacts a law ; a legislator. — Law'suit, n. A process in law instituted lor the re- covery of a supposed right or to obtain justice ; an action. — Law-book, n. A book containing, or treat- ing of, laws. — maker, n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. — Law'yer, n. One versed in the laws, or a practi- tioner of law, — a general term comprehending at- torneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates. Lawn, lawn, n. An open space between woods ; a smooth space of ground covered with short grass, generally around a house. [ME. (and till 18th cen- tury) laund, OF. lande, an unfilled plain; same as land.] — Lawn'y, -Y, a. Level; like a lawn— Lawn'- ten'nis, n. A variety of the game of tennis played upon an open lawn instead of in a tennis-court. Lawn, lawn, n. A sort of fine linen or cambric, used esp. for parts of the official robes of a bishop; the official dress itself. [Perh. corrupt, of F. and Sp. linon, thin linen, f r. F. lin, Ij.linum, flax.] — Lawn'y, a. Made of lawn. Lax, laks, a. Not tense, firm, or rigid; flabby; soft; not tight; sparse; not crowded; of loose texture; easy or indulgent in principles or discipline: having too frequent alvine discharges; slack: unrestrained; dissolute; licentious. — n. A looseness: diarrhea. [L. laxus ; e. rt. lag, languid.] — Laxa'tion, n. Act of loosening, or state of being loose or slackened. [L. laxatio, fr. laxare, to loosen.] — Lax'ative, -tiv, a. (Med.) Having the quality of loosening or open- ing the intestines. — n. A medicine which, etc.: a gentle purgative. [F. laxatif, L. laxativus.] — Lax'- lty, -I-tT, -ness, n. State or quality of being lax, — as, slackness (of a cord) ; looseness (of a texture) ; want of exactness or precision ; want of due strict- ness ; looseness (of the intestines) ; openness. [F. laxite", L. laxitas/] — Laxly, adv. Lay, imp. of Lie, q. v. Lay, la, v. t. [laid (lad), laying.] To cause to lie flat or to lie against something else ; to put down; to establish firmly; to beat down, prostrate; to place in order, arrangeregularly : to make ready, provide; to spread on a surface ; to calm, appease, allay ; to pre- vent (a spirit) from manifesting itself : to deposit (a wager), stake; to bring forth and deposit (eggs): to apply, put; to assess (a tax), impose (a burden, suf- fering, or punishment) ; to charge (origin of, or re- sponsibility for) ; to enjoin (a duty) : to present or offer. (Naut.) To depress and lose sight of, by sailing, or departing from. (Law.) To state, allege.— v. i. To produce eggs. (JS'aut.) To take a position; to come or So.— n. That which lies, or is laid: a row : stratum: iver; a portion of the proceeds of labor, etc., under- taken on shares. ( Weaving.) A swinging frame in a loom, which lays the weft-threads parallel to each other against the cloth previously woven. [ME. leg- gen (imp. leide, p. p. leid), AS. lecgan (imp. legde, p. p. gelegd), fr. lag for Ueg, imp. of licgan, to lie, q. v.] — To lay a cable, or rope. (Naut.) To twist or unite the strands.— To I. heads together. To consult to- gether, compare opinions, deliberate. — To I. hold or', or on. To seize, catch. —To I. one's self out. To ex- ert strength, strive earnestly. — To I. out. To ex- pend (money); to exert (strength); to plan, arrange; to prepare for burial ; to purpose. —To I. to. (Kaut.) To stop the motion of a ship. — To I. to heart. To per- mit to affect greatly To lie in ambush for. — To I. waste. To destroy, desolate. — To I. about. To strike on all sides, act with vigor. — To I. in for. To make overtures for, secure the posses- sion of. — To I. on. To strike, beat, deal blows incessantly and with ve- hemence. — Lay'er, la'- 5r, h. One who, or that feel deeply. — To I. wait for. Layers which, lays ; thing laid, as, a stratum, bed, body [ spread over another; a course, as of bricks, stones, etc. ; a shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propaga- tion. [Perh. same as lair, q. v.] — Lay'ering, n. Propagation of plants by layers. Lay, la, n. A song; a species of narrative poetry among the ancient minstrels. [OF. lai, lay, Proven, lavs; s. rt. W. llais, a sound, Ir. and Ga. Inoidh, hymn, perh. s. rt. AS. leodk, G. lied, a song, Goth, liuthon, to sing.] Lay, la, a. Pert, to the laity or people, as distinct fr. the clergy or from the members of a learned pro- fession ; not clerical. [OF. lai, L. laicus, Gr. lai- kos, pert, to the laos, people.] — Lay'man, n. ; pi. -men. One of the people, disting. fr. the clergy; also, one who does not belong to one of the other learned professions, disting. fr. one who does. — La'- ic, a. Pert, to the laity. — n. A layman. — La'ity, -Y-tY, n. The people, disting. from the clergy. Lay-figure, la'fig'ur, n. A jointed figure of wood or cork, used as an artist's model. [D. leemun, fr. ledt, lid, a joint, and man, man.] Lazar, la'zar, n. One infected with a pestilential dis- ease. [Fr. Lazarus, the leprous beggar.] — Laz'aret', -ret'to, La'zar-house, n. A hospital or pest-house for the reception of diseased persons. [It. lazzeretto] — Laz'zaro'ni, -nT, n. pi. The beggars and homeless idlers of Naples, — so called fr. the hospital of St. Lazarus. [It.] Lazuli, laz'u-li, n. (Min.) A fine azure-blue amor- phous silicate of sodium, calcium, and aluminium, valued for ornamental work, — called also laj)is laz- uli and ultra-marine. [LL. lazulum, lazur, Sp. azul, blue. See Azure.] Lazy, la'zt, a. [-zier, -ziest.] Disinclined to exer- tion; moving slowlv; sluggish: idle; indolent; sloth- ful. [ME. and OF. lasche, F. lo.che, loose, weak, faint, cowardly, base, It. lasco, lazy, idle, fr. L. lax- us, lax, q. v.; not s. rt. G. laessig, weary.] — Laze, v. i. To live in idleness, be idle. — v. t. " To waste in sloth; to spend (time) in idleness. —La' zily, adv. — La'ziness, n. Lazzaroni. See under Lazar. Lea, Ley, le, n. A meadow or sward land : a grassy field. [AS. leah, lea; s. rt. ProvG. loh, morass, wood, L. lucus, a grove, glade, and prob. Skr. loka. a space, the universe, fr. loch, to see, whence E. lucid ; not 8. rt. layj Leach, lech, v. t. [leached (lecht), leaching.] To remove the soluble constituents from any material (as alkali from ashes) by causing water or other sol- vent to slowly pass through it. — v. i. To part with soluble constituents by percolation. — n. A quantity of wood-ashes, through which water passes, imbib- ing the alkali ; a vat, chamber, or tub for leaching ashes, bark, etc. [AS. leah, lye, q. v.] Lead, led, n. A heavy, soft, bluish-gray metal, easily fusible and ductile; an article made of lead, — as, a plummet, for sounding at sea; (Print.) a. thin plate of type-metal, to separate lines in printing ; a small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils; sheets of lead covering roofs ; a roof covered with lead-sheets. — v. t. To cover, or fit, with lead. (Print.) To widen (space between lines) by insert- ing leads. [AS.] eg?* This paragraph is leaded. Lead'ed, p. a. Fitted with, or set in, lead. (Print.") Separated by leads, as the lines of a page. — Lead'- en, led'n, a. Made of lead ; heavy ; indisposed to action; dull. — Lead'ing. n. Lead, or leaden articles collectively. — Lead'-pen'cil, n. An instrument for drawing, made of black lead or nlumbago. Lead, led, r. t. [led, lea ding.] To show the wav to, guide in a way; to guide by the hand, as a child or animal; to direct, as a enmmander, govern-; to intro- duce by going first, precede ; to draw, allure, influ- ence; to pass, spend: to cause to pass or spend. — v. i. To go before and show the way; to conduct, as commander; to have precedence or preeminence ; to put forth, or exercise, a tendency or influence. — n. Precedence ; guidance ; a navigable opening or lane in an ice-field ; a lode. [AS. Xsedan, fr. lad, a way, path, li/lhan, to travel, go.] — Lead'er. n. One who, or that which, etc.: a guide: conductor; esp. one who goes first: a commander; the chief of a party or faction. (Jlus.) A performer who leads a sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. LEAF 318 LECTION Leaf. b, blade ; p, peti- ole, foot-stalk, o r leaf-stalk ; st, stipules. band or choir, also, in an orchestra, the performer on the principal violin; the leading editorial article in a newspaper; a horse placed in advance of others, or one of a forward pair; pi. (Print.) a row of dots, to lead the eye across a space. — Leadership, n. State, condition, or office, of a leader ; command ; guidance ; lead. — Leading, p. a. Chief ; principal ; most important or influential; showing the way bv going first. — Lead'ing-strings, n. pi. Strings by which children are supported when beginning to walk. — Led'-cap'tain, n. An obsequious follower. — horse, n. A sumpter-horse. Leaf, lef, n. ; pi. Leaves, levz. (Bot.) One of those organs of a plant which in the ag- gregate constitute the foliage and in which the sap is aerated and elaborated for use, — usually a flat- tened expansion of green paren- chyma upon a framework (veins or ribs) of woody fiber, attached by a petiole or leaf-stalk to a stem or branch: sepals, petals, scales, spines, tendrils, etc., are leaves modified for special uses. Something which folds, bends over, or otherwise resembles a leaf,— as, a part of a book containing 2 pages ; a side or part, of window- shutters, folding-doors, etc. ; the movable side of a table; a very thin plate, as of gold ; a portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer ; a tooth of a pinion- wheel. — V. i. [LEAFED (left), LEAFING.] To shoot, produce leaves. fAS.; s. rt. Gr. lepos, a scale, lepein, to scale, peel, E. leper.'] — Leafage, -ej, n. Leaves collectively; foliage. — Leafy, -t, a. [-ier, -iest.] Full of leaves. — LeaFiness, n. — Leaf ' less, a. Destitute of leaves. — Leaflet, n. A little leaf ; an unattached printed leaf. (Bot.) One of the divisions of_a com- pound leaf. — Leave, lev, v. i. To leaf. — Leaf -bridge, n. A draw- bridge having a leaf or platform"^ on each side, which rises and falls. — bud, n. (Bot.) A scale-covered conical bud, containing rudiments of common leaves or of a leaf-bear- ing branch. League, leg, n. A combination of parties for promo- ting their mutual interest, or executing any design in concert; a national contract or compact ; alli- ance; confederacy; coalition; combination. — v. i. [leagued (legd), leaguing.; To unite in a league, confederate. [F. ligue, Sp. and LL. liga, fr. L. liga- re, to clasp, bind; s. rt. ligament.] — Leag'uer, leg'- §r, n. One who, etc. League, leg, n. A measure of distance, — in Eng. and U. S. the marine league = 3 geographical miles. [OF. legue, leuge. It. and LL. lega, fr. L. leuca, a Gallic mile of 1500 Roman paces, fr. Celt.] Leak, lek, n. A crack, crevice, or hole in a vessel, that admits a fluid or permits it to escape; oozing of water or other fluid through an aperture in a vessel. — v. i. [leaked (lekt), leaking.] To let water, etc., into or out of a vessel, through a crevice. [Ic. leka, to drip, leak, leki, a leak; s. rt. lack.] — To spring a leak. To open or crack so as to let in water. —To I. out. To find publicity in a clandestine way. — Leak'age, -ej, n. A leaking; quantity of a liquor that enters or issues by leaking. (Com.) Allowance of a certain rate per cent, for the leaking of casks. — Leak.' y, -1, a. [-ier, -iest.] Permitting liquid to leak in or out; apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not close. — Leak'iness, n. Leal, lei, a. Faithful ; loyal ; true. [NormF. ; OF. kial, F. loyal, loyal, q. vj Lean, len, v. i. [leaned (lend) or leant (lent), lean- ing.] To deviate from a perpendicular position or line; to be in a position thus deviating; to incline in opinion, conform in conduct; to bend; to depend for support, comfort, etc. — v. t. To cause to lean, in- cline, support or rest. [AS. hlsenan, to make to lean, hleonian, hlinian, to lean; s. rt. L. clinare, Gr. klinein, to bend, Skr. ci-i, to enten undergo, E. incline, ac- clivity, etc.] — Lean'-to, -too, n. A building whose rafters pitch or lean against another building ; a wall,_etc. Lean, len, a. Wanting in flesh; bare; barren; barren of thoughts; jejune; low; poor; thin; meager; lank; skinny; gaunt. — n. The muscular part of flesh, Leaflets. without fat. [AS. hisene ; s. rt. L. declivis, bending dowm and E. lean, to incline.]— Lean 'ness, n. Leap, lep, v. i. [leaped (lent) rarely leapt (ISpt). leaping.] To spring from the ground, jump, vault; to make a sudden jump, bound, skip; to manifest joy or vivacity. — v. t. To pass over by leaping; to copulate with, cover. — n. Act of leaping; a jump; spring; bound; space passed by leaping; a hazardous or venturesome act; copulation with a female beast. [AS. hleapan, to run, leap, hlyp, a leap.]— Leap'er. n. — Leap'-frog, n. A play among boys, in which one stoops and another leaps over him by placing his hands on the shoulders of the former. — -year, n. Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every 4th year, which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving to February 29 days. Learn, lern, v. t. [learned (lernd) or learnt (lernt), learning.] Orig., to teach (obs.); to acquire new knowledge or ideas from or concerning; to acquire skill in anything. — v. i. To receive information, intelligence, instruction, or knowledge. [ME. lern- en, AS. leornian, to learn ; s. rt. AS. Iseran, ME. leren, to teach, Goth, leisan, to find out, know, laists, a foot-track: see Last.] — Learn'ed, a. Versed in literature and science; literate; well acquainted with arts; containing or exhibiting learning; versed in scholastic, as disting. fr. other, knowledge.— Learn'' edly, adu. — Learn'er, - Learn'ing Knowl- §, i y instruction or study, or acquired by experience, experiment, or observation; erudition; lore; scholarship; letters. Lease, les, n. A letting of lands, tenements, or here- ditaments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, for a specified rent or compensation; writ- ten contract for such letting; tenure Dy grant or per- mission; time for_ which such tenure holds good. — v. t. [leased (lest), LRJiSis-G.] To grant tempora- ry possession of lands, ete.. for rent; to let. [OF. les- ser, F. laisser, fr. L. lar:are, to slacken, let go, laxus, lax, q. v.; not s. rt. G. iassen =E. let, cj. v.] — Lessee', -se', n. (Laiv.) One who takes an estate by lease. — Les'sor, -s6r, n. One who gives a lease. — Lease'- hold, a. Held by lease. — n. A tenure held by lease. Leash, lesh, n. A* thong of leather, or line, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. (Sporting.) A brace and a half: 3 creatures of any kind, esp. grej'hounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; the number 3 in general; a bandwherewith to tie any- thing. — v. t. [leashed (lesht), leashing.] To bind, hold by a string. [ME. lees, OF. lesse, a leash for dogs, LL. laxa, a thong, fr. L. looms, loose, q. v.] Least, etc. See under Less. Leather, lerh/er, n. The skin of an animal tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed for use ; dressed hides collectively. [AS. ledher.] — Leatb/er, -ern, a. Made of, etc.— Leath/ery, -5r-t, a. Like leather; tough. — Leath'er-dress'er, n. One who dresses leather or prepares hides for use. Leave, lev, n. Liberty granted; permission; license; a formal parting of friends; farewell; adieu. [AS. leaf % permission, lyfan, to permit; s. rt. AS. leof— E. lief, D. verlof, G. vcrlaub = E. furlough, also be- lieve.] Leave, lev, v. t. [left, leaving.] To withdraw or depart from; to forsake, desert, abandon, relinquish; to suffer to remain; to have remaining at death; to gire by will, bequeath; to commit or trust to, as a deposit; to intrust; to permit or allow; to refer; to cease or desist from. — v. i. To cease, desist. [AS. Isefan, lit. to leave a laf, heritage, residue, lifian, to be remaining, to live, q. v.; prob. not s. rt. Gr. leip- ein,'~L. linquere, to leave.] — To leave off. To cease, desist, stop, cease to wear, give up. — Leav'er, n. — Leavings, n. pi. Things left; remnant; refuse; offal. Leave, lev, v. i. To leaf, q. v. Leaven, lev'n, n. A portion of fermenting dough, which, mixed with a larger quantity, produces fer- mentation in it, and renders it light ; yeast ; barm; anything which produces fermentation or works a general change in the mass. — v. t. [leavened (-nd), -ening.] To excite fermentation in; to taint, imbue. [F. levain, L. levamen, fr. levare, to raise. See Lev- er.] — LeaVening, n. Act of, or that which, etc. Lecher, lech'er, n. A man given to lewdness. — v. i. [lechered (-erd), -ering.J To practice lewdness, indulge lust. [OF. lecheor, fr. lecher = E. lick, q. v.] — Lech' erous, -er-us, a. Addicted to lewdness; lust- ful; provoking lust. — Lecb/erously, adv.— Lech'- erousness, n. — Lecb/ery, -er-T, n. Free indulgence of lust; practice of indulging the animal appetite. Lection, lek/shun, n. A difference in copies of a man- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd- tone. Gr ; LECTURN 319 LEGISLATE Lecturn. nscript or book; a reading; a portion of Scripture read in divine service. [L. lectio, fr. legere, tectum, to gather, read : see Legend.] — Lec'tor, n. A reader; one who read Scripture, etc., in the ancient churches. [L.] — Lec'tionary, -a-rT, n. The Roman Catholic service-book. — Lect'ure, lek/chur, n. Act or practice of reading; a discourse on any subject, esp. a formal or methodical discourse, for instruc- tion; a magisterial reprimand; formal reproof . — v. t. [lectured (-churd), -ceing.] To instruct by discourses, instruct 'authoritatively, reprove. — v. i. To deliver a discourse ; to practice delivering lec- tures to instruct or amuse. [F. ; L. lectura, prop, fern, of fut. p. of legere.] — Lect'urer, n. One who, etc. ; a preacher in a church, who assists the rector or curate. — Lect'ureship, n. Office of a lecturer. Lecturn, -tern, lek'tern, Let'- tern, n. A reading-desk, in churches. [LL. lectrinum, fr. lectrum, a pulpit, fr. Gr. lektron, a rest for a book, orig. a couch; 8. rt. Gr. lecJios, L. led us, a couch, E. lie ; not s. rt. lection, etc.] Led. Led-captain, etc. See under Lead. Ledge, lej, n. A shelf on which to lay articles; whatever resem- bles such a shelf ; a ridge or part projecting beyond the rest, as rocks ; a layer or stratum ; a small molding ; a piece against which something rests. (JSaut.) A small timber athwart ships, under the deck, between the beams. [Norweg. logg, the low- est part of a vessel, lega, a ly- ing, couch, support on which anything rests, fr. liggja, AS. licgan=E._lie, q. v.] Ledger, lej'er, n. A mercantile account-book, in which all debits and credits from the journal are placed under appropriate heads. {Arch.) A slab of stone, such as is laid over a tomb; a piece of timber used in a scaffolding. [D. legger, one who lies down, the nether mill-stone, OD. leggen, to lie, lay. See Lie.] Ledger-line, n. See Leger-line, under Leger. Lee, le, n. ; pi. Lees, lez. That which settles at the bottom of a cask of liquor (esp. wine), etc.; sedi- ment; dregs. [F. lie, LL. Ha.] Lee, le, n. (Naut.) A place defended from the wind; that side of an object which is protected from the wind by the object itself; that quarter toward which the wind blows, — opp. to that whence it proceeds. — a. Of, or pert, to, the side opposite to that against which the wind blows. [Ic. Me, D. Uj. lee, AS. and OS. hleo, protection, shelter.] — Lee'ward, loo'erd, I a. Pert, to, or in the direction of, the part awav fr. the wind. — adv. Toward the lee. [D. lijwadrts.] j — Lee' way, le'wa, n. The lateral movement of a ship to the leeward of her course, or the angle which the line of her way makes with her keel; drift. Leech, lech, n. A physician. (Zo'61.) An aquatic suck- ing worm, used for the local abstraction of blood ; blood-sucker. — v. t. To treat with medicine; heal; i to bleed by means of leeches. [AS. Isece, phvsician, [ also the worm ; s. rt. AS. lacnian, to heal,"Ir. and Ga. leigh, physician, leighlas, a remedy.] Leech, lech, n. (Xaut.) The border of a saii at the sides. [Ic. lik, a leech-line, OD. lyken, a bolt-rope.] Leek, lek, n. A plant of the onion family, having an ob- long, edible bulb. [AS. leac, whence E. garlic, hemlock.'] Leer, ler, v. i. [leered (lerd), leering.] To look oblique- ly; to cast a lingering, sidelong look, expressive of lust, hatred, etc. — n. A sidelong lustful or malign look ; arch or affected look. [ME. lere, AS. hleor, the cheek, mien, look, OS. hlior, OD. Iter, cheek.] Lees. See Lee, sediment. Leet, let, n. (Eng. Law.) A court-leet, q. v. ; district within the jurisdiction of a court-leet. A list of candidates for office. - , [LL. leta ; L. lis, litis, law-suit.] , .„ . ^« eK - Left. See Leave. (.Allium porrum.) Left, left, a. In the direction, or on the side of, the part opp. to the right of the bodv.— n. The side op- posite to the right. {Legislative Bodies.) The left side of the speaker's chair, where the opposition usually sits ; hence, the extreme radical political faction. [OD. luft.] — Left-handed, a. Having the left hand more strong and dextrous than the right ; clumsy ; awkward ; unlucky ; inauspicious ; sinister ; mali- cious. Leg, leg, n. The limb of an animal, used in support- ing the body ; esp. that part from the knee to the foot ; that which resembles a leg ; esp. any long and slender support on which an object rests; that part of a stocking, etc., which covers the leg. [Ic. leggr, leg, hollow bone, stem of a tree, spear handle, Dan. Iseg, calf of the leg.] — Legged, legd, a. Having legs. — Leg'gin. -ging, n. A covering for the leg, as a gaiter. — Leg'bail, -bal, n. Flight. Legacy, leg'a-sl, a. A gift, by will, of money or other property; a bequest; anything bequeathed. [OF. legat, L. legatum, fr. legare, to bequeath, fr. lex, law: see Legal.]— Leg'atee', -te', n. One to whom a leg- acy is bequeathed. — Leg'ator', -t6r',w. One who bequeaths, etc. Legal, le'gal, a. According to, in conformity with, created by, or relating to, law; lawful. (Theol.) Ac- cording to the law of works, disting. f r. free grace ; resting on works for salvation; according to the old or Mosaic dispensation. (Laiv.) Governed by rules of law as disting. fr. rules of equity. Constitutional; legitimate; licit; authorized. [F.f L. legalis, fr. lex, legis=~E. law.] — Le'galism, -izm, n. Strictness in adhering to law, or trusting to conformity to law. — Le'galist, n. One who desires strict adherence to law. (Theol.) One who regards conformity to law as a ground of salvation.— Legality, -T-tl', n. State of being legal; conformity to law. (Theol.) Outward conformity to law without inward principle. [F. le- gality, L. legalitas.] — Le'galize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make lawful; to authorize; to sanction after being done. (Theol.) To interpret in a legal spirit. — Le/gally, adv. According to law; lawfully. Legate, leg'at, n. An embassador or envoy; esp. the pope's embassador to a foreign state. (Mom. Hist.) An official assistant to a general or Governor of a province; a provincial governor. [OF. legat, L. le- gates, p. p. of legare, to appoint, send, fr. lex, law: see Legal.] — Leg'ateship, n. Office of a legate. — Leg'atine, -tin, a. Pert, to, made by, or proceeding from, a legate. — Lega'tion, n. The commission- ing one person to act for another; a legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with him in Ms mission; the official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign court. [F.] Legatee, Legator. See under Legacy. Legend, legend or lej'end, n. A chronicle of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins ; a story re- specting saints, esp., one of a marvelous nature; any remarkable story handed down from early times ; an inscription or motto, as on a coat of arms. [OF. legrnde, LL. legenda, neut. pi. of fut. pas. p. of legere, ledum, to read, orig. to gather, Gr. legein, to collect, speak, tell ; s. rt. legion, lection, legume, lesson, col- lect, elegant, sacrilege, lexicon, dialect, logic, etc.] — Leg'endary, -a-rl, a. Consisting of, or like, legends; strange; fabulous; exaggerated; extravagant. — Leg r - ible, -T-bl, a. Capable of being read, or of being dis- covered by apparent indications. — Legibly, adv. — Leglbleness, -ibillty, n. Leger. See Ledger. Leger, lej'er, a. Light; slender; slight; unimportant; trifling. [F.; L. levis. See Levity.] — Leger line. (3fus.) A line added above or below the s_taff to ex- tend its compass. — Leg / erdemain / ', -de-man', n. A trick performed with such adroitness as to elude observation ; sleight of hand. [F., light of hand ; main = L. manus, hand.] Legged, Legging. See under Leg. Legible, Legibility, etc. See under Legend. Legion, le'jun, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of infantry, consisting of from 3,000 to 5,000 men ; a military force ; a great number ; multitude. TOF. ; L. legio, -onis, fr. legere. See Legend.] — Le'gionary, -a-rl, a. Relating to, or consisting of, etc. ; containing a great number. — n. A soldier of a legion. Legislate, lej'is-lat, v. i. To enact a law or laws. [L. lex, law (see Legal), and latum, supine of ferre, to bear, but for tlatum; s. rt. tolerate, q. v.] — Legis- la'tion, n. Act of legislating, or enacting laws. — Leg'isla'tive, -tiv, a. Giving laws ; pert, to the en- acting of laws; done by enacting. — Legislatively, sfin. cube, full ; moon, fobt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN. chair, get. LEGUME 320 LESS adv. — Legislator, -ter, n. A lawgiver; one who makes laws for a state or community; member of a legislative assembly. [L.] — Legislature, -chur, n. The body of men in a state empowered to make and repeal laws. — Le'gist, n. One skilled in the laws. [OF. legiste, LL. legista.] — Legitimate, -jit'I-mat, a. Accordant with law ; lawfuLly begotten or born; genuine ; real ; following by logical or natural se- quence ; in accordance with established law; ac- knowledged as conforming to a rule or standard. — v. t. To make lawful, legalize; to render legitimate; to communicate the rights of a legitimate child to one illegitimate. [LL. legitimare, -matum, to declare to be lawful, fr. legitimes, pert, to law.] — Legiti- mately, adv. —Legitimateness, -imacy, -T-ma-sT, n. Accordance with law; lawfulness of birth; genuine- ness, or reality; logical sequence or validity; accord- ance of an action or institution with established law. — Legit'ima'tion, n. Act of rendering legitimate.— Legitlmatist, -imist, n. A believer in the sacred- ness of hereditary monarchy; in France, an adherent of the elder branch of the Bourbon family, deposed in 1830.— Legitimize, v. t. [-MizED(-mIzd),-MiziNG.] To legitimate. Legume^ leg'um or le-gum', n. {Bot.) A simple pod, which splits into 2 parts (by the ventral and dorsal sutures) and has the seeds at- tached at the ventral suture, as of the pea or bean. pi. The fruit of leguminous plants of the pea kind; pulse. [F.; L. legumen, fr. legere, to gather (see Legend), — because they may be gathered without cutting.] — Legu'minous, -mi-nus, a. Pert, to, or con- sisting of, pulse. {Bot.) Bearing legumes, as seed-vessels. Leisure, le'zhur, n. Freedom from occupa- tion or business; vacant time ; convenient opportunity ; convenience ; ease. [ME. leyser, OF. leisir, orig. an infinitive = L. licere, to be permitted ; s. rt. license, q. v.] Legume — Lei' surely, a. Exhibiting, or employ- s ing, leisure; deliberate; slow. — adv. Slowly. Lemma, lein'ma, n. ; L. pi. -mata, -ma-ta; E. pi. -mas, -maz. {Math.) A preliminary proposition demon- strated for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition. [L. and Gr., thing taken (for granted), fr. Gr. lambanein, Skr. rabh, to take.] Lemming, Leming, lemlning, n. A rodent animal of the far north, esp. of Europe, allied to the rat, which periodically migrates southward in great swarms. [Nbrw. lemende, Sw. lemel, Lapp loumek.] Lemon, lemlin, n. A yellowish, oval fruit, with a very acid pulp; the tree producing it. [F. limon L Per. and Turk, limun, Ar. kiimiw.]- Lern'onade', -ad', n. A beverage of lemon-juice and water, sweetened. Lemur, le'mur, n. A small nocturnal mammal of Madagascar, allied to the monkey, but havi n g a sharp, fox- like muzzle. [L. lemur, pi. lemur es, ghost, spec- ter, — from their going abroad by night. ]- Lem'ures, -u-rez, n. pi. Spirits or ghosts of the departed ; specters. T nr Lend, lend, v. Lemur. t. [lent, lending.] To grant to another for tem- porarv use or on condition of receiving an equiva- lent in kind; to loan; to afford, grant, or furnish; to let for compensation. [ME. lenen (imp. lende, p. p. lend), fr. AS. Isenan, to lend, give, lsen,& loan; s.rt. L. linguere, Gr. leipein, Skr. rich, to leave, E. license.] — Lend 'or, n. One who lends ; esp. onewho makes a business of lending money. —Loan, Ion, n. Act of lending ; thing lent; thing furnished on condition that the specific thing shall be returned, or its equiv- alent in kind; esp. money lent on interest; permis- sion to use; grant of the use. — v. t. [loaned (lond), loaning.] To lend. — v. i. To lend money or other valuable property; to negotiate a loan, — said of the lender. Length, Lengthen, etc. See under Long. Lenient, le'nl-ent, a. Emollient ; softening ; mitiga- ting ; acting without rigor or severity ; nvfld ; clem- ent; merciful, —n. {Med.) That which softens or assuages ; an emollient. [L. leniens, p. pr. of lenire, to soften, f r. lenis, mild.] — Le'niently, adv. — Len'- itive, -T-tiv, a. Having the quality of mitigating (pain or acrimony) ; emollient. — n. {Med.) A medicine easing pam ; a mild purgative ; laxative. That which tends to allay passion ; a palliative. [OF. lenitif.] — Lenity, -1-tt, Le'nience, -ency, -nT-en-sI, n. Mildness of temper ; gentleness of treatment ; kindness; clemency; mercy. [L. lenitas.] Lens, lenz, n. ; pi. Lenses. {Opt.) A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, ground with 2 opposite regular surfaces, used in optical instru- ments for changing the direction of rays of light, to magnify ob- jects or otherwise modify vision : of spherical lenses, there a r e 6 varieties, as shown in section in the tigures, viz., a, plano-concave; o, double-concave ; c, plano-con- vex ; d, double-convex ; e, menis- cus ; /, concavo-convex. [L. lens, lentis, the lentil, — being shaped like its seed.] — Len'tu, n. A ^ e f small leguminous plant; its edible T J lens-shaped seeds. [OF. lentille, Lenses. L. lenticula, dim. of lens.'] — Lentic'ular, a. Like a lentil in size or form ; shaped like a double-convex lens. — Lentiglnous, -tij^I-nus, a. Freckly ; scurfy; furfuraceous. Lent, lent, n. A fast of 40 days, from Ash Wednesday till Easter, commemorating our Savior's fast. [ME. lenten, lent, lent, also the spring, AS. lencten, D. lente, spring, pern. fr. AS., D., and G. lang, long, be- cause the days lengthen in spring.] — Lent 'en, -n, a. Pert, to, or used in, Lent; spare; plain. Lentiscus, len-tis'kus, Len'tisk, n. A tree, the mas- tich. [F. lentisque, L. lentiscum, f r. lentus, tenacious, sticky, — f r. its clammy resin.] L'envoy, -voi, laN-vwa/, n. One or more detached verses at the end of a literary composition, to convey the moral, or to address the poem to a particular per- son; a conclusion; result. [F. le, the, and envoy, en- voi, a sending, f r. envoyer, to send.] Leo, le r o, n. {Astron.) The Lion, the 5th sign of the zodiac. [L., a lion, q. v.] — Le'onine, -nin, a. Pert, to, or like, a lion. [1. leonin, L. leoninus.] — Leonine verse. A kind of verse, the end of which rhymes with the middle, — named fr. Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine and canon of Paris in the 12th century, who wrote in this measure. Leopard, lep'ard, n. A carnivorous digitigrade mam- mal of the genus Felis : it is of a yellow or fawn col- or, with numerous black spots, and is found in Asia and Africa. [F. ; L. leopardus, Gr. leopardos, fr. lean, lion, and pardos, pard, q. v.] Leper, lep'er, n. One affected with leprosy. [Prop. the disease, not the patient ; F. lepre, L. and Gr. lepra, leprosy, f r. Gr. lepros, scaly, scabby, lepos, a scale, husk, lepein, to strip, peel, take off the rind ; s. rt. leaf, lapidary, limpet.] — Leplosy, -ro-sl, n. {Med.) A name applied to several loathsome, incur- able cutaneous or tuberculous diseases, esp. one with progressive destruction of extremities, etc.; a form of elephantiasis. — Lep/rous, -rus, a. Infected with leprosy. [OF. lepreux,L. leprosus.] — Lep'rousness, n. Leporine, lep'o-rln or -rtn, a. Pert, to, or having the nature or qualities of, the hare. [L. leporinus, fr. lepus, lepons, hare.] Lesion, le'zhun, n. A hurt; injury. {Law.) Loss or injury from not receiving a full equivalent for what one gives under an inequitable commutative con- tract. {Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or texture of organs. [F. ; L. Isesio, f r. Ise- dere, Isesum, to hurt, injure.] Less, les, a. Smaller ; not so large or great. — adv. Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree. — n. A smaller portion; the inferior; younger. [AS. Isessa (adj.), Ises (adv.), a compar. form of rt. of Goth. las~ iws, Ic. lasinn, feeble, 1c. lasna, to become feeble, decay ; not s. rt. little.] — LeBB'en, les'n, v. t. [-sened (-snd), -sening.] To make less or small- er; to reduce in size, quantity, number, or amount, diminish in quality, state, or degree, reduce in dig- nity, abate, lower, degrade. — v. i. To become less, contract, decrease, diminish. [ME. lassen.] — Less er, a. Less; smaller ; inferior. — Lest, conj. ni That am. fame. far. pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. term ; in, ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r LESSEE 321 LEVITT not; for fear that. [For lesthe, corrupt, fr. AS. tea dhe in the phrase dhy Ises dhe = for the reason less that; not fr. least.] — Least, lest, a. Smallest; little beyond others, either in size or degree; of the small- est worth or importance. — adv. In the smallest or lowest degree. [AS. leesast, Isesest, contr. best.] — At least, or at the least. At the lowest estimate, or at the smallest concession or claim; however; never- theless; yet. — Leasfways, -waz, -wise, -wiz, adv. At least; however; at all events. Lessee, Lessor. See under Lease. Lesson, les'n. n. Anything read or recited to a teach- er by a pupii; something assigned to be learned or taught at one time; instruction derived from expe- rience, observation, or deduction ; a portion of Scrip- ture read in divine service; severe lecture; reproof; rebuke, —v.t. [lessoned (-nd), -on ing.] To teach, instruct. [F. lecon, L. lectio. See Lection.] Lest. See under Less. Let, let, v. t. [let (letted is obsolete), letting.] To give leave or power by a positive act; or, nega- tively, to withhold restraint ; not to prevent ; to permit, allow, suffer ; to grant possession and use for a compensation; to lease,— often followed by out. [AS. Uetan, letan.] — To let alone. To leave; to suffer to remain without interference. — To I. blood. To cause blood to flow (from a vein) ; to bleed. — To I. down. To permit to sink or fall, lower. — 7b I. drive or fly. To send forth with vio- lence. — To I. in or into. To admit; to insert, as a piece of wood, into a space formed for the purpose. — To I. loose. To suffer to go free. — To I. out. To suffer to escape; to extend or loosen, as a rope, or the folds of a garment. — To I. off. To discharge, cause to explode (a gun); to release (from an en- gagement or penalty). Let, let, v. t. To retard, hinder, impede. — n. A hin- drance; obstacle; delay. [AS. lettan, fr. Iset, slow. See Late.] Letch, lech, v. t. To leach. See Leach. Lethal, le'thal, a. Deadly; mortal; fatal. [L. lethalis, fr. letum, death.] — Lethiferous, -er-us, a. Bringing death; mortal, [h.ferre, to bring.] Lethe, le'the, n. (Or. Myth.) One of the rivers of hell, causing forgetfulness of all that was past to those who drank of it. Oblivion; a draught of ob- livion ; forgetfulness. [L. and Gr., name of the river, also oblivion, fr. Gr. lanthanein, to lie hid. See Latent.] — Lethe'an, a. Inducing forgetful- ness. — Leth'argy, -ar-ji, n. Preternatural sleepi- ness ; morbid drowsiness ; dullness ; inattention ; apathy. [OF. lethargie, L. and Gr. lethargia.] — Lethar'gic, -gical, a. Given to, like, pert, to, or caused by, etc. Letter, let'ter, n. A mark or character, used as the representative of an articulate elementary sound; a written message ; epistle; mere verbal expression; literal meaning; exact signification. (Print.) A char- acter formed of metal or wood, used in printing ; type used for printing, — spoken of collectively, pi. Learning; erudition.— v. t. [lettered (-terd), -ter- ing.] To impress or mark with letters. [ME. and F. lettre, L. litera, littera, f r. linere, litum, to besmear, — i.e., smeared on parchment, not engraved on wood, etc. See Liniment.] — Leftered, -terd, a. Literate; educated; pert, to learning ; furnished, marked, or designated with letters. — Leftering, n. Act of im- pressing letters; letters impressed. — Let'ter-book, n. A book in which to enter copies or memoranda of letters. — car'rier, n. One who delivers letters at bouses ; a postman. — found'er, re. One who casts letters; a type-founder. — press, n. Print; reading matter, - disting, fr. plates or engravings. (Print.) Any work printed directly from type, — disting. fr. that printed from plates. Lettuce, leftis, n. A lactiferous plant, of many vari- eties, the slightly narcotic leaves of which are used as salad, etc. [L. lactuca, fr. lac, milk, fr. the milky white juice which flows from it when cut.] Leucorrhoea, lu-kor-re'a, re. (Med.) Fluor albus; the whites; a morbid discharge of white, yellowish, or greenish mucus, from the vagina. [Gr. teukos, white, and rhein, to flow.] Levant, lev'ant, a. Eastern. — Levant', n. The countries of Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt, etc., washed Dy the eastern part of the Med- iterranean. — v. i. To abscond, decamp mysterious- ly, — fr. reports spread that absconders had gone to the Levant. [It. leva.nte, east wind, eastern region, fr. L. levans, p. pr. of levare, to raise, se levare, to rise, f r. levis, light. See Levity.] — Levant'er, n. A strong easterly wind in the Mediterranean ; one who runs away without paying wagers he has lost, or otherwise runs away disgracefully. — Levantine, le-vant'In or lev'ant-In, a. Pert, to the Levant. — n. A native or inhabitant of the Levant; a kind of silk cloth. Levee, lev'e or le-ve', re. A morning reception or as- sembly of visitors; any general gathering of guests; a bank or causeway, esp. along a river, to prevent in- undation. [F. leve'e, fr. lever, to raise, se lever, to rise, fr. L. levare. See Levant.] — Lev'y, -T, v. t. [levied (-id), -ying.] To raise, collect, — said of troops, to form into an army; to impose; to raise by assessment. (Law.) To gather or exact; to erect, build, or set up ; to attach specific property for a debt, seize on execution. — n. Act of taking by au- thority or force for public service, as troops, taxes, etc.; thing levied, as an army, tribute, etc. (Law.) The seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution. [Same as levee.'] — To levy war. To begin, make, or assist in making war; to take arms for attack; to attack. — Levy in mass. A requisition of all able-bodied men for mil- itary service. [F. Iev4e en masse.] — Leviable, a. Level, lev'el, a. Not having one part higher than another ; even ; flat ; smooth ; horizontal ; of the same height with anything else ; equal in rank or degree.— v.t. [leveled (-eld), -eling.] To make smooth, even, or horizontal ; to bring to the same height with something else, lay flat, reduce to an even surface or plane, or to equality of condition, state, or degree; to point, in taking aim; to direct, utter; to adapt to the capacity of . — v.i. To aim; to direct the view or purpose. — n. A line or plane everywhere parallel to the surface of stiil water, — a curve, the center of which coincides with the earth's center; a horizontal line or surface ; a smooth or even line, plane, or surface; equal elevation with something else; degree of energy, intensity, or at- tainment; rate; standard; quiet conditions position of rest; rule : plan; a, scheme; line of direc- tion in which a mis- sive weapon is aimed. (Mech.) An ment by which to 1 a horizontal line, adjust something reference to su iiontiSrv £ na* f> ** M ° r air le ^ b - "^ lzontal gallerj 01 pas- foot level carpenter'* level; sage in a mine at a d< mason - s i eve i. given depth ; a drain- age adit or drift. [OF. livel, L. Ifliella, dim. of libra, a balance. See Libra.] — Lev'elor, n. One who lev- els or makes even; one who attempts to destroy dis- tinctions, and reduce to equality. — Lev'eling, n. Reduction of uneven surfaces to a plane. (Survey- ing.) Art or operation of ascertaining the differences of level between points of the earth's surface in- cluded in a survey. — Lev'elness, n. Lever, leaver or lev'er, n. (Mech.) A bar used over or against a fulcrum, to exert a pressure, overcome re- sistance, or sustain a weight. See Mechanical Pow- ers. [F. leveur, L. levator, fr. levare, to lift. See Levity.] — Lev'erage, -ej, n. Action of a lever; me- chanical advantage gained by the use of, etc. Leveret, lev'er-et, n. A hare in the first year of its age. [OF. levrault, dim. fr. L. lepus, leporis, a hare.] Leviathan, le-vi'a-than, n. An aquatic animal, de- scribed in the book of Job, Psalms, etc.; a crocodile, whale, or other aquatic monster. [Heb. livyath&n, prop, an animal twisted in curves, fr. Ar. lawa' , to bend, twist.] Levigate, lev'T-gat, v,. t. To rub or grind to fine powder ; to comminute ; to polish. [L. levigare, levigatum, fr. levis, smooth. See Levity.] — Levi- ga'tion, n. Levite, le'vit, n. (Jewish Hist.) One of the tribe or family, or a descendant, of Levi; esp., one not in the priesthood, but employed in certain subordinate du- ties of the tabernacle, and afterward the temple. — Levit'ical, -vifik-al, a. Belonging, or relating, to the Levites. — Leritical degrees. Degrees of relation- ship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is forbidden. — Levit'icus. n. The 3d book of the Old Testament, containing the laws which relate to the priests and Levites among the Jews. Levity, lev'Y-tY, n. Want of weight in a body, com- pared with another that is heavier; lightness; buoy, i mis- m± L JK i c h a P«s m ; c d > spectrum; v, violet; t, indigo; makes ** blue; 9< S reen; V' y ellow > °> orange ; r, red. clear to the intellect ; mental or spiritual illumi- nation ; enlightenment; instruction; information ; esp. the source of moral enlightenment ; dawn of day; open view; a visible state or condition ; pub- licity; a time of prosperity and happiness. (Paint.) The manner in which the light strikes upon a pic- tare ; the illuminated part of a picture. The point of view in which anything is seen, or from which instruction or illustration is derived ; one who is conspicuous or noteworthy. — a. Not dark or ob- scure; bright: clear; white or whitish; not intense or very marked. — v. t. [lighted or (less prop.) lit ; lighting.] To set fire to, kindle ; to give light to, illuminate ; to conduct with a light. [AS. leoht, a light, lihtan, to shine ; s. rt. L. lux, lumen, light, lima, the moon, Gr. leukos, white, luchnos^ a lamp, Skr. rucfi, to shine, also light, splendor, E. lucid, lucifer, lea, lusie?; lynx, etc.] — Lighfen, lit'n, v. i. [-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To burst forth or dart, as lightning; to shine like lightning, flash; to grow lighter, become less dark or lowering.— v. t. To make light or clear, illuminate, enlighten; to il- luminate with knowledge; to free from trouble and fill with joy. [AS. leohtan, to illuminate, fr. leoht.] — Light'er', n. — Lighfness, n. — Light'some, -sum, a. Luminous ; not dark. — Light'-house,?*. A tower bear- ing a powerful light, to guide mariners at night. — -ship, •ves'sel, n. A vessel moored and serving as a light-house.— -keep'er, n. One in charge of a light-house, light-ship, etc., and its illumin- ating appara- ; tus. — wood, w. Resinous wood, which kindles quickly and makes a brig; Light-house. blaze. —Lightening, n. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light. — Light'ning-rod, n. An insulated metallic rod erected to protect buildings, vessels, etc., from lightning. Light, lit, a. Having little weight ; not heavy ; easy to be lifted, borne, or carried, or to be suffered or performed, or to be digested; containing little nutri- ment ; armed with weapons of little weight ; clear of impediments; active; nimble; not deeply laden; not sufficiently ballasted ; slight ; trifling ; not im- portant; not dense ; not gross ; inconsiderable ; not strong; moderate; easy to admit influence; inconsid- erate ; unsettled; volatile; wanting dignity or solidi- ty; trifling; gay; airy; wanton; unchaste; not of legal weight; diminished; loose; sandy: easily pulverized; dizzy. [Light is used in the formation of many com- pounds of obvious signification ; as, light-armed, light-bodied, light-spirited, etc.] [AS. leoht, Goth. leihts; s. rt. Gr. elachus, L. levis, Skr. laghu, light, Skr. rangh, to move swiftly, langh, to jump over, Ir. lingim, to spring, bound, E. levant, lever, levity, al- leviate, etc.] — To make light of. To treat as of little consequence ; slight ; disregard. — Lightly, adv. With little weight; without deep impression ; with- out dejection ; cheerfully ; with little effort or diffi- culty; easily ; readily ; without reason; wantonly ; nimbly ; with agility ; with levity ; without care.— Light'ness, ht'nes, n. Want of weight ; inconstan- cy ; levity ; wantonness ; lewdness ; agility ; ease ; facility. — Light'en, lifn, v. t. To make lighter, or less heavy ; to reduce in weight ; to make less burdensome or afflictive ; to cheer, exhilarate. — Light'er, Ht'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. (Naut.) A barge used in lightening or unloading ships, also, in loading them. [D. ligter, fr. ligt, light.] — Lighferman, n. One who manages or is employed on a lighter ; a boatman. — LightB, n. pi. The lungs; the organs of breathing, esp. in birds and in brutes. [AS. dha lihtan, the light things, — so called fr. their lightness.] — Lighf-brain, n. An empty-headed or weak-minded person. fin'gered, a. Dextrous in taking and conveying away ; ad- dicted to petty thefts. — foot'ed, a. Having a light, springy step; nimble with the feet; active. — hand'- ed, a. (Naut.) Not having a full complement of men. — head'ed, a. Disordered in the head ; dizzy; delirious ; thoughtless; heedless; volatile. — heart'- ed, a. Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful ; merry. — in'fantry, n. (Mil.) A body of foot soldiers, trained for rapid evolutions. niind'ed, a. Unset- tled; unsteady; volatile. Light, lit, v. i. [lighted or (less prop.) lit, light- ing.] To come to by chance ; happen to find, fall ; to stoop from flight, settle, rest; to alight. [Same as alight, fr. light, not heavy.] Lignaloes, lin-aKoz or lig-naKoz, n. Aloes-wood, prop, the agailochum, a tree of India, "whose decaying timber develops a fragrant oil. [L. lignum aloes = Gr. xulaloe ; L. lignum (Gr. xulon), wood; L. and Gr. aloe, aloe, q. v.] — Lig'neous, -ne-us, a. Made of, consisting of, or resembling, wood; woody. [L. lig- neus, f r. lignum.] — Lig'nify, -nl-fi, v. t. [-fied (.-fid), -fying.] To convert or change into wood.— v. i. To become wood. [L. facere, to make.] — Lig'nifica'- tion, n. Process of becoming or of converting into wood, or the hard substance of a vegetable. — Lig'- niform, a. Like wood. [L,. forma, form.]— Lig'nine, -nin, n. (Chem.) An essential constituent of the woody fiber in plants. — Lig^nite, -nit, n. (Min.) Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was formed.— Lig'nose, -nos, a. Ligneous. — n. An explosive compound of wood fiber and ni- tro-glycerine, q. v.— Lig / num-vi / 'tae, -te, n. A tree of tropical America, from which the guaiacum of med- icine is procured : its hard wood is used for various mechanical purposes. [L., wood of life.] Ligure, li'gur or hg^ur, n. A kind of precious stone. [L. ligurius, Gr. ligurion.'] Like, lik, a. Equal in quantity, quality, or degree ; having resemblance ; similar ; likely ; probable ; in- clined or disposed to. — n. A counterpart ; an exact resemblance; copy. — adv. In a similar manner; in a manner becoming ; likely ; probably. [ME. lyk, AS. lie, gelic, Dan. lik, lig, Sw. lik, lit. resembling in form; AS. lie, OS. and Ic. lik, a form, body ; perh. s. rt. Gr. talikos, L. talis, Russ. tolikii, such.] — Had like. Had nearly ; came little short of. — Like'ly, a. [-lier, -liest.] Worthy of belief ; probable ; credible ; having or giving reason to expect, — fol- lowed by an infinitive ; well adapted. [ME. likly, where the adjectival term. -fy = AS. lie, like ; the au. fame, far, pass or «nera, fare ; 6nd, eye, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r LIKE 325 LINE adverbial term, -ly = AS. -lice, fr. lie] — Like'- lihood, -lT-h<3od, -liness, n. Appearance of truth or reality ; probability ; verisimilitude. — Like'wise, -wiz, con.}. In like manner; also; moreover: too. [Abbr. for in like wise: see Wise.] — Like'ness, n. State of being like ; resemblance ; that which re- sembles or copies ; esp. a portrait of a person, or picture of a thing ; similarity; parallel; similitude; representation. — Lik'en, lik'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -BNUTQ.] To make like; to represent as like or sim- ilar ; to compare. [Sw. likna, Dan. ligne, to resem- ble, to liken ; Sw. hk, Dan. lig, like.] Like, lik, v. t. [liked (likt), liking.] To be pleased with in a moderate degree ; to enjoy, — v. i. To be pleased; to choose, — n. A liking; fancy; inclination. [Fr. like, adj. ; .ME. lyken, AS. Ucian, to please, lit. to be suitable for.] — Like'ly, a. Such as may be liked; of honorable or excellent qualities. — Like'- liness, n. The qualities that please. — Lik'ing, n. Inclination ; pleasure ; satisfaction in, or attraction toward, some object. Lilac, li'lak, n. A shrub of the genus Synnga, a na- tive of Persia with fragrant purple or white flowers. — a. Of the color of the purple lilac. [Sp. ; Turk. leilaq, a lilac, fr. Per. lilaj, Wang, Skr. nili, the in- digo plant, ntia, blue.] Lilliputian, lil-T-pu'shan, n. One of a diminutive race described in Swift's " Voyage to Lilliput ; " a per- son of very small size. — a. Of, or pert, to, the imaginary island of Lilliput; of very small size; pigmy; diminutive; dwarfed. Lilt, lilt, v. i. To sing cheerfully, — n. A song tune ; song. [Scot.; G. lallen, to sing without words.] Lily, lil'T, n. A perennial, herbaceous, bulbous plant of many species, having showy white or colored flowers, some being very fragrant. [AS. lilie, L. lil- ium, Gr. leirion.]— Lily of the valfcy. Convallaria ; a stemless perennial with drooping racemes of very fragrant white flowers— LiFied, -id, ". Embellished with lilies. — Liliaceous, -a'shus, a. Pert, to or like, etc. — Lil'y-pad, n. The large floating leaf of the water-lily. Liman, li'man, n. The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river. [F. limon, L. limus, slime. See Lime.] Lunation, li-ma'shun, n. Act of filing or polishing. [L. limare, -atum, to file, fr. lima, filer] — Li'mature, -ma-chur, n. Act of filing; that filed off; filings. Limb, lini, n. An extremity of the human body, as the arm or leg ; a member; branch of a tree larger than a twig ; any thing or person regarded as a part of something else. (Bot.) The border or upper spread- ing part of a monopetalous corol, or of a petal, or sepal; blade, —v. t. [limbed (limd), limbing (limb- ing).] To supply with limbs ; to dismember, tear oft the limbs of. [AS. lim, Ic. limr, Dan. and Sw. lem, a limb, Ic. lim, foliage of a tree, Dan. lime, a, twig ; orig. something broken off, AS. lemian, Ic. lemju, to break; s. rt. lame. ] — Lim /, ber, n. {Mil.) The forward part of a gun-car- riage, to which the horses are attached, and from which the gun is detached (unlimbered) when in action. A shaft of a carriage. (Naut.) A gutter be- side the keelson for bilge-water; a board covering such gutter. — v. t. [limbered (-berd), -BERING.] ber to. [ProvE. limmers, a pair of shafts, f r. AS. lim.] Limb, lim, n. (Astron.) The border of the disk of a heavenly body, esp. of the sun and moon ; edge of a graduated circle in an instrument. [L. limbus, border, edge ; s. rt. Skr. lamb, to fall, hang down- wards, E. Z«/>.] — Lim'bo, n. (Scholastic Theol.) A region bordering on hell. A place of confinement. [Fr. L. in limbo, on the border (of hell).] —The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the souls of good men who lived before the coming of our Savior. — L. infantum. A similar place for the souls of un- baptized infants. — L. fatuorum. Fools' paradise, a receptacle of all vanity and nonsense. Limber, of a gun. See under Limb. Limber, lim'ber, a. Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant. — v. t. [limbered (-berd), -Bering.] To cause to be- come limber. [Same as limp, q. v.] — Lim' r berness, n. Lime, lim, n. A viscous substance laid on twigs for catching birds; bird-lime ; oxide of calcium ; a brit- tle, infusible, white, caustic substance obtained by calcining limestone, shells, etc., and used in making mortar, etc. ; the principal constituent in marble, chalk, bones, shells, etc. — v. t. [limed (hind), lim- ing.] To smear with a viscous substance; to entan- Limber. -To attach a lim- Lime. gle, insnare; to manure with lime; to cement. [AS. lim, bitumen, cement, Ic. lim, glue, lime, chalk, MHG. lim, bird-lime, L. limus, mud ; s. rt. L. linere, to smear, Skr. li, to meet, adhere, E. liquid, rivulet.] — Lim'y, -T, a. Covered with, containing, or like lime; viscous. — Lime'kiln, -kil, n. A kiln or fur- nace in which limestone or shells are burnt to make lime.— Lime'' stone, n. Any kind of stone consisting largely of carbonate of lime. esp. those varieties used in making lime. — Lime'-light, n. A brilliant light produced by turning jets of ignited oxygen and hy- drogen, or oxygen and coal-gas, upon a ball of quick- lime; calcium fight ; Drummond light. — wa'ter, n. Water impregnated with lime. Lime, lim, n. The European linden tree; the Amer. basswood. [Corrup. of line, lind, linden, q. v.] Lime, lim, n. A fruit allied to the lemon, but smaller, and more intensely sour. [F.; Per. limu, a lemon, q. v.] Limit, limit, n. That which termi- nates, circumscribes, restrains, or confines; bound, border, or edge. {Logic & Metai/h.) A distinguish- ing characteristic ; a differential. (Math.) A determinate quantity, to which a variable one continu- ally approaches, but can never go beyond it. — v. t. To bound ; set bounds to ; to confine within certain bounds ; to restrain ; to confine the signification of, de- fine exactly. [F. limiter, to limit, limite, L. limes, -itis, a limit; s. rt. L. limen, a threshold, and prob. limus, transverse.] -^ Lim'itable, a. -Lim'itary, -a-n. a. Placed at the limit, as a guard; confined within limits ; limited in extent, authority, power, etc. — Limita'tion, n. Act of, condition of being, or means of, etc.: restraining condition ; defining circumstance. (Law.) A cer- tain period limited ov statute after which the claim- ant shall not enforce his claims by suit. [F.] — T.im '- ited, a. Confined within limits; restricted; narrow; circumscribed. — Limited liability. Liability re- stricted to the value of the shares which one holds in a joint-stock company.— Lim 'iter, n. — Limit- less, a. Having no limits ; unbounded; boundless. Limn, lim, v. t. [limned (limd), lim'ning.] To draw or paint; esp. to paint in water colors ; to illuminate (books or parchments). TME. limnen, luminen, OF. enhiminer, to limn, L. illuminare, to enlighten.] Limoges-ware, lT-mozh , 'war, n. One of the enameled articles of metal, such as caskets, etc., formerly made at Limoges, France. Limonite. lim'o-nit, n. Hydrous sesquioxide of iron ; brown hematite or bog ore. [F., fr. limon, a lemon, fr. its color.] Limousine, lT-mdo-sen'', n. An automobile body with seats and permanent top like a coupe; also, an auto- mobile with such a body. TF.l Limp, limp, v. t. [limped (limt) limping.] To halt; walk lamely. — n. A halt ; act of limping. [AS. lemp-healt, halting, lame, MHG. limphin, to limp.] — Limp'or, n. Limp, limp, a. Lacking stiffness ; flexible ; limpsy. [Ic. limpa, limpness, weakness, Skr. lamba, depend- ing, falling, W. llibin, limber, drooping, llipa, limp, flabby ; s. rt. limber.] — Limp /, ness, n. — Limp'sy, Lim'sy, a. Weak ; flexible ; flimsy. Limpet,lim / 'pet, n. An edible gasteropodous univalve mollusk, found adhering to rocks. [L. and Gr. lepas.] Limpid, lina'pid, a. Characterized by clearness or transparency; pellucid; pure; crystal ; translucent. [F. limpide, L. limpidus ; s. rt. L. lympha, pure water, Gr. lampros, bright, lampein, to shine.] — Lim- pidity, -l-ti, Lim'pidness, n. Limy. See under Lime. Linchpin, linch'pin, ji. A pin to prevent the wheel of a carriage from sliding off the axletree. [D. luns, LG. lunse, linchpin, AS. lynis, axletree.] Linden, lin'den, n. A European tree, having panicles of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves; in Amer., the basswood. [ME., AS., Ic, Dan., and Sw. lind, D. and G. linde, the linden, Ic. linr, smooth, AS. lidhe, L. lentus, pliant. See Lithe.] Line, hn, n. A linen thread or string ; any slender strong cord or rope : a thread-like mark of the pen, pencil, or graver. (Math.) That which has length, but not breadth or thickness. The exterior limit of a figure ; boundary ; contour ; a long thread-like mark upon the face or hand ; lineament ; a straight row ; a continued series or rank ; supply of a vari- 1, cube, full; moon, f 6"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, bcNboN, chair, get. LINEN 326 LIQUEFY ety of goods in some department of trade; the num- ber of shares taken by a stock broker ; a short let- ter, note. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy, directed toward an object ; department ; ancestry or descendants of a given person ; family to which one belongs ; a connected series of pub- lic conveyances ; ah established arrangement for forwarding merchandise. (Poet.) Averse. (Oeoy.) The equator, — usually called the line, or equinoc- tial line. (Script.) That which is measured by a line or cord ; boundary ; place of abode ; instruc- tion, doctrine. (Mach.) Proper adjustment of parts, for smooth working. (Mil.) The regular infantry of an army. (Fort.) A trench or rampart ; pi. dis- positions covering extended positions, and present- ing a front in but one direction to an enemy. The 12th of an inch. — v. t. [lined (llnd), lining.] To mark out or cover with lines; to cover on the inside; to put inside of ; to place along the side of for de- fense; to read or repeat line by line. [AS.; L. linen, a cord, prop, fem.of lineus, made of linum, Gr. linon, flax ; also F. ligrne, a line, verse, row, fr. the same. To line garments, etc., is prop, to put linen within them.] — Hard lines. An unfortunate fate ; dis- tressing circumstances.— On the line (of sight). At the right height, — said of pictures, as hung at ex- hibitions. — Linger, n. A vessel belonging to a reg- ular line of packets ; in games, a ball sent into the field in a straight line from the bat. — Lin'eage, lln'e-ej, n. Race ; progeny ; descent in a line from a common progenitor. [ME. linage, F. lignage.] — Lin'eal, a. Composed of lines ; descending in a direct line from an ancestor ; hereditary ; in the direction of a line ; pert, to, or ascertained by, a line. — Lin'eally, adv. In a direct line. — Lin'ea- ment, -e-a-ment, n. The outline of a body or figure, esp. of the face ; feature ; form ; mark. [F. ; L. lineamentum, fr. lineare, -atum, to draw a hue.] — Lin'ear, a. Pert. to, or consisting of, etc. ; in a straight direction. — Lin'eate, -e-at, -ated, a. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines. — Lining, lining, n. The covering of the inner surface of anything. Linen, lin'en, n. Thread or cloth made of flax; un- derclothing, esp. shirts, as being orig. chiefly made of linen.— a. Made of, or like, etc. [ME. lin, n., linen, adj., AS. lin, flax, linen, fr. L. linum. See Line.] _: Linoleum, -le-um, n. A kind of floor- cloth made with hardened or oxidized linseed oil. £i. linum and oleum, oil.] — n'net, n. A small Euro- pean singing bird. [F. lin- otte, fr. tin, flax, W. llinos, f r. llin, — fr. its feeding on flax-seed.] — Lin'seed, n. Flaxseed.— Lin'sey-wool - eey, -si-wcJbl'sT, a. Made of linen and wool; of dif- Linnet ferent and unsuitable parts; vile; mean. — n. Stuff made of linen and wool mixed.— Lint, n. Flax; linen raveled, or scraped into a soft substance, and used for dressing wounds and sores. Ling, ling, n. An edible murine fish, more slender than the cod, and having only 2 dorsal fins. [D. leng, fr. lang, AS. langa, long.] Linger, lin/ger, v. i. [-gered (-gSrd), -gering.] To delay, loiter; to be in suspense, hesitate; to remain long in any state. [ME. lengen, to tarry, AS. lengan, to prolong, put off, fr. lang, long.] — Lin'gerer, n. — Lin' gering, n. Adelaying ; tardiness ; protraction. Lingerie, laN'zhS-re', n. Linen goods collectively ; linen underwear, esp. of women; the clothing of linen and cotton with its lace, etc., worn by a woman. IF.] Lingual, lir/gwal, a. Pert, to the tongue. — n. A let- ter pronounced with the tongue. [L. lingua, OL. dingua, tongue; s. rt. tongue, language.] — Lin'guist, -gwist, n. One skilled in languages. — Linguistic, -leal, a. Relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of languages. — Linguistics, n. sing. Science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and appli- cation of words. — Lin'guiform, -gwi-f6rm, a. Of the shape of the tongue. [I,, forma, shape.] — Lin'- go, n. Language; speech; dialect. — Lin'gua-dent'- al, -gwa-dent'al, a. (Pron.) Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue and teeth, or of the tongue and that part of the gum just above the front teeth, — n. An articulation pronounced by the tongue and teeth.— Lin'gua-Fran'ca, -f ran' ka, n. The commercial language of the Levant, — a compound of French. Italian, Arabic, etc. Liniment, lin't-ment, n. A soft anodyne or stimula- ting ointment or embrocation, with which diseased parts are rubbed. [F.; L. linimentum, fr. linere, to smear; s. rt. liquid.'] Lining. See under Line. Link, link, n. A single ring of a chain ; anything doubled and closed like a link. Anything connect- ing or binding one thing to another; any constituent part of a connected series. (Mech.) Any interme- diate rod or piece transmitting motive power from one part of a machine to another. (Surveying.) The length of one joint of Gunter's chain = 7.92 inches. — v. t. [linked (linkt), linking.] To unite or con- nect by something Intervening; to join, couple. — v. i. To be connected. [AS. hlence, link of achainjprob. s. rt. AS. Mine, hill, boundary, firing, ring, q. v.] — Link '-mo'- tion, n . (S t e a m- Eng.) A valve gear consisting of two ec- cen t rics and their rods, so con- nected by Link-motion. an adjust- able piece, called the link, to the valve, as to reverse the steam when the engine is in motion. Link, link, n. A torch made of tow and pitch. [Cor- rupt, of lint in lintstock, old spelling of linstock, a. v.] — Link'boy, -man, n. One who carried a torch to light passengers. Linnsean, -nean, lin-ne'an, a. Pert, to Linnseus, the botanist. — Linniean. system. (Bot.) The system iu which the classes are founded upon the number of stamens, and the orders upon the pistils ; the artifi- cial or sexual system. Linnet, Linseed, Linsey-woolsey, Lint. See under Linen. Linotype, lin'o-tip, ?t. (Tyjiog.) (a) A stereotype of a line of words cast in a continuous strip, (b) A composing machine in which such strips are cast from separate molds for each letter, which are ar- ranged in line by touching keys. [From line + type.] Linstock, lin'stok, n. A pointed or forked staff, to hold a lighted match, — used in firing cannon. [D. lontstok ; lont, a match, rag ; stok, stick.] Lintel, lin'tel, n. (Arch.) A horizontal timber or stone over a door, window, etc. [OF.; LL. lintel 'I 'us, fr. L. limes, boundary, border. See Limit.] Lion, li'un, n. A carnivorous feline mammal of great size and strength, found in Asia and Africa ; the puma of S. America. (Astron.) The 5th sign in the zodiac, Leo. An object of interest and curiosity. [OF.; L. leo, Gr. leon.~] — Li'oness, n. The female of the lion kind. — Li onize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To treat as a lion, or object of interest. [Orig. to show strangers the lions Lion. kept in the Tower of London.] Lip, lip, n. One of the 2 fleshy parts composing the exterior of the mouth in man and many other ani- mals ; the mouth ; organs of speech ; sometimes speech itself; the edge of anything, — v. t. [lipped (lipt), lipping.] To touch with the lips, kiss ; to speak. [AS. lippa, lippe. D. lip, L. labrum, labium, Ir. and Per. lab, lip, lit. that which laps or sucks up; s. rt. L. lambere. to lick, E. lap, q. v.l Liquefy, lik'we-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To melt, dissolve ; esp. to melt by the sole agency of heat or caloric. — v. i. To become liquid. TF. lique- fier, L. liquefacere, fr. liquere (s. rt. Skr. ri, to distill, ooze, li, to melt, dissolve, E. rivulet), to be fluid, and facere, to make.] — Liq'uefi'able, a.— Liq'uefac'- tion, n. Act or operation of, or state of being, etc. — Liq'uefa'cient, -shent, n. That which serves to liquefy.— Liqualion, n. Act of melting; capacity of being melted. (Metal.) Process of separating, by a regulated heat, an easily fusible metal from one less fusible.— Liques'cent, -kwes'sent, a. Tend- ing to become liquid; inclined to melt; melting. [L. liquescens, p. pr. of Hquescere, incept, of liquere, to be liquid.] — Liq'uid, -wid, a. Having liquidity; fluid am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; in, ice ; odd, tone, 6r ; LIQUORICE 327 LITMUS flowing smoothly or easily; sounding agreeably to the ear; pronounoed without harshness. — n. A 'sub- stance whose parts change their relative position on the slightest pressure and retain no definite form; a fluid not aeriform. (Oram.) A letter which has a smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute, — in Eng., I, m, n, r. [F. liqukle, L. liquidus, f r. liquere.] — Liq'uidam'bar, -ber, n. A genus of trees growing in tropical regions, several species of which produce a transparent, balsamic liquid resin; the resin itself: the inspissated Amer. resin is copal, and the Oriental is storax. — Liq'ui- date, -wY-dat, v. t. To make liquid; to clear from obscurity; to ascertain the precise amount of; to set- tle, adjust, pay. [XL. liquidare, -datum, to make clear.] — Liquida'tion, n. Act of, etc.; esp. of adjust- ing debts. — Liquidity, -Y-tT, n. State of being liq- uid; fluidity; quality of being smooth and flowing; agreeableness of sound. — Liq'uor, lik'er, n. Any liquid or fluid substance; esp. alcoholic or spirituous fluid, distilled or fermented; a decoction, solution, or tincture. [L., fr. liquere.) — Liqueur, le-ker', n. A delicate preparation of distilled spirits, usually flavored with fruits and aromatic substances. [F.] liquorice. See Licorice. Lira, le'ra, n. ; pi. -re, -ra. An Italian coin = 1 French franc = 19j cents. [It., L. libra, the Roman pound.] Lisp, lisp, v. i. [lisped (lispt), lisping.] To give s or z the sound of th, th, or dh ; to speak imperfectly or with hesitation; to make feeble beginnings or im- perfect efforts. — v. t. To pronounce with a lisp. — n. Habit or act of lisping. [Onomat; AS. wlispian, to lisp, wlisp, lisping; s. rt. whisper.] — Lisp'er, n. Lisson. See under Lithe. List, list, n. The outer edge or selvage of cloth; strip of cloth forming the border; a boundary; border. (Arch.) A little square molding; fillet, — v. t. To sew (strips of cloth) together; to form a border; to cover or pack (a crack) with list or with strips of cloth; to mark as if with list. [AS. and Sw.; Jc. lista, border, selvage.] — List'ing, n. Same as List. — Lisfel, n. (Arch.) A fillet. List, list, n. A roll; catalogue; register; inventory. — v. t. To place in a list or catalogue ; to enroll, en- list; to engage in the public service. — v. i. To en- list. [F. liste, a roll, catalogue; s. rt. list, a border.] List, list, n. A line inclosing or forming the extrem- ity of a field of combat ; pi. the ground or field inclosed for a race or combat. — v. t. To inclose for combat. [OF. lisse.a, tiltyard, LL. licise, barriers, palisades, perh. fr. L. Kcium, a thread, girdle.]— To enter the lists. To accept a challenge, or engage in contest. List, list, v. i. To desire, choose, please. [AS. lystan, to desire, AS., D., Sw., G. lust, desire. See Lust.] — Listless, a. Lit., devoid of desire; weary; not at- tending ; indifferent to what is passing; languid; indolent. — List'lessly, adv. — Lisflessness, n. List, list, n. (Naut.) An inclination to one side, — said of a ship. List, list. Listen, lis'n, v. i. [listened (-nd), -en- ing.] To attend closely with a view to hear; to hearken; to yield to advice, obey. [AS. hlystan, fr. hlyst, a hearing, the sense of hearing, Ic. hlust, W. dust, the ear; s. rt. L. cluere, Gr. kluein, Skr. cru, to hear, AS. hlud = E. loud, q. v., also E. lurk.] — Lisfener, n. Litany, lifa-nY, n. A solemn form of supplications for mercy and deliverance, used in public worship; esp. the responsive form of general supplication in the Book of Common Prayer. [ME. and OF. letanie, L. litania, Gr. litaneia, fr. htanein, to pray, lite, prayer, entreaty.] Liter, li'ter or le r t5r, n. A metric measure of capaci- ty^ cubic decimeter=fil. 016 cubic inches, or 2.113 Amer. pints = (il .027 cubic inches. [F., fr. Gr. litra, a silver coin, L. libra, a Roman pound of 12 ounces.] Literal, lifer-al, a. According to the letter; real: not figurative or metaphorical; following the letter or exact words ; not tree ; consisting of, or expressed by, letters. [OF.; L. literalis, fr. litera, a letter, q. v.] — Lit' orally, adv. According to the primary and natural import of words; word by word; exactly. - ~- Liberalism, -izm, n. Adherence to the letter; a mode of interpreting literally. — Liferalist, n. One who adheres to the exact word; an interpreter according to the letter. — LiteraPity, n. Quality of being lit- eral.— Liberalize, V. t. [-IZED (-Tzd), -IZING.] To interpret or put in practice according to the strict meaning of the words.— Lit'erary, -5r-a-rY, a. Pert. to or connected with literature or men of letters; versed or engaged in literature; consisting in letters or compositions. [L. literarius.] — Litera'tus, n. ; ph -ATI, -ti. A learned man ; man of erudition. [L.] — Litterateur, le-ta-ra-tgr', n. One versed in litera- ture: a literary man. [F.] — Lit'erate, -Sr-tit, a. In- structed in learning and science; learned ; lettered. — u. In Eng., one educated, but not having taken a university degree ; a literary man. — Litera'tim, adv. Letter for letter. [LL.]"— Lit'erature, -5r-a- chur, n. Learning ; acquaintance with letters or books; the collective body of literary productions; the class of writings disti'ng. for beauty of style or expression, as poetry, essays, or history; belles-let- tres. [F.; L. literatura.] Lithe, lith, a. Capable of being easily bent; pliant; flexible; limber. [AS. lidhe, gentle, soft, L. lentus, pliant, lenis, soft ; s. rt. linden, lenity, relent.] — Lithe^ness, n. — Lithe'some, -sum, Lis'som, a. Pliant; limber; nimble. Lithic, lith'ik, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, stone, esp. to stone in the bladder; uric. — re. (Med.) A medi- cine preventive of, etc. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — Lith '- arge, -arj, n. Semi-crystalline or partially fused yel- low or red protoxide of lead, used in glass-making, etc. [F.; L. lithargyrus, Gr. litharguros, fr. lithos and arguros, silver, — it being obtained in working sil- ver-bearing lead-ore.] — Litb/ium, -T-um, n. ( Chem.) A very soft metal, — the lightest solid known.— Litb/ofrac'teur, -frak'tSr, n. An explosive com- pound of nitroglycerine, q. v. [F., fr. Gr. lithos and L. y ranger e,fr actum, to break.]— Litb/ograph, -graf, v. t. [-graphed (-graft), -graphing.] To trace on stone, and transfer to paper, etc., by printing, — n. A print from a drawing on stone. [Gr. graphe.in, to draw.] — Lithographer, -ra-f er, n. One who practices lithography. — Lithographic, -ical, a. Pert, to lith- ography; engraved upon, or printed from, stone.— Lithographic limestone. (Mm.) A compact fine- grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and Oolite, esp. of Bavaria, used in lithography. — Lithog'rapb.y, -f i, n. Art or process of writing or drawing upon stone with a greasy composition, and of obtaining printed impressions therefrom on a lithographic press. — LithoPogy, -jT, n. Science of the characteristics and classification of rocks. (Med.) A treatise on stones found in the body. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— Lithologlc, -ical, a. Of or pert, to li- thology; pert, to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. — LithoKogist, re. One skilled in, etc. — Lith / oman'cy, -man's!, n. Divination by means of stones. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Litb/ontrip'tic, a. (Med.) Having the quality of destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys. — n. A medicine which, etc. [Gr. tribein, to rub, grind.] — Lith^ontrip'tor, n. (Surg.) An instrument for tritu- rating a stone in the bladder. — Litb/ophyte, -fit, n. Any species of polyp whose stony or horny secre- tions form plant-shaped structures, as corals, sea- fans, etc. [Gr. phuton, plant.] — Lithofomy, -o-mT, n. (Surg.) Operation, art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — Lithot'- omist, n. One who performs, etc. — Litb/otrip'sy, -trip'sT, n. Operation of triturating a stone in the bladder. [Gr. tripsis, grinding, fr. tribein : see Lith- ontriptic, above.] — Lithovrity, -rT-tt, n. Opera- tion of breaking a stone in the bladder into pieces that may be voided. [L. terere, tritum, to grind.] Lithuanian, lith-u-a'nt-an, a. Of or pert, to Lithua- nia, a part of the Russian and Prussian territory bordering on the Baltic sea. — n. The language of, etc., now extinct, a branch of the Slavonic closely akin to the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, and to the Old Prussian. Litigate, lift-gat, v. t. To contest in law, engage in a lawsuit, prosecute or defend in a court of justice. — v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process. [L. liti- gare, -gatum, fr. lis, litis, dispute, lawsuit, and agere, to carry on.] — Lit'igant, a. Disposed to litigate; en- gaged in a lawsuit. — n. A person engaged in a law- suit. — Litigation, n. Act or process of litigating; a suit at law; judicial contest. — Litig'ious, -tij'us, a. Inclined to litigation; quarrelsome; contentious; sub- ject to contention; disputable: pert, to legal disputes. [F. litigieux, L. litigiosus, fr. litigivm, strife, fr. lis.] — Litig'iously, adv. — Litig , iousness, n. Litmus, lit'mus, ra. A coloring matter obtained from several lichens. [D. lakmoes, fr. lak, lac, q. v., and woes, pulp.] - Litmus paper. Unsized paper prepared with litmus for use as a delicate chemical test: blue sun, cube,- full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boxboN. ehair, get. LITRE 328 LOBSTER litmus paper turns red when it touches an acid, and the red paper turns blue when exposed to an alkali. Litre, li'ter or le'tr, n. Same as Liter. Litter, lifter, n. A portable bed or stretcher for car- rying a person, esp. a sick person; bedding of straw for animals; a covering of straw for plants; a con- fused mass of objects Tittle valued ; scattered rub- bish; a condition of disorder or confusion; number of pigs, etc., born at once. — v. t. [littered (-terd), -tering.] To supply with litter; to scatter things over in a slovenly manner: to give birth to.— v. i. To produce a litter. [OF. litiere, LL. lectara, fr. L. lectus, Gr. lektron, a bed; s. rt. lectern, q. v.; Ic. latr, a lair, an animal's lying-place or breeding-place.] Litterateur. See under Literal. Little, lit'l, a. [less, least.] Small in size or ex- tent; diminutive; short in duration; brief; small in quantity or amount; small in dignity, power, or im- portance; insignificant; contemptible; small in force or efficiency; weak; slight; petty; small in generos- ity; mean. — «. A small quantity, amount, space, etc.; small degree or scale; miniature, —adv. In a small quantity or degree; not much; slightly. [AS. lytel, fr. lut, a little (n. and adv.); s. rt. AS. lot, de- ceit, lutan. to stoop, sneak, E. loiter, lout; not s. rt. least and less, q. v.] — A little. By a small degree; to a limited extent; somewhat; for a short time.— Liftleness. n. State or quality of being little; small- ness; want of grandeur; insignificance; meanness. Littoral, lit'to-ral, a. Of, pert, to, or inhabiting a shore, as of the sea; pprt. to the zone on a sea-coast, between high and low water mark. [L. littoralis, litoralis, fr. lit t us, litus, sea-shore.] Liturgy, lifer-jTj n. The established formulas for public worship in churches using prescribed forms. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The mass, or entire ritual. [OF. lyturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. leitourgia, fr. leitos, public, and ergon, work.] — Litur'gic.-gical, a. Pert, to a liturgy, or to public worship. — Lit'urgist, n. One who favors or adheres strictly to a liturgy. Live, Lively, etc. See under Life. Liver, liVer, n. (Anat.) A large abdominal organ or gland, which secretes the bile or gall: in the human body it is the largest gland, and is situated immedi- ately beneath the diaphragm. [AS. lifer.] — Liv'er- wort, -wert, n. (Bot.) A cryptogamous plant with lidless capsules, of several genera, allied to the mosses and including some of the lichens. Livery, liv'er-T, n. (Eng. Law.) Act of delivering pos- session of lands or tenements; writ by which posses- sion is obtained. Deliverance; formerly that which is delivered out statedly, as clothing, food, etc.; esp. the peculiar dress by which the servants of a house- hold are distinguished; peculiar dress appropriated by any body of persons to their own use; company of those wearing such a garb; any characteristic dress or outward appearance; an allowance of food statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to ser- vants, to horses, etc.; release from wardship, —v. t. To clothe in livery. [F. livree, a delivery of a gift, thing given, livery, prop. fern, of p. p. of livrer, to deliver, LL. liberare, to give,L., to set free, liberate, q. v.] — LiVery-man, n. ; pi. -men. One who wears a livery, as a servant; a freeman of the city, in Lon- don, entitled to certain municipal rights and to wear the disting. dress or liven/ of the company to which he belongs. — Liv'ery-sta'ble, n. A stable where horses are kept for hire, and where stabling is pro- vided. Livid, livid, a. Black and blue; of a lead color; dis- colored, as bruised flesh. [F. livide, L. lividus, fr. livere, to be bluish.] — Livid'ity, Liv'idness, n. A dark or black and blue color. Livre, li'ver or le'vr, n. A French money of account, afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous, or 18i cents, — not now in use. [F., fr. L. libra, a pound. See Libra.] Lixivial, etc. See under Lye. Lizard, liz'ard.n. A four-footed reptile, having an elongate, round body, long tail, head covered with polygonal plates, and a free tongue, more or less divided at the end. (Naut.) A piece of rope with thimbles or blocks attached by spliced legs. [ME. and F. lesard, L. lacerta, -tus.] Llama. Ia'ma, n. (Zo'61.) An ungulate ruminating mammal, of S. Amer., allied to the camel and al- paca: it was the only beast of burden of the aborig- ines, and is still used in parts of the Andes too rough Lizard. and steep for any other animal. [Peruvian, flock.] Lo, lo, inter j. Look; see; behold; observe. [Perh. AS. loca, imper- ative of locian, to look.] Loach, loch, n. A small food-fish, allied to the minnow, inhabit-, ing clear streams. [ME. and F. loche, Sp. loja.] Load, lod, n. A burden; that Llama, which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; a weight; quantity which one can carry; contents of a cart, barrow, or vessel; lading; weight; cargo; a heavy burden ; that which oppresses the mind ; a particular measure for certain articles, — as much as is commonly carried at one time; the charge of a fire-arm. — v. t. To lay a burden on, cause to bear, furnish with a cargo ; to weigh down, encumber, bestow in abundance; to add to the weight of, by some extraneous addition; to charge (a gun) with powder, etc. [AS. hladan (imp. Mod), to lade, load, also to draw water, hlgsst, a burden.] Load-, Lodestar, lodestar, n. The star that leads; pole- star. [ME. lodesterre, fr. lode, AS. lad, a way, course, lidhan, to go, travel; s. rt. lead.] — Load'-, Lode'- stone, n. CMin.) Magnetic iron ore possessing po- larity like a magnetic needle. Loaf, lof, n. ; pi. Loaves, lovz. Any thick lump or mass; esp., a regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. [AS. hlaf.] Loaf, lof, v. i. [loafed (loft), loafing.] To spend time in idleness? to lounge, loiter. — v. t. To pass iu idleness, waste lazily. [G. laufen, to run.] — Loaf- er, n. An idle man; a lazy lounger; one who lives by sponging; a vagrant. Loam, lom, n. A rich friable soil chiefly composed oi silicious sand, clay, carbonate of lime, and humus. — v. t. [loamed (lomd), loaming.] To cover with loam. [AS. lam, fr. Urn, lime, q. v.] — Loam'y, -T, a. Consisting of, of the nature of, or like, loam. Loan. See under Lend. Loath, loth, a. Filled with aversion; unwilling; back- ward; reluctant. [AS. ladh, hateful; s. rt. G. leiden, to suffer.] — Loathe, lorn, v. t. [loathed (lothd), loathing.] To have an extreme aversion of the appetite to food or drink; to dislike greatly, hate, abhor, detest, abominate. [AS. tadhian.] — Loath'* er, n. — Loatb/ful, -ful, a. Pull of loathing; excit- ing disgust; disgusting. — Loathing, n. Extreme disgust ; detestation. — Loathly, -II, a. [-lier, -liest.] Loathsome. [AS. ladhlic.] — Loath'some, -sum, a. Causing to loathe; exciting disgust, hatred, or abhorrence; odious. — Loathsomeness, n. Loaves. See Loaf. Lob, lob. a. A dull, heavy .sluggish person; something thick and heavy.— v. t. To let fall heavily or lazily [W. lloh, an unwieldy lump, dolt, blockhead; s. rt lap, lump, lubber, q. v. J — Loblolly, -lol-H, n. Water- gruel, or spoon-meat,— so called among seamen.— Loblolly-boy, n. A surgeon's attendant on ship- board. — Lob'scouse, -skows, n. (Naut.) A hash of meat with vegetables of various kinds; an olio. Lobby, lob'bl, n. (Arch.) An inclosed place commu- nicating with one or more apartments; a hall or waiting-room. That part of a hall of legislation not. appropriated to the official use of the assembly; fre- quenters of such a place for business with legisla- tors. (Naut.) An apartment before the captain's cabin, —v. i. [lobbied (-bid), -bying.] To solicit members of a legislative body, with a view to influ- ence their votes. [LL. lobia, portico, gallery, MHG. loube, arbor, bower, fr. laub, a leaf; s. rt. leaf, lodge.} — Lob'byist, n. One who frequents a legislative lobby, to influence legislation. Lobe, lob, n. Any projection or division, esp. of 8* rounded form. [F. ; LL. lobus, Gr. lobas, the lap of the ear, also of the liver; s. rt. lap, limb.] — Lobed, lobd, Lo'bate, -bated, -ba-ted, a. Consist- ing of, or having, lobes. — Lob'ule, -ui, n. A small lobe. Lobelia, lo-be'll-a, n. (Bot.) A genus ( of plants, including many species, one of which is used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc; some are very poisonous, and others are prized for their flowers. [Fr. Lobel, -r^K„^ i «„* Botanist to James I.] Lobate LeaL Lobster, lob'ster, n. An edible, fan-tailed, stalk-eyed, decapod crustacean, with large claws, — one of the scavengers of the sea. [AS. loppestre, lopystre, oot- am, fame, far, pass or opera, f are ; end, eve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : LOCAL 329 LOG rapt, of L. locusta, locust, also lobster.] Local, lo'kal, a. Pert, to a particular place, or to a limited portion of space; confined to a spot, place, or definite district. [F. ;■ L. localis, fr. locus, for OL. stlocus, a place; s. rt. dis- locate, lieutenant, couch, perh. stall, stretch, strevj.]— Lobster. Lo'caliam, -izm, n. State of being local; a local idi- om or custom. — Locality, -MY, n. Existence in a place, or in a certain portion of space; position; sit- uation; limitation to a county, district, or place.— Lo'calize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To fix in, or assign to a definite place; to discover the place of. — Lo'cally, adv. With respect to place; in place. — Lo'cate, -kat, v. t. To place, set in a particular po- sition; to designate the site or place of; to designate by limits; to select or determine the bounds or place of. [L. locare, locatum, fr. locus.] — Loca'tion, n. Act of placing, or of designating a place ; place where something spoken of is fixed; a tract of land desig- nated in place. {Civil Law.) A leasing on rent. (Amer. Law.) The marking out of the boundaries, or iden- tifying the site, of a piece of land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, map, etc.— Lo'- cative, -ka-tiv, a. (Gram.) Indicating place, or the place where, or wherein. — Locomo'tion, n. Act or power of moving from place to place. [L. locus and motio, motion, fr. movere, motum, to move.] — Loco- mo'tive, -tiv, a. Changing, or able to change, place; occupied in producing motion, or in moving from place to place. — Locomo ' - tive, L- en'gine, n. A wheel- Locomotive. AA, boiler ; B, smoke-box ; C, chimney ; E, sand-box ; F, cab ; G. cylinder ; OP, feed- pipe ; T, steam-chest ; UU, parallel rod ; VG, piston-rod ; W, ash-pan. carriage su p p o r t- ing and driven by ■* a s t e a m- engine, to ' convey goods or pass en- gers, or to draw rail- road cars. — Lo'co- motivlty, -tiv'Y-W, n. Power of changing place. — Locomo'tor, a. Pert, to movement. — Progressive lo- comotor ataxy. (Pathol.) A disease characterized by incoordination of movement, and dependent on de- generation of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Loch, lok, n. A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. [Ga. and Ir.; L. lacus, lake, q. v.] Lock, lok, n. Anything that fastens; esp. a fastening for a door, lid, etc., in which a bolt is projected or withdrawn by, or in connection with, the action of a separate piece, called a key ; a fastening together; state of being fixed or immovable: a place locked up; barrier confining the water of a stream or canal; in- closure in a canal with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats from one level to another; that part of a fire-arm containing the apparatus for exploding the charge.— v. t. [locked (lokt), lock- ing.] To fasten with a lock and key; to fasten so as to impede motion; to confine, close fast, encircle, or inclose; to furnish with locks, as a canal. — v. i. To become fast; to unite closely by mutual inser- tion. [AS. loca, Ic. loka, a lock, latch, Ic. lok, Sw. lock, a lid, AS. lucan, Ic. luka, MHG. luchen, to shut.] — Lock'er, n. A close place, as a drawer or com- partment in a ship, that may be closed with a lock; a cupboard. — Lock'et, n. A catch to fasten a neck- lace, etc.; a little gold case worn as an ornament, containing a lock of hair, miniature, etc. [F. loquet, dim. of loc, a lock.] — Lock'age, -ej, n. Materials for locks in a canal ; toll paid for passing the locks ; amount of elevation and descent made by the locks. — Locfout, n. A suspension of work, on the part of employers,— corresponding to a strike on the part of the employed. — Locked'-, lokt'-, Lock'-jaw, n. (Med.) A painful and often fatal variety of tetanus, in which the jaws are immovably closed. — Lock'- Bmith, n. An artificer who makes or mends locks — -stitch, n. A stitch formed by the locking of 2 threads together, as in some sewing-machines. — -up, n. A place for temporarily confining persons under arrest; a watch-house. Lock, lok, n. A tuft, tress, or ringlet of hair: a flock of wool ; a small quantity, as 01 hay. [AS. locc, Ic lokkr, a lock, lykkr, a loop, crook ; perh. s. rt. Gr. lugos, a twig, lugizein, to bend.] Locomotion, Locomotive, etc. See under Local. Locust, lo'kust, n. (Entom.) A jumping, orthopter- ous insect, of sev- eral species, some of which are popu- larly called grass- hoppers: some spe- cies swarm period- ically in countless numbers, devour- ing everything be- V fore them; also, in- ▼*• correctly, the har- Locust. vest-fly. (Bot.) The locust-tree. [L. locusta. See Lobster.] — Lo'cust-tree, n. A leguminous tree of several genera, esp. a N. Amer. tree, producing large, slender racemes of white, fragrant flowers. — -bean, n. Commercial name for the sweet pod of the carob tree. Locution, lo-ku'shun, n. Speech, or discourse ; phrase. [L. locutio, fr. loqui, to speak.] Lode, lod, n. (Mining.) A regular vein or course, whether metallic or not. A cut or reach of water. [AS. lad, a way, lidhan, to go: see Loadstar.] — Lodestar, Lodestone. Same asLoADSTAR and Load- stone. Lodge, loj, v. t. [lodged (lojd), lodging.] To de- posit for preservation; to infix, throw in, plant; to fix in the heart, mind, or memory; to furnish with a temporary habitation, harbor, cover. — v. i. To re- side, dwell; to rest or dwell for a time; to sink or be beaten down, as grain. — n. A place in which one may find shelter, as, a small house in a park or for- est; or the house of the gate-keeper on an estate; a local branch of a secret association, as of the Free- masons, etc.; or the place in which they assemble. [ME. and OF. loge, a lodge, It. loggia, gallery, lodge, LL. laubia, a porch, lobia, a gallery: see Lobby; OF. loyer, to lodge, sojourn.] — Lodg'er, n. One who lodges, esp. one who lives in a hired room, or who has a bed in another's house for a night; one who re- sides in any place for a time.— Lodging, n. A place of residence for a time; harbor; cover.— Lodgement, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a lodging-place; room; accumulation of something deposited or re- maining at rest. (Mil.) Occupation of a position, by a besieging party.— Log'gia, lod'ja, n. A gallery or portico ornamented with paintings, etc. [It.] Loft, loft, n. That which is lifted up; an elevation; esp. the space under a roof; a gallery in a church, hall, etc.; a floororroom placed above another. [Dan. and Sw., a loft, AS. lyjt, air, sky, Ic. lopt, air, also upper room; s. rt. lift: see Aloft.] — Loft'y, -Y, a. [-IER, -iest.] Lifted high up; towering; elevated in character or rank, language or style; tall; exalted; dignified: stately; majestic; haughty. — Loftily, adv. — Loftiness, n. Log, log, n. A bulky stick of wood or timber. (Naut.) An apparatus for measuring the rate of a ship's motion through the water; journal of a ship's progress, etc.: log-book.— v.i. [LOGGED(logd), -GiNG.J To cut and get out logs. [Ic. lag, a felled tree, log, fr. liggja, to lie, q. v-; D. and Dan. log, Sw. logg, a log (sea term).] — Log/ger, Log'man, n. One who cuts timber and gets it to the mill, etc. — Log r - book, n. (Naut.) A book in which is entered the daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, with notes on the weather, etc. — line, n. A cord about 150 fathoms in length, used for ascertain- ing the speed of a vessel. — caVin, -house, -but, n. A building whose walls are composed of logs laid on one another. — roll, v. i. [-rolled (-rold), -roll- ing.] To assist in rolling and collecting logs; to help another in expectation of help from him, esp. in matters of legislative action.— Log'wood, n. A red, heavy, astringent dye-wood fr. S. Amer. and the W. Indies, used with other agents to color yellow, brown, and esp. black; hsematoxylon; Campeachv wood. [So called f r. being imported in logs.] — Log'gerhead, n. A blockhead: dunce; a spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar. (Naut.) A piece Log, Line, and Glass. sun. cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. LOGARITHM 330 LOOK of round timber, in a whale-boat, over which the line is passed, to make it run more slowly.— To be at, fall to, or go to logger-heads. To come to blows, be at strife. Logarithm, log'a-rithm, n. (Math.) One of a system of numbers increasing in arithmetical progression, representing a series increasing in geometrical pro- gression, used to facilitate mathematical calcula- tions, operations being much abridged by using log- arithms instead of the natural numbers for which they stand. [Lit. ratio-number; Gr. logos, word, pro- portion, and arithmos,& number.] — Logaritb/mic, -mical, a. Pert, to or consisting of, etc.— Logic, loj r - ik, n. Science of exact reasoning or of pure and for- mal thought, or of the laws according to which the process of pure thinking should be conducted; cor- rect reasoning. [OF. logique, L. (ars) logica, Gr. log- ike (techne), fem. of logikos, belonging to speaking, reasonable, fr. logos, speech, legein, to collect, select, tell, speak, L. legere, to collect, read; s. rt. analogue, prologue, syllogism, analogy, biology, etc.] — Logical, a. Pert, to, used in, according to the rides of, or skilled in, logic— Logically, adv.— Loglcalness, Logical- ity, n.— Logician, -jish'an, n. One skilled in logic. — Log'ogram,w. A word-letter; a character, that, for brevity, represents a word. [Gr. gramma, letter.] — Logograpb/ic-grafik.-ical, a. Pert, to logography. — Logog/raphy, -gog'ra-fi, n. A method of printing in which whole words, cast in a single type, are used instead of single letters; a mode of reporting speeches by a number of reporters, each of whom in succes- sion takes down a few words. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Logom'achy, -gom'a-ki, n. Contention in words merely; a war of words. [Gr. mache, contest.] — Logom'achist, -kist, n. One who contends about words. — Log'otype, -tip, n. (Print.) A single piece, or type, containing 2 or more letters, as, as,fi,fl,ffl, and the like. [Gr. ttipos, type.] Loggia. See under Lodge. Loin, loin, n. That part of an animal between the il- ium or haunch bone and the false ribs: see Beef, Horse, pi. A corresponding part of the human body, — called also the reins. [OF. logne, longe, L. lumbus, the loin; s. rt. lumbar, lumbago.'] Loiter, loi'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teking.] To be slow in moving, be dilatory, spend time idly, delay, lag, saunter. [D. leuteren, loteren, to dawdle, 1c. latr, lazy.] — Loi'terer, n. Loll, lol, v. i. [lolled (lold), lolling.] To act la- zily or indolently; to throw one's self down, lie at ease; to hang extended from the mouth, as the tongue of an ox or a dog; to put out the tongue. — v. t. To thrust out (the tongue). [ME. and OD. Mien, Ic. lulla, loda, fr. loll, sloth; s. rt. lull.] — Lol'- lard, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of early reform- ers in Germany, also one of the followers of Wycliff e in Eng. [Called in ME. loller, a lounger, vagabond; lollard. fr. OD. lollaerd, a mumble * , fr. pun on L. lolia, tares.] Jllard, fr. OD. lollaerd, a mumbler of prayers etc., fr. Mien, lollen, to sing, hum; perh. also fr. a Lollipop, lol'li-pop, n. A sugar confection which dis- solves in the mouth. [Bavarian lallen, to suck, and ProvG. pappe, something nice to eat.] toment, lo'ment, n. (Bot.) An elongated pod, con- sisting of 2 valves, but di- V^^af/iEx; videdtrans- ^iig^i verselyinto Loment. small cells, each containing a single seed. [L. lomentum, a cosmetic mixture of bean meal and rice, fr. lavare, latum, to wash.] Lone, Ion, a. Having no company; solitary; retired; standing by itself ; single; unmarried, or in widow- hood. [For aZoree.] — Lonely, -If, a. [-liee, -liest.] Sequestered from company or neighbors; sad from lack of companionship or sympathy; unfrequented; sequestered; secluded— Loneliness,™.— Lone'some, -sum, a. Secluded from society; solitary; dismal; lonely. — Lone'somely, adv. — Lone'someness, n. Long, long, a. [longer (lon'ger), longest (lon- gest).] Drawn out in a line: protracted; extended mtime; faraway; distant; extended to any speci- fied measure; slow in coming; continued through a considerable time, or to a great length; far-reaching; extensive. (Stock Exchange.) Holding a quantity of stock; having bought stock on time, which may be called for at pleasure. — adv. To a great extent in space or in time; at a point of duration far dis- tant ; through the whole extent. r AS., D., Dan., Sw. t and G. lang, L. longus ; s. rt. MHG. lingen, to go hastily, Skr. langh, to surpass, rangh, to move swiftly, L. levis = E. light.] — In the long i~un. As the result of the whole course of things taken to- gether; ultimately . — L. dozen. One more than a dozen; 13. — L. home. The grave; death. — Long'- ish, a. Somewhat long. — Long'-boat, n. A ship's largest boat. — -head'ed, a. Having forethought and sagacity or great penetration of thought; discerning. - — meas'ure, n. Lineal measure; the measure of length. — -prim'er, n. (Print.) A kind of type, in size between small pica and bourgeois. fHf" This line is in long primer. — L.-sight'ed, a. Able to see at a great distance; of acute intellect; sagacious; far-seeing; able to see ob- jects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand. — sight'edness, n. Faculty of, etc. (Med.) A de- fect of sight, in consequence of which objects near at hand are seen confusedly, but at remoter dis- tances distinctly. — sta'ple, -pi, n. A superior kind of long-fibered cotton; sea-island cotton. — -stop, n. In cricket, the fielder who stops balls sent to a dis- tance. — Buf'ferance, n. Forbearance to punish; pa- tience. — suffering, a. Patient; not easily provoked. — n. Long endurance; patience of offense. — wind''- ed, a. Long-breathed; hence, tediously protracted in speaking, argument, or narration. —Length, length, n. The longest measure of any object,— disting. f r. depth, thickness, breadth, or width ; extent from end to end; extent of space or time; a subdivision of a thing, as of a fence; long continuance; detail or am- plification. [AS. lengdh, D. lengte, fr. lang.] — At length. At or in the full extent; at last; after a long period; at the end or conclusion.— Length'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To extend in length, elon- gate; to extend in time, protract; to occupy time with, expand; to draw out in pronunciation. — v. i. To grow longer, extend in length. — Length' wise, adv. In the direction of the length; in a longitudi- nal direction. — Length'y, -f, «■ [-ier, -iest.] Hav- ing length; long; prolix— Longe'vous, -;|e-vus, -ge'- val, a. Living a long time; of great age. [L. longus and setas, sevitas, age.] — Longevity, -jev'i-tt, n. Length of life. — Longi- ros'ter, -jY-ros'ter, n. One of a tribe of grallatory birds, having long, slender beaks, which they thrust into the mud in search of food, as the snipes, etc. [L. rostrum, beak.] — Lon- giros'tral, a. Having a long bill. — Lon'gitude, -jl-tud, n. Length; meas- ure or distance along the longest line. (Geog.) Dis- tance east or west from the meridian of a given place, expressed in de- grees signifying each l-360th of the parallel of latitude on wliich the Longirosters. Glossy Ibis ; 6, Godwit \ Stilt. measurement is made. (Astron.) Distance in de- grees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles to it passing through the heavenly body whose longitude is des- ignated. [F. ; L. longitudo.] — Longitudinal, a. Pert, to longitude or length; running lengthwise. — Longitud'inally, adv. In the direction of length. Long, long, v. i. [longed (longd), longing.] To de- sire earnestly or eagerly; to have an eager or craving appetite. [AS. langian, fr. lang, long (adj.), q. v/] — Longing, n. An eager desire; earnest wish; aspira- tion; craving or morbid appetite.— Longingly, adv. Longe. See Lunge. Longshore-man, long'shor-man, n. One of a class of laborers employed about wharves, esp. in loading and unloading vessels. [Abbr. fr. along shore wian.j Loo, loo, n. A game at cards. — v. t. [looed (lood), looing.] To beat in the game of loo, by winning every trick at the game. [Orig. lanterloo, F. lanture- lu, the nonsensical refrain of a song.] Looby, hx/bT, n. An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lub- ber. [W. llabi.] Loof, loot' or luf . Same as Luff. Look, 16t>k, v. i. [looked (ldbkt), looking.] To di- rect the eye toward an object as if to see it; to direct the attention to, consider; to wait for expectantly; to penetrate, solve, as a mystery; to direct the gaze in all directions, be circumspect, watch; to seek, search; to observe narrowly, examine, scrutinize; to 2m, fame, far, pass or opesa, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, tee ; 5dd, tone- Ar : LOOM 331 LOTE Loom. seem, appear; to face, front; in the imperative, see; behold; take notice; observe. — v. t. To influence or subdue by looks or presence; to express or manifest by a look. — n. Cast of countenance; air of the face; aspect; manner; glance; act of looking or seeing; view; watch. [AS. locian, to look, see ; perh. fr. loc, a lock, q. v., — i. e., peep through a key-hole.] — To look out. To search for and discover, choose, select: to be on the watch, be careful.— To I. up a thing. To search for and find it. — Look'er, n. One who looks. — Look'ing-glasB, n. A g 1 a s s which reflects whatever is be- fore it; a mir- ror— Look'out, n. A careful looking for any object orevent; place from which observa- tion is made; a person en- gaged in watching. Loom, loom, n. A frame or ma- chine for weav- ing cloth out of thread; the part of an oar within the rowlock. [ME. lome, AS. geloma, a tool, implement.] Loom, loom, v. i. [loomed (loomd), looming.] To appear above the surface either of sea or land ; to appear larger than the real dimensions, and indis- tinctly; to rise and to be eminent. — n. The indistinct appearance of anything, as land, whose outline only is visible. [Ic. Ijoma, to gleam, shine, dawn (as the day), fr. Ijomi, a beam, ray.] Loon, loon, n. A sorry fellow ; rogue ; rascal. [OD. loen, fr. lome, slow, inactive; perh. s. rt. clown."} Loon, loon, n. A migratory swimming and diving bird of northern regions, of several species, esp. the great northern diver or ember goose. [Ic. lo/ar, Sw. and Dan. loin.'] Loop, loop, n. A doubling of a string, cord, etc., for ornament or through which another cord, etc., may pass; a noose; bight; a narrow opening; loop-hole. — v. t. [looped (loopt), looping.] To fasten, se- cure, or ornament, by means of loops. [Ir. and Ga. Ivb, a loop, also to bend.] — Loop'-hole, n. {Mil.) A small opening in walls of a fortification or bulk-head of a ship, through which to fire at an enemy; an aperture for escape: see Castle. Loose, loos, v. t. [loosed (loost), loosing.] To untie or unbind, free from apy fastening, set free; to re- lease from anything obligatory or burdensome, ab- solve, remit ; to relax, loosen ; to unfasten, undo, unlock. — v. i. To set sail; to leave a port or harbor. — a. Unbound; untied; not attached, fastened, or fixed; free from obligation; disengaged; not tight or close; not crowded or compact; not concise; not pre- cise or exact ; vague ; not strict or rigid ; unconnected ; rambling; having lax bowels; dissolute; wanton; un- chaste. [AS. losian, D. lossen, to loose, fr. AS. leas, D. los. loose, AS. los, destruction. See Lose.] — Loose'ly, adv. — Loos'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -en- ing.] To make loose, free from tightness or fixed- ness; to render less compact; to free from restraint; to remove costiveness from. — v. i. To become less I tightj_firm, or compact. — Loose'iiess, n. Loot, loot, n. Act of plundering in a conquered city: booty; plunder.— v. t. or i. To plunder: to carry off as prize obtained by war. [Hind, lut, Skr. lotra, for loptra, booty, fr. lup, to spoil, plunder; s. rt. L. rum- pere = G. rauben = E. rob.] Lop, lop, v. t. [lopped (lopt), lopping.] To cut off (the top of anything) ; to cut partly off and bend down ; to let fall. — v. i. To hang downward, be pendent. — n. That cut off, as from trees ; that which lops or falls over. [Obs. E. lib.QD. luppen, to maim, castrate.] — Lop'ping, n. A cutting off (of branches) ; what is cut off ; leavings. — Lop r - aided, a. Heavier on one side than the other; in- clining to one side. Lope, lop, v. i. [loped (lopt), loping.] To run with j long strides. — n. A leap; long step: a gait of horses, dogs, etc. [D. loopen, to leap, run.] Loquacious, lo-kwa'ehus, a. Talkative ; given to con- tinual talking; noisy. [L. loquax, loquacis, fr. loqui, \ to speak ; s. rt. Skr. lap, for lak, to speak, E. collo- quial, eloquence, obloquy, locution, etc.] — Loqua/cious- nese, Loquac'ity, -kwas'T-tT, n. Habit of talking ex- cessively; garrulity; babbling. [F. loquactle".] Lorcha. lSrch'a, n. A light coasting vessel of China and the Eastern seas, with European hull and Chi- nese rigging. [Pg.] Lord, 16rd, n. A superior; master; governor; ruler: in Eng., a nobleman of any rank above that of a baronet, hence, by courtesy, the son of a duke or marquis or eldest son of an earl, also a bishop, if a member of Parliament ; a title of these persons and also of certain official characters or representatives of maj- esty; proprietor of a manor; a husband; the Supreme Being; Jehovah.— v. ». To play the lord; domineer. [ME. lovered, AS. hlaford, fr. tilaf, a loaf (of bread), and prob. weard, warden, keeper; cf. lady.] — Our Lord. Jesus Christ; the Saviour.— Lord's Day. Sun- day. — Lord's Supfjer. The Holy Communion; Eu- charist.— Lordly, -IT, a. [-liee, -liest.] Becoming or pert, to a lord; proud; imperious; domineering; arrogant; insolent. — Lord'liness, n. Dignity; high station ; pride ; haughtiness. — Lord'ling, n. A little or diminutive lord.— Lord'ship, n. State or of being a lord; hence (with his, your, or their), title applied to a lord, except to an archbishop or duke; territory of a lord over which he holds juris- diction; a manor; dominion; authority. Lore, lor, n. That which is or may be known; erudi- tion; knowledge gained from reading or study; in- struction; counsel. [AS. l&r, fr. laeran, to teach. See Learn.] Lorette, lo-ref, n. One of a class of females of light character in Paris supported by their lovers, — so called fr. the church of Notre Dame de Lorette. [F.] Lorgnette, lorn-yef, n. An opera-glass. [F.] Loricate, lor'T-kat, v. t. To plate over; to cover with a coating, as a chemical vessel, for resisting fire. — a. Covered with a shell or hard plates like a coat of mail. [L. loricare, -catum, to clothe in mail, lori- ca, a leather cuirass, fr. lorum, thong.] — Lorica'- tion, n. Act of loricating; a surface so covered; cov- ering thus put on. Lorn, lorn, a. Lost; undone; forsaken; lonely; bereft. [Old p. p. of lose, q. v.] Lose, looz, v. t. [lost (15st), losing.] To be rid of un- intentionally; to forfeit by unsuccessful contest; to part with, be deprived of ; to throw away, employ ineffectually, waste, squander ; to wander from ; to miss, so as not to be able to find ; to perplex or be- wilder; to ruin, destroy ; to cease to view ; to fail to obtain. — v. i. To forfeit anything in contest ; to suffer loss by comparison. [ME. losien, AS. losian, to become loose, escape ; also ME. leosen, lesen, AS. leosan, to lose ; both s. rt. L. luere, Gr. luein, to set free, Skr. lu, to cut, clip, E. loose, solve, analysis, palsy.] — Los' er, n. One who loses, or is deprived of anything by defeat, forfeiture, etc. — Loadable, a. — Loss, 18s, n. Act of losing ; failure ; destruction ; privation ; state of having been deprived of ; thing lost; waste. {Mil.) Killed, wounded, and captured persons, or captured property. [ME. and AS. los.] — Lost, a. Parted from unwillingly ; unintention- ally rid of ; missing ; forfeited in unsuccessful con- test; deprived of; thrown away; employed ineffect- ually ; wasted ; bewildered ; perplexed ; ruined or destroyed; hardened beyond sensibility or recovery ; not perceptible to the senses; not visible. Lot, lot, n. That which happens without human de- sign or forethought; chance; hazard; fortune; a con- trivance to determine a question by chance; part, or fate, which falls to one by chance; separate portion belonging to one person ; a distinct parcel, separate part; distmctportion of land; quantity or large num- ber. — v. t. To allot, assign : to separate into lots or parcels, assort. [AS. Mot, hlyt, fr. hleotan, to cast lots, Goth, hlauts, OHG. hloz. a lot.] — Lofo, Lot'- to, n. A game ; played with cards marked with numbers, and balls or knobs numbered to corre- spond ; keno. [F. loto. fr. It. lotto, a lot, lottery, fr. OHG. hloz.] — Lot'tery, -ter-I, n. A distribution of anything ' by lot or chance; esp. a gambling scheme, in which certain tickets draw prizes and the rest are blanks. Lote, lot, Lo'tus, -tos, n. A shrub of N. Africa and S. Europe, of several genera, o n e of which prob. furnished the food of Homer's lotus-eaters, and was fabled to make strangers forget their native land; the nettle tree; Lotus. (Arch.) sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair get. LOTH 332 LUBEIC an Egyptian water-lily of several species; a legumi A ~i ornament ii [L. lotus, Gr nous clover-like^ plant. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of the Egyptian water- lotos, name of several plants.] Loth. Same as Loath. Lotion, lo'shun, n. A washing, esp. of the skin, to render it fair; a liquid preparation for washing some part of the body. (Med.) A healing application in a fluid form, to be applied externally to the body. [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] Loto, Lottery. See under Lot. Loud, lowd, a. Having or making a strong or great sound; clamorous: boisterous: emphatic; noisy; vo- ciferous; vehement. — adv. With loudness; loudly. [AS. Mud, OHG. Mat, loud ; s. rt. L. inclutus, Gr. klutos, renowned, Skr. cru, Gr. Mucin, to hear, E. cli- ent, glory, slave, and prob. laud.] — Loudly, adv. — Loua'ness, n. Lough, lok, n. Same as Loch. Louis-d'or, loo'e-dor', n. A gold coin of France, first struck in the reign of Louis XIII., worth between $4 and $5. [F., a Louis of gold.] Lounge, lownj, v. i. [lounged (lownjd), lounging.] To spend time lazilv; move idly about: to recline at ease; loll.— n. An idle gait or stroll; act of reclining at ease ; place for lounging ; piece of furniture on which to recline. [F. longis, an idle fellow, PiattD. lungern, to lie in bed fr. laziness, Bavarian lunzen, to doze.] — Loun'ger, n. One who loiters away his time. Louse, lows, n. ; pi. Lice, lis. A wingless, bloodsuck- ing insect, of several species, parasitic upon men, animals, and birds. [AS., Sw., and Ic. his, G. laus: s. rt. loose, lose, etc.] — Lous'y, iowz't, a. Swarming with lice; infested with lice. — Lous'iness, n. Lout, lowt, n. A mean, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. [ME. louten, AS. lutein, to stoop, bow ; OD. loete, an uncouth person.] — Loufish, a. Clownish; rude; awkward. Louver, -vre, loo'ver, n. An opening in the roof of ancient buildings for ventila- tion, often in the form of a turret or small lantern. [ME. lover, OF. louvert for Vouvert, the open (space).] — Louver window. (Arch.) An opening in a bell-tower, church steeple, etc., crossed by a series of slats. Lovage, luVej," n. An umbel- liferous plant, used in med- icine as an aromatic stimulant. [Corrup. fr. OF. levesche, L. ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Liguria.] Love, luv, n. Act of loving; pre- T „.. , eminent kindness or devotion Louver Window, to another; affection; courtship; devoted attachment to one of the opposite sex; fondness ; devotion ; the object of affection; moral good-will; kindness; char- ity; Cupid, the god of love. — v.t. [loved (luvd), loving.] To be pleased with, be fond of, like ; to have good-will toward ; to have a strong affection for, have a tender feeling toward; to delight in, with exclusive affection.— v. i. To delight, take pleasure, be in love. [AS. lufu. love, lufigan, lufian, to love; s. rt. lief, q. v., Skr.lohha, covetousness.] — Lov'able, a. — Lov'er, n. One who loves: a friend; esp. one in love with a person of the opposite sex; one who likes or is pleased.— Love'ly, -It, a. [-lier, -liest.] Fit- ted to excite, or worthy of, love or esteem: amiable; charming; delightful; enchanting. — Love'liness, n. — Loveless, a. Not loving; not loved; not attract- ing love or esteem. — Love '-ap 'pie, n. The tomato. — bird, n. A small bird of the parrot kind, extreme- ly devoted to its mate. — child, n. An illegitimate child. — feast, n. A religious festival, held by some religious denominations. — knot, n. An intricate kind of knot, — used as a token of love, or as repre- senting mutual affection. — let'ter, n. A letter pro- fessing love; letter of courtship. — lock, n. A curl or lock of hair hanging prominently by itself. — lorn, a. Forsaken by one's love. — -sick, a. Sick or lan- guishing with love; expressive of languishing love. — sick'ress, n. State of being love-sick; languishing and amorous desire. — suit, n. Courtship; solicita- tion of union in marriage. — Lov'ing-kind'ness, n. (Script.) Tender regard; mercy; favor. Low, lo, v. i. [lowed (lod), lowing.] To cry or call as a cow; to moo.— n. The voice of cattle. [Ono- mat.; AS. hlowan.] — Low'ing, n. Utterance of, etc. Low, lo, a. Occupying an inferior or depressed position or place; not rising to the usual height; near the horizon; descending far below the adjacent ground; deep; sunk down to, or below, the natural level of the ocean by the retiring of the tide; below the usual rate, amount, or value; reasonable; not high or loud. ( Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds ; grave. (Geog.) Near the equator. Late in time ; modern ; depressed ; dejected ; humble in rank ; abject; vul- far; base; dishonorable ; not elevated; submissive; umble; feeble; weak; moderate; not intense; in re- duced circumstances; impoverished; not high sea- soned or nourishing; plain; simple.— adv. In a low position or manner; under the usual price; cheaply; near the ground: humbly; meanly; in time approach- ing our own; with a depressed voice; in a state of subjection, poverty, or disgrace. (Astron.) In a path near the equator, or so that the declination is small. g. laag, lc. lagr, low, orig. lying flat; s. rt. lie.] — w Dutch, or L. German. The language spoken in the lowlands, or northern parts, of Germany. — L. life. Life among the poorer classes of a country. — L. Sunday. The Sunday next after JSaster ; Alb Sunday. — L. tide. The tide at its lowest point. — L. water. The lowest point of the ebb or receding tide. — L. wine. A liquor containing about 20 per ct. of alcohol, produced by the first distillation of wash; first run of the still.— Lowly, -It, a. [-lier, -liest.] Not high; not elevated in place: mean; wanting dig- nity or rank; humble; meek; free from pride. — adv. In a low manner or condition ; humbly ; meanly. — Lowliness, n. — Low'ness, n. State of being low or depressed; meanness of condition, mind, or char- acter; want of sublimity in style or sentiment; mod- esty ; humility ; want of courage or fortitude ; de- jection; poverty; depression in strength or intensity, in cost or worth ; gravenessof sound; gentleness of utterance. — Lowland, n. A low or level country. — Low'ermost, a. Lowest. — Low-mind'ed, a. Base; groveling; inclined to low things. — necked, -nekt, a. Cut low in the neck; decollete, — said of a wom- an's dress. ■ — pressure, a. Having or exerting a low degree of pressure, — esp. of less than 50 lbs. per square inch. spir'ited, a. Not having animation and courage; dejected. — stud'ded, a. Built with short studs. — Low'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To cause to descend, let down, take down; to bring down, humble ; to reduce in value, amount, etc. — v. i. To fall, grow less, diminish, decrease. [Fr. lower, compar. of low.] — Low'er-case, a. (Print.) Pert, to or kept in the lower case,— said of the small letters, disting. from capitals. Lower, low'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To be clouded, threaten a storm ; to frown, look sullen, [ME. louren, luren, f r. lure, lere, the cheek ; same as her, q. v.] — Low'ery, -er-t, a. Cloudy; gloomy. Loxodromics, loks-o-drom / 'iks, n. sing. The art or method of sailing constantly in any direction oblique to the equator, so as to cross the meridians at equal angles: see Rhumb Line. [Gr. loxos, slanting, oblique, and dromos, a running, course.] — Loxot'omy, -o-mt, n. (Surg.) An oblique section or cutting, — said of a method of amputation. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] Loyal, loi'al, a. Devoted to the maintenance of law; faithful to lawful government, to the sovereign, or to a lover, friend, etc., esp. under trying circum- stances; true to a cause or to one's word. [F.; L. legalis; s. rt. leal, legal.] — Loy'alist, n. One who ad- heres to his sovereign, or to the constitutional au- thority, esp. in times of revolt or revolution. — Loy r - ally, adv. — Loy'alty, n. Lozenge, loz'enj, n. A figure with four equal sides, having 2 acute and 2 ob- tuse angles; a diamond; a rhomb; a small cake of a rhomb, prob. fr. losa, OF. lauze, flag-stone, pav- Lozenge Molding, ing-stone.]— Lozenge molding. (Arch.) A molding used in Norman architecture, having lozenge-shaped compartments or ornaments. Lubber, lub'ber, n. A heavy, clumsy fellow; esp. one unskilled in seamanship; sturdy drone; clown. [W. Hob, dolt, blockhead. See Lob.] — Lub'berly, -bSr- lt, a. Clumsy. Lubric, lu'brik, -brical,_a. Having a smooth surface ; slippery ; wavering ; unsteady ; lascivious ; lewd. [F. lubrique^ L. lubricus. slippery, lubricare, -catum, to make slippery.] — Lu'bricant, n. That which lubricates. — Lu'bricate, v. t. To make smooth or skppery ; to supply with an oily, greasy, or other am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term 5 In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r LUCE 333 LUNE substance diminishing friction. — Lubrica'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Lu'brica'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, ete.— Lubricity, -bris'Y-tY, n. State of bsing slippery; aptness to glide over anything, or to facili- tate motion by diminishing friction; instability; las- civiousness; fucontinency. [F. lubricity.] — Lu'bri- cous, -brY-kus, a. Smooth; slippery; unstable.— Lu'- brifica'tion, Lubrifadion, n. Act of lubricating, or ' making smooth. [L.facere, to make.] Luce, lus, n. A full grown pike, — a fish used as an ar- morial bearing. [OF. lus, L. lucius.] Lucent, lu'sent, a. Shining ; bright ; resplendent. [L. hicens, p. pr. of lucere, to shine, fr. lux, lucis = E. light, q. v.] — Lu'cid, -sid, a. Shining ; bright ; clear ; transparent ; easily understood ; clear ; dis- tinct ; luminous ; sane ; reasonable. [L. lucidus, fr. lux.]— Lu'cidness, -cidlty, n. Quahty or state of being, etc. — Lucer'nal, a. Of or pert, to a lamp. [L. lucerna, lamp, fr. lucere.'] — Lu'cifer, -sY-fer, n. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star, — applied, in Isaiah, by metaphor, to a king of Babylon ; hence, Satan ; a match made of wood tipped with a combustible substance, to be ignited by friction. [L., light-bringiug, fr. lux, and feme, to bring.] — Lucif erous, -e"r-us, a. Giving light ; affording means of discovery. — Luciflc, a. Pro- ducing light. [L. facere, to make.] — Lu'ciform, a. Resembling light. [L. forma, i orm.] — Lu'cu- brate. r. i. To study by candle-light or a lamp. [L. lucubrare, -hratum, to work by lamp-light, fr. lux.] — Lucubra'tion, n. Act of, etc.; nocturnal study ; that composed by night; any literarv composition. — Lu'cubra'tory, -to-rY, a. Composed hy night. — Lu'- culent, a. Lucid; clear; evident. [L. luculentus.] Lucern, lu'sgrn, n. A leguminous plant cultivated for fodder. [F. luzerne ; W. llysian, herbs, plants.] Luck, luk, n. That which happens to a person; chance; bap; fate, fortune ; good fortune. [OFries. and D. luk, G. glueck, MUG. gelueck, good fortune, fr. luecken, to allure, decoy.] — Luck'y, -Y, a. [-iee, -iest.] Favored by luck ; fortunate ; producing good by chance, or unexpectedly; successful ; pros- perous ; auspicious. — Luckily, adv. — Luckiness, n. — Luckless, a. Without luck ; unfortunate ; meeting with ill-success. Lucre, lu'ker, n. Gain in money or goods; profit. {¥.; L. lucrum, gain ; s. rt. Ir. luach, value, wages, hire, G. lohn, a reward, Gr. leia, booty, Russ. lovlie, to cap- ture.] — Lucrative, -kra-tiv, a. Yielding lucre ; gainful; profitable. [F. lucratif, L. lucrativus.] Lucubrate, Luculent, etc. See under Lucent. Ludicrous, lu'dY-krus, a. Adapted to excite laughter, without scorn or contempt ; sportive ; burlesque ; comic; droll; ridiculous. [L. luaicrvs, fr. ludus, play, 6port, ludere, to play; s. rt. delude, prelude, allusion, etc.] — Lu'dicrously, adr. — Lu'dicrousness, n. Lues, lu'ez, n. (Med.) Poison; pestilence. [L.] Lufi, luf, v. i. [LUFFED (luft), luffing.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a ship toward the wind ; to sail nearer tbe wind. — n. The side of a ship toward the wind ; act of sailing a ship close to the wind ; the roundest part of a ship' s bow ; the forward or weather leech of a sail. [D. loeven, to luff, f r. loef, the weather- gage (= E. loof, luff), also a thole-pin, fr. ME. lof, prob. a paddle' used at a vessel's bow to direct her course ; s. rt. Ic. lofi, Goth, lofa, Scot, loof, palm of the hand, whence paddle ; cf. L. palma, palm of the hand, also oar-blade.] Lug, lug, v. t. [lugged (lugd), -ging.] To pull with force, haul, drag ; to carry or convey with labor. — w. Anything drawn or carried with difficulty ; a weight ; effort of carrying anything heavy; in Scot., the ear, esp. its lobe ; that which projects like an ear, as the handle of a pitcher; a projecting piece in machinery, to communi- cate motion, etc.; esp. a short flange by or to which something is fas- tened; a ring-shaped piece of leather, fastened to the saddle of a single harness, to hold up the A, lugs. shaft. [Sw. and Norw. lugga, to pull by the hair, lugg, hair ; s. rt. lock (of hair), q. v.] — Lug'gage, -gei, n. That which is lugged or carried with diffi- culty ; anything cumbrous ; esp. a traveler's trunks, baggage, etc.; something of more weight than value. — Lug'ger, n. A small vessel carrying 2 or 3 masts, with a running bowsprit and lug sails. — Lug/ sail, n. A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast at J of its length. Lugubrious, lu-gu'brY-us, a. Mournful ; indicating sorrow. [L. lugubris, fr. lugere, to mourn ; 8. rt. Gr. lugros, sad, loigos, destruction, Skr. ruj, to bend, break.] Lukewarm, luk'wawrm, a. Moderately warm ; net ther cold nor hot ; tepid : not ardent ; not zealous; indifferent. [ME. leuk, luke, Sw. dial, ly, Dan. lun- ken, tepid ; AS. hleo, a shelter, whence E. fee.] — Luke'warmly, adv. — Luke'warmness, n. Lull, lul, v. t. [lulled (luld), lulling.] To cause to rest by soothing influences ; to quiet. — v. i. To become gradually calm, subside. — n. Power or quality of soothing ; a season of temporary quiet after storm or confusion. [Onomat. ; Sw. tulla, Dan. lulle, OD. Mien, to sing (children) to sleep, Gr. lalein, to speak.]— LuU/aby, -a-bl, n. A song to quiet babes. Lumbago, lum-ba'go, n. (Med.) A rheumatic pain in the loins and small of the back. [L., fr. lumbus, loin.] — Lumbag'inous, -baj'Y-nus, a. Pert, to lum- bago. — Lum'bar, a. (Anat.) Pert, to, or near the loins. — LumTjosa'cral, a. Pert, to the loins and sacrum, — said of a nerve which proceeds from tbe anterior branch of the 5th lumbar nerve, descends into the pelvis in front of the sacrum, and unites with the sciatic plexus. Lumber, lum'ber, n. Orig., a pawnbroker's shop, a pledge or pawn; anything cumbrous; things thrown aside as useless; timber sawed for use. — v. t. [lum- bered (-berd), -Bering.] To heap together in disor- der; to fill with lumber. — v. i. To move heavily, as if burdened; to rumble; to eut lumber and prepare it for market. [Perh. fr. the rooms where Lombard (F. ; G. Langbart, long-beard) merchants, or pawn- brokers, stored away pledges; perh. fr. G. rummel, a heap of iron scraps, etc., rummeln, to rumble ; D. rommeling, old furniture, rommelkamer, lumber- room, rommelen, to rumble.] — Lum'berer, n. One employed in getting lumber from tbe f orest.— Lum r - ber-room, n. A room for useless things. Lumbrical, lum / 'brik-al, a. (Anat.) Resembling a worm. [L. lumbricus, a worm.] Luminary, lu'mi-na-ri, n. Any body that gives light; esp., one of the heavenly bodies; one who illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind. [OF. lumina- rie, L. Inminare, prop. neut. of luminaris, light- giving, f r. lumen (= luc-men), f r. lux, light, q. v.] — Luminif , 'erous, -nifer-us, a. Producing or yield- ing light. [L./en-e, to bear, produce.]— Lu'minous. -mt-nus, a. Shining, emitting light ; bright ; clear, as if illuminated ; lucid. [F. lumineuxfL. lumino- sus.] — Lu'minously, adv.— Lu'minousness, -minos / '- ity, n. Brightness ; clearness. Lump, lump, n. A mass of matter, of no definite shape, or thrown together without order or distinc- tion. — v.t. [lumped (lumpt), lumping.] To throw into a mass ; to take in the gross, speak of collect- ively. [Sw. dial., piece hewn from a log; Norweg., a block, stump ; D. lomp, a rag, lump, also clumsy, dull ; s. rt. lap, hihber ; not s. rt. clump.] — Lump^y, -Y, a. [-ier, -iest.] Full of, etc. — Lumpish, a. Like a lump; bulky; gross; dull; inactive; stupid.— Lumplshness, n.— Lump r -fish, n. A sea-fish, whose head and body are deep, thick, and short, the pec- toral fins uniting under the throat and forming a sucking disk with the ventral fins; the lump-sucker. — Lunch, n. A repast between breakfast and dinner; food taken at other than regular meal times; a light, informal repast instead of a regular meal. — v. i. [lunched Quncht), lunching.] To take a lunch. [Corrup. of lump ; cf. bunch fr. bump, hunch fr. hump, etc.] — Luncb/eon, -un, n. Same as Lunch, n. [Cor- rup. of lunching.] Lune, lun, n. Anything in the shape of a half-moon. (Geom.) A crescent-shaped figure. [F. ; L. luna (= luc-na), the moon, lit. light-giver, fr. lux, light, q. v.] — Lu'uar, a. Pert, to, or like, the moon ; orbed; measured by the revolutions of the moon. [L. lunaris.] — Lunar caustic. (Chem.) Fused nitrate of silver, — silver having been called luna by the old chemists. — L. cycle. Same as the cycle of the Golden Number, q. v., under Gold. — L. month. See Month.— L. year. The period of 12 lunar months, or 3.54 days, 8 hours, 4* minutes, and 34.28 seconds.— Lu'nate, -nated, a. (Lot.) Of the form of the half- moon ; crescent-shaped. — Lu'na- tic, a. Affected by lunacy: insane; exhibiting lunacy. — n. One who is, etc. [L. lunaticus, lit. affected Lunate Leaf. stin, cube, full ,- moon. fr!ht ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, ?et. LUN& 334 LYE by the moon, which was vulgarly supposed to cause insanity.] — Lu'nacy, -na-sT, re. A popular name for insanity ; derangement; craziness. — Luna'- tion. re. The period of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next. — Lunette', -net', n. {Fort.) A detached bastion. (Far.) A half horse-shoe. A somewhat flat watch- crystal ; a kind of concavo-convex lens for specta- cles : a covering for the eye of a vicious horse. (Arch.) An aperture in a concave ceiling. [F., dim. of June.] Lung, lung, re. (Anat.) One of the 2 organs of respira- tion in an air-breath- i n g animal. [AS., Dan., and G. lunge; s. rt. AS. lungre, quickly, lightly, Gr. elackus, Skr. laghu, = E. light, q. v.] Lunge, Longe, lunj, re. A sudden push or thrust— v.i. To de- liver a lunge in fen- cing. [Abor. fr. al- longe, q. v.] Lupercal, lu-pSr^kal, ri- sing., -calia, -ka'lY-a, n. pi. (Rom. Antig.) A feast in honor of Pan. [L. lupercalis, fr. Lupercal, a grotto, sacred to Lupercus, the Lycean Pan.] j ihg f Lupine,lu'pin,re. (Bot.) Lungs, Heart, and chief Vital A leguminous plant Organs, in Man. of many species, some j lar Tei b b caroti(J cultivated f O r their ' ar teries . „, trachea ; d,d, bron- showy flowers, others e hi a l veins ; e, e, bronchial ar- sis forage plants, or to teries ; ft, I, lungs ; g, right au- be plowed under as ricle ; h, inferior vena cava ; i, fertilizers. [F. lupin, ri S ht ventricle ; j, aortal artery; Tu.lupinum, f r. lupinus, f> Ieft ventricle, belonging to a wolf, fr. lupus, wolf.] Lupuline, lu'pu-lin, re. (Chem.) The bitter principle of hops. The fine yellow powder of hops, which contains that principle. [L. lupulus, dim. of lupus, hope.] Lurch, lerch, n. (Naut.) A sudden roll of a ship to one side. — v. i. [lurched (lercht), lurching.] To withdraw to one side, or to a private place ; to lie in ambush, lurk ; to dodge, play tricks ; to roll or pass suddenly to one side, as a ship in a heavy sea. [A form of lurk.] — To leave in the lurch. To leave in a difficult situation, in embarrassment, or without help. — Lurk, v. i. [lurked (lerkt), lurk- ing.] To lie hid, lie in wait ; to keep out of sight. [ME. lurken, lorken, Dan. lus/ce, G. lauschen, to sneak, lurk.] — Lurk'er, re. — Lurk'ing-place, re. A place in which one lurks.— Lurch'er, re. One that lies in wait, esp. a dog that lies in wait for game, and seizes it, as hares, rabbits, and the like ; a glutton ; gor- mandizer. a,ure, lur, n. An object resembling a bird, held out by the falconer to call a hawk ; any enticement; de- coy; anything which attracts by promise of pleasure ■ or advantage, — v. i. [lured (hard), luring.] To call a hawk or other animal, —v. t. To draw to the lure; entice; attract. [OF. loerre, MHG. luoder, a bait, decoy.] T.urid, lu'rid, a. Ghastly pale: yellow or red, as the sky when a tempest is coming; gloomy; dismal. [L. luridus, pale yellow, wan, ghastly ; prob. s. rt. Gr. chloros, green: see Chlorine.] Lurk, etc. See under Lurch. Luscious, lush'us, a. Sweet ; delicious; sweet or rich so as to cloy ; fulsome. [Corrup. fr. lusty.] — Lus'- ciously, adv. — Lus'ciousness, re. — Lush, a. Full of juice or succulence. [Abbr. fr. luscious.] Lust, lust, re. Longing desire ; eagerness to possess or enjoy ; carnal appetite : concupiscence. — v. i. To desire eagerly, long ; to desire the gratification of carnal appetite ; to have irregular or inordinate de- sires. [AS., D., Sw., and G., pleasure, AS. lystan, to lust; s. rt. loose, listless.] — Lust'ful, -ful, a. Hav- ing lust; provoking to sensuality; carnal; licentious; lewd; lecherous. — Lust'fully, at/r. — Lusf fulness, re. — LnB'ty, -tf, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Exhibiting vigor, health, etc.; able of body; large: robust; vig- orous; healthful; bulky; corpulent; lustf ul. — Lus'- tily, adv. — Lus'tiness, re. Luster, -tre. lus'ter, re. That which shines or is bril- liant; splendor; brightness; renown; distinction; a candlestick ornamented with pendants of cut glass. [F. lustre, luster, gloss, L. lustrum, a window, light ; s. rt. L. lustrare, to illumine, lucere, to shine : see Lucent ; not s. rt. lustrare, to purify.] — Lus'trous, -trus, a. Bright; shining. — Lus'tnng, re. A kind of glossy silk cloth. Luster, lus'ter, -trum, n. The space of 5 years. [F. lustre, L. lustrum, orig. an expiatory offering, or lus-. tration, which the Romans performed every 5 years; s. rt. L. lavare. to wash, lucre, to purify, E. lave.] — Lus'tral, a. Used in, or pert, to, purification. — Lustra'tion, re. Act of, etc. (Antiq.) A sacrifice or ceremony , by which cities, armies, people, etc., defiled by crimes, were purified. [L. lustratio.] Lute, lut, re. A pear-shaped musical instrument, whose strings are struck with the right hand, while the left presses them upon the stops. [OF. hit. It. liuto, Pg. alaude, f r. Ar. al 'wtf, al, the, lud, wood, stick, lute, harp.] — Lut'anist, re. One who plays on the lute. Lute, lut, Lufing, n. (Chem.) A composition of clay or other te- nacious substance, used for mak- ing joints of chemical vessels, t etc., air-tight; a rubber packing ring; a coating of clay, sand, etc., T . to protect retorts, etc., when ex- -L-uie. posed to heat.— v. t. To close or coat with lute. [OP. tut, L. lutum, mud, fr. luere, to wash; s. rt. lave.] — Luta'tion, re. Act or method of luting vessels. — Lu- ta'rious, -rt-us, a. Pert, to, living in, or of the color of, mud. Luteous, lu'te-us, a. Of a deep-yellow, golden-yellow, or orange-yellow color. [L. luteus, fr. lutum, yellow- weed, dyer's-weed, weld.] Lutheran, lu'ther-an, a. Pert, to Martin Luther, the reformer. — n. A disciple, or adherent to the doc- trines, of Luther or the Lutheran church. — Lu'- theranism, Lu'therism, -izm, re. Doctrines taught by Luther. Luthern, lu'thern, re. (Arch.) An upright window- in a roof; a dormer window. [F. lucarne, dormer window, fr._L. lucerna, lamp: see Lucent.] Luxate, luks'at, v. t. To put out of joint, dislocate. [L. luxare, -atum, fr. luxus, dislocated, Gr. looms, slanting, oblique.] — Luxa'tion, re. Act of, or thing which, etc.; a dislocation. Luxury, luk'shoo-rt, n. Free or extravagant indul- gence in the pleasures of the table, and in costly dress and equipage ; anything delightful to the senses ; a dainty ; any delicious or costlv food or drink; any article not necessary for health or com- fort; epicurism ; effeminacy. [OF. luxurie, L. luocuria, fr. luxus, pomp, luxury; prob. s. rt. L. pollucere, to offer in sacrifice, serve up in a dish, entertain, licere, to be lawful: see License.] — Luxu'riance, -riancy, lugz- or luks-u'rT-an-sT, re. State of being luxuriant; rank growth; strong, vigorous growth; exuberance. — Luxu'riant, a. Exuberant in growth ; in great abundance. — Luxu'riantly, adv.— Luxu'riate, v. i. To grow exuberantly, or to superfluous abundance; to feed or live luxuriously; to indulge to excess, de- light greatly. [L. luocuriare, -atum.] — Luxu'ria'tion, re. Act, or process of, etc. — Luxu'rious, -rt-us, a. Given to luxury; voluptuous; administering to lux- ury; furnished with luxuries; softening by pleasure, or free indulgence in luxury. — Luxuriously, adv. — Luxu'riousness, n. Lyceum, li-se'um, re. A place in Greece near the River Ilissus, where Aristotle taught philosophy: a place for instruction by lectures or disquisition's; a higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university; an association for literary improvement. [L. ; Gr. Lukeion, fr. the neighboring temple of Apollo Lukeios, the wolf-slayer, fr. lukos, wolf.] — Lycan'thropy, li-kan'thro-pT, n. A kind of insanity, in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and imitates his actions. [Gr. lukanthropia, fr. lukos and anthropos, man.] Lydian, lid'i-an, a. Pert, to Lydia, in Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants: soft; effeminate, — said esp. of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, whose music was of a soft, pathetic character. Lye, li, re. Water impregnated with alkali imbibed from the ashes of wood, used in soap-making, etc. [AS. leak, OHG. louga, lye; s. rt. Ic. laug, a bath, L. lavare, to wash: see Lave; L. lixivium, lye, fr. lix, ashes.] — Lixiv / 'ial,-T-al,a. Obtained by lixiviation; am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve. term ; In, Tee ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; LYMPH 335 MACHINE containing alkali extracted from wood-ashes: of the color of. or like lye or alkaline salts from wood-ashes. — Lixiviate, -ated, a. Pert, to lye : impregnated with alkali from wood-ashes. — Lixiviate, v. t. To subject to the process of lixiviation: to leach. — Lix- iv'ialion, n. Operation or process of extracting sol- uble matter from insoluble by washing, filtering, or leaching, as alkali from ashes. — Lixiv'ium. -I-nni, n. Water impregnated with soluble matter, as with alkaline salts imbibed from wood-ashes. Lymph, limf, n. Water, or a pure, transparent fluid like water; a coagulable fluid in animal bodies, con- tained in vessels called lymphatics; the watery part of the pus or virus used in vaccination. [L. lympha, water, lymph, also a water-nymph: prob. s. rt. L. limpiaus, limpid, q. v.: prob. not s. rt. Gr. numphe, a nymph.] — Lymphatic, -fatlk, ". Pert, to, of the nature of, containing, or conveying lymph: heavy in temperament; dull. — n. (Physiol.) One of the vein-like, valved vessels in vertebrate a nimals, which absorb the lymph fr. various parts of the system and carry it to the thoracic duct, etc.: see Lacteal. Lynch, linch, v. t. [lynched (lincht), lynching.] To inflict punishment upon without the forms of law: esp. to hang by mob-law. [Prop, name; said to be of a Virginia farmer who took the law into his own hands; also, of a Mayor of Gal way, Ireland, who hanged his own son, in the 16th century.] — Lynch'- law, n. Punishment of men for offenses, by private, unauthorized persons. Lynx, links, n. A sullen nocturnal feline animal of several species, with brilliant eyes, tufted ears, and short tail : it preys upon birds and beasts in the woods of X. Europe, Asia, and Amer. JX. and Gr.; s. rt. Gr. luchnos, a lamp, light, fr. its bright eye.-.] — Lynx'-eyed, -Id, a. Having acute sight. — Lyn'- cean, -se-an, a. Pert, to thelynx. Lyra, li'ra, n. (Astron.) A northern constellation; situated directly in front of Ursa Major. — Lyre, Mr, n. (Mus.) A stringed instru- ment of music; a kind of harp used by the an- cients. (Astron.) The constellation Lvra. [F. lyre, L. and Gr. lyra. L y re - harp, lute.]— Ly rist, n. One who plays upon the lyre. — Lyre'-bird, n. An Australian bird, having the 16 tail feathers of the male arranged in the form of a lyre : it is the only known" species of its genus. — Lyric, lTrlk. -ical, a.- Pert, to a lyre or harp; fitted to be sung "to the lyre; appro- priate for song. — Lyric, n. A lyric poem; a song; averse of the kind usually employed in lyric poetry, — chiefly in pi. M. M. em. the 13th letter of the Eng. alphabet, represents a labial articulation, and is called the labial nasal. -As a numeral M = 1,000. (Print.) A quadrat, the face or top of which is a square, as formerly the letter M also was : it is the unit of measuring the amount of type in any work: this page in length is equal to 97 lines of pearl, in breadth 58 ; it would therefore measure 58 X 9" = 5,636 m's. [Written also em.] Ma. ma, n. Mother, — an abbr. of mamma, a child's title for mother. — Ma'am, mam, n. Madam,— a colloq. contraction of madam. Macadamize, mak-ad'am-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -iz- ing.] To cover (a road) with small, broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface. [Fr. John Mac Adam, the inventor.] Macaroni, mak-a-ro'nY. n. An article of food com- posed of paste, chiefly of wheat flour, made into long, slender tubes: a'medley; something extrava- gant, to please an idle fancy; a sort of droll or fool; a fop; beau; exquisite. [Olt. maccaroni. fr. maccare, to bruise, L. macerare, to macerate, q. v.: prob. s. rt. Gr. makaria, porridge, fr. massein, to knead, vjaza, dough, Russ. muka, flour.] — Macaronic, -ronlk, a. Pert, to, or like, a macaroni; empty; trifling; vain: affected: consisting in the addition of Latin termi- nations to the vernacular roots of some modern lan- guage, combined with genuine Latin and vernacu- lar words. [F. macaronique, a mixture of various things, applied to a poem by Theophilo Folengo, in 1.509.] — Macaroon'. -roon / \ n. A small cake, com- posed chiefly of almonds and sugar. [F. macaron. It. macarone.] Macaw, ma-kaw', n. A large bird of the parrot fam- ily, of several species, all having beautiful plumage and long tails, native of tropical America. [Na- tive name in the Antilles.] Maccabees, mak'ka-bez, n. pi. Two ; books of the Apocrypha, which re- cord Jewish affairs in the time of the Maccabean princes. Maccaboy, mak'ka-boi, -co boy, n. Rose-flavored snuff. [Fr. a district in Martinique, where it is made.] Mace, mas. a. A heavy metal club, anciently used as a weapon; a staff borne by. or before, a magistrate as an ensign of authority: a scepter: a rod used ii billiards; a knobbed mallet used by curriers. [OF. Macaw. fr. obs. L. matea, a beetle; prob. s. rt. Skr. math, to crush, kill.] — Ma'cer, -ser, n. A mace-bearer ; a court officer. Mace, mas, n. A spice,— the 2d coat or aiil which cov- ers the nutmeg, — extremely fragrant and aromatic. [F. mads, L. macer, Gr. maker ; perh. s. rt. Skr. ma- kura, a bud.] Macerate, mas'gr-at, v. t. To soften and separate the parts of by steeping, as in a fluid, or by the digestive ! process. [L. macerare, -atum, to steep; s. rt. Gr. rnas- j sein, to knead, Skr. much, to pound, E. mass, and I perh. macaroni, mackerel, meager, emaciate.] — Mac- era'tdon. n. Act, process, or operation of, etc. Machiavelian. mak'T-a-veKj-an, a. Pert, to Machia- vel, an Italian writer, or to his supposed principles; politically cunning; using duplicity; crafty.— Mach'- iavellahism, Mach'iavelism, -T-a-vel-izm, n. Polit- ical cunning and artifice, intended to favor arbitrary power. Machicolation. mach'i-ko-la'shun, n. An opening be- tween the corbels supporting a projecting parapet, in the floor of a gallery, or in the roof of a portal, for pouring hot liquids, etc., upon assail- ants approaching the walls; act of pouring or hurling mis- siles, etc., upon assailants through such apertures : a parapet resting on corbels. [F. machicoulis, fr. meche, a match, combustible mat- ter, and couler. to flow, L. colare, to filter.] Machine, ma-shen', n. Any body or assemblage of bodies used to transmit and modify force and mo- tion; esp., a construction in which the several parts unite to produce given results; any instrument or organization bv which power is applied and made effective, or a desired effect produced: a person who acts mechanically or at the will of another: supernat- ural agency in a poem. [F.; L. machina, Gr. mecha- ne, machine, device, meows, means, contrivance : s. rt. may, make.]— Machine work. Work done by a ma- chine, not by hand labor. — Machin'ery, -sheu'er-I, n. Machine's collectively: the working parts of a machine, arranged to apply and regulate force ; j means by which anything is kept in action ; esp. supernatural means" by which the action of a ficti- tious work is carried on and brought to a catastro- phe. — Machinist, n. A constructor of machinery. Machicolation. sun, cube, full; moon, f 6t)t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, bos don, chair, get. MACKEREL — Mach'inal, mak'Tf-nal, a. Pert, to machines.— Mach'inate, v. t. To plan; to form, as a plot or a scheme. [L. machinari, -natus.] — Machina' tion, n. Act of contriving a scheme for executing some pur- pose, esp. an evil one ; a hostile or treacherous scheme formed with deliberation and cunning. — Mach'ina'tor, n. One who plots with evil designs. Mackerel, mak'er-el, n. A food fish, blue, streaked with black, found in the European and N. Amer, seas. [OF. mak- er el, fr. L. maca, mac- ula, a stain, spot, Sp. maca, stain, bruise on fruit; prob. s. rt. macer- Mackerel. ate, q. v.] — Mackerel-sky. A sky in which the clouds are broken into fleecy masses, usually believed to portend wind and rain. — Mack'le, -1, n. (Print.) A blur causing part of the impression to appear double. — Mac'led, -Id, a. Spotted on the surface with a deeper hue than the ground of the substance. — Mac'ule, -Hi, v. t. To maculate, blur, esp. (Print.) to double an impression from type. — n. Same as Mackle.— Mac'ula, -u-la, n. ; pi. -ul^e, -le. A spot, as on the skin, surface of the sun, or other luminous orb. [L.] — Mac'ulate, v. t. To spot, stain, blur. [L. maculare, -latum.] — Macula'tion, n. The act of spotting; a spot; blemish; stain. Mackintosh, mak'in-tosh, n. A water-proof outer garment. [Inventor's name.] Macrocosm, mak'ro-kozm, n. The great world ; uni- verse, — opposed to microcosm, or the little world constituted by man. [Gr. matros, great, long, and /cosmos, the world.] — Macrom'eter, -krom'- e-ter, n. An instru- ment for measuring inaccessible objects by means of 2 reflect- ors on a common sex- tant. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Mac'ro- pod, n. (Zobl.) A Macropod. short-tailed, decapodous crustacean, having very long feet; the sea-spider; spider-crab. [Gr. pons, po- dos, foot.] Mad, mad, a. [madder, -dest.] Disordered in intel- lect ; distracted ; crazy ; insane; beside one's self ; showing uncontrolled or unreasonable feeling or ac- tion, as from levity, willfulness, fear, pain, appetite, rage, etc.; esp., excited with violent or unreasonable desire or appetite, or with wrath; enraged; angry; proceeding from, or indicating, madness or fury. — v. t. [madded, -ding.] To madden. [AS. gemsed, Ic. meiddr, mad, p. p. of meidha, to hurt.] — Mad'- ly, adv. In a mad manner, wildly ; with extreme folly. — Mad'ness, n. — Mad'cap, n. One of wild behavior; a violent, rash, hot-headed person.— Mad'- man, n. ; pi. -men. One who is mad; a lunatic; crazy person.— Mad '-house, n. A house where insane per- sons are confined for cure or for restraint; a bedlam. — Mad'den, -dn, w. t. [-dened (-dnd), -dexing.] To make mad, furious, or angry, drive to madness, craze, enrage. — v. i. To become mad, act as if mad. Madam, mad'am, Madame, ma-dam', n. ; pi. Mes- dames, ma-dam'. My lady, — a complimentary form of address to a lady, esp. an elderly or a mar- ried lady. [F. madame = ma dame, L. mea domina, my lady. See Dame.] — Madon'na, ma-don'na, n. Madam; my lady; a picture of the Virgin Mary, to whom the title Our Lady is given in the Rom. Cath. Church. [It., for ma donna. See Donna, under Dom- inie.] — Mademoiselle, mad'mwS-zel', n. ; pi. Mes- demoiselles, mad'mwo-zel'. Miss; young woman; girl, — used esp. in address. [F., for ma demoiselle, formerly damoiselle = E. damsel, q . v., under Dame.] Madder, mad'der, n. A plant cultivated in Europe and the Levant from whose root are made pigments for dyeing sevoral shades of red, yellow, and purple. [AS. msederu, Ic. madhra ; s. rt. Skr. madhura, sweet, teTider.] Madefy, mad'e-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make wet or moist; to moisten. [L. madefacere, fr. madere, to be wet, and/acere, to make.] Madeira, ma-de'ra or -da.'ra, n. A rich wine made on the Isle of Madeira. Madrepore, mad're-por, n. A reef-building polyp, or the white, stony, tree-shaped coral formed by aggre- gation of its cells. [F.; It. ma.drepora, fr. madre, mother, and prob. Gr. poros, light and friable stone, a stalactite; i. e., mother-s 536 MAGISTERIAL Madrepore, composition in 5 or 6 -stone, cf. It. madreperla, moth e r-o f-pearl; not fr. pore, but confused with it.] Madrier, ma-drer' or mad'rT- 5r, n. A thick plank or tim- ber, used for several me- chanical or military pur- poses, esp. for supporting the earth in mines. [F., fr. L. materia, stuff, materials, timber.] Madrigal, mad'ri-gal, n. A little amorous poem, or pastoral poem, containing some tender and delicate, though simple though t. (JIusic.) An elaborate vocal parts. [It. madrigale, for rnandrigale, prop, ashep- herd's song, fr. It., L., and Gr. mandra, a flock, fold, Skr. mandura, a stable, prob. fr. mand, to sleep.] Maenad, me'nad, n. (Rom. Hist.) A Bacchante ; a priestess or votary of Bacchus. A woman wild with passion. [L. Msenas, Gr. mainas, -ados, fr. maines- thai, to rave.] Maestoso. See under Majesty. Maestro. See under Master. Magazine, mag'a-zen', n. A warehouse or storehouse ; esp. a storehouse for military stores; building or room in which powder is kept in a fortification or ship; cartridge chamber of a repeating rifle; a pam- phlet periodically published, containing miscellane- ous compositions. [OF. magazin, fr. Ar. makhzan, storehouse, granary, khazana, to lay up.] Magdalen, mag'da-len, n. A reformed prostitute. [I r. Mary Magdalene, the repentant sinner forgiven by Christ.] Magenta, ma-jen'ta, n. A red or crimson dye or color derived fr. aniline. [Fr. the battle of Magenta, in Italy, fought about the time the color was intro- duced.] Maggot, mag'got, n. The larval form of a fly; a grub; worm. [W7 macai, a maggot, magiaid, worms, grubs, magiad, breeding, f r. magu, Corn, and Armor, maga, to feed, nourish; perh. s. rt. L. magnus, Gr. megas, great.] — Mag'goty, -got-Y, a. Full of or infested with maggots; full of whims; capricious. Magi, ma'ji, n. Priests of the Persians; wise men of the East. [L. ; Gr. magoi, pi. of magos, a Magian, one of a tribe in Media, hence an enchanter, wizard; prob. s. rt. Zend maz, Gr. megas, L. magnus, great.] — Ma'gian, -jir-an, a. Pert, to, etc. —re. A Zoroas- trian priest. — Ma'gianism, -izm, n. The philosophy or doctrines of the Magi. — Mag'ic, maj'ik, n. The pretended art, science, or practice of working won- ders by aid of supernatural beings, departed spirits,or occult powers of nature; sorcery; witchcraft; necro- mancy; conjuration; enchantment. — Mag'ic, -ical, a. Relating to, performed by, or proceeding from, etc.; hence, imposing or startling in performance. [F. magu/ue, L. magicus, Gr. magikos, magical.] — Magic circle. A series of concentric circles contain- ing the numbers 12 to 75 in eight radii, and having similar properties to the magic square. — M. lantern. An optical instrument consisting of a case contain- ing a lamp, whose light, passing through lenses, ex- hibits on a screen the magnified image of objects placed in the focus of the outer lens. — " A series of numbers in a regular progres- sion, -so disposed in parallel and equal rows, in the form of a square, that each row, taken vertically, horizontally, or di- agonally, shall give the same sum, same product, or a harmonical series, accord- ing as the series taken is in an arithmeti- A cal, geometrical, or harmonical progres- -Mag'C sion. — Mag'ically, adv. — Magi'cian, & 1 uare - -jish'an, n. One skilled in magic; an enchanter; sor» cerer or sorceress. [F. magicien.] Magilp, ma-gilp', -gilph, -gilf, n. (Paint.) A gelat- inous compound of linseed oil and mastic varnish, used by artists as a vehicle for colors. Magisterial, maj-is-te'ri-al, a. Pert, or appropriate to a master or magistrate; authoritative; commanding; imperious; haughty; despotic: dogmatical. [L.mag- ister, a master; s. rt. L. magnus, Gr. megas, Skr. mo- liant, great, E. much, may, master, majesty, major, mayor.] - Mag'iste'rially, -rT-al-lT, adv. With the air of a master. — Mag'iste'rialness, n. — Magis- trate, -trat, n. A person clothed with power as a public civil officer, executive or judicial. [F. magis- M. square. 2 7 6 9 5 1 4 .3 8 am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; MAGNESIA 337 MAIN ■irat, L. magistratus.] — Magistral, a. Suiting a mag- istrate ; authoritative. {Pharmacy.) Prescribed for the occasion,— said of medicines, disting. f r. such as are officinal, or directed by the pharmacopoeia. — Magistracy, -tra-sT, n. Office or dignity of a magis- trate; the body of magistrates.— Mag'na Char'ta, kar'ta, n. The great charter obtained by the Eng. barons from King John, a. d. 1215; a fundamental constitution which guaranties rights and privileges. [Li., great charter.] — Mag'naninf ity, -T-tY, n. Qual- ity of being magnanimous; greatness of mind; eleva- tion or dignity of soul; generosity. [F. magnanimity, L. magnanimitas, fr. magnus and animus, the mind.] — Magnanimous, -Y-mus, a. Great of mind; raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty spirit; exhibiting nobleness of soul; liberal and hon- orable. [L. magnanimus.] — Magnanimously, adv. — Mag'nate, -nat, n. Anobleorgranrlee; apersonof distinction. [F. magnat, L. magn.ax, -natis, a prince.] — Mag'nify, -nY-il, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make great or greater; to increase the power or glory of, sound the praises of; to enlarge, amplify, aug- ment, exaggerate, — v. i. To increase the apparent dimensions of objects. [F. magnifier, L. magnificare, fr. magnus and facere, to make.] — Mag^niffer, n. i One who, or that which, magnifies; an optical in- strument, which increases the apparent magnitude of bodies. — Mag'nifi'able, a. — Magnific, -ical, a. Grand; splendid; illustrious; magniiicent. [L. mag- j nificusA— Magnificat, n. The song of the Virgin NLa.Ty , Luke i. 46, — which commences with this word in the Latin Vulgate. [L., it magnifies, fr. magnifi- care.] — Magnificent, -Y-sent, a. On a grand scale ; imposing with splendor; grand in appearance; ex- i hibitinggrandenr; pompous; gorgeous; grand; bril- liant. — Magnificence, -Y-sens, n. Condition or quality of being, etc.; pomp.— Magnificently, adi>. I — Magnif oquence, -o-kwens, w. Quality of being ', magniloquent ; loftiness of speech. [L. loquentia, discourse, fr. loqui, to speak.] — Magnifoquent, a. \ Speaking loftily or pompously; bombastic. — Mag'- nitude, -nY-tud, n. Extent of dimensions or parts; bulk; size. (Geom.) That which has one or more of the 3 dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness; anything of which greater or less can be predicated; greatness; grandeur; importance. [L. magnitudo.] Magnesia, mag-ne'zhY-a or -zha, n. (Chem.) Oxide of magnesium, a white, almost insoluble, alkaline earth, used as an absorbent and antacid. [L. and Gr., name of a country in Lydia.] — Carbonate of magnesia. (Med.) A white pulverulent earth used as an antacid and mild cathartic. — Sulphate of m. Epsom salts. — Magne'sian, -zhan, a. Pert, to, con- taining, or resembling, magnesia. — Magne'sium, -zhY-um, n. (Chem.) The undecomposable metallic base of magnesia. — Magnesium light. A brilliant light produced by burning metallic magnesium, — used in photographic processes. — Mag'net, n. The loadstone; a species of iron ore, which attracts iron and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, points to the magnetic poles; a bar of iron to which the properties of the loadstone have been imparted. [ME. and OF. magnete, L. magnes, -netis, for magnes lapis, Gr. lithos Magnetes. the Magnesian stone, load- stone.]— Magnetic, -ical, a. I- ert. to, or having the properties of, the magnet; pert to the earth's mag- netism; attractive. — Magnetic battery. A combina- tion of bar or horse-shoe magnets with the like poles adjacent, so as to act together with great power. — M. equator. The line around the equatorial parts of the earth at which there is no dip, the dipping-needle being horizontal.— M. field. Space through which a magnet exerts its influence. — M. fluid. The hypo- thetical fluid formerly supposed to explain magnetic phenomena.— M. iron. (Min.) Magnetite; a highly magnetic black oxide of iron, — a valuable crystal- line or granular ore. — M. meridian. See Meridian. — M. needle. A slender bar of steel, magnetized and suspended at its center, to take freely the direction of the magnetic meridian. — M. poles. The 2 points in the opposite polar regions of the earth, at which the direction of the dipping needle is vertical. — Magnetically, adv. By means of magnetism— Mag- netlcalness. n. Quality of being magnetic. — Mag- netics, n. Science or principles of magnetism. — Mag'netism, -izm, n. The force in nature which gives rise to the phenomena of attraction, polarity, etc., exhibited by the loadstone and other magnetic bodies; science of magnetic phenomena; power of attraction. — Animal magnetism. See Mesmekism.— Mag'netist, n. One versed in magnetism. — Mag'- netize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.1 To communicate magnetic properties to; to attract as if by a magnet; to move, influence; to mesmerize.— v. i. To acquire magnetic properties, become magnetic. — Mag'net- izer, n. One who, or that which, imparts magnetism. — Magneto-electricity, -o-e-lek-tris'Y-tY, n. Elec- tricity evolved by the action of magnets; science of phenomena involving the principles of both mag- netism and electricity. — Magnetonf eter, n. An in- strument for measuring any of the terrestrial mag- netic elements. [Gr. metron, measurej Magnificent, Magnify, etc. See under Magisterial. Magnolia, mag-noli-a, n. A tree of several specie3 having large fragrant flowers. [Fr. the botanist Pierre Magnol.] Magpie, mag'pi, n. A long-tailed, crafty bird, allied to the crow, having black plumage above, glossed with green and purple, and snowy white below: it is noisy and mischievous, and may be taught to speak. [Mag, short for Magot = F. MargotA.ox Marguerite, name for a woman, also a magpie; F. pie, Li.pica, a magpie: see Pie.] Maguey, ma-gwa', n. A Mexican aloe, used for paper, clothing, cordage, etc. [Sp.; Mex. maguei.'] Maharajah, ma-ha-ra'ja, n. A sovereign prince in India. [Skr., fr. maha, great, and raja, king.] Mahl-stick. See Maul-stick. Mahogany, ma-hog'a-ni, n. A large tree, of tropical Amer.; the wood of the tree, of a reddish brown color, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish; a dining table. [W. Indian name.] Mahomedan, Mahometan. See Mohammedan. Mahori, ma-hoolY, n. A collective name for the East- ern-Polynesian race, comprising the aborigines of New Zealand, Hawaii, Tahiti, Navigator's, and Friendly Isles, etc.,— disting. fr. Maori, q. v. [Ta- hitan, true, native.] Mahout, ma-hoof, n. In India, a man in charge of an elephant; elephant-driver. Maid, mad, n. An unmarried woman; virgin; maiden; a female servant. [AS. msegdh, msegedn, msegden, a maid, mseg, maid, son, kinsman, Goth, magus, a_boy, child ; s. rt. may, might, main.'] — Maid'en, mad'n, n. A maid; an instrument resembling the guillotine, formerly used in Scotland for beheading criminals; a machine for washing linen.— a. Pert, to a young unmarried woman or virgin ; consisting of virgins; fresh; new; pure; unused. — Maidenspeech. The first speech made by a person, esp. by a new member in a public body. — Maid'enhead, n. Virginity ; the hymen or virginal membrane; that which a woman loses when first she has sexual intercourse. — Maid'- enhood, n. State of being a maid or virgin; virginity; newness; freshness; uncont:i minuted state; state be- fore marriage; girlhood. — Maid'enly, a. Becoming a maid; gentle; modest; reserved.— Maid' en-hair, n. A name for several delicate and graceful species of fern, all of which are used in medicine.— Maid'hood, n. Virginity; maidenhood.— Maid'-serv'ant, n. A female servant; serving-girl. Maihem._ See Maim. Mail, mal, n. Defensive armor com- posed of steel scales, rings, or plates; any defensive covering. (Naut.) An apparatus composed of rings in- terwoven, for rubbing off loose hemp on lines and white cordage. — v. t. To put a coat of mail or armor upon. [ME. and OF. maille, fr. L. macula, a spot, hole, mesh, net: see Mack- MaiTmal, n. A bag for the convey- Coat of MaiL ance of letters and papers ; contents of such a bag, etc. ; the person or conveyance carrying the mail. — v.t. [mailed (maid), mailing.] To put in the post-office for transmission by the mail ; to post. [ME. and OF. male, OHG. mataha, Ga. and Ir. mala, a bag, sack; cf. Gr- molgos, a hide, skin.]-Maifable, a. Usually admitted, or proper to be admitted, into the mail. Maim, mam, v. t. [maimed (mamd), maiming.] To deprive of the use of a limb, or of a necessary part; to mutilate, mangle, disable. — Maim, in law lan- guage Mafhem, May'hem, ma'hem, n. Privation of the use of a limb or member of the body, or of any necessary part ; mutilation ; injury. [OF. me* haing, an injury, mehaigner, to maim.] Main, man, n. Strength; force; violent effort. [AS. mxgen.lc megin, strength; s. rt. may.) Main, man, a. Mighty; powerful ; vast ; first in size, rank, importance, etc.; principal ; chief ; capital. — siin, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tben. boNboN, chair, get. MAINPERNOR 338 M AL ADM INIS TR ATION n. The chief or principal part ; esp., the great sea, disting. fr. an arm, bay, etc. ; the ocean ; the conti- nent, (listing, fr. an island ; mainland ; a principal duct or pipe, disting. fr. lesser ones; esp., a principal £ipe leading from a reservoir. [OF. maine, magne, ,. magnus, great: see Magisterial.] — Main'ly, adv. Chiefly ; principally ; greatly ; mightily. — Main'mast, n. The principal mast in a vessel. See Ship. — Main'sail, n. The principal sail. See Sail. — Main'spring, n. The principal spring in a piece of mechanism ; esp. the moving spring of a watch or clock ; the chief or most powerful motive. — Main'top, n. The platform at the top of the main- mast of a ship, brig, etc.— Main'yard, n. The yard on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the mainmast. — Main'-deck, n. (Naut.) The deck next below the spar-deck in frigates and seventy-fours. See Ship. — land, n. The continent, the principal land,— opp. to island. sheet, n. (Naut.) The sheet that extends and fastens the mainsail. stay, n. The stay extending from the foot of the foremast to the maintop; main support; principal dependence. Mainpernor, maii'per-ner, n. {Law.) A surety for a prisoner's appearance in court at a day. [OF. main (L. manus), hand, and pernor (F. preneur), a taker, fr. verner (F. prendre, L. prehendere), to take.] — Main'prise, -priz, n. (Law.) A writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, for the prisoner's appearance, and to let him go at large ; deliverance of a prisoner on se- curity for his appearance at a day. — v. t. [main- prised (-prizd), -prising.] To suffer to go at large, on sureties for appearance. — Maintain'', -tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] To hold or keep in any particular condition; to keep up, sustain; to keep possession of, hold and defend; to continue; to bear the expense of, supply with what is needed; to support by assertion or argument. — v. i. To affirm a position, assert. [F. maintenir, L. manu tenere, to hold in, or by, the hand.] -Maintain 1 ' able, a. -Main- tain 1 ' er, n.— Main'tenance, -te-nans, n. Act of main- taining; sustenance; support; defense; vindication; that which maintains or supports; means of susten- ance. (Crim. Law.) An officious intermeddling in a cause depending between others. Maiolica. . See Majolica. Maize, maz, n. Indian corn, a large species of Amer. grass, cultivated as a forage and food plant; its seed, growing on cobs and used as food for men and animals. [Sp. niaiz, W. Ind. mapiz.] — Maize'na, ma-ze'na, n. A trade name for fine meal or farina, prepared from maize, for puddings, etc. Majesty, maj'es-tY, n. Grandeur; exalted dignity; imposing lofti- ness; the title of a king or queen, — in this sense taking a pi. [OF. majestet, L. majestas, fr. mag- nus, great. See Magisterial.] — Majes'tic, a. Possessing or exhibiting majesty ; of august dignity, or imposing grandeur ; splendid ; magnificent ; imperi- . al; regal; royal; stately: lofty. — -* Majes'tically, adv. — Majes'- „ . ticalness, n. — Ma'esto'so, ma'- Maize, es-to'zo, a. (Mus.) Majestic,— a direction to perform a passage in a dignified and majestic manner. [It.] Majolica, ma-jol'T-ka, Maiolica, mi-ol'Y-ka, n. A kind of fine pottery or earthen ware with painted figures, first made in Italy in the 16th century. [Fr. Majorca, an early seat of this manufacture.] Major, ma'jer, a. Greater in number, quantity, or extent ; of greater dignity ; more important. — n. (Mil.) An officer next in rank above a captain and below a lieutenant-colonel. (Civil Lata.) A person of full age. (Logic.) That premise which contains the major term. [L., compar. of magnus, great, same as mayor. See Magisterial.] — Major interval. (Mus.) An interval greater by a half-step (semitone) than the minor interval of the same denomination. — M. mode. That mode in which the 3d and 6th tones of the scale form major intervals with the i tonic or key-note. — M. premise. (Logic.) That premise of a syllogism which contains the major term. — M. term. That term which forms the predi- cate of the conclusion. — Aid-major. (Mil.) An officer appointed to act as major on certain occasions.— Drum-m. The first drummer in a regiment; leader of a military band or drum corps when marching.— Fife-m. The first or chief fifer in a military band.— SergeanUm. A non-commissioned officer, subordi- nate to the adjutant.— Major 'ity, -jSr't-tt, n. Quality or condition of being greater; esp. the military rank of a major ; condition of being of age, to manage one's own concerns; the greater number; more than half ; the number by which one aggregate (as of votes) exceeds all opposed to it. [F. majorite'.] — Ma'jor-do'mo, n. A steward; a chief minister. [It. ; Sp. mayor-domo ; L. donius, house.] — Ma'jor-gen 1 '- eral, n. (Mil.) An officer next in rank below a lieu- tenant-general.— Majus'cule, -kul, n. A capital let- ter used in ancient Latin manuscripts. [L. majuscu- lus, somewhat greater or great, dim. of major, majus.] Make, mak, v. t. [made (mad), making.] To cause to exist ; produce, frame, create ; to produce (some- thing artificial or false) ; to bring about, effect, do, execute, etc. ; to gain, as the result of one's efforts ; to suffer ; to find, as the result of computation ; to pass over the distance of, travel over; to put in a de- sired or desirable condition ; to cause to be or be- come, constitute ; to cause to appear to be ; to esteem, represent; to require, compel, force ; to compose, as parts, ingredients, or materials ; to form ; to serve or answer as; to reach, or arrive at ; to come near, so as to have within sight. — v. i. To tend, proceed, move ; to contribute, have effect ; to increase, aug- ment, accrue. — w. Structure ; texture ; constitu- tion of parts ; shape ; form. [AS. macian; s. rt. may.] — To make avjay. To put out of the way, kill, destroy. — To m. believe. To pretend, act as if. — To m. bold. To venture, take liberty. — To m. free with. To treat with freedom or without cere- mony. —To m. good. To maintain, defend; to fulfill, accomplish; to make compensation for. — To m. light of. To treat with indifference or contempt — To m, much of. To treat with fondness or esteem, exagger- ate.— To m. no difference. To be a matter of indif- ference. — To m. no doubt. To have no doubt. — To m.of. To understand; to produce from, effect; to consider, esteem.— To m. out. To learn, discover; to decipher; to prove; to establish by evidence or argu- ment; to succeed, be able at last.— To m. over. To transfer the title of, convey. — To m. sail. (Want.) To increase the quantity of sail already extended ; to set sail, start. — To m. up. To collect into a sum or mass ; to reconcile, compose; to supply what is wanting in; to compensate; to settle, adjust, or ar- range for settlement; to determine, bring to a defi- nite conclusion; to put in shape, manufacture. — To m. water. (Naut.) To leak. To void urine. — To m. way. To make progress, advance; to open a passage; clear the way.— Mak'er, n. One who makes, forms, or molds; a manufacturer; the Creator. (Law.) One who signs or makes a promissory note. — Make'-be- lieve', n. A mere pretense. — shift, n. That with which one makes shift; a temporary expedient.— -up, n. The whole, — disting. from the parts com- posing it; general composition or structure; get-up; among actors, artificial preparation of the face, etc., for the stage. (Print.) Arranging of type into pages, with proper head-lines, etc. — weight, -wat, n. That which is thrown into a scale to make weight. Malachite, mal'a-kit, n. (Min.) Green carbonate of copper, found in Siberia, Cornwall, etc. [Gr. maV ache, a mallow, whose leaves it resembles in color.^ Malacology, mal-a-kol'o-j i, n. Science of the structure and habits of mollusks or soft-bodied animals. [Gr. malakos, soft, and logos, discourse.] Maladministration, mal / ad-min 1 'is-tra 1 'shun, n. Faulty administration; bad management of public officers or official duties. [F. mal, fern, male (L. mains), bad, and administration ; L. malus, orig. dirty, black, Gr. melas, black, Skr. mala, dirty, malina, black, sinful, bad, Ir. maile, W. mall, evil, Corn, malan, the devil.] — Maladroit'', -a-droif, a. Clumsy; awkward; un- skillful. [F.] — MaFady, -a-dl, n. Sickness or dis- ease ; esp., a lingering or deep-seated disorder ; a moral or mental disorder; illness. [F. maladie, fr. malade, OF. malabde, sick, L. male habitus, badly conditioned ; habitus, p. p. of habere, to have : see Habit; not fr. L. male aptus.~\ — Malaise', -az', n. (Patholj An indefinite sense of being sick or ill at ease. [F.; aise, ease.] — Mal'apert', -a-pert', a. In- appropriate through pertness ; without respect or decency; bold; forward; saucy; impudent. — n. A pert, saucy person. [OF. apert, open, adroit, intel- ligent, fr. L. aperire, apertum, to open.] — Malap'ro- pos', -ap'ro-po', adv. Unseasonably ; unsuitably. [F. malapropos; apropos, to the purpose.] — Mala'* am, fame, far, pass r opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 8r ; MALAGA 339 MAN ria, ma-la'rY-a, n. An unhealthy exhalation from wet land, etc., producing fever, ague, etc., in certain districts. [It., contr. fr. mala aria, bad air; L.mate and aer, air.] — Mala'rious, -rT-us, a. Pert, to, or infected by, malaria. — Malcon'forma'tion, n. Im- perfect or disproportionate formation; ill form. — Mal'content', n. One discontented; esp., a discon- tented subject of government. [OF.] — Mal'con- tent', Mal'content'ed, a. Discontented; dissatisfied with the government. — Mal'edic'tion, n. Denun- ciation of evil; declaration of a wish of evil; curse; imprecation: execration. [F.] — Mal'efac'tor, -ter, n. One who commits a crime; evil-doer; felon: con- vict. [L.; factor, a doer, fr. facere, to do.] — Male- faction, n. Acrime.-Malef'icence,-Y-sens,?i. Evil- doing. {Moral Pkilos.) The doing ill to others, — opp. to beneficence. — Malev'olent, a. "Wishing evil; ill-disposed, or disposed to injure others; envious; spiteful; malicious; malignant. [L. malevolens ; vo- lens, p. pr. of velle, to wish.] — Malev'olently, adv. — Malev'olence, -o-lens, n. — Malfea'sance, -fe'- zans, n. {Law.) Evil conduct; illegal deed; male- faction. [F. malfaisance.] — Mal'forma'tion, n. Ir- regular or anomalous formation or structure of parts. — Malice, -is, n. A disposition to injure oth- ers unjustly, without apparent cause, or in revenge; deliberate intention to do mischief to another; unpro- voked malignity or spite; rancor. [F.; L. malitia, fr. malus.] — Mali'cious, -lish'us, a. Indulging or ex- ercising malice; proceeding from hatred or malice; mischievous ; bitter. — Mali'ciously, adv. — Mali- ciousness, n. — Malign'', -Hn', a. Having a very evil disposition toward others; malignant; pernicious; tendingto injure. — v. t. [maligned (-lmd'), -lign- ing.J To speak great evil of, traduce, vilify. [OF. mating, fern, maligne, L. malignus, for maligenus, 1. e., of a bad nature, fr. malus and genus, birth, kind.] — Malignly, adv.— Malig'nancy, -lig'nan-si, n. Qual- ity of being malignant; malice. {Med.) Virulence; tendency to mortification or to a fatal issue. — Ma- Hg'nant, a. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, or cause distress; exerting pernicious influence; hei- nous. {Med.) Tending to produce death; virulent; incurable. — n. (Eng.Hist.) One of the adherents of the house of Stuart; a cavalier. [L. malignans, &pr. of malignare, to act spitefully.] — Malig'nant- , adv. — Malig'nity, -nT-tl, rc. Quality of being malign; extreme malevolence; deadly quality. [F. malignity.'] — Malinger, ma-lin'gSr, v. i. [-geeed (-gerd), -gering.] {Mil.) To feign illness or to pro- tract disease, in order to avoid duty. [F. malingre, sickly, weakly, fr. mal and OF. heingre, thin, infirm, fr. L. seger, sick.] — Mal'ison, mal'T-zn, n. Maledic- tion; curse; execration. [OF.; same as malediction.'] — MaloHor, n. An offensive odor. — Malprac'tice, -tis, n. Evil practice ; illegal or immoral conduct ; esp. professional misconduct of a physician.— Mal- treat'', v. t. To treat ill, abuse. — Maltreat'ment, n. Ill usage; abuse.— MaTversa'tion, ». Evil conduct; corruption or extortion in office. [F., fr. malverser, L. versari, to be engaged in, fr. versare, freq. of ver- tere, to turn.] Malaga,_mal'a;ga, n. A wine from Malaga, in Spain. Male, mal, a. Pert, to the sex that begets or procre- ates young, disting. f r. the female ; masculine. (£ot.) Having fecundating organs, but not fruit-bearing; staminate. — n. An animal of the male sex; a he. ( Bot.) A plant which bears only staminate flowers. [OF. masle, male, L. masculus, fr. mas, a male crea- ture ; s. rt. Skr. mantis, E. man, masculine ; not s. rt. female.] — Male screw. {Mech.) A screw having the thread upon the outside, to fit the grooves on the in- side of a hollow or female screw.— Mallard, n. The common green-head or migratory wild duck of Eu- rope and the Western U. S., the progenitor of the tame mallard ; the common domestic duck. [OF. malard, fr. male.'] Malediction, Malice, etc. See under Maladminis- tration. Malkin, maw'kin, n. A kitchen wench; a dirty drab; a mop; a scarecrow. [ME. dim. for Moll, for Mary.] Mall, mawl, n. A large wooden beetle; a maul.— v. t. [malled (mawld), malling.] To beat with a mall; to maul. [OF. mail, fr. L. mallents, a hammer; perh. s. rt. Ic. mjolnir, the crusher, the name of Trior's hammer, Russ. molof, a hammer, moloU, to grind.] — Mall, mal, n. A level, shaded public walk. [OF. pale-maille, Olt. palamaglio, a game like croquet, in which a ball (It. palla) was driven with a mallet (It. li. malleus) through hoops.] — Mal'leate, r le-at, v. t. To hammer; to draw into a plate or al' leaf by beating. [LL. malleare, -atum, to beat with a hammer ; fr. L. malleus.] — Mallea'tion, n. Act of beating into a plate or leaf, as a metal. — Malle- able, a. Capable of being^ shaped, drawn out, or ex- tended by beating. [OF.] — Malleable iron. Iron so nearly freed from carbon, etc., that it may be wrought with a hammer. — Mal'leableness, -ability, n. — Mal'let, n. A wooden hammer, used esp. for driving a chisel. [F. maillet, dim. of mail, a mall.] Mallow, mal'lo, -lows, -loz, n. A plant of the genus Malva, — so called from its emolBent qualities. [AS. malwe, L. malva, Gr. malache, a mallow, maldkos, soft, mild, malasce\..\ to soften.] Malmsey, mam'zT. n. A sort of grape; also, a kind of strong and sweet wine. [OF. malvoisie, wine, fr. Malvasia, in the Morea.] Malpractice, Maltreat, etc. See under Maladminis- tration. Malt, mawlt, n. Barley, or other grain, in which the starch has been changed to saccharine matter by forced germination, and the sprouting checked bv drying m a kiln: it is used in brewing. — v. t. To make into malt. — v. i. To become malt. [Ic.Dan., and Sw.; AS. mealt } malt, melton, to melt, steep. soften; s. rt. melt, mild.] — Malt 'man, -ster, n. One who makes malt. _ Malthusian, mal-thoo'shan, a. Pert, to the theory of Malthus, that early marriages should be discour- aged, because population, if unchecked, increases more rapidly than means of subsistence. Mamaluke, mam'a-ltik, -eluke, n. One of the former Egyptian cavalry, formed of Circassian slaves; later, the virtual masters of the country until their de- struction by Mohammed Ali in 1811. [F. Mamaluc, Sp. & Pg. Mameluco, fr. Ar. mamlvJc, a slave, fr. ma- laka, he possessed.] — Mam'elu'co, n. In Brazil, the offspring of a white father and Indian mother. [Pg.] Mamma, mam-ma', n. Mother, — a word of tender- ness and familiarity, used chiefly by young chil- dren. [It. and L.; Sp., D., and G. mama, F. maman, W. mam, — a sound naturally made by infants.] Mamma, mam'ma, n. ; pi. -bis.. The breast; the pro- tuberant organ or gland in the female which secretes milk. — Mammal, n. {Zobl.) An animal of the highest class of vertebrates, the female of which suckles her young. [L. mammalis, pert, to the mam- ma, breast, perh. fr. mamma, mother; perh. s. rt. Gr. mazos, the breast, Skr. mad, L. madere, to be wet, trickle.] — Mamma'lia, -lY-a, n. pi. A class of ani- mals, comprehending the mammals. [L.] — Mam- ma'lian, a. Pert, to the mammalia. — Mammal 'ogy, -o-jT, n. Science of mammiferous animals. [Gr.7o- gos, discourse.] — Mam'mary, -ma-rt, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the breasts or mammas. — Mam'mifer, -ml- fer, n. {Zobl.) An animal which has breasts for nourishing its young; a mammal. [JL.ferre, to bear.] — Mammif'erous, -er-us, a. Having breasts, and nourishing the young by the milk secreted by them. — Mam'miform, a. Of the form of mammae. [L. forma, form.] — Mam 'miliary, -mil-la-rt, a. Pert, to or like, etc. [L. mammilla, dim. of mamma.'] . Mammon, mam'mun, n. Riches; wealth; also, the god of riches. [L. mammona, Syriac mamona, riches, Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, fr. taman, to hide.] — Mam'monist, n. One devoted to getting wealth; a worldling. Mammoth, mam'muth, n. A huge extinct elephant, of which the remains of several species have been found in northern regions. — a. Resembling the mammoth in size; gigantic. [Russ. mamanV, Sibe- rian mammont, fr. Tartar mamma, the earth — in which the Tartars believe it lived, like a mole.] Man, man, n.; pi. Men, men. An individual of the human race; a human being; esp., an adult male person; the human race; mankind; sometimes, the male part of the race, as disting. fr. the female; one of manly strength' or virtue; a male servant; a mar- ried man: husband; a piece with which a game, as chess or draughts, is played.— v. t. [manned (mand). -ning.] To supply with men ; to furnish with strength for action, fortify. [Ic, D., and Sw. man, Ic. madhr, L. mas, Skr. manu. manus, a man, lit. thinking animal, fr. man, to think: s. rt. male, mas- culine, mandarin, mind, etc.] — Man of straw. One who has no property, character, or influence; a pup- pet. — Man-of-war. An armed government vessel of large size. — Man'ly, a. [-lier, -liest.] Having qualities becoming a man; firm; brave; noble.— adv. With courage like a man. — Manliness, n. — Mankind', -kind', n. The human race; man; men as disting. fr. women. — Man 'ful, -ful, a. Showing ofin, cube, fulls moon, f 6~6t ; cow. oil.; linger or ink. then. boxboN chair, get. MANACLE 340 MANGOSTAN manly spirit; bold. — Man'fully, adv. — Man'ful- ness, n. — Man'hood, -hOod, n. State of being, or qualities characteristic of or becoming, a man.— Man'nish, a. Having the appearance of a man; mas- culine. — Manslaughter, -slaw-tSr, n. The slaying of a human being; murder. {Law.) The unlawful killing of a man without malice. — Manikin, -I-kin, n. A little man; dwarf; an anatomical model of the human body, with detachable pieces to show the parts and organs.— Man'- hole, n. A hole through which a man may enter a drain, boiler, etc., to clean or repair it. — mid'wife, n. A man who practices ob- stetrics. — trap, n. An ap- pliance for catching tres- Manacle," man'a-kl, n. An Manhole, closed by bridge instrument of iron for ansl Dolt> fastening the hands ; handcuff ; shackle. — v. t. [manacled (-kid), -cling.] To put fastenings upon the hands ; to shackle. [OF. manicle, L. manicida, dim. of mauica, the long sleeve of a tunic, handcuff, fr. manus, hand.] Manage, man'ej, ?'. t. [-aged (-ejd), -aging.] To have under control and direction; to guide by care- ful treatment; to bring around cunningly to one's plans; to train, as a horse; to exercise in graceful or artful action; to direct, control, contrive, conduct, transact. — v. i. To direct or conduct affairs. [OF. manege, the managing of a horse, It. maneggio, a business, handling, exercise of horses, a riding school, fr. memo, L. manus, the hand: see Manual; not s. rt. manage (q. v.), F. maison, a house.] — Man'- ageable, a. Capable of being managed; admitting or suifering management; easily made subservient to one's designs; tractable; tamable; docile.— Man f - ageableness, n. — Management, n. Act of man- aging; manner of treating, directing, etc.; cunning practice; conduct directed by art or address; board of managers; administration: direction.— Man'ager, n. One who, etc.; a director; one who conducts busi- ness with economy and frugality: a good economist. — Manege', ma-nazh', n. The art of horsemanship, or of training horses; a riding school. [F.] Manchineel, manch-Y-neK, n. A lofty W. India tree, having a milky poisonous sap, but furnishing wood valued for cabinet making. [Sp. manzanillo, dim. of manzana, an apple, — the fruit being apple-like.] Manciple, man'sY-pl, n. A steward; purveyor, esp. of a college. [OF. mancipe, L. mancipium, fr. manceps, purchaser at a public auction, fr. manus, hand, and capere, to take.] Mandamus. See under Mandate. Mandarin, man-da-ren', n. A Chinese nobleman; a civil or military official in China ; the colloquial language of China; a variety of orange, orig. fr. China. [Pg. mandarim, fr. Malay mantri, a coun- selor, minister of state, Skr. mantrin, a counselor, mantra, a holy text, advice, counsel, fr. man, to think, know: see Man.] jlandate, man'dat, n. An official or authoritative command; an order; precept; injunction; commis- sion. {Canon Law.) A rescript of the pope, requir- ing a person therein named to be put in possession of a vacant benefice. [OF. mandat, L. mandatum, fr. mandare, -datum, to enioin, command, lit. put into one's hand, fr. manus, hand, and dare, to give.] — Man'datory, -da-to-rl, a. Containing a command. — Man'datary, -ta-rY, n. One to whom a charge is fiven; esp., one to whom the pope has given a man- ate for his benefice. (Law.) One who undertakes, without a recompense, to do some act for another in respect to a thing bailed to him. — Manda'mus, n. {Law.) A writ issued by a superior court to some inferior tribunal, corporation, or person exercising public authority, commanding the performance of some specified duty. [L., we command.] Mandible, man'di-bl, n. The jaw (upper or lower) of a bird, — also applied to designate the lower jaw of a mammal, and the anterior or upper pair of jaws in some invertebrates. [L. mandibula, fr. manaere, to chew. See Meat.] — Mandib'ular, a. Pert, to or like the jaw, or mandible. Mandrake, man'drak, n. A low-growing Oriental nar- cotic plant, with a large fleshy root, often forked, supposed formerly to possess aphrodisiac properties, and fabled to drive him mad who heard its parting groan. [OF. mandragore, L. and Gr. mandragoras/\ Mandrel, man'drel, n. (Mach.) A bar of metal on which work to be turned is fixed or to which a tool is attached, as in a lathe; the spindle carrying the center- chuck of a lathe, and com- municating motion to the work, and usually driven by a pulley; an arbor. [F. mand- rin, a punch, mandrel, prob. „ fr. Gr. mandra, orig. an in- Mandrel, closed space, sheep fold, also the setting for the stone of a ring.] Mane, man, n. The long hair on the neck of some quadrupeds, as the horse, lion, etc. See Horse. [OD.; W. myngen, a mane, mwn, the neck, Skr. man- ya, the tendon forming the nape of the neck.] Manege. See_under Manage. Manes, ma'nez, n.pl. (Rom. Antiq.) The benevolent infernal deities; deified shades of the departed. [L., fr. OL. manus, good.] Maneuver, -noeuvre, ma-noo'ver, n. Management ; dexterous movement; esp., an evolution, or change of position among military or naval bodies; adroit proceeding ,* intrigue ; stratagem. — v. i. [maneu- vered or -noeuvred (-verd), -NEUVERING Or-N(EU- vringJ To make an evolution; to manage with art. — v. t. To change the positions of (troops, ships, etcA [F. manoeuvre, LL. manopera, lit. hand-work, fr. L. manus, hand, and opera, fr. opus, work, labor.] — Maneu'verer, Manceu'vrer, n. One who, etc. Manful, etc. See under M_an. Manganese, man'ga-nez', n. (Chem.) A metal of a dusky white or whitish-gray color, very hard and difficult to fuse. The black oxide of the metal. [OF. and It., perh. fr. its resemblance to the (L. ) magnes, loadstone. See Magnet, under Magnesia.] Mange, manj, n. The scab or itch in cattle, dogs, etc. [Fr. F. rnangi, eaten, p. p. of manger, to eat: see Manger.] — Man'gy, -jY, a. [-gier, -giest.] Infected with, etc. ; scabby. — Man'gi- ness, n. Mangel-wurzel, man'gl-wer'zl, n. A large kind of field beet used for feeding cattle. [G., corrupt. fr. mangold, beet, mangold wurzel, beet root.] Manger, man'jer, n. A fixed receptacle to hold food for horses or cattle, in a barn or stable. (Naut.) A space at the fore-end of the deck, bounded by the manger board, to prevent water which enters the hawse-holes from running over the deck. [F. man- geoire, fr. manger, L. manducare, to eat, manducus, a glutton, mandere, to chew; s. rt. mandible, mange.] Mangle, man'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To cut bunglingly, as flesh; to hack, lacerate, mutilate; to curtail, take by piecemeal. [ME. mankelen, freq. of manken, to maim, fr. L. mancus, maimed ; s. rt. Ic. minnka, to minish, q. v.] Mangle, man'gl, n. A machine for smoothing damp cloth or clothes by roller pressure, —v. t. To smooth (linen) with a mangle. [D. mangelen, to roll with a rolling-pin, Olt. mangano, a press for cloth, fr.LL. manganum, a mangonel.]— Man'gonel, n. An engine formerly used for throwing stones and battering walls. [OF.; LL. mangonel- lus, dim. of mang anum , Gr. manganon ; s. rt. mechane, a machine.] Mango, man^go, n. An Asiatic tree of many species, culti- vated in the tropics; its lus- cious acid fruit ; a green m u s k-m e 1 o n pickled. [Ma- lay manggaJ] Mangos tan, man'go-stan, -steen, -sten, n. A tree of the E. Indies ; its Mangel-wurzel. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; In, Ice ; ddd, tone, or ; MANGROVE 341 MANUAL delicious and wholesome fruit, about the size of a small orange. [Malay mangusta, mangis.] Mangrove, man'grov, n. A tree of the muddy shores and deltas of the tropics, whose branches take root and form new trunks and whose seeds germinate while attached to the tree, forming dense forests ex- tending into the water. [Malay manggimanggi.] Mangy. See under Mange. Mannaden. See Menhaden. Manhood. See under Man. Mania, ma'nT-a, n. Violent derangement of mind; uncontrollable desire; insane passion; madness; de- lirium; frenzy. [L. and Gr.; s. rt. inenos, mind, q. v.] — Ma'niac, -nt-ak, a. Raving with disordered in- tellect; mad. — n. One raving; a madman. [F.ma- niaque, fr. manie, insanity.] — Mani'acal, a. Affect- ed with madness. Manichee, man'Y-ke, -chean, -ke'an, n. A follower of Manes, a Persian heretic of the 3d century, who maintained that there are 2 supreme principles, — light, the author of all good, and darkness, the au- thor of all evil. — Maniche'an, a. Pert, to, etc. — Man'icheism, -izm, n. Doctrines of, etc. Manifest, man'Y-fest, a. Clearly visible to the eye ; obvious to the understanding ; apparent ; eviaent ; conspicuous; plain, — n. A list or invoice c ; - shio's cargo, to be exhibited at the custom-house. — v. t. To disclose to the eye or to the understanding ; to show plainly ; to exhibit the manifests of, at the cus- tom-house. [F. manifeste, L. manifestus, lit. struck by the hand, palpable, fr. manus, the hand, and obs. fendere, festum, to strike.] — Manifestable, a. — Man'ifesta'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; exhibition ; dis- play ; revelation. — Manifestly, adv. — Manifes 'to, «. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A public declaration, usually of a sovereign, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his opinions and motives in reference to some act done or contemplated by him. [It.] Manifold, man'f-fold, a. Various in kind or quality; many ; numerous ; exhibited at divers times or in various ways. — v. t. To double or fold in many complications or thicknesses; to take many copiesof by a mechanical process. [AS. manigfeald ; manig, many; -feald, suffix =E. -fold, q. v.] — Man'ifoldly, -li, adv. Manikin. See under Man. Manila, Manilla, ma-nil'a, a. Of or pert, to Manila, the capital of the Philippine Islands. — n. A kind of cheroot or cigar made at, etc. — Manila hemp. A fibrous material from a plant allied to the banana. — M. paper. A very firm and durable brown paper made fr. M. hemp. — M. rope. Rope made fr., etc. Manioc, ma'nt-ok, n. A poisonous tropical shrub from whose fleshy tubers cassava and tapioca are prepared; cassava. [Pg. andBraz. mandioca.] Maniple, man'l-pl, n. A handful ; a small band of soldiers, a company ; a kind of scarf about the left arm of a Rom. Catn. priest. [L. manipulus, a hand- ful, hence a wisp of straw, etc., used as an ensign, and a company of soldiers under the same standard; fr. manus, the hand (see Manual), and rt. oiplenus = E. full.'] — Manip'ular, a. Pert, to the maniple, or company. — Manip'ulate, -u-lat, v. t. To treat, work, or operate with the hands ; to handle skillfully ; , to re-arrange for a purpose, tamper with. — v. i. To use the hands, esp. in scientific experiments, artistic and mechanical processes, etc. [LL. manipulare, -latum, f r. L. manipvlus.] — Manipulation, n. Act of, etc. — Manip'ula'tor, -ter, n. One who practices manipulation. Mankind, Manly, etc. See under Man. Manna, man'na, n. (Script.) A substance miracu- lously furnished as food for the Israelites in the wilderness; divinely supplied food. (Med.) A sweet- ish secretion from many trees, as the manna ash, %. European larch, etc. [L. and Gr. ; perh. fr. Heb. man hu, what is this ? the inquiry when it was first seen on the ground; perh. fr. Heb. man, it is a gift, Ar. mann, gift, fr. manna, to share, bestow.] Manner, man'ne'r, n. Mode of action ; way of effecting anything; characteristic mode of acting, conducting, etc.; habitual style; esp. style of writing or thought in an author ; a certain degree or measure ; sort ; kind; style; pi. carriage; behavior; decent and re- spectful deportment; customary method of acting. [OF. maniere, manner, maraier( adj.), habitual, (v.) to hand, handle, manage, fr. main, L. manus, the hand: see Manual.] — Man'nerism, -izm, n. Adherence to a peculiar style or manner ; a characteristic mode of action, bearing, or treatment, carried to excess. — Mavi'nerist, n. One addicted to mannerism. — Man'nerly, -It, a. Showing good manners ; civil ; not rude or vulgar. — Man'nerlinoBS, n. Manoeuvre. See Maneuver. Manor, man'gr, n. (Eng. Law.) District over which a lord has feudal authority, — the tenants holding by copyhold; lordship; barony; house and land re- served by a person of rank for his own use. (Amer. Law.) A tract of land occupied by fee-farm tenants. [OF. manoir, (n.) a manor, (v.) to dwell, L. manere, mansum, to remain, dwell; s. rt. Gr. menein, to stay, memona, Skr. man, to wish ; E. menial, menagerie, mastiff.] — Man'or-house, n. The house belonging to a manor. — Mano'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to a manor. — Manse, mans, n. A house or habitation; esp. par- sonage-house ; a farm. [LL. mansa, a farm, f em. of mansits, p. p. of manere.] — Man'sion, -shun, n. A house; abode; esp. one of some size or pretension; house of the lord of a manor. [OF.; L. mansio.] — Man'sion-house, n. House in which one resides; the official residence of the Lord Mayor of London. Mansard-roof, man'sard-roof, n. (Arch.) A roof with 2 sets of rafters on each side, the lower nearly verti- cal, the upper much inclined, giving much space for chambers; French-roof; hip-roof; curb-roof. [Fr. the F. architect, Mansard.] Mantel, man^tl, n. (Arch.) The ornamental work over a fire-place in front of the chimney, esp. a shelf above the fire-place. [OF., a chimney-piece, also a cloak, L. mantellum, a napkin, covering, cloak.] — Man'tel-piece, -shelf, -tree, n. Same as Mantel. — Man'telet;, -tel-et, n. A small cloak worn by women. (Fort.) A musket-proof shield of wood, metal, or rope, for the protection of sappers, riflemen, or gun- ners. [F., dim. of OF. mantel. 1 — Mantilla, -la, n. A lady's light cloak or cape; a kind of vail covering the head and shoulders. [Sp., dim. of manto, a mantle.] — Man'tle, -tl, n. A loose garment worn over other garments; a cloak; a covering or conceal- ing envelope. (Zobl.) The outer soft membrane of the body of a mollusk ; any free outer membrane. (Arch.) A mantel. — v. t. [mantled (-tld), -tling.] To cover or envelop, as with a mantle ; to cloak, hide, disguise. — v. i. To rise and spread, expand, be spread out, esp. in a graceful manner ; to revel iu pleasure ; to become covered, as a liquid, on the surface. [Same as mew fe/.] — Man' tie-piece, -shelf, -tree, n. A mantel. —Man 'tua, -tu-a or -tu, n. A woman's gown or dress. [From It. and Sp. manto, F. manteau = OF. mantel ; prob. confused with the town of Mantua, in Italy.] — Man'tua-mak'er, man'tu-mak'er, n. A dressmaker ; one who makes women's clothes. Mantis, man'tis, n. A pugnacious, voracious, insec- tivorous, o r t h op- t e r o u s insect, of s e v e ral Mantis. s p e cies, of s 1 e n- der, gro- tesque form. [Gr., a prophet.] Manual, man'u-al, a. Pert, to, or performed by, the hand; used or made by hand. — n. A small hock, such as may be conveniently handled; a compendi- um; a hand-book; esp. the service-book of the Rom. Cath. church. (Mus.) The key-board of an organ or harmonium. [F. manuel, L. manualis, fr. manus. the hand, lit. the former, maker; s. rt. Skr. ma, to meas- ure, build, cause, create, E. manage, manifest, aman- uensis, emancipate, maintain, etc.] —Manual exercise. (Mil.) The exercise by which soldiers are taught the use of their muskets and other arms. — Man'ually, adv. By hand. —Man 'ufact'ure, -fak'chur, n. The operation of making (wares) by the hands, by art, or machinery ; anything made'from raw materials. — v. t. [manufactured (-churd), -Turing.] To make from raw materials, by the hand, by art, or machinery; to work (materials) into forms for use. [F., workmanship, fr. L. manus and factura, a mak- ing, fr. facere, factum, to make.] — Man'ufact'- urer, n. — Manufac'tory, -to-rt, n. A house or place where anything is manufactured ; a factory. — Man'umit', v. t. To release from slavery ; to free, as a slave. [L. manumittere, fr. mrrnns and miU tere, -nnissum, to send.] — Man'umis'sion, -mish'un, n. Act of, etc. [F. ; L. manumissio.] — Manure', v. t. [-nured (-nurd'), -nuring.] To enrich (land) by the gun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ■■ MANX 342 MARJORAM application of a fertilizing substance.— n. Any mat- ter which makes land productive ; a fertilizing sub- stance. [Contr. fr. F. manceuvrer, to work with the hand. See Maneuver.] — ManuT'er, n. — Man'u- script, -u-skript, a. Written with the hand ; not print- ed. — n. A book or paper written with the hand. [LL. manuscriptum, lit. written with the hand, fr. L. manus and scribere, scriptum, to write.] Manx, manks, a. Of, or pert, to, the Isle of Man. Many, men'Y, a. [more (mor); most (most); from a different root.] Comprising, or consisting of, a great number of individuals; numerous; manifold; vari- ous; sundry. — n. A number; multitude; crowd,— chiefly in the phrases a great many, a good many. [AS. manig, OHG. manac; s. rt. Ga. minig, W. my'n- ych, frequent, Skr. mankshu, much, maksha, multi- tude, L. magnus, great, E. monger, much, q. v. — Many a. A large number taken distributively; each one of many. Maori, ma-o'rf, n. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand, or their language. — a. Pert, to, etc. [See Mahori.] Map, map, n. A representation of the earth's surface or of part of it on a plane ; a chart. — v.t. [mapped (mapt), -ping.] To delineate (the figure of any por- tion of land); to describe well; to plan, mark out. [L. mappa, napkin, signal-cloth, a Punic word.] Maple, ma' pi, n. A tree of the genus Acer, of several species, with hard wood and sweet sap. [AS. mapul- der, majnd ; perh. s. rt. L. macula, a spot ; cf . G. maser, spot, maserholz, speckled wood, maple.] — Maple sugar. Sugar made fr. sap of the rock maple. Mar, mar, ,v. t. [marred (mard), -ring.] To injure, esp. by cutting off a part, or by wounding and making defective ; to damage, harm, spoil ; to impair the food looks of, disfigure. — n. A mark made by ruising, scratching, etc. : an injury. [AS. merran, OHG. marrjan, to hinder, obstruct, AS. meant, OHG. maro, tender; prob. s. rt. Ic. merja, to bruise, crush, Gr. marainein, to weaken, wear out, E. malice, malign, mild, mill, meal, mallet, malt, melt, etc.] — Mar/plot, n. One who frustrates a scheme by of- ficious interference. — Mar'text, n. A blundering or ignorant preacher. Marabou, mar v a-boo' r , n. (Zo'ol.) A kind of stork, producing white feathers used as ' ornaments. In Louisiana, the offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. Maranatha, mar-a-nath / a or -na'tha, n. The Lord comes, or has come, — a word used in anathematiz- ing persons for great crimes. [Syriac] Maraschino, mar-as-ke /, no, n. A delicate spirit dis- tilled from cherries. [It., fr. marasca, amarasca, a sour cherry, fr. L. umarus, bitter.] Marasmus, ma-raz'mus, n. (Med.) A wasting of flesh without fever or apparent disease ; atrophy ; con- sumption; phthisis. [Gr. marasmos, fr. marainein, to quench (fire), die away, decay.] Maraud, ma-rawd', v. i. To rove in quest of plun- der ; to plunder. [F. marauder, fr. maraud, rogue, beggar, vagabond, prob. fr. OF. marir, marrir, to stray, wander, fr. OHG. marrjan, to hinder. See Marr.] — Maraud'er, n. Maravedi, mar-a-ve'dY, n. A small copper coin of Spain = 3 U. S. mills. [Sp., the coin having been struck during the dynasty of the Almoravides, a. d. 1094-1144.] Marble, mar'bl, n. Calcareous stone or mineral, of compact texture and beautiful appearance, suscepti- ble of high polish; a thing made of, or like, marble, — as, a work of art, in marble ; a little ball used as a plaything by children; or, pi. a collection of antique works of art in marble. —v. t. [marbled (-bid), -bling.] To stain or vein like marble; to variegate in color. [OF. marbre, L. marmor, Gr. marmaros, fr. marmarein, to glitter.] — Mar'bler, n. One who paints or stains in imitation of marble. — Mar'- feleize, -bl-Tz, v. t. To marble. Marc, mark, n. Refuse matter left after the pressure of fruit, esp. of grapes. [F., prob. fr. L. emarcus, a wine of middling quality ; orig. a Gallic word.] Marcescent, mar-ses'sent, a. (Bot.) Withering with- out falling off; fading; decaying. [L. marcescens, p. pr. of marcescere, to become soft and flabby, begin to rot, fr. marcere, to wither, droop; s. rt. Gr. mala- kos, soft, fr. malkos, beaten soft, L. marcus, a ham- mer.]— Mar'cid, -sid, a. Pining; drooping; withered; wasted away; lean; causing or accompanied by wast- ing. — Marcid'ity, -Y-tY, n. State of great leanness. March, march, n. The 3d month of the year. [LL. Marcius, L. Martius, pert, to Mars, god of war.] March, march, v. i. [marched (marcht), marching.] To move with a regular step and in order, a6 sol- diers; to walk in a deliberate or stately manner. " v. t. To cause to move in military array or in a body, as troops; to cause to go by peremptory com- mand or by force. — w. Military progress; advanee of troops; measured and regular advance like that of soldiers; a piece of music, designed to guide the movement of troops; distance passed over between halting-places or in one day. [F. marcher, to march, perh. fr. L. marcus, a hammer, fr. the regular tramp of troops; perh. fr. F. marche, a frontier: see below.] March, march, n. A frontier of a territory; border; confine, —used chiefly in pi. [ME. and F. marche, fr. AS. mearc, OHG. marcha, a fixed point, bound- ary; same as mark, q. v.] Marchioness. See under Mark. Marchpane, march'pan, n. A kind of sweet bread or biscuit; spice cakes of sugar, nuts, poppy seeds, and Indian corn. [Prob. fr. L. and Gr. maza, frumenty, a barley-cake, fr. Gr. massein, to knead, and L.pa- nis, bread.] Marcid, Marcidity. See under Marcescent. Marconi system, mar-ko'nY-. (Elec.) A system of wireless telegraphy developed by G. Marconi, an Italian physicist, in which electrical waves are used in transmission and a coherer is used as the receiv- ing instrument. — Marco'nigram, n. A message sent by Marconi telegraph. Mardi-Gras, mar-de-gra/, rt. The festival preceding Ash-Wedne*day, the first day of Lent; Shrove-Tues- day. [F., lit. fat Tuesday.] Mare, mar, n. The female of the horse, or equine genus of quadrupeds. [AS. mere, fern, of mearh, a horse ; s. rt. Ir. and Ga. marc, W. and Corn, march, a stallion.] — Mare's-nest. A fancied discovery of something absurdly ridiculous, or of some evil, scan- dal, or cause of anxiety, which proves to be base- less; a hoax. — Mare's-tail. A long streaky cloud, spreading like a horse's tail, and indicating rain. (Bot.) An aquatic plant, having silicious, jointed stems; horse-tail. Mareschal, mar'shal, n. Same as Marshal. Marge, marj, Mar'gent, mar'jent, n. A margin — Mar 'gin, n. A border ; edge, brink ; verge ; the part of a page at the edge left uncovered in writing or printing. (Com.) Difference between the price of purchase and sale of an article, which leaves room tor profit ; difference between the outlay, expense, number, or amount of anything as estimated, and that which is actually required or incurred. (Stock Exchange. ) Monty which one speculating in stocks deposits with his broker, to secure him against loss. — v.t. [margined (-jind), -gining.] To furnish with a margin ; to border ; to enter in the margin of a page. [F. marge, L. margo ; s. rt. mark, q. v.] — Mar'ginal, a. Pert, to, written or printed in, etc. — Mar'ginate, -jY-nat, -gina'ted, a. Having a margin. Margrave, mar'grav, n. Orig., a lord of the borders or marches, in Germany; a nobleman of a rank equivalent to that of an English marquis. [D. markgraaf, fr. merk, boundary, mark, q. v., and graaf, count. See Landgrave, under Land.] — Mar'gravate, -gra'viate, -vl-at, n. Thejerritory or jurisdiction of, etc. — Mar'gravine, -ven, n. The wife of a margrave. [D. markgravin.] Marigold, mgr'- or mar'Y-gold, n. A plant of several genera, bearing yellow, orange, or brown flowers. TFr. Mary, i. e., the Virgin Mary, and W. gold, a ma- . goudbloem , a marigold, lit. gold-bloom.] — "window. (Arch.) A Catherine-wheel window, q. v. Marine, ma-ren', a. Pert, to the sea, ocean, naviga- tion, naval affairs, etc.; naval; nautical. (Geol.) Formed by the action of currents or waves of the sea. — n. A soldier serving on shipboard; the sum of naval affairs; naval economy; collective shipping of a country. [F. marin, L. marinus, pert, to the mare, sea; s. rt. mere.] — Mar'iner, -Y-ner,n. One who pur- sues a sea-faring life ; a seaman ; sailor. [F. mari- nier.]— Maritime, -Y-tim, a. Bordering on the ocean ; connected with the sea by situation, interest, power, etc.; pert, to navigation and naval affairs. [F.] Mariolatry, ma-rY-oKa-trY, n. The worship of the Virgin Mary. [Gr. Maria and latreia, worship.] Marionette, mar'Y-o-nef, n. A puppet made to act a fiart in a miniature pantomime. [Fr. Marion, an talian, who brought the amusement to France.] Marital. See under Marry. Maritime. See under Marine. Marjoram, mar' jo-ram, n. A plant of the genus Orig- anum, of several species : the sweet marjoram is aromatic, and used in cookery. [ME. majoran. F. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or; MARE 343 MARSHAL marjolerine, LL. majoraca, L. amaracus, Gr. amara- bos, marjoram, prob. of Oriental origin.] Hark, mark, n. A visible sign or impression, as a line, point, figure, streak, scratch, etc., made or left upon anything; a token; trace; a significative token; esp., a permanent impression of one's activity or charac- ter; distinguished preeminence; a character made, instead of signature, by one who cannot write; a thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit or reach. {Log- ic.) A characteristic or essential attribute; a differ- ential. — v. t. [marked (markt), MARKING.] To make a visible sign upon, affix a significant mark to; to notice the marks of, give attention to, remark, re- gard, note, observe, betoken, brand, —v. i. To take particular notice, note. [AS. mearc, Ic. mark, OHG. marcha, a mark, bound, boundary, end ; s. rt. L. margo, border, margin, F. marge, marque, E. mar- gin, march, q. v.] — Mark'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. a counter in card-playing; one who keeps account of a game played. {Mil.) The soldier who forms the pivot of a wheeling column, or marks the direction of an alignment. —Markedly, -ed-lT, wlv. In a noticeable manner or degree. — Marks'- man, n. ; pi. -men. One skillful at hitting a mark; one who shoots well. — Letter of marque, -mark. A license from the supreme power of a state to its subjects, to make reprisals beyond its marches or borders ; esp. a commission authorizing a private armed vessel, in time of war, to take the property of a hostile state or of its subjects; the vessel so com- missioned; a privateer. [OF. marque, orig. a boun- darv, hence the catching within one's borders.] — Mar'quetry,-ket-rI,K. Inlaid work; work inlaid with pieces of divers colored wood, shells, etc. [F. mar- queterie, fr. marqueter, to checker, inlay, fr. marque, mark, sign.] — Mar 'quia, -kwis, n. A nobleman in England, France, and Germany, of a rank next be- low that of duke. [F.; OF. marchis, LL. marchio, marchensis, a prefect of the marches (see March, a frontier), fr. OHG. marcha. ] — Mar'quess, -kwes, n. A marquis. [Sp. marques.'] — Mar'quisate, -kwiz-et, n. The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis. — Mar'chioness^ -shun-es. Marquise', -kez', n. The wife of a marquis. [F.; LL. marchionissa.] — Mar- quee', -ke', n. A large field-tent. [F. marquise, — orig. a tent for a marchioness.] Mark, mark, n. A German silver coin=100 G. pfennig or about 24 cents. [G., a weight =3 oz., also a coin; same as preceding.] Market, mar'ket.n. A public place or building where provisions, cattle, or other goods are exposed tor sale ; occasion when goods are publicly bought and sold at private sale; a fair; gathering of people on such an occasion; a town, region, country, etc., where an article maybe disposed of by sale or barter; demand and sale; exchange, — v. i. To buy or sell; to make bargains. [OF. markiet, D. and G. markt, fr. L. mer- catus, traffic, trade, also a market, prop. p. p. of mer- cari, to trade: see Merchant.] — Marketable, a. Fit to be offered for sale; salable; current in market. — Mar'keter, n. One who brings anything to mar- ket for sale; one who attends a market. — Mar'ket- town, n. A town having a stated public market. Marl, marl, n. A mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and silicious sand. — v. t. [marled (marld), marling.] To overspread or Manure with marl. [ME. and OF. marie, LL. mar- jila, dim. of marga, marl; prob. s. rt. mould.] — Marl'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Consisting or partak- ing of, resembling, or abounding with marl.— Marl- a'ceous, -a'shus, a. Resembling marl, or partaking of its qualities. Marline, mar'lin, n. {Xaut.) A small line composed of 2 strands a little twisted, for winding round ropes, to prevent their being fretted by the blocks, etc. — i-. t. To wind marline around. [D. marling, fr. marren, to tie (s. j rt. moor), and lijn, ling, a line.] — Marl, v. t. To wind with, etc. — Mar 'line-spike, n. An iron tool, tapering to a point, to separate strands of a rope, in jplicing. Marmalade, mar'ma-lad, n. A pasty or jelly- -> larl > ne - like preserve made of the pulp of fruit, 8p e ' boiled with sugar. [OF. mermela/le, Pg. marmelada, fr. marmelo, a quince, L. melimelum, Gr. melimelon, a honey-apple, apple grafted on a quince, fr. meli (L. met), honey, and melon, apple.] Marmoreal, mar-mo're-al, -rean, a. Pert, to, or like, made of, or having the qualities of, marble. [L. mannoreus: see Marble.] Marmoset, mar'mo-zet', n. A small, agile, wary S. Amer. monkev, having soft fur, sharp, hooked nails* and a long, thick, hairy, non-prehensile tail. [F. marmouset, Armor, marmovz, prob. fr. F . marmotter, L. mutire, Sp. rnusitar, to mutter, fr. the chattering of the animal. | Marmot, mar'mot, n. A burrowing and hybernating rodent of Europe, Asia, and Amer., of many ^ species, most of which ^ (as the marmot of the Alps and Pyrenees and theprairiedogof Amer.) live in communities, while others (as the Amer. woodchuck) are solitary. [It. mar motto, OF. marmotan, marmon- tain, perh. fr. L. mus, Alpine Marmot. muris, a mouse, and mons, montis, mountain, i. e., mountain-mouse; perh. f r. OF. marmotonner, Y. mar- motter, to mutter: see Marmoset.] Maroon, ma-roon', n. A fugitive slave living on the mountains in the W. Indies and Guiana, — v. t. [maeoosed (-roond'J), -rooming.] To put (a sailor) ashore on a desolate isle, under pretense of his hav- ing committed crime. [F. man-on, said of a fugi- tive slave, corrupt, fr. Sp. cimarron, wild, fr. ama, summit of a mountain; negro cimarron, a negro that lives in the mountains.] Maroon, ma-roon', a. Brownish-crimson; of a claret color. — n. A claret color. [F. marron, chestnut- colored, also a large French chestnut; LGr. maraon, fruit of the cornel-tree.] Marplot. See under Mar. Marque, Marquetry, Marquis, etc. See under Mark. Marriage, etc. See under Marry. Marroon. Same as Maroon, a. Marrow, mar'ro, n. {Anat.) A soft, oleaginous sub- stance contained in the cavities of animal bones. The essence; best part. [AS. mearh, Dan. maro, Corn, maru, Skr. majjan.] — Mar 'row-bone, n. A bone containing marrow, pi. The bone of the knee; the knees. — Mar'rowfat, n. A rich but late variety of pea. — Mar'rowless, a. — Mar'rowy, -ro-I, a. Abounding in marrow or pith; pith}'. Marry, mar'r'f, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -ryixg.J To unite in wedlock or matrimony; to dispose of in wedlock, give away as wife; to take for husband or wife; to unite closely.— v. i. To unite as husband and wife. [F. marier, L. maritare, fr. maritus, a husband, fr. mas, maris, male, q. v.] — Mar'riage, -rij, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; legal union of a man and woman for life ; matrimony ; wedlock ; wedding; nuptials. [ME. and OF. ma>~ioge, fr. LL. maritati- cum, maritagium, a woman's dowry. j — Marriage- able, a. Of an age suitable for marriage. — Mar'- ried, -rid, a. Formed bv marriage; conjugal: con- nubial; wedded. — Mar'ital, a. Pert, to a husband. [F.; L. maritalis.] Mars, marz, n. {Lot. Myth.) The son of Jupiter and Juno, and god of war. {Astron.) The planet of the solar system next beyond the earth, conspicuous for the redness of its light.— Mar'tial, -shal, a. Pert, or suited to war; military; given to war; brave; pert.ta army and navy, — opp. to civil. [F.; L. martialis. fr. Mars.] — Martial law. An arbitrary kind of law, extending to matters of civil as well as of criminal jurisdiction, and proclaimed only in times of war, insurrection, rebellion, or emergency: it is quite dis- tinct from military law. Marseilles, mar-salz', n. A fabric formed of 2 series of interlacing threads, forming double cloth, quilted in the loom, — first made in Marseilles, France. Marsh, marsh, n. A tract of low, wet land, at times covered with water; a fen; swamp; morass. [AS. mersc, for merisc, oris, full of pools, fr. mere, a pool, mere, q. v.]— Marsh'y, -T, a. Like, pert, to, or pro- duced in, etc.; wet; boggy; fennv. — Marsh'-har / - rier. n. A species of harrier (bird) frequenting marshes and preying upon mice, etc.; moor buzzard. — -maMow. n. A plant common in marshes near the sea-shore. Marshal, mar'shal, n. An officerof high rank, charged with the arrangement of ceremonies, conduct of op- erations, etc.; as, a harbinger, pursuivant; or one who regulates rank and order at an assembly, di- rects the order of procession, etc.; or the chief offi- cer of arms, who regulates combats in the lists; in France, the highest military officer. {Am. Law.) A ministerial officer, who executes the process of the courts of the United States, and has dunes simiiar eon, cube, full ; moon, f<5ot ; cov, oil ; linger tr ink, then. bo>boN, chair, get. MARSUPIAL 344 MASSETER to a sheriff's: the name is also sometimes applied to certain police officers of a city. — v. I. [marshaled (-shald), -Shaling.] To dispose in order, arrange in a suitable manner, as troops or an army; to lead, as a harbinger. [ME. and OF. mareschal, OHG. mara- schalh, orig. an attendant on a horse, groom, fr. marah (s. rt. E.mare, q. v.), a war-horse, and schalh, servant.] — Mar'shaler, n.— Mar'shalship, n. Office of a marshal. Marsupial, mar-su'pT-al, a. (Zobl.) Having a pouch for carrying the immature young after birth; pert, to the group of quadrupeds having, etc.; pert, to the pouch of the marsupials.— ?). One of the marsupial animals. [L. marsupium, Gr. marsnpion, dim. of mar- supos, a bag, pouch.] — Marsu'piate, -at, a. Related to the marsupial animals; furnished with a pouch. Mart, mart, «. A place of sale or traffic; a market. [Contr. fr. market, q. v.] Martello Tower, mar-teKlo-tow'er. (Fort.) A round tower of masonry, erected on the sea-coast, bearing a gun that may be fired in any direction. [It. martello, hammer, f r. L. martidus, dim. of marcus, hammer.] Marten, mar'ten, n. A carniv- orous animal of several spe- cies, allied to the weasel; its fur, used for hats, muffs, etc. [F. murtre, LL. marturis, D. marter, AS. meardh.~] Mar-text. See under Mar. Martial. See under Mars. Martin, mar'tin, Martlet, n. which builds its nest about the eaves, etc., of houses. [F. Martin (the proper name), martlet, martinet, dim.] Martinet, mar'tin-et', «. (Mil.) A strict disciplina- rian ; a pedantic officer. [Name of an officer in the French army under Louis XIV.] (Naut.) A small line fastened to the leech of a sail, to bring it close to the yard when the sail is furled. Martingal, mar'tin-gal, -gale, -gal, n. A strap fastened to a horse's girth, passing between his fore legs, and ending in 2 rings, through which the reins pass, to hold down his head, and prevent him from rearing. (Naut.) A lower stay for the jib-boom or flying- jib-boom; the short, perpendicular spar (= dolphin- striker) under the bowsprit end, which forms a strut for the stay: see Ship. (Gambling.) Act of doubling the amount lost on the preceding stake. [F. mar- tingale, Sp. martingal, a kind of Dreeches worn by a Martigal, citizen of Martigues, in Provence.] Martinmas, mar'tin-mas, n. (Eccl.) The feast of St. Martin, Nov. 11th. Martlet. See Martin. Martyr, mar'ter, n. One who, by his death, bears witness to the truth of the gospel ; one who sacri- fices his life, or what is of great value, for any prin- ciple or cause, —v. t. [martyred (-terd), -tyring.] To put to death on account of faith or profession ; to persecute as a martyr, torment, torture. [L.; Gr. martur, orig. a witness, lit. one who remembers ; s. rt. Skr. smri, to remember, declare, E. memory.] — Mar'tyrdom, -dum, n. The condition or death of a martyr. — Martyrol'ogy, -oKo-jT, n. A history of martyrs, with their sufferings ; a register of mar- tyrs. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Mar'tyrologlc, -o- loj'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to martyrology; registering, or registered in, a catalogue of martyrs. — "Martyrol''- ogist, n. A historian of martyrs. Marvel, mar'vel, n. That which arrests tht uttention, and causes admiration or surprise; a wonder ; prod- igy ; miracle. — v. i. [marveled (-veld), -vel- ing.] To be struck with surprise or admiration; to wonder. [ME. and F. inerveille, fr. L. mirabilia, wonderful things, pi. of mirabilis, wonderful, fr. mirari, to wonder or marvel at, mirus, wonderful; s. rt. Gr. meidan, Skr. smi, to smile, smapaya. to sur- prise, E. smile.'] — Mar'velous, -us, a. Exciting wonder or surprise ; prodigious ; surpassing belief; improbable ; incredible. — Mar'velously, adv. — Mar'velousness, n. Masculine, mas'ku-lin, a. Of the male sex ; not fe- male ; having the qualities of a man ; virile ; not effeminate; unwomanly. (Gram.) Having inflec- tions, or construed with words, pert. esp. to male beings, as disting. fr. feminine and neuter. [i?\ mas- culin, L. mascidinus, fr. masculus, male, q. v.l — Mas'culinely, adv. — Mas'culineness, n. Mash, mash, v. t. [mashed (masht), mashing.] To crush by beating or pressure; to bruise. (Brewing and Distilling.) To steep ground grain and crushed malt in warm water, — n. A mixture or mass of in- gredients, beaten or blended together in a promis- cuous manner. [AS. max, a mixture, Dan. mask, a mash, mseske, to mash; prob. s. rt. mix; not s. rt. F. mdcher = L. mastviare, to masticate.] — Mash^y, -X, a. Produced by crushing or bruising; like, or consisting of, a mash. Mask, mask, n. A cover for the face, with apertures for the eyes and mouth ; a visor ; that which dis- guises ; a pretext or subterfuge ; a festive entertain- ment in which the company wear masks ; a mas- querade; revel; piece of mummery ; a dramatic per- formance written in a tragic style, introducing such characters that the actors must be masked. — v. t. [masked (maskt), masking.] To conceal with a mask, disguise, cover, hide. —v. i. To revel ; to be disguised. [F. masque, a visor, masquer, orig. mas- querer, to mask, masquei-ie, masquerade, an assem bly of maskers, mummery, Sp. mascarada, mas- querade, mascara, a masker, a mask, fr. Ar. mask- harat, a buffoon, sport.] — Masked battery. (Mil.) A battery concealed from the enemy's observation until it opens fire. — Mask'er, n. -Masque, mask, n. A mask; masquerade. [F.] — Mas'querade', mas', kgr-ad', n. An assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, etc. ; elaborate hiding of what is true under a false show; disguise. — v. i. To assemble in masks, go in disguise. — Mas'querad'er, n. Mashn, mazlin, n. A mixture of different materials, esp. of different sorts of grain. — a. Composed of different sorts ; as, maslin Dread, which is composed of wheat and rye. [Same as mash and mess.] Mason, ma'sn, n. A builder in stone or brick; a brick- layer ; stonemason ; a member of the fraternity of Freemasons. [OF. macon, masson, LL. macio, mace- rio, lit. wallmaker, fr. L. maceria, a wall, Gr. make- Ion, an inclosure; orelseLL. mattio, fr. MUG. mezzo, a mason, meizan, to hew, cut.] — Ma'sonry, -sn-rf,w. Art or occupation, work or performance, of a mason; art of building, or that which is built, with stone or brick ; craft or mysteries of Freemasons. — Masonic, -son'ik, a. Pert, to the craft of Freemasons. Masora, ma-sola, n. A critical Rabbinical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures. [NHeb. mas- sorah, massoreth, i. e. tradition, fr. masar, to hand down.] — Mas'orefic, -ical, a. Relating to the Ma- sora, or to its authors, who invented the Hebrew vowel-points and accents. Masque, Masquerade, etc. See under Mask. Mass, mas, n. A body or lump of solid matter; a body of fluid matter ; a quantity collected; heap; assem- blage ; bulk ; magnitude ; size ; chief component portion; principal part; main body. (Physics.) The quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespec- tive of its bulk or volume. — v. t. To form into a mass, or a collective body ; to assemble. [ME. and F. masse, L. massa, fr. Gr. rnaza, a barley-cake, magma, any kneaded mass, f r. massein, to knead, whence L. mncerare, to macerate, q. v.] — The masses. The people in general ; the populace. — Mass'-meet'ing, n. A popular assembly on some public business. — Massive, -iv, a. Forming, or consisting of, a large mass ; compacted ; weighty ; heavy. (Min.) Having a crystalline structure, but not a regular form. [F. massif.] — Masslveness, n. State or quality of being massive. — Mass'y, -I, a. [-IER, -iest.] Compacted into, o>- consisting of, a mass; solid; bulky and heavy. — Mass'iness, n. Mass, mas, n. The communion service, or the consecra- tion and oblation of the host in Rom. Cath. churches. [ME. and F. messe, AS. mvesse, LL. missa, fr. L. mit- tere, missum, to send, dismiss, — the catechumens having been dismissed before the celebration of the eucharist.] Massacre, mas'sa-ker, n. The killing of numbers of human beings by indiscriminate slaughter ; cold- blooded destruction of life ; butchery ; carnage.— v.t. [massacred (-kerd), -cring.] Tomurdercru- elly, butcher, slaughter indiscriminately. [F., prob. fr. LG. maUken, A1HG. meizan, to cut, hew. whence G. metzeln, to massacre, metzelei, a massacre.] Masseter, mas-se'ter, n. (Anat.) A muscle which raises the under jaw, and assists in chewing. [G., a chewer, fr. massasthai, to chew.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; In, ice } 5dd, tone, 6r ; MASSICOT 345 MATERNAL Massicot, mas'st-kot, Mas'ticot, n. (Chem.) Pro- toxide of lead, or yellow oxide of lead. [F. massicot.] Massive, etc. See under Mass, body or lump. Mast, mast, n. (Newt.) A pole, long round timber, spar, or iron pillar set upright in a vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rigging, etc. : see Ship. — v. t. To furnish with, etc. [AS. mnest, D., Sw., Dan., and G. mast.]— Mast'-head, n. The top or head of a must. — r. t. To send (a sailor, etc.) to stay at the mast- head, as a punishment. Mast, mast, n. The fruit of the oak, beech, or other forest trees : nuts : acorns. [AS. maest, G. mast, whence muesten, to fatten (swine, etc.) ; prob. s. rt. j meat.] Master, mas'ter, n. A superior; leader; chief,— em- ployed as a title of respectful address, also, familiarly to an inferior or a boy ; a ruler, governor, director, o"r manager: esp. an owner or possessor: proprietor: a person having others under his authority: the direc- j tor of a school; teacher; instructor; one highly skilled in an v occupation, art. or science. (XaiU.) The com- mander of a merchant ship ; an officer in the navy, [ subordinate to captains and lieutenants in com- ! mand, who navigates the vessel. — v. t. [mastered j (-terd), -tering.J To become the master of; to con- : quer,overpower,subdue;tobecomeanadeptin. [ME. j maister, meister, OF. maistre, meistre, It. maestro, L. magister ; s. rt. L. magnus, Gr. megas, great, E. may, ministerial, majesty, q. v.] — Mas'terly, -IT, a. In- dicating thorough knowledge or skill : most excel- lent : imperious ; domineering : arbitrary. — Mas'- tery, -T, n. Act of mastering ; position or authority of a master: supremacy; superiority in competition; i preeminence ; victory in war; eminent skill.— Mas'- ' ter-piece, n. A capital performance : a chef-d'oeu- j vre. — Mas'tership, n. Office of a master; mastery; i superiority. — Mas'ter-key, ». A key that opens | many locks; a clew to lead out of many difficulties. ! — -stroke, n. Capital performance ; a masterly ' achievement: an able or successful action. — Maes'- i tro, ma-es'tro, n. A master in any art, esp. in mu- i sic: a composer. [It] Mastic, Mastich, mas'tik, n. A low, shrubby tree of the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, pro- ducing a valuable resin; the resin of the mastic tree, | used as a chewing gum, as an aromatic and astrin- gent, and in varnishes; a cement used for plastering \ walls, etc. [F. mastic. L. and Gr. mastiehe, the gum of the (L. tentiscus, Gr. schinos) lentisk or mastic tree, used for chewing in the East: s. rt. Gr. mastax, the mouth, mastazein, to chew, perh. madaros, melt- ing away, and L. mandere, to chew.] — Mas'ticate, -tT-kat, v. t. To grind with the teeth, and prepare for swallowing and digestion: to chew. [L. masti- care, -catum, fr. mast *'cAe.] — Mastica'tion. n. Act o'- operation of, etc — Mas'ticatory, -tl-ca-to-rT, a. Chewing ; adapted to perform the office of chewing food. — n. {Med.) A substance to be chewed to in- crease the saliva. ottbttt-i Masticot. See Massicot. Mastiff, mas'tif, n. ; pi. -tiffs. A large and trusty variety of dog, of great strength and courage. [OF. mastif; perh. s. rt. Venetian mastino, large- limbed, solid, strong, G. masten, to feed.] Mastiff. Mastlin. mazlin or masflin, n. See Maslin. Mastodon, mas'to-don, n. An extinct mammal re- sembling the elephant, but larger, a n d having mas- toid processes on the teeth. [Gr. mastos, a woman's breast, and odou.s, o'lontos, tooth, — fr. the nipple- shaped projections on its molar teeth.] — Mas'toid, -toid, a. Resembling the nipple or breast. [Gr. eidos, , form.] - Mastol'ogy, -o-jl. Skeleton of Mastodon. n. Natural history of animals which suckle their young. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Masturbation, mas-ter-ba'shun, n. Production of the sexual orgasm by handling one's private parts. — a degrading and health-destroying vice ; onanism -. : sell-pollution. [L. masturbare, to practice onanism, prob. fr. manus, nand, and stuprare, to defile.] Mat, mat, n. A texture of sedge, rushes, husks, etc. for cleansing shoes or to cover a part of the floor: rug; any similar fabric for various uses ; anything growing thickly, or closely interwoven. — v. t. To coveror lav with mats; to twist together, interweave. — v.i. To become interwoven like a mat. [AS. meat- tn. L. mafta.] — Mat'ting, n. Mats collectively; ma- terials for m;its: a carpet made oi straw, etc., or a texture used in packing goods, etc. Matachin. lnat'a-sheu', n. An old dance with swords and bucklers. [Sp.; It. mattacino, mimic, fr. matte, mad, extravagant.] Matadore, mat'a-dor, n. One of the 8 principal cards in the irame of omber and quadrille; the man ap- pointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. [Sp.. fr. ma- tar. L. mactare, to sacrifice, kill.] Match, mach, n. A combustible substance used for retaining, conveying, or communicating fire: a small strip of "wood, etc., "having one end covered with a composition winch ignites by friction. [OF. mesche, fr. LL. tnyxus, wick of a candle, Gr. muxa, nozzle of a lamp.] — Matchlock, n. The lock of a musket containing a match for tiring it ; a musket fired by a match. Match, mach, n. A person or thing equal to another in quality : an equal ; mate ; a bringing together of 2 parties suited to one another, as for a union, a trial of skill or force, etc. : a contest to try strength or skill, or to determine superiority: a marriage: a can- didate for matrimony, — v. t. "[matched (macht), matching.] To be a mate or match for; to rival successfully ; to furnish with its match ; to bring a mate, match, or equal, against ; to set in competi- tion ; to make equal, proportionate, or suitable ; to marry, give in marriage.— v. i. To be united in marriage; to be of equal size, figure, or quality; to tally : correspond. [ME. macclie, AS. msecca, "com- panion, spouse, maca, a mate: s. rt. Ic. makr, MUG. gemach, suitable, AS. macuin = E make.] — Match'- able, a. — Match'er, n. — Match/less, a. Having no equal ; unrivaled. — Match'-maker. n. Onewho contrives a marriage. — mak ing. ". — Mate, mat, n. One who customarily associates with another; a com- panion; a husband or wife; a bird or animal which has paired with one of the opposite sex; one suitable to be a companion; a match. ( Xaut.) An officer in a merchant vessel next below the captain; an assist- ant. — v. t. To match, marry, pair: to match one's self against, compete with. [OD. maet, mate (of a shin).] — Mate'less, a. Having no mate or companion. Materia, ma-te'rt-a, n. Matter : substance. [L. See Mattek.] — Materia medica. (Med.) All substances used as curative agents in medicine: science of the nit ure and properties of substances used for the cure of diseases. — Mate'rial, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, matter: physical; pert. to. or affecting, the phys- ical nature of man. as (listing, fr. the moral or relig- ious nature ; of solid or weighty character; of conse- quence, not to be dispensed" with. (Logic.) Pert, to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. Cor- poreal; bodily; weighty; momentous; essential. — n. Substance'of which anything is or may be made. [OF. materiel, L. rn.atericd.is. fr. materia?] — Mate'- rialism, -izm, n. Doctrine of materialists: tendency to give undue importance to material interests ; de- votion to the material nature and its wants. — Mate'- rialist. n. One who denies the existence of spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul of man is the result of a particular organization of matter in the body: one who maintains the existence of mat- ter, — disting. fr. the idealist, who denies it. — Ma- te'rialist'ic. -ist'ical. a. Pert, to materialism or materialists. — Mate'riallty. -T-tT, n. Quality of being material; material existence: corporeity; im- portance. —Mate'rialize, v. t. [-izeu (-Izd), -izixg.] To reduce to a state of matter, regard as matter ; to explain by the laws or principles appropriate to mat- ter ; to occupy with material instead oi moral or religious interests. (Spiritualism.) To pretend to present a spirit or departed soul under a material form or body. — Mate'riaFiza'tion, n. Act or pre- tense of materializing a departed soul ; thing mate- rialized : appearance of a spirit in material form. — Mate'rially, adv. In the state of matter; in its essence; substantially: in an important manner or degree ; essentially. — Mate'rialness. n. State of be- ing material; importance. — Mat 'riel, -ta're-el, n. That in a complex system which constitutes the materials, or instruments employed, disting. fr. the personnel, or men. [F.] Maternal, ma-ter'nal, a. Pert, to, or becominga mother; motherly. [F. maternel. LL. maternalisTL. matemvs, motherly, fr. mater = E. mother, q. v.] — Materially , adv. — Mater'nity, -n.-t;. n. State, sun, cube, ful' i moon, f<56t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxbox. chair, get. MATHEMATIC 346 MAXILLAR character, or relation of a mother. [F. maternite", Xi. maternitas.] — Mat'ricide, -rl-sid, n. The mur- der, also the murderer, of one's mother. [F. ; L. ma- tricida, the murderer of a mother : matricidium, the killing of, etc., fr. mater and csedere, to kill.] — Mafrici'dal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Mat'rimony, -rl- mo-nl, n. Union of man and woman as husband and wife ; the nuptial state ; marriage ; wedlock. [OF. matrimonie, L. matrimonium, fr. mater.] — Matrimo'iiial, a. Pert, to, or derived from, mar- riage ; connubial; conjugal; nuptial : hymeneal. — Matrimo'nially, adv. — Ma'tron, n. A married woman; the female head of a household; esp. an elderly, motherly woman; a head nurse in a hospi- tal; a female superintendent of any institution. [F. matrone, L. matrona, f r. mater.] — Matronal, raat'- or ma'tron-al, a. Pert, or suitable to a matron ; grave; motherly.— Ma'tronly, a. Advanced in years; elderly; like, or befitting, a matron; sedate. — Mat '- ronage, -ej, n. State of a matron; the collective body of matrons. Mathematic, math-e-mafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or ac- cording to the principles of, mathematics; theoreti- cally precise; very accurate. [OF. mathematique, L. mathematicus, Gr. mathematikos, fr. mathema, tiling learned, lesson, science, fr. manthanein, to learn, me- nos, mind, Skr. man, to think.] — Mathematically, adv. According to the principles of mathematical science; demonstrably.— Math'emati'cian, -tish'an, n. One versed in mathematics. — Mathematics, n. Science of the properties, measurement, and exact relations of numbers, quantities, or magnitudes, and of the methods and processes by which problems are solved, — including arithmetic, geometry, algebra, etc. Matin, matin, a. Pert, to, or used in the morning.— n. Morning worship or service, prayers or song ; time of morning service; the first canonical hour in the Rom. Cath. church. [F. matins, morning prayer, matin, morning, L. matutinus, pert, to the morning, fr. Matuta, goddess of dawn; s. rt. mature.] — Mat'- inee, -e-na, n. A reception or entertainment in the early part of the day. [F.] — Mat'uti'nal, Mat'u- tine, -u-tin, a. Pert, to the morning; early. Matrass, matlas, n. An egg-shaped glass chemical vessel with tapering neck, used for distilling, diges- ting, etc. [OF. matraSj large arrow, dart; L. materis, matara, a Celtic javehn,— f r. its narrow, long neck.] Matress. See Mattress. Matricide, Matrimony, etc. See under Maternal. Matrix, malriks, Matrice, malris or matlis, n. ; pi. Mat'rices, -rY-sez. (Anat.) The womb. That which gives form or modifies any- thing; as, (Mech.) a mold, as for the face of a type; (Min.) the earthy or stony sub- stance in which metallic ores or crystalline minerals are found; pi. (Dyeing.) the 5 simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are composed. [F. matrice, L. matrix ; s. rt. L. mater = E. mother, q. v.] — Matriculate, -trik'u-lat, v. t. To enter or admit to membership in a body or society, esp. in a college or uni- versity, by enrolling the name in a regis- ter. — n. One matriculated. [LateL. ma- trieulare, -latum, fr. L. matricula, a regis- ter, dim. of matrix.]— Matric'ula'tion, n. Act of, etc. Matron, etc. See under Maternal. Matter, matler, n. That of which the sensible uni- verse and all existent bodies are composed ; body ; substance ; that of which anything is composed ; material or substantial part of anything ; that with regard to, or about which, anything takes place ; subject of thought, emotion, speech, or action; con- cern; affair; business; thing of consequence; impor- tance; moment; inducing cause or occasion; indefi- nite amount, quantity, or portion; pus; purulent sub- stance. (Print.) Copy; type set up. (Metaph.) That which is the subject of any mental operation or psy- chological or logical process; substance, as opp. to form. — v. i. [mattered (-terd), -tering.] To be of importance ; to import, signify ; to form pus or matter, maturate. [OF. matiere, matere, L. materia, matter, materials, stuff; s. rt. Skr. ma, to measure, build, form, E. material] - Matter of fact. A real occurrence or existence, as disting. from anything fancied or supposed ; a verity ; fact. — Mafter-of- facV, a. Adhering to facts; not fanciful or imagin- ative; dry. Matting. See under Mat. Mattock, maftok, n. A kind of pickax, with ax and Matrix. adze-shaped cutting ends, instead of points. [AS. raattuc, W. matog.] Mattress, matlres, n. A bed stuffed with hair, moss, or other soft mate- rial, and quilted or tied. [OF. ma- teras, Ar. matrah, situation, founda- tion, place where anything is thrown, fr. taraha, to throw prostrate.] MattocK. Mature, ma-tar', a. Brought by natural process to completeness or perfection of development ; com- pletely worked out ; fully digested ; come to sup- puration; ripe. — v. t. [matured (-turd''), -Turing. J To bring or hasten to perfection or maturity; to per- fect, ripen; to make fit or ready for a special use. — v. i. To become ripe or perfect; to become due, as a note. [L. maturus, prob. fr. s. rt. Lithuan. metas, a period, year, matoti, to measure, E. mete, matin.] — Maturely, adv. — Mature'ness, Matu'rity, -rl-tl, n. State of being mature ; ripeness ; termination of the period a note has to run. — Matures'cent, -res'sent, a. Approaching to maturity. [L. matu- rescens, p. pr. of maturescere, to become ripe.] — Mat'urant, n. (Med.) A medicine, or application, which promotes suppuration. —Mafurate, v. t. To bring to ripeness or maturity; to promote suppura- tion of. — v. i. To suppurate. [L. maturare, -ratum, to make ripe.] — Maturalion, n. Process of ripen- ing; ripeness; suppuration; forming of pus. — Mat '- ura'tive, -tiv, a. Conducing to, etc. — n. (Med.) A remedy which promotes, etc. Matutinal, Matutine. See under Matin. Maudlin, mawdlin, a. Drunk ; fuddled ; stupid ; weak or silly, as if half drunk ; sickly sentimental. [Fr. Maudlin, contr. fr. Magdalen, who is drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with weeping.] Mauger, -gre, maw'ggr, prep. ' In spite of, in opposi- tion to; notwithstanding. [OF. malgre, maugre, lit. displeasure, fr. mal, ill (see Maladministration), and gre, gret, L. gratum, a pleasant thing : see Grace.] Maul, mawl, n. A large, heavy hammer or beetle, usu- ally of wood. — v. t. [mauled (mawld), mauling.] To beat and bruise. [Same as mall.] Maul-stick, mawKstik, n. The stick used by painters to keep the hand steady in working. [G. maler- stock, fr. maler, a painter (fr. malen, to paint, mahl, OHG. mal, mol, a mark, spot = E. mole,, and stock, stick ; s. rt. stock, stake.] Maund, mand or mawnd, Maund'er, v. i. To mutter, murmur, beg; to talk incoherently or idly. [F. mendier, to beg.] — Maund'erer, n. A grumbler. Maundy-Thursday, mawn ' dl-therz'da, n. (Eccl.) Thursday in Passion-week, or next before Good Friday. [ME. maundee, fr. L. "Mandatum novum " (John xih. 34), the " new commandment " given by Christ when washing the disciples' feet, — a cere- mony observed on this day, with singing of an an- them beginning with the words quoted.] Mauresque. See under Moor. Mausoleum, maw-so-le r um, n. A magnificent tomb, or stately sepul chral monu- ment, chapel, or edifice. [L., orig. the tomb of Mau- solus, king of Caria.]- Mausole ' an, o. Pert, to a mausoleum ; monumental. Mauve, mov, n. A purple or lilac coloring matter ob- tained from Ret;..-- : Mausoleum. aniline; the color itself. [F.: L. malva, a mallow (q- v.), whose flowers are of this color.] Mavis, ma' vis, n. (Ornith.) The throstle or song- thrush. [F. mazivis, Corn, melhuez.] Maw, maw, n. A stomach of one of the lower ani- mals, or, in contempt, of a man ; in birds, the craw. [AS. maga, Ic. magi, OHG. mago ; s. rt. may.] -* Maw'-worm, n. (Med.) An intestinal worm. Mawkish, mawkish, a. Apt to cause satiety or loath- ing; nauseous; disgusting; squeamish. [ME. mauk, maivk, a maggot, q. v.] Maxillar, maksll-lar, -lary, a. {Anat.) Pert, to the jaw. [L. maxillaris, fr. maxilla, jaw-bone, dim. of mala, cheek-bone, fr. macerare, to macerate, q. v.] — am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd. tone. Si MAXIM 347 MEASURE Maxillary bone. A bone of cither jaw, having an alveolar process in which the teeth are set. Maxim, maks'im, //. An established principle or proposition ; a condensed statement of important practical truth ; axiom ; aphorism ; apothejrm : ad- age ; proverb. [F. mairime, fr. L. maxima (jsententir arum), the chief (of opinions), fern, of maximus, greatest, superl. of magnus, great. See .May.] — Max'imom, n. ; pi. -ima, -ma. (Math, and Physics.) The greatest quantity or value attainable in a given case; greatest value attained by a quantity which first increases and then begins to decrease; highest point or degree. [L., superl. of ma gnus.'] May, ma, v. [imp. migut (mit).] An auxiliary verb qualifying the meaning of another verb, by express- ing ability or possibility; or moral power: liberty; permission ; allowance ; or contingency or liability ; or modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to soften a question or remark ; or desire or wish. [AS. mugan, to be able (ic mag, I may or can, ic mihte, I might) ; s. rt. Russ. moche, to be able, also power, might, L. magnus, great, mactus, honored, Gr. mechane, means, Skr. ruah, to honor, E. main, magnate, magisterial, maid, major, mayor, make, ma- chine, master, maxim, dismay, much, most, etc.] May, ma, n. The 5th month of the year; the early part of life ; the flowers of the hawthorn, which bloom in May. — v. i. To gather flowers on May morning. [ME. and OF. Mai, May, L. Mains, the" month of growth, dedicated to Maiu, lit. the increaser, the hon ored: see preceding.] — May'-ap'ple, re. The yellow ish pulpy fruit of the Podophyllum, an Amer. plant with poisonous leaves and cathartic root. — bug, n. A dor-bug or cockchafer: see Dor. — day, n. May 1st. floWer, n. A flower that appears in May; in Eng., the hawthorn; in N. Eng., the trailing arbu- tus. — pole, n. A pole to dance round in Ma}-. — -queen, n. A young woman crowned with flowers as queen at the celebration of May-day. Mayhem. See Maim. Mayonnaise, ma-on-naz', n. A salad compounded of oil, vinegar, pepper, and salt, with raw yolks of eggs ; a dish of meat, etc., with this sauce. [F.] Mayor, ma'er or mar, n. The chief magistrate of a city or borough ; chief officer of a municipal corpo- ration. [Sp.; ME. and OF. maire, L. major, greater ; see Major and May.] — May'oralty^al-tf , n. The office of a mayor. — Mai mayor. ly'oress, n. The wife of a Mazard, Mazzard, maz'ard, n. A kind of small, black cherry._ [F. merise, a wild cherry.] Maze, maz, re. A baffling net-work of paths or pas- sages; confusion of thought; labyrinth; perplexitv ; intricacy. — v. t. [mazed (mazd), mazing.] To confound with intricacy; to amaze, bewilder. [ME. ma.se, perplexitv, masen, to confuse, puzzle, Norweg. masast, to fait into slumber, dream, masa, to be busied, to prate, chatter, Ic. masa, to chatter, Sw. dial, masa, to be slow, work lazily, mas, slow, lazy ; prob. s. rt. Skr. man, to think, Gr. mateuein, to strive after, mataios, stupid.]— Ma'zy, -zt, a. Per- plexed with turns and windings ; intricate ; confus- ing-; perplexing. Mazer, ma'zer, n. A large bowl or goblet. [ME. and OD. maser, lit. a knot in a tree, —these goblets be- ing often made of maple wood, OHG. masa, a spot, mark of a blow; s. rt. measles.] Mazology, ma-zol'o-jT, n. That branch of zoology which treats of mammiferons animals. [Gr. mazos, the breast, and logos, discourse. See Mammal.] Me, me, pron. pers. Myself ; the person speaking,— objective case of I. [AS., Corn., Armor., L., and Gr. me, accus. of 1st pers. pronoun, Skr. ma, ace, me, dative \_ s. rt. mine, my.] Mead, med, n. A fermented liquor made of honey and water with malt, yeast, etc.; a drink made of water flavored with sirup of sarsaparilla, etc., and impreg- nated with carbonic acid gas. [AS. rnedu, G. meth, W. medd, Lithuan. middus, mead, medus, honey, Gr. methu, intoxicating drink, Skr. madhu, sweet, also '"voney, jugar; s. rt. metheglin.] Mead, med, Mead'ow, med'o, n. A tract of low or level grass land, esp. land somewhat wet, but cov- ered with grass. [AS. msed, msedu, a grass field, mawan, OHG. majan, to mow, q. v. ; s. rt. after- math.]— Mead'owy, -o-T, a. Pert, to, like, or con- sisting of, meadow.— Mead'ow-lark, n. A migratory Amer. singing bird, of a dark-brown color above, and yellow below, which builds its nest among grass. Meager, -gre, me'ge'r, a. Having little flesh ; thin ; lean; destitute of richness, fertility, strength, etc. ; defective in quantity, or poor in quality ; wanting strength of diction or affluence of imagery; starved: | scanty; barren. [F. maigrt, L. muter, thin, whence Ic. uiaqr, Dan., Sw., and G. mager; b. rt. emaciate, prob. Gr. mihos, small.] — Mea'gerly, -grely, adv.— Mea'gerness, -greness, n. Meal, mel, n. A portion of food taken at on^ time: a repast. [AS. msel, Goth, mel, G. mal, a stated time, ; 1). and Dan. maul, Ic. mal, a time, also a meal at a ! regular time, G. maid, a meal ; s. rt. Skr. ma, to mete, q. v.] — Meal'-time, n. The usual time for eat- ing me_als. Meal, mel, n. Grain coarsely ground and unbolted, esp. oats or maize. [AS. melu, D. and Dan. meel, G. meld, meal, Ic. mala, Goth, and OHG. malan, W. malu, L. molere, to grind: s. rt. mill, mar.] — Meal'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Having the qualities of meal; soft; smooth; like meal; farinaceous; dry and friable; overspread with something that resembles meal. — Mealiness, n.— MeaKy-mouthed, -mowthd, a. Hav- ing a soft mouth; unwilling to tell the truth in plain language. Mean, men, a. Destitute of eminence ; wanting dig- nity of mind ; destitute of honor ; of little value ; base; ignoble; humble; poor; degraded; degenerate; vile ; servile ; disgraceful; despicable ; paltry : sor- did. [AS. msene, wicked, man, iniquity, Ic. meinn, mean, base, hurtful, mein, a hurt, harm.] — Mean'- ly, adv 1 — Mean'ness, re. Mean, men, a. Occupying a middle position ; inter- vening; intermediate in excellence. (Math.) Aver- age ; having an intermediate value between 2 ex- tremes. — re. That which is intermediate between 2 extremes ; middle point, place, rate, or degree : me- dium. (Math.) A quantity having an intermediate value between several others, from which it is de- rived, and of which it expresses the resultant value; average. Intermediate agency or measure, instru- ment, — usually in pi. (means), but with a singular attribute or predicate: pi. resources; property: rev- enue. [ME. mene, OF. meien, L. medianus, fr. me- dius, middle : see Medial.] — By all meuns. Cer- tainly ; without fail ; at any rate. — By any m. In any way; possibly. — By no m., or by no manner of m. Not at all ; certainly not ; not in any degree. — Mean'time, -while, adv. In the intervening time; during the interval. Mean, men, r. t. [meant (ment), meaning.] To have in mind, view, or contemplation; to intend; to pur- pose, design; to signify, indicate, denote. [AS. mse- nan, to intend, OHG. meinjan. to think upon, signify, meina, thought, intent, mmm, memory, mind, q. v.] — Meaning, n. That which is meant; intent; pur- pose: aim; that which is signified; sense; import. Meander, me-an'der, n. A winding course; a turning in a passage; an intricate or tortuous movement. — v.t. [meandered (-derd), -dering.] To wind, turn, or flow round. — v.t. To wind or turn. [Name of a proverbially crooked river in Phrygia.] Mease, mes or mez, n. The number of 500, as, a mease of herrings. [OHG. mez, measure, f r. mezzan, mezan, to measure.] Measles, me'zlz. n. pi. (Med.) A very contagious dis- ease, with inflammatory fever, catarrhal symptoms, and an eruption of red points grouped in circles or crescents,— it is often fatal, or leaves dreaded seque- lae; rubeola. A disease of swine. [ME. maseles, D. maselen, measles, fr. mase, OHG. masa, a spot, mark of a wound: s. rt. mazer; not fr. ME. and OF. mesel, a leper.] — Mea'sly, -zlT, a. Infected with measles or eruptions. Measure, mezh'er, n. Extent, dimensions, or capacity of anything; aggregate measurements to determine the shape and size, as for clothing; limit; allotted share, as of action, influence, ability, etc.; modera- tion; due restraint; a standard of dimension; rule by which anything is adjusted or judged; an instru- ment for measuring' size or quantity: contents of a vessel by which quantity is measured; a stated or limited quantity or amrjiunt ; undefined quantity; extent; degree; means to an end; regulated division of movement, as, (Dancing.) a grave, solemn style of dance, with slow and measured steps: or, (Mus.) that division of the time by which the air and mo- tion are regulated ; or, (Poetry.) meter ; rhythm ; hence, a foot. pi. (Geol.) Beds or 6trata. — v. t. [measured (-erd), -uring.] To ascertain the extent, quantity, capacity, or dimensions of; to serve as the measure of ; to estimate, value, appraise ; to pass through or over in journeyine : to adjust, propor- tion; to allot or distribute bv measure. — v. i. To sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. MEAT 348 MEED have a certain extent or bulk. [ME. and OF. mesure, L. mensura, measure, prop. fern, of f ut. p. of metiri, to measure; s. rt. mete, q. v.] — Lineal or long meas- ure. The measure of lines or distances. — Square m. The measure of the superficial area of surfaces in square units, as inches, feet, miles, etc. — Meas'ur- able, a. Capable of being measured; moderate; in small quantity or extent. — Meas'urableness, n. — Meas'urably, adv. To a limited extent; moderately. — Meas'ureless, a. Without measure; boundless; endless; vast; infinite; immeasurable. — Meas'ure- ment, n. Act or result of measuring; mensuration; amount or quantity ascertained by measuring; the area. — Meas'urer, n. Meat, met, n. Food in general; flesh of animals; edi- ble portion of anything. [AS. mete, Goth, mats, food, mat/an, to eat: prob. s. rt. L. mawlere, to chew, E. mandible.] — Meat'-of'fering, n. (Script.) An offer- ing of food, esp. of flour with salt and oil.— Meat'y, -X, a. Abounding in meat; fleshy. Mechanic, me-kanlk, n. One who works with ma- chines or instruments; j o a workman employed in the mechanic arts; ^5v fp^ffi artiricer; artisan ;oper- ^s. • ^""£^^^ a t i v e . — Mechanic, JsV **, >— ; -^ -ical, a. Pert, to, gov- Jik>P 4 -ical, a. rert. to, gov- erned by, or in accord- ance with, the princi- ples or 1 a w s of me- chanics; depending upon mechanism or machinery ; done as if by a machine, or with- out conscious exertion of will; pert, to arti- sans or mechanics; made by mechanical means, and not by- chemical action. [01. ._ , . t, mechanique, L. me- Mechanical Powers. chanicu, Gr. mechan- 1. lever; 2, inclined plane; 3, ike, fr. mechane, a ma- wh , e , el *<& ax j e • 4 > screw "' 6 > chine, q. v.] -Mechan- P ulle * ; 6 - wedge - ical powers. Certain simple instruments (the lever, inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, wedge, and their modifications) which convert a small force acting through a great space into a great force acting through a small space, or vice versa.— Mechanically, adv. — Mechanlcalness, n. — Mechanician, -nish / '- an, n. One skilled in mechanics; a machinist. — Me- chanics, n.sing. That science which treats of forces and powers, and the construction and use of ma- chines and instruments to utilize the laws of matter and motion.— Mecb/anism, -nizm, n. The construc- tion of a machine; the parts of a machine taken col- lectively. — Mecb/anist, n. A maker of machines; one skilled in mechanics. #echoacan, me-cho'- or me-ko'a-kan, n. A species of jalap, of very feeble properties. [Fr. Mechoacan, in Mexico.] Meconium, me-ko'ni-um, n. (Med.) The inspissated juice of the poppv. The green substance in the in- testines of new born infants. [L.; Gr. mekonion, fr. mekon, poppy.] Medal, med'al, n. A coin-shaped piece of metal, with a device to commemorate an action, event, or person, or given as a reward of merit. [OF. medaille, a med- al, flat jewel, meaille, a coin worth half a penny, It. medaglia, a coin, half a danaro or half a livre, LL. medalia, medalla, a small coin, perh. fr. L. medius, half: see Medial; perh. corrupt, ir. met all urn, metal, q. v.] — Med'alist, n. One skilled or curious in med- als; one who has gained a medal as the reward of merit.— Medallic, a. Pert, to medals.— Medallion, -yun, n. A large antique medal; a circular or oval tablet, bearing a portrait or ornament in relief. [OF. medallion. It. medaylior.e, fr. medaglia.'] «feddle, med'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To mix with another person's affairs in an unnecessary, im- pertinent, or improper manner; to interpose offi- ciously, interfere, intermeddle; to touch or handle. [OF. mesler, medler, meller, fr. LL. misculare, L. nns- ce?-e,tomix, q. v.] — Med'dler, n. One who meddles; a busybody.— Med'dlesome, -sum. a. Given to med- dling; officiously intrusive.— Med'dlesomeness, ».— Medley, -IT, n. A mixture; jumble; hodge-podge. (Mus.) A composition containing detached passages from several different compositions. [OF. medle, meste, melle, whence E. mill, slang term for a fight.] — Melange, ma-iaNzh', n. A medley; mixture. [F.] I Meed — Mell, v. i. To mix, meddle.— Melee, ma-la', n. A fight in which the combatants are mingled in one confused mass; a hand-to-hand conflict. [F.] Medial, nie'dT-al, a. Pert, to a mean or average; mean. [L. medialis ; mediare, -atum, to be in the medius, middle; s. rt. AS. midda, middle: see MidJ — Me'dian, a. Running through the middle.— Me / - diant, n. (Mus.) The 3d above the key-note, — so called because it divides the interval between the tonic and dominant into 2 thirds. — Me'diate, -at, a. Being between the 2 extremes: middle; intervening; acting as a medium; acting by means, or by an in- tervening cause or instrument, — v. i. To interpose between parties, as the equal friend of each; to arbi- trate, intercede.— r. t. To effect by mediation or in- terposition. — Me'diately, adv. In a mediate man- ner; by a secondary cause. — Media'tion, n. Act of mediating; action as a necessary condition, means, or instrument; interposition; intervention; agency between parties at variance, to reconcile them; en- treaty for another. [OF.] — Me'diatize, -dT-a-tlz, v. t. [-TIZED (-tizd), -tizixg.] To render mediate: to make mediately, not immediately, dependent.— Me'- dia'tor, -ter, n. One who mediates, esp. between par- ties at variance; intercessor; advocate; propitiator; hence, by way of eminence, Christ is called the Me- diator. [L.] — Me'diato'rial, a. Pert, to a mediator, his agency, or office. — Me'dia'torship, n. Office of a mediator. — Me'cuVcre, -dT-o'kr, a. Of a middle quality; indifferent; ordinary; commonplace. — n. One of indifferent talents or ordinary abilities. [F.; L. mediocris, fr. medius.] — Medioc'rity, -oklf-tT, n. Quality of being mediocre ; a moderate degree or rate. — Me'dium, -dT-um, n. ; L. pi. -dia, -di-a, E. pi. -di- UMS, -di-umz. That which lies in the middle; inter- vening body or quantity; middle place or degree ; mean. (Math.) See Mean. (Logic.) The mean or middle term of a syllogism. An intervening or per- vading substance; instrumentality of communica- tion; agency of transmission; esp. in animal magnet- ism, spiritualism, etc., a person through whom the action of another being is said to be manifested and transmitted; a kind of printing paper of middle size. [L., neut. of medius.] — Mediae'val, -e'val, a. Of or pert, to the middle ages. [L. serum, age.] Medicine, med'i-sin or med'sn, n. Any substance administered in the treatment of disease; remedy; physic; science of the prevention, cure, or allevia- tion of disease. [OF. medecine, L. medicina, fr. med- icus, a physician, fr. mecleri, to heal; s. rt. Gr. rnan- thanein, to learn, Zend madh, to treat medically. E. man, meditate.] — Medic'inal, -dis'T-nal, a. Having the property of healing or of mitigating disease ; pert, to medicine. —Medicinally, adv. — Medical, -ik-al, a. Pert, to medicine, or the art of healing disease ; tending to cure; medicinal ; adapted, in- tended, or instituted to teach medical science. — Medically, adv.— Medicament, n. Anything used for healing diseases or wounds; medicine; healing application. [F.; L. medicamentum.] — Medicate, v. t. To tincture or impregnate with anything me- dicinal ; to treat with a medicine, heal, cure. [L. medicari, -catus.] — Medica'tion, n. Act or process of medicating ; use or application of medicine. — Medlca'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to cure; curing. — Medicable, a. Capable of being cured or healed. Medieval, Mediocre, etc. See under Medial. Meditate, med'T-tat, v. i. To dwell on anything in thought; to revolve any subject in the mind; to in- tend, think, ruminate, cogitate, study. — v. t. To plan, contrive, intend. [L. meditari, -tatus ; s. rt. medicine, man, q. v.] — Meditalion, n. Act of med- itating: close or continued thought; musing; reflec- tion. [OF.] — Meditative, -tiv, a. Addicted to, ex- pressing, or appropriate to, etc. Mediterranean, medl-ttr-ra'ne-an, a. Surrounded by land; inland; pert, to the Mediterranean Sea. [Of. Mediterranee, the Mediterranean Sea, L. mediterra- neus, fr. medius, middle, and terra, land.] Medium. See under Medial. .■*„,. Medjidi, med-jeUe, n. A gold com of Turkey = 120 to ]"() piasters, about $5. Medlar, medlar, n. A kind of tree, and its sour, as- tringent fruit, eaten only when in a state approach- ing decay. [OF. meslier, L. mespilum, Gr. mesptton.] Medley. See under Meddle. Medullar, me-dullar, Med'ullary, -ul-la-rf, a. Pert. to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow (Bot.) Filled with spongy pith; pithy. [L. medullars, fr. medulla, marrow, fr. medius, middle.] - ed n. That bestowed m consideration oi am, fame. far. pass or opera, fare : 2nd, 5ve, term ; In, ice : Sdd, tone. MEEK 349 MEMENTO merit; reward; recompense. [AS. med, OIIG. mieta, Goth, rnizdo, Gr. misthos, pay.] Meek, mek, a. Not easily provoked or irritated; esp. submissive to the divine will; gentle; yielding; for- bearing; unassuming: humble. [Ic. m'jukr, D. muik, soft; perh. s. rt. macerate, q. v. J— Meekly, adv.— Meek'ness, n._ Meerschaum, mer'shawm, n. (3fin.) Hydrous silicate of magnesia, — a line white clay, consisting of mag- nesia, silica, and water: when first taken out it is soft, and makes lather, like soap. A tobacco-pipe made of this mineral. [G., lit. sea-loam, fr. meer, sen (s. rt. mere), and schaum, foam (s. rt. scum).] Meet, met, v. t. [met, meeting.] To come together with from an opposite direction, fall in with ; to come face to face with, join; to come upon with a hostile object, encounter; to have befall one, light on, find, receive.— v. i. To come together by mutual ap- proach, converge, join; to come together with hostile purpose; to assemble together,. congregate, collect; to agree, harmonize. [AS. metan, to meet, mot, gemot, a meeting: see Moot.] — Meeting, n. A coming to- gether; interview; a congregation; collection of peo- ple; convention: a religious assembly; in Eng., ap- plied distinctively and disparagingly to a congrega- tion of dissenters. — Meeting-house, n. A place of worship; in Eng., a place of worship for dissenters. Meet, met, a. Adapted, as to a use or purpose; fit; proper ; convenient ; suitable ; appropriate. [AS. gemet, fit, meete, small, scanty, tight-fitting, metan, to mete, q. v.] — Meet'ly, adv. — Meefness, n. Megalosaur, meg/a-lo-sawr 7 , -sau'rus, -saw'rus, n. An extinct gigantic carnivorous saurian or lizard. [Gr. megas, megale, great (s. rt. much, q. v.), and sauros, b- lizard.]— Megathe'rium, -the'rl-um, n. An ex- Megatherium Cuvieri. tinct gigantic mami riferous edentate quadruped al- lied to the sloths. L Gr. tlierion, dim. of then, wild beast; s. rt. L.fera, wild beast, E. deer, q. v.] Megrim, me'grim, n. A vehement neuralgic or hys- terical pain confined to one side of the head or fore- headend often periodical; a whim; freak: humor. [F. migraine, LL. hemigranea, L. hemicranium, pain on one side of the head, Gr. hemikranion, half the skull, ir.he.mi, half, and kranion, cranium, q. v.] Meiosis, mi-o'sis. n. A rhetorical figure, representing a thing less than it is. [Gr., fr. meioun, to make smaller.] Melancholia, mel-an-koTf-a, n. (Pathol.) Mental un- soundness characterized by depression of spirits, unfounded fears, and brooding over one particular subject: it often attends disorders of the liver and digestive organs. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. melas, black (s. rt. Skr. mala, dirty, malina, black), and chole, bile (s. rt. gall, q. v.).] — Mel'ancholy, -kol-T, n. A gloomy state of mind; dejection of spirits. — a. De- pressed in spirits; causing dejection; sad: unhappy; hypochondriac : doleful : dismal; afflictive. [OF. melancholies — Mel'anchol'ie, a. Given to, etc.— MeKanchoFiness, n. Melange, Mel^e, MeU. See under Meddle. Meliorate, mel'vor-at, v. t.' To make better, improve, ameliorate, — v. i. To grow better. [L. meliorare, -alum, fr. melior, better, compar. of bonus, good; s. rt. Gr. m'dlon. rather, compar. of mala, very much.] — Meliora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; im- provement. Melliferous, mel-lifer-us, Mellif'ic, a. Producing honey. [L. meUifer, fr. mel, mellis, honey (s. rt. Gr. meli, Goth, milith, honey), and ferre, to hear.] — MeFlinca'tion, n. Production or making of honey. [L. facere, to make.] — Mellifluent, -lu-ent, -luous, -lu-us, a. Flowing as with honey: smooth; sweetly flowing. [L. fluere, to flow.] — Mellifluence, n. A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow. Mellow, mel'lo, a. Soft; not hard, harsh, tough, or unyielding, — as, soft with ripeness, ripe: or well broken and lying lightly, as soil; or not hard, coarse, or rough to the senses; soft, rich, delicate, — said of sound, color, flavor, etc.; well matured: genial; jovi- al with liquor; sliglitly intoxicated; fuddled. — v. t. [mellowed (-lod), -LOWING.] To make mellow, ripen, soften by age; to pulverize. — v. i. To become soft; to be ripened, matured, or brought to perfec- tion. [AS. meant, soft, tender; s. rt. E. mollis, Gr. malakos, soft, Goth, malan, to grind, E. meal, mar, melt, mild, etc.] — Mellowness, n. Melocoton, -toon, mel'o-ko-tdon'j n. A quince; also, a large kind of peach. [Sp. melocoton, a peach tree grafted into a quince tree ; L. malum cotottium, a quince or quince-apple, fr. Cydonia, in Crete.] Melodrama, mel-o-dra'ma or -dra'ma, n. A dramatic performance in which songs are intermixed, and effect is sought by startling, exaggerated, or unnat- ural sentiment or situation. [F. melodrame, fr. Gr. melos, a song, and drama, dramatos, drama, q. v.] — Melodramatic, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. ; overstrained ; coarsely exaggerated. — Melo- dram'atist. a. A writer of, etc. Melody, lneKo-dT, n. Sweetness of sound : music. (Mus.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, so related together as to form a musical whole. The air or tune of a musical piece. [ME. and OF. melo- die, L. and Gr. melodia, fr. Gr. melos. a song, music, and ode, song, ode, q. v.] — Melo'dious, -dT-us, a. Containing melody: agree.ible to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds. — Melo'diously, adv. — Melo'- diousness, n. — MePodist, n. A composer or singer of melodies.— MeKodize. v. t. [-dized (-dizd), -diz- ING.] To make melodious.— v. i. To make or com- pose melodies. — Melo'deon, -de-un, n. (Mus.) A kind of reed instrument, with a key-board, and bel- lows worked by the feet. A music-hall. Melon, meKun.w. A cucurbitaceous plant of many species; its fleshy, edible fruit. [OF. and Gr.; L. melo, -onis; s. rt. L. malum, apple. J Meloplasty, mel'o-plas'ti, n. (Surg.) Process of re- storing a cheek which has been destroyed. [F. me- loplastie, fr. Gr. melon, apple, cheek, and plassein, to form.] — Meloplas' tic, a. Pert, to, etc. Melt, melt, v. t. To reduce from a solid to a liquid state by heat ; to soften, as by a warming or kindly influence ; to liquefy, dissolve, fuse, thaw, mollify, subdue. — v. i. To Decome liquid, dissolve: to pass by imperceptible degrees, blend; to be softened to love, pity, tenderness, sympathy, etc. : to become dissipated or weak. [AS. meltan; prob. s. rt. Skr. mridu, OSlav. mladu, E. mellow (q. v.), soft, E. malt, milt ; perh. not s. rt. smelt.] — Melt 'er, n. — Molt'en, molt'n, a. Melted; made of melted metal. [Obs. p. p. of melt.] Member, member, n. A part of an animal body ca- pable of performing a distinct office ; a vital organ; limb; a part of a whole; an independent constituent of abody,as,apartol'adiscourse,period,orsentence; a clause; (Arch.) a subordinate part of a building, as a frieze, cornice, or molding ; one of the persons composing a society, community, etc. ; (Math.) either of the 2 parts of an algebraic equn tion, connected by the sign of equality. [ME. and F. membre, L. mem- brum, Skr. marman.a member, joint.] — Member- ship, n. State of being, etc. ; collective body of members. — Mem'brane, -bran. n. (Anat. and Bot.) A thin, extended cellular tissue or skin, covering, lining, connecting, or dividing some part, organ, or cavitv. [F.; L. membrana, fr. memhrum.] — Mem'- branous, -bra-nus, -bra'neous, -ne-us, -brana'ceous, -na'shus, a. Pert, to, like, or consisting of, etc. — Membranif'erous, -nifer-us, a. Having or produ- cing, etc. [L.,;er?-e,to bear.] -MembranoPogy, -noK- o-jT, n. Science of, etc. [Gr. /0.70s, discourse.] Memento, me-menlo, n. ; pi. -tos. -toz. A sugges- tion or memorial, tti aw.aken memory ; a souvenir. [L., remember, imper. of )iieminisse, to remember: s. rt. mind.] — Mem'ory, -o-rT, n. The faculty of the mind by which it retains knowledge of previous events, ideas, etc; time within which past events can be remembered; remembrance of a person or event preserved to after-times; state of being remembered; recollection: reminiscence. TOF. memoire, iormemo- rie, L. memoria, fr. memor, "mindful, Gr. inermeros, anxious, merimna. care, thought; s. rt. Skr. smri, to remember, E. martyr (q. v.). commemorate, remem- ber, etc.] — Memoir, mem'wor or melnwor, n. A memorial account; familiar history composed from personal experience and memory ; a memorial of stm. cube^ full ; muon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. ■■■■^ mrm MEN 350 MERCURY any individual; biography; record of investigations of any subject ; the journals and proceedings of a society. [F.J — Mem'orabiPia, -bil'i-a, n. pi. Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record. [L., fr. memorabilis. memorable.] — Mern'orable, a. Worthy to be remembered; illustrious ; celebrated ; remarkable ; famous. — Mem' orably, adv. — Memo- randum, n. ; E. pi. -dums, dumz, L. yd. -da, -da. A record of something which it is desired to remem- ber. {Law.) A brief note in writing of some trans- action, or outline of an intended instrument. [L., something to be remembered, fr. memorandns, fut. pas. p. of memorare, to remember.] — Memo'rial, -rl-al, a. Preservative of, or contained in, memory. — ». Anything intended to preserve the memory- of a person, occurrence, etc.; a record: a written repre- sentation of facts or address of solicitation or com- plaint made to a legislative or other body. {Di])lo- macy.) A species of informal state paper, much used in negotiation. —Memo'' rialist, re. One who writes or presents a memorial. — Memo / rialize, v. t. [-IZEU (-Izd), -izing.] To present a memorial to, petition by memorial. — Mern'orize, v. t. [-rized (-rizd), -RiziNG.j To cause to be remembered; esp., to record ; to commit to memory, learn by heart. Men. See Man. men'es, v. t. [-aced (-est), -acing.] To threaten; to inspire with apprehension. — re. Show of a disposition or intention to inflict an evil; a threat or threatening. [F. ; L. minacise, fr. minax, threat- ening, fr. minere, to jut, project ; s. rt. cornmi nation, demean, eminent, prominent.} — Men'acer, n. Menage, men-azh', n. Housekeeping ; household af- fairs and administration; domestic economy ; train- ing of animals, as of horses ; a collection of animals for exhibition ; a menagerie. [F., a household, housekeeping, menager, to keep house, OF. mesnage, household business ; s. rt. menial, manor, q. v. ; not s. rt. manage.} — Menag'erie, men-azh^e-rt, n. A place where animals are kept and trained: esp., a col- lection of wild or exotic animals, kept for exhibi- tion. [F., orig. place for keeping the animals of a household.] Mend, mend, v. t. To repair (anything that is torn, broken, decayed, etc.) ; to alter for the better, set right, quicken, hasten : to help, further, improve, better, reform. — v.i. To grow better, become im- proved. [Corrup. of amend, q. v.] — Mend'able, a. Mendacious, men-da'shus, a. Given to deception ; lying ; false. [L. mendax, -dacis ; s. rt. merit iri, to lie, orig. to think out, devise: see Man.] — Mendac'- ity, -das'T-tl, n. Quality of being mendacious ; disposition to deceive ; habit of lying ; a falsehood ; lie. [L. mendar-itas.] Mendicant, men'dY-kant, a. Begging; poor; practicing beggary. — n. One who, etc.; a beggar; esp., one of thehegging fraternity of the Rom. Cath. church. [L. menaicans, p. pr. of mendicare, to beg, fr. -men- dicus, beggarly, beggar.] — Men'dicancy, -kan-sT. n. Beggary. — Mendicity, -dis'T-ti, n. State of begging ; life of a beggar. [F. mendicite'.] Menhaden, men-ha'den, re, A salt-water fish used for making oil, mackerel bait, and manure; the moss- bunker. Menial, me'nir-al, a. Belonging to a retinue of serv- ants ; performing servile office ; pert, to servants ; low ; mean. — /*. A domestic servant ; a person of servile disposition. [ME. meineal, fr. meine, mainee, OF. maisnee.lt. masnada, a family, troop, LL. mans- nada, household, fr. L. mansio, a mansion, q. v.] Meninges, me-nin'jez, n. pi. {Anat.) The 3 mem- branes enveloping the brain and spinal cord. [Gr. meninx,meningos, membrane.] — Meningi'tis, n. In- flammation of one or a!l of the meninges. Meniscus, me-nis , kus, n.; pi. -cuses. A lens convex on one side and concave on the other, having the concavity less than the convexity. See Lens. [Gr. meniskos, dim. of men, moon.] Meniver, men'T-ver, n. A small, white animal of Russia, or its fine fur; the Siberian squirrel. [OF. menuver, inenurair, a grayish fur, fr. menu (L. minu- tus), small, and vair (L. varius), variegated, spotted.] Mennonite, men'non-it, n. One of a Christian sect in Russia and Germany, founded by Simon Menno, who hold that the New Test, is the only rule of faith, that there is no original sin, that infants should not be baptized, and that oaths and physical force are unlawful. Mensal, men'' sal, a. Occurring once in a month ; monthly. [L. mensis, Gr. men, Skr. masa, month, q. v.] — Men'ses, -sez, n. pi. {Med.) The catameni- al or menstrual discharges, a periodic flow of blood from the uterus. [L., pi. of mensis.] — Men'strual, -stroo-al, a. Recurring once a month; monthly; pert.' to the menses; pert, to a menstruum. {Astron.) Mak- ing a complete cycle of changes in a month.— Men'- struant, a. Subject to monthly flowing.— Menstru- ate, -at, v. i. To discharge the menses. — Menstrua'- tion, re. Discharge of the menses; state or period of menstruating.— Men'struous, -stroo-us, a. Having, or pert, to, the monthly flow; catamenial. [L. vien- struus.] — Men'struum, jstroo-um, n. ; E. pi. -ums, -umz, L. pi. -strua, -stroo-a. Any fluid or subtilized substance which dissolves a solid body ; a solvent. [Prob. fr. the supposed influence of the moon.] Mensurable, inen^shoo-ra-bl, a. Capable of being measured ; measurable. [L. mensurabilis, fr. men- surare,-atum, to measure, fr. mensura, measure, q. v -] — Men'surabiPity, n. Quality of being, etc. — Men'sural, «. Pert, to measure. — Mensura'tion, n. Act, process, or art of measuring; that branch of ap- plied geometry which gives rules for finding the di- mension of objects from measurement of lines and angles. Mental, men'tal, a. Pert, to the mind ; intellectual. [F.; LL. mentalis, fr. L. mens, mentis, the mind, q. v.] — Men'tally, adv. In the mind ; intellectually ; in idea. — Men'tion, -shun, n. A brief notice; a cursory speaking of anything. — v. t. [mentioned ( : shund), -honing.] To direct attention to by a simple reference; to name. [F. ; L. mentio ; s. rt. L. mens.] — Men'tionable, a. Mentor, men'tor, n. A wise and faithful counselor or monitor. [Gr., name of the counselor of Telema- clius, lit. advisor = L. monitor, q. v.] Menu, ma-noo', n. The details of a banquet ; bill of fare. [F., lit. minute, q. v., under Minish.] Mephistophelian, mef'is-to-feTi-an. a. Pert, to, or like, the devil Mephistopheles ; fiendish ; crafty. Mephitis, me-fi'tis, Meph'itism, mefl-tizm, n. Foul or noxious exhalations from decomposing sub- stances, etc. [L. mephitis.] — Mephit'ic, -ical, -fit'- ik-al, a. Offensive to the smell ; poisonous ; pesti- lential; destructive to life. Mercerize, mSr'ser-Tz. v. t. To treat, as cotton fabrics, with a solution of alkali, so as to produce a silky appearance. [From J. Mercer, an English calico printer.] Merchant, mer'chant, n. One who traffics or carries on trade, esp. on a large scale ; a trafficker ; trader. — a. Pert, to, or employed in, trade or merchan- dise. [ME. and OF. marchant, L. mercans, -cuntis, p. pr. of mercari, to barter, fr. merx, mercis, mer- chandise, merere, to gain, buy, purchase: see Merit.] — Merchant service. Trie mercantile marine of a country. — M. tailor. A tailor who keeps and sells materials for the garments made by him. — Mer- chantable, a. Fit for market ; such as is usually sold in market, or will bring the ordinary price. — Merchantman, re. ; pi. -men. A trading vessel; a vessel for transporting goods.— Merchandise, -chan- diz, n. Act or business of trading; whatever is usu- ally bought or sold in trade : wares ; goods ; com- modities.— v. i. [merchandized (-dizd) -dizing] To trade ; carry on commerce. [ME. and F. mar- chandise, n.] — Mercantile, -kan-til, a. Pert, to merchants, or their business; commercial. [F. mer- cantil.LL,. mercantilis.] — Mercenary, -se-na-rT, a. Acting for reward; serving i'orpay; hired; moved by considerations of profit; hireling; venal; sordid; self- ish: — n. One who is hired ; a hireling ; esp. a sol- dier hired into foreign service. [F. mercenaire, L. mercenarius.ir. merces, reward : see Mercy.]— Mer- cenarily, adv. — Mer'cenariness, n. — Mer'cer, n. One who deals in silks and woolen cloths, etc. [F. mercier, LL. mercerius, f r. merx.] — Mercery, -ser-T, n. Trade of mercers; goods in which a mercer deals. Merciful, Merciless, etc. See under Mercy. Mercury, mer , ku rt, n. {Rom. Myth.) The son of Jupiter and Maia ? messenger and interpreter of the gods, and god of eloquence, commerce, and gain. {Cfiem.) A very heavy, expansible metal, white like silver, liquid at common temperatures; quicksilver: it acts as a poison, and its compounds are used in medicine. {Med.) A salt or preparation of mercury, used as a remedial agent, as calomel, blue-pill, etc. {Astron.) The planet of the solar system, nearest the sun. A newsboy; messenger; newspaper. {Bot.) A plant, whose leaves are used for spinach, in Europe; in Amer., certain climbing plants, some of which are poisonous to the skin, esp. the poison ivy. [ME. and NormF. mercurie, quicksilver, fr. L. 3fercurius, the am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, or ; MERCY 351 MESSAGE god of traffic, fr. merx, merchandise : see Mer- chant.] — Mercu'rial, -rl-al, a. Having the qual- ities fabled to belong to Mercury; active; sprightly; full of fire or vigor; gay; fickle; changeable; pert, to Mercury, as god of trade; money-making; pert, to, containing, or consisting of, mercury.— Mercu'rial- ize, v. t. [-1ZED (-Izd),-izijJG.] {Med.) To affect with mercury. (Photog.) To expose to the vapor of mer- cury. Mercy, mer'sl, rt. Disposition to overlook injuries, or to treat an offender better than he deserves ; an act or exercise of mercy or favor ; clemency ; pity ; compassion; leniency ; mildness. [ME. and F. mer- ci, fr. L. nierces, reward, in LL., mercy, pity, fr. nterx, traffic, fr. merere, to buy: see Merit.] — Mer'- cy-seat, n. The place of mercy or forgiveness ; the covering of the ark of the covenant, among the Jews; God's throne.— Mer/ciful, -si-ful, a. Full of, having, or exercising, mercy; unwilling to give pain; compassionate; humane; kind; benignant. — Mer /r - cifully, adv.— Mer'cifalness, n.— Mer'ciless, a. Des- titute of, or acting without, mercy; unsparing; re- lentless; cruel; unfeeling; remorseless: ruthless; pit- iless; severe; barbarous; savage.— Mer'cilessly, ach>. — Mer'cilessness, n. Mere, mer, a. Unmixed ; pure ; absolute ; only this, and nothing else; simple; Dare. [L. mei-us, pure, un- mixed, orig. said of wine; s. rt. Gr. marmairein, to glitter, Skr. marichi, a ray of light, E. marble.] — Mere'ly, adv. Purely ; utterly; solely. Mere, mer, n. A pool or lake. [AS., a mere : D. and G. meer, OHG. mari, L. mare, Ga. and Ir. muir, the sea, orig. that which is dead, a desert, waste, Skr. maru, a desert, fr. mri, to die ; s. rt. mortal, marsh, marine.'] Meretricious, rnSr-e-trish'us, a. Pert, to prostitutes ; like the arts of harlots ; alluring by false show ; gaudily and deceitfully ornamental; ,awdry;showy; in bad taste. [L. meretrix, -trxcis, a harlot, fr. mere- re, to gain: see Merit. _, — Meretri'ciousiiess, n. Merge, meri, i>. t. [merged (merjd), merging.] To cause to be swallowed up ; to immerse, immerge, sink. — v. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. [L. mergere, to dip, Skr. majj, to dive, sink.] — Mer'ger, n. One who, or that which, merges or swallows up. {Law.) Absorption of one estate, or one contract, in another. — Mer'sion, -shun, n. Act of merging. — Mergan'ser, -gan'ser, n. A migratory, crested, fish-eat- ing, slender-billed water- fowl, of several species, al- lied to the ducks. [Sp. mer- lant of various species, producing a pungent essential oil. [AS. minte, fr. L. mentka, LL. men* ', Gr. mintha.] Minuend, Minus, Minute, etc. See under Minish. Minx, minks, n. v pert, wanton girl; a she puppy; lap-dog." [Prob. s. rt. inilcin. q. v., under Mignon.] Miocene, mi'o-se n, a Men/.) Less recent, —a term appliedto the middle division of the tertiary strata. [Gr. melon, less, and kainos, new.] Miracle, mir'a-kl, n. Awonderorwonderfulthing;esp. an event oreffect contrary to the established constitu- tion and course of things; supernatural event; a spec- tacle or dramatic representation exhibiting the lives of the saints, — called also a miracle-play. [F. ; L. miraculum, fr. mirari, to wonder at, mirus, wonder- ful ; s. rt. Skr. sniaya, wonder, smi=E. smile.] — Mirac'ulous, -rakli-lus, a. Of the nature of a mir- acle ; performed by or exhibiting a supernatural power ; extraordinarily wonderful. — Miraclllous- ly,adv— Mirage', mT-razh r , n. An optical illusion arising from an unequal refraction in the lower strata of the atmosphere, and causing remote objects to be seen double, in verted, suspended in air, approxi- mated, or changed or as if reflected in water. [F.; fr. mirer, LL. mirare, to behold, fr. L. mirari.] — Miri- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. tSrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, Sr i MIEE 35? MISS ror. -rer,n. A looking-glass: that in w h i c h a true image may be seen ; a pat- tern ; an exem- plar. — v.t. [mir- rored (-rgrd), -roring.] Tore- fleet mirare.] f===^^^=-= i^-^ _ Mire, mir, n. Earth Mirage, so wet and soft as to yield to pressure ; deep mud. — v. t. [mired (mirtl), miring.] To plunge and fix in mire ; to soil or daub with mud. [Ic. myrr, OHG. mios, swamp, OD. moer, mud ; s. rt. 7tioss, moor, prob. not mere.] — Mir'y, -I, a. Abounding with, full of, or consisting of, etc. — Miriness, n. Mirk, merk, a. Dark; murky. — n. Darkness: gloom. — Mirk'y, -I, a. Dark : obscure. [See Murky.] Mirror. See under Miracle. Mirth, mSrth, n. High excitement of pleasurable feelings in company ; noisy gayety ; merriment ; fun; frolic: festivity; jollity. [AS. myrgdh, mirigdh, Ga. mireadh, Ir. mireog, mirth, frolic ; s. rt. AS. merg, merrv, q. v.] — Mirth'ful. -ful, a. Full of mirth; merry; jovial: festive. — Mirth'fully, adv.— Mirth 'fulness, n. — Mirtb/less, a. Without mirth. Mirza, mer'za, n. The common title of honor in Persia : appended to a name, it signifies prince. [Per. mirza, abbr. fr. mirzadah. son of the prince, fr. Per. mir, Ar. amir, emir, prince, and Per. zadeh, son.] Misadventure, mis-ad-ven'chur, n. An unfortunate adventure ; ill luck ; accident ; mishap ; disaster. [ME. misaventure, OF. mesaventure, fr. rues- (F. me"-, Sp. and Pg. menos-, fr. L. minus, less : see Minish ; not s. rt. E. mis-, q. v. under Miss, v.) and aventure, adventure.] — Misalli'ance, -li'ans, Mc's'alliance', mez'ai-le-aNs', n. Improper association ; esp. a de- grading marriage connection with one of inferior social station. [F. mesalliance.'] — Mischance'', -chans',n. Ill luck: Occident; misfortune; calamity. [OF. meschanne.] — Mis'chief, -chit, n. Evil pro- duced or effected, whether with or without inten- tion; trivial evil or vexation, caused by thoughtless- ness, or in sport: troublesome or annoying act or con- duct : cause of trouble or vexation; damage; harm; wrong-doing. [ME. and OF. meschief, Sp. and Pg. menoscabo, fr. L. minus, less, car>ut. Head ; cf. ME. bonchef, a good result.] — Mis'chief -mak'er, n. One who makes mischief. — mak'ing, a. — Mischievous, -chiv-us, a. Making mischief; inclined to do harm; hurtful; injurious; noxious: destructive. — Mis'- chievously. culv. — Mis'chievousness, n. — Mis- count'', v. t. and i. To count wrongly. — n. An er- roneous counting or numbering. [OF. mesconter.]— Mis'creant, -kre-ant, n. An infidel; misbeliever ; a vile wretch ; scoundrel. [OF. mescreant. It. miscre- dente, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere, to believe.] — Misfea'sance, -fe'zans, n. {Law.) A trespass; wrong done; improper performance of a lawful act. [OF.; faisance, fr. /aire, L. facere, to do.] — Misno'mer, n. (Law.) The mistaking of the true name of a person. A wrong or inapplicable name or title; a misapplied term. [OLawF. mesnommer, to misname; F. nommer, L. nominare, to name.] — Misprize', -priz', v. t. F-prized (-prlzd'), -prizing.] To slight, undervalue. [OF. mespriser ; LL. jyretiare, to prize, esteem, fr. L. pretium, a price, q. v.] — Misprision, -prizh'un, n. (Law.) A high offense or misdemeanor, negative or positive : passive concealment of a crime or neg- lect to reveal it, as of treason or felony ; a positive act to help cover a crime, as dissuading a witness ; maladministration ; neglect, oversight, or mistake — as of a clerk in writing or keeping a record. [OF. mesprison, F. miprise, a mistake, fr. mes- and LL. prensio, a taking, fr. L. prehendere, -hensum, to take, seize ; not fr. misprize.] Misanthrope, mis'an-throp, -an'thropist, -thro-pist, n. A hater of mankind. [Gr. misanthropos. fr. misein, to hate (fr. misos, hatred), and anthropos, a man.] — Misanthropic, -ical, a. Hating mankind. — Misan'thropy, -pi, n. Hatred or dislike of, etc. — Hisog'amy, -mi, n. Hatred of marriage. [Gr. ga- mos, marriage.] — Misog'amist. n. One who, etc. — Misog'yny, -soj'I-nl, n. Hatred of the female sex. [Gr. gune, woman.] — Misog'ynist, n. A woman- hater. Misapply, Misapprehend, Misbegot, etc. See under Miss. Miscellaneous, mis-sel-la'ne-us, a. Mixed : mimrled « consisting of several kinds. [L. miscettaneux, ir. miscellus, mixed, fr. miscere, to mix, q. v.] — Miscei- la'neousness, n. — Mis'cellany, -la-nT, n. A mass or mixture of various kind*: a medley : esp., a col- lection of compositions on various subjects. [Fr. L. miscellanea.] — Miscella'nea, -ne-a, n. pi. A collec- tion of miscellaneous matters. [L., neut. pi. of mis- cellaneus.] — Mis'cegena'tion. -se-je-na'shun, n. Amalgamation of races. [L. miscere and genere, to beget.] Mischance, Mischief, etc. See under Misadventure. Miser, mi'zer, n. An avaricious or extremely covet- ous person; one who hoards money and lives mean- ly ; a niggard. TL., wretched ; prob. s. rt. Gr. mi- sos, hatred.] — Mi'serly, -IT, a. Sordid: avaricious; parsimonious ; stingy : mean. — Mis'ery, -er-Y, n. Great unhappiness: extreme pain of body or mind ; evils which cause misery ; calamity : misfortune : torture ; agony ; anguish : distress. " [ME. and OF. miserie, L. miseria.] — Miserable, a. Very un- happy ; in a state of distress ; causing misery "; very £oor; worthless; despicable; abject: wretched. [F. i. miserabilis, fr. miserari, to pity, fr. miser.] — Mis'erableness, n. — Mis'erably, adv. In a misera- ble manner; unhappily; pitiably.— Mis'ere're, -re'- re, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The 51st psalm, which commences with this word. (Pathol.) The symptoms attending obstruction in the intestines ; iliac pas- sion. [L., have mercy, fr. miserari.] Misfeasance, etc. See under Misadventure. Mish-mash, mish'-mash, n. A mingle or hotch-potch. [G. misch-masch, fr. mischen, to mix.] Mishna, mish'na, n. The digest of the Jewish tra- ditional and ritual law, made in the 2d cent., which with the Gemara forms the Talmud. [NHeb. mish- nah, lit. repetition, explanation, fr. Heb. shanah, to change, repeat.] Misle, etc. See under Mist. Misnomer, Misprize, Misprision. See under Misad- venture. Misogamy, Misogyny, etc. See under Misanthrope. Mispickel, mis-pik'l, n. (Jlin.) Arsenical iron py- rites. [G.] Miss, mis, n. Young woman or girl, — used as a title of address, prefixed to the name of an unmarried woman. [Contr. of mistress, q. v.]— Miss'y, -I, -ish, a. Like a miss or young girl; affectedlv tine. Miss, mis, v. t. [missed (mist), Sussing.] To fail of hit- ting, reaching, obtaining, seeing, finding, etc.: to do without, forego: to omit, pass by ; to discover the ab- sence of, feel the want of, mourn the loss of. — v. i. To fail to hit; not to succeed; to tail to obtain, learn, find, etc. ; to mistake ; err.— n. A failure to hit, reach, etc.; loss; want; felt absence: mistake; error. [AS. missan, mission, D. and ~SWiG.missen.Xo miss, D.mis, a mistake, also amiss (as adv. and prefix), MHG.thwsc, an error; s. rt. AS. midhan, OHG. midan,to avoid, dis- simulate, Skr. mithyu, untruly, wrongly, amiss; not s. rt. OF. mes-, but of similar meaning : see Misad- venture.] — Mis'apply', v. t. To apply wrongly or to a wrong purpose. — Mis'apprehend', v. i. To misunderstand. — Misap'prehen'sion, -shun, n. A mistaking ; wrong apprehension of one's meaning or of a fact; misconception; mistake. — Mis'appro 7 - prialion, n. Wrong appropriation. — Misbecome', -kum', v. t. To suit ill ; not to befit or become. — Misbegot', -got'ten, p. a. Unlawfully or irregularly begotten. — Misbehave', v. i. To be- have ill, conduct one's self improperly. — Misbe- havior, -hav'yer, n. Improper, rude, or uncivil behavior; ill-conduct. — Misbelief, -lef r . n. Errone- ous belief; false religion. — Misbeliev'er, n. One who believes wrongly, or holds a false religion. — Misbestow', v. t. To bestow improperly. — Miscalculate, -kal'ku-lat, v. t. To calculate er- roneously. — Miscal'cula'tion, n. Erroneous calcu- lation.— Miscall', -kawl', v. t. To call by a wrong name, name improperly, abuse. — Miscar'riage, -kar'rij, n. Unfortunate event of an undertaking; failure ; improper behavior ; expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is viable; abortion. — Mis- car'ry, -kar'rl, v. i. To fail of the intended effect; to fail to reach its destination; to bring forth young before the proper time. — Misconceive, -kon-sev', v. t. or i. To conceive wrongly; interpret incorrectly; misapprehend: misjudge; mistake. — Misconceit"', -set', Misconcep'tibn, n. Erroneous conception ; false opinion; mistake. — Miscon'duct. n. Wrong sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox. chair, get. MISDATE 358 MISTRESS wrong person or piace. — jxusairec won, n. j* directing wrongly. (Law.) An error of a juc charging the jury.— Misdo', -doo', v. t. [-did, -i -doing.J To do wrongly. — v. i. To do wrong. conduct: ill behavior; misdemeanor: mismanage- ment. — Misconduct', v. t. To conduct amiss; mis- manage. — Miscon'strue, -kon'stroo, v. t. To con- strue wrongly; interpret erroneously. — Mis'con- struc'tion, n. Wrong interpretation of words or things. — Miscoun'sel, -kown'sel, v. t. To counsel wrongly. — Miscue', -ku', v. i. To fail to strike the ball properly with the cue at billiards. — n. An in- effectual stroke with the cue. — Misdate', n. A wrong date.— r. t. To date errone- ously. — Misdeed'', n. An evil deed; wicked action; offense; transgression; crime. — Misdeem', v. t. To judge erroneously, misjudge. — Misdemean', _-de- men', v. t. To behave ill.— Misdemean'or, -men'- er, n. Ill behavior; evil conduct. (Law.) Any crime less than a felony. — Misdirect', -dl-rekt', r.t. To give a wrong direction to: to direct to a wrong person or place. — Misdirec'tion, n. Act of judge in -DONE, com- mit a fault or crime. — Misdo'er, n. — Misdo'ing, «. A wrong done, fault, offense. — Misemploy', v. t. To employ to no purpose, or to a bad purpose ; to use amiss. — Misemploy'ment, n. Ill employment. — Misen'try, -en'trT, n. An er- roneous entry or charge, as of an account. — Misfit', n. A bad lit; a bad match. — Misform', v. t. To put into an ill shape. — Misfort'une, -f&r- chun, n. Ill fortune; ill luck; accident; calamity; mishap; harm; disaster. — Misgive', -giv', v. t. To fill with doubt and appre- hension, deprive of confidence; to fail.— Misgiv'ing, n. A failure of conhdence; distrust; doubt. — Mis- got 'ten, a. Unjustly obtained.— Misgov'ern, -guv'- ?rn, v. t. To govern ill, administer unfaithfully. — Misgov'ernment, n. Ill administration of public or private affairs; irregularity; disorder. — Misguid'- ance, -gld'ans, n. Wrong direction or guidance. — Misguide', v. t. To direct ill, lead into error. — Mishap', n. Ill chance; accident; calamity; mis- chance. — Mishear', v. i. To mistake in hearing. — Misinform', v. t. To give erroneous information to. — Misin'forma'tion, n. Wrong information. — Misinter'pret, v. t. To interpret erroneously ; to understand or to explain amiss. — Mis'inter'preta'- tion, n. A mistaken interpretation. — Misjoin', v. t. To join unfitly or improperly. — Misjudge', -jui', v. t. To mistake in judging of. — v. i. To err in judgment, form false opinions. — Mis- judg'ment, n. Wrong determination. — Mislay', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -laying.] To lay in a wrong place, lay in a place not recollected, lose. — Mislead', -led', v. t. [-led, -leading.] To lead into a wrong way or path, lead astray, cause to mistake, deceive, delude.— Mislead'er, n. — Mislike', v. t. or t". To dislike, have aversion to.— n. Dislike; disap- probation; aversion. — Misman'age, -man'ej, v. i. To behave or manage ill. — v. t. To manage ill, administer improperly. — Mieman'agement, n. — Misman'ager, n. — Mis- match', -mach', v. t. To match unsuitably. — Misname', v. t. To call by the wrong name. — Mispell, Mispend. See Misspell, etc., below. — Misplace', -plas', v. t. To put in a wrong place; to set or place on an improper or unworthy object. — Misplace'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Misplead', -pled', v. t. To err in pleading. — Mis- print', v. t. To print wrong.— n. An error in printing. —Mispronounce', -nowns', v. i. and t. [-notjnced (-nownsf), -nouncing.] To pronounce erroneously. — Mis'pronun'cia'tion, -shf-a'shun, n. Wrong pro- nunciation. — Mis'propor'tion, v. t. To err in pro- portioning one thing to another; to join without due proportion. — Misquote', -kwot', v. t. To quote erroneously. — Misquota'tion, n. An erroneous quotation. — Misrecite', -sit', v. t. To recite erroneously.— Misrecit'al, ». An inaccurate recital.— Misreck'on, -rek'n, v. t. To reckon or compute wrongly.— Mis- reck' oning, n. An erroneous computation. — Mis- rep'resent', v. t. To represent falsely onincorrect- ly. — v. i. To make an incorrect representation. — Misrep'resenta'tion, n. Act of giving a false repre- sentation ; incorrect account given, from mistake, carelessness, or malice. — Misrep'resent'er, n. — Misrule', -rool', n. Disorder ; confusion ; tumult from insubordination; unjust domination. — Misshape', -shap', v. t. To shape ill, deform.— Misspell'" '•. t. To spell wrong, write with wrong letters.— Misspell'ing, n. A wrong spelling; fabe orthography. — Misspend', v. t. To spend, amiss, squander.— Misstate', v. t. and i. To state wrongly, falsify. — Misstate'ment, n. Incorrect statement.— Misstep', it. A wrong or false step. — Mistake', -tak', v. t. To take wrongly, misun- derstand, misapprehend, or misconceive ; to mis- choose, misjudge; to take one person or thing to be another, confound.— v. i. To err in opinion or judg- ment. — n. A taking or apprehending wrongly; a fault in opinion, judgment, or conduct; a miscon- ception; blunder: error; bull. — To be mistaken. To be misapprehended or misunderstood; to be taken orled astray; to err; to misapprehend.— Mistak'en, -tak'n, p. a. Guilty of a mistake; in error; errone- ous; incorrect; wrong. — Mistak'enly, ar/r. By mis- take.— Mistak'er, n— Mistak'able, a. Liable to be mistaken.— Mistime', -tiin', v. t. To time wrongly, not adapt to the time. — v. L To neglect the proper time. — Misti'tle, -tl, v. t. To call by a wrong title or name. — Mistri'al, n. (Law.) A false or errone- ous trial. — Mistrust', n. Want of confidence or trust; suspicion. — r. t. To regard with jealousy or suspicion, suspect, doubt; to anticipate as near or likely to occur ; to surmise. — Mistrust'ful, -ful, a. Suspicious; wanting confidence. — Mistrust 'fully, adv. — Mistrust'fulness, n. — Mistune', -tun', v.t. To tune wrongly or erroneously. — Mistu' tor, v. t. To instruct amiss. — Misun'derstand', v. t. To misconceive, mistake, take in a wrong sense. — Misun'derstand'ing, n. Mistake of meaning; error; misconception; disagree- ment; difference: slight quarrel.— Misuse', -uz',w.«. To use improperly, treat ill, maltreat, abuse, misem- ly.-l ise', -E misapplication ; abuse. ploy, misapply. — Misus'age, -uz'ej, n. Ill usage; abuse.— Misuse', -us', n. Wrong application or use; Missal, mis'sal, n. The Roman Catholic mass-book. [LL. missale, fr. missa, the mass, q. v.] Misseltoe. See Mistletoe. Missile, mis'sil, a. Capable of being thrown, hurled, or projected, —n. A projectile weapon, as a lance, arrow, or bullet, with which one may strike an ob- ject at a distance. [L., a missile weapon, prob. neut. of missilis, that may be thrown, fr. mittere, missum, to throw, send; s. rt. Lithuan. mesti, to throw, Skr. math, to churn, agitate, E. admit, commit, diswiiss, emissary, promise, premise, etc.] — Mis'sion, mish'- un, n. Act of sending, or state of being sent; com- mission; errand; duty on which one is sent; persons sent; delegation; embassy; a station, residence, or organization, of missionaries. [OF. ; L. missio, fr. mittere.] — Mis'sionary, -er-t, n. One sent upon a mission ; esp., one sent to propagate religion. — a. Pert, to missions. — Mis'sive, -siv, a. Intended to be sent; prepared for sending out; sent by authority of some person or society; intended to be thrown or hurled; missile. — w. That which is sent; a message; letter. [OF.] — Mit'timus, -tt-mus, n. (Law.) A warrant of commitment to prison. [L., we send, fr. mittere.'] Mist, mist, Mis'le, Mis'tle, miz'l, Miz'zle, miz'zl, n. Visible watery vapor at or near the surface of the earth ; fog ; coarse, watery vapor, approaching the form of rain ; anything which dims or darkens. — v. t. To cloud, cover with mist. — v. i. [misted, misting; —miz'led (-Id), -ling; — mis'tled (miz'- ld), -ling;— miz'zled, -zling.] To rain in very fine drops. [AS. mist, gloom, darkness, Sw. and D., fog, G., dung, Ic. mistr, mist ; s. rt. Gr. omichle, fog, Skr. mihira, a cloud, mih, to sprinkle ; ME. misle, mysylle = mistle, freq. of mist.]— Mist 'y, -t, Mis'ly, miz'- 1T, Miz'zly, -zlt, a. Overspread with, attended by, or obscured as if by, mist ; raining in fine drops.— Mist'iness, n. Mister, oiis'ter, abbr. in writing to Mr., n. Sir ; master, — a title of any adult male. [Corrup. of master, q. v.] Mistletoe, Misletoe, miz'l- to, n. A parasitic ever- green shrub, bearing a glutinous berry : the sacred plant of the Dru- ids. [AS. miste ] lan, fr. mistel, dim. of mist, gloom, and tan, a twig.] Mis'tress, mis'tres, n. A woman who exercises au- thority, is chief, etc. ; the female head of a family, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; MISTRUST 359 MODE Mitre. school, etc.; a woman well skilled in anything, or having the mastery over it : a beloved object; sweet- heart; a paramour; concubine. Madam, — a title or term of address, now written Mrs. and pron. mix'is. [ME. and OF. mairtresse, fir. maistre, master, q. v.] Mistrust. Mistune, Misuse, etc. See under Miss. Mite, mit, n. Anything very small; a minute object; very small quantity: very small coin. [OD. imjt, a coin = l-6th of a doit; s. rt. minute : see under Min- ISH.] Mite, mit, n. A minute animal, allied to the spider, of several varieties, having jaws, which distinguish it from the ticks. [AS. andLG.; OHG. rniza, a mite, midge, lit. cutter, biter; s. rt. Goth, raaitan. Ic. meita, to cut, G. messer, a knife, prob. E. minixh, q. v.] — Mit'y, -Y, a. Abounding with mites. Miter, -tre, mi'ter, n. A covering for the head, worn by bishops, cardinals, etc. (Arch.) The joint formed by the ends of 2 pieces (of mold- ing, etc.), each cut off at an angle, and matching together. — v. i. [mitered or mitred (-tSrd), MITERINGCW MITRING.] (Arch.) To meet and match together, on a line bisecting the angle of junction, esp. when at a right angle. — v. t. To adorn with a miter ; to cut the ends of 2 pieces oblique- ly and join them at an angle. [OF. mitre, L. mitra, a cap, Gr. mitra, belt, gird head-band, tur- ban.] - Mi'tral, a. Pert, to or like, etc.,— said esp. (Anat.) of the mitral valves of the left ven- Miter Joints, tricle of the heart: see Heart. [F.] Mitigate, mit'T-gat, v. t. To alleviate (suffering, etc.); to make less rigorous, soften in severity or harshness; temper ; to render more tolerable ; to reduce a pen- alty in amount or severity ; assuage. [L. mitigare, -gatum, fr. mitis, mild, soft.] — Mifiga'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc. — Mit'iga'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. — Mit'iga'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. [F.] — Mit'igable, a. Capable of be- ing alleviated.— Mit'igant, a. Tending to mitigate; lenitive. Mitrailleuse, me-tra-yez / ', n. A machine-gun, having 37 parallel breech-loading barrels, which may be fired at once or in quick succession. [F.,fr. mitraille, old iron, grape-shot.] Mitt, mit, n. A mitten; also, a covering for the wrist and hand and not for the fingers. [Abbr. fr. mitten.] — Mit'ten, n. A covering for the hand for warmth, etc., in which the fingers are not separated. [ME. and OF. mitaine, peril, fr. MHG. mittamo, the mid- dle, fr. miite, mid, middle ; perh. fr. Ga. miotag, a mitten, Ga. and Ir. mutan, a muff.] — To give the mitten to. To dismiss as a lover, reject the suit of. Mittimus. See under Missile. Mix, miks, v. t. [mixed, less prop, mixt; mixing.] To unite or blend 2 or more ingredients into one mass or compound, as by stirring together ; to unite with in company, join, associate; to produce by the stir- ring together of ingredients, mingle ; to confuse, disarrange, confound. — v. i. To become united or blended promiscuously ; to be joined, associate. [AS. miscan, OHG. miskan, Ga. measg ; s. rt. L. miscere, Gr. misgein, to mix, Skr. migra, mixed.] — Mixfure, miks'chur, n. Art of mixing, or state of being mixed; that which is mixed; an ingredient entering into a mixed mass; admixture; intermixture; medley. [L. mixtura, fr. miscere, mixtum.] — Mix'er, n. — Mix'- tilin'eal, -ear, a. Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds, as straight, curved, etc. [See Line.] Mizzen, miz'zn, a. (Naut.) Hindmost; nearest the stern. — n. The hindmost of the fore-and-aft sails of a vessel; the spanker sail. See Sail and Ship. [OF. misaine. It. mezzana, orig. the fore-sail, perh. a medium-sized sail, fr. LL. medianus, middle, of middling size: see Mid.] Mizzle, v. i. See under Mist. Mnemonic, ne-mon'ik, -ical, a. Assisting the memory. — Mnemonics, n. The art of memory; a system of rules to assist the memory. [Gr. mnemonikos, pert, to the memory, mnaomai, I remember; s. rt. man, mind.] Moan, mon, v. t. [moaned (mond), moaning.] To bewail with an audible voice, lament, deplore. — c. i. To make a low, dull sound of grief or pain. — n. Audible expression of sorrow or suffering; lamenta- tion; s low, dull sound, like that of one in grief or pain. [AS. maenan, to moan, man, wickedness, Ic. rnein, hurt, harm.] Moat, mot, n. (Fort.) A deep trench round the ram- part of a fortified place; a ditch.— v. t. To surround with a ditch for defense. See Castle. [ME. and OF. mote. It. motta, a heap of earth, also a hollow, Ir. mota, a mound, moat, Sp. mota, a mound.] Mob, mob, n. A disorderly crowd; collection of peo- ple for some riotous and unlawful purpose; popu- lace, —v. t. [mobbed (mobd), -bing.] To attack in a disorderly crowd. [Contr. fr. L. mobile vtclgus, the fickle multitude ; mobile, neut. of mobilis, easily moved, fr. movere, to move, q. v.] — Mob^bish, a. Like a mob; tumultuous; mean; vulgar. — Moboc''- racy, -ra-st, n. Rule or ascendency of the mob. [Gr. kratein, to rule.] — Mo'bile, -bil, a. Capable of be- ing moved, aroused, or excited ; movable ; change- able ; fickle. [F. ; L. mobilis.]— Mobility, -T-tl, n. Quality of being mobile; capacity for motion; sus- ceptibility of being moved, aroused, excited, etc.; activity ; fickleness. [F. mobility, L. mobilitas.] — Mob'ilize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To put in a state of readiness for active service, — said of troops, enrolled, but not previously on the war establish- ment. — Mob'iliza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. Mob-cap, mob'kap, n. A plain cap or head-dress; esD., one tying under the chin by a very broad band, generally of the same material as the cap itself. [D. mop-muts, fr. OD. mop, a woman's coif (cf. ProvE. mop, to muffle up; prob. s. rt. muffle), & muts, a cap.] Moccasin, mok'ka-sin, n. A shoe of the N. Amer. In- dians, made wholly (including the sole) of deer- skin or soft leather." (Zobl.) A poisonous water ser- pent of the U. S. ; also a highland species. [An Indian word.] Mocha, mo'ka, n. An Abyssinian weight = I Troy grain; a kind of coffee fr. Mocha, in Arabia. Mock, mok, v. t. [mocked (mokt), mocking.] To im- itate in contempt or derision: to treat with scorn or contempt; to disappoint the hopes of; to deride, rid- icule, taunt, jeer. — v. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest, gibe, jeer. — n. Ridicule; derision; sneer; mockery. — a. Imitating reality, but not real: false. [OF. mocquer, It. moccare, to mock, LG. mukken, OD. mocken, to mumble; s. rt. L. maccus, a buffoon, Gr. mokos, mockery, Ga. mag, to deride, W. mocio, to mimic, E. motto, mumble, mutter, mow, mope.] — Mock'er, n. — Mock'ery, -er-T, n . Act of mocking; derision; ridicule; counterfeit appearance; vain im- itation or effort. [F. moquerie.] — Mock'ing-bird, n. A singing-bird of N. Amer., which imitates the notes of other birds and many other sounds. Mode, mod, n. Manner of existing or being; prevail- ing popular custom; variety: gradation ; degree; method; fashion; way; style. (Metaph.) Condition, or state of being; form, — opp. to matter. (Logic.) The form in which the proposition connects the predicate and subject, whether by simple, contin- gent, or necessary assertion. (Gram.) A form in the inflection of a verb indicating the manner in which the action or state is presented, as certain, contingent, etc. ; mood. (Mus.) The arrangement of the intervals in a scale. [F., manner, sort, fash- ion, L. modus, a measure, manner, kind, way: s. rt. Gr. medos, a plan, medomai, I intend, Skr. ma, to measure, E. mete (q. v.), mood, measure, accommo- date, commodious.] — MocKish, mod'ish, a. Accord- ing to the mode ; conformed to the extreme fash, ion. — Mod'ishly, adv. — Mod'ishness, n. — Mod'ist, n. One who follows the fashion. — Modiste'', -desf, n. A milliner; dressmaker; purveyor of fashions. [F.] — Mo'dal, a. Pert, to a mode or mood; consist, ing in mode or form only. (Logic & Metaph.) Indi- cating some mode of conceiving existence, or of ex- pressing thoughts. — Modality, -1-tT, n. Quality of being modal, or being in form only. (Logic.) A modal relation or quality. — Mo'dally, adv. In a modal manner; with reference to mode. — Mod'el, mCd'el, n. Standard; pattern; example; something to be copied; a mold; a representation; facsimile; a copy, as of a statue or bust; a representation of a machine or structure on a reduced scale. — v. t. [modeled (-eld), -eling.] To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model, or propose a model for.— v. i. (Fine Arts.) To make a pattern from which 6ttn, cube, full : moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. MODELER 360 MOLE some work is to be executed. [OF. modelle, It. mod- ello, fr. L. modulus, a measure, standard, dim. of modus.'] — Mod'eler, n. One who models; a worker in plastic art. — Mod'eling, n. {Fine Arts.) Act or art of making a model from which a work of art is to be executed. — Mod'ulate, -u-lat, v. t. To form (sound) to a certain key or proportion; to vary or in- flect in a natural, customary, or musical manner. — v. i. {Mm.) To pass from one key into another. l jlj. modulari, -latus, fr. modulus.] — Modula'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; sound modulated ; melody. (Mus.) Manner of ascertaining and man- aging the modes; a passing from one key to an- other. [F.] — Mod'ula'tor, n. One who, or that which, modulates. [L.] — Mod'ule, -ul, n. A model or representation. {Arch.) The size of some one part, as the diameter or semi-diameter of the base of u shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which the proportions of other parts of the composition are regulated. [F.] — Mod'ulus, , n. {Mech. & Physics.) A quantity or coefficient which expresses the meas- ure of some specified force, property, or quality (of elasticity, strength, efficiency, etc.). [£.] — Modilllon, -yun, n. {Arch.) The enriched bracket generally found under the cor- nice of the Corinthian entablature,— so called fr. its arrangement at regulated distances. [F. and Sp., fr. L. modulus.] — Mod'erate, -gr-at, a. Kept within due bounds; ob- serving reasonable limits ; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous; restrained. — v. t. To restrain from excess, keep within bounds, lessen, allay, re- press, temper, qualify; to regulate, mitigate, abate, still, pacify, quiet, — v.i. To become less violent, severe, rigorous, or intense; to abate. PL. moderari, -atus, h. modus.] — Mod'erately, adv. In a moderate manner; temperately: mildly; in a middle decree; not excessively.— Mod'erateness, n.— Moderation, n. Act of moderating; state or quality of being mod- erate; freedom from excess- calmness of mind; equa- nimity. [OF.] — Mod'era'tor, n. One who, or that which, moderates or restrains; one who presides over a meeting to preserve order, propose questions, etc. [L.] — Mod'era'torship, n. Office of, etc.— Mod "era, a. Pert, to the present time, or time not long past; late; recent; new; novel. — n. A person of modern times. [F. modern?, L. modernus, fr. modus; modo, just now.] — Mod'ernness, n.— Mod'ernism, -izm, n. Modern practice; a thing of recent date; origin not remote. — Mod'ernist, n. One who admires the moderns. — Mod'ernize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To cause to conform to recent or present usage or taste. — Mod'est, a. Restrained within due limits of propriety or decency; observing the proprieties of the sex; free from familiarity, indecency, or lewdness, — said of a woman; evincing modesty in the actor or author; not boastful, presumptuous, or arrogant; reserved; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; decent; chaste; virtuous. [F. modeste, L. modestus, lit. keeping within bounds, fr. modm.] — Mod'estly, adv. — Mod'esty, -t, n. Quality of being modest; absence of self-confidence, arrogance, and presumption, or of unwomanly or indecent bearing or conduct; purity of manners; humility; diffidence; shyness. — Modicum, -T-kum, n. A little; a small quantity. [L., neut. of modicus, moderate, fr. rao- aus.] — Mod'ify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To change the form or external qualities of; to give a new form to, vary, alter, qualify. [F. modifier, L. modificare, fr. modus and facere, to make.] — Mod'ifi'able, a. — Mod'ifica'tibn, n. Act of modi- fying; particular form or manner; modified shape or condition. — Mod'in'er, n. Mogul, mo-gul', n. A person of Mongolian race. [Per. Moghol.] — Great Mogul. The sovereign of the em- pire founded in Hindostan by the Mongol Tartars in the 16th century. Mohair, mo'har, n. The long, silky hair or wool of the Angora goat, of Asia Minor; a fabric made from it. [OF. movdire, mohere, fr. Ar. mukhayyar, hair- cloth; not s. rt. hair.] Mohammedan, mo-harn'med-an, a. Pert, to Moham- med or Mahomet, or to the religion founded by him. — n. A follower of, or believer in, etc. [Ar. muham- mad, praiseworthy; hamd, praise.] -Moharn'medan- ism, -medism, -izm, n. The religion, or doctrines and precepts, of Mohammed, contained in the Koran: Islamism. — Moham'medanize, -medize, v. t. To make conformable to, etc. Moidore, moi'dor, n. A gold coin of Portugal = about $(>. [Pg. moedar d'ouro, lit. coin of gold; L. moneta, money, aurum, gold.] Moiety, moi'e-tY, n. One of 2 equal parts; the half. [F. moitii, L. medietas, fr. medius, middle, half: see Mid.] Moil, moil, v. t. [moiled (moild), moiling.] To daub, make dirty, soil, defile. — v. i. To work with pain- ful effort; to labor, toil, drudge. [ME. moillen, OF. moiller, to wet, soak, fr. mot, L. mollis, soft : see Mollient; not fr. L. moliri, to toil.] Moire, mwSr, n. A clouded or mottled appearance on metallic or textile fabrics; watered or clouded silk. [F.; same as mohair, q. v.] — Moire antique. A su- perior kind of watered silk, for ladies' dresses, etc. Moist, moist, a. Moderately wet; damp; humid. [ME. moiste, orig. fresh, new, OF. moiste, liquid, humid, wet, L. musteus, pert, to new wine or must, also new, fresh, fr. uiustum, new wine, mustus, fresh, new.] — MoisfneBS, n. — Moisfen, mois'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -en ing.] To make damp, wet slightly, soften. — Moist'ure, mois'chur, n. A moderate degree of wetness; dampness; that which makes damp or wet. Molar, mo'lar, n. A grinding tooth; double tooth: see Tooth. — Mo'lar, -lary, -la-rt, a. Having power to grind ; grinding. [L. molaris, fr. mola, mill, molere, to grind in a mill.] Molasses, mo-las'sez, n. sing. The viscid, uncrystal- lizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the process of manufacture. [Pg. melago, fr. L. mellaceus, hon- ey-like, fr. mel, honey: see Melliferous.] Mold, Mould, mold, n. Fine, soft earth, or earth easi- ly pulverized: the earthy material, or the matter of which anything is formed.— v. t. To cover with soil. [AS. mol'Te, Ic. mold ; s. rt. meal, mole (the an- imal).]— Mold'er, Mould'er, v. i. To turn to dust by natural decay; to crumble, perish, waste away gradually. — v. t. To turn to dust, crumble, waste. Mold, Mould, mold, n. A vegetable or fungous growth, often like down, upon decaying food or articles that lie long in warm and damp air. — v. t. To cause to contract mold. — v. i. To become moldy. [Corrupt, of mole (a spot).] — MoWy, Mould'y, -t, a. Over- grown with mold; fusty. Mold, Mould, mold, n. The matrix in whicli anything is cast; anything which i serves to regulate size,' form, etc.; cast; shape; character.— v. t. To form into a particular shape, model, fashion. [ME. and Sp. molde, OF. molle, mo die, fr. L. modulus, measure, standard, dim. of modus : see under Mode.] — Mold'able, Mould'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Mold'er, Mould'er, n. — Mold'ing, Moulding, n. Anything cast in a mold, or which appears to be so. (Arch.) A grooved or swelling band or projection, or an Moldings. i, astragal ; 6, ogee ; c, oy- matium ; d, cavetto ; e, scotia, or casement ; /, apophyges ; g, ovolo, or quarter round; h, torus ; i, reeding ;j, band. ssemblage of such, upon a wall, column, wainscot, etc. Mole, mol, n. A spot, mark, or small permanent pro- tuberance on the human body. [AS. and Sw. mal, a mark, G. maal, a mole; s. rt. L. macula, a spot, orig. a bruise: see Mackerel.] Mole, mol, n. A mass of fleshy matter generated in the uterus. [L. mola.] Mole, mol, n. A mound, pier, jetty, or massive work formed of masonry, etc., laid in the sea, extended before a port, to defend it from the waves; a break- water; the harbor itself. [F.; L. moles, a mass, pile; s. rt. emolument.] — Mol'ecule, moKe-kul, n. A very small particle of matter; one of the elementary par- ticles of any substance. [Dim. of mole.] — Molec'- tdar, a. Pert, to, consisting; of, or residing in, mol- ecules. — Molest', v. t. To trouble, render uneasy, dis- turb, annoy, vex, tease. [F. molester, L. molestare, fr. mo- lestns, troublesome, fr. moles.] — Molest'er, n. — MoPesta'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Mole, mol, n. (Zobl.) A small subterranean insect-e a t i n g Mole. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tfn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r : MOLECULE 361 mammal, with minute eyes and very soft fur. — v. t. [moled (mold), moling.] To form holes in, as a mole; to burrow, excavate. [ME. mold warp, -werp, lit. the animal, that casts up mold (q. v.), fr. werpen, to throw up: see Wahp.]- Mole'-cast, -hill, n. A little elevation of earth made by a mole digging un- der ground; a very small hill; insignificant difficul- ty. eyed, -Id, a. Having eyes like a mole's; seeing imperfectly. — skin, n. A silk fabric, having a thick, soft shag, like a mole's fur; also, a shaggy cotton fabric. Molecule, Molest, etc. See under .Mole, a mound. Mollient, mol'lT-ent or -yent, a. Serving to soften; assuaging; emollient. [L. molliens, p. pr. of moUire, to sotten, fr. mollis, soft ; s. rt. Gr. malakos, soft, amalos, tender, E. moil, mar.] — Mol'lify, -ll-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make soft or tender; to assuage (pain or irritation); to appease (excited feel- ing or passion), pacify; to reduce in harshness or asperity. [OF. modifier, L. mollificare, -catum, fr. mollis and facere, to make.] — Mol'lifi/able, a. — Mol'lifica/tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Mol'lift'er, n. — Mol'lusk, n. A boneless animal, having a soft, fleshy body, inhabiting a univalve or bivalve shell, or clothed only with a membranous mantle. [F. mollusque, a mollusk, L. mollusca, a soft- shelled nut, fr. motluscus, softish, fr. molus.] — Mol- lus'can, n. A mollusk. — Mollus'can, -cous, -kus, a. Pert, to the moilusks, or partaking of their properties. Molt, Moult, molt, v. i. To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, etc. — v. t. To cast (the hair, skin, etc.); to shed. [ME. monten, fr. L. mutate, to change, whence F. micer, OHG. muzon, to molt; s. rt. mew, muta'ile.] Molten: see Melt. Molybdena, mol-ib-de , na, Molyb'denite, -nit, n. (Kin.) An ore of dark lead color, occurring in flexible lam- inae, like plumbago; sulphuret of molybdenum. [Gr. moluhdaina, fr. molubdos, lead.] — Molyb'denous, -lib'de-nus, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, molybde- na.— Molybde'num, n. (Chem.) A rare, white, brit- tle metal, obtained with difficulty from molybdena. — Molyb'date, n. (Chem.) A compound of molyb- dic acid with a base. Mome, mom, n. A dull, silent person; stupid fellow; stock. [OF. See Mum and JIumm.] Moment, mo'ment, n. A minute portion of time ; an instant; impulsive power; momentum; importance in influence or effect; an essential element; a decid- ing point, fact, or consideration. [F.; L. momentum, a movement, hence an instant of time, also moving force, weight, fr. movere, to move, q. v.] — Mo'ment- ary, -a-rf, a. Done in a moment; continuing only a moment.— Mo'mentarily, -a-rT-lT, adv. Every mo- ment; from moment to moment. — Mo'inentariness, n. — Mo'mently, adv. For a moment; in a moment; every moment. — Moment'ous, -us, a. Of moment or consequence ; important; weight v. — Momenf- ousness, n. — Momen'tum, n. ; L. pi. -ta ; E. pi. -tums. (Mech.) The amount of force in a moving body, being always proportioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the velocity; impetus; essen- tial or constituent element. [L.] Monachal, etc. See under Monad. Monad, mon'ad, n. An ultimate atom, or simple, un- extended point; an indivisible thing. (Zo'61.) One of the simplest kind of minute animalcules. (Chem.) One of the elements (hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, potassium, sodium, and lithium) which can combine with, be exchanged for, or be re- placed by one atom of hydrogen. [L. and Gv.monas, , a unit, fr. Gr. mono.*, alone, sole ; perh. s. rt. Skr. manak, a little.] — Monad'ic, -ical. a. Relating to monads; having the nature of a monad. — Monan''- drian, -nan'drf-an, -drous, -drus, a. (Bot.) Having but one stamen. [Gr. oner, man.] — Mon'arch, -ark, n. A sole ruler; autocrat; sovereign; emper- or, king, prince, or chief; one superior to all others of the same kind. [F. mov- arque, L. monarcha, Gr. monarches ; archein, to be first, rule : see Arch, chief.]— Mouarch'al, -ial, a. Pert, to, or suiting, a monarch ; sovereign ; regal ; imperial.— Monarchic, -ical, a. Vested in a single ruler; pert, to monarchy or a monarch. — Monorchism, n. The prin- ciples of monarchy; love or preference of, etc. — Monarchist, n. An advocate of, etc. — Mon'archy, -(, n. A state or government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a mon- arch: territory ruled over by u monarch; a kingdom; empire. — Moa'astery, mon'as-ter'I or lnoii'as-trY, i&e of religious retirement, esp. lor monks; A hot convent; nunnery: abbey; priory. [L. monasteriwn, Gr. mouasttrion, fr. numastes, living alone, also a monk, fr. monazein, to be alone, ir. mouos]. — Mon'- aste'rial, a. Pert, to a monastery. — Monas'tic. n. A niouK. — Monas'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to monaster- ies, or to their occupants, rules, etc.; secluded from the temporal concerns of life; recluse. [Gr. monasti- kos, living in solitude.] — Monas'tic ally, adv. In a retired manner; in the manner of monks; reclu6ely. — Monas'ticism, -tl-sizm, n. The monastic life, sys- tem, or condition. —Monachal, -a-kal, a. Pert, to monks or a monastic life; monastic. [L. monachus, Gr. monachos, solitary, also a monk.] — Mon'achism, -a-kizm, n. The system and influences of a monastic life.— Monk, munk.n. One of a male community in- habiting a monastery, and bound by vows to a life of celibacy and religious exercises; a religious recluse or hermit. [AS. muwc, fr. L. monachus.] — Monk'- ery, -er-I, n. The life of monks; monastic life, usage, or customs. — Monk'ish, a. Like, or pert, to, etc. — Mon'ocar'pous, -kiir'pus, a. (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once, and dying alter fructification, as wheat. [Gr. monos and kurpos, fruit.] — Mon'ochord, -kord, n. (Mus.) An instrument consisting of 1 string only, for experimenting upon the mathematical relations of musical sounds. [Gr. chorde, string.] — Mon'o- chrome, -o-kr5m, n. A painting with a single color. [Gr. chroma, color.] — Mon'ochromat'ic, -kro-mat'- fk, a. Consisting of 1 color, or presenting rays of light of 1 color only.— Mon'ocii'nal, a. (Geol.) Hav- ing 1 oblique inclination, — said oi strata that dip in only 1 direction from the axis of elevation. {Gv.kli- nein, to incline.]— Monoc'ular, -ulous. -u-lus, a. Hav- ing 1 eye only; adapted to be used with only 1 eye at a time. [L. oculus, an eye.] — Mon'ocule, -kul, n. (Entom.) An insect with only 1 eye. — Mon'odac'- tylous, -dak'til-us, a. Having but ] finger or toe. [Gr. daktulos, finger.] — Mon'ody, -o-dl, n. A mourn- ful poem, in which a single mourner expresses lam- entation. [Gr. monodia, a solo ; ode, song.] — Mon'- odist, n. One who writes, etc.— Monog'amy, -a-mT, n. Union of 1 male with 1 female: practice or state of having only 1 husband, wife, or mate at a time,— opp. to bigamy and polygamy; also the state of such as may not marry again after the death of a first wife. [Gi. gamos, marriage.] — Monog'amist, ?i. One who holds to monagamy, as opp. to polygamy, etc.; one who disallows second marriages. — Mon'ogam''- ic, a. Pert, to, or involving, monogamy. — Monc- gen'esis, -jen'e-sis, -nog'eny, -noj'e-ni, n. Unity of origin, — esp. the theory that all mankind has a com- mon origin, opp. to )>oh/ genesis or polygeny. [Gr. genesis, origin.] — Mon'ogram, n. A character or cipher composed of 1, 2, or more letters, interwoven, being an abbreviation of a name. [Gr. gramma, a letter.] — Mon'ograph, -graf, n. A treatise upon or description of a single thing, or a single branch of a subject. [Gr. graphe, a description.] — Kon'ograpb/- ic, -ical, a. Drawn in lines without colors; pert, to a monograph.— Monog'raphy, -ra-fT, n. A represen- tation by lines only; an outline drawing ; a mere sketch; a monograph. — Mon'olith, n. A pillar, col- umn, etc., consisting of a single stone. [Gr. lithos, a stone.] — Mon'oJogue, -log, n. A speech uttered by a person alone; soliloquy; a poem, song, or scene com- posed for a single performer. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — MoVoma/'nia, -nT-a, n. Derangement of a single faculty of the mind, or with regard to a particular subject only. [Gr. mania, mania, q. v.] — Mon'o- ma'niac, n. One affected by monomania. — a. Af- fected with, etc. — Mono'mial, -no'mT-al, n. (Alg.) A single algebraic expression; that is, an expression unconnected with any other by the signs of addi- tion, subtraction, equality, or inequality. [Gr. name, distribution.] — Monop'athy, -a-thf, n. Solitary suffering or sensibility. [Gr. pathos, suffering.] — Mon'opet v - alous, -a-lus, a. (Lot.) Having only 1 petal, or the corolla in 1 piece, or composed of petals cohering so as to form a tube. [Gr. petolon, leaf.] — Monophthong, mon'of-thong, n. A single uncompounded vowel sound ; a vowel digraph. [Gr. phthongoa, sound.] — Mon'ophthon'gal, -thon'- gal, o. Consisting of, or pert, to, Monopetalou? etc. — Monoph/ysite, -nof'l-slt, n. orGamopei- (Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient sect alousFlower. tun, cube, full; moon, idol; cow, oil; linger ur ink, tiien, botfboN, cnair, get. MONDAY 362 MONTH who maintained that the human and divine in Jesus Christ constituted but 1 nature. [Gr. phusis, nature.] — Monop'oly,-o-lY, n. An exclusive right, privilege, or power of dealing in any species of goods, or of deal- ing with a country or market. [Gr. monopolia ; po- lein, to sell.]— Monopolist, -oliz'er, -o-liz'Sr, n. One who monopolizes.— Monopolize, v.t. [-lized (-lizd), -lizing.] To get possession of the whole of (a com- modity); to appropriate or control the exclusive sale of; to obtain the exclusive right of, esp. the right of trading to any place, or with any country or district ; to engross the whole of . — Monop'teral, a. {Arch.) With but 1 wing, — applied to a temple or circular inclosure of columns without a cell. [Gr. pteron, feather, wing.] — Monoptote, mon'op- or mo-nop'- tot, re. {Gram.) A noun having only 1 case. .[Gr. ptotos, fallen, fr. piptein, to fall.]— Mon'ostich, -stik, re. A composition consisting of 1 verse only. [Gr. stichos, line, verse.] — Mon'ostropb/ic, -strofik, a. {Pros.) Having 1 strophe only: not varied in meas- ure. [Gr. strophe, strophe.] — Mon'osyl'lable, -sil'- la-bl, re. A word of 1 syllable. [Gr. sidlabe, syllable.] — Mon'osyUab'ic, a. Consisting of 1 syllable ; con- sisting of words of 1 syllable. — Mon'otne'ism, -the / - izm, m. The doctrine or belief that there is but 1 God. [Gr. theos, god.] — Mon'othe'ist, re. One who believes, etc. — Mon'otheisfic, a. Pert, to, or par- taking of, monotheism. — Monotb/elite, -noth'e-llt, ?i. {Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient sect who held that Christ had but 1 will in his 2 natures. [Gr. thel- ein, ethelein, to will.] — Mon'otone, -o-ton, n. {Mus.) A single unvaried tone or sound. {Rhet.) The ut- terance of successive syllables in 1 unvaried key or line of pitch, [Gr. tonos, tone.] — Monotonous, -o- nus, a. Uttered in 1 unvarying tone or kev; contin- ued with dull uniformity. — Monotonously, adv.— Monot'omousness, -ony, -o-nT, re. Absence of variety, as in speaking or singing; an irksome sameness or want of variety. Monday, mun'di, n. The 2& day of the week. [AS. Jlonan dseg, day of the moon; mona, gen. monati, moon, q. v.; deeg, day, q. v.] Money, mun'I, re.; pi. -eys, -iz. Coin; stamped metal used as the medium of commerce; any currency usually and lawfully employed in buying and sell- ing; cash; wealth. [ME. and OF. moneie,h. moneta, a mint (q. v.), also money.] — Mon'etary, -e-tSr-T, a. Pert, to or consisting in money; pecuniary. — Monk- eyed, -id, a. Rich in, having," consisting in, or com- posed of, money.— Mon 'ever, -T-er, n. {Coinage.) A responsible and authorized manufacturer of coin. — Moneyless, a. Destitute of money ; penniless. — Mon'ey-bro'ker. n. A broker who deals in money. — chan'ger, n. A broker who deals in money or ex- changes. or'der, n. An order for a sum of money, issued by a post-office to which payment has been made, and payable by another office. — Mon'etize, -e-tlz, v. t. [-TIZED (-tizd), -tizing] To convert into money, adopt as current money, give an established value to. Monger, mun'ger, re. A trader; dealer, — now used chiefly in composition. — v. t. To deal in, make merchandise of, traffic in. [AS. mangere, dealer, merchant, mangian, to traffic, Darter, ong. to deal in a mixture of things, f r. mang, sl mixture ; s. rt. manig, many.] — Mom'grel, mun'grel, a. Of a mixed breed ; hybrid, — re.. An animal of a mixed breed; one of no deflnite breed or without pedigree. [Fr. AS. mengan, to mingle (q. v.), fr. mang.] Mongoose. See Mungoose. Monition, mo-nish'un, re. Instruction given by way of caution; warning; information; notice. [F.; L. mo- nitio, fr. monere, moniturn, to remind; s. rt. Skr. man, to think: see Man.] — Mon'itive, -t-tiv, a. Convey- ing admonition; admonitory. — Monitor, re. One who warns, advises, cautions, instructs, or admon- ishes; a pupil selected to look to the scholars in the absence of an instructor, or to instruct a division or class. {Naut.) An ironclad war vessel, having its guns in a revolving turret, — this having been the name of the first vessel of the kind. [L., same as mentor. .] — Mon'itolial, -I-to'rf-al, a. Pert, to, per- formed by, conducted or taught by, or communi- cated by, monitors. — Monitory, -to-rf, a. Giving admonition ; warning. — Monltress, re. A female monitor. Monk. etc. See under Monad. Monkey, munk'T, re. ; pi. -eys, -iz. One of an order of 4-handed mammals, having pectoral mammae, short legs with hand-shaped prehensile feet, usual- ly, long arms with clasping hands, and almost al- Heads of Monkeys. 1, Simiadoe; 2, Cebidse. ways a pre- hensile tail, —sometimes a p p 1 ie d to apes and ba- boon s ; a name of con- tempt, or of slight kind- n e s s ; the hammer of a p i 1 e-driver. [F. monne, monnine, Sp. and It. mona, Armor, mouna, inounika, Illyr. muna, maimun, Ar. maymoun, monk- ey.]— Monk'eyism, -T-izm, n. Conduct of a monk- ey ; rese-mblance to a monkey in disposition or ac- tions. — Monk'ey-jack'et, n. A tailless, close-fitting jacket. — rail, n. {Nam.) A second and lighter rail raised aboutii inches above the quarter-rail of a ship. — wrench, n. A wrench o r spanner having a movable jaw. Monocalpous, Monody, Monkey-wrench. Monogram, etc. See under Monad. Monseigneur, mawN-sa-nyer'', n. ; pi. Messeigneuks, ma-sa-nyer'. My lord; your grace or highness, — title of a person of high rank. [F. ; mon, my, seign- eur, lord.] — Monsieur, mo-sye r , n. ; pi. Messieurs, ma-sye'. Sir, or Mr. — title of civility to persons ad- dressed in speech or writing: it is used specifically of princes of the French blood-royal; a Frenchman,— in contempt or ridicule. [F.; sieur, contr. fr. seigneur.'] Monsoon, mon-soon', n. A wind alternating with the seasons, esp. a wind in the Indian Ocean, blowing from the S.-W. from April to Oct., and from the N.- E. during the other half of the year. [It. monsone, fr. Malay musitn, the monsoon, also a season, year, Ar. mawsim, a time, season.] Monster, monaster, w. Something of unnatural size, shape, or quality; a prodigy; an unnatural produc- tion ; an animal or plant departing from the usual type ; any thing or person horrible from ugliness, deformity, wickedness, or power to harm. [ME. and F. vionstre, fr. L. monstrum, a divine omen, por- tent, monster, fr. monere, to warn, lit. make to think; s. rt. man, mind (q. v.), demonstrate, remon- strate, mutter.] — Mon'strous, -strus, a. Having the qualities of a monster ; deviating greatly from the natural form ; abnormal ; enormous ; extraordi- nary ; marvelous ; shocking to the sight or other senses ; horrible ; dreadful. — adv. Exceedingly ; verv much. [OF. monstrueux, L. monstruosus, -stro- sws.] — Mon'strously, adv. In a monstrous manner; shockingly; to a great degree; enormously. — Mon'- strousness, n. — Monstrosity, -stros'T-tt, re. State of being monstrous; an unnatural production; that w h i c h is monstrous. — Mon'- strance, -strans, n. {Rom. Cath. Church.) A transparent pyx. in which the consecrated wafer or host is held up to view before the congregation. [OF. ; LL. monstrantia, demo nstration, proof, fr. L. monstrare, to show, fr. monere.] Montanic, mon-tanlk, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, mountains. [L. montanus. fr. rnons, montis, mountain: see Mount.] —Mont \ de Pi£te\ mawN / de-pe-a-ta /r . A pawnbroking establishment, to lend money to necessitous per- Monstrance. sons at a low rate of interest. [F.; It. monte di pietk, mount of piety. J Montanist, mon v ta-nist, re. {Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Montanus, a Phrygian bishop of the 2d century, who claimed that he was inspired in points not re- vealed to the apostles, and -that the Holy Spirit dwelt in him, and employed him to guide men in the Christian life. Monteth, mon-teth' or monleth, re. A vessel for washing glasses. [Inventor's name.] Month, munth, re. One of the 12 divisions of the calen- dar year ; time of one revolution of the moon ; four weeks. [ME. moneth, AS. monadh, mondh, prop, a lunation, f r. mona, moon ; s. rt. L. mensis, Skr. masa, Lithuan. menesis, month, menu, moon, Gr. men, month, mene, moon, q. v.] — Monthly, -It, a. Con- tinued, or performed in a month; happening once a A publication which month, or every month. ■ am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; 5dd, tone, or; MONUMENT 363 MORAL appears regularly once a month, month; in every month. • adv. Once a Phases of the moon. See Phase. Monument, mon'u-ment, n. Anything intended to remind or give notice; a building, pillar, stone, etc., erected in remembrance of a person, event, etc. ; memorial; tomb; cenotaph; an enduring or notable evidence, instance, orexample. [F.; L. monumentum, fr. monere, monition, to remind : see Monition.] — Monument' al, a. Of, pert, to, inscribed upon, suit- able for, or serving as, a monument; memorial.— Monumentally, adv. By way of memorial ; by means of monuments. Moo, moo, v. i. To make the noise of a cow ; to low. [Onomat.] Mood, mood, n. Manner; style; mode; logical form; musical style ; grammatical form indicating man- ner of action or being. [Same as mode, q. v.] Mood, mood, n. Temper of mind; temporary state of the mind in regard to passion or feeling. [AS. mod, mind, feeling, heart, D. moed, Dan. and Sw. mod, G. muth, courage, Ic. modhr, Goth, mods, wrath; perh. s. rt. man, mind.) — Mood'y, -T, a. [moodier, -iest.] Indulging moods, or varying frames of mind; out of humor: peevish; abstracted and pensive; gloomy; fretful; capricious. [AS. modig.) — Mood'- lly, -T-1T, adv. — Mood'iness, n. Moon, moon, n. The satellite which revolves round the earth; any second- ary planet, or satellite; a month ; a complete revolution of the moon. {Fort.) A crescent- formed outwork. — v. i. To act as if moon- struck; to stare dream- ily and inanely, wander idly. [ME. morte (2 syl.), AS. mona, OHG. m.ano, and see Month; s. rt. Skr. masa, a month, fr. ma, to measure.] — Moon-'y, -T, a. Pert, to, or like, the moon ; moon- struck; prone to moon. — Moon'ish, a. Like the moon; variable.— Moon'beam, n. A ray of light from the moon. — Moonlight, n. The light afforded by, etc. —a. Illuminated by, etc.; occurring during or by moonlight.— Moon'sliine, n. Moonlight; show without substance or reality. — Moon'-calf, n. A monster; a mole, or mass of fleshy matter, generated in the uterus; a stupid fellow. — eyed, -Id, a. Hav- ing eyes affected by the moon; dim-eyed; purblind. — stone, n. (Min.) A nearly pellueid variety of feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections from within. —-struck, a. Affected by the influence of the moon; lunatic. — year, n. A lunar year, con- sisting of 12 lunar months, or 354;^ days. Moor, moor, n. An extensive waste covered with heath, and having a poor, light soil, but sometimes marshy and abounding in peat; a heath; fen. [AS., Ic, and Dan. mor, 01). moer, G. moor; s. rt. mire, moss.]—- Moor'ish. a. Having the character of a moor ; marshy ; fenny ; watery. — Moor'y, -T, a. Of, pert, to, or like, moors ; boggy. — Moor'-cock, -fowl, -game, n. The red grouse or gorcock. — hen, n. The gallinule, or water-hen. See Gallinule. — land, n. A marsh; low, watery ground; a heath; large tract of waste ground. — stone, n. A species of Eng. granite. — Morass', -ras', n. A tract of soft, wet ground; marsh; swamp; bog; fen. [D. moeras, fr. OD. moer, a moor, also mire, mud, Sw. moras.] — Morass^y, -T, a. Marshy. Moor, moor, n. One of a swarthy Mohammedan race, once masters of Spain, but expelled in 16th cent., and now found in the towns of N. and N. W. Africa. [OF. More, Sp. Moro, L. Maurus, Gr. Mouros, prob. same as mauros, o.mauros, dark.] — Moor'ish, a. Pert, to Morocco or the Moors. — Moresque'', -resk', Mauresque', maw- resk', Moris'co, a. Done after the man- ner of the Moors. — n. A species of ornamentation upon flat surf aees, used by the Moors, painted, inlaid Moorish Archway. [F. moresque. It. moresco, Sp. morisco.) — Moris'co, Mo'risk, n. One of the Moors in Spain ; the Moor- ish language ; a Moorish dance, now called Morris- dance : one who dances it. — Moroc'co, n. A fine kind of leather, prop, made of goatskin and tanned with sumach, dyed, and grained, — said to have originated with the Moors. Moor, moor, v. t. [moored (moord), mooring.] (Naut.) To confine (a ship) by cables and anchors; to secure, fix firmly.— v. i. To be confined by cables or chain3. [D. marren; s. rt. mar, marline.) — Moor'age, -ej, n. A place for mooring. — Moor'ing, n. Act of confin- ing a ship to a particular place, bv anchors, etc.; that by which a ship is secured or confined; pi. place or condition of a ship thus confined. Moose, moos, Moose'deer, n. A large, ungainly Amer deer, the congener of the European elk, having a short, thick neck, with a mane, a long, flexible' nose, and very long, coarse ears : the males have antlers, branched and broadly palmate. [Indian_name.J Moot, moot, v. t. To argue for and against, debate; to propound and discuss in a mock court. —v. i. Jioose. To argue or plead on a supposed cause. — o. Sub- ject to argument or discussion: undecided; debat- able. — n. A debate; esp., a discussion of fictitious causes by way of practice. [AS. motian, to cite, summon, fr. AS. and Ic. mot, MHG. moz, a meeting, assembly; s. rt. L. manere, Gr. menein, to remain, E. meet.) — Moot'-case, -point, n. A point, case, ox question, to be mooted or debated; a disputable case. court, n. A court held for arguing or trying feigned cases. Mop, mop, n. A piece of cloth, or a collection of thrums, fastened to a handle, for washing floors ; a thick, shaggy, or untidy mass, as of hair. — v. t. [mopped (mopt), -PING.] To rub or wipe with, or as with, a mop. [Prob. fr. OF. mappe, a napkin ; perh. W. mop, Ga. moibeal, Ir. moipal, a mop, are fr. the E.] — Mop'-board, n. A narrow board covering the wall of a room next to the floor. — Mop'pet, ra. A rag baby; a little girl; woman. — Mop'sey, -sf, n. A moppet: a slatternly woman. Mop, mop, n. A grimace ; a wry mouth, —v. i. To grimace. [Same as mope.) — Mope, mop, v. i. [moped (inopt), moping.] To be very stupid; to be dull; to be spiritless or gloomy. — v. t. To make spiritless or stupid.— n. A dull, stupid person ; a drone. [D. moppen, to pout, sulk; same as mock.) — Mop'ish, a. Dull; spiritless; sulky; sullen.— Mop'ishness. n. Moquette, mo-kef, n. A fine tapestry or Brussels carpet; Wilton carpet. [F.] Moraine, mo-ran', n. (Geol.) A line of stones and other debris along the sides and at the foot of sepa- rate glaciers, and along the middle part of glaciers formed by the union of separate ones. [F. ; cf. Pg. morraria, a ridge of shelves of sand, ir. morra, a rock, shelf of sand, It. mora, pile of rocks, Bava- rian mur, sand, broken stones; s. rt. OHG. muruwi, soft, brittle, AS. meai~u, tender, L. mola, a mill, E. meal, mold.) Moral, mor'al, a. Pert, to those intentions and ac- tions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, are predicated; conformed to rules of right; virtuous; just; conformed to law and right in deportment; ca- pable of moral action; subject to the moral law; cal- culated to serve as the basis of action; probable. — n. Doctrine or practice of the duties of life, manners, conduct, behavior, — usually in pi.; the inner sig- nificance of a fable, occurrence, experience, etc. [F.; L. moralis, fr. mos, moris, manner, custom; s. rt. demure.) — Moral philosophy. Science of the nature, condition, and duties of man as a moral being. — 21. sense. Power of moral judgment and feeling. — Mor'alist, n. One who moralizes or teaches moral- ity; one who practices moral duties. — Moral'ity, mo-raKi-tY, n. Relation of conformity or non-con- formity to the true moral standard or rule; doctrine or system of moral duties: ethics; practice of the moral and social duties; external virtue; a kind of play, which consisted of discourses in praise of mo- rality between allegorical actors. fF. morality.) — Mor'ally, adv. In a moral or ethical sense; accord- ing to moral rules; virtuously; honestly: practically, eCn, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. MORASS 364 MORT according to the usual course of things and human judgment. — Morale', mo-raK, ra. Moral condition or mental state (of a body of men, an army, etc.). [F.] — Mor'alize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To ap- ply to a moral purpose, explain in a moral sense, draw a moral from; to lend amoral to; to render moral or virtuous.— v. i. To make moral reflections. — Mor'alizer, n. — Mor'aliza'tion, n. Act of mor- alizing; explanation in a moral sense. Morass. See under Moor. Moravian, mo-ra'vt-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a re- ligious sect called the United Brethren, orig. fr. Mo- raria, Austria. Morbid, m6r'bid, a. Not sound and healthful ; in- duced by a diseased or abnormal condition; sickly; sick. [F. morbide, L. morbid us, fr. morbus, disease; s. rt. L. mori, to die, mors, death, E. mortal.] — Mor'bidly, adv.— Mor'bidness, ».— Morbific, -ical, a. Causing, or tending to produce, disease. [h.fu- cere, to make.] — Morbose', -bos', a. Proceeding from disease; unsound; unhealthy. [L. morbosus.] Morceau, m6r-so', n. A bit; a morsel. [F., fr. L. mor- sum, a bit, f r. mordere, morsus, to bite ; prob. s. rt. smart.'] — Mor'sel, n. A bite; mouthful; a small quantity of anything; little piece; fragment. [OF. = F. marceau, It. morsello.] — Morda'cious, -shus, a. Biting; given to biting; sarcastic; severe; scathing. [L. mordax, -dacis, fr, mordere.] — Mordacity, -das't-tt, n. Quality of being mordacious; biting or sarcastic quality. [F. mordacite'.] — Mor'dant, a. Biting; caustic; sarcastic. {Dyeing & Calico Print- ing.) Serving to fix colors. — ??. A substance which gives fixity to dyes, or one which makes gold leaf adhere. [F., p. pr. of mordre = L. mordere.] . More, mor, n. Greater quantity, amount, or number; something other and further. — a., comp. [used as compar. of much and many; superl. Most.] Greater in amount, degree, quality, number, etc.; additional. — adv. In a greater quantity, extent, or degree; rather; in addition; further; besides; again. [ME. mo, also more ; mo = AS. ma (a. and adv.), more in number, additional ; s. rt. G. mehr, Goth, mats, L. magis, more, E. may, q. v.; ME. more = AS. mara, greater, bigger ; s. rt. 1c. meiri, Goth, maiza, great- er.] — No more. Existing no longer ; departed ; de- ceased or destroyed.— The m. To a greater degree; by an added quantity ; for a reason already speci- fied. — The m., — them. By how much more, — by so much more. — Moreo'ver, adv. Beyond what has been said; further; also; likewise ; besides. — Most, most, a. [superl. of more.] Consisting of the greatest number or quantity; greatest, —n. The greatest, etc. — adv. In the greatest or highest de- gree. [ME. most, meste, AS. msest, Ic. mes/r, Goth. maists.]— Mostly, -It, adv. For the greatest part ; chiefly; in the main. Moreen, mo-ren', n. A heavy watered woolen stuff, used for curtains, etc. [Same as mohair.] Morel, mor'el, Mor'il, n. An edible mushroom of the size of a walnut, abounding with little holes. [F. morille, OI1G. morhila.] Morel, mor'el, Morel'lo, n. A variety of juicy cherry of an acid taste. [F. morelle.] Moresque. See under Moor. Morganatic, m6r-ga-nat'ik, a. Pert, to, or in the man- ner of, a marriage of a man with a woman of in- ferior rank, in which neither the latter nor her children can enjoy the rank or inherit the posses- sions of her husband, though the children are legiti- mate. [LL. morgenatica, fr. G. morgen, morning, here an abbr. of MUG. morgengabe, morning-gift, i. e., a present formerly made by the husband to the wife on the morning after their marriage.] Moribund. See under Mortal. Moril. See Morll. Morion, mo'rl-un, n. A kind of hat-shaped metal helmet, without visor or beaver. [F. morion, Sp. mom-ion, fr. morra, the crown of the head, morro, anything round.] Morioplasty, mo'rt-o-plas'tt, n. (Surg.) The resto- ration of lost parts of the body. [Gr. morion, dim. of moras, a part, and plassein, to mold, form.] Morisco, Morisk. See under Moor. Morling, mdr'ling, n. Wool plucked from a dead sheep. [F. mort, L. mortuus, dead, fr. moriri, to die: see Mortal.] Mormon, mSr'mon, n. One of a polygamous sect in the U. S., followers of Joseph Smith, who claimed to have found an addition to the Bible, called the Book of Mormon. — Mor'monism, -izm, n. Doctrine of, etc. — Mor'monite, -it, n. A Mormon. Moor.] Morn, m&rn, n. The first part of the day; the morn- ing ; the following day; morrow. [ME. morwen, rnorwe, morn, AS., D., and G. morgen; prob. s. rt. Gr. marmairein, to glitter, Skr. marichi, a ray of light, L. marmor = E. marble.] — Morning, n. The early part of the day, earliest hours of light, time from midnight to noon, from rising till dinner, etc.; the first or early part. — ■ a. Pert, to, or in, the early part of the day. [ME., contr. fr. morwening, a be- coming morwen, morn.] — Morning-glory, n. A climbing plant, having funnel-shaped flowers. — -star, n. The most brilliant planet visible on a given morning, esp. the planet Venus, when it precedes the sun in rising. — Mor'row, mSr'ro, n. Morning (as, good morrow); the next following day; the day following the present; to-morrow. [ME. morwe.] Morocco. See under Moor. Morose, mo-ros', a. Of a sour temper; sullen; austere; splenetic; crabbed; surly; ill-natured. FL. morosus, self-willed, fr. mos, moris, self-will, also custom, character.] — Morosely, adv. — Morose'ness, n. Morpnia, mor'f I-a, Mor'phine, -fin or -fen, n. ( Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid, the bitter, narcotic principle of opium: its salts are used in medicine as an ano- dyne. [Gr. Morpheus, god of sleep and dreams, fr. morphe, a shape, form.] — Morphol'ogy, -fol'o-jt, n. Science of the ideal forms and arrangement of the parts in the structure of animals and plants. [Gr. morphe and logos, discourse.] Morrice, -ris, mor'ris, n. A dance in imitation of the Moors, usually performed with castanets, by a sin- gle person ; a dance formerly common in Eng., joined with the May-day processions; a game played on the ground or on a board by 2 persons, wi ' pieces each. [See Morisco, under M Morrow. See under Morn. Morse, m6rs, n. The sea-horse, or walrus. [Russ. morj, Lapp, morsk.] Morsel. See under Morceau. Mort, m6rt, n. A note or tune sounded at the death of game. [F.; L. mors, mortis, death, mori, to die; s. rt. Skr. mri, to die.] — Mor'tal, a. Subject to death; destructive to life; causing death; admitting, or accessible to, death; incurring the extreme pen- alty of God's law ; not venial ; extreme ; human ; belonging to man, who is mortal; wearisomely long. — n. A being subject to death; man. [OF.; L. mor- talis.] — Mortal foe, or enemy. An inveterate, or im- placable enemy. — Mortality, -t-tt, n. Condition or quality of being mortal; death; destruction; the whole number of deaths in a given time or commu- nity ; those who are, or that which is, mortal ; the human race : humanity. [F. mortality, L. mortal- itas.] — Mor 'tally, adv. In a mortal manner; irre- coverably; in the highest possible decree; inveter- ately.— Moribund, mSr'T-bund, a. At the point of death; dying. [L. moribundus.] — Mort'uary, m6rt'- u-a-rf , n. A gift due to the minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner; a burial-place; a morgue. —a. Pert, to the burial of the dead. [LL. mortua- rium, a burial-fee, L. mortuarius, pert, to the dead.] — Mort'gage, mor'gej, n. (Law.) A conveyance of property, as security for payment of a debt or per- formance of a duty, on condition that the grant shall become void upon payment or performance; state of being pledged.— v. t. [mortgaged (-g-ejd), -gaging.] To convey as security, etc.; to pledge; to make liable to the payment of any debt or expenditure. [OF., lit. dead pledge (see Gage), — because whatever profit it might yield, it did not thereby redeem it- self, but became lost or dead to the mortgager upon breach of the condition.]— Mortgagee', -ga-je', n. One to whom a mortgage is made or given. — Mort' - gageor', -gej-6r', Mort'gager, -ga-ier, n. One who conveysproperty as security for debt. — Mort 'main, mort'man, n. (Law.) Possession of lands or tene- ments in dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate, — orig. by the church, now by any corporation. [F.; main, L. manus, a hand.] — Mortif'erous, -tif '- er-us, a. Producing death; fatal; destructive. [L. mortifer, fr. mors and ferre, to bring.] — Mor'ttfy, -tf-fi. v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To destroy the organic texture and vital functions of; to deaden by religious discipline, as the carnal affections, bod- ily appetites, or worldly desires; to abase; to affect with vexation, chagrin, or humiliation; to humble. — v. i. To lose vitality, as flesh; to practice severi- ties and penance from religious motives; to be sub- dued. [OF. mortifier, L. mortificare, to cause death, fr. facere, to make.] — Mor'tinca'tion, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc., esp. (Med.) death of one am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or MORTAR 365 MOUNT part of an animal body, while the rest continues to live ; subjection of the passions and appetites, by pen- ance, abstinence, etc. ; humiliation, chagrin, vexa- tion; that which mortifies. [OF.] — Mor'tifi'er, n. Mortar, mQr'tar, n. A wide-mouthed vessel, in which substances are pounded with a pestle. (Mil.) A short piece of ordnance, with large bore, for throw- ing bombs, shells, etc, at high angles of elevation. [As. mortere, L. mortarium.^^^gggggmBgm a vessel in which to pound Mortar things ; s. rt. L. martuhts, a hammer, E. mar.] — A mixture of lime and sand with water, used as a cement for uniting stones and bricks in walls. [F. mortier, fr. L. mortarium, lit. 6tuff pounded together.] Mor'tise, mSr'tis, n. A cavity cut into a piece of tim- ber, or other material, esp. one to receive the end of another piece, made to fit it, called a tenon. — v. t. [mortised (-tist), -using.] To make a mortise in; to join by a tenon and mortise. [F. mortaise, Sp. mortaja; perh. s. rt. Ar. murtazz, fixed in the mark — said of an arrow.] Mortmain, Mortuary. See under Mort. Mosaic, mo-za'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to Moses, the leader and lawgiver of the Israelites. Mosaic, mo-za'ik, n. Inlaid work, in which the effect of painting is produced }., \.' w , bv yieces of colored stone, wood, glass, -ionise ana etc— a. Of, or pert, to, etc. ; varie- J-enon. gated ; tessellated ; also, composed of various ma- terials or ingredients. [OF. mosaique, Late Gr. mouseion, mosaic work, neut. of Gr. rnouseios, pert, to the Muses, hence artis- tic, fr. mousa, a Muse, q. v.] Moslem, mozlem, n. A Mussulman ; an or- thodox Mohamme- dan. — a. Pert, to, etc. [Ar. muslim. a true believer in the Mohammedan faith, fr. salama, to submit (to God); s. rt. mussul- man, Islam, salam.] Mosque, mosk, n. A Mohammedan place of worship. [F. mosque'e, Sp. mezquita, Ar. masjid, fr. sajada, to bend, adore.] Mosquito, mus-ke'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A small dip- terous stinging insect of several species, having a sharp-pointed proboscis, by which it punctures the 6kins of animals and sucks their blood. [Sp., dim. of mosca, L. musca, Gr. muia, a fly.] — Mosquito bar, or net. A net or curtain (over a bed, or in a window) to exclude mosquitoes. Moss, mos, n. (Bot.) An acrogenous cryptogamous plant of a cellular structure, with branching stem, narrow leaves, and a distinct root, — popularly ap- plied to other cryptogamic plants, esp. lichens. A bog ; a place where peat is found. — v. t. [mossed (most), mossing.] To cover with moss. [ME., D., Dan., MHG. mos, AS. meos, Ic. most, moss, also MHG. mos, Ic. mosi, moorland, swamp ; s. rt. Russ. mokh\ L. muscus, moss, E. mire, perh. Gr. moschos, a young shoot of a plant, scion.] — Moss^y, -T, a. [-IER, -iest.] Overgrown, abounding, or bordered with, moss. — Mossiness, n. — Moss'-rose, n. A vari- ety of rose having a mosslike pubescence or growth on the calyx or envelope of the flower. — troop'er, n. One of a class of marauders that formerly infested the border country between England and Scotland. Most, Mostly. See under More. Mostic, -tick. Same as Maul-stick. Mot, mo, n. A pithy or witty saying ; a witticism, f F., fr. L. muttwn, a mutter, grunt, muttire, to mut- ter, mumble; s. rt. Gr. mu, a muttered sound, E. mutter.] — Motet', mo-fet', n. (Mus.) A musical Composition adapted to sacred words in church style ; an anthem. [F. ; Olt. mottetto, dim. of motto.'] — Mot' to, n. ; pi.- toes, -tOz. A phrase or sentence prefixed to an essay, poem, etc., and apposite to its subject ; a phrase attached to a device. [It., fr. L. muttum.] Mote, mot, n. A small particle, speck, spot [AS. mot.] Mosaic. Moth, moth, n. (Entom.) A lepidopterous insect, of many species, allied to the butterfly, having an- tenna that taper regular-, ly to a point, and Hying mostly by night; a miller; a small caterpillar or larve of certain insects, very de- structive to woolen goods, furs, honey, and some veg- etable substances. That „ which gradually and si- Feather-winged Moth, lently consumes or wastes anything. [AS. modhdhe, D. mot, a moth; s. rt. AS. madhu, D. and G. made, a maggot, Goth, matha, a worm, prob. E. mow, to cut grass.] — Moth'-eat, -et, v. t. To eat or prer upon, as a moth eats a garment. — Motb/y, -T, a. Full of, or eaten by, moths. Mother, muth'Sr, n. A female parent, esp. of the hu- man race; that which has produced anything; source oi birth or origin. — a. Received by birth or from anoestors; native; natural; acting the part, or hav- ing the place of, a mother. [AS., Dan., and Sw. moder, Ic. modhir, G. mutter, OHG. mvotar, L. ma- ter, Gr. meter, Skr. mnta; s. rt. Skr. ma, to measure, E. maternal.] — Mother Carey's chicken. (Ornith.) A small oceanic bird; the stormy petrel. See Petrel. — Moth'er-hood, n. State of being a mother.— Motb/- erly, -It, a. Pert, to, or becoming, a mother; tender; maternal. — adv. In the manner of, etc. — Moth'er- less, a. Destitute of, or having lost, etc. — Motb/er- in-law', n. The mother of one's husband or wife.— -land, n. The land of one's mother or parents.— -of-pearl', n. The hard, silvery, brilliant, internal layer of several kinds of shells, esp. oyster shells of the Indian seas ; \acre. — tongue, n. A language from which another language has had its origin; one's native language. — wit, n. Native wit; com- mon sense. Mother, mutfa/er, n. A thick, slimy vegetable growth which forms in certain saccharine or alcoholic liq- uids, turning them into vinegar; the vinegar plant. — v. i. To produce or become thick with mother. [Prop, mudder, fr. mud, q. v. ; OD. modder, mud, mire, also lees, dregs, etc., G. moder, mud, mutter, mother (parent), also sediment.] — Motb/ery, -er-Y, a. Like, of the nature of, or containing, etc. [G. moderig.] — Moth'er-wa'ter, n. The impure resi- due of a liquor from which crystals have been ob- tained— Motherwort, -wert, n. (Bot.) An herb of a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine. Motion, Motive, Motor, etc. See under Move. Motley, mofll, a. Variegated in color; dappled; het- erogeneously made or mixed up; discordantlv com- posite.— n. A fool's parti-colored coat. [OF. mat- tele, spotted, clotted — said orig. of curdled milk, Bavarian matte, curds.] — Mot'tle, -tl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To mark with spots of different colors. Motto. See under Mot. Mould, Moulder, etc. See Mold, etc Moult. See Molt. Mound, mownd, n. An artificial hill or elevation of earth ; a raised bank ; bulwark ; rampart ; also, a natural isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. — v. t. To fortify with a mound. [ME., a protection, AS. mund, OHG. munt, protection, a hand, OFries. mund, G. vormund, a guardian; prob. s. rt. L. eminere, to i'ut out, E. promontory, mount, q. v.; prob. not s. rt. j. manus, a hand.] — Mound'-build'er, n. One of an aboriginal N. Amer. race which built mounds and earthworks, esp. in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. Mound, mownd, n. (Her.) A globe forming part of the regalia of a sovereign, [F. monde, L. mundus, the world.] Mount, mownt, n. A mass of earth rising considerably above the surrounding surface; a mountain; means or opportunity for mounting ; esp., a horse, and the equipments for a horseman. — v. i. To rise on high, go up, ascend, tower ; to get upon anything, esp. on horseback; to amount, count up. — v. t. To get upon, ascend, climb ; to bestride ; to put on horse- back, furnish with horses ; to put on anything that sustains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map on cloth or paper ; to prepare for being worn or used, as a diamond by setting, etc, [ME. and AS. munt, a mount, hill, L. mons, montis, a mountain ; s. rt. L. eminere, to jut out, E. eminent, menace; ME. mounten, F. monter, to mount, ascend, OF. a >.>07it, up hill, fr. mont = L. mons; s. rt. E. amount.] — To mount guard. (Mil.) To take the station, and sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNbos. chai r , t*- MOURN 366 MUCUS do the duty, of a sentinel. — Mount'able, a. Capa- ble of being mounted. — Mounting, re. Act of pre- paring for use, or embellishing; that by which any- thing is prepared for use, or set off to advantage ; embellishment.— Mount'ebank, -e-bank, re. A quack- doctor who vends nostrums from a bench or public stage; any boastful and false pretender; a charlatan. [It. montambanco, Olt. monta in banco, fr. montare (= F. rnonter), to mount, in (= L. in, in, on), and banco (= MHG. banc), bench, monev-table : see Bank.] — Mountain, -in, n. A large mass of earth and rock, rising above the adjacent land; a very high hill, esp. a particular elevation in a lofty range; something very large. — a. Pert, to, or found on, etc. ; of mountain size ; vast. [ME. and OF. mon- taine, LL. montana, neut. pi. of L. montanus, moun- tainous, f r. mons.] — Mount/ameer', -in-er', n. An inhabitant of a mountain.— Mount'ainous, -in-us, a. Full of mountains; large as a mountain; huge. Mourn, morn, v. i. [mourned (mornd), mourning.] To feel or express grief or sorrow, grieve, lament; to wear the customarv habit of sorrow. — v. t. To grieve for; to utter in a sorrowful manner, deplore, bewail, bemoan. [AS. murnan,lc.morna, to grieve; s. rt. Ic. murra, to murmur, q . v.] — Mourn'er, re. One who mourns; one who follows a funeral in the habit of mourning. — Mourn'ful, -f ul, a. Full of, expressing, intended to express, or causing, sorrow; lugubrious; sad; doleful; grievous; calamitous. — Mourn / 'fully, adv.— Mourn'fulness , n.— Mourning, n. Act of sor- rowing; lamentation; sorrow; dress worn by mourn- b, mows, re.; pi. Mice, mis. A small rodent quad- ruped infesting houses and fields. [AS., Ic, Dan., Sw., L., and Gr. mus, Skr. musha, mouse, lit. the stealing animal, fr. Skr. mush, to steal; pi. in AS. mys, in Ic. myss.] — Mouse'-hole, n. A hole which mice enter or pass; a very small hole or entrance. — -trap, re. A trap for catching mice. — Mouse, mowz, v. i. [moused (mowzd), mousing.] To watch for and catch mice ; to watch for or pursue anything in a sly manner. — Mous'er, n. One that mouses; a cat that catches mice. — Mu'rine, -rin, a. Pert, to mice ; mouse-colored. [L. murinus, f r. mus, muris.] Moustache. See Mustache. Mouth, mowth, re. The aperture between the lips ; aperture by which an animal takes food ; also, the cavity within the lips, containing the jaw, teeth, and tongue ; an opening ; orifice ; aperture ; as of a vessel hy which it is filled or emptied, charged or discharged ; or, of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den; or, the opening through which the waters of any body of water are discharged into another; a principal speaker ; mouth-piece ; a wry face ; gri- mace. [AS. rnudli, Goth, munths.] — Moutb/ful, Jul, n. ; pi. -fuls. As much as the mouth contains at once ; a small quantity. — MoutbZ-or'gan, n. A small wind instrument, played by blowing upon metallic reeds; a harmonica. piece, n. The piece of a musical wind instrument to which the mouth is applied; one who delivers the opinions of others. — Mouth, mowth, v. t. [mouthed (mowthd), mouth- ing.] To chew, devour; to utter with a voice affect- edly big or swelling. — v. i. To speak with a full, round, or loud, affected voice ; to vociferate, rant. Move, moov, v. t. [moved (moovd), moving.] To cause to change place or posture, carry from one place to another, alter the position of, set in motion; to excite to action by presentation of motives; to af- fect (the mind, will, or passions); to arouse the feel- ings or passions of ; esp., to excite to tenderness or compassion; to offer formally for consideration and determination, in a publie assembly, propose, offer. — v. i. To change place or posture; to go from one place to another; to act mentally or spiritually; to change residence; to bring forward a motion in in assembly; to make a proposal, — re. Act of mov- ing; movement; act of moving a piece used in play- ing a game, as chess. [OF. moroir, F. mouvoir, L. movere, motum, to move; s. rt. Skr. miv,p. p. inuta, to push, Gr. ameuomai, I change place, E. mob, mo- bile, moment, commotion, promote, remove, etc.] — Moveable, a. Capable of being moved; not fixed; changing from one time to another. —Moveable, n.; pi. -bles, -biz. An article of wares or goods; gen- erally, in pi. ; goods ; wares ; furniture ; property not fixed, opp. to real estate. — Mov'ableness, n. — Mov'ably, adv. — Move'ment, n. Act of moving ; change of place or posture: mentalaction; emotion; manner of moving; that which moves or imparts motion. (Mus.) Rhythm; any single strain, or part, having the same measure or time. [OF.] — Mov'er, re. A person or thing that moves, stirs, or changes place ; a motor; motive power; one who offers a prop- osition, or recommends anything for consideration or adoption. — MoVing, p. a. Changing place or posture ; causing motion or action ; exciting the pas- sions or affections ; touching ; pathetic ; affecting. — Mo' tile, -til, a. Having powers of self-motion, though unconscious. [F.] — Motion, -shun, re. Act or process of changing place or position ; gesture ; movement ; manner of moving ; port ; gait ; air ; power of, or capacity for, moving; movement of the mind, will, desires, or passions; proposition offered, esp. in a deliberative assembly. — v. i. [motioned (-shund), -tioning.] To make a significant move- ment or gesture ; to make proposal, offer a proposi- tion. [1.; 'L.motw, a motion.] — Motionless, a. Wanting motion; at rest. — Motive, -tiv, a. Caus- ing motion ; having power, or tending, to move. — n. That which incites to action ; anything moving the will; incentive; incitement; inducement; stimulus; cause. (Fine Arts.) The theme or conception which the artist embodies in his work. [ME. and OF. motif, LL. motivum, a motive, motivus, moving.] — Motivlty, -T-tT, n. Power of producing motion ; quality of being influenced by motives. — Mo'tor, re. One who, or that which, imparts motion ; a source or originator of mechanical power, etc. [L.] — Mo'tor, -tory, -to-ri, a. Giving motion ; pert, to organs of motion. Mow, mow, re. A heap or pile of hay or sheaves of grain in a barn; place in a barn where hay or grain is stowed. — v.t. [mowed (mowd), mowing.] To pile and stow away in a barn, as hay or sheaves. [AS. muga, a mow, Ic. muga, a swath in mowing ; perh. 8. rt. Skr. mu, to bind.] Mow, mo, v.*. limp, mowed; p. p. mowed (mod) or mown (mon); mowing.] To cut down with a scythe, as grass; to cut the grass from; to cut down indis- criminately, or in great numbers or quantity. — v. i. To cut grass, perform the business of mowing. [AS. mawan, OHG. majan, man ; s. rt. Gr. aman, L. me~ tere, to reap, E. mead, aftermath, perh. moth.] — Mow'er, re. Mow, mow, re. A wry face. — v. i. To make mouths, grimace, pout. [F. moue, fr. OD. mouwe, the pro- truded underlip; s. rt. mock.] Moxa, moks'a, re. A substance burnt on the skin as a remedy or counter-irritant. [Corrupt.fr. Japan. mogusa (pron. mongsa), an escharotic made from the plant yomogi; s. rt. F. moxa.] Mr. Abbr. of mister, q. v. —Mrs. Abbr. of mistress, but pron. mis'sis. See Mistress. Much, much, a. [compar. & superl. wanting, but sup- plied by more and most.] Great in quantity or amount; long in duration ; abundant; plenteous. — re. A great quantity; great deal; a thing uncommon, wonderful, or noticeable. — adv. To a great degree or extent; greatly; abundantly; far; often, or long: in nearly the same condition; almost. [ME. moche, muche, miche, Ic. mjok; s. rt. Gr. megas, great.] Mucid, Mucilage, etc. See under Mucus. Muck, muk, n. Dung in a moist state; a mass of de- caying vegetable matter ; black swamp earth con- taining decomposed vegetable matter ; peat ; some- thing mean, vile, or filthy. — v. t. To manure with muck. [Ic. myki, Dan. mog, dung ; not s. rt. AS. meox, dung.] — Muck'y, -t, a. Full of, or covered with, etc.— Muck'iness, n. — Muck'-worm, re. A worm that lives in muck; a miser. Muck. See Amuck. [ w, Mucronate, mu'kro-nat, -nated, a. (Bot. & / tt O Zobl.) Terminating abruptly, with a short, I \\ / spinous process. [L. mwcronatus, f r. mucro, !\N/J mucronis, a sharp point.] l\\ /, Mucus, mu'kus, n. (Physiol.) A viscid fluid lv secreted by the mucous membrane, which it moistens and defends; any other animal fluid of a viscid quality. [L.; Gr. mukos, slime, the discharge from the nose; s. rt. Skr. much, to cast away, effuse.] — Mu'cous, -kus, a. Pert, to, resembling, or secreting mucus ; *j 1 "^ ro * slimy; secreting a slimy substance. — Mucous |£*' membrane. The membrane lining all the cavities of the body which communicate with an external opening. — Mu'cousness, re.— Mu'culent. a. Slimv ; moist, and moderately viscous. — Mu'cid, -sid , a. Musty; moldy ; slimy. [L. mucidus, fr. mucus.] — Mu'cilage, -sT-lej, re. (Chem.) One of the proximate elements of vegetables; an aqueous solution of gum. [F., slime, clammy sap, gluey juice, L. mucUago, im, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r : MUD 36 MULTANGULAR moldy moisture, fr. mucus.'] — Mucilag'inous, -laj'T- nus, a. Of the nature of mucilage ; moist, soft, and lubricous; slimy ; pert, to, or secreting, mucilage. — Mucilag'inousness, «. — Mucip'arous, -sip'a-ruS; a. Secreting or producing mucus. [L. parere, to bring forth, produce.] Hud, mud, n. Earth wet, soft, and adhesive : mire. — v. t. To make turbid, or foul, with dirt ; to muddy. [OLG. mudde, Dan. mudder, D. modeler, mud, Sw. madder, lees of wine, mother, q. v.; s. rt. Bavarian mott, peat, Ic. mo lha, a river, also mud. Gr. miainein, to pollute.] — Mud'dy, -dl, a. [-diek, -ihest.] Besmeared with, containing, or consisting bf mud or adhesive earth ; of the color of mud ; tur- bid; thick, as with dregs ; gross; impure; cloudy in mind; dull; heavy; stupid. — v. t. [muddied (-did), -DYING.! To soil with mud, dirty, make turbid ; to make dull or heavy. — Mud'dily, adv. — Mud'di- ness, re.— Mud'scow. n. A heavy boat, used for dredging. — sill, n- The lowest sill of a structure, usually imbedded in the soil ; one of the lower classes. — wall, n. A wall composed of mud, or of materials laid in mud without mortar. — Mud'dle, -dl, n. A state of being turbid or confused ; bewil- derment. — V. t. [MUDDLED (-did), -DLIXG.] To make turbid, or muddy, as water ; to cloud or stu- pefy ; to make a mess of. — a. In a half -intoxicated state. [Freq. fr. mud ; Dan. muddre, to stir up mud in water — said of a ship.] Muezzin, mu-ez'zin, n. A Mohammedan crier of the hour of prayer. [Ar. muzin, muazzin, fr. azan, the call to prayer, uzn, the ear.] Muff, muf, n. A warm cover for receiving the hands, esp. a cylinder of fur. [OSw. and G., a muff, OD. and MHG. mouwe, OFries. mowe, a hanging sleeve.] — Muffin, n. A light, spongy cake, circular and flat. — Muffle, v. t. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To wrap up in something that conceals ; esp. to wrap (the face) in disguising folds ; to wrap with something that dulls or renders sound inaudible. — n. ( Chem. & Metal.) An oven-shaped vessel, used in assaying. The naked portion of the upper lip and nose of ru- minants and rodents. [OF. mofle, moufle. Xorweg. muf el, a mitten, OD. moffel, a muff.] — Muffler, n. A covering, esp. for the face, head, etc. Muff, muf, a. A stupid, clumsy, or despicable fellow; a blunderer; simpleton; in games, a failure to catch a flying ball. — Muffle, -fl, v. i. To speak indistinct- lv. [ProvE. muff, muffle, to mumble, moffle, to do things ineffectually, D. muffen, to dote, ProvG. muf- fen, to sulk; s. rt. mumble.'] Mufti, mufti, n. ; pi. -tis, -tiz. An official expounder of Mohammedan law ; among Eng. military and naval officers, the civilian dress worn by them when off duty. [Ar., a magistrate ; s. rt. Ar.fatwa, de- cree, judgment.] k: i, a mug, mucog, a cup Mug A kind of earthen or metal cup. [Ir. Muggy, musfgT, a. [-gier, -giest.] Moist; moldy; damp and close ; warm and humid. [Ic. mugga, drizzling mist, mygla, to grow musty, Sw. mogel, moldiness; perh. s. rt. muck.] Mulatto. See under Mule. Mulberry, muf ber-rT, n. The berry or fruit of a tree of the genus 31orus ; the tree it- self. [AS. morbeam, fr. L. mo- ma, Gr. moron, mulberry, and A.S. beam, tree.] Mulch, mulch, re. Half-rotten straw, leaves, etc., strewn over the roots of plants to protect from heat, cold, dryness, etc. — v.t. [mulched (mufcht), mulch- ing.] To protect with mulch. [ProvG. iiadsch, rotten, soft, mellow; s. rt. mold.] Mulct, mulkt, n. A fine; pecuni- ary punishment or penalty. — v. t. To punish by a fine; to with- hold from by way of discipline. [L. mulcta, multa.] Mule, mul, n. A quadruped of mongrel breed, usually generated between an ass and a mare, sometimes between a horse and a she- ass; any animal or plant of a mongrel kind; a hy- brid. [F. ; AS. mul, L. mulus, a mule, Gr. muklos, an ass, mukla, the black stripe on the neck and feet of the ass.] — Mulish, a. Like a mule; stubborn.— Mu leteer', -le-tef. re. One who drives mules. [F. muletier.] — Mulafto, re. ; pi. -toes, -toz. The off- spring of a negress by a white man, or of a white Black Mulberry Leaf and Fruit. Mullet. A twisting of the inte»- woman by a negro. [Sp. mulato, fr. muleto, a youn% mule.] Mule, mill, n. A machine used in spinning cotton. [G. muelde, MG. mule, ME. mulle, a mill, q. v.] — Mule'-spin'ner, re. One who spins on a mule. — -twist, a. Cotton yarn in cops, as spun on a mule, — distiug. fr. water-twist. Muliebrity, mu-lT-eb'rl-tr, n. State of being a wom- an; womanhood ; effeminacy; softness. [L. mulie- britas, fr. mulier, a woman.] Mull, mul, v. t. [mulled (muld), mulling.] To heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices; to dispirit or dead- en. [Fr. mulled ale, corrupt, of mold-ale, a funeral banquet, fr. ME. and Ic. mold, earth, Ic. moldar, a funeral, and ale, a feast: aee Ale and Bridal.] — Mulfer, n. One who, or that which, mulls; a vessel in which wine is mulled over a fire. Mull, mul, re. A thin, soft kind of muslin. [Peril, fr. muslin.] Mullein, -len, muflen, n. A plant growing in roads and neglected fields. [AS. molegn, whence F. mot- hie; perh. s. rt. Dan. mol, Goth. undo, a moth, some varieties of mullein being a specific against moths.] Mulier, muf lSr, n. A pestle of stone or glass, for grinding pigments. [ME. mullen, to break to mull, powder: see Mill.] Mullet, muf let, n. An ed- ible fish of 2 genera and several species. [ME. & OF. midet, L. mutlus.] Mulligatawny, mul'll-ga- taw'nl, n. A kind of curry soup or stew. Mulligrubs, muf lT-grubz, n tines ; colic ; sullenness. Mullion, muf yun, n. (Arch.) A vertical bar divid ing the lights of Gothic windows, screens, etc.; one of the divisions in panelings resembling windows. [F. moignon, a stump (the part of the division before it branches out into the tracery of the win- dow), prob. fr. It. monco, L. man- cus, maimed.] Multangular, mult-arfgu-lSr. a. Having many angles; polygon [L. multus, many, and E. angu- lar, q. v.] — Multan'gularly, adv. With many angles or corners. — Multica'vous, -vus, a. Having many cvrities. [L. cavus, cavity, hole. 1 — Multiden'tate, -tat, a. Armed with many teeth. —Mul- tifarious, -rT-us, a. Having mul- tiplicity; of various kinds; diver- sified. [L. mvltifarius, orig. speaking on many sub- jects ; Jari, fariari, to speak.] — Multifa-'riously, adv. — Multifa'riousness, n. Multiplied diversity. — Muf tifid, a. (Bot.) Divided into several parts by linear sinuses and straight margins. [L. findere, to cleave, divide.] —Multiflorous, -tt-flo'- or -tiflo- rus, a. Having manv flowers. VL.flos.jloris, flower.] -Muf tifoil, n. (Arch.) A leaf ornament con- sisting of more than 5 divisions or foils: see Foil. — Muf tifold. a. Many times doubled ; manifold. — Mufti- form, a. Having many forms, shapes, or ap- pearances. -Multi- A/, fornfity, n. Diversity flf. of forms; variety of ap- pearances in the same thing. — Multilateral, a. Having many sides. — Multilufealj-e-al, a. Having many lines. —Mul- tilobular, a. Having many cells or compartments. [L. loculus, a little place, a cell.] — Multif oquence, -o-kwens, n. Use of many words; talkativeness. [L. loquens. p. pr. of loqui, to speak.] — Multif oquent, -oquous, -kwus, a. Very talkative. — Multip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing many at a birth. [L. parere, to bear, produce.] — Multip^artite, -ar-tit, a. Di- vided into many parts. — Muf tiped, -tT-ped, re. An insect having many feet. — a. Having many feet. [L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Muf tiplex, a. Manifold. [L. plicare, to fold, q. v.] — Muftiple, -tY-pl, a. Con- taining more than once, or more than one; mani- fold. — n. (Math.) A quantity containing another Mullions. Multifoil. cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. MUM 368 MUSOADEL a certain number of times without a remainder.— A common multiple of 2 or more numbers contains each of them some number of times exactly : the least c. m. is the least number that will do this.— Muftiply, -tY-pli, v. t. [-plied (-phd), -plying.] To increase in number, make more numerous, add quantity to. (Math.) To repeat or add to itself any given num- ber or quantity as many times as there are units in any other given number.— v. i. To become numer- ous; to increase in extent and influence. [F. multi- plier, L. multiplicare, f r. multiplex.] — Muftipliable, -plicable, a. Capable of being multiplied. — Mul / '- tiplicand', n. (Arith.) The number to be multiplied by another, which is called the multiplier. — Multi- plicate, muKtT-plT- or mul-tip'lT-kat, a. Consisting of many, or more than one; multiple; multifold. — MuTtiplica'tion, n. Act of multiplying, or of in- creasing in number. (Math.) A rule or operation by which any given quantity may be added to itself any number of times proposed. — Muf tiplica'tive, -tiv, o. Tending, or having the power, to multiply. — Muftiplica'tor, n. The number by which an- other number is multiplied; a multiplier. — Multi- plicity, -plis'i-tT, n. A state of being multiple, manifold, or various; a collection of many objects; a great number. — Mul'tipli'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; the number in arithmetic bv which an- other is multiplied. — Multitude, -tT-tiid, n. State of being many ; numerousness ; a great number of individuals ; throng ; crowd ; commonalty ; swarm; populace ; vulgar. [F. ; L. multitudo, -dinis, fr. multus.] — Multitu'dinary, -dT-na-rY, -dinous, -di- nus, a. Consisting of, or having the appearance of, a multitude ; manifold. — Murtivalve, -tl-valv, n. (Zo'ol.) A shell having more than 2 valves. — Muf- tivalve, -valv'ular, a. Having many valves.— Mul- toc'ular, a. Having many eyes, or more than 2. (Xi. ocitlus, eye.] Mum, mum, a. Silent.— inter;'. Be silent; hush. — n. Silence. [Onomat.; ME. mom, L. and Gr. mu, the least sound made with the lips, Skr. man, to mur- mur.] — Mum'ble, -bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To speak with the lips or other organs partly closed, mutter; to eat with the lips closed, chew ineffectu- ally. — v. t. To utter with a low, inarticulate voice; to eat with a muttering sound; to suppress, or utter imperfectly. [ME. momelen. I), mommelen, mompelen, Dan. mumfe, fr. mom.'] — Mum'bler, n.— Mumm, v. t. [mummed (mumd), -Ming.] To sport in a mask or disguise; to mask, play the buffoon. [OD. mommen, to go as a mom or mommer, masker, fr. mom, mum, the sound made by nurses to frighten children, also by maskers, whence LG. mumme, a mask, bemum- meln, G. rermummen, to mask, mummel, a bugbear.] — Murn'mer, n. — Mum'mery, -mer-T, n. Masking ; spo.t; buffoonery; farcical show. [OF. mommerie, OD. mommerye.] — Mump, v. t. [mumped (mumpt), mumping.] To work over with the mouth, chew quickly, nibble; to talk imperfectly or feebly.— v. i. To move the lips with the mouth closed, mumble; to talk brokenly; to begin a low tone or deceitful manner. [D. mompen, to mump, suck, cheat, fr. mommen, etc.] — Mump'er, n. A beggar. — Mump'- ish, a. Dull; sullen; sour. — Mumps, n. pi. (Med.) A peculiar and specific unsuppurative inflammation and swelling of the parotid glands. Mummy, murn'mT, n. A dead body embalmed and dried after the manner of the ancient Egyptians ; a body preserved, by any means, in a dry state. [OF. mumie, It. mummrn, Per. mumayin, fr. mum, wax, which was used in embalming.] — Munfmify, -fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To embalm and dry as a mummy. [L. facere. to make.] — Mum / mifica , - tion, n. Act of , etc.— Mum'miform, a. Resembling, etc. Munch, munch, v. t. [munched (muncht), munch- ing.] To nibble, chew without opening the mouth, chew noisily or eagerly. — ?-, i. To chew with closed lips, masticate. [ME. monchen : onomat.; not fr., but perh. influenced by, F. manger, L. manducare, to chew.] — Munclfer, n. Mundane, mun'dSn, a. Pert, to this world; worldly; earthly; terrestrial. [F. mondain, L. mundanus, fr. mundus, the world, also (adj.) clean, adorned, Skr. mand, to dress, adorn.] —Muu'diflca'tion, n. Act or operation of cleansing any body from dross or extraneous matter. TL. mundificare, to make clean, fr. mundus, clean, and facere, to make.] — Mundif - ieative, -tiv, a. Having power to cleanse. — n. A medicine which, etc. Mungo, muifgo, n. Fibrous material obtained by deviling the rags of fine woolen goods, broadcloths, etc., as shoddy is obtained fr. coarser kinds ; cloth made from this material. Mungoose, Mongoose, mun'gods, n. An animal of India which destroys snakes, small animals, etc.; a species of ichneumon. Municipal, mu-nis'i-pal, a. Pert, to local self-govern- ment; pert, to a corporate town or city, or to a state, kingdom, or nation. [F.; L. municipalis, ir.municip- ium, a free town, fr. munia, official duties, and ca- pere, to take; L. munus, duty, present; s. rt. E. com- mon, commune, immunity, remunerate, etc.] — Munic- ipal r ity, -T-ti. n. A municipal district. —Munifi- cence, -nif'i-sens, n. Great liberality in giving; be- nevolence; beneficence; bounty. [F.; L. munijicentia, fr. munificus, liberal, fr. munus, and/acere,to make.] — Munificent, -sent, a. Very liberal in giving; bountiful; generous. — Munificently, adv. Muniment, mu'ni-ment, n. Anything supporting or defending; a stronghold; place or means of defense. (Law.) A record; a title-deed, charter, etc., esp. one relating to national, manorial, or ecclesiastical rights and privileges. [F.; L. munimentum, fr. munire, to fortify, fr. mcenia, walls, defenses, Skr. mu, to bind.] — Munf tion, -nish'un, n. Materials used in war for defense, or for annoying an enemy; military stores of all kinds, usually in pi. [F. ; L. munitio, fr. mu- nire, -itum.] Munjeet, mun-iet', n. A pigment obtained from the root of an E. Indian plant, used for dyeing, in place of madder. [Hind, manjit, majith.] Mural, mu'ral, a. Pert, to, or like, a wall; perpendic- ular or steep. [F.; L. muralis, fr. murus, wall; prob. s. rt. motnia, defenses: see Muniment.] — Mural cir- cle. (Astron.) A graduated circle, in the plane of the meridian, attached to a perpendicular wall, — used for measuring arcs of the meridian. Murder, mer'dgr, n. Act of killing a human being with malice prepense or aforethought, —v. t. [mur- dered (-dgrd), -dering.] To kill with premeditated malice; to destroy, put an end to, assassinate, slay, massacre. [AS. mordhor, fr. AS., OS., and Ic. mo?-dh = L,. mors, death: see Mort.] — Mur'derer, n. One guilty of murder ; assassin ; bloodshedder ; manslayer. — Mufderess, n. A woman who, etc. — Mur'derous, -us, a. Guilty of, consisting in, ac- companied with, fond of, or premeditating, murder; bloody; blood-guilty ; blood-thirsty; savage; cruel. — Murderously, adv. Muriate, mu'ri-at, n. (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of muriatic acid with a base. [L. mu- ma, salt liquor, brine, pickle; prob. s. rt. mare, the sea, E. marine, q. v.] — Mu'ria'ted, a. Combined or impregnated with muriatic acid ; put in brine.— Muriatic, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, sea-salt. — Muriatic acid. An acid consisting of hydrogen and chlorine; hydrochloric acid. Murine. See under Mouse. Murky, merk't, a. [-IER, -iest.] Dark ; obscure ; gloomy. [ME. mirke, AS. mure; perh. s. rt. Russ. mrake, gloom, Skr. malas, dirty, malina, obscure, Gr. melas, black, E. mark ; or else, 8. rt. E. morn, q. v.] Murmur, mefmer, n. A low, confused, and indis- tinct sound; a half suppressed complaint, —v. i. [murmured (-merd), -muring.] To make a low, con- tinued noise, like the hum of bees, stream of water, rolling waves, wind in a forest, etc.; to utter com- plaints in a low, half-articulated voice; to grumble. [F. murmure, L. murmur, a murmur, Skr. marmara, the sound of the wind; F. murmurer, L. mw-murare, to murmur, Gr. mormurein, to rush and roar as water ; s. rt. Ic. murra : see Mourn.] — Mur'murer, n. — Mur'muringly, adv. With a low sound; with complaints. — Mur'murous, -us, a. Attended with murmurs ; murmuring. Murrain, miir'rin, n. An infectious and fatal dis- ease among cattle. [Pg. morrinha, murrain, OF. marine, carcass of a beast, also murrain, morir, L. mori, to die.] Murrhine, mur'rin or -rin, Myr'rhin, mir'-, a. Pert. to, or made of, a stone called murrha by the an- cients, — said of vases used by the Romans, reputed to break if poison was put into their contents. [L. murrhinus, myrrhinus, f r. murrha, fluor-spar.] Murza, mer'za, n. The hereditary nobility among Muscadel, mus'ka-del, -catel, -cat, -cadine, -din or -din, n. A rich, spicy grape, or the wine made from it; a fragrant pear. [OF. muscadel, Olt. moscadello, -tello, muscadel wine, moscatini, certain grapes, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; MUSCLE 369 MUTABLE pears, and apricots, f r. moscato, perfumed with mus- co = L. muscvs, musk, q. v.] Muscle, mus'sl, n. (Anat.) An organ of motion in animal bodies, consisting of fibers inclosed in their cellular membrane, and capable of contraction and relaxation. [F.; L.musculus, lit. a little mouse.fr. its creeping appearance, dim. of mus, mouse, q. v.] (Conch.) An edible bi- valvular shell-fish. [AS. muxle, also fr. L. muscu- Ivs; cf. Dan. musling, Sw. mussla, a muscle (fish), lit. mouse-ling, Gr. mus, mouse, also muscle (in both senses). See Mouse.] -Mus'cular, -ku-ler, a. Muscle. Pert, to a muscle, or to a system or the strength of muscles; cnnsistingof orconstituting, performed by, or dependent on, etc.: well furnished with muscles; brawny; strong! powerful; characterized by strength and vigor. — Muscular'ity. -lar'T-ti, n. State of be- ing muscular. — Myol'ogy, -oKo-jT, n. (Anat.) A description of the muscles of the human body. [Gr. mus and logos, discourse.] Muscovado, mus-ko-va'do, a. Pert, to or characteriz- ing unrefined or raw sugar. [Sp. mascabado,ir. mas- cabar, to lessen, impair, fr. menoscabo, deterioration = E. misr/n'ef, q. v.] Muscovy Duck. mus'ko-vY-duk'. A large and prolific species of duck, wild and domesticated, having a musky smell. [Corrupt, of musk-cluck.] Muse, muz, v. i. [mused (mtizd), musing.] To think closely, study in silence, oonder, meditate, rumi- nate; to be absent-minded. — !;, t. To think on, med- itate on. — n. Deep thought; absence of mind. [F. muscr, to muse: pert. a. rt. Sp. musitar, L. mussitare, Gr. muzein, to mutter.] — Mus'er, n.— Mus'ing, a. Meditative. — n. >«jt of, etc. Muse, muz, n. (Mu'n.) One of the 9 goddesses who preside over In* 1'beral arts ( Cali'ope, overeloquence and heroic ur^try: Cd'p, history; Er'ato, lyric and love poetr.v -. hvter' pe, music ;" Melponv'ene, trage- dy ; Pohifii>r>' nia, singing and rhetoric: Terpsich'- ore, danciry< ; ThaWa, pastoral and comic poetry; Ura'nia, nstronomy); a genius of art, literature, or music. f F. ; L. miisa. Gr. mousa ; s. rt. mosaic] — Muse'uw, n. A collection of natural, scientific, or literary ".uriosi ties, or of works of art. [L.; Gr. mou- seion, temple of the muses, school.] — Mu'sic, n. Melody or harmony; a succession of sounds so mod- ulated as to please the ear: science of harmonical sounds; art of producing or combining sounds in a manner to please the ear. [F. musicnie, L. musica, Gr. rnousike, any art presided over Dy the muses, esp. music, fern." of mousikos, pert, to, etc.] — Mu'si- cal, a. Pert, to, producing or containing music ; pleasing to the ear; melodious; harmonious. —Musi- cal box. Music box. A case inclosing mechanism which plays tunes automatically. — Musical glasses. An instrument, consisting of a number of glass gob- lets, played upon with the end of the finger damped. See Harmonica.— Mu'sically, adv.— Mu'sicalness, n.— Musi'cian, -zish'an, n. One skilled in the art or science of music. [F. musicien.] Mush, mush, n. Indian meal boiled in water; hasty pudding. [G. mus, pap.] Mushroom, mush'room, n. (Rot.) One of a class of r a p i d-growing cryptogamic plants of the order of Fungi: the name is popularly restrict- ed to such species as are edi- ble. An upstart. — a. Pert, to mushrooms ; short-lived ; ephemeral. [ME. muscheron, OF. mouscheron, fr. mousse, OHG. 7/ios, moss, q. v.] Music, etc. See under Muse. Musk, musk, n. A substance of powerful and enduring odor obtained from a bag behind the navel of the male musk-deer. [F. muse, L. muscus, Per. musk, misk, musk, fr. Skr. mushka, a testicle; s. rt. musca-. del,n>itmi'/.]—Mnsk.''y,a. Having the odor of musk. — Musk'iness. n. — Musk'deer, n. A hornless deer of the highlands of Central Asia. See Musk. — -mel'on, n. A species of melon, having a musky fra- grance. — ox,n. A bovine ruminant of the country about Hudson's Bay: it has large horns turning downward and outward on each side of the head. rat, n. A rodent animal of N. Amer., allied to the beaver, but about the size of a cat, hav- Mushrooms. ing a strong, musky smell. Musket, mus'ket, n. Orig. a kind of hawk or falcon; now, the or- dinary fire-arm of in- fantry soldiers. [OF. moustjuet. It. mosmtetto, musket (bird, also fun): s. rt. OF. mouche, t. musca, L. musca, a fly, E. mosquito.] — Mus'keteer', -er', n. A soldier armed with a musket. [OF. mousquetav-e.] — Mus'ketoon', -oon', n. A short, wide-mouthed musket: one armed with. etc. [It. moschettone, a blunderbuss.] — Mus'ketry, -rT, n. Muskets in gen- eral or collectively; practice with, or the art of using, etc. ; the fire of, etc. Muslin, muzlin, n. A thin cotton cloth or gauze. [F. moutseline, It. mussolino, fr. Svriac Mosul, a cit/ of Kurdistan, where it was made."] — Muslin de laine (F.mousseline de laine). A woolen fabric of light texture, for ladies' dresses, etc.; a like fabric of cot- ton and wool. [F. laine, wool.] Musquash, mus'kwosh, n. The Indian name for Musk-rat, q. v. Musquet. Same as Musket. Musquito. Same as Mosquito. Musrole, muz'rol, n. The nose-band of a horse's bridle. [F. muserolle, fr. museau, a muzzle, q. v.] Muss, mus, n. A confused struggle; state of confusion or disorder; mess. — v. t. To disorder, tumble, rum- ple. [See Mess, a medley.] Mussel. Same as Muscle, a shell-fish. Mussulman, mus'sul-man, n. ; pi. -mans. A Moham- medan; a Moslem. [Per. musulman, Ar. muslim: see Moslem.] — Mus'sulman'ish, a. Mohammedan. Must, must, v. i. or auxiliary. To be oblisred, —ex- pressing both physical and moral necessity ; to be essential to the end proposed. [ME. moste, muste, imp. of obsol. mot, I am able, may; s. rt. OS. motan, D. moetan, to be obliged.] Must, must, n. Wine pressed from the grape, but not fermented. — v. i. To grow moldy and sour; to be- come fetid. [AS. ; L. mustum, new wine, neut. of mustus, young, fresh ; s. rt. moist. ] — Musfy, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Moldy ; sour ; foul and fetid; spoiled by age; stale; vapid; dull; heavy.— Must'iness, n. — Mus'tard, n. A cruciferous plant of several species; a powder or paste made of its pungent seeds, used as a condiment and in medicine. [OF. mostarde, It. and Pg. mostarda, fr. It., Pg., and Sp. mosto, must, the pow- dered seeds having been mixed with must or vinegar.] Mustache, mus-fash', Mous- tache, moos-tash', n. That part of the beard which grows on the upper lip. [F. moustache, Sp. mostacho, fr. Gr. mustax, upper lip, also mustache, mastazein, to masticate, q. v.] Mustang, mus'tang, n. The Mustard, wild horse of the prairies in Mexico, California, etc. Mustard. See under Must, n. Mustee. Same as Mestee. Muster, mus'ter, v. t. [-teeed (-teYd), -terixg.] To assemble (troops) for parade, inspection, exercise, etc.; to take an account of numbers, condition, etc.; to gather for use or exhibition, get together. — v. i. To come together as. parts of a force or body; to as- semble. — n. An assembling of troops for" review, etc.; assemblage and display; gathering. [OF. mos- tre, monstre, pattern, muster, view, sight. LL. mons- tra, a review of troops, sample, L. monstrare, to show: s. rt. monster.] — To pass muster. To pass with- out censure through a muster or inspection.— Mus'- ter-mas'ter, n. One who takes an account of troops, their arms, military apparatus, etc. roll, n. A register of the men in each company, troop, or regi- ment. Musty, etc. See under Must, n. Mutable, mu'ta-bl, a. Capable of alteration : subject to change ; susceptible of change ; inconstant : un- stable; wavering; variable; fickle. [L. mutabilis, fr. mutare, to change ; s. rt. molt, commute, transmute. sun, cube, full - moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. MUTE 370 MYSTERY etc.]— Mu'tableness, -tabil'ity, n. Quality of being, etc.; changeableness; inconstancy. — Muta'tion, n. Act or process of changing ; alteration, either in form or qualities. Mate, mut, a. Restrained from speaking ; uttering no sound ; incapable of speaking ; not uttered ; un- pronounced; silent; having its sound wholly checked by complete closure of the vocal organs, — said of certain consonants. — n. One who is silent or speech- less, as, one who, from deafness, is unable to use ar- ticulate language; or, one employed to stand before the door of a house in which there is a corpse ; or, a dumb attendant, esp. of a seraglio. {Gram.) A let- ter which represents no sound, a silent letter; a con- sonant formed by a position of the vocal organs which stops the passage of the breath entirely, as p, b, d, g, k, t. [ME. and F. muet, L. mutus, Gr. mudos, Skr. niuka, dumb, mu, to bind, Gr. muein, to close; prob. s. rt. mum, mumble, q. v.] — Mutely, -It, adv. — Mute'ness, n. — Mu'tacism, -sizm, n. Inability to enunciate properly the labial consonants, b, p, m. Mute, mut, v. i. To eject the contents of the bowels, as birds. [OF. mutir, for esmeutir, esmeltir, fr. OD. smelten, to smelt, liquefy.] Mutilate, mu'ttl-at, v. t. To cut off a limb of ; to maim, cripple; to destroy or remove a material part of, so as to render imperfect. [L. mutilare, -latum, fr. mutilus, maimed, Gr. mutilos, curtailed, docked; s. rt. minish.] — Mu'tila'tion, n. Act of mutilating, or state of being mutilated. [F.; L. mutilatio.] — Mu'tila'tor, n. Mutiny, mu'tT-nT, n. Insurrection against constituted authority by subordinates, esp. against military or naval commanders; violent commotion; tumult; re- volt ; uprising ; rebellion. — v. i. [mutinied (-nid), -nying.] To rise against lawful authority. [OF. mutiner, to mutiny, prob. fr. D. muyten, to mutter, murmur, inuitery, mutiny, sedition, muiteling, a mu- tineer, muitmaker (whence OF. meutimacre), an agi- tator.]— Mu'tineer'', -ner', n. One guilty of mutiny; a sailor or soldier who rises in opposition to the au- thority of the officers. — Mu'tinous, -nus, a. Dis- posed to mutiny ; turbulent. — Mu'tinously, adv. — Mu'tinousness, n. Mutter, muftSr, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To utter words with a low voice, with sullenness or in complaint; to grumble, murmur; to sound with a low, rumbling noise, — v. t. To utter with imperfect articulations, or with a low voice, — n. Repressed or obscure utterance. [ME. muttren, to mutter; s. rt. D. muyten (see under Mutiny), ProvG. mustern, to whisper, L. muttire, mussare, to mutter.] — Muf terer, n. Mutton, mut'tn, n. The flesh of sheep, raw or dresseo. for food. [OF. moton, molton, LL. multo, a sheep, perh. fr. L. mutilatus, mutilated, perh. fr. Ir. molt, Ga. mult, a wether, sheep.] — Muf ton-chop, n. A small piece of mutton for broiling, chopped from the loin, etc. Mutual, mufu-al, a. Reciprocally acting or related; reciprocally given and received ; showing commu- nity of action. [OF. mutuel, L. mutuus, fr. mutare, to change. J — Mutuality, -aKl-tt, n. Quality of cor- relation ; reciprocation ; interchange. — Mufually, adv. Mutule, mut'ul, n. (Arch.) A projecting block worked under the corona of the Doric cornice, in the same situation as the Corinthian inodillion. [F. ; L. mutulus.] Mutule. Muzzle, muz'zl, n. The projecting mouth and nose of an animal; mouth of a thing, esp. of a gun; a fastening or covering for the mouth which prevents biting.— -v. t. [muzzled (-zld), -zling.] To bind or cover the mouth of, so as to prevent biting or eat- ing. [OF. musel, Armor, muzel, morzeel, It. muso, muzzle, fr. LL. morsus, snout, beak, also remorse, morsel, buckle, L. morsus, bite, tooth, fluke of an anchor, prop. p. p. of mordere, to bite.] My, mi, a. Belonging to me, — used always attribu- i, fr. min, mine: see Mine and Me.] ■ used for emphasis ; used also instead of me, without emphasis, as the object of the first person of a reflexive verb. Mycology, mi-koKo-jf, n. That branch of natural science which relates to the fungi or mushrooms. [Gr. makes, fungus, and logos, discourse.] Mynheer, min-har' or mln-her', n. Sir; Mr., — the ordinary title of address among the Dutch ; hence, a Dutchman. [D., my lord or master.] Myology. See under Muscle. tively. [ME. i — Myself, pron. I or me, Myope, mi'Sp, n. A short-sighted person. [Gr. muops, fr. muein, to close, shut, and ops, the eye: see Mys- tery, a secret.] — Myo'pia, -pl-a, My'opy, -o-pt, n. Short-sightedness; nearsightedness. [Gr. muopia.] Myriad, mir'T-ad, n. The "number of ten thousand; an immense or indefinitely large number. [Gr. murias, -riados, 10,000, f r. murios, numberless, prob. fr. murmex, an ant, i. e., a swarm as of ants. See Myrmidon.] — Myr'iagram, -Y-a-gram, n. A metric weight =J'10,000 grams, or 10 kilograms, or 22.046 lbs. avoirdupois. [F. myriagramme, fr. Gr. murioi, 10,000, and gramma : see Gram, under Grammar.] — Myria- gramme, me're-a/gram', n. Same as Myriagram. — Myrialiter, mir'I-aKY-ter or mir'I-a-li'ter, n. A measure of capacity = 10,000 liters = 2,641.4 Amer. gallons, or nearly 42 hogsheads. [F. myrialitre. See Liter. J— Myriantre, -le'tr, n. Same as Myrialiter. — Myriameter, mir'1-anT'e-ter or mir'I-a-me'tEr, n. A measure of length = 10,000 meters = 6.2134 Amer. or 6.21382 Eng. miles. [F. myriametre. See Meter.] — Myriametre, me're-a'ma'tr, n. Same as Myria- meter.— Myriare, me're-ar', n. A measure of sur- face = 10,000 ares = 247.085 Amer. or 247.1143 Eng. acres. [F. ; are, 100 sq. miles.] — Myr'iapod, -Y-a-pod, n. (Zool.) An air-breathing, vermiform, articulate animal, having many jointed legs and a hard exter- nal skeleton; centiped; milliped. [Gr. pous, podos, a foot.] Myrmidon, mer'niY-dun, n. One of a troop who ac- companied Achilles to the war against Troy; hence, a soldier of a rough or desperate character; one who ruthlessly executes orders. [L. and Gr. Myrmidones, fabled to have been ants transformed into men ; Gr. murmedon, an ant's nest, murmex, an ant; s. rt. Per. mur, L. formica, ant, E. myriad.'] Myrobalan, ml-rob'a-lan, -olan, n. A dried astringent plum, of several species, from the E. Indies and S. Amer., used in medicine, dyeing, etc. [Gr. muroba- lanos, fr. muron, juice of plants, and balanos, acorn, fruit.] Myrrh, mer, n. A transparent gum-resin, usually of amber color, of aromatic odor, and bitter, slightly pungent taste. [ME. and OF. mirre, F. myrrhe, E. and Gr. myrrha, fr. Ar. murr, myrrh, lit. bitter, Heb. mar, bitter.] Myrrhine. Same as Mtjrbhinb. Myrtle, mer'tl, n. A fragrant evergreen shrub of sev- eral species : the common myrtle has a shrubby, up- right stem, 8 or 10 feet high : the ancients considered it sacred to Venus. [OF. myr- til, dim. of myrte, L. mur- > tus, myrtus, Gr. murtos, Per. murd, the myrtle.] — Myr r - tiform, a. Resembling myrtle or myrtle-berries. [L. myrtus and forma, shape.] Myself. See under My. Mystery, mis'ter-T, n. A trade; handicraft; any me- chanical occupation; a kind of rude drama, of a relig- ious character, orig. per- formed b y craftsmen ; a mystery -play. [Prop, mistery: ME. mistere, OF. mestier, F. mitier, Sp. menester, It. mestiere, a trade, employment, fr. L. ministerium, service, fr. minis- ter, q. v.] Mystery, mis'ter-t, n. A profound secret; that which is beyond human comprehension until explained; anything artf ulJy made difficult, pi. A kind of secret religious celebrations, to which only initiated persons were a( nitted. [ME. mysterie, L. mysterium, Gr. musterion, fi. mustes, one who is initiated, fr. muein, to close the eyes, to initiate into mysteries, fr. mu, a slight sound; s. rt. mute, mum, q. v.] — Myste'rious, -rt-us, a. Relating to, of the nature of, or containing, mystery ; difficult or impossible to understand ; ob- scure ; secret; occult; enigmatical; incomprehensi- ble. — Myste'riously, adv. — Myste'riousness, «.. — Mys'tic, n. One who holds to m j'sticism. — Mys'tic, -tical, a. Remote from human comprehension ; ob- scure; importing or imp^ing mysticism: involving- some secret meaning ; allegorical ; emblematical. [F. mystique, L. mysticus, Gr. mustikos, pert, to a mustes.] — Mys'tically, adv. — Mys'ticalness, n. — Mys'ticism, -tT-sizm, n. Obscurity of doctrine. (Eccl. Hist.) Doctrine of the Mystics, who main- tain that they have direct intercourse with the divine Myrtle {Myrtus com- munis). am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, MYTH 371 NARD Spirit, and acquire a knowledge of spiritual things , unattainable by the natural intellect. — Mystifica > - tion. n. Act of involving in mystery, perplexing, j or playing on one's credulitv : also, something de- | signed to mystify. — Mys'tiry, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyi.vg.] To involve in mystery so as to mislead ; I to perplex purposely. [L.jacere, to make.] — Mys'- tagogue, -ta-gog, n. Oue who interprets mysteries ; ' one who keeps ami shows church relics. [Gr. agogos, ] a leader, fr. agein, to lead. J Myth, mith, n. A fable, legend, or tradition as to the i origin, early history, gods, etc., of a nation, etc. : a fabulous story; an imaginary person or object. [Gr. rmUho3, a fable-, fr. mu, a slight sound, saying, tale : ' see Mum and Mystery, a secret.]— Myth'ic, -icai, a. Relating to, described in, or of the nature of, a myth: fabulous; imaginary; fanciful. — Mythical- ly" adv. — Mythog'rapher, -tnog'ra-fSr, n. A com- poser of fables. [Gr. yraphein, to write.]— Mythol'- ogy, -thoKo-il, n. Science of, or a treatise on, myths ; a collective body of myths ; esp. pert, to the gods, etc., of a heathen people. [F. mythologie, L. and Gr. mythologia ; Gr. logos, discourse.] — Mytho- log'ic, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert to, etc. ; fabulous. — Mytho/ogist, -thol'o-jist, n. One versed in, or who writes on, mythology. — Mythol'ogize, -jlz, v. i. To relate or explain the fabulous history of the heathen. N. N, en, the 14th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a nasal. ! Nab, nab, v. U [nabbed (nabd). -bing.] To catch suddenly or unexpectedly. [Sw. nappa, to catch, snatch at ; prob. s. rt. nip?] Nabob, na'bob, n. A deputy or viceroy in India: one who returns to Europe from the East with immense wealth: a very rich man. [Hind, and Ar. nawwab, prop. pi. of Ar. natb, a lieutenant, deputy, nawb, supplying another's place.] Nacre, "na'ker, n. An iridescent substance which lines the interior of some shells ; mother-of-pearl. [F.; Sp. nacar.) — Na'creous, -kre-us, a. Consisting of, or resembling, nacre. — Nac'arat, nak'a-rat, n. A pale red color, with a cast of orange; fine linen or crape of this color. [F., fr. nacre.] Nadir, na'der, n. That point of the heavens directly opposite to the zenith; the lowest point. [Ar. nazir, alike, corresponding to, also the nadir.] Nag, nag, n. A horse, esp. a small horse : pony. [OD. negghe, negge, fr. net/en, to neigh: s. rt. hackney J] Nag, nag, v. t. [nagged (nagd), -ging.] To tease in a petty and pertinacious fashion, scold, annoy. ; [Same "as gnaw, q. v.] Naiad, na'yad, n. (Myth.) A female deity, presiding | over a river or spring ; a water nymph. [L. and i Gr. naias, fr. Gr. naien, Skr. snu, to"flow.] Nail, nal, n. The horny scale growing at the end of the human fingers and toes: the claw or talon of a bird or other animal; a metal pin to fasten boards, timbers, etc.; a measure of length = 21-4 inches.— ' r. t. [nailed (nald), nailing.] To fasten with nails, or as with a nail : to fix, catch, trap. [AS. nsegel, D., Sw., and G. nagel, the human nail, also a spike, Ic. nagl, human nail, nagli, spike: s. rt. gnaw ; also Lithuan. nagas, Skr. naJcha, Gr. omtx, L. unguis. Ga. and Ir. ionga, (finger or toe) nail.] — Nail'er. n. One who makes nails. — Nail'ery, -er-I, n. A manu- factory where nails are made. Nainsook, nan-sook', n. A thick jaconet muslin, plain or striped, orig. made in India. Naive, na'ev', a. Having native or unaffected sim- plicity : ingenuous ; artless. [F. naif, naive : see Nativity under Nation.] — Naivete.' na'ev'ta', n. Native simplicity; ingenuousness. [F.] Naked, na'ked, a. Having no clothes on: uncovered: bare : nude : unarmed: defenseless: open to view; manifest ; plain : without addition, exaggeration, excuses, etc. ; destitute, unaided ; mere ; simple. (Hot.) Without pubescence; without a calyx: with- out leaves; not inclosed in a pod or capsule. (Mus.) Not having the full complement of tones. [AS. na- cod, Sw. naken, OHG. nakot, Russ. nagoi, L. nvdus (=nagdus), Skr. nagna. Ir. and Ga. nochd. naked, Skr. naj, to be ashamed : s. rt. nude.] — Kaked eye. The eye alone, unaided by glasses.— Nakedly, adv. — Na'kedness, n. Namby-pamby. nam'bT-pam'bY.n. That whichis weak- ly sentimental, or affectedly pretty. — a. Weakly sentimental. [Applied to the poems of Ambrose Phillips, in the 17th century.] Name, nam, n. The title by which a particular person or thing is known or designated: appellation; reputed character; reputation; renown; celebrity; eminence; memory: remembrance; a race; family; a person. — v. t. [named (namd). naming.] To give an appella- tion to; to mention by name; to designate by name. denominate, style, term, call, nominate. [ME. and G. name (2 syllables), AS. nania, noma, Goth, and OHG. namo, L. nomen, Gr. onoma, Skr. naman, a name, AS. nemnan, to name; s. rt. know, cognomen, ignominious, nominal, noble, note.] — Christian name. The name a person receives by baptism, — disting. fr. surname. — In the n. of. In behalf of; by the authority of; in the assumed character of. — Name'- less, «. " Without a name ; undistinguished ; that cannot or ought not to be named. — Nam'able, a. Capable of being named. — Namely, adv. To wit; that is to say; to particularize. — Name'sake, n. One who has the same name as another; esp., one named out of regard to another. Nankeen, nan-ken r , iu A yellowish cotton cloth, of firm texture, orig. manufactured at Nankin, China. Nap, nap, v. i. [napped (napt), napping.] To have a short sleep; to be drowsy, doze; to be in a careless, secure state, —n. A short sleep. [ME. nappen, AS, hnseppian, to doze: s. rt. AS. hnipian, to bend one's self, Ic. hnipna, to droop, E. nod.] Nap, nap, n. W00II3- or villous substance on the sur- face (of felt, cloth, some plants, etc.) [AS. hnoi OD. noppe, nap of cloth, noppen, to shear off (r etc.), fr. AS. ensep, D. and Sv. knop, a knob : see oppa, (nap, Knop.] — Napless, a. Without rap ; threadbare. — Nap'py, -pi, a. Downy: shaggy. — Nap'piness. n. Abundance of nap, as on cloth. Nape, nap, n. The back part of the neck. [Same as knop: see Nap.] Naphtha, nap'tha or naf'tha. n. A thin, volatile, very inflammable and explosive hydrocarbon, ob- tained from some oil-springs and from distillation of coal and wood, and esp. from petroleum. [L. and Gr.: Ar. naft.] Napkin, nap'kin, n. A little towel; a cloth used for wiping the mouth and hands, esp. at the table. [Dim. of F. nappe, a table-cloth, fr. L. maj/pa, nap- kin : see Map.] Narcissus, nar-sis'sus, «. (Bot.) A genus of bulbous flowering plants, of several species, comprising the daf- fodils, jonquils, etc. [L.; Gr. narkissos, fr. its narcotic properties.] — Narcot'ic, -kot'ik, -ical, a. (Med.) Re- lieving pain, and producing sleep; producing stupor, co- ma, and convulsions, and, when given in sufficient quantity, causing death. — n. (Med'.) A medicine which, in medicinal doses, relieves pain, and produces sleep, but in poisonous doses, pro- duces stupor, coma, convul- sions, and. in sufficient quantity, causes death. [F. narcotique. Gr. narkctikos, benumbing, fr. narkoun, to benumb, narke, numb- ness, torpor: s. rt. narroic, snare.] - n. Quality of operating as a narcotic. — Nar'cotina, -ko-tin, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from opium, and one of its active narcotic principles. —- Nar'cotize. -tiz, r. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.1 To subject to the influence of a narcotic; to stupefy. Nard, nard. n. An odorous or aromatic plant, usually Narcissus. Narcot'icness, sim. cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. NARRATE 372 NAUSEA called spikenard; an unguent prepared from it. [F. and Per. ; L. nardvs, Gr. nardos, Skr. nalada, fr. nal, to smellj Narrate, nar-raf or narlat, v. t. To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story ; to give an account of. [L. nar- rare, -ratum, to tell, lit. make known, fr. narus, gnarus, knowing, acquainted with ; s. rt. Skr. jna, Kuss. znate = E. know, q. v.] — Narralion, n. Act of, etc.; rehearsal; recital; thing related; account; relation; story ; tale ; history. [F. ; L. narratio.] — Narlative, -ra-tiv, a. Pert, to narration ; giving a particular or continued account ; inclined to relate stories, or to tell particulars of events, — n. That narrated; the recital of a story: narration. [F., fern.. of narrutif. — Nar'ratively. adv. By way of recital. — Narra'tor, n. One who narrates. [L.] Narrow, narlo, o. Of little breadth ; not wide or broad; of little extent; very limited; circumscribed; contracted in mind, disposition, views, feelings, etc. ; parsimonious; selfish; within a small distance; close; near ; involving serious exposure ; scrutinizing ; careful; exact. — v. t. [narrowed (-rod), -row- ing.] To lessen the breadth of, contract ; to con- tract the reach or sphere of ; to make less liberal or more selfish; to limit, confine. (Knitting.) To con- tract the size of (a stocking, etc.) bv taking 2 stitches intol.— v. i. To become less brood. (Knitting.) To contract size, by taking 2 stitches into 1. [AS. warn, nearo, OS. naru, narrow, AS. neanoe, OS. naratvo, narrowly ; s. rt. nigh, perh. narcotic, snare ] —Narroio gauge. See Gauge. — Narlows, n. pi. A narrow passage through a mountain, or a channel of water be- tween one sea or lake and another; a contracted part of a river or of an ocean current; a strait : sound. — Nar'rowly, adv. With little breadth; without much extent; contractedly; with minute scrutiny; closely; carefully ; by a small distance ; barely ; merely ; sparingly. — Narrowness, n — Nar'row-mind'ed, a. Illiberal ; meanspirited. Narwhal, naVhwal, -wal found in the northern seas; sea-unicorn: the male has usually one long, twisted. tusk, projecting for- ward from the upper iawlike a horn. [Dan. and Sw. narvhal, Ic. nahvatr, lit. corpse-whale, fr. nar, a corpse (the narwhal be- ing of a pallid color,) and hvalr = E. whale.'] Nasal, na'zal, a. Pert, to the nose ; spoken through the nose. — n. An elementary sound uttered through the nose, or through both nose and mouth simultaneously. (Med.) A medicine that operates through the nose; an errhine. [F.; LL. nasalis, pert. to the (L.) nasus = E. nose.] — Nasality, -zal'T-tT, n. State or quality of being nasal. — Nasturlium, -ter'shum, n. A plant of several species, cultivated for its showy, strong-scented, yellow or orange flow- ers, as a salad plant, and for its pungent flower- buds and seeds (for pickling) ; Indian cress ; also, the water cress and allied cruciferous plants. [L., fr. nasus, nose, and torguere, tortum, to twist, torture, because it distorts the nose.] Nascent. See under Nation. Nasty, nasIT, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Offensively filthy; very dirty; nauseous; disgusting; indecent; gross; vile; wet, sloppy, disagreeable,— said of the weather. kig, Sw A cetaceous mammal. Narwhal. [Sw. snukig. snaskig, nasty, swinelike, snaska, to eat like a pig, greedily or noisily, LG. nask, nasty, Norweg. nask, greedy, naska, to eat noisily. J — Nas'tily, adv. — Nas'tiness, n. Natant, nalant, a. (Bot ) Floating on the surface of water, as the leaf of an aquatic plant. [L. nu- tans, p. pr. of nature, freq. of vare, to swim : see Nausea.] — Natato'rial, -rl-al, Na'tatory, -ta-to-ri, a. Inclined or adapted to swim ; swimming. [L. natatorius.] Nation, na'shun, n. A people living in the same country and under the same government; a people having a common origin and language ; people ; race; stock. [F.; L. natio, a race, fr. 7iatus, for gna- tus, born, p. p. of nasci, to be born ; s. rt. genus, q. v.] — Na'tional, nash'un-al, a. Pert, to a nation ; common to a people or race ; public ; general : at- tached, esp. to one's own country. — Nationalism, -izm, n. State of being national ; national attach- ment. — Nationality, -al'T-tT, n. Quality of being national, or strongly attached to one's own nation ; national character ; a race or people, as determined by common language and character, and not by po- litical bias or divisions ; nation ; national unity and integrity. — Nationalize, nash'un-al-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd),-iziNG.] To make national.— Na'tionally, adv. — Na'tionalness, n.— Nas'cent, -sent, a. Beginning to exist or to grow. [L. nascens, p. pr. of nasci.) — Na'tal, a. Pert, to, accompanying, or dating from, one's birth ; native ; natural. [F. ; L. natalis.] — Nalive, -tiv, a. Pert, to one's birth ; natal ; con- ferred by birth; born with one ; indigenous ; pro- duced by nature ; not wrought by art ; unartificial. — n. One born in a place or country; a denizen by birth. (Stock-breeding.) Any of the live stock found in a region, excluding such as belong to pure and distinct breeds ; an animal of common or mongrel blood. [F. natif, fern, native, L. nativus, fr. natusT] — Na lively, adv. — Naliveness, n.— Nativity, -tiv'- T-tT, n. Birth; time, place, or circumstances of birth. (Astrol.) A horoscope. [F. natirite',~L.nativitas; same as naive, q. v.] — Nat'ure, na'chur, n. Native char- acter; inherent qualities, attributes, or endowments; kind; sort: character; species; established or regular course of things; existing system of things; the world of matter; thecreation; universe; the personified sum and order of causes and effects ; the agencies which carry on the processes of the creation ; natural af- fection or reverence ; adherence to what is natural, normal, or usual ; a person of intelligence and char- acter. [F. ; L. natura, orig. fern, of f ut. p. of nas- ci.]— Good nature. Natural good temper; amia- bility. — III n. Natural bad temper. — In a state of n. Naked as when born; unclothed; nude. — Nat- ural, nach'ur-al, a. Pert, to the constitution of a thing ; according to nature ; characteristic ; con- formed to the order of nature ; normal ; regular ; having to do with the existing system of things; con- formed to truth or reality ; by impulses of natural appetite alone ; illegitimate ; bastard ; pert, to, de- rived from, or formed by, the lower or animal na- ture merely. (Mus.) Pert, to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, —n. An idiot. (Mus.) A character [thus, _ST] used to con- tradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it. [ME. and OF. naturel, L. naturalis.] — Natural history. A description of the earth and its productions; sometimes applied to the animal kingdom only. — N. orders. (Bot.) Groups of genera resembling each other. — N. philosophy. Science of the phenomena and laws of masses of matter, and of those effects which are not attended by any change of nature, as motion, etc. — N. scale. (Mus.) A scale written without flats or sharps.— TV". selection. A supposed operation of natural laws, analogous to designed selection in the breeding of plants and animals, resulting in the survival of the fittest. — Nat'uralism, -ral-izm, n. Mere state of nature. (Theol.) Doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles, revelations, and grace of God, etc. ; also, that theory of the uni- verse which resolves all its phenomena into blind or intelligent forces acting according to fixed laws. — Nat'uralisfc, n. One who studies the natural his- tory of animals ; one who maintains the doctrines of naturalism.— Nat'uralizalion, n. Act of invest- ing an alien with the rights and privileges of a na- tive subject or citizen ; state of being thus invested with citizenship.— Nat'uralize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To make natural or easy by custom and habit ; to confer rights of a native citizen on ; to re- ceive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular ; to accustom, habituate, acclimate. — v. i. To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws.— Nat'ural- ly. adv. According to nature, or to the usual course c.': things; without art or cultivation; spontaneously; without affectation. — Nafuralness, n. Natron, nalrun, n. (Min.) Native carbonate of soda. [Ar. natrum, L. nitrum. See Niter.] Natty, natlT, a. Neatly fine ; smart ; spruce. [Same as neat, q. v.] Naught, Nought, nawt, n. Nothing. — adv. In no degree. — a. Of no value or account; worthless; bad ; vile ; naughty. [AS. nawiht, contr. naht, fr. na, not, no (q. v.), and wild, a thing, whit, q. v.] — Naughfy, -Y, a. [-ier, -iest.] Orig. corrupt; wicked : mischievous ; perverse, — said esp. of chil- dren.— Naughtily, -T-lT, adv. In a naughty man- ner ; perversely ; corruptly. — Naught 'mess, n. Slight wickedness, as of children. Nausea, naw'she-a, n. Seasickness; any similar sick- ness of the stomach, accompanied with a propen- sity to vomit ; qualm. [L. ; Gr. nansia, seasickness, fr. Gr. naus, L. navis, Skr. nan, a ship, AS. naca, G. nachen, a boat; L. nare, to swim, Gr. naein, Skr.sww, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; NAUTCE 373 NECK to flow; s. rt. argonaut, naiad, nereid, aneroid .•perh. snake, adder.] — Nau'seate, naw'she-at, v. i. To be- come squeamish, feel disgust. — v. t. To affect with nausea, sicken ; to reject with disgust, loathe. [L. naitseare, -atum.] — Nausea'tion. re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — NauSeous, -shus, a. Causing, or fitted to cause, nausea. — Nauseously, adv. Loath- somely. — Nau'seousness, a. — Nau'tical, -tik-al, a. Pert, to seamen, or to the art of navigation ; naval; marine; maritime. [X. nauticus, Gr. nautikos. fr. nau- tes, a sailor, f r. naus.] — Nau'tilus, -tl-lus,«. (Zodl.) A cephalopodous mollusk, of several species, having a spiral, chambered shell and many slender cupless tentacles; the name is also applied to the shells of sev- eral different mollusca. A kind of diving bell, whose motions are con- trolled by the occupants. [L. ; Gr. nautilos, a sailor, also the fish, fr. nautes.] — Na'val, a. Pert, to, con- sisting of, or having- to do with Nautilus, ships or a navy ; nautical: marine; maritime. [F. ; L. navalis, fr. navis.] — Na'vy, -vT, n. A fleet of ships; a nation's ships of war, considered collectively, or the officers and men belonging to them. [OF. navie, a fleet, L. navia, a ship, fr. navis.) — Na'vy- yard, n. A place for the construction, repair-, and care of the ships of a national navy. — Navic'u- lar, -vik'u-ler, a. Relating to small boats: shaped like a boat. [X. naviculuris, fr. naricula, dim. of navis. ] — Navigate, naVi-gat, v. i. To jou.-ney by water, go in a s Hip, sail. — v. t. To pass over in ships ; to steer, direct, or manage in sailing. [L. navigare. -gatum, fr. ?iavis and agere, to move, di- rect.] — Navigation, n. Act of navigating; science or art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to another: navigable water; means of navigation ; vessels; shipping. [F.; L. navigatio.] — Navigable, a. Admitting of being navigated. — Navigable- ness, -gabillty, *;. Quality or state of being navi- gable. — Navigably, adv. — Navlga'tor, n. One who is skihful in the art of navigation. — Nav'vy, -vl, re. Originally, a laborer on canals for internal navigation ; hence, a labor- er on other public works, esp. railroads. — Nave, -nav, re. (Arch.) The middle or body of a church, extending f r , the choir to the principal en- trance ; the part between the wings or aisles. [F. nef, L. navis, ship, also body of a church.] Sautch, nawch, n. In India, an exhibition of dancing by girls, generally courtesans. [UindJ Nave, nav, re. Body of a church: see under Nausea. Nave, nav, n. The piece of wood, etc., in the center of a wheel, through which the axle passes: the hub. [AS. nafu, nafa, Dan. nav, nave, Skr. nabhi, nave, center, navei.] — Na'vel, -vl. re. A depression in the center of the abdomen, being the scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord after birth ; the central part or point of anything ; middle. [D. ; AS. nafela, f r. nafa.] Navew, na'vu, n. The wild turnip ; a plant with yellow flowers. [AS. nape, L. napus.] Nay. na, adv. No; not this merely, but also; not only so. —re. Denial; refusal. [ME. nay, nasi, nai, Ic. and Dan. nei, S\y. nej ; s. rt. no, q. v.] Nazarene, naz'a-ren', re. An inhabitant of Nazareth; one of the early converts to Christianity, — a term of contempt. — Naz'arite, -i-Tt, re. A Jew who bound himself by a vow to extraordinary purity of life and devotion. fHeb. nazar, to separate one's self, vow, abstain.] — Naz'aritism, -rit-izm, re. The vow and practice of, etc. % Nave. Noap, nep, re. The pole of a cart or wagon ; a prop for the front of a cart, etc. [Perh. same as neb.] Neap, nep, a. Low ; scanty. [AS. nep, Dan. knap, Sw. kit'i/ip, scanty, narrow, knappa, to pinch, stint ; s. rt. nip.] — Neap tides. Tides which happen in the second and last quarters of the moon, when the dif- ference between high and low water is less than at any other period in the month,— opp. to spring tides. Neapolitan, ne-a-poll-tan, a. Of, or pert, to, the city of Xaples. Near, ner, a. Not far distant; as, not distant in place, adjacent, neighboring ; or, not distant in time ; or, closely related; or, close to one's interests, affection, etc.; intimate: dear; or, close to anything followed or imitated ; or, on the left of a team ; serving to bring the object closer ; immediate ; direct ; par- simonious : illiberal. — adv. At a little distance only, in place or time, manner or degree ; almost ; well-nigh ; nearly. — v. t. [xeared (nerd), near- IHG.] fo approach, come nearer, — v. i. To draw near, approach. — prep. Adjacent to; close by. [AS. near, comparative adv., fr. neah, nigh, Ic. user.] — Nearly, -IT, adv. At no great distance ; closely; intimately; pressingly ; almost ; in a parsi- monious manner. — Near'ness, n. — Near'-sight'ed, a. Seeing at a small distance only: short-sighted. Neat, net, re. Cattle of the bovine genus, as bulls, ox- en, and cows. —a. Belonging to the bovine genus, as, neat cattle; also, pert, to such cattle. [AS., fr. neotan, to use, employ, Goth, niutan, to receive ben- efit from; Skr. nand, to be pleased, Gr. oninemi, I profit, support.] — Neat/ -herd, re. One who has the ; care of cattle. ! Neat, net, a. Free from that which soils or disorders; | clean; pleasing with simplicity; chaste: good in its kind; excellent; complete in character, skill, etc.; adroit; with all deductions made: net; tidy; trim; spruce. [F. net, fern, nette, L. nitidus, shining, clear, elegant, fr. nitere, to shine; prob. s. rt. Ic. gneisti, a spark, E. g/ieiss.] — Neatly, adv. — Neat'ness, re. — Net, a. (Com.) Pure; unadulterated; clear of all charges, deductions, etc.— v. t. To gain or produce as clear profit. Neb, neb, n. The nose; snout; mouth; the beak of a bird; the bill; nib (of a pen). J AS. nebb, the face, D. neb, G. schnabel, beak, bill, nib, mouth, fr. MHG. snaben, to snap; s. rt. nib, nipple, snap, snipe.] Nebula, neb'u-la, re. ,• pi. -l.e, -le. (Astron.) A misty or cloud-like object in the distant heavens, often re- solvable by the telescope into distinct stars. [L., a mist: s. rt. L. nimbus, nubes, Gr. nephele, a cloud, nephos, G. 7iebel, mist, Skr. nabhas, sky, atmosphere, nabh, to burst.] — Neb'ular, a. Pert, to nebulae. — Nebular hypothesis. The theory of Laplace that the solar system orig. consisted of a revolving nebula which, cooling and contracting, threw off rings of matter which ultimately became the planets, satel- lites, etc., of the system. — Neb'ulous, -u-lus, a. Cloudy; hazy. (Astron.) Pert, to, or like, a nebula; nebular. — Nebulosity, -los'T-H, n. State of being nebulous. (Astron.) The faint, misty appearance surrounding certain stars. Necessary, nes'es-sa-rT, a. Such as must be; inevita- ble; indispensable; essential; acting from necessity or compulsion.— re. A thing indispensable to some purpose, — chiefly in pi. ; a privy ; water-closet. I OF. necessaire, L". necessarius, necesse ; prob. s. rt. L. nancisci, nacttis, to get, come upon, and not fr. ne, not, and cedere, to give way.] — Necessalian, -salT-an, re. An advocate for the doctrine of philo- sophical necessity; a necessitarian. — Nec'essarily, -rl-ll, adv. In a necessary manner ; by necessity; unavoidably; indispensablv. — Nec'essariness, re. — Necessity, -sesST-tT, n. Quality of being, etc. ; pressing need: indigence: want: that which is neces- sary; a requisite, — chiefly in pi. ; irresistible force ; overruling power; fate; fatality. (3lJaj>h.) Denial of freedom to voluntary action. [OF. necessite, L. necessitas.] — Neces'sita / rian, -talY-an, re. One who maintains the doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and existence of things, esp. as applied to the operations of the will. — Necessitate. v. t. To make necessary or indispensable ; to force, compel. — Necessitous, -sT-tus, a. Very needy or indigent: narrow ; destitute. — NecesSitously, adv. — NecesSitousness, re. Extreme poverty or desti- tution. Neck, nek, n. The part of an animal's body connect- I ing head and trunk; any part of an inanimate ob- ject corresponding to a neck ; the long, slender part | of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd: esp.. sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. NECROLOGY 374 NEGRO s narrow tract of land connecting larger tracts. [AS. hnecca, D. nek, Ic. hnakki, nape ot the neck ; e. rt. nape, knag, knuckle.] — Neck'cloth, n. A piece of cloth worn on the neck. — Neck'erchief, -er-chif , n. A kerchief worn around the neck : neck-tie. [For neck-kerchief.] — Neck'lace, //. A string of beads, or precious stones, worn upon the neck. — Neck'-tie, n. A band or kerchief of silk, etc., pass- ing around the neck or collar and tied in front ; a bow of silk, etc., fastened in front of the neck. Necrology, ne-krol'o-jl, n. A register of deaths. [Gr. nekros, nekus, a corpse (s. rt. Skr. nac, to perish, nacaya, to destroy, L. necare, to kill, E. internecine), and logos, discourse.] - Necrologue, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to necrology ; relating to an account of deaths. — Necrologist, -krol'o-jist, n. One who gives an accouut ot deaths. — Nec'roman'cy, -sT, n. Art of revealing future events by pretended commu- nication with the dead; conjuration; enchantment; the black art, q. v., under Black. [Gr. manteia, divi- nation.] — Nec'roman'cer, -ser, n. One who, etc.; a wizard. — Necroman'tic, -tical, a. Pertaining to, or performed by, necromancy. — Necroman' tically, adv. — Necroph'agous, -krof 'a-gus, a. Eating, or feeding on, the dead. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Ne- cropolis, «. A city of the dead; cemetery; grave- yard. [Gr. polls, city.] Nectar, nek'tar, «. ( Myth. & Poet.) The drink of the gods; the honey in certain flowers and plant glands; a sweet, pleasant, or delicious beverage. [L. and Gr.] — Necta'real, -rean, -reous, -re-us, Nec'tarous, a. Pert, to, containing, or resembling nectar; deli- cious. — Nec'tarine, -tar-in, n. (Bot.) A variety of peach, witli a smooth rind. — Nec'tary, -ta-ri, n. (Bot.) The honey-gland of a flower. — Necta'rial, -rX-al, a. Pert, to a nectary. Nee, na, p. p. Born,- used to denote the family name of a woman before her marriage. [F., p. p. of naitre, L. nasci, to be born: see Nation.] Need, ned, ». A state that requires supply or relief: urgent want; poverty; indigence; exigency; strait; extremity. — v. t. To be in want of, lack. [With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, and un- dergoes no change of termination in the 3d pers. sing, of the pres. tense.] — v.i. To be wanted, be necessary. [AS. nyd, ned, Russ. nyjda, need; s. rt. AS. anijd(ti), Skr. nud. to repel, Russ. nydite, to force.] — Needs, adv. Of necessity; necessarily; in- dispensably. — Need'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.j Dis- tressed by want of the means of living: necessitous. — Need'ily, adv. — Need'iness, n.— Need'lesB, a. Having no need: in want of nothing; unnecessary; not requisite.— Need'lessly, adv.— Need'lessness, n. — Need'er, n.— Need'ful, -ful, a. Full of need; needy; requisite. — Need'fully, adv.— Need'fulness, n. Needle, ne'dl, ft. A slender, pointed steel instrument with an eye, used in sewing ; a knitting-needle ; a magnetized oar of steel, resting on a pivot, in a com- pass, so as to turn freely toward the magnetic poles of the earth ; any slender pointed object ; a pointed crystal; a sharp pinnacle of rock, etc. — v. i. To shoot into the form of needles. [AS. nsedl, OHG. nadela, needle, nahen, to sew ; s. rt. L. nere, Gr. neein, to spin, Ir. snaidhe, thread, snathad, needle, E. snare, nerve.] — Nee'dleful, -ful, »..; pi. -fuls. As much thread as is put at once'into a needle. — Nee'dle-gun, w. A ri re-arm loaded at the breech by a cartridge containing detonating powder, which is exploded by a slender pin, or needle, which passes in at the breech.— -wom'an, n. ; pi. -wom'en. A seamstress. Ne'er, nar, adv. A contr. of never. — Ne'er'-do-weel, -wel, ft. A good-for-nothing; one who will never do good. [Scot.] Nefarious, ne-fa'rl-us, a. Wicked in the extreme : atrociously villainous; detestable; infamous: impi- ous. [L. nefarius, fr. nefas, impiety, fr. ne, not, and fas, divine law, orig. what is divinely spoken, fr. 'fori, to speak: L., Gr., F., AS., MHG., and Russ. ne = OHG., Goth., Ir., Ga., and W. ni, Skr. na, not.] — Nefa'riously, -rf-us-lt, adv. — Nega'tion, n. Act of denying; denial; statement of what a thing is not, or has not, etc. [F.; L. negatio, fr. negare, negatum, to deny, fr. ne and aiere, to say; s. rt. Gr. emi, Skr. ah. to say, E. deny, abnegate, renegade.]— Neg' a- tive, -tiv, a. Implying or containing denial, nega- tion, or refusal ; the opposite of affirmative or pos- itive ; marked by absence of what is appropriate or expected ; having the effect of stopping or restrain- ing. — n. A proposition by which something is de- nied orforbidden ; an opposite or contradictory term or conception ; a word that denies; veto; the relation of denial or opposition. (Photog.) A picture upon flass in which the lights and shadows are reversed, rom which photographs, etc., may be printed.— v. t. [negatived (-tivd), -TiviNG.J To disprove; to refuse to enact or sanction. [ME. and F. negatif, L. negativus.] — Neg'atively, adv.— Neglect', -lekt v , v. t. Not to treat with due attention; to suffer to pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc.; to omit; to forbear to treat with attention or respect; to slight, overlook, disregard. — n. Omission of proper atten- tion; state of being disregarded. [JL. negligere, neg- lectum, fr. nee (contr. of neque, fr. ne and que, enclitic particle) and legere, to gather, collect.] — Neglect'er, ft. — Neglect'ful, -ful, a. Full of neglect; heedless; careless; inattentive; treating with neglect or slight; indicating indifference.- Neglect' fully, adv.— Neg'- ligence, -lT-jens, n. Quality ot being negligent; ha- bitual neglect; a negligent act. [F.; L. negligentia.] — Neg'ligent, a. Apt to neglect; customarily neg- lectful; heedless; remiss. [F.; L. negligens, -gentis, p. pr. of negligere.] — Negligently, adv.— Negligee, neg'lY-zha', n. An easy, unceremonious attire; a long necklace, usually of red coral. [F., p. pr. of negliger.] — Nego'tiate, -shT-at, v. i. To transact business; to treat with another respecting purchase and sale; to treat with respecting a treaty, league, etc. — v. t. To arrange for ; to settle by dealing and management ; to sell, pass. [L. negotiari, -atus, fr. negottum, business, fr. ft^c(see Neglect, above)and otiwn, leisure.] — Negotiable, a. Capable of being negotiated ; transferable by assignment or indorse- ment to another person.— Nego'tiabil'ity, n. Qual- ity of being, etc. — Nego'tia'tion, -shl-a'shun, n. Act of negotiating; the transacting of business in traffic; mercantile business; trading; the transaction of business between nations. [I. negociation.] — Nego'tia'tor, n. One who negotiates. [L.] — Nei'- ther, ne'ther or ni'ther (see Either), pron. or pro- nominal a. Not either ; not the one or the other. — co)ij. Not either. [ME. nether, nother (whence nor), AS. nawdher, contr. fr. uahwisdher, fr. na, no, and hwtedher, whether, q. v., ajid see Neuter, below.] — Nepen'the, -the, -thes, -thez, n. A drug used by the ancients to relieve from pain and produce exhilara- tion of spirits, — perh. opium or hashish. [Gr. nepen- thes, name of the drug, lit. free from sorrow, fr. ne and penthos, grief, s. rt. pathos, q. v.] — Nes'cience, nesh'ens, n. Want of knowledge; ignorance. [L. nescientia, fr. nesciens, p. pr. of nescire, to be igno- rant, fr. ne and scire, to know.] — Neu'ter, nu'ter, a. Neither the one thing nor the other; of neither side; neutral: sexless. (Gram.) Of neither gender; nei- ther male nor female ; neither active nor passive ; intransitive. (Bot.) Having neither stamens nor pistils. — ft. A person who takes no part in a con- test; a neutral ; the working bee, which is really an undeveloped female. (Bot.) A plant having neither stamens nor pistils. [L., neither, fr. we and uter, whether of the two ; s. rt. Skr. kalara = E. whether: see Neither, above.] — Neu'tral, a. Not engaged on either side ; neuter ; indifferent ; nei- ther very good nor bad; of medium quality. (Bot.) Having neither stamens nor pistils. — n. A person or nation that takes no part in a contest between others. [L. neutralit. ] — Neutral'ity, -tral'I-tl, n. State of being neutral ; indifference ; a combination of neutral powers or states. [F. neutrality, E. neu- tralUas.] — Neutralize, v. t. (-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To render neutral. (Chem.) To destroy the effect of, render inert. To destroy the peculiar properties or opposite dispositions of . — Neu'traliz'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. — Neu'traliza'tion, n. Act of, or state of being neutralized. — Neu'trally, adv. — Nev'er, adv. Not ever; not at any time ; in no degree; not in the least; not. [AS. nsefre, fr. ne and sefre, ever, q. v.] — Never so. As never before ; es- pecially ; particularly, — now usually replaced by ever so. — Nevertheless', adv. Not the less ; not- withstanding ; in spite of that; however ; at least ; yet. [AS. na dhe Ises = no-the-less.] Negro, ne'gro, n. ; vl. -groes, -groz. A black man; esp., one of a race naving protruding lips and woolly hair, inhabiting a portion of tropical Africa. [Sp., Pg., and It. negro, L. niger, black; s. rt. Skr. nig — E. night, q. v.] — Ne'gress, ft. A black woman : a female negro. — Ne'groid, a. Characteristic of or resembling the negro. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Negri'to, w. ; pi. -TOS; -toz. One of a very diminutive negroid race found in the Philippine and other islands. [F., am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; NEG-US 375 NET fr. negre, negro.] — Nig'ger, n. A negro, — in con- tempt. [Fr. F. negre.] — Nigres'cent, ni-frres'sent, a. Growing black; changing to a black color. [L. nigrescens, p. pr. of nigrescere, to become black, ir. nigrere, to be black, fr. niger.) — Nig'ritude, n. Blackness. [L. nigritudo. ) — Nig'rinca'tion, a. Act of making black. [L./acere, to make.] Negus, ne'gus, ?i. A beverage made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-juice. [Inventor's name.] Neigh, na, v. i. [neighed (nad), neighing.] To cry as a horse; to whinny. — m. The natural cry of a horse ; a whinnying. [Ononiat. ; AS. hnxgan, to neish, hnsegung, a neighing; s. rt. nag.] Neighbor, na'ber, n. One who lives near one; one en- titled to, or exhibiting, neighborly kindness; one of the human race. — a. Near to another; adjoining; next. — V. t. [NEIGHBORED (-berd), -BORING.] To adjoin, border on, be near to. [AS. neahgebur, fr. neah, nigh, and gebur, a husbandman; s. rt. D. boer, a boor.] — Neighborhood, -h<56d, n. Quality or con- dition of being a neighbor; vicinity; adjoining dis- trict; a region whose inhabitants may be counted as neighbors; inhabitants living in the vicinity of each other. — Neighboring, a. Living or being near. — Neighborly, -ber-ll, a. Becoming a neighbor; kind; social; friendly; cultivating familiar intercourse. Neither. Sec under Nefarious. Nemesis, nem'e-sis, n. {Math.) The goddess of ven- I geance; retributive justice. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. I neiuein, to distribute: see Nomad.] tfeogene, ne'o-jen, n. (Geol.) A designation for the ' nuocene and pliocene tertiary formations. [Gr. veos, new (q. v.), and genos, geneos, birth.] — Neol'ogy, -ol'o-jT, «. Introduction of a new word, or of new | words, into a language; new doctrines, esp. in the- ' ology. [Gr. logos, discourse, word.] — Neolog'ical, : -lojlk-al, a. Pert, to neology ; employing new ! words. — NeoKogisni, -jizm, n. Introduction of new I words or doctrines ; a new word, expression, or doc- i trine. — Neol'ogist, n. One who holds doctrines subversive of supernatural or revealed religion. — Neol'ogisVic, -ical, «. Pert, to, etc. — Ne'ophyte, j -o-iit, n. A new convert or proselyte ; a novice ; | tyro. [Gr. neophutos, a neophite, lit. newly planted; photon, a plant, phuein, to grow, cause to grow ; s. ! rt. be.] — Ne'oplas'ty, -plas'tT, n. {Physiol.) Res- i toration of a part by granulation, adhesive inflam- | mation, or autoplasty. [Gr. plassein, to form.] — I Neoteric, -ical, -terlk-al, a. Recent in origin ; j modern; new. [Gr. neotei-ikos, novel, fr. neoteros, compar. of neos.] Nepenthe. See under Nefarious. fephew, nef 'u, Eng. pron. nev-'u, n. A son of one's brother or sister. [ME. nevew, OF. neveu, L. nepos, nepotis, grandson, nephew, AS. nefa, OHG. nefo, I nephew, Skr. napat, grandson.] — Nep'otism, -tizm, j n. Fondness for, or favoritism shown to, relations, i [L. nepos.] — Nep'otist, n. One who practices nepo- tism. STephritic, ne-fritlk, -ical, a. Pert, to the kidneys; affected with, or relieving disorders of the kidneys. — Nephritic, n. {Med.) A medicine adapted to re- lieve or cure the diseases of the kidneys. [Gr. ne- phritikos, fr. nephrites, pert, to the nephros, kidney.] tfepotism, etc. See under Nephew. Neptune, nep'tiin, n. {Rom. Myth.) The god of the waters, esp. of the Mediterranean Sea. ( Astron.) A large planet beyond Uranus; its mean distance from the sun is about 2,850,000,000 miles. fL. Neptunus; peril, s. rt. Gr. niptomai, to bathe ; pern. Gr. nephos, a cloud ; see Nebula.] — Neptu'nian, -nT-an, a. Pert, to the sea ; formed by water or aqueous solu- tion. — Neptu'nian, Nep'tuaist, n. One who holds that the substances of the globe were formed from aqueous solution. Nereid, ne're-id, n. {Myth.) A sea-nvmph, one of the daughters of Nereus. [L. and Gr. 'Nereis, daugh- ter of Nereus, fr. Gr. neros, wet ; s. rt. naiad, q. v.] Nerve, nerv, n. Physical force or steadiness ; firm- ness of mind : self-command ; courage. {Anat.) One of the fibers which establish communication between the parts of the body, and the brain and spinal cord, or the central ganglia. {Bot.) One of the simple parallel veins or ribs of a leaf, etc. — v. t. [nerved (nervd), nerving.] To give strength or vigor to. [F. nerf, L. nervus, Gr. neuron, a sinew, neura, a string ; s. rt. G. schnur, a string, E. snare : see Needle.] — Nerva'tion, n. The arrangement of nerves, esp. those of leaves. — Nerveless, a. Desti- tute of strength ; wanting vigor. — Nervine, -in, a. {Med.) Quieting nervous excitement. — n. Nerve substance. {Med.) A medicine which acts upon the nerves. — Nerv'ous, -us, a. Possessing nerve; strong ; vigorous ; manifesting mental vigor ; pert, to, or seated in, the nerves ; full of nerves ; having the nerves weak or diseased ; easily agitated, [i. nerveux. sinewy, L. nervosus, full of nerve.] — Nerv'ously, adv. — Nerv'ousness, n. — Neuralgia, nu-ral'j \-a, n. {Med.) A disease, whose chief symptom is acute pain, which follows the course of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, and seems to be seated in the nerve. [Gr. neuron and algos, pain.] — Neural'gic, -jik, a. Pert, to neuralgia.— Neuroglia, -ll-a, ra. {Anat.) The finely granulated connective tissue of the brain and spinal cord; bindwcb. [Gr. glia, glue.] — Neurol'ogy, n. {Anat.) A description of the nerves oi animal bod- ies, or the doctrine of the nerves. [Gr. logos, dis- course.] — Neuro'ma, -ma, n. {Pathol.) A tumor on a nerve. — Neu- rop'ter, n. One of an order of insects having 4 membra- nous, transparent wings, as the drag- on-fly. [Gr. pteron, ^B wing.] — Neurop'- Vfc> teral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Neurotic, a. Relating tOj seated in,orusef ulin disor- ders of, the nerves. — n. A drug affect- primarily the Neuropter. Caddis-fly (Phryania). her young; place in functions of intel- lection, sensibility, or motility, — as aconite, alcohol, chloral, ether, digi- talis, opium, etc. — Neurot'omy. -o-mi, n. (Anal.) Art or practice of dissecting the nerves; an incised wound of a nerve. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] Nescience. See under Nefarious. Nest, nest, n. The receptacle prepared by a bird for hatching and 'ng ' „; pla< liicfi eggs of insects, turtles, etc., are laid; j a snug resi- v dence or situa- tion ; a collec- tion of boxes, cases, etc., of graduated size. — v.i. To build and occupy a nest. — v.i. To form a nest for. [AS., D., and G. nest, L. nv- ■ dus, Skr. nida, f r. nas, to go to, join, Gr. naiein, left in the nest to prevent the hen from forsaking it; something laid up as the beginning of a fund or col- lection.— Nestle, nesl, v. i. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest ; to move about in one's seat, like a bird when forming her nest. — v. t. To house, as in a nest; to cherish, as a bird her young. — Nesfling, nesling, n. A young bird in the nest, or just taken from the nest. — Nr- dus, n. A nest or hatching-place, esp. place where or part in which a parasite or disease is developed. [L.J — Nid'amen'tal, a. Bearing, or pert, to, eggs or young. — Nid'ificate, -T-f T-kat, v. i. To make a nest. [L./aeere, to make.] — Nid'ifica'tion, n. Operation of building a nest and rearing young. — Nid'ulate, v. i. To nidificate.— Nidula'tion, n. The time a bird remains in the nest. Nestorian, nes-toll-an, n. {Eecl. Hist.) An adher- ent of Nestorius, who held that the divine and hu- man natures in Christ were not so united as to form but a single person, —a. Like Nestor, the aged warrior and counselor mentioned in Homer's Iliad ; sage ; experienced ; pert, to Nestorius or to his her- esy. Net, net, n. A texture of twine, etc.. with open meshes, arranged in various forms, for catching fish, birds, or heasts ; anything fitted to entrap or deceive; a snare; any fabric of open texture, as one to inclose the hair. — v. t. To make into a net, or net-work; to take in a net. — v. i. To form net- Nest of Thistle-bird, to dwell.]— Nest^-egg, «. An egg sun, cube, full ; moon, frJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. NET 376 NIELLO Nettle. work. [AS., D., Ic., and Dan.; perh. s. rt. Goth. netzen, to wet, perh. Skr. nada, a river; not s. rt. knit.] — Net'ting, n. A piece of net-work. — Net- work, n. A fabric of threads, cords, or wires cross- ing each other at certain intervals, and secured at the crossings. Net, a. Unadulterate, clear of deduction. See under Neat. Netb/er, neth'er, a. Lying or being beneath, or in the lower part; lower. [AS. neoahera, Ir. nidher, downward, nidhe, neo/han, below.] — Netb/ermost, a. Lowest. [AS. nidhemesta, fr. ni, down, with superl. suffix; not fr. E. most.] Nettle, neftl, n. A plant covered with minute sharp hairs containing a poison that produces a very painful sensation. — v. t. [NETTLED (-tld), -tling.] To fret or sting; irritate or vex. [AS. netele, OHG. nazza, Gr. knide, a nettle, kniz- ein, to scrape, cause to itch; s. rt. nit.] — Nef- tler, n. One who pro- vokes, stings, or irri- tates. — Net'tle-rash, n. {Med.) An eruptive dis- ease resembling the ef- fects of whipping with a nettle; urticaria. Neuralgia, Neurotic, etc. See under Nerve. Neuter, Neutral, Never, etc. See under Nefari- ous. New, nu, a. Having existed, or having been made, but a short time; of late origin; lately manifested; recently invented, discovered, or established as true; strange; starting anew; recommencing; not ancient; modern; not worn out or defaced by use ; unaccus- tomed ; unfamiliar : fresh from anything ; novel. [ME. newe (2 syl.), AS. niwe, niowe, Ir. and Ga. nuadh. L. novas, Gr. neos, Skr. nava, new; s. rt. Skr. nu = E. now, q. v., also E. neogene, etc., novel, novice, renew.] — New Church, or N. Jerusalem C. The re- ligious body holding the doctrines of Emanuel Swe- deuborg. — New'ish, a. Nearly, or somewhat, new. — New'ly, -II, adv. Lately; freshly; recently; in a manner not existing before; with a new form. [AS. niwlice. ] — New'ness, n. State or quality of being new, or of being iirst known or introduced; novelty; innovation; recent change; want of practice or fa- miliarity; different state or qualities introduced by change or regeneration. — News, nuz, n. [Plural in form, but united with a verb in the sing.] Recent intelligence; fresh information; tidings; informa- tion of what has recently happened or of what was before unknown ; advice. —News'' mon'ger, n. One who deals in news. — News'paper, n. A public print that circulates news, advertisements, etc. — New- fan 'gled, -fan/gld, a. New-made; formed with the affectation of novelty. [MF. newefangel (4 syl.) ; fangel, ready to seize, snatching at, fr. AS. fangan, to take ; s. rt. fang, q. v.] — -fashioned, -fash'und, a. Made in a new form, or lately come into fashion. — mod'el, v. t. To give a new form to. Newel, nu'el, n. {Arch.) The upright post about which the steps of a circular staircase wind: the post at the angles and foot of a staircase. [OF. nual; same as nucleus, q. v.] Newt, nut, n._ A small water lizard ; an eft. [Prop. an ewt; ME. ewte, neivte, AS. efeta, an eft, q. v.] fext, nekst, a. ; superl. of nigh. Nearest in pla time, degree, quality, rank, right, or relation; ad- joining in a series. — adv. At the time or turn near- est or immediately succeeding. [Contr. of ME. nehest, superl. of neh, nigh, q. v.] Nib, nib, n. Something small and pointed; a prong; esp. the bill or beak of a bird, or point of a pen.— v. t. To furnish with a nib; to point; to cut off the point of. [Same as neb, q. v.] — Nip'ple, -pi, n. The protuberance on the breast of females from which milk is drawn ; a teat, pap ; any small projection having a perforation, as that part of a gun-1'ock on which the cap is placed. [ME. neble, dim. of nib, neb; not f r. nip.] Nibble, nib'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To eat slowly or in small bits. — v. z. To bite gently, or a little at a time. — n. A little bite, or seizing as if to bite. [Freq. of nip (q. v.), LG. knibbeln, to nibble, rt. nib, neb.]- D. knxhbelen, to cavil, haggle ; not i Nib'bler, n. Nibelungen, N.-Lied, ne-be-lung'en-led. The " Lay of the Nibelungen," the oldest German epic poem, dating fr. the 13th century, and written in OHG. Nice, nis, a. Pleasing to the senses; esp. to the taste; agreeable; gratifying; wrought by a skillful work- man; produced by an acute or fastidious mind; re- quiring to be daintily touched, discussed, or judged of; refined; showing delicacy or refinement; distin- guishing accurately or minutely ; over scrupulous or exact ; hard to please or satisfy ; scrupulously and minutely cautious; dainty; fine; precise; fas- tidious; squeamish; finical. [ME., foolish, simple ; OF., lazy, slack, dull, simple; fr. L. nescius, igno- rant (see Nescience, under Nefarious), prob. influ- enced by obs. E. nesh, AS. hnesce, tender, soft, deli- cate.] — Nice'ly, adv. In a nice or delicate manner; accurately ; exactly ; well ; cleverly ; in the best manner. — Nice'ness, n. Quality of being nice ; del- icacy of perception ; excess of scrupulousness or exactness. — Nic'ety, -e-tT, n. Quality of being nice ; daintiness, as, delicate management; or, delicacy of perception; a minute distinction ; precision; or, ex- cess of delicacy; fastidiousness ; a delicacy, — used in pi. Nicene, ni'sen or m-sen', a. Of, or pert, to, Nice, in Asia Minor, where the Nicene creed, a summary of Christian faith, was composed, a. d. 325. Niche, nich, n. A cavity or recess, generally within the thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, etc. [F. ; It. nic- chia, a niche, nicchio, a shell, prob. fr. its orig. shape, fr. L. mytilus, Gr. mutilos, a muscle; s. rt. L. musculus, muscle (q. v.), dim. of nms, mouse.] Nick, nik, n. {Northern Myth.) An evil spirit of the waters ; hence Old Nick, the devil. [AS. nicor, G. nix, nixe, a water sprite.] Nick, nik, n. A notch cut into something; a score for keeping an account ; a hit ; the exact point or critical moment. — v. t. [NICKED (nikt), NICKING.] To cut in notches ; to make nicks in, notch ; to suit or fit into, as one nick or notch into another; to hit; to strike at the precise point or time; to gain an advan- tage over, cozen, defeat; to hit with a telling name or epithet. [Same as notch, nock.] — To nick Niche. a horse. To notch or make an incision in a horse's tail, in order to make him carry it higher. Nickel, nik'el, n. {Min.) A hard grayish-white metal of considerable luster, very malleable and ductile: it is used in various alloys and in plating; in the U. S., a coin (1, 2, or 5 cents) marie partly of nickel. [G. nickel, abbr. fr. kupfernickel, copper nickel, copper of Nick, or Nicholas, a name given in derision, as it was thought to be a base ore of copper.] — Nickelif'- erous, -if^er-us, a. Containing nickel. [L. ferre, to bear.] Nick'nack. Same as Knickknack. Nickname, nik'nam, n. A name given in contempt, derision, or sportive familiarity. — v. t. [nicknamed (-namd), -naming.] To give a name of reproach or familiarity to. [Prop, an ekename; ME. ekename, nekename, fr. eke (q. v.) and name; cf. L. agnomen, G. zuname, Ic. auknafn (fr. auka, to eke, nafn, name), Sw. oknamn (fr. oka, to eke), a nickname.] Nicotian, nl-ko'shan, a. Pert, to, or derived from tobacco. [Fr. Nicot, who first introduced it into France, A. d. 1560.] — Nic'otin, -tine, -tin, n. An oily, limpid, and highly poisonous liquid alkaloid yielded by tobacco. Nictate, nik'tat, Nic'titate, -tl-tat, v. i. To wink. [L. nictare, -tatnm, fr. nicer e, to beckon.] — Nicta'- tion, Nictita'tion, n. The act of winking. Nidamental, Nidification, etc. See under Nest. Niece, nes, n. A daughter of one's brother or sister. [OF.; LL. neptia, fr. L. neptis, fern, of nepos, grand- son, nephew, q. v.] Niello, ne-el'lo, n. A method of ornamenting metal by filling engraved lines and figures with a colored composition. [It. ; f r. LL. nigellum, a kind of enam- el, fr. L. nigellus, dim. of niger, black : see Negro.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, NIGG-ARD 377 NITER Niggard, nig'gard, n. One meanly close and covet- ous; a miser. — a. Meanly covetous; sordidly parsi- monious ; miserly. [1c. huoygr, economical, AS. hneaw, sparing.] — Nig'gardish, a. Somewhat nig- rdly. — Nig'gardly, -ll, a. Meanly avaricious in dealing with others; cautiously avoiding profusion penurious. — Nig'gardliness, n. Nigger. See under Negro. Nigh, ni, a. [nigiiek; highest or next.] Not dis- tant in place or time; near; not remote in degree, kindred, circumstances, etc. ; closely allied ; adja- cent ; contiguous; intimate. — adv. In a situation near in place or time, or in the course of events; al- most ; nearly.— prep. Near to; not distant from. [AS. neah, neh; s. rt. AS. genoh = E. enough, q. v., Goth, ganah, it suffices, Skr. nac , to attain, L. nan- cisci, to acquire, E. near, neighbor, necessary, ne.rt.'] Night, nit, n. The time from sunset to sunrise; dark- ness; obscurity; ignorance; a state of afiiiction or distress; adversity; death; the time of the absence of life from nature. [AS. niht, neht, D. and G. nacht, Russ. noche, L. nox, noctis, Gr. nux, Skr. nakta, nie; 8. rt. Skr. nac, to disappear, nashta, lost, dead, L. nex, death, Gr. nekus, a corpse, E. negro, q. v.] — Night'ly, -If, a. Done by night; done every night. —adv. By night; in the night; every night.— Night '- cap, n. A cap worn in bed or in undress; a glass of liquor before going to bed. — fall, n. Close of the day, evening. — gown, n. A loose gown used for undress, or worn in bed. hawk, n. An insectivo- rous Amer. bird allied to the goat-sucker and whip- poorwill, which hunts its prey in the evening.— -piece, n. A painting representing some night-scene, or so colored as to be best exhibited by candle-light. — soil, n. The contents of privies, — carried away, as a manure, by night. — walk'er, n. One who walks in his sleep ; a somnambulist ; one who roves about in the night for evil purposes. — walk'ing, n. Walking in one's sleep ; somnambulism ; a roving in the streets at night with evil designs. — watch, n. A period in the night, as disting. by the change of watch; a watch, or guard, to afford protection in the night. — Nightingale, -gal, n. A small migra- tory bird of Europe, Asia, and Africa, which sings sweetly at night; philomel. [AS. nihtegale, fr. niht andgalan, to sing, gale, singer; s. rt. yell.] — Night'- mare, -mar, n. A state of oppression during sleep, with horror, anxiety, and a desire to call for help, and a sense of pressure on the chest or stomach ; in- cubus; any overwhelming, oppressive, or stupefying influence. [ME. nightemare, AS. and Ic. mora, D. nachtmerrie, nightmare, Polish mara, nightmare, ghost, phantom, JBohem. mura, hobgoblin.]— Nighf- shade, n. (Bot.) A low, branching, annual plant, of several species, having very small white flowers, and round berries, and poisonous properties. [AS. niht- scada, G. nachtschade, perh. fr. AS. scadu, shade perh. fr. G. schade, injury.] Nigrescent, Nigrificatioh. See under Negro. Nil, nil, n. Nothing, — a term used in canceling, in book-keeping, meaning to take no notice of that to which it refers. [L., contr. of nihil, nihilum, noth- ing, fr. ne (see Nefarious) and hilum, a little thing, trifle, prob. for filura, a thread : see File.] — Nr- hilism, ni'hil-izm, n. Nothingness ; nihility ; doc- trine that nothing can be known. (Buss. Politics.) The socially destructive principles maintained by the organization of Nihilists, who disbelieve in any permanent improvement in the social condition or progress of man, and who constitute a secret revolu- tionary society, devoted to the destruction of the present form of government. — Ni'hilist, n. An ad- vocate of, etc.— Nihility, -hil'T-tT, n. Nothingness; a state of being nothing. Nimble, nim'bl, a. [-bler, -blest.] Light and quick in motion ; agile ; brisk ; prompt. [ME. nimel, fr. AS. niman, to catch, seize ; s. rt. Ic. nema, Goth. niman, to take, Gr. nemein, to distribute, L. numerus = E. number, E. nemesis, nomad, numismatic, numb.] — Nim'bleness, n. — Nim'bly, adv. Nimbus, nim'bus, n. (Fine Arts.) A circle, or disk, of rays of light around the heads of divinities, saints, etc. ; a halo. (Meteor.) A rain-cloud. [L. See Nebula.] Nincompoop, nin'kum-poop, Nin'kum, n. A silly fool; blockhead; simpleton. [Corrup. of L. non com- pos. See Non Compos Mentis.] Nine, nin, a. One more than 8, or one less than 10. — n. The sum of 5 and 4 ; a symbol representing nine units, as 9 or ix; the players on one side in a game of base ball, 9 in number. [AS. nigon, Ic. niu, L. novem, Gr. ennea, Skr. navan.] — The Nine. The 9 Muses : see Muse.— Nine'fold, a. Nine times re- peated. — Nine'pence. n. ; pi. -fences. A silver coin of the value of 9 pence. — Nine '-holes, n. A game in which a ball is to be bowled into 9 holes made in the ground, pins, n. A play, orig. with 9 wooden pins set on end, at which a bowl is rolled for throwing them down. — Ninth, a. Following the 8th and preceding the 10th; being one of 9 equal parts into which anything is divided. — n. The quotient of a unit divided by 9 ; one of 9 equal parts. (Mus.) An interval containing an octave and a second; a chord consisting of the common chord, with the 8th advunced one note. [AS. nigodha.] — Ninth 'ly, adv. In the 9th place. — Nine'teen, -ten, a. Nine and ten. — n. The sum of 10 and 9 ; a symbol representing nineteen units, as 19 or xix. — Nineteenth, a. Following the 18th and preceding the 20th; being one of 19 equal parts into which any- thing is divided. — n. The quotient of a unit divid- ed by 19 ; one of 19 equal parts ; the next in order after the 18th. — Nine'ty, -tl, a. Nine times 10; one more than 89.— n. The sum of 9 times 10 ; a symbol representing ninety units, as 90 or xc. [AS. nigon- tig.] — Nine'tieth, -tl-eth, a. Next in order after the 89th; being one of 90 equal parts. — n. The quotient of a unit divided by 90 ; one of 90 equal parts ; the next in order after the 89th. Ninny, nin'nr, n. A fool ; simpleton ; dolt. [It. nin- no, Sp. nino, a child, infant ; onomat., It. ninna, a lullaby, ninnare, to lull to sleep.] Nip, nip, v. t. [nipped (nipt) less properly nipt, nipping.] To catch or inclose and compress tightly between two surfaces or edges brought together; to pinch; to remove by pinching, biting, or cutting with 2 meeting edges of anything; to blast, as by frost; to destroy; to bite, vex. — n. A seizing or closing in upon; a pinch with the nails or teeth; a small cut, or a cutting off the end; a blast; destruction by frost; a biting sarcasm; taunt; a sip or draught (esp. of in- toxicating liquor). [ME. nippen, D. knijpen, G. knei- pen, to pinch; s. rt. knip, neap, nibble.] — Nip'per, n. One who or that which, etc.; a fore tooth f of ahorse; a small draught; sip; nip. pi. Small pincers for hold- ing, breaking, or cutting. Nippers. (Naut.) A number of yarns marled together, to se-, cure a cable to the messenger. Nipple. See under Nib. Nisan, ni'san, n. The 1st month of the Jewish sacred year, answering to April, orig. called Abib. [Heb.] Nisi, ni'si, conj. Unless; if not. [L.] — Nisi prius. (Law.) Unless before, — a phrase applied to terms of court, held generally by a single judge, with a iury, for the trial of civil causes. Nit, nit, n. The egg of a louse or other small insect. [AS. hnitu, OIc. gnit, Sw. gnet ; s. rt. Gr. knizein, to scrape, make to itch, E. nettle, perh. gnat.] —Nifty, -tT, a. Full of, etc. Niter, -tre, ni r ter, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline salt, nitrate of potassa, having a pungent, saline taste, — used in the manufacture of gunpowder, etc.; saltpeter. [F. nitre, L. nitrum, Gr. nitron, potassa, also soda (not our saltpeter), Ar. nitrun, natrun, na- tron, q. v.] — Nitrate, -trat, n. A salt formed by the union of nitric acid with a base. — Nitrate of s'ilrer. A transparent crystalline substance obtained by dis- solving silver in nitric acid: when fused it becomes lunar caustic. — Nitride, -trid, n. A compound of nitrogen with any other element or radical, as with phosphorus, silicon, or one of the metals. — Nitric, a. Compounded of nitrogen and oxygen. See Ni- trous. — Nitric acid. A powerful, corrosive acid, containing 5 equivalents of ox3 7 gen and 1 of nitro- gen. — Nitrify, -trf-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To convert into niter. [L. facere, to make.]— Ni- trif'erous, -trifer-us, a. Producing niter. [L./er?-e, to bear.] — Nitrous, -trus, -try, -trf, a. Compounded of nitrogen with a smaller proportion of oxygen than in a nitric compound: pert, to, containing, pro- ducing, or like, niter. — Nitrous oxide gas. A gaseous oxide of nitrogen, used as an anesthetic, esp. by- dentists; laughing gas. — Nitrogen, -tro-jen, n. A gaseous element, without taste, odor, or color, form- ing nearly 4-5ths of common air, and incapable of supporting life; azote. [Gr. gignein, to produce.] — Ni'trogenize, -jen-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izmo.J — To imbue with nitrogen. — Nitrogenous, -troj'e- nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, nitrogen. — Ni'tro- cal'cite, -kal'sit, n. Nitrate of calcium, a grayish sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; l'nger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. NITTY 378 NOMINAL white substance, occurring in efflorescences on old walls and in limestone caves, esp. where there isdecay- ing animal matter. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] — -glyc'- eruie, -glis'er-in, re. A compound produced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine at low temperatures : it detonates when struck and explodes with great violence. The mixture of nitro-glycerine with silicious earth pro- duces dynamite or giant-powder ; with gunpowder, or with sawdust and nitrate of sodium or barium, lithofracteur ; with gunpowder, Colonia powder ; with sawdust, or with sawdust and nitrate of potas- sium and some other substances, dualin; with wood fiber, lignose. — mu'riatlc, -rl-atlk, a. Pert, to, or composed of, nitric acid and muriatic acid,— said of an acid formed by mixing nitric and muriatic (or hydrochloric) acid. — Nitroleum, -le-um, re. Nitro- glycerine. [L. oleum, oil.] Nitty. See under Nit. Nitty, nit'tl, a. Shining ; elegant ; spruce. [L. niti- dus, shining, fr. nitere, to shine.] Niveous, niv'e-us, a. Snowy; resembling snow. [L. niveus, fr. nix, nivis, snow, q. v.] Nix, niks, n. ; fern. Nix'e. A water sprite. [G. See Nick.] No, no, adv. Nay, — a word of denial or refusal; not. — re. ; pi. Noes, noz. A refusal by use of the word no; a denial; a negative vote; one who votes in the negative. [AS. na, no, never, no, fr. ne (see Nefa- rious), not, and a, ever = E. aye.] — No, a. Not any; not one; none. [Abbr. of none.] — None, nun, a. and pron. No one; not anything; no ; not any. [ME. noon, non, AS. nan, fr. ne and an, one.]— None of. Not at all ; nothing of ; not. — None'such, re. Something extraordinary ; a thing that has not its equal. — No'body, -bod-I, n. No person ; no one ; not any body ; a person of no importance. — Notb/- ing, nuthlng, n. Not anything ; no thing; non-ex- istence ; nonentity ; nihility ; not anything of ac- count, value, note, etc. ; a trifle. — adv. In no de- gree; not at all. [ME. no thing (2 words).] — Notb/- ingness, n. Nihility ; non-existence ; nothing ; a thing of no value. — Norway, -ways, -waz, adv. In no manner or degree ; not at all ; nowise. [ME. nanes weies = AS. nanes (gen. of nan, none) weges (gen. of weg, a way).] — No' where, adv. Not any where ; not in any place or state. [AS. nahwser ; hwser, where.] — No'wise, adv. Not in any manner or degree. [ME. onnone wise; ore, in; none, dat. of noon, none ; wise — wisan, dat. of AS. wise, way, wise, q. v.] Noacbian, no-alcY-an, a. Pert, to Noah, the patriarch, or to his time. Noble, no'bl, a. [-bler, -blest.] Possessing emi- nence, elevation, dignity, etc.; above whatever is low, mean, degrading, or dishonorable ; grand ; magnifi- cent ; splendid ; of exalted rank ; of aristocratic or patrician family; sublime; great; eminent; stately; magnanimous; liberal; free. — n. A nobleman; peer; a money of account, and, formerly, a gold coin, worth about $1.61. [F. ; L. nobilis = gnobilis, notable, noble, f r. noscere, gnoscere = E. know, q. v.]— No'bly, ,blt, adv. — No'bleness, n. — Nobility, -bil't-tt, n. The quality of being noble, as, dignity; greatness; elevation, superiority of mind and of quality; or, no- ble birth ; patrician dignity ; distinction by rank, station, and title ; the aristocratic or patrician class ; the peerage. [OF. ndbilite, L. ndbilitas.] — No'ble- man, re. ; pi. -men. One of the nobility ; a noble ; peer. — Nobless', -blesse', -bles', re. The nobility ; persons of noble rank collectively. — Nob, re. A slang contr. of nobleman ; a swell. — Nob'by, -M, a. Stylish; modish; fashionable. Nobody. See under No. Nocake, no'kak, re. Indian corn parched, beaten to powder, and made into a paste with water. [Corrup. fr. Indian nookhik, meal.] Nocent, no'sent, a. Doing hurt, or having a tendency to hurt; hurtful; mischievous; guilty. [L. nocens, p. pr. of nocere, to hurt: see Noxious.] Nocturn, noklern, re. An act of religious service by night ; one of the portions into which the Psalter was divided, designed to be used at such a night-ser- vice. — Nocturne', -tern', re. {Painting.) A night- piece, night-scene. (Mm.) A piece to be played as a serenade. [F. nocturne, LL. nocturna, fr. nox, night, q. v.] — Noctam'bulist, -bu-list, re. One who walks in his sleep ; a somnambulist. [L. nox and ambulare, to walk.] — Noctiv'agant, a. Wandering in the night, as animals for prey. [L. vagari, to wander about.] — Noc'tograph, -graf , re. A kind of 3tc. (Astron.) ^-^ 2greatceles- ( ^ other, or the \ \ J / cts that of its \\£_^/ ?*££*??• Node. writing frame for the blind. [Gr. nux, night, and graphein, to write.]— Noctur'nal, a. Pert, to, done or occurring at night; seeking food at night. Nod, nod. v. ?. To bend or incline the upper part with a quick motion; to make a slight bow in assent or salutation ; to be drowsy. — v. t. To incline or bend, as the head or top ; to make a motion of as- sent, of salutation, or of drowsiness with ; to sig- nify by a nod. — re. A bending forward of trie upper part or top; quick downward or forward mo- tion of the head, in assent, salutation, drowsiness, as a ,f J??, a1 ' etc - [ Pr °vG. notteln, to shake, wag, log, MHG. nuotan, to shake ; s. rt. nudge ; not s. rt. L. nuere, to nod.] — Nod'der, «.— Nod'dy, -dT, re. A simpleton; fool. (Ornith.) A sea-fowl, easily taken; the booby. TProb. f r. nod.] Noddle, nod'dl, re. The head, — used jocosely or con- temptuously. [ME. nodil, nodle, for knoddel, dim. of obs. knod, OJD. knodde, a knob ; s. rt. knob, knot, node.]_ Node, nod, re. A knot; knob; protuberance; a swell- ing, as of a bone, tendon, etc. (Astron.) One of the points where 2 j tial circles intersect each orbit of a satellite intersects primary. (Bot.) The joint of astern. (Geom.) The oval figure, or knot, formed by the folding of a curve upon itself. [L. nodus = gnodus = E. knot, q. v.: see Noddle.] — Nod'al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.— Nodose'', no-dos', a. Having knots or swelling joints; knotted. [L. nodosus, fr. nodus.] — Nodosity, -dOs'T-tt, re. Knot- tiness; a node; knot; swelling. — Nod'ule, nSdUl, re. A rounded mass of irregular shape; a little knot or lump. [Li. nodulus, dim. of nodus.] — Nod'ular, a. Pert, to, or in the form of, a nodule. Nog, nog, re. A little pot; noggin; a kind of strong ale; a wooden pin or treenail; a timber brick. [Abbr. of noggin.]— Nog'gin, n. A small mug or wooden cup; a measure = 1 gill. — Nog'ging, re. A partition of scantlings filled with bricks. [Ga. noigean, a wooden cup, cnagan, a little knob, peg, earthen pipkin, fr. Ga. and Ir. cnag, knob, peg, knock, also to knock, q. v.] Noise, noiz, n. Sound of any kind; esp., over-loud, empty, confused, or senseless sound; loud or contin- uous talk; discussion; stir; outcry; clamor; din; up- roar. — v. i. [noised (noizd), noising.] To sound loud. — v. t. To spread by rumor or report; to disturb with noise. [F. ; OF. reose. Proven, nausa, noisa, perh. fr. L. nausea (q. v.), a noise being nauseous; perh. fr. noxia, harm: see Noxious.]— Nois'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Making a noise, clamor, etc. — Noisily, adv. — Noisiness, n. — Noiseless, a. Making no noise ; quiet. Noisome, noi'sum, a. Injurious to health ; unwhole- some ; unsalubrious ; destructive ; offensive to the smell or other senses ; disgusting ; fetid ; noxious. [ME. noyous,noyful, noysome, fr. noy, contr. of anoy, annoyance, injury : see Annoy ; fr. L. in odio; not s. rt. "L. nocere, to hurt, or E. noise.] — Noi'somely, adv. — Noi'someness, noi'sum-nes, n. Nolle prosequi, nolle-pros'e-kwi. (Law.) A phrase denoting that a plaintiff discontinues his suit, or the attorney for the public a prosecution. [L., to be un- willing to prosecute.] Nomad, -ade t nom'ad, re. One of a tribe that has no fixed location, but wanders from place to place in search of game or pasture. [Gr. nomas, -ados, roam- ing, esp. in search of pasture, fr. nomos, a pasture, allotted abode, also a law, fr. nemein, to assign, allot; s. rt. Skr. nam, to bow to, bend, upanam, to fall to one's share, E. nemesis, nimble, number, and the suf- fix in astronomy, gastronomy, etc.] — Nome, nom, re. A province or political division, esp. of modern Greece or of ancient Egypt. [Gr., fr. nemein.] — Nem/archy, nSm'ar-ki, re. Anome; a province of modern Greece. [Gr. nome and archein, to rule.] — Nomog'raphy, -ra-fX re. A treatise on laws. [Gr. nomos, law, and graphein, to write.] — Nomadic, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; wandering. — Nom'adism, re. State of being, etc. Nombles, num'blz, n.pl. The eatable portion of the entrails of a deer. [F. See Humbles!] Nombril, nom'bril, n. (Her.) A point half way be- tween the f esse point and the middle base point of an escutcheon : see Escutcheon. [F., iorrombril (ombril, with the article), fr. L. umbilicus, navel.] Nome. See under Nomad. Nominal, nom'T-nal, a. Pert, to a name or term; ver- bal; existing in name only; not real or substantial. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 3r ; NOMOGRAPHY 379 NOON [L. nominalis, fr. nomen, a name, q. v.l — Nom /, inal- ism, -izm, n. The principles of nominalists.— Nom'- inaliat, n. (Metaph.) One of a sect of philosophers in the middle ages, who held that general concep- tions, or universals, exist in name only — Nom /, in- ally, adv. By name, or in name only. — isom'inate, -nat, v. t. To mention by name; to name; to appoint; to propose by name, or offer the name of, as a can- didate for office. [L. nominare, nominatum.] — Vom- ina/tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; power of nominating. [F.l — Nom'inative, -tiv, a. Naming; designating,— said of a case of a noun.— n. {Gram.) The simple form (or case) of a noun which may be the subject of a verb. [ME. and OF. nominalif.] — Nom'ina'tor, n. One who nominates. — Nom'inee'', -ne', n. One proposed for an office; one nominated for election to office. — No'mencla'tor, n. One who gives names to things. [L.. fr. nomen and calare, to call.] — No'menclafure, -kla'chur, n. A system of technical names in a particular branch of science; terminology. Nomography. See under Nomad. Nonage, Nonagenarian, Nonagon, etc. See under Nones. Nonage, non'aj, n. The time of life before a person becomes of age; minority. [L. non-, not (orig. not one, fr. ne, not, and oinwn, old form of unum, neut. of wins, one; cf. None, under No), and E. age.] — Non'-attend'ance, -ans, n. Failure to attend.— Non- chalance, nawN-sha-laNs', n. Indifference; careless- ness; coolness. [F.]— Nonchalant, -lax', a. Indif- ferent; careless; cool. [F., p. pr. of nonchaloir, to have no care for, fr. non (= L. non) and chaloir, to concern one's self, fr. L. calere, to glow, be roused: see Caloric] — Non-commis'sioned, -mish'und, a. Not having a commission. — Non-commissioned offi- cer. An officer of a rank below lieutenant; a war- rant officer. — Non-commit'tal, n. A state of not being committed or pledged to any course. — Non- compliance, -ans, n. Neglect or failure of compli- ance. — Non com'pos, N. c. men'tis. Lit., not of sound mind. — n. An idiot ; lunatic. [L.] — Non- concur'', -kgr', v. i. To dissent or refuse to concur. — Non-concur / 'rence, n. Refusal to concur. — Non- conduct'or, n. A substance which does not transmit or permit the passage of a substance, fluid, or force, as heat, electricity, etc., or which transmits it with difficulty. — Non-conform'ist, n. One who does not conform to an established church. — Non-conform'- ity, -T-tt, n. Neglect of conformity; esp., in Eng., refusal to unite with the established church in its worship. — Non con'stat. It is not clear, or does not appear. [LawL.] — Non-content', n. (British House of Lords.) One who gives a negative vote. — Non'descript, -de-skript, a. Not hitherto described; novel; odd; abnormal; irregular. — n. A thing not yet described; something abnormal, or hardly clas- sifiable. [L. non and describere, descriptum, to de- scribe, q. v.] — Nonen'tity, -tl-tT, n. Non-existence; negation of being; a thing not existing; a person of no account ; a nobody. — Non-essen'tial, -shal, a. Not essential. — n. A thing which, etc. — Non est inven'tus. Lit., he is not found. (Law.) The re- turn of a sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is not found in his county. — Non-exisfence, n. Ab- sence of existence ; nonentity ; a thing that has no being. — Non-exisfent, a. Not having existence. — Noh-fulfill'ment, n. Neglect or failure to fulfill. — Non-jur'ing, a. Not swearing allegiance, — ap- plied to the party in Great Britain that would not swear allegiance to William and Marv. [L. jurare, to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law.] — Nonjuror, non- iu'- or non'ju-rSr, n. (Eng. Hist.) One who re- fused to take the oath of allegiance to the govern- ment and crown of Eng. during and after the revo- lution of 1688; a Jacobite. — Non-nat'urals, n. pi. (Med.) Things necessary to human existence, but not entering into the composition or constituting the nature of man, such as air, food, drink, sleep, etc.— Non-observ , ance, n. Neglect or failure to observe or fulfill. — Nonpareil'', -pa-reK, n. Something of unequaled excellence; a sort of apple ; a small sug- ar-plum; a kind of narrow ribbon; a brilliantly col- ored singing bird, of the finch family; a printing type, in size between ruby and emerald. (B^T" This line is printed in nonpareil type. — a. Having no equal; peerless. [F., fr. non and pareil, equal, fr. LL. variculus, dim. of L. par, equal .] — Non-pay'ment, n. Neglect or failure to pay. — Non-perform / 'ance, n. Neglect or failure to perform. -Non'plus, n. Insuperable difficulty; state of embarrassment ; inability to say, do, or decide ; puzzle. — v. t. [nonplused (-plust), -plusing.] To puzzle, confound, put to a stand. [L. non and plus, more, further.] — Non pros. (Law.) A judgment entered against the plaintiff in a suit where he does not appear to prosecute. [Abbr. of L. non proseq- uitur, he does not prosecute.] — Non'-pros, v. t. [-prossed ('-prost), -peossing.] To fail to prosecute. — Non-residence, n. Failure or neglect of residing at the place where one is stationed. — Non-resident, a. Not residing in a particular place, on one's own estate, or in one's proper place. — n. One who does not reside in, or is not a resident of, a particular place, —applied esp., in Eng., to clergymen who live away from their cures; absentee. — Non-resist'ance, n. The principles or practice of a non-resistant ; passive obedience. — Non-resist'ant, a. Making no resistance to power, oppression, or violence. — n. One who maintains that no resistance should be made to constituted authority, even when unjustly or oppressively exercised; one who holds that wrong or violence should not be resisted by force. — Non'- sense, n. That which is not intelligible, is not sense, or has no meaning; trifles; things of no importance. — Nonsensical, a. Unmeaning; absurd; foolish. — Nonsensically, adv. — Nonsenslcalness, n. — Non seq'uitur, -sek'wl-te'r. Lit., it does not follow. (Logic.) An inference which does not follow from the premises. [L.] — Non'suit, -sut, n. (Law.) A judgment against a plaintiff who is unable to prove or does not follow up his case. — v. t. To adjudge or record (a plaintiff) as having dropped his suit, upon his withdrawal or failure to follow it up. — Non- us'er, -uz'er, n. A not using; failure to use. (Law.) Neglect or omission to use an easement or other right. Nonce, nons, n. The present occasion or purpose — in the phrase for the nonce. [ME. for the nones, orig. for then ones or anes ; then, aat. case of the ; ones = E. once, formerly a noun]. None. See under No. Nones, nonz, n. pi. (Roman Calendar.) The 7th day of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of other months, — being the 9th day before the ides. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) A season of prayer, orig. observed at the 9th hour = 3 p. M., afterwards changed to mid- day, whence noon, q. v. [L. nonse, the nones, nona (hora), the 9th (hour), fern, of nonus, ninth, f r. no- vem = E. nine, q. v.] — Non'age, nQn'aj, n. (Eccl.) A payment formerly made to the clergy of the l-9tn part of the movable goods of persons dyingin their parishes. [LL. nonagium, fr. L. nonius.*] — Non'age- na'rian, -je-na'rf-an, n. One who is 90 years old. [L. nonagenarius, containing, or consisting of, 90, fr. nonageni, 90 each, fr. nonaginta, 90, fr. novem, 9.] — Nonages'imal. -jes'I-mal, a. Pert, to a nonagesimal. — n. (Astron.) The middle or highest point of that part of the ecliptic which is at any given moment above the horizon. [L. 7ionagesimus, the 90th.] — Non'agon. n. (Math.) A polygon having 9 sides md 9 angles. [L. novem and Or. gonia, angle.] - Nonilllon, -yun, n. By the common, or French, notation, a thousand octillions, or 1 with 30 ciphers annexed ; by Eng. notation, a million octillions, or 1 with 54 ciphers annexed. [L. nonns and E. million.'] — Nov'enary, -e-na-rT, a. Pert, to the number 9. [L. novenarius.] — Noven / 'nial, -nT-al, a. Done every 9th year. [L. novennis, of 9 years, fr. novem and annus, year.] — Novem'ber, n. The 11th month of the year, — the 9th of the Roman year. [L., fr. novem.] Non-essential, Nonpareil, "Nonsuit, etc. See under Nonage. Nonesuch._ See under No. Noodle, noo'dl, n. A simpleton; blockhead; stupid person. _[Prob. fr. noddle.] Noodle, noo'dl, n. A thin strip of dough, made with eggs, rolled, cut in small pieces, and used in soup. [6. nudel, vermicelli.] Nook, nd6k or nook, n. A corner; recess; secluded re- treat. _[Scot. neuk, Ir. and Ga. niuc] Noon, noon, n. The middle of the day; midday: 12 o'clock; the time of greatest brilliancy; culminating point.— a. Pert, to midday; meridional. [ME. nones, AS. nontid (= noontide) fr. L. nona hora, the 9th hour (see Nones) = 3 p. m., when the services called nones were orig. held, but afterwards altered to mid- day.] — Noon'day, n. Midday: 12o'clockin the day. — a. Pert, to midday; meridional. — Noon'ing, n. Repose at noon; a repast at noon. — Noon'tide, n. The time of noon ; midday. — a. Pert, to noon ; me- ridional. sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil j Linger or ink, titien, boNboN, chair, get. NOOSE 380 NOTE Noose, nooz or noos, n. A running knot, -which, binds the closer the more it is drawn. — v. t. [noosed (noozt or noost),_ noosing.] To tie or catch in a fr. OF. nou, pi. nous, L. nodus Noria. noose, insnare. [Perh. = E. knot, q. v. J Nopal, no'pal, n. Indian fig, a species of cactus on which the cochineal bug feeds. [Mexic. nopalli.] Nor, n6r, conj. A negative connective or particle, in- troducing the 2d member or clause of a negative proposition, following neither, or not, in the first ; neither ; and not. [ME., contr. fr. nother, neither, q. v., under Nefarious.] Noria, no'r l-a, n. A Persian wheel, — a water wheel used in Spain, etc., for irrigating land, which is turned by the ac- tion of a stream against its floats, and raises water in pendent buck- £ ets to a trough at top. [Sp.] fTT Norm, n6rm, n. A rule or authorita- ' tive standard ; model ; type. [L. norma, a rule; s. rt. gnomon, know, q. v.] — Nor'mal, a. According to an established norm, rule, or prin- _ ciple ; conformed to a type or reg- - ular form; ordinary; analogical, m — n. A perpendicular. (Geom.) r A straight line perpendicular to ' the tangent of a curve at any point, and included between the curve and the axis of the abscissas. [L. normalis.] — Normal school. A school whose methods of in- struction are to serve as a model for imitation ; an institution for the education of teachers. Norman, Norroy, Norse. See under North. North, nSrth, n. The direction opposite to the south. —a. Lying toward, or situated at the N. — v. i. To turn or move toward the N. [AS. nordh. Ic. nordhr, Dan., Sw., and G. nord, north.] — North-east', n. The point between the N. and E. at an equal dis- tance from each. — a. Pert, to, or proceeding from the N. E. — North-east 'erly, a. Toward, or coming from, etc. — North-east'ern, a. Pert, to, being in, or in a direction, to the N. E. — North-north-east, North-west, etc. See Compass. — North'er. n6rth'- er, n. A wind or gale, from the N. — Northerly, -6r-lT, a. Being toward the N.; northern; from the N. — adv. Toward the N. ; in a northern direction; proceeding from a northern point.— Nor 'therliness, 7i.— North'ern, a. Being in, near to, or in a direc- tion toward, the N. — Northerner, ;/. A native or resident in the N. — Northernmost, a. Situated at the point furthest N.— Northing, n. (Surr. & Nav.) Distance northward from any point of departure, measured on a meridian. (Astron.) The distance of any heavenly body from the equator northward. — North 'most, a. Northernmost. — North'ward, a. Being toward the N., or nearer to it than the E. and W. points. — North'ward, -wards, adv. Toward the N., or toward a point nearer to the N. than the E. and "W. points. — North'wardly, a. Having a north- ern direction. — adv. In a northern direction.— North'man, n. ; pi. -men. One of the inhabitants of the N. of Europe ; the ancient Scandinavians. — Nor'man, n. A native or inhabitant of Normandy. — a. Pertaining to Normandv, or to the Normans. [OF. and Dan. Normand, Ic. Nordhmadhr, pi. Nordhmenn, a Northman, Norwegian.] — Norwe'- giaxi, -we'jan, a. Of, or pert, to, Norway, — n. A native or inhabitant of, etc. [Ic. Norvegr, Norway.] — Norse, a. Of, or pert, to, ancient Scandinavia. — n. The language of, etc. flc. Norskr.] — Norse'- man, n. ; pi. -men. An inhabitant of ancient Scan- dinavia; a Northman. — Nor'roy, n. (Her.) The 3d of the 3 Eng. kings at arms, or provincial heralds: his jurisdiction is NT of the Trent. [Lit., north-king, fr. F. nord, north, and roy, roi, king.] Nose, noz, n. The prominent part of the face, which is the organ of smell; power of smelling; scent: a pro- jecting end or vent; a snout; nozzle. — v.t. [nosed (nozd), losing.] To smell, scent; hence, to track; to oppose to the face, affront. — v. i. To smell ; to carry the nose high, strut ; to pry officiously into what does not concern one. [AS. nosu, G. nase, L. nasus, Sw. and Skr. nasa.] —To hare one's nose on the grind- stone. To be subject to exactions; to be oppressed. — To lead by the n. To lead blindly. — To put one's n. out of joint. To supplant one in the affections of another. — To thrust one's n. into. To meddle offi- ciously in.— Nose'bleed, n. A hemorrhage, or bleed- ing at the nose.— Nose'gay, n. A bunch of odorous flowers; a bouquet; posy.— Nos'tril, nSs'tril, n. One of the 2 channels through the nose which give pas sage to the air we breathe, and to the secretions of the nose. [ME. nosethirl, AS. nosdhyrl ; AS. dhyrel, perforation, orifice; s. rt. thrill.'] — Noz'zle, -zl, n. The nose; snout; projecting vent of anything. [Dim. of nose.] — Nuz'zle, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.j To work with the nose, like swine in the mud; to go with the nose thrust out and down, like swine; to hide the head, as a child in the mother's bosom; to nestle. — v. t. To nestle; to house, as in a nest. [Freq. of nose; cf. Sw. nosa, to smell to, snuff, LG. nusseln, to push the nose into.] Nosology, no-sol'o-jT, n. A systematic classification of diseases; the branch of medical science treating thereof. [Gr. nosos, disease (perh. s. rt. Gr. nekros, dead : see Necrology), and logos, discourse.] — Nos'clog'ical, -loj'ik-af, a. Pert, to, etc. — Nosol'- ogist, -sol'o-jist, n. One versed in nosology. Nostalgia, nos-taKjt-a, n. Melancholy resulting from absence from one's home; homesickness. [Gr. nos- tos, return (esp. home), and algos, pain, grief.] — Nostal'gic, -jtk, a. Pert, to, etc. Nostril. See under Nose. Nostrum, nos'trum, n. A quack or patent medicine. [L., ours, our own, fr. nos, we.] Not, not, adv. A word that expresses negation, denial, or refusal. [Same as naught, q. v.] Notable, Notary, etc. See under Note. Notch, noch, n. A nick ; indentation ; a hollow cut in anything ; a deep, close pass or defile. — v. t. [notched (nockt), notching.] To cut in small hollows ; to place in a notch. [ME. and Sw. dial. nokke, OD. nocke ; same as 7iick ; perh. s. rt. D. nok, a ]>in,_peg.] Note, not, n. A mark or token; visible sign; symbol; a sign to call attention, to point out something to notice, etc. ; a memorandum ; minute ; a brief re- mark; annotation; comment, esp. at the side or foot of a page; a short letter; billet; a diplomatic paper; a paper acknowledging a debt, and promising pay- ment; observation; notice; reputation; distinction. pi. A writing to be spoken from, being a synopsis or full text of what is to be said. (31us.) A character to indicate the length of a tone; a musical sound; a tone. — v. t. To notice with care , observe, remark, heed; to record in writing; to denote, stand for, des- ignate. ' [F.; L. nota, for gnota, a mark, sign, note, not us, gnotus, thing known: see Know.] — Not'ed, a. Well known by reputation or report ; eminent ; re- markable ; famous. — Not'edly, adv. — - Not'edness, n. — Not'er , n. One who takes notice ; an annotater. — Note'worthy, -wer-thY, a. Worthy of notice. — Note'-book, n. A book in which memorandums are written ; one in which notes of hand are registered. — -pa'per, n. Writing paper of a size not exceed- ing, when folded in the quire, 5 by 8 inches. — Not'- able, a. Noticeable; evident: worthy of notice; re- markable ; noted or distinguished. — n. A person, or thing, of note or distinction. [F.; L. notabilis, fr. notare, -atum, to mark, fr. no ta. J — Not'abil'ity, n Quality of being notable ; a remarkable person or thing. — Not'ably, adr. — No'tary, -ta-r l, n. A pub- lic officer who attests deeds and other writings, cer- tifies copies of documents, receives affidavits, pro- tests bills of exchange, etc., — generally called a notary public. [OF. notaire, L. notarius.] — Nota'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to, done or taken by, a notary. — Nota'tion, n. Act, practice, or method, of record- ings anything by marks, figures, or characters; esp., in arithmetic and algebra, the expressing of num- bers and quantities by figures or signs ; the system of signs and characters so employed. — No'tice, -tis, n. Act of noting, remarking, or observing ; cogni- zance ; intelligence ; knowledge given or received ; intimation ; warning ; a writing containing formal, customary information ; a critical review or re- marks ; respectful treatment ; attention; heed; ad- vice; news. — v. t. [noticed (-tist), noticing.] To take note of, pay attention to ; to take public note of, remark upon, make observations on ; to treat with attention and civilities. [F. ; L. notitia, a being known, knowledge, f r. notus.] — No'ticeable, a. Ca- pable of being observed ; worthy of observation ; likely to attract observation.— Nc'tifica'tion, n. Act of notifying, giving notice, or making known ; notice given in words, writing, or signs; the writing which communicates information; an advertisement, cita- tion, etc. — No'tify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make known, declare, publish ; to give notice to. [F. notifier, L. notificare, fr. notus and facere, to make.] — No'tion, n. Mental apprehension of what- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; NOTHING 381 NUMBER ever may be known or imagined; idea; conception; judgment; opinion; belief: a small article; trifling thing, — chiefly in pi. [F. ; L. notio.] — No'tional, a. Consisting of, or conveying, notions or ideas ; exist- ing in idea only ; visionary ; imaginary ; given to fool- ish or visionary expectations ; whimsical; fanciful. — No'tionally, adv. — No'tionist, n. One who holds to an ungrounded opinion. — Noto'rious, -rT-us, a. Generally known and talked of by the public; usu- ally, known to disadvantage ; conspicuous. [L. no- torius, f r. notor, a witness.] — Noto'riously, adv. In a notorious manner; publicly; openly.— Notorious- ness, n. State of being notorious, or open or known beyond denial. -Notoriety, -e-tT, n. Notoriousness. [OF. notoriete", L. notorietas.] Nothing, etc. See under No. Notwithstanding, not-with-standlng, prep. Without opposition, prevention, or obstruction from; in spite of; despite. — adv. or conj. This not obstructing or preventing ; nevertheless ; however. [ME. nought withstanding = naught withstanding; cf. L,. non ob- stante.] Nought, nawt, n. Same as Naught. Noun, nown, n. {Gram.) A word used as the desig- nation of a creature or thing, etc.; a name; a sub- stantive. [OF.; L. nornen = E. name, q. v.] Nourish, ner'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To feed and cause to grow; to furnish with nutriment; to supply the means of support and increase to; to encourage; to comfort; to educate, instruct; to nur- ture, cherish, feed, provide, supply. — v. i. To pro- mote growth. [ME. nonsen, OF. norir (F. nourrir), L. nutrire, -tritum, to nurse, nourish; perh. s. rt. Skr. snu, to distill.] — Nourlshable, a. — Nour'isher, n. — Nourishment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; nutrition ; that which nourishes, repairs waste, or promotes growth ; food ; sustenance. — Nurse, ners, n. One who takes care of a child or the sick; esp., one who suckles an infant not her own; one who, or that which, brings up, rears, causes to grow, trains, etc. — v. t. [nursed (nerst), nursing.] To nour- ish, cherish, foster ; to nourish at the breast, suc- kle ; to tend (a sick person) ; to bring up, raise, by care, from a weak or invalid condition. [ME. nurice, norice, OF. norrice, L. nutrix, fr. nutrire.] — Wet nurse. A woman who suckles an infant not her own. — Nurs^er, n. — Nurs'ery, -er-T, n. Act of nursing; the apartment, in a house, appropriated to the care of children; a plantation of young trees; place where anything is fostered and growth pro- moted; that which forms and educates. — Nursery- man 7 , 71. ; pi. -men. One who lias charge of a nurs- ery. — Nurs'ling, n. One who, or that which, is nursed; an infant. — Nurt'ure, ner'chur, n. Act of nourishing or nursing; education: training; disci- pline; instruction; that which nourishes; food; diet. — v.t. [nurtured (-churd), -Turing.] To feed; to bring or train up; to nourish, cherish, tend. [ME. norture, OF. noritare, It. and L. nutritura, n., prop, fem. of fut. p. of L. nutrire.] — Nu'triment, -trt- nient, n. That which nourishes; food; aliment; that which promotes enlargement or improvement. [L. nutrimentum.] — Nu'trunenfal, a. Having the qual- ities of food; alimental. — Nu'trient, -trl-ent, n. A substance which, etc.— Nutri'tion, -trisb/un, n. Act or process of promoting the growth or repairing the waste of animal or vegetable life; nutriment. — Nu- tritious, -trish / 'us, a. Nourishing. [L. nutricius, -tins.] — Nu'tritive, -trY-tiv, a. Nutrimental. — Nu'- tritiveness, n. Novel, nov'el, a. Of recent origin or introduction ; of a kind not before known; unusual; strange; new. — n. A fictitious narrative, intended to exhibit the opera- tion of the passions, esp. of love. {Law.) A new or supplemental constitution. [OF. : L. novellus, dim. of novus = E. new, q. v.] — Novelette', -et', n. A small novel. [F.] — NoVelist, n. A writer of novels.— Nov'elty, -el-ti, n. Quality of being novel ; new- ness; a new or strange thing. [ME. noveltee, OF. noveliteit, L. novellitas.] — Novice, -is, n. One new in any business : a beginner ; one newly received into the church. {Eccl.) One who has entered a convent, nunnery, etc., but has not taken the vow. [F. ; L. novieius, -tins.] — Novi'tiate, -vigh'T-at, n. State or condition of being, etc.; time of proba- tion in a religious house before taking the vows; a probationer, novice; place where novices live or are trained. [F. novitiat.] November, Novenary, Novennial, etc. See under Nones. Novercal, no-ver'kal, a. Pert., or suitable to, or in the manner of a step-mother. [L. novercalis, fr. no- verca, sl step-mother.] Novice, Novitiate. See under Novel. Now, now, adv. At the present time: at this moment; in present circumstances;, things being as they are. [AS., D., Ic. Dan., Sw., OHG., Goth., and Skr. nu, G. and Gr. nun, L. nunc; s. rt. new, novel.] — JS'ow and then. At one time and another, indefinitely; occasionally; at intervals. — Now r adays, -a-daz, adv. In this age; at the present period. Noway, Nowhere, Nowise. See under No. Noxious, nok'shus, a. Productive of injury or evil consequences; corrupting to morals; noisome; per- nicious; baneful; unwholesome: hurtful. [L. nox- ius, fr. noxa, harm, fr. nocere, to harm, hurt, fr. nex, destruction; s. rt. necrology, q. v. 1 — Noxiously, adv. — Noxiousness, n. Noyau, no'yo, n. A cordial flavored with the kernel of the bitter almond or peach, etc. [F., prop, the stone or nut of a fruit, fr. L. nucalis, like a nut, fr. mix, nut: see Nucleus.] Nozzle. See under Nose. Nubia, nu'bT-a, n. A network of wool worn as a head- dress by ladies; a cloud. [Prob. fr. L. nubes, a cloud: see Nuptial.] Nucleus, nu'kle-us, n. ; E. pi. -cleuses, L. pi. -clei. A kernel ; a central mass or point about which matter is gathered. — both literally and figuratively. (Astron.) The body or head of a' comet. [L., dim. of mix, nvcis, a nut: same as newel; not 8. rt. E. nut.] — Nu'cleate, -kle-at, v. t. To gather, as about a nu- cleus or center. [L. nucleare, -atum.] — Nucle'iform, -kleO-f6rm, a. Formed like a kernel. [L. forma, form J Nude, nud,«. Bare; naked; uncovered. (Law.) With- out consideration. [L. nudus, Skr. nagna, naked, q. v.] — Nuda'tion, n. Act of stripping, or making bare, or naked. [L. nudatio, fr. nudare, to make naked, fr. nudus.] — Nu'dity, -dt-tT, n. Qualitv or condi- tion of being nude; nakedness; that which is naked: undraped or unclothed portion. Nudge, nuj, v. t. [nudged (nujd), nudging.] To touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call at- tention or convey intimation. — n. A significant push. [S. rt. knock, knuckle, nod; Dan. knuge, to press.] Nugatory, nu'ga-to-rY, a. Trifling ; vain ; futile ; in- significant ; inoperative ; ineffectual. [L. nugatori- us, fr. nugari, to trifle, nugse, jests, trifles.] Nugget, nug'get, n. A lump; mass. esp. of a precious metal. [Formerly niggot, prob. for ningot = an ingot : see Ingot.] Nuisance, nu'sans, n. That which annoys or gives trouble and vexation. (Law.) Something that pro- duces inconvenience and damage. [F., fr. nuisant, hurtful, prop. p. pr. of nuire, L. nocere, to hurt : see Noxious.] Null, nul, a. Of no legal or binding force or validity ; invalid ; void ; nugatory ; of no significance. [L. nulbis, not any, none, fr. we, not, and ullus, any.] — Nullifica'tion, n. Act of nullifying; a rendering void and of no effect, or of no legal effect; esp. a refusal, by a State, to permit the enforcement within its bor- ders of a IT. S. law. — Nullify, -IY-f i, v. t. [-fied (-lid), -fying.] To make void, render invalid, .de- prive of legal force or efficacy, abolish, abrogate, re- voke, annul, repeal. [L.facere, to make.] — Nul'li- fier, n. One who makes void; one who maintains the right to nullify a contract by one of the parties; one who advocates nullification. — Nul'lity, -lt-tt, n. Condition or quality of being null or void; nothing- ness; anything void' or of no efficacy. Numb, num. a. Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation and motion; torpid; paralyzed; chill; motionless, — v. t. [numbed (numd), numb- ing.] To make torpid, deprive of the power of sen- sation or motion, benumb. [ME. nome, for nomen, prop. p. p. of nimen, AS. niman, to take: see Nimble; AS. nunien, Ic. nurninn, numb.] — Numb'ness, r?. — Num'skull. n. A thick-headed fellow; dolt; dunce. Number, num'ber, n. A single unit, considered as part of a series, or i> or more of such units; a collec- tion of many individuals; a multitude; numerous- ness; quantity regarded as made up by an aggregate of separate things; that which is regulated by count, as divisions of time or number of syllables ; poetry, verse. (Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, or more than one, expressed by a difference of the form of a word, — singular or plural. (Math.) Nu- merical value. See Phrenology.— v. t. [numbered (-berd), -Bering.] To reckon, ascertain the units of; sun. cQbe, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or hik, then, boNboN, chair, get. NUMBLES 382 to give or assign the number of; to reckon as one of a collection or multitude, enumerate, calculate, tell; to amount to, consist of. [ME. and F. nombre, L. numerus, a number, numerare, -atum, to number, Gr. nemetn, to distribute : see Nomad.] — Numbers, n. The 4th book of the Pentateuch — containing the enumeration of the Hebrews. — Num'berer, n. — Num'berless, a. Not admitting of being counted ; innumerable. — Nu'merable, -mer-a-bl, a. — Nu'- meral, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, number ; ex- pressing or representing number, — n. A figure or character used to express a number. (Gram.) A word expressing number. [L. numeralis, pert, to a number.] — Nu'merally, adv. According to num- ber; in number. — Nu'merary, -mer-a-rT, a. Be- longing to a certain number. — Nu'merate, v. t. (Arith.) To divide off and read according to the rules of numeration. — Numeration, n. Act or art of numbering. (Arith.) Act or art of reading or writing numbers, esp. as expressed by the Arabic method. [Two systems of numeration are now in usej the English and the French: in the Eng. the billion is a million of millions, a trillion a million of billions, and each denomination is a million times the one preceding; in the F. (which is used in the U. S.), the billion is a thousand millions, and each denomination is a thousand times the preceding.] [F. ; L. numeration — Nu'mera'tor, n. One who num- bers. (Arith.) The term in a fraction which indi- cates the number of fractional units that are taken; in a vulgar fraction the number above the line; in decimal fractions, the number next following the decimal point, the denominator not being written- . see Fraction. [L.] — Numer'ic, -ical, -mer'ik-al, a. I Belonging to, or denoting, number; expressed by numbers ; the same in number ; hence, identical. — Numerically, adv. — Nu'merous, -mer-us, a. Being many; consisting of a great number of individuals; consisting of poetic numbers; rhythmical; musical. IF. numereux, L. numerosus.] — Nu'merously, adv.— ru'merousness, n. Numbles. Same as Nombles. Numismatic, nu-miz-mafik, -ical, a. Pert, to coins or medals. — Numismat , ics, n. Seience of coins and medals. [L. numisma. -matis, current coin, Gr. no- misma, a custom, also coin, fr. nomizein, to practice, adopt, use as coin, fr. nomos, usage: see Nomad.] — Numis'matoFogy, -tol'o-jl, n. Science of coins and medals, in their relation to history : numismatics. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Numis / matoKogist, -o-jist, n. One versed in numismatology. — Num'mary, -ma-rl, -mular, -mulary, -mu-la-r 1, a. Pert, to coin or money ; pecuniary. [L. nummularius, fr. nummulus, dim. of numnvus, a com.] Numskull. See under Numb. Nun, nun, n. A woman devoted to a religious life, who lives in a cloister or nunnery under a vow of perpetual chastity and seclusion from the world; a kind of small pigeon. [ME. and F. nonne, AS. and LL. nunna, orig. a term of address to elderly relig- ious women, Gr. nanne, an aunt, Skr. nana, a chil- dren's word for mother; L. nonnus, a father, later a monk.] — Nun'nery, -n§r-I, n. A cloister or house in which nuns reside. NuBchion, nun'shun, n. A portion of food taken at or after noon, usually between meals; a luncheon. [ME. nonechenche, drink given to workmen, f r. none, noon (q. v.), and schenche, a distribution of drink, fr. schenchen, AS. scencan, Ic. skenkja. D. and G. schenben, to pour out drink.] Nuncio, nun'snl-o, n. A messenger; an embassador jcrom the pope to an emperor or king. [It.; L. nun- tins for noventius, a bringer of (nova) news: see New and Announce.] Nuncupate, nun'ku-pat, v. t. To dedicate by declara- tion; to inscribe; to declare orally (a will, etc.) [L. nuncupare,-patum, fr. nomine capere, to call by name, fr. nomen, name, and capere, to take.] — Nuncupa- tive, nun-ku'- or nun'ku-pa'tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Publicly or solemnly declaratory; nominal; existing Nut. only in name; oral; not written. [F. nuncupatif, LL. nu?>cupativus.~i Nundinal, nun'dl-nal, -nary, -na-rl, a. Pert, to a fair, or market-day. [L. nunJinse, market-day, prop. 9th day, fr. novem, 9, and dies, day: see Nones.] Nunnery. See under Nun. Nuptial, nup'shal, a. Pert, to marriage ; done at a wedding ; constituting marriage. — n. Marriage ; wedding, — now always in pi. [F. ; L. nuptialis, pert, to a marriage, nuptias, a wedding, nupta, a bride, fr. nubere, nuptum, to marry, lit. to cover with a veil; s. rt. nubes, a cloud.] Nurse, Nursery, Nurture, etc. See under Nourish. Nut, nut, n. I ruit consisting of a hard shell inclosing a kernel; a small block containing a fe- male screw, used for retaining or tight- ening a bolt, etc.: see Bolt.— v. i. To father nuts. [ME. note, nutu, AS. hnutu, c. hnot; not s. rt. L. nux, nut.] — Nut-- brown, a. Brown as a nut long kept and dried. crack'er, n. An instrument for cracking nuts. (Ornith.) A bird, of the crow family, but with habits of the woodpecker: it feeds on nuts, insects, etc. — gall, n. An excrescence of the oak: see Gall. hook, n. A pole with a hook at the end, for gath- ering nuts. — shell, n. The shell in which the ker- nel of a nut is inclosed; a thing of little compass, or of little value. — To be or lie in a nutshell. To admit of very brief or simple determination or statement. — tree, n. A tree that bears nuts. — Nufmeg, n. The ker- nel of the fruit of a tree, a na- tive of the Molucca islands, but cultivated in the E. In- dies: it is aromatic, and is used in cookery. [ME. notemuge, nv.tmegge, fr. note and OF. muge, L. muscus, musk, q. v.; LL. muscata, a nutmeg.] Nutmeg. Nutant, nu'tant, a. Nodding ; having the top bent downward. [L. nutans, p. pr. of nutare, -tatum, Gr. neuein, to nod.] — Nutation, n. (Astron.) A vibra- tory motion of the earth's axis, by which its incli- nation to the plane of the ecliptic is constantly va- rying by a small amount. Nutria, nu'trl-a, n. (Com.) The fur of the coypu, a rodent quadruped resembling the beaver, found in Brazil, etc. [Sp. nutria, lutria, an otter; L. lutra, b/tra.] Nutrient, Nutriment. Nutrition, etc. See under Nour- ish. Nux vomica, nuks-vom'I-ka, n. A deadly poison, used in medicine, from which strichnine is made ; the seed of a tree of the E. Indies, yielding strychnine and nux vomica. [NL., f r. nux, a nut, and vomicus, fr. vomere, to vomit.] Nuzzle. See under Nose Nylghau, niKgaw, n. A large, short- horned antelope, found in N. India the males are of a slaty blue. [Hind. & Per. nilgaWj prop, blue cow, ir. ml, blue, and gaw, bull, b u 1- lock, cow; s. rt. cow.] Nymph, nimf, n. (Myth. ) A goddess of the mountains, for- ests, meadows, or wa- ters. A lovely young girl ; a maiden. [F. nymphe, L. n//mpha, fr. Gr. nnmphe, a bride, lit. one veiled (cf. Nuptial) ; s. rt. Nylghau. Gr. nephos, a cloud : see Nebular.] — Nymph, Nympb/a, -a, n. An insect in the pupa state; achrys- alis. - Nympb/al, Nymphe'an, a. Pert, to, appro- priate to, or inhabited by, nymphs. — Nympn'oma'- nia, -ma'nl-a, n. Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women. [Gr. mania, madness.] O. 0,o, the 15th letter in the Eng. alphabet, has several j heard In moon and foot; see key-line at the foot of different sounds, as heard in odd, tone, or, other, I the pages. — In Irish family names, O is equivalent do, wolf, actor; when doubled, it has the 2 sounds | to grandson, and denotes progeny, or is a character am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t§rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 383 OBLIQUE of dignity. — Among: the ancients, O marked triple time, — H being considered the most perfect of num- bers, and the circle, of figures. 0, inter j. An exclamation used in calling or directly addressing a person or personified object, also as ex- Eressive of pain, grief, surprise, desire, etc. [D., •an., Sw., G., Goth., L., and Gr. o.] Oaf, of, n. A changeling; a foolish child left by fair- ies in the place of another; a dolt; blockhead. [Same as ProvE. awf, for avjf, AS. as//, elf, q. v.] — Oaf- ish, a. Like an oaf ; stupid; dull; doltish. Oak, ok, n. A valuable tree of many species; its wood. [AS. ac, D. and Ic. eik.] — Oak'en, -n, a. Made, or consisting, of oak. [AS. acen.] — Oak'y, -T, a. Like oak ; hard ; firm ; strong. — Oakling, n. A young oak. — Oak'-ap'ple, -pi, n. A kind of spongy ex- crescence on oak leaves or tender branches, etc. — -leath/er. n. A kind of fungus growing on old oaks. Oakum, ok'um, n. Old ropes untwisted and pulled into loose hemp, used for caulking seams of ships, stopping leaks, etc. [AS. acumba, tow, lit. that which is combed away, f r. ccrnban, to comb, catnb, a comb.] Oar, or, n. An instrument for rowing boats. — v. i. & t. [oared (ord), oaiuno.] To row. ("AS. and Ic. ar, Dan. aare, an oar, Skr. aritra, a rudder, paddle, Gr. eressein, to row; s. rt. row, rudder.] — Oars'man, n. ; pi. -mex. One who rows. Oasis, o'a- or o-a'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A fertile place in a sandy or barren desert. [L. and Gr. ; Coptic ouahe, fr. ouih, to dwell.] Oast, ost, n. A kiln to dry hops or malt. [AS. and OD. ast ; s. rt. AS. ad, a funeral pile, MHG. eit, a fire, oven, Gr. aithos, burning heat, E. ether.) Oat, ot, n. ; chiefly in p!. A grassy plant, and its seed. [AS. ata; perh. s. rt. Russ. ladro, a kernel, ball, Gr. oidos, a swelling.] — Oat'en, -n, a. Consisting of oat straw ; made of oat-meal. — Oaf-cake, n. A cake made of the meal of oats. — meal, n. Meal made of oats. Oath, oth, n. A solemn affirma- tion, with an appeal to God for its truth; a blasphemous use of the name of the divine Being, or anything divine or sacred. [AS. adh, Olr. oeth.] ? ' > Obdurate, ob'du-rat, a. Ren- Oats, dered hard ; harsh ; rugged ; rough ; hardened in feelings, esp. against moral influences; stubborn Iv and unfeelingly wicked; firm; unbending; unyield- ing ; impenitent ; callous. [L. obduratus, p. p. of obdurare, to harden, fr. db (signifying, as prefix, towards, at, upon, before, over, about, against, near; perh. s. rt. Gr. epi, Skr. apt, thereto, moreover, Lith- uan. ape, near, about), and durare, to harden, fr. durus, hard: see Dure.]— Ob'durately, adv. — Ob'- durateness, -racy, -ra-sf, n. Inflexible persistence in sin; stubbornness. Obeah, o'be-a, O'bi, -bf, n. A species of witchcraft practiced among the W. Indian negroes. Obedience. Obeisance, etc. See under Obey. Obelisk, ob'e-lisk, n. A 4-sided pillar, tapering as it rises, and cut off at the top in the form of a flat pyramid. {Print.) A mark [thus, \], called also a dagger, used as a reference to notes at the bottom of a page, as a note of censure, or to indicate that an expression is obsolete. [OF. obelisque, L. obeliscus, Gr. obeliskos, dim. of obelos, a spit; s. rt. obolus.] Obese, o-bSs', a. Excessively corpulent j fat ; fleshy. [L. obesus, eaten away, lean, that has eaten itself fat, stout, fr. ob and edere, esum, to eat.] — Obese'ness, -bea'ity, -beVl-ti , n. State of being, etc. Obey, o-ba', v. t. [obeyed (-bad), -beying.] To yield submission to, comply with the orders of, submit to the government of ; to yield to the impulse, power, or operation of. [OF. obeir, L. obedire, OL. oboedire, fr. ob and aiidire, to hear, listen to.] — Obey'er, n. — Obe'dient, -be'dY-ent, a. Subject in will or act to authority ; willing to obey ; dutiful ; respectful ; subservient ; submissive ; obsequious. I^F.] — Obe'diently, adv. — Obe'dience, -ens, n. State of being, etc. [OF.] — Obei'sance, -ba'sans, n. A Obelisk. token of obedience or respect ; a bow ; courtesy [OF.] — Obei'sant, a. Showing willingness to obey; reverent; submissive. [F. obtissant, p. pr. of obeir.] Obfuscate, ob-fus'kat, v. t. To darken; obscure, be- wilder, confuse. [L. obtuscare, -catum, fr. ob and fuscare, to make dark, Ir.fuscua, dark.] — ObfUBca'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Obi. Same as Obeah. Obit, o'bit or ob'it, n. Death : decease ; funeral so- lemnities; anniversary of a person's death; an anni- versary service for the soul of the deceased on the day of his death. [OF.; L. dbitus, fr. obire, to go to meet (mortem), to die, fr. ob and ire, to go.] — Obit'- ual, -u-al, a. Pert, to obits, or days when funeral so- lemnities are celebrated.— Obit'uary, -u-a-rT, a. Re- lating to the decease of a person. — n. A biograph- ical notice of one lately deceased. Object, ob'jekt, /?. That with which the mind is oc- cupied in the act of knowing; any visible ortangible thing; that which is sought or labored for or aimed at; end; aim; motive; final cause. (Gram.) That toward which an activity is considered to be directed. [Fr. the verb.] — Object', v. t. To set before; bring into opposition; to present or offer in opposition, as a criminal charge, or as a reason adverse to some- thing supposed to be wrong. — v. i. To make oppo- sition in words or argument. [OF. objecter, L. ob- jicere, -jectum, fr. ob and jacere, to throw.] — Ob'- ject-les'son, n. A lesson in which object-teaching is employed. — teaching, n. A method of instruc- tion in which each new word or idea is accompanied by an object illustrating what it signifies, — em- ployed esp. in the kindergarten. — Objec'tion, n. Act of objecting ; that presented in opposition ; ad- verse reason or argument ; exception ; doubt; scru- ple. — Objec'tionable, a. Justly liable to objections. — Objective, -iv, a. Pert, to an object. (Metaph.) Pert, to, contained in, or being in the nature or posi- tion of, the object; outward ; external ; extrinsic, — opp. to subjective. (Gram.) Pert, to, or designating, the case which follows a transitive verb or a prepo- sition. — ;/. (Gram.) The objective case; the object- glass of a microscope. (Mil.) The objective point. — Objective point. (Mil.) A point to which the op- erations of an army are directed. — Objectively, adv. In an objective manner; in the state of an ob- ject. — Object' iveness, ??. — Objectivity, -tiv'T-tl, n. State of being, etc. — Objectless, a. Having no ob- ject; purposeless. — Object'or, n. One who objects. Objuration, ob-ju-ra'shun, n. A binding by oath. [L. objiirare, -atitm, to bind by oath, fr. ob and jurare, to swear, fr. jus, right.] Objurgate, ob'jer-gat, v. t. To chide ; reprove; repre- hend. [L. objwgare', -gatmn, fr. ob and jurgare, to quarrel, scold.] — Objurga'tion. n. Act of objurga- ting; reproof; reprehension; chiding. (F.l — Objur'- gatory, -ga -to-rl, a. Designed to chide; culpatory. Oblate, ob-lat', a. (Geom.) Flattened or depressed at the poles. [L. oblatus, p. p. of offerre, to bring forward, offer, fr. ob and /erre, latum, to bear, bring.] — Obla'tion, n. Anything offered in worship or sacred service; an offering ; sacrifice. [F. ; L. obla- tio, fr. offerre.) _ Obligate, ob'lY-gat, v. t. To bring under obligation ; to Dind (one's self) to any act of duty, etc., by a pledge. [L. obligare, -gatum, to bind together, fr. ob and ligare, to bind.] — Obliga'tion, n. Act of obligating or binding ; that which obligates ; the binding power of a promise, oath, or contract, or of law, civil, political, or moral, independent of a prom- ise ; any act by which a person becomes bound to do something to or for another, or to forbear some- thing; state of being indebted for an act of favor or kindness. (Law.) A bond with a condition an- nexed. [F. ; L. obligatio.]— Obligatory, -ll-ga-to- rY, a. Binding in law or conscience; imposing duty. [L. obligatorius.] — Ob'liga'to, -le-ga/to, a. (Mm.) Required ; necessary, — applied to voices or instru- ments indispensable to the just performance of a musical composition. [It., bound.] —Oblige'', o-bllj', v. t. [obliged (-blijd'), obliging.] To constrain by physical, moral, or legal force; to bind by some favor rendered; to do a favor to, gratify, accommo- date. [F. obliger, fr. L. obligare.] — ObOigee', -lY-je', n. The person to whom another is bound. — Obli- gor', -gor', n. The person who binds himself, or gives his bond to another. — Obli'ger, n. One who obliges. — Obli'ging, a. Having the disposition to oblige or do favors; complaisant; courteous; kind. I Oblique Obli'gingly, adv. ob-lek' or ob-lik', a. Not erect or perpendicu- 1, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. OBLITERATE 384 OBTAIN lar; slanting; inclined ; not straight forward ; indi- rect ; underhand ; not direct in descent ; collateral. — v. i. [obliqued (ob-lekf or ob-likf) ; obliqu- ing.] To deviate from a perpendicular line. (3Iil.) To move forward, either to the right or left, by stepping side wise. [F. ; L. obliquus, fr. ob and li- quis, oblique, bent; s. rt. Russ. lidca, a bend, luke, a bow.]— Oblique case. {Gram.) Any case except the nominative. — Obliquely, adv. — Oblique'ness, n. — Obliq'uity, -lik'wI-tT, n. Condition of being oblique; deviation from a right line, or from moral rectitude; irregulajity. [F. obliquity.] Obliterate, ob-lit'er-at, v. t. To erase or blot out ; ef- face; to destroy by time or other means. [L. oblit- erate, -atum, fr. ob and litera, letter, q. v.] — Oblit'- era'tion, n. Act of effacing; extinction. Oblivion, ob-liv'T-un, n. Act of forgetting, or state of being forgotten ; forgetfulness ; an amnesty, or general pardon of crimes and offenses. [F. ; L. ob- !ivio,fr. oblivisci, to forget; pern. s. rt. livescere 2 to become livid, q. v.] — Oblivious, -T-us, a. Causing forgetfulness : forgetful. — Obliviously, adv. — Ob- liviousness, n. Oblong, oblong, a. Having greater length than breadth. — rt. A rectangular or other figure which is longer than it is broad. [F. ; L. oblongus, fr. 06 and longus, long.] — OVlongish, a. Somewhat ob- long. Obloquy, oblo-kwY, n. Censorious speech; reproach- fullanguage ; odium; censure ; contumely ; calum- ny ; detraction. [L. obloquium, fr. obloqui, to speak against.] Obnoxious, ob-nok'shus, a. Liable to censure; repre- hensible ; blameworthy ; offensive ; hateful ; ex- posed ; subject ; answerable. [L. obnoxius fr. ob and noxius, hurtful.] — Obnoxiously, adv. — Ob- noxiousness, n. Oboe, o'bo-e, a. A portable wind instrument of music sounded by means of a reed ; a hautboy. [It. obo&, F. hautbois. See Hautboy.] Obole, ob'ol, n. The weight of 12 grains ; or, accord- ing to some, of 10 grains. [F.] — Ob'olus, n. (An- tiq.) A small silver coin of Athens, the l-6th of a drachma, about 3 cents in value; an ancient weight, the l-€th of a drachm. (3f>/th.) The coin paid by spirits to Charon for ferriage over the Styx. [L. ; Gr. obolos ; s. rt. obelisk.] Obovate, ob-o'vat, a. (Bot.) Inversely ovate ; ovate with the narrow end downward. [L.ofr and ovatus, egg-shaped, fr. ovum, egg.] Obscene, ob-sen', a. Expressing or pre- senting to the mind or view some- thing which delicacy, purity, and de- cency forbid to be expressed or ex- posed ; immodest ; unchaste ; lewd ; foul ; offensive ; disgusting ; inauspi- cious;ill-omened. [L. obscenus,-scosnus, perh. f r. scaenvs, left-handed, unlucky.] — Obscenely, adv. — Obscene' ness. Obscenity, -sen'T-tY,?i. Quality of be- ing, etc.; ribaldry; impurity; lewdness. Obscure, ob-skur'*', a. Covered over; Obovate Leaf, shaded ; darkened; imperfectly illuminated; living in darkness; hidden; not much known or observed; remote from observation; humble, not easily under- stood ; not clear, full, or distinct ; dim ; abstruse ; difficult ; mysterious ; imperfect ; defective. — v. t. [OBSCURED (-skurdO, -souring.] To render ob- scure, darken, make less intelligible, legible, visible, glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. [F. obscur, L. obscurus, s. rt. Skr. s/cu, to cover, E. sky.] — Obscu- ration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ob- scurely, adv. — Obscure'ness, Obsculity, -rf-tl, n. — Obscur'antism, -izm, n. System or principle of opposing the progress of knowledge among the people ; ignorantism. — Obscur'antist, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. One who, etc. Obsecrate, ob'se-krat, v. 1. To beseech, entreat, sup- plicate. [L. obsecrare, -cratitm, fr. ob and sacrare, to declare sacred, fr. sacer, sacred.] — Obsecra'tion, n. Act of imploring. (Ehet.) A figure of speech in which the orator implores the assistance of God or man. Obsequy, ob'se-kwT, n. ; pi. -quies, -kwiz. A funeral solemnity, — chiefly in pi. [OF. obseqves, L. obse- quies, funeral rites, lit. followings, fr. ob and seqid, to follow, also to comply with.] — Obse'quious, -kwl-us,' a. Servilely or meanly condescending ; compliant to excess. [OF. obsequieuj:, L. ohsequio- sus, fr. obsequium, compliance.] — Obse'quiously, adv. — Obsequiousness, n. Observe, ob-zerv / ', v. t. [-served (-zervd r ), -serv- ing.] To pay attention to, notice with care, regard with religious care, celebrate; to utter as a remark, say in a casual way ; to comply with, obey. — v. i. To take notice, attend; to make a remark, comment. [OF. observer, "L. dbservare, fr. ob and servare. to keep, heed.] — Observer, n. — Observing, a. Giv- ing particular attention; attentive to what passes. — Observ'able, a. — Observ'ably, adv. — Observ'ance, -ans, n. Act of observing or noticing with atten- tion ; tokens or marks of fidelity ; that which is to be observed or attended to ; rule of practice ; per- formance of religious ceremonies, or formal service. — Observant, a. Taking notice; attentively view- ing or noticing ; adhering in practice ; carefully at- tentive : mindful ; obedient ; submissive. [F.J — Observation, n. Act or power of taking notice; act of seeing, or of fixing the mind upon, anything; that which is noticed ; a remark ; performance of what is prescribed ; act of recognizing and noting some fact or occurrence in nature. — Ob'serva'tor, n. One who observes ; a remarket-. — Observ'atory, -to-rT, n. A place from which a view may be ob- tained ; esp. a place for making observations on the heavenly bodies; a building fitted with instruments for making systematic observations of any particu- lar class of natural phenomena. Obsession, ob-sesh-'un, n. Act of besieging, or state of being besieged. [L. obsessio, fr. obsidere, -sessum, fr. ob and sedere, to sit.] — Obsidlonal, -t-o-nal, a. Pert, to a siege. [L. obsidionalis, f r. obsidio, a siege, fr. obsidere. - ] — Obsidional crown. A crown bestowed upon a general who raised the siege of a beleaguered place. Obsidian, ob-sid'T-an, n. (Min.) A kind of glass pro- duced by volcanos. [Fr. one Obsidius, who discov- ered it in Ethiopia.] Obsolete, ob'so-let, a. No longer used; antiquated. (Nat. Hist.) Not very distinct ; obscure. [L. obso- lere, -letum, to grow old, decay, perh. fr. solere, to be wont.] — Ob'solete'ness, n. — Obsolescent, -les'- sent, a. Going out of use ; passing into desuetude. [L. obsolescens, p. pr. of obsolescere, ' to fall into dis- use, inceptive of obsolere.] — Obsoles'cence.-sens.w. State of becoming obsolete. Obstacle, ob'sta-kl, n. Anything that hinders prog- ress ; obstruction ; impediment ; hindrance ; diffi- culty. [F. ; L. obstaeulum, f r. obstare, to stand before or against, to withstand, fr. ob and stare, to stand.] Obstetric, ob-stetlik, -rical, a. Pert, to midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed. [L. obstetri- cius, fr. obstetrix, -rids, a midwife, fr. obstare, to stand before.] — Obstetrician, -trish'an, n. One skilled in obstetrics. — Obstefrics, n. Science of midwifery; art of assisting women in parturition. Obstinate, ob'stt-nat, a. Pertinaciously adhering to an opinion or purpose ; not easily subdued or re- moved; stubborn ; inflexible; firm; resolute ; opin- ionated ; refractory ; perverse. [L. dbstim *m-s. p. p. of obstinare, to be resolved on, fr. 06 and rt. 01 des- tina, a support, prop : see Destine.] — Ob'stinacy, -na-st, n. Unyielding fixedness in opinion or resolu- tion ; pertinacity ; persistency; contumacy. — Ob r - stinately, adv. Obstipation, ob-stl-pa'shun, n. Act of stopping up (a passage, etc.). [L. obstipare, to lean to one side, f r. obstipus, bent or inclined to one side, fr. ob and stipes, a log, stock, or stipare, to crowd together.] Obstreperous, ob-strep'Sr-us, a. Attended by, or mak- ing a tumultuous noise ; loud ; clamorous. [L. ob- streperus, fr. obstrepere, to make a noise at. — Ob- strep 'erously, adv. — Obstrep'erousness, n. Obstriction, ob-strik'shun, n. State of being con- strained or obliged; obligation; bond. TL. obstrin- gere, -strictum, to bind to or about, f r. ob and strin- gere, to bind tight.] Obstruct, ob-strukf, v. t. To block up, stop up or close (a way or passage); to hinder from passing; to render slow ; to bar, stop, check, clog, choke, im- pede, oppose. [L. obstruere, -structum, fr. ob and struere,* to pile up.] — Obstructor, n. — Obstruc- tion, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, etc. — Obstructive, -iv, a. Tending to obstruct ; causing impediment. — Ob'struent, -stroo-ent, a. Blocking up ; hindering. — n. Anything that obstructs en- closes a passage, esp. one of the natural passages in the body. [L. obstruens, p. pr. of obstruere.] Obtain, ob-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] To get hold of by effort, gain possession of, acquire : to attain, procure, win, earn. — v. i. To have a firm footing ; to become prevalent or general, [F. ob- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r ; OBTEST 385 OCTAGON tenir, L. obtinere, fr. ob and tenere, to hold.]— Ob- tainable. «. — Obtain'er, n. Obtest, ob-test', v. t. To call to witness ; to beseech, supplicate. [OF. obtester, L. obtestari, fr. ob and tes- tart, to witness, fr. testis, a witness.] — Obtesta'tion, n. Act of supplicating, obtesting, or protesting ; earnest declaration. Obtrude, ob-trood'', v. t. To thrust in or upon ; to offer with unreasonable importunity; to intrude. — v. i. To enter without right ; to make an officious or importunate offer. [L. obtrudere, fr. ob and trudere, to thrust.] — Obtrud'er, n. — Obtru'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc. — Obtru'sive, -siv, a. Disposed to ob- trude; inclined to thrust one's self among others. — Obtru'sively, adv. Obtund, ob-tund', v. t. To dull, blunt, deaden. [L. obtundere, -tusum, fr. ob and tundere, to beat ; s. rt. Skr. tud, to strike.] — Obtuse'', -tus', a. Not pointed or acute, applied to angles greater than a right an- gle ; not having acute sensibility ; dull ; not sharp or shrill ; obscure. [OF. obtus, L. ob- a D tusus, p. pr. of obtundere.'] — Obtuse''- v i an gled, a. Having an obtuse angle : \ see Triangle. — Obtusely, adv. In \l an obtuse manner; dully. — Obtuse''- B c ness, n. — Obtu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of a B C, obtuse making obtuse or blunt; state of be- angle; BBC, ing dulled or blunted. [L. obtusio.] right angle. Obverse, ob-vSrs', a. (Bot?) Having the base narrower than the top, as a leaf. — n. The face of a coin having the principal image or inscription upon it. [L. obversus, p. p. of obvertere, to turn toward.] — Obverse'ly, adv. — Obvert', v. t. To turn toward or downward. Obviate, ob'vl-at, v. t. To meet in the way ; to pre- vent by interception ; to clear the way of, remove. [L. obviare, -atum, fr. ob and viare, to go, fr. via, way.] — Obvia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ob'vious, -vi-us, a. Open ; exposed; liable; sub- ject ; easily discovered, seen, or understood ; plain; clear ; apparent. [L. obvius, lying in the way.] — Ob'viously, adv. — Ob'viousness, n. Obvolute, ob'vo-lut, -lut'ed, a. {Bot.) Arranged so as alternately to overlap, as the margins of one leaf those of the opposite one. [L. obvolutus, p. p. of ob- volvere, to wrap round, cover all over, f r. ob and vol- vere, to roll, turn around.] Occasion, ok-ka'zhun, n. A falling, happening, or coming to pass ; an occurrence, casualty, incident ; a favorable opportunity ; accidental cause ; oppor- tunity to use; incidental need; requirement. — v. t. [occasioned (-zhund), -sioning.] To give occa- sion to, cause incidentally. [F. ; L. occasio, -onis, f r. occidere, occasum, to fall down, fr. ob and cadere, to fall.] — Occassional, a. Pert, to or occurring at times, but not regular or systematic; casual; inci- dental ; produced by accident ; made on some spe- cial event. — Occa'sionally, adv. — Occa'sioner, n. — Occa'sive, -siv, a. Pert, to the setting sun ; fall- ing ; descending. [L. occasivus, f r. occasus, a going down, setting of the heavenly bodies, fr. occidere.'] — Oc'cident, -si-dent, n. The western quarter of the hemisphere ; the west. [OF. ; L. occidens, p. pr. of . occidere.] — Occident's!, a. Situated in, or pert, to, the west; western; setting after the sun. Occiput, ok'sY-put, n. {Anat.) The part of the skull which forms the hind part of the head. — opp. to sinciput. [L., fr. ob and caput, capitis, head.]— Oc- cipital, -sip'T-tal, a. Pert, to the occiput. Occlusion, ok-klu'zhun, n. Act of shutting up; state of being shut up ; transient approximation of the edges of a natural opening; also, imperforation. [L. occlusus, p. p. of occludere, to shut up, fr. ob and cludere, claudere, to shut.] Occult, ok-kult', a. Hidden from the eye or under- standing ; invisible ; secret ; unknown. [F. occulte, L. occultus, p. p. of occidere, to cover up, hide, fr. ob and (obs.) calere, to hide; s. rt. hell.]— Occult sciences. Those imaginary sciences of the middle ages which related to the influence of supernatural powers, as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology. — Oc- culta'tion, n. Act of rendering, or state of being, occult. {Astron.) The hiding of a heavenly body from sight by the intervention of some other heav- enly body. — Occult'ness, n. Occupy, ok'ku-pi, v. t. [-pied (-pid), -pyin g.] • To take or hold in possession, possess ; to hold, or fill, the dimensions of; to cover ; to employ, use; to em- ploy, busy, — used reflexively ; to follow as a busi- ness. — v. i. To hold possession, be an occupant, follow business, negotiate. [F. occuper, L. occtt- pare, -pattern, fr. ob and capere, to seize.] — Oc'cu pant, a. One who occupies; one who has the actual use or possession, or is in possession, of a thing. [F., p. pr. of occuper.) — Oc'cupancy, -pan-si, n. Act of taking or holding possession.— Occupa'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which occupies the time and attention ; the principal business of one's life; possession ; tenure ; use ; vocation ; calling; of- fice ; trade: profession. [F.] — Oc'cupi'er, n. Occur, ok-k?r', v. i. [-ccrred (-kerd'), -curring.] To be found here and there; to appear; to meet or come to the mind. [F. occurrer, L. occurrere, fr. ob and currere, to run.] — Occur'rence, n. A coming or happening; any incident or accidental event; any single event. [OF.] Ocean, o'shun, n. The water considered as one vast body surrounding the land, — the sea; one of the large bodies of water into which the great ocean is regarded as divided; an immense expanse. [OF.; L. oceanus, Gr. okeanos.] — Ocean'ic, -she-an'ik, a. Pert, to, found, or formed In, the ocean. — Oce'ana, -se'a-na, Ocean'ia. -T-a, n. A division of the globe comprehending the islands in the Pacific, S. of 30° N. lat.: it contains Malaisia (the Malav Archipel- ago). Australasia, and Polynesia. [F. Oceanic] Ocellated, o'sel-la'ted or o-sel'la-ted, a. Resembling an eye ; formed with the figures of little eyes. [L. ocellatus, fr. ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye.] Ocelot, o'se-lot, n. {Zobl.) A digitigrade'earnivorous mammal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. [Mexic. ocelotl.] Ocher, Ochre, o'ker, n. {Min.) A variety of fine clay containing iron : the common colors are yellow and red. [OF. ocre, L. and Gr. ochra, fr. Gr. o'chros, pale, esp. paleyellow.]- O'cherous, -chreous, -us, O'chery, -T, a. Of, containing, or like ocher. Ochlocracy, ok-lok'ra-sT, n. A form of government in which the multitude or common people rule. [Gr. ochlokratia, fr. ochlos, the multitude, and kra- tein, to rule, fr. kratos, strength.] — Och'locrat'ic, -ical, -lo-krat'lk-al, a. Pert, to or having the form or character of an ochlocracy. Ocra. See Okra. Octagon, ok'ta-gon, n. {Geom.) A plane figure of 8 sides and 8 angles. [Gr. okto (= L. octo, E. eight, q. v.), 8, and gonia, angle; s. rt. knee, q. v.] — Octag'o- nal, a. Having 8 sides and 8 angles.— Octahe'dron, n. {Geom.) A solid contained by 8 equal and equilateral triangles. [Gr. hedra. seat, base.] — Octahe''- dral, a. Having 8 equal faces or sides. — Octan'gular, -tan'gu-ler, a. Having 8 angles. [L. angulus, angle.] — Oc ' tant, -tile, -til, n. Octahedron. {Geom.) The l-8th part of a circle. {Astron. & Astrol.) The position or aspect of a heavenly body, when half way between conjunction, or opposition, and quadrature, or distant from another body 45°. [L. octans, octantis, fr. octo.] — Oc'tave, a. Consist ing of 8. — n. The Sth day after a church festival, the festival itself being included: the week immedi- ately following a church festival. {Mm.) The 8th tone in the scale; the scale itself. The first 8 lines of a sonnet; a small cask of wine, — the l-8th of a pipe. [L. octavus, eighth, fr jpcto.] — Octa'vo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 8 leaves: of. or equal to, the size of one of such leaves. — n. A book com- posed of sheets folded so as to make 8 leaves; the size of a hook thus composed. [L. in octavo, fr. oc- tavus.]— Octen^nial, -nT-al, a. Happening every Sth year; lasting 8 years. [L. octennis. fr. octo and an- nus, year.] — Octillion, -tiKyun, n. By Eng. nu- meration, the number produced by involving a mil- lion to the 8th power, expressed 'bv a unit with 48 ciphers annexed; by the common or French method, a unit with 27 ciphers annexed. See Notation. [L. octo and E. million.] — Octo'ber, n. The 10th month of the Julian year, containing 31 days. [L., fr. octo, the 8th month of the Roman year.]' — Octodec'imo, -des'T-mo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 18 leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one of such leaves. — n. A book composed of sheets folded so as to make 18 leaves ; the size of a book thus composed. [L. octodecim, 18 = decern et octo.] — Octogenary, ok-toj'e-na-rl or okfo-je-na-rY, a. Of .SO years of age. [L. octogenarivs, fr. octogeni, 80 each, fr. octo.] — Oc'togena'rian, n. A person .SO years of age. — Oc'topod, /(. A rnollusk or insect having S feet or legs. [Gr. pons, podos, loot.] — Octo'pus."/;. A cut- tlefish, having 8 arms attached to the head. — Octo- roon', -roon', n. The offspring of a quadroon and cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. OCTROI 3ttt> OFFICE a white person. — Oc'tostyle, -stll, n. (Arch.) An edifice or portico adorned with 8 columns, or a range of 8 columns in front. [Gr. stulos, pillar.] — Octo- syl'lable, -sil'la-bl, n. A word of 8 syllables. — Oc'- to3yllab'ic, -ical, a. Consisting of 8 syllables.— Oc'tuple, -pi, a. Eightfold. [Gr. haplous, one-fold, single.] Octroi, ok-trw8', n. A society or guild endowed with the exclusive privilege of trade; a tax levied at the gate of a city on articles of produce brought within the walls. [F. octroi, fr. octroyer, to grant, fr. L. auctorare, to confirm.] Ocular, ok'u-ler, a. Depending on, or perceived by, the eye. [L. ocularis, ocularius, fr. oculus, the eye.] — Oc'ularly, adv. By the eye, sight, or actual view. — Oc'uliform, a. In the form of an eye. [L. forma, shape.] — Oc'ulist, n. One skilled in treating dis- eases of the eyes. Od, 5d or od, n. A force or natural power, supposed to produce the phenomena of mesmerism, and to be developed by various agencies. [Gr. hodos, a pas- sage.] — Od'ic, fid'- or od'ik, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — O'dyle, -dil, n. Same as Od. [Gr. hodos and hule, matter, material.] Odalisque, o'da-lisk', n. A female slave or concubine in the harem of the Turkish sultan. [F., fr. Turk. odalik, chamber - companion, fr. odah, chamber, room.] Odd, od, a. [odder, oddest.] Not paired with an- other; alone; left over, after a round number has been taken; remaining; having no great value; in- significant; not divisible by 2 without a remainder; not even; different from what is usual or common; peculiar; unsuitable or inappropriate; quaint; queer; whimsical ; droll ; comical. [Ic. oddi, a triangle (whence, an uneven number), Dan. od, a point, Sw. udda, odd (= not even), udde, a cape, promontory, vdd,& point, prick, MHG. art, an extreme point; s. rt. Skr. vas, to cut, perh. Gr. hunnis, L. vomer, a plowshare.] — Odd'ity, -Y-tl, n. State of being odd; singularity; queerness; that which is odd. — Odd'ly, -IT, adv. In an odd or queer manner; un- evenly ; strangely.— Odd'ness, n. — Odds, odz, n. sing. &. pi. Difference in favor of one and against another ; inequality ; advantage ; superiority ; in games, points given by a stronger player to a weaker. — At odds. In dispute ; at variance. — O. and ends. Remnants; fragments; refuse; scraps. — Odd'-feP- low, n. A member of a secret society, established for jnutual aid and social enjoyment. Ode, od, n. A short, dignified poem or song, proper to be set to music or sung; a lyric poem. [F., L., and Gr., contr. fr. Gr. aoide, a song, aeidein, to sing; s. rt. Gr. aedon, a nightingale Skr. vad, to sound, speak, E. epode, comedy, melody, parody, psalmody, etc.] — Ode'on, n. A kind of theater in Greece, in which poets and. musicians contended for public prizes; a hall for musical or dramatic performances. [Gr. odeion, fr. ode.] Odic. See Od. Odium, o'dl-um, n. Hatred; dislike; the quality that provokes hatred; offensiveness. [L., fr. odi, I hate; s. rt. Gr. othein, to thrust, Skr. vadh, to strike, E. an- noy.]— O'dious, -dt-us, a. Deserving hatred; caus- ing disgust or hate; exposed to hatred; hated; abom- inable; loathsome; repulsive; unpopular. [F. odieux, L. odiosus.~] — O'diously, adv. — O'diousness, n. Odontalgia, o-don-tal'jl-a, n. (Med.) Pain in the teeth; toothache. [Gr., fr. odous, odontos, tooth, and algos, pain.] — Odontalgic, a. Pert, to, etc.— n. A remedy for the toothache. — Odontal'gy, -jY, n. Odontalgia. — Odontol'ogy, -tol'o-jT, n. (Anat.) That branch of anatomy which treats of the struc- ture and development of the teeth. [Gr. logos, dis- course.] Odor, o'der, n. Any smell, whether fragrant or offen- sive; scent. [L.; s. rt. Gr. ozein, to smell, E. olfac- tory, osmium, ozone, redolent.] — To be in bad odor. To be out of favor, or in bad repute. — O'dorant, a. Bearing odors; odoriferous. — Odoriferous, -ifer- us, a. Giving scent; fragrant; perfumed; usually, sweet of scent. [L. odorifer, fr. odor and ferre, to bear.] — O'dorous, -us, a. Having or emitting an odor ; esp., having a sweet odor ; fragrant. [L. odorus.] Odyle. See under Od. (Ecumenical, (Esophagus, etc. See Ecumenical, Esophagus, etc. O'er, or, prep. & adv. Contr. for over. Of, ov, prep. From, or out from; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author, or agent bestow- ing; belonging to; pert, or relating to; concerning, [AS.; D., Ic, Sw., Dan., and Goth, of, G. andL. ab, Gr. apo, Skr. apa, away; s. rt. Gr. aps, back again, epi, L. ob, near to, abs, away from, apud. near, at, E. after.] — Off, of, a. On the opposite or further side; most distant. — adv. From ; a way from, — denoting distance ; or, separation, removal ; or, departure, abatement, remission, or a leaving ; or, opposite di- rection; the opposite side of a question, —prep. Not on.— interj. Away ; begone. [Same as of, and orig. so spelled.] — From off. Off from ; off. — O. and on. At one time applying and engaged, then absent or remiss. (Naut.) On different tacks, now toward, and now away from, the land. — To come o. To es- cape; to take place. — To get o. To alight; to make escape. — To go o. To depart, desert ; to be dis- charged, as a gun. — To take o. To take away; to mimic or personate.— Well o., illo., badly o. Hav- ing good or ill success. — Off-hand, a. & adv. With- out study or preparation. — Offal, n. Waste meat; parts rejected as unfit for use; carrion; putrid meat; refuse; rubbish. [Fr. off and fall, orig. the chips which fell from cut wood; cf. D. afval, fall, refuse, offal, fr. af and vallen, to fall, G. abfall, fr. ab and fallen.] — Offing, n. That part of the sea which is at a good distance from the shore, or where there is deep water, and no need of a pilot. — Off 'scouring, n. That which is scoured off ; refuse; rejected mat- ter. — Off 'scum, n. Refuse; off scouring; filth.— Off- set, n. A sprout or a shoot; a flat surface or terrace on a hill-side. (Arch.) A horizontal ledge on the face or at the foot of a wall. (Surv.) A short dis- tance measured at right angles from a line actually run to some point. A sum, account, or value set off against another, as an equivalent; anything given in exchange or retaliation; a set-off . — Offset, of-sef or of set, v. t. [-set, -setting.] To set off, place over against, balance. — Offshoot, n. That which shoots off or separates from a main stem, channel, or the like. — Offspring, n. A child or children; de- scendants, however remote, from the stock; issue; J;eneration; progeny; posterity. end, of-fend', v. t. To displease, make angry; to shock, pain, annoy; to draw to evil, or hinder in obe- dience. — v. i. To commit a crime ; to sin ; to cause dislike or anger; to take offense, be scandalized. [F. offendre, L. off'endere, offensum, f r. ob and fendere, to thrust, dash.] — Offender, n. - Offense', -fence', n. Act of offending, displeasing, or hurting; an open violation of law ; that which offends, or excites an- ger; state of being offended; umbrage; resentment; misdeed; trespass; delinquency; fault; sin; affront; insult. [ME. offence, OF. offence, -fense, L. offensa.] — Offen'sive, -siv, a. Causing displeasure or some degree of anger; giving unpleasant sensations; caus- ing evil or injury; used in attack; making the first attack. — n. State or posture of one who makes at- tack. [F. offensif] — Ofien'sively, adv.— Offen'sive- ness, n. Offer, offer, v. t. [-feked (-ferd), -fering.] To bring to or before, present for acceptance or rejection, make a proposal to; to attempt, undertake; to pre- sent in prayer or devotion; to bid, as a price, re- ward, or wages; to manifest in an offensive way. — v. i. To present itself; to declare a willingness; to make an attempt. — n. Act of, or thing which, etc. ; a proposal. [ME. offren, AS. offrian, L. offerre, to offer, f r. ob and ferre, to bring, bear.] — Of ferable, a. — Offerer, n. — Offering, n. That which is of- fered, esp. in divine service; a sacrifice; oblation. — Offertory, -to-rT, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) An anthem chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, during the offering and first part of the mass; that part of the mass in which the priest prepares the elements for consecration. (Ch. of Eng.) The verses of Scripture near the beginning of the communion ser- vice, read while the alms are collecting. [F. offer- toire, L. offertorium, fr. offertor, an offerer.] Office, of fis, n. Work to be performed for, or with reference to, others; duty; esp., customary duty; a special duty, trust, or charge, conferred by author- ity and for a public purpose ; that which is per- formed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a par- ticular thing; place in winch public officers and oth- ers transact business; the company or corporation whose place of business is their office, pi. Apart- ments in which domestics discharge the service of a house, as kitchens, pantries, etc. (Eccl.) The ser- vice appointed for a particular occasion. (Canon Law.) A benefice with no jurisdiction annexed to it. [P.; L. officium, contr. fr. opificium, fr. opes. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tOne, 6r ; OFFICINAL 387 OLrVE wealth, help, and facere, to do.] — House of office. A privy; a necessary.— Officer, -fY-s6r, n. One who holds an office; a magistrate.— v. t. To furnish with officers. [F. officier, LL. offiaarius.] — OnVcial, -fish'al, a. Pert, to an office or public trust; derived from the proper office, officer, or authority.— n. One who holds an office; an officer. [F.; L. officialis.] — Offl'cially, adv. By, or by virtue of, the proper au- thority. — Offi'cialism, -nsh , al-izrn, n. State or char- acteristic of being official; official routine; govern- ment by officials; officials collectively. — OflVciate, -fish'T-at, v. i. To act as an officer in his office; to perform the appropriate official duties of another. [LL. officiare, -atum.] — Offi'cious, -fish'us, a. Ex- cessively forward in kindness; intermeddling in af- fairs in which one has no concern ; impertinent ; meddlesome. JTF. officieitx, serviceable, L. officiosus, obliging.] — Ofivciously, adv. — Ofa'ciousness, n. Officinal, of-fis'Y-nal or -ft-si'nal, a. Used in a shop, or belonging to it; having a character or composition established or approved of by the college of medi- cine. [L. officina, a workshop, coutr. fr. opificina, fr. opifex, a workman, fr. opus, work, and facere, to make or do.] Offing, Offscouring, Offset, etc. See under Of. Offuscate, etc. See Obfuscate. Oft, oft, Often, of n, adv. [oftener, oftenest.] Frequently ; many times ; not seldom. [ME. oft, later ofte (2 syl.) and often before a vowel; AS., Ic, and G. oft; s. rt. Gr. huper = L. super = E. over, q. v.: the ME. compar. was offer, superl. qftest.] — Oft'enness, n. Frequency.— Offentimes, Off times, adv. Frequently; often; many times. Ogee, o-je', n. (Arch.) A molding consisting of 2 members, the one concave, the other convex, — sometimes abbr. O. G. or OG. : see Molding. [For ogive.] — 0'give, -jiv, n. (Arch.) The Gothic vault, with its ribs and cross springers,-etc. [F. augive, circlet, round band in architecture, fr. Sp., Pg., and It. auge, highest point, fr. Ar. awj, top, vertex.] Ogle, o'gl, v. t. [ogled (-gld), ogling.] To view with side glances, as in fondness, or to attract notice. — n. A side glance or look. [D. oogelen, f req. of oogen, to cast sheeps' eyes, fr. ooge = E. eye.] — O'gler, n. Oglio, oTr-o or ofyo, n. Same as Olio. Ogre, o'ger, n. An imaginary monster, who lived on human beings. [F., hell, fr. Sp. ogro. It. orco, a hobgoblin, demon, fr. L. Orcus, the god of the in- fernal regions, hell.] — O'gress, n. A female ogre. Oh, o, interj. An exclamation expressing surprise, pain, sorrow, anxiety, a wish, etc. [Later spelling of O.] Ohm, om, n. The standard unit of electrical resis- tance ; the resistance of a column of mercury one square millimeter in section and 106 centimeters in length. [Fr. the Ger. electrician, G. S. Ohm.] OU, oil, n. An unctuous liquid expressed or drawn from various animal and vegetable substances. — p. t. [oiled (oild), oiling.] To smear, rub over, or anoint with oil. [ME. and OF. oile, L. oleum, Gr. elaion, oil, elaia, an olive tree, olive ; s. rt. olive, liquid.'] — Oifer, n. One who deals in oils, for- merly, in oils and pickles ; one charged with lubri- cating machinery. — Oify,-*, a. [-ier, -iest.] Con- sisting of, or containing, oil ; unctuous ; resem- bling oil; fatty; greasy; smoothly subservient; com- pliant. — Oifiness, n. — Oifcake, n. A mass of com- pressed seeds, or other substance, from which oil has been extracted. — cloth, n. Cloth oiled or painted for covering floors, etc. — cup, n. (Mach.) A cup at the top of a pas- sage called an oil-hole, to sup- ply a lubrica- tor to machin- fa s procured r om oil.— -man, n. One who deals in oils. — stone, n. A kind of ~.. whetstone. Oil-cup. — well, n. An artesian wellyielding petroleum. — O'leag'inous, -aj'T-nus, a. Having the qualities of oil; oily; unctuous. [L. oleaginus,iT. oleum.) — O'le- ag'inousness, n. — O'lefi'ant, a. (Chem.) Forming or producing oil, — said of a gas composed of 4 equivalents of carbon and 4 of hydrogen. [L. facere, to make.] — O'lefine, -fin.n. (Chem.) Oneofaseries of hydrocarbons in which there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as atom6 of carbon, — so called fr their forming oily compounds with bromine and chlorine. — Oleograph, -graf, n. (Chem.) The form assumed by a drop of oil upon water or other liquid with which it does not mix. (Painting.) A picture in oils made by a process resembling lithography. [L. oleum and Gr. graphein, to draw.] — O'leomar'ga- rine, -ga-rin, n. Artificial butter made from animal fat; butterine. [L. oleum and F. margarine, a chem- ical substance extracted from some vegetable oils and fat ol animals.] — O'leom'eter, n. An instru- ment to ascertain the weight and purity of oil. [Gr. metron. measure.] — O'leas'ter, n. A shrub resem- bling the olive. [L., fr. olea, olive tree.] Ointment, oinfment, n. That which serves to anoint; an unguent. [OF. oignement, fr. ongier, L. ungere, to anoint, q. v.] Oker. See Ociier. Okra, o'kra, O'kro, n. An annual plant, whose green pods are used in the W. Indies, etc., for soups or pickles ; gumbo. Old, old, a. Not young ; advanced far in years or life; not new or fresh ; not recently made or pro- duced ; formerly existing ; preexisting or preced- ing ; indefinitely continued in life ; long practiced ; skilled ; experienced ; long cultivated ; worn out ; decayed; antiquated; bad; mean, — used as a term of reproach ; old-fashioned ; as of old ; very gay ; jolly. [AS. eald, G. alt, Goth, altheis, old, L. adul- tus = E. adult.] — Of old. Long ago; from ancient times, — O. bachelor. An unmarried man some- what advanced in years. — O. maid. An unmar- ried female. — O. Catholic. The name of a party in the Rom. Cath. Ch., which in 1870 denied the oecu- menical character of the Vatican Council, and re- jected its decrees as contrary to ancient Catholic faith. — 0. school. A school or party belonging to a former time, or having the character, manner, or opinions appropriate to a former time. — O. style.. The mode of reckoning time before 1752, according to the Julian calendar or year of 365 l-4th days. — O. world. The world in past ages ; the known world before the discovery of Amer. — Old'en, -n, a. Old; ancient. — Oldish, a. Somewhat old. — Old'nesB, n. — Old'-fasb/ioned, a. Formed according to obso- lete fashion or custom. Oleander, o-le-an'der, n. An evergreen shrub, having clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. [OF. ole- andre, Sp. and Pg. eloendro, LL. lorandrum, perh. corrup. fr. L. rhododendron, q. v.; perh. fr. L. laurus, laurel, and Gr. dendron, tree.] Oleaster, Oleaginous, Oleomargarine, etc. See under Oil. Olfactive, ol-fak'tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to, or hav- ing the sense of, smelling. — Olfac'tory, n. An organ of smelling ; the sense of smell. [L. olfacere, olfac- tum, fr. olere, to smell, and facere, to make.] Olibanum, o-lib'a-num, n. An inspissated sap, having a bitterish and aromatic taste: it burns for a long time, with an agreeable odor, and a steady, clear light. [LL., fr. Gr. libanos, Heb. lebonah, Ar. luban, frankincense.] Oligarchy, oKT-gark'Y, n. Government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a few persons. [F. oligarchic, LL. and Gr. oligarchia. fr. Gr. otigos, few, and archein, to rule.] — Oligarch, n. One of those who constitute an oligarchy. — Ol'igarcb/al, -ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Olio, o'lT-o or oKyo, n. A dish of stewed meat ; a mixture ; medley. (Mus.) A collection of various pieces. [Sp. olla, a round earthen pot, a dish of stewed meat ; olla podrida, a dish of different sorts of meat boiled together, lit. a rotten pot, fr. L. olla, a pot, dish.] — Ollapodrida, ol / la-po-dre / 'da, n. A mixture of all kinds of meat chopped fine, and stewed with vegetables ; any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous col- lection. Olive, oKiv, n. (Bot.) A tree cul- tivated in Asia and S. Europe, for its fruit ; the fruit from which olive oil is expressed. The color of the olive, a color composed of violet and green. [F.; L. oliva, Gr. elaia, an olive- Olive Tree. sun, cube, full ; moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. OLYMPIAD 388 OOZE tree : see Oil.] — Oliva'ceous, -shus, a. Of the color of the olive; olive-green. Olympiad, o-lim'pT-ad, n. A period of 4 years, reck- oned from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, — the 1st being 776 B. c. [Fr. Mt. Olympus, in Macedonia, the fabled seat of the gods.] — Olym''- pian, -pt-an, -pic, a. Pert, to Olympus ; also to the town of Olympia, and to the games there celebrated. Omber, -bre, om'ber, n. A game at cards, usually played by 3 persons. [F. ombre, Sp. hombre, fr. Sp. hombre, L. homo, man.] Ombrometer, om-brom / 'e-ter, n. An instrument to measure the quantity of rain that falls ; a rain-gauge. [Gr. ombros, rain, and metron, measure.] Omega, o'meg-a or o-meg'a, n. The last letter of the Greek alphabet (O, o>), as Alpha, A, is the first. [Gr. o mega, great, or long, O.J Omelet, om'e-let or om'let, n. A kind of fritter made chiefly of eggs. [F. omelette, OF. alemette, alemelle, lit. a thin plate, for la lemelle, fr. L. lamella, dim. of lamina, q. v. ; not f r. F. ozufs melds, mixed eggs.] Omen, o'men, n. Sign or indication of some future event ; a prognostic ; presage ; augury. — v. t. [omened (-mend), omening.] To indicate as likely to occur, augur; to predict, foretell. [L. omen, ominis, OL. osmen ; perh. f r. os, the mouth, perh. f r. auscultare, to hear, awro's,the ear ; s. rt. abominate.] — Ominous, -T-nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, an omen ; foreshowing good, auspicious ; foreboding evil, inauspicious. [L. ominosus.] — Ominously, adv. — Omlnousness, n. Omentum, o-menlum, n. (Anat.) The caul; a fatty membranaceous covering of a portion of the bowels, attached to the stomach. [L.] Omer, o'mgr, n. A Hebrew measure, the l-10th of an ephah. [See Homer.] Ominous, etc. See under Omen. Omit, o-mif, v, t. To let fall, leave out, drop ; to pass by, neglect. [L. omittere, omissum, fr. ob and mittere, to let go.] — Omifter, n.— Omis'sion, -mish'- un, n. Act of leaving out ; neglect or failure to do something required by propriety or duty; that omit- ted. [F. ; L. omissio.] — Omis'sible, a. Capable of being, etc. Omnibus, om'nT-bus, n. A large four-wheeled car- riage, to carry many people. [L. dative plural, for all, fr. omnis, all.] — Omnibus bill. In Amer. legislation, a bill which provides for several miscel- laneous enactments or appropriations. — Omnifali- ous, -rl-us, a. Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. [L. omnifarius, fr. omnis.] — Omnif erous, -er-us, a. All-bearing ; producing all kinds. [L. omnifer ; ferre, to bear.] — Omnif ic, a. All-creating. [L. facere, to make.] — Om'niform, a. Having every form or shape. [L. forma, form.] — Omnig'enous, -nij'e-nus, a. Consisting of all kinds. [L. genus, kind.] — Omniparity, -par'Y-ti, n. General equal- ity. [L. paritas, equality, parity, q. v.] — Omnip'a- rous, -a-rus, a. Producing all things ; omniparient. — Omnip'otent, a. Possessing unlimited power; all- powerful; having unlimited power of a particular kind. [F.; L. omnipotens; potens, powerful, potent.] — Omnip'otence, -tency, a. — Ooinipres'ent, a. Present in all places at the same time ; ubiquitous. [L. prsesens, present.] — Omnipres^ence, n. Ubiq- uity. —Omnis''cient, -nish'ent, a. Having univer- sal knowledge, or knowledge of all things; all-know- ing ; all-searching ; all-seeing. [L. sciens, p. pr. of scire, to know.] — Omnis'cience, -msh'ens, n. Qual- ity of being, etc. — Omniv'orous, -o-rus, a. All- devouring; eating everything indiscriminately. [L. vorare, to eat greedily.] — Om'nium, -nt-um, n. (Finance.) In Eng., the value taken as an average of the different stocks in which a loan to govern- ment is funded. [L., of all, gen. pi. of omnis.] — Om'nium-gatb/erum, -gatii'Sr-um, n. A miscella- neous collection of things or persons; a medley. [A macaronic compound ; gatherum, fr. E. gather.] Omphalic, om-fallk, a. Pert, to the navel. [Gr. om- phalos, navel.] On, on, prep. At, or in contact with, the surface or upper part of a thing, and supported by it ; toward and to the upper surface of ; upon ; by means of ; with ; in addition to ; besides ; at or near, — indica- ting relative position; in dependence or reliance up- on ; at or in the time of ; toward; for ; at the peril of, or for the safety of; by virtue of; with the pledge of; to the account of; in consequence of, or follow- ing ; in reference or relation to. — adv. Forward; in progression ; onward; forward, in succession ; in continuance ; without interruption ; adhering ; at- tached to the body. [AS. ; D. aan, Dan. and G. an, Sw. a (prep.), an (adv.), Goth, and Gr. ana; s. rt. in.] — On'' to, - too, prep. On the top of ; upon ; on. — On'ward, a. Advanced or advancing; increased; improved. — adv. Toward the point Defore or in front ; forward ; progressively ; in advance. — On'- wards, adv. Same as Onwaed. — On'set, n. A violent attack, esp. the assault of an army or body of troops upon an enemy, fort, etc. ; charge ; storm- ing ; onslaught. — On'slanght, -slawt, n. Attack ; aggression ; assault. [AS. sleaht, a stroke, blow, fr. stean, to strike; s. rt. slaughter.] Onanism, o'nan-izm, n. Self -pollution; masturbation. [Fr. Onan (Gen. xxxix. 9).] Once. See under One. On ait, awN-de'. Lit., they say; it is said. — n. A rumor; flying report. [F.] One, wun, a. Being but a single unit, or entire being or thing, and no more; single; individual; denoting a person conceived or spoken of indefinitely, — used as an indefinite pronoun or adjective (having, as a pronoun, a plural, ones) ; pointing out a contrast, — used as a correlative adjective; constituting a whole; undivided ; united ; single in kind ; the same ; a common. [ME. oon, on (dative oone, one), AS. an, D. and Dan. een, Goth, ains, W. un, L. unus, OL. and Gr. oinos ; s. rt. a, an, alone, lone, atone, unique, unite, union, onion, none, anon, anotlier; not s. rt. Gr. heis, hen, one = E. same.] — All one. Just the same. — At o. In agreement or concord. — One'ness, n. State of being one; singleness in number; individu- ality ; unity. — One'-horse, a. Drawn by a single horse, —said of a vehicle; second rate; cheap; with limited capital; of little account. — sid'ed, a. Hav- ing one side only ; limited to one side ; partial ; un- just ; unfair. — Once, wuns, adv. At one time ; on one occasion; atone former time; formerly; as soon as. [ME. ones, oones, onis, AS. anas, orig. gen. of an.] — At once. Immediately ;_without delay ; at the same time ; as one. — Only, onIT, a. One alone ; single ; alone in its class ; t>y itself ; distinguished above all others ; preeminent. — adv. In one man- ner, or for one purpose alone; solely; singly; merely; barely. [ME. oonli, onliche, AS. anlic, fr. an and lie, like.] Oneirocritic, o-ni'ro-kritlk, -ical, a. Pert, to the in- terpretation of dreams. [Gr. oneiros, dream, and kritikos, critical.] Onerary, Onerons. See under Onus. Onion, un'yun, n. A biennial plant; its bulbous root, used as an article of food. [F. oignon, L. unio, a kind of single onion, also, oneness, unity, fr. unus, one, q. v.; same as union.] Only. See under One. Onomancy, on'o-man'si, n. Divination by the letters of a name. [Gr. onoma, a name (q. v.), and man- teia, divination.] — Onomas'ticon, -tl-kon, n. A col- lection of names and terms ; dictionary ; common- place book. [Gr. onomastikos, pert, to names or naming.]— On'omat'opoela, -o-pe'ya, n. (Gram. & Rhet.) The theory that words are formed to re- semble the sound made by the thing signified. The use of a word whose sound corresponds to the sound of the thing signified. [Gr. onomatopoiia; poiein, to make.] — On'omat'opoetlc, -o-po-etlk, a. Formed to resemble the sound of the thing signified. Onset, Onto, Onward, etc. See under On. Ontology, on-tol'o-jT, n. That part of the science of metaphysics which treats of the nature and essential properties and relations of all beings, as such. [Gr. onta (neut. pi. of on, ontos, being, p. pr. of einai, to be), existing things, and logos, discourse.] — Onto- loglc, -ical, -lojlk-al, a. Pert, to the science of be- ing in general. Onus, o'nus, n. The burden. [L. onus, oneris ; perh. s. rt. Skr. anas, a cart; s. rt. exonerate.] — Onus pro- bandi. The burden of proof. [L.] — On'erous, on'- er-us, a. Burdensome ; oppressive. [F. onereux, f r. L. onus.] — On'erary, -gr-a-ri, a. Designed for car- rying burdens. Onyx, o'niks, n. A stone (chalcedony, etc.") consisting of parallel layers of different shades or color, and used for making cameos. [L. and Gr., a claw, a finger-nail, a veined gem, fr. its resembling the fin- ger-nail in color; s. rt. Skr. nakha = E. nail, q. v.] Oolite, Oology, etc See under Ovum. Oolong, oolong, n. A variety of black tea possessing the flavor of green tea. [Chinese, green dragon.] Ooze, ooz, v. i. [oozed (oozd), oozing.] To flow gently, percolate. — v. t. To cause to flow forth gently, cause to percolate ; to drop, shed, distill. — am, fame, far, pass or onera. fare ; Snd. eve, term ; tn. Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; OPACITY 389 OFPOSE n. Soft mud or slime; soft flow; spring; the liquor of a tan-vat. [ME. wose, AS. wase, ooze, AS. wos, juice, Ic. vas, wetness ; perh. s. rt. Ic. ur, drizzle, AS. wxr, sea, Skr. vari, water.] — Ooz'y, -Y, a. Miry; containing soft mud: resembling ooze. Opacity, Opake. See under Opaque. Opal, o'pal, n. A mineral consisting of silex in what is called the soluble state, and usually a small quan- tity of water : the precious opal presents a peculiar play of colors, and is esteemed as a gem. [F. opdle, L. opalus, Gr. opallios, perh. fr. Skr. upala, a stone.] — Opalesce', -pal-es', v. i. [-esced (-est'), -escing.J To give forth a play of colors, like the opal. — Opal- escence, -es'sens, n. A reflection of a milky or pearly light from the interior of a mineral. — Opal- escent, a. Reflecting a pearly light from the in- terior. — O'paline, -in, a. Pert, to or like opal. — O'palize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To convert into opal, or a substance like opal. Opaque, o-pak', a. Impervious to the rays of light ; not transparent; dark; obscure. [F.; L. opacus.] — Opaque'neas, Opac'ity, -pas'I-tY, n. Quality of be- ing, etc. [F. opacite".} Ope, op, Open, o'pn, a. Free of access ; not shut up; not closed ; free to be used, visited, read, etc. ; not private ; public ; not drawn together or contracted; expanded; without reserve; not concealed or secret; exposed to view ; candid; ingenuous ; sincere ; art- less; not frozen up ; not cold or frosty ; not settled or adjusted; not balanced or closed ; not blinded or obscured; not deaf ; not unwilling to hear; listen- ing; free to be discussed; easily enunciated; spoken without closing the mouth. — n. Open country or space.— v. t. [opened (0'pnd), opening.] To make open, render free of access, unclose, unlock, remove any fastening from; to bring to view, exhibit, inter- pret, explain, disclose; reflexively, to speak without reserve; to enter upon, begin, commence. — v. i. To unclose, be parted; to begin to appear; to commence, begin. [AS. and D. (ad].), fr. AS. up, D. op, up.] — Open vowel or sound. A vowel or sound pronounced with a larger aperture of the lips or cavity of the mouth, as compared with others called close voivels or sounds. — O'pener, n. — O'pening, n. A place which is open; breach; aperture; beginning; com- mencement. — O'penly, adv. In an open manner ; publicly ; without secrecy ; without reserve or dis- guise; plainly. — O'penness, n. — 0'pen-eyed, -id, a. Watchful; vigilant. — handed, a. Generous; mu- nificent. — heart'ed, a. Candid ; frank; generous. — -mouthed, a. Having the mouth open ; gaping ; greedy; clamorous. Opera, op'Sr-a, n. A musical drama consisting of airs, choruses, recitations, etc. ; the score of a musi- cal drama; house where operas are exhibited. [It., performance, L., work, opus, labor, toil, Skr. apas, work. fr. ap, to obtain; s. rt. cooperate, inure, ma- nure, office, perh. apt, inept, option.'] — Operat'ic, -ical, a. Pert., or appropriate to the opera. — Op'era-glass, n. A short telescope of low power, usually with a tube and glasses for each eye, for use in theaters, etc. : a loj-gnette. — Op'era- , bouffe'. -boot'', n. A comic op- $ era. [F. ; bouffe. It. buffa. joke, | jest.] — Op'erate, v. i. To ex- | ert power or strength, physical or mechanical ; to produce an appropriate physical effect ; to Opera-glass, exert moral influence. (Med.) To take appropriate effect on the human system (Surg.) To perform some manual act upon a human body, usually with instruments. — v. t. To produce as an effect ; to cause, occasion ; to put into or to continue in opera- tion ; to work. [L. operari, operatus, fr. opus.] — Opera'tion, n. Act or process of operating; agency; exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or moral ; method of working ; effect brought about by a def- inite plan. (Math.) Some transformation to lie made upon quantities, indicated by rules or symbols. (Surg.) Any methodical action of the hand, or of the hand with instruments, on the human body. [F.; L. operatio.] — Operative, -a-tiv, a. Having power of acting ; exerting force ; efficient in work ; effica- cious. — n. A laboring man ; artisan ; workman in manufactories. [F. operatif.] — Op'era'tor, n. One who, or that which, operates. (Surg.) One who per- forms some act upon the human body. [L.] — Op'- erose\ -os', a. Wrought with labor ; laborious ; te- dious ; wearisome. [L. operosus.] — Op'erose'ness. n.— Operam'eter, n. An instrument or machine for measuring work done. [L. opus and Gr. metron, measure.] Ophidian, o-fid'T-an.n. An animal of the snake family. [Gr. ophidian, dim. of ophis, serpent.] — O'phiol'ogy, -fl-oKo-jT, n. That part of natural history which treats of ser- pents. [Gr. ophis and logos, discourse.] — O'phioKogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Ophicleide, of 'T-klid, n. A large brass wind instrument of the trumpet kind. [F. ; f r. Gr. ophis and kleis, klei- dos, a key.] — O'phioman'cy, -fT-o- man'sT, n. Art of divining or predict- ing events by serpents. [Gr. manteia, divination.] Ophthalmia, etc. See under Optic. Opiate. See under Opium. Opinion, o-pin / 'yun, n. A mental convic- tion of the truth of some statement n founded on probable evidence ; judg- upnicieicie. ment of persons or their qualities ; esp., favorable judgment, good esteem. (Laiv.) The formal de- cision of a judge, umpire, counselor, etc. [F. ; L. opinio, -ionis, fr. opinari, -natus, to suppose ; s. rt. Skr. op, to attain, get, E. optative, q. v.] — Opin'- iona'ted, a. Stiff or obstinate in opinion. — Opin'- ionative, -tiv, a. Unduly attached to one's own opinions ; fond of preconceived notions. — Opin'- ionatively, adv. Stubbornly. — Opin'ionativeness, n. — Opin'ionist, n. One unduly attached to his own opinions.— Opine', o-pIn',i'.t. [opined (-pindQ. opining.] To think, suppose. [F. opiner, fr. L. opinari.] — Opin'iative, -ya-tiv, a. Very stiff in ad- herence to one's opinion; founded on mere opinion; fancied. Opium, o'pi-um, n. The inspissated juice of the white poppy, — a narcotic drug. [L. ; Gr. opion, dim of opos, juice, sap.] — O'piate, -pi-at, re. Any medi- cine that contains opium, and induces sleep or re- pose ; a narcotic ; that which induces rest or inac tion. — a. Inducing sleep; causing rest or inaction soporific; lulling; quieting. [F.; LL. opiatus, pro- vided with opium.] Opodeldoc, o-po-del'dok, n. A saponaceous campho- rated liniment. [An unmeaning word coined by Paracelsus.] Opossum, o-pos'sum, n. An Amer. marsupial quadru- ped. [Orig. opassom, in the language of the Indians of Virginia.] Opponent, op-po'nent, a. In- clined to oppose ; adverse ; antagonistic ; situated in front ; opposite. — n. One who opposes, esp., in a dis- putation or controversy. (Academic Usage.) One who attacks some thesis or proposition, disting. from the respondent, or defendant, Opossum, who maintains it. Adversary; antagonist; opposer [L. opponens, p. pr. of opponere, to set or place against oppose.] — Oppo'nency, -sT, n. Proposition of objec tions to a thesis. Opportune, op-por-tun'', a. Present at a proper time recurring at a suitable occasion; timely; seasonable convenient ; fit ; well-timed; proper. [F. opportun perh. fr. L. opportunus, lit. at or before the port fr. 06 and portus, port, harbor ; perh. fr. L. oportet it behooves.] — Opportune'ly, adv. — Opportune' ness, n. — Opportunity, -nt-tT, n. Fit or conven ient time; occasion; convenience; occurrence. [ME and F. opportunity, L. opportunitas.] Oppose, op-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To set opposite ; to put in opposition, with a view to counterbalance, hinder, defeat, or prevent effect; to resist ; to compete with, strive against ; to resist effectually, combat, withstand, deny, obstruct. — v. i. To act adversely ; to make objection or oppo- sition in controversy. [F. opposer, fr. L. ob and F. poser, L. ponere, pos'ittim, to place.] — Oppos'er, n. — Op'posite, -zit, a. Standing or situated in front; facing; contrasted with; hostile; adverse; mutually antagonistic; inconsistent. — n. One who opposes; that which is contrary. [F.] — Op'positely, adv. In a situation to face each other; adversely. — Op- posi'tion, -zish'un, n. State of being opposed ; re- pugnance ; contrariety ; act of opposing : attempt to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance; that which opposes ; an obstacle ; the collective body of oppo- sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. OPPRESS 390 ORAL sers; the party that opposes the existing administra- tion. (Astron.) The situation of 2 heavenly bodies 180° apart. [F.] — Oppositionist, n. One who be- longs to an opposing party. — Opposltive, -I-tiv, a. Capable of being put in opposition. Oppress, op-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- ing.] To press down ; to treat severely, cruelly, or unjustly ; to sit or lie heavy upon. [F. oppresser, LL. oppressare, L. opprimere, -pressum, fr. ob and premere, to press.] — Oppression, -presh'un, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, etc.; sense of heavi- ness, weight, or obstruction in the body or mind; hardship; cruelty; burden. [F.] — Oppressive, -iv, a. Unreasonably burdensome ; unjustly severe ; proceeding from a design to oppress ; overwhelm- ing ; cruel ; unjust ; tyrannical ; overpowering. — Oppressively, adv. — Oppressiveness, n. — Op- pressor, n. One who, etc. [L.] Opprobrium, op-pro' brt-um, n. Reproach mingled with contempt or disdain. [L., fr. ob and probrum, infamy.] — Opprobrious, -brl-us, a. Reproachful and contemptuous ; scurrilous ; blasted with in- famy ; rendered hateful. [L. opprobriosus.] — Op- pro'briously, adv. — Oppro'briousness, n. Oppugn, op-pun', v. t. [-pugged (-pund r ), -pugin- ing.] To fight against, whether m attack, resist- ance, or simple opposition. [F. oppugner, L. op- pugnare, fr. ob and pvgnare, to fight; pugna, a fight, fr. pugnus = E. fist, q. v.] — Oppugn'er, n. — Oppug'- nancy, -pug'nan-st, n. Act of oppugning ; resist- ance. Optative, op'ta-tiv, a. Expressing desire or wish. — n. (Gram.) A mode of the verb expressing desire. [F. optatif, L. optativus, fr. optare, -tatwn, to wish; s. rt. L. apisci, Skr. ap, to obtain, E. adopt, apt, adept, inept, opinion, opulent.'] — Op'tion, -shun, n. Power of choosing; right of choice ; exercise of the power of choice; election ; preference ; power of wishing ; wish. (Stock Exchange.) Liberty of selling or of buying stock at a certain price, and at a given future time; time allowed to either buyer or seller for the delivery of stock. [F. ; L. optio, fr. optare.]— Op- tional, a. Left to one's wish; depending on choice; involving an option, or power of choice.— Op'timate, -tt-mat, n. A nobleman ; a chief man in a state or city. [L. optimas, optimatis, pi. optimates, the adherence of the best men, the aristocrats, grandees, fr. optimus, best, orig. choice, f r. optio.] — Op'tima- cy, -ma-si, n. The body of nobles ; the nobility. — Op'time, -tT-me, n. One of those who stand in the 2d rank of honors, in the University of Cambridge, Eng. — Op'timism, -mizm, n. The doctrine that everything in nature is ordered for the best. — Op'- timist, n. One who holds, etc. Optic, op'tik, n. An organ of sight; an eye.— Op'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to vision or to the organ of sight, or to the science of optics. [F. optigue, Gr. optikos, pert, to sight, fr. rt. of Gr. opsomai,! shall see, opter, a witness, one who sees, ophthalmos (for optalmos), L. ocvlits, Russ. oko = E. eye, q. v. ; s. rt. autopsy, catoptric, synopsis, etc.] —Optic nerves. The 2d pair of nerves which proceed directly from the brain, and are the nerves of sight : see Eye. — Op'tics, n. Science of the nature and properties of light, and the phenomena of vision. — Opti'cian, -tisn/an, n. One who makes or sells optical glasses and instru- ments. — Ophthal'mia, of-thal'mT-a, Opb/thalmy, •ml, n. (Med.) An inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye, or of the eyeball. [Gr., fr. oph- thalmos.] — Ophthalmic, a. Pert, to the eye. Optimate, Option, etc. See under Optative. Opulent, op' u-lent, a. Having a large estate; wealthy; rich; affluent. [F.; L. opulentus, fr. opes, Gr. aphnos, Skr. apnas, wealth; s. rt. optative, q. v.] — Op'ulently, adv.— Op'u- lence.w. Wealth; riches; affluence. Or, 6r, conj. A connective that marks an alternative : it corresponds to either, and in poetry is sometimes used for either : it is often used to express an alternative of terms, definitions, or explanations of the same thing in different words. [Short for ME. other, owther, auth- er, not E. other, but = either, q. v.] Or, 6r, n. (Her.) The yellow or gold color represented on an es- cutcheon by small dots. [F. ; L. r»^ a ««,»».« aurum, gol(L]-Or Iflamb, -namme, Onflamme . Sr'T-flam, n. The ancient royal standard of France, Oriel. — a red silk flag, cut at the edge into flame-shaped strips, and borne on a gilded lance. [F. orifiambe. LL. auriflamma, lit. golden flame, L. flamma, flame.' — O'riel, -rT-el, n. (Arch.) A large bay or recesi window, as in a hall, chapel, etc. [OF. oriol, lA^.oriolum, a recess, gallery, corridor, — orig. gilded or decorated with gold, fr. L. aureolum, golden.] — O'riole, -rT-ol, n. A singing bird allied to the thrushes, having a golden or yellow plumage mixed with black. [OF. oriol, L. aureolus, lit. golden.] — Or/- molu' - , -mo-loo', n. A kind of brass, made to resemble' gold by using less zinc and more copper than in ordi- nary brass. [F. or moulu; moulu, p. p. of moudre, to grind, pound.] — O'roide, -roid, n. An alloy, resem- bling gold. [F. or and Gr. eidos, form.] — Or'piment, -pY-ment, n. Trisulphido of arsenic, occurring in crystals of a lemon-yellow color, and used in dyeing. [F.; L. auripigmentwm, lit. gold paint, fr. aurum and pigmentum, pigment, q. v.] — Or'ris, Sr'ris, n. A kind of gold or silver lace; a pattern worked in gold or silver lace. [ME. or/rays, gold fringe, fr. F. or and /raise, pert, to Friesland, fringe, ruff : see Frieze.T Oral, o'ral, a. Pert, to, or uttered by, the mouth ; spoken, not written. [L. os, oris, the mouth ; s. rt. L. orare, to speak, pray, Skr. asya, anana, the mouth, E. adore, inexorable.] — O'rally, adv. By mouth.— Or'acle, 8r'a-kl, n. The answer of a pagan god to an inquiry respecting some affair of import- ance; the deity supposed to give the answer, also the place where it was given ; revelations delivered by God to prophets ; the entire sacred Scriptures ; one who communicates a divine command ; an angel; prophet ; any person reputed uncommonly wise ; a wise sentence or decision of great authority. [F. ; L. oraculum, fr. orare.] — Orac'ular, a. Pert, to an oracle; uttering oracles ; like, or of the nature of, an oracle; positive; authoritative; obscure; ambiguous. — Orac'ularly, adv. — Ora'tion, n. An elaborate discourse, treating an important subject in a dig- nified manner, — applied chiefly to discourses on special occasions, and to academical declamations ; harangue; address; speech. [F.;L. oratio, fr. ora- re.] — Or'ator, 8r'a-ter, n. A public speaker ; one who delivers an oration ; esp. one distinguished for his eloquence. (Law.) One who prays for relief; a pe- titioner; a plaintiff or complainant in a bill in chan- cery. [L.] — Orato'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to an orator or to oratory. — Oratorical, -tur'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or becoming, an orator: rhetorical; eloquent; flowery; florid. — Orator'ically, adv. In a rhetorical man- ner. — Orato'rio, -to'rY-o, n. (Mus.) A sacred com- position consisting of airs, recitatives, duets, trios, choruses, etc., the subject of which is generally taken from the Scriptures; an oratory. [It.,ir. L.ora- torium, a place of prayer, neut. of oratorius, pert, to prayer.] — Or'atory, -to-rl, n. The art of an orator; art of effective public speaking; a chapel for private devotions. [ME. and F. oratoire.] — Orison, -T-zun, n. A prayer or supplication. [OF.] — Orifice, -T-fis, w. The mouth of a tube, pipe, etc. ; an aperture, opening. [OF. ; L. orificium, fr. os and facere, to make.] — O'rotund', -ro-tund', n. A mode of into- nation directly from the larynx, particularly full, clear, and ringing in tone. — a. Ringing and mu- sical. [L. os and rotundus, round, smooth.] — OB'ci- tato, -sT-tat, v. i. To gape with sleepiness, yawn. [L. oscitare, -tatum, fr. os and citare, intens. of ciere, to put in motion.] — Os'citant, a. Yawning; sleepy; drowsy. — Os'citancy, -tan-sY, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Os'culate, -ku-lat, v. t. and i. To kiss. (Geom.) To touch, as one curve another, or as 2 curves when both have a common curvature at the point of contact. [L. osculari, -latus, fr. osculum, a little or pretty mouth, a kiss, dim. of os.] — Oscula'- tion, n. Act of, etc. (Geom.) Contact of curves. — Os'culant, a. Adhering closely. (Classification.) Intermediate in character, or on the border between two groups. — Os'culatory, -to-rt, a. Pert, to kiss- ing. (Geom.) Capable of oscultation.— n. A picture of Christ or the Virgin, to be kissed by priest or people. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; !5dd, tone, 6r ; ORANG-OUTANG 391 ORE Orange, or'enj, n. A tree of many varieties, and its round yellow fruit. — a. Of the color of' an orange: see Light. [F.; OF. orenge, for narenge, Sp. na- ranja, Per. naranj, narang, an orange, nar,_ a pomegranate.] — Or'angeade'', -ad r , n. A drink made of orange-juice, corresponding to lemonade.— Or'angery, -an-jer-T, n. A plantation or nursery of orange trees. _ Orang-outang, o-rang'oo-tang', n. A large monkey, closely resembling urange. man. [Malayan orang utan, man of the woods, fr. orang, man, and utan, a forest, wild, savage.] Oration, Orator, etc. See Oral. Orb, Srb, n. A body of a round form ; one of the celestial spheres; the eye; a circle; orbit; a revolving circular body ; wheel; globe ; ball ; sphere. [F. orbe, L. oi-bis ] — Orbed, 3rbd, Orbic'ular, a. Re- sembling, or having the form of, an orb; spherical; circular; globular. [L. or- bicularis, ir.orbicdus, dim. _ of or b is.] — Orbic'ularly, 4 adv. Spherically.— Orbic'- ~ ulate, a. In the'form of an orb. — Orb'it, n. (Astron.) The path described by a heavenly body in its peri- odical revolution. (Anat.) The cavity in which the n t eve is situated : see Skel- Orang-outang. ETOK. (Ornith.) The skin which surrounds the eye of a bird. [L. orbita, a track made by a wheel, course, circuit, fr. orbis.] — Orb'ital, a. Pert, to an nrbit. Ore, 6rk, n. The grampus, q. v. [L. orca, Gr. orux. | Orchard, Sr'cherd, n. An inclosure or assemblage of fruit trees. [AS. orceard, ortgeard, lit. wort-yard; wyrt, plant, geard, yard.] — Or'cnardist, n. One who cultivates orchards. Orchestra, or'kes- or 6r-kes r tra, Or'ehester, -tre, -kes- ter, ». The space in a theater between stage and audience ; a band of instrumental musicians. [L. and Gr. orchestra, fr. Gr. orchaisthai, to dance, — orig. the space where the chorus danced.] — Orches- tral, a. Pert, to, suitable for, or performed in, an orchestra. Orchil, rjr'kil, -chilla. -killa, n. Same as Aechil. Orchis, Sr'kis, Or'chid, -kid, n. A perennial terres- trial or epiphytal plant of unnumbered species, many of w n i c h bear /gj flowers of great beauty, .^' and singular in form : £*£ it is found all over the world. [L. and Gr., lit. a testicle, fr. the shape of the roots.] Ordain, etc. See under Order. Ordeal, dr'de-al ancient form of trial, by lot, fire, water, etc., to determine guilt or in- nocence ; severe trial ; accurate scrutinv. [Prop. 2 syllables; ME. ordal, AS. ordal, ordel, D. oordeel, lit. a dealing out, fr. AS. prefix or- (= D. oor-, OS. and G. ur-, Goth, us-), out, out of, and AS. dsel, a portion, share : see Deal.] Order, Sr'der, n. Regular arrangement; any method- ical or established succession ; a sound or proper condition ; normal state ; customary mode of pro- i ced-'-'; regular government; general tranquillity; j a re^ — ation; standing rule; a particular injunction; i command; mandate; necessary measures or care; a commission to make purchases or supply goods; a direction, in writing, to pay money; a number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or suitable ! place, or relative |* -ition ; esp., a rank or class in ; society; a privileged or dignified grade; a class of i men so closelv linked together that they form a sep- Orchis. arate class in the community. (Episc. Ch.) The rank of deacon, priest, or bishop, — often used in pi. (Arch.) One of the 5 principal methods recog- nized by the ancients for ornamenting the columns of an edifice (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite : see Capital). (Zobl.) One of the well- marked divisions of a class, including families and genera. (Bot.) A group of allied individuals, more comprehensive than a genus. (Rhet.) The placing of words and members in a sentence so as to contribute to force, beauty, and clearness of expression. — v. t. [ordered (-derd), -derixg.] To put in order, re- duce to methodical arrangement, systematize, ad- just ; to manage, conduct, regulate; to command, direct, bid. — v. i. To give command or direction. [ME. and F. ordre, OF. ordene, ordine, L. ordo, ordinis, order, arrangement: perh. s. rt. L. oriri, to arise, originate : see O RIGHT; s. rt. disorder, inordi- nate, subordinate, etc.] — Or'derer, n. — Or'dering, n. Disposition ; distribution ; management. — 0r~- derless, a. Without order or regularity; disorderly; out of rule. — Or^derly, -der-ll, a. Conformed to order ; methodical : regular ; observant of order, method, or rule; quiet; peaceable; well-regulated; systematic; regular; methodical; being on duty. — adv. According to due order: regularly. — n. (Mil.) A non-commissioned officer who attends a superior officer for the purpose of bearing orders or render- ing service.— Ordain'', -dan', v. t. [-daixed (-dand'), -daixixg.] To set in order, regulate, establish; to appoint, decree, enact ; to set apart for an office, esp., to invest with ministerial or sacerdotal func- tions. [ME. ordeynen, OF. ordener, L. ordinare, -atum, fr. ordo.] — Ordain'able, a. Capable, or wor- thy to be ordained or appointed. — Ordaiu'er, n. — Or / dina r tion, n. Act of ordaining; esp., the act of setting apart to an office in the Christian ministry; state of being ordained or appointed; tendency. — Or'dinal. -dl-nal, a. Indicating the established order or succession, —n. A number noting order; a book containing the service prescribed in the Eng. church, for the ordination of deacons, etc. [L. ordinalis.) — Or'dinance, -dT-nans, n. An ordaining or establish- ing by authority; appointment; a rule established bv authority; a statute; law; edict: decree; rescript. (Eccl.) An established rite or ceremony. DIE. and OF. ordenance, LL. ordinantia, fr. L. ordinare.] — Ordinance, n. Heavy weapons of warfare, — can- non, mortars, and howitzers ; artillery. [F., orig. applied to the regulated bore or caliber of the gun.] — Or'donnance, -don-nans, n. (Fine Arts.) The disposition of the parts either in regard to the whole piece or to the several parts. [F., a later form of OF. ordenance.] — Or'dinary. -dl-na-rt, a. Accord- ing to established order ; methodical ; regular ; of common rank ; usual ; of little merit ; plain ; not handsome, —n. (Civil Law.) An officer who has original jurisdiction in his own right, and not by deputation. (Eng. Law.) One who has immediate jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical; an ecclesias- tical judge. (Am. Law.) A judicial officer, having generally the powers of a judge of probate or surro- gate. A dining-room where there is a fixed price for the meal; meal furnished at such a dining-room. (Xaval.) The establishment of the shipping not in actual service, but laid up under the charge of of- ficers. (Her.) A portion of the escutcheon com- prised between straight or other lines. [F. ordinaire (a. and n.), L. ordinarius, regular, also an overseer, fr. ordo.] — Or'dinarily. adv. According to estab- lished rules; commonly; usually; on the average. — Or'ttinaryship, n. Office of an ordinary. — Or'nary, -na-rT, a. Worthless : vicious ; irreclaimably bad. [Prob. corrup. of ordinary, — a local Amer. vulgar- ism.] — Or'dinate, -dT-nat, a. Regular; methodical. — n.( Geom.) The distance of any point in a curve measured on a line called the axis of ordinates, or on a line parallel to it, from another line called the axis of abscissas, on which the corresponding ab- scissa of the point is measured. [L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare.] Ordure, ord'iir, n. Dung ; excrements : feces. [F., fr. OF. ord, It. ordo, nasty, orrido, L. horridus, hor- rid, q. v.] Ore, or, n. The compound of a metal and some other substance (as oxygen, sulphur, or arsenic), by which its properties are disguised or lost. [AS. or. ore, G. and Sw. ader, Dan. aare, a vein (= blood-vessel, also metallic streak in a rock) ; perh. s. rt. AS. ar, Ic. eir, OHG. er, Goth, ais, L. ses, brass, Skr. ayas, iron.] sun, cube, full; moon, ^ot ; co w - oil; finger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get OREAD 392 ORRER* Oread, o're-ad, n. A mountain nymph. [Gr. oreias, -ados, fr. oros, mountain.] Organ, Sr'gan, n. An instrument by which an action is performed, or object accomplished; part of a liv- ing being, capable of a special function, essential to the life or well-being of the whole, as the lungs, the heart, etc. ; a medium of communication between one person or body, and another. (Mus.) An in- strument containing pipes filled with wind from a bellows, and played upon by means of keys. [F. organe, L. organum, Gr. organon, an implement ; s. rt. Gr. ergon, work, E. orgies.'] — Or/ganist, n. One who plays on an organ. — Organ'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to an organ or its structure ; consisting of, containing, or produced by the organs; instrumental. {Language.) Inflectional ; changing the roots of words to indicate change of relation. — Organic law or laws. A law or system of laws fundamental to the organization of a state, association, etc.; a con- stitution. — Organ Ically, adv. In an organic man- ner; with organical structure or disposition of parts; by means of organs. — Or'ganism, n. A structure composed of or acting by means of organs; an organ- ized being. — Or'ganize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To furnish with organs ; to arrange or constitute in parts, each having a special function, act, office, or relation.— Or'ganiz'able, a.— Or'ganiza'tion, n. Act of organizing ; state of being organized ; the rela- tions included in such a state or condition ; that which is organized; an organism. — Organography, -og' r - ra-fY. n. {Nat. Hist.) A description of the organs of plants or animals. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Or'- ganoPogy, n. Science or account of organs and their uses. {Physiol.) That branch which treats, in particular, of the different organs of animals. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Organdie, -dy, 6r'gan-dY, n. A light and transparent muslin or cotton fabric. [F. organdi.] Organzine, dr'gan-zen', n. Silk of very fine texture, twisted like a rope with different strands, to in- crease its strength. [F. organsin.] Orgasm, Sr'gazm, n. Excitement and turgescence of an organ, esp. of the organs of generation. [Gr. or- gasmos, fr. organ, to sw_ell, esp. with lust.] Orgeat, dr'zhat or or'zha, n. A flavoring liquor, ex- tracted from barley and sweet almonds. [F., fr. orge, barley.] Orgy, 6r'ji,"w. ; pi. -gies, -jiz, — usually in the pi. Tne ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans in the worship of Bacchus ; drunken revelry ; noc- turnal carousals. [F. orgies, L. and Gr. orgia (all pi.), fr. Gr. orgion, a sacred act ; s. rt. Gr. ergon, work : see Organ.] Oriel. See under Or, n. Orient, o'rt-ent, a. Rising, as the sun ; eastern ; ori- ental; bright; shining; of superior quality; perfect. — n. The eastern horizon ; the East ; the countries of Asia. [F. ; L. orienSj -entis, the rising sun, the east, prop. p. pr. of oriri, to rise: see Origin.] — Orient'' al, a. Pert, to the east; proceeding from, or situated in, the orient. — n. A native or inhab- itant of some eastern part of the world. [F.] — Orienfalism, -izm, n. Any system or doctrine, mode of thought or expression, peculiar to orientals.— Orient'alist, n. An inhabitant of the east ; an ori- ental ; one versed in the eastern languages and lit- erature. — Orient'ate, -at, v. t. To place or turn toward the east ; to cause to assume an easterly direction, or to veer toward the east.— v. i. To move or turn toward the east. — O'rienta'tion, n. Pro- cess of determining the points of the compass, or the east point, in taking bearings ; tendency of a revolving body, when suspended in a certain way, to bring the axis of rotation into parallelism with the earth's axis ; an aspect or fronting to the east. Orifice. See under Oral. Oriftamb, -flamme. See under Or, n. Origin, Cr'i-jin, n. First existence or beginning of anything; that from which anything primarily pro- ceeds ; commencement ; rise ; source ; derivation ; cause; foundation. [F. origine, L. origo, originis, fr. oriri, to arise, begin, Skr. ri, to rise, Gr. ornumi, I stir up.] — Original, -rij / 'Y-nal, n. Origin ; source ; that which precedes all others of its class ; arche- type; an original work of art, manuscript, text, etc.; tne precise language employed by a writer; a person of marked peculiarity. {Nat. Hist.) The stock of a series of living forms, in which a variety is con- sidered to have originated ; one who has new and striking ideas. — a. Pert, to the origin or being ; preceding all others ; first in order ; not translated ; employed by the author ; having power to suggest new thoughts or combinations of thought ; betore unused or unknown; new. — Original sin. (Theol.) The first sin of Adam, namely, his eating the for- bidden fruit (see Gen. iii.); either the imputation of Adam's sin to his posterity, or a natural corruption and tendency to sin inherited from him. — Orig'- inaFity, -Y-tY, n. Quality or state of being, etc. — Orig'inally, adv. Primarily ; from the beginning ; at first; by the first author; at the time of formation. — Orig'inate, -nat, v. t. To give an origin or begin- ning to; to bring into existence. — v. i. To have origin; to begin to exist or act. — Orig'ina'tion. n. Act of, etc.; mode of production. — Orig'ina'tor, -ter, n. Oriole. See under Or, k. Orion, o-ri'un, n. {Astron.) A large and bright con- stellation, crossed by the equinoctial line. [Orig. a celebrated hunter in Greek mythology, after whom this constellation was named.] Orison. See under Oral. Orleans, 5r1e-anz, n, A worsted and cotton cloth used for dresses; in Eng., a variety of plum. [Fr. the city of Orleans, France.] Orlop, dr'lop, n. (Naut.) The lower deck of a ship of the line; or that, in all vessels, on which the ca- bles are stowed. [D. overloop, upper deck, lit. a running over, fr. overlopen, to run over; s. rt. leap.] Ormolu. See under Or, n. Ornament, Sr'na-ment, n. That which embellishes; decoration. — v. t. To make beautiful or furnish with embellishments; to adorn, deck, beautify. [F. ornement, L. ornamentum, fr. ornare, -natum, to adorn; s. rt. Skr. varna, color, beauty, fr. vri, to cover.] — Ornamenfal, a. Serving to ornament. — Or'namenta'tion, n. Act or art of ornamenting, or state of being ornamented; that which ornaments.— Or'nate, -nat, a. Adorned; decorated; beautiful.— Or'nately, adv. — Or'nateness, n. Ornary. See under Order. Ornithology, Sr-nY-thoPo-jY, n. Science of the form, structure, and habits of birds. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird (fr. ornumi: see Origin; s. rt. AS. earn, Goth. ara, G. aar, an eagle), and logos, discourse.] — Or'- nitholog'ic, -log'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc.— OrnithoFogist, n. One skilled in, etc.— Ornitb/ich- nite, -ik-nit, n. {Paleon.) The foot-mark of a bird, occurring in strata of stone. [Gr. ichnos, track/ r'n i t h o- rhynch ' us, -tho-rink''- us, w. An Austra 1 i a n mammal of ; the shape and size of the otter, with a beak like a duck's and paws webbed and Ormthorhynchus. formed for swimming; duck-billed platypus. [Gr. rhungchos, snout.] Orography, o-rog'ra-fY, n. An account of mountains. [Gr. ores, mountain, and graphein, to describe.] — Orographic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — OroFogy, -o-jY, n. Science or description of moun- tains. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Orologlcal, -loj'ik- al, a. Pert, to, etc. Oroide. See under Or, n. Orotund. See under Oral. Orphan, Sr'fan, n. A child bereaved of both father and mother; also, a child who has but one parent living.— a. Bereaved of parents. [L. orphanus, Gr. orphanos, also orphos, destitute.] — Or'phanage, -ej, n. State of being an orphan; an asylum for orphans. — Or'phaned, -fand, a. Bereft of parents or friends. — Or'pnanism, -izm, n. State of Deing an orphan. Orphean, 6r-fe'an or 6r'fe-an, a. Pert, to Orpheus, a poet who is represented as having had the power of moving inanimate bodies by the music of nis lyre. — Or'phic, -fik, a. Pert, to Orpheus. Orpiment. See under Or, n. Orrery, Qr're-rY, n. A piece of, apparatus to illustrate the rel- ative size, positions, orbits, etc., of the bodies of the solar system. [In compliment to tne Earl of Orrery, for whom one of the first machines was made.] Orrery. am, fame, far. or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r | ORRIS 393 OTIC Orris, Or'ris, n. A European species of iris, whose root has an agreeable odor, resembling violets. [Olt. irios; s. rt. L. iris, q. v.] Orris, n. Gold lace. See under Ok, n. Orthodox, Cr'tho-doks, a. Sound in the Christian faith, — opp. to heretical ; according with the doc- trines of Scripture. [F. orthodox, Gr. orthodoxos, fr. orthos, upright, true, and doxa, opinion.] — Or'- thodox'y, -T, n. Soundness of faith; belief in the doctrines taught in the Scriptures; consonance to genuine Scriptural doctrines.— Orthodromics, Or r - thodronpy, -T, n. Art of sailing in a direct course, or on the arc of a great circle. [Gr. dramein, to run.] — Or'thoepy, -tho-e-pY, n. Art of uttering words with propriety ; correct pronunciation of words. [Gr. epos, word.] — Orthoep'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Orthoep'ically, adv.— Or'thoepist, n. One skilled in orthoepy. — Orthog'onal, a. Fu-ht-angled; rec- tangular; at right angles. [Gr. gonia, angle.] — Or- thog'raphy, -ra-fY, n. Art of writing words with the proper letters, according to common usage; spelling; the part of grammar which treats of this subject. (Georn.) Delineation of an object by lines and an- gles corresponding to those of the object; an eleva- tion, showing all the parts in their proper propor- tions. [Gr. qraphein, to write.] — Orthog'rapher, n. One versed in, etc. — Orthograpb/ic, -ical. a. Pert, to orthography. (Geom.) Pert, to right lines or angles. — Ort'hograpb/ically, adv. — Orthopaedy, -e-uY, n. {Med.) Art or practice of curing deform- ities of the feet. [L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Orthop'ter- OUfl. -tgr-us, a. (Entom.) Having wing-covers of a uniform texture throughout, that generally overlap at the top when shut, under which are the true wings, which fold longitudinally, like a fan. [Gr. pteron, wing.] Ortive, dr'tiv, a. Of, or relating to, the time or act of rising, as of a star; eastern. [L. ortivus, fr. oriri, or- tus, to rise: see Origin.] Ortolan, Or'to-lan, n. A European singing bird, about the size of the lark, esteemed delicious food. [F. hortolan, L. hortulanus, fr. hortulus, dim. of hortus, garden, because it frequents gardens.] Oryx, o'riks, n. A variety of S. African antelope; the gemsbok; the Egyptian antelope of N. Africa and S. Asia. Osage-orange, o'saj-or^enj, n. An ornamental tree, resembling the mulberry, having an orange-like fruit, and used as a hedge plant. [Orig. found in the country of the Osage Indians.] Oscan, os'kan, n. One of an ancient Italian people, generally called the Samnites ; their language, re- sembling the Latin. [L. Osci, Opsci.] Oscillate, os'sil-lat, v. i. To move backward and for- ward, vibrate, swing, sway. [L. oscillare, -latum, fr. oscillum, a swing, perh. same word as oscillum, a puppet, dim. of osadum, dim. of os : see Osculate, under Oral.]— Osci'lla'tion, n. Vibration. — Os''- cillatory, -to-rt, a. Moving like a pendulum. Oscitate, Osculate, etc. See under Oral. Osier, o'zher, n. A species of willow, or the twig of the willow, used in making baskets. [F.; Walloon ivoisir, Gr. oisos; s. rt. withe, q. v.] Osmanli, oz'man-lY, n. ; pi. -lis, -liz. A Turkish offi- cial, — so called fr. Osman, who founded the Otto- man empire in Asia; less properly, a native Turk, sloi l, oz'ml-um, n. A gray-colored, brittle metal, found with platinum, whose oxide has a disagree- able smell. [Gr. osme, for odme, a smell; s. rt. Gr. ozein, to smell, L. odor, q. v.] Osnaburg, oz'na-berg, n. A coarse linen, imported orig. fr. Osnaburg, m Germany. Ospray, -prey. See under Osseous. Osseous, os'se-us or oslfus, a. Composed of, or re- sembling, bone; bony. [L. osseus. fr. os, ossis, Gr. osteon, Skr. asthi, a bone.] — Os'sicle, os'sY-kl, n. A small bone. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os.] — Ossiferous, -Sr-us, a. Containing or yielding bone. [L. os and jferre, to bear.]— Ossific, a. Having power to ossify or change carneous and membranous substances to bone. [L. facere, to make.] — Os / sifica / 'tion, n. Change, process of changing, or state of being changed into a bony substance. — Os'sifrage, -fraj, n. The osprey, q. v. [L. ossifraga, ossifragus, fr. om- fragus, bone-breaking, fr. os and f r anger e,fr actum, to break.] — Os'pray, -prey, -pra . n. A long- winged eagle, living on fish, which it takes by darting upon them when near the surface of the water. [Corrupt, of ossifrage.} — Os'selet, -se-let, n. A hard substance growing on the inside of a horse's knee, among the small bones. [F., lit. a little bone, d'im. of os, L. os. ossis, bone.] — Os'sify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To form into bone ; to change from a soft animal substance into bone. — v. i. To become bone or bony. [L. facere, to make.] — Os'teal, -te-al, o. Pert, to bone. [Gr. osteon.]— Os'teogen'esis, n. Forma- tion or growth of bone. — Osteogeny, -oj'e-nt, n. Formation or growth of bone. [Gr. genein, to bring forth.] — OsteoPogy, -oKo-jt, n. That part of anat- omy which treats of the nature, arrangement, and uses of the bones. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— OsteoP- oger, n. One who describes the bones of animals.— OsteoPogist, n. One versed in osteology. — Os'teo- tome, -te-o-tom, n. (Surg.) Strong nippers used for dividing bone. Ostent, os'tent or os-tenf, n. Appearance; air; man- ner; show; manifestation; token; a portent. [L. os- tentus, fr. ostcndere, -tensum, to show, fr. ob and ten- dere, to stretch.] — Ostensible, -sX-bl, a. Shown, declared, or avowed; manifest; apparent. — Osten / '- sibly, adv. — Osten'sive, -siv, a. Showing; exhibit- ing. — Osten'sion, -shun, n. (Eccl.) The showing of the sacrament for adoration. — Os'tenta'tion, n. Act of making an ambitious display ; pretentious parade; pomp; vaunting; boasting. [F.; L. ostenta- tio, f r. ostentare, intens. of ostcndere.] — Os'tenta'- tious, -shus, o. Fond of excessive or offensive dis- play; pretentious; boastful; showy; gaudy.— Os'ten- ta'tiously, adv. Osteocope, Osteology, etc. See under Osseous. Osteopathy, os'te-op'a-thY, n. A system of medical treatment based upon the theory that diseases are chiefly due to mechanical interference with bodily functions and may be remedied by manipulation. [Gr. osteon, bone + pathein, to suffer.] — Os'teopath. A physician who practices osteopathy. Ostler. Same as Hostler. Ostracean, os-tra'shan, n. One of a family of bivalve shell-fish, of which the oyster is the type. [NL. os- tracea, L. ostrea, Gr. ostreon, oyster; s. rt. Gr. ostra- kon, a tile (see Ostracise), and osteon, a bone (see Osseous).]— Os'trea-, -tre-a-, or Os'treicuPture, -tre- Y-kuPchur, n. Artificial cultivation or breeding of oysters. ' ' Ostracize, os'tra-slz, v. t. [-cized (-slzd), -cizing.] To exile by ostracism, banish from societv. put un- der ban. [Gr. ostrakizein, to banish by tablets used for voting, fr. ostrakon, a tile, potsherd, orig. a shell: see Ostracean.]- Os'tracism,-sizm,rc. (Gr. Antiq.) Banishment, by the people of Athens, of a person whose influence gave umbrage to them, repulsion; separation. Ostrich, os'trich, n. A bird of Africa and Arabia, nearly 10 feet high, having a long neck, stout, long legs, with' only 2 toes, and short wings, with long, soft plumes in the place of feathers: it is remarkable for its speed, and for swal- lowing bits of metal or stone to aid in di- festion. [OF. ostrusce, p. avestruz, L. avis struthio ; avis, a bird, stntthio fr. Gr. strou- thion, ostrich, fr. strouthos, bird.] Ostrogoth, os'tro-goth, n. One of the eastern Goths, disting. fr. the Visigoths, or western Goths. Otacoustic, Otalgia, etc. See under Otic. , Ostrich. Other, uth/er, pron. & a. Different from that which has been specified; additional; second of two; not this, but the contrary; opposite. [AS. odher, for andher, D. and G. ander, Goth, anthar, L. alter, for outer, Skr. antara, also anya, other, — a compar. form, meaning more than that, hence second; not same word as ME. other = E. either: see Or, conj.]— The other day. At a cer- tain time past, not distant, but indefinite; not long ago; a few days since.— Every o. day. Every sec- ond day; each'alternate day. — Otb/erwise, adv. In a different manner; in different respects. Otic, o'tik, «. Pert, to, of, or for the ear; auricular. [F. oiiqve, Gr. otikos, fr. ous, otos, L. auris = E. ear, q. v.]— Ot'acous'tic, -kows'- or -koos'tik, a. Assist- sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boJfboN, chair, get. OTIOSE 394 OUTLANDISH ing the sense of hearing. [Gr. ous and akoustikos, acoustic, q. v.]— Otal'gia, -tal'jY-a, Otal'gy, -tal'jY, n. (Med.) Pain in theear. [Gr. algos, pain.] — Oto- scope, o'to- or ot'o-skop, n. An instrument for ex- amining the condition of the ear. [Gr. skopein, to see.] Otiose, 0'shY-os', a. Being at ease; unemployed; in- dolent. [L. otiosus, fr. otium, ease.] Ottar, of tar, n. A highly fragrant oil obtained from the petals of some flowers, esp. of the rose,— written also attar, otto. [Ar. itr, perfume, atira, he smelt sweet.] "Otter, ot'ter, n. A carnivorous aquatic animal of sev- eral species, feeding on fish. [AS. otor, D. and G. otter, fr. Gr. hudra, a water-snake, hydra, q. v.] Ottoman, ot'to-man, a. Pert, to, or derived from, the empire of Turkey. [F., fr. Othoman or Osman, a sultan who assumed the government of Turkey in .1299, a. d.] — Of toman, n. ; pi. -mans. A Turk; a stuffed seat without a back, orig. used in Turkey. [F. ottomane.] Ouch, owch, n. A bezel, or socket, in which a precious stone or seal is set; a carcanet or ornament of gold. [Prop, nouch, ME. and OF. nouche, OHG. nusca, buckle, clasp.] Ought, awt, n. See Aught. Ought, awt, v. imperfect. Is fit; behooveth; is proper or necessary; should, — used impersonally. [Preterit of owe, q. v.] Ounce, owns, n. A weight = l-12th lb. troy, and l-16th lb. avoirdupois. [ME. and OF. unce, L. uncia, an ounce, also an inch ; s. rt. Gr. ongkos, bulk, weight, E. inch.'] Ounce, owns, n. A carnivorous animal, of N. India and Persia, resembling the leopard, but having a thicker fur, irregular faint spots, and a longer tail. [F. once, Sp. onza. It. lonza also onza, prob. fr. Per. yuz, panther, pard, lynx.] Our, owr, possessive pronoun. Pert., or belonging, to us. [When the noun is not expressed, ours (not owr) is used.] [AS. ure, gen. pi. of 1st pers. pronoun, coutr. fr. usere, unsara, of us: see Us.] — Ours, owrz, possessive of We. — Ourself, pron. ; pi. -selves, -selvz'. We; us,— used by way of emphasis, and chiefly in pi.; myself ; also, we, us, — used recipro- cally, chiefly in the regal or formal style, and gen- erally in singular. Ouranography, oo-ra-nog'ra-ft, n. Same as TTranog- EAPHY. _ Ourology, oo-roKo-.iT, Ouros'copy, -ros'ko-pt, n. Ex- amination of urine, to determine with respect to disease. [Gr, ouron, urine, and legein, to say ; skopein, to look carefully.] Ousel, Ouzel, oo'zl, n. A bird of several species, of the thrush family. [AS. osle, for ansele or amsele, OHG. amsala.~] Oust, owst, v. t. To take away, remove ; to eject, turn out. [OF. oster, Proven, hostar, perh. fr. L. obs. haustare, fr. hau- rire, to draw water ; cf . E. exhaust.] — Oust'er, n. A putting out of possession ; disposses- sion; ejection; disseizin. Out, owt, adv. Without ; on the outside; not Water-ousel, within; on the exterior, or beyond the limits of any inclosed place or given line, — opp. to in or within ; — used in special senses ; as, abroad, not at home ; in a state of disclosure or discovery ; not in con- cealment or secrecy ; in a state of extinction or des- titution, in want or debt, with deficiency or loss ; not in office or employment ; in public, on display, etc. ; to the end, completely ; in an open or free manner, audibly or perceptibly, vividly or forci- bly ; not in the hands of the owner ; in error or mistake, in a wrong position or opinion ; in a puz- zle, at a loss; uncovered, with clothes torn ; away, off, — used as an exclamation ; at the end of a game or of some definite part of it. — n. One who, or that which, is without ; esp. one out of office ; a place or space outside of, or around ; an angle projecting outward ; an open space. (Print.) An omission in setting up copy. [AS. ute, utan, ut, Ic, Sw., and Goth, ut, Dan. and Skr. ud; s. rt. Gr. husteros(= hudteros) = E. outer, utter.] — Out and out. Com- pletely ; without reservation. — O. of. From, — a phrase indicating origin, derivation, etc. — O. of one's head. Delirious. — O. of one's time. Having finished one's apprenticeship; no longer a minor.— O. of print. Not in market, or to be purchased, the copies printed having been all disposed of. — O. oj season. Not in the proper season ; at an improper time. — O. of sorts. Out of order; unwell; cross: see Soet. — O. of temper. In bad temper; irritated; an- gry.— O. of trim. Not properly prepared. — O. of tune. Harsh; discordant; ruffled; irritated. — O. upon you, o. upon it. Away with you, away with it,— ex- pressions of dislike or contempt. — Out'er, a. On the outside; further or more remote; external. [AS. utor, uttor, compar. of ut ; same as E. utter.] — Out- ermost, a. On the extreme external part; remotest from the midst. [Same as uttermost.] — Out' ward, a. Forming the superficial part; external; exterior; ex- trinsic; adventitious; tending to the exterior part; visible; apparent; carnal; corporeal. — Out'ward, -wards, adv. To the outer parts ; from a port or country ; to some foreign region. — Out'wardly, adv. Externally. — Out' ward-bound, a. Bound in an outward direction, or to foreign parts. — Outact', v. t. To do beyond ; exceed in acting. — Outbal'ance, v.t. To outweigh, exceed in weight or effect. — Outbid', v. t. To go beyond in the offer of a price. — Out'bound, a. Destined or proceeding from a country or harbor to a distant country or port. — Out'break, n. A bursting forth; eruption; violent manifestation. — Out'breaking, n. Act of, or that which, etc. — Out' burst, n. A breaking or bursting out. — Out 'cast, n. One cast out or expelled; an exile ; a degraded person ; a vagabond. — Out'come, n. That which comes out of, or follows from, some- thing else; issue; result; consequence. — Out'crop, n. ( Geol.) The coming out of a stratum to the sur- face of the ground; that part of an inclined stratum which appears at the surface. — v. i. To come out to the surface of the ground,— said of strata.— Out'cross, n. The process or result of breeding be- tween animals, or of cross-fertilization between plants not of near kin. — Out'cry, n. A vehement or loud cry ; cry of distress ; noisy opposition or de- testation; clamor; noise ; vociferation ; sale at pub- lic auction. — Outdare', v. t. To dare or venture beyond ; sur- pass in daring. — Outdo', v. t. [imp. -did ; p. p. -done ; -doing.] To excel ; to surpass. — Out- door', a. Being without the house. — Outdoors', adv. Abroad ; out of the house ; out of doors. — Outface', v. t. To face or look out of countenance ; to brave. — Out'fit, n. A fitting out or equipment, as of a ship or person for a voyage; an allowance for the payment of expenses connected with any special service or duty. — Outgen'eral, v. t. To exceed in generalship ; to gain advantage over by superior military skill.— Outgo', V. t. [imp. -WENT ; p. p. -GONE ; -GOING.] To go beyond, go faster than ; to surpass, excel; to circumvent, overreach. — Out'go, n. Outlay ; ex- penditure, — opposite of income. — Out'goer, n. One who goes out or departs. — Out'going, n. Act or state of going out : outgo ; outlay ; closing portion ; limit ; end, — hence, the complete thing. — Out- grow', V. t. [-GEEVV ; p. p. -GROWN ; -GROWING.] To surpass in growth ; to become too large to make use of, or too old or infirm to exhibit. — Out'growth, n. Growth to excess ; that which has grown out or proceeded from anything ; result. — Out'guard, n. (Mil.) A guard at a distance from the main body of an army ; anything for defense placed at a dis- tance from the thing to be defended. — Outland'ish, a. Not according with usage = strange ; rude ; barbarous ; clownish. — Outlast', v. t. To last longer than ; exceed in duration. — Out'law, n. A person excluded from the benefit of the law, or deprived of its protection. — v. t. To de- prive of the benefit and protection of law ; to pro- scribe. — Out 'lawry, -rt, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. — Out'lay, n. A laying out or expending ; that which is laid out; expenditure. — Out'let, n. Place or the means by which anything is let out ; passage outward ; an exit. — Out'lier, n. One who does not reside in the place with which his office or duty connects him. (Geol.) A part of a rock or stratum lying without, or beyond the main body. — Out'line, n. The line which marks the outside of a figure ; contour ; a sketch ; delineation of a figure without shading ; a preliminary or general indica- tion of a plan, system, course of thought, etc. — v. t. To draw the exterior line of ; to draw in outline, 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ) tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; OUTMARCH 395 OVERFEED sketch, delineate. — Outlive', v . t. To live beyond, survive. — Outlook, n. Act of looking out ; watch; place from which, one looks out ; a watch-tower ; view obtained by one looking out ; prospect ; sight. — Out'lying, a. Lying or being at a distance from the main body or design; remote; on the exterior or frontier. — Outmarch', v. t. To march faster than ; to leave behind. — Outmeas'ure, v. t. To exceed in measure or extent. — Outnum'ber, v. t. To exceed in number. — Out' port, n. A harbor or port at some distance from the chief town or seat of trade. — Out'post, n. {Mil.) A post or station without the limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of an army; the troops at such a station. — Outpour'', v. t. To pour out; to send forth in a stream; to effuse. — Out'put, n. (Iron and Coal trade.) The quantity of metal yearly produced by the furnaces, or of coal from the pits. — Outrank', v. t. To take precedence of, or be superior to, in rank; to rank. — Outreach', v. t. To reach or extend beyond.— Outride', v. t. To ride faster than. — v. i. To travel about on horseback, or in a vehicle. — Out'rider, n. A servant on horseback who attends a carriage. — Out'rigger, n. (Naut.) Any projecting spar or tim- ber for extending ropes, sails, etc. ; a projection at the side of a boat, to sustain a row-lock ; a racing boat, thus equipped. — Out'right, adv. Immedi- ately ; without delay ; at once ; instantly ; com- pletely; utterly. — Outrun', v. t. [-ran; p.p. -run; -running.] To exceed in running ; to exceed in degree, quality, etc. ; to surpass. — Outsail', v. t. To sail faster than. — Outsell', v. t. To exceed in amount of sales, or in the prices of things sold ; to bring, or be sold for, a higher price. — Out'set, n. First entrance on any business ; be- ginning. — Outshine', v. t. To excel in luster or ex- cellence. — Out'side, n. The external part of a thing; that which is suptrlieial; exterior; externality; part or place which lies beyond an inclosure ; furthest limit, as to number, quantity, extent, etc. ; the ut- most; one who, or that which, is without, — a. On the outside ; exterior ; external ; pert, to, or denot- ing, the extreme or furthest limit, as to extent, qual- ity, etc. — as, the outside price. — Out'sid'er, n. One not belonging to the concern, party, etc., spoken of. — Out'skirt, n. Border; outpost; suburb. — Out- spok'en, a. Speaking freely or openly ; candid ; frank. — Outspok'enuess, n . — Outspread' , v. t. To extend, spread. — Outstand', v. i. To project out- ward from the main body : to stand or remain be- yond the proper time; to be unpaid, as a debt, etc. — Outstare', v. t. To face down, browbeat. — Out- stretch', v. t. To stretch or spread out, expand. — Outstrip', v. t. To outrun, advance beyond, leave behind. — Outtalk', v. t. To overpower by talking, exceed in talking. — Outval'ue, v. t. To exceed in price or value. — Outvie', v. t. To exceed, surpass. — Outvote', v. t. To exceed in the number of votes given, defeat by plurality of suffrages. — Outwalk', v. t~ To walk faster than, leave be- hind in walking. — Out'wall, n. The exterior wall of a building or fortress. — Outwear', v. t. [imp. -wore ; p. p. -worn ; -wearing.] To last longer than, surpass or exceed in duration. — Outweigh', v. t. To exceed in weight, value, influence, or impor- tance. — Outwit', v. t. To surpass in design or strata- gem, overreach, frustrate by superior ingenuity. — Outwork', v. t. [imp. outworked or octwrought; p. p. -wrought; -working.] To surpass in work or labor. — Out'work, n. (Fort.) A part of a fortress without the principal wall, within or beyond the principal ditch. — Out '-build'ing, -house, n. A structure separated from, or subordinate to, the main house. — Her'od, -hgr'ud, v. t. To excel in resemblance to Herod ; to surpass in atrocity, violence, or cruelty. — of- door', a. Outdoor ; out of the house ; in the open air. — of-doors', adv. Outdoors. — of-the-way', a. Different from the ordinary way or fashion ; un- common ; singular ; inaccessible: inconvenient. Outrage, owt'raj, v. t. [-raged (-rajd), -raging.] To treat with violence and wrong; to injure by rough treatment of any kind, abuse ; to commit a rape upon. — n. Injurious violence offered to persons or things ; gross injury ; affront ; insult ; abuse. [OF., fr. oltre, outre, L. ultra, beyond; not fr. out or rage.'] — Outra'geous, -jus, a. Involving or performing an outrage; exceeding the limits of reason or of decen. cy ; violent ; furious ; exorbitant ; excessive ; atro- cious ; enormous. [OF. outrageux, oltrageux.] — Outrageously, adv. — Outra'geousness, n. Outre\ oo'tra', a. Being out of the common course or limits; extravagant; fantastic; bizarre. [F., p. p. of outrer, to exaggerate, fr. outre, L. ultra, beyond: see Outrage.] Ouzel. Same as Ousel. Oval. Ovary, etc. See under Ovum. Ovation, o-va'shun, n. (Bom. Antiq.) A lesser tri- umph allowed to a communder for a victory; an ex. traordinarv and spontaneous expression of popular homage. [F.; L. ovatio, fr. ovate, to exult, triumph, Gr. auein, to shout; s. rt. Skr. va, to blow, E. wind.] Oven, uv'n, n. An arched place, for baking, heating, or drying any substance; any structure, which may be heated for baking or like uses; esp. a chamber in a stove. [AS. and G. ofen, D. oven, Gr. ipnos.] Over, o'ver, prep. Across; from side to side,— imply- ing a moving either above the thing, or on the sur- face of it; above, in position; above, denoting supe- riority in excellence, dignity, or value; above in au- thority; upon the surface or whole surface; through the whole extent; in a state of watchfulness with respect to; during the whole time; above the top of; covering. — adv. From side to side ; on the opposite side ; from one to another by passing ; from one country to another, by passing; above the top; more than the quantity assigned; throughout; from be- ginning to end; completely. — a. Upper; covering, — chiefly in composition. — n. In cricket, a change of ends in bowling and of the position of fielders. [Over is much used in composition, with the signifi. cation of spreading, so as to come from above, as in overcast, overflow ; or above, as to overhang ; or turn, ing, so as to reverse the surface or sides, as in over< turn; or, more generally, beyond a limit, implying excess or superiority, as in overact, overcome.] [AS. ofer, D. and Dan. over, Goth, ufar, Gr. huper, L, super, Skr. upari, over, above; s. rt. Skr. upa, near, on, under, Gr. hupo, L. sub, Goth, uf, under, E. up, G. auf, upon.]— Over against. Opposite; in front — O. and above. Beyond what is supposed or lim- ited; besides. — O. and over. Repeatedly; once and again. — To give o. To cease from; to consider as in a hopeless state.— O'verabound', -a-bownd', v. i. To abound more than enough. — Overact', v. t. To acl or perform to excess. — v. i. To act more than is necessary. — O'veralls, n. pi. A kind of loose trow- sers worn over others to protect them from being soiled. — Overarch', v. t. To cover with an arch. — v.i. To hang over like an arch. —Overawe', v. t. To restrain by awe, fear, or superior influence. — O'verbal'ance, v. t. To exceed in weight, value, or importance.— O'verbal'ance, n. Excess of weight or value. — Overbear', v. t. To bear down, repress, subdue, overwhelm, suppress. — Overbear'ing. p. a. Haughty and dogmatical; tending to repress by in- solence or effrontery. — Overbid', v. i. [imp. -bade; p.p. -bid or -bidden; -bidding.] To Did or offer more than an equivalent. — O'verboard', adv. Over the side of a ship; hence, out of a ship or from on board. — Overbuild', v. t. and i. To build in excess of the demand. — Overbur'den, v. t. To load with too great weight. — Overcast', v. t. To cover with gloom, cloud, darken; to rate too high; to sew by running the thread over a rough edge, sew over and over. — Overcharge', v. t. To load with too heavy a charge or weight: to burden, oppress, cloy; to make too great a charge of, or against, as on an account. (Mil.) To fill with too much powder and ball, as a gun. — O'vercharge', n. An excessive load, burden, or charge. — Overcloud', v. t. To cover or over- spread with clouds. .becloud. — O'vercoat, n. A coat worn over the other clothing; great-coat; top-coat.— Overcome', v. t. To get the better of, subdue, van- quish, defeat, beat, surmount. — v.i. To gain the superiority.— Overcost'ly, a. Very or unduly cost- ly; extravagantly expensive. — Overdo', v. t. To do or perform too much; to op- press by too much action or labor, harass, fatigue; to boil, hake, or roast too much. — v. i. To labor too hard, do too much. — O'verdose', n. Too great a dose. — Overdraw', v. t. To draw upon for a sum beyond one's credit in the books (of a bank, etc.); to exaggerate. — Overdrive', v. t. and i. To drive too hard or beyond strength. — Overdue', a. Due and more than due; past the time of payment. — Overfeed', v. t. To feed to excess. — Overflow', sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. OVERGROW 396 OVERT v. t. To flow over, spread over, as water, inundate; to overwhelm, cover, as with numbers. — v. i. To run over, swell and run over the brim or banks; to be abundant, abound. — O'verflow'. n. An inunda- tion; also, superabundance.— Overflowing, n. Ex- uoerance ; copiousness. — Overfreight', v. t. To load too heavily, fill with too great quantity or num- bers. — Overgrow', v. t. To cover with growth or her- bage; to grow beyond, rise above, — v. i. To grow beyond the fit or natural size. — Overhang'', v. t. To impend or hang over; to jut or project over. — v. i. To jut over. — Overhaul'', v. t. To turn over and examine ; to examine thorough- ly with a view to repairs. (Naut.) To gain upon in a chase, overtake. — Overhead', adv. Aloft ; above; in the zenith or ceiling; in the story or upon the floor above. — Overhear', v. t. To hear more than was intended or proper, hear by accident. — Overis'sue, n. An issuing to excess; an issuing (of notes, etc.) beyond the capital stock, or beyond the public wants. — Overjoy', v. t. To make excessively joyful. — Overla'bor, v. t. To harass with toil; to execute with too much care.— Overlade', v. t. [imp. -laded; p. p. -laden ; -lading.] To load with too great a cargo or other burden. — O'verland', a. Made or performed upon or across the land. — Overlap', v. t. or i. To extend so as to lie or rest upon; to lap over. — Overlay', v. t. To lay over, spread over, cover completely; as, to occupy fully; or, to conceal with a superficial covering; or, to smother with a close covering or by lying upon; or, to stretch above and across, so as to unite the two sides of. — Overleap', v. t. To leap over, pass from side to side by leaping. — O'verleath'er, n. The leather which forms the upper part of a shoe ; upper-leather. — Overlie', v. t. [imp. -lay; p. p. -lain; -lying.] To lie over or upon something.— Overload', v. t. To load with too heavy a burden or cargo. — Overlook', v. t. To look over or beyond as from an elevated position; as, to view from a high place ; or, to afford an elevated prospect of; or, to inspect, review, go over and survey the whole; or, to look beyond, so that what is near by is not perceived, pass by; or, to refrain willingly from noticing, excuse, pardon ; or, to look over the shoul- der of. — Overmas'ter, v. t. To overpower, subdue, gov- ern. — Overmatch', v. t. To be too powerful for, conquer, suppress by superior force.— O'vermatch', n. One superior in power; one able to overcome. — Overmeas'ure, v. t. To measure or estimate too largely. — O'vermeas'ure, n. Excess of measure ; something that exceeds the measure proposed; sur- plus. — Overmuch', adv. In too great a degree. — n. More than sufficient. — O'vernight', n. The night following yesterday, or the previous evening. — adv. _ During the night previous; yesterday night; last night. — Overpass', v. t. To pass over, neglect, disregard; to go over, cross; to omit. — Overpay', v. t. To pay too much or more than is due; to reward beyond the price or merit. — O'verplus, n. That which remains after a supply; surplus, [over and L. plus, more.] — Overply', v. t. To ply to excess, exert with too much vigor.— Overpoise', v. t. To exceed in weight, out-weigh. — O'verpoise', n. Preponderant weight. — Overpow'er, v. t. To affect with a power or force that cannot be withstood; to vanquish by force, de- feat, crush, overwhelm, subdue. — Overrake', v. t. (Naut.) To break in upon, as a ship, — said of the waves when they break in upon a ship at anchor, with her head to the sea. — Over- rate', v. t. To rate at too much, estimate at a value beyond the truth. — Overreach', v. t. To reach be- vond in any direction, extend beyond; to get the better of by cunning or sagacity ; to cheat.— v. i. To strike the toe of the hind foot against the heel or shoe of the fore foot,— said of horses.— Overreach'- er, n. — Override', v. t. [imp. -rode ; p.p. -ridden, -rode, -rid; p.pr. & vb. n. overriding.] To ride beyond the strength of the horse ; to ride too far, or beyond, outride; to trample down, and hence to set aside or annul. — Overrule', v. t. To influence or control by predominant power; to control in such a way as to bring to pass events not contemplated by the human agent. (Law.) To supersede, reject, an- nul, or rule against. — Overrul'ing, p. a. Exerting superior and controlling power; prevailing; predom- inant; governing. — Overrun', v. t. [imp. -ran;^.^. -run; -running.] To run or spread over in a pro- lific manner, or in excess; to grow all over; to over come by an invasion; to subdue, oppress. (Print./ To change the arrangement of (types) and carry those of one line or page into another, either in cor- rection, or in the contraction or extension of columns or lines ; to extend beyond the previous length of (a line, etc.) by the insertion of new matter. — v. i. To become excessive- or superabundant, overflow. (Print.) To extend beyond its due length. — Oversee', v. t. [imp. -saw; p. p. -seen; -seeing.] To inspect so as to direct and control; to superin- tend, overlook. — Overseer', n. A superintendent; supervisor. — Oversell', v. t. To sell for a higher price than, go to a higher rate. (Stock Exchange.) To sell beyond one's ability to deliver. — Oversold market. A market in which stocks have been sold " short " to such an extent that it is difficult to pro- cure them for delivery. — Overset', v. t. To turn upon the side, or to turn bottom upward; to subvert, overthrow.— O'verset 7 , n. An upsetting; ruin; over- turn. —Oversew', -so', v. t. To sew over and over, overcast. — Overshade', v. t. To cover with shade, render dark or gloomy. — Overshad'ow, v. t. To throw a shadow or shade over; to shelter, protect. — O'vershoe, n. A shoe of India-rubber, or other water-proof material, worn over another shoe to pro- tect it from moisture. — Overshoot', v. t. To shoot beyond, as a mark; to pass swiftly over. — Overshot wheel. A wheel whose circumference is covered with buckets, and which is turned by water which flows upon the top of it, filling the buckets and act- ing by its weight only. See Water-wheel.— O'ver- sight, n. Watchful care; an overlooking; omission; a being overlooked; escape; neglect; mistake; error. — Oversleep', v. t. To sleep beyond or by. — Over- spread', v. t. To spread over, cover over; to scatter over.— Overstate', v. t. To state in too strong terms; to exaggerate.— Overstay', v. t. [-stayed or -staid, -staying.] To stay longer than, stay beyond the limits of. — Overstep', v. t. To step over or beyond, exceed. — Overstrain', v. i. To strain to excess, make too violent efforts. — Overtake', v. t. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -tak- ing.] To come up with, catch; to come upon, take by surprise.— Overtask', v. t. To impose too heavy a task or injunction on. — Overthrow', v. t. [imp. -threw ; p. p. -thrown; -throwing.] To throw over, turn upside down; to ruin, defeat utterly, de- molish, prostrate, subvert, beat, rout.— O'verthrow', n. Act of, or stare of being, etc.; ruin: defeat; dis- comfiture; downfall. — O'vertone, n. (Mus.) In a body or instrument producing musical sounds, one of the tones emitted (due to higher orders of vibra- tion) over and above its fundamental tone : such tones are also called harmonics. — Overtop', v. t. To rise above the top of; to go beyond, transcend, sur- pass, excel; to make of less importance by superior excellence ; to obscure.— Overtrade', v. i. To trade beyond capital, or to purchase goods beyond one's means of payment, or beyond the wants of the com- munity.— Overturn', v. t. To turn or throw from a basis or foundation; to subvert, ruin, destroy; to overpower, conquer. — O'verturn', n. State of be- ing overturned or subverted; overthrow; prostra- tion; revolution; ruin. — Overval'ue, v. t. To value excessively. — Overween', v. i. To be too high, favorable, or flattering, in one's estimate or judgment; to be arro- gant in one's thoughts or claims.— Overween'ingly, adv. — Overweigh', -wa', v. t. To exceed in weight, outweigh, preponderate, outbalance. — O'verweight', n. Weight over and above what is required; pre- ponderance.— Overwhelm', v. t. To overspread or crush beneath something that covers orencompasses the whole; to immerse and bear down, crush, sub- merge, drown, subdue. — Overwhelm'ingly, adv. — Overwork', v. i. and t. [imp. and p. p. -worked or -wrought; overworking.] To work beyond the strength; to tire. — O'verwork', n. Work done be- yond the amount stipulated, or beyond usual hours; excessive or exhausting labor. Overt, o'vert, a. Open to view; public ; apparent. (Law.) Not covert, manifest. [OF. overt, later on- vert, p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, Proven, obrir, Olt. oprire. It. aprire, L. aperire, to open, — perh. confused with L. operire, to cover; both perh. s. rt. L. par are, to prepare : see Parade.] — Overfly, adv. Publicly, openly. — O'verture, -ver-chur, n. Something of- fered for consideration; a proposal; offer; a topic or resolution, formally proposed for consideration by a proper person or committee. (Mvs.) A composition. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, te"rm ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; OVICULAR 39? OYER for a full instrumental band, introductory to an ora- 1 torio, opera, or ballet. [OF.] Ovicular. Ovoid, etc. See under Ovum. Ovine, o'vln. a. Pert, to sheep: consisting of sheep. [L. ovinus, fr. ovis, sheep.] — Ovina'tion, n. {Med.) Inoculation of the human subject with the virus of ovine small-pox. Ovum, o'vum, n. ; pi. O'va, -va. (Anat.) The egg of a human female or any viviparous animal. [L.; Gr. oon, an egg: s. rt. L. avis, a bird, E. egg, q. v.] — O'val, a. Having the shape or figure of an egg; resembling the longitudinal section of an egg; oblong and curvilinear, with both ends of about the same breadth; elliptical. — n. A body or figure in the shape of an egg, or of an ellipse. [F.; fr. L. ovum.] — O'vate, -vat. O'vated, a. Shaped like an egg, with the lower extremities broadest.— Oval. Ova/rious. -rl-us, a. Consisting of eggs.— Ovalium n. ; pi. -ria, -rY-a. Same as Ovakt.— O'vary, -va-rT. it. (Bot.) That part of the pistil which contains the ovules, and in the course of development becomes the fruit. (Anat.) The organ of a female animal in which eggs are formed. [LL. ova- ria.] — Ovic'iilar, a. Pert. to an egg. — O'viduct, n. (Anat.) A passage for the gg from the ovary to the womb, or to an external out- Ovary. (Bot.) let. [L. ductus, duct.] — O'viform, a. Having the form or figure of an egg. [L. forma, shape.] — O'void, -void, Ovoid'al, a. Oviform. [Gr. eidos, shape.] — O'volo, -vo-lo, n. (Arch.) A round mold- ing, the quarterof a circle: see Molding. [It.] — Ovip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing eggs, from which young are hatched after separation from the parent, — opp. to viviparous. [L. oviparus ; parere, to bring forth, produce.] — Oviposit, -pozlt, v. i. To lay or deposit eggs. —said esp. of insects, — v. t. To de- posit or lay. as an egg. [L. ponere, positum, to place, lay.] — O'viposi'tion, -po-zish'un, n. The laying of eggs, esp. by insects. — Ovipositor, n. (Entom.) The organ by which eggs are deposited. — O'visac, n. The cavity in an ovary which contains the egg or ovum. [L. saccus, a sack.] — Ovol'ogy, -vol'o-jY, n. That branch of natural history which treats of the origin and functions of eggs; oology. [Gr. logon, discourse. j — Q'vovivip / 'arous, -vT-vip'a-rus, a. Vi- viparous, but developing the young in eggs which are hatched before exclusion from the body. [L. viviparus. that brings forth its young alive.] — O'vule, -vul, n. (Bot.) A rudimentarv seed. [Dim. of L. ovum.}— Ool'ogy, o-ol'o-jY, n. Science of the coloring, size, shape, number, etc., of eggs. [Gr. oon, egg, and logos, discourse.] — O'olite, -lit, n. (Geol.) A variety of limestone consisting of round grains of the size of the eggs of fish. [F. oolithe, fr. Gr. oon and lithos, stone.] — O'olitlc, a. Pert, to, composed of, or like, oolite. Owe, o, v. t. [owed (od), owing.] To be indebted to; to be obliged or bound to pay ; to be obliged to ascribe to; to be obliged for. — v. i. To be due to; to be the consequence or result of. [A regular verb, used with the auxiliary have, had, but not with be ; ME. awen, owen, to possess, to be obliged to do, to be in debt, AS. agaa, OHG. eigan, Goth, aigan, Skr. ic, to possess ; past tense, in AS. ahte, Goth, aihta, ME. ahte, aughte, oughte (2 syl.), E. ought, q. v.] — Owing, z>. a. Required by moral obligation to be paid; due; ascriba- bleto, as the cause; im- putable, as to an agent. Owl, owl, n. A nocturnal carnivorous bird, of short, stout form, large head and eyes, and ut- tering a howling or hooting cry. — v. i. [owled (owld), OWL- ING.] To carry on a contraband or unlaw- ful trade,— fr. its being practiced chiefly in the night. [Onomat.; AS. vie, D. uil, G. eule, *„„ ~. OHG. uivela, L. ulula, Barn ° v> Skr. uluka, an owl : s. rt. Gr. hulan, ololuzein, L. ululare, G. heulen, OF. A«Zfer=E. to howl, q. v.] — Owl'et, n. A little or young owl; an owl. — Owlish. a. Resembling an owl; appearing wise or solemn. Own, on, a. Belonging to, or exclusively to ; pecul- iar, — usually following a possessive pronoun, to emphasize the idea of ownership. — v. t. [owned (ond), owning.] To hold as property, have a legal or rightful title to. [ME. awen, owen, AS. agai, belonging to, peculiar, orig. p. p. of agan, to owe, q. v. : ME. ahnian, ohnien, A3, agnian, to own, fr. agen.] — Own'er, n. One who owns ; a rightful pro- prietor. — Own'ership, n. Proprietorship; just or legal title. Own, on, v. t. To acknowledge the possession of ; to avow as one's own, confess, admit, recognize. [Prop. oun; ME. unnen (1st and 3d pers. sing, present tense an, on), AS. unnan, Ic. and Sw. unna, MHG. gunnen, to grant, allow, admit.] Ox, oks, n.; pi. Oxen, oks'n. The male of the bovine genus of quadrupeds, esp. when castrated and fully grown. [AS. oxa, pi. oxan, Ic. oxi, uxi, pi. oxn, yxn, Skr. ukshan, ox, bull.] — Ox'eye, -i, n. (Bot.) The oxeye daisy. (Omith.) The greater titmouse.— Ox'- heart, -hart, n. A large, heart-shaped cherry. — Ox'- lip, n. A plant, — the great cowslip. [Prop, oxslip ; AS. oxanstyppe, fr. oxa and slyppa, slop, dung: see Cowslip.] — Ox'-bow, n. Part of an ox-yoke, con- sisting of a curved piece of wood to encircle an ox's neck; anything so shaped, as a bend of a river. — -fly, n. A fly hatched under the skin of cattle. — -foot, n. A term applied to the hind foot of a horse when the horn cleaves in the middle of the fore part, from the coronet to the shoe. — stall, n. A stall or stand for oxen. Oxalis, oks'a-lis, n. Wood-sorrel, a genus of plants having an acid taste. [L. and Gr., sorrel, also a sour wine, fr. Gr. oxus, sharp, keen, acid; s. rt. acid, ax.] — Oxalic, a. Pert, to, contained in, or ob- tained from, sorrel. — Oxide, -id, n. (Chem.) A compound of oxygen and a base destitute of acid and salifying properties. [Fr. Gr. oxus and perh. eidos, form.] — Oxidate, v. t. To convert (metals and other substances) into an oxide by combination with oxygen. — Oxidalion, n. Operation or process of, etc.— Oxidize, -Tz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To convert into an oxide, oxidate. — Oxldize'ment, n. Oxidation. — Ox'ygen, -T-jen, n. (Chem.) A gaseous element, possessing strong chemical affini- ties: its combination with bodies, when rapid, pro- duces combustion, and in slower form, oxidation: it serves to support life, and forms about 22 per cent, of the atmosphere : by composition with hydrogen, it forms water. Bleaching powder,— a manufactur- ing term. [Gr. oxus and genein, to produce, — lit. generator of acids, so called because orig. supposed to be an essential part of every acid.] — Ox'ygenate, v. t. To unite or cause to combine with oxygen. — Ox'ygenalion, n. Act, operation, or process, of combining with oxygen. — Ox'ygenize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To* convert into an oxide; oxygen- ate. — Oxyg'enous, -ij'e-nus, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, oxygen. — Ox'yhy'drogen, -l-hi'dro-jen, a. Of, or pert, to, a mixture or combination of oxygen and hvdrogen. — Oxyhylrogen blowpipe. (Chem.) A kind of blowpipe, in which oxygen and hydrogen, gases are burned together, to produce an intense heat. — Ox'ymel, -mel, n. A mixture of vinegar and honey. [Gr. oxumeli ; meli, honey.] — Oxymolon, n. (Rhet.) A figure in which an epithet of a quite con- trary signification is added to a word, — as, cruel kindness. [Gr., fr. oxumoros, pointedly foolish; mo- ros, foolish.] — Ox'ymuliate, -rT-at, n. (Chem.) A chloride,— a term formerly applied to the chlorides, on the supposition that they were compounds of a supposed acid, called oxymuriatic acid, and a base.— Ox'yo'py, -t-o'pi, n. (Med.) Excessive acuteness of tne sense of sight, owing to increased sensibil- ity of the retina. [Gr. opsis, sight.] — Ox'ysalt, n. ( Chem.) A compound of an acid containing oxygen and a salifiable base. — Ox'ytone, -T-ton, a. Having an acute sound. — n. An acute sound. (Gr. Gram?) A word having the acute accent on the last syllable. [Gr. oxutonos; tonos, tone.] Oyer, o'yer, n. (Law.) The hearing, as of a deed, bond, etc. [NormF. oyer, hearing ; F. ouir, L. audire, to hear.] — Oyer and Ter'miner. A court constituted by a commission to hear and determine criminal causes. — O'yez, o'yes, interj. Hear-, at- tend, — a term used by criers of courts to secure si- lence and attract attention before making a procla- BiLn, cube, full ; moon, fo~ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, set, OYSTER 398 PADDLE raation: it is thrice repeated. [Norm F., 2d pers. pi. imperative of oyer.] Oyster, ois'ter, n. A bivalve mollusk, usually found on gravel or sand, or adhering to rocks or other fixed substances in shallow salt water, or in the mouths of rivers: the common species is extensively used for food. [ME. and OF. oistre, L. ostrea, Gr. oUreon, fr. its shell ; osteon, a bone, shell; s. rt. L. os, bone : see Ostracean.] — Oys'ter-plant, n. A plant, whose root, when cooked, somewhat resem- bles the oyster in taste ; salsify. zon, n. Oxygen in an active or highly elec- tro-negative state. [Gr. ozon, smelling, p. pr. of ozein, to smell, because its presence is supposed to be sometimes attended by a peculiar smell ; s. rt. L. and E. odor.] — Oze'na, -na, n. {Med.) A fetid ulcer in the nostril. TGr. ozaina.] — Czoce'rite, -se'rit, n. Mineral wax, — a substance having a bituminous odor, found in connection with rock salt and coal : it has been made into candles. [Gr. keros, wax. J P. P, pe, the 16th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is formed by closely compressing the lips, and separating them suddenly with an explosive emission of breath, as in part, pap. Pabulum, pab'u-l.um, n. Means of nutriment ; food ; fuel. [L„ fr. pascere, pavi, to pasture, to feed: see Pastor.] — Pab'ular, a. Pert, to, or affording, food. Paca, pa'ka, n. A small, rodent mammal of S. Amer., nearly allied to the guinea nig. [Pg. & Braz.] Pacation, Pace. See under Pacify. Pace, pas, n. A step; esp., the (space included between the two feet in walking, usually estimated at 2.5, but sometimes at 3.3 feet; manner of walking; gait; de- gree of celerity in walking; a mode of stepping among horses, in which the legs on the same_side are lifted together; amble. —v. i. [paced (pasd), pacing.] To go, walk; to go at a pace, walk slowly; to move by lifting the legs on the same side together, as a horse ; to amble. — v. t. To walk over with measured steps; to measure by steps or puces. [ME. and F. pas, L. passus, a step, lit. a stretc.i, ir. pan- dere, possum, to stretch, fr. patere, to be open, spread out: ' ee Patent.] — Pa'cer, n. Pacha, Pachalic. See Pasha. Pachiu, pii-che'zi. Par'chesi, n. A game, orig. of India, resembling backgammon. [Hind, pachisi, fr. pachis, 25, the highest throw in the game.] Pachyderm, pak'Y-derm, n. A non-ruminant hoofed animal, (listing, for the thickness of its skin, as the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, hog, etc. [Gr. pachus, thick, firm (s. rt. Gr. pegnu- nai, L. pangere, to fasten, E. pact, q. v.), and derma, a hide, f r. derein, to flay ; s. rt. E. tear.] — Pachy- derm'atous, -a-tus, a. Pert, to a pachyderm; thick- skinned. facify, pas'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To ap- pease (wrath, passion, or appetite): to restore peace to, tranquilize, calm, still, quiet, soothe, allay, com- pose. [F. pacifier, L. pacificarc, -cari, fr. pax, pa- ds, peace (q. v.), and facere, factum, to make.] — Pac'ifi'er, n. — Pacific, -ical, a. Suited to make or restore peace ; attended or characterized by peace ; mild; conciliatory; tranquil; peaceable. [F. paci- fique, L. pacificvs.] — Pacification, pa-sif r \- or pas'- Y-fY-ka'shun, n. Act of pacifying ; reduction to a peaceful state; reconcilement. [F. ; L. pacificatio.] — Pacificator, pa-sif r \- or pas'Y-fY-ka'ter, n. One who, or that which, pacifies ; a peace-maker, etc. [L.] — Pacificatory, -Y-ka-to-rY, a. Tending to make peace; conciliatory. — Paca'tion, n. Act of appeas- ing. [L. pacatio, fr. pacare, to appease, f r. pax.] — Pa'ce, -se, adv. By leave of ; not to give offense to. [L.] Pack, pak, re. A bundle or bale ; esp., a bundle made up to be carried on the back; a burdensome load; a number or quantity of connected or similar things, as, a set of playing cards; or, a number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept together; or, a number of persons united in a bad design or practice ; a large area of floating pieces of ice driven together. — v. t. [packed (pakt), packing.] To make up into a bun- dle or bale ; to assemble and compact together ; to fill or load, make full, stow away within ; to put to- gether (cards) in such a manner as to secure the game unfairly ; to bring together fraudulently for some unjust end ; to send oft, dispatch ; to envelop in numerous coverings, esp. when surrounded with a wet sheet. (Mech.) To render impervious to air, water, or steam, by filling or surrounding with suit- able materials. — v. i. To form things into bundles; to admit of stowage or compression into a smaller space, or so as to form a compact mass ; to unite in bad measures, join in collusion ; to depart in haste. [ME. and Dan. pakke, OD. and G. pack, bundle, prob. fr. OCelt. pak, Ga. pac, a pack, mob ; prob. s. rt. L. pangere, to fasten, Skr. pac, to bind; not s. rt. E. bag.] — Pack'er, n. One whose business is to pack things.— Pack'-horse, n. A horse to car- ry burdens.— -man, n.; pi. -men. One who bears a pack ; a peddler.— -sad'dle, n. A saddle on which packs or burdens are borne. staff. n. A staff on which a trav- eler occasion- al i s y p^acT— Pack-saddle, -thread, n. Strong thread or twine used in tying up parcels.— Pack'age, n. Act or style of packing; a bundle; pack or packet; bale; a charge for packing goods. — Pack'et, n. A small pack or package ; a vessel employed in conveying dispatches, passen- gers, or goods on fixed days of sailing. — v. t. To make up into a packet or bundle; to send in a packet or dispatch-vessel, — v. i. To ply with a packet or dispatch-vessel. [OF. pacquet, paquet, fr. LG. pakk = E. pack.] — Pack'et-boat, -ship, n. A vessel that sails regularly for the conveyance of dispatches, let- ters, passengers, etc. Packwax. See Paxwax. Pact, pakt, Pac'tion.w. An agreement; league; com- pact; covenant. [F. paction, L. pactum, pactio, fr. pacisci, pactus, OLi.pacere, to agree, stipulate; s. rt. Skr. pac , to bind, E. fadge, compact, impact, etc., fang, fee, pack, peace, pacify, pagan, pale, pay, peasant, peculiar, pecuniary.] — Pac'tional, a. By way of agreement. — Pactftious, -tisfc/us, a. Set- tled by agreement or stipulation. Pad, pad, n. Afoot-path; road; an easy-paced horse; a highwayman; foot-pad. — v. t. To travel; tread; tramp; to tread or beat smooth or level, — v. i. To travel slowly or leisurely; to rob on foot; to beat a way smooth and level. [D. and LG. =E. path, q. v.] Pad, pad, n. Anything flattened or laid flat; a package of blotting paper; a soft saddle, cushion, or bolster stuffed with straw, hair, or other 6of t substance ; a measure for fish. — v. t. To stuff with padding. (Calico Printing.) To imbue equally with a mor- dant. [ME. padde, stuffed saddle, bundle; same as pod, q. v.] — Pad'ding, n. Act or process of making a pad; impregnation of cloth with a mordant; mate- rial for stuffing a saddle, garment, etc.; literary mat- ter of inferior value used to fill a book, newspaper, etc. Paddle, pad'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To toy with hands or fingers; to beat water with the hands or feet; to propel a boat with a paddle, — v. t. To Eropel by an oar or paddle, — n. A short oar with a road blade; the blade or the broad part of an oar or weapon ; a short, broad blade resembling that of an oar; one of the broad boards at the circumference of a water-wheel ; a small gate in sluices or lock- &m, fame, fax, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : in. Ice : Odd. t5ne. or ; PADDOCK 399 PALANKEEN Padlock. gates; a paddle-shaped foot, as of the sea-turtle, etc. [For pattle, ireq. of pat, q. v.; also OF. patouiller, to dabble with the feet in water, fr. patte, foot, G. pat- schen, to tap, dabble, walk awkwardly, LG. plad- dern, to paddle.] — Pad'dle-board, n. One of the floats on the circumference of a steamer's paddle- wheel. — wheel, n. A water-wheel used in propel- ling steamboats. Paddock, pad'dok, n. A large toad or frog. [ME. paddok, fr. ME., Dan., and D. padde, Ic. and Sw. paddatocA, frog, Skr. spargaspanda, frog, fr. spand, a throb, jerk, j — Pad'dock-stool, n. A mushroom ; toadstool. Paddock, pad'dok, n. A small inclosure under pas- ture, adjoining a stable. [Corrup. of ME. parrok, AS. pearroc = E. park, q. v. J Paddy, pad'dt, n. An Irishman, — in joke or con- tempt. [Corrup. f r. St. Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland.] Paddy, pad'dT, n. In India, rice in the husk. [Malay padi, f r. Skr. bhakta, food, rice, orig. p. p. of bhaj, to divide, take.] Padlock, pad'lok, n. A movable lock having a semi- circular link jointed at one end so that it c a n be opened, the other end be- ing fastened by the bolt— v. t. [padlocked (-lokt), -locking.] To fasten with a padlock; to stop, 6hut, confine. [Prob. fr. ProvE. pad, ped, a bag, pannier (see Peddler), and E. lock, — as suitable for locking baskets, ham- pers, etc.] Paduaaoi, pad'u-a-soi' or pad'u-soi, n. A particular kind of silk stuff. [Fr. Padua, in Italy, and Fr. soie, silk.] Paean, pe'an, n. A song of rejoicing, among the an- cients, in honor of Apollo; a loud and joyous song; song of triumph. [L., Gr. Paian, the physician of the gods, a name for Apollo, also a hymn in his hon- or; perh. s. rt. Skr. pan, to praise.] Paeony. See Peony. Pagan, pa'gan, n. One who worships false gods; one who is not Christian, Mohammedan, nor Jew ; a hea- then; idolater.— a. Pert, to the worship or worship- ers of false gods ; heathen; heathenish. [ME.paie?;, fiayen, L. paganus, lit. a rustic, one living in a vil- age (the name given to idolaters in the early Chris- tian church, because villagers, being most remote from instruction, remained long unconverted : cf . heathen, fr. heath), fr. pagus, a district, prob. f r. pan- gere, to fix, set (limits) ; s. rt. painim, peasant.] — Pa'ganism, -izm, n. Worship of false gods; heathen- ism. — Pa'ganize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To render pagan or heathenish. — v. i. To behave like pagans. Page, paj, n. A youth or attendant on a nobleman or wealthy person; a boy that waits on the members of a legislative body; a contrivance to hold up the skirt of a lady's dress. [F. and Sp. : LL. pagius, prob. same as pagensis, a peasant, rustic, serf, fr. L. pagus, a village : see Pagan.] Page, paj, n. One side of a leaf of a book or manu- script.— v.t. [paged (pajd), paging.] To mark or number the pages of. [F. ; L. pagina, orig. a leaf, ] leaves being made of strips of papyrus fastened to- i gether, fi.pangere, to fasten; s. rt. pact.] — Pag'inal, I paj'T-nal, a. Consisting of pages. — Pagination, n. \ Act of paging a book; figures, or other signs, used to ' indicate the number of the pages. — Pa'ging, n. The marking of the pages of a book. Pageant, paj'ant or pa'jant, n. Something showy, w ithout stability or duration : a spectacle for the entertainment of a distinguished personage, or of the public ; an exhibition ; display ; pomp : finery. [ME. pagent, pagen, pagyn, orig. the stage orscaffold on which mystery plays were acted, hence the play itself, fr. LL. pagina, a page (q. v.) of a book, also a thing fastened together, platform, stage ; s. rt. Gr. pegwa, platform, stage, fr. pegnunai, to fix.] — Pag'- eantry, -rT, n. Pompous spectacle ; show. Pagoda, pa-go'da, n. A temple in the E. Indies and China, in which idols are worshiped ; a gold or silver coin, formerly current in Hindostan, varying in value fr. about $1.75 to $2.18. [Pg., corrup. fr. Per. but-kadah, idol-temple, perh. influenced by Pg. pa- gas, pagan.] Pail, pal, n. An open vessel of wood, tin, etc., with a bail, for water, milk, or other liquids. [OF. pael, fr. L. pa- tella, small pan, dim. of pa- tera, patina, Gr. pat an e, dish; s. rt. pan.] — Pail'ful, n. ; pi. - fuls. The quantity that a pail will hold. Pain, pan, n. Punishment suf- fered or denounced: an un- easy sensation or ache in an- imal bodies, of any degree; bodily distress; suffering; pi. Pagoda, the throes or distress of travp^l or childbirth; uneasi- ness of mind; mental distress— v. t. [pained (pand), paining.] To afflict with uneasvsensations ; to render uneasy in mind, disquiet, afflict, grieve, torment, torture. [ME. and F. peine, L. poena, pain, punish- ment, Gr. poine, penalty; s. rt. penal, penance, punish, pine.] — Pain'ful, -iul, a. Full of pain; occasioning uneasiness or distress; requiring labor or toil: diffi- cult; distressing; grievou< : arduous. — Pain'fully, adv. — Pain'fulness, n. — Pain'less, a. Free from pain; relieved from pain or trouble.— Pains, n. Care; trouble. — Pains'taker, n. One who takes pains; a laborious person. — Pains 'taking, a. Carefully la- borious; sparing no pains. — n. Careful and "con- scientious exertion; labor. Painim, Paynim, pa'nim, n. A pagan; infidel. [ME. paijnim, a misuse of the word, which means pagan- ism, OF. paienisrne, LL. paganismus, the land of pa- gans : _see Pagan.] Paint, pant, n. A substance used in painting ; pig- ment; coloring matter for the face. — v. t. To apply Eaint to, color: to represent by means of colors or ues; to describe vividly, delineate, image, depict, portray, describe. — v.t. To practice the art of paint- ing; to color one's face with intent to beautify it. [OF. peint, paint, p. p. of peindre, paindre,~Li. pin- gere, pictum, to paint, Skr. pinj, to dye, color, pig, to adorn, Gr. poikilos, variegated: s. rt. picture, depict, pigment, pint, orjjiment.] — Paint'er, n. — Painting, n. Act or employment of laying on colors: art of representing natural objects on a plane surface, by means of colors ; also, vivid description in words ; thing painted ; a picture. Painter, pant'er, n. (Kant.) A rope at the bow of a boat, used to fasten it to anything. [ME. panter, OF. pantiere, a noose for catching birds, L. panther, a hunting net, panthera, an entire capture. Gr. pan- theros, catching all, fr. pan, neut. of pas, all, and ther, beast.] Pair, par, n. Two things of a kind, similar in form, applied to the same purpose, and suited to each other or used together; a thing in 2 parts, as scissors, forceps, etc.; man and wife; a couple: brace; set. — v. i. [paired (pard), pairing.] To join in pairs, mate, couple; to suit; fit, as a counterpart.— v. t. To unite in couples, form a pair of. [ME. peire, any number of like tnings, F. paire, a pair.patV, like, fr. L. par, paris, alike ; s. rt. par, peer, umpire.] Pajamas, pa-ja'maz, n. pi. Orig., in India, loose drawers or trousers ; also, a suit consisting of draw- ers and a loose upper garment for wear in the dress- ing room and during sleep. [Hind, pa-jama, lit., leg clothing.] Palace, pal'es, n. A magnificent house of an emperor, king, etc. [ME. and F. palais, L. palatium, fr. Palatium, one of the 7 hills of Rome, on which Au- gustus resided, prob. fr. Pales, the goddess who pro- tected flocks; s. rt. Skr. pala, protector, pa, to cher- ish, L,. pater = E. father.] — Pala'tial, pa-la'shal, a. Pert, to a palace ; magnificent. — Pal'atine. -tin, a. Pert, to a palace, or to a high officer of a palace.— n. A count palatine. [F. palatin, orig. pert, to a palace, a title given officers employed about the king's palace, L. palatinus, pert, to the emperor's palace.] — Count palatine. A count possessing royal jurisdiction. — County p. A county in which the proprietor possessed royal rights and jurisdiction. — Palat'inate, -T-nat, n. The province or seign- iory of a palatine. [F. palatinat.] — Pal'adin, -a-din, n. A distinguished champion ; an eminent knight. [F., a knight of the round table, It. paladino, a val- iant warrior, fr. ~L. palatinus.] Palaestra. See Palestra. Palankeen, -quin, pal'an-ken', n. A covered carriage sun, cube, full ; moon, 16"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PALATE 400 PALM used in the East, borne on the shoulders of men. [F. palanquin, Hind, ana Per. palang, bedstead, Skr. paryanka, a couch.] Palate, pal'at, n. (Anat.) The roof of the mouth : its fixed portion is called the hard Palanquin. palate, and the membranous, muscular curtain con- tinuous with its posterior margin, the soft palate. The seat or power of taste; relish; taste; mental rel- ish; intellectual taste. [OF. palat, L. palatum.] — PaPatable, -a-ta-bl, a. Agreeable to the palate or taste ; savory. — Paratal, a. Pert, to, or uttered by the aid of, the palate. — n. A letter pronounced by the aid of the palate. — PaPatine, -tin, Palatlc, a. Pert, to the palate. Palatial, Palatine. See under Palace. Palaver, pa-la'ver, n. Idle talk ; flattery ; a confer- ence or deliberation. — v. t. or v. i. [palavered (-vgrd), p. pr. & vb. n. palavering.] To hold a palaver; to use idle, deceitful talk ; to flatter. [Pg. palavra; s. rt. parole, parable, q. v.] — Pala'verer, n. fale, pal, a. Not ruddy or fresh of color; dusky white; of a faint luster; whitish; wan; pallid; dim. — v. i. [paled (paid), paling.] To turn pale, lose luster. — v. t. To make pale. [OF. ; L. pallidas ; s. rt. Gr. polios, Skr. paliia, gray, E. fallow, q. v.] — PaPy, pal'i, a. Pale. — Palish, a. Somewhat pale. — Palely, adv. — Pale'ness, n. — PaPlid, pallid, a. Pale ; wan. — PaPlidness, n. — Pallor, n. Paleness ; pallidness. [L., fr. pallere, to be pale.] Pale, pal, n. A pointed stake driven into the ground and fastened to a rail at the top; a picket; an inclos- ing boundary; limit; fence; space inclosed ; inclos- ure ; limited territory. {Her.) One of the greater ordinaries, being a broad, perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally distant from the 2 edges, and occupying l-3d of it. — v. t. To inclose with pales or stakes ; to encompass. [F. pal, palis, L. palus, fr. pangere, to fasten: see Pact ; s. rt. impale, pole.] — Paling, n. Pales in general; a fence formed with Es ; an inclosure. — Pal'isade', pal / T-sad / ', n. •t.) A strong stake, whose lower end is set ly in the ground, the other sharpened ; a fence formed of such stakes. — v. t. To surround, inclose, or fortify with, etc. [F. palissade, a palisade, palis- ser, to palisade.] Paleaceous, pa-le-a'shus, a. Chaffy ; resembling or consisting of chaff. [L. palea, chaff : see Pallet, a bed.] Palearctic, pa-le-ark'tik, a. Pert, to a region of the eastern hemisphere (including all Europe to the Azores, Iceland, and all temperate Asia) whose fauna form a distinct class. [Gr. palaios, ancient (fr. palai, long ago), and E. arctic, q. v.] — Paleog'- raphy, -ogla-fY, n. An ancient manner of writing; art or science of deciphering ancient documents. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Pa'leographlc, -ical, -graf Ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, paleography. — Pale- oKogv, n. A treatise on antiquities ; archaeology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — PaleoPogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Pa'leontoPogy, n. Science of the ancient life of the earth, or of fossil remains of such life. [Gr. palaios, onta, existing things, and logos.] Palestra, paAes'tra, n. (AntiqJ A wrestling ; place of wrestling. [L. palsestra, Gr. palaistra, a wrest- ling-school, palaiein, to wrestle, pale, wrestling ; s. rt. Gr. pattern, to swing, spairein, to quiver, E. spar.] — Pales'trian, -trl-an, -trie, -trical, a. Pert, to wrestling. Palette, par et, n. {Paint.) A thin, oval tablet, with a thumb-hole at one end for holding it, on which a painter mixes nis pigments; a broad, thin knife, for mixing pigments, medicines, etc. [F.; It. paletta, orig. a surgeon's flat blade for spreading plasters, etc., then a battledore, dim. of It. and L, pala, a spade; 8. rt. peel] — PaP Palette. let, n. (Paint.) A"palette. A wooden instrument used by potters, crucible-makers, gilders, etc. A lever connected with the pendulum of a clock, or the balance of a watch, which receives the immedi- ate impulse of the scape-wheel, or balance-wheel : see Escapement. (Mus.) A valve between the wind-chest of an organ and the mouth of a pipe. Palfrey, pawPfrt, n. A saddle-horse ; a small horse suitable for ladies. [OF. palefrei, f r. LL. paravere- dus, a post-horse, fr. Gr. para, beside, and LateL. veredus, courier's horse, perh. fr. L. vehere, to draw: see Vehicle; s. rt. G.pferd, B.paard, a horse.] Pali, pale, n. The sacred language of the Buddhists of Burmah, Siam, Ceylon, etc., — a dialect of San- skrit. Palilogy, pa-liKo-jT, n. (Rhet.) Repetition of a word or part of a sentence for greater energy. [Gr. palin, again, and logos, speech.] — Palimpsest, -imp-sest, n. A parchment, paper, etc., which has been written upon twice, the first writing having been erased. [Gr. palimpseston ; psestos, scraped, fr. psaein, to scrape, rub.]— Palindrome, -drom,w. A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same when read backward or forward, — as, madam. [Gr. dromos, a running, dramein, to run.] — Palinode, -It-nod, n. A song re- peated a second time ; a satirical song retracting a former one; a recantation. [Gr. ode, a song.] Paling, Palisade, etc. See under Pale, n. Palisn. See under Pale, a. Pall, n. A detent. Same as Pawl. Pall, pawl, n. A cloak ; mantle ; a consecrated scarf- like vestment composed of white wool, and embroid- ered with crosses; a large, black cloth thrown over a coffin at a funeral. (Eccl.) A piece of stiffened linen, to cover the chalice.— v. t. To cloak; to cover or invest. [AS. psell, purple cloth, L. palla, a man- tle, curtain, pallium, a coverlet, pall, toga, perh. fr. pannus, cloth.]— PalP-bear'er, n. One who attends the coffin at a funeral.— PaPliate, pallt-at, v. t. To cover with excuse, soften by favorable representa- tions, cloak, hide, extenuate; to reduce in violence, lessen, abate, mitigate. [L. palliatus, cloaked, cov- ered.]— PaTlia lion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; extenuating circumstances; concealment of the worst features of an offense ; mitigation or abate- ment (of disease, etc.). — Palliative, a. Serving to extenuate; relieving (pain or disease). — n. That which, etc. Pall, pawl, v. i. [palled (pawld), palling.] To be- come vapid; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste ; to become insipid. — v. t. To make vapid or insipid; to make spiritless, dispirit, depress; to satiate, cloy. [W. pallu, to fail, cease ; s. rt. Corn, palch, weak, sickly, Gr. sphallesthai, to stagger, fall, fail, Skr. sphal, to tremble, L. fallere = ~E.fail, also E.fall.~] Palladium, pal-la'dT-u'm, n. (Antiq.) A statue of the goddess Pallas, on the preservation of which de- pended the safety of Troy ; something that affords defense and safety. (Chem.) A metal discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, of a steel-gray color and fibrous structure. [L.; Gr. Palladion, the statue of Pallas, Athene or Minerva.] Pallet, n. A tool, valve, etc. See under Palette. Pallet, pallet, n. A small or rude bed. [F. paillet, a heap of straw, bed-straw, dim. of pailte, L. palea, Skr. palala, straw.] Palliate, Palliation, etc. See under Pall, n. Pallid, Pallor, etc. See under Pale, a. Pallmall, pel-meK, n. An old game in which a wooden ball was driven with a mallet through an iron arch; the mallet used; place where the game was played. [OF. pale-maille. It. palla-maglio, fr. palla (OHG. palla, MHG. balle), a ball, and maglio (F. mail, E. mall), fr. L. malleus, a hammer, mallet, maul.] Palm, pam, n. The inner part of the hand ; a lineal measure equal either to the breadth of the hand (4, sometimes 3, inches) or to its length from the wrist to the ends of the fingers (8J inches); the broad, tri- angular part of an anchor at the end of the arms; the broad part of an antler ; an instrument used by sail-makers to force a needle through canvas. (Bot.) A perennial endogenous tree of several dif- ferent genera, usually with an unbranching cylin- drical trunk, having a terminal bud; a leaf of the palm, anciently worn as a symbol of victory or re- joicing ; a token of success or triumph. — v. t. [palmed (pamd), palming.] To conceal in the palm of the hand; to impose by fraud. [ME. and F. paume, L. palma, Gr. patame, AS. folm (whence fumble, q. v.), the palm of the hand; AS. palm, L. palma, the E aim-tree, — whose leaves resemble the outspread and.] — FaPmar, -mary, paKma-rl, a. Belonging to the palm of the hand; having the breadth of a palm. [L. palmaris.] — PaPmate, -mated, a. Hand-shaped; having a membrane between the toes, so that the feet make a hand-like impression, — as in web- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, PALP 401 PANACEA footed birds. [L. palma- tus.] -Pal'miped, -m T-ped, a. Having the toes con- nected by a membrane ; web-footed, as a water- fowl. — n. A swimming bird. [L. palmipes, broad- footed, f r. palma and pes, pedis, a foot.] —Pal' mis- tar, n. Onewho pretends to tell fortunes by the palm of the hand.— Pal'mis- try, -mis-trY, n. Art of tell- ing fortunes by the lines in the palm of the hand. Palmate Leaf. — Pal'ma Chris'ti, pal'ma-kris'ti, Palm'crist, pam'- krist, n. (Bot.) The castor-oil plant, — so called fr. its hand-shaped leaves. [L., palm of Christ.] — Pal'mary, Palm'y, pam'Y, a. Worthy of the palm; preeminent; superior; palmy; chief. — Palm'er, pam'Sr, n. One who palms or cheats ; one who vis- ited the Holy Land and its sacred places, and bore a branch of palm in token thereof ; an incessant pilgrim. — Palm'er-worm, n. A kind of hairy worm, — loosely applied to various hairy caterpillars which wander like a palmer, and devour leaves and herb- age.— Palmet 'to. pal-, n. A species of dwarf palm growing in the W. Indies and .11. Southern U. S. ; a kind of palm ^wWUI/// called also the cabbage-tree. x [Dim. fr. L. palma.'] — Palmif'- erous, -er-us, a. Bearing palms. [L.ferre, to bear.] — Palm'-Sun 7 - day, n. (Eccl) The Sunday next before Easter, — so called in commemoration of Christ's tri- umphal entry into Jerusalem, palm branches being strewn in the way. Palp, palp, n. (Entom.) A jointed, sensiferous organ, attached in pairs to some part of the head in many insects, etc. ; a feeler. [L. palpare, -pari, to feel, han- Palmetto, die ; s. rt. Skr. sphal, sphar, to quiver, tremble.] — Pal'pable, a. Perceptible by the touch ; capable of being felt ; plain; obvious. [F. ; L. palpabilis.] — Pal'pableness, -billty, n. — Pal'pably, adv. — Palpa'tion, n. Act of touching or f eeling. — Pal- pebral, a. Pert, to the eyebrow. [L. palpebralis, fr. palpebra, an eyelid.] — Pal'pebrous, -brus, a. Having large eyebrows. — Pal'pitate, -pT-tat, v. i. To beat rapidly and excitedly, as the heart ; to throb ; pulsate violently ; flutter. [L. palpitare, •tatum, f req. of palpare.'] — Palpita'tion, n. A beat- ing of the heart j esp., a violent, irregular, and un- natural beating. [F.] Palsgrave, pawlz'grav, n. A count or earl who has the superintendence of the king's palace ; a count palatine. [D. paltsgraaf, G. pfalzgraf, fr. pfalz (L. palatium), palace, q. v., and graf, a count.] — Pals'gravine', -ven', n. Consort or widow of a pals- grave. Palsy, pawKzY, n. (Med.) A weakening, suspension, or destruction of functions, of sensation, and of vol- untary motion; paralysis, — v. t. [palsied (-zid), -SYLNG.] To destroy a function of , paralvze. [ME. £a alesy, parlesy, F. parabjsie : see Paralysis.] - al'sical, -zik-al, a. Affected with palsy ; para- lytic. Palter, pawller, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -terixg.] To act in an insincere or false manner ; trifle ; haggle. [Orig. to deal in old rags, ProvE. paltry, rubbish, refuse, trash, ProvG. palter, Sw. pultor, rags ; peril, s. rt. G. spalten, to split.]— Pai'terer, n. Onewho palters, fails, or falls short.— PaKtry, -trY, a. [-trier; -triest.] Destitute of worth ; characterized by meanness ; contemptible ; pitiful ; mean ; vile. [ProvG. palterig. paltry, fr. palter, rags, LowG. paltrig, ragged. Lithuan. spatoi, trash.] — Pal'trily, adv. — PaKtriness, n. Paludal, pa-lu'dal, a. Pert, to marshes; marshy. [L. palus, paludis, a marsh, fr. Gr. pelos, mud, and hndor, water ; s. rt. L. unda = E. water.] Paly. See under Pale, a. Pampano, pam'pa-no, n. A food fish found along the Atlantic coast from New York to Brazil. [Sp.] Pampa3, pam'paz, n. pi. Vast plains in southern Buenos Avres, in S. Amer. [Peruv. pampa, a field, plain.] — Pam'pas-grass, n. A hardy grass cover- ing the S. Amer. pampas, one species of which yields sugar, and another is used as an ornamental plant in the U. S. Pamper, pam'pgr, v. t. [-i>ered (-pSrd), -pering.] To ieed to the full ; gratify inordinately ; glut. fME. pamp, LG. pampeu, slampampen, to live luxu- riously, fr. pampe, ProvG. pappe, thick pap, broth, Bavarian pampfen, to stuff one's self; s. rt. pop.] Pamphlet, paniliet, n. A small book consisting of a sheet, or a few sheets, of paper, stitched together, but not bound. [ME. pamjlet (F. pamphlet being taken fr. the E.), perh. fr. Sp. papeljo, pamphlet, pupeleta, written memorandum, bulletin, news- letter, papelon, placard, all fr. panel, discourse, trea- tise ; pern. fr. Pamphila, a female historian of the 1st century who wrote numerous epitomes.] — Pam- phleteer', -er', n. A writer of pamphlets ; a scrib- bler. Pan, pan, n. A shallow, open dish or vessel ; the part of a flint-lock which holds the priming ; the skull ; brain-pan ; cranium ; the hard stratum of earth that lies below the soil, and holds the water. — v. t. and *. To show, as gold in a miner's pan ; to de- velop, turn out — with out. [AS. panne, D. pan, Ic, Sw., Ir., and LL. panna, Lithuan. pana, L. patina, Pan. Extreme or sudden, im- apan; s. rt. pail, q. v.] — Pan'cake, n. A thin cake fried in a pan or baked on a griddle. — Pan'- tile, n. A tile with a curved or hollow surface. Pan, pan, n. (Myth.) The Arcadian god of shep- herds, guardian of bees, and patron of fishing and fowling s he is usually repre- sented as half man and half goat. [S. rt. Russ. pan', a lord, Skr. pa, to cherish.] — Pande'an, a. Pert, to Pan. — P andean pipes. A syrinx ; an ancient wind instru- ment made of reeds joined side by side, said to have been in- vented by Pan. — Pandore, pan'dor or pan-dor'', n. A ban- dore, q. v. — Panic, n. A sudden fright, esp. one without real or sufficient cause. — aginary, and causeless, — said of fright. [Gr. pan- ikon, neut. of panifcos, pert, to Pan, who was sup- posed to inspire fear.] Panacea, pan-a-se'a, n. A remedy for all diseases. [L. ; Gr. panakeia, lit. all-healing, fr. Gr. pan (neut. of pas), all, and akeisthai, to heal, fr. akos, a cure.] — Pan'creas, pan'- or pan'kre-as, n. (Anat.) A gland in the abdomen, beneath the stomach, which pours its secretion into the alimentary canal during digestion ; the sweetbread. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. pan and kreas, L. caro, flesh.] — Pancreatic, -at'ik, a. Pert, to, etc. — Pan'dect, n. A treatise containing the whole of any science, pi. The digested code of Roman civil law of Justinian. [Gr. pandektes, all-receiving ; dechesthai, to receive.] —Pandemic, a. Incident to a whole people ; epidemic. [Gr. demos, people.] — Pandemo'nium, -mo'nY-um, n. The great hall of demons or evil spirits ; hell. [Gr. daimon, demon.] — Panegyric, -e-jYr'ik, n. An oration in praise of some person or achievement ; encomium ; eulogy. — Panegyric, -ical, a. Con- taining eulogy ; encomiastic. [Gr. panegurikos, lit- fit for a full assembly, fr. pan and aguris, agorae, gathering, crowd, ageirein, to assemble.]— Panegyr'- xst, n. A eulogist ; encomiast. — Pan'egyrize, -e-it- rlz, v.t. r-RiZED (-rizd), -rizing.] To praise highly. — v. i. To bestow' praises. — Pan'oply, -o-plY, n. Armament ; a full suit of defensive armor. [Gr. panoplia, the full armor of a (Gr.) hoplites, or heavy- armed soldier ; hoplia, arms, armor, pi. of hoplon, tool ; s. rt. Gr. hepomai, L. sequor, I follow.] — Pano- ra'ma, -ra'ma, n. A complete view in every direc- tion ; a picture exhibited by being unrolled and made to pass continuously" before the spectator. [Gr. horama, a view, horan, to see.] — Panoramic, -ical, a. Pert, to or like, etc. ; comprehensive. — Pan'theism, -the-izm, n. Doctrine that nature, or the universe conceived of as a whole, is God. [See Theist.] — Pan'theist, n. One who holds to pan- theism.— Pantheistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, founded in, or leading to, pantheism.— Pantheon, pan-the'- sum, cube, full ; moon. fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bowboN, chair, get. PANADA 402 PAPER rantograph. L. pantomimus, or pan'the-un, n. A temple dedicated to all the tods ; a work treating of all the divinities worshiped y a people ; the whole body of divinities wor- shiped. [L. ; Gr. pantheion (hieron), a (temple) consecrated to all the gods ; theios, divine, tkeos, god.]— Pan'tograph, -to-graf, n. An instrument for copying on the same, or on a reduced or enlarged, scale. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Panto- graph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or performed by, etc. — Pantog'ra- phy, -ra-fl, n. General descrip- tion ; entire view of an object. — Pantol'ogy, -o-jY, n. A work of universal information . [Gr . logos, discourse.] — Pan'tomime. -mlm, n. One who acts his part by gesticulation only, without speaking ; a theatrical entertain- ment given in dumb show. [F. _ Gr. pantomimos, lit. all-imitating ; mirnos, an imi- tator : see Mimic.] — Pantomimic, -ical, -mim'ik- al, a. Pert, to the pantomime; representing charac- ters and actions by dumb show. — Pasig'raphy, pa- sig'ra-f 1, n. A system of writing to be understood and used by all nations. [Gr.pasi, for all, dat. pi. of pas, and graphein, to write.] Canada, pa-na'da, -na'do, -nade", -nad', n. Bread boiled in water and sweetened. [Sp. and Pg. pa- nada, F. panade, fr. L. panis, bread, Skr. pa, to nourish; s. rt. company, appanage, paternal, father.} — Pan'ic, Pan'ic-grass, Pan'nicle, -nf-kl, n. A plant of the genus Panicum; oatmeal. [L. pani- cum, ir.panis.] — Pan'nier, -yer, n. Orig., a bread- basket ; a wicker basket for carrying fruit, etc., on a horse; a frame-work to expand the skirts of ladies' dresses. (Arch.) A corbel, q. v. [ME. and F. panier, L. panarium, bread-basket, fr. panis.] — Pan' try, -tri.w. A closet for keeping bread, provis- ions, etc. [OF. paneterie, place where bread is kept, LL. panetaria, place where it is made, paneta, one who makes bread.] — Pantler, n. The household officer in charge of the pantry. Panama, pan-a-mii, / ', n. A hat made of the undevel- oped leaf of a dwarf screw-palm of S. Amer. Pancreas, Pandect, Pandemonium, etc. See under Panacea. Pander, pan'dSr, n. A male bawd ; a pimp ; pro- curer; one who ministers to the evil passions of an- other. — V. t. [PANDEKED (,-derd), -DERING.] To procure the gratification of the lust of . — v.i. To act as agent for the lusts, or minister to the evil de- signs of others. [Fr. Pandarus, a leader in the Tro- jan war, who procured for Troilus the love of Chry- sei's.] Pandore. Same as Bandore. Pandour, -door, pan'door, n. A Hungarian foot-sol- dier in the Austrian service. [Fr. Pandur, a village in Hungary, where they were orig. recruited.] Pane, pan, n. A distinct patch, piece, or compart- ment ; esp., a square plate of glass ; a square piece of cloth in a garment for ornament. [F. pan, L. pan- nus, a cloth, rag, patch, pieoe ; s. rt. L. panus, the thread wound on a bobbin, Gr. penos, the woof, E. vane, paum.] — Pan'el, pan'el, n. (Arch.) A com- partment, usually with raised margins, as in wains- cotings, doors, etc. (Masonry.) One of the faces of a hewn stone. (Painting.) A thin board on which a picture is painted. (Law.) A schedule, con- taining the names of persons summoned as jurors by the sheriff; the whole jury. — v. t. [paneled (-eld), -eling.] To form with panels. [F. ; LL. panellus, a panel (in architecture), dim. of L. pan- nus.} — Pan'el house, n. A house of ill-fame, fur- nished with sliding panels or other secret entrances, in which victims are robbed.- ~ (Bot.) A form of inflorescence, in which the cluster is much and irregularly branched, in a branched raceme, as in oats. [L. panicula, dim. of panics, thread on the bobbin.] Panegyric, etc. See under Pana- cea, i Pang, pang, n. A momentary and violent pain ; a throe ; agony ; anguish ; distress. [Same as prong (q. v.), f r. W. procio, to thrust, stab, perh. influenced by ProvF. poigne, a grip, F. poing, L. pugnus, the fist, OF. poinct, a stitch in the side; s. rt. poignant.] Panicle. Panic, n. A fright. See under Pan, the god. Pa^dc-grass, Pannicle, Pannier, etc. See under Pa- nada. Pannade, pan-nad', n. The curvet of a horse. [OF. fr. pannader, to prance or curvet, as a horse.] Panoply, Panorama, etc. See under Panacea. Pansy, pan'zl, n. A plant and flower ; the garden violet, heart's-ease. [F. pense'e, thought, pansy, fr. penser, to think, L. pensare, to examme : see Pen- sive.] Pant, pant, v. i. To breathe quickly or in a labored manner ; to gasp ; to be overpowered with eager- ness, desire, or longing ; to palpitate, or throb, as the heart, in terror, etc. — v. t. To breathe forth quickly or in a labored manner; to gasp out.— n. A quick breathing; gasp; violent palpitation of the heart. [F. panteler, OF. pantiser, to pant, pantois, short-winded ; or perh. fr. E. pat ; cf . pit-a-pat.) Pantagraph. See Pantograph, under Panacea. Pantaloon, pan'ta-loon', n. A ridiculous character in Italian comedy, and a buffoon in pantomimes ; one of the long, loose coverings for the legs worn by males, reaching from waist to heel,— in pi.; trousers. [F. pantalon, a nickname for an Italian, esp. for a Venetian, also trousers, It. pantalone, a masked character in Italian comedy, who wore breeches and stockings all of one piece, fr. Pantaleone, a saint of Venice, and a frequent baptismal name, fr. Gr. Pantaleon, all lion, a Gr. personal name.] — Pan'ta- let', n. One of a pair of loose drawers worn below the knee by children and women, — chiefly in pi. Pantheism, Pantheon, etc. See under Panacea. Panther, pan'ther, n. A fierce, dark-colored leopard of Asia and Africa ; the Amer. tiger, a feline mam- mal of several species, including the catamount, cougar, jaguar, etc. [OF. panthere, L. and Gr. pan- ther.] Pantile. See under Pan, a dish. Pantler, Pantry. See under Panada. Pantofle, pan-too'fl, n. A slipper. f G. pantoffel, HG. bandtafel = a tafel (wooden sole), with a band (leather string), to put the foot through.] Pantograph, Pantomime, etc. See under Panacea. Panym. See Painim. Pap, pap, n. A nipple of the breast ; teat ; soft food for infants, made with bread softened with water or milk; nourishment, —v. t. To feed with soft food. [Onomat, fr. a child's cry of pa-pa; ME. and Sw. dial, pappe, OSw. papp, Lithuan. papas, the breast ; D. papAx. pappe, Sp. papa, It. and L. pappa, pap (food), Dan. patte, suck.] — Papes'cent, -sent, a. Containing, or like, pap. Papa, pa-pa', n. Father, — a word used by children. [F. and L. ; Gr. pappas; whence L. pappas, a tutor: see Pap; prob. s. rt. Skr. pa, to nourish, L. and Gr. pater = E. father, also E. fodder, feed, foster, and pope, q. v.] — Pa'pal, a. Pert, relating to, or pro- ceeding from the pope of Rome ; popish. [F.; LL. papalis, fr. L. papa, spiritual father, bishop : see Pope.] — Pa'palize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To make papal. — v. i. To conform to popery. — Pa'- pacy, -sT, n. Office and dignity of the pope ; papal authority or jurisdiction ; popedom ; the popes col- lectively. [LL. papatia.] — Pa'pist, n. An adher- ent of the pope ; a Roman Catholic. — Papistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; popish. — Pa'pistry, -rt, n. The doctrines and ceremonies of the church of Rome; popery. Papaverous, pa-paVgr-us, a. Resembling the poppy. [D. papavereus, f r. papaver, poppy.] Papaw, pa-paw', n. A tropical tree and its fruit ; a tree growing in the western and southern U. S., and producing a sweet, edible fruit ; the fruit itself. [Malay, papaya.] Paper, pa'per, n. A thin, flexible substance, made of rag pulp, vegetable fiber, etc., in sheets for writing or printing on, to be used in wrapping, etc. ; a sheet or piece of such substance; a printed or written instru- ment; a writing; a newspaper; journal; notes or bills of exchange ; bank-notes, etc. ; hangings printed or stamped for the walls of rooms. — v. t. [papered (-perd), -peringJ To cover with paper; to fold or in- close in paper. [L. papyrus, paper: see below.]— Pa r - per-hang'ings, n. pi. Paper ornamented with figures for covering walls of rooms. — Btain'er, n. One who stains, colors, or stamps paper for hangings. — Papier-mache\ pap'ya-ma/sna, n. A hard sub- stance made of a pulp from rags or paper mixed with size or glue, and cast in a mold. TF. ; lit., chewed or mashed paper.] — Papy'rus, n. ;pl. - R I. A species of reed or flag from which the ancients made a am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tBrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; PAPESCENT 403 PARALLEL material for writing upon; a manuscript written on rolls of papyrus. [L.; Gr. papu- for printing lac-simile im- pressions from manuscripts, [Gr. graphein, to write.] Papescent. See under Pap. Papilionaceous, pa-pil'yo-na''- shus, a. Resembling the butterfly. (Bot.) Having a winged corolla, somewhat re- sembling a butterfly, as in the blossoms of the bean and pea. Papyrus [L. papUio, a butterfly: see " Pavilion.] Papilla, pa-pil'la, n. ; pi. -l.e, -le. (Anat.) One of the minute elevations of the surface of the skin, tongue, etc., containing terminations of sensory nerves, etc. [L., dim. of papula, a pustule; s. rt. Gr. pomphos, a blister, bubble, E. pimple, q. v.] — Pap'- Ulary, -il-la-rY, Pap'illose, -il-los, Papillous, pap'il- rt,. rvo_r\il^l,ia Pan'nlnTla .n.lni n Mdrt tr\ fir rp. or pa-piKlus, Pap'ulous, -u-lus. a. Tert. to, or re- sembling, the nipple or the papillae ; covered with papillaa ; pimpled ; warty. Papillote, pap'il-lot, n. One of the small pieces of paper on which ladies roll up their hair. [F., perh. rr. papier, paper ; perh. fr. papiUon, a butterfly, fr. their shape : see Papilionaceous.] Papist, Papistry, etc. See under Papa. Papoose, Pappoose, pap'poos, n. Name of the N. Amer. Indians for a child. Pappose, pap-pos', Pap'pous, -pus, a. Downy, as the seeds of dandelions, thistles, etc. [X. pappus, a woolly seed, fr. Gr. pappos, a grandfather, gray-haired man.] Papyrus, Papyrograph. See under Paper. Par, par, n. btate of equality ; value expressed on the face or in the words of" "a certificate of value or other commercial paper ; equality of condition or circumstances. [L., equal; perh. s. rt. L. parare, to prepare ; s. rt. apparel, nonpareil.] —On a par. On a level ; in the same condition, circumstances, posi- tion, rank, etc. ; equal. — Parity, par'I-tl, n. Con- dition of being equal or equivalent ; equality: close correspondence; analogy. [F. parite", L. paritas.] Parable, par'a-bl, n. A fable or allegorical relation of something real in life or nature, from which a moral is drawn for instruction. [ME., OF., and Gr. para- bole, L. parabola, fr. Gr. paraballein, to throw be- side, set Deside, compare, f r. para (s. rt. E. for- in forbear, q. v., Skr. para, away, from, forth, towards, param, beyond, pare, thereupon, further, paratas, further, L. per, through), beside, and ballein, to throw ; s. rt. Skr. gal, to fall away, E. parley, pa- role, palaver.}— ParaVola, -o-la, n. ; pi. -las, -laz. (Geom.) A curve, one of the conic sections, formed by the intersec- tion of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides : any point in the curve is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the direc- trix; any curve having an infinite Parabola, branch, without having a rectilineal asymptote. [L., — so called because its axis is parallel to the side of the cone.] — Parabolic, -ical, a. Expressed by par- able or allegorical representation. {Geom.) Having the form or nature of a parabola: generated by the revolution of a parabola. — ParaboKically, adv. Bv way of parable ; in the form of a parabola. — Paf- abol'iform, a. Resembling a parabola in form. [L. forma, form, shape.] — Parab'olist, n. A narrator of parables. — Paraboloid, -loid, n. {Geom.) The solid generated by the rotation of a parabola about its axis. [Gr. eidos, form.] Paracentric, par-a-sen'trik. -trical, a. Deviating from circularity ; changing the distance from a center. [Gr. para and kentron. point, center.] Parachronism, pa-rak'ro-nizm, n. An error in chronology, by which the date of an event is made later than it was in reality. [Gr. chronos, time.] Parachute, par'a-shoot, n. A contriv- ance in the form of an umbrella, to prevent the too rapid motion of any- thing dropped from a height. [F., for par' a chute, guarding against a fall, _ fr. parer (L. parare), to dress, also to Parachute keep off, guard, d (L. ad), to, against, and chute, a fall, fr. L. cadere, to fall.] Paraclete, par'a-klet, n. One called to aid or support; the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor, — applied to the Holy Spirit. [Gr. parakletos, fr. parakalein, to call to one^s aid; kalein, to call.] \ Parade, pa-rad r , n. Pompous exhibition; assembly of troops for inspection, etc.; military display; ground where such display is held; a spectacle; ostentation; show. — v. t. To show off, make a spectacle of ; to array or marshal in military order. — v. i. To go about for show, or in military procession ; to assem- ble in military order. [F., a show, also a halt on horseback, Sp. paraila, a halt, stop, parar, to halt, L. parare, to prepare: see Pare.] Paradigm, par'a-dim, n. (Gram.) An example of a verb, noun, etc., conjugated, declined, compared, etc., in all its different forms of inflection. [F. para- digme, L. jparadigma, Gr. paradeigma, fr. para and deiknunai, to point out, lit. show by the side of.] Paradise, par'a-dis, n. (Script.) The garden of Eden. A place of bliss; heaven. [F. paradis, L. paradisus, Gr. paradeisos, OPer. paradaesas, a park, garden, Skr. paradeca, foreign country, fr. para, distant, and deca, country, die, region.] — Par' adisi'acal, a. Pert, to Eden or paradise, or to a place of felicity. Paradox, par'a-doks, n. A sentiment or proposition seemingly absurd or contradictory, yet true in fact. [Gr. para and doxa, notion, opinion, fr. dokein, to seem.] — Paradoxical, a. Having the nature of a paradox ; inclined to tenets contrary to received opinions. — Paradoxically, adv. Paraffin a, par'af-fin, n. (Chem.) A white, translu- cent substance, obtained from distillation of tar, pe- troleum, etc., resembling spermaceti, and used for making candles, etc. [F., lit. having small affinity, fr. L,. varum, too little, and affinis, akin, — fr. its remarkable resistance to chemical action.] Paragoge, par-a-go'je, n. (Gram.) The addition of a letter or a syllable to the end of a word, as, with- outen for without. [L. and Gr. : Gr. agein = L. agere, to lead, drive.] — Paragoglc, -ical, -goj'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or constituting a paragoge. Paragon, par'a-gon, n. A model or pattern by way of distinction, implying superior excellence or per- fection. [Sp.; fr. para con, in comparison with.] Paragraph, par'a-graf, n. The character [%\, used as a reference, or to mark a division ; any portion or section of a writing or chapter which relates to a particular point, noted by the mark [H, or, more usually, by indentation of the first line; a short pas- sage ; notice or brief remark, as in a newspaper. [Gr. paragraphos, lit. (a mark) written beside ; graphein, to write.] — Paragraphic, -ical, a. Con- sisting of paragraphs, or short divisions with breaks. Paraleipsis, par-a-llp'sis, n. (Rhet.) A pretended or apparent omission. [Gr. ; leipein, to leave.] Parallax, par'al-laks, n. (Astron.) The difference between the position of a body as seen from some point on the earth's surface, and its position as seen from some other conventional point, as the earth's center or the sun. [Gr. parallaxis, alternation, change, fr. parallassan, to make things alternate ; allassein, to change, alter, fr. alios = L. alius, other.] — ParaUac'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to the parallax of a heavenly body. Parallel, par'al-lel, a. (Geom.) Extended in the same direction, and in all parts ____^________^_ equally distant; having the same direction or tendencv: _ ^_^__— =_^ continuing a resemblance _ ,, , r . through manv particulars ; Parallel Lines, equidistant ; like : similar. — n. A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from an- other line; one of tne circles upon a globe, parallel to the equator, and marking the latitude; conformity continued through many particulars or in all essen- tial points; resemblance*; a comparison made; coun- terpart. (Mil.) A wide trench, affording besieging troops a covered communication between their va- rious batteries and approaches. (Print.) A sign of reference [thus || ], used to direct attention to notes in the margin or at the foot of a page. — v. t. [par- alleled (-leld), -leling.] To cause to be parallel ; to be equal to, resemble in all essential points. [Gr. parallelos, f r. para and allelon, of one another, a re- duplication of alios, other: see Parallax.] — Par- allel motion. (Steam Eng.) A contrivance for con- necting the piston and pump-rods with the working- beam, so as to convert the circular motion of the beam into the rectilinear motion of the rods, and 8irri. cube, full : moon. cow. oil ; linger or ink. then. boNbox. chair, get PARALOGISM 404 PARENT preserve the parallelism of the rods with the axes of of length = nearly 4 Eng. miles. TGr. parasanaes. ^^ J their cylinders. See Steam-engine. — P. ruler. A n instrument for drawing par- allel lines, con- sisting of movable parts,whose edges are always paral- BmT-ff^ Parallel Kuler. State of being parallel ; comparison ; resemblance. {Hebrew Poetry.) The expression, in 2 poetic lines, of the same sentiment, with slight modifications.— Parallelogram, n. (Geom.) A . _ right-lined quadrilateral figure, / whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently equal. [Gr. varallelogrammon, lit. bounded by parallel lines ; gramma, a Parallelogram. stroke, line, fr. graphein, to write.] — Parallel'o- gram'mic, -mical, a. Having the properties of, etc. — Parallelepiped, -pi'ped, -pip'edon, -pip'e-don, n. {Geom.) A regular solid, the faces of which are 6 parallelograms, the opposite ones being parallel, and equal to each other. [Gr. parallele- pipedon; epipedon, a plane surface, fr. epi, upon, and pedon, the ground; p arallelopiped. s. rt. Gr. pons = E. foot.) Paralogism, pa-raKo-jizm, -ogy, -o-jY, n. (Logic.) A reasoning false in point of form, that is, contrary to logical rules or formula; a conclusion unwarranted by the premises ; fallacy, — opp. to syllogism. [Gr. paralogismos ; logizesthai, to reason, fr. logos, dis- course, reason : see Logic] Paralysis, pa-raKY-sis, n. (Med.) Loss of voluntary motion, with or without loss of sensation, in any part of the body; palsy. [L. ; F. paralysie, Gr.pa- ralusis, fir. paraluein, to loose from the side, relax ; luein, to loosen.] — Paralyt'ic, -ical, -lit'ik-al, a. Af- fected with, or inclined to paralysis. [F. paraly- tique.] — Paralyt'ic, n. A person affected with palsy. — Paralyze, par'a-liz, v. t. [-lyzed (-lizd), -lyzing.] To affect with paralysis or palsy ; to palsy. [F. paralyser.] Paramount, par'a-rnownt, a. Superior to all others; of highest rank, dignity, or value ; principal ; pre- eminent; chief. — n. The highest in rank or order; the chief. [OF. paramont, above, fr. par (L.per), through, exceedingly, and amont, upward, above : see Amount.] Paramour, par'a-moor, n. A lover of either sex ; a wooer or a mistress, — formerly in a good sense, now only in a bad one ; a kept mistress ; concubine. [F. par amour, by or with love.] Parapet, par'a-pet, n. A wall, rampart, or elevation of earth for covering soldiers from an attack from the front; a breast-work; a breast-wall, on the edge of a bridge, roof, etc. See Casemate, Castle. [F. ; It. parapetto, fr. parare, to ward off, guard, fr. L. pa- rare, to prepare, provide, and It. petto, L. pectus, the breast.] Paraph, par'af, n. The flourish under one's signa- ture, formerly used to provide against forgery. [Contr. fr. paragraph.] Paraphernalia, par'a-fer-nalY-a, n. pi. Articles which a wife brings with her at her marriage ; goods of a wife beyond her dowry ; appendages"; ornaments ; trappings. [L. and Gr. par apherna, a bride's prop- erty over and above her dower ; Gr. pherne, dower, fr. pherein = E. bear.] — Paraphernal, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, et^ Paraphrase, par'a-fraz, n. A re-statement of a text, or passage, expressing the meaning of the original in another form; a free translation into the same or another language, — v t. [paraphrased (-frazd), -phrasing.] To explain, interpret, or translate with latitude. — v. i. To interpret or explain am- ply. [OF. ; L. and Gr. paraphrasis, fr. Gr. para- phrazein, to speak in addition, amplifv ; phrazein, to speak.] — Par'aphrast, -f rast, n. One who para- phrases. — Paraphrastic, -ical, a. Explaining or translating in words more clear and ample than those of the author; not verbal or literal ; diffuse. — ParaphrasficaUy, adv. Paraplegia, par-a-ple'jY-a, Par'aple'gy, -a-ple'iY, n. (Med.) Palsy of the upper or lower half of the "body on both sides. [Ionic Gr. paraplegia, fr. paraples- sein. to strike beside, near, at the side.] Paraquet, Paraquito. See under Parrot. Parasang, par'a-sang, n. (Antiq.) A Persian measure Per. Jarsang.] Paraselene, par'a-se-le'ne, n. ; pi. -n^e, -ne. (Astron.) A mock moon; a luminous ring or circle encompass- ing the moon. [Gr. selene, moon.] I Parasite, par'a-slt, n. A trencher friend; hanger on; dependent companion and flatterer ; toady. (Bot.) A plant that grows and lives on another. (Zo'ol.\ An animal which lives on or in some other animal, as lice, etc. [F. ; L. parasitus, Gr. parasitos ; sitos, food, bread.] — Parasit'ic, -ical, -sYfik-al, a. Of the nature of a parasite, fawning; wheedling; living on or deriving nourishment from, some other living thing.— Par'asitism, -izm, n. The state, condition, manners, or behavior of a parasite. Parasol, par'a-sol, n. A small umbrella to defend the face from the sun's rays. [F., Sp., and Pg. ; Pg. parar, to parry (q. v.), and sol, the sun.] — Par'- asolette'', -et', n. A small sunshade. Parboil, par'boil, v. t. [-boiled (-boild), -boiling.] To boil in part, cook partially by boiling. [OF. l^arbouillir, LL. parbullire, L. perbullire, to cook thoroughly — the meaning having changed.] Parbuckle, piir'buk-1, n. (Naut.) A purchase formed of a single rope around any weighty body, as a spar or cask, by which it is lowered or hoisted. — v. t. [parbuckled (-Id), -ling.] To hoist or lower by means of a parbuckle. [F.par, by, through, and E. buckle.] Parcae, piir'se, n.pl. (Myth.) The Fates, q. v. [L.] Parcel, par'sel or par'sl, n. Any mass or quantity; a collection; lot; a bundle; package; packet. (Law.) A part ; portion ; piece. — a. and adv. Part or half ; in part.— v. t. [parceled (-seld), -celing.] To divide and distribute by parts or portions. [ME. and F. parcelle, It. particella, L. particida, a particle, q. v.] Parcener, par r se-ne"r, n. (Law.) A co-heir; 1 of 2 or more persons, to whom an estate of inheritance de- scends jointly, and by whom it is held as one estate. [See Partner, under Part.]— Par'cenary, -se-na-rY, n. Joint occupation of an inheritable estate which descends from the ancestor to 2 or more persons; co- heirship. Parch, parch, v. t. [parched (parcht), parching.] To burn the surface of, scorch; to shrivel with heat. — v. i. To be scorched or superficially burnt. [ME. farchen; perh. s. rt. Ir. and OGa. barg, red-hot, kr. bhrajj, to fry, q. v.] Parchesi. see Pachisi. Parchment, parch'ment, n. The skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on. [ME. and F. parche- min, L. pergamena, Gr. pergamene, orig. pert, to Pergamus, or Pergamum, in Mysia, where it was invented by Eumenes.] Pard, pard, n. The leopard ; in poetry, any spotted beast. [L. pardus, panther, Gr. pardos, leopard, panther, or ounce, Per. pars, panther, pard; s. rt. leopard, camelopard.] Pardon, par'dn, v. t. [-doned (-dnd), -doning.] To refrain from exacting as a penalty; to suffer to pass without punishment, discharge from liability to pen- alty; to absolve, excuse, acquit, forgive.— n. Remis- sion of penalty; release of an offense, or of the expo- sure of the offender to suffer a penalty; forgiveness; remission. [F. (n.); pardonner, to pardon, LL. per- donare, fr. L. per, through, thoroughly, and donare, to give.] — Par'donable, a. Admitting of pardon : venial; excusable. — Par'donableness, n. —Par 'don- ably, adv. — Par r doner, n. Pare, par, v. t. [pared (pard), paring.] To cut or shave off, as the superficial substance or extremities of a thing ; to diminish by little and little. [F. purer, to deck, trim, L. parare, to prepare; perh. s. rt. fare, or else s. rt. full ; s. rt. compare, repair, sep- arate, emperor, apparatus, sever, etc.] — Parser, n. — Parking, n. Thing pared off; the rind; the cutting off the surface of grass land, for tillage. Paregoric, par'e-gor'ik, a. Mitigating; assuaging pain. — n. (Med.) A medicine that mitigates pain; an anodyne; camphorated tincture of opium. [Gr. par- egorikos, addressing, encouraging, soothing, fr. para, beside, and agoreuein, to speak in an (agora) assem- bly.] Parent, par'ent, n. A father or mother; that which produces ; cause ; source ; origin ; creator. [F. ; L. parens, -entis, for pariens, fr. parere, to bring forth; s. rt. Skr. pri, to fill, bring over, protect.] — Par- entage, -ej, n. Descent from parents or ancestors; parents or ancestors considered in their character or social position ; extraction; birth. [F.] — Parent 'al, £m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 8dd. tone. 6r ; PARENTHESIS 405 PARRY a. Pert, to, or becoming, parents; tender; affection- ate. [L. parentalis.] — Parent'ally, adv. Parenthesis, pa-ren'the-sis, n. ; pi. -SES, -sez. A word or sentence inserted, by way of comment or expla- nation, within another sentence, — usuallv inclosed within curved lines, but sometimes within dashes. {Print.) The sign of a parenthesis, thus ( ). [Gr., fr. para, beside, en, in, thesis, a placing.] — Paren- thetic, -ical, a. Pert, to, expressed in, using, or containing, parentheses. — Parenthetically, adv. Parget, par'jet, a. {Arch.) Plaster for lining chim- ney flues or covering the walls of rooms. — v. t. To plaster (walls, etc.). [Prob. fr. LL. spargitare, freq. fr. L. sparqere, to sprinkle : see Sparse.] Parhelion, par-he'll-un or -hel'yun, ?;. ; pi. -helia, -he'lt-a or -heKya. A mock sun or meteor, appear- ing in the form of a bright light near the sun. [L. ; Gr. parelion, fr. para, beside, and helios, the sun.] Pariah, pa/- or pa'rl-a, n. One belonging to the low- est class in parts of India; an outcast; one contemned by society. [Tamil paraiyan, one of the lowest caste, a menial who beats the {parai) village drum.] Parian, pa'rl-an, n. An inhabitant of Paros, an island in the ^Egean Sea ; a fine porcelain clay, used for making statuettes, etc.,— so called fr. its resemblance to Parian marble. Parietal, pa-ri'e-tal, a. Pert, to a wall, to buildings, or the care of them. {Anat.) Pert, to the walls of a cavity or the bones which form the sides and upper part of the skull: see Skeleton. [L. parietalis, fr. paries, parietis. a wall, prob. fr. par- {= Gr. peri, Skr. pari, round about) and rt. of ire, to go.] Paring. See under Pare. Paris green. See under Green. Parish, par'ish, n. The precinct or territorial juris- diction of a secular priest or ecclesiastical society, or the precinct, whose inhabitants belong to the same church; in the U. S., any religious or ecclesi- astical society ; in Louisiana, a territorial division corresponding to counties in some states, and to townships in others. — a. Of, or relating to, a par- ish ; employed in the ecclesiastical concerns of a parish; maintained by the parish. [ME. parische, F. paroisse, L. parcecia, Gr. paroikia, fr. paroikos, neighboring, f r. para and oikos, a house.] — Parisb/- ioner, -un-er, n. One who belongs to, or is connected ■with, a parish.— Paro'chial, -kt-al, a. Pert, to a par- ish. [L. parochiaKs, fr. parochia, same as paroecia.] Parity. See under Par. Park, park, n. A large tract of ground kept for the pres- ervation of game, for walking, riding, ornament, or recreation. {Mil.) The space occupied by the ani- mals, wagons, pontoons, and materials of all kinds, when brought together ; a group of cannon or of wagons. — v. t. [parked (parkt), parking.] To in- close in a park: to bring together in a park, or com- pact body. [AS. pear roc = E. paddock; W., Armor., Sw., and Dan. park, F. pare, Sp. parque. ] — Park'er, n. The keeper of a park. Parley, par'tt, v. i. [-leyed (-lid), leying.] To con- fer with another on some point of mutual concern, esp. with an enemy. — n. Mutual discourse ; a con- ference between antagonists. [F. parler, speech, talk, also to speak, LL. parabolare, to discourse, l"n-abola, talk, in L., a parable, q. v.] — Parlance, -lans, n. Conversation; discourse; phrase; form of speech. [F., fr. parlant, p. pr. of parler] — Parlia- ment, -lt-ment, n. The legislative assembly of the 3 estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, viz., the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the commons; the legislature in some of the British dependencies; the supreme council in Sweden; one of the judicial courts of France, before the Revolu- tion. [ME. and F. parlement, LL. parlamentum, parliamentum.]— Par'liamenta'rian, -a'rt-an, n. An adherent of the parliament in the time of Charles I. — Parliamentary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, enacted or done by, parliament: according to the established usages of legislative bodies. — Par'lor, -ler, n. A room in a house which the family usually occupy for society and conversation; a reception-room for visitors, etc. [F. jmrloir, fr. parler.'] — Parol'. -role / ', pa-roK, n. {Law.) Oral declaration; word of mouth. Word of honor; plighted faith; esp. {Mil.) a promise to fulfill certain stated obligations ; a countersign given to those who inspect or direct the guards, — a. Oral ; not written. [Written parol in the legal sense, pa- role, in the others.] [F. parole, Sp. palabra, Pg. palavra, fr. LL. and L. parabola ; s. rt. palaver.] Parochial. See under Parish. Parody, par'o-di, n. A kind of poetical composition, in which what is written on cne subject is altered and applied to another by way of burlesque. — v. t. [parodied (-did), -dying.] To alter and apply to a purpose different from that of the original: to bur- lesque in verse. [L. and Gr. parodia, h: Gr. / ara and ode, ode, q. v.J — Par'odist, n. A writer oi par- odies. — Parod'ical, a. Copying after the manner of a parody. Parol, Parole. See under Parley. Paronomasia, par / o-no-ma / 'zhl- {Rhet.) A play upon words ; punning. TGr. fr. para and onoma E. 7iame.~] — Par'onomas'tic, -tical, a. Pert. to. or consisting in, a play upon words. — Paron'ymous, -I-inus, a. Having the same derivation ; allied gram- matically; also having a similar sound, but differ- ently written, and of different meaning, as hair and hare. — Paron'ymy, -T-mT, n. Quality of being, etc. — Par'onym, -o-nim, n. A paronymous word. Paroquet. See under Parrot. Parotid, pa-rot'id, n. {Anat.) One of the salivary glands situated near the ear. — a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. parotis, fr. para and ous, otos, the ear.] Paroxysm, par'oks-izm, n. {Med.) The fit, attack, or exacerbation of a disease that has decided remis- sions or intermissions. Any sudden and violent ac- tion; convulsion; fit. [F. paroxisme,L. par-owsmus, Gr. paroxusmos ; oxunein, to sharpen, provoke, fr. ox-us, sharp.] — Paroxys'mal, -iz-mal, a. Marked by, pert, to, or caused by, etc. Paroxytone. par-oks'l-ton, a. {Gr. Gram.) Having the acute accent on the penultimate svllable.— n. A word which, etc. [Gr. paroxutonos : see Oxytone, under Oxide.] Parquet, par-ka' or -k6K, -quette', -kef, n. A body of seats on the floor of a theater nearest the orchestra; also the whole lower floor of a theater, behind the orchestra ; parquetry. [F., dim. of pare, an inclo- sure, park, q. v.] — Par'quetry, -ket-rl, n. A species Parquetry, of joinery, consisting of inlaid work, generally of different colors, used esp. for floors. [F. parqueterie, fr. parquet.] Parr, par, n. A small fish, common where salmon breed, — supposed to be young salmon. Parrakeet. See under Parrot. Parricide, par'rY-sid, n. One who murders his father or mother; murder of any one to whom reverence is due. fF.; L. parricida. a murderer of a parent, parricidium, murder of a father (cf . fratricide, mat- ricide), fr. pater = E. father, and cseda, a slayer, fr. csedere, to "kill.] — Parricid'al, a. Pert, to, or com- mitting, parricide. Parrot, par'rut, n. A climbing bird, of many species, often of brilliant color, hav- ing a fleshy tongue, and a short, hooked bill, toothed above : it is found in trop- ical regions, esp. of S. Amer., and can be taught to repeat words. [F. perrot, perroquet, Sp. peri co, perichito, Olt. parochetto, Pg. periquito, all meaning parrot, and all dim. of Peter, L. Petrus, fr. Gr. lietros, a stone.]— Par'aquef, -oket', -kef, Par'rakeet', -kef, Par'aqui'to, -ke'to, n. A small bird, allied to the macaw, but having the cheeks wholly feathered. Parry, par'rt, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] To ward off, prevent ; to avoid, shift off, evade.— v. i. To ward off, evade, or turn aside something. [F. pare" {= It. para* ta), a defense, guard, prop. p. p. of parer, to deck, trim, also to ward, defend, L. parare, to prepare, deck ; s. rt. parachute, pare, parapet, rampart.] Parrot. E^in, cube, full : moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PARSE 406 PARTRIDGE Parse, pars, v. t. [parsed (parst), pausing.] (Gram.-) To analyze and describe grammatically (a sentence). [Fr. old school phrase, (X.) " guie pars orationisf", " what part of speech ? " : see Part.] Parsee, par'se or par-Be', n. One of the Indian ad- herents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian re- ligion ; a fire-worshiper ; Gueber. [Per. parsi, a Persian, fr. Pars, Persia.] — Parseeism, par'se- or par-selzm, n. The religion and customs of the Parsees. Parsimony, par'st-mo-nY, n. Closeness in expending money; excessive economy ; frugality; illiberality. [P. parsimonie, L. parsimonia, parcimonia, fr. par- ous, sparing, parcere, to spare ; s. rt. Gr. sparnos, scarce, E. spare.] — Parsimo'iiious, -nY-us, a. Ex- hibiting parsimony; frugal to excess; avaricious; niggardly ; miserly ; penurious. — Parsimo'niously, adv. — Parsimo / 'niousness, n. Parsley, parslY, n. A plant, whose leaves are used in cookery, and its root as an aperient medicine. [ME. and F. persil, LL. petrosiUum, Gr. petroselinon, rock-parsley, fr. petros, a rock, and selinon, parsley; s. rt. celery.'] Parsnip, pars'nip, n. A plant, of which one species, the common parsnip, has a white, spindle-shaped root, of aromatic flavor, used for food; the root itself [Formerly parsnep and pasneppe, corrupt, fr. OF. pastenaque, L. pastinaca, lit. thi tinare, to dig up.] ling dug up, fr. pas- Parson, par'sn, n. The priest of a parish or ecclesias- tical society; a clergyman. [ME. persone; same as person.] — Par'sonage, -sn-ej, n. The house and glebe belonging to a parish, and appropriated for the use of the minister of a church. Part, part, n. One of the portions, equal or unequal, into which anything is divided, or regarded as di- vided; something less than a whole; an equal con- stituent portion; an organic or essential element ; organ ; pi. constituents of character or capacity, taken collectively; qualities; faculties; talents; quar- ters; regions; districts; sing, share; lot; concern; in- terest; side; party; action; allotted duty; appropri- ated office; character appropriated to one in a play, etc. (Mus.) One of the different melodies of a harmonic composition, which, heard in union, com- pose its harmony. — v.t. To divide, separate into pieces; to distribute, share, allot; to disunite, sun- der; to stand between (combatants), — v. i. To be broken or divided into pieces; to go asunder, take leave; to become removed or detached, separate, leave. [F. ; L. pars, partis ; s. rt. pare, apart, com- partment, depart, impart, parcel, portion.] — In good part. Favorably; in a friendly manner. — In ill p. Unfavorably; with displeasure. — In p. Partly.— P. and parcel. An essential portion. — P. of speech. (Gram.) A sort or class of words of a particular character, as the noun, the verb, etc. — Partner, n.~ Parting, n. Act of dividing; a division or separa- tion ; thing divided. — Partly, adv. In part; in some measure or degree. — Partake', -tak', v. i. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -taking.] To take a part, portion, or share in common with others; to partici- pate; to have something of the properties, nature, or office; to be admitted, — v. t. To have a part in; to share. [Orig. part take (2 words) = take part.] — Partafer, n. One who, etc.; a participator, — fol- lowed by of or in. — Parlial, -shal, a. Affecting a part only; not total or entire; biased to one party; not indifferent ; inclined to favor unreasonably; strongly inclined; fond. [F.; L. partialis, ir.pars.] — Par'tially, -shal-lY, adv. In part; not totally; with undue bias of mind to one party or side. — Partiality, -shY-al'Y-tY, n. Quality of being par- tial; special fondness. [F. partiaftVe'.] — Partible, -Y-bl, a. Admitting of being parted or separated ; divisible; separable. [L. partibilis.] — Participate, -tis'Y-pat, v. i. To have a share in common with others ; to take a part, partake, share. [L. partici- pare, -patum, fr. pars and capere, to take.] — Partic'- ipalion, n. Act or state of sharing with others ; act or state of receiving, having, or taking part of or in something. [F.] — Participant, a. Sharing; having a share or part. — n. One who, etc. — Par- tic Ipa'tive, -tiv, a. Capable of participating.— Particlpa'tor, -ter, «. One who, etc. — Parlici- ple, -tY-sY-pl, n. ( Gram.) A word having the nature of an adjective, derived from a verb, and so called because it partakes of the properties of an adjective and of a verb. [F. participe, L. participium, f r. par- ticeps, sharing, I r. pars and capere.] — Participial, ip'Y-al -sip' , a. Having the nature and use of, or formed from, a participle. — Participlalize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To put in the form of a participle. — Participlally, adv. In the sense or manner of a participle. — Par'ticle, -tY-kl, n. A minute part or portion of matter ; an atom ; jot ; any very small portion orpart. (Gram.) A word that is never in- flected. [F. particule, L. particula, dim. of pars.] — Particular, -tik'u-lar, a. Relating to a part or por- tion of anything, or to a single person or thing ; clearly distinguishable from others of its kind ; possessing some eminent quality; worthy of special regard; special; separate; individual; entering into details ; minute ; exact ; specific ; precise ; circum- stantial ; hard to suit ; precise ; difficult. (Law.) Containing a part only; holding a particular estate. (Logic & Metaph.) Forming a part of a genus ; rela- tively limited in extension. — n. A single point, or circumstance ; a distinct or minute part ; detail ; specialty. [F. particulier, L. particularis, concern- ing a, (particula) part.] — In particular. Specially; peculiarly; distinctly. — Particularity, -laKY-tY, n. Quality of being particular ; distinctiveness ; spe- ciality; minuteness in detail; that which is particu- lar, as, individual characteristic, peculiarity ; or, special circumstance, minute detail; or, something of special or private concern or interest. [F. particu- larite'.] — Particularize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To mention in particulars, enumerate in detail. — v. i. To be attentive to particulars.— Particularly, adv. — PartiCularist, n. One devoted to the inter- ests of his own home, district, etc., to the exclusion of those of the country in general. — Parlisan', -tY- zaC, n. An adherent to a party or faction. {Mil.) The commander of a corps of light troops designed to surprise the enemy, and carry on a desultory warfare; a member of such a corps. — a. Adherent to a party or faction. (Mil.) Engaged in irregular warfare on outposts. [F.; It. partigiano, a partner, parteggiare, to share, take part with, fr. L. partiri, to part, divide.] — Par'tisan'ship, n. State of being a partisan ; adherence to a party. — Partilion, -tish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; division; separation ; that which divides or separates ; esp., an interior wall dividing one part or apartment of a house, etc., from another. — v. t. [partitioned (-und), -ioning.] To divide into shares; to divide into distinct parts by walls. [F.; L. part.itio, a shar- ing, f r. partiri.] — Parlitive, -tY-tiv, a. ( Gram.) Denoting a part or portion of anything; dividing; distributive.— n. A word expressing partition, or denoting a part ; a distributive. [F. partitif.] — Parlitively, adv. — Part'ner, n. A partaker ; as- sociate ; joint owner. (Law.) An associate in any business or occupation; a member of a partnership. One who dances with another; a husband or wife; consort. [ME. partener, a mistake of copyists or printers for parcener (q. v.), OF. parsonnier, a part- ner, LL. partionarius, mutual, common, fr. L. par- titio.] — Partnership, n.. State of being a partner; participation with another; association of persons for the prosecuting of any business; a firm or house; company; society; combination. — PaCty, -tY, n. A number of persons, united by some tie, as disting. fr., or opp. to, others; as, a number of persons united in opinion, and aiming to influence the general ac- tion; a faction; or, an assembly, esp., a social assem- bly; or, a part of a larger company sent together on some duty, esp., (Mil.) a small number of troops dis- patched upon some special service ; one who takes a part with others; a participator; one who takes part in a lawsuit, as plaintiff or defendant; a single per- son, as distinct from or opposed to another; a per- son ; individual. [ME. and F. partie, f r. L. partiri, to divide.] — Parly-col'ored, a. Colored, part by part, with different tints ; variegated. — -ju'ry, n. (Law.) A jury consisting of half natives and half foreigners. Parterre, par-tar r , n. An ornamental arrangement of beds or plots in a flower-garden. TF., fr. par terre = L. per terram, along the ground: see Ter- race.] Partisan, Partner, etc. See under Part. Partisan, -zan, parlY-zan', n. A kind of halberd; truncheon; staff. [F. pertuisane, OF. pourtisiane, It. partegiana, LL. partesana, prob. fr. OHG. parta, a Dattle-ax; s. rt. halberd, q. v.] Partridge, parlrii, n. A grouse-like bird, of several species, having the feet bare : it is of gray color, mot- tled with brown, and is found in Europe, Asia, and N. Africa: no bird of this genus is found in Amer., but the name is applied to the Amer. quail and the am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; PARTURIENT 407 PASTE ruffed grouse. [ME. pertriche, F. perdrix, L. and Gr. perdix; s. rt. petard.] Parturient, par-tu'rl-ent, a. Bringing forth, or about to bring forth young. [L. parturiens, p. pr. of par- turire, to desire to bring forth, fr. parere, partitm, to bring forth: see Parent.] — Parturi'tion, -rish' un, n. Act of bringing forth, or being delivered o young; delivery. [F. : L. parturitio.] — Par'turifa' cient, -shent, a. (Med.) Causing to bring forth ; promoting or aiding parturition. — n. A medicine which, etc. [L. facere, to make.] Party, etc. See under Part. Parvenu, parv'noo 7 , n. An upstart; one newly risen into notice. [F., prop. p. p. of parvenu; L.pervenire, to arrive, f r. per, through, and venire = E. come.] Paschal, pas'kal, a. Pert, to the passover, or to Eas- ter. [F.; L. paschalis, fr. AS., L., and Gr. pascha, the passover. Heb. pesach, a passing over, jpasacA, he passed over.] — Pasque'-flow'er. pask'flow'er, n. A plant of the genus Anemone, having large purple flowers, and flowering about Easter. [OF. pasque, Easter, and E. flower/] Pasha, Pacha, pa-shaw' or pa'sha, Pashaw', n. A Turkish viceroy, governor, or commander ; a ba- shaw. [Per. bashaw, for padshah, fr. pad, protecting, guarding, and sfudi, king: see Chess.] — Pasha'lic, n. The jurisdiction of a pasha. Pasigraphy. See under Panacea. Pasque-flower. See under Paschal. Pasquin, pas'kwin, n. A mutilated statue dug up at Rome, near the shop of a cobbler so named, who was remarkable for his gibes: on this statue were pasted satiric papers; hence, a lampoon. — Pasquin- ade', -kwin-ad'', n. A lampoon or satirical writing. — v. t. or i. To satirize, [r . ; It. joasquinata, a lam- poon, libel.] Pass, pas, v. i. [passed (past), passing.] To go, move, be transferred from one point, state, or con- dition to another; to undergo transition; to circu- late; to be current, gain reception; to have current value or reputation, be regarded; to go by, move athwart one, cross one's path, one's observation, etc.; to elapse, be spent; to happen, take place; to disappear, vanish, depart from life, die; to be rati- fied or accepted; to receive legislative or executive sanction, be enacted ; to bear inspection, do well enough, answer; to go unheeded or neglected, pro- ceed without hindrance; to go beyond bounds, sur- pass, be in excess; to make a lunge or pass, as in fencing; to thrust. — v. t. In simple, proper, tran- sitive senses: to go by, bevond, over, through, etc.; or, to spend, live through; hence, to undergo, suffer; or, to omit, make no note of, disregard; or, to tran- scend, surpass, excel, exceed ; or, to be carried through (a body having power to accept or reject), be accepted or ratified by, receive the legislative or official sanction of; in causative senses, to cause to move or go, send, transfer or transmit, deliver, make over; or, to utter, pronounce, make orally; or, to ac- complish, achieve ; or, to carry on with success through an ordeal, examination, or action; esp., to give legal or official sanction to, ratify, enact; or, to give currency to; or, to cause to obtain entrance, ad- mission, or conveyance; to pay regard to, take no- tice of, care. — n." A passage:*way: esp., a narrow and difficult way; a document entitling one to pass, or to go and come; a passport; ticket of free transit or free admission. (Fencing.) A thrust; push. A movement of the hand over or along anything; state of things; condition; conjuncture. [F. passer, LL. passare, to pass, fr. L. passas, a pace (q. v.), pandere, possum, to stretch.] — To pass on or upon. step, fr. To determine: to give judgment or sentence. — Pass er, n. One who passes: a passenger. — Pass'-book, n. A book that passes between a trader and cus- tomer, recording purchases on credit. — key, n. A key enabling one to pass into a house, etc.; esp. one fitting several locks. — word, n. (Mil.) A word to be given before one is allowed to pass a sentry, etc.; watch-word. — Pass'able. a. Capable of being passed, traveled, navigated, etc. ; such as may be suf- fered to nass; current; tolerable; admissible; medio- cre. — Pass'ably, adv. In a passable manner; tolera- bly.— Pass'less, a. Havinz no pass or passase. — Pas- sage', -sad', Passa'do, -sa'do. n. (Fencing?) A push or thrust. [F. passage, Sp. pasado.) — Pas'sage, -sej, n. Act of passing; motion from point to point; ago- ing by. over, or through; esp. a journey, as by water, carriage, etc.; travel; or, fare; or, d'ecease", death; way or course through or by which one passes; road; a room giving access to other apartments; a hall; event; anything which has happened; incident; sep- arate part or portion of something continuous; esp., part of a book or text: extract;^ act of carrying through all the regular forms necebsaiy to give validity; enactment ; a pass or encounter. [F.; LL. passaticum, fr. passare.] -Pas'sant, a. (Her.) Walking, — applied to an ani- mal on a shield, which appears to walk leisurely. [F.] — Pas'- senger, -sen-jer, /). A passer or passer-by : a traveler, esp. by some established conveyance, i „ nuut „t [ME. and F. passer.] -Pass'- ^ lon P 0880111 - ing, adv. Exceedingly; surpassingly. — Pass'ing- bell, n. The bell that rings at the hour of death to obtain pravers for the passing soul, or after death, or while the bod}- is being carried to the grave. — Past, p. a. Xot present or future; gone by; ended; accomplished, —n. That which is, etc., esp. time. — adv. By.— prep. Further than; beyond the reach or influence of ; beyond in time or position ; after. — Pass'over, n. A feast of the Jews, com- memorating the time when God, smiting the first- born of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Israelites : the sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover. — Pass'port, n. A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war to certify their nationality, and protect them from belliger- ents; a document given by the competent officer of a state, permitting one the'rein named to pass from place to place: a safe-conduct; a license for import- ing or exporting contraband goods or movables without paying the usual duties ; that which en- ables one to pass with safety, certainty, or general acceptance. [F. passeport, fr. passer, to pass, and parte, L. porta, a gate.] — Pas'' time, n. That which makes time pass agreeably ; entertainment ; amuse- ment; diversion; sport; play. [Pass and time; cf. F. passetemps.] — Passe-partout, pas'-par'too', n. That "by which one can pass anywhere ; a master-key ; latch-key ; a light picture-frame of cardboard, etc., serving for several pictures. [F., fr. passer, to pass, and partout, everywhere.] — Pas'sim, adv. Here and there; everywhere. [L.] Passerine, pas'ser-in, a. Pert, to sparrows, or to the order of birds to which sparrows belong. [L. pas- serinus, fr. passer, a sparrow.] Passible, etc. See under Passiox. Passim. Passing, etc. See under Pass. Passion, pash'un, n. A suffering or enduring; the suffering or crucifixion and death of the Savior; ca- pacity for emotion; strong feeling prompting to ac- tion; anger: wrath: love; fondness; eager desire ; controlling inclination; the object of love, fondness, ardent inclination, etc. [F.; L. passio, -onis, fr. pati, passus, Gr. pathexn, to suffer; s. rt. patient, pathos, compassion, etc.] — Pas'sionate, -at, a. Easily moved to anger; showing passion: moved to strong feeling, love, desire, etc. — Pas'sionately, adv. — Pas'sion- ateness, n. — Pas'sionless, a. Void of passion: of a calm temper. — Pas'sion - flow'er, n. A twining plant of many species, and its flower, — fr. a fan- cied resemblance of parts of the flower to the in- struments of our Savior's crucifixirn. — Snn'day, n. (Feci.) The 5th Sunday in Lent, or the 2d before Easter. tide, n. The last fortnight of Lent. — -week, n. The week immediately preceding Easter, — in which our Savior's passion took place. (R. Cath. Ch.) The last week but one in Lent, or the 2d week before Easter, —the succeeding week being styled Holy week.— Pas'sible, pas'sV-bl, a. Suscep- tible of feeling or suffering, or of impressions from external agents. [L. passihilis, f r. pati.] — Passibil'- ity, n. Quality of being, etc. - Pas'sive, -siv, a. Not active, but acted upon; receiving impressions or influences; incapable of the appropriate excitement or emotion ; inert ; quiescent ; enduring ; patient. [F. passif, L. possivus, fr. pati, passus.] — Passive obedience. Doctrine that it is the duty of the sub- ject to submit, in all cases, to the existing govern- ment. — P. verb. (Gram.) A verb which expresses the suffering or the effect of an action of some agent. — Pas'sively, adv. — Pas'siveness, n, Password, Past, etc. See under Pass. Paste, past, n. A soft composition, as of flour mois- tened with water or milk; dough prepared for pie- crust, etc.; a fine kind of glass, used in imitating precious stones; an adhesive cement, made of flour, etc. ; an elastic confection. — v. t. To unite, cement, sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. PASTEL 408 PATERNAL or fasten, with paste. [OF.; Sp., It., and LL. pasta, paste, Gr. paste, a mess of food, prop. fern, of pastos, besprinkled, fr. passein, to strew, esp. to sprinkle salt.] — Paste'board, n. A stiff board made of sheets of paper pasted together. — Past'y, past'T, a. Like paste. — n. A meat-pie made with paste. [OF. paste, F. pate:} — Pat'ty, pat'ti'. n. A little pie. — Pas'try, pas'tri, n. Articles of food made chiefly of paste, as pies, tarts, cake, etc. Pastel, pas'tel, n. A colored crayon ; a plant afford- ing a blue dye; the coloring matter obtained from it. — Pas'til, -til, Pastille', -tel', n. (Pharmacy.) A small cone made of aromatic substances to be burned for cleansing and scenting the air of a room; an aro- matic or medicated lozenge. [F. pastel, a crayon, pastille, pastil, It. pastello, L. pastulus, little roll or loaf, dim. of pastus, food, prop. p. p. of pascere, to feed; s. rt. pastor ; not s. rt. paste.] Pastern. See under Pastor. Pasteurism, pas-ter'izm.w. A method of treatment, devised by Pasteur, a French scientist, for prevent- ing certain diseases, as hydrophobia, by successive inoculations with an attenuated virus of gradually increasing strength.— Pasteur'iza'tion, pas-teVi-za'- ehun, n. A process devised by Pasteur for prevent- ing or checking fermentation in fluids, by exposure to a temperature of 14(P F., thus killing the con- tained germs. — Pasteurize, v. t. To subject to pas- teurization, to treat by pasteurism. Pastime. See under Pass. Pastor, pas'ter, n. A shepherd; a minister of the gos- pel having charge of a church and congregation. [L., a shepherd, lit. feeder, fr. pascere, pastum, to feed; s. rt. food, pabulum, pastel, etc] —Pas'' toral, a. Pert, to shepherds, to the care of souls, or to the pastor of a church, — n. A poem describing the life and manners of shepherds; an idyl; a bucolic. — Pastorale, pas'to-ra'la, n. (Mus.) A composition in a rural style ; a kind of dance. [F. pastoral, It. pastorale, L. pastoralis.] — Pas'torally, adv.— Pas'- torate, -at, -ship, n. Office or rank of pastor. — Past 'ore, pas'chur, n. Grass for the food of cattle; f round covered with grass, to be eaten on the spot \ cattle, horses, etc.— v. t. [PASTURED (-churd), -Turing.] To feed ongrowing grass, or to supply f;rass for food. — v. i. To take food by eating grass rom the ground; to graze. [OF.: L. pastura, a feed- ing, prop. fern, of fut. p. oipasci, to browze, fr. pas- cere, to feed.] — Past'urage, -chur-ej, n. The busi- ness of feeding or grazing cattle;' land appropriated to grazing; grass for feed. — Pas'tern, -tern, n. The part of a norse's leg between the fetlock joint and the hoof: see Horse. [OF. pasturon, the joint round which is tied the (OF. pasture) cord which fastens a horse when at pasture ; cf . It. pasturale, the pastern, fr. pastura, pasture ; s. rt. pester.] Pastry, Pasty, etc. See under Paste. Pat, pat, a. Exactly suitable as to time, place, or pur- pose; fit; convenient. — adv. Precisely at the proper time; seasonably; fitly. [Same as pat, a tap, influ- enced by D. pas, G. pass, fit, suitable.] Pat, pat, n. A tap; a light, quick blow with the fin- gers or hand. — v. t. To strike gently, tap. [AS. plsettan, to strike, Sw. dial, pjatta, Bavar. patzen, to pat.] — Pat'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To strike as falling drops of water or hail. — v. t. To cause to strike in drops; to spatter, sprinkle; tore- peat (prayers, etc.) in a muttering manner. — n. A quick succession of small sounds. [Freq. of pat.] Patch, pach, n. A piece of cloth sewed on a garment to repair it; anything resembling such a piece of cloth; a small piece of silk used to cover a defect on the face, or to heighten beauty; a small piece of ground; a plot. — v. t. [patched (pacht), patch- ing.] To mend by sewing on a piece; to mend with pieces, repair clumsily; to adorn (the face) with a patch; to put together of ill-assorted parts; to com- pose in a hasty, irregular, or botching way. [ME. pacche, pakke, fr. OLG. plakke, plakk, a spot, piece torn away, piece put on, a piece of land, plakken, to patch, OD. plaqge, rags. J — Patenter, n. Pate, pat, n. The head ; top of the head. [OF., a plate, band of iron, G. platte, a plate, bald pate, head, LL. platta, the clerical tonsure.] Patent, pa'tent or pafent, a. Open; expanded; evi- dent; manifest; apparent. (Bot.) Spreading. Open to public perusal, — said of a document conferring some right or privilege, as, letters patent ; appropri- ated by letters patent; restrained from general use. — Patient, n. A letter patent, or letters patent; a writing securing to a person, for a term of years, Patera. the exclusive right to an invention.— ?', t. To secure the exclusive right of to a person. [OF. ; L. patens, -entts, p. pr. of patere, to lie open; s. rt. Gr. petannii- nai, to spread out, unfold; s. rt. pace, pass, pan, pet- al, fathom, expanse.] — Patentee', -e', n. One to whom a grant is made or a privilege secured by pa- tent. — Patefac'tion, n. Act of laying open or man- ifesting; open declaration. [L. patefactio, fr. patere and facere, to make.] — Pat'en, n. The plate on which the consecrated bread in the Eucharist is | placed. [OF. patene, LL. patena, paten, L. patena, patina, .shallow bowl, pan, q. v., fr. patere, Gr. pat- ane, a flat dish, ir.petan- nunai.] — Pat'era, -er-a, n. ; pi. -rje, -re. An an- cient saucer-like vessel of earthenware or metal. (Arch.) A circular dish-ornament, worked in relief on friezes, etc. [L.] — Patel'la, pa-tel'la, n.; pi. -l.e, -le, E. pi. -las, -laz. (Anat.) The knee-pan : sec Skeleton. [L., dim. of patina, patena.] Paternal, pa-ter'nal, a. Pert, to a father; fatherly; showing the disposition of a father; derived from a father; hereditary. [F. paternel, ~LL.. piaternalis, L. pa ternus, fatherly, fr. pater, father; s. rt. Gr. pater = E. father, Skr.»a, to protect, E. food.] — Pater'- nity, -nT-tT, n. The relation of a father to his off- spring; fatherhood; origination or authorship. [F. paternite', L. patemitas.] — Pa'ter nos'ter, n. The Lord's Prayer. [L., Our Father.] — Pa'triarch, -trY- ark, n. The father and ruler of a family, — applied to heads of families in ancient, esp. in Biblical, his- tory. (Eastern Churches.) A dignitary superior to the order of archbishops. [ME. and OF. patri- archs, L. and Gr. patriarches, father or chief of a race, fr. Gr. patria, race, lineage (fr. pater), and arche, rule, archein, to rule.] — Patriarch'al, -ic, a. Belonging, relating to, or possessed by,_patriarchs: subject to a patriarch.— Patriarchate, -at, n. Office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a patriarch; residence of a patriarch. — Pa'triarchship, n. Office of a patri- arch. — Pa'triarch'y, -T, n. Jurisdiction of a patri- arch. — Patri'cian, -trish-'an, a. Pert, or appropri- ate to a person of high birth; senatorial; noble, —n. A person of high birth or old family. [L. imtricius, noble, also a descendant of the patres, senators, or fathers of the state.] — Patris'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to the ancient fathers of the Christian church. [F. pa- tristique, fr. L. pater.] — Pat'ricide, -rt-sid, n. The murder or murderer of a father; parricide. [See Parricide.] — Pat'rimony, -rY-mo-nl, n. A right or estate inherited from one's ancestors; a church es- tate or revenue. [F. patrimoine, L. patrimonium, fr. pater.] — Patrimo'nial, a. Pert, to a patrimony; in- herited from ancestors. — Patrimo'nially, adv. By inheritance. — Patronymic, -nim'ik, n. A name derived from an ancestor; a modification of the father's name borne by the son. [OF. patronymique, Gr. patronumikos, pert, to a father's name, patronu- mia, a name taken from the father, fr. pater and onoma — E. wame.]— Pat'ronymlc, -ical, a. — Pa'- tliot, -trt-ot, n. One who loves his country, and zealously supports it and its interests. — a. Devoted to the welfare of one's country ; patriotic. [OF. pa- triate, & patriot, one's countryman, LL. patriota, a native, Gr. patriotes, a fellow-countryman, ir.patri- os, belonging to one's fathers, hereditary, fr. pater.] — Patriotic, a. Full of patriotism; actuated by love of one's country.— Patriotism, -izm, n. Quality of being patriotic; loveof country.— Patois, pat- w5', n. An uncultivated idiom ; a provincial form of speech. [F., older form patrois, rustic speech, fr. LL. patriensis, one indigenous to a country, a na- tive, fr. L. patria, one's native country.] — Pa 'tron, -trun, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A master who had freed his slave, and retained some rights over him after his emancipation; also, a man of distinction under whose protection another placed himself. One who countenances, supports, or protects ; an advocate ; defender. (Canon or Common Law.) One who has the gift and disposition of a benefice. [F.; L. pat- ronus, fr. pater.] — Pa'troness, -es, n. A female pa- tron. — Pa'tronless, a. Destitute of, etc. — Fat'- ronage, p&t'run-ej, n. Special countenance or sup- port; guardianship, as of a samt. (Canon Law.) Right "of presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice ; advowson. — Pat'ronal, a. Doing the of- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, PATH 409 PAWN fice of a patron; protecting; favoring. — Pafronize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To act as |>atron tow- ard, support, favor; to assume the air of a superior and protector toward. — Pat/roniz'er, n. One who patronizes.— Patroon 1 ', pa-troon', n. One of the first proprietors of certain lands with manorial privileges and the right of entail, under the old Dutch govern- ments of N. York and N. Jersey. [D., a patron.] — Paftern, n. An original or model proposed for im- itation; archetype; exemplar; a specimen: sample; instance ; a quantity of cloth sufficient for a gar- ment ; figure or style of ornamental execution. {Founding.) A full-sized model around which a mold of sand is made, to receive the melted metal.— v. t. [patterned (-ternd), -teening.] To make in imitation of some model; to copy; to serve as an ex- ample to be followed. [ME. patron, a pattern, F. patron, a patron, protector, also pattern, sample.] — To pattern after. To imitate, follow. Path, path, «.",- pi. Paths, pathz. A way, course, or track, on which anything moves, or has moved; road; route; passage; esp., a narrow way beaten by the foot; course of action, conduct, or procedure. [AS. psedh, palh, D. pad, Gr. jjatos, Skr. patha, a path, way. fr. Skr. path, panth, to go, Gr. patein, to tread; s. rt. L. pons, a bridge, orig. a way, E. pad (q. v.), a path.] — Pathless, a. Destitute of paths; untrodden. —Path "way, n. A path, esp. a narrow footway; course or mode of action. Pathos, pa'thos, n. That which excites emotions and passions, esp. tender emotions ; pathetic quality. [Gr., suffering, deep feeling, fr. pathein, to suffer ; s. rt. Gr. pothos, a yearning, penthos, grief, jionos, work, ponein, to work, suffer, E. span, spin, patient.) — Pathet'ic, a. Affecting the tender emotions, as E'.ty or grief; moving, touching. [OF. pathetique, . pathetic us , Gr. pathetikos, fr. pathetos, subject to suffering.] — Pathetically, adv. — Pathog'nomy, -no-mY, n. Science of the signs by which human passions are indicated. [Gr. gnome, means of knowing, judgment, fr. gnonai, to know.] — Pa- thognomonic, a. {Med.) Characteristic of a dis- ease. — Pathol'ogy. -o-jt, n. {Med.) That part of the science of medicine which treats of the nature, causes, and symptoms of diseases. [F. pathologie; Gr. logos, discourse.] — Pathologist, n. One versed in, etc. —Path -- olog'ic, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to pathology or to disease. Patient, pa'shent, a. Suffering with meekness and submission ; calmly submissive ; persevering ; ex- pectant with calmness, or without discontent; not hasty. — w. A person or thing that receives impres- sions from external agents; a diseased person under medical treatment. [OF. ; L. patiens, -entis, p. pr. of pati, to suffer; s. rt. Gr. pathein: see Pathos, E. passion.~\ — Pa'tiently, adv. In a patient man- ner; with calmness; without undue haste or eager- ness. — Pa'tience, -shens, n. Quality of being pa- tient ; suffering of afflictions, pain, provocation, etc., with unruffled temper; act or quality of wait- ing long for justice or expected good without discontent; perseverance; resignation. [F. ; L. pa- tientia.] — Pat'ible, pat'Y-bl. a. Sufferable; endur- able; tolerable. [L. patibilis, fr. jiati.] Patin. See Paten, under Patent. Patois, Patriarch, Patrician, Patriot, etc. See under Paternal. Patrol, pa-trol r , n. {Mil.) A marching round of a guard in the night, to secure the safety of a place. Persons who go the rounds for observation. — v. i. [patrolled (-trold'). -ling.] To go the rounds in a camp or garrison; to march about and observe what passes, as a guard. — v. t. To pass round, as a sentry. [OF. patrouille, a night-watch, lit. a pad- dling or tramping about, fr. patrouiller, to paddle in the water, fr. pate, paw, foot; s. rt.;>a<, a tap.] — Paften, n. A clog or wooden sole, mounted on an iron ring, to raise the feet above the wet. {Arch.) The base or foot of a column. — v. i. To walk on pattens. [F. patin, f r. OF. pate.] Patron, Patronymic, Patroon, Pattern, etc. See un- der Paternal. Patter. See under Pat, a tap. Patty, etc. See under Paste. Paucity, paw'sY-tY, n. Fewness; smallness of num- ber or of quantity; scarcity. [Y.pauciU, L. pau- citas,fr.paucus^few, little; s. rt. Gr. pauros, small, pauein, to stop, E. pauper, pause.'] Paugie, paw'ge, n. Same as Porgy. Pauline, paw'lin, a. Pert, to, derived from, or like St. Paul or his writings. Paunch, pawnch or panch, n. The belly and its con. tents; abdomen: first and largest stomach of a rumi- nant quadruped. [OF. panche, L. pantex, panticis.] Pauper, paw'per, n. A poor person; esp., one so in- digent as to depend on charity ior maintenance ; one supported by public provision. [L. ; s. rt. paucity, poor.] — Pau'perism, -izm, n. State of Deing a pauper, or destitute of the means of sui>- port; penury; want; need. — Pau'perize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To reduce to pauperism. Pause, pawz, n. A temporary stop or rest; cessation; suspense; hesitation; a mark of cessation or inter- mission of the voice; a point. {Mus.) A character, thus [/TV], placed over a note or rest, to indicate that the tone or the silence is to be prolonged be- yond the regular time; a hold. — v. i. [paused (pawzd), pausing.] To make a short stop, cease for a time; to be intermitted, stay, wait, delay, hesitate, demur. [F. ; LateL. pausa, Gr. pausis, fr. pauein, to make to cease; s. rt. paucity, q. v., pose, few.] Pave, pav, v. t. [paved (pavd), paving.] To cover with a pavement of stone, brick, etc. : to prepare the way for, facilitate the introduction oi. [OF. paver, LL. pavare, fr. pavire, to bent, strike, also to ram, tread down, Gr. paiein, to beat.] — Pav'er, pav'er, -ier, -ior, -ySr, n. One who lays a pavement.— Pav'- ing, Pave'ment, n. A floor or covering of solid ma- terial, laid so as to make a hard and convenient road or footway. [F. ; L. pavimenmm.] Pavilion, pa-viKyun, n. A temporary movable habi- Pavilion. tation; a tent; canopy. {Arch.) A turret, project- ing apartment, or isolated ornamented building, esp. one with a tent-shaped roof. {Mil.) A tent raised on posts. — v. t. [pavilioned (-yund), -ioning.] To furnish or cover with tents or pavilions. [F. pavilion, pavilion, tent — because spread out like the wings of a butterfly, fr. L. papilio, butterfly, tent, lit.'a flutterer; s. rt. palpitate, q. v.] Pavonine. See under Peacock. Paw, paw, n. The foot of beasts of prey having claws; the hand, —in contempt, — v. i. [pawed (pawd), pawing.] To scrape with the fore foot. —v. t. To handle with the paws ; to handle awkwardly or coarsely; to scrape with the fore foot. [ME. paive, W.pawen, Corn, paw; s. rt. OF. poe, LG. pote, D. poot, paw, foot.] Pawl, pawl, n. {Mech.) A short, movable bar, to check the backward revolution of a wheel, wind- lass, etc. ; a catch, click, detent, or rachet. [W., a pole, stake, bar; s. rt. L. palus = E. pale, pole.] Pawn, pawn, re. Goods, chattels, or money deposited as security for payment of money borrowed ; a pledge for the fulfillment of a promise.— v. t. [pawned (pawnd), pawning.] To deposit in pledge, or as security for the payment of money borrowed; to pledge ior the fulfillment of a prom- ise; to stake, wager. [F. pan, a pane, piece, piece of clothing, hence pawn, gage, paner, to seize, to take pledges, fr. L. pannus, cloth, piece; s. rt. D. pand, G. pfand, a pledge, AS. pening = E. penny, also E. pane. q. v.] —Pawnee', -e', n. One to whom a pawn is delivered as security. — Pawn'er, Pawn- or', -61'. re. One who pawns or deposits a pledge. — Pawn'bro'ker, n. One who lends money on pledge, or the deposit of goods. Pawn, pawn, n. A common man, or piece of the lowest rank, in chess. [OF. paon, a pawn, peon, foot-soldier, Sp. peon, a foot-soldier, also a pawn, It. pedone, a footman, pedona, a pawn, fr. LL. pedo, pedonis, a foot-soldier, fr. L. pes, pedis = E. foot.] sQn, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, then, boNbON, chair, get. PAWPAW 410 PECAN A small plate of gold. Pawpaw. See Papaw. Pax, paks, n. {R. Cath. Ch.) silver, etc., with the image of Christ on the cross on it, formerly kissed by the peo- ple, after the service, the ceremony being considered as the kiss of peace. [L., peace.] Paxwax, paks'waks, Paxy- waxy, paks'I-waks'Y, n. A strong, stiff cartilage run- ning along the neck of a large quadruped to the middle of the hack, as in an ox or horse. [Orig. fax- wax, lit. hair-growth; ME. fax, AS. feax, fex, hair; and ME. wax, growth; cf. G. haarwactis, the same.] Pay, pa, v. t. [paid (pad), paying.] To discharge rdx - one's obligations to; make due return to, compen- sate, requite; to retort or revenge upon; to punish; to discharge (a debt or obligation) by giving or doing that which is due; to render duly. — v. i. To rec- ompense, make payment or requital; to be remuner- ative or profitable. — n. An equivalent given for money due, goods purchased, or services performed; compensation ; recompense ; payment ; hire. [OF. paier, LL. pacare, to pay, satisfy, L. pacare, to ap- pease, to pacify (q. v.), fr. pax, peace.] — Payee', -e', n. The person named in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to be paid. — Pay'er, n. One who pays; the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, and who is di- rected to pay the money to the holder. — Pay'ment, n. Act of paying ; thing paid : reward ; requital; sometimes, deserved chastisement. [OF. paiement.~\ — Pay'able, a. Capable of being paid; suitable to be paid; justly due. — Pay'-day, n. The day on which wages or money is stipulated to be paid; a day of reckoning or retribution. — -mas'ter, n. An officer whose duty it is to pay wages, as in an army or navy, and who is intrusted with money for this purpose. — roll, n. A list of persons entitled to payment, with the sums due to them. Pay, pa, v. t. (Naut.) To cover (the bottom of a ves- sel, a seam, mast, vard, etc.), with a water-proof com- position of tar, tallow, resin, etc. [Prob. f r. Sp. pega, a varnish of pitch, pegar, to join together, cement, empegar, L. picare, to pitch, fr. pix, pitch.] Paynim. Same as Painim. Pea, pe, n. ; pi. Peas, pez (used when a definite num- ber is referred to), or Pease, pez (used when an in- definite quantity or bulk is spoken of). A legu- minous plant and its fruit, of many varieties, culti- vated for food. [ME. pese, pi. pesen, and peses, AS. pisa, fr. L. pisum, Gr. pisos, a pea; s. rt. L. pinsere, Skr. pish, to pound.] — Pea'nut, n. A leguminous plant, which ripens its seed under ground; also its seed-vessel and seed; the earth-nut; ground-nut. — Peas'cod, n. The legume or pericarp of the pea. —Pease, pez , n. pi. Peas collectively, or used as food. Peace, pes, n. A state of quiet or tranquillity; calm; repose; freedom from war; exemption from, or cessation of hostilities ; absence of civil disturb- ance ; public tranquillity ; quietness of mind or conscience ; a state of reconciliation ; harmony ; concord. [ME. and OF. pais, L. pax, pacis ; s. rt. OLi.jpacere, to bind, come to an agreement, L. pa- cisci, to make a bargain, E. appease, pay, pacify.'] — Peace'able, a. Free from war, tumult, commo- tion, or quarrel ; disposed to peace ; not quarrel- some ; undisturbed by anxiety or excitement ; tran- quil ; quiet; serene; mild; still. —Peace'' ableness, n. — Peace'ably, adv. — Peace'ful, -f ul, a. Possess- ing peace ; not disturbed by war or commotion ; pa- cific ; mild. — Peacefully, adv.— Peace'fulness, n. • ^Peace'-mak'er, n. One who makes peace by rec- onciling parties at variance. — offering, n. An of- fering to procure peace or to express thanks. of- ficer, n. A civil officer whose duty it is to preserve the public peace. Peach, pech, n. A tree and its fruit, of many vari- eties, growing in warm or temperate climates. [OF. pesche, L. Persicum (malum), a Persian apple, i. e., peach.] Peach, pech, v.. t. To impeach; to accuse of crime; inform against. — v. i. To turn informer; to betray one's accomplice. [See Impeach.] Peacock. Peacock, pe'kok, n. The male of a gallinaceous fowl. about the size of the tur- key, having long rump feathers, capable of being erected, and each marked with a black spot, around _ which brilliant metallic ~"-i colors are arranged. [ME. pecok, pacok, f r. AS. pawe, (L. pavo, Gr. taos, Per. and Ar. tawus), a peafowl, and cock.'] — Pea'fowl, n. The Seacock or peahen.— Pea'- en, n. The female of, etc. — Pea'chick, n. The young of, etc. — Pa v'- bnine, -nin, a. Pert, to, or like the tail of, the pea- cock. [L. pavoninus, fr. pavo.] Pea-jacket, pe'jak'et, n. A thick woolen jacket worn by seamen, etc. [D. pij, pije, LG. pije, a woolen jacketj Peak, pek, n. A point ; the end of anything that terminates in a point ; the sharp top of a hill or mountain. (Naut.) The upper, outer corner of a sail extended by a gaff or yard; extremity of the yard or gaff. — v. t. [peaked (pekt), peaking.] (Naut.) To raise to a position perpendicular or nearly so. [Ir. peac, any sharp pointed thing, Ga. beic, a point, nib; s^ rt. beak, pike, peck, pick.] — Peaked, pek'ed or pekt, a. Pointed; sharp. Peal, pel, n. A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds,as of bells, thunder, cannon, etc.. ; a set of bells tuned to each other; the changes rung upon a set of bells. — v. i. [pealed (peld), pealing.] To utter loud and solemn sounds. [Abbr. of appeal, q. v.] Pean. See P^ean. Pea-nut. See under Pea. Pear, par, n. A tree of many varieties and its fruit. [AS. pera, F. poire, L. pirum.]— Per'ry, pSr'rY, n. A liquor made from pears, as cider is from apples. [F. poire", f r. poire.] Pearl, perl, n. A white, hard, smooth, lustrous sub- stance, usually roundish, found inside the shells of several species of mollusks, esp. of the pearl oyster; also, nacre or mother of pearl, esp. when made into buttons, etc. ; something very precious; a jewel; something round and clear, as a drop of water or dew. (Print.) A printing type, in size between agate and diamond (this book is printed in Pearl type). [ME. and F. perle, It., Sp., Pg., Provenc., and OHG. perla, LL. perida, a pearl ; perh. fr. L. pirula, a little pear, dim. of L. pirum ; perh. fr. L. pilula, a little ball, pill.] — Pearl'y, -Y, a. Contain- ing, abounding with, or resembling, pearls or nacre; clear; pure; iridescent. — PearKash, n. A carbonate of potassa, obtained by calcining potashes, — named from its pearly color. — Pearl'-oys'ter, n. A shell fish of the Indian seas, etc., which yields pearls. — -white, n. A white powder made from nitrate of bismuth, and used as a cosmetic. Pearmain, par'man, n. A variety of apple. Peasant, pez'ant, n. One whose business is rural la- bor; esp., one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in European countries; countryman ; rustic ; hind. [OF. paisant, fr. po'is, country ; L. pagus, village : see Pagan.] — Peas'antry, -rt, n. The body of peas- ants; rustics. Peas-cod, Pease. See under Pea. Peat, pet, n. A substance resembling turf, consisting of vegetable matter in various stages of decomposi- tion, often dried and used for fuel. [Pron. beat, fr. AS. betan, to better, repair, make up a fire, fr. bot, ad- vantage.] — Peafy, -X, a. Composed of, or like, etc. — Peat '-bog, n. A bog containing peat; peat-moss. moss, n. The vegetables which, when decom- posed, become peat; a fen producing peat. Peba, pe'ba, n. A kind of ^*BS^mia* armadillo of S. Amer. Pebble, peb'bl, n. A small, roundish stone ; a stone rounded by the action of water; transparent and colorless rock-crystal. [AS. papol-stan, pebble - stone ; perh. s. rt. L. papula, a p ■ pustule, Gr. pomphos, bub- reDa. ble — fr. its roundness.]— Peb'bly, -blT, o bounding with pebbles. Pecan, pe-kan' or pe-kawn r , Peca'na, -ka/na, n. A Ful] vi or am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; FECARY 411 PEER Peccary. species of N. Amer. hickory, and its fruit. [F. pa- cane, Sp. pacana.] Pecary. See Peccary. Peccant, pek'kant, a. Sinning; criminal; morbid; cor- rupt; not healthy. [F.; L. peccans, -cantis, p. pr. of peccare, -catum, to sin.] — Pec'cancy, -kan-sY, n. Suality of being, etc. ; offense. — Pec'cable, a. Lia- e to sin or transgress the divine law. — Pec'cabil'- ity, n. Liability, etc. — Pec'cadillo, n. A slight trespass or offense ; a petty crime or fault. [Sp., dim. of pecado, L. peccatum, a sin.] Peccary, pek'ka-rY, n. A pachyderm about the size and shape of a small , » a hog, but naving a white ring around the neck : they are found fr. Ar- kansas to Brazil. [S. Amer. name.] Peck, pek, n. The l-4th of a bushel; a dry meas- ure of 8 quarts ; a great deal, as, to be in a peofc of troubles. [Ir. peac, Ga. peic, a peck (meas- ure), prob. fr. E. peck and pick.] Peck, pek, v. t. [pecked (pekt), pecking.] To strike with the beak; to delve or dig with anything pointed, as with a pick-ax ; to pick up with the beak ; to strike with small and repeated blows. —v. i. To make strokes with a beak, or something like a beak. [Same aspick, q. v.] — Peck'er, n. Pectinal, pek'tT-nal, a. Pert, to, or resembling, a comb. — n. A fish whose bones re- semble the teeth of a comb. [L. pec- JJki, ten, pectinis, a comb, fr. pecUre, Gr. W/| pektein, to comb.] — Pedinate, -na'- \,J ted, a. {Nat. Hist.) Resembling the teeth of a comb. Pectoral, peklo-ral, a. Pert, to the breast ; relating to diseases of the chest. — n. A breastplate ; esp., a sacerdotal vestment worn by the Jewish high priest. {Ichth.) A pec- toral fin: see Fin. A medicine PHtT f adapted to cure or relieve complaints reLlm ™ e ■ L ' eal - of the breast and lungs. [F. ; L. pectoralis, fr. pec- tus, pectoris, the breast ; perh. s. rt. Skr. paksha, flank, side.] Peculate, pek'u-lat, v. i. To steal public moneys com- mitted to one's care; to embezzle. [L. peculari, -la- tus, fr. peculium, private property ; s. rt. L. pecunia, property, q. v., below.] — Pecula'tion, n. Act or prac- tice of peculating : embezzlement. — Pec'ula'tor, n. One who, etc. — Peculiar, pe-kuKyar, a. Pert, solely or especially to, or characteristic of, one per- son or thing; not general; appropriate; particular; individual; special; especial; unusual; strange. — n. Exclusive property. {Eng. Canon Law.) A par- ticular parish or church having jurisdiction within itself, and exemption from that of the bishop's court. [F. peculier, L. peculiaris, one's own, fr. peculium.] — Peculiarity, -yar'T-ti, n. Quality of being pe- culiar; appropriateness; individuality; that which is peculiar; particularity. — Pecullarize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To appropriate, make peculiar.— Peculiarly, adv. In a peculiar manner; particu- larly; unusually; especially. — Pecuniary, -kun'!:- a-rt or -kun'ya-rY, a. Relating to money, or to wealth or property; consisting of money. [F. pecu- niaire, L. pecuniaris, fr. pecunia, property, fr. pecua, Skr. pagu, cattle, hence property, fr. S*kr. pac, to fasten: see Fee.] Pedagogue, ped'a-gog, n. A teacher of children ; schoolmaster ; one who by teaching has become formal, positive, or pedantic in his habits; a pedant. [F. ; L. psedagogus, Gr. paidagogos, orig. a slave at Athens, who led a boy to school, hence a tutor, fr. pais, paidos, a boy, and agogos, leading, fr. agein, to lead.] — Pedagogic, -ical, -gojlk-al, a. Suiting or belonging to a teacher of children.— Pedagogics. n. Art or science of teaching. — Ped'agogism, -gog- izm, n. Business, character, and manners of a ped- agogue. — Ped'ant, n. One who makes a display of learning; a pretender to superior knowledge. [F.; It. pedante, a pedagogue.] — Pedantic, -ical, a. Suiting or resembling a pedant ; ostentatious of learning.— Pedantically, adv. — Ped'antry, -rt, n. Vain ostentation of knowledge. Pedal, pe'dal, a. Pert, to a foot. — Pedal, ped'al, n. (Mus.) A lever, acted on by the foot, as in the piano-forte to raise a damper, or in the organ to open and close certain the pes, pedis, certain p = E.fo ase or too ipes. [L. pedalis, pert, to vot, f . v.] — Ped'ostal, n. oot (Arch.) The base of a column, statue, vase, etc. [Sp., fr. It. piedes- tallo, fr. piede (L. pes), foot, and stallo = G. and E. stall.] — Pedes'trian, -deslrT-an, a. Going, or performed on foot. — n. One who walks or jour- neys on foot. [L. j'edes- ter, ir.jies.]— Pedes'trian- ism, -izm, n. Act or practice of a pedestrian ; walking. — Pedeslrian- ize, v. i. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To practice Pedestal, walking. — Pedicel, -T-sel, n. (Bot.) The stalk that supports one flower only, when there are sev- eral on a peduncle. [F. pedicelle, OF. pedictde, L. pedicuhis, pediclus, aim. of pes.] — Pedun'cle, -dunkl, n. {Bot.) The stem that supports the flower and fruit of a plant. [L. pedunculvs.] — Pe- dun'cular, a. Pert, to, or growing from, etc.— Pe- dom'eter, n. An instrument for indicating the number of steps taken in walking, and consequent- ly the ground passed over. [L. pes and Gr. metron, measure.] Pedant, etc. See under Pedagogue. Peddle, ped'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To go from place to place and retail goods ; to hawk : to be busy about trifles, —v. t. To retail by carrying around from customer to customer ; to hawk. [ProvE. ped, a basket or pannier for carrying things to market, pedder, one who carries, etc.] — Ped'dler, -lar, -ler, n. A hawker ; traveling trader. — Ped'- dlery, -dler-T, n. The trade of, or goods sold by, a peddler. Pedestal, Pedestrian, Pedicel, etc. See under Pedal. Pedigree, ped'i-gre, n. Line of ancestors; descent; lineage; genealogy; register of aline of ancestors. [Perh. F. pied de gres, tree of degrees.] Pediment, pedl-ment, n. {Arch.) The triangular or arched ornamental facing over a portico, door, win- dows, etc. [Perh. for peda- rnent , L. pedamentum, a stake, prop. fr. pedare, to prop, fr. pes, foot: see Pedal, Foot.] Pedlar, Pedler. See under Ped- dle. Pedobaptism, pe-do-baplizm, n. The baptism of infants or of children. [Gr. pais, boy, and baptismos, baptism.] — Pedobap'tist, n. One who holds to infant baptism. Pedometer, Peduncle. See under Pedal. Pediment. Peek, pek, v. i. To peep; to look slyly, or through a crevice, or with eyes half closed. [Same as peep.] Peel, pel, v. t. [peeled (peld), peeling.] To strip off the skin, bark, or rind of; to flay, decorticate; to strip by drawing or tearing off (the skin of an ani- mal, bark of a tree, etc.). — v. i. To come off, as the skin, bark, or rind. — n. The skin or rind of any- thing. [F. peler, It. pelare, to peel, skin, fr. L. pel- lis, skin (see Pell), also L. pilare, to deprive of hair, fr. pilus, hair.] — Peel'er, n. Peel, pel, v. t. To plunder, pillaare. [F. piller, to rob: see Pillage.] — PeeKer, n. A plunderer. Peel, pel, n. A wooden shovel with long handle, used by bakers; an instrument used by printers, etc., in hanging up wet sheets. [F. pelle, L. pala, a spade.] Peen, pen, n. The pointed or wedge-shaped end of a hammer-head, opposite to its face, used in working metal, stone, etc. Peep, pep, v. i. [peeped (pept), peeping.] To cry, as a chicken hatching or newly hatched; to chirp; to begin to appear ; to look slyly, through a crev- ice, or with the eyes half closed. — n. The cry of a chick; chirp; first outlook or appearance; sly look. [Onomat.; ME. pipen, OF. pi per, L. pipare. Gr. pipizein, to chirp; piper hors, to peep out, pry.] — Peep'er, n. A chicken just breaking the shell; a young bird; one who looks out slyly; a spy; the eye. Peer, per, n. One of the same rank, quality, endow- ments, etc.; an equal; match ; mate ; a comrade ; companion; associate; a nobleman. [ME. pere, OF. sfiix, cube, fuli ; moon, ffiot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get PEER 412 PENDANT per, pere, Sp. par, a peer, L. par, equal: see Pae, Pair.] — Peerless, -es, n. The consort of a peer; a noble lady.— Peer'age, n. Rank or dignity of, etc. ; the body of peers. — Peerless, a. Having no equal; matchless; superlative. — Peer'lessly, adv. — Peer'- lessness, n. Peer, per, v. i. [peered (nerd), peering.] To look narrowly, curiously, or sharply; to peep, pry. [ME. and LG. piren, to look closely, LG. plueren, to draw the eyelids together in order to look closely, Sw. plira, Dan. plire, to blink.] Peevish, pe'vish, a. Habitually fretful; easily vexed or fretted ; expressing discontent and fretfulness; querulous; petulant; cross; testy; captious ; discon- tented. [Perh. onomat., fr. the noise of fretful children; cf. Lowland Scot, peu, to make a plain- tive noise, Dan. dial, piseve, to whimper, F.piauler, to howl like a whelp, E.peep.'] — Pee'vishly, adv.— Pee'vishness, n. Peg, peg, n. A wooden nail or pin. — v. t. [pegged (pegd), -GING.] To fasten with pegs; to confine, re- strict, restrain, or limit. [Dan. pig, a pike, spike, W. pig, a point, peak; s. rt. pike?] Pehlevi, pa-la've, n. The literary language of west- ern Persia from the 3d to the 7th century. Pekoe, pe'ko or pek'o, n. A kind of black tea. [Chin. pih-haou, F. pe-kao, pe"-ko^\ Pelagian, pe-la'jl-an, n. (JEccl. Hist.) A follower of Pelagius, a monk of the 4th cent, who denied the received doctrines in respect to original sin, free will, grace, and the merit of good works. — Pela'- giani3m, -izm, v. The doctrines of Pelagius. Pelerine, peKe-ren, n. A lady's long cape, with ends coming down before. [F., f r. pe'lerm, a pilgrim, q. v.] Pelf, pelf, n. Money; riches; wealth, — esp. something il'i gotten or worthless. [OF. pelfre, booty, pelfrer, to pilfer, q. v.] Pelican, peKT-kan, n. A large web-footed water-fowl, having an enormous bill, to which is attached a pouch for holding fish ; a chemical glass vessel, or alembic, with a tubu- lated head, from which 2 crooked beaks pass out, and enter again at the belly of the cucurbit. [F. ; Gr. pelekan, orig. the wood-pecker, also a large- billed water-fowl, fr. pel- ekan, to hew with an ax, fr. pelekus, Skr. paragu, ax, hatchet.] Pell, pel, n. A skin or hide; a roll of parchment. [ME. and OF. pel, L,. --" 1 - lis, a skin = E.. fell,q : s. rt. peel, surplice.'] — Pelisse', pe-les', n. A robe or habit worn by Amer. White Pelican. ladies. [F.; L. ptlUceus, -cea, made of skins, fr.pel- lis.} — Pellicle, -ll-kl, n. A thin skin, film, or crust. [L. pellicula, dim. of pellis.] — Pelt, n. The skin of a beast with the hair on; an undressed hide. [Perh. '- MHG. pelliz, D. pelz, fr. abbr. f r. peltry ; perh. fr. L. pellis.] — Pelt'-mong'e: in pelts or raw hides. — Pelfry, -rt, n. Skins with the fur on them: furs ; a worthless or refuse object. [OF. pelleterie, the trade of a pelletier (skinner), f r. pel.] Pellet, pellet, n. A little ball. [OF. pelote, dim. fr. L. pita, Gr. palla, a ball, Gr. pallein, to throw, L. peltere, to drive ; s. rt. pulsate, platoon?] Pell-mell, pel-meK, adv. In utter confusion ; with disorderly mixture. [F. pUe-mele, f r. pelle, a peal (q. v.), shovel, and meler, to mix, as when different kinds of grain are mixed with a shovel.] Pellucid, pel-lu'sid, a. Admitting the passage of light; translucent : clear. [F. pellucide, L. peUucidus, fr. pellucere,perlucere,to shine through, fr. per, through, and lucere, to shine, fr. lux, light.] — Pellucid'ity, Pellu'cidness, n. Quality of being pellucid; transparency. Pelt, n. A skin. See under Pell. Pelt, pelt, v. t. To strike with missiles (stones, etc.) ; to use as missiles. — n. A blow or stroke from something thrown. [L. pultare, to strike, knock, tx.pellere, to drive; not fr. pellet, but Peltate, pel'tat, Pel'tr.ted, a. (Bot.) Peltate Leaf. Shaped like a shield, — said of a leaf or other organ having the stalk inserted at or near the center. [L. pelta, Gr. pelte, a shield.] Peltry. See under Pell. Pelvis, peKvis, n. (Anat.) The bowl-shaped, bony structure at the lower extremity of the body, in- closing the lower part of the abdominal cavity. [L., a basin ; s. rt. Gr. pelis, a bowl, cup, perh. L. plenus = E.full.] — Pel' vie, a. Pert, to the pelvis. Pemmican, pem'ml-kan, n. Meat cut in thin slices, divested of fat, and dried in the sun; or dried, pounded, mixed with melted fat and dried fruit, and compressed into bags. [N. Am. Indian word.] Pen, pen, n. A small inclosure for beasts or fowls ; fold ; sty ; coop. — v. t. [penned (pend) or pent; penning.] To confine in a small inclosure or nar» row place. [AS. pennan; LG. pennen, to bolt a door- fr. penn, a peg, pin, q. v.] — Pent, p. p. or a. Shut up ; closely confined. Pen, pen, n. An instrument used for writing with ink; a writer. — v. t. [penned (pend), penning.] To write ; to compose and commit to paper. [ME. and OF. penne, fr. L.penna, orig. a feather, later a pen : see Feather ; s. rt. pin, pinnate, pinnacle, pinion.] — Pen'case, n. A case or holder for a pen. — Pen'- craft, n. Penmanship ; chirography ; art of com- position; authorship. — Pen'knife, -nif , n. A pocket knife, — orig. a knife for making quill pens. — Pen'- man, n. One who uses the pen ; one who writes a good hand; an author. — Pen'manship, n. Use of the pen in writing ; art of writing ; manner of writ- ing ; chirography. — Pen'nate, -nat, -nated, a. Winged ; plume-shaped. [L. pennatus.] nant, n. (Naut.) A small flag ; banner ; a long, narrow piece of bunting carried at the mast- __ head ; a rope or strap to which ^=-. a purchase is hooked. [Same as pennon.] — Pen'non, n. A wing; pinion; a pennant (flag). [OF. ; It. pennone, fr. L. penna.] Penal, pe'nal, a. Pert, to pun- ishment ; enacting or threaten- ing, incurring, or inflicting, Dunishment. [OF.; Jj.pcenalis, fr. poena, Gr.poine, punishment, penalty ; s. rt. punish, perh. pure.]— Pen'alty, pen'al-tY, n. Pennant. Penal retribution ; punishment for offense ; for- feiture ; fine. [OF. penaliie".] — Pen'ance, -ans, n. Suffering imposed or submitted to as a punishment for faults, or as an expression of penitence. {Rom. Cath. Clu) A sacrament, associated with absolu- tion. [OF. ; L. poenitentia, penitence, q. v., below.] — Pen'itent, -T-tent, a. Repentant ; contrite ; sin- cerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolving on amendment of life. — n. One who repents of sin ; one under church censure, but admitted to pen- ance; one under the direction of a confessor. [OF. ; L. pcenitens, p. pr. of poenitere, to cause to repent, fr. paenire —punire, to punish (q. v.), fr. pozna.] — Pen'itence, -tens, n. Condition of being, etc. ; con- trition ; compunction; remorse.— Pen'itently, adv. — Peniten'tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, or expressing penitence. — Peniten'tiary, -sha-rt, a. Relating to penance, or to the rules and measures of penance, —n. One who prescribes the rules and measures of penance ; one who does penance ; a house of correction in which offenders are confined for punishment and reformation, and compelled to labor ; state prison. Penates, pe-na A tez,?t.^. (Rom. Antiq.) The house- hold gods of the ancient Latins. [L. v s. rt. penitus, inward, interior : see Penetrate.] >nce. See Penny. Penchant, poN'shaN', n. Inclination ; decided taste ; liking. [F., fr. pencher, to incline, L. pendere, to hang down.] Pencil, pen'sil, n. A small brush used by painters ; an instrument used for writing and drawing ; esp. a strip of graphite, etc., in a small cylinder oi wood or metal, or a slender piece of slate; the art, capaci- ty, or instrument of painting, drawing, or describ- ing. (Opt.) An aggregate or collection of rays of light, —v. t. [penciled (-sild), -ciling.] To paint or draw; to mark with a pencil. [OF. pincel,~L. penecillus, a small tail, also a painter's brush, dim. of peniculus, dim. of penis, a tail.] Pendant, pend'ant, n. A hanging appendage, esp. of an ornamental character ; an appendix or addi- tion ; nn earring. (Arch.) A hanging ornament on am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr j PENETRATE 413 PENULT roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in Gothic architecture. A picture or print which hangs as a companion of another ; a pennant, q. v. [F., prop. p. pr. of pendre, L. penderc, to hang ; s.rt.'L. pendgre, pension, to weigh, Skr. sjjund, to tremble, vibrate, E. append, compendious, expend, perpendicular, stipend, pension, propensity, poise, avoirdu- pois, etc.] — Pend'ent, a. Sus- pended ; depending; pendulous; hanging; jutting over; projecting; overhanging. [L. pendens, p. pr. Pendant, of penderc. J — Pend'ing, p. a. Remaining unde- cided ; in suspense. — prep. During the pendency or continuance of; during. — Pend'ency, -en-si, ;;. State of being undecided or not terminated.— Pend'- ulous, -u-lus, a. Supported from above ; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging. [L.pendulus.] — Pend'- ulousness. n. — Pend'ulum, n. A body so suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum as in a clock. [L., neut. of pendulus.] — Fen'sile, -sil, a. Hanging ; pendent. [OF. pensil, L. pensilis.] — Pen'sileness. n. Penetrate, pen'e-trat, v. t. To enter into, make way into the interior of, pierce ; to touch with feeling, make sensible, affect ; to arrive at the inner con- tents or meaning of, comprehend. — v.i. To pass, make way, affect the intellect or feelings. [L. penetrare, -tratum, fr. penes, with, penitus, within (s. rt. E.penus, stored food, Lithuan. penas, fodder, E. food, pastor, q. v.), and rt. of Skr. tri, to cross, L. trans, across, intra, within, extra, without.] — Pene- tra'tion, n. Act of penetrating ; physical or men- tal entrance into the interior of anything; acute- ness ; sharp discernment; sagacity: discrimination. — Pen'etra'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to penetrate ; piercing. —Pen' etra'tiveness, n. — Penetrant, a. Having power to, etc.; sharp; subtile. — Pene- trance, -trans, -etrancy, -si, n. Quality of being, etc. — Penetrable, a. Capable of being penetrated; susceptible of moral or intellectual impression. — Penetrability, n. — Penetralia, -ll-a, n. pi. The recesses of a temple, palace, etc. : hidden things ; secrets. [E.] Penguin, pen'gwin, n. A web-footed marine bird, of the south tem- perate and frigid regions, unahle to fly, but an ex- pert swimmer and diver. [Perh. S. Amer. name; perh. fr. ProvE. pinwing, the pin- ion or outer joint of a fowl's wing; to pinion a bird is to remove this outer joint, or pluck out its quills : F. pin- goidn is fr. ES] Peninsula, pen-in'- su-la or -shoo-la. Penguin. n. A portion of land nearlv surrounded bv water, and connected with the larger body of land by an isthmus. [L., f r. psene, almost, and insula, island : see I>:si"lar.] — Penin'sular, a. In the form or state of, or pert, to, a peninsula. Penis, pe'nis, n. The male organ of generation see Pencil.] Penitent, Penitentiary, etc. See under Pejlal. Penman, Pennant, Pennate, Pennon, etc. see under PEN. Penny, pen'nl, n. ; pi. Pennies, -niz, or Pe>*ce, pens. [Pennies denotes the number of coins ; pence, the amount in value.] The l-12th of an E. shilling = 2 cents ; a small sum ; money in general, in certain phrases. — a. Containing 1,000 m so many pounds weight, — said of nails, as, tenpenny nails, of which 1,000 weigh 10 pounds. [ME. peni, pi. penies, also pens. AS. pening, D., Dan., and Sw. penning, G. pfennig, a penny ; D. pond, OHG. pfant, a pledge : see Pawn.] — Pen'ny-a-lin'er. n. One who writes for a newspaper, etc.. at so much a line ; a writer for pay. — Pen'nyweight, -wat, n. A troy weight containing 24 grains, or the 20th part of an ounce, — anciently the weight of a silver penny. — Pen'ny- [L. wise', a. Saving small sums at the hazard of larger. — Pen'nyworth, pen'nl-werth or pen'nerth, n. As much as is bought for a penny : a go ;d bargain ; small quantity; bit.— Pen'niless, a. Moneyless; destitute of money. Pennyroyal, pen'nl-roi-al, n. An aromatic herb grow- ing in Europe ; a N. Amer. plant resembling it. [L. puleium regium ; pidex, a flea, q. v. ; regium, royal : cf. E.fleabune.] Pension, pen^shun, n. A stated allowance to a per- son in consideration of past services ; esn., a yearly stipend paid by a government to retired public of- ficers, disabled soldiers, needy authors, etc. — v.*. [pensioned (-shund), -sioxixg.] To grant a pension to. [F. ; L. pensio, a payment, fr. pendgre, pensum, to weigh, to pay: see Pexda>t.] — Pen'sionary, -a-rl, a. Maintained by, or receiving, a pension ; consisting of a pension. — n. One who receives a pension for past services; one of the chief municipal magistrates of the towns in Holland and Zealand. — Pensioner, n. One who receives an annual allow- ance for services ; a dependent ; a student of the 2d rank, in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.), and Dublin, who is not dependent on the foundation for support. — Pen'sive, -siv, a. Thoughtful, sober, or sad ; expressing thoughtfulness with sadness. [ME. and F.pensif, fr. L. pensaro, to weisrh, ponder, consider, intens. of penderc] - Pen'sively, adv. — Pen'siveness, n. Penstock, pen'stok, n. A close trough or tube of planks for conducting water, as to a water-wheel ; the barrel of a wooden pump. Pent. See under Pen, an inclosure. Pentad, pen'tad, n. (Chem.) An atom, the equiva- lence of which is, or which can be combined with, or exchanged for, 5 hydrogen atoms. [Gr. pentas, -tados, a body of 5, fr. pente = E. five, q. v.] — Pen'tacap'sular, -su-lar, a. (Bot.) Having 5 cap- sules. [Gr. pente and L. capsula, box.] — Pen'ta- chord, -kord, n. An instrument of music with 5 strings ; an order or system of 5 sounds. [Gr. chorde, string, chord, q. v"] — Pen'tagon, n. ( Geom.) A plane figure having 5 angle: giine, female.] — Pentahe'drdn, n.~ A Pentagon, solid figure havine 5 equal sides. [Gr. hedra, seat, base.] — Pentahe'dral, a. Hav- ingoequal sides.— Pentameter, n. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of 5 feet, of which the first two may be either dactyls or spon- dees, the third is always a spon- dee, and the last two anapests. [Gr. rnetron, measure, meter.] — Pentan'gular, -an'gu-lar, a. Having .5 angles. — Penfap- tote, -ap-tot, n. (Gram.) A -, . noun having 5 cases. [Gr.jpto- Pentagynous. tos, fallen, declined, fr. piptein, to fall.]— Pen 'ta« stich, -stik, n. A composition consisting of 5 verses. [Gr. stichos, line, verse.] — Pen'tastyle. -stll, n. (Arch.) An edifice with 5 columns in front. [Gr. stidos, pillar.] — Pen'tateuch, -ta-tuk, n. The first 5 books of the Old Testament. [Gr. t^ucho*. tool, im- plement, book ; s. rt. text.] — Pentateuch'' al, a. Pert, to the Pentateuch. — Pen'tecost, -te-kost, n. A festival of the Jews, on the 50th day after the Passover, in commemoration of the gift 'of the law on the 50th day after the departure from Egypt ; Whitsuntide, a festival in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles. (Acts, ii.) [Gr. Pentekoste, fern, of pentekostos, fiftieth, fr. pente and -Tcostos, fr. -konta, dekonta, tenth, fr. deka = E. ten.] — Pentecosfal, a. Pert, to Pentecost, or Whitsuntide ; pert, to or resembling the time when the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the Apostles. Pentagraph. Same as Pantograph : see under Panacea. Penthouse, penfhows, n. A shed standing aslope from the main wall or building ; a lean-to. [ME. pentis, OF. aperitif, appentis, a penthouse, L-. ap- pendicium — E. appendage ; s. rt. pendant.] — Pent'- rocf. n. A roof with a slope on one side only. [F. pr-nte, inclination, slope, and E. roof.] Pontile. Same as Pantile : see under Pan, a dish. Penult, pe'nult or pe-nulf, n. (Gram. &. Pros.) The last syllable but one of a word. [Abbr. fr. L. sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. PENUMBRA 414 PERENNIAL penultima; psene, almost, and ultima, last.] — Pe* nult'ima^ -T-ma, n. Same as Penult. — Penul'ti- mate, -mat, a. Last but one : next before the last. The last syllable but one of a word ; penult. hadow Penumbra, pe-nuin cast, in an eclipse, where the light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the inter- Jpa^f tK Penumbra, point of a pic- S > sun ; M ' moon ; CHB > CI>I > Penumbra, ture where the shade blends with the light. [L. psene and umbra, shade.] Penury, pen'u-ri, n. Absence of means or resources; want; indigence; poverty. [F. penurie, h.penuria; s. it. Gr. peina, hunger, penia, need, spania, want.] — Penu'rious, -rt-us, a. Showing penury or scarci- ty ; excessively saving in the use of monej r ; par- smionious; avaricious; miserly; niggardly; sordid. — Penu'riously, adv. — Penu'riousness, n. Peon, pe'on, n. In India, a native constable ; in Sp. Amer., a debtor held by his creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to work out a debt ; a serf, f F. pion, a foot-soldier in India, Sp. peon, a foot-soldier, a pawn in chess : see Pawn, in chess.] Peony, pe'o-nY, n. A plant having beautiful, showy flowers. [OF. pione, L. pseonia, medicinal, fern, of pseonius, pert, to Paeon, god of healing.] People, pe'pl, n. The body of persons who compose a community, tribe, nation, or race, — a collective noun, generally construed with a pi. verb, and only occasionally used in the pi. in the sense of nations or races ; persons generally ; folks ; the mass of a community as distinguished from a special class, as the noble or clerical ; the populace ; vulgar. — v. t. [peopled (-pld), -pling.] To stock with inhabi- tants ; to populate. [ME. peple, poeple, OF. pueple, L. populus ; s. rt. L. plebes, people, plenus, full, E. folk, populace : see Plenary.] Pepper, pep'per, n. A plant of several genera and nu- merous species, and its fruit, having a strong, aro- matic smell, and a hot, pungent taste; the ground or powdered fruit, used as a spice or condiment. — v. t. [peppered (-p5rd), -peeing.] _ To sprinkle with pepper ; to pelt with shot. [AS. pipor, L. piper, Gr. peperi, Skr. pippala, Per. pulpul.] — Pep'pery, -pSr-T, a. Relating to, or having the qualities of, pepper; hot; pungent; irritable. — Pep'permint, n. An aromatic and pungent plant ; also, a liquor distilled from the plant. — Pep'per-box, n. A small box, for sprinkling pepper on food. — corn, n. The berry or fruit of the pepper plant ; something of insignificant value. — grass, n. A kind of cress, sometimes cultivated for the table. — sauce, n. A condiment for the table made by steeping small red peppers in vinegar. Pepperidge, pep'ner-ij, n. The tupelo, or black gum, a tree with very tough wood. Pepsin, pep'sin/ra. A substance secreted by the stom- ach of animals, and present in the gastric juice. [3?. pepsine, f r. Gr. peptein, to cook ; s. rt. Skr. pach, L. coquere = E. cook.] — Pep'tic, a. Relating to or promoting digestion.— Pop'tone, -ton, n. (Physiol.) The substance into which the albuminous elements of the food are transformed by the action of the gastric juice ; albuminose. Peradventure, pSr-ad-ven'chur, adv. By chance ; perhaps; it may be. [ME. peraventure, F.par aventure ; par = L. per, through (s. rt. Gr. para, by the side of, Skr. para, away, from, forth, param, beyond, Fj. from), and F. aventure^ adventure.] Perambulate, per-am'bu-lat, v. t. To walk through or over ; to go round or about. [L. perambulare, -latum, fr. per, through, and ambulare, to walk.] — Peram / bula / 'tion, n. Act of perambulating, or of passing or walking through or over ; an annual sur- vey of boundaries. — Peram'bula'tor, n. One who, etc. ; an instrument for measuring distances ; a child's carriage, pushed from behind. Percale, par-kaK, n. A fine, closely woven cotton fabric, used for ladies' summer dresses. [F.] Perceive, per-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevdO, -ceiving.] To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to take intellectual cognizance of, see to be true, discern, see, feel, know, understand. [OF. percerer, L. per- cipere, -ceptum, f r. per (see Peradventure), through, thoroughly, and capere, to take, receive.] — Per- ceiv'er, n. — Perceiv'able, a. Capable of being per- ceived. — Perceiv'ably, adv. — Perception, -sep'- shun,n. Act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses or intellect; cognition. (Psychology.) The faculty of perceiving; act of apprehending material objects or qualities through the senses. [F.; L. perception — Percep'tive, -tiv, a. Having the faculty of per- ceiving; used in perception. — Percep'tible, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. — Percep'tibly, adv. — Percept tibil'ity, n. State or quality of being, etc.— Percip- ient, -sip'I-ent, a. Having the faculty of percep- tion; perceiving. [L. percipiens, p. pr. of per cipere.] — Percip'ience, n. Quality or act of, etc. Percentage, per-sent'ej, n. (Com.) The allowance, duty, rate of interest, or commission on a hundred. [Fr. per cent, ~L,.per centum: see Cent.] Perch, perch, n. A fish of several species, inhabiting both fresh and salt water, and having sharp long fins. [ME. and F. perche, L. perca, Gr. perke, fr. its color, Gr. perkos, Skr. pricni, spotted, dark; s. rt. L. spargere, to scatter, E. sprinkle.] Perch. Perch, perch, n. A pole; long staff; rod; a measure of length = 5£ yards or lrod; any raised object upon which a bird lights or rests; a roost. — v. i. [perched (percht), perch- ing.] To light or settle on a fixed body, as a bird. — v. t. To place on a fixed object or perch. [ME. and F. perche, L. pertica, a bar, measuring-rod.] — Perch'er, n. One of an order of birds which perch or light on trees, etc. Perchance, per-chans', adv. By chance; perhaps ; peradventure. [ME. per cas = F.par cas; F. cos, chance, case, q. v.: cf. Peradventure.] Perchoron, per'she-ron, n. One of a breed of horses originating in the district of Perche in Normandy. Percipient, etc. See under Perceive. Percolate, per'ko-lat, v. t. To cause to pass through small interstices, as a liquid; to filter, — v. i. To pass through interstices, filter. [~L.j>ercolare, -latum, fr. per and colare, to strain: see Colander.] — Per- colation, n. Act of percolating, or filtering ; fil- trating; straining. — Per 'cola'tor, n. A filtering ma- chine. Percussion, per-kush-'un, n. Act of striking one body against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives a sound or report; the effect of violent collision; vi- bratory shock. (Med.) Act of determining the con- dition of an internal organ by the sound given when the external surface is gently knocked upon. [L. percussio, f r. percutere, -cussum, to strike, fr. per and quatere, to shake.] - Percussion c a p. A | small copper cap or cup, containing ful- minating powder, and used in a per- cussion-lock to ex- plode gunpowder. — P. -lock. A lock of a Pe rPUS sion-lock gun in which gun- L ercussion-iocK. powder is exploded by fire obtained from the per- cussion of fulminating powder. — Percus'sive, -siv, a. Striking against. — Percu'tient, -shent, n. That which strikes, or has power to strike. [L. percutiens, p. pr. of percutere.] Perdition, pSr-dish'un, n. Entire loss; utter destruc- tion; ruin; future misery or eternal death. [F.; L. perditio, iv.perdere, -ditum, to ruin, lose, ir.per and s. rt. dare, to give.] — Perdu, Perdue, per-du' or per'du, a. Lost to view ; in concealment ; aban- doned; employed on desperate purposes. [F. per- du, fr. perdue, lost, p. p. oiperdre, L. perdere.] Peregrinate, per'e-grT-nat, v. i. To travel from place to place; to live in a foreign country. [L. peregri- nari, -natus, fr. percgrinus, foreign: see Pilgrim.] — Per'egrina'tion, n. Act of, etc. [F.; ~L. peregrina- tio.] — Per'egrina'tor, n. Peremptory, per'emp-to-ri, a. Precluding debate or expostulation; decisive; absolute; positive in opin- ion or judgment; arbitrary; dogmatical. [F. peremp~ toire, peremptory, f r. L. peremptorius, lit. destruc- tive, hence decisive, fr. per -emptor, a destroyer, fr. perimere, -emptum, to take away entirely, destroy, fr. per and emere, to take, buy.] — Per'emptorily, adv. — Per'emptorinesa, n. Perennial, per-en'nt-al, a. Lasting through the year; continuing without stop or intermission; perpetual; am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; PERFECT 415 PERIPHERY never-failing; constant; enduring. (Bot.) Contin- uing rrtore than 2 years. — n. A plant winch lives or continues more than 2 years. [L. perennis, fr. per and annus, year.] — Peren'nially, adv.— Peren'nity, -nT-tT, n. Quality of being perennial; lasting con- tinuance. Perfect, pSrlekt, a. Carried through; completed ; tilled up; esp., not defective; having all that is req- uisite to its nature and kind; complete in moral ex- cellences. (Bot.) Having both stamens and pistils. — Perfect, pgr'fekt or per-fekf, v. t. To finish or complete, so as to leave nothing wanting. [ME. and OF. parfit, L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere, to per- form, finish, fr. per and facere, to make, do.] — Per- fected perl'ekt- or per-fekfer, n. One who makes perfect. —Perfectible, a. Capable of becoming or of being made perfect. — Perfect'ibillty, n. Qual- ity of being, etc.— Perfection, n. State of being perfect or complete, so that nothing requisite is wanting : a quality, endowment, or acquirement, completely excellent, or of great worth. — Perfec- tionist, n. One who believes that some persons act- ually attain to moral perfection in the present life. — Perfective, -iv, a. Calculated or tending to per- fect. ( Gram.) Expressing completed or momenta- ry action, — said of some forms of the verb. — Per- fectly, adv. — Per'fectness, n. — Perffcient, -fish'- ent, a. One who performs a work; esp., one who en- dows a charity. [L. perjiciens, p. pr. of perficere.] Perfidy, perl'I-dY, n. Breach of faith ; act of vio- lating a promise, vow, or allegiance ; faithlessness; treachery. [F. perfidie, L. perfidia, fr. perfidus, faithless, fr. per and fidws, faithful.] —Perfidious, -l-us, a. Guilty of, or involving, perfidy ; false to trust or confidence; proceeding from treachery, or consisting in breach of faith; guilty of violating allegiance; faithless; disloyal; traitorous. — Perfid- iously, adv. — Perfid1ousne3S, n. Perfoliate, per-foli-at, a. {Dot.) Sur- rounding the stem at the base. [L. per and folium, !eaf.]_ Perforate, perl'o-rat, v. t. To bore through, pierce, penetrate; to make a hole or holes tfn-ough. [L. perforare, -atum, fr. per and forare, to bore.] — Perforation, n. Act of perforating ; a hole passing through or into the in- terior of anything.— Perforative, -tiv, a. Having power to perforate. — Per' fora'tor, -ter, n. An instrument that Perforce, per-fors', adv. By force; vie- Perfoliate Leaf - lently ; of necessity ; absolutely. [ME. parforce, F. par force ; cf. Peradventure.] Perform, per-f6rm1 v. t. [-formed (-fSmid'), -form- ing.] To carry through, bring to completion, ac- complish, do, transact; to execute, discharge, —v. i. To acquit one's self in any work; esp. to go through with or act a public part, as in a drama, pantomime, etc.; to play on a musical instrument. [ME. par- fournen, OF. parfournir, fr. par (= L. per) and foumir, to furnish, q. v.] — Perform 'able, a. Prac- ticable. — Perform'ance, -ans, n. Act of, condition of being, or thing which, etc. ; esp., an act of an elaborate or public character; an exhibition; achieve- ment; exploit; feat. — Perform^er, n. Perfume, perlum or pgr-fam', n. The odor emitted from sweet-smelling substances; fragrance; a sub- stance that emits an agreeable scent. — v.t. [per- fumed (-fumd r ), -fuming.] To fill or impregnate with a grateful odor; to scent. [F. parfumer, fr. par (L. per) and funier, L. fumare, to smoke, fr. fumus, smoke, fume, q. v.] — Perfum^er, n. One who perfumes, or sells perfumes. — Perfum / ery, -er-T, n. Perfumes in general. Perfunctory, per-f ugklo-rt, a. Done without interest or zeal, and merely to get rid of a duty; indifferent; careless ; negligent. [L. perfunctorius, fr. perfunc- tus, p. p. of perfungi, to tli-charge, fr. per and fungi, to perform.]^ — Perfunclorily, -to-rT-lT, adv. Perfuse, per-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To sprinkle, pour, or spread over or through. [L. per- fundere, -fusum, fr. per and fundere, to pour.] — Perfu'slon, -zhun, n. Act of, etc. — Perfu'sive, -siv, o. Sprinkling; adapted to spread or sprinkle. Perhaps, per-haps', adv. By chance; it may be; per- adventure; possibly. [L. per and E. hap, q. v.; cf. Peradvejttdee.] Peri, pe'rt, n. ; pi. -Ris, -riz. (Per. Myth.) A being of the female sex, descendant of fallen angels, ex- cluded from paradise till their penance is accom- plished. [Per. pari, a fairy, par, a wing, feather, q. v.] Perianth, pCr'Y-anth, n. (Bot.) That calyx which envelops only a single flower, and is immediately contiguous to it; the leaves of the flower generally, esp. when the calyx and corolla are not readily dis- tinguished. [Gr. peri, around, about (see Perad- venture), and anthos, flower.] Pericardium, pcr'i-kar'dT-um, ». (Anat.) The men- branous sac which incloses the heart. [LateL. ; Gr. perikardion, lr. peri and kardia = E. heart.] — Pericardiac, -dial, -dian, -die, a. Pert, to, etc. Pericarp, p^r'T-kaip, n. (Bot.) The seed vessel of a plant; that portion of a fruit in which the seed is inclosed. [Gr. karpos, fruit; s. rt. harvest.] Pericarps. a, 4, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d. str:>i'ii>; o; pine; e, f, capsule of poppy; g, capsule of Aristolochia. Pericranium, per-I-kra'nl-um, n. (Anat.) The fibrous membrane that immediately invests the skull. [Late L.; Gr. kranion, skull.] Perigee, perl-je, -ge'um, n. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth. [Gr. ge, earth.] Perigraph, per' i-graf, n. A careless or inaccurate de- lineation of anything. [Gr. graphe, a writing.] Perihelion, per-i-heKyun or -hell-on, -helium, -ll-um, n. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a planet or comet nearest to the sun. [Gr. helios. the sun.] Peril, peril, n. Instant or impending danger ; ex- posure to injury, loss, or destruction ; jeopardy ; risk; hazard. — v. t. [periled C-ild), -iling.] To expose to danger; to hazard, risk, jeopard. [F. ; L. periculum, periclum, fr. obs. periri, peritus, to try, attempt ; s. rt. Gr. peran. to pass through, Goth, faran, to travel, E. fare.] ~ Perilous, -us, a. Full of, attended with, or involving peril; hazard- ous. — Perilously, adv. — Perllousness, n. Perimeter, pe-riiu'e-ter, n. (Geom.) The outer boun- dary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. [Gr. peri and metron, measure.] Period, pell-ud, n. A portion of time as determined by some recurring phenomenon, as by the revolu- tion of one of the heavenly bodies ; a stated and recurring interval of time; a cycle; an interval of time, specified or left indefinite; a certain series of years, months, days, etc.; termination of a revolu- tion, cycle, series of events, single event, or act. (Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full stop to another ; clause. (Print.) The point that marks the end of a complete sentence; a full stop [thus • ]. [F. periode, L. periodus, a complete sentence, Gr. penodas, a going round, circuit, a well-rounded sen- tence, fr. peri and hodos, a way.] — Periodic, -ical, -odlk-al, a. Performed in a circuit, or in a series of successive circuits; happening by revolution, at a stated time; returning regularly, after a certain period of time. (Rhet.) Pert, to or constituting a period. — n. A publication which appears at stated or regular intervals. — Periodically, adv. At stated periods. — Pe'riodiclty, -o-dis'I-tY, n. State or quality of being periodical; tendency to return or change at regular intervals. Periosteum, per-Y-osle-um, n. (Anat.) A fibrous mem- brane investing a bone. [Gr. osteon, a bone.] Peripatetic, perl-pa-tetlk, a. Pert, to the system of philosophy of Aristotle, who gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at Athens.— n. An adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle: one obliged to walk, or unable to ride. [Gr. patein, to walk, fr. patos = E. path.] — Per'ipatetlcism, -sizm, n. Phil- osophical system of Aristotle. Periphery, pe-rifer-i , n. The circumference of a cir- cle, ellipse, or other regular curvilinear figure. TGr. plierein, to carry.] — Peripheric, -ical, -fgrlk-al, a. Pert, to, or constituting, a periphery ; external ; around the outside of an organ. sun, cube, full ; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tben, boNboN, chair, get. FERIPHRASE 416 PERPLEX Paraphrase. per'I-fraz, n. (Bhet.) The use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; cir- cumlocution.— V. t. [PEEIPHEASED (-frazd), -PHRAS- ING.] To express by circumlocution. [L. and Gr. periphrasis; Gr. phrasis, a speech, phrase.] — Pe- riph'rasis. -rif la-sis, n. Same as Peeiphrase.— Periphras'tic, -tical, -T-fraslik-al, a. Expressing or expressed in more words than are necessary; cir- cumlocutory. Peripneumony. pgr-ip-nu'mo-ni, n. {Med.) An in- flammation of the lungs ; pneumonia. [Gr. ptieu- mon, a lung.] Peripteral, pe-rip'tSr-al, a. Having a range of col- umns all around. [Gr. pteron, feather, wing, row of columns.] — Periplerous, -tgr-us, a. Feathered on all sides. Periscope, per't-skop. n. A general view. [Gr. skopein, to look, view.] — Periscop'ic, -skOplk, a. Viewed on all sides, — applied to a kind of spectacles having concavo-convex glasses which increase the distinct- ness of ol-jects when viewed obliquely. Perish, perish, v. i. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To be destroyed, pass away, go to destruction, come to nothing, be ruined or lost ; to die, decease ; to wither, waste, decay gradually, as a limb. [F. perir, L. perire, to go or run through, perish, fr. per, through, and ire, Skr. i, to go.] — Perishable, a. Liable to perish; subject to decay and destruction. — Perlshableness, n. Perisperm. per'T-sperm, n. (Bot.) The albumen of a seed. [Gr. peri and sperma, seed.] Perispheric. per-1-sferlk, -ical, a. Having the form of a ball; globular. [Gr. sphaira, sphere.] Peristaltic, per-TC-stallik, a. (Anat.) Contracting in successive circles, — applied to the vermicular mo- tion of the alimentary canal, and similar struc- tures. [Gr.peristaUein, to surround, wrap up.] Peristyle, perl-stil, n. (Arch.) A range of columns round a building or square, or a building encompassed with a row of columns on the outside. [Gr. atulos, column.] Peritoneum, per'I-to-ne'um, n. (Anat.) A thin, smooth, serous, membrane, investing the whole internal surface of the abdo- men, and the viscera contained in it. [L. ; Gr. peritoneion ; tei- nein, to stretch round or over.] — Per'itoni'tis, n. (Pathol.) In- flammation of, etc. Peritropal, pe-rifro-pal, a. Ro- tatory; circuitous. (Bot.) Having the axis of the seed perpendicular to the axis of the pericarp to which it is attached. [Gr. trepein, to turn.] Periwig, per'I-wig, n. A small wig; peruke; scratch. — v. t. [periwigged (-wigd), -GING.1 To dress with a peri wig, or with false hair. [ME. peiim'gge, perwicke, OD. peruyk, F. perruque, a peruque, q. v.] Periwinkle, per'Y-winkl, n. (Zoo!.) A gasteropo- dous molhisk, having a turbinated shell. [Corrup. (owing to the name of the plant, following) of AS. pinewincta, a winkle eaten with a inn, q. v.; wincle, a snail, shell-fish, fr.. its convoluted shell; s. rt. winch, T q. v.]-(Bot.) A flowering plant. Periwinkle. [AS. peruincse, L. pervinca; s. rt. L. vincire, viere, to bind, vitis, a vine, q. v.] Perjure, per'jur, v. t. [-jured (-jurd), -juring.] To swear before a court of justice to what one knows to be untrue, or does not know to be true; to make a false oath to. forswear. [F. parjurer, L. perju- rare, fr. per and jurare, to swear.] — Perlured, Peristyle. r'ju fals jurd, a. Guilty of perjury; having sworn falsely; being sworn falsely. — Per'jurer, n. — Per'jury, -rt, n. False swearing; act or crime of willfully mak- ing a false oath in a judicial proceeding. [L-per- jurium.~] Perk. perk. a. Pert ; uppish ; smart ; trim ; vain. — ?». i. [perked (perkt), perking.] To hold up the head with affected smartness. — v. t. To dress up; make trim; prank. [W. perc, compact, trim, percu, to trim, percus, pert, smart, pert, q. v.] Permanent, per'ma-nent, a. Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; lasting; durable; fixed. [F.; L. perma- nens, p. pr. of jjerma7iere, to stay or remain to the end, to last, fr. per and manere, to remain.] — Per- manently, adv. — Per'manence, -nens, -nency, -nen- sT, n. Condition or quality of being, etc.; duration; fixedness. Permeate, per'me - at, v. t, To pass through the pores or interstices of, — applied esp. to fluids. [L. permeare, -atum, fr. per and meare, to go, to pass.} — Permea'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Permeable, a. Admitting of being permeated, or passed through; penetrable. — Permeability, n. Permiscible, per-mis'sl-bl, a. Capable of being mixed. [L. per and niiscere, to mix.] Permit, per-mif, v. t. To resign, give in charge, re- fer; to grant express liberty to do; to put up with, tolerate, suffer; to grant leave to, allow. — v. i. To grant permission, give leave. — Permit, perlnit or per-mif', n. Warrant; leave; permission; written permission from the proper authority, to export or transport goods, or to land goods or persons. [L. permittere, -)7iissum, to let through, permit, fr.^jer and mittere, to let go, send.] — Permit'tance, -tans, n. Act of permitting; permission.— Permit'ter, n. — Permis'sion, -mish-'un, n. Act of permitting; formal consent; leave; liberty; license. — Permis''- sible, «. Proper to be, etc. — Permis'sive, -siv, a. Granting liberty; allowing; suffered without hin- drance. — Permis'sively, adv. Permutation, per-mu-ta'shun, n. Successive change or variation of arrangement; mutual transference; interchange. (Math.) Arrangement of any deter- minate number of things, in allpossible orders. [F. ; jL. permutatio, fr. per and mutare, to change.] Pernicious, per-nish'us, a. Having the quality of destroying or injuring; destructive; noxious; mis- chievous. [F. pernicieux, L. perniciosus, fr. perni- cies, destruction, fr. per and nex, necis, a violent death.]— Perniciously, adv. — Perni'ciousness, n. Peroration, pSr-o-ra'shun, n. (Jthet.) The concluding part of an oration or discourse. [F.; L. peroroiio, fr. perorare, to speak from beginning to end, fr. per and orare, to speak.] Peroxide, per-oksld, n. (Chem.) That oxide of a given base which contains the greatest quantity of oxygen. [Prefix per and oxide.] Perpender, per-pend'er, n. A large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it, and therefore having both ends smooth or wrought. [F. parpain, pierre parpaigne, ir.j>ar, through, and pan, the side of a wall.] Perpendicular, per-pen-dik'u-ler, a. right; at right angles to the plane of the horizon. (Geom.) At right angles to a given line or surface. — w. A line at right angles to the filane of the horizon; a vertical ine or direction. (Geom.) Aline ot plane falling at right angles on another line or surface. [F.; *_ L. perpendieidoris, f r. perpendic- , _ a .. , uhni, a plummet, iv. per and a 1/^oX.i ' pendgre, to weigh: see Pendant.] b c ' Ho » zontal - — Perpendicularity, -lar'T-tT, n. State of being perpendicular. — Perpendicularly, -ler-li, adv. Perpetrate, per'pe-trat, v. t. To execute, in a bad sense; to commit; be guilty of. [L. perpetrare, f r. per and patrare, to perform; s. rt. Li.potis, able, potens, powerful, Skr. pat, to be powerful, E. po- tent.] — Perpetration, n. Act of perpetrating, or of committing a crime; an evil action. — Perpe- trator, -ter, n. Perpetual, per-pefu-al, a. Continuing indefinitely or infinitely ; unending ; constant ; perennial ; in- cessant; unceasing. [ME. and F '. perpetuel, 1j. per- petualis, fr. peipetuare, -atum, to perpetuate, per* petuus, continuous, perpes, lasting, fr. per and s. rt. Gr. patos, a path, pate.in, to tread : see Path.T-- Perpefually, adv. — Perpet'uate, -u-at, v. t. To make perpetual ; to preserve from extinction or oblivion : to eternize. — Perpet / ua' r tion, n. Act of, etc. — Perpetuity, n. State or quality of being, etc. ; endless duration ; a thing without an end; quality or condition of an estate by which it be- comes inalienable, either perpetually or for a very long period; the estate so perpetuated. [F. perpe- ttdt6, L. perpetuitas.~\ Perplex, per-pleks', v. t. [-plexed (-pleksf), -PLEX- isn.] To make intricate; to make complicated and difficult to be understood or unraveled; to tease with suspense, anxiety, or ambiguity; to embarrass, puz- zle, bewilder, distract, vex. (T. ; L. perjilexus, in- tricate, entangled, fr. per and plexus, p. p. of piec- tere, to braid, plait, q. v.] — Perplex , 'edly, adv. In a perplexed manner. — Perplexity, n. State of be- Exactly up- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, Or ; PERQUISITE 417 ing perplexed; intricacy; embarrassment. [F. per- plexity, L. perplexitas.] Perquisite, p~er / kwY-zit, n. An incidental gain in an office or employment, beyond ordinary salary or wages for services rendered. [L. perquisitum, prop, neut. of perquisitus, p. p. of perquirere, to ask for dilligentiy, fr. per and quserere, to seek.] — Perqui- sition, -zish'un, n. An accurate inquiry or search. Perry. See under Pear. Persecute, per'se-kut, v. t. To pursue in a manner to injure, vex, or afflict ; to harass ; esp. to harass or punish for adherence to a particular creed or mode of worship. [F. persecuter, L,. persegui, -secutus, fr. per and sequi, to follow, pursue.] — Persecution, n. Act of, or state of_being, etc. — Per'secu^tor, n. Persevere, peVse-ver', v. i. [-vered (-verd r ), -ver- ing.] To persist in any business or enterprise un- dertaken ; not to abandon what is undertaken ; to continue. [F. perseverer, L. perseverare, fr. perse- verus, very strict, fr. per and severus, strict.] — Per'sever'ance, -ans, n. Act of, etc. ; persistence ; steadfastness; constancy; steadiness. [OF.; perse- verantia.] — Per'sever'ingryv adv. Persiflage, pSr'se-flazh/, n. Frivolous or bantering talk, or style of treating a subject. [F., fr. persv- fler, to quiz, fr. L. per and sibilare, F. siffler, to whistle, niss.] Persimmon, pgr-sim'mun, n. A tree and its fruit, found from New York southward. [Indian name.] Persist, per-sist', v. i. To continue fixed in a course of conduct against opposing motives ; to persevere, continue steadily and firmly. [F. persister, L. per- sistere, fr. per and sistere, to stand or be fixed.] — PersistSnt, -ive, -iv, a. Inclined to persist or hold firm; tenacious; fixed; immovable. —Persistence, -ens, -ency, -en-sY, n. State of being, etc. (Phi/sics.) Continuance of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to it is removed. Person, per'sn, n. A character represented in dia- logue, fiction, or on the stage ; part or character which any one sustains ; outward appearance ; ex- pression ; a living soul ; moral agent ; esp. a living human being, a man, woman, or child ; among Trinitarians, one of the 3 subjects or agents consti- tuting the godhead; any human being; one; a man. (Gram.) One of the 3 relations which a noun or pronoun may hold to the verb of which either is the subject, and pert, to both noun and verb. [F. per- sonne, a person, creature, L. persona, a mask, person- age, part, a person, fr. personare, -atum, to sound through, fr. per and sonare, to sound; s. rt. parson.] — Artificial person. (Law.) A corporation or body politic— In p. By one's self; with bodily presence. — Psr'sonable, a. Having a well- formed body or person: graceful. (Law.) Enabled to maintain pleas in court. — Per'sonage, -sun-ej, n. Character as- sumed or represented; an individual or person, esp. one distinguished by rank, social position, or reputa- tion ; exterior appearance, stature, an imposing air, etc. ; or an individual attracting attention by such characteristics. [OF. personnage.] — PerSonal, a. Pert, to a person ; as, belonging to men or women and not to things; or, relating to individuals, pe- culiar to private concerns ; or, pert, to the bodily appearance, done without the intervention of an- other ; or, applying to the character and conduct of individuals in a disparaging manner ; or, (Law.) pert, to movable or chattel property, as disting. f r. real estate; or, (Gram.) denoting the person. [OF. f'.rsonnel, L. personalis.] — Personality, -al'i-tt, n. hat which constitutes, or pertains to, a person ; something said or written which refers, esp. in a disparaging way, to the conduct of some person. — Personally, adv. In a personal or direct manner; with respect to an individual; individually. — Per'- Bonate, -at, v. t. To assume the characterof , coun- terfeit, feign ; to disguise, mask. — Persona'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Per'sona'tor, n. — Person'ify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To represent, regard, or treat as a person; to imitate, mimic, resemble. [L. per- sona and facer e, to make.] — Person / ifica'tion, n. Act of personifying. (Rhet.) A figure, in which an inanimate being is represented as animated, or endowed with personality; prosopopoeia. — Person- nel, par'so-neK, n. The body of persons employed in some public service, as the army or navy, etc. [F.: see Personal, above.] Perspective, per-spek'tiv, a. Pert, to the art, or in accordance with the laws, of perspective, —n. A view; vista ; art of representing on a plane surface objects as they appear, relatively, to the eye in na- PERTAIN ture. [F.; L. perspectiva, prop. fern, of perspective, relating to inspection, fr. perspicere, -spectum, to see through, see clearly, fr. per and specere, to see, spy, q. v.] — Aerial perspective. Art of giving due dim- inution to the light, shade, and colors of objects, ac< cording to their distances, etc. — Isometrical p. See Isometric, under Isagon.— Linear p. Application Linear Perspective. of geometric principles to the delineation of the lines of a picture. — PerspeCtively, adv. According to the rules of perspective. — Perspec'tograph, -to- graf , n. An instrument for transferring to a picture the points and outlines of original ohjects. [Gr. graphein, to write, draw.]— Perspica'ciou3, -spi-ka''- shus, rt. Quick-sighted ; sharp of sight ; of acute discernment ; keen. [L. perspicax, -cock, fr. per- spicere.] — Perspicacity, -kas'T-tT, n. State of be- ing, etc. [F. perspicacity, L. perspicocitas.] — Per- spic'uaus, -spik'u-us, rt. Clear to the understand- ing ; capable of being clearly understood : not ob- scure or ambiguous ; plain ; distinct ; definite. [L. perspicuvs, fr. perspicere. ] — Perspic'uously, adv. — Perspic'uousness, Perspicuity, n. The state of be- ing perspicuous ; plainness ; freedom from obscu- rity. [F. perspiexdti.] Perspire, per-spir', v. i. [-spired (-spird')^ -spiring.] To evacuate the fluids of the body tnrough the Eores of the skin ; to sweat ; to be excreted insensi- ly through the excretories of the skin. — v. t. To emit or evacuate insensibly through the excretories of the skin ; to sweat. [L. perspirare, to breathe through or everywhere, fr. per and spirare, to breathe.] — Perspir 'able, a. Capable of being per- spired. — Perspir'ability, n.— Perspira'tion, n. Act of perspiring; that which is perspired: sweat— Per- spir'ative, -tiv, a. Performing the act of perspira- tion. — Perspir'atory, -a-to-rt, a. Pert, to, or caus- ing, perspiration. Persuade, per-swad', v. t. To influence by argument, advice, entreaty, or expostulation ; to convince by argument or reasons, induce, prevail on, allure, en- tice. [F. persuader, L. persuadere, -svasum, fr. per and suadere, to advise, persuade.] — Persuad'er, n. — Persuad'able, a. — Persua'sible, -swa'si-bl. a. Ca- pable of being persuaded. [F.] — Persna'sibil'ity, n. — Persuasion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a creed or belief ; a sect adhering to a creed. [F.] — Fersua'sive, -siv, a. Tending to persuade: having the power of persuading. — ?;. An incite- ment ; an exhortation. [F. persuasif.] — Persua'- sively, adv. — Persuasiveness, n. — PersuaSory, -so- rt, a. Having power or tendency to persuade ; persuasive. Pert, pert, a. Indecorously free or presuming ; for- ward ; saucy; bold; impudent. — n. An assuming or saucy person. [Partly fr. F. apert, L. apertus, open : see Malapert, under Maladministration; partly same as perk, q. v.] — Pertly, adv. — Perf- ness, n. Pertain, per-tan/, v. i. [-tained (-tand r ), -taining.] To be the property, right, or duty of: to belong; to have relation to, relate." [OF. parterv'r, L. pertinere, fr. per and tenere, to hold, keep.] — ?er'tinent, -tT- nent, a. Related to the subject or matter in hand; adapted to the end proposed; apposite ; relevant: fit: proper. [F.; L. pertinens, p. pr. of pertinere.] — Per'tinently, adv.— Per'tinence, -nency. -U-nen-sT. n. State of being, etc. ; suitableness.— Periina'cious, -na'shus, a. Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design, with obstinacy; resolute; firm: sun, cube, full ; moon, fottt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PERTURB 418 PETREL inflexible; determined; steady. [L. pertinax,-nacis, fr. per and tenax, tenacious, f r. tenere.] — Perti- na'ciously, adv. — Pertina'ciousness, Pertinacity, -nas r T-tT, n. State or quality of being pertinacious; obstinacy. [F. pertinacity. ] Perturb, pSr-terb', v. t. To disturb, agitate, disquiet; to disorder, confuse. [F. perturber, L. perturbare, fr. per and turbare, to disturb, fr. turba, a crowd: see Turbid.]— Perturba'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Astron.) An irregularity in the motion of a heavenly body through its orbit. [F. ; L. per- turbatio.] Pertusion, per-tu r zhun, n. Act of punching or pier- cing, with a pointed instrument. [L. pertundere, -tusum, to beat or thrust through, bore through, fr. per and tundere, to beat.] Peruke, pSr'ook, n. An artificial cap of hair ; a peri- wig, q. v. [F. perruke, It. parruca, Sp. peluca, peri- wig, wig, It. pelo, L. pilus, hair.] Peruse, pe-rooz', v. t. [-rused (-roozd'), -rusing.] To read, or to read with attention; to observe, consider. [Prob. fr. per- and use, meaning to use up, go through.] — Peru'sal, n. Act of, etc. — Perus'er, n. Pervade, per-vad r , v. t. To pass through, as an aper- ture, pore, or interstice ; to permeate ; to be com- pletely diffused in; to be in all parts. [L. pervadere, fr. per and vadere, to go, walk; s. rt. wade.~\ — Per- va'sion, -zhun, n. Act of pervading. — Perva'sive, -siv, a. Tending, or able, to pervade.— Pervert', per- vert', v. t. To turn from truth, propriety, or from its proper purpose ; to misinterpret through evil mo- tives or bias ; to turn from the right, corrupt, con- vert, proselyte. — PeCvert, n. One who has turned from a right way to that which is wrong. [F. per- vertir, L. pervertere, fr. per and vertere, versum, to turn: see Verse.] — Pervert'er, n. — Pervertible, a. Capable of being perverted.— Perverse'', -vgrs', a. Turned aside ; distorted from the right ; obstinate in the wrong; disposed to cross and vex ; froward; untoward; stubborn ; untractable ; cross ; peevish ; vexatious. [F. pervers, L. perversus.] — Perversely, adv. — Perverse'ness, n. — Perver'sion, n. Act of perverting ; change to something worse ; diversion from the true and proper intent or purpose. — Per- ver'sity, -sT-tt, w. State of being perverse.— Perver''- sive, -siv, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. Pervious, per'vT-us, a. Capable of being penetrated by another bod v or substance; permeable; penetra- ble ; capable of being penetrated by the mental sight. [L. pervius, fr. per and via, a way.]— Per'vious- ness, n. Pesky, pesk'T, a. Great ; mischievous ; troublesome; annoying. [Prob. corrupt, of pestilent.] Pessary, pes'sa-rT, n. An instrument made of wood, caoutchouc, etc., and introduced into the vagina to support a displaced uterus. [F. pessaire, L. pessa- riumJ] Pessimist, pes'sY-mist, n. One who complains of every- thing as being for the worst, — opp. to optimist. [L. pessimus, worst.] — Pessimistic, a. Gloomy; croak- ing. — Pes'simism, -mizm, n. Opinion or doctrine, etc. Pe3t, pest, n. A fatal epidemic disease; plague; pes- tilence ; a troublesome, noxious, mischievous, or de- structive person or thing. [F. peste, L. pestis, the plague, perh. f r. perdere, to destroy.] — Pest'-house, n. A hospital for persons infected with malignant contagious disease. — Pestiferous, -er-us, a.. Pest- bearing ; pestilential ; infectious ; contagious ; mis- chievous ; destructive ; vexatious. [L. pestiferus, fr. pestis and J err e, to bear.] — Pestiferously, adv. Pes'tilence, -tl-lens, n. That which is pestilent; the disease known as the plague ; any deadly epidemic contagious or infectious disease ; that which breeds disturbance or vice. [F. ; L. pestilential — Pes'ti- lent, a. Pestilential ; noxious ; contaminating ; in- fectious ; troublesome. [F. ; L. pestilens.] — Pesti- lential, -shal, a. Producing or tending to produce the pest, plague, or other infectious disease; noxious; seriously troublesome.— Pestilen'tially, Pes'tilent- ly, adv. Pester, pes'ter, v. t. [-tered f-terd), -tering.] To harass with little vexations; to crowd together in an annoying way; to trouble, annoy, tease, vex, encum- ber. [Abbrev. fr. impester ; OF. empestrer, to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, fr. pasturon, pastern, fr. LL. pastorium, a clog preventing horses from wandering in the pastures: see Pastern, under Pastob.] — Pes'terer, n. Pestle, pes'!, n. An instrument for pounding and breaking substances, in a mortar. — v. t. [pestled (pesld), pestling.] To pound, break, or pulverize- with, or as with, a pestle. [ME. and OF. pestel. L,. pistillum, fr. pinsere, pistum, Gr. ptissein, Skr. pish, to pound; s. rt. pistil, piston.] Pet, pet, n. A slight fit of peevishness; any little ani- mal foudled and. indulged; one treated with constant gentle attention. — v. t. To treat as a pet, fondle, indulge. [Prob. same as pout, and onomat., repre- senting the sound made to express impatience; cf. NormF. pet.' Ic. putt.' It. petto! = E. pish.' pshaw.' — hence, to indulge a child in its pets, and a spoiled or petted child, animal, etc. ; prob. Ir. peat, Ga. peata, a pet, tame animal, are f r. the E.] — Peftisn, a. Evincing, pert, to, or addicted to, pets; fretful; peevish; captious; cross. — Pet'tishly, adv. — Pet'- tishness, n. Petal, pefal or pe'tal, n. (Bot.) One of the leaves of the corolla, or the colored leaves of a flower. [Gr. petalon, a leaf, prop. neut. of petalos, spread out, flat; s. rt. L. patere, to lie open, be spread out.] — Pet'alous, -al-us, a. Having petals, — opp. to apetalous. — Pet'alism, Petals, -izm, n. A custom in an- cient Syracuse of writing on a leaf the name of a person whom it was proposed to banish. — Pefaloid, -al-oid, a. Of the form of a petal. [Gr. eidos, shape.] Petard, pe-tard', n. (Mil.) A receptacle filled with powder, formerly used to break gates, barricades, etc., by explosion. [F., fr. peter, pedere, Gr. perdein, Skr. pard, to break wind ; s. rt. partridge.'] Petecchial, pe-tek'kT-al, or Pete'chial, a. (Med.) Having, or accompanied by, livid spots ; spotted. [NL. petechials, fr. L. petigo, a scab, eruption.] Peterpence, pe'ter-pens, n. An annual tax, paid to the Pope. Petiole, pet'T-ol, n. (Bot.) The foot-stalk of a lefc., connecting the leaf with the plant. [F.; L. petiolus, for pediolus, dim. of pes, pe- dis, a. foot.]— Pet 'iolar, -la- ry, -T-o-la-rY, a. Pertaining to, proceeding from, grow- ing or supported on, a peti- ole. — Petlolate, -lat, a. (Bot.) Having a petiole. Petit, Petite, Petit-maitre. See under Petty. Petition, pe-tish'un, n. A prayer ; supplication ; re- quest ; entreaty, esp. of a formal kind. — v. t. [peti- tioned (-und),-iONiNG.] To a ' ^ ell0le - make a request to, solicit; esp., to supplicate for some favor or right. [F.; L. petitio, fr. petere, petitum, to attack, ask, orig. to fall on; s. rt. feather, pen, q. v.] — Petitioner, n. — Petitionary, -a-rT, a. Coming with, or containing a petition. Petreau, pe-tre'an, a. Pert, to rock or stone. [L. pe- treeus, fr. L. and Gr. petra, a rock, Gr. petros, stone.] — Pe'trous, -trus, a. Like stone; stony; hard.— Pe- tres'cence, -tres'sens, n. Process of changing into stone. — Petres'eent, -sent, a. Converting into stone, or into stony hardness. — Pefrify, -rt-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To convert to stone or stony substance; to make callous or obdurate. — v. i. To become stone, or of a stony hardness. [L. facere, to make.] — Pet'rifaCtion, n. Conversion of any or- ganic matter into stone; an organized body rendered hard by depositions of stony matcer in its cavities; a body incrusted with stony matter. — Pet'rifaCtive, -tiv, a. Having power to convert vegetable or ani- mal substances into stone; pert, to petrifaction.— Petrific, pe-trifik, a. Having power to convert into stone. — Pefrifica'tion, n. Petrifaction; obdu- racy.— PetrCleum, -tro'le-um, n. Rock oil, an in- flammable bituminous liquid exuding frorn the earth. [L. oleum, oil, q. v.] — Pet'roleuC, -ler', n. One who fires buildings by petroleum; an incendi- ary. [F.] — Pet'roleuse', -lez', n. A woman who, etc. [F.] Petrel, pet'rel, n. A long- winged, web-footed sea- fowl: the stormy petrel is called also Mother Carey's .Petrel. ms^ am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Xn, Ice ; Cdd, tone, or ; FETRONEL 419 PHENOMENON chicken. [F.,dim. of Peter, in allusion to his walking on the sea, which the bird appears to do; cf . G.Peters- vogel, a petrel, lit. Peterfowl.] Petronel, pet'ro-nel, re. A large, horseman's pistol ; a small cannon. [OF. pdtrinal, fr. petrine, L. pectus, -toris, the breast, because it was placed against the breast to fire.] Petticoat, Pettifog, etc. See under Petty. Pettish, etc. See under Pet. Petto, pefto, re. The breast. [It.; L. pectus, the breast.] — In petto. In secrecy; in reserve. Petty, pet'tt, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Small; little; infe- rior; trifling; trivial; unimportant; frivolous. [ME. and F. petit, W. pitw, Wallachian j/iti, small, little, OF. pite, a small coin, Vf.pig, a point.] — Pet'tily, adv. In a petty or contemptible manner; frivolously. — Pet'tiness, n. — Pet'it, pefT, F. pron. pte, a. Small; little; mean; petty. [Same as petty.'] — Petit jury. A jury of 12 men, impaneled to try causes at the bar of a court, — (listing, fr. the grand jury.— P. larceny. The stealing of goods of a certain specified small value or under. —Petite', pe-tet', u. Small in size; little; dainty. [F., fern, of petit.] — Petit- maitre, pet'e-ma'tr, n. A spruce fellow who dan- gles about ladies ; a fop; coxcomb. [F., lit. little master.] — Pefticoat, -tY-kot, a. A woman's under- skirt. [£. coat.] — Pet'tifog, v. t. To do small busi- ness as a lawyer. [ProvE. fog, to hunt servilely, flatter for gain.] — Pet'tifog'ger, re.— Pet'tifog'gery, -ger-T, n. Practice or arts of, etc. ; disreputable tricks; quibbles. — Peftitoes, -toz, re. pi. The toes or feet of a pig. . Petulant, pet'u-lant, a. Inclined to complain; cap- tious; caviling; irritable; peevish; cross; fretful. [L. petulans, -lantis, ir.petere, to attack, seek: see Peti- tion.]— Pefulantly, adv. — Pet'ulance, -lans, -lan- cy, -lan-sT, n. State of being petulant; freakish pas- sion; pettishness. [F. petulance.] Petunia, pe-tu'nl-a, re. A S. Amer. plant allied to the tobacco family, many cultivated varieties of which furnish a profusion of beautiful flowers. [Brazil. petun, tobacco.] Pew, pu, re. An inclosed seat in a church. [OF. pui, hill, high place, fr. L. podium, elevated place, bal- cony.] Pewet.pe'wet.Pe'witjre. The lapwing or green plover. [Onomat., fr. its cry; D.pie wit, kiewit, G. kibitz.] i?ewter, pu'ter, re. An alloy consisting chiefly of tin and lead; a class of utensils made of pewter. [OF. pew tre, Sp. peltre, It. petro: prop, same as spelter, q. v.] jtcwu. — Pew'terer, re. One who works in pewter. Pfenning, fen'ning, re. A German copper coin about l-4th cent. [G. pfennig : see Penny.] Phaeton, fa'e-ton, re. (Myth.) The son of Phcebus, who attempted to guio> the chariot of the sun. An open carriage like a chaise, on 4 wheels. [F., name of the carriage; F., L., and Gr. Pha'ethon, son of Phoebus or Helios, in Gr., prop, radiant, p. pr. of phaethein, phaein, to shine: see Phantasm.] Phalanx, fa'lanks or fal'anks, re. {Gr. Antiq.) A battalion or body of soldiers formed m ranks and files close and deep, so as to offer very firm resist- ance to a foe. Any body of troops formed in close array; any firm combination of people ; a compact society organized on the plan of the socialist Charles Fourier, and having a common dwelling. [L. and Gr.] — Phalan'ges, -jez, re. pi. (Anat.) The small bones forming the fingers and toes : see Skeleton. [L., pi. of phalanx.] — Phalanstery, -steVY, re. The common dwelling of a Fourierite phalanx ; an asso- ciation organized on the plan of Fourier. [Gr. ste- reos, firm, solid.] Phalarope, faKa-rop, re. One of a genus of wading birds, found chiefly in northern localities. [Gr. phalaros, having a patch of white, and pous, foot.] Phantasm, fan'tazm, n. A creation of the fancy ; an imaginary existence which seems to be real; an op- tical illus'ion ; a dream. [L. and Gr. phantasma, fr. Gr. phantazein, to display, in passive to appear, phainein, to show, phaein, to shine, j/ltaos, light ; s. rt. Skr. bha, to shine, Ij. focus, hearth, E. fancy, hier- ophant, sycophant, diaphonous, phenomenon, phase, emphasis, photograph, phosphorvs, etc.] — Phantas'- mago'ria, -taz'ma-go , 'rT-a, n. An exhibition of shad- ows thrown upon a flat surface, as by a magic lan- tern; illusive images. [Gr. agora, assembly.]— Phan- tasmagoric, -gSr'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.— Phan- tae'magory, -go-ri, n. Phantasmagoria ; a magic lantern. — Phan'tom, n. An apparition ; specter ; ghost; airy spirit. [Same as phantasm; ME.fantome, OF. fantosme, jdiantosme, a ghost, spirit, whence fantasy and fancy, q. v.] — Phan'tasy, -ta-sl, re. Fancy. — Phantas'ti'-, a. Fantastic. Pharisee, far'i-se, re. ce of a sect among the Jews ostentatiously observant of rites and ceremonies. [L. phariseus, " -.phairisaios, lit. one who separates himself, Heb. parash, to separate.] — Pharisa'ic, -I-sa^ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like, the Pharisees ; making a show of religion without the spirit oi it ; hypocritical. — Pharisa > icalness, n. — Phar'isaism, -izm, re. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of, etc. ; hypocrisy in religion. Pharmacy, f ar'ma-sl, re. Arc or practice of preparing, compounding, and dispensing medicines. [OF. "' made, pharmacie, Gr. pharmakeia, ir. phaitna, :A07i, a drug, perh. fr. pherein, to bring (help).] — Pharma- ceutic, -tical, -su'tik-al, a. Pert, to the >wledge or art of, etc. [Gr. pharmakettein, to administer drugs.] — Pharmaceu' tics. n. Science of preparing medicines. — Pharmaceutist, Phar'macist, n. One skilled in pharmacy ; a druggist. [Gr. pharmakeus.] — PharmacoKogy, -kol'o-jl, re. Science of drugs, or art of preparing medicines ; a treatise on the art. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Pharmacologist, re. One skilled in, etc. — Phar'macopce'ia, -pe'ya, n. A book giving authoritative formulas for the prepara- tion of the various standard medicines ; a dispensa- tory. [Gr. poiein, to make.] — Pharmacop/olist, re. One who sells medicines; an apothecary. [Gr. poiein, to sell.] Pharos, f a'ros, re. A lighthouse for the direction o* sea- men ; a watchtower : beacon. [Name of the ) md in the bay of Alexandria, where Ptolemy Philudel- phus built a famous lighthouse.] — Pharol'ory, -o-ji, re. Science of lighthouses. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Pharynx, far'inks, re. (Anat.) The cavity into which the nose and mouth open, and which is continuous below with the esophagus. [LateL. and Gr. ; s. rt. Gr. pharanx, a chasm, cleft, paraein, to plow, L. forare = F. to bore.] — Pharyngeal, fa-rin'je-al or f ar-in-je'al, a. Belonging to, or connected with, the pharynx. — Pharyngot'omy, far-in-gofo-ml, re. (Surg.) Operation of cutting into the pharynx, to remove anything that obstructs the passage. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] Phase, faz, re. ; pi. Phases, fa'zez, Pha'sis, n. ; pi -SES, -sez. That which is exhibited to the eye ; ap- pearance which anything manifests, esp. any one among varying appearances of the same object. See Moon. [LateL. and Gr. phasis, fr. Gr. phaem, to shine: see Phantasm.] . . .. ,_. •, Pheasant, fez'ant, n. A gallinaceous Asiatic bird, found wild in Europe, whose flesh is valued as food. [L.phasiana, lit. the bird of the Phasis, a river of Colchis.] Phenakistoscope, fen-a- kis't o-skop, re. An optical toy, consisting of a revolving disk on which are figures that seem to be in actual motion. [Gr. phena- kismos, deceit, and skopein, to see.] Phenix, fe'niks, re. (Gr. 3Iyth.) A bird fabled to exist single for 500 Pheasant. years, and to rise again from its own ashes, — the emblem of immortality. [Gr. vhoinix, the phenix, also Phenician, also purple-red, — perh. the bird was named fr. the > color, and that invented by the Phenicians.] Phenol, fe'nol, re. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon pro- duced in the distillation of coal-tar or from the vapor of benzoic acid, — used as a disinfectant and antiseptic, and as the base of dyes ; carbolic acid. [Gr. phainein, to bring to light (see Phantasm), and hide, wood.] — Phe'nyl, -nil, n. The radical of which phenol is a hydrate : it contains G carbon atoms and 5 of hydrogen. Phenomenon, fe-nom'e-non, re. ; pi. -na, -na. An ap- pearance ; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended by, observation, as disting. fr. its ground, substance, or unknown constitution ; a remarkable or unusual appearance. [Gr. phainome- sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. PHIAL 420 PHOSPHORUS non, prop. neut. of pass. part, of phainein, to show : see Phantasm.] — Phenomenal, a. Pert, to a phe- nomenon ; very extraordinary ; of rare excellence. Phial, fi'al, n. A glass bottle, esp. of small size, for liquids; a vial. [Same as vial; OF. viole, fiole, phiole, fr. L. phiala, a vial, q. v.] Philander, fi-lan'der, v. i. [-deeed (-derd), -dering.] To make love, flirt, coquette. [Gr. philandros, fond of men, fr. philos, loving, friendly, fond of, and aner, andros, a man.] — Philanthropy, -thro-pi, n. Love of mankind ; benevolence toward the whole human family ; universal good will. [Gr. philan- thropia, fr. philos and anthropos, man, mankind.] — PhiFanthrcp'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or exhibiting, philanthropy; benevolent; kind. — Philanthropist, n. One who evinces, etc. — Philat/ely, f I-lat'e-li, n. Collection of postage stamps. [Gr. ateleia, ex- emption from tax.] — Philatelist, n. A collector, etc. — PhiFharmon'ic, a. Loving music. [Gr. har- monia, harmony.] — Philhel'lenist, n. A friend of Greece ; one who supported the Greeks in their revolutionary struggle with the Turks. [Gr. Hellen, a Greek.] — PhiPhellen'ic, a. Loving Greece. — PhilolOgy, f T-lol'o-ji. n. The study of language, esp. in a philosophical manner ; linguistic science. [Gr. philologia, love of talking ; logos, discourse.] — PhilolOger, -o-jer, -ogist, n. One versed in, etc.— Philolog'ic, -loj'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Philol'- ogize, -iiz, v. %. To offer criticisms. — PhiKomath, n. A lover of learning ; a scholar. [Gr. mathe, learning.] — Philom / athy, fY-lom'a-thTf, n. Love of learning. — Phil'ope'na, -na, n. A small present or forfeit of one friend to another, arising out of their partaking together of a double-kerneled almond. [In HG. vietliebchen, LG. viellinbken, much loved, pron. somewhat like phi-lip-ken, whence pluloj>ena may be a corruption, but formed as if fr. Gr. philos and L. poena, penaltv.] — Phi'loprogen'itiveness, -jen'Y- tiv-nes, n. (Phren.) The love of offspring or of young children. See Pheenology. [L. progenies, progeny, q. v.] — Philosophy, -o-fT, n. Knowledge • of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws ; a particular philosophical system or theory; collection of the gen- eral laws or principles under which the subordinate phenomena of any subject are comprehended. [ME. and F. philosophie, L. and Gr. philosophia ; Gr. so- phos. wise, skillful, sophia, skill.] — Philosopher, -o- fer, n. One versed in, or devoted to, philosopny ; one who philosophizes. — Philosopher's stone. A stone or preparation which the alchemists sought as the instrument of converting the baser metals into gold. — Phil'osoph'ic. -ical, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, skilled in, or evincing, philosophy ; rational ; wise; temperate. — Phil'osoph'ically, adv. — PhilosO- phism, -o-fizm, n. Love of fallacious arguments or false reasoning. — Philos Ophist, n. A lover of sophistry. — Philosophize, v. i. [-phized (-fizd), -PHiziNG.] To reason like a philosopher : to search into the reason and nature of things. — PhiFotech'- nic, -tekOik. -nical, a. Having an attachment to the arts. [Gr. techne, art.] — Phil'ter, n. A potion or charm intended to excite love. — v. t. [phil- teeed (_-terd), -tering.] To impregnate with a love potion; to charm to love. [F. philtre, L. philr trum, Gr. philtron.] Philippic, fil-ip-'pik, n. An oration of Demosthenes Xmst Philip, king of Macedon ; any declamation undingin acrimonious invective. [Philip, fr. Gr. vhilippos, a lover of horses ; hippos = L. eqvus, a horse.] Philistine, fY-lis'tin, n. (Geog.) An inhabitant of ancient Palestine. One who cannot appreciate, and therefore despises, culture, art, refinement, or re- ligion. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Plishthi, fr. palash, to wander about.] Philomel, filO-mel, -mela, -la, n. The nightingale. [Fr. Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, fabled to have been changed into a nightingale.] Philopena, Philosophy, Philter, etc. See under Phi- lander. Phiz, fiz, n. The face or visage. [Contr. of physiog- riomy.] Phlebotomy, fie-botO-mi, n. (Surg.) Act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood ; blood-letting. [F. phlebotomie, L. and Gr. phlebotomia, fr. Gr. phleps, phlebos, a vein (fr. pheein, to gush, overflow; s. rt. L. flare = E. blow), and temnein, to cut.] — PhlebotOmist, n. One who, etc. — Phlebotomize, v. i. [-mized (-mlzd), -MiziNG.l To let blood (from a vein). — Phleme, flem, n. A lancet, fleam, q. v. Phlegm, flem, n. One of the 4 humors (blood, choler phlegm, and gall) which the ancients supposed to determine the temperament. (Physiol.) The tena- cious mucus of the respiratory and digestive pas- sages. Dullness ; coldness ; sluggishness ; indiffer- ence. [F. phlegme, L. and Gr. phlegma, a flame, inflammation, phlegm, fr. Gr. phlegein, to burn; s rt. L. flagrare, to burn, flamma = E. flame. 1— Phleg- mat'ic, fleg-mat'ik, a. Abounding in, or genera- ting, phlegm; cold; dull; heavy. — Phlegmat ? icallv, arfw.-Phleg'mon, n (Med.) Circumscribed in- flammation of the cellular tissue, such as precedes an abscess. [L. and Gr. }Megmone.~\ — Phlegmon- ous, -mon-us, a. Having the nature or properties °X a P hl egmon. — Phlogiston, flo-jis'ton, n. £0. t/iei".) ihe supposed principle of inflammability, or the matter of fire m composition with other bodies ; caloric. [Gr. phlogistos, burnt, fr. phlo- gizem, to set on hre, fr. p)hlegein^\ — Phlogis'tic, (Lhem.) Partaking of phlogiston. (Med.) In- a. (Chem.) Partaking of phlogii flammatorv. — Phlogo'sis, n. (Pathol.)' External or erysipelatous inflammation of the body. erysipelatous inflammation of the body. [Gr., burning heat.] — Phlox, floks, n. A genus of Amer. flowering plants, having red, white, or purple flow- ers. [Gr., flame, — f r. its color.] Phleme. See under Phlebotomy. Phoenix. Same as Phentx. Phonetic, fo-net'ik, Phon'ic, fon'ik, a. Pert, to tha voice, or its use; representing sounds. [Gx.phoneU tkos, pert, to speaking, fr. phonein, to produce a sound, phone, a sound; s. rt. Gr. phemi, I speak, E. ban, anthem.] — ThoneVics, n. Doctrine or science of sounds, esp. those of the human voice; phonol- ogy ; art of combining musical sounds. — Phon'- etist, n. One versed in phonology. — Pho'nocamp'- tic, a. Having the power to inflect sound, or turn it from its direction, and thus alter it. [Gr. phone and kamptikos, flexible.]— Pho 'nograph, -graf, n. A distinct symbol to represent a sound, and always one and the same sound, in w iting. (Phys- ics.) An instrument for the mechanical registra- tion and reproduction of audible sounds. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — PhoOogram, n. (Phonogra- pjhy.) A written letter or mark indicating a par- ticular sound or modification of sound. The rec- ord made by a phonograph (instrument). — Pho- nog'rapher, -nog'ra-fgr, n. One skilled in phonog- raphy, or in using the phonograph (instrument). — Pho'nograph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or based upon, "Be fit to live, that you may be fit to die." Phonographic Characters. phonography. — Phonog'raphy, -f T, n. A descrip- tion of the laws of the human voice, or of sounds, uttered by the organs of speech; a representation of sounds by distinctive characters ; a system of short-hand; art of constructing or using the phono- graph. — PhonolOgy, -o-ji, n. A treatise on sounds; science or doctrine of the elementary sounds ut- tered by the human voice in speech ; phonetics. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Pho'nolog'ic, -ical, a. Pert. to phonology. — PhonolOgist, -oger, n. One versed in phonology ; a phonetist. — PhoOotype, -tip, n. A type or character used in phonotypy. [Gr. tujios, type, character.] — Pho'notyp'ic, -ical, -tTCp^ik-al. n. Of, or pert, to, phonotypy or a phonotype. — Pho- not'ypy, -not'T-pl, n. Art of representing sounds by distinct characters or types; style of printing in accordance with this art. — Phonot / ypist, n. One versed in, etc. Phosphorus, fos r for-us, n. The morning star; Phos- phor, q. v., below. (Chem.) An elementary non- metallic, luminous, poisonous substance, very com- bustible, semi-transparent, resembling fine wax. [L.; Gr. phosjihoros, light-bringing, fr. phos, photos (= phaos: see Phantasm), light, and pherein, to bring.] — Phos-'phuret, -fu-ret, -phide, -i'Tfd, ». (Chem.) A combination of phosphorus with an- other substance. — Phos'phuret'ed, a. Combined with phosphorus. — Phos'phate, -fat, n. A salt formed by a combination of phos-phoric acid with a salifiable base.— Phos'phite, -fit, n. A salt formed by combination of phosphorous acid with a salifi- able base. — Phos'phorate, v. t. To combine or im- pregnate with phosphorus. —Phos'phoresce', -es', i;. t. [-esceb (-est''), -escing.] To shine, as pb.03 im. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, tSrm s Tn : Tee ; Sdd, tone, 6r s PHRASE 421 PHYSIC phorus, by exhibiting: a faint light without sensible neat. — Phos'phores'cence, -es'sens, n. State of be- ing, etc. — Phos'phores'cent, a. Shining with a faint light.— Phosphoric, -ical, -forlk-al, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, phosphorus. — Phos'phorous, -for- us, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, phosphorus — said of a certain acid formed bv combination of phosphorus with oxygen. — Phbs'phor, -fer, n. (Astron.) The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star ; Lucifer. — Photo-engraving, fo'to-en-gravlng, n. Process of obtaining, from a photographic image, an etched or engraved plate for printing ; a print from such a plate. [Fr. photo- graph + engraving.] — Photogenic, -jenlc, a. Pro- ducing light ; suited for producing photographic pictures ; actinic. — Pho'tograph, -to-graf , n. A pic- ture produced or printed on chemically prepared paper, by the action of sunlight. — v. t. To take such a picture. [Gr. graphein, to write.]— Photog'- rapher, -ra-fer, n. One who practices photography. — Photographic, -ical, -graflk-al, a. Pert, to, or obtained by, photography.— Photoglaphy, -ra-f I, n . Art of, etc. — Photochlomy, -tok'ro-mT, n. Art or process of reproducing colors by photography. [Gr. chroma, color.] — Photol'ogy, -tol'o-jT, n. Doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phe- nomena. [Gr. Togos, discourse.] — Photometer, n. An instrument for measuring the relative intensities of light. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Photom'etry, -e-trl, n. Science of the measurement of the inten- sity of light. — Pho'to-eledric, a. Acting by the operation of both light and electricity, — said of ap- paratus for taking photographs by electric light. — Pho'to-lith^ograph, ?i„ A picture printed from a lithographic stone which has been prepared by photographic process, —v. t. To produce, etc. — Phologen, -jen, a. (Chem.) A light hydrocarbon I oil, obtained by the distillation of coal, shale, peat, etc., and burned in lamps. Phrase, fraz, n. A brief expression, or part of a sen- tence; a short, pithy expression; esp. one which is often employed; manner or style in which one ex- presses himself; diction. — v. t. [phrased (frazd), phrasing.] To express in words, or in peculiar words. [F-; L. and Gr. phrasis, fr. Gr. phrazein, to speak.] — Phraseol'ogy, -ze-oKo-jT, n. Manner of expression; peculiar words used in a sentence; dic- tion; style; a collection of phrases in a language. [Gr. logos, speech, discourse.]— Phra'seologlc, -ical, -ze-o-lojlk-al, a. Capable of being phrased, pert, to phraseology. Phrenic, frenlk, «. Pert, to the diaphragm. — Phrenology. 1. Amativeness ; 2, Philopro- j geBitiveness ; 3, Concentra- | tiveness; 3 a, Inhabitiveness; 4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combat- iveness ; 6, Destructiveness ; 6 a. Alimentiveness; 7, Secre- tiveness ; 8, Acquisitiveness; 9, Constructiveaess; 10, Self- esteem ; 11, Love of appro- bation; 12, Cautiousness; 13, Benevolence ; 14, Venera- tion ; 15, Finnnaes; 16, Con- scientiousness; 17, Hope; 18, Wonder ; 19, Ideality ; 19 a, (Not determined) ; 20, Wit; 21, Imitation; 22, Individual- ity ; 23, Form ; 24, Size ; 25, Weight; 26, Color; 27, Local- ity ; 28, Number; 29, Order; 30, Eventuality; 31, Time; 32, Tune; 33, Language; 34, Com- parison ; 35, Causality. Phylacteries Phrenlcs, n. Science of the mind; metaphysics. [Gr. phn it, phrenos, the mind, also the diaphragm, — where the ancients believed the mind to be situ- ated; perh. s. rt. Gr. s/>len = E. spleen.] — Phrenetic, fre-netlk, a. Frantic, q. v., under FRENZY. — Phren'sy, -zi, n. Same as Frenzy. — Phrenilis. n. (J/ec/.) Inflammation of the brain, or of the me- ninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and delirium. Madness ; frenzy, q. v. [Gr.] — Phre- noKogy, -nol'o-jl, a. Science of the special func- tions of the parts of the brain ; theory that the mental faculties are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Phrenologist, n. A believer in, or one versed in, etc. — Phrenologlc. -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Phrygian. frij'I-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Fhrygia, in Asia Minor, — applied to a sprightly kind of music among the ancients, also to a li-lu stone. Phthisis, thi'sis, a. (Med.) Pulmonary consumption — formerly applied, also, to many wasting diseases. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. phthkin, to decay, wane, dwin- dle; s. rt. Skr. kski, to destroy, kshitu, decayed.] — Phthisic, tizlk, n. Same as phthisis, — popularly, but erroneously, applied to any difficulty of breath- ing, esp. to chronic dyspnoea, fr. the notion that these affections are much the same as phthisis. [Fr. L.jjhthisicus, Gr. phthisikos, consumptive. ]— Phthis'- ical, Phthislcky, -ik-l, a. Having, or pert, to, etc.; breathing hard. Phycology, fi-koKo-jl, a. The study of algse or sea- weeds. [Gr. phukos, sea-weed, f ucus, and logos, dis- course.] Phylactery, fi-lak'ter-T, n. Any charm or spell worn as a preservative from danger or disease. (Jewish Antiq.) A slip of parchment on which were written certain passages of the Pentateuch; worn Dy devout persons on the fore- head and left arm while at > prayer. [Gr. phulakterion, a preservative, amulet, fr. phu- lactei\ phulax, a watchman, phulassein, to guard.] Phyllon, fillon, n. (Bot.) One of the leaves forming the calyx or external envelope of a flower. [Gr. phullon, L. folium, a leaf; s. it. foliage.] — Phylloid, -loid,a. Like a leaf. [Gr. eidos, shape.] — Phylloph r - agous. -lofa-gus, a. Subsisting on leaves; leaf-eat- ing. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Phyllox'era, -loks'e ra, n. A hemipterous insect, allied to the aphis or plant-louse, very destructive to grape-vines; the dis- eased condition of the vine thus caused. [Gr. phul- lon and xeros, dry.] Physeter, fi-seler, n. The sperm whale; apparatus for utilizing atmospheric pressure in filtering. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. phusan, to blow.] Physic, fizlk, n. Theory or practice of medicine; a specific internal application for the cure or relief of sickness; a purge; cathartic— v. t. [physicked (-ikt), -icking.] To treat with physic; to purge; to cure. — Physics, n. Science of nature or of natural ob- jects; esp. science of the general properties of bodies, and causes that modify" those properties ; natural philosophy. [OF. phisike, phisique, medicines, also natural science, L. physica, natural science, Gr.phu- sikos, physical, natural, fr. phusis, nature, essence of a thing, phuein, to produce, grow: s. rt. Skr. bhu^= E. to be, q. v.] — Physique'', fe'zek', n. The natural constitution, or physical structure, of a person. [F.] — Physical, a. Pert, to nature, as including all created existences; relating to natural or material things, as opp. to things mental, moral, spiritual or imaginary ; pert, to physics, or the science of na- ture, or to unorganized matter ; cognizable by the senses ; corporeal ; external. — Physically, adv. — Physi'cian, -zish'an, n. One who is skilled in physic or the art of healing: a doctor of medicine. [OF. physicien.] — Physicist, -T-sist, n. One versed in the science of physics. — Physiog'nomy, -Y-og / 'no-mT, n. Art or science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face ; the face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind : particular cast, or expression of counte- nance. (Bot.) The general appearance of a plant, irrespective of its botanical characters. [OF. phison- omie, It. attd Sp. fsonomia, L. and Gr. physiognomo- nia, fr. Gr. pJmsiognomon, skilled in reading features, lit. judging of nature, fr. phusis and gnomon, an in- terpreter: see Gnomon.] — Physiognomic, -ical, a. Pert, to physiognomy. — Physiognomies, n. Same as Physiognomy. — Physiog'nomist. n. One skilled sun, cube, full ; moon. fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chaii-, get. PHYTIVOROUS 422 PIE in physiognomy. — Physiol'ogy, -Y-ol'o-jT, n. Sci- ence of the organs and their Junctions in animals and plants. [F. physiologie, L. and Gr. physiologia, an inquiry into the nature of things; Gr. logos, dis- eourse.] — Phys'iolog'ic-ical.-o-loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to physiology, or the science of the properties and functions of living beings. — PhysioKogist, -o-jist, -oger, -o-jer, n. One versed in, or who treats of, physiology. Phytivorous, fi-tiv'o-rus, a. Feeding on plants or herbage. [Gr. phuton, a piant (fr. phuein, to grow: see Physic), and L. vorare, to devour.] — Phytog'"- raphy, -tog'ra-fi, n. Science of describing plants systematically; a description of plants. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Phytol'ogy, -tol'o-jl, n. A treatise on plants, or the science of plants; botany. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Phytoph'agous, -tof 'a-gus, a. Eating, or subsisting on, plants. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Phytot'omy, -tot'o-mi, n. The dissection of plants. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] Pi, pi, n. {Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed, or unsorted. — v. t. [pied (pid), pieing.] To drop or break down (a line, page, etc.) so that the type shall be confusedly mixed. [Abbr. of pica, q. v., under Pie, a bird.] Piacular, pi-ak'u-lar, -ulous, -u-lus, a. Expiatory ; having power to atone; criminal; atrociously bad. [L. piacularis, fr. piaculum, a propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a crime, fr. piare, to expiate, f r. pins, pious.] Pia Mater, pi'a-ma'ter, n. {Anat.) The vascular mem- brane immediately investing the brain. [L., tender mother.] Piano, pe-a'no, a. {Mus.) Soft,— a direction to the performer. [It., fr. L. planus, even, hence smooth, sof t.] — Pia'no, P.-for'te, -for'ta, n. {Mus.) A mu- sical instrument, consisting of a series of wires of graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by ammers moved by keys. [It. ; forte, ~L.fortis, strong.] — PPanis'simo, -se-mo, a. {Mus.) Very soft, — a di- rection to execute a passage in the softest manner. [It., superl. of piano.] — Pia'nist, n. A performer on the piano-forte. Piaster, pl-as'ter, n. A coin of different values in dif- ferent countries,— worth about 80 cents in Italy. [It. piastra; s. rt. It. piastro, a thin plate of metal, a plaster, q. v.] Piazza, pl-az'za, n. {Arch.) A kind of portico. A square open space surrounded by buildings. [It., place, square, market-place: see Place.] Pibroch, pe'brok, n. A wild, irregular species of mu- sic, peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland. [Ga. pi- obaireachd, pipe-music, fr. piobair, a piper, piob, a pipe, q. v.] — Pib'-corn, n. A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at each end, used in Wales. [W. pib, pipe, and corn, horn.] Pica. See under Pie, a bird. Picador, pe'ka-dor', n. A horseman armed with a lance, who opens a bull-fight. [Sp., fr. pica = E. pike.] Picaroon, pik-a-roon', n. One -who pickeers ; esp. a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate. [Sp. picaron, fr. pi- caro, roguish, knavish, F. picorer, to go marauding, orig. to "steal cattle, fr. L. pectus, pecoris, cattle.] — Picaresque', -resk', a. Pert, to a style of novel for- merly popular, esp. in Spain, which recounted _the deeds of robbers, pirates, etc. [F.] — Pickeer', -er', v. t. and i. [-eered (-erd'), -eering.] To pillage, pi- rate; to skirmish. Picayune, pik-a-yoon', n. A small coin = 6 1-4 cents. [Carib word.] Piccalilli, pik'ka-lil'lY, n. An E. Indian pickle of va- rious vegetables with pungent spices. Piccolo, pik'ko-lo, n. {Mus.) A small flute, whose pitch is an octave higher than that of the ordinary flute; a small upright piano-forte. [It., small.] Pick, pik, v. t. [picked (pikt), picking.] To peck at, like birds with their bills; to strike at with anything pointed; to open, as a lock; to separate, as wool, cot- ton, hair, oakum, etc.; to pull away, gather, esp. with the fingers, as fruit from a tree, corn from a stalk, etc. ; to pluck; to cleanse, by removing (with a pointed instrument or the fingers) that which is ob- jectionable; to take away by a quick, unexpected movement, take up suddenly; to choose, select, cull; to seek or desire; to collect, bring together. — v. i. To eat slowly or by morsels, nibble; to do anything nicely; to steal, pilfer. — n. A sharp-pointed tool; esp. (Mining & Mech.), a tool with a wooden handle and a heavy curved iron head tapering to a point at each end, used for loosening and breaking up 6~ hard earth, ground, stones, etc. Choice; right of se- lection. [ME. and G. picken, AS. pycan, to pick, peck, Ir. piocaim, Ga. pioc, to pick, pluck, nibble; s. rt. peak, pitch, peck, pike.] — To pick out. To select ; to ornament or relieve with stripes of a different color. — To p. up. To improve slowly in health; to gather here and there. — Pick'er, n. One who, etc. {Mech.) A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces. — Pick'ing, n. Act of pluck- ing, selecting, etc.; that which is left to be picked or gleaned; act of pilfering; thing stolen. — Pick'- ax, -axe, n. A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle insert- ed at the middle; a pick. [ME. pikois, jnkeys, OF. piqucns, fr. piquer, to pick, pic, a pick, pickax; not fr. ax.] — Pick'- lock, n. An instrument for opening locks when there is no" key ; a person who picks locks. — Pickpocket, n. One Pickax, who steals from another's pocket. — Pick'et, n. A stake sharpened, used in fortification and encamp- ments ; a narrow board pointed, used in fences. {Mil.) A guard posted in front of an army, to give notice of the approach of an enemy. — v. t. To fortify, inclose, or fence with pickets; to fasten to a Sicket. [F. piquet, picquet, a little pickax, also a peg riven into the ground to fasten horses, hence a cav- alry outpost, dim. of pic: see Pickax, above.] — Pick'et-guard, n. {Mil.) A guard of horse and foot always in readiness in case of alarm. Pickaninny, pik'a-nin-nl, n. A small child; esp. a ne- gro or mulatto infant. [Prob. fr. Sp. picaae nino, little child.] Pickeer. See under Picaroon. Pickerel, pik'er-el, n. A fresh-water fish of several species of the pike family. [Dim. of pike.] Pickle, pik'l, n. A solution of salt and water, in which fish and meat may be preserved or corned; brine ; vinegar, sometimes spiced, in which vege- tables, fish, etc., may be preserved ; any article of food preserved in vinegar ; a troublesome child. — v. t. [pickled (pik'ld), -ling.] To preserve or season in pickle ; to imbue highly with anything bad ; to prepare (an imitation) and sell as genuine ; to subject (pins and needles) to the action of certain chemicals. [D. and LG. pekel, pickle, brine ; perh. s. rt. pick, things to be pickled being previously picked over.] — To be in a pickle. To be in a dis- agreeable position. — To put a rod in p. To get ready a punishment. Picklock, Pickpocket. See under Pick. Picnic, pik'nik, n. Orig. an entertainment at which each person contributed some article for the gen- eral table; an excursion of pleasure into the country; the party itself. — v. i. To go on a picnic. [Pern, fr. pick, to nibble, and rt. of knickknack : nicknack was formerly used as picnic is now : F. piquenwue and Sw. picknick are recent words and from the E.] Pict, pikt, n. One of the ancient inhabitants of N. E. Scotland, probably a Celtic race and akin to the Welsh. [AS. Pihtas, prob. notfr. L..pictns, painted.] — Pict'ish, a. Pert, to, or resembling, the Picts. Picture, pik'chur, n. That which is painted ; a like- ness drawn iri colors; any graphic representation ; art or form of representation Dy painting; that which, by its likeness, hrings vividly to mind some other thing. — v. t. [pictured (-churd), -turing.] To draw or paint a resemblance of '; to represent; to re- call distinctly or vividly. [L. pictura, the art of painting, also a picture, fr. pingere x pictum, to paint.]— Pict'ural, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or shown in, pictures. — Picturesque', -esk', a. Fitted to form a pleasing picture ; expressing that kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial. [It. pittoresco.] — Picto'rial, -to'rt-al, a. Pert, to, illustrated by, or forming, pictures. [L. pictorius, fr. pictor, a painter.] — Picto'rially, adv. Picul, pik'ul, n. In China, a weight of 133* pounds. [Jav. and Malay, pikul, fr. pikul, to carry on the back, a man's burden.] Piddle, pid'dl, v. i. To deal in trifles, spend time in trifling objects ; to eat or drink squeamishly, or without relish ; to make water, — a childish word. [LG. pitteln, poetteln, to touch or handle gently, eat without appetite, work by small touches, Sw. pittto, to pick lightly, continue to pick.]— Pid'dler, n. Pidgeon, Pidjin. See Pigeon English. Pie, pi, n. A crust of paste baked with fruit, meat, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 5r ; PIE 423 PILFER Magpie. etc., in it or under it. JTrob. fr. ir. and Ga. pighe, a pie ; prob. s. rt. Ga..ptge, a jar, pot : see Piggin.J Pie, pi, Pi'ca, -ka, n. A magpie; the old Rom. Cath. service-book ; pi, disordered type. [ME. pie, pye, F. pie, L. pica, W. pi, )doq, a magpie; prob. s. rt. L. picus, a wood- pecker, Skr. pika, the In- dian cuckoo, G. specht, a woodpecker, Gr. spiza, a 1inch, spiz- ein,~L.pipire, to chirp, F. and E. pigeon. The service-book was printed in heavy black-letter type on white paper, resembling the colors of the magpie, hence the name of the type now called pica.'] — Pi'ca, n. (Print.) Akind of type of 2 sizes, smallpica and .pica, in size between English and long primer. This line is in pica. This line is in sm.all pica. — Pied, pid, a. Variegated with spots of different colors; spotted. — Pied'ness, n. State of being parti- colored. — Pie'bald, a. Of various colors ; diversi- fied in color. [Fr. pie and bald (q. v.), orig. balled, streaked.] Piece, pes, n. A fragment of anything separated from the whole ; a part ; share ; portion of any- thing conceived of as apart from other portions ; an individual article ; single effort ; definite perform- ance ; a literary or artistic composition ; a musket, gun, or cannon; a coin. — v. t. [pieced (pest), piecing.] To enlarge or mend by the addition of a piece ; to patch ; to unite, join. — v. i. To unite by a coalescence of parts; to be compacted as parts into a whole. [OF.; Sp. pieza, It. pezza, a piece, LL.pe- tium, also pedica, piece of land : peril, s. rt. L. pes, pedis, Gr. peza, a foot ; or else W. peth, Armor, pez, a piece.] — Of a j'iece. Of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole : like. — Pie'cer, n. One who pieces ; a patchev. — Piece'-goods, n. pi. Dry goods usually sold by the piece, as long cloths, etc. — -work, n. Work done by the measure of quantity, or paid for according to its amount. — Piece'meal, -mel, adv. In pieces; in fragments; by little and lit- tle.— a. Made of parts or pieces: single; separate. [-meal AS. msel, a portion: see Meal, a repast.] Pied, etc. See under Pie, a bird. Pier, per, n. (Arch.) A mass of stone-work support- ing an arch, bridge, etc.; part of the wall of a house between windows or doors ; a structure to break the force of the waves ; a projecting wharf or landing- place. [OF. piere, L. and'Gr. petra, rock, stone.] — Pier'-glass, n. A mirror hanging between windows. — ta'ble, n. A table standing, etc. Pierce, pers, v. t. [pierced (perst), piercing.] To thrust into or transfix with a pointed instrument; to force a way into; totouch(the affections); to dive in- to (a secret or purpose); to bore, penetrate, perforate, reach. — v. i. To enter, as a pointed instrument ; to dive or penetrate (into a secret, etc.). [ME. percen, F. percer, perh. contr. fr. pertuisier, L. pertundere, -tusum, to beat, bore through, fr. per, through, and tundere, to beat : see Contuse.] — Pierce'' able, a. — — Pier'cer, n. Pierian, pi-e'rY-an, a. Pert, to the Muses. [Fr. Mount Pierus, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.] Piet, pi'et, -ot, n. Same as Pie, magpie. Piety, Pietist,etc. See under Pious. Pig, pig, n. The young of swine; a hog; an oblong mass of metal, as first extracted from the ore. — v. t. or i. [pigged (pigd), pigging.] To bring forth pigs; to lie together like pigs. [AS. pecg, D. big, bigge, pig, LG. bigge, pig, also child, Dan. pige, Ic. pika, a girl.] — Pig'gish, a. Like pigs; filthy; greedy; obstinate. — Pig'gery, -ger-t, Pig'-sty, n. A place where swine are kept.— Pig'' -iron, n. Iron in pigs, or oblong bars, as it comes from the smelting furnace.— Pig'tail, n. The tail of a pig; the hair so tied at the back of the head as to resemble a pig's tail, a cue; a twisted roll of tobacco. Pigeon, pij'un, n. A gallinaceous bird, of several species, as the stock-dove, ring-dove, turtle-dove, and the migratory or wild pigeon of America. [F., a dove,fr. L. pip to, -outs, a young bird, lit. achirper, fr. pipire, to chirp: see Pie, bird.] — Pig'eonry, -un- rT, n. A place for keeping pigeons ; a dovecote. — Pig'eon-hole, n. A division of a case for papers. — -liv'ered, -§rd, a. Mild in temper ; soft ; timid. Pigeon-, Pidgeon-, or Pidjin-English, pij'un-in'glish. The barbarous and childish dialect used between English or Americans and Chinamen,— consisting of English words as pronounced by the Chinese, with an infusion of Chinese, Portuguese, and other words. [Pigeon, in this dialect = E. business; busi- ness English.] Piggin, pig'gin, n. A small wooden pail or half-cask with an erect stave handle, used as a dipper, etc. [Ga. pigean, pige, dim. of pigeadh, an earthen jar, pitcher, or pot; Ir. j/igiu, W. piccyn.] Pigment, pig'ment, n. A substance used by painters, dyers, etc., to impart colors to bodies; paint. [L.pig- mentum, ir.pingere, to paint, q. v.] Pigmy. See Pygmy. Pignoration, pig-no-ra/shun, n. Act of pledging or pawning. (Ciril Lav:.) The taking of cattle doing damage, by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. [LL. pignoratio, fr. pignorare, L. pignerare, to '_ ]— Pig'norative, -tiv, a. Pledging ; pawning, plk, n. (Mil.) A long wooden staff, with a flat, pointed steel head; spear. (Iclith.) A voracious fresh- water fish, living in deep ' water, so named fr. shape ; ^^= a turnpike road. [ME. pike, pyke, spear, pic, Pike, spike, pike, fish, Ir. pice, spear, fork, Ga. pic, spear, pickax, W. pig, point, pike, beak; s. rt. peak, peck, pick,],itch, pique, picket, piquet, beak, spiike, jdckerel ; cf. gar, ged.] — Pike'man, n. ; / 1, -men. A soldier armed with a pike. — Pike'staff, n. The shaft of a pike; a staff having a sharp metal spike at the bot- tom, to guard against slipping. Pilaster, pT-las'ter, n. (Arch.) A square column, usually set within a wall, and projecting only l-4th or l-5th of its diameter. [1. pAlastre, It. pilastro, fr. It. and L. pua, pillar; s. rt. pile.] Pilchard, piKchaid, n. A fish resembling the herring, but thicker and rounder. [Ir. pilseir.] Pile, pil, n. A roundish or elevated mass or collection of things; a heap: a mass regularly formed by rows or layers ; a large building, or mass of buildings. (Elec.) A vertical series of alternate disks of 2 dissimilar metals, with disks of cloth or paper between them moistened with pledge Pike, plk Pilaster. acid water, for producing a current of electricity. — v. t. [piled (pild), piling.] To lay or throw into a pile or heap; to fill above the brim or top; to heap, accumulate, amass. [F., a ball, pile, heap, L. plla, Gr. ]ialla, a ball.] — Pu'er, n. One who forms a pile or heap. — Piles, pilz, n. pi. (Med.) Small erectile tumors of the vascular, mucous, or cellular tissues of the rectum; hemorrhoids.— Pill, n. Medicine, etc ; , in the form of a little ball; anything nauseous. [F. pilule, L. pihda, dim. of pila.] — Pil'ule. -ul, n. A homeopathic pill. — Pil'ulous, -u-lus, a. Of the size of a pill; insignificant. Pile, pil, n. A piece of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, to support a building, bridge, etc. [AS. pil, a stake, L. %Ma, a pillar, pier, pilum, a jav- elin ; s. rt. pillar, pilaster.] — _ Pile'-driv'er, -en'gine, n. A ma- chine for driving clown piles. Pile, pil, n. The fiber of wool, cotton, etc.; nap. [L.?t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, ch lir, get. PILGRIM 424 PINE Pillory. Pilgrim, pil'grim, n. A wanderer; traveler; esp. one who travels to a distance from his own country to visit a holy place. [OF.peZerm.lt. peregrino,pelle- grino, L. peregrinvs, foreign, also a stranger, for- eigner, pereger, a traveler, f r. per, through, and ager, a land, country: s. rt. acre, peregrination.'] |— Pil'- grimage, -ei, n. The journey of a pilgrim; a journey to a shrine or other sacred place. Pill, Pilule, etc. See under Pile, a mass. Pill, pil, v. t. [pilled (pild), pilling.] To rob, plun- der, pillage. j_F. piller, L. pilare, to plunder, rav- age; prob. not same as L. pilare, to deprive of hair: see Peel, to strip.] — Pillage, -lei, n. Act of plun- dering: that taken from another by force, esp. from enemies in war; rapine; spoil; depredation. — v.t. [pillaged (-lejd), -laging.J To strip of money or goods by viole'nce; to plunder, spoil. [F., plunder (M.).] — PiKlager, n. Pillar, pil'lar. n. A pier or column for a monument or ornament, or to support an arch, roof, statue, etc. ; thing resembling such a pillar in appearance, stabil- ity, strength, etc.: foundation; prop; support. [OF. piler, Sp. and Pg. pilar, LL. pilare, a pillar, fr. L. pile, a pier, pile (q. v.), support of a building, etc.] Pillion, pil'yun, n. The pad or cushion attached to the hinder part of a saddle, as a second seat. [Ir. pilliun, a pack-saddle, fr. pill, peall, a skin, couch, pillow; s. rt. L. pellis = E.fell, a skin.] Pillory, pil'lo-rf, n. A frame of wood erected on a post, with holes, through which the head and hands of a criminal were formerly put, to expose him to public view. — v. t. [pil- loried (-rid), -rying.] To pun- ish with, or set in, the pillory. [OF. pilori, perh. corrupt, of Proven?, espitlori, fr. LL. ex- spectacvlurn, a scaffold on which captives were exposed to the (expectatio) gaze of the popu- lace ; s. rt. expect, spectacle.'] Pillow, pil'lo, n. A cushion to support the head. (Naut.) The block on which the inner end of a bowsprit is supported. (2Iech.) A piece of metal or wood used to support some part of a machine to equalize the pressure; a bearing, or journal-box. A kind of plain, coarse fustian.— v. t. [pillowed (-lod), -lowing.] To rest or lay for support. [ME. pilwe, AS. pyle, MHG. phulwe, fr. ~L.pulvinus, pillow, bol- ster.] — Pil'low-bier, -ber, n. The movable case or sack drawn over a pillow; pil- low-case. [LG. kuere, pillow- case, prob. fr. OHG. burian, to erect.] — -block, n. (Mech.) A block, or standard, for sup- porting the end of a shaft. — -case, n. A covering for a pil- low ° * Pillow-block. Pilose, Pilous, etc. See under Pile, fiber. Pilot, pilot, n. One who steers ships, esp. where nav- igation is dangerous; a guide; the cow-catcher of a locomotive. — v. t. To direct the course of (a ship); to guide through dangers or difficulties. [OF., a pi- lot, piloter, to take soundings, fr. D. peil-loot, a sound- ing-lead, piloot or lootsman, a pilot, fr. peilen, to sound the depth of water, also to gauge the contents of a cask, etc. (contr. fr. pegelen, fr. pegel, peil, the mark on liquid measures showing the contents; s. rt. peg), and loot, lead.] — Pilotage, -ej, n. The pay, also the guidance, of a pilot. — Pi'lot-bread, n. Hard bread or ship biscuit. — cloth, n. A coarse, stout kind of cloth, for overcoats. — fish, n. A fish of the mackerel family, which often accompanies ships, and has been supposed to act as pilot to the sharks, which do likewise. Pimenta, pi-men'ta, -to, n. The dried berry of a W. Indian tree, having an aromatic flavor, and valued as a spice; allspice; the tree which produces allspice. [Pg. pimenta, allspice, fr. L. pigmentum, a pigment ( juice of plants.] Pimp, pimp, n. One who provides gratifications for the lust of others; a procurer; pander. — v.i. [pimped (pimt), pimping.] To procure lewd women for the gratification of others ; to pander. [F. pimpe'e, a spruce fellow, pp. of pimper, to render elegant, f r. piper, to pipe (q. v.), deceive, cheat, gull.] Pimpernel, pim'per-nel, n. A plant of which one spe- cies has small flowers, usually scarlet, which close at the approach Of bad weather. [OF. pimpernelle, piiupineue, prob. corrupt, of LL. bipinnella, for bi- pinnula, two-winged, dim. fr. bipennis, f r. bis, twice, •and penna, feather, q. v.] Pimple, pim'pl, n. (Med.) A small pointed elevation of the cuticle with inflamed base, differing from a pustule in not containing a fluid, nor tending to suppuration. [AS. pipjel, prob. corrupt, of L. papula., pimple; s. rt. (jx.pomphos, a bubble, blister, Lithuah. pampti, to swell, Skr. piplu, freckle, mole, perh. W. pivmp, a bump.] — Pinrpled, -pld, a. Having pim- ples on the skin; full of pimples. Pin, pin, n. A pointed instrument of wood, metal, etc.; a peg; bolt; esp., a small, pointed piece of wire with a head, used for fastening clothes, etc.; a thing of trifling value ; that which resembles a pin in form or use. —v.t. [pinned (pind), -ning.1 To fasten (with a pin) ; to inclose, pen. [ME., Ir., Ga., and Svr.jrinne, D.pin, OD.penne, a pin, peg, AS. pinn, a pen, style for writing, all fr. L. pinna, iorpenna, a feather (q. v.), pen, fin ,_ pinnacle, LateL. penna, a probe.] — Pin' afore', -a-for', n. An apron for a child to cover the front part of the body; a tier. — Pin'- cushion, -kush-un, n. A small cushion in which to stick pins, to keep them. — Pin-hole, n. A puncture made by a pin; a very small aperture. — Pin'ner, n. One who pins or fastens; a pounder of cattle; pound- keeper; a maker of pins; the lappet of a head-dress, which flies loose. — Pin ,r - case, n. A case for holding pins. — -featb/er, n. A small or short, partly grown feather ; esp. one of those not easily removed in picking a fowl. — -foot'ed, a. Having the toes bordered by a membrane. — mon'ey, n. A wife's allowance for her personal expenses. — -worm, n. A thread-like intestinal worm. — Pin'nacle, -na-kl, n. A blender turret elevated above a roof, buttress, etc.; a high, spiring point. [ME. and F. pinocle, L. pinnaciuum, dim. of pinna.] — Pin r - nate, -nat, -nated, a. (Bot.) Shaped like a feather. Furnished with fins. [L. pin- natus, feathered, fr. pinna.]— Pinnatind, pin-nat'T-fid or pin'na-ti-fid', a. (Bot.) , Divided in a pinnate manner, with the f divisions not reaching to the midrib. [L. pinnatus and findere, fidi, to split.]— m Pinnatiped, pin-nafl-ped or pin'na-ti- || ped', a. Having the toes bordered by membranes. [L. pinnatus and pes, pe- Pinnacle. dis, foot.]— Pin'tle, -tl, n. (Artil.) A long iron bolt to prevent the recoil of a cannon. A pin to hold a wheel in place; a pivot pin, as of a hinge; an iron plate with dowel pins. (Naut.) A hook on which a rudder is hung to its post. [Dim. of pin.] Pinch, pinch, v. t. [pinched (pincht), pinching.] To press hard or squeeze as between the ends of the fin- gers, or any hard bodies; to oppress with want; to distress. — ?;, i. To act with pressing force; to bear hard; to spare, be covetous. — n. A close compression with the ends of the fingers; that taken between the ends of the ' fingers; distress; oppression difficulty. [F. pincer, Olt. pic- ciare, pizzare, Sp. pizcar, to t pinch, It. pinzo, a sting, goad, Sp. pizco, a pinch, nip; s. rt. j, carp enter's pinchers W. Pld, a sharp point] — 2 sUoem*Ws pinchers', Pincb/er, n.— Pmcb/ers, Pin'- r cers. -sers, n. pi. An instrument for drawing nails, griping things to be held fast, etc. [ME. pynsors, F. pincesT] Pinchbeck, pinch'bek, n. An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold. — a. Made of pinchbeck ; sham ; imitation ; not genuine. [Invented by Christoph. Pinchbeck, in 18th century.] Pindaric, pin-dar'ik, n. An irregular ode in imitation of those of Pindar, the Greek lyric poet. — Pindar'- ic, -ical, a. After the style and manner of Pindar. Pine, pin, n. A genus of trees of many species, some of which furnish valuable timber; the wood of the pine tree ; a pine-apple. [AS. pin, L. pimis, fr. pix, pitch, Gr. pitus, a pine, pissa, pitta, pitch, q. v.] — Pineal, pi-ne'al or pin'e-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling in form, a pine-cone or pine-apple. [L. pinea, the cone of a pine.] — Pineal gland. (Anat.) A small conical mass of gray, nervous matter, attached to the floor of the 3d ventricle of the brain, in front of the cerebellum.— Pine'-apple, n. A tropical plant and its fruit, which resembles in shape the cone of am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; Snd, eve, term$ Tn, Tee ; 5dd, tone, 6rj PINE 425 FISOLITE the pine tree. — mar-' ten, n. A kind of marten found in northern forests. — Pin'- ery, -er-T, n. A place where pine-apples are raised; a pine forest or grove. Pine, pin, v. i. [piked (pind), pining.] To languish, lose flesh, grow lean; to languish with desire ; to droop, flag, wither, decay. — v. t. To wear out, make to languish; to grieve for, bemoan in silence. [AS. pinan, to torment, f r. pin, L. poena, pain, q. v.] Pinfold, pin'fold, n. A place in which beasts Fin «- are confined; a pound. [ME. pond /aid, a PP le - G. jj/and stall, a place where stray beasts are held in paw'n for payment of damages, G. p/and, D. jiand, a pawn, pledge.] Pin-footed, Pinhole, etc. See under Pin. Pinion, pin'yun, n. A feather; quill; a wing; the joint of a bird's wing most remote from the body; a fetter or band for the arm; a smaller wheel with leaves or teeth working into the teeth of a larger wheel or rack; a toothed arbor, — v. t. [pinioned (-yund), -ioning.] To bind or confine the wings of; to crip- ple by cutting off the outermost joint of the wing; to restrain by binding the arms to the body; to con-, fine, shackle. [F. pignon, a pinnacle, gable end, in n OF., a pennon on a lance, Sp. piiion, a pinion, wing, etc., fr. L. pinna, penna, feather, wing: sec Pin.] Pink, pink, v. t. [pinked (pinkt), pinking.] To pierce, stab, prick; to pierce with small holes, work in eyelet-holes; to cut or work in small scollops or angles. — w. An eye; a small eye. [Same &spick, /■eck; Ga. and Ir. pise, W.pigo, to prick, sting; s. rt. AS. pyngan, to pierce, F. piquer, L. pungere, to prick, Gr. pikros, hitter, E. pungent, pinch.'] — Pink-- eye, n. A little eye. [D. pimpoogen, pink (little) eyes, also, to shut the eyes, ooge, eye, pinken, to wink, i. e., to narrow the eyes, or bring them to a point.] Pink, pink, n. A garden plant and its flower; the com- mon color of the flower, — being a combination of pure red with white; that which is supremely excel- lent. — v. t. To dye of a pink color. [F. pince, a pink (flower), prob. fr. its pinked, or peaked edges: see preceding word.] — Pink'-eye, n. An acute pink- ish inflammation of the eyes. Pink, pink, n. A kind of boat or ship, with a very narrow stern. [D., a fishing-boat, corrupt, of OD. esjiincke, Sw. esping, Ic. espinger, a long boat, prob. orig. made of (OD. espe, Ic. espi) aspen wood.] — Pink'sterned, -sternd, a. Having a narrow stern. Pinnace, pin'nes, n. A small vessel, usually schooner- rigged ; a boat, usually rowed with 8 oars. [F. pi- nasse, a pinnace, also the pitch-tree, fr. L. pinus, pine (q. v.) — orig. made of pine wood: cf. Pink, a boat.] Pinnacle, Pinnate, Pintle, etc. See under Pin. Pint, pint, n. Half a quart, or 4 gills; in med., 12 ounces. [ME. and F. pinte, a pint, Sp. pinta, a pint, orig. a spot, — the quantity of a pint having been inarked by a spot on a vessel of larger capacity; Sp. pinta = Li.picta, painted: see Paint.] Pioneer, pi-o-ner', v. t. [-neered (-nerd''), -neering.] To go before and prepare a way for. — n. {Mil.) One who marches with or before an army, to repair the road or clear it of obstructions, etc. One who goes before to prepare the way for another; a back- woodsman; first settler. [F. pionnier, OF. peonier, ir.peon, a foot-soldier: see Pawn, chess-man.] Piony. Same as Peony. Pious, pi'us, a. Having affectionate or filial reverence for a parent or superior; having reverence and love toward the Supreme Being ; dictated by religious feeling; practiced under the pretense of religion: godlv; devout ; righteous. [F. pieux, OF. and L. phtsT] — Pi'ously, adv. — Pi'ety, -e-tl, n. Affection- ate reverence of parents, orfriends, or country; obe- dient love of the will of God and zealous devotion to his service; religion; sanctity. [F. piete',~L.pietas ; s. rt. pity.} — Pi'etist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a Class of religious reformers in Germany who sougnt to restore piety to the Protestant churches; one who makes an ostentatious display of piety. — Pietisfic, -ical, a. Pert, to the Pietists; sentimentally, hyrjo- critically, or affectedly religious. — Pi'etism, -izm, ??. The religion of the Pietists; obtrusive or osten- tatious piety. Pip, pip, n. A disease of fowls, in which a horny pel- licle grows on the tip of the tongue. [ME. pippe (2 eyl.), OY.pepie, pip, fr. li.pituito, phlegm, rheum, the pip, fr. spvtus, p. p. of spuere, to spew, q. v.] Pip, pip, n. The seed of an apple, orange, etc. [F. pepin, Sp. pepita, a seed, kernel, pip; a. rt. Sp. pepi- no, a cucumber, L.pepo, Gr. pepon, melon.] — Pip'- pin, n. A kind of tart apple, — prob. orig. one raised ir. the pip or seed. Pip, pip, n. A spot on cards. [Perh. f r. OF. picque, pique, a diamond (in cards); perh. fr. the pips (seeds, spots seen) in a transversely cut apple.] Pip, pip, v. i. To cry or chirp, as a chicken. [See Peep.] Pipe, pip, n. A wind instrument of music, consisting of a tube of wood or metal; any long tube or hollow body; a tube of clay, etc., with a bowl at one end, used in smoking tobacco, etc. ; in Eng., a roll in the exchequer, fr. its resemblance to a pipe; the excheq- uer itself ; a cask usually containing 12G gallons, used for wine; or the quantity which it contains. — v. i. [piped (pipt), piping.] To play on a pipe, fife, flute, etc.; to have a shrill sound; whistle.— v. t. To perform by playing on a wind instrument, to utter m a high or sharp tone. [Onomat.; AS. pipe, Dan. pibe, G. p/ei/e, Ir. and W. pib, a pipe, tube, W. pipian, to pipe, pibo, to squirt, L. pipire, Gr. pipizein, to chirp, all fr. pi-pi, the cry of a Soung bird; s. rt. peep, pibroch, fi/e.] — Pip'er, n. ne who plays on a pipe or flute ; esp. one who plays on the bagpipe. — Pip'ing. p. a. Giving forth a weak, shrill sound like the voice of the sick; feeble; simmering; boiling. — n. A kind of cord trimming or fluting for ladies' dresses. {Bot.) A piece cut off to be planted; a cutting. — Pipe''- clay, n. A species of white clay, used in making, tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthen ware; official military routine, — used as red-tape is of formalism in civil affairs, f r. the use of pipe-clay in cleansing soldiers' equipments. — Pip'kin, n. A small earthen boiler. [Dim. of pipe.} Pippin. See under Pip, a seed. Pique, pek, n. A feeling of annoyance or resentment awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation; grudge ; spite. — v. t. [piqued (pekt), piquing.] To excite the sensibilities of, excite to anger; to excite to action by causing resentment orjealousy; to pride or value, — used reflexively. [OF., a pike, pikeman, also a debate, quarrel, grudge, F. piquer, to prick, sting : see Pickax and Picket, under Pick.] — Piquant, pe'kant or pik'ant, a. Stimu- lating to the tongue; sharp; tart; pungent; severe. [F., p. pr. of piquer.]— Pi'quantly, adv. — Piquan- cy, -kan-si, n. State or quality of being, etc. — Pique^, -ka', n. A figured cotton fabric used for women's and children's dress goods. [F., p. p. of piquer.] — Piquet', -kef, n. A game at cards played "between 2 persons, with only 82 cards. [F. : see Picket.] Pirate, pi'ret, n. A robber on the high seas; free- booter; an armed vessel which sails without a legal commission, to plunder other vessels indiscrimi- nately' on the high seas; one who publishes the writ- ings of other men without permission . — v . t. To re- produce books or writings by theft, or without right or permission. [F. ; L. pirata, Gr. peirates, fr. pei- ran, to attempt, attack; s. rt. Gr. peirein, to pierce, E. experience, /are.]— Pi'racy, -ra-sY, «. Act or crime of a pirate; robbery. {Law.) The act, practice, or crime of robbing on the high seas. Infringement of the law of copyright by publishing the writing? of other men without permission. — Piratical, a. Pert, to a pirate ; acquired by, or practicing, piracy. — Piratically, adv. Pirogue, pY-rog', n. A canoe formed out of the trunk of a tree; a narrow ferry-boat carrying 2 masts and aleeboard. [F.; Sp. piragua, fr. Caribbean name.] Pirouette, pir'oo-ef, n. A whirling about on the toes in dancing. — v. i. To turn about on the toes, as in dancing. [F., orig. a turn made by a horse without changing his ground, dim. of ProvF. piroue, a little wheel or whirligig, a child's toy; prob. onomat.: cf. ME. pirle, prille, a whirligig, also E. birr, purr, whirr, etc.] Pisces, pis'sez, n. pi. {Astron.) The Fishes, the 12th sign of the zodiac. [L., pi. of piscis = E. fsh, q. v.] — Pis'cary, -ka-rf, n. {Law.) Right or privilege of fishing in another man's waters. [L. piscarius, re- lating to fishes or fishing, fr. piscis.] — Pis'catory, -to-rt, -to'rial, -to'rY-al, a. Relating to fishes or to fishing. — Pis'cicult'ure, -sT-kul'chur, n. Artificial preservation, propagation, and nurture of fish. [L. piscis and cultura, culture.] Pish, pish, interj. Pshaw, — an exclamation of con- tempt. — v.i. To express contempt. Pisolite, pi'so-lit, n. A calcareous stone, made up of sun. cube, full; moon, f 6t>t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chnir. ?et. PISS 426 PLAGE globular concretions of about the size of a pea. [Gv.pison, pea, and lithos, stone.] Piss, pis, v. i. [pissed (pist), -sing.] To discharge urine. [F. pisser, ME., D., and G. pissen, prob. fr. the sound.] — Pis'mire, -mlr, n. The ant or emmet. [Named fr. the urinous smell of an ant-hill; D. mier, Gr. murmex, an ant: see Myriad.] Pissasphalt, pis'sas-falt, n. Earth-pitch ; a soft in- flammable bitumen of the consistence of tar, black, and of a strong smell. [Gr. pissa, pitch, and asphal- tos, asphalt.] Pistachio, pis-ta'sho, n. A small tree of W. Asia and S. Europe ; its nut, containing a kernel of a pale greenish color, of a taste resembling that of the almond. [Sp.; L. pistachium, Gr. pistakion, the nut of the tree pistake, Per. pista, pistachio- nut.] Pistareen, pis'ta-ren', n. A silver coin worth 17 or 18 cents. Pistil, pislil, n. The seed-bearing organ of a flower, including ovary, style, and stigma; a carpel; a collection of carpels united Dy their inner suture, or a compound pistil. [L. imtillum, a small pestle (q. v.), which it resembles in shape.] — Pis'ton, -tun, n. A cylinder of metal or other substance, fitting the cavity of a pump or barrel, and working alternately up and down or backward and forward in it. See Forcing-pump, Steam-engine. [F.; It. pistone, a piston, lit. a pounder, pestle, fr. pigtu It. pestare, La.teL.pista.re, to pound.] Pistol, pis'ccl, n. A small fire-arm, to be fired from one hand. — v.t. [pistoled (-told), -toling.] To shoot with a pistol. [F. pistole. It. pistola, fr. Olt. Pistola, L. Pistoria, now Pistoja, a town in Italy, where they were first made.] — Pis'tolet, n. A small pistol. — Pistole', -toK, n. A Spanish gold coin worth about $3.60. [Orig. a F. nickname for the Sp. crown piece, because it was reduced in size and value below that of France.] Piston. See under Pistil. Pit, pit, n. A large, deep hole in the ground; a well; an abyss; esp., the bottomless pit; hell; the grave; an indenture in the flesh, as the hollow under the arm, hollow of the stomach, or the indentation left on the flesh by a pustule of the small-pox; the low- est place in a theater where spectators assemble; Earquet; an area into which cocks, dogs, etc., are rought to fight. — v. t. To indent; to mark with little hollows, as by variolous pustules; to set in an- tagonism to; to provoke to combat, as cocks in a pit. [AS. pyt, L. puteus, a pit, well; pern. s. rt. L. putus, punvs, pure (water).] — Pif-coal, n. Mineral coal; coal dug from the earth. — Pitfall, n. A pit slightly covered, to catch wild beasts, etc.; a snare; trap. — Pit'man, n.; )>l. -men. One who works in a Dit, esp. in sawing timber; the connecting rod in a saw-mill. — Pit'saw, n. A large saw worked ver- tically by 2 men, one of whom stands in a pit. Pitapat, adv. In a flutter; with palpitation. [Onomat. redupl. of pat, a light blow.] Pitch, pich, n. A thick, black, sticky substance ob- tained by boiling down tar; turpentine, — improp. so called. — v.t. [pitched (picht), pitching.] To cover over or smear with pitch; to darken as if by smearing with pitch; to obscure. [AS. pic, L. pix, . picis, Gr. pissa, pitch; s. rt. pine (tree), q. v.] — Pitch'y, -T, a. Of the nature of, or like, pitch ; black; dark; dismal. — Pitchlness, n. —Pitch-pine, n. One of several species of pine, abounding in resinous matter. Pitch, pich, n. A point or peak; degree of elevation or depression. (Musi) Degree of elevation of the voice, of an instrument, etc. Degree ; rate ; posi- tion ; point where a declivity begins ; the declivity itself; descent; slope. (Mech.) The distance from center to center of any 2 adjacent teeth of gearing, measured on the pitch-line ; 'distance measured on a line parallel to the axis, between 2 adjacent threads or convolutions of a screw; distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet-holes in boiler plates. — v. t. To throw, hurl, toss; to fix firmly, plant, set in array. (Mus.) To fix or set the tone of. — v. i. To light, settle: to fall headlong; to fall, fix choice; to encamp. (Naut.) To rise and fall, as the head and stern of a ship. [Same as pick; W. picellu, to throw a (picell) javelin or (pic) pike.] — Pitch line, or p. circle. A circle concentric with the circum- ference of a toothed wheel, and cutting its teeth at such a distance from their points as to touch the corresponding circle of the gear working with it. — P. of a roof. (Arch.) The inclination or slope of the sides. — P. of a saw. The slope of the face of the teeth. — Pitched battle. A battle in which the hostile forces have taken up a firm position, — disting. fr. a skirmish. — Pitch'er, n. One who, etc. ; esp., in games of ball, who pitches the ball for the batsman to strike at. — Pitch'- fork, n. A farming implement used in pitching hay, sheaves of grain, etc., into wagons, etc. — Pitch'-farth'ing, n. A play in which coins are pitched into a hole. — pipe, n. (Mus.) An ABB, R instrument for regulating the pitch pitch; a cb, of the key or leading tone of a tune. Grecian pitch ; Pitcher, pich'er, n. A vessel with a -^Jif ' Go }%Z> spout for pouring out liquid ; a ewer. *,f„„' W w ' (Bot.) A cuplike appendage of the Ellzal)ethar " leaves of certain plants. [ME. and OF. picher, pitcher, fr. LL. picarium, bicarium, goblet, beaker, Gr. bikos, an earthen wine-vessel; s. rt. beaker.] Piteous, etc. See under Pity. Pith, pith, n. The soft, spongy sub- stance in the center of many plants and trees. (Anat.) The spinal cord; marrow. V ital or essential part ; vigor ; strength ; importance. [AS. TO . pidha, LG. peddik.f- Pith'y, -t. Pitcher. (Bot.-) a. [-ier ; -iest.] Consisting of, containing, or abounding with, pith; energetic; condensed, forci- ble, and appropriate in expression. — Pithily, adv. — Pithiness, n. — Pithless, a. Destitute of pith; wanting strength; wanting cogency or concentrated force. Pitman, Pitsaw. See under Pit. Pittance, piftans, n. An allowance of food, bestowed in charity; a small allowance; very small quantity; trifle. [F. pitance, LL. pitancia, food, Sp. pitanza, a soldier's rations, daily pay.] Pituitary, pl-tu'T-ta-rt, a. (Anat.) Secreting phlegm or mucus. [L. pituita, phlegm, mucus: see Pip, dis- ease of fowls.] — Pitultous, -T-tus, a. Consisting of, or resembling mucus; showing the effects of mucus. Pity, pit'i, n. The feeling or suffering of one person, excited by the distresses of another; cause of grief ; thing to be regretted ; a call for pity ; compassion ; mercy ; commiseration. — v. t. [pitied (-id), pity- ing.] To feel pain or grief for; have sympathy for; commiserate; compassionate. — v.i. To be compas- sionate ; exercise pity. [ME. and OF. piie, L. pietas, -tatis, piety, q. v., under Pious.] — Pit' eous, -e-us, a. Fitted to excite pity; evincing pity; paltry; mean; pitiful; affecting; doleful; wretched; miserable.— Pit'eously, adv.— Pifeousness, n.— Pitiable. -I-a-bl, a. Deserving pity ; worthy of compassion ; affecting ; lamentable ; rueful. — Pitlableness, n. — Pitiful, -l-ful, a. Full of pity; compassionate ; miserable ; moving compassion; deserving pity for littleness or meanness; contemptible; despicable; paltry. — Pif- ifully, adv. — Pitlfulness, n. — Pitiless, a. Desti- tute of pity; hard-hearted; cruel; merciless; exciting no pity. — Pitilessly, adv. — Pitllessness, n. Pivot, piv'ut, n. A fixed point, shaft, or pin on which any body turns, oscillates, or revolves; a turning point ; that on which important results depend. (Mil.) The one on whom the different wheelings are made in the various evolutions of the drill. [F., fr. It. piva, LL. pipa, a pipe, q. v.] Pix. Same as Pyx. Placable, etc. See under Placate. Placard, pla-kard', n. A bill, advertisement, etc., posted in a public place; poster, — v. t. To post (a writing, libel, etc.) in a public place; to notify pub- licly. [F., fr. plaquer, to parget, or roughcast (a wall), to stick or paste on, plaque, a plate of metal, D. plak, a ferule, slice, plakken, to paste, glue, plas- ter; s. rt. flat; prob. not s. rt. place, plate, Gi.plax, a flat surface.] — Plaque, plak, n. A decorated plate, saucer, etc., to be hung on a wall for ornament, —v. t. To decorate walls with plaques. [F.] — Plack'et, n. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or skirt for convenience in putting it on; a woman's pocket. Placate, pla'kat, v. t. To appease or pacify; concili- ate. [L. placare, -catvm, fr. placere, to please, q. v.] — Pla'cable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Pla'cable- ness, -cabillty, n. — Placid, plasld, a. Pleased; contented: serene; tranquil; quiet; unruffled; undis. turbed. [F. placide, L. placidvs, fr. placere.]— Pl«r* idly, adv.— Placldness, -idlty, n. Place, plas, n. A broad way in a city ; open space j am, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; odd, tone, 6r ; PLACENTA 427 PLANET area; any portion of space regarded as distinct from all other space, as related to any other portion, or as appropriated to some definite object or use ; rank ; degree; grade; esp., social rank or position; official station or post; a position occupied and held as a residence, as, a stately dwelling, a mansion; or, a collection of dwellings, a village, town, or city; or, a country, the seat of a nation; or, a fortified town or post; possibility of existence or action; opportu- nity; definite portion of a written or printed docu- ment; vacated or relinquished space; room; stead. — v.t. [placed (plast), placing.] To assign a place to, fix, settle; to put in a particular rank or office; to surround with particular circumstances; to put out at interest, invest. [F. ; L. platea, Gr. plateia, a broad way, street, open space, courtyard, fr. platus, flat, wide, Skr. prithus, large, prath, to spread out; s. rt. plant, plaster, plastic, plaice, plane-tree.} — To take place. To come to pass, occur. — Place'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who has an office under a govern- ment. — Pla'cer, -ser, n. One who places or sets. — Placer', -thar' (by Mexicans and Californians pla- sar'), n. A gravelly place where gold is found, esp. by the side of a river, or in the bed of a mountain torrent. [Sp.]— Pla'za, pla r za, n. A public square in a city. [Sp.] Placenta, pla-sen'ta, n. ; pi. -tie, -te. (Anat.) The soft, spongy disk which connects the mother with the fetus in the womb; afterbirth. (Bot.) The part of a plant or fruit to which the seeds are attached. [L., orig. a cake, Gr. plakous, a flat cake, fr. plax, a flat surface: see Plain.] — Placen'tal, a. Pert, to, or having, etc. — n. A mammal having, etc. Placid, etc. See under Placate. Placket. See under Placard. Plagal. pla'gal, a. (Mus.) Having the principal tones lying between the fifth of the kev and its octave or twelfth, — said of certain melodies or tunes. [Gr. plar/ios, oblique, slanting.] Plagiary, pla'jT-a-rY, n. A thief in literature : one who purloins another's writings, and offers them to the public as his own. — a. Practicing literary theft. [F. plagiaire, a kidnapper, also book-stealer, L. pla- giarius, a man-stealer, fir. plagium, kidnapping, pla- giare, to kidnap, fr. plaga, a net ; s. rt. plait.] — Pla'giarism, -a-rizm, n. Act or practice of plagia- rizing ; literary matter stolen. — Pla'giarist, n. A plagiary. — Pla'giarize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izixg.] To steal or purloin from the writings of another. — v. i. To be guilty of literary theft. Plague, plag, n. Any afflictive evil or calamity: that which troubles or vexes. (Med.) An acute," malig- nant, febrile disease, that often prevails in the East, and has at times raged in cities of Europe. Anv pes- tilence.— v. t. [plagued (plagd), plaguing.] To vex, tease, trouble; to afflict with disease, calamity, or natural evil; to torment, afflict, annoy, tantalize, perplex. [L. plaga, Gr. plege, a blow; s. rt. L. plan- gere, Gr. plessein, to strike, E. plaint.'] — Plagu'er. n. — Plagu'y, a. Vexatious; troublesome; tormenting. — Plagully, adv. Plaice, plas, n. A very broad flat-fish, spotted, and larger than the flounder. [OF. plats, L. platessa, fr. its flatness: see Place.] Plaid, plad, n. A striped or variegated cloth, worn as an over-garment by the Scot- tish Highlanders.— a. Hav- ing a pattern like a Scotch plaid; marked with bars or Piaice. stripes at right angles to one another. [Ga. and Ir. plaide, a blanket, contr. fr. peallaul, a sheepskin, peall, a skin, hide; s. rt. L. pellvs = E.fell, a skin.] Plain, plan, a. Without elevations or depressions ; open ; clear ; unencumbered ; not intricate or diffi- cult; simple; natural, as, void of extraneous beauty or ornament, homely ; or, not highly cultivated, unsophisticated, common; or, void of affectation or disguise : or, free from costliness, not rich ; or, not ornamented with colors or figures ; or, not much varied by modulations, —adv. In a plain manner. — n. Level land; usually, an open field with an even surface, or one little varied hy inequalities ; a field of battle. — r. f. [plained (pland), plaining.] To level, make plain or even. [Same as plan and flane; F. ; L. planus, plain, flat, G. plax, aflat sur- ace ; s. rt. placenta, piano.] — Plainly, adv. — Plain'ness. n.— Plain'-deal'er, n. One who speaks out his views with great plainness. — deal'ing, a. Dealing with frankness ; honest ; open. — n. A speaking with sincerity. — heart'ed, a. Having a sincere heart ; communicating without art, reserve, or hypocrisy. — spok'en, a. Speaking with plain, unreserved sincerity. Plain, plan, v. t. and l. To complain, lament, bewaiL [F. plaindre, L. plangere, jAanctum, to strike, beat (the breast) in lamentation.] — Plaint, plant, n. Au- dible expression of sorrow ; lamentation ; com- plaint; a sad or «erious song. [ME. and OF. pleinte, LiL.plancta,fi. L. planet us, lamentation.]— Plainf- iff, n. (Laiv.) The person who commences a suit to obtain remedy for injurv to his rights, — opp. to defendant. [F. plaintiff] — 'Plaintive, -iv, o. Con- taining a plaint, or expression of sorrow; indicating grief ; serious ; sad. [Prop. fern, of F. plaintif.] — Plaintively, adv. — Plaintlveness, n. Plait, plat, Plat, plat, n. A fold ; a doubling, as of cloth ; a braid, as of hair or straw. — v. t. To fold ; double in narrow folds ; to form by interlaying, braid, plat ; to entangle, involve. [ME. plaiten, pleten, to plait, plait, OF. ploit, pleit, plet, a fold. F. plier, ployer, L. plicare, to fold : see Ply.J Plan, plan, n. A draught or form ; prop., the repre- sentation of anything drawn on a plane, esp. of a horizontal section of anything ; a method of action or procedure expressed or described in language ; scheme; plot; device.—?;, t. [planned (pland), -ning.] To form a draught or representation ; to sketch, model ; to devise, contrive. [F. plan, also plain, flat, plain, q. v.] — Plan'ner, n. Plane, plan, a. "Without elevations or depressions ; even ; level ; flat ; pert, to, lying in, or constituting a plane. — n. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, in which, if any 2 points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies wholly in that surface. (Join* ery.) A tool for smoothing wooden surfaces, form- ing moldings, etc. — v. t. [planed (pland), plan- ing.] To make smooth, free from inequalities of surface. [F., a plane surface, fern, of plan, flat ; F. plane, LL. plana, a carpenter's plane, F. planer, L. planare, to plane ; same as plan and plain, q. v.]~ Plan'er, n. {Print.') A wooden block for making the surface of type even. — Planner, Plan'ing-ma- cbine / , n. A machine-tool for planing metals or ■wood. — Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat on one side, and concave on the other. — conical, a. Plane on one side, and conical on the other. — con'vex, a. Plane on one side, and convex on the other : see Lens. — Plan'ifolious, planl-fo'tt-us, a. (Bot.) Flat-leaved. [L. planus and folium, leaf. — Planim /, etry, pla- nim'e-tri, n. Mensuration of plane surfaces. TGr. metron, measure.] — Plan'mefric, -rical, a. Pert to, etc. — Plan'ipet'alous, -a-lus, a. (Bot V) Having flat petals. — Planisphere, -T-sfer, n. The repre- sentation of the circles of the sphere upon a plane ; esp. a plane representation of the celestial sphere, with adjustable circles, etc., to show the position of the heavens, time of rising and setting of stars, etc., for any hour. [See Sphere.] — Planch, v. t. [planched (plancht), planching.] To cover with planks or boards ; to plank. [F. planche, L. planca, a plank, board, Gr. plax, plakos, a flat stone.] — Planching, n. The laying of floors in a building ; a floor of boards or planks. — Planch'et, n. A flat piece of metal ; esp. a disk of metal ready to be stamped as a coin. [F. planchette, dim. of planche.] — Planchette', plaN-shef, n. A small board ; a circumferentor : a small tablet, mounted on wheels and carrying a pencil, which, when the instrument is moved by the hand resting on it, traces characters supposed to have significance. —Plank, plank, n. A broad piece of sawed timber, thicker than a board ; a support, as for floating in a stream; a statement of a principle or purpose (in a political, etc. .platform). — v.t. [planked (plankt), planking.] To cover or lay with planks ; to lay down upon, or as upon, a plank; to produce, as "a wager or cash. [Same as Planch, ahove.]^ Planish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishino.] To render (a metal surface) smooth and level by light blows with a smooth-faced hammer. [F. planer-, to plane.] Plane, plan. Plane '-tree, Plat'an. -ane, plafan,*!. A large-leaved tree of the genus Platanus : the orien- tal plane-tree is a native of Asia : the occidental of X. Amer., where it is called also the button-wood or button-ball. [F. plane, L. platanus, Gr. platanos, fr. platus, broad, — i. e. its leaves: see Place.] Planet, plan'et, n. (Astron.) A celestial bodv which revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity. [ME. and OF. pJanete, L. pldneta, Gr. planetes.'lit. a wanderer, fr. planasthai, sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. FLANIFOLIOUS 428 PLAY to wander.] — Planetalium, -rt-um, n. An astro- nomical machine which represents the motions and orbits of the planets ; an orrery. — Plan'etary, -a-rl, a. Pert, to, produced by, or consisting of, planets. (Astrol.) Under the dominion or influence of a planet. — Plan'et-strick'en, -struck, a. Affected by the influence of planets; blasted. — wheel, n. (Mach.) A wheel revolving around, or within, the circumfer- ence of another wheel, by which it is driven. See Sun and Planet Wheels, under Sun. Planifolious, Planish, Plank, etc. See under Plane, a. Plant, plant, n. A vegetable; an organic bodv, desti tute of sense and spontaneous motion, andliaving, when complete, a root, stem, and leaves; the fixtures and tools necessary to carry on any trade or mechan- ical business.— v. i. To put (seeds, young trees, etc.) in the ground for growth; to furnish with plants; to engender; to settle, establish, introduce; to set and direct, or point.— v. t. To perform the act of plant- ing. [AS. plante, L. planta, prop, a spreading sucker or shoot, also (in L.) the flat sole of the foot, plan- tare, -tatum, to plant; s. rt. Gr. platus, spreading, broad: see Place,] — Plantation, n. Act of plant- ing ; place planted, esp. with trees or shrubs ; in South. U. S. and W. Indies a farm or large estate; a colony. [L. plantatio, fr. plantar -e.] — Planfer, n. One who plants, sets, introduces, or establishes; one who assists in colonizing in a new territory; one who owns a plantation. — Plantlcle, -Y-kl, n. A young plant, or plant in embryo. [Dim. of pi ant.] — Plant'ule, -til, n. The embryo of a pi ant.— Plant'-louse, n.; pi. -lice. An insect that infests plants and feeds on their ju»ices. — Plant'- ain, -in, n. A wild her- baceous plant of many species. — Plant'ain, P.- tree, n. An endogenous tropical tree, with a soft stem, whose fruit is a substitute for bread. [F.; L. plantago, fr. planta, — fr. its broad, spreading leaf, - called Plantain, in ME. waybread, cor- rupt, of AS. wegbrsede, G. wegebreit, lit. way-broad.] — Plantigrade, -Y-grad, n. An animal that walks on the sole of the foot, as the bear. — a. Walking on the sole of the foot. [L. planta, sole of the foot, and gradi, to walk.] Plash, plash, n. A puddle; a dash of water; splash.— r. i. [plashed (plasht), plashing.] To dabble in water, splash. [OD. plascli, a plash (of water), plas- scken, G. platscken,to splash, dabble; s. rt. AS. plset- tan, to slap, E. plague, pat, plod.] — Plash'y, -T, a. Watery; abounding with puddles. Plash, plash. Pleach, plech, v. t. [pleached (plecht), pleaching.] To lop off (branches of trees); to bind, or cut, and intertwine (branches), —n. The branch of a tree partly cut or lopped and bound to other branches. [ME. plechen, OF. plessier, to bow, fold, or plait young branches together, so as to thicken a hedge, etc., fr. LL. plessa, a thicket, fr. Li.plectere, plexum, to weave: see Ply.] Plasm, plazm, n. A mold or matrix in which anything is cast or formed to a particular shape. [Gr. plasma, fr. plassein, to form, mold; s. rt. Gr. platus, broad, E. place, emplastic] Plaster, plas'ter, n. A composition of lime, water, and sand, for coating walls, etc.; calcined gypsum (plas- ter of Paris), used as a fertilizer and for making or- naments, moldings, etc. {Med.") An unctuous, me- dicinal, or adhesive substance, spread on cloth or leather, used to produce a medicinal effect, exclude air, or bind parts together. — v. t. [plastered (-terd), -tering.] To cover (walls, etc.) with plaster; to cov- er (wounds, etc.) with a plaster; to smooth over, con- ceal the defects or irregularities of. [ME. and OF. piastre, later F. plaistre (whence the E. spelling/>?ats- ter), L. emplastrum, Gr. emplastron, a plaster, prop, neut. of emplastos, daubed on or over, fr. emplassein, to daub on, fr. en, in, and plassein.] —Plaster of Paris. Calcined gypsum, or sulphate of lime. — Plas'terer, n. — Plas 'tering, n. The plaster-work of a building; a covering of plaster. — Plas'tic, a. Having power to form a mass of matter; capable of being molded or modeled; pert, or appropriate to, or characteristic of, molding or modeling; produced by, or appearing as if produced by, molding or modeling. [Gr. plas- ti/cos.] — Plasticity, -tis'T-tt, n. State or quality of being plastic. [F. plasticite".] — Plas'tron, n. A piece of leather stuffed,— used by fencers to defend the body. [F.; It. piastrone, a breastplate, dim. of- piastro, a plaster: see Piaster.] Plat, to fold. Same as Plait. Plat, plat, n. A small piece of ground (usually flat) ; a plot. [Same &splot (q. v.), but influenced by the spelling of ME. and F. plat, flat: see Plate.] Platan, -ane. See Plane-tree. Plate, plat, n. A piece of metal flattened; metallic armor composed of broad pieces; dishes wrought in gold or silver; metallic ware overlaid with gold, sil- ver, or other metal; a shallow vessel, to hold food at table. {Arch.) The timber which supports the ends of the rafters. A piece of metal on which anything is engraved; an impression from an engraved piece of metal ; a page of stereotype or electrotype for printing from. — v. t. To overlay with gold, silver, or other metal ; to arm with plate or metal for de- fense ; to adorn with plate ; to beat into thin, flat pieces. [OF., prop. fem. of plat, flat, LL. plata, a lamina, plate of metal, Sp. plata, plate, silver ware, Gr. platus, broad : see Place.] — Plate'ful, n. ; pi. -fuls, -fulz. Enough to fill a plate. — Plating, n. Act or operation of covering baser metal with a coat- ing of silver, etc.; a thin coating of metal. — Plate'- glass, n. A fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, for mirrors, large windows, etc. — Plat'ter, plat'ter, n. A large shallow dish, for food at table. [OF. platel, dim. of plat, a dish.] — Plateau, pla-to', n. A broad, level, somewhat elevated area of land. [F., later form of platel.'] — Plat'en, n. (Print.) The flat part of a press, by which the impression is made : see Printing-press. — Platln, n. (Mach.) The mova- ble flat table of a machine-tool. — Platlorm, n. A frame -work, forming a conspicuous or elevated standing- place; a declaration of principles to which any body of men declare their adhesion. [F. plate- standing-place; a declaration of principles to which any body of men declare their adhesion. [F. plate- forme, f r. plat (fem. plate) and/oraie, form.] — Plati* na, plaft- or pla-te'-na, Platinum, platt- or pla-te'- num, n. ( Chem.) A very ductile metal of the color of silver, but less bright", — the least expansible of the metals. [Sp. platina, f r. plata, silver.] — Plat'- itude, -Y-tud, n. Flatness ; dullness ; insipidity ; a weak or empty remark. [F.] Platonic, pla-tonlk, -ical, a. Pert, to Plato, the Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy, school, or opin- ions. — Platonic love. A pure, spiritual affection subsisting between the sexes, unmixed with carnal desires. — Pla'tonism, -to-nizm, n. Doctrines of Plato and his followers; an elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the uni- verse. — Pla'tonist, n. A follower of Plato. — Pla'- tonize, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -nizing.] To adopt the opinions of, etc. — v. t. To explain on, or ac- commodate to, the principles of, etc. Platoon, pla-toon', n. (Mil.) A subdivision of a com- pany of soldiers, consisting of 2 files. [F. peloton, fr. pelote, a ball; s. rt. pellet, q. v.] Platter. See under Plate. Platypus, plat'Y-pus, n. Same as Ornithorhynchus, q. v. [Gr. platus, broad, and jyous, foot.] Plaudit, plaw'dit, n. A mark or expression of ap- plause; acclamation; encomium; approbation. [L. plaudite, do ye praise, a demand of applause Dy players when they left the stage, fr. plaudere, pilau- sum, to applaud, praise.] — Plau'ditory, -o-rY, a. Ap- plauding. — Plau'sible. -zi-bl, a. Fitted to gain fa- vor or approbation; superficially pleasing; apparent- ly right; using specious arguments or discourse. [L. plausibilis, in. plaudere.] — Plau'sibleness, -sibillty, n. — Plau'sibly, adv. — Plau'sive, -siv, a. Applaud- ing; manifesting praise. Play, pla, v. i. [played (plad), playing.] To engage in sport or lively recreation : to frolic : to act with levity, trifle; to contend in a game ; to gamble ; to perform on an instrument of music ; to move with alternate dilatation and contraction ; to operate ; to move irregularly, wanton ; to act a part upon the stage, act in any particular character. — v. t. To put in action or motion; to perform music upon: to bring into sportive or wanton action; to act or per- form by representing a character ; to perform in contest for amusement or for a prize, —n. Any ex- ercise or series of actions intended for pleasure, amusement, or diversion ; game ; act of contending for victory, for amusement, or for a prize, as at dice am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term ; Yn, Tee ; 8dd, tone, 6r PLAZA 429 PLIGHT cards, or other games ; gaming ; practice in any contest: action; use; employment; a dramatic com- position ; representation of a comedy or tragedy ; performance on an instrument of music ; movement, regular or irregular : room for motion ; free and easy action; liberty of acting, room for enlargement or display ; scope." [AS. plega. a same, sport, also a fight, battle, pern. fr. ~L.plagu, a blow: see Plague.] — Play of colors. An appearance of several pris- matic colors in rapid succession on turning an ob- ject. —To be played out. To be exhausted. — Play r - er, n. One who plays, as, a dramatic actor; a mimic; one who performs on an instrument of music : a gamester. — Play'fellow, n. A companion in sports; the other ; to drink the health of. [OF. plege, a surety, pledge, plevir, to warrant, assure ^prob. s. rt. L. prsebere, to offer, render, give up, ME. plegge, a hostage.] — Pledgee', n. One to whom anything is pledged. — Pledg'er, n. One who pledges. Pledget, plej'et, /«. (Surg.) A compress, or small, flat tent of lint, laid over a wound. [Prob. fr. plug.] Pleiad, ple'yad, n. One of the Pleiades. — Ple'iades. -yn-dbz.7). jil. (Myth.) The 7 daughters of Atlas and 1'leione, changed into stars. (Astron.) A group of 7 small stars in the neck of the constellation Taurus. [L. ; Gr. Pleiades, fr. plein, to sail, — the rising of these stars indicating the period of safe navigation.] Pleiocene, etc. See Pliocene, etc.. under Plenary. a playmate.— Play'ful. -ful, a. Sportive: indulging Plenary. ple'na-rY, a. Full : entire : complete. [LL sportive fancy. — Play'fulness, n . — Play'niate n. A playfellow. — Play'thing, n. Anything that serves to amuse; a tov. — Play'wright. -rit, n. A maker of plays.— Play'-bill, n. A printed advertise- ment of a plav, with the parts assigned to the actors. — day, n. Adaysiven to Dlay or diversion. — house, n. A house for the exhibition of dramatic composi- tions ; theater. Plaza. See under Place. Pleach. Same as Plash, to lop branches. *lea, pie, n. (Law.) An allegation of fact in a cause, — d:stiii2r. fr. a demurrer; more usually, the defend- ant - answer to the plaintiff's declaration and de- ma:. 1. A cause in court; a lawsuit: an excuse: apol- ogy; urgent prayer or entreaty. [ME. pie, plee, OF. }>'■>., plat, plait, plaid, fr. TAj. placitum, a judgment, decision, public assembly, L. placitum, an opinion, prop. neut. of p. p. of placere, to please ; s. rt. L. placare, to placate, q. v., and prob. promts, a wooer, precari, to prav, E. placid, complacent, displease.] — Plead, pled, v.t. [pleaded (plead (pled) or pled improp. used), pleading.] To argue in support of a claim, or in defense against the claim of another; to attempt to persuade by argument or entreaty. (Law.) To present an answer to an indictment or to the declaration of a plaintiff ; to make an allegation of fact in a cause ; to carry on a suit or plea. — v. t. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vindica- tion ; to offer in excuse ; to discuss, defend, and at- tempt to maintain by arguments offered to a tribu- nal, etc.: to argue; to allege and offer in a legal plea I or defense, or for repelling a demand in law. [ME. pleden, OF. plaider, to make a (plaid) plea.] — | Plead'er, n. One who pleads ; esp. a lawyer who I makes a plea in a court of justice. —Please, plez, | v. i. [pleased (plezd), pleasing.] To excite agreeable sensations or emotions in ; to gratify. — I v. i. To be pleased; to like, choose, prefer, comply. | [OF. plesir, plaisir, L. placere.] — Pleas'er, n. — j Pleas'ing, a. Giving pleasure or satisfaction; grati- fying; pleasurable; acceptable. — Pleas'ant, plez''- ant, a. Fitted to please : grateful to the mind or senses; cheerful: gay; lively; gratifying. [OT.])les- ant, p. pr. of plesir.'] — Pleas'antly, adv. — Pleas r - antness, n. — Pleas 'antry, -rl, n. Gayety ; merri- ment ; gentle raillery ; a sprightly saying ; lively talk. — Pleas'ure, plezh'er, n. Gratification of the senses or of the mind ; aereeable sensations or emo- t tions; frivolous or dissipating enjoyment ; what the ] will dictates or prefers: that which pleases; a favor. I — v. t. [pleasured (-erd), -using.] To give or i afford pleasure to ; to please, gratify. [F. plaisir. pleasure, prop, infin. of OF. plaisir, to please, q. v.] — Pleas'urable, a. Pleasing; giving pleasure ; af- fording gratification. — Pleas'urably, adv. — Pleas'- ure-ground, n. Ground laid out in an ornamental , manner, and appropriated to amusement. Pleat. Same as Plait. Plebeian, ple-be'yan, a. Pert, to, or consisting of. the common people : vulgar.— n. One of the lower ranks of men. [OF. plebeien, L. jdebeius, fr. plebs. plebis, j the common people, orig. a crowd, multitude : s. rt. ~L. plerique, very many, plenus = E. fvU : see Ple- nap.y.] —Plebiscite, pla-bis-sef, n. A vote by uni- [ versal suffrage. [F. ; L. plebiscitum, an ordinance of the people, fr. plebs and scitum, a decree.] — Pie- j be'ianism, -van-izm, n. Conduct of plebeians. Pled. See Plead. plenarius, entire, fr. L. plenus, Gr. pleos, full, L. pleo, Gr. pimplerni, I fill ; s. rt. E. full, complete, im- plement, replenish, supply, plebeian, plural, plethora, people, police: see Full.]— Plenary indulgence. (Pom. Cath. Church) An entire remission of penalties due to all sins. — P. inspiration. Inspiration in which there is no mixture whatever of error. — Ple'narily, adv. — Ple'nariness, ?;.— Plenip'otent, a. Possess- ing full power. [L. plenus and jiotens, potent.] — Plenip'otence, -tens, -otency, -sT, n. State of being, etc. — Plenipotentiary, -shT-a-rT. n. One having full power to transact any business ; esp. an em- bassador at a foreign court furnished with lull pow- er. — a. Containing full power. — Ple'nist, n. One who maintains that all space is full of matter. — Plen'itude, -tud, n. State of being full or complete: fullness; abundance; redundancy of blood and hu- mors ; repletion. [F. ; L. plenitudo, fr. plenus.] — Plen'ty, -tT, n. Full or adequate supply ; enough and to spare: copiousness ; exuberance. — a. Plen- tiful ; abundant. [ME. and OF. plente, ~L.plenitas, fullness.] — Plen'teous, -te-us, a. Containins plen- ty : sufficient for every purpose ; having plenty ; well provided for ; rich* ; fruitful. — Plen'teously, adv. — Plen'teousness, n. — Plentiful, -ti-ful. a. Containing plenty; yielding abundant crops; afford- ing ample supply. — Plen'tifully, adv. — Plen'tiful- ness, n. — Ple'onasm, -o-nazm, n. The use of more words, to express ideas, than are necessary. [Gr. pleonasmos, f r. pleonazein, to abound, lit. to tie more, fr. pleon, neut. of pleion, more, compar. of pleos, full. J — Pleonas'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or partaking of, pleonasm; redundant.— Pli'ocene, Plei'ocene, pli^o-sen, a. (Geol.) Pert, to the strata more recent than the miocene or 2d tertiary. [Gr. pleion and kainos, recent, new.] — Pli-, Plei'stocene, pli'sto- sen, a. (Geol.) Pert, to the most recent tertiary deposits. [Gr. pleistos, most, superl. of pleos and kainos.] Plesiosaurus, ple'sT-o-saw'rus, n. (Paleon.) A genus Plesiosaurus. of large extinct marine reptiles, havinar the neck very long, and the bodv and tail short. TGr. plesios, near, and sauros, lizard.] Plethora, pleth'o-ra, n. Over-fullness j esp., fullness or excess of blood ; repletion ; state of being over- full in any respect. [L. ; Gr. plethore, fullness, fr. plethos, a "throng, crowd; s. rt. plenary, q. v.] — Plethoric, ple-thor / 'ik or pleth'o-rik, a. Evincing plethora either in a physical or a metaphorical sense. Pleura, plu'ra, n. (Anat.) The serous membrane covering the inside of the thorax and investing the lungs. [Gr., a rib, the side, the pleura.] — Pleu'risy, -rl-sY, n. (Med.) An inflammation of the pleura, accompanied with fever, pain, difficult respiration, and coush. [F. pleuresie, Gr. ptotrites, ir. 2)leura.] — Pleurit'ic. -ical. a. Pert, to, or diseased with, pleurisy. — Pleu'ro-pneumo'iiia, -nu-mo'nl-a, n. A contagious inflammatory disease of the pleura and lungs, esp. dangerous to herds of cattle. [Gr.pneu- mon, a lung: see Pneumatic] Pledge, plej, n. Something deposited as security for Plexus, Pliable, Plicate, Pliers, etc. See under Ply a debt or engagement ; a pawn : gage : anythin_ given or considered as a security for the perform- ance of an act : the wishing of he'alth to another. — v. t. [pledged (plejd), pledging.] To deposit in pawn, leave as security ; to engage for by promise or declaration ; to invite (another person) to drink, by drinking of the cup first, and then handing it to light, pllt, v. t. To expose to danger or risk : to pledge, give as security for the performance of some act. — n. That which'serves to plight or pledge: se- curity; gage; exposed condition; state. [AS. pliht, plio, "risk, "danger, OD. plieht, Dan. and Sw. pligt, G. pflicht. duty, obligation, AS. plion, to risk, im- peril, OHG. plegan, to engage, promise ; also OF. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PLINTH 430 PLUS plaid, plait, L. placitum, law proceeding, engage ment, fr. phxcitare, to negotiate, agree with.] - Plight'er, Plover. Plinth, plinth, n. A projecting, vertically faced mem- ber forming the lowest division of the base of a column, pedestal, or wall. [Gr. plinthos, a brick or tile, also a plinth; s. rt. flint.] Pliocene, Plistocene. See under Plenary. Plod, plod, v. i. To travel, with steady, laborious dili- fence; to toil, drudge; esp., to study heavily. — v. t. 'o tread, with a heavy, laboring step. [ME., Ir., and Ga. plod, a pool, puddle, — i. e. to tramp through the wet, proceed painfully; prob. s. rt. plash.] — Plod'der, n. Plot, plot, n. A small extent of ground. (Surv.) A draught of a field, piece of land, etc., drawn to a scale. — v. t. To make a plan of, delineate. [AS., a patch of ground ; s. rt. patch, q. v.] Plot, plot, n. Any scheme, stratagem, or plan of a complicated nature ; conspiracy ; cabal ; combina- tion; plan or intrigue of a play, novel, poem, etc. — v. i. To form a scheme of mischief against an- other or against government, conspire; to contrive a plan. — v. t. To plan, devise, contrive. [Abbr. of E. and F. complot, a conspiracy, prob. fr. L. compli- care, complicities, to complicate.] — Plot'ter, n. One who plots or contrives : a conspirator. Plough. See Plow. Plover, pluv'er, n. A bird of several species frequent- ing the banks of rivers and the sea-shore. [OF. plovier, fr. L. pluvia, rain — the bird being most seen in rainy weather : see Pluvial.] Plow Plough, plow, n. An im- plement for turning up the Boil ; agriculture ; tillage ; a joiner's instrument f orgroov- mg ; a knife or machine for cutting or trimming paper, used by bookbinders and pa- per-makers. — v. t. [plowed or ploughed (plowd), plowing or ploughing.] To trench and turn up with a plow; to run through in sailing; to turn up and devastate; to cut or trim (paper, etc.) with a knife or press, — v. i. To labor with a plow; to advance by plowing, or in spite of obstacles. [ME. plouh, plou, plow, Ic. ploge, a plow, AS. ploh, plow-land, perh. fr. Ga. ploc, a block of wood, stump — the first rude form of a plow: see Block.] — Plow'-, Plough'able, a. Arable. — Plow'-, Plougb/boy, n. A boy that guides a team in plow- ing; a rustic boy. — Plow'-, Plough'er, n. One who plows land; a cultivator. — Plow'-, Plough'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who plows ; a husbandman ; rustic; countryman. — Plow'-, Plough'share, n. The part of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of the furrow. [Fr. shear.] Pluck, pluk, v. t. [plucked (plukt), plucking.] To pull with sudden force or effort, or to pull off, out, or from, with a twitch; to strip by plucking, —n. The heart, liver, and lungs of an animal; spirit; in- domitableness; courage. [ME. and D. plu/cken, AS. pluccian, to pluck ; not s. rt. It. piluccare, to pick grapes: *he n. fr. the plucking out of these parts fr. the animal when killed.] — Pluck'er, n.— Pluck'y, -1, a. [-ier; -iest.] Having resolute and enduring courage ; spirited. Plug, plug, n. Anything used to stop a hole; a stop- ple; a flat, oblong cake of pressed tobacco, — v. t. [plugged (plugd), -ging.] To stop with a plug, make tight by stopping a hole. [D.; OD. nlugge, a plug, peg, pluggen, to plug, prob. fr. Ir. ploc, pluc, plug, stopper, bung, Ga. and W. ploc, club, block; s. rt. block; bludgeon.] Plum, plum, n. The fruit of a tree of the genus Pru- nus ; the tree itself, usually called plum tree ; a rai- sin; in .ring., a handsome fortune or property; the sum of £100,000 sterling. [AS. plume, L. pr'unum ; same as prune, q. v.] Plumage. See under Plume. Plumb, plum, n. A weight of lead, etc., attached to a line, to indicate a vertical direction, as in building, etc.; a plummet. — a. Perpendicular; standing ac- cording to a plumb-line. — adv. Perpendicularly. — v. t. [plumbed (plumd), plumbing.] To adjust by a plumb-line ; to examine by tests. [F. plomb, lead, also a plummet, L. plumbum, lead; prob. s. rt. Gr. ■molubdos, OHG. pit, G. blei, lead.] — Plumba'go, -ba'go, n. A form of carbon, popularly called black lead; graphite, q. v. [L.] — Plumbag'inous, -baj '- T-nus, a. Resembling, consisting of, or containing, plumbago. — Plum'bean, -be-an, -beous, -be-us, a. Consisting of or resembling lead; lead-colored; dull; heavy; stupid. [L. j^Mmbews.] — Plumb'er, plumper, n. One who works in lead, esp. one who adjusts pipes, etc., in buildings. — Plunib'ery, -er-f , n. Busi- ness of a plumber; place where plumbing is carried on. — Plumb'ing, n. Art of casting and working in lead ; business of arranging pipes for conducting water, etc. ; pipes and other apparatus for convey- ing water, etc., iu a building. — Plumb'-line, n. A Elummet ; a line perpendicular to the plane of the orizon. — Plum'met, n. A weight attached to a line, for sounding the depth of water, or for deter- mining a perpendicular, or, with a square, a horizon- tal line; any weight. [F. plombet, dim. of plomb.] Plume, plum, n. Ihe feather of a bird; esp. a large or handsome feather; a large feather or collection of feathers worn as an ornament; a token of honor, prowess, stateliness, etc. — v. t. [plumed (plumd), pluming.] To pick and adjust the plumes or feathers of ; to strip of feathers ; to pride, value, boast. [F. ; L. pluma; s. rt. flow, float.] — Plu'mage, -mej, n. The collection of feathers covering a bird. [F.] — Plum'y, -T, a. Covered or adorned with plumes. — Plumig'erous, -mij'er-us, a. Hav- ing feathers. [L. plumiger, fr. pluma and gerere, to bear.] — Plu'miped, -ml-ped, a. (Ornith.) Having feet covered with feathers, —n. A bird that has feathers on its feet. [L. jdumijies, -pedis; pes, foot.] — Plumose', -mos', Plu'mous, -mus, a. Having, or resembling, plumes. (Bot.) Having hairs, or any parts or appen- dages arranged along an axis. [L. plumosus.] Plummet. See under Plumb. Plump, plump, a. Swelled with fat or i flesh to the full size ; fleshy ; fat; sleek ; f ull ; round ; complete ; un- reserved ; unqualified; blunt, — v. t. [PLUMPED (plumt), PLUMPING.] To extend to fullness, swell, fatten. — v. i. To grow large to fullness, be swelled. [ME. and OD. plomp, rude, clownish, ProvE. »Zi'm, to swell, also plump, full, Sw., Dan., and G. plump, clumsy, coarse.] — Plump'er, n. Something carried in the mouth to dilate the cheeks; a thing intended to swell out something else; a vote given to one can- didate only, when more are to be elected; in Eng., a full, unqualified lie. — Plump'ly, -It, adv. Fully; roundly ; without reserve. — Plump'ness, n. — Plump'y, -T, a. Somewhat plump; fat; jolly. Plump, plump, v. i. To fall suddenly or at once. — v. t. To cause to drop heavily. — adv. At once, or with a sudden, heavy fall ; suddenly. [Perh. onomat., fr. the sound of a stone, etc., falling in water, and same as plump, fat, full; cf. Ga. pluh, plum, G. plump, the noise of a stone falling into water, also (in G.) heavy, thick, clumsy, Swiss bluntschen, to plump into water, blunts/-/) ig, thick, plump; or else same as plumb (q. v.), with the idea of falling, like lead, directly down : cf. It. piombare, to fall like lead, — if so, s. rt. plunge.] Plunder, plun'der, v. t. [-deeed (-dgrd), -deeing.] To take the goods of by force; to take by pillage or open force, despoil, sack, strip, rob. — n. That which is taken from an enemy; pillage; prey; spoil; in South and West. U. S., personal property and effects; baggage; luggage. [D. plunder en, G. pluen- dern, to plunder, pillage, in ProvG., to remove with one's baggage, G. j/lun/ler, trumpery, trash, baggage, luG.plunden, rags.] — Plun'derer, n. Plunge, plunj, v. t. [l'lungkd (plunjd), plunging.] To immerse in a fluid ; to drive into flesh, earth, wa- ter, etc. — v. i. To thrust or drive one's self into water, or a fluid; to dive, rush in; to fall or rush (into distress or a state in which the person or thing is surrounded or overwhelmed) ; to pitch or throw one's self headlong, as ahorse, —n. Act of thrust- ing into water or any penetrable substance; act of pitching or throwing one's self headlong, like an un- ruly horse. [ME. ploungen, F. plonger,Pica.r& plon- quer, to plunge, dive; perh. onomat.; perh. F. plon- ger is freq. of /ilomber, to cover with lead, sound water with a plummet, fr. plomb, lead, s. rt. plumb, q. v.: and see Plump, to fall suddenly.] — Plun 'ger, n. One who or that which plunges; a diver; a long, solid cylinder, used as a forcer in pumps. Plus, plus, n. {Math.) A character [marked thus, +J used as a sign of addition. —a. lull; ample; posi- tive. [L. plm, orig. pious, Gr. pleion, more, compar. 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : PLUSH 431 POIGNANT otpleos, full: see Plenary. J — Plu'ral, a. Contain- ing more than one. [OF. plurul, L. pluralis.] — Plu- ralism, n. (Eccl.) In Eng., the holding of more than one ecclesiastical living at a time. — Plu'ralist, n. A clerk or clergyman who holds, etc.— Plurality, -t-tl, n. State of being plural, or consisting of more than one; a greater number; the number (as of votes) by which the largest aggregate exceeds the next in size ; a state of being or having a greater number. [F. plurality, L. pluralitas.] — Plurality of votes. The excess of votes cast for one individual over those cast for any one of several competing can- didates. — Plu'ralize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make plural by using the termination of the plural number. — Plulally, adv. In a sense imply- ing more than one. — Plu'perfect, -per-fekt, a. More than perfect, — said of that tense of a verb which denotes that an action took place previous to another past action. [Corrup. of L. plusquamperfec- tum, name of the tense, fr. plus, more, quam, than, and perfection, perfect.] Plush, plush, n. A textile fabric with a velvet nap or shag on one side. \F.pluche,peluche,iv. ~L.pilus,ha.\r; s. rt. peruke.] Plutocracy, plu-tok'ra-st, n. A form of government in which the wealthy classes have supreme power; a controlling class of rich men. [F. plutocratie, Gr. ploutokratia, fr. ploutos, wealth, and kratein, to rule.] — Plu'tocrat, plulo-krat, n. One whose wealth gives him power or influence ; one of the plu- tocracy. — Plu'tocratlc, a. Pert, to, consisting in, or partaking of, etc. Plutonian, plu-to'nY-an, -tonic, -tonlk, a. Pert, to Pluto, hence, to the interior of the earth ; pert, to the system of the Plutonists; igneous. [L. Pluto. god of Hell.] — Plu'tonist, n. One who adopts the theory of the formation of the world in its present state from igneous fusion. Pluvial, plu'vt-al, a. Abounding in rain; rainy. [F.; L. pluvialis, ir.pluvia, rain, pluere, to rain; s. rt. flow, plover.] — Plu'vious, -vl-us, a. Abounding in rain; rainy; pluvial. [L. pluviosus, pluvius.] — Plu'viam'- eter, -om'eter, -vT-om^e-ter, n. A rain-gauge, an in- strument for ascertaining the quantity of rain that falls at any place, in a given time. [Gr. metron, measure.] Ply, pli, v. t. [plied (plid), plying.] To fold or cover over; to put to or on with force and repetition; to urge, solicit importunately; to employ with dili- gence, keep busy; to practice or perform diligently; to press, strain, force, — v.i. To work steadily; to fo with diligence or pertinacity; to busy one's self, e steadily employed. (Navt.) To endeavor to make way'against the wind. To make regular trips. — n. A fold; plait; a bent; turn; direction; bias. [F. plier, to fold, plait, bend, turn, L. plicare, -catum, to fold, Gr. /ilekein, to weave, G-flechten, to braid, plait, twist (whence, prob., G.flachs = E.flax, q. v.); s. rt. apply, accomplice, complicate, explicit, perplex, de- ploy, display, employ, simple, double, triple, multiply, plagiary, plait, plot, etc.]— Pli'able, a. Capable of being plied, turned, or bent; easy to be bent; readily yielding to moral influence, arguments, per- suasion, or discipline: supple; limber. — Pli 'able- ness, -ability, n. — Pli'ant, a. Capable of plying or bending; easily bent; easily influenced to good or evil ; easy to be per- suaded; trnctab'e: "docile; obse- quious.— Pli'antness, -ancy, -sT, n. State of beim; pliant. — Pli'- cate,-kat,-cated,o. (Bot.) Plait- ed; folded like a fan. [h.pli ^is, p. p. of plicare.] — Plex'us, Physiol.) Any net-work of :1s, nerves, or fibers. [L., p. of plectere, to twine, braid, vessels, nerves, or fibers. fL., p p. of plectere, to twine, braid freq. of plicare.] — Plex'iform Plicate Leaf. -T-fSrm, a. In the form of net- work; complicated. [L. plexus and forma, form.] — Pli'ers, n. pi. A kind of pincers, by which any small object may be seized and bent. Pneumatic, nu-matlk, -ical, a. Con- sisting of, or resembling, air; pert. to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties ; moved or played by means of air ; adapted to, or used for, experiments with gases; fitted Pliers. to contain air. — Pneumatics, n. Science of the mechanical properties of air and other elastic fluids. [Gr. pneumatikos, pert, to wind, breath, or air, fr. pnevmn, -matos, wind, pneein, to blow.] — Pneumatol'ogy, -ina-tol'o-jT, n. Doctrine of, or trea- tise on, air and other elastic fluids. (Philos. & Theol.) Doctrine of, or treatise on, spiritual existences. — Pneumatom'eter, n. A gasometer to measuie the quantity of air taken into the lungs, and given out, at each inspiration and expiration. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Pneumo / 'nia, -mo'nt-a, n. {Med.) In- flammation of the lungs, with fever, difficult breath- ing, etc. [Gr., fr. pneumon, pleumon, a lung, fr. )me- ein ; s. rt. pulmonary.] — Pneumonic, a. Pert, to the lungs. — n. A medicine for affections of the lungs. Poach, poch. v. t. [poached (pocht), poaching.] To cook (eggs) by breaking them into a vessel of boiling water; to cook (egi:s) with butter after breaking in a vessel. [F. pocher, perh. fr. poche, a pouch, q. v. — the yolk of a well poached egg retaining its round- ed form.] Poach, poch, v. t. To rob of game; to plunder, —v. i. To steal or pocket game, or to carry it away privately, as in a bag. [F. jjocher, to incroach upon another's property, NormF. }>oquer, to carry in the pocket, fr. poche, pocket : see Pouch.] — Poach'er, n. Pock, pok, n. (Med.) A pustule raised on the surface of the body in an eruptive disease, as the small-pox. [AS. poc, D. pok, Ir. pucoid, a pustule, pucadh, a swelling.] — Pock'-mark, n. Mark or scar made by the small-pox.— Pock'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Full of pocks; infected with the small-pox ; vile ; rascally ; contemptible. — Pox', n. (Med.) Any one of the 4 diseases, small-pox, chicken-pox, the vaccine dis- ease, and the venereal disease or syphilis, — the last being signified when no qualifying word is used. — v. t. [poxed (pokst), poxing.] To infect with syphilis. [For pocks, pi. of pock.] Pocket, pok'et, n. Any small bag, esp. one inserted in a garment ; a large bag tor holding various arti- cles. (Min.) A small cavity in a rock, containing gold, etc. — v. t. To put, or conceal, in a pocket; to take clandestinely. fNLE.poket, dim. of Norm. poque, OD. poke, a bag/poke, q. v.]— To pocket an insult or affront. To receive it without resenting it— Pock'et- book, n. A small book, or case, for carrying papers, money, etc., in the pocket. — glass, n. ' A portable looking-glass. — knife, n. A kniie with blades which fold into the handle so as to be carried in the pocket. Poco, po'ko, adv. (Mus.) A little, — used in phrases indicating the time or movement ; as, poco largo, rather slow ; poco a poco, little by little, gradually. [It.] — Poco-cu'rantism, -ku-rantlzm, n. State of having little care or interest; indifference. [It. poco and curante, caring, fr. curare, to care.] Pod, pod, n. A capsule of a plant, esp. a legume; a de- hiscent fruit. [Da.n.'pude, cushion, Ga. put, a large buoy made of an inflated sheep-skin, perh. confused with cod ; s. rt. pudding.] Podagric, po-daglik, -rical, a. Pert, to, or afflicted with the gout. [Gr. podagra, gout, |^j fr. pous, podos, a foot, q. v., and agra, catching.]— Pod'ophil ' line, -fill in, n. (Mea.jmK A cathartic principle obtained from the root v r of the may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum). [Gr. pous and phullon, leaf.] Poe, po'e, n. Food prepared from the pound- ed baked roots of the taro plant, used in Hawaii and other islands of the Pacific. Poem, po'em, n. A metrical composition ; a composition in verse, — opp. to prose. [F. po- Pod- erne, L. poema, Gr. poiema, a piece of workmanship, composition, poem, fr. poiein, to make.] — Po'esy, -e-8i, n. Art or skill of composing poems ; poetry ; metrical composition. [F. poesie, Gr. poiesis, poetic faculty.] — Po'et, n. The author of a poem; one skilled in making poetry ; an imaginative thinker or writer. [ME. and F. poete, L. poeta, Gr. poietes.] — Poet laureate. In Eng., a court poet, employed to compose poems for special occasions: see Laureate. — Po'etess, n. A female poet. — Po'etas'ter, n. A writer of bad poetry. [OF. poetastre. an ignorant poet.] — Poetic, -ical, a. Pert., suitable to, ex- pressed in, or possessing the peculiar beauties of. poetry.— Poetically, adv.— PoetlcB, n. Doctrine of poetry. — Po'etize, v. i. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To write as a poet, compose verse. — Po'etry, -rf, n. Modes of expressing thought and feeling which are suitable to the imagination when excited or eleva- ted; metrical composition; verse; imaginative com- position, whether in prose or verse. [OF. poeterk.] Poh, po, interj. Pish ! pshaw ! — an exclamation ex- pressing contempt or disgust. Poignant, etc. See under Point. a, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. POINT 432 POLE Point, point, n. That which pricks or pierces; esp., the sharp end of a piercing instrument; a sort of needle used by engravers, etchers, lace-workers, etc. ; the mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instru- ment; an indefinitely small space; mere spot; a small promontory, or cape; a moment; inetant; the verge: whatever serves to mark progress, or to indicate transition; degree ; condition ; rank ; a salient trait of character; characteristic; a distinct position, the- sis, or passage, in argument or discourse ; the pith or gist of an expression or discussion ; a lively turn of thought. (Geom.) That which has not length, breadth, nor thickness. A character used to mark divisions of a sentence, etc. ; anything aimed at or in- tended; object; end; a small affair; trifling concern; punctilio. (J/ms.) A dot or mark to designate cer- tain tones or time; a dot at the right hand of a note, to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half. (Anc. Costume.) A tagged lace, used to tie together certain parts of the dress. (Want.) A flat, tapering piece of braided cordage, used in reefing sails, pi. (Railroads.) In Eng., the switch of a railway track. — v. t. To give a point to, sharpen; to direct toward an object, aim; to direct attention toward; to mark (a sentence, etc.) with marks of punctuation; to punctuate; to indicate the point, aim, or purpose of; to indicate or discover (game) by a fixed look. (Ma- sonry.) To fill the joints of with mortar, and smooth them with the point of a trowel, — v.i. To direct the finger for designating an object; to indicate the pres- ence of game by a fixed and steady look; to show dis- tinctly by any means; to fill the joints or crevices of a wall with mortar. [F. ; L. punctum, orig. neut. of p. p. of pungere, punctum, to prick ; s. rt. compunction, tsjjunge, pounce, punch, puncheon.]— Poinfed, p. a. Sharp ; having a sharp point ; characterized by dis- tinctness of meaning and pithiness of expression ; keen ; severe ; epigrammatic ; direct. — Poinfedly, adv. — Pointless, a. Having no point ; wanting keenness ; blunt ; obtuse ; dull ; stupid. — Point 'or, n. Anything that points, — as, the hand of a time-piece; a variety of dog, trained to stop, and, with his nose, point t?S e o??2 e - Pointer Dog. men ; (Astron.) one of the 2 stars in the Great Bear, the line between which points nearly to the North Star. — Point-blank'', n. (Mik) The point to which a projectile is supposed to move directly, without a curve. — a. Aimed directly toward the mark; plain; express. — adv. In a point-blank manner. Direct- ly. [F. point blanc, the white spot in the center of archers' targets.]— Poign'ant, poin'ant, a. Stim- ulating to the organs of taste ; acutely painful ; pier- cing ; irritating ; sharp ; keen ; satirical ; bitter. [F. poignant, p. pr. of poindre, Yj. pungere, to prick, sting.] — Poign 'antly, adv. — Poign'ancy, -sY, n. State of being, etc. — Pun'gent, -jent 3. Pricking; piercing, — as, sharp, acrid, biting — ;aid with reference to taste; stimulating, pricKing, — said of smell; sharp- ly painful, acute, — said 01 pains, sensations, etc. ; exquisitely painful to the feelings, severe, — said of discourse. [L. pungens, p. pr, of pungere; same as poignant.] — Pun /, gently, adv. — Punirency, -sT, n. State of being, etc.— Puncfure, punk'chur, n. Act of perforating with a pointed instrument ; a small hole made by a point. — v. t. [punctured (-churd), -URING.] To pierce with a small, pointed instru- ment, prick. [L. punctura, a prick, orig. fern, of fut. part, of pungere.] — Pundate, -tat, -tated, a. Point- ed; ending in a point or points. (Bot.) Having dots scattered over the surface. — Punctlial, punk'chu- al, a. Observant of nice points; punctilious; esp. ad- hering to the time of an appointment; prompt; occur- ring, made, or returning, at the appointed time ; exact; precise; strict; accurate. [F. ponctuel, fr. L. punctum.] — Punctually, adv.— Punctuality, -l-tf , n. Quality or state of being, etc. — Punctilio, -tiP*- yo, n. A nice point of exactness in conduct, cere- mony, or proceeding. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto = L. punctum.]— Punctilious, -til'yus, a. Attentive to punctilio ; exact in forms of ceremony. — Punc- tiliously, adv. — Punctiliousness, n. — Punc'to, n. Nice point of form or ceremony ; the point in fen- cing. [It. punto, L. punctum.] — Puncfuate, punk'- chu-at, v. t. To separate into sentences, clauses, etc., by points, which mark the proper pauses. [F. punc- tuer, to distinguish by points, LL. punctuare, to de- termine, define.] — Punctua'tion, n. (Gram.) Act or art of punctuating or pointing a writing or dis- course. [F.] — Punctlrist, -u-ist, n. One who un- derstands the art of punctuation. Poise, poiz, n. Weight ; gravity ; the mass of metal used in weighing with steelyards ; equipoise ; bal- ance; equilibrium.— v. t. [poised (poizd), poising.] To make of equal weight; to hold or place in equilib- rium ; to load with weight for balancing ; to weigh. [OF. peiser, poiser, to weigh, fr. peis,pois, a weight, L. pensare, to weigh, pensum, portion weighed out, in LL., a weight, prop. neut. of pensus, p. p. of pen- dire, to weigh; s. rt. pendant, q. v. ; not fr. L. \ a weight.] , pondus, Poison, poi'zn, n. Any substance noxious to life or health; that which taints or destroys moral purity or health ; venom ; bane ; ruin ; malignity. — v. t. [poisoned (-znd), -soning.] To infect with poison; to attack, injure, or kill, by poison ; to taint or cor- rupt the character, principles, or happiness of. [F., f r. L. potio, a drink, esp. a poisonous draught, f r. fotare, Skr. pa, to drink ; s. rt. potion, q. v., under 'ot.] — Poi'soner, n. — Poi'sonous, -zn-us, a. Hav- ing the qualities of poison ; corrupting ; impairing soundness or purity. Poke, pok, n. A pocket ; small bag ; a long, wide sleeve, formerly worn; a projecting bonnet, former- ly worn. [Ir. poc, Ga. poca, OD. poke, bag, sack ; s. rt. AS. pung, Ic.pungr, a pouch, E. pocket, pouch, pucker, perh. L. bucca, the inflated cheek.] Poke, pok, v. t. [poked (pokt), poking.] To thrust against, push against with anything long or pointed; to feel for with a long instrument; to search or feel for in the dark, in a hole, or in a heap of things; to stir (a fire, etc.) — v. i. To grope, as in the dark ; to dawdle, be slow at one's work. — To poke fun. To make fun, joke, jest. — To p. at. To thrust the horns at. — n. Act of poking; a thrust; a lazy or stupid person ; a yoke with a projecting pole, to prevent unruly beasts from leaping or breaking through fences. [ME. poken, Ga. puc, to push, Ir, poc, a blow, kick, OD. poke, a dagger ; s. rt. L. pungere, to prick (see Point), E. pucker.] — Pok'er, n. One who pokes ; that used in poking, esp. an iron bar, for stirring a coal fire. — Pok'y, -ey, -T, a. Slow ; dull ; stupid. Poke, pok, P. '-weed, n. A poisonous N. Amer. plant, bearing dark-purple, juicy berries. Poker, pok'gr, n. A game of cards. Poker, pok'Sr, n. Any frightful object, esp. one dimly seen in the dark ; a bugbear. [Dan. pokker, the devil, Icel. pokr, a bugbear, hobgoblin.] Polacca, po-lak'ka, -lacre, -Ta'kgr, n. (Naut.) A ves- sel with 3 masts, used in the Mediterranean. [It., prop, a Polish vessel.] Polar, Polarize, etc. See under Pole, extremity of an axis. Polarchy. See Polyarchy. Pole, pol, n. A native or inhabitant of Poland. — PoK- ish, a. Pert, to, etc. — Po'lonaise', -lo-naz', n. The Polish language ; a kind of Polish robe worn by ladies ; a kind of dance ; a polacca. [F.] Pole, pol, n. A long, slender piece of wood; stem of a small tree ; a measure of length of 5 i-2 yards, or a .__ . measure of 30 1-4 square yards; a rod; perch. v. t. [poled (pold), poling.] To furnish with poles for support ; to bear or convey on poles j to push forward by the use of poles. [AS. pal, MHG, pfal, fr. L. palus, a stake, pale, q. v.] — Under bare poles. (Naut.) Having all the sails furled. — Pole'- ax, -axe, n. A sort of ax or hatchet fixed to a pole or; handle. [ Pole, pol, n. One of the ex-\ tremities of an axis, on' which a sphere revolves esp., one of the extremities of the earth's axis ; a point on the surface of a sphere equally distant from every part of the circumference of a great circle. (Physics.) A point of maximum inten- sity of a force which has 2 such points, or which has polarity. The heavens, the sky. [ME. and F. pol, L. jiolus, Gr. polos, pole, pivot, hinge, fr. peltein, to Pole-axes. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; POLECAT 433 POLYACOUSTIC be in motion : s. rt. Gr. kellein, to urge on, E. celer- ity.]— Pole'-star, n. (Astron.) A star at or near to the pole of the heavens. That which serves as a guide or director. — Polar, a. Pert, to, surround- ing, or proceeding from one of the poles of the earth, or the poles of artificial globes; situated near one of the poles; pert, to the magnetic pole. (Geoui.) Pert, to, reckoned from, or having a common radiating point. — Polar bear. A species of arctic bear hav- ing fur of a silvery white tinged with vellow.— Polarity, -lar'i-tY, n. (Physics.) Tliat quality or condition of a body in virtue of which it exhibits opposite or contrasted properties or powers, in oppo- site or contrasted parts or directions. — Po'larize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] To communicate polar- ity to. — Polariza'tion, n. Act of, state of being, or of having, etc. — Polarlscope, -lar'l-skop, n. (Ojit.) An instrument for polarizing light and analvzing its properties. [Gr. skopein, to view.] Polecat, pol'kat, n. A carnivorous European mam- mal, allied to the weasel, which ejects a fetid liquid when irritated or alarmed ; the fitchew or fitch- et. il>IE. polcat, ptrli. a cat liv- ing in a burrow, fr. Ir. and Ga. poll, a hole, pit; Polecat, perh. fr. F. poule, a hen, as it feeds on poultry; perh. fr. F. pulent, L. pvrulentus, stinking.] Polemic, po-lemlk, n. A controversialist ; disputant. — Polemic, -ical, a. Pert, to, engaged in, or involv- ing controversy ; controversial ; given to contro- versy ; disputatious. — Polemics, n. Controversy, esp. on religious subjects. [Gr. polemikos, warlike, polemos, war : s. rt. Zend par, to fight ; perh. s. rt. Gr. pelekus, Skr. paracu, an ax.] — Pol'emarch, pol'e- miirk, n. (Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian magistrate who had under his care all strangers in the city. [Gr. polemos and archos, leader, fr. archein, to lead.] Police, po-les', n. The administration of the laws and regulations of a city, town, etc. ; internal regu- lation and government of a state; the body of civil officers, organized lor the preservation of order, and enforcement of the laws. — v. t. [policed (-lest'), -licing.] To apply police regulations to, keep in order, make (a camp, etc.) clean. [F. ; L. potitia, Gr. /loliteia, citizenship, polity, condition of a state, fr. polites, a citizen, polis, a city, orig. a crowd, throng, hence a community, Skr. puri, a town ; s. rt. plenary, full, folk.] — Pdlice'man, n. ; pi. -men. One of the ordinary police force. —Policy, pSKT-si, n. The settled method by which the government and affairs of a nation are administered; method by which any institution is administered; line of con- duct on special questions; worldly wisdom; dexteri- tvof management; cunning; stratagem; prudencein the management of public and private affairs; wis- dom. [ME. and OF. policie, older form of police.) — Polity, -T-tT, n. The form or constitution of civil government of a state or nation; principle on which a nation or any institution is organized. [L. politia.] — Politic, a. Political; pert, to or promoting a pol- icy, esp. a national policy; well devised; sagacious in promoting a policy; devoted to a scheme or system rather than to a principle; wary; artful; cunning. [L. polilicus, Gr. politiJcos.] — Politics, n. Science, art, or course of government ; political affairs and contests; management of a political partv; in a bad sense, political trickery.— Political, a. Pert, to pub- lic policy or politics; esp., pert, to a state, disting. fr. a city or municipality ; derived from office or con- nection with government; public— Politically, adv. — Politlcaster, n. A petty politician.— Politician, -tish'ap, n. One versed in the science of govern- ment ; one devoted to politics; one devoted to the advancement of a political party. Policy, poKT-st, n. A warrant fof money in the public funds. (Law ) The writing orinstrument in which a contract of insurance is embodied. [F. police, Sp. poliza, a written order to receive a sum of money, Lateli. politicum, corrupt, of polypticum, a register, roll of dues, Gr. poluptuchon, a piece of writing folded into many leaves, a register, fr. polus, much, and ptux, ptuchos,a leaf .] — Policy-shop, n. An office for gambling in connection with lotteries. Polish, polish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To make smooth and glossy, usually by friction ; to re- fine ; wear off the rusticity or coarseness of . — v. i. To become smooth, receive a gloss. —//. A smooth, glossy surface, produced by friction ; refinement ; elegance of manners. [F.polir, L. polire, -litum, to I polish; s. rt. linere, to smear.] Pollshable, a.— i Pol'isher, n. — Polite', -lit', a. Elegant in man- ners; refined in behavior; well-bred ; complaisant ; ! urbane; courtly; elegant; genteel. — Polite'iy, adv. ! — Polite'ness, n. Politic, Polity, etc. See under Police. Polka. pSl'ka, n. A Bohemian dance, performed by 2 persons in common time. [Bohem. jmlka, half, from the half step prevalent in it.] — Polk, v. i. [polked (polkt). polking.] To dance the polka. Poll, pol, n. The head, or back part of the head; a register of heads, that is, of persons; the entry of the names of electors who vote for civil officers; an election of civil officers; place where an election is held. — v. t. [polled (pold), polling.] To remove the poll or head of; to clip, lop, shear, cut closely; to strip off, bring to naught; to enter (polls or per- sons) in a register, esp. for purposes of taxation; to enroll; to pay as one's personal tax; to deposit, as a vote; to bring to the polls; to elicit or call forth, as a number of votes or voters. (Law.) To cut or shave smooth or even. [ME. and OD. vol, OD. and LG. polle, the head, pate, Dan. puld, OSw. kull, crown of the head, kulla, to poll or shave off the hair, Ic. kollr, top, shaven crown; perh. s. rt. Ir. coll, head or neck, W. col, peak, summit, L. corona, crown, Gr. kara, head, kar, hair of the head.] — To poll a jury. To question each juror individually as to his concurrence in a verdict rendered. — Poll'- tax, n. A tax levied by the head or poll; capitation tax. — Poll'er, n. One who polls or lops trees, who registers voters, or who enters his name as a voter. — Pollard, pollard, n. A tree having its top cut off, that it may throw out branches; the chub fish; a stag that has cast his antlers; a mixture of bran and meal. Poll, pol, n. A name for a parrot. [Fr. Polly, proper name.] Poll, pol, n. A student at Cambridge Univ., En?., who does not try for honors, but for a degree merely. [Gr. hoipolloi, the many, the rabble.] Pollen, pollen, n. (Bot.) The fecundating dust or powder of the anthers of flowers. [L.; Gr. pale, fine sifted meal, fr. pallein, to shake.] Polliwig, pollT-wig, -wog, n. A tadpole. [Perh. cor- rupt, of periwig.] Pollock, pollok, -lack, n. An edible fish of the Atlan- tic coasts, disting. from the whiting by having a projecting under jaw. [Ga. pollay, Ir. jmllog apooh]' - Ga - aDd iT - P °^' P °^ck. Pollute, pol-lut', v. t. To make foul or unclean; to de- file morally, impair, profane ; to render legally or ceremonially unclean; to riolate by illegal sexual commerce, debauch, dishonor, ravish. [£. polluere, -lutum, f r. luere, to wash— i. e., to wash over, as 'when a river pollutes its banks with (L. lutum) mud.] — Polhit'er, n. — Pollu'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc.; defilement; contamination; taint; corrup- tion; violation. (Jewish Antiq.) Legal or ceremonial uncleanness. Polo, polo, n. A game of ball, resembling hockey, orig. played by persons on horseback. Polonaise. See under Pole, native of Poland. Poltroon, pol-truon', n. An arrant coward; a wretch without spirit or courage ; craven; dastard. [T.pol- tron, a poltroon, It. poltro, knave, coward, also Bed, couch, fr. Gr. polster = E. bolster, cushion.] — Poi- troon'ery, -gr-T, n. Cowardice; want of spirit. [F. I poltronie.] | Polyacoustic, poFl-a-kooslik, a. Tending to multiply or magnify sound. [Gr. polus, much (s. rt. Skr. jmru, much, Gr. pleos = E. full, q i Plenary), and akoustikos, acous- ; tic, q. v.] — Polyan'dry, -drY, n. I The possession by a woman of more husbands than one at the same time. — Polyan'drian, -drl-an, -drous, -drus, a. (Bot.) Pert, to a class of monoclinous or hermaph- rodite plants, having many sta- mens, or more than 20. — Poiyan / '- thus, n. (Bot.) A species of prim- rose, whose flower-stalks produce Polyandrous. son, cube, full ; moon. fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. POLYACOUSTIO 434 FONTAG-E flowers in clusters; a species of narcissus. [Gr. anthos, flower.] — Pol'yarcb/y, -ark/I, n. A govern- ment by many persons, of whatever order or class. [Gr. arche, rule.] — Polyg'amy, po-lig'a-mt, n. A plurality of wives or husbands at the same time; usually, the condition of a man having more than one wife. [Gr. gamos, marriage.] — Polyg'amous, -a-mus, a. Of, or pert, to, polygamy; having a plurality of wives. — Polyg'amist, n. One who practices polygamy, or maintains its lawfulness. — Pol'ygarchy, -gark'Y, n. Polyarchy. — Pol'ygen'- esis, -jen'e-sis, n. Variety of origin; doctrine that the human race sprung from more than one orig- inal pair, — opp. to monogenesis. [Gr. genesis, genos, race, origin.] — Pol'yglot, a. Containing, or pert, to, several languages. — n. One acquainted with several languages; a book containing the same sub- ject-matter in several languages; esp. the Scriptures in several languages; the text of one of the versions in a proper polyglot, printed by itself. [Gr. glotta, tongue, language.] — Polygon, w. (Geom.) A plane figure of many angles, and con- sequently of many sides; a plane figure of more than 4 sides. {Gr. gonia, corner, — l, a. . . >- ^^ l'y- / \ yT^V A figure consisting of ( \ ( \ es. [Gr. gramme, line, \ / \ / f r. graphein, to draw.] — Pol'y- \ f S^ Q Polygons •Polygraph'ic, gle.] — Polyg'onal, -lig'o-nal, a. Having many angles. — Pol' gram, n. A figure con many lines. [Gr. gramme, line, fr. graphein, to draw.] — Poly- graph, -graf, n. An instrument for multiplying copies of a writing with ease and expedition.' -ical, a. Pert, to, or employed in, polygraphy; done with a polygraph. — Polyg'raphy, -lig'ra-f T, n. Art of writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering the same.— Polyhe'dron, n. (Geom.) A body or solid contained by many sides or planes. (Opt?) A polyscope, or multiplying glass. — Polyne'droos, -drus,-he'dral, -hed'rical, a. Having many sides, as a solid body. — Poiym'athy, -lim'a-tht, n. Knowl- edge of many arts and sciences. [Gr. mathein, manthanein, to learn.] — PoFyno'mial, -mt-al, n. (Alg.) An expression composed of 2 or more terms, connected by the sign plus or minus. — a. Contain- ing many names or terms. [Gr. onoraa = L. nomen, name, term.] — Pol'yora'ma, -T-o-ra'ma, n. A view of many objects. [Gr. orama, a view, oran, to see.] — Pol'yp, -ip, n. An aquatic animal of the radiate type, having, in general, a cylin- drical body, at one extremity of which there is a mouth, sur- rounded by one or more series of arms or tentacles: it is capa- ble of multiplying by buds and artificial sections as well as by ova: it forms coral by the secre- tion of calcareous matter. [L. polypus, Gr. polupous, lit. many- footed; Gr.pous = E.foot, q. v.] — Pol'ypus, -T-pus, n.; E. pi. -puses; L. pi. -pi. Something that has many feet or roots. (Zo'61.) A polyp. (Med.) A tumor with a narrow base, somewhat resembling a pear. [L.] — Pol'ypouB, -Tt-pus, a. Of the nature of, etc.— Pol'ypnon'ic, -fon'ik, a. Having, or consisting of, many voices or sounds. (Mus.) Consisting of, or pert, to, counterpoint. [Gr. phone, sound.] — Po- lyph'onism, -lif'o-nizm, n. Multiplicity of sounds, as in the reverberations of an echo. (Mus.) Com- position in parts. — Polypb/onous, -o-nus, a. Same as Polyphonic — Pol'yseope, -Y-skop, n. (Opt.) A glass which makes a single object appear as many. [Gr. skojjein.to view.] — Pol'ysperm'ouB, -sperm'us, a. (Bot.) Containing many seeds. [Gr. sperma, seed.] — Pol'ystyle, -1-stil, n. (Arch.) An edifice or court surrounded by several rows of columns. [Gr. stulos, column.] — Pol'ysyPlable, -sil'la-bl, n. A word of many, that is, more than 3, syllables. [Gr. sullabe, syllable.] — PoFysyllab'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, many syllables. — PoFytech'nic, -tek'nik, a. Com- prehending many arts, — applied esp. to schools in which many branches of art or science are taught. [Gr. techne, art.] — PoFythal'- amous. -thal'a-mus, a. Many-chambered, - applied to cephalopoda having multilocular shells. [Gr. thalamos, chamber.] — Pol'ythe'ism, -Tf-the'izm, n. Polyps. Belief in or doctrine of a plurality of gods. [Gr. theos, a god.] — Pol'ythe'ist, One who believes, etc — PoPytheist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to polytheism; hold- ing a belief in a plurality of gods. — Polyt 'onions, -lit'o-mus, a. ( Bot.) Having the limb of a leaf dis- tinctly subdivided into many subordinate parts, but not jointed to the petiole. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] — Poiyzo'a, n. pi. Compound mollusks, chiefly marine, living, and found fossil in all formations. [Gr. zoa, animals.] Pomace, pum'es, n. The substance of apples, etc., crushed by grinding. [LL. pomacium, f r. L. pomum, an apple.] — Poma'ceous, po-ma'shus, a._ Consisting of apples ; like pomace. — Pomade', -mad', Poma'- tum, n. Perfumed ointment; esp. unguent for the hair. [F. pommade, fr. pomme = L. pomum, because orig. made fr. apples.] — Pomif'erous, -mif'er-us, a. (Bot.) Apple-bearing,— applied to plants which bear the larger fruits, such as melons, pumpkins, cucum- bers, etc. \_~L.ferre, to bear.] — Pomol'ogy, -mol'o-jt, n. Art or science of fruits, or of raising fruits. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Po'molog'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Pomol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. — Pomecit'ron, pum-sifrun, n. A citron apple. — Pomegran'ate, -gran'et, n. A tree and its fruit, which is as large as an orange, having a hard rind filled with a mass of " grains," each resembling a skinless grape and in- closing a seed; an ornament resembling a pomegran- ate, on the robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest. [OF. pome grenate; pome =L. pomum; grenate fr. L. granatus, filled with grains, fr. granum, seed, grain, q. v.] — Pome'roy, -roi, -roy'al, n. A sort of apple, known also as the royal apple. [OF.; roy = F. roi, king; royal, royal.] — Pome'-wat'er, n. A sweet, juicy apple. — Pom'mel, n. A knob or ball; as, the knob on the hilt of a sword; the protuberant part of a saddle-bow.— v. t. [pommeled (-meld), -meling.] To beat, as with a pommel, that is, with something thick or bulky. [ME. and OF. pomel, the knob on a sword hilt, dim. of OF.joome.] Pomp, pomp, n. A procession disting. by ostentation of grandeur and splendor; show of magnificence; parade; splendor; state; magnificence; pride. [ME., F., and Gr. pompe, L. j'Ompa, fr. Gr. pempem, to send.] — Pomp'ous, -us, a. Displaying pomp; osten- tatious ; boastful. — Pomp'ously, adv. — Pomp'ous- ness, Pompos'ity, -pos'Y-tY, n. Poncho, pon'cho, n. A blanket-like cloak worn by Span. Americans, with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through. [Sp.] Pond, pond, n. A body of fresh water, less extended than a lake. [Same as pound, an inclosure for cattle; prob. orig. a pool caused by damming water; Ir. pont, a pond, also a pound ; perh. s. rt. F. bonde, Swiss punt, oonten, G. spund, a bung.] Ponder, pon'der, v. t. [-deked (-derd), -dering.] To weigh in the mind, view with deliberation; to con- sider, muse, examine. — v. i. To think, deliberate, muse, — usually followed by on. [L. ponderare, to weigh, fr. pon'dus, a weight; s. rt. pound, a weight, pendant, q. v.] — Pon'derer, n. — Pon'derable, a. Capable of being weighed. — Pon'derance, -ans, n. Weight; gravity. — Pon'derous, -dgr-us, a. Very heavy; weighty; important; momentous; forcible; strongly impulsive. [F. pondereux, L. ponderosus.] — Pon'derously, adv. — Ponderos'ity, -os't-tT, n. State of being, etc. ; weight ; gravity ; heaviness. [F. ponderosity, L. ponderositas.'] Pongee, pon-je', n. An inferior kind of India silk. Poniard, pon'yard, n. A small dagger. — v. t. To pierce with a poniard, stab. [F. poignard, f r. poing, L. pugnus, the fist.] Pontac, pon'tak, n. A kind of claret wine. [Fr. Pon- tac, a town in the S. of France.] Pontage, pon'tej, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A tax paid for repairing bridges. [LL. pontagium, f r. L. pons, pon- tis, a bridge, orig. a way, path; s. rt. Skr. path, panth, ]-Pon'tiff,w. A high [ege, in ancient Rome; tTewish Antiq.) the chief priest; (Rom. Cath. Church) the pope. [F. pontif, L. pontifex, -tificis, fr. pons and facere, to make, lit. bridge-maker.] — Pontif' ic, a. Relating to, or consisting of, priests; pert, to the pope. — Pontif'ical, a. Belonging to a high priest or to the pope ; popish. [F. ; L. pontificalis.'] — n. A book con- taining the offices, or formulas, used in various ec- clesiastical rites, pi. The dress and ornaments of a priest, bishop, or the pope. — Pontif' ically, adv. — Pontificate, -ik-at, n. State or dignity of a high priest or of the pope; the reign of a pope. [F. pontif- icat, L. pontijicatus.] — Pontoon', -ton', -toon', n. A to go, patfia = E. path, q. v.] — Pon' priest, esp. of the sacred colle 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; PONY 435 PORE Ponton-bridge, side view of ponton ; o, end view of ponton, with joists, flooring, and timbers fastened upon flooring to keep it in place; c, plan of pontons ; d, plan of flooring joist3 ; /, plan of flooring boards, with timbers" thereon, near sides of floor, to keep it in place. flat-bottomed boat, light frame- work , or float, used in form- ing a bridge quick- ly for the passage of troops. (jS'aut.) A low, flat vessel, furnished with cranes, cap- stans,etc.,used i n careening ships; a lighter. [F. ponton. It. pontone, fr. L. ))ons.] Pony, po'nY, n. ; jil. -NIKS, -niz. A small horse ; in college slang, a trans- lation of a clas- sic author ; in Eng. slang, the sum of £25. [Ga. ponaidh ; perh. s. rt. Gr. polos, L. pullus = E. foal, q. v., also pool, the stake at cards.] Foodie, poo'dl, n. A small dog covered with long, silky hair. [D. poedel-hond, water-dog, poodle, fr. poedele, to paddle in water.] Pool, pool, n. A small and rather deep collection of fresh water supplied by a spring, or occurring in the course of a stream; a puddle. [AS. ]>ol, Ir. and Ga. poll, hole, pit, mire, fr. pool, a pool, L. 2'Cilus, a marsh, pool, Gr. jielos, mud.] — Poorer, n. Pool, pool, n. The receptacle for the stakes in certain games; the stakes themselves; a kind of billiards; a commercial or gambling venture in which sev- eral persons have a joint interest. — v. t. or i. To contribute, with others, to a common venture. [F. poule, a hen, also a pool in a game, — the stakes be- ing considered eggs, LL. pulla, a hen, fern, of L. pullus, a young animal; s. rt. L. puer, a boy, Skr. putra,_a son, E. pony, foal, q. v.] Poop, poop, n. A deck raised above the after part of the spar deck, reaching forward to the mizzen mast; the highest or after part of a ship's deck or hull: see Ship.— v. t. (Want.) To strike upon the stern of, as a heavy sea; to strike in the stern, as one vessel that runs her stem against another's stern ; to drive in the stern of. [F. j>oupe, L. puppis, the hinder part of a ship.] — Pooped, poopt, a. Having a poop. Poor, poor, a. Destitute of property; needv; indigent; destitute of qualities which are desirable or might be expected, — as, wanting in fat, plumpness, or fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; or, wanting in strength or vigor; or, of little value or worth, not good, inferior; or, destitute of fertility, barren, ster- ile; or, destitute of strength, beauty, or fitness; or, very insufficient for an end or occasion, valueless, paltry; worthy of pity or sympathy. [ME. and OF. poure,povre, L. pauper, Tit. providing little ; pau- s. rt. L. paucus, Gr. pauros = E. few ; -per s. rt. L. parare, to provide, prepare, Gr.' porein, to fur- nish, Skr. pri, to fill, satisfy, E. full, plenary; same as pauper.] — Poorly, adv. In a poor manner or condition; with little or no success; meanly; without spirit; without excellence <>r dignity. — a. Somewhat ill; indisposed. — Poor'ness, n. — Poor'house, m. A public establishment for the supoort of the poor; alms-house; work-house. — spirited, a. Of a mean spirit; cowardly. — spir'itedness, n. — Pov'erty, -er- tt, n. Want of convenient means of subsistence ; indigence; need: pauperism; deficiency of resources; lack of sentiment or words. [OF. poverte, later povrete", f r. porre ; L. paupertas, f r. pauper. .] Pop, pop, n. A small, quick sound or report; a bever- age which issues with a slight explosion, from the bottle containing it. — v. i. [popped (popt), -ping.] To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound ; to enter, or issue forth, with a sudden motion ; to move from place to place suddenly. — v.t. To push or thrust suddenly; bring suddenly to notice; to cause to ex- pand and burst suddenly with heat, as corn. — adv. With sudden entrance; suddenly. [Onomat. ; ME. poupen, to make a loud sound, powpe, pop-gun.] — Pop'-gun, n. A child's gun, or tube and rammer, for shooting pellets bvthe expansion of compressed air. Pope, pop, n. The bishop of Rome, the head of the Rom. Cath. church. [AS., L., and Gr. papa, father: see Papa: F. pape, pope, whence;>apaZ, papist, etc.] — Pope'dom, -dum, n. The place, office, or dignity of the pope : jurisdiction of the pope. [AS. pape- dom.] — Pop'ery, -er-T, n. The religion, doctrines, andpractices of the Rom. Cath. church. — Popish, a. Pert, to, or taught by, the pope or the Rom. Cath. church or its adherents, — used offensively. — Pop'ishly, adv. — Pope'-joan', -jon', n. A game of cards. — Pope's'-eye, n. The gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh. — head,?!. Along- handled brush for cleaning ceilings, etc. — nose, n. The sharp point of a twist of bread. Popinjay, pop'in-ja, n. A parrot; a mark like a par- rot, put on a pole to be shot at; a gay, trifling young man; fop; coxcomb. [OF. papegai, Sp. papagayo. It. papagallo, parrot, fr. Bavarian pappel, a parret (lit. a babbler, pappeln, to chatter, babble), and It. ga/lo = L. galltis, a cock, modified by F. gai, a jay.] Poplar, pop'ler, n. A genus of trees of several spe- cies, all of rapid growth, with soft wood. [OF. po/j- lier, peuple, L. j.opulus, — perh. fr. its quivering leaves, and s. rt. L. palpitare, to tremble, Gr. pal- lein, to shake, vibrate.] Poplin, poplin, n. A textile fabric of silk and worsted. IF. popeline, perh. fr. popin, neat, trim, and s. rt. LL. popula, a gav girl, It. pupinu = E. /,upj,et.] Popliteal, pop-hfe-al, -lit/ic, a. Pert, to the ham, or to the posterior part of the knee-joint. [L. poplet, poplitis, the ham.] Poppy, pop'pY, n. A flowering plant of many spe- cies, from one of which (the white poppy) opium is col- lected. [AS. popig, L. papaver, perh. fr. jjapula, a swelling, pustule.] — Pop'py, P. -head, n. {Arch.) \ An elevated ornament used on bench-ends, desks, etc., in the middle ages. Populace, pop'u-les, n. The common people ; vulgar; multitude; all persons not distin- guished by rank, edu- cation, office, or pro- fession ; mob ; com- monalty. [F. ; It. popolazzo, fr. popolo =L. populus, the peo- ■„„ ple,q.v.]-Pop'ular, Poppy. a. Pert, or suitable to common people ; easy to be comprehended; familiar ; enjoying the favor of the people ; pleasing to people in general ; prevailing among the people. [F. populaire, L. popularis.] — Pop'ularly, adv. So as to please the populace ; ac- cording to the conceptions of the common people. — Popularity, -lar'T-tY, n. Quality or state of being popular. — Popularize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.j To makecommon.or suitable to the mind; to spread among the people. — Pop'ulate, -lat, v. t. To fur- nish with inhabitants ; to people. — v. i. To breed people ; propagate". [LL. popidare, -latum .] — Popu- lation, n. Act or operation of peopling; multiplica- tion of inhabitants ; the whole number of people in a country, or portion of a country. [LateL. pojm- latio.] — Pop'ulous, -u-lus, a. Containing many in- habitants in proportion to the extent of the country. [F. populeux, L. 2->opulosus.] — Pop'ulously, adv.— Pop'ulousness, n. Porcelain, pGrs'lan, n. A fine, translucent kind of earthen ware. [F. ; It. porcellana, porcelain, orig. the name of a univalve shell ("Venus' shell) having a fine polish like porcelain and shaped like a little pig, It. porcello, dim. of porco, L. porcus, a hog : see POKK.] Porch. See under Port, a gate. Porcine^ Porcupine. See under Pork. Pore, por, n. (Anat.) A minute orifice in a body or membrane, esp. in the skin of an animal or plant; an interstice between the constituent particles or molecules of a body. [F.; L. porus, a pore, Gr.po- ros, a ford, passage, pore; s. rt./are, q. v.] — •Por'ouB, -us, a. Full of pores; spongy: permeable by liquids. — Poros'ity.-ros'T-tT, n. Quality or state of being, etc. Pore, por, v. i. [pored (pord), poring.] To look with stead}', continued attention or application on or over. [Sw. dial. ) ora, to work slowly, LG. pur- ren, to poke about, D. porren, to poke, instigate sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. PORGEE 436 FORTLAND perh. fr. Gn.purr, to push, urge.] — Por'er, n. One who pores or studies diligently. Porgee, -gy, p6r r jT, n. A salt-water food fish, [Abbr. fr. mishcuppauog, pi. of mishcup, or the Indian name of the fish, fr. mishe-kuppi, large, thick-scaled.] Forism, po'rizm, n. (Geom.) A proposition having for its object to find the condition that will render certain problems indeterminate or capable of innu- merable solutions. [Gr. porisma, something de- duced from a previous demonstration, ix . porizeia, to provide, supply.] Pork, pork, n. The flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for food. [F. pore, L. porevs, W. porch, Ir. ore, AS. fearh, a pig, whence E. farrow, q. v.] — Pork 'or, n. A hog. — Por'cine, por'sin, a. Pert, to swine. [L. porcinus, fr. porcus.] — Por'cupine, -ku- pin, n. A rodent quadruped furnished with spines, Porcupine, prickles, or quills capable of being erected at pleas- ure: when attacked, he rolls his body into a round form, presenting the prickles in every direction to the enemy. [ME. porkepyn, OF. pore espin, lit. pig with spines ; pore = L. porcus; espin fr. L. spina, a thorn, spine, q. v.] — Por'poise, p6r'pus, n. A ceta- ceous mammal about 6 feet in length, which preys on fish, and seeks food 'not only by swimming, but by rooting like a hog in the sand and mud: the flesh resembles that of the hog. [OF. porpeis, lit. pig-fish, f r. pore and pels, L. piscis = E. fish.] Porosity, Porous. See under Pore, an orifice. Porphyry, p6r'fl-rl, n. (31in.) A rock consisting of a compact base, usually feldspathic, through which c^stals of feldspar, etc., are disseminated. [L. pqr- phyrites, fr. Gr. )>orphura, the purple-fish: see Pur- ple.] — Porphyrinic, a. Pert, to, like, or consisting of. porphyry. Porpoise. See under Pork. Porridge, por'rij, n. A kind of food made by boiling vegetables in water, with or without meat ; or by boiling meal or flour in water, or in milk and water, to the consistency of thin paste. [ME. porree, puree, F. pxirie, orig. pot-herbs, also pottage, It. jiorrata, pottage, fr. porro, L. porrus, a leek.] — Por'ringer, -rin'jer, n. A small and shallow metal- He vessel in which porridge or other liquids are warmed. [Formerly pottanger, a dish for pottage.] Port, port, n. A place where ships may ride secure from storms; a harbor; haven; a place situated on a harbor or navigable water, where vessels may dis- charge or receive cargoes, passengers, etc. ; a dark, astringent Portuguese wine. [AS.; L. portus, a har- bor; s. rt. L. porta, a gate, E. port (a. v.), a gate: the wine is abbr. fr. Oporto wine, and Ojior to = Pg. o porto,_ihe port.] Port, port, n. Manner in which one bears himself ; mien; carriage; deportment; behavior. — v.t. {Mil.) To hold (a musket, etc.) in a slanting direction up- ward across the body. [F., demeanor, fr. porter, L. portare, to carry; s. rt. Skr. pri, to bring over, E. fare, comport, import, sport, etc., also port, a har- "bor, and a gate.]— Port'' able, a. Capable of being carried; conveyed without difficulty. — Porfable- ness, -abil'ity, n. — Port'age, -ej, n. Act of carrying; price of carriage; a tract of land over which mer- chandise, etc., is carried between 2 bodies of navi- fable water. [F.] — Por'ter, n. One who carries urdens for hire ; a malt liquor, — so called f r. its popularity among the porters of London. — Por'- terage, -ej, n. Business of a porter; money paid for the carriage of burdens. — Port'ly, -It, a. Having a dignified port or mien; bulky; corpulent. — Port'- liness, n. — Port'-cray'on, -kra'un, n. A metallic clasped handle to hold a cray- on in drawing. \F. porte-cray- Port-cravon o».T— Port- man'teau, -to, n. ; pi. -teaus, -toz. A traveling bag. [F. porte-manteau ; manteau, a cloak.] — Porte-mon- naie"\ -mun-na', n. A pocket-book. [F.: monnaie, money.] — Port-fo'lio, -f o'll-o or -foKyo, n. A port, able case for loose papers, — orig. one large enough to contain folio sheets ; a collection of prints, de- signs, etc.; office and functions of a minister of state, [i . portefeuille : see Folio, under Foliaceous.] Port, port, n. A gate ; door ; passage-way. (N^aut.) An opening in a ship's side, through which to dis- charge cannon ; the lid closing such an opening. ( Mech.) A passage leading to a steam-way : see Steam-engine. [AS. and F. porte, L. porta, a port, gate; s. rt. Gr. poros, a ford, way, E. fare, also port, a harbor, and demeanor.] — Por'ter, n. One in charge of a door or gate; doorkeeper. [OF. portier, L. piortarius.1 — Por'tress, n. A female porter.— Porf-hole, n. The embrasure of a ship of war. — Por'tal, n. A small door or gate; any passage-way. (Arch.) The arch over a door or gate ; frame-work of the^ gate. [OF. ; L. portale, porch, vestibule.] — Por'tiere', -te-ar', n. A curtain hanging across a doorway, or used as a screen. [F.] — Portcullis, a. (Fort.) A frame-work o f timbers, each pointed with iron, hung over a gateway, to be let down to exclude an enemy : see Castle. [OF. porte cole'ice, F. porte cou- lisse or coulisse; OF. cole'ice, gliding, sliding, fr. L.colare, -latum, to flow, orig. to strain Z^. through a ^i eve.] — Porte, port, n. The government of the Turkish empire, official- ly called the Sublime Porte, from the gate of the sultan's palace, where justice was administered. [F., trans, of JSabt Ali, lit. high gate, name Portcullis, of the principal government office; Ar. bob, gate, ally, high.] — Porch, porch, n. (Arch.) A vestibule at the entrance of a temple, etc.; a covered entrance way. [ME. and F, porche, L. porticus, gallery, arcade, porch.] — Por'tico, -tl- ko, n. ; pi. -coes, -koz. (Arch.) A covered space, or porch in- closed by columns, at the entrance of a build- ing. [Same as porch : It. portico, L. porticus.) Port, port, n. The lar- board or left side of a ship. — v. t. To turn or put (the helm) to the left side. Portend, pdr-tend', v. t. To indicate as in the future; to foreshow, forebode, augur, pre- sage, threaten. [L. por- tendere, -tentum, f r. OL. port, towards, and ten- dere, to stretch forth.] — Portent', n. That which foretokens; esp., that which portends evil; an omen of ill. [F. portente, L. portentum, a sign, token.] — Portent'ous, -us, a. Serving to portend; containing portents ; foreshadowing ill ; ominous. — Portent- ously, adv. Portal, Porte, Porter (a doorkeeper), Portico, etc. See under Port, a gate. Porter, Porterage, Port-folio, etc. See under Port, demeanor. Portion, por'shun, n. A part of anything separated from it; a part, though not actually divided, but considered by itself; part assigned; allotment; part of an estate given to a child or heir, or descending to him by law ; a wife's fortune ; share ; parcel ; quantity; dividend. — v. t. [portioned (-sliund), -tioning.] To separate into portions or shares, di- vide, parcel ; to furnish or supply with a portion, endow. [F.; L. portio, -onis, a share; s. rt. L. pars = E. part, q. v.] — Por'tioner, n. One who divides or apportions. — Por'tionless, a. Having no portion. Portland, port'land, a. Of or pert, to the island of Portland, in Dorsetshire, Eng. — P. cement', -se- menf. A kind of cement, like Portland stone in color, used in facing up brick and rough stone build- ings to imitate hewn stone, — made from limestone mixed with the muddy deposits of rivers which run Portico. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; rn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; PORTLY 43; POST over clay and chalk, this mixture being dried and calcined. — P. stone. A shelly freestone of a dull- white color, fr. Portland. — P. vase. A celebrated ancient urn found in the tomb of the Roman Em- peror Alexander Severus, and deposited by the Duke of Portland in the British Museum. Portly, Portmanteau, etc. See under Port, demean- Portray, por-tra', v. t. [-TRAYED (-trad'). -TRAY- i.ng.] To paint or draw the likeness of; to describe in words. [OF. povrtraire, LL. protrakere, to paint, depict, in L., to bring for- ward, expose, reveal, fr. pro, forward, and trahere, to draw : see Trace.] — Portland Vase. Portray'al, a. Act of por- traying.— Portray'er, ».— Portrait, -trSt, n. That which is portrayed: the drawn or painted likeness of a face or person; any exact likeness of a living being. [OF. pourtraict, orig. p. p. of pourtraire?] — Por'traiture. -tra-chur, n. A portrait; that copied from some example or model; the drawing of por- traits._ [OF. pourtraicture.] Pose, poz, n. An attitude formally assumed for the sake of effect. — v. t. [posed (pozd), posixg.] To place in an attitude for the sake of effect. — v. 1. To assume a pose, strike an attitude, carry one's self affectedly. [F., an attitude, posture, in 0*F., a pause, stop, F. poser, to place, set, put, fr. LL. pausare, to cease, cause to rest, fr. L. pausa, Gr. pausis = E. jmuse, q. v. ; not fr. L. ponere, to place, set; s. rt. compose, depose, oppose, etc.; not s. rt. position.] Pose, poz, v. t. To "bring to a stand, puzzle; to ques- tion with a view to puzzling; to embarrass by ques- tioning or scrutiny. [ME. apposen, corrupt, of F. opposer, to oppose (in disputation in the schools) ; s. rt. oppose, puzzle?] — Poster, n. One who puzzles by asking difficult questions; a question, statement, etc., which puzzles or silences. Position, po-zish'un, n. The manner in which, or spot where, a person or thing is placed; place where one plants himself: ground taken in an argument, etc.: a proposition to be defended or reasoned out; a thesis; relative place or standing in society; social rank. (Gram.) The state of a vowel placed before 2 consonants, or before a double consonant. (Arith.) A method of solving a problem by one or two sup- positions. [F. ; "L.positio, -qnis, fr. ponere, positum, to place, put, perh. for posinere, fr. sinere, siturn, to let, allow: see Site.] — Post'ure, pos'chur, n. (Fine Arts.) The situation of a figure with regard to the eye. and of the several principal members with regard to each other. State or condition, whether of external circumstances, or of internal feeling and will; attitude, position of the body or its mem- bers. —r-.r. To place in a particular attitude. [F.; L. ]>ositura, position, prop. fern, of fut. n. of po- Tiere.] — Post'ure-mas'ter, n. One who teaches or practices artificial postures of the body. — Posi- tive, poz'T-tiv, a. Having a real position, exist- ence, or energy; actual; not dependent on changing circumstances or relations ; absolute ; definitely laid down ; explicitly stated ; not admitting o'f doubt, condition, qualification, or discretion ; in- disputable; decisive; prescribed by express enact- ment or institution; fully assured; confident; dog- matic or even overbearing. (Photog.) Correspond- ing in lights and shades to those of the original from which taken, — opp. to negative. — n. Reality; that which settles by absolute or arbitrary appoint- ment. (Gram.) The simple form of an adjective, expressing absolute quality, from which the de- grees of comparison are derived. (Photog.) A pic- ture printed from a negative, corresponding in its lights and shades with the original, instead of being reversed. [ME. and F. positif, L. positivus, settled, esp. by agreement, fr. ponere.'] — Positive- ly, adv. In a positive form or manner; absolutely; inherently; certainly; really. — Pos'itivene3s, ~n. Reality of existence"; actualness ; undoubting as- surance ; peremptoriness. — PoB'itivism, -tiv-izm, n. A system of philosophy, originated bv Auguste Comte, which excludes every thing but the natural phenomena or properties of' knowable things, to- gether with their invariable relations of co-exist- ence and succession, as occurring in time and space; Comptism, q. v. Posology, po-sol'o-jY, n. (Med.) Science or doctrine of d'>»es. [Gr. posos, how much, and logos, dis- course.] Possess, pos-ses' or poz-zes', v. t. [-sessed f-sest' or -zest'), -SING.] To occupy in person, hold in one's own keeping; to have the legal title to, have a just right to ; to assume the control of, be the master of; to obtain possession of; to enter into and in- fluence, — said of evil spirits, passions, etc.; to ac- quaint, inform; to have, hold, control, own. [L. possidere, possession, to possess; prob. s. rt. h.jiotiri, to become master, have command, 2>osse (contr. fr potesse, for potis esse), to be able, jiotis, powerful, also a lord, Skr. pati, a master, lord, husband, Lithuan. 2JCitis, husband, Russ. gospode, the Lord, E. father, host.] — Posses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'- un, n. Act of possessing. (Law.) Actual seizin or occupancy ; ownership, whether rightful or wrongful. That which one owns or controls; state of being possessed, as by an evil spirit. (Inter- national Law.) A country held by no other title than mere conquest. [F. ; L. j>ossessio.] — Possess'- ive, -siv, a. Pert, to possession ; having or ex- pressing possession or some relation of one thing to another. — Possess'or, -er.w. One who, etc. [L.] — Possess'ory, -so-rl, a. Relating to a possessor, or to that which is possessed ; having possession. — Posse Comitatus, pos'se-kom'T-ta'tus. (Law.) The power of the county, or the citizens who may be summoned to assist an officer in suppressing a riot, etc. [L. p>osse and LL. comitatus, a county.] — Pos'se, n. Same as preceding ; also a crowd of Eeople; a rabble. — Pos'sible, -sT-bl, a. Liable to appen or come to pass ; capable of existing or of being done; barely able to be or to come to pass, but highly improbable ; practicable ; likely. [F.; L. possibilis, f r. potis.] — Possibil'ity, -T-tT, n. Power of being or existing; state of being possible ; that which is possible. [F. possibility, L. 2J0ssibilitus.] — Pos'sibly, -bli, adv. By any power, moral or phys- ical, really existing; without involving impossibil- ity or absurdity; perhaps; peradventure; perchance. — Po'tent, a. Physically strong; having great au- thority, control, or dominion; powerful; mightv; puissant; able; efficacious; cogent; influential. [L. potens, p. pr. of posse.] — Po'tency, -ten-si, n. State of being potent; strength; might; energy. [L. po- tentia.] — Poten'tial, -shal, a. Existing in possibil- ity, not in act. [F. potential, L. potentialis.] — Po- tential mode. (Gram.) That form of the verb used to express the power, possibility, liberty, or neces- sity of an action or of being. — Po'tentate, -ten-tat, n. One who is potent ; a prince ; sovereign : em- peror, king, or monarch. [F. potentat, LL. poten- tate.]— Puissant, pu'is- or pu-is'sant, a. Power- ful ; strong ; mighty ; forcible. [F. puissant, It. possente, fr. barbarous L. possens, for potens.] — Puissance, -sans, n. Power; strength; might. [F.] — Puissantly, adv. — Pow'er, n. Ability to act, re- garded as latent or inherent; faculty of performing; strength, force, or energy in action; capacity of un- dergoing or suffering; susceptibility; exercise of a faculty or of any kind of control; influence; com- mand; an individual, institution, or government, which exercises control ; military or naval force ; army or navy. (JIath.) The product arising from the multiplication of a number into itself. Qlech.) A mechanical agent; that by means of which force is applied, or mechanical advantage is gained. (Optics.) The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instrument, magnifies. (Law.) An au- thority enabling a person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself or another person. [ME. and OF. po'er, also OF. pooir, povoir, Sp. poder, It. potere, power. It. and LL. potere = L. posse, to be able.]— Pow'erful, -ful, a. Mighty; strong; potent; intense. — Pow'erfully, adv. — Pow'erless, n. Des- titute of, etc. : weak ; impotent. — Pow'er-loom, n. A loom worked by water, steam, etc. — press, n. A printing press worked by some mechanical power. Posset, pos'set, n. Milk curdled by the infusion of wine, etc., formerly used as a beverage. — v. t. To curdle, turn. [W. posel, Ir. pusoid, curdled milk.] Possible, etc. See under Possess. Post, post, n. A timber or other solid substance, set upright, esp. as a support to something else; a pil- lar; place at which anything is stayed or fixed : a station; esp. a military station; an office or position sun. cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bONboN, chair, get. POST-COMMUNION 438 POT of service, trust, or emolument; a messenger who goes from station to station; one who regularly car- ries letters from one place to another; letter-carrier; express; postman ; an established conveyance for letters ; the mail ; carriage by which the mail is transported ; a sort of writing paper. — v. i. To travel with post-horses, or with speed. — adv. With post-horses; with great rapidity. — v.t. To attach to a sign-post or other place; to advertise, esp. to advertise opprobriously; to assign to a station, set, place ; to cause to go by the post; to put in the mail ; to acquaint with what has occurred ; to in- form. (Book-keeping.) To carry (an account) from the journal to the ledger. [AS.; L. postis, postus, a pillar, door-post, orig. thing firmly fixed, contr. of positus, p. p. of ponere, to place : see Position ; also F. poste, a post, carrier, messenger, Sp. jiosta, post, sentinel, post-house, post-horse, It. and LL. posta. a station, site, fr. L. postus.] — Post 'age, -ej, n. Tne established price for conveyance of a letter or other mailable matter by post. — Postage-stamp. An adhesive government stamp representing a cer- tain sum, for affixing to articles sent by mail to pay the postal charge. — Post'al, a. Belonging to the post-office or mail service. — Postal, P. -card, Post- card. A card on which messages may be written for transmission through the mails, at a lower rate of postage than a sealed letter. — Post'er, n. One who posts; a courier; a large bill posted for advertis- ing. — Post'boy, -rider, n. One who rides as post; a courier. — Post' man, n. A post or courier; a letter- carrier. — Post'mark, n. The dated mark, or stamp, of a post-office on a letter.— v. t. [-marked (-markt), -marking.] To mark with, etc. — Post'master, n. One who supplies post-horses; one in charge of a post-office. — Postmaster General. The chief officer of the post-office department.— PostiKion, pos-til'- yun, re. One who guides post-horses, or horses in any carriage, riding on one of them. [F. postilion, It. postighone, fr. posta.] — Post '-cap'tain, n. A captain in the British navy, — so called unofficially in distinc. fr. a commander, who is called captain by courtesy. — coach, -chaise, n. A carriage (usu- ally 4- wheeled) for traveling with post-horses ; stage-coach. — haste'', n. Speed in traveling, like that of a courier. — adv. With expedition. — horse, n. A horse for conveying travelers rapidly from one station to another, for hire. house, n. A house for the convenience of the post, where re- lays of horses can be procured ; a post-office. — -note, n. A note, payable to order, for transmission to a distant place by post. — office, n. A govern- mental office, where letters, etc., are received and distributed.— P.-o.-order. An order for money made payable by a postmaster on a particular post-office. — -paid, a. Having the postage paid. town, n. A town having a post-office. post-communion, post'kom-mun'yun, n. (Eccl.) The concluding portion of the communion service. [L. post, after, behind (s. rt. Skr. pacchat, behind), and E. communion.] Post-date, post'dat, v. t. To date after the real time. Post-diluvian, post>di-lu'vT-an, a. Being or happen- ing posterior to the flood in Noah's days. — n. One who lived after the flood. Post-entry, post'en'trt, n. A subsequent entry, at the custom-house, of goods which had been omitted by mistake. (Book-keeping.) An additional or sub- sequent entry. Poster. See under Post. Posterior, pos-te'rT-er, a. Later, or subsequent, in time; later in the order of proceeding or moving; behind in position. [L., compar. of posterns, com- ing after, fr. post, after : see Post-communion.] — Poste'rior'ity, -Sr'T-tY, n. State of being later or subsequent. — Poste'riors, -rY-erz, n. pi. The hinder parts of an animal's body. — Posterity, -tgr'Y-tT, n. The race that proceeds from a progenitor; off- spring to the furthest generation; succeeding gen- erations,— opp. to ancestry. [F. posterity, L. pos- teritas.] — Pos'tern, pos'tSrn, n. Orig. a back door or gate; a private entrance; any small door or gate. [ME. and OF. posteme, L. postenda, little back- door, dim. fr. posterns.}— Post'humous, pSst'u-mus, a. Born after the death of the father, or taken from the dead body of the mother; published after the death of the author; continuing after one's de- cease. [Prop, postumous ; Sp. and It. postumo, L. postumus, the last, last born, late-born, superl. fr. post ; not f r. L. post and humus, the ground, though that notion has caused the Eng. spelling, also F. posthume, Pg. posthumo.'] — Post'humously, adv. After one's decease. Post-existence, post'egz-ist'ens, w. Subsequent or future existence. Postfix, post'fiks, n. (Oram.) A letter, syllable, or word, added to the end of another word; suffix.— Postfix', v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] (Oram.) To add (a letter, syllable, or word) to the end ot another or principal word. Post-haste, Postilion, etc. See under Post. Posthumous, et^ See under Posterior. Postmeridian, post'me-rid'T-an, a. Being or belong- ing to the afternoon, — usually contracted P. M. [f . post-meridianus, fr. post and meridianus, belonging to midday.] Post-mortem, post'mdr'tem, a. After death. [L., after death.] — Post-mortem examination. (Med.) An examination of a, body made alter death; autopsy. Post-note, post' not, n. (Com.) A note issued by a bank, payable at some future specified time. See also under Post. Post-obit, post'o'bit, n. (Law.) A bond, in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, upon the death of some specified individual from whom he has expecta- tions. [L. post and obitus, death.] Post-office, Post-paid, etc. See underPosT. Postpone, post-pon', v. t. [-poned (-pond'), -poning.] To defer to a future or later time; to set below some- thing else in value or importance; to adjourn, delay, retard, hinder. [L. post ponere, fr. post and ponere, to place, put.] — Postpone'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; temporary delay of business. — Postpon'er, n. Postscript, post'skript, n. A paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; an addition made to a book or composition after it had been supposed to be finished. [L. post and scriptum, written,_p. p. of scribere, to write.] Postulate, pSst'u-lat, n. A position or supposition assumed without proof. (Geom.) The enunciation of a self-evident problem. — v. t. To beg or assume without proof; to take without positive consent. [L. postulatum, a thing demanded, also thing granted, neut. of p. p. of jiostulare, to demand, prob. fr. poscere, Skr. praach, to ask, L. precari, to pray.] — Post'ulant, n, One who makes a request or de- mand ; a candidate. — Postula'tion, n. Act of postulating; gratuitous assumption. —Post 'ulatory, -u-la-to-rt, a. Assuming or assumed without proof. Posture, etc. See under Position. Posy, po'z i, n. A poetical sentence, or a sententious maxim ; motto ; legend; inscription ; esp., a motto or v.rse sent with a bunch of flowers ; hence, a nosegay; bouquet; a single flower. [Contr. of poesy, q. v., under Poem.] Pot, pot, n. A deep metallic or earthen vessel, — esp. one used for cooking or for plants; a mug; quantity contained in a pot. — v. t. [potted; potting.] To place or inclose in pots; as, to preserve seasoned; to set out or cover in pots. [F. and D., fr. W. pot, Ir. pota, poladh, a pot, potaim, Ga. pott, to drink; s. rt. X. potare, Skr. pa, to drink, Gr. potos, a drinking, Lithuan. pota, a drinking bout.] - To to pot. To be destroyed, ruined, wasted, etc. [Perh. fr. the melting down of old metal in a pot; perh. fr. Sw. dial, far te putten! go to hell ! putt, pit, abyss, hell, at pyttes, to the devil.] — Po'table, a. Fit to be drunk; drinkable. [F. ; L. potabilis, fr. potare, to drink.] — Po'tableness, n. — Pota'tion, n. Act of drinking; a drinking bout; a draught. [L. potatio, fr. potare.] — Poteen', -ten', n. Irish whisky. [Ir. potaim.] — Po'tion, -shun, n. A draught; dose; liq- uid medicine. [F. ; L. potio, f r.. potare ; same as poison, a. v.] — Pot'ash, n. (Chem.) A powerful alkali, the protoxide of potassium; potassa, — orig. obtained f r. the ashes of vegetable substances burned in pots. [Cf. D. potasch, G. pottasche, whence L. potassa.] — Potas'sa, -sa, n. Pure potash, or pro- toxide of potassium. [L.] — Potas'sium. -st-um, n. A soft bluish-white, lustrous metal, having a strong affinity for oxygen, with which it forms potassa: it is lighter than water. [L.] — Pot'tage, -tej, n. A kind of porridge of lentils and other vegetables ; Eorridge of oatmeal, etc. ; meat and vegetables oiled soft. [F. potage.] — Pot'ter,n. A maker of earthen vessels. [Ir. potoir.] — Potter's field. A pub- lic burying-place, esp. in a city, for the poor. [Matt, xxvii. 7.] — Pot'tery, -ter-T, w. Vessels or ware made by potters; earthenware; place for manufacturing it.— Pot'tle, -tl, n. A liquid measure of 4 pints; a pot am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tgrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; POTATO 439 PRACTICE or tankard; a vessel or basket for fruit. [OF., dim. of pot.]— Pot'sherd, n. A fragment of a broken Eot. — Pofbel'lied, -lid, o. Having a prominent eiiy. — hang'er, -hook, n. A book on which pots are hung over the fire ; a letter or character shaped like a pot-hook. — herb, n. Any herb cooked for food. — house, n. An ale-house. — luck, ». What may chance to be provided for dinner. variant, a. Made boastful by drink. Potato, po-ta'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A plant of many species ; one of its tubers, used for food, and in various farinaceous preparations. [Sp. patata, ba- tata, Hayti batata.] — Sweet potato. A running or climbing plant, allied to the morning-glory, whose edible farinaceous tubers have a sweetish taste. — P. bug. The Colorado beetle, q. v. Potent, Potentate, Potential, etc. See under Possess. Fother, poth'er, a. Bustle; confusion; tumult; flut- ter. [ME. pudler, noise, bustle, pudheren, potter, to poke about, be busv ineffectually, puten, to put, push, D. peuteren, to' fumble, W. pwtio, to push, poke; s. rt. put, poke; not s. rt. bother.] — Pot'ter, v. i. To occupy one's self in a trifling or inefficient manner. Potichomania, po'ti-ko-ma'ni'-a, n. Art of decorating the inside of transparent vessels with colored de- signs, to imitate painted earthenware. [F. poticho- manie, fr. potiche, a porcelain vase, and manie, mania.] Potion, Pottage, Potter, Pottle, etc See under Pot. Potter, v. i. See under Pother. Pouch, powch, n. A small bag ; usually, a leather bag; thing shaped like or used as a pouch, — as, a protuberant bellv; or, the bag or sack of the pelican, etc.; crop of a bird: or, {Med.) a cyst or sac con- taining watery fluid ; or, a membranous sac in which the young of marsupials are carried. — v. t. [pouched (powcht), pouching.] To pocket, save; to swallow, — said of fowls. [ME. and OF. pouche, same as F.poche, pocket, poke, q. v.] Pouchong, poo-shong', n. A kind of black tea. Poudretta, poo-dret', n. A fertilizing manure made from the contents of privies, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, etc. [F., dim. of poudre, dust, powder, q. v.] Poult, polt, n. A young chicken, partridge, etc. [F. poulet, dim. of pottle, LL. pulla, a hen, fem. of pullus, a young animal ; s. rt. foal.] — Poulfry, -rl, n. Domestic fowls, turkeys, ducks, and geese, raised for the table, or for their eggs, feathers, etc. — Pul r - let, puKlet, n. A young hen. — Poult'erer, n. One who deals in poultry. Poultice, poKtis, n. A soft composition of mollifying or medicinal materials, to be applied to sores, boils, and the like, s> cataplasm.— v. t. [poulticed (-tist), -ticing.] To cover or dress wit^ a poultice. [F. pulte, L. pidtes, pi. of puis, thick pap, Gr. poltos, porridge.] Pounce, powns, n. A fine powder to prevent ink from spreading on paper; a colored powdered substance used by embroiderers in making designs on paper. — v.t. [pounced (pownst), pouncing.] To sprin- kle or rub with pounce. [Same as pumice, q. v. ; F. ponce, pounce, poncer, to pounce.] — Poun'cet-box, -set-boks, n. A small box with perforations in the top, to hold perfume for smelling. Pounce, powns, n. The claw or talon of a bird of prey. — v. t. [pounced (pownst), pouncing.] To pierce with a sharp instrument, perforate, punch. — v. i. To fall suddenly on and seize with the claws. [Same as punch ; F. poincon, Lli.punctio, a punch, Sp. puncha, thorn, sharp point, L. pungere, punc- tum, to prick : see Point.] Pound, pownd, n. A certain weight; 16 ounces avoir- dupois, or 12 Troy ; 20 shillings sterling = about $4.84. [AS. pund, L. pondo, a pound, pundus, a weight ; s. rt. pendere, to weigh : see Pendant.] — Pound'er, n. A thing named from a certain num- ber of pounds. — Pound'age, -ej, n. In Eng., a sub- sidy of 12 pence in the pound, formerly granted to the crown on all goods exported or imported, and, if by aliens, more. (Law.) The sum allowed to a sheriff or other officer upon the amount made by virtue of an execution, — estimated in Eng., and formerly in the U. S., at so much on the pound. Pound, pownd, n. An inclosure in which cattle or other beasts are confined when taken in trespassing, or going at large in violation of law. — v. t. To con- fine in a pound, impound. [AS. pund, a pound ; s. rt. pond, q. v.] pownd, v. t. To beat or strike repeatedly with Pouter Pigeon. a heavy instrument; to pulverize by beating. [ME. poutien, to bruise, AS. puniaa, to pound.] — Pound'er, n. One who pounds ; an instrument to pound with. Pour, por, v. t. [poured (pord), pouring.] To cause to flow, as a liquid, in a stream, either out of a ves- sel or into it; to send forth in a profuse manner, emit; to give vent to, as strong feeling; to utter. — v. i. To issue forth in a stream, or continued suc- cession of parts; to move impetuously, like a swift- running stream; to flow. [W. bwrw, to throw, strike, rain, Ga. jmrr, to push, drive, urge; perh. same as pore, to look steadily.] — Pour'er, n. Pourparler, poor-par'la, n. A request for a conference. IF., in order to speak.] — Pourpar'les, -laz, n. pi. Dip- lomatic conferences preliminary to a treaty. Pout, powt, n. (Icht/t.) A sea-fish, of the cod kind, which has the power of inflating a membrane which covers the eyes and parts of the head; an Amer. fish called also catfish, horned- pout, or bullhead. A spe- cies of bird; a fit of sullen- ness. — v. i. To thrust out the lips, as in displeasure; to look sullen ; to swell out, protru de. [Prob. same a s p e t, q. v.] — Pout'er, n. One who pouts ; a variety of the domestic pigeon, with an _^. inflated breast. Poverty. See under Poor. Powder, pow'der, n. A dry ' substance in minute par- ticles; dust; esp. an ex- plosive composition of saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal, mixed and granulated; gunpowder; a per. fumed dust, as pulverized starch, for dressing the hair, whitening the skin, etc. — ?'. t. [powdered (-derd), -dering.] To reduce to fine particles, pul- verize; to sprinkle with, or as with, powder. — v. L To separate into minute particles. [ME. and F. poudre, OF. puldre, powder, fr. L. pulvis, dust; s. rt. L. and E. pollen, q. v.] — Pow'dery, -der-T, a. Easily crumbling to pieces; friable; sprinkled with pow- der; dusty ; resembling powder. — Pow'der-box, n. A box in which powder is kept, —-flask, -horn, n. A flask or horn in which gunpowder is carried by sportsmen. — mill, n. A mill in which gunpowder is made. Power, Powerful, etc. See under Possess. Powwow, pow'wow, n. A priest, or conjurer, among the N. Amer. Indians ; conjuration for the cure of diseases and other purposes, attended with great noise and confu- sion; a noisy as- sembly, or frolic. Pox. See under Pock. Poyou, poi'od, n. A S. Amer. armadil- lo. Praam, pr'am, n. A flat-boat or lighter used in N. Eu- rope. (Mil.) A flat-bottomed ves- sel carrying guns; a battery to cover Jroyou. the landing of troops. [D.] Practice, prak'tis, n. Frequently repeated or custom, ary actions ; customary use, habit ; performance, disting. fr. theory; exercise of a profession, or th» limits within which a profession is practiced; skill, ful management: art; stratagem; artifice; a rule in arithmetic, by which the operations of the genera; rules are abridged in iise. (Law.) The established or prescribed form, manner, and order of conduct ing suitB. — v. t. [practiced (-tist), -ticing.] To do or perform frequently or habitually; to carry on in practice or repeated action ; to apply (a theory) tq real life; to exercise (a profession, trade, art, etc.^j to commit, perpetrate. — v. i. To perform certain acts customarily; to learn by practice; to try arti fices or stratagems; to exercise an employment oi profession, esp. that of medicine or of law.'[F. prac- tique, L. practica, practice, experience, Gr prakti kos, practical, fit for business, fr. praktos, tr< be done, prassein, to do, accomplish; s. rt. fare.] — Practice^ -tl-ser, n. One who practices ; one who exercisei sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. FR2EMUNIRE 440 PREACH a profession; a practitioner. — Practilioner, -tish'- un-6r, n. One engaged in the actual exercise of any art or profession, esp. in law or medicine.— Practicable, -tt-ka-bl, a. Capable of being prac- ticed, performed, or done ; possible to be accom- plished; admitting of use, or of being passed or trav- eled; possible; feasible. — Practicability, -biKt-tT, n. Quality or state of being, etc. — Pradicably, adv. — Praclical, -tt-kal, a. Pert, to practice; capable of being turned to use; evincing practice or skill; ready to apply knowledge to some useful end; de- rived from practice. — Practical joke. A trick or joke which annoys or injures some one in person, feelings, or property; a joke the fun of which con- sists in something that is done. — Practically, adv. In relation to practice; by means of practice or use; by experiment; in practice or use. — Practicalness, n.— Pragmatic, prag-matlk, -ical, a. Pert, to busi- ness ; material ; over-forward in acting ; officious ; meddling; meddlesome; impertinent. — n. One ac- tive or skilled in business; a solemn ordinance or decree issued by the head of a state. [F. pragma- tique, L. pragmaticus, Gr. pragmatikos, skilled in business, f r. pragma, -matos, a deed, thing done, f r. prassein.~] — Pragmatically, adv. — Pragmatlcal- ness, n. — Pragmatism, -tizm, n. Pragmaticalness; a method of historical narration, discriminating causes and results.— Praxis, n. Use; practice; esp. exercise or discipline for a specific purpose ; an ex- ample or formjo teach practice. [Gr., f r. prassein.] — Pratique, -ek, n. {Com.) The communication between a ship and the port at which she arrives; license to hold intercourse and trade with the in- habitants of a place, after having performed quar- antine, or upon a certificate that the ship did not come from an infected place. [F.] Praemunire, prem'u-ni're, n. {Eng.Law.) The offense of introducing foreign authority into England; writ f rounded on, also penalty prescribed' for, that of- ense. [F. pre'mumr, to forearm, L. prsemonere, to forewarn, cite, f r. prse, pre, before, beforehand (s. rt. per-, para-, pro-, pur-), and monere, to warn.] Fraenomen, pre-no'men, n. ; pi. -Nomina, -nom't-na. {Rom. Antiq.) The first name of a person, by which individuals of the same family were distinguished, answering to our Christian name. [L., f r. prse and nomen, name.] Praetor. See Pretor. Pragmatic, etc. See under Practice. Prairie, pra're, n. An extensive tract of land, level or rolling, destitute of trees, and covered with coarse grass. [F., fr. LL. prataria, meadow-land, L. pratum, a meadow; perh. s. rt. Gr. platus, broad, Skr. prithu, large, prath, to spread, extend.] — Prailie- chick'en, -hen, n. A species of grouse, found on the prairies and plains of the Western IT. S.— -dog, n. A small rodent animal, a species of marmot, found on the prairies, etc., having a sharp bark, like that of a small dog. — squir'- rel, n. A ground squir- rel, of the prairies.— -wolf, n. The small gregarious wolf of the prairies; coyote. Praise, praz, n. Com- mendation for worth ; approval of merit; joy- ful tribute of gratitude __ or homage rendered to ^ the Divine Being ; the ^~ object, ground, or rea- son of praise ; enco- mium , eulogy ; pane- i-raine-aog. gyric; applause ; acclaim.— v. t. [praised (prSzd), praising.] To express approbation of ; to extol in words or song ; to do honor to, laud, glorify, mag- nify, extol. [Same as price, q. v. ; ME. and OF. preis, price, value, merit, L. pretium, value ; ME. preisen, OF. preiser, to praise; s. rt. price, prize, pre- cious, appraise, appreciate, etc.] — Prais'er, n. — Praise'' worthy, -wer-thY, a. Worthy of applause ; commendable. ?rakrit, pra/krit, n. A group of Aryan languages (including Pali, Hindi, Bengali, etc.). distinct from the written Sanskrit of the Vedas and from the mod- ern Sanskritic languages of India. [Skr. prakriti, original.] Prawn. To address earnest Prance, prans, v. i. [pranced (pranst), prancing.] To spring or bound, as a horse ; to ride with bound- ing movements ; to strut about in a showy manner. [Same as prank.'] — Prank, prank, v. t. [pranked (prankt), pranking.] To adorn in a showy man- ner ; to dress or adjust ostentatiously. — n. A gay or sportive action ; a playfully mischievous act ; gambol ; frolic ; freak ; sport. [Same as prink and prick, LowlScot. preek, to be spruce, OD. pronck, show, ostentation, proncken, to display one's dress, strut, brag, LG., G., Dan., and Sw. pi-unk, show, dis- play.]— Prankish, a. Full of pranks. Prase, praz, n. {Min.) A variety of quartz, of a leek- green color. [Gr. prason, a leek.] Prate, prat, v, i. To talk much and without weight, or to little purpose ; to be loquacious. — v. t. To utter foolishly, speak without meaning. — n. Tri- fling talk. [Dan. ; OD. and LG. praten, to prate, Sw. and Dan. prat, D. and LG. praat, tattle; perh. onomat.] — Prat'er, n. — Praftle, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To talk much and idly, or lightly and artlessly, like a child. — n. Trifling or childish tattle; prate. [Freq. of prate.] — Prat'tler, n. Pravity, prav'Y-tY, n. Deterioration; corruption ; de- pravity ; esp. moral corruption ; moral perversion. [L. pravitas, ir.pravus, crooked, perverse.} Pratique, Praxis. See under Practice. Prawn, prawn, n. A small, edible crustacean, allied to the shrimp. [ME. prane, perh. fr. Sp., Olt., and L. perna, a kind of shell-fish, fr. Gr. perna, a ham.] Pray, pra, v. i. [prayed (prad), praying.] To ask with earnestness or zeal (for something desirable) ; esp. to address the Su- preme Being with adora- tion, confession, supplica- tion, and thanksgiving; to supplicate, beg, petition. — v. t. request to, entreat; to ask earnestly for, request, be- seech. [OF. preier, L. precari, to pray, f r. prex, pre- cis, a prayer; s. rt. Skr. pracch, G.fragen, to ask.] — Pray 'or, n. One who prays; a supplicant. —Prayer, prar, n. Act of praying or of asking a favor; an earnest memorial ; esp. the act of addressing sup- plication to God ; form of words used in praying •, an expressed petition; entreaty; suit; request. [ME. and OF. preiere, It. pregaria, L. precaria, a prayer, prop. fern, of precarius, obtained by prayer or as a favor, uncertain, precarious.] — Prayer'-book, n. A book containing prayers or forms of devotion. — Prayerful, -ful, a. Given to prayer ; devotional.— Prayerfully, ddi\— Prayerless, a. Not usingprayer; habitually neglecting the duty of prayer to God. — Preca'rious, -ka'rt-us, a. Depending on the will or pleasure of another; held by courtesy, or by a doubt- ful tenure ; exposed to constant risk ; uncertain ; dubious ; equivocal. [See Prayer, above.] — Pre. callously, adv. — Preca'riousness, n. — Prec'ative, prek'a-tiv, -tory, -a-to-ri, a. Suppliant; beseeching. [L. precatirus, precatorius, fr. precari.] — Pre'cant, n. One who prays. [L. precans, precantis, p. pr. of precari.] Preach, prech, v. i. [preached (precht), preaching.] To pronounce a public discourse on a religious sub- ject, deliver a sermon, give earnest advice on moral Or religious grounds. — v. t. To proclaim in a ser- mon, inculcate in public discourse, deliver or pro- nounce. [OF. precher, L. prsodicare,-catum, to cry in public, proclaim, fr. prse and dicare, to make known, dicere, to say.] — Preacb/er, n. One who preaches, or inculcates anything with earnestness. — Preacb/ing, n. Act of, etc. ; a public religious discourse. — Preacn'ment, n. A discourse or ser- mon, — used depreciatingly. — Predicate, -Y-kat, v. t. To assert to belong to something ; to affirm, declare, assert, — followed by of; improp. used as meaning to found, base,— followed by on or upon.— n. {Logic.) The thing or quality affirmed of the subject ; in grammar, the word or words in a propo- sition expressing that which is affirmed of the sub- ject. [L. predicatus, p. p. of predicare.] — Predica'- tion, n. Act of predicating, or of affirming one thing of another; assertion. — Predlcatory, -Y-ka» to-ri, a. Affirmative; positive. — Predlcable, -Y-ka^ bl, a. Capable of being affirmed of something. — n. A general attribute or notion as atfirniable of many individuals; a general abstract notion. {Logic.) One of the 5 most general relations of attributes in- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; End, eve, term ; Yn. ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; PRE-AD AMITE 441 PREDATORY volved in logical arrangements (genus, species, dif- ference, property, and accident). — Pred'icabillty, -biKl-tt, n. Quality of being predicable.— Predic'a- ment, pre-dikS-ment, n. Class or kind described by any definite marks ; condition ; esp. an unfor- tunate or trying position or condition; state; plight. [LL. predicamentum.] — Predict", -dikf, v. t. To tell beforehand, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate, fore- show, bode. [L. /irsedicere, -dictum, fr. prse and di- cere.] — Predication, n. Act of foretelling; thing foretold ; a previous declaration of a future event ; prophecy; augury; divination; soothsaying; vatici- nation. — Predictive, -iv, a. Foretelling ; prophet- ic. — Predict'or, -er, n. A foreteller. Pre-adamite, pre-ad'am-it, a. Existing before the creation -of Adam. Preadmonish, pre-ad-monlsh, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To admonish previously. — Pread'moni'- tion. -mo-nisb/un, n. Previous warning. Preamble, pre'am-bl, n. An introductory portion ; a preface; introductory part of a statute. [F. nream- bule, L. jji-eambulus, fr. prseambulare, to walk before, ambulare, to walk.] Prebend, preb'end. n. The maintenance granted to a firebendary out of the estate of a cathedral or col- egiate church with which he is connected. [OF. prebende, L. prsebenda, a payment to a public person from a private source, fern, of fut. p. p. of prsehere, to hold forth, allow, fr. prse and habere, to have, hold.] — Prebend'al, a. Pert, to a prebend.— Preb'- endary, -a-rt, n. A salaried clergyman attached to a collegiate or cathedral church. Precarious, Precative. etc. See under Pray. Precaution, pre-kaw'shun, n. Previous caution or care ; a measure taken beforehand to ward off evil or secure good or success. — v. t. [precautioxed (-shund), -tioxing.] To warn or advise beforehand for preventing mischief or securing good. [OF.; L. prsecautio, fr. prse and cautio, caution, q. v.] — Pre- cautions!, -ary, -a-rl, a. Preventive of mischief. Precede, pre-sed', v. t. To go before in place, time, rank, or importance. [OF. preceder, L. prsecedere, fr. prse and cedere. to go.] — Precedence, -sed'ens, -ency, -en-sY, n. Act or state of being precedent; pri- ority in position, rank, or time; state of going or be- ing before in rank, dignity, etc. [OF. precedence.] — Precedent, -sed'ent, a. Going before ; anterior; preceding; antecedent. [OF.] — Precedent, pres'- e-dent, n. Something done or said that may serve as an example to authorize a subsequent act of the like kind; a preceding circumstance or condition; prog- nostic. — Prec'edented, a. Having a precedent. — PTeces'sion. -sesh'un, v. Act of going before, or for- ward. — Precession of the equinoxes. (Astron.) The slow, backward motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic. — Preces'sional, a. Pert, to, etc. Precentor, pre-senler, n. The leader of the choir in a cathedral. [L., ir.prse and canere, to sing, cantor, a singer.] Precept, pre'sept, n. Any commandment or order in- tended as an authoritative rule of action; esp., a command respecting moral conduct ; injunction ; mandate; law; principle; maxim. (Law.) A spe- cies of writ or process. [OF. precepte, L. prseceptum, prop. neut. of p. p. of preecipere, to take beforehand, give rules; capere, to take.] — Preceplive, -tiv, a. Giving precepts; directing in moral conduct; didac- tic— Precep'tor. -ter. n. A teacher; instructor; head of a school. [L.] — Precepto'rial, -to'rf-al, a. Pert, to a preceptor. — Precep'tory, a. Giving precepts; preceptive. — n. An establishment of the Knights Templars, subordinate to the temple or principal house of the order at London. — Preceplress, n. A female teacher. Precession, etc. See under Precede. Precinct, pre'sinkt, n. The limit, or exterior line en- compassing a place; boundary; confine; a minor ter- ritorial or jurisdictional division; esp., a parish or prescribed territory attached to a church, and taxed for its support. [L. prsecinctus, fr. prsecingere, to gird about, encompass, fr. prse and cingere, to gird, surround.] Precious, presh'us, a. Of great price: costly; of great value or worth ; very valuable ; highlv'esteemed; worthless, contemptible.— used ironically. [OF. pre- cios, L. pretiosus. f r. pretium, price, q. v. ; s. rt. praise, prize, price.'] — Pre'ciously, adv. v aluably ; to a great price : contemptibly. — Pre'ciousness, n. Precipice, pres'T-pis, n. A very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging bank or cliff; an abrupt declivity. [OF. ; L. prsecipithun, fr. prseceps, headlong, fr. I prse and caput, capitis, the head.] — Precipitate -sip'T-tat, v. t. To throw headlong, cast down front I a steep height ; to urge or press with eagerness or | violence, hasten; to throw down or to the Dottom of a vessel. — v. i. To fall headlong, hasten without preparation; fall to the bottom of a vessel, as sedi- ment. — u. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep descent ; rashly hasty ; lacking due deliberation ; hurried; rapid; terminating speedily in death; rash; headstrong; violent. — n. (Chem.) A substance which, having heen dissolved, is again separated from its solvent and thrown to the bottom of the vessel when another substance is added to the solu- tion. [L. prsecipitare, -tatum, fr. prseceps.] — Pre- cipitately, adv. Headlong: hastily. — Precip'ita'- tion, 7i. Act of, or state of being, etc.: a falling, flowing, or rushing down with violence and rapid- ity ; great hurry ; rash, tumultuous haste ; act of throwing to the* bottom of a vessel any substance held in solution. [OF.] — Preciplta'tor, n. One who, etc. — Precipltable, -T-ta-bl, a. Capable of being precipitated or cast to the bottom, as a substance in solution. — Precipitance, -r-tans, -itancy, -T-tan-sT, 71. Quality of being precipitant or precipitate; head- long hurry; precipitation. — Precipitant, a. Fall- ing or rushing headlong: urged with violent haste; unexpectedly brought on or hastened. — n. (Chem.) A liquor which, when poured on a solution, separates what is dissolved, and makes it fall to the bottom. — Precipltantly, adv. With great haste. — Precipi- tous, -Y-tus, a. Very steep; headlong; rapidly de- scending; hasty; rash; quick; sudden; precipitate. [OF. precipiteux.] — Precipitously, adv. — Precipl- Precise, pre-sis', a. Not loose, vague, uncertain, or equivocal, either in thought or expression; exces- sively nice; punctilious in conduct or ceremony; ac- curate; exact; definite; punctilious; formal; finical. [OF. p7-ecis, fern, precise, L. p7-secisus, brief, concise, p. p. of prsecidere, to cut off in front, cut off, fr. prse and csedere, to cut.] — Precisely, adv. In a precise manner ; exactly ; accurately ; with excess of for- mality. — Precise'' ness, n. — Precisian, -sizh'an, n. A person rigidly or ceremoniously exact in the ob- servance of rules; formalist.— Precisianism, -sizh' r - an-izm, n. Absurdly excessive exactness. — Precis'- ion, -sizb'un, n. Quality of being precise; exact limitation; exactness; accuracy. — Pre'cis. pra'se, n. An -abridged statement; an abstract. [F.] Preclude, pre-klud / J v. t. To shut out by anticipative action, shut off, hinder. [L. prsecludere. f r. pi-se and claud ere, cludere, to shut.]— Preclusion, -klu'zhun, n. Act of. or state of being, etc.; a shutting out. — Preclusive, -siv, a. Shutting out; precluding, or tending to preclude. — Preclu'sively, adv. Precocious, pre-ko'shus, a. Ripe before the natural time ; having the faculties developed more than is usual at a given age; too forward; premature. [F. pricoce, L. prsecox, -cocis, and prsecoqmis, fr.prseco- quere, to ripen beforehand, fr. prse and coquere, to cook.] — Precociously, adv. — Preco'ciousness, Pre- cocity, -kos'I-tl, n. Quality or state of being, etc.; premature development. Precogitate, pre-koj'T-tat, v. t. To consider or con- trive beforehand. [L. prsecogita7-e, -tatum ; cogitare, to think.] Precognition, pre-kog-nish'un.n. Previous cognition; antecedent knowledge or examination. [L. prsecog- nitio, fr. prse and cognoscere, to know.] Preconceive, pre / kon-sev r , v. t. [-ceived (-sevd')> -Ceivixg.] To conceive previously, form a previous notion or idea of . — Preconcert', -set', n. A pre- vious conceit or conception ; an opinion or notion previously formed. — Preconcep'tion, -sep'shun, n. Act of, etc.; conception or opinion previously formed. Preconcert, pre'kon-sert'', v. t. To concert before- hand, settle by previous agreement. — Preconcert, n. A previous agreement. Precontract, pre-conlrakt, n. A contract previous to another. Precursor, pre-ker'ser, n. One who, or that which, precedes an event, and indicates its approach; fore- runner; harbinger; omen; sign. [L. prsecursor, fr. prse and currere, to run.l — Procursive, -siv, -sory, -so-rt, a. Preceding and leading to, or introductory; forerunning. I Predatory, pred'a-to-rt, a. Characterized by plun- I dering ; practicing rapine; hungry; ravenous, [li. prsedatorius, ir.prseaa, prey, q. v.] — Preda'ceoilB, I -da'shus, a. Living by prey ; predatory. 1, cube, full j moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, riien, boNboN, chair, get. PREDECESSOR 442 PRELUDE Predecessor, pred-e-ses'sSr, n. One who precedes or has preceded another in some position, office, etc. ; one whom another follows or comes after. [L. pre- decessor, fr. prse and decessor, one who retires from an office, f r. decedere, -cessum, to depart, fr. de, from, and cedere, to go.] Predestine, pre-des'tin, v. t. [-tined (-tind), -tining.] To decree beforehand, foreordain. [L. prsedestinare, -natum, fr. prse and destinare, to destine, q. v.] — Predes'tinate, -ti-nat, a. Predestinated ; foreor- dained; fated, — v. t. To appoint or ordain before- hand by an unchangeable purpose, predetermine, decree, foredoom. — Predes'tina'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Theol.) The purpose of God from eternity- respecting all events. [OF.] — Predeslina'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc.; a predestinarian. — Predes'tina''- rian, -nali-an, n. One who believes in the doctrine of predestination. — a. Pert, to predestination. Predetermine, pre'de-ter'min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), -mining.] To determine beforehand; to doojn by previous decree. — Pre'deter'minate, -mi-nat, a. Determined beforehand. — Pre 'deter 'mina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; purpose formed beforehand. Predial, pre'dt-al, a. Consisting of, or attached to, land or farms; growing or issuing from land. [L. prsediam.a, farm, estate.] Predicate, Predicament, Predict. See under Peeach. Predilection, pre'di-lek'shun, n. A prepossession of mind in favor of something ; partiality. [L. prse and diligere, dilectum, to love.] Predispose, pre'dis-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd r ), -pos- ing.] To incline beforehand ; to fit or adapt pre- viously. -Pre'dispo'nent, a. Disposing beforehand; predisposing. — Pre'disposf tion, -zish/un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; previous inclination or propensity ; previous fitness or adaptation to any change, impression, or purpose. Predominate, pre-donfl-nat. v. i. To surpass in strength, influence, or authority ; to have control- ling influence, prevail, rule. [L. prse and dominari, -natus, to rule.] — Predonvlna'tion, n. Act of pre- dominating; predominance.— Predominance, -inan- cy, -T-nan-sT, n. Condition or quality of being pre- dominant; prevalence; ascendency.— Predominant, a. Prevalent over others; superior in strength, influ- ence, or authority; ruling; controlling; overruling. — Predominantly, adv. Preeminent, pre-em'i-nent, a. Eminent above others; superior in excellence; surpassing others in evil or bad qualities. [F.] — Preeminently, adv.— Preenf - inence, -nens, n. State or quality of being, etc. Preemption, pre-emp'shun, n. Act or right of pur- chasing before others ; as the right of a settler on lands of the U. S. to purchase in preference to oth- ers, when the land is sold. [L. prse and emere, emp- tum, to_buy.] Preen, pren, n. A forked instrument used by clothiers in dressing cloth. — v. t. [preened (prend), preen- ing.] To dress with, or as with, a preen; to keep in order (the feathers) — said of birds. [Scot., a pin; AS. preon, D. priem, a bodkin, or perh. s. rt. prune, q. v.] Preengage, pre'en-gaj', v. t. [-gaged (-gajdO, -ga- ging.] To engage by previous contract or influence. — Pre'engage'ment, n. Prior engagement. Preexist, pre'egz-isf, v. t. To exist beforehand, or before something else. — Pre'e'xisfent, a. Existing beforehand. — Pr ./exisfence, -ens, n. Existence previous to something else ; existence of the soul before its union with the body, or before the body is formed. Preface, pref es, n. Something spoken or written as introductory to a discourse, book, or essay; pream- ble; proem; prelude; prologue. — v. t. [prefaced (-est), -acing.] To introduce by preliminary re- marks. [OF. ; L. prsefatio, f r. prsefari, to speak or say beforehand, fr. prse and fori, fatus, to speak.] — Prefacer, n. The writer of a preface. — Prefa- tory, -a-to-rt, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a pref- ace; introductory to a book, essay, or discourse. Prefect, prel ekt, n. A Roman officer who was over a particular command, charge, or department ; in France, a superintendent of a department, having direction of its police establishment, etc. [OF. ; L. prsefectus, fr. prssficere, to set over, fr. prse and fa- cere, to make.] — Prelectship, -fecture, -fek-chur, n. Office of a chief magistrate, commander, or viceroy; jurisdiction of a prefect. [F. prefecture.] Prefer, pre-fer^, v. t. [-ferred (-ferd r ), -feering.] To set forth, offer, present, address; to advance (to an office or dignity); to raise, exalt; to set above something else in estimation, choice, or liking; to incline more toward; to choose. [OF. preferer, L. prseferre, fr. prse and ferre, to bear or carry; 8. rt. bear.] — Preferred stock. Stock which takes a div- idend before other capital stock. — Preferable, -er- a-bl, a. Worthy to be preferred before something else; more desirable. [OF.] — Pref erableness, n.— Preferably, adv. In preference; by choice.— Pref - erence, -er-ens, n. Act of preferring one thing be- fore another; predilection; choice; state of being preferred ; thing preferred. [OF.] — Pref'eren'tial, -en'shal, a. Giving, indicating, or having, a pref- erence. — Preferment, -fer'ment, n. Act of pre- ferring, or advancing in dignity or office; state of being advanced; promotion; exaltation. — Prefer'- rer, n. Prefigure, pre-fig'ur, v. t. [-ured (-urd), -uring.] To announce or suggest by types and similitudes.— Prefig'urement, -uralion, n. Act of prefiguring, or state of being prefigured; antecedent representa- tion by similitude. — Prefig , urative, -tiv, a. Show- ing by previous figures, types, or similitudes; pre- figuring. Prefix, pre-fiks-', v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] To put or fix before, or at the beginning of another thing. — Pre'fix, n. A letter, syllable, or word, set before a word, or combined or united with it at its beginning, to vary its signification. [OF., prefixed, limited. L. prsefixus, p. p. of prsefigere, fr. prse and figere, to fix.] Pregnant, preg'nant, a. Being with young, as a fe- male; heavy with important contents; full of con- sequence; teeming; big; fruitful; inventive. [OF.; L. prsegnans, for prsegenans, f r. prse and genere, to beget.] — Preg'nancy, -nan-st, n. Condition of be- ing pregnant; quality of being heavy with impor- tant contents, significance, etc.; fertility. — Preg'- nantly, adv. Prehensile, pre-hen'sil, a. Adapted to seize or grasp; seizing; grasping. [L. prehensus, prensus, p. p. of prehendere, premiere, to lay hold of, fr. prse and (obs.) hendere. to seize; a. rt. get, prison^ prize] — Prehen'sible, -sT-bl, a. Admitting of being seized. — Prehen'sion, -shun, w. A seizing, as with the hand or other limb. . pre-juf, v. t. [-judged (-jujd')« -judging.] b fudge before hearing, condemn beforehand. [OF. prejuger, L. prsejiidicare, -catum, f r. prse and judicare, to judge, q. v.] —Prejudgement, n. Act of prejudging. - Preju'dicate, -dl-kat, v. t. To deter- mine beforehand, esp. to disadvantage; to prejudge. — v. i. To form a judgment beforehand or without due examination. — Preju'dica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Prejlidice, prej'u-dis, n. Prejudgment; an un- reasonable predilection or prepossession for or against anything; esp., an opinion or leaning ad- verse to anything, formed without proper grounds, or before suitable knowledge; mischief; damage; in- jury. — v. t. [prejudiced (-dist), -dicing.] To prepossess with unexamined opinions, or opinions formed without due knowledge of facts; to obstruct or injure by prejudices; to hurt, damage, impair. [OF. ; L. prsejudicium.] — Prej'udf cial, -disb/al, a. Tending to obstruct or impair; injurious; hurtful; mischievous. Prelate, prefet, n. A clergyman of a superior order, as an archbishop, bishop, etc. ; a dignitary of the church. [OF. prelat, E. prselatus, p. p. of prseferre, prselatum, to prefer: see Elate.] — Prefacy, -a-si, n. Office or dignity of a prelate; government by prelates; the order of prelates taken collectively.— Pref ateship, n. Office of a prelate.— Prelatlc, -ical, pre-latlk-al, a. Pert, to prelates or prelacy.— Pref - atist, n. An advocate for prelacy ; a high churchman. Prelection, pre-lek'shun, n. A lecture or discourse read in public or to a select company. [L. prselectio, f r. prse and legere, to read.] — Prelec'tor, n. A reader of discourses; lecturer. Preliminary, pre-linfi-na-rY, a. Preceding the main discourse or business ; introductory ; preparatory; prior; precedent. — n. Something previous or pre- paratory; preface; prelude. [L. prse and Kminaris, belonging to a threshold, f r. linien, liminis, thresh- old, entrance.] Prelude, prefud or prelad, n. Something introduc- tory; an introductory performance, preceding and preparing for the principal matter; esp., a musical strain, introducing the theme or chief subject; pre- liminary ; forerunner ; harbinger ; preface. — Pre- lude', pre-lud', v. t. To introduce with a previous performance; to play before; to precede, as introduc- am, faare, far, pass or opera, fare j 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone- 6r j PREMATURE 443 FRESBYTER tory. — v. i. To serve as an introduction ; to play an introduction. [OF.; LL. prseludium, a prelude, pre- amble, L. prseludere, -lusws, to play beforehand, fr. prse and fudere, to play.] — Prelu'sive, -siv, -sory, -so-rl, a. Previousj introductory; prelusive. Premature, pre'ina-tur', a. Mature or ripe before the natural time ; happening, arriving, performed, or adopted before the proper time; too early; received ■without due authentication or evidence. — Pre'ma- turely, adv. — Pre / mature , ness, -tu'rity, -tu'rl-tt, tt. Quality of being, etc; too great haste. Premeditate, pre-med'Y-tat, v. t. To meditate, or think on and revolve in the mind, beforehand. — v. i. To think, consider, or revolve in the mind be- forehand; to deliberate.— Premed'ita'tion, n. Act of, etc.; previous deliberation; previous contrivance or design formed. [F.] Premier, etc. See under Prime. Premise, pre-miz', v. t. [-mised (-nrizd'), -mising.] To set forth beforehand, or as introductory to the main subject; to lay down premises, on which rest subsequent reasonings.— v. i. To make or state an- tecedent propositions. [Fr. the n.] — Prem'ise, -is, -i88, n. ;-j)t. -ises, -is-ez. A proposition antecedently supposed or proved. {Logic.) Each of the first 2 propositions of a syllogism, from which the inference or conclusion is drawn, pi. (Law.) The land or thing demised or granted by deed,— hence applied to a building and its adjuncts. [OF. premisse, L. prsemissa (sententia), a premise, thing sent or put before, ix.prse and mittere, mission, to send: in law sense, premises = things mentioned before, afore- said, as used in leases.] Premium, pre'mi'-um, n. A recompense; reward; a prize to he won by competition; something offered or given for the loan of money; insurance money paid to underwriters; allowance: bonus; anything offered as an incentive; bounty. [L. prsemium, lit. a taking before, fr.^ras and emere, to take, buy.] Premonish, pre-mon'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ish- ixg.] To forewarn, admonish beforehand.— Pre'- moni / 'tion, -nish'un, n. Previous warning, notice, or information; presentiment.— Premonitory, -Y-to- rf, a. Giving previous warning or notice. Premorse, pre-m6rs r , a. (Bot.) Terminating ab- ruptly, as if bitten off, — said of roots and leaves. [L. prsemor- sus, p. p. of prsemordere, fr. prse and mordere, to bite.] Premunition, pre'mu-nish'un, n. An anticipation of objections. [L. prsemunitio, fr. praemunire, -nitum, to fortify in front, fr. prse and rnunire, to fortify.] Prenatal, pre-na'tal, a. Anterior to birth. Prenomen, pre-no'men, n. Same ^remorse .Leal, as Pr.enomex, q. v. — Prenom'inate, -nom'Y-nat, v. t. To forename; to nominate or name beforehand. [L. prsenominare, -natum, fr. pnenomen.] — Prenom'- lna'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Prenotion, pre-no'shun, n. A previous notion or thought ; foreknowledge. Prentice, pren'tis, n. Contr. fr. Apprentice, q. v. Preoccupy, pre-ok'ku-pi, v. t. [-pied (-pid), -pying.] To take possession of before another; to prepossess; to engage or occupy the attention of beforehand. — Preoc'cupancy, -ku-pan-sT, n. Act or right of tak- ing possession before another. — Preoc'cupa'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; prior occupation; an- ticipation of objections. Preordain, pre'6r-dan', v. t. To ordain or appoint be- forehand, predetermine. — Preor'dinance, -dT-nans, n. Antecedent decree or determination. — Preor'- dina'tion, n. At t of foreordaining; previous deter- mination. Prepare, pre-par', v. t. [-pared (-pard'), -paring.] To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular purpose; to make ready; to procure as suitable, get ready, pro- vide, fit, adjust, adapt, equip, form, make. — v. i. To make all things ready; to make one's self ready, get ready. [OF. preparer, L. prseparars, -atum, fr. prse and parare, to ?et ready: see Pare.] — Pre- par'edness, n. State of being prepared or in readi- ness. — Prepar'er. n. — Prep'ar a'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which prepares ; prepara- tory act or measure ; that which is prepared, made, or compounded, for a particular purpose. (Anat. j A part of an animal body prepared and preserved as a specimen. [OF.] — Prepar'ative, -par'a-tiv, a. Tending to prepare or make ready ; preparatory. — n. That which has the power of preparing, which prepares, or which is done to prepare ; preparation. [OF. preparati/.] — Prepar'atively, adv. — Prepar- atory, -to-rT, a. Preparing the way for anything by previous measures of adaptation; preliminary; ante- cedent ; introductory. Prepay, pre-pa', v. t. [-paid (-pad'y. -paying.] To pay in advance or beforehand. — Prepay'ment, u. Payment in advance. Prepense, pre-pens', a. Devised, contrived, or planned beforehand; premeditated; aforethought. [F. ; fr. pre- CL.prse-) and penser, L. pensare, to think : see Pensive, under Pension.] Prepollent, pre-poKlent, a. Having superior influ- ence or power; prevailing. [L. prsepollens, p. pr. of pnepollere, to surpass in power, fr. yrse and pollere, to be powerful.] — PrepoKlence. -lency, -len-sT, n. Quality of being, etc. ; superiority of power. Preponderate, pre-pon'dgr-at, v. t. To outweigh, have greater weight than; to overpower by stronger influence or moral power. — v. i. To "exceed in weight ; to incline or descend, as the scale of a bal- ance; to exceed in influence or power ; to incline to one side. [L. prseponderare, -atum, fr. prse and pon- derare, to weigh, fr. pondus, a weight: see Ponder.] — Prepon'dera'tion, n. Act or state of prepondera- ting, or of inclining to one side. — Preponderance, -ancy, -der-an-sY, n. State or quality of being pre- ponderant or preponderating; superiority of weight, influence, or power. — Preponderant, a. Prepon- derating ; outweighing. Preposition, prep / o-zish / 'un, n. (Gram.) A particle governing, and generally placed before, a substan- tive or pronoun, which is put in an oblique case (in Eng., in the objective), and expressing its relation to some other word. [OF. ; L. prsepositio, fr. prse and positio, a placing, position, q. v.] — Prep'osi'- tional, -zisb/un-al, a. Pert, to, or having the nature or office of, a preposition. — Prepositive, -poz'T- tiv, a. Put before ; prefixed, — n. A word, or par- ticle, put before another word. Prepossess, pre'pos-ses' or -poz-zes r , v. t. [-sessed (-zest'), -sessing.] To take previous possession of; to preoccupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude other things; to induce a favorable opinion before- hand or at the outset; to bias or prejudice. — Pre'pos- sess'ing, a. Tending to invite favor; having power to secure favor, esteem, or love.— Pre / posses > sion, n. Preoccupation ; prior possession ; preoccupation of the mind by an opinion, or impression, already formed; bent; bias; inclination. — Pre'possess'or, iu Preposterous, pre-pos'ter-us, a. Having that first which ought to be last ; contrary to nature or rea- son ; utterly and glaringly foolish ; absurd ; irra- tional ; foolish ; monstrous. [L. j)rasposterus, hind side before, f r. prse and posterns, coming after.] — Preposterously, adv. — Prepos'terousness, n. Prepuce, pre'pus, n. (Anat.) The loose fold of skin which ordinarily covers the glans or head of an un- circumcised penis; foreskin. [F.; L. prseputium, fr. prse and Gr. posthion, foreskin?] Preraphaelite, pre-raf 'a-el-Tt, a. Pert, to, or imitating the style of art which ex-isted before the time of Raphael. — n. One who practices or advocates, etc. — Preraph'aelism, -izm, n. The observance in art of close adherence to natural forms and effects, as opp. to the style of rendering of particular schools in art. Prerequisite, pre-rek'wl-zit, a. Previously required or necessary to any proposed effect or end. — ». Something that is, etc. Prerogative, pre-rog'a-tiv, n. An exclusive or pecul- iar privilege ; right. [OF.: L. prmrogativa, prece- dence in voting, preference, fr. praerogare, to ask before another, fr. prse and rogare, to ask.] Presage, pres'ej or pre'saj, n. Something which fore- shows a future event ; power to look into the future, or the exercise of that power ; prognostic ; omen ; presentiment. — Presage'', pre-saj'. v. t. [-saged f-sajd'), -saging.] To have a presentiment of ; to forebode; to foretell, predict, prophesy. [OF. ; L. prsesagium, a presage, prsesagire, to perceive before- hand, fr. prse and sagire, to perceive quickly, sagits, predicting, sagacious, q. v.] — Presa'ger, n.~ Presbyter, prez r bt-ter, n. (Anc. Church.) An eldei having authority to instruct and guide in the church; a pastor or ruling elder in the Presbyterian 3'aurch. (Church of Eng.) One ordained to the second order in the ministry, — called also priest. PL., fr. Gr. presbuteros. elder, compar. of presb\is~, old : see Priest.] — Presbyte'rial, -rT-al, -rian, a. Pert, to a presbyter, or to ecclesiastical government by pres- stin, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PRESCIENCE 444 PRESS byters ; consisting of presbyters. — Presbyte'rian, sj. One who maintains the validity of ordination and government by presbyters, or belongs to a ohurch governed by presbyters. — Pre3byte 'nanism, -izm, n. That form of church government which invests presbyters with all spiritual power, and ad- mits no prelates over them. — Pres'bytery, -bl-tgr-T, n. A body of elders in the Christian Church. (Presb. Ch.) A judicatory consisting of all the pas- tors of churches within a certain district, and one ruling elder (a layman) from each church. Prescience, pre'shl-ens, n. Knowledge of events be- fore they take place; foresight. [OF.; L. prsescien- tia, fr. prse and scientia, knowledge: see Science.] — Pre'seient, -shT-ent, a. Having knowledge, etc. Prescribe, pre-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scribing.] To lay down authoritatively for di- rection, appoint, order, dictate, ordain, establish. {Med.) To direct as a remedy to be used by or for a patient. — v. i. To give law, dictate, give direc- tions. (Med.) To write or give medical directions. (Law.) To claim by prescription, or on the ground of immemorial use. [L. prsescribere, fr. prse and scribere, to write.] — Prescrib'er, n. — Pre'script, a. Directed; prescribed. — Prescript'ible, a. Depend- ing or derived from prescription.— Prescrip'tion, n. Act of prescribing or directing, or that which is pre- scribed; esp., the direction of remedies for a disease, and the manner of using them. (Law.) The claim of title to a thing by virtue of immemorial use and enjoyment. [OF.] — Prescriptive, -iv, a. Consist- ing in, or acquired by, immemorial use and enjoy- ment. Presence, prez'ens, n. State or condition of being present; region in which one is present; approach face to face; nearness; neighborhood to one of su- perior or exalted rank; the person of a superior; a number assembled before a great person ; port ; mien; air; personal appearance. [OF.; L. prsesentia, fr. prsssens, present, fr. prse and sens, Skr. sant, be- ing; s. rt. absent, sooth, q. v.] — Presence of mind. A calm, collected state of the mind, with its faculties under control, esp. in danger or emergency.— Pres'- ent, a. Being at hand, within reach or call, within certain limits, etc.; now existing, or in process; now in view, or under consideration; immediate; instant; favorably attentive; propitious. — n. Present time. pi. (Law.) Present letters or instrument; a deed of conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, etc. [OF.; L. prsesens.] — Present tense. (Gram.) The tense or form of a verb which expresses action or being in the present time. — Present', pre-zent', v. t. To put or place in the presence of some one, esp. of a supe- rior; to give a formal introduction to; to exhibit to view or notice, set forth, offer ; to pass or make over, esp. in a ceremonious manner; to make a gift of, bestow, give, grant, confer; to nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice; to lay before a court as an object of inquiry; to indict; to point or direct, as a weapon. [ME. presenten, OF. presenter, L. prsesen- tare, to present, place before, lit. to make present, fr. prsesens.] — To present arms. (Mil.) To hold them out in token of respect, as if ready to deliver them up.— Pres'ent, n. That which is presented or given; gift; donation; donative; benefaction. [OF.] — Pre- sent'able, a. Capable or admitting of being pre- sented; properly prepared to be introduced to an- other, or to go into society. — Pres'enta'tion, n. Act of presenting, or state of being presented; a setting forth; offering; bestowal; exhibition; representa- tion. (Eccl. Law.) Act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice. [OF.] — Present'ative, -a-tiv, a. (Eccl.) Having the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman to the bishop for institution. Admitting the presenta- tion of a clergyman. (Metaph.) Capable of being directly known by, or presented to, the mind; intui- tive, — applied to objects; capable of apprehending, — applied to faculties. — Pres'entee', n. One pre- sented to a benefice. [OF. presents, p. p. of present- er.'] — Present'er, n. One who presents.— Pres'ent- ly, adv. At once; without delay; instantly; soon; before long; by and by. — Present'ment, n. Act of presenting, or state of being presented; presenta- tion; setting forth to view; delineation; representa- tion. (Law?) Written notice taken by a grand jury of any offense from their own knowledge or obser- vation, without any bill of indictment laid before them; bill of indictment found by a grand jury. Presentient, pre-sen'shent, a. Perceiving beforehand. [L. prsssentiens, p. pr. of praesentire, to feel before- hand, f r. prse and sentire, to feel, perceive.] — Pjf* sent'iment, -senft-ment, n. Previous conception, sentiment, or opinion; esp., an antecedent impre* sion or conviction of something about to happen; anticipation of evil. [OF.] Preserve, pre-zerv', v. t. [-served (-z5rvd r ), -serv- ing.] To keep from injury or destruction; to save from decay by the use of some preservative sub- stance, as sugar, salt, etc. ; to maintain or keep throughout (appearances) ; to 6ecure, sustain, pro- tect, guard, shield.— n. Fruit, etc., seasoned and kept by suitable preparation; esp. fruit cooked with an equal weight of sugar; a place for the shelter or preservation of game, fish, etc. [OF. preserver, L. prseservare, fr. prse and servare, to keep: see Serve.] — Preserv'er, n. — Preserv'able, a. Capable of be- ing preserved. — Pres'erva'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; security. — Preservative, -a-tiv, or. Having the power or quality of preserving; tending to preserve. — n. That which, etc.; a preventive of injury or decay. — Preserv'atory, -a-to-rl, a. Hav- ing the power or a tendency to preserve; preserva- tive.— n. That which, etc. Preside, pre-zid', v. t. To occupy the place of ruler, moderator, principal director, etc.; to exercise su- perintendence. [OF. presider, L. prsesidere, f r. prse and sedere, to sit, q. v.] — Pres'ident, prez'Y-dent, n. One elected or appointed to preside; a presiding offi- cer; as, the chief officer of a corporation, company, ward, society, etc.; the chief executive of the repub- lic in certain countries. [OF.] — Pres'idency, -den- sY, n. Act or condition of one who presides; super- intendence; office of president; term during which a president holds his office; jurisdiction of a president — Pres'iden'tial, -shal, a. Presiding; pert, to a pres- ident. — Presidentship, n. Office and place of pres- ident. — Presid'er, n. Press, pres, v. t. [pressed (prest), pressing.] To urge with force or weight; to squeeze, crush; to squeeze in order to extract the juice or contents of; to squeeze in or with suitable instruments, in order to make smooth; to embrace closely; to urge with earnestness or importunity, force, compel; to drive with violence, urge on; to inculcate with earnest- ness. — v. i. To exert pressure, bear heavily ; to move on with urging and crowding forward ; to crowd, throng, encroach; to urge with vehemence or importunity; to ap- proach unseasonably or importunately.— n. An in- strument or machine by which anything is pressed or squeezed ; placeor build- ing containing presses; a machine for printing : see<- Printing-press ; the arr or business of printing and publishing; the publi- cations issued from the press, taken collectively ; a case, or closet, for the safe keeping of articles ; act of pressing or pushing forward; urgent demands of affairs; urgency; a mul- titude of individuals throng, presser, L. Press. pressare, freq. fr. premere, pressum, to press; F, presse, a press, throng . n. — Press'ingly, adv. Urgently ; closely.— Press'ure, presh'er, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc.; a constrain- ing force or impulse ; se- vere affliction, distress, difficulties, etc.; urgen- cy. (Mech.) The action of a force against some obstacle or opposing force. [OF.] — Press'- bed, n. A bed that may be raised and inclosed in a press or closet. — -man, n. (Print.) One who manages or attends to a press.- Pres'si- ros'ter, -sY-ros'ter, n. One of a tribe of wading s. rt. print.']-- Press'er, Pressirostera. o, Plover ; b, Lapwing ; Dotterel. 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, Or ; PRESS 445 PREY birds, including those which have a compressed or flattened beak. [F. pressirostres, fr. L. pressits (p. p. of premere), pressed, and rostrwn, beak.] Press, ores, v. t. To force (men) into service, esp. the naval service. [Corrupt, of presr-money, the earnest- money given enlisted men ; ME. pi-est, ready, also money advanced, OF. prester, It. prestare, to lend, L. prsestare, to stand before, become surety for, give, furnish, fr. prse and stare = E. to stand. J — Press'- gang, n. A detachment of seamen, under command of an officer, empowered to impress men into the naval service. man, n. One of a pres6-gang. Prestidigitator, etc. See under Presto. Prestige, pres-tezh' or pres'tij, n. Weight or influ- ence coming from past success, character, or deeds. [F., orig. a deceit, juggling trick, L. prsestigium, an illusion, trick, fr. prsestinguere, to darken, obscure, deceive, fr. prse and stinguere, to extinguish.] Presto, pres'to, adv. Quickly; rapidly; immediately; in haste; suddenly. [It., quick, quickly, L. prsesto, at hand, abl. of prsestus, ready : see Press, to force into service.]— Pres'tidig / ita ; 'tion. pres'tT-drj'T-ta'- shun, n. Skill in legerdemain. [F.] — Pres'tidig'- ita'tor, n. One skilled, etc. [L. prassto and digitus, finger.] Presume, pre-zum'', v. t. [-sumed (-zumd'), -suming.] To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, without examination or positive proof ; to take for granted. — v. i. To suppose or assume something to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof; to act in a forward or ven- turesome manner, take liberties. [OF. presumer, L. prsesumere, -sumption, fr. prse and sumere (=sub- imere, fr. sub, under, and emere, to take, buy), to take.] — Presumable, a. Such as may be presumed, or sup- posed to be true. — Preanm / 'ably, adv. — Presum^er, n. One who presumes ; also, an arrogant person. — Presump'tion, -zump'shun, n. Act of Delieving upon probable evidence, or taking for granted ; ground for presuming; strong probability; an infer- ence or belief based upon probable reasoning in the absence of positive evidence; forward, venturesome, over-confident, or arrogant opinion or conduct; pre- sumptuousness. [OF. presumption.] — Presump / 'tive, -tiv, a. Taken by presumption or previous supposi- tion; grounded on probable evidence. [OF. pre- somptif.] — Presump'tively, adv. — Presumpt'uous, -zump'chu-us, a. Full of presumption ; going be- yond bounds of due self -appreciation or modesty; founded on presumption; proceeding from excess of confidence; done with bold design, rash confidence, or in violation of known duty; fsolhardy; rash; pre- suming; arrogant; insolent. [OF. presomptueux, L. prsemmptuosus.] — Presumpt'uousry, adv. — Pre- sumpfuousness, n. Presuppose, pre'sup-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posixg.] To suppose as previous, take for granted, presume, assume. — Pre'suppos'al, n. Supposal previously formed. — Presup'posi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act of presupposing ; presumption ; that presup- posed ; previous surmise. Pretend, pre-tend', v. t. Orig. to practice, plot, in- tend; to simulate in words or actions; to represent falsely, show hypocritically or for the purpose of de- ceiving, feign; to allege a title to ; to counterfeit, as- sume, claim.— v. i. To putin a claim, truly or falsely; to lay claim, strive after something; to profess, make believe. [OF. pretendre, L. prsetendere, -tentum, fr. prse and tendere, tentum and tensum, to stretch.] — Pretend'edly, adv. By false appearance or represen- tation.— Pretend'er, n. One who pretends, simu- lates, or feigns; one who lays claim. — Pretense', -tence', n. Act of holding out or offering to others somethingfalseorfeigned; deceptive reason; pretext; simulation; that pretended; false, deceptive, or hyp- ocritical show ; act of pretending or laying claim ; assumption. [LateL. prsetenzus, p. p. of prsetendere.] — Preten'sion, -shun, n. Act of pretending or lay- ing claim: claim laid ; right alleged or assumed. — Pretentions, -shus, o. Full of pretension; disposed to claim more than is one's due. Preterhuman, pre-ter-hu'man, a. More than human; superhuman. [L. prseter (compar. of prse, before), beyond, and E. human, q. v.] Preterimperfect. pre'ter-im-per'fekt, a. (Gram.) Not absolutely or distinctly past; past imperfect. Preterit, -ite, pret'er-it, a. Past, — appl. to the tense in grammar which expresses an action or being per- fectly past or finished, often that which is just past or completed, but without a specification of time, — ealled also the perfect tense. [OF. preterit, m., -ite, fem., L. prseteritus, p. p. of prssterire, to go or pass by, fr. prseter and ire, to go.] — Pre'teri'tion, -ish'- un, n. Act of going past: state of being past. (Rket.) A figure by which, in pretending to pass over any- thing, a summary mention of it is made. [L. prse- teritio.] Pretermit, pre-tSr-mif, v. t. To pass by, omit, dis- regard. [L. prsetermittere, fr. j/i-seter and mittere, to send.] Preternatural, pre-tgr-nach'ur-al, o. Beyond or dif- ferent from what is natural ; out of the regular course of things. — Preternat'urally, adv. Preterperfect, pre-ter-per'fekt, a. (.Gram.) Express- ing action or being absolutely past ; perfect. — Pre- terpln'perfect, a. Expressing action or being past at or before another past event or time; pluperfect. Pretext, pre-teksf or pre'tekst, n. Ostensible motive assigned or assumed as a cover for the real motive ; pretense; semblance; appearance. [OF. pretexte, L. prsetextum, orig. neut. of prsetextus, p. p. of prsetex- ere, to weave before, fr. prse and texere, to weave.] Pretor, pre r t5r, n. A civil officer among the ancient Romans. [L. prsetor, for prseitor, fr. prseire, to go before, fr. prse and ire, to go.] — Preto'rial, -rt-al, -rian, a. Belonging to a pretor or judge ; judicial ; exercised by the pretor. Pretty, prit'tT, a. [-tier; -tiest.] Pleasing by deli- cacy or grace; of pleasing and attractive form or features; having slight or diminutive beauty ; af- fectedly nice; foppish; petty; mean; despicable; contemptible, —adv. In some degree; tolerably; moderately; quite. [ME. prati,pretie, comely, clever, AS. prsetig, Ic. prettugr, Norweg. pretten, tricky, roguish, AS. pi-set, Ic. prettr, a trick, Ic. and Nor- weg. pretta, to play a trick; prob. s. rt. W. praith = LL. practica = E. practice, q. v.] — Preftily, tt-lTf, adv. In a pretty manner ; pleasingly ; with neat- ness and taste. — Pret'tiness, n. Quality of being pretty; diminutive beauty; affectation of niceness; petty artificial adornment; foppishness; finicalness. Pretzel, pret'zel, n. A brittle, salted cake ; a crack- nel. [G.] Prevail, pre-val', v. i. [-vailed (-vald'), -vailing.] To overcome, gain the victory or superiority, suc- ceed; to be in force, have effect, power, or influ- ence ; to persuade or induce. [OF. prevaloir, L. prsevalere, f r. prse and valere. to be strong.] — Pre- vail r ing, p. a. Having more influence; superior in power, influence, or efficacy ; predominant ; most general in reception, existence, or extension; preva- lent ; common; efficacious; successful. — Prev'a- lence, -a-lens, n. Conditon or quality of being prev- alent; superior strength, influence, or efficacy; most general reception or practice, existence or extension. [OF.] — Prev'alent, a. Gaining advantage or supe- riority; most generally received; extensively exist- ing; prevailing. [L. j'rsevalens, p. pr. of prsevalere."\ — Prevalently, adv. Prevaricate, pre-var'T-kat, v. i. To evade telling the truth, equivocate, quibble, shuffle. (Civil Law.) To collude, as where an informer colludes with the defendant. [L. prsevaricari, -catiis, to walk crook- edly, to collude, fr. prse and varicare, to straddle.] — Prevar'ica'tion, n. Act of shuffling or quibbling to evade the truth, or disclosure of truth. (Civu Law.) Collusion of an informer with the defendant. (Common Law.) The undertaking a thing falsely or deceitfully, for the purpose of defeating or destroy- ing it. [OF.] — Prevar'ica'tor, n. One who prevar- icates; a quibbler. Prevent, pre-venf, v. t. Orig. to be beforehand with, get the start of; to intercept and stop, thwart, hinder, impede, debar, obstruct. [L. prsevenire, -ventum, fr. prse and venire, to come.] — Prevent- able, a. — Prevent 'er, n. — Prevention, n. Act of, etc.; obstruction. [OF.]— Preventive, -iv, a. Tend- ing to prevent: hindering the access of. — n. That which prevents, or intercepts approach. (Med.) Med- icine taken in health, esp. after exposure to conta- gion, etc., to prevent an attack of disease.— Proven'* lent, -ven'T-ent, a. Going before; preceding; pre- ventive. [L. prssveniens, p. pr. of prsevenire.'] Previous, pre'vT-us, a. Going before in time: being or happening before something else ; antecedent ; preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; former. [L. prsevius.ir. prse and via, the way.] — Pre'viously, adv. — Pre'viousness, n. Prevision, pre-vizh'un, n. Foresight; foreknowledge; prescience. Prey, pra, n. Anything, as goods, etc., taken by force in war; that which is seized by beasts or birds, to be sQn, cube, full : moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PRICE 446 devoured; anything taken violently or unjustly; spoil; booty; plunder. — v. i. [preyed (prad), prey- ing.] To take booty, collect spoil, take food by vio- lence. [ME. and OF. preie, ~L.prasda, perh. fr. pren- dere, prehendere, to seize, fr. pree and hendere, to seize; s. rt. get; or perh. s. rt. W. nraidd, flock, herd, booty, Ga. and Ir. spreidh, cattle.] — Prey'er, re. One who or that which preys. Price, pris, n. The amount of money at which a thing is valued; that for which something is bought or sold, or offered for sale; value; estimation; re- ward; recompense.— v. t. [priced (prist), pricing.] To set a price on. [ME. and OF. pris, L. pretium; s. rt. Lithuan. prekia, price, perku, Gr. pernemi, I sell, Gr. prianai, Skr. pan, to buy, E. precious, prize, praise.] — Price-current or -list. A statement, pub- lished statedly or occasionally, of the prevailing prices of merchandise, stocks, specie, bills of ex- change, rate of exchange, etc. — Priceless, a. Too valuable to admit of being valued; of inestimable worth. Prick, prik, v. t. [pricked (prikt), pricking.] To puncture with a sharp-pointed instrument or sub- stance ; to fix by the point, hang or put on by punc- turing ; to mark or designate by a puncture ; to trace, form, or make, by pricking; to spur, goad, incite; to affect with sharp pain: to erect into a point; to raise (something pointed), — said esp. of the ears of an animal ; — hence, to prick up the ears, to listen sharply. — v. i. To be pricked or punctured; to suffer or feel penetration by a point or sharp pain; to spur onward. — n. That which pricks, penetrates, or punctures; a pointed instru- ment; sharp, stinging pain; a mark made by a point; a puncture. [OD., a prickle; Sw., a prick, point, dot, AS. print, Da.n. prik, a dot, W. pric, a stick, Ir. pricadh, a goad; s. rt. Skx.pricni, Gr. perknos, spot- ted, dotted, E. sprinkle.] — Prick'er, n. One who, or that which, pricks; a pointed instrument. — Prick' et, n. A buck in his 2d year. — Prick'ing, n. Act of piercing with a sharp point ; sensation of sharp pain, or of being pricked ; trace left by a hare's foot. — Prickle, n. A little prick; a small, sharp-pointed projection. — v. t. To pierce with a prickle, or with fine, sharp points; to prick slightly. [D. prikkel, dim. of OD. prick : see above.] — Prick r - Iy, -IT, a. Full of sharp points or prickles; armed with prickles. — Prick'liness, n. — Prick'ly-pear, n. A species of Cactus, destitute of leaves, covered with spines, and consisting of flattened joints inserted upon each other: it produces a purplish, edible fruit. Pride, prid, re. State or quality of being proud; inordinate self- esteem; noble self-esteem; ele- vation of character ; insolence or arrogance of demeanor; that of which one is proud ; that Pnckly-pear. which excites boasting, — as, decoration, ornament; or, show, ostentation, nonor; or, elevation reached. — v. t. To indulge in pride, elation, self-gratulation, etc.,— used reflexively. [ME. pryde, AS. pryte,pru- tung, pride, fr. prut, Ic. prudhr, proud, Dan. prud, stately, magnificent.] — Proud, prowd, a. Feeling or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; esp., possessing or showing inordinate self-esteem ; giv- ing reason or occasion for pride, self-gratulation, or boasting; excited by the animal appetite, — said of the female of some animals. — Proud flesh. (Med.) A fungous growth or excrescence of flesh in a wound or ulcer. — Proudly, adv. Prie-dieu, pre-dye', n. A chair or desk at which to kneel for prayer. [F., pray God.] Prier. See under Pry. Priest, prest, n. One who officiates at the altar, or performs the rites of sacrifice. (Christian Ch.) A presbyter or elder; a minister. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) One who belongs to the intermediate order Detween bishop and deacon. [ME. preest, AS. preost, contr. f r. L. presbyter (q. v.), whence OF. prestre ; all fr. Gr. presbus, L. priscus, pristinus, old.] — Priesfess, n. A female priest. — Priesfcraft, re. The strata- gems and frauds of priests: fraud or imposition in religious concerns. — Priest'hood, n. Office or char- acter of a priest; priests taken collectively; order of priests. — Priestly, a. Pert, to, or becoming, a priest or priests; sacerdotal. — Priesfliness, n. Ap- pearance and manner of a priest. — Priest'-rid'den, a. Managed or governed by priests. Prig, prig, re. A pert, conceited, saucy, pragmatica* fellow; a thief. — v. i. [prigged (prigd), -ging.] To haggle about the price of a commodity. — v. t. To filch or steal. [Prob. corrupt, of pragmatical ; Scot, prig, to haggle, beat down the price.] — Prig'- gish, a. Affected; coxcomical; conceited. Prim, prim, a. Formal; precise; affectedly nice.— v. t. [primmed (primd), -ming.] To deck with great ni- cety. [ME. prym, a neat girl, LowlScot. primp, to as- sume prudish airs, deck one's self affectedly, prim- zie, demure, perh. fr. OF. prime, prime (q. v.), also thin, delicate.] — Primly, adv. — Prim'ness, n. Primadonna, pre'ma-don'na, re. The chief female singer in an opera. [It., the first lady: see Donna, under Domine.] Primage, pri'mej. re. (Com.) A charge in addition to the freight, belonging usually to the owners 01 freighters of the vessel. Prime, prim, a. Primitive; primary; first in rank, de- gree, dignity, or importance ; first in excellence; of highest quality ; early ; blooming. — n. The first part; beginning or opening, as of the day, year, etc.; the dawn; the spring; spring of life ; youth; full health, strength, or heauty ; that which is first in quality; best portion. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The first canonical hour, succeeding to lauds.— v. t. [primed (primd), priming.] To fill the vent with powder, etc., for communicating fire, from the percussion cap, etc., to the charge; to lay the first color in paint- ing upon. [ME. and OF.; L. prima (hora), the first hour of the day, fern, of primus for proimus, AS. for- ma, Goth., fruma, Skr. pratama, Gr.protos, first : to prime a gun is prob. to put it into prime (excellent) order.] —Prime meridian. (Astron.) The meridian from which longitude is reckoned.— P. minister. The responsible head of the ministry in Eng. — P. mover. (3Iech.) A natural force applied by man to the pro- duction of power; an engine intended to receive and modify force and motion as supplied by some nat- ural source and apply them to drive other machines. — P. number. (Arith.) A number which is divisible only by itself or unity, as 5, 7, 11. — P. vertical. (Astron.) The vertical circle which passes through the E. and W. points of the horizon.— Primmer, prim'- er, n. An instrument for priming. — Prime'ness, re. State of being first: excellence.— Pri'mal, a. First. [LL. primalis.] — Pri'mary, -ma-rt, a. First in or- der of time or development; preparatory to some- thing higher; first in dignity or importance; origi- nal; chief; lowest; primitive; elemental.— re. That which stands highest in rank or importance, pi. ( Ornith.) One of the large feathers on the last joint of a bird's wing. [L. primarius.] —Primary meeting. In U. S. politics, a preliminary meeting of voters to nominate candidates for election, or choose dele- gates to a convention ; a caucus. — Pri'marily, -ma- rf-lT, adv. In a primary manner; in the first place; originally. — Pri'mariness, re. — Pri'mate, -mat, re. The chief ecclesinstic in a national church: an arch- bishop. [ME. and OF. primat, f r. L. primas, -matis, a chief man.] — Pri'mateship, -macy, -ma-st, n. Of- fice or dignity of a primate. [OF. primace.] — Pre'- mier, -mY-er/a. First; chief; principal. (Her.) Most ancient. — Premier, pre'mY-er or prem'yer, re. The chief minister of state ; prime minister. [F.] — Primm- ing, primming, n. The powder, etc., used to commu- nicate fire from the percussion cap, etc., to the charge in a firearm, etc. (Paint.) The first color laid on can- vas, or on a building, etc. (Steam Eng.) The act of carrying over water from the boiler into the cylin- der.— Primitive, prtm'T-tiv, a. Pert, to the begin- ning or origin, or to early times; characterized by simplicity; formal; prim; antique; antiquated; orig- inal; primary; radical. — re. An original word; a _word not derived from another. [F. pHmitif, fern, -tive, L. primitirus.] — Primitively, adv. Originally; at first; primarily; according to the original rule or ancient practice.— Primltiveness, re.— Primmer, prlm'er, re. A small, elementary book for teaching children to read. (Print.) A kind of type, of which there are 2 species; one, called long-primer, in size between small pica and bourgeois; the other, called great- primer, larger than English, and the largest type commonly used in printing books. [Orig. the book of prime, or devotions, then an elementary book.] The type called long-primer. Great-primer type. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r \ PRINCE 447 PRIVATE — Prime' val, prt-me'val, a. Belonging to the first ages; pristine; original; primitive. [L. primsevus, fr. primus and wvum, age.] — Pri / moge / 'nial, -je'nT-al, a. First born, made, or generated; primary; con- stituent; elemental. [L. nrtmogenius ; genere, gignere, to beget.] — Primogenitor, -T-tSr, n. The first fa- ther or forefather. [L. primus and genitor, parent, father.] — Pri'mogenlture, -Y-chur. n. Seniority by birth among children. (Eng. Law.) The exclusive right of inheritance which belongs to the eldest son or daughter. [OF.] — Pri / mogen / itureship, n. — Primor'dial, -mSr'dY-al, a. First in order; original; existing from the beginning; of earliest origin, —n. First principle or element; origin. [L. primordialis, f r. pnmordiitm, the first beginning; ordiri, to begin.] -— Prim'' rose, prTm'roz, n. An earlv flowering Her- baceous plant of many species. [F. prime rose, L. prima rosa, lit. first rose, as coming early in the spring; or a corrupt, of ME. pi uuerole, Sp. and LL. primula, a primrose, dim. of L. primus.'] Prince, prins, n. A person possessing; highest place and authority; a sovereign; monarch; the son of a king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family; a person of rank next to the sovereign. [F.; L. prin- ceps, principis, the first, chief, fr. primus (see Prime) and capere, to take.] — Prin'cess, n. A female prince ; daughter of a king; consort of a prince. [ME. and F. princesse.] — Prince'' dom, -dum, n. The jurisdic- tion, sovereignty, rank, or estate, of a prince.— Princely, -It, a. Of, or relating to, a prince; regal; of highest rank or authority; resembling or becom- ing; a prince; of great wealth or magnificence; grand; noble; stately. — adv. In a prince-like manner.— Prince'liness, n. — Prin / 'ce's-met / al, n. An alloy composed of 75 parts of copper and 25 of zinc, in im- itation of gold. — Prin'cipal, -st-pal, a. Highest in rank, authority, character, or importance; most con- siderable ; chief. — n. A chief or head ; presiding teacher of a school; one who takes the lead,— as, one who possesses or exercises chief authority. {Law.) The chief actor in a crime, or an abettor who is pres- ent at it, — as disting. fr. an accessory ; a chief obli- gor, promisor, or debtor, — disting. fr. a surety; one who employs another to act for him,— disting. fr. an agent. A thing of chief or prime consequence; a capital sum of money, placed out at interest, due as a debt, or used as a fund. [F.; L. principalis, fr. princeps. ]— Principality, -pal'i-ti, n. Sovereignty; supreme power; a prince; one invested with sover- eignty; the territory of a prince. [OF. principalite, L. proricipaZitas.]— 'Principally, adv. In a principal manner; chiefly; mainly; essentially; especially; par- ticularly. — Prmcipla, -sip^I-a, n. pi. First princi- ples; fundamental beginnings; elements; the contr. title of Sir Isaac Newton's great philosophical work. [E., pi- of principium, a Deginning, fr. princeps, chief.] — Principle, -sl-pl, n. A source, or origin ; that from which any thing proceeds; an original fac- ulty or endowment of the soul; a fundamental truth or tenet ; elementary proposition : a settled rule of action; right rule of conduct; maxim; axiom; tenet; motive. (Chem.) An original element which char- acterizes some substance, and from which it may be obtained by analysis. — v. t. [principled (-pld), -pling.] To establish or fix in, or impress with, tenets. [F. principe, L. principium.'] Prink, prink, v. i. [prinked fprmkt), prinking.] To dress for show, put on stately airs, strut. — v. t. To dress or adjust the hair, etc. [See Prank, under Prance.] Print, print, v. t. To press or impress, imprint; to take an impression of, stamp; to strike off impres- sions of, by means of a press; to mark by pressure, form an impression upon; to form an imitation of letters made by the impression of types. — v. i. To use or practice the art of typography ; to publish a book. — n. A mark made by impression or by pres- sure of one thing on another; impressions of types in general, as to form, size, etc.; that produced by printing,— as, a stamped likeness of anything, an en- graving; or, a printed sheet of news, newspaper; or, a fabric figured by printing, calico; that which im- presses its form on anything. [ME. printe, prente, short for OF. empreinte, a stamp, print, fern, of p. p. of empreindre, L. imprimere, to impress, fr. in, upon, and premere, pressum, to press: OD. print, a print, was proh. fr. E.] — Out of print. No longer for sale by the publisher.— Prinfer. n. One who prints, im- presses, or stamps ; esp., one employed in printing books, newspapers, etc. — Printing,"/!. Act, art, or practice of impressing letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material; ty- pography.— Print'- ing-in*k, n. Ink used in printing paper. press, n. A press for printing books, newspapers, handbills, etc.— Print'-shop, n. A shop where prints are kept for sale. Prior, pri'Sr, a. Pre- ceding in the order of time; anterior; antecedent: pre- cedent; preemi- nent. — n. (Eccl.) The superior of a priory ; one next in dignity to an ab- bot. [L., sooner, former, for proior or praior, compar, correspond, to su Columbian Printing-press. t, tympan ; /, friaket ; r, rounoe ; bar ; bd, bed ; p. platen. perl, primus: see Prime; ME. and OF. priour, a pri- or.] — Pri'orate, n. Government by a prior. — Pri'- oress, n, A female superior of a convent of nuns. [OF. prioresse.] — Pri'orship, n. The state or office of prior. — Pri'ory, -o-rY, n. A religious house, the head of which was a prior or prioress, and which was in dignity below an abbey; a convent. — Priority, -Sr'T-tT, n. State of being antecedent in time, or of preceding something else; precedence; preeminence; preference. Prisage. See under Prize. Prism, prizm, n. (Geom.) A solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figurt c, and whose sides are parallelograms. (.Opt.) A transparent body, with, usually, 3 rectangular plane faces or sides, and 2 equal and parallel triangular ends or bases: 1 see Light. [L. ana Gr., lit. thingsawed off, fr. Gr. prizein, priein, to saw.]— Prismatic, -ical, a. Resembling or related to, separated or distributed by, or formed by, a prism. — Prismatlcally, adv. — Pris'moid, -moid, n. A body that approaches to the form of a -p^o™ prism. [Gr. eiaos, form.] ±Tism. Prison, priz'n, n. A building for the confinement or safe custody of criminals, or those accused of crime, and others committed by due process of law; a jail. — v. t. [prisoned (-nd), -oning.] To shut up in a prison, confine, restrain from liberty. [F., fr. L. prensio, a seizing, fr. prehendere, to seize: see Prehensile.] — Pris'oner, n. One under arrest or in custody; a captive. Pristine, prislin, a. Belonging to the beginning or earliest time; original; first; primitive; former. [F., L. pristinus ; pris- s. rt. prior, n^ut.prius : see Prior; -tinus for tenus, extending, s. rt. tend.] Prithee, prith/e. Corrupt, of I pray thee, — generally used without the pronoun. Private, pri'vet, a. Belonging to, or concerning, an individual person, company, or interest,— personal, opp. to public; peculiar to one's self; sequestered from company or observation ; not invested with public office or employment; not publicly known ; not open; secret; secluded; solitary. —n. A com- mon Soldier ; one of the lowest rank in an army. [L. privatus, prop. p. p. of privare, to bereave, de- prive, fr. privvs, single, private.] — Pri'vately, adv. — Pri'vateness, n. — Pri'vacy. -va-sT, n. State of being in retirement ; a place of seclusion from company or observation; retreat; retirement; con- cealment of what is said or done: secrecy. — Pri'- vateer', -ter', n. An armed private vessel com- missioned to cruise against the enemy's commerce. — r. i. [privateered (-terd'), -teering.] To cruise in a privateer. — Priva'tion, n. Act of depriv- ing of rank or office ; degradation in rank: state of being deprived of something, esp. of something re- quired or desired; destitution: need: condition of being absent or wanting; absence. [F.]— Priv'ative, priv'a-tiv, a. Causing" privation ; depriving; con- sisting in the absence of somethin?; not positive. — n. That which derives its character from, or of which the essence is, the absence of something. (Gram.) A prefix or suffix to a word which changes its signification and gives it a contrary sense. [F. privatif, L. privativus.] — Priv'y, -T, a. Pert, to l, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PRIVET 448 PROCURE some person exclusively ; assigned to private uses ; pri- vate; not open or public; secret; clandestine; appro- priated to retirement; secretly cognizant.— re. (Law.) A partaker; a person having an interest in any ac- tion or thing. A necessary house. [OF. prive, fr. L. privatus.] — Privy council. The private council of a sovereign to advise in the administration of a gov- ernment. —P. councillor. A member of, etc. — P. purse. The fund at the personal disposal of a sover- eign; the officer in charge of it. — P. seal or signet. The seal used by or for the king in subordinate matters; the officer in charge of it. — Privily, adv. Privately; secretly. — Privity, re. Private knowl- edge ; joint knowledge with another of a private con- cern; a private matter; secret. (Law.) A bond of anion between parties, as to some particular trans- action.— Privilege, -I-lej, n. A peculiar benefit or advantage ; a right or immunity not enjoyed by others or by all; preroga- tive ; franchise ; claim ; lib- erty. — v. t. [PRIVILEGED (-lejd), -LEGING.] To grant some particular right or exemption to; to exempt, deliver. [OF.; L. privikgium, a law against or in favor of an individual, f r. privus and lex, legis, law.] — Privi- leged, -lejd, p. a. Invest- ed with a privilege; en- joying a peculiar right or immunity. Privet, priv'et, re. An or- namental European 6hrub, used in hedges in the U.S. [ME. primprint, prim, primet, pern. fr. ProvE. prime, to trim, prune.] Prize, priz, re. Something taken from another ; a " rivet, thing seized by force, stratagem, or superior power. (Law.) Anything captured by a belligerent using the right of war; esp. a captured vessel. Anything carried off as the reward of success in a contest, etc.; thing offered to be competed for; that won in a lot- tery ; anything worth striving for. [F. prise, a taking, seizing, orig. fern, of p. p. of prendre, L. prendere, to take : see Prehensile.] — Prize'-court, n. (Naut.Law.) A court having jurisdiction in cases of prizes made on the high seas. — fight'er, re. One who fights publicly for a reward; a professed pugil- ist. ring, re. The ring or inclosure for a prize- fight; system and practice of prize-fighting, — abbr. P. R. — Pris'age, priz'ej, re. The share of mer- chandise taken as lawful prize at sea, which be- longs to the king or admiral. [OF.] Prize, priz, v. t. [prized (prlzd), prizing.] To set or estimate the value of, rate; to value highly, esteem. [F. priser, fr. prix, OF. pris, L. pretium, a price, Prize, to raise with a lever. See Pet. Pro and Con, pro-and-kon. For and against, pi. Things which may be said or urged for or against a thing. [L. j ro (L. and Gr- pro, Skr. pra, before = E. for, q. v. ; s. rt. prior, prime, pristine, prone, private, prow, provost, etc.) and contra, against.] Proa, pro'a, n. A long, narrow, sail canoe, with oars and outrigger, used in the regions of the trade- winds : the head and stern are alike, but the sides differently formed. [Malay prau.] Probable, Probata, Probe, Probity, etc. See under Prove. Problem, problem, n. A question proposed for solu- tion; a matter difficult of settlement. (Math.) Any- thing required to be done. [ME. and OF. probleme, L. and Gr. problema, fr. Gr. pro (q. v.) and blema, a casting, ballein, to cast.] — Problematic, -ical, a. Having the nature of a problem ; questionable ; un- certain ; disputable ; doubtful. — Problematically, adv. Proboscis, pro-bosSis, n. ; pi. -boscides, -bosST-dez. An extensible hollow tube projecting from the head of certain animals, and capable of absorbing fluids; a snout ; trunk : an insect's proboscis is usually a horny tube formed by the modified jaws. [ L. ; Gr. proboskis, lit. a front-feeder, fr. Gr. pro and ooskein, to feed.J Proceed', prc-sed', v. i. To move, pass, or go forward or onward ; to come forth ; to pass from a stated point or topic to another ; to issue or come forth as from a source ; to go on in an orderly or reg- ulated manner ; to act by method. (Law^) To commence and carry on a legal process. [OF. pro- ceder, L. procedere, -cessum, fr. wo and cedere, to move, go.] — ProSeeds, n. pi. That which comes forth or results; yield; issue; product; sum afforded by a sale. — ProceedSr, n. One who proceeds. — Proceeding, n. Action contemplated as in process or with reference to its successive steps; progress or movement from one thing to another ; transaction ; measure; step.— Proced'ure.-se'jur.re. Actormanner of proceeding; progress; management; step taken ; act performed; course; conduct. [OF.] — ProcSss, pros'es, n. Act of proceeding or moving forward ; procedure; progress; advance; series of actions, mo- tions, or occurrences; progressive actor transaction; normal or regular manner of activity. (Anat.) Any protuberance; projecting part of any surface. (Lawl) The whole course of proceedings in a cause. [OF. proces, L. processus, a progress, orig. p. p. of proce- dere.] — Procession, -sesh'un, n. Act of proceed- ing ; regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress ; a train of individuals advancing in order ; a retinue. [F. ; L. i>rocessio.] — Processional, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, a procession. — n. A book relating to processions of the Rom. Cath. church. — Proce8'« sionary, -a-rl, a. Consisting in procession. Procidence, pros'*- or proSl-dens, n. A falling down; a prolapsus. [L. procidentia, fr. procidere, to fall down forward, fr. pro and cadere, to fall.] Proclaim, pro-Mam', v. t. [-claimed (-klamd')» -claiming.] To make conspicuously known by public announcement, give wide publicity to, an- nounce, publish, promulgate, declare. [F. proclamer, L. proclamare, fr. pro and clamare, to call or cry out.] — Proclaim'er, re. — Proc'lama'tion, re. Act of publishing abroad ; official or general publication ; an official public announcement ; published ordi- nance. [F.J Proclivity, pro-kliv'I-tl, n. Inclination ; propensity % proneness ; tendency ; readiness ; facility. [L.jpro- clivitas, fr. proclwis, sloping, inclined, fr. pro and clivus, a hill; s. rt. lean.] Proconsul, pro-konSul, re. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman officer who discharged the duties of a consul with- out being himself consul ; a governor of a province. [L. ; pro, for, and consul, q. v.] — Proconsular, -ro- tary, -su-la-rT, a. Pert, to, or under the government of, etc. — Proconsulate, -sulship, n. Office, or term of office of, etc. Procrastinate, pro-kras'tT-nat, v. t. To put off till to- morrow, or from day to day ; to defer to a future time, postpone, delay, retard, prolong. — v. i. To delay, be dilatory. [L. procrastinare, ^natum, fr. pro and crastinus, of to-morrow, f r. eras, to-morrow. I — Procras'tina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; dilatoriness. [F.J — Procras'tina'tor, n. Procreate, pro'kre-at, v. t. To beget, generate, en- gender. [L. jirocreare, -atum, fr. pro and creare, to create.] — Pro'crea'tion, n. Act of, etc. [OF.] — Pro'- crea'tive, -tiv, a. Generative; having power to beget — Pro'crea'tor, n. One who, etc.; a sire. Procrustean, pro-krus'te-an, a. Pert, to or like Pro- crustes, a highwayman of Attica, who tied his vic- tims on an iron bed, and either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length ; hence, re- ducing by violence to strict conformity to a measure or model. Proctor, etc. See under Procure. Procumbent, pro-kum'bent, a. Lying down or on the face ; prone ; prostrate. [L. procumbens, p. pr. of procumbere } to fall forward, f r. pro and curnbere, for cubare, to lie down.] Procure, pro-kur', v. t. To bring into possession ; to acquire or provide for one's self or for another ; to contrive and effect, bring about, gain, get, obtain, win, attract, cause. — v.i. To pimp. [F. procurer, li. procarare, fr. pro and curare, to take care, fr. cura f care.] — Procure'ment, re. Act of procuring ; obtainment; management; agency. — ProcurSr, re. One who procures or obtains ; a pimp ; pander. — ProcurSss, re. A female procurer. — ProcurSble, a. — Proc'ura'tor, prok'u-ra'tSr, re. (Law.) One who manages another's affairs ; a proctor. (Rom. Antiq.) A governor of a province under the em- perors ; also, a certain officer who had the manage- ment of the revenue. [OF. and L.] — Proc'uracy, -u-ra-sT, re. Office or act of a proctor or procurator ; vicarious management. — Proc'ura'tion, re. Act of procuring; procurement; management of another's far, pass or oper end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, fir ; PROD 449 PROGENY affaire; instrument by which a person is empowered to transact the affairs of another ; sum of money paid to the bishop or archdeacon by incumbents, on account of visitations. [F.] — Proc'tor, -ter, n. One employed to manage the affairs of another. (Laio.) An ofhcrr employed in admiralty and ecclesiastical causes. An officer who attends to the morals of university or college students, and enforces obedi- ence to the regulations. [Abbr. of procurator.} — Procto'rial, -to'rl-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a proctor. — Proc'torship, n. Office or dignity of, etc.— Prox'y, -i,.m. The agency of one who acts as a sub- stitute for another ; one deputed to act for another ; a writing by which one authorizes another to vote in his place. [Corrup. f r. procuracy.}— Prox'yship, n. Office or agency of a proxy. Prod, prod, v. t. To thrust with a pointed instrument, goad, prick. — n. A goad: awl. [ProvE. ; Dan., Ga., and Ir. brod, a thorn, prick, goad.] Prodigal, prod'T-gal, a. Given to extravagant expen- ditures; recklessly profuse; expending to excess, or without necessity ; lavish ; free. — n. One who ex- pends money extravagantly or without necessity ; a spendthrift. [F. ; L. jirodigus, wasteful, prodi- gere, to drive forth, squander, tr. prod, older form of pro, and agere, to drive.] —Prodigality, n. Ex- travagance in expenditure, esp. of money ; profu- sion; waste. [F. prodigality.} — Prodigally, adv. Prodigy, prod'1-jT, n. Something extraordinary from which omens are drawn ; portent ; anything won- derful or astonishing, and out of the ordinary course of nature ; miracle ; marvel ; monster. [F. prodige, L. prodigium, a showing beforehand, portent, prob. for prodagium, fr. prod for pro, and (obs.) agium, a saying; s. rt. adage. J — Prodigious, -dij'us, a. Of the nature of a prodigy; enormous in size, quan- tity, extent, etc. ; huge ; monstrous ; portentous ; amazing; extraordinary. [F. pro/igieux, L. prodi- giosiis.] — Prodigiously, adv. — Prodiglousaess, n. Produce, pro-dus r , v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To offer to view or notice, exhibit ; to bring forth, give birth to, propagate, furnish ; to cause to be or to happen ; to manufacture ; to yield or furnish; to draw further, lengthen out, prolong. (Geon.) To extend, — applied to a line, surface, or solid. [L. producere, -ductum, fr. pro and ducere, to lead: s. rt. duke, tug.] — Prod'uce, prod'us, n. That produced, brought forth, or yielded ; result of labor, esp. of agricultural labors : agricultural products. — Pro- ducer, n. — Producible, a. Capable of being pro- duced. — Produ'cibleness, -cibillty, n. — Prod'uct, n. That produced, brought forth, or effected ; fruit, whether of growth or labor, either physical or intel- lectual. (Math.) The number resulting from the multiplication of 2 or more numbers. [L. productus, prop. p. p. of producere.} — Produclile, -til, a. Capable of being extended or prolonged : extensi- ble ; ductile. [L. in-oductilis.] — Production, n. Act or process of producing; that produced or made; product: fruit of labor: \ lengthening out: prolonga- tion. [F.] — ProducUve, -tiv, a. Having the qual- ity or power of producing ; yielding or furnishing results ; bringing into being ; causing to exist ; effi- cient ; producing good crops. —Productiveness, n. Proem, pro'em, n. Preface : introduction ; prelude. [OF. pro'eme, L. proaimium, Gr. prooimion, an intro- duction, prelude, fr. Gr. pro and oimos, a way, path; s. rt. itinerate.] — Proe'raial, -elnl-al, a. Introduc- tory ; prefatory. Profane, pro-fan', a. Not sacred or holy ; relating to matters other than sacred ; secular ; temporal ; worldly : characterized by impurity ; esp., treating sacred things with contempt, disrespect, irrever- ence, or undue familiarity; taking the name of God in vain ; given to swearing; wicked ; godless ; im- pious, —v. t. [profaned (-fand /r ), -faninc] To treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or contempt; to put to a wrong or unworthy use ; to desecrate, pollute, defile, violate, dishonor. [F. ; L. profa- nus, without the temple, unholy, fr. pro and fanum, temple.] — Profanely, adv. — Profane'ness, n. — Profan'er, n. — Profanity, -fan' t-tT, n. Quality or character of being profane ; profaneness ; esp., the use of profane language ; blasphemy ; that which is profane ; profane language. [L. profanitas.] — Prof analion, n. Act of violating sacred things, or of treating them with contempt or irreverence ; act of treating with abuse or disrespect. [F.] Profess, pro-fes', v. t. [-fesseu (-f est'), -fessing.] To make open declaration of, confess publicly, affirm; to make pretense to, put on an appearance of ; to pre- tend to knowledge of, proclaim one's self versed in. — v. i. To take a profession upon one's self; to con- fess. [L. profiterx, -fessus, fr. pro and fatzri, to con- fess, own.] — Professedly, adv. By profession ; by avowal. — Profes'sion, -fesh'un, n. Act of profess- ing ; open declaration ; public avowal ; that which one professes; declaration ; claim ; occupation (not mechanical, agricultural, etc.), to which one devotes himself ; the collective body of persons engaged in a calling. [F.] — Professional, a. Pert, to or en- gaged in a profession or a calling; professed; being by profession; avowed. — Professionally, adv. By profession or calling.— Profess'or, n. One who makes open profession of nis sentiments or opinions; esp., one who make6 a formal profession of religion; a pub- lic teacher of any science or branch of learning; esp., a college instructor. [JL.] — Profess'orship, n. Office of a professor or public teacher. — Professo'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Professo'riat, -rl-at, n. The body of professors in a college, etc. Proffer, proffer, v. t. [fered (,-ierd), -fering.] To offer for acceptance, propose to give, tender, essay. — n. An offer made; something proposed for ac- ceptance by another. [ME. pro/ren, pro/eren, OF. proferer, L. prof er re, to bring forth or forward, to offer, ir.pro and feive, to bring.] Proficient, pro-fish'ent, a. Well advanced in any branch of knowledge or skill; well-skilled; versed. — n. One who has made considerable advances in any business, art, science, or branch of learning ; an expert, adept. [JL. projiciens, p. pr. of proficere, to go forward, make progress, fr. pro and facere, to malce.]— Profi'cience, -ctency, -fish'en-sl, n. State or quality of being, etc. Profile, prolil or -tel, n. An outline or contour ; a vertical section through a building, figure, machine, piece of work, section of country, etc. [Paint. & Sculp.') A head or portrait represented_sidewise or in a side view. — v. t. [-filed (-fild or -feld), -filing.] To draw the outline of, draw in profile. [It. p>-o- filo, a border or drawing of a picture, pi ofilare, to draw, fr. pro (= L. pro) and filo, thread, line, stroke, L. filum, a thread : see File : F. profil is fr. the It.] — Pro'filist, 7i. One who takes profiles. Profit, profit, n. Acquisition beyond expenditure; in commerce, pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation; valuable results; useful consequences; benefit; avail; advancement; gain; emolument. — v. t. To be of service to, be good to, helf> on, bene- fit. — w. i. To gain advantage, make improvement; to be of use or advantage, bring good. [F., profit, proffer, to profit, L. proficere, -.tectum, to advance : see Proficient.] — Profitable, a. Yielding or bringing nrofit or gain: lucrative; advantageous; serviceable; improving.— Profitableness, n.~ Prof- itably, adv. — Prof itless, a. Void of profit, gain, or advantage. Profligate, profit-gat, a. Abandoned to vice: open- ly and shamelessly immoral or vicious ; dissolute ; depraved ; wicked. — n. An abandoned man ; a vicious person. [L. profligatus, p. p. of profligare* to dash to the ground, fr. pro ind fligere, to strike.] — Profligately, adv. — Prof ligacy, -lT-ga-sT, n. Condition or quality of being profligate ; a very vicious course of life ; prodigality ; extravagance ; exuberance. Profound, pro-fownd', a. Descending; far below the surface ; low bending : very low; characterized by intensity; deeply felt; intellectually deep; reaching to the bottom of a matter : exhibiting or express- ing deep humility. — n. The deep; the abyss; the sea; ocean. (T. profond, L. jro/undus, fr. pro and fundus, the oottoni : s. rt. hotiom, fount l.\ — Pro- foundly, adv. — Profoundness, n. — Profun'dity, -fun'dY-tY, n. Condition or quality of being pro- found; depth of place, of knowledge, of science, of feeling, etc. [F. profondite 3 .} Profuse, pro-fus', a. Very liberal; giving without stint; liberal to excess; lavish; exuberant; pouring forth very abundantly: prodigal; extravagant. [L. profusus, p. p. of profundere, to pour forth or out, fr. pro and fund ere, to pour.] — Profusely, adv.— Profuseliess, n. — Profusion, -zhun, n. Act of a profuse person; extravagance of expenditure; rich abundance; exuberant plenty. [L. profusio.] Prog, prog, v. i. To wander about and beg; to steaL filch. — n. Victuals sought by begging, or found by wandering about; food; one who seeks victuals by wandering and begging. [ME. prokken, to beg : see Prowl.] Progeny, proj'e-ni, n. Descendants of the human sun, cube, full; moon, f 6t>* ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, set. PROGNATHUS 450 PROMISE kind, or offspring of other animals; offspring. [OF. progenie. L. progenies, fr. pro and rt. of genus (q. v.), kin.] — Progenitor, pro-jen'T-ter, n. An an- cestor in the direct line; forefather. [L.] Prognathus, prog-nalhus, -nathlc, a. Having a projecting jaw. [Gr. pro and gnathos, jaw.]— Prog'- nathism, -na-thizm, n. Projection of the lower jaw. Prognosis, prog-no'sis, n. {Med.) Act or art of fore- telling the course and event of a disease, by partic- ular symptoms. [Gr., fr. pro and gnonai, to know : see Gnostic, under Gnomon.] — Prognos' tic, -nos'- tik, a. Indicating something future by signs or symptoms. — n. A sign by which a future event may be known or foretold; a prediction. (3Ied.) A symptom indicating the course and event of a disease. [OF. prognostique, Gr. prognostikon.] — Prognosticate, -tik-at, v. t. To indicate as future, foretell from signs or symptoms, foreshow, be- token, presage, prophesy.— Prognostica'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a previous sign ; a foretoken. [OF.] — Prog- nos'tica'tor, n. Program, -gramme, pro'gram, n. A brief outline or explanation of the order to be pursued, or subjects embraced, in any public exercise. [F. programme, L. and Gr. propramma, fr. Gr. prographein, to give public notice in writing, fr. pro and graphein, to write.] Progress, prog'res, n. A moving or going forward, — as, in actual space, etc. ; or, in the growth of an animal or plant; or, in knowledge; or, in business of any kind; or, toward completeness or perfection; a journey of state, made by a sovereign through his own dominions. [OF. progrez, L. progressus, prop. p. p. of progredi, to advance, fr. pro and gradi, to walk, go: see Gkade.]— Progress', pro- gress v. i. [-gressed (-gresf), -gressing.] To make progress, move forward, proceed, advance, go on ; to make improvement. — Progression, -gresh'un, n. Act of moving forward; motion on- ward ; course; passage. {Math.) Continued pro- portion, arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonical. (Mus.) A regular succession of chords, or move- ment of the part.s in harmony. [F.] — Arithmetical progression. A progression in which the terms in- crease or decrease by equal difference.— Geomet- rical p. A progression in which the terms increase or decrease by equal ratios. — Harmonical p. A progression in which the terms are the reciprocals of quantities in arithmetical progression.— Progres'- sional, a. Tending to progress; having capacity of advancing; relating to progression. — Progressive, -iv, a. Moving forward; advancing; evincing prog- ress ; improving. — Progressively, adv. — Pro- gresslveness, n. — Prog'ressist, a. Striving after progress, esp. in political matters. — n. One who, etc. [Sp. progresista.] Prohibit, pro-hiblt, v. t. To forbid, interdict by au- thority ; to hinder, debar, prevent, preclude. [L. prohibere, -hibitwm,fr. pro and habere, to have, hold.] — Prohiblter, n. — Pro'tabi'tion, -bish'un, n. Act of, etc. ; interdict. [F.; L. prohibition — Pro'hibi'- tionist, n. One who favors prohibitory duties in commerce or prohibition ox the sale of intoxicating liquor. — Prohibitive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rf , a. Tending to prohibit, forbid, orexclude; implying prohibition. Project, pro-jekf, v. t. To throw out, cast forward; to scheme, devise; to draw or exhibit (the form of anything); to exhibit in a striking way by the aid of another object. — v. i. To shoot forward, extend beyond something else, jut. [L. projicere, -jectum, ix.pro and jacere, to throw.] — Proj'ect, proj'ekt, n. That projected or designed, intended or devised; a Elan; scheme; an idle scheme ; design not practica- le. [OF. ; L. projectus, prop. p. p. of projicere.'] — Projeet'ile, -jeklil, a. Impelling forward; given by impulse; impelled forward, — n. A body projected through the air, as a cannon-ball. pi. (Mech.) Sci- ence of the motion, range, etc., of bodies thrown above the surface of the earth. — Projection, n. Act of, etc. ; a part jutting out, as of a building; scheme; representation of something; delineation; plan; esp., the representation of any object on a perspective plane. [F.]— Projector, n. One who projects; one who forms a design, — esp. wild or impracticable schemes. — Projecfure, -jek'chur, n. A jutting be- yond the line or surface of something else. Prolate, prolat, a. Stretched out ; extended ; esp., elongated in the direction of aline joining the poles. [L. prolatus, p. p. of proferre, to bring forth, ex- tend.] Prolog, proleg, i\ A fleshy pediform organ, which represents a leg in the hinder segments of caterpil. lars. [L. pro and E. leg.] Prolepsis, pro-lep'sis, n. (Bhet.) A figure by which objections are anticipated or prevented. An error in chronology, when an event is dated before the actual time. fL. and Gr., fr. Gr. pro and lepsis, a taking, fr. lamoanein, to seize.] — Proleplic, -tical, a. Pert, to prolepsis, or anticipation; previous; an- tecedent. (Med.) Anticipating the usual time,— said of recurrent paroxysms of disease.— Prolep'tically, adv. Prole"taire, pro-la-tar', n. One of the common people ; a low person ; the commonalty as an influence or estate in a country. [F., fr. L. proletarius, a citizen too poor to pay taxes, fr. pi-oles, offspring.] — Prol'- eta'riat, prbl'e-ta'rf-at, n. The common people. — ProFeta'rian, -rT-an, a. Belonging to the common- alty ; mean ; vile ; vulgar. — Prolicide, -T-sid, n. The crime of destroying one's offspring either in the womb or after birth. [L. proles and cssdere, to cut down, kill.]— Proliferous, pro-lif 'er-us, a. (Bot.) Bearing offspring, — applied to a flower from within which another is produced, or a branch from which another rises. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Prolific, a. Producing young or fruit ; generative ; fruitful ; productive; serving to produce; fruitful of results; active. [L. facere, to make.] Prolix, pro-liks', a. Extending to a great length; in- dulging in protracted discourse; long; diffuse; te- dious; tiresome: wearisome. [F. prolixe, L. prolixvs, prob. fr. pro and elixus, soaked, fr. OL. lixa, water, L. liquere, to flow — i. e. extended beyond due bounds ; not fr. L. laxus, loose.] — Prolixity, n. Quality of being, etc.; great length; minute detail. [F. prolixite'.] Prolocutor, prol-o-kuler or pro-lok'u-tSr, n. One who speaks for another; the speaker or chairman of a convocation. [L., fr. proloqui, -locutus, fr. pro and loqui, to speak.] Prologue, prolog, n. The preface or introduction to a discourse or performance ; esp., the poem spoken before a dramatic performance begins. [F.; Gr. pro- logos, fr. pro and logos, a speech.] Prolong, pro-long'', v. t. [-longed (-longd'), -long- ing.] To lengthen in time, extend the duration of; to put off to a distant time; to extend in space or length; to delay, protract, postpone. [F. prolonger, L. prolongare, fr. pro and longus, long.] — Prolongat- ion, w. Act of, etc.; extension. [F.] — Prolong'er, n. Prolusion, pro-lu'zhun, n. A preliminary game, play, or literary exercise ; a prelude, trial, essay. [L. pro- lusio, fr. proludere, to prelude ; pro and ludere, to play-] Promenade, prom-e-nad' or -nad', n. A walk for amusement or exercise; a place for walking. — v. i. To walk for amusement or exercise. [F., f r. prome- ner, to take for a walk, L. prominare, to drive for- ward, fr. pro and minare, to drive animals ; s. rt. minari, to threaten, E. menace.] Promethean, pro-melhe-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Pro- metheus, fabled to have formed men of clay, and given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven; having a life-giving quality ; inspiring. Prominent, prom'T-nent, a. Standing out beyond the line or surface of something; likely to attract atten- tion from size or position; eminent; distinguished above others ; conspicuous ; chief. [F. ; L. promi- nens, p. pr. of prominere, to jut out, fr. pro and mi- nere, to project.] — Prominence, -nency, -nen-sT, n. State of, or that which, etc. — Prominently, adv. Promiscuous, pro-mis'ku-us, a. Consisting of indi- viduals united in a body or mass without order; dis- tributed or applied without order or discrimination; common; indiscriminate; confused. [L. promiscuus, fr. pro and miscere, to mix.] — Promis'cuously, adv. Promise, promls, n. A declaration by one person to another, which binds him who makes it to do or forbear a specified act ; a binding declaration of something to be done or given for another's benefit; ground or basis of hope; bestowal or fulfillment of what is promised. — v. t. [promised (-ist), -ising.] To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from do- ing, etc. ; to afford reason to expect, assure ; to engage to bestow. — v. i. To give assurance by a promise, afford hopes or expectations. [F. promesse. It. pro- messa, L. promissa, a promise, f r. L. promittere, pro- missum, to put forth, promise, fr. pro and mittere, to send.] — Prom / isee% -is-e', n. One to whom a promise is made. — Promisor, -is-er, n. One who promises. — Promisor, -is-6r, n. (Law.) One who engages or undertakes; a promiser. — Promissory, f pa, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd : t5ne, 6r ; PROMONTORY 451 PROPHET -eo-rt, a. Containing a binding declaration of some- thing to be done or forborne.— Promissory note. {Law.) A written promise to pay to some person named, and at or before a time specified therein, a certain sum of money, in consideration of value re- ceived. Promontory, prom'on-to-rY, n. A high point of land or rock projecting into the sea ; a headland. [L. promontorivm, fr. pro and mons, rnontis, mountain.] Promote, pro-mof, v. t. To contribute to the growth, enlargement, or excellence of (anything valuable) ; to forward, advance, contribute to the increase or power of ; to excite, stir up ; to exalt in station, rank, or honor; to elevate, raise, prefer. [L. pro- movere, -motum, fr. pro and movere, to move.] —Pro- mof er, n. — Promo'tion, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc.; advancement; assistance; elevation. [F.] — Promo'tive. -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. Prompt, prompt, a. Ready and quick to act as occa- sion demands; acting with cheerful alacrity; guick- lv, readily, or cheerfully performed; expeditious; a'lert; brisk; nimble. — v. t. To move or excite to action or exertion; to suggest to the mind; esp., to assist (a speaker or a learner) when at a loss. [F.; L. promptus, p. p. of promere, to take or bring forth, fr. pro and emere, to take.] — Prompfer, n. One who prompts; esp., one who assists speakers, or act- tors in a play, when at a loss.— Promptitude, -T : tQd, n. Quality of being prompt; quickness of decision and action when occasion demands: cheerful alac- ritv. [F.] — Promptly, adv. — Prompt'neas, n. Promulgate, pro-muKgat, v. t. To make known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings; to an- nounce, publish, declare, proclaim. [L. promulgare, -gatum ; perh. for pro vulgare, to put before the vul- gas, common people, perh. fr. multi, the many: perh. fr. promulcrum, a towrope.] — Pro'tnulga'tion, n. Act of, etc.: open declaration. — Pro'' mulga'tor, n. One who. etc. — Promulge'', -mulj', v. t. [-mulged f-muljd'), -mulgixg.] To promulgate. — PromuF- ger. n. Prone, pron, a. Bending forward; inclined; flat on the face; lying with the face downward; headlong; running downward ; sloping, with reference to a line or surface; disposed, — usually in an ill sense. [F.; L. promts, prob. for provonus, fr. pro; s. rt. Gr. prenes, neadlong, Skr. pravana, declining, ready, prone.] — Pronely, adv. — Prone'ness, n. State of oeing prone; inclination of mind, heart, or temper; propension; disposition. Prong, prong, n. A sharp-pointed instru- ment; the tine of a fork, etc.; a pointed projection. [W. procio, to thrust, stab, procyr, a poker, Ga. brog, to spur, goad, also an awl: s. rt. pang.] — Prongs-horn, -buck, h. An antelope of western N. Amer., having hol- low deciduous horns, with a prong near the end of each; the only known animai hav- ing true deciduous horns. Pronoun, pro'nown, n. ( Gram.) A w o r d used instead of a noun or name, to prevent the repeti- tion of it. [L. pro- nomen, fr. pro, for, and nomen. a name, noun _ -T-nal, a. Belonging to, or partaking of, the nature of a pronoun. [L. pronominalis.] Pronounce, pro-nowns', v. t. [-xouxced (-nownsf), -xou.vcixg.] To utter articulately, speak distinctly; to utter formally, officially, or solemnly; to speak rhetorically; to declare or affirm. [F. prononcer, L. pronunciare, fr. pro and nunciare, to announce.] — Pronounce'' able, a. — Pronounced', -nownsf, a. Strongly marked ; decided. [F. prononce".] — Pro- noun'cer, n. — Pronouncing, p. a. Teaching or in- dicating pronunciation. — Pronun / cia , tion, -shl-a'- shun, n. Act of, etc.; utterance: mode of uttering words or sentences. (Rhet.) Art or manner of ut- tering a discourse with propriety and gracefulness. [F. pronontiation, L. prommtiatio.] — Pronuifcia- tive, -shT-a-tiv, a. Of, or pert, to, pronunciation. — Pronun'ciamen'to, -sT-a-men'to. -ciamiento. -notm'- the-a/ml-en-to, n. A proclamation; manifesto ; for- mal announcement or declaration. [Sp. pronuncia- Proof, Proofless, etc. See under Prove. Prop, prop, v. t. [propped (propt), propping.] To support or prevent from falling by placing some- thing under or against; to sustain, support, stay, up- hold.— n. That which sustains an incumbent weight; that on which anything rests for support ; stay; staff; pillar. [Ga., a prop, also to prop, 01). proppe, a stay, jnoppen, to stay.] Propagate, prop^a-jjat, v. t. To continue or multiply by generation or successive reproduction; to cause to reproduce itself ; to cause to spread or exte-nd ; to spread from person to person, extend the knowl- edge of, diffuse, disseminate, promote. — v. i. To have young or issue ; to be produced or multiplied by generation. [L. propagare, -gatum, orig. to peg down, propagate by layers, propago, a layer; s. rt. pact.] — Prop'aga'tion, n. Act of propagating; the spreading or extension of anything; generation; ex- tension; increase. — Prop'aga/tor, n. — Prop'agable, a. — Propaganda, -gan'da. n. A societv in Rome, charged with the management of the Rom. Cath. missions, and entitled Congregatio de Propaganda Fide; hence, any organized effort to make prose- lytes. — Propagan'dism, -dizm, n. Art or practice of propagating tenets or principles. — Propagan- dist, n. One who devotes himself to the spread of any system of principles. Proparoxytone, pro-par-oks'I-ton, n. ( Gr. Gram.) A word accented on the antepenult. [Gr. pro and E. paroxytone, q. v.] Propel, pro-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld';, -pellixg.] To drive forward, urge or press onward by force. [L. propellere, -pulsion, ft. pro and pellere. to drive.] — Propeller, n. One who, or that which, propels; esp. a contrivance for propelling a steamboat, con- sisting of a revolving screw placed in the stern; a steamboat thus propelled : see Screw-propeller. — Propufsion, -shun, n. Act of, etc.— Propul'sive, -siv, a. Tending or having power to propel. Propense, pro-pens', a. Inclined; disposed either to good or evil; prone. [L. propensus, p. p. of propen- dere, fr. pro and pendere, to hang.]— Propense^ness, -pen'sion, -pen'sity, -sl-tt, -pend'ency, -en-sf, n. State of being propense or inclined: natural inclina- tion; disposition; bias; proclivity; proneness. [F. propension.] Proper, propter, a. Belonging to as one's own; own; belonging to the natural or essential constitution of; esp., befitting one's nature, property, etc.; adapted to the ends of order, comfort, taste, beauty, moral- ity, etc.; precise; formal; according to usage; well formed; handsome; pert, to one of a species, but not common to the whole; not appellative. [ME. and F. propre, L. proprius, one's own ; perh. s. rt. L. prope, near, E. propinquity.] — Prop'erly. adv. In a proper manner; suitably; fitly: in a strict sense; strictly. — Prop'erness, n. — Prop'erty, -er-tT, n. That which is proper to anything; a peculiar quality of anything: an acquired or artificial quality; that which is peculiar to any person; that to which a per- son has a legal title; thing owned; exclusive right of possessing; possession held in one's own right; an estate, whether in lands, goods, or money; nearness or right; a piece of land with the appurtenant build- ings. [ME. and OF. proprete", L. proprietas.] — Pro- prietary, -prfe-ta-rt, n. A proprietor or owner; a body of proprietors taken collectively.— a. Pert, to a proprietor. [OF. proprietaire, L. proprietariits, an owner .J — Proprietor, -e-ter, n. One who has the legal right or exclusive title to anything, whether in possession or not; an owner. — Proprietorship, n. State of being proprietor. — Proprietress, n. A fe- male proprietor. — Propriety, -e-tl, n. Conformity to an acknowledged or correct standard; consonance with established principles, rules, or customs: fit- ness; decorum; justness; accuracv. [Same as prop- erty.] Properispomenon. pro / per-Y-spom''e-non, n. {Gr. Gram.) A word having the circumflex accent on the penult. [Gr.. twisted round before.] Prophet, prof r et, n . One who foretells events: a pre- dicter ; an interpreter. [ME. and OF. prophete, L. propheta, Gr. prophetes, fr. Gr. pro, publicly, before all, and phemi, I say, speak: s. rt. fame.] — Proph/- etess, n. A female prophet. — Propb/ecy, -e-sl, n. ; A declaration of something to come : esp., an in- ! spired foretelling. {Scrip/t.) A book of prophecies; ! a history; public interpretation of Scripture: preach- j ins;. [ME. and OF. prophecie, Gr. propheteia.] — , — Propb/esy, -e-si, v. t. [-sied (-sid), -syixg.] To foretell, as future : predict. — v. i. To utter predic- sfin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PROPHYLAXIS 452 PROSODY tions. (Script.) To instruct in religious doctrines, preach, exhort. — Propb/esi'er, -si'er, n. — Prophet'- ic, -ical, pro-fefik-al, a. Containing, or pert, to, prophecy, — used with of before the tiling foretold. — Proptfet'ically, adv. — Prophet'icalness, n. Prophylaxis, prof-T-laks'is, n. (Med.) Art of pre- serving from, or preventing, disease ; observance of rules necessary for the preservation of health ; pre- servative or preventive treatment. [Gr., f r. prophu- lassein, to guard against, f r. pro and phulassein, f r. phulax, a guard.] — Propb/ylac'tic, n. A medicine which preserves or defends against disease ; a pre- ventive.— Propb/ylac'tic, -tical, a. Defending from disease. [F. j.roplujlactique.] Propinquity, pro-pink'wt-tY, n. Nearness in place, time, or relationship; neighborhood; proximity. [L. propinquitas, fr. propinquus, near, neighboring, fr. prope, near.] Propitious, pro-pish'us, a. Favorable ; kind ; ready to forgive sins and bestow blessings ; auspicious. [ME. and OF. propice, L. propitius, prob. orig. a term of augury, fr. pro and petere, to fly.] — Propi- tiously, adv.— Propi'tiate, -T-at, v. t. To appease and render favorable, make propitious. [L. pro- pitiare, -atum.] — Propi'tiable, o. — Propi / tia y 'tion, n. Act of propitiating or making propitious ; that which, etc. (Theol.) The atonement or atoning sacri- fice. [F.] — Propi'tia'tor, n.— Propi'tiatory, -a-to-rt, a. Having the power to make propitious ; pert, to, or employed in, propitiation; expiatory. — n. (Jew- ish Antiq.) The mercy-seat; the lid or cover of the ark of the covenant ; the symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. Propolis, pro'po-lis, n. A resinous substance of a red- dish color, used by bees to stop crevices in their hives, etc. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. pro andpoZis, a city.] Proponent. See under Propound. Proportion, pro-por'shun, n. Arrangement of parts ; relation of one portion to another, or to the whole, with respect to magnitude or quantity ; relation of one thing to another in size, quantity, degree, etc. ; «qual or just share; lot; symmetrical arrangement, ■distribution, or adjustment. (Math.) Equality or .similarity of ratios, esp. of geometrical ratios ; the rule of 3 in arithmetic, in which the 3 given terms, together with the 1 sought, are proportional. — v. t. ^proportioned (-shund), -tioning.] To adjust in a suitable proportion ; to form with symmetry or suitableness. [F. ; L. proportio, f r. pro and portio, a part, portion, q. v.] — In proportion. According as ; to the degree that. — Propor'tionable, a. Capable of being proportioned or made proportional ; pro- portional — Propor'tionableness, n. — Propor'tion- ably, adv. — Propor'tional, a. Having a due pro- portion or comparative relation ; relating to, or se- curing, proportion. (Math.) Having the same, or a constant, ratio. — n. (Math.) Any number or quantity in a proportion. (Chem.) Same as Equiv- alent.— Propor'tional'ity, -al'Y-tl, n. Quality of being in proportion.— Proportionally, adv. In proportion ; in due degree. — Proportionate, -at, a. Adjusted to something else, according to a propor- tion; symmetrical; corresponding. — v. t. To make proportional ; to proportion. — Proportionately, adv. — Propor'tionateness, n. Propose, pro-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To offer for consideration, discussion, acceptance, or adoption; to purpose, intend. — v. i. To lay schemes ; to offer one's self in marriage. [F. pro- poser, fr. pro and poser, to place, set, put: see Pose, an attitude ; not fr. L. ponere, to place, nor s. rt. E. propound, proposition.'] — Propos'er, n. — Propos'al, n. That which is proposed for consideration or ac- ceptance; offer ; proffer; tender; overture. — Pur '- pose, per'pus, n. Object to be reached or accom- plished; end or aim to which the view is directed in any plan, measure, or exertion; design; end; inten- tion.— v.t. [purposed (-pust), -posing.] To deter- mine upon (some end or object to be accomplished); to intend, design, resolve. — v. i. To design, intend, mean. [OF. purposer, a form of proposer, to intend; but OF. pourpos, F. propos = L. propositum, thing proposed, designed, is fr. L. proponere : see Pro- pound, — the F. v. and n. being not s. rt.] — On pur- pose. "With previous design; with the mind directed to that object. — Pur'posely, adv. By purpose or de- sign ; intentionally; with predetermination. propound, pro-pownd', v. t. To lay before, offer for consideration. (Congregational Churches.) To pro- pose or name as a candidate for admission to com- munion with a church. [ME. propone, L. proponere, -positum, fr. pro and ponere, to put, set.]— Pro- pound'er, n. — Proposi'tion, -ziBh'un, n. That which is offered for consideration, acceptance, or adoption. (Gram. & Logic.) A complete sentence; a subject and predicate united by a copula. (Math.) A statement in terms either of a truth to be demon- strated or of an operation to be performed. [F.; L. proposition — Proposi'tional. a. Pert, to, or in the nature of, a proposition. — Proponent, n. One who makes an offer, or lays down a proposition. [L. pro- ponens, p. p. of proponere.] Proprietor, Propriety, etc. See under Proper. Propugn, pro-pun', v. t. [-pugned (-pund'), -pugn- ing.J To contend for, defend, vindicate. [L. pro- pugnare, fr. pro and pugnare, to fight : see Pugna- cious.] — Propugn'er, n. A defender. Propulsion, Propulsive. See under Propel. Prorata, pro-ra'ta. In proportion. [L.]— Prorate', -rat', v. t. To divide or distribute proportionally ; to assess pro rata. — n. A division of rate propor- tionably. — Prorafable, a. Capable of being di- vided proportionately. Prorogue, pro-rog', v. t. [-rogued (-rogd'), -rogu- ing.] To protract, prolong, defer, delay; to adjourn (a parliament or legislature) to some definite time, or esp. till the commencement of the next annual session. [F. proroger, L. prorogare, fr. pro and ro. gare, to ask.] — Pro'roga'tion, n. Adjournment of a parliament, etc., by authority of a sovereign, gov- ernor, etc. [F.] Proruption, pro-rup'shun, n. Act of bursting forth. [L. proruptio, fr. prorumpere, -ruptum, to break Prosaic, Prosaism, etc. See under Prose. Proscenium, pro-se'nT-um, n. (Anc. Theater.) The stage. (Modem Theater.) The part of the stage in front of the drop-scene. [L.; Gr. proskenion, fr. pro and skene = E. scene.'] Proscribe, pro-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scrib- ing.] To doom to destruction ; to denounce and condemn as dangerous and not worthy of reception, interdict, prohibit; to outlaw, doom. [L. proscribere, -scriptum, f r. pro and scribere, to write.] — Eroscrib'- er,n. — Proscription, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; outlawry; banishment; condemnation; denun- ciation. [F.] — Proscrip'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, proscription ; proscribing. Prose, proz, n. The natural language of man; lan- guage not in verse; a prosy talker. — v. i. [prozed (prozd), prozing.] To write prose; to talk in a dull, prosy, tedious manner. — a. Pert, to, or composed of, prose; possessing or exhibiting unpoetical char- acteristics. [F. ; L. prosa, for prorsa (oratio), straight- forward (speech), Jem. of prorsus, forward, contr. fr. proversus, lit. turned forward, fr. pro and vertere, versum, to turn; s. rt. verse ( !).] — Pros'er, n. Orig., a writer of prose ; a tedious writer or speaker. — Pros'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Like prose; dull; tedi- ous. — Pros'ily, adv. — Pros'iness, n. — Prosa'ic, -ic- al, pro-za'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, prose; dull; uninteresting; prosy. [L. prosaicus. \ — Prosa''- ically, adv. — Pro'salsm, -izm, n. That which is in the form of prose writing. — Pro'saist, n. A writer of prose. Prosecute, pros'e-kat, v. t. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to seek to obtain by legal process. (Law.) To accuse of some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or punishment, before a legal tribunal. — v. i. To carry on a legal prosecution. [L. prosequi, prosecu- tus, fr. pro and sequi, to follow.] — Pros'ecut'able, a. — Pros'ecu'tion, n. Act or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something. (Lav;.) The institution and carrying on of a suit. — Pros'ecu'tor, n. One who prosecutes. [L.] Proselyte, pros'e-llt, n. A convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, or party, —v. t. To convert to some religion, opin- ion, or system. [ME. and OF. proselite, L. prosely- tus, Gr. proselutos, lit. one who has come to a place, a convert, fr. Gr. proserchesthai, to come to, fr. pros (=proti, ir.pro, before; s. rt. Skr. prati, towards, fr. pra, before: see Pro), to, towards, and erchesthai, to come.] — Pros'elytism, -li-tizm, n. Act of prosely- ting; the making of converts. — Pros'elytize, -tlz, v. i. To make converts or proselytes. Proser, Prosily, etc. See under Prose. Pro-slavery, pro-slav'gr-T, a. In favor of slavery. Prosody, pros'o-dt, n. That part of grammar which treats of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versification. [F. prosodie, E. and Gr. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r { PROSOPOPCEIA 453 PROTRACT prosodia, a song sung to an instrument, a tone, ac- cent, prosody, fr. Gr. pros (see Proselyte} and ode, a song, ode, q. v.] — Proso'dial, pro-so'dl-al, -sod'ical, -sod'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or according to the rules of, prosody. — Proso'dian, Pros'odist, pr8s'- o-dist, n. One who understands prosody. • Prosopopoeia, pros'o-po-pe'ya, n. (Khet.) A figure by which things are represented as persons, or an ab- sent person is introduced as speaking; personifica- tion. [Gr. prosopopoiia, fr. prosoj/on, a face, person (fr. pros and ops, face, appearance), and poiein, to make.] Prospect, pros'pekt, n. That whi«h is embraced by the eye in vision: view; a picturesque or widely ex- tended view; landscape; a position which affords a fine view; a lookout; position of the from of a build- ing; anticipation; ground for hoping; expectation. — v. t. To search or examine for (esp. ore, gold, etc.). — v. i. To make a search, seek. [L. prospec- tus, a lookout, distant view, prop. p. p. ot prospicere, to look forward, fr. pro and specere, spicere, to look: see Spy.] — Prospec'tion, pro-spek'shun, n. Act of looking forward, or providing for future wants. — Prospective, -iv, a. Looking forward in time; act- ing with foresight; respecting or relating to the fu- ture, f F.] — Prospectively, adv. — Prospec'tus, n. Plan of a literary work, containing the general sub- ject or design, terms of publication, etc. [L.J Prosperous, pros'per-us, a. Tending or permitted to succeed in the pursuit of anything desirable; favor- ing success; fortunate; flourishing; thriving; auspi- cious; lucky. [L. prosperus or prosper, orig. answer- ing to hope, fr. pro, according to, and sperare, to hope, f r. spes, hope.] — Prosperously, adv. — Pros porousness, n. — Pros'per, v. t. [-pered (-perd), -Pek- ing.] To favor, render successful. — v. i. To he suc- cessful, make gain, flourish, thrive, advance. [OF. prosperer, L. prosperare, fr. prosper.] — Prosperity, -pEr'I-tT, n. Advance or gain in anything desirable; successful progress in any enterprise; success; thrift; weal ; welfare ; well-being ; happiness. [ME. and OF. prosperity, L. prosperttas.~\ Prosthesis, pros'the-sis, n. (Surg.) The addition of an artificial part to supply a defect of the body. (Gram.) A figure consisting in prefixing one or more letters to the beginning of a word. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. pros and tithenai, to put, place.] Prostitute, pros'tl-tut, v. t. To offer (a woman) to a lewd use : to devote to base or unworthy purposes. — a. Openly devoted to lewdness, or to base or infa- mous purposes. — n. A woman given to indiscrimi- nate lewdness; a strumpet; a base hireling. [L.pros- tituere, -titutum, fr. pro and statuere, to put, place.] — Prostitution, n. Act or practice of prostituting ; common lewdness of a female: act of setting one's self to sale, or of devoting to infamous purposes what is in one's power. [F.] — Pros'titu'tor, -ter, n. Prostrate, pros'trat, a. Lying at length, or with the body stretched out; occupying a humble or suppli- ant position. — v. t. To lay or fall flat, throw down; to cause to sink totally, "reduce. [L. prosternere, -stratum, fr. pro and sternere, to stretch out, throw down.] — Prostra/tion, n. Act of prostrating, throw- ing or falling down, or laying flat: condition of be- ing prostrate; great depression. (Med.) Oppression of natural strength and vigor. [P.] Prostyle, pro'stil, n. (Arcli.) A portico in which the columns stand in advance of the building to which they belong. [Gr. prostulos, fr. pro and stulos, col- umn.] Prosy. See under Pp.ose. Prosyllogism, pro-sil'lo-iizm, n. (Logic.) A syllogism preliminary or logically essential to another syllo- gism; the conclusion of such a syllogism. Protagonist. See under Pkoteid. Protasis, prot'a-sis, n. A proposition: maxim. (Gram.) The first or subordinate member ol a sentence, gen- erally of a conditional sentence. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. l<>oteinein, to stretch forward: teinein, to stretch.] Protean, pro'te-an, a. Pert, to Proteus, a sea-god who could assume different shapes; readily changing the form or appearance. Protect, pro-tekf, v. t. To cover or shield from dan- ger or injury: to defend, guard, preserve, secure. [L. protegere, -tectum, fr. pro and tegere, to cover.] — Protection, n. Act of protecting: preservation from loss, injury, or annoyance; state of being protected; thatwhicli preserves" from injury; a writing that pro- tects; defense: guard; shelter; refuge; security; safe- ty. [F.] — Protec'tionist, n. One who favors the protection of some branch of industry by legal en- actments. — Protective, -iv, a. Affording protec- tion; sheltering. — Protect'or, n. One who, etc.: * guardian, preserver, supporter. [L.] — Protect'oi ate, -er-at, n. Government by a protector; authority assumed by a superior power over an inferior 01 "a dependent one. — Protect'orship, n. Office of a pic* tector or regent. — Protect'ress, n. A woman wlir protects. [ME. and F. protectrice.~\ — Protege^ n. rn. Protegee, pro-ta-zha', n.f. One under the protectior of another. [F., p. p. of proUger = L. protegere.] Proteid, prole-id, n. (Chem.) One of certain nitrog enous, amorphous principles (albumen, gluten fibrin, casein, etc.), forming the chief solid constitu ents of the blood, muscles, etc., of animals, and oc curring in almost every part of vegetables ; an al buminoid.— a. Of,or pert, to, etc. [Gr. / J >?oros(superL of pro, q. v.), first, and eidos, form.] — Protag'onist n. One who fills the leading part in a drama, or in any great enterprise, conflict, etc. [Gr. protos and agonistes, an actor, fr. agein, to act, agon, contest.] — Prothon'otary, -thon'o-ta-rT, n. A chief notary or clerk; in some of the U. S., a register or chief clerk of a court. (Horn. Cath. Ch.) One of 12 persons constituting a college, who receive the last wills of cardinals, etc. [L. protonotarius, fr. Gr. protos and L. notarius, a scribe, notary.] — Pro'tocot n. Orig- inal copy of any writing, as of a treaty ; rough draught of an instrument or transaction ; a friend- ly diplomatic document designed to effect thepeace- ful accomplishment of diplomatic ends. [OF. pro- tocole, LL. protocollum, LateGr. protocoUon, lit. first glued on, being the first leaf glued to rolls of papy- rus and notarial documents, on which the date was written, fr. Gr. protos and kolla, glue.]— Pro'tomar'- tyr, -mar'ter, n. The first martyr, Stephen ; first who suffers, or is sacrificed, in any cause. [LateL.; Gr. martur, a martyr, a form of martus, a witness.] — Pro'toplasm, -plazm, n. (Physiol.) A homogene- ous structureless substance, forming the physical basis of life, contractile, and resembling albumen in chemical composition; cytoplasm; sarcode; germ- inal matter. [Gr. plasma, form, fr. plassein, to mold.]— Pro'toplast, n. The thing first formed, ag a copy to be imitated; an original.— Pro'totype, -tip, n. A model after which anything is copied: pattern; exemplar; archetype. [Gr. tupos, type, model.] — Protozoan, -zo'an, n. An animal of the lowest class, disting. by its simplicity of structure ; the protozoans include the sponges, and many so-called animalcules. [Gr. zoon, animal.] — Protozolc, a Of, or pert, to, etc. Protest, pro-test', v. i. To affirm in a public or for- mal manner; to make a solemn declaration (usually a written one) expressive of opposition ; to assever- ate, aver, attest, declare, profess. — v. t. To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of. [F. protester, L. protestari, f r. pro and testari, to testify, f r. testis, a witness.] — Pro'' test, n. A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly against some act; a declaration that one does not consent to an act; esp. a declara- tion in writing of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body. (Law.) A declaration in writing, made by a notary public, on behalf of the holder ot a bill or note, that acceptance or payment has been refused. — Prot'estant, a. Makius a protest; pert, to the faith and practice of those who protest against the church of Rome. — n. One who, etc. [F.] — Prot'estantism, -izm, n. The Protestant religion. — Prot'esta'tion, n. Act of making a protest or pub- lic avowal ; a solemn declaration, esp. of dissent. [F.] — Protest' er, n. Prothonotary, Protocol, Protoplasm, etc. See under Proteid Protract, pro-trakt', v. t. To draw out or lengthen ir, time, continue; to put off to a distant time, prolong, delay, defer, retard. (Surv.) To lay down with scale and protractor. [L. protrahere, -tractum, fr, pro and trahere, to draw.] — Protract'er, n. One who, etc. — Protracfor. -er, n. One who, etc. ; a mathematical instrument for laving down and measuring angles on paper. (Surg.) An instrument used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound. — Pro- trac'tion, n. Act of drawing out or continuing iii time. (Surv.) Act of plotting or laying down on paper the dimensions of anything, as a field. That which is protracted, or plotted on paper.— Protract''- ive, -iv, a. Prolonging; continuing; delaying. Protractor. cube, full ; moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. PROTRUDE 454 PROVOST Protrude, pro-trood', v. t. To thrust out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement.— v. i. To shoot forward, be thrust forward. [L. protrudere, -tru- sum, fr. pro and trudere, to thrust.] — Protru'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Protru^- sive, -siv, a. Thrusting or impelling forward. Protuberate, pro-tu^ber-at, v. i. To swell or be prom- inent beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out. [L. protuberare, -atum, fr. pro and tuber, a hump, swell- ing: see Tuber.] — Protu'beralion, n. Act of, or condition of, etc. — Protu'berance, -ans, n. Any- thing swelled beyond the surrounding surface ; a projection. — Protu'berant, a. Swelling. Proud, Proudly. See under Pride. Prove, proov, v. t. [proved (proovd), proving.] To try or ascertain by an experiment, test, or standard; to evince, establish, or ascertain (truth, reality, or fact) by argument, testimony, etc. ; to ascertain the genuineness or validity of ; to argue, verify, justify, evince, manifest, demonstrate. — v. i. To make trial; to be found by experience or trial; to be ascertained by the event subsequent. [OF. prover, prouver, ~L.probare, to test, try, orig. to judge of the foodness of a thing, fr. probus, good, excellent.] — roVen, -n, p. p. Scotch form of proved, p. p._of prove- — Prov'able, a. — Prov'er, n. — Proof, proof, n. Any effort, process, or operation designed to es- tablish or discover a fact or truth ; test ; trial ; that degree of evidence which produces belief ; impene- trability of physical bodies ; firmness of mind ; sta- bility not to be shaken ; act of testing the strength of alcoholic spirits; the degree of strength. {Print.) A trial impression from a page or form of type, an engraved plate, etc., taken for correction.— a. Firm or successful in resisting; impenetrable, — much used in composition, as^waterproof, fireproof, etc. [ME. preef, F. preuve, Pg. and It. prova, LL. proba, a proof, fr. L. probare.] — Proofless, a. Wanting suf- ficient evidence to induce belief . — Proof -sheet, n. {Print.) A trial impression from type, an engraved plate, etc.— Probe, prob, n. {Surg.) An instrument for examining a wound, ulcer, cavity, etc. — v. t. [probed (probd), probing.] To examine (a wound, ulcer, etc.) by an instrument thrust into the part; to scrutinize: to examine thoroughly into. [L. proba, a proof .] — Pro'bate, -bat, n. (Law.) Official proof; esp., proof that an instrument purporting to be the last will and testament of one deceased, is his law- ful act; right or jurisdiction of proving wills, — a. Of, or belonging to, a probate or court of probate. [L. probatus, p. p. of probare. ] — Proba'tion, n. Any proceeding designed to ascertain truth, to determine character, qualification, etc. ; examination; trial. [F.] — Proba'tional, -tionary, -a-rT, a. Serving for trial.— Proba'tioner, n. One undergoing probation; a novice. — Pro'bative, -ba-tiv, a. Serving for trial or proof; probationary. — Proba'' tor, n. An exam- iner; approver. — Pro'batory, -ba-to-rT, a. Pert, to, or serving for, trial or proof. —Probity, prSb'i-tl, n. Tried virtue or integrity; approved moral excel- lence; rectitude; uprightness; sincerity. [F. probite", L. probitas, fr. probus, good, proper.] — Prob'able, bl, ; rendering proba bare.] — Prob'ably, adv. In a probable manner; in -a-bl, a. Having more evidence for than against; likely; rendering probable; giving ground for belief , but not demonstrating. [P.; L. probabilis, fr. pro- likelihood ; likely. — Prob'abilist, -bil-ist, n. One of those who maintain that certainty is impossible, and that probability alone is to govern our faith and ac- tions; one who maintains that a man may do what is probably right, or is inculcated by teachers of au- thority, although it may not seem right to himself. — ProD'abilism, n. Doctrine of the probabilists. — Probability, -bifl-tl, n. Quality of being probable; anything that has the appearance of truth. {Math.) The ratio of the whole number of chances, favor- able and unfavorable, to the number of favorable chances. [F. probability, L. probabilitas.] Provencal. See under Province. Provender, prov'en-der, n. Dry food for beasts, as corn, hay, and oats; a mixture of meal and cut straw or hay. [ME. and F. provende, provender, also a firebend, L. preebenda, a payment, ir.prsebere, to af- ord, allow: see Prebend.] Proverb, prov'erb, n. An old and common saying; esp. a sentence briefly and forcibly expressing some practical truth; a striking or paradoxical assertion; an enigma; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage ; saw ; a by-word ; an expression of contempt. [F. proverbe, L. proverbium, fr. pro and verbum, a word.] — Prov'erbs, n. A book of the Old Test., containing maxims suitable for the conduct of all classes of men. — Proverbial, pro-verb' t-al, a. Mentioned or com- prised in a proverb; universally acknowledged or spoken of; pert, to, current as. resembling, or suit- able to, etc.— Proverblalism, -izm, n. A proverbial phrase. — Proverblalist, n. One who speaks prov- erbs. — Proverbially, adv. In a proverb; in a pro- verbial manner; commonly; universally. Provide, pro-vM', v. t. To look out for in advances to get, collect, or make ready for future use; to pre- pare; to furnish, supply. — v. i. To procure supplies or means of defense; to furnish, afford; to stipulate previously. [L. providere, -visum, fr. pro and videre, to see; s. rt. purvey, prudent.] — Provider, n. — Pro- vided, conj. On condition ; by stipulation ; with the understanding; if, — followed by that. — Provi- dence, n. Act of providing or preparing for future use or application; the foresight and care which Goo exercises over his creatures; hence, God, regarded as exercising forecast, care, and direction, for and op his creatures. [F. ; L. providential] — Provident, a Foreseeing wants and making provision to supply them; forecasting; cautious; prudent; economical- [L. providens, p. pr. of providere.]— Providenlial, -shal, a. Effected by the providence of God: refer- able to divine providence. — Providen'tially, adv. In a providential manner. — Providently, adv. I» a provident manner; with prudent foresight.— Pro- vision, -vizh'un, n. Act of providing or makinf previous preparation; that provided or prepared-' measures taken beforehand; a stock of food; eat ables collected or stored, — often in pi. ; a condition; previous agreement; proviso; a temporary arrange ment. — v. t. [provisioned (-vizh'und), -ioning.J To supply with victuals or food. [F.; L. provisio.\ — Provisional, -ionary, -a-ri, a. Provided for pres- ent need or for the occasion ; temporary. — Provis'- ionally, adv. By way of provision; temporarily. — Provrso, -vi'zo, v.; pi. -sos, -zoz. A conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, frant, etc. [Fr. the L. law phrase proviso quod, it eing provided that.] — Provfsor, -zSr, n. The pur- veyor, steward, or treasurer of a religious house. — Provf sory, -zo-rl, a. Containing a proviso or con- dition; conditional; making temporary provision; temporary. Province, provlns, n. A country or region dependent on a distant authority; a division of an empire, or state, esp. one remote from the capital; a region of country; tract; large extent; a region under the direction of any special person; a division in any department of knowledge or speculation ; one's proper or appropriate business, duty, or calling. [F.; L. provincia, a territory, conquest.] — Provufcial, -shal, a. Pert, or relating to a province; appendant to the principal kingdom or state; exhibiting the ways or manners of a province; countrified; rude; uncouth; having local prejudices; illiberal,— opp. to cosmopolitan. — n. One "belonging to a province. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) A monastic superior, in charge of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in a given district.— Provincialism, -izm, n. A pecul iar word or manner of speaking in a province or dis- trict, remote from the metropolis. — Provin'ciallty, -shi-al'Y-tY, n. Peculiarity of language in a prov- ince. — Provencal', pro-voN-sal', a. Of or pert, to Provence (the first Roman province in Gaul), or to its inhabitants or language. — n. The Romance tongue used in the Middle Ages, esp. in poetry; the Langue d'oc, as disting. fr. the Langue a" 1 oil of Northern France, — oc and oil signifying yes in the two dialects. Provision, Proviso, etc. See under Provide. Provoke, pro-vok'', v. I. [-voked (-vokf), -vokIng.] To call forth, excite or stimulate to action; to arouse to anger or passion, incense, offend, irritate, incite. [F. provoquer, L. provocare, -catum, ft. pro and vo~ care, to call, f r. vox, voice.] — Prov'ocalion, n. Act of provoking; that which provokes or excites anger. [F.] — Provocative, pro-vo'ka-tiv, a. Serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate. — n. Any- thing which, etc.; a stimulant. Provost, provlist, n. A person appointed to superin- tend or preside over something; chief magistrate of a city or town; head of a college. [OF.; L. prwposi* tus, a prefect, prop. p. p. of prseponere, to place be» f ore, f r. prae, before, and ponere, to place.] — Provost- marshal, usually pron. pro-vol {Mil.) An officer whose duty it is to attend to the arrest and punish- ment of offenders against military discipline.— Prov'- ostship, n. Office of a provost. Sim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; PROW 455 PTERODACTYL Prow of Ancient Galley. Prow, prow, n. The fore part of a ship. [F. prone, L. and Gr. prora, Jr. Gr. proi, in front, ii.pro, q. v.] Prowess, prow'es, n. Dis- tinguished bravery; val- or; esp., military bra- very ; gallantry. [OF. prouesse, f r. prou, F, preux, valiant; perh. fr h.pro; s. rt. prude.'] Prowl, prowl, v. t [prowled (prowld) prowling.] To rove over, through, or about. — v. i. To rove or wan- der, esp. for prey ; to prey, plunder. [ME. prollen, to search about; prob. s. rt. prog.] — ProwKer, n. — ProwKingly, adv. Proximate, proks'T-mat, a. Next immediately preced- ing or following; closest; immediate; direct. [L. proximatus, p. p. of proximare, to draw near, fr. proximus, the nearest, next, superl. of prope, near; s. rt. propinquity.'] — Prox'imately, adv. — Proxim''- ity, -im'1-ti, n. State of being next in time, place, causation, or influence, etc. [F. proximity, L. prox- iniitas.] — Prox'imo, n. A day of the next month. [L., on the next.] Proxy, etc^ See under Procure. Prude, prood, n. A woman of affected or over-sensi- tive modesty or reserve. [F. prude, prudish, orig. discreet, modest, OF. prode, fern, of prod, prud : see Prowess.] — Prud'ery, -er-T, ■». Quality or state of being prudish ; affected scrupulousness ; coyness. [F. pruderie.] — Prud'ish, a. Like a prude; very for- mal, precise, or reserved. Prudent, proo'dent, a. Sagacious in adapting means to ends; practically wise; careful; dictated or di- rected by prudence; cautious; wary; circumspect; judicious; frugal; economical; provident. [F.; L. prudens, contr. of providens ; same as provident, q. v., under Provide.] — Pru'dence, -dens, n. State of being prudent; wisdom applied to practice. [F.] — Pruden'tial, -shal, a. Proceeding from, dictated or prescribed by, or exercising, prudence ; discre- tionary ; advisory. — Pruden'tially, adv. In con- formity with prudence ; prudently. — Pru'dently, adv. Prune, proon, v. t. [pruned (proond), pruning.] To lop or cut off (the superfluous branches of trees) ; to trim; to dress or trim, as a bird its feathers. — v.i. To dress, prink. [ME. proinen, perh. fr. OF. provig- ner, ProvF. preugner, progner, to plant a stock or slip, multiply, fr. OF. provain, It. propaggine, a vine-sucker, L. propago. a layer, sucker: see Propa- gate, also Preen.] — Prun / er, w. — Prunlng-hook, -knife, -shears, n. Implements used in pruning trees, etc. Prune, proon, n. A dried plum; sometimes, also, a fresh plum. [F.; L. prunum, Gr. proxmon, proumnon, a plum, prounos, proumnos, a plum-tree.] — PruneK- la. -nel'la, -nello, n. A smooth woolen stuff, gen- erally black, used for making shoes or garments; a kind of lasting. [Dim. of prune; F. prunelle. L. pru- nella, a sloe, — the stuff being named fr. its dark color.] — Prunelle, -neK, -nel'lo, n. A kind of small French plum, stoned, dried, and pressed. — Prunif - erous, -nif 'er-us, a. Bearing plums. [L. ferre, to bear.] Prurient, proo'rY-ent, a. Uneasy with desire; itching; inclined to lewd thoughts or sights [L. pruriens, p. pr. of pmrire, to itch, orig. to burn; s. rt. freeze, q. v.] — Pru'rience, -ency, -rT-en-sT, n. State of being prurient; an itching desire or appetite for anything. — Prurig'inous, -rij , 1-nus, a. Tending to, or caused or affected by, prurigo. — Pruri , go, -ri'go, n. {Med.) A papular disease of the skin, of which itching is the principal symptom. [L.^fr. prurire.] ?russian, prush'an or proo'shan, a. Of, or pert, to, Prussia. [G. preuszisch.] — n. A native or inhabitant of Prussia. [G. Preusze.] — Prussian blue. (Chem.) Cyanide of potassium and iron, a salt of a deep blue, used as a pigment. — Prus'siate, -sl-at, n. (Chem.) One of various compound cyanides. — Prus'sic, a. Pert, to Prussian blue.— Prussia acid. An extremely powerful and instantly fatal liquid poison, composed of hydrogen and cyanogen : hydrocyanic acid : it smells and tastes like bitter almonds or peach stones. Pry, pri, v. i. [pried (prid), prying.] To inspect Closely; to attempt to discover that which is hidden or inaccessible. [ME. piren; same as peer.] — Pri'- er, n. Pry, pri, [pried (prid), prying.], Prize, Prise, v. L [prized or prised (prizd), prizing or prising.] To raise, or attempt to raise, with a lever. — n. A lever, [F. prise, a grip, hold, esp. in wrestling: see Prize, thing taken.] Psalm, siim, n. A sacred song; esp., one of the hymns by David and others, contained in the Bible; or, a modern versification of such a hymn. [L. psalmus, jisalma, Gr. jjsalmos, a touching, feeling, twitching (esp. of the strings of a harp;, hence sound of the harp, song; fr. psallein, to twitch, twang, touch; s. rt. Skr. sphar, to tremble, throb.] — Psalmist, n. A writer of sacred songs, — a title esp. applied to Da- vid. — PsaKmody, sal'mo-dl, n. A.ct, practice, or art of singing psalms; psalms considered collectively. [F. psalmodie, LateL. and Gr. psalmodia ; Gr. ode = E. ode, q. v.] — Psal'modist, n. One who, etc. — Psalmog'raphy, -mog'ra-fi, n. Act or practice of writingnymns, etc. [Gr. graphein, to write.]— PsaK- ter, sawKter, n. The Book of Psalms ; esp., the Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of CommoD Prayer. [OF. psaltier, L. psalterxum, a psalter, also a psaltery, q. v., following.] — Psal'tery, -ter-T, n. A stringed instrument of music used by the He- brews. [ME. sautrie, OF. psalterie, L. psalterium, Gr psalterion, a stringed instrument, psalter, a harpe: fr. psallein.] Pseudaesthesia, su-des-the'zhT-a, n. (Plv/siol.) Falsi or imaginary feeling or sense-perception, as in hypo- chondriasis, or in an organ that has been removed, as an amputated foot. [Gr. pisewJes, false (fr. pseu- dos, psuthos, a lie, orig. a whisper, fr. psuthizein, to whisper; s. rt. Gr. psuchein, to blow, Skr. phut, the onomat. sound of blowing), and aisthesis, sensation; s. rt. sssthetic.] — Pseu'do-dip'teral, a. (Arch.) Im- perfectly or falsely dipter- al.— n. A tem- ple, etc., in which the in- ner range of columns sur- rounding the cell is omitted. [See Dipter- al.]— Pseu'- donym, -nim, Pseudo-dipteral. n. A fictitious name assumed for the time, as b$ an author. [Gr. onoma, name, q. v.] — Pseudon'y- mous, -don'T-mus, a. Bearing a fictitious name.— Pseu'doscope, -do-skop, n. (Opt.) An instrument which exhibits objects with their proper relief re- versed. [Gr. skopein, to see.] Pshaw, shaw, interj. Pish ! pooh !— an exclamation ex- pressive of contempt, disdain, or dislike. [Onomat.] Psora, sola, n. (Med.) A cutaneous disease; esp., the itch. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. psoein, to rub.] Psychic, si'kik, -chical, a. Of, or pert, to, the human soul ; relating to the living principle in man. [Gr. psuchi/cos, pert, to the psuche, soul, life, orig. breath fr. psuchein, to blow: see Pseudaesthesia.] — Psy- choKogy, -kol'o-j Y, n. A treatise on the human soul; the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Psychologic, -ical, -loi'ik-al, a. Pert, to psychol- ogy.— Psychologist. -koKo-jist, n. One versed in the nature and properties of the soul, or who writes on the " subject. — Psy'choman'cy, -ko-man'sT, n Divination by consulting the souls of the dead. [Gr. manteia, divination.] Ptarmigan, tar'ml-gan, n. A bird of the grouse fam- ily, having the feet and toes feathered, and haunting lofty heights of mountainous countries in Europe, Asia, andAmer. [Ga. tarmachan, Ir. tarmochan ;i perh. s. rt. Ga. tarmaich, to originate, col- lect, dwell, be- o ooo o o o o :• - O O O oo o 1 | ■ oo ooo o o o o O O OO o _ '1 get.] Ptarmigan. Pterodactyl, t5r-o-dak / 'til, n. (Paleon.) A fossil rep- sfin, cube, full ; moon, fciot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ^ PTOLEMAIC 456 PUISNE tile which had the little finger of the hand greatly elongated, to bear a membranous wing. [F. ptiro- dactyle, fr. Gr. pteron, a wing (s. rt. feather, q. v., pen, q. v.), and daktulos, finger, toe.] — Pteropb/- orus, te- rofo-rus, re. (E n- tom.) One of agenus of small lepidop- t er o u s insects whose wings are d i - ered rays. [Gr. pherein, to bear.] Ptolemaic, tol-e-ma'ik, a. Pert, to Ptolemy, an an- cient Greek geographer and astronomer who sup- posed the earth to be fixed in the center of the uni- verse, with the sun and stars revolving around it. Ptomaine, t5'ma-Tn, re. One of a class of animal bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of albuminous matter, and closely related to the vege- table alkaloids ; a cadaveric poison. [Gr. ptoma, a dead bodv.] Ptyalism, tfa-lizm, n. (Med.) A morbid and copious excretion of saliva ; salivation. [Gr. ptualizein, to spit much, fr. ptualon, spittle.] Puberty, pu'ber-tl, re. The age at which persons are capable of begetting or bearing children, being, in temperate climates, about 14 years in males and 12 in females. [F. puberte", L. pubertas, fr. pvbes, the signs of manhood, hair; s. rt. pupus, a hoy, pupa, girl: see Pupa.] — Pubes'cent, -bes'sent, a. Arriving at pu- berty. (JBot.) Covered with pubescence, as the leaves of plants. [L. pubescens, p. pr. of pubescere, to reach the age of puberty, to grow hairy or mossy, fr. pvbes.] — Pubes'cence, -sens, re. State of a youth who has arrived at puberty; state of puberty. (Bot.) The soft downy substance on plants. Public, pub'lik, a. Pert, to the people ; relating to a nation, state, or community; open to the knowledge of all; current; general; notorious; open to common use. — re. The general body of mankind, or of a na- tion, state, or community; the people, indefinitely. [F., m.; publique, fem.; L-publicus, OL. poplicus, fr. populus, people, q. v.] — m public. In open view ; before the people at large. — Publicly, adv. With- out concealment ; in the name of the public — Pub- licity, -lis'I-tl, re. State of being, etc.; notoriety. [F. pubUciti.] — Pub'lican, -lT-kan, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A farmer of the taxes and public revenues; collector of tribute. The keeper of an inn or public house. &. publicanus, a farmer of the revenues, orig. pert, the public revenue.] — Pub'lish, v.t. [-lished (-lisht), -lishing.] To make public, divulge (a pri- vate transaction), promulgate or proclaim (a law or edict) ; to make known by posting, or by reading in a church; to put forth (a book, etc.); to utter or put into circulation. [F. publier, L. pvblicare, -ca- tum.] — Pub'lisher, n. One who, etc.; esp. one who prints and offers a book, newspaper, etc., for sale. — Publishment, re. Act of making publicly known; a public notice of intended marriage. — Pub / lica / '- tion, re. Act of making known, or of offering a writing to the public by sale or by gratuitous distri- bution; any pamphlet, book, etc., offered for sale or to public notice. [F. ; L. publication — Pub'licist, n. A writer on the laws of nature and nations. Puce, pus, a. Of a dark brown or brownish-purple color. [F., the color, also a flea, i. e. flea-colored, L. pulex, -icis, Gr. psulla, a flea ; s. rt. Skr. sphur, to move quickly.] — Pu'ceron, -se-ron, re. The aphis, vine-fretter, or plant-louse. [F., fr. puce.'] Puck, puk, re. A goblin or mischievous sprite; a cele- brated fairy. [ME. pouke, Ir. puca, W. pwca, bwg, a hobgoblin, Ic. puki, an imp; s. rt. bug, pug-] — Puck'-ball, re. A kind of mushroom, full of dust. Pucker, puk'Sr, v. t. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] To gather into small folds or wrinkles; to corrugate.— re. A fold, wrinkle, or collection of folds; a state of perplexity ; confusion ; bother. [Fr. poke, a bag. Pudding, pud'drag, re. A kind of food soft or moder- ately hard, often a compound of flour, milk, and eggs, sweetened, or eaten with sauce; an intestine filled with meat; anything resembling pudding. [Ir. putog, Ga. putag, a pudding, W. poten, a paunch, pudding; s. rt. bag, pod, perh. pout, put, L. botulus, sausage, F. boudin, LG. puddewurst, a black pud- ding. J — Pud'ding-stone, re. (Min.) A coarse rock, composed of silicious or other pebbles, united by a cement; conglomerate. Puddle, pud'di, re. A small quantity of dirty stand- ing water ; a mixture of clay and sand, worked to- gether with water, until it is impervious to water. — v. t. [puddled (-did), -dling.] To make foul or muddy; to make thick or close with clay, sand, and water, so as to render impervious to water ; to sub- ject (iron) to the process of puddling, to convert it from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought iron. [ME. podel, for plodel, Ir. and Ga. plodan, W. pwdel, a small pool; s. rt. plod, flood, float, Skr. pluta, wet.] — Pud'dly, -dll, a. Consisting of, or like, puddles; muddy; foul; dirty. — Pud'dling, re. Act of, etc. (Metal.) Decarbonization of cast iron; process of converting cast iron into wrought or mal- leable iron. Pudicity, pu-dis'T-ti, re. Modesty; chastity. [L. pu~ dicitia, tr.pudere, to be ashamed.] Pueblo, poo-ab'lo, re. A village or town in the parts of Amer. settled by Spaniards. [Sp., fr. L. populus, people, q. v.] Puerile, pu'er-il, a. Boyish; trifling; childish. [OF. pueril, X. puerillis, f r. puer, a child, boy, lit. one be- gotten; s. rt. foal, Skr. pota, the young of any ani- mal, putra, a son.] — Pu'erifity, -I-tY, a. Quality of being puerile; childishness; that which is puer- ile ; esp. an expression which is flat, insipid, or childish. [F. pueriliU.] — Puer'peral, -er'per-al, a. Pert, to childbirth. [L. puerpera, a lying-in woman, f r. puer and parere, to bear.] Puff, puf, re. A sudden and single emission of breath from the mouth ; any sudden or short blast of wind; a whiff; anything light and filled with air, as, a dry, fungous ball containing dust ; or, a certain kind of light pastry; or, a substance of loose tex- ture for sprinkling powder on the hair or skin; an exaggerated expression of praise, esp. one in a pub- lic journal.— v. i. [puffed (puft), -fing.] To blow with short and sudden whiffs; to blow, as an ex- pression of scorn or contempt; to breathe quick and hard; to swell with air; to breathe in a swell- ing or pompous manner; to assume importance. — v. t. To drive with a puff; to drive away in scorn or contempt; to dilate with air, blow up; to inflate with pride, flattery, self -esteem, etc.; to praise with exaggeration. [G.; Vf.pwff, a puff, G. puff'en, Dan. puffe, to puff, pop; onomat.; s. rt. pooh, pop, Skr. trukk, to sound, bark, Lithuan. pukszti, to pant.] — Puff-ball, n. A ball-shaped fungus, which when ripe is full of dust-like spores. — Puffer, re. One who puffs; one who praises with noisy commendation; one who bids at an auction to raise the price in the interest of the seller. — Puff 'y, -Y, a. Swelled with air or any soft matter; inflated; bombastic. — Puff - iness, n. — Puffin, re. A marine diving bird, allied to the auk, and having a short, thick beak like the parrot's. [Perh. fr. the shape of the beak, perh. of its fat belly : F. puffin is f r. E.] Pug, pug, re. A monkey; a kind of small dog. [Same as puck, a. v.] — Pug'-mill, re. A mill for grinding or mixing clay, consisting of a shaft with pro- jecting knives, revolving verti- cally in a hollow cylinder con- taining the clay. — nose, re. A short, thick nose; snub-nose. Pugh, poo, inter j. Pshaw 1 pish ! a word used in contempt or Puffin, sdain. [Onomat.] Pugil, pu'jil, re. As much as is taken up between the thumb and first 2 fingers. [L. pugillus, -lum, dim. of pugnus, Gr. pugme = E. fist, f r. Gr. puknos, close, compact; perh. s. rt. pact; s. ft. impugn, repugnant, poniard.] — Pu'gilism, -izm, n. The practice of boxing or fighting with the fist. [L. pugil, a boxer; rt. JL. pugnus.] - Pu'gilist, re. A boxer ; prize- fighter. — Pugilisl'ic, a. Pert, to boxing or fighting with the fist. — Pugna'cious, pug-na'shus, a. Dis- posed to fight; quarrelsome. [L. pvgnax, -nacis, f r. pugnare, to fight, fr. pugna, a fight, fr. pugnus.] — Pugnac'ity, -nas'Y-tY, re. Inclination to fight; quar- relsomeness. [L. pugnacitas.] Puisne, pu'nY, a. (Law.) Younger or inferior in rank, as, & puisne justice. [OF.; same as puny, q. v.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; PUISSANT 457 PUNCHY whimper, whine. [F. piauler, L.pipilare, fr. pipire, ■ irp.l Conical Pulleys. Puissant, Puissance, etc. See under Possess. Poke, puk, v. i. [puked (pukt), puking.] To eject the contents of the stomach, vomit. — v. t. To eject from the stomach, vomit, throw up. — n. A medi- cine which excites vomiting. [Prob. orig. spewk, same as speiv, q. v.; G. spucken, to spit.] Pulchritude, pul'krT-tud, n. That external appear- ance which pleases the eye ; comeliness ; grace ; loveliness; moral beauty. [L. pulchritudo, ±r. jnd- cher, beautiful.] Pule, pal, v. i. [puled (pQld), poling.] To cry like a chicken ; to cry, as a complaining child; to to peep, pip, chi Pull, pul, v. t. [pulled (puldl, pulling.] To draw or attempt to draw, toward one : to draw apart, tear; to gather by drawing toward one, drag, haul, pluck, rend; to move by pulling an oar. — v. t. To give a pull, tug. — n. Act of pulling or drawing with force ; a contest, struggle. [AS. pullian, LG. pulen, to pull; prob. 6. rt. Ga. spiol, to snatch, L. pellere, for spellere, to drive, Gr. pallet, for soallein, to brandish, Skr. sphar, sphur (see Puce), to move quicklv, OD. pullen, to drink, E. pulsate, q. v.] — To putt, apart. To separate or break by pulling; to become separated by Deing pulled. — To p. up. To draw the reins, stop, halt. — Pull-tack, n. That which keeps back, or restrains from proceeding; a draw back. — Pull'er, n. Pullet. See under Poult. Pulley, puKll, n. ; pi. -leys, -liz. (Mach.) A wheel for transmitting power from, or imparting it to, the different parts of machinery, or for changing the direction of motion, or lifting a weight or gaining a mechanical advantage or pur- chase by means of a belt, cord, or rope : see Mechanical Powers. [F.poulie, perh. fr. LG. pulen = E. to pull, q. v.] — Cone pulley. A conical pulley ; a pulley having 2 or more faces of different diam- eters, placed side by side, to any one of which the belt ma3 r be shifted, to vary the velocity.— Con- ical p. One of a pair of pulleys, each in the shape of a truncated cone, for varying velocities. — Fast p. One firmly attached upon a shaft and revolving with it. — Loose p. One loose upon a shaft so as to revolve without transmitting motion. Pullicat, pul'll-kat, -cate, -kat, n. A kind of silk handkerchief. Pulmonary, puKmo-na-rt, a. Pert, to, or affecting the lungs. [L. puhnonarius, fr. pulmo, -monis, a lung; s. rt. Gr. pleumon, pneuinon, a lung: see Pneu- monia, under Pneumatic.] — Pulmonic, a. Pert, to, or affecting, the lungs. — n. A medicine for dis- eases of the lungs; one who has a lung complaint. Pulp, pulp, n. A soft, moist, slightly cohering mass of animal or vegetable matter; as, marrow; or, the soft, succulent part of fruit ; or, the material of which paper is made, etc. [F. pidpe, L. pulpa; prob. s. rt. L. palpare, to feel : see Palp.] — Pulp / '- OU8, -us, a. Consisting of pulp, or resembling it. — Pulp'ousness, n. — Pulp'y, -I, a. Like pulp; soft; flesh}*; succulent. Pulpit," puKpit, n. A place in a church, in which the )>re:i cher stands; preaching; a sort of movable desk formerly in use. [OF. pidpite, L. pulpitum, a scaf- fold, platform, stage for actors.] Pulque. puKka, n. A drink slightly intoxicating, ex- tracted fr. the maguey, or Agave of Mexico. [Sp.] Pulsate, puKsat, v. i. To beat or throb; to beat, as the heart. [L. pulsare. -satum, to beat, strike, fr. pellere, to beat, strike, drive; prob. s. rt. pull, q. v.; s. rt. appeal, peal, compel, expel, impulse, pelt, psalm, poplar, baV, etc.] — Pulsatile, -sa-til, a. Ca- pable of being struck or beaten. — Pulsa'tion, n. Act of beating or throbbing, as of the heart: a beat or throb; a beat or stroke by which some medium is affjeted. [F.; L. pulsatio.] — PuKsative, -tiv, -tory, -to-rY, a. Capable of pulsating; throbbing. — Pulse, puis, n. The beating or throbbing of the heart or blood-vessels, esp. of the arteries; any measured or regular beat: oscillation; vibration; pulsation.— v. i. 'lo beat, as the arteries; to pulsate. [L. pulsus, prop, p. p. of pellere.] Pulse, puis, n. Leguminous plants, or their seeds, as beans, peas, etc. [ME. and L. puis, Gr.poltos, por- ridge; s. rt. poultice.] KvSr-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izixg.] To Pulverize, pul'vSr-iz, reduce to fine powder, as by beating, grinding, etc. — v. i. To turn to powder, fall to dust. [F. pulver- izer, LateL. pulverizare, L. pulverare, fr. pulvis, -veris, dust ; prob. s. rt. L. pellere, to drive : se« Pulsate.] — Pul'verable, a. Capable of being pul- verized. — Pul'veriza'tion, n. Act of reducing to dust or powder. - Pulver'ulence, -ver / 'o6-lens, n. State of heing pulverulent; dustiness. — Pulver'a- lent, a. Consisting of fine powder; powdery; dusty. [L. pulverulentus, fr. pulvis.] Puma, pu'mi, n. A large carnivorous feline mammal of S. Amer.; the Amer. lion. [Peruvian name.] Pumice, puni'is, n. A light, hard, porous substance of various colors, frequently ejected from volcanoes. [AS. pumicstan, pumice stone, fr. L. pumex, -icis, for spumex, fr. spuma, foam: see Spume; s. rt. jiounce, powder.] — Puttd'ceous, -mish/us, a. Pert, to, con- sisting of, or like pumice. Pummace. Same as Pomace. Pummel. Same as Pommel. Pump, pump, n. A machine for raisin? or transferring water or other fluids.— v. t. [pumped (pumpt), pumping.] To raise (water, etc.) with a pump; to draw out by artful interrogatories; to examine by artful questions for the purpose of eliciting secrets from. — v. i. To work a pump, raise water with a pump. [F. pompe, G. pumpe, plumpe, pump, ProvG. plumpen, to pump, also to plump, fall clumsily : see Plump.] — Pump-' -brake, ». The arm or handle of a pump. — Pump'' er, n. Pump, pump, n. A low, thin-soled shoe. [F. pompe, pomp, ostentation,— from being worn with full dress.] Pumpion, pump'yun, Pump , kin, n. A running cucurbitaceous plant; itsed- ac' c^Mnier oi ible fruit, used, when ripe, for cook- barrel ; P, pia- ing and for feeding cattle. [F. pom- ton ; R, piston von, fr. L. pepo, -ponis, Gr. pepon, a rod; v, t>, valves; kind of melon not eatable till ripe, fr. AB > P>P e > c t pepon, ripe, mellow, cooked by the mouth of pump, sun, ix.peptein, to cook; s. rt. pepsin, pip, a seed.] Pun, pun, n. A play on words which have the same soand, but different meanings; a kind of quibble or equivocation. — v. i. [punned (pund), punning.] To play on words; to use the same word at once in different senses; to quibble. [Same as pound (q. v.), to bruise, — i. e. to beat words into strange senses.] — Pun'ster, n. One addicted to punning. Punch, punch, n. A drink composed of some alcoholic liquor, mixed with sug_ar, lemon-juice, and water or milk. [Hind, panch, Skr. panchan. .5, because this drink was orig. composed of 5 ingredients, viz., sug- ar, arrack, tea, water, and lemon-juice.] — Punch'- bowl, n. A bowl to hold punch. Punch, punch, n. The buffoon or harlequin of a pup- pet-show. [Abbr. of Punchinello, corrupt, of It. Pul- cinello, a droll character in Neapolitan comedy, dim. of pulcino, a young chicken, also a puppet, f r. LL. pidla, a hen, pullet, q. v., under Poult ; confused with ProvE. punch, short, fat = bunch.] Punch, punch, n. A tool, used for stamping, cutting, or perforatingme- tallic plates a n d I other substances. — v. t. [punched (puncht), punch- ing.] To perfo- rate with an in- strument. [Abbr. of ME. punchon, OF. poinson, an Punches, awl, punch, fr. L. punctio, a pricking, puncture, q. v., under Point ; ME. punchen, to prick.] — Punch'eon, -un, n. A tool or instrument for piercing, stamping, etc., used by various artifi- cers. (Car)}-) A short, upright piece of timber in framing ; a stud. Punch, punch, v. t. To beat, bruise, thrust against poke. — n. A blow or thrust. [Abbr. of punish.] Puncheon, punch-'un, n. A cask containing, some- times 84, sometimes 120, gallons. [OF. poinsor., poncon, perh. fr. being marked with a stamp or seal- see Punch, a tool.j Punchy, punch / 'T, a. Short and thick, or fat. [ProvE.. pot-bellied, prob. same as bunchy.] Punch Pliers. siin, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. t-hen, boif box, chair, get. PUNCTUATE 458 PURPLE Punctuate, Punctilio, Puncture, Pungent, etc. See under Point. Pundit, pun'dit, n. A learned Brahman. [Skr. pandita, learned, also a wise msm, pand, to heap together.] Pung, pung, n. A kind of rude one-horse sleigh. Punic, pu'nik, a. Pert, to, like, or appropriate to, the Carthaginians : faithless; treacherous. [L. Punicus, fr. Poeni, the Carthaginians.] Puni3h, punish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To afflict with pain, loss, or calamity for a crime or fault, or with a view to amendment; to reward with pain inflicted on the offender; to chastise, castigate, correct, discipline; to pound or pommel. J_ME. pu- nischen, F. punir (p. pr. punissant), "L.punvre, -itum, OL. poenire, to punish, fr. L. poena = E.pain, q. v. ; s. rt. penance, penitence, punch, to beat, impunity.] — Punishable, a. Liable to punishment ; capable of being punished by law or right; worthy of punish- ment. — Pur/isher, n. — Punishment, n. Act of punishing; penalty inflicted on a person because of a crime or off ense. — Pu'nitivej -nt-tiv, a. Pert, to, involving, awarding, or inflicting, punishment. Punk, punk, n. A species of fungus, or some decayed wood, used as tinder; a prostitute ; strumpet. [For spunk, q. v.] Punka, -kah, pun'ka, n. A large fan, consisting of cloth spread over a frame, and suspended from the ceiling. [Hind, pankha, a fan, wing, feather, Skr. paksha, a wing.] Punster. See under Pun. Punt, punt, n. A flat-bottomed boat, used in calking ships, alsoj for fishing and shooting in shallow waters. [AS.; L.ponto: see Pontoon.] Punt, punt, v. t. To play at basset, faro, or omber. [F. ponter, fr. ponte, a punter, punt, Sp. punto, a pip on cards, a point, L. punctum, a point, q. v.] — Punfer, n. One who plays against the banker or dealer at faro, etc. Puny, pu'nT, a. [-nier ; -niest.] Small and feeble ; inferior; petty. [OF. puisne', puny, younger, fr. L. post natus, born after: see Puisne.] — Pu'nlness, n. Pupa, pu'pa, n. ; pi. -vje, -pe. (Entom.) An insect in the intermediate state be- tween caterpillarand imago ; chrysalis. [L.] — Pup'py, pup'pi, n. A young dog ; whelp; a person contempt- ible from insignificance and conceit. [F. poupe'e, a baby, puppet, f r. L. pupa, a young girl, doll, hence an undevel- oped insect, fern, oipupus, a boy: see Puerile; in the sense of dandy, etc., fr. OF. poupin, trim, foppish, fr. L. pupus.]— Pup'pyisnv-iznLra. Extreme meanness, affecta- tion, or conceit. — Pup, n. A puppy ; a young seal. — v. i. To bring forth whelps. [Abbr. of puppy.] — Pu'pil, n. (Anat.) The small opening in the iris through which the rays of light pass to the retina : see Eye. A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor. [F. pupille, L. pupilla, pupil of the eve, fern, of pupillus; OF. pupile, a pupil, ward, L. pupillus, a ward, orig. orphan hoy, dim. of pupus : the pupil of the eye prob. so called f r. the small images seen in it.] — Pu'pilage, -ej, n. State of being a pupil. — Pu'pillary, -la-ri, a. Pert, to a pupil or ward. (Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the pupil of the eye. — Pup'pet, n. A doll ; a similar figure moved by a wire in a mock drama ; one managed by the will of another. — Pup'pet-show, n. A mock drama performed by puppets moved by wires.— -valve, n. (Mech.) A disk like a pot-lid, attached to a stem, and used in steam-engines, etc., to cover and uncover an opening, for the passage of steam, etc. Pur, Purr, pSr, v. i. [pureed (perd), purring.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, as a cat. — v. t. T^ sig- nify or exprett by Furring. — n. The o w , murmuring, continued sound of a cat ; a kind of Pupa and Caterpillar of ""eaoook Butterfly. growl, expressive of contentment or pleasure. [Onomat.; of. Ic. byrr, wind, K.pui'l.] Purblind, per'bllnd, a. Near-sighted or dim-sighted; seeing obscurely. [Orig., wholly blind =2mre blind.] — Pur'blindness, n. Purchase, per'ches, v. t. [-chased (-chest); -chas- ing.] To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; to buy; to obtain by any outlay. — n. Acquisition of title to, or property in, anything for an equiva- jht; pr _ tion ; any mechanical hold, advantage, power, or lent; a thing bought; property; possession; acquisi- Puppet-valve force applied to the raising or removing of heavy bodies. [OF. purchaser, to acquire, fr. pur- (= F. pour, L. pro), for, and chasser, to chase.] —Purchase money. The amount paid for property or anything bought.— Pur'chaser, n. — Pur'chasable, a. Capa- ble of being, etc. ; venal ; corrupt. Pure, pur, a. Separate from all extraneous matter or defilement ; free from mixture ; free from that which contaminates, defiles, or blemishes; uncon- nected with anything else ; mere; absolute; clear; simple; real ; genuine ; unadulterated; unstained; clean; fair; chaste; undefiled ; innocent; guileless; holy. [ME. and F. pur, fern, pure, L. purus ; s. rt. Skr. pu, to purify, E. fire, pit, bureau, compute, re- pute, amputate, deputy, count, etc.] — Purely, adv. In a pure manner; innocently; without connection with, or dependence upon, anything else; merely; absolutely.— Pure'ness, n.— Pulity, -ri-ti, n. Con- dition of being pure; as, freedom from foreign ad- mixture or heterogeneous matter; or, from foulness or dirt; or, from guilt or the defilement of sin; or, from any sinister or improper views; or, from for- eign idioms, barbarous or improper words, phrases, etc. [F. purete", L. puritas.] — Purism, -izm, n. Quality of being pure or nice, esp. in the choice of language. — Purist, n. One who aims at excessive purity or nicety, esp. in language. — PuHtan, -ri- tan, n. (Eng. Church.) A dissenter from the Ch. of Eug. in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the Stuarts. One scrupulous and strict in his religious life. — a. Pert, to, resembling, or characterizing the Puritans. — Puritanic, -ical, a. Pert, to the Puri- tans, or their doctrines and practice; precise inob- servance of religious requirements; over scrupulous; rigid. — Puritanically, adv. — Pu'ritanism, n. The notions or practice of Puritans. — Purge, p§rj, v. t. [purged (perjd), purging.] To cleanse, clear, or purify by separating and carrying off whatever is impure, foreign, or superfluous; to operate on as, or by means of, a cathartic medicine; to clear from guilt or moral defilement. (Law.) To clear from accusation or the charge of a crime, as in ordeal. — v.i. To become pure, as by clarification ; to have frequent or preternatural evacuations from the in- testines. — n. Act of purging; that which purges; esp. a medicine that evacuates the intestines ; a ca- thartic. [F. purger, L. purgare, -atum, for purigare, fr. purus and agere, to make, cause; s. rt. expur- gate.] — Pur'ger, n. — Purga'tion, n. Act of pur- ging, cleansing, or purifying ; often, the act of cleansing from the imputation of guilt. [F.] — Pur'gative, -tiv, a. Having the power of purging; cathartic. — n. (Med.) A medicine that evacuates the intestines; a cathartic. — Pur'gatory, -to-ri, a. Tending to cleanse ; expiatory. — n. (Bom. Cath. Ch.) A place, or a state believed to exist after death, in which the souls of persons are purified, or in which they expiate such offenses committed in this life as do not merit eternal damnation. [F. purgatoire, f r. L. purgatorius, cleansing.] — Purga- toiial, -to'rt-al, -rian, a. Pert, to purgatory. — Pu'rify, pu'rt-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make pure or clear from defilement, admixture, or imperfection; to free from guilt, from ceremonial or legal defilement, or from improprieties or bar- barisms.— v. i. To grow or become pure or clear. [F. purifier, L. purificare, fr. purus and facere, to make.] — Pu'rificalion, n. Act of purifying ; act or operation of cleansing or of removing foreign substances, or of cleansing ceremonially; a cleans- ing from guilt or the pollution of sin. — Purifica- tory, -riff-ka-to-ri, a. Serving or tending to pu- rify. — Pulifi'er, n. Purfle, perU, v. t. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] Orig., to embroider. (Arch.) To decorate richly, esp. with imitation of drapery, lace work, etc., carved in stone, wood, etc. [OF. por filer, fr. por (=L. pro : see Purchase), from, and filer, to twist threads, fr. fil, L. filum, thread.] — Purl, n. An embroidered and puckered border; a hem or fringe; an inversion am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn. ice ; 3dd, t5ne, 8r; PURL 459 PUT of stitches in knitting. — v. t. To decorate with fringe, embroidering, etc. [Corrupt, fr. purfie.] Purl, perl, n. A gentle murmur, as of a brook; a cir- cle made by the motion of a fluid, —v. i. [purled (perld), purling.] To make a murmuring sound, like running water ; to run swiftly round, as a small stream flowing anions stones; to eddy. [Ono- mat. : see Purr ; Sw. porta, to purl, bubble as a stream, Ir. and Ga. bururus, a gurgling.] Purl, perl, n. Malt liquor medicated or spiced. — v. i. To mantle, as in a glass. [Prob. for pearl (q. v.), F. perle, pearl, also bubble, — whence a drink with bubbles on the surface, G. perlen, to rise in bub- bles.] Purlieu, pSrlu, n. The outer portion of anyplace; environs. [OF. pur alee L. perambulatio ; fr. OF. par (=L. pro) and alee, a going : see Alley ; con- fused with F. lieu, a place.] Purlin, -line, perlin, n. (Arch.) A piece of timber extending from end to end of a building or roof, across and under the rafters, to support them in the middle. [F. pour (OF. pur) and hone, aline.] Purloin, pSr-loin'. v, t. [-loined (-loindO.-LOiNiNG.] To steal, filch, pilfer, plagiarize. [ME. purlongen, to put away, hence remove, OF. purloignier, L. pro- longare, to prolong, q. v.] — Purloin^er, n. Purple, peT'Dl, a. Of, or exhibiting, a color composed of red and blue; imperial; regal, — the color hav- ing been a distinguishing token of imperial author- ity. — n. A purple color; a royal robe; imperial state or power, pi. (Med.) Spots of a livid color on the skin. — v. t. [purpled (-pld), -pling.] To make s.It. . porpora. purple, dye of a deep red. [OF. porarc. L. purpura, purple dye, the purple-fish, ~Gr. por- pkura, the purple-fish, whence po>~phureos, purple; 8. rt. porphyry.] Purport, pgr'port, n. Design or tendency; meaning; import. — v. t. To intend, mean, signify. [OF., pur- port, purporter, to mean, fr. pur and porter, L. por- tare, to carry.] Purpose, etc. See under Propose. Purpuro, per'pur, n. (Her.) Purple, represented in engraving by diagonal lines from right to left of the escutcheon. [AS. purpur, fr. L. purpura, pur- ple^, v.] Purr, See Pur. Purse, pSrs, n. A small bag, to carry money in; a treasury; a sum of money offered as a prize, or collected as a present. —v. t. [pursed (perst), pursing.] To put in a purse; to contract into folds or wrinkles, like the mouth of a purse. [ME. jnirs, burs, OF. horse (F. bourse), LL. bursa, a purse, Gr. burse, a skin : see Bourse, Burse.] — Purse'-net, n. A net, the mouth of which may be closed or drawn together like a purse. — proud, a. Proud of wealth; elated with riches. — Purs'er, n. (Naut.) A commissioned officer in charge of the provisions, clothing, etc., and of the public moneys on ship- board. [Same as bursar.] Purslane, -lain, pers'lan, n. An annual plant, with fleshy, succulent leaves, used as a pot-herb, for salads, etc. [F. porcelaine, It. porcellana, L. por- cilaca, portxdaca.] Pursue, per-su', r. t. [-sued (-sud'). -suing.] To fol- low with a view tc overtake; to use measures to ob- tain; to proceed along, with a view to some end or object; to prosecute, be engaged in, continue; to fol- low as an example, imitate. — v. i. To go on, pro- ceed, esp. in argument or discourse. (Law.) To follow a matter judicially, as a complaining party. [OF. porsuir, F. poursuivre, fr.L. prosequi, to follow, prosecute, q. v.] — PurBU'able, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, pursued. — Pursuance, n. Act of pur- suing or prosecuting; state of being pursuant; con- sequence. — Pursu'ant, a. Done in consequence or prosecution of anything; agreeable; conformable; according. — Pursu'er, n. — Pursuit', -suf, n. Act of following with haste, euher for sport or in hostil- ity; endeavor to attain to or gain; course of business or occupation. — Pur'suivant, -swY-vant, n. A state messenger; an attendant on the heralds. [F.pour- suivant d'armes, a herald extraordinary.] Pursy, pers'Y, a. Inflated; swelled; fat, short, and thick; short-breathed. [OF. pourcif, poulsif, fr. poul- ser, L. pulsare, to push, q. v. : see Pulsate. 1 — Purs / '- iness, n. Purulent. See under Pus. Purvey, per-va', v. t. [-veyed (-vad'), -veying.] To furnish or provide (with provisions, etc.); to pro- cure, get. — v. i. To purchase or procure provis- ions, provide, cater. [Same as provide, q. v.; OF. porvoir.] — Purvey' ance, -ans, n. Act or process of, etc.: procurement; that provided; provisions; food, — Purvey'or, -er, n. —Pur 'view, per'vu, n. (Law.) The body of a statute. The limit or scope of a stat- ute; sphere of authority ; scope; extent. [NormF. purveu, F.pourvu, p. p. of jjpurvoir.] Pus, pus, n. (Med.) The yellowish-white matter pro- duced by the process of suppuration. [L. pus, pan's. Gr. puou, Skr. puya, pus, fr. puij, L. putere, to stink.] — Pu'rulent, -roci-lent, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, pus or matter; stinking. [F.; L. purulentus, full of matter.]— Putrid, a. Tending to dissolution or de- cay; decomposed; rotten; indicating or proceeding from a decayed state of animal or vegetable matter. [F. 2'Utride, L. putridus, fr. putrere, to be rotten, puter, putris, rotten, fr. putere to stink.] —Putrid fever. (Pathol.) A form of malignant typhus fever, — fr. the decomposing and offensive state of the dis- charges and diseased texture of the body. — P. sore throat. A gangrenous inflammation of the fauces and pharynx. — Putridity, -T-tY, Pu'tridness, n. State of being putrid ; corruption ; putrefaction. — Putred'inous, -Y-nus, a. Proceeding from, or par- taking of, putrefaction; stinking.— Putrefac'tion, n. Act or process of putrefying; condition of being pu- trefied; that which is putrefied.— Putrefac'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to putrefaction; tending to promote putre- faction ; causing putrefaction. — Pu'trefy, -tre-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To render putrid, cause to rot; to corrupt or foul; to make morbid, carious, or gangrenous. — v. i. To become putrid, decay of- fensively, rot. [L. putrefacere ; facere, to make.] — PutreB'cence, -sens, n. State of being putrescent. t- Putrescent, a. Becoming putrid ; pert, to the pro- cess of putrefaction. [L. putrescens, p. pr. of putres- cere, incept, of putrere, to be rotten.] — Putres'ci- ble, -sT-bl, a. Liable to become putrid. — Pyae'mia, pi-e'mt-a, n. (Med.) Blood poisoning, — a danger- ous disease apt t i occur after injuries and wounds, caused by the mingling of the poisonous matter of pus, etc., with the blood. [Gr. puon, pus, and hairha, blood.]— Pyae'mie, a. Pert, to, etc. Push, push, v. t. [pushed (pusht), pushing.] To press against with force, impel" by pressure ; to urge forward, drive; to embarrass by arguments, impor- tune. — v.i. To make a thrust; to make an effort, advance, or attack; to burst out, as a bud or shoot. — n. A thrust with the end of a thing; any pressure, impulse, or force applied; an assault or attack; cir- cumstances which press one; emergency; exigency; a little swelling or pustule. [OF. potisser, 2)ou/ser, to push, L. pulsare, to beat, thrust, freq. of pellere, to drive; s. rt. pulsate.] — Push'er, n. Pushtoo, pusb/too, n. The Aftghan group of lan- guages. Pusillanimous, pu-sil-lan'T-mus, a. Destitute of man- ly strength and firmness of mind; evincing want of courage: cowardly; dastardly; timid; weak; feeble. [L. pusillanimis, tr.pusillus, very little (dim. of nu- sus, dim. of puer, a boy), and animus, the mind.] — Pusillan /r imously, adv. — Pusillanimity, -nim'I-tr, n. Quality of being, etc.; cowardice; fear. [F.jj«- sillanimite, L. pusittanimitas.] Puss, pus, n. A cat; a hare. [Prob. onomat., fr. the sound of a cat's spitting; D. poes, 'LG-puus, puus- katte, Sw. dial., Ir., and Ga. pus, Tamil pusei, Aft- ghan pusha, a cat, Lithuan. puz, the call for a cat.] — Puss'y, -X, n. A puss,— a fondling name for a cat. — Pus'sy-wil'low, n. A variety of willow bearing large catkins, Which are clothed with long glossy hairs; swamp willow; glaucous willow. Pustule, pust'ul, n. (Med.) An elevation of the cu- ticle, with an inflamed base, containing pus. [F.; L. pustula, fr. pusula, a blister, pimple; s. rt. Lith- uan. pusle, Gr. phuske, a bladder, pimple, phusan, psuchein, to blow, Skr. phvffusa, the lungs; not s. rt. pus.]— Pust'ulous. -u-lus, a. Full of, or covered with, pustules. — Pust'ulate, v. t. To form into pustules, or blister*. [L. p>ustulare, -latum, fr. pus- tule." Put, put, v. t. [put, putting.] To move m any direc- tion,' thrust, push ; to place, lay, set ; to cast or throw, as a heavy stone ; to cause to be or exist in a specified relation, bring to a mental or moral con- ■ dition, or to the possession of an attribute or qual- ity, or into a specided state ; to place before for judgment, acceptance, or rejection ; to bring to the attention of . esp., to state in language, express : to incite, urge. — v. i. To go or move; to steer, di- rect. — n. An action of distress. (Stock Exchange.) Privilege to deliver shares of stock, at a certain price Bun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. PUT 460 Putlog. a, Putlog ; 6, 6, 6, Putlog holes ; c, Ledger. within a certain time agreed upon; money paid for this privilege. [M.Ejputten, paten (imp. putte, p. p. put, iput); Ga. put, W.pwtio, to pusn; prob. same as Ga. pitc, to push, Ic. poc, a blow, kick; s. rt. potter, to fuss, and pother, q. v.; perh. s. rt. F. bouter, to thrust, E. buttock, button, abut.] — Put-and-call. (Stock Exchange.) Authority to buy and sell stocks at a certain price. — To put to it. To distress, press hard, perplex, give difficulty to.— To be p. to it. To have difficulty. — Top. about. (Naut.) To change direction, tack. — Top. forth. To shoot, bud, or ger- minate. —Top. up. To take lodgings, lodge. —Top. up with. To overlook or suffer without recom- pense, punishment, or resentment; to take without opposition or expressed dissatisfac- tion. — Put 'log, n. (Arch.) A short piece of timber, on which the § lank s forming the oor of a scaffold are laid. — Put'-off, n. A shiftfordelay; evasion. Put, put, n. A rustic ; clown. [L. putus, a boy : see Pusillanimous.] Putative, pu'ta-tiv, a. Commonly thought; supposed; reputed. [F. putatif, L. putatious, fr. putare, -tatum, to reckon, suppose.] Putrefy, Putrid, etc. See under Pus. Putter, pufter, v.i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To act inefficiently or idly* trifle, potter. [Same as pot- ter, q. v., under Pother, and see Put, v. t.] Puttock, puftok, n. A species of kite; sometimes, the common buzzard. [Prob. contr. fr. poot-hawk ; ProvE. poot = E. pullet, q. v., under Poult.] Putty, puftT, n. A kind of thick paste or cement of whiting and linseed oil, used by glaziers, etc. — v. t. [puttied (-tid), -tying.] To cement or fill up with putty. [OF. pot6e, prob. fr. It. spotiglia, a paste of emery powder mixed with oil or water, for polishing metals, potiglia, pap, poultice, mud, slime, fr. L. puis, pultis, pap, porridge.] Puzzle, puz'zl, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To in- volve in perplexity, put to a stand, nonplus; to make intricate. — v. i. To be bewildered; to be awkward. — n. Something, esp. a toy, which perplexes; state or condition of being puzzled; perplexity. [Perh. for puddle, — i.e., to make muddy or obscure (cf. muddle) ; perh. ME. opposaile, a question for solu- tion: see Pose.] — Puz'zler, n. Pyaemia, Pyaemic. See under Pus. Pye. See Pie, magpie. Pygarg, pi'garg, n. In Script., a species of antelope orgazelle; the female of the hen-harrier; the osprey. [Gr. pugargos, lit. white-rump ; puge, rump, argos, white.] Pygmy, pig'mT, n. (Or. Myth.) One of a fabulous race of beings inhabiting Thrace, who waged war with the cranes, and were destroyed. A short, in- significant person; a dwarf. — a. Pert, to, etc. ; dwarfish; petty. [F. pygm4; Gr. Pugmaioi, dwarfs of the length of (pug:ne) the distance from the el- how to the fist (13J inches), fr. pugnie = E. fist : see Pugil.] Pylorus, pi-lo'rus, n. (Anat.) The orifice of the stom- ach through which the food pass- es on to the intestine. [L. and Gr., lit. a gate-keeper, fr. Gr., pule, a gate (s. rt. fare), and ou- ros, akeeper-watcher.] — Pylor'- ic, -lCr'ik, a. Pert, to the pylorus. Pyramid, pir'a-mid, n. A solid body standing on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, and terminating in a point at the ~ . . top; an edifice so shaped. [Gr. Pyramids. ' -idos, prob. of Egyptian origin.] — Pyr'- amid" ic, -ical, a. Having the form of a pyramid. — Pyram'idal, pi-ram'i-dal, a. Tapering to a point; relating to the pyramids. Pyre, pir, n. A funeral pile ; a pile to be burnt. [L.and Gr. pyra, fr. Gr. pur = E.fire, q. v.]— Pyri'tes, pi-ri'- tez, n. (Min.) A combination of sulphur with iron, copper, cobalt, or nickel, presenting a white or yel- lowish metallic luster. [L. and Gr., prop. pert, to (Gr. pur) fire, because iron pyrites emit sparks when struck by steel.] — Pyrit'ic, -ical, -rifik-al, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or resembling, pyrites. — ,— Pyrog'raphy, pi-rog'ra-fi, n. A process of print- ing, ornamenting, or carving, by burning with heated instruments. [Gr. graphein, to write.] Pyr'olig'neous, -ne-us, -lig'nic, a. (Chem.) Gen- erated t>y the distillation of wood, — said of a kind of acetic acid holding in solution oily impurities. [Gr. pur and L. lignum, wood, ligneus, wooden.] — Pyrology, pi-roKo-jf, n. A treatise on heat; natural history of neat, latent and sensible. [Gr. logos, dis- course.] — Pyr'omancy, -o-man-si, n. Divination by fire. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Pyroman'' tic, a. Pert, to pyromancy. — Pyrom'eter, pi-rom'e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring degrees of heat above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. [Gr. rnetron, measure.] — Pyroph^orus, -rof'o-rus, n. (Chem.) A substance which takes fire on exposure to air ; or which maintains or retains light. [Gr. pherevi, to bear.] — Pyr'oscope, -o-skop, n. An in- strument for measuring the intensity of heat radi- ating from a fire, or the cooling influence of bodies. [Gr. skopeirijto view.] — Pyr'otech'nic, -nical, -tek'- nik-al, a. Pert, to fireworks, or the art of form- ing them.— Pyr / otech / 'nics, n. Art of making or ex- hibiting fireworks, esp. for public amusement or re- joicing. [Gr. techne, art.] — Pyrotechnist, n. One skilled in pyrotechny.— Pyr'otech'ny, -nT, n. Same as Pyrotechnics. — Pyr'oxene, pir'oks-en, n. A mineral, augite, q. v. [Gr. pur and xenos, a stran- fer, — because supposed to be a stranger, or not to elong to the lava where it occurred.] Pyrrhic, pir'rik, n. (Pros.) A foot consisting of 2 short syllables. An ancient military dance, to the accompaniment of the flute. — a. (Pros.) Pert, to, or containing, pyrrhics. Of, or pert, to, the dance. [The dance invented by the Grees, Pyrrhiclios.] Pyrrhonism, pir'ro-nizm, n. Skepticism ; universal doubt. [Fr. Pyrrho, founder of the skeptics.] — Pyr'Thonist, n. A skeptic. Pythagorean, pith-a-go're- or pi-thag'o-re'an, n. A follower of Pythagoras, founder of the Italic sect of philosophers, —a. Of, or pert, to, Pythagoras or his philosophy. — Pythag'orism, -thag'o-rizm, n. Doc- trines of Pythagoras. Pythian, pitb/i-an, n. Pert, to the priestess of Apollo, who delivered oracles. [L. Pythius, Gr. Puthios, pert, to Pytho, older name of Delphi.]— P. games. (Gr. Antiq.) One of the 4 great national festivals of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in honor of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python, at first once in 9, afterwards in 5, years. — Pyth'oneSB, -o-nes, n. (Gr. Antiq.) The priestess who gave orae- ular answers at Del phi, in Greece. A witch. — Py'thon, n. A ge- nus of large African and E. In- dian snakes, allied to the boa. [Gr. ; see Pythian games, above.] Pyx, piks, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The box in which the host is kept ; a box used, in English coinage, as a place of deposit for sample coins taken for a trial of the weight and fineness of metal, before they are sent from the mint. (Naut.) The box in which the compass is sus- pended. [L. and Gr. jjyxis, a box, esp. of box-wood, fr. Gr. puxos, L. buxus, the box-tree, or box- wood : see Box.] Pyx. Q. Q, ku, the 17th letter in the Eng. alphabet, has but one sound, — the same as that of /.-, or c hard : it is a su- perfluous letter, never ending a word, and is always followed by u, the 2 letters together being pro- nounced like kiv, except in some words in which the u is silent. [The Eng. name of the letter, cue, is am, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r ; QUA 461 QUADRATE perh. fr. cue (a. v.) = F. queue, a tail, the form being that of O, with a tail added.] Qua, kwa, conj. As ; in so far as ; in the capacity, character, or condition of ; because. [L., abl. sing. fern, of quis or qui, quae, quid or quod= E. who ; s. rt. what, when, whence, whether, where, why, how.'] — Qua'si, kwa'si, prefix. As if ; in a manner ; in a certain sense or degree; apparently; almost. [L., as if; si, if.] — Quo 1 ' rum, kwo'rum, n. Such a number of the officers or members of any body as is com- petent by law or constitution to transact business. [L., gen. pi. of qui: it was usual to name the mem- bers of a committee, etc., of whom (= L. quorum) a certain number must be present to make a meeting legal.] — Qui tarn, kwi'tam, n. {Law.) A penal action prosecuted partly by the government, partly by an informer. [L., who as well,— words used in the old law form.] — Qui vive, ke-vev. The chal- lenge of a French sentinel, —signifying, For whom do you call Vivef — i. e., What party do you belong to e — Quid'nunc, kwid'nunk, n. One curious to know everything that passes; a busybody; gossip. [L., what now ?] — Quid'dity, -dl-tr, n. The essence or nature of a thing ; a trifling nicety; quibble ; cap- tious question. [LL. quidditas, a term of the schools for a thing of which it was to be investigated (L. quid est?), What is it ?] — Quid'dle, -dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To spend time in trifling employments ; to dawdle. — Quid'cUe, -dler, n. One who, etc. — Quality, kwnKi-tt, n. Condition of being of such and such a sort as distinguished from others; nature relatively considered ; special or temporary charac- ter ; that which makes, or helps to make, anything such as it is; distinguishing property, characteristic, or attribute ; superior birth or station ; high rank. [F. qualite", L. qualitas, fr. qualis, of what sort = E. which.] — Qual'ify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make such as is required; to give requisite qual- ities to; to fit (for a place, office, occupation, etc.); to supply with legal power or capacity; to reduce, by consideration or enumeration of qualities, from a general, undefined, or comprehensive, to a particu- lar or restricted form; to limit; to soften, abate, di- minish, assuage; to reduce the strength of (liquors, etc.).— v. i. To be or become qualified. [F. qualifier, LL. qualificare, fr. L. qualis and facere, to make.] — Quar ifl'er, n.— Qual'ifi'able, a.— Qual'ifica'tion, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc.; any endowment which fits a person for a place, or enables him to sustain any character with success; act of limiting, or state of being limited or restricted; that which limits, restricts, or modifies; abatement; diminution. — Qualified, -T-fld, p. a. Fitted by accomplishments or endowments ; modified ; limited. — Quan'tum, kwon'tum, n. Quantity ; amount. [L., neut. of quantus, how great; s. rt. Gr. posos (Ionic kosos), how much, E. who.] — Quan'tity, -tl-tl, n. Property of being measurable, or capable of increase and de- crease, multiplication and division; that which an- swers the question "How much?" ; extent; size; measurement; acertain portion or part; alarge bulk, sum, or portion. (Logic.) The extent or extension of a general conception, that is, the number of spe- cies or individuals to which it may be applied; also, its contents or comprehension, that is, the number of constituent qualities, attributes, or relations. (Oram.) The relative time occupied in pronouncing a syllable. (Mus.) The relative duration of a tone. (Math.) Anything to which mathematical processes are applicable. [F. quantity, L. quantitas, fr. quan- *us.\— Quan'tita'tive, -tiv, a. Relating or having re- gard to quantity. — Quan'tum li'bet. As much as pleases you. [L.] — Q. suf'ficit, -fl-sit. As much as is sufficient. [L.] — Quod''libet, kwod'lt-bet, w. A nice point; a subtilty. (Mus.) A medley improvised by several performers. [L., what you please.] — Quo'ta, kwo'ta, n. A proportional part or share; or the share, part, or proportion assigned to each. [It., a share. L. quota (pars), how great (a part), how much, fern, of quotus, what in the order of number, fr. quot, how many, fr. qui = E. who.]— Quote, kwot, v. t. To cite (a passage from some author); to name, adduce, repeat. (Com.) To name the price of. [OF. quoter, LL. quotare, to mark off into chapters and verses, lit. to say how many, f r. L. quotus.] — Quot'- able, a.— Quotation, n. Act of quoting; thing quoted or cited. (Com.) The naming of the price of com- modities; or the price specified to a correspondent. — Quot'er, n. — Quotidian, kwo-tid'T-an, a. Occur- ring or returning daily. — n. Anything returning daily; esp. (Med?), a fever whose paroxysms return every day. [L. quotidianus, fr. quotidie, daily, fr. quotus and dies, day.]— Quo'tient, -shent, n. (Arith.) The number resulting from the division of one num- ber by another. [F., fr. L. quotiens, how many times, fr. quot, how many.] Quack, kwak, v. i. [quacked (kwakt), quacking.] To cry like the common domestic duck; to boast; to act as a quack. — n. The cry of the domestic duck; a boastful pretender to medical skill ; an empiric; one who pretends to knowledge of any kind, not possessed; mountebank ; charlatan. — a. Pert, to quackery ; used by quacks. [Onomat. ; cf. D. kwa- ken, G. quuken, to quack, L. coaxare, Lithuan. kwa- keti, to croak, Gr. koax, a croaking ; s. rt. cackle, quail.]— Quack'ery, -er-T, n. Practice of a quack ; empiricism. — Quack'ish, a. Like a quack; boast- ful; trickish. Quadragesima, Quadrangle, etc. See under Quad- rate. Quadrate, kwod'rat, a. Having 4 equal and parallel sides, and 4 right angles ; square ; divisible by 4 ; even; equal; exact; suited; applicable; correspond- ent. — n. A square. (Astrol.) Same as Quaetile. — v. i. To agree, be accommodated, suit, correspond, square. [L. quadratus, squared, p. p. of quadrare, to make four-cornered, to square, make square, fr. quadrus, square, fr. quatuor = ~E.four, q. v.] — Quad- ratic, -rat'ik, a. Of, pert, to, or like, a square ; square. — Q. equation. (Alg.) An equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a square. — Quadlat, n. (Print.) A piece of type metal cast lower than the letters, so as to leave a blank space on the paper, when printed, where it is placed. [F., fr. L. quadratus.] — Quad, n. Abbr. of Quadrat, also of Quadrangle. — Quadrature, -ra-chur, n. The finding of a square having the same area as a given curvilinear figure, as a circle; a quadrate; square. (Astron.) The position of one heavenly body in respect to another, when distant from it 90°. — Quad'rangle, -ran-gl, n. (Geom.) A plane figure having 4 angles and 4 sides. (Arch.) A square or quad- rangular court surrounded by buildings. [F.; L. quadrangulum, neut. of quadran- gulus, 4-cornered, fr. quadrus a.na angulus, . angle, q. v.] — Quadran'gular, a. Hav- Quadrangle, ing 4 angles and 4 sides- Quadren'nial, -ren'nT-al, a. Comprising 4 years; occurring once in 4 years. [L. quadriennis, fr. quatuor and annus, year.] — Quad- ren'nium, n. A period of 4 years. [L.] — Quad'ri- lat'eral, -lat'er-al, a. Having 4 sides and 4 angles. — n. A plane having, etc. ; a quadrangul; [L. latus, -eris, side.] — Quad eral, a. Consisting of 4 letters ; i oiura r i figure / • figure. / I'rilit'- / 2%J£ L— litera, littera, letter.] — Quadrille', „ „j_-i„*„~»i kwa-driK or ka-driK, n A game Quadrilateral. played by 4 persons with 40 cards; a dance made up of sets of dances, 4 couples of dancers being in each set. [F., fr. L. quadrxda, dim. of quadra, a square.] — Quad'rireme, -ri-rem, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A galley with 4 benches of oars or rowers. [L. quadriremis; remus, an oar.] — Quad'risyl'lable, -siKla-bl, n. A word consisting of 4 syllables. [L. syllaba, sylla- ble.]— Quad'ri valve, n. One of a set of 4 folds or leaves serving for a door. [L. valva, the leaf, fold, or valve of a door.] — Quadroon', -roon / ', n. The offspring of a mulatto and a white person ; one quarter-blooded. _[Sp L cuarteron, fr. L. quatuor.] — Quad'rumane, -roo-man. n. An animal having 4 hands, and no true feet, as a monkey. [L. manus, a hand.] — Quad'ruped, a. Having 4 feet.— n. An ani- mal having 4 feet,— often restricted to mammals. [L. pes, pedis, a f oot.]— Quad'ruple, -roo-pl, a. Fourfold; 4 times told. — a. Four times the sum or number; a fourfold amount, —v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plingJ To multiply by 4; to increase fourfold. — v. i. To be multiplied by 4. [L. quadruplets, fr. quatuor.]— Quad- riplicate, -plY-kat, n. Fourfold; 4 times repeated. — v. t. To make fourfold, quadruple. [L. quadrupli- care, -catum, fr. quadruplex, 4-fold, fr. quatuor and plicare, to fold.] — Quad'ruplica'tion, n. Act of. etc.— Quad'rant, w. (Geom.) The quar- ter of a circle, or of the circumference of a circle; an arc of 90°. An instrument for measuring altitudes, in astronomy, surveying, gunnery, etc. [L. quadrans, f r. quadrus, square ; s. rt. squad, squad- ron, square.] — Quadranfal, a. Pert, to a quadrant. — Quar'rel, kwor'rel, a, a. Quad -ry, -rl, n. A square-headed arrow ; a rants. siin, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tien, boNboN, chair, get. QUADRATE 462 QUAIL square or lozenge-shaped pane of glass ; a glazier's diamond. [Oi. quarrel, quarreau, a dia- mond at cards, square tile, bolt for a cross-bow, LL. quadrellus, bolt, tile, dim. fr. L. quadrus, square.] — Quar'ry, n. A place where stones are cut from the earth for building, etc. — ?;. *. [QUARRIED (-rid), -RYING.] To dig or take from a quarry. [Prop, a place where stones are squared for building; OF. quar- riere, LL. quadraria, fr. L. Hadley's Quadrant. quadrare, to square, quad rata- j ; index glass ; ft, hori- rius, a stone-cutter, fr. quadrus.] zon glass ; «, sight. — Quart, kwawrt, n. The l-4th of a gallon ; 2 pints ; a vessel containing, etc. [F. quarte, L. quarta (pars), a fourth (part), fern, of quartus, fourth, for quaturtus, fr. quatuor.] — Quarte, kart, n. A thrust in fencing; a carte, q. v. [F.] — Quar'tan, kwawr'tan, a. Of, or pert, to, the 4th; occurring every 4th day. — n. (Med.) An intermit- ting ague that occurs every 4th day. [F. quartaine, L. quartana (used only of a fever), fern, of quarta- nus, fourth.] — Quar'ter, n. One of 4 equal parts into which anything is divided; the l-4th of a liun- dred-weight, being 28 or 25 pounds, according as the hundred-weight is reckoned at 112 or 100 pounds ; l-4th of a ton in weight, or 8 bushels of grain ; l-4th of a chaldron of coal. (Astron.) The l-4th part of the moon's period or monthly revolution. One limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts; that part of a shoe which forms the side, from the heel to the vamp. (Far.) That part of a horse's foot between the toe and heel. A term of study in a seminary, college, etc. ; properly, l-4th of the year ; part of a ship's side between the aftmost end of the main- chains and the sides of the stern ; a region ; terri- tory ; a division of a town, county, etc. ; district ; locality; proper station ; specific place; assigned po- sition. (Naut.) pi. A station at which officers and men are posted in battle. Place of lodging or tem- porary residence ; shelter. (Mil.) A station or en- campment occupied by troops, sing. Merciful treat- ment shown to an enemy. — v. t. [quartered (-terd), -tering.] To divide into 4 equal parts ; to furnish with shelter or entertainment. (Her.) To bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms. — v. i. To lodge ; to have a temporary residence. [OF. ; L. quartarius, a l-4th part, l-4th of a meas- ure, fr. quartus.] — To quarter anus. (Her.) To place the arms of other families in the compart- ments of a shield, which is divided into 4 or more parts, the family arms be- ing placed in the first. — Quar'ter-day, n. A day regarded as terminating a quarter of the year; one on which rent becomes due. — deck, n. (Naut.) That part of a ship's upper deck which extends from the stern to the mainmast. — round, n. (Arch.) A molding, the section of which is approximately a quadrant, or the l-4th part of a circle — -ses'sions, «. pi. (Eng. Law.) A general court of criminal juris- diction held quarterly by the justices of peace of each county. — staff, n. A long, stout staff formerly used as a weapon in Eng., — so called from the manner of using it, one hand being placed in the middle, and the other half way between the middle and end.— Quarterage, -ej, n. A quarterly allowance.— Quar'- ter-foil, -foil, Quatre- foil, kafer-foil, n. (Arch.) An ornamental figure disposed in 4 seg- ments of circles, sup- posed to resemble an Quarterfoils. expanded flower of 4 petals: see Foil. — Quartering, n. Assignment of quarters for soldiers; lodging. (Her.) Division of a shield containing many coats. (Arch.) A series of small upright posts.— Quarterly, a. Containing or consisting of l-4th part; recurring at the end of each quarter of the year. — n. A periodical work published once in a quarter of a year, or 4 times during a year. — adv. By quarters; once in a quar- Quartered (arms). ter of a year. — Quar'termas'ter, n. (Mil.) An offi- cer, who provides quarters, provisions, clothing, transportation, etc., for a regiment, and superintends the supplies. (Naut.) A petty officer who attends to the helm, binnacle, signals, etc., under the direc- tion of the master. — Quar'tern, n. The l-4th of a pint; a gill; l-4th of a peck; a loaf weighing about 4 pounds. [OF. quarteron, LL. quartero, l-4th of a pound.] — Quartet'', -tette', -tef, n. (Mus.) A com- position in 4 parts, each performed by a single voice or instrument; the set of 4 persons who perform such a piece of music. [F. quartette, f r. It. quartctto, dim. of quarto = L. quartus.] — Quar/tile, -til, n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets, when they are distant from each other a quarter of the circle, or 90°. — Quar'to, n.; pi. -tos, -toz. Orig., a book of the size of l-4th of a sheet of printing paper; in pres- ent usage, a book of a squarish form, corresponding to that formerly made by folding a sheet twice.— a. Having the form or size of a quarto. [Prop. L. in quarto, m l-4th of the orig. size, abl. of quartu/s.] — Quaternary, kwa-ter'na-rY, n. The number 4. — a. Consisting of 4; by 4s. [F. quaternarie, every 4th day, L. quaternarius, consisting of 4 each, con- taining 4, fr. quaterni, 4 each, from quatuor, 4.] — Quaternion, -nt-un, n. The number 4; a set of 4 parts, objects, or individuals. (Math.) The quo- tient of '2 vectors, or of 2 directed right lines in space, considered as depending on 4 geometrical ele- ments, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of quadrinominal form. [L. quaternio, fr. quaterni.] — Quat'rain, kwofran, n. A stanza of 4 lines rhym- ing alternately. [F., fr. qvatre = L. quatuor.] — Quafrefoil, kat'Sr-foil, n. Same_as Quarterfoil, above. — Quarantine, kwSr'an-ten, n. A space of 40 days ; term during which a ship arriving in port, and suspected of being infected with a contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the shore; inhibition of intercourse. — v. t. [quaran- tined (-tend), -tining.] To prohibit from inter- course. [OF., fr. quarante = L. quadraginta, 40, fr. quadrus, square, 4-fold, fr. quater, 4 times, ii.quat- vor.]— Quad'rages'ima, kwod'ra-jes'I-nia, n. (Eccl.) The 40 days of fast preceding Easter; Lent. [L., fr. quadragesimus, the 40th, fr. quadraginta, 40.]— Quad'- rages'imal, a. Belonging to, or used in, Lent. — Quadrillion, -riKyun, n. According to Eng. nota- tion, the number produced by involving a million to the 4th power, or a unit with 24 ciphers annexed ; according to the common or French, a unit with 15 ciphers: see Notation. [L. quater and LL. millio, a million.] — Quadrig'ugous, -u-gus, a. (Bot.) Having 4 pairs of leaflets. [L. jugum, a yoke, pair.] uaere, kwe're, v. i. Inquire, question, query, as a memorandum signifying doubt. [L. See Que- -used RY.] Quaff, kwaf, v. t. [quaffed (kwaft), quaffing.] To drink down, drink copiously of. — v. i. To drink largely or luxuriously. [Perh. to drink from a (Scot.) quaich, queff, Ir. and Ga. cuach, cup, and s. rt. cave.] — Quaff'er, n. Quagga, kwag'ga, n. A S. African mammal of the horse fam- ily, allied to the zebra. [Hottentot ; prob. ono- mat., fr. the b ark in g noise of the animal.] Quaggy and Quag mire. See under Quake. Quahaug , kwaw'h o g, n. A large s p e c i es of clam hav- ing the in- Quagga. side shell • „ , tipped with purple. [Narragansett Ind. poquaunocic. ] Quail, kwal, v. i. [quailed (kwald), quailing.] To become quelled, sink into dejection, lose spirit, shrink, cower. [AS. cwelan, to die, D. quelen, to pine away, OHG. quelan, to suffer torment; s. rt. quell, qualm.] Quail, kwal, n. A gallinaceous bird allied to the part- ridge of Europe: in theU. S. the name is also used for ruffed growe, and for the bob-white, or Virginia am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; QUAINT 463 QUERULOUS coint, quaint, neat, spruce, It. Common Quail. partridge. [OF. quaiHe, It. quaglia, LL. ■ma- quila, OD. quackel, a quail, lit. aquacker: see Quack.] Quaint, kwant, a. Char- acterized by ingenuity Or art; subtle ; artificially elegant; showing excess of art; odd and antique; curious and fanciful ; far-fetched ; a f f e c t e d ; odd; unusual. [OF. . conto, known noted, fr. L. cognitus, known; but confused with, co mpt us. neat, p. p. or comere, to arrange, adorn; s. rt. acquuint.] — Quaint'- ly, adv. — Quaint'ness, n. Quake, kwak, c. i. [quaked (kwakt), quaking.] To tremble ; to shake with fear, cold, or emotion ; to shake or tremble, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; to vibrate, quiver, shudder. — n. A tremulous agi- tation; shake; shudder. [AS. cwacian, to quake, orig. to set in motion, give life to; s. rt. quick.] — Quak'er, n. One who quakes: one of the religious sect whose members are called also Friends : their early nreachers were thrown by their violent enthu- siasm "into quakings and distortions of the limbs. — Quaker gun. An imitation of a gun placed in the port-hole of a vessel or embrasure of a fort, to de- ceive the enemy, — so called from its inoffensive character. — Quak'erish, a. Like, or pert, to, a Quaker. — Quak/erism, -izm, n. The peculiar char- acter, manners, tenets, or worship of the Quakers.— Quag'gy, kwag'gY, a. Of the nature of a quagmire trembling under the foot, as soft, wet earth.— Quag'- mire, -mlr, n. Soft, wet land, which shakes or yields under the feet. Qualify, Quality, etc. See under Qua. Qualm, kwam, n. A sudden attack of illness, faint- ness, distress, or pain; esp., a sudden fit of sickness at the stomach; a scruple of conscience. [AS. cwealm, pestilence, D. kioalm, G. qualm, thick suffocating vapor, Dan. qvalm, suffocating air, qvalme, nausea; 8. rt. quail, v. i.] — Qualmish, a. Sick at the stom- ach; inclined to vomit; affected with nausea. Quandary, kwon'da- or kwon-da'rY, n. A state of dif- ficulty or perplexity ; uncertainty ; doubt. [Perh. Corrup. fr. ME. wandreth, wondradhe, Ic. vandraedhi, difficulty, trouble (cf. ME. quarof, whereof, Scot. quhar, where); or perh. corrupt, fr. F. qu'en dirai-je? what shall I say of it '!] Quantity, Quantum, etc. See under Qua. Quarantine. See under Quadrate. Quarl, kworl, n. A medusa or jelly-fish. [G. qualle.] Quarrel, kwor'rel, n. An angry dispute; a falling out; brawl ; squabble ; affray ; altercation ; contention ; breach of friendship; variance; cause or ground of contention ; cause of a contending party. — v. i. [quarreled (-reld), -reling.] To dispute violently, wrangle, fall out ; to find fault. [ME. and OF. que- rele, fr. L. querela, a complaint: see Querulous.] — Quarreler, n. — Quar'relsome, -sum, a. Apt to quar- rel; given to brawls and contention; irascible. Quarrel, a bolt, Quarry, a bolt, stone pit. See under Quadrate. Quarry, kwor'rY, n. Game; esp., the game hunted for by hawking. [ME. querre (2 syl.), OF. curee, cuiree, orig. the parts of the slain animal inclosed in its hide and given to the dogs, fr. cuir, L. corium, skin, hide; not fr. L. cor, heart.] Quart, Quarter, Quarto, etc. See under Quadrate. Quartz, kwSrts, n. (Min.) Silex, occurring crystallized, and also in masses of various colors, more or less transparent, and sometimes opaque ; rock crystal. [G. quarz, perh. for gewarz, fr. warz, a wart, fr. the excrescences upon it.] — Quartzose'. -os', Quartz'- oua. -us, Quartz'y, -Y, a. Containing, of the nature of, or resembling quartz. Quash, kwosh, v. t. [quashed (kwosht), quashing.] To beat down or beat in pieces; to crush, subdue, put down summarily and completely. (Law.) To annul, overthrow, make void, or suppress. [OF. quas- ser, later, casser, to break, also to abrogate, annul, L. quassare, to shatter, freq. of quatere, quassum, to shake, shatter; s. rt. casque, cask, concussion, discuss, etc.] — Quassa'tion, kwas-sa'shun, n. Act of shak- ing; concussion; state of being shaken. [L. quassa- tid, fr. quassare.'] Quasi. See under Qua. Quass, kwas, n. A thin, sour Russian beer, made by pouringwarm water on rye or barley meal. [Russ., Pol.. & Bohem. kwass.] Quassia, kwosh'Y-a or kwash'Y-a, n. A bitter wood ob- tained from various trees of tropical America: the wood and bark are employed in medicine. [Fr. a negro named Qnassy, who used the bark as a tonic. Quaternary, Quaternion, Quatrain, etc. See under Quadrate. Quaver, kwa'vgr, v. i. [quavered (-vgrd), -vering.] To tremble, vibrate, shake; to shake the voice, sing with tremulous modulations of voice; to produce a shake on a musical instrument. — n, A rapid vibra- tion of the voice, or on an instrument of music. (Music.) An eighth note: see Eighth, under Eight. [ME. quauen; same as quake, q. v.; s. rt. LG. qua'j- beln, to tremble.] Quay, ke, 7i. A wharf or landing-place, esp. one facing a harbor or dock; a mole or bank formed toward the sea, or on the side of a river. [OF. ; Armor, kae, W. cae, orig. an inclosure, hedge.] Queachy, Kwech'Y, a. Yielding or trembling under the feet, as moist or boggy ground. [S. rt. quick.] Quean, kwen, n. A woman, girl; esp., a low woman, wench, slut. [Same as queen.] Queasy, kwe'zY, a. Sick at the stomach; affected with nausea; fastidious; squeamish; causing nausea. [Nbrweg. kveis, sickness after a debauch; s. rt. Goth. kwistjan, to destroy, perh. Skr. ji, to overpower.] — Quea'siness, n. Queen, kwen.w. The consort of a king; a woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom; the sovereign of a swarm of bees, being the only fully-developed fe- male in the hive; the 2d piece in value in chess.— v. i. To act the part or character of a queen. [AS. cwen, Ic. kran, a wife, kona, a woman, Dan. kone, Goth, kwens, Skr. jani, wife, OHG. quena, Gr. gum, woman, Sw. kona, a strumpet ; s. rt. genus, kin.\ — Queen-consort. The wife of a reigning king. — Q.- dowager. The widow of a kinj. — Q.-mother. A queen - dowager who is also mother of the reign- ing king or queen. — Q-- regent, or -regnant. A queen reigning in her own right. — Queen's ■§ 6 S\ Sgt-s-aiL r d eC d u r r d - <*«*»- P° st ***■ ing the reign of a queen. ««■ queen - posts ; b, tie-beam ; r, '„ metal An nllov cc > struts or braces; dd, pur- imgarif 'slivef S ^- Set? *X\,& posed of 9 parts of tin and plate3 . ^ ridge-piece" 1 each of lead, antimony, and bismuth. — Queen'-post, n. {Arch.) One of 2 posts in a truss, framed below into the tie-beam, and above into the principal rafters. Queer, kwer, a. Going athwart what is usual or nor- mal; odd; singular; quaint; whimsical. — n. A cant name for counterfeit money. [LG., across, quere, ob- liquity, G. quer, transverse, querkopf, a queer fellow; prob. s. rt. L. varus, crooked, E. prevaricate.}— To shove the queer. To circulate counterfeit money. — Queer'ly, adv. — Queer'ness, n. Quell, kwel, v. t. [quelled (kweld), -ling.] To sub- due, put down; to reduce to peace, cause to cease, crush, quiet, allay, calm. [ME. quellen, AS. cwellan, to kill; s. rt. quail.] — QuelKer, n. Quench, kwench, v. t. [quenched (kwencht), quench- ing.] To extinguish, put out (fire); to put an end to (something warm, ardent, burning, etc.); to still, stifle, check, destroy. [AS. cioencan ; perh. s. rt. Skr. ji, to overpower.] — Quench'able, a. — Quench'er, n. — Quenchless, a. Incapable of being quenched; in- extinguishable; irrepressible. Quercitron, kwer'sit-run, n. The bark of the black oak, or dyer's oak, which grows from Canada to Georgia, and west to the Mississippi; the inner bark of this tree, used in tanning and in dyeing yellow. [F., fr. L. quercus, an oak, and citrus, the citron- tree.] Querimonious. See under Querulous. Querist. See under Query. Quern, kwern, n. A stone hand-mill for grinding gram. [AS. cweorn, D. kweern; s. rt. Gr. guris, fine meal, whence E. corn, _also churn.] Querulous, kwgr'oo-lus, a. Apt to repine; habitually complaining; expressing complaint; whining; mur- muring; dissatisfied. [L. querulus, fr. queri, to com- plain; prob. onomat., s. rt. Skr. cvas. to hiss, sigh, £. wheeze, also quarrel, er?/.] — Qner'ulously, adv. — sta, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. QUERY 464 QUINCE Qftrf'ulousness, re. — Quer'too'iaous, -mo'n'i-us, a- Coinplaining; querulous; apt to complain. [L. quer- imoma, a complaint, £r. -; leri, to complain.] Query, kwe'rt, re. A question; an inquiry to be an- swered or resolved. — v. i. [queried (-rid), -rying.] To ask questions, make inquiry. — v. t. To seek by questioning, inquire into; to doubt of . [For L. quae- re, inquire thou, 2d pers. imperat. of quasrere, situm, to seek; s. rt. L. queesere, to beg:, Skr. chi, to search, E. acquire, conquer, disquisition, exquisite, request, etc.] — Que'rist, re. One who asks questions. — Quest, kwest, re. Act of seeking, or looking after anything; attempt to find or obtain; search. [ME. and OF. queste, L. quassita, thing sought, fern, of qtimsitus, p. p. of queerere.] — Ques'tion, -chun, re. Act of asking ; interrogation ; discussion ; debate ; verbal contest; investigation; esp., formal investiga- tion, as before a tribunal; that which is asked; a query ; a subject of investigation or examination. — v. i. [questioned (-chund), -tioning.] To ask questions, —v. t. To inquire of by asking questions; to examine by interrogatories; to doubt of, be un- certain of; to treat as not entitled to confidence, call in question, catechise, doubt, controvert, dispute, in- quire. [F.; L. questio, fr. quasrere.] — In question. In debate; in the course of examination or discussion. — Leading q. — A question which suggests the an- swer desired. — Out of the q. Not worthy of, or re- quiring, consideration; quite impossible. — Previous q. The question put to a parliamentary assembly previously to the putting of the principal question ; namely, " Shall the main question be now put ? " Calling for the previous question cuts off further de- bate. — Questionable, a. Inviting, or seeming to in- vite, inquiry; liable to be doubted or called in ques- tion; disputable; debatable; doubtful; suspicious. — Ques'tioner, re. — Questionless, adv. Beyond a question or doubt; certainly. — Ques'tor, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A public treasurer; receiver of taxes, tribute, etc. [L. quaestor, contr. from quassitor, fr. quasrere.] Queue, ku, n. A cue, q. v. [F.] Quib, kwib, re. A sarcasm; bitter taunt; quip; gibe. [Same as quip.] — Quib'ble, -bl, n. An evasion; cavil; pretense; a pun; a low conceit. — v. i. [quibbled (-bid), -bling.] To evade the point in question by artifice, play upon words, caviling, or any conceit; to pun, practice punning. — Quib'bler, re. Quick, kwik, a. Alive; living; characterized by live- liness; animated; sprightly; speedy; hasty; swift; rapid; prompt; brisk; nimble; lively. — adv. In a quick manner; rapidly; in a short time; without de- lay. —re. A living animal or plant; esp., the haw- thorn, quickset ; the part of the body sensitive to pain; the living flesh; the sensitive part or point. [AS. cwic, cue, D. kwik, ProvG. queck, quick, quick, lively, Goth, kwius, Lithuan. gywas, L.vivus, living; s. rt. Skr. jiv, L. vivere, to live, Gr. bios, life : see Viv id.] — Quick'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make alive, vivify, reinvigorate; to make lively, active, or sprightly; to make quick or rapid, stimu- late, sharpen, expedite, speed. — v. i. To become alive, become vivified or enlivened; to move with rapidity.— Quick'ener, n.— Quickly, adv. — Quick' ness, re. — Quick'lime, n. (Chem.) Any carbonat of lime, as chalk, limestone, oyster-shells, etc., de- prived of its carbonic acid and aqueous matter, by exposure to intense heat; unslacked lime.— Quick r - sand, re. Sand easily moved or readily yielding to pressure ; esp., loose or moving sand mixed with water, and very dangerous, from its being unable to support the weight of a person. — Quick'set, v. t. To plant with living shrubs or trees for a hedge or fence.— a. Made of quickset.— Quick'silver, re. Mer- cury,— a fluid silver-like metal, moving as if quick, or living. — Quick'step, re. (Mus.) A lively, spirited march. — Quick'-sighted, a. Having quick sight or acute discernment. — sight'edness, re. — wit'ted, a. Having ready wit. Quid, kwid, n. A portion to be chewed; a cud; esp. a chew of tobacco. [ProvE. (Kentish) for cud.] Quiddity, Quiddle, Quidnunc, etc. See under Qua. Quiesce, kwi-es", v. i. [-esced (-est'), -escing.J To be silent, as a letter; to nave no sound. [L. qviescere, incept, of obs. quiere, -etum, to rest; s. rt. Gr. keimai, Skr. gi, to lie still, E. cemetery, coy, acquiesce, requiem, quit, quite, acquit, requite, etc.] — Quies^cence, -cen- cy^es'sen-sT, re. State or quality of being quiescent; rest; repose; rest of the mind. (Gram.) Silence; the having no sound, as a letter.— Quies'cent, a. Be- ing in a state of repose ; still ; not ruffled with passion ; Quiet; dormant. (Gram.) Not sounded; mute. [L. quiescens, p. pr. of quiescere.] — Qui'et, a. Being in a state of rest; not moving; still; free from alarm or disturbance; not giving offense or trouble; not tur- bulent; tranquil; calm; placid; mild; contented.— re. State of a thing not in motion; rest; repose; free- dom from disturbance ir alarm; stillness; tranquil- lity. — v. t. To stop motion in, reduce to a state of rest; to calm, appease, pacify. [L. quietus, orig. p. p. of (^s.> quier". J — Qureter, re. — Qui'etism, -izm, n. Peace or tranquillity of mind. (Eccl. Hist.) The sys- tem of the Quietists, who maintained that religion consists in an internal rest or repose of the mind, employed in contemplating God, and submitting to his will. — Qui'etist, n. One of a sect of mystics, who maintained the principles of Quietism. — Quietist'- ic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Qui'etty, adv. — Qui'etness, re. — Q' ,; 'etude, -c-tud, n. Rest; repose; quiet; tran- quillity. [LatoL. quietudo.]— Quie'tUB, re. Rest; re- pose; death; hence, a final discharge or acquittance; that which quiets. [L.] Quill, kwil, re. A large, strong feather, — used for writ- ing-pens, etc.; a pen; a spine or prickle, as of a por- cupine; a piece of small reed, on which weavers wind thread. (Mus.) The tube of a musical instrument. — v. t. [quilled (kwild), -ling.] To plait, or form with small ridges like quills or reeds;, to wind on a quill, as thread or yarn. [ME. and F^ quille, OHG. kegil, a peg, wooden pin; not s. rt. L. calamus, a reed, caulis, a stalk ; Ir. cutlle, a quill, prob. f r. E.l — Quill''- ing, re. A narrow border or trimming of lace, etc., folded so as to resemble a row of quills. Quilt, kwilt, re. A bed cover or garment made by put- ting wool, cotton, etc., between 2 cloths, and stitch- ing them together; a coverlet or counterpane. — v. U To stitch together with some soft and warm sub- stance between, or in the interior of ; to sew with the stitch used in a quilt. [OF. cuilte, L. culcita : see Counterpane.] — Quilt'er, n. — Quilfing, re. Act of forming a quilt; act or process of making quilts by a party of ladies, esp. for some charitable purpose; fig- ured material for bed-quilts, toilet-covers, etc. Quinary, kwi'na-rl, a. Consisting of 5; arranged in 5s. IL. quinarius, fr. quint, 5 each, fr. quinque = E. Jive, q. v.] — Quint, kwint, re. A set or sequence of 5, as in piquet. — Quin'cunx, kwin'- kunks, n. An arrangement or dis- position of things, esp. of trees, by 5s in a square, one being placed in the middle of the square. [L., fr. quinque and uncia, an ounce, q. v.] — Quinquan'gular, -kwari'gu-ler, a. Having 5 angles or corners. [L. quinquangulus ; angnlus, an angle.] — Quinquen'nial, -kwen'nT-al, a. Occurring once in 5 years, or lasting 5 years. quinquennalis ; annus, year.] — Quinquefo'liate, -liated, a. (Bot.) Having 5 leaves or leaflets. — Quin'quevalve, -valv'u- lar, -valv'u-ler, a. (Bot.) Having 5 valves, as a per- i c a r p . — Quintes'sence, -sens, re. (Alchemy.) The 5th or last and highest es- sence or power in a natu- ral body. Pure or concen- Qumquefoliate. trated essence. [L. quinta essentia, 5th essence.] — Quintessential, -sen'shal, a. Consisting of quintes- sence. — Quintet', -tette', -tet', -tefto, re. (Mus.) A Quincunx. composition for 5 voices or instruments. [F. quintette. It. quintetto, f r. L. quintus, the 5th.]— Quint'ile, -il, re. (Astron.) The aspect of planets when distant from each other the l-5th part of the zodiac, or 72°. [F., fr. L. quintus.] — Quint'an, re. (Med.) A fever whose paroxysms return every 5th day.— Quintill'ion, -til'- yun, n. According to Eng. notation, a number pro- duced by involving a million to the 5th power, or a unit with 30 ciphers annexed; according to the com- mon or French notation, a unit with 18 ciphers an- nexed. [L. quintus and LL. millio, a million.] — Quintuple, -tu-pl, a. Multiplied by 5; fivefold, —v. t. [quintupled (-pld), -pling.] To make fivefold; multiply by 5. [F., f r. L. quintus andplicare, to fold.] — Quinquages'ima, -kwa-jes'I-ma, a. Fiftieth. [L., fr. quinquagesimus, 50th, fr. quinquaginta, 50.1 — Qutre- quagesima Sunday. The Sunday which is about the 50th day before Easter. Quince, kwins, re. The hard, yellow fruit of a small tree or bush of the rose family, — named from Cy- town of Crete, famous for this fruit: it am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : QUININE 465 RABBIT has a pleasant flavor when cooked, aad is used in making pre- serves, marmalade, etc. Quinine, kwi'nln orkwY- mu''', n. (Chem.) A basic alkaloid obtained from the bark of vari- ous species of cincho- na. (Med.) One of the salts of quinine, esp. the sulphate, used as a tonic and febrifuge. [F., fr. quina, Peru- vian kina or kviakina, bark : see Cischo- Quinquagesima, Quin- Quince, quangular, etc. See under Quinary. Quinsy, kwm'zl, n. {Med.) An inflammation of the throat, or parts adjacent, accompanied by inflamma- tory fever. [Contr. fr. ME. and OF. squinancie, fr. Gr. kunangche, lit. a dog-throttling, a kind of sore throat, fr. kuon, dog, auof angchein, to choke.] Quint, Quintan, Quintet, etc. See under Quinai Quintain, kwin'tin, u. An object to be tilted at. [F. quintaine, Liu. quiatana, prob. fr. L. quintana, a junc- tion of 4 streets in the camp which contained the market-place, where games were held.] Quintal, kwin'tal, n. A hundred weight, either 112 or 100 pounds, according to the scale used; a metric measure of weight = 100,000 grams (100 kilograms;, or 220.46 lbs. avoirdupois. [F. and Sp., fr. Ar. qintar, a weight of 100 lbs. of 12 oz. each, fr. L. centum, a hundred: see Cent.] Quintillion, Quintuple, etc. See under Quinary. Quip, kwip, n. A smart, sarcastic turn; a taunt; se- vere retort; gibe; jeer. — v. t. [quipped (kwipt), quippingJ To taunt, treat with a sarcastic retort. — v. i. To scoff, manifest contempt by derision. [W. chwip, a quick flirt or turn, chwi]iio, to whip, move briskly, Ga. cuip, to whip; s. rt. whip, quib- ble.] Quire, kwlr, n. A body of singers; a choir; the part of a church where the service is sung. [ME. choir, queir, quer: see Choir.] Quire, kwlr, n. Twenty-four sheets of paper of the same size and quality, having a single fold or not folded; l-20th of a ream. [OF. quaier, cayer,Y. ca- hier, perh. fr. L. codex, a book: see Code; perh. fr. EL. quaternum, a collection of 4 leaves, fr. L. qua- tenii, 4 each: see Quaternary, under Quadrate.] Quirk, kwgrk, n. A sudden turn; a recess or indenta- tion; an artful evasion or subterfuge; a shift; quib- ble; a smart taunt or retort. [W. chwiori, to turn briskly, chwyr, strong impulse, chwired, a piece of craft, quirk, Ga. cuireid, a trick, wile; perh. s. rt. whir.'] Quit, kwit, v. t. Tquit or quitted; quitting.] To release from obligation, accusation, penalty, etc.; to acquit; to meet the claims upon, or expectations en- tertained of; to conduct; to discharge (obligation or duty); to have done with, depart from, forsake, give up, leave, resign, surrender. — a. Released from ob- ligation, charge, penalty, etc.; free; clear; absolved. [ME. quyte, cwite, OF. quite, Sp. quito, discharged, freed, released, L. quietus^ at rest, free, satisfied, quiet: see Quiesce; OF. (filter, to i.uit,— fr. the adj.] — To be quits with one. 1 > have made mutual satis- faction of demands with dm; to be even with him. — Quit'tance, -tans, n. idscharge jLvui a debt or obligation ; acquittance ; recompense ; repayment. [OF. quitunce, LL. quietantia.] — Quifclaim, v. t. [-claimed (-kla nd), -claiming.] (Law.) To re- lease or relinquish a clai.n to by deed. — n. Are- lease of a claim; deed of release. — Quifrent, n. (Law.) A rent reserw 1 in grants of land, by the nayment Jw rh the tenant is quieted or quit from all other service. — Quite, kwit, <.Jv. Completely; wholly; entirely; to a great extent or degree; very; considerably, [Fr. ME. quyte, adj.] Qui tarn. See under Qua. Quiver, kwiv'er, n. A case or sheath for ar- rows. [AS. cocur, OF. cuivre, couire, OHG. kohhar.] — QuiVered, -erd, a. Furnished | with, or sheathed as in, a quiver. Quiver, kwiv'er, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.]J To shake with slight and tremulous mo- tion ; to quake, shudder, shiver, vibrate, tremble. IOD. kwiveren ; s. rt. quaver, quake, quick.] Qui vive. See under Qua. Quixotic, kwiks-ot'ik, a. Like Don Quixote: romantic to extravagance. — Quix'otism. -izm, n. Absurdly chivalrous notions- schemes, or acts. Quiz, kwiz, n. A riddle or obscure question; Quiver. an enigma; one who quizzes others; an odd f ellow. — v. t. [quizzed (kwizd), -zing.] To puz- zle; to ridicule or make sport of, by deceiving: to look sharply and mockingly at, peer at. [Said to have been coined, upon a wager that such a word should be the common talk and puzzle of the city in 24 hours: the letters quiz were chalked on all the walls of Dublin, with an effect that won the wager.] — Quiz'zer, n. — Quiz'zical. -zik-al, a. Comical.- Quiz'zing-glass, n. A small eye-glass. Quod, kwod, n. A prison; confinement. [Corrupt, of quadrangle, q. v., under Quadrate.] Quodlibet. See under Qua. Quoif, kwoif , n. A cap or hood. [Same as coif, q. v.] Quoin, kwoin or koin, n. Any external angle; e6p. (A>-ch.), the external angle of a building; a wedge- like piece of stone, wood, metal, etc., used in ma- chinery, building, etc. [Same as coin, q. v.] Quoit, kwoit,n. A circular ring or piece of iron, stone, or other material, to be pitched at a fixed object in play.— v. j. To throw quoits, play at quoits. [ME. coyte, W. coetan (perh. fr. E.), a quoit, perh. fr. OF. coiter, to press, incite, perh. fr. L. coactare, to force.] Quondam, kwon'dam, a. Having been formerly; for- mer. [L.] Quorum, Quote, Quotient, etc. See under Qua. Quoth, kwoth or kwuth, v. i. Said; spoke,— used with 1st and 3d persons in past tenses. [AS. cwedhan, to speak, say; s. rt. Skr. gad, to speak, gai, to sing.] E. E, ar, the 18th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a liquid or semi-vowel. Rabbet, rab'bet, v. t. To cut a rectangular recess, channel, or groove in (the edge or face of a board, etc.) so that it may receive or form a joint with the edge of another board, etc., properly cut; to lap and unite the edges of (boards, etc.) by a rab- bet. — n. A cut made upon the edge or face of a board, etc. that it may form a joint wi properly cut. [F. rahoter, to plane, level, robot, a plane, fr. OF. rabouter, to thrust back, f r. L. re, back, again, and F. boter, bouter, to thrust.] Rabbi, rab'bt or rab'bi, n. ; pi. -bis, -Mz, or-BiES, -biz. Master; lord; sir, — a Jewish title of respect for a teacher or doctor of the law. [L., Gr., and Rabbet. Heb., fr. Heb. rab, Ar. rabb, great, also a master.] — Rab'bin, n. Same as Rabbi. [F.] — Rabbin'ic, -icaL a. Pert, to the rabbins, or Jewish doctors of the law, or to their opin- ions, learning, Rab'b i n l s m , -izm, n. A rab- binic expression or phraseology. — Rab'binist, n. One among the Jews who ad- h e r e d to the Talmud and traditions of the rabbins. Rabbit, rab'bit, n. A burrowing rodent mammal. Rabbit. sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN. chair, get. RABBLE 466 RADIUS Raccoon. which resembles the hare, but is smaller, and has shorter legs and ears. [ME. rabet, OD. robbe, a rab- bit, perh. s. rt. Sp. and Pg. ratio, tail, hind quar- ters.] Babble, rab'bl, n. A crowd of vulgar, noisy peo- ple; a mob; the dregs of the people; a rake-like tool for skimming off slag, etc., in puddling metal. — v. t. [rabbled (-bid), -bling.] To insult or drive away by a mob; to mob; to stir (molten metal) to render it uniform. [OD. rabbelen, ProvG. rabbeln, to chat- ter, prattle, trifle, Gr. rhabassein, Skr. rambh, to make a noise.] Rabdology, rab-dol'o-jY, re. Method or art of perform- ing arithmetical operations by means of little square rods, called Napier' s-bone$. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, stick, and logos, discourse.] — Rab'doman'cy, -man'sY, re. Divination by means of rods or wands. [Gr. man- teia, divination.] Rabid, rab'id, a. Furious; raging; mad; pert, to hy- drophobia. [L. rabidus, fr. rabies, rage, fr. rabere, to rage, q. v.]— Rab'idness, -id'ity, -l-ti , re. Raca, ra'ka, a. Empty; beggarly; foolish; worthless; loose in life and manners, — a term expressing con- tempt. [Chaldee reka, worthless.] Raccoon, rak-koon', re. A climbing, nocturnal, omniv- orous mam- m a 1 inhab- iting North Amer., al- lied to the bear, but lessthan3ft. long, inclu- sive of its bushy, a n - nulated tail. [F. raton, a little rat, rac- coon, dim. of rat, rat, q. v.] Race, ras, re. The descendants of a common ancestor; a family, tribe, people, or nation, of the same stock; peculiar flavor, taste, or strength of wine; character- istic flavor; smack; characteristic quality or disposi- tion. [F. ; Sp. raza, It. razza, a race, lineage, fr. OHG. reiza^a. line, mark; s. rt. Ic. reitr, a line, rita, to scratch, E. write; not s. rt. L. radix, a root.] — Ra'cy, -sT, a. [-cier, -ciest.] Having a strong flavor indicating origin ; tasting of the sou : fresh ; rich ; spicy; exciting to the mental taste by a distinctive character of thought or language; smart; piquant.— Ra'ciness, re. — Ra'cial, -shal, a. Pert, to a race or family of men. Race, ras, n. A root. [OF. rais, raiz, Sp. raiz, L. ra- dix, q. v.] Race, ras, n. A movement or progression of any kind; a method or course of action or effect; train; pro- cess ; swift progress ; rapid course or motion; act or process of running in competition ; trial of speed to win a prize ; a rapid current of water, or the chan- nel for such a current ; a watercourse leading from a dam to a waterwheel which it drives. — v. i. [raced (rast), racing.] To run swiftly, contend in run- ning.— v. t. To cause to run rapidly, as a horse in a race. [AS. rses, a rush, swift course, Ic. ras, a run- ning ; s. rt. Skr. rish, to flow.] — Ra'cer, n. — Race'- horse, re. A horse bred or kept for running in con- tests. — track, re. The course or track over which a race is run L Raceme, ra-sem', n. (Bot.) A flower-clus- K ter with short and equal lateral one-flow- ered pedicels, as in the currant. [F.; L. racemus, a cluster of grapes, bunch of berries; s. rt. Gr. rhax, rhagos, a berry, esp. a grape.] — Rac'ema'tion, re. A cluster or bunch, as of grapes.— Rac'- emif' erous, a. Bearing racemes, as the currant. [L. racemifer ; ferre, to bear.] Rachitis, ra-ki'tis, n. {Med.) Inflamma- tion of the spine, — a disease commen- cing in early childhood, which is charac- terized by a bulky head, distorted bones and joints, tumid abdomen, short stat- ure, emaciated limbs, and weak, un- steady gait. [Invented, in 1650, by the Eng. Dr. Glisson, as if a Gr. word fr. Gi. rhachis, the spine, but following the ProvE. rickets, the name of the disease; s. rt. ME. wrikken, to twist, AS. wringan = E. wring, E. wriggle.'] — Rachit'ic, -kit'ik, a. Pert, to, or affected by, rachitis; rickety. — Rick'ets, re. pi. Same as Rachitis. — Rick'ety^et-T, a. Affected with rickets; feeble in the joints; im- perfect; weak. Rack, rak, v. t. To stretch or strain ; to subject to violent treatment, wrest; to stretch on the rack or wheel, torment, torture ; to harass by exaction, ex- haust. — re. An instrument for racking, stretching, or extending anything ; as, an engine of torture, on which the body of a person is gradually stretched ; or, a wooden frame in which hay is laid for horses and cattle ; or, a frame-work on which articles are arranged and deposited; or, (Jffaut.) a strong frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which passes the running rigging ; or, (Jlach.) a straight bar with teeth on its edge to work with those of a wheel or pinion which is to drive ■J*""** or follow it. [G., a rail, bar, rack, gr^mS any framework made of bars, %WM\ OD. racken, to rack, torture, J^^t£„„ recken, to stretch, reach out; s. rt. ^sssgggaBsgssg ^ reach, rank (q. v.), luxuriant, _ , . „. . ratch.] — Racier, re. One who Rack & P"«on. racks or torments. — Racking, a. Tormenting ; excruciating. — Rack'-rent, n. An annual rent raised to the utmost. Rack, rak, v. t. [racked (rakt), racking.] To draw off from the lees, as wine or other liquor; to cause to flow off, as pure wine, etc., from its sediment. [Languedoc araca, to rack (wine), fr. raco, draco, NormF. draque, dregs, F. drache, brewers' grains.] Rack, rak, re. A peculiar pace of a horse, resembling an amble. — v. i. [racked (rakt), racking.] To move or travel with a quick amble, as a horse. [Same as rock, — i. e., a rocking pace.] — Rack'er, re. A horse which, etc. Rack, rak, v. i. To steam ; to rise, or fly as vapor or broken clouds, —re. Thin, flying, broken clouds, or any portion of floating vapor in the sky. [Same as wrack; Ic. rek, drift, motion, skyrek, drifting clouds, reka, to drive, toss ; not s. rt. reek.] Rack, n. Same as Arrack. Racket, Racquet, Raquet, rak'et, re. A bat with net- work instead of a solid blade, used in tennis and similar games; a game of ball, resembling tennis; in Canada, a snow-shoe ; a broad wooden shoe for a horse, to enable him to step on soft ground. [Sp. ra- queta, a racket, battledoor, fr. Ar. rahat, palm of the hand.] Racket, rak'et, re. A confused, clattering noise ; clamor; din. — v. i. To make a racket; to frolic. [Ga. racaid, Ir. racan, noise, riot, Ga. roc, to make a noise like geese or ducks ; onomat.] Racy. See under Race, family. Raddle, rad'dl, v. t. To interweave, twist together. — n. A long stick used in hedging; a hedge formed by interweaving the shoots and branches of trees or shrubs; an instrument employed by domestic weav- ers. [Prob. fr. reed.] Radial, Radiate, etc. See under Radius. Radical, Radish, etc. See under Radix. Radius, ra'dT-us, re. ; pi. -dii, -dt-i. (Geom.) A right line, extending from the center of a circle to the periphery. (Anat.) The bone on the exterior or thumb side of the fore-arm: see Skeleton. [L., ray.] — Ra'dius-vec'tor, n. {Math.) A straight line connecting any point (of a curve) with a fixed point, or pole, round which it turns, and to which it . serves to refer the successive points of Kadius. a curve, in a system of polar coordinates. [L. vector, a bearer, fr. vehere, to bear, carry.] — Ray, ra, re. One of a number of lines or parts diverging from a common point or center, like the radii of a circle. (Bot.) A radiating part of a flower or plant. (Ichth.) One of the radiating bony spines forming the frame- work of the fins of fishes. (Physics.) A line of light © cl- one heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point; e of the colored portions of the spectrum. A gleam of intellectual light ; perception ; apprehension. — v. t. [rayed (rad), raying.] To send forth or shoot out, cause to shine out, glimmer, beam, gleam, light. [OF. raye = L. radius.) — Ray'less, a. Destitute of light; not illuminated ; dark. — Ra'diate, -dT-at, n. (Zool.) An animal in which all the parts are ar- ranged uniformly around the eentral axis of the body. — v. i. To issue and proceed in direct lines from a point of surface, as heat or light; to issue in rays, as light ; to emit rays, be radiant. — v. t. To emit or send out in direct" lines from a point or sur- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare i end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; RADIX 467 RAISE face. — a. Formed of rays diverging from a center ; having the parts of a structure arranged radiatelv about a center. (L. radiare, -atmn, fr. radius.] — Radia'tion, n. Act of radiating, or state of being radiated ; emission and diffusion of rays of light ; divergence of anything from a point or surface, like diverging rays of light. [¥.; L. radiatio.] - Ra'di- a'tor, -ter, n. That which radiates or emits rays ; esp. that part of a heating apparatus designed to radiate heat. — Ra'dial, -dl-al, a. Pert, to a radius, or to the radius, one of the bones of the fore-arm. [E .] — Ra'diant, a. Radiating; radiate; resembling or in the form of rays ; emitting or darting rays of light or heat ; emitting a vivid light or splendor. [L- radtam, p. pr. of radiare.] — Ra/diantly, adv. — Ra'diance, -ancy, -an-si, n. Quality of being ra- diant ; vivid brightness ; luster ; glare ; glitter. — Ra'dio-ac'tive, ra'dT-o-ak'tiv, a. (Physics.) Cap- able of becoming luminous under the action of cathode rays, X rays, or any of the allied forms of radiation. [Radius + active.] — Ra / dio-activ , ity, n. — Ra'diograph, -graf, n. (Phys.) A picture pro- duced by the Rontgen rays, q. v. (X. radius, ray + Gr. graphein, to write.] — Ra'dium, rS'dT-um, n. A radio-active element found in pitchblende. [L. radius, ray.] Radix, ra'dike, n. A root. (Phttology.) A primitive word, from which spring other words; a radical; root. (Math.) The fundamental number of any system; a base. [L. and Gr., a root, branch, rod; s. rt. wort, eradicate, rash, race, a. root.] — Rad'ical, -T-kal, a. Pert, to, or proceeding directly from, the root; pert, to the root or origin; reaching to the principles; thor- oughgoing; unsparing ; extreme ; innate ; constitu- tional. (Bot.) Proceeding from the stem at or be- low the surface of the ground; belonging to the root Of a plant. (Gram.) Relating to a root, or ultimate source of derivation. — n. (Philology.) A primitive word ; a root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word ; a letter that belongs to the root. (Politics.) One who advocates a radical reform, or extreme measures in reformation. ( Chem.) The base or dis- tinguishing partof a compound, whether itself a sim- ple or compound. [F.] — Radical quantity. (Alg.) A quantity to which the radical sign is prefixed. — R. sign. (Math.) The sign V (orig. the letter r, initial of radix), placed before any quantity, denoting that its soot is to be extracted. —Radicalism, -izm, n. Doc- trine or principle of radicals in politics or reforma- tion. — Radically, adv.— Rad'icalness, n. — Rad'- icant, a. (Bot.) Taking root in, or above the ground. iL. radicans, p. pr. of radicari, to take root.] — Rad'- cate, -Y-kat, v. t. To root, plant deeply and firmly. — Radica'tion, n. Process of taking root deeply. (Bot.) Disposition of the root of a plant with respect to the ascending and descending caudex. Rad'icel. -T-sel, n. (Bot/) A little root. — Rad'icle. -T-kl, n. (Bot.) The rudi- mentary root of a plant; the stem of the embryo. [L. radicida.] — Radish, n. (Bot.) A cultivated plant, whose root is eaten raw. [F. radis, Proven, raditz, fr. „ L. radix.] Radicle. Baffle, raf'fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To engage in a raffle.— v. t. To dispose of by means of a raffle. — n. A game of chance, or lottery, in which several persons^deposit a part of the value of some- thing, and it is determined by chance which of them Bhall become sole possessor. [ME. and F. raHe, a game at dice, for stakes, F. rafter, G. raffeln, to snatch up; s. rt. Ic. hrapa, to hurry, E. rape.] Raft, raft, n. A collection of logs, planks, etc., fas- tened together, either to serve as a support upon the water, or to move the materials from one place to another. — v. t. To carry on or in a raft. [Dan.; Ic. raptr, a spar, beam, rafter.] — Raft'er, n. A roof- timber of a buildinsr: see Queen-post. [AS. rmfter, Ic. raptr, OHG. rafo, a beam, rafter, lit. that which covers; s. rt. Ic. raf, Gr. orophos, a roof ; not s. rt. roof.] Rag, rag, n. A piece of cloth torn off; a tattered frag- ment; shred; bit; patch, pi. Mean or tattered at- tire. (Geol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cel- lular in texture. [Sw. ragg, rough hair; raggig, 6haggy: Ga. and Ir. rag, a rag, prob. fr. E.; not s. rt. Gr. rhakos. a shred of cloth.] — Rag'ged, a. Rent or worn into tatters; broken with rough edges ; un- even; rough with sharp or irregular points ; jagged; wearing tattered clothes; dressed in rags. — Rag'- gedness. n— Rag'man, n. One who collects or deals in rage. — Rag'stone, n. A dark gray silicious sand- Chain. stone.— Rag'wheel, n. (Much.) ^11 A wheel having projecting pins "™ on the rim, which fit into the link.s of a chain belt, to prevent its slipping when receiving or communicating motion; a sprocket wheel. — Rag'amuif'- In, -a-muf 'in, n. A paltry fel- low; mean wretch; a ragged, disreputable fellow. [E. rag and ProvG. muffen, to smell „ musty or rank.] Rag-wheel and Rage, raj, n. Violent excitement; eager passion; vio- lent anger accompanied with furious words, ges- tures, or agitation; vehemence of anything painful or destructive; the subject of eager desire. — v. i. [raged (rajd), ragixg.J To be furious with anger; to be violent and tumultuous; to act or move furi- ously, storm, fret, chafe, fume ; to prevail without restraint, or with fatal effect, ravage. [F.; L. rabies, madness, rage, rabere, to rave, be mad; s. rt. Skr. rabh, to desire vehemently, in Vedic Skr., to seize, E. enrage, rave.] Ragged, Ragman, Rag-wheel, etc. See under Rag. Ragout, ra-goo', n. Fragments of meat stewed and highly seasoned; a stew. [F. ragout, fr. ragouter, to restore one's appetite, fr. L. re-, back, F. a (= L. ad), to, and gout, taste: see Gust.] Raid, rad, u. A hostile or predatory incursion; esp., an inroad or incursion of mounted men. [Same aa road;_ Ic. reidh, a riding, raid.] Rail, ral, n. A piece of timber, iron, or other sub- stance extending from one post or support to an- other ; a long wooden bar split from a log, — used esp. in building a crooked or " Virginia " rail fence. (Railroads.) A bar of iron, resting upon sleepera and forming part of a continuous track. (Saut.) A narrow plank on a ship's upper works ; a curved piece of timber extending from the bows of a ship to the continuation of its stem, to support the knee of the head, etc.— v. t. [railed (raid), railing.] To inclose with rails. [EG. regel, a cross-bar, rail, OHG. rigil^a. rail, bar, bolt for a door, fr. rihun, to fasten.] — By rail. By railroad or railway. — Rail'- ing, n. A series of rails ; a fence ; rails in general ; material for rails. — Rail 'road, -way, n. A graded road having a continuous track of iron or steel raila laid upon sleepers, etc. Rail, ral, ru A wading bird of Europe and Amer., of many species. [OF. rasle, name of the bird, also a rat- tling in the throat, prob. fr. its cry, OF. roller, OD. ratelen, to rattle.] Rail, ral, v. i. To use inso- lent and reproachful lan- guage; to scoff. [F. railler, to jest, deride, mock, perh. fr. D. rallen, to chatter, tat- tle, ralle, a chatterbox ; if so, s. rt. rail, the bird, also rattle; s. rt. rally.] — Rail 'or, n. One who rails, scoffs, insults, or censures. — Raillery, ral'- or r&V- Sr-Y, n. Good-humored pleasantry or slight satire; banter. [F. raillerie, fr. railler.] Raiment, ra'ment, n. Clothing in general; vestments; garments. JAbbr. fr. arrayment : see Array.] Rain, ran, v. i. [rained (rand), raining.] To fall in drops from the clouds, as water; to fall or drop like water from the clouds. — v. t. To pour or shower down from above like rain from the clouds, —n. Water falling in drops from the atmosphere. [AS., Ic, Dan., and Sw. regn, D. and G. regen ; perh. s. rt. L. rigare, to moisten, Gr. brechein, to wet, E. irri- gate, embrocation.] — Rain'y, -1, a. Abounding with rain; wet; showery. — Raininess, n.— Rain 'bow, n. A bow or arch exhibiting the colors of the spectrum, and formed by the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in drops of falling rain. — Rain '-gauge, n. An instrument for measuring the quantity of rain that falls at any given place in a given time. — wa'- ter, n. Water that has fallen from the clouds in rain. Raise, raz, v. t. [raised (razd), raising.] To cause to rise ; to bring from a lower to a higher place ; to bring to a higher condition or situation, elevate in rank, dignity, etc. ; to increase the strength or vehe- mence of; to recall from death, give life to; to cause to rise up, or assume an erect position or posture; to cause to spring up from a recumbent position, from a state of quiet, etc.; to awaken; to rouse to action, Rail. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. . RAISIN 468 RANDOM stir up; to cause to arise, grow up, or come into be- ing or to appear; to give rise to; to build up, erect; to bring together, collect; to cause to grow; to pro- cure to be produced, bred, or propagated; to bring into being, produce; to give vent or utterance to; to cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven; to make light and spongy, as bread. (JS T aut.) To cause to seem elevated, as an object by a gradual approach to it. (Law.) To create or constitute. [ME. reisen, Ic. reisa, to raise, make to rise, visa, to rise ; same as rear ; s. rt. rise, q. v.] — To raise a blockade. (Mil.) To remove or break up a blockade. — To r. a pur- chase. (Naut.) To dispose instruments or machines in such a manner as to exert any mechanical force required. — Tor. a siege. To relinquish an attempt to take a place by besieging it, or to cause the at- tempt to be relinquished. — Rais'er, n. One who, or that which, raises. — Rais'ing, n. Act of lifting, setting up, elevating, exalting, producing, or restor- ing to life; operation of setting up the frame of a building, or any structure of timber. Raisin, ra'zn, n. A grape dried in the sun, or by ar- tificial heat. [OF., fr. L. racemus, bunch of grapes : see Raceme.] Raisonne. See under Reason. Rajah, ra'ja or ra'ja, n. In India, a native prince or king. [Skr. rajan, a king; s. rt. L. rex: see Regal.] — Rajpoot', raj-poof, w. In India, a prince; a Hindoo of the 2d, or royal and military, caste; an inhabi- tant of the country of Rnjpootana. [Hind, rajput, lit. son of a king; Skr. //utra, son.] Rake, rak, n. An instrument for collecting hay or light things spread over a large surface, or for breaking and smoothing the earth. — v.t. [raked (rakt), raking.] To smooth, clear, gather, etc., with a rake; to collect laboriously, scrape together; to scour, ransack. (Mil.) To enfilade, fire in a direc- tion with the length of. — v. i. To use a rake, scrape, pass rapidly. [AS. raca, G. rechen, a rake; s. rt. Goth, rikan, L. legere, Gr. legein, to collect, E. le- gend.] — Rak'er, n. — Rak'ing, n. Act of using a rake; space or ground raked at once; or quantity of hay, etc., collected by using a rake once. Rake, rak, n. A loose, dissolute, vicious man. [ME. rakel, rash, Sw. dial, rakkel, a vagabond, rakkla, to rove, Ic. reikall, wandering.] — Rake'hell, n. A lewd, wild fellow; rake; debauchee. [From ME. rakel.] — Rak'ish, a. Dissolute. — Rak'ishness, n. Rake, rak, n. (JS'aut.) The projection of the upper parts of a ship, at the height of the stem and stern, beyond the extremities of the keel; inclination of a mast from a perpendicular direction. [Same as reach ; Dan. rage, to project, jut out, protrude. J — v.i. [raked (rakt), raking.] To incline from a perpendicular direction. — Rak'ish, a. Having a great rake, or backward inclination of the masts. Rally, ral'lT, v. t. [-lied (-lid), -lying.] To collect and reduce to order (as troops thrown into confu- sion); to gather again, reunite. — v. i. To come into orderly arrangement, assemble, unite ; to renew wasted force or power, recuperate.— n. Act of reas- sembling scattered troops ; regaining of lost strength ; a public meeting, as of political adherents. [F. ral- lier, fr. L. re-, again, ad, to, and ligare, to bind.] Rally, ral'lT, v. t. To attack with raillery, banter, ridicule, mock. — v. i. To use pleasantry or satir- ical merriment. — n. Exercise of good humor or satirical merriment. [F. rattier, to mock: see Rail.] Ram, ram, n. The male of the sheep and allied animals. (Astron.) Aries, the sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about March 21st; the constellation Aries, which does not now, as formerly, occupy the sign of the same name. An engine of war, _ used for butting or batter- -=? ing; a battering-ram; a ves- Ram. sel, armed with a heavy beak for piercing and destroying other vessels ; a machine for raising water by the momentum of the water of which a part is to be raised : see Hy- draulic Ram. — v. t. [rammed (ramd), ramming.] To butt or strike against, like a ram ; to thrust or drive with violence; to fill or compact by pounding or driving. [AS. and D., a ram, Skr. ram, to sport.] — Ram'mer, n. — Ram'mish, a. Ram-like ; rank ; strong-scented.— Ram'rod, n. A rod for ramming down the charge of a muzzle-loading fire-arm. ram'a-dan', n. The 9th Mohammedan month, which commences each year 11 days earlier than the preceding year ; the great annual fast, or Lent, of the Mohammedans, kept through the 9th month. [Ar. ; prop, the hot month, fr. ramida, to be very hot fr. the influence of the sun.] Ramble, ram'bl, v. i. [rambled (-bid), -bling.] To walk, ride, or sail from place to place, without de- terminate object; to go out, expand, or grow with- out constraint or direction; to rove, roam, wander, stroll. — n. A going from place to place without object. [Freq. of ProvE. rame = E. roam.] — Ram'- bler, n. — Ram'bling, a. Discursive ; desultory. Ramee, -mie, ram'e, n. An Asiatic plant of the hemp and nettle family, from the fiber of whose inner bark grass-cloth is made for wearing apparel; China grass. [Malay.] Ramose, ra-mos', Ra'mous, -mus, a. (Bot.) Branched, as a stem or root ; consisting of branches ; branchy. [L. ramus, a branch, prob. for radmus ; s. rt. Gr. rhadamnos, a young branch, L. and Gr. radix, q. v.] — Ram'ify, ram'- ±Si t-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To "NS divide into branches or parts. —v.i. To shoot into branches ; to be di- vided or subdivided. [L. facere, to make.]— Ram'ifica'tion, n. Process of branching, or shooting branches from a stem, or the mode of their arrangement; a small division pro- ceeding from a main stock or chan- nel; a subordinate branch; a divis- Ramose root, ion into principal and subordinate classes or heads. (Bot.) The manner in which a tree produces its branches. Production of figures re- sembling branches. Ramp, ramp, v. i. [ramped (rampt), ramping.] To climb, as a plant ; to creep up ; to spring, leap, prance, frolic, romp. — n. A leap; spring; bound. [F. ramper, to creep, run, crawl, climb, G. raffen, to snatch, It. rampare, to claw.] — Ramp'age, -aj, n. Violent or riotous behavior; a state of excitement or passion. — Ramp'ant, a. Springing or climbing unchecked ; overgrowing the usual bounds; exu- berant ; overleaping restraint. (Her.) Standing up- right on his hind legs, as if at- tacking a person. — Rampant arch. An arch whose abutments or springings are not on the same level.— R- gardant. (Her.) Standing upright on the hinder legs, with the face turned to the front. — R. regardant. Standing upright and looking backward. — Ramp'ancy -an-sT, n. Quality or state of being rampant; ex- cessive growth or practice; exu- berance; extravagance. Rampart, ram'piirt, n. That which fortifies and de- fends from assault. (Fort.) An elevation or mound of earth round a place, upon which the parapet is raised: see Castle.— v. t. To fortify with ram- parts. [OF. rempar, rempart, a rampart, remparer, to fortify with, etc., fr. re-, again, erc(=L. m), in, and parer, L. parare, to make ready.] Ramrod. See under Ram. Ramshackle, ram'shak-1, a. Loose ; old ; falling to pieces. Ran, imp. of Run. Rancescent. See under Rancid. Ranch, ranch, Ranch/o, n. In Mexico, California, etc., a rude hut, as of posts, covered with branches or thatch, where herdsmen or laborers lodge at night; a large farming establishment on which are many ranchos ; esp., an establishment for rearing cattle and horses. [Sp. rancho.] — Ranche'ro, ran-cha'ro, n. A herdsman ; one employed on a rancho. [Sp.J Rancid, ran'sid, a. Having a rank, unpleasant smell ; strong-scented ; sour ; musty. [L. ranadus, lr. ran- cere, to be rancid or rank.] — Rancid'ity, -sid'i-tT, Ran'cidness, n. Quality of being rancid ; a strong scent, as of old oil.— Rances'cent, -ses'sent, a. .Be- coming rancid or sour. [L. rancescens, p. pr. or_ ran- cescere, incept, of rancere.] — Ran 'cor, rank er, n. The deepest malignity; inveterate hatred; ill will; malice; spite; grudge; malignity. [ME. and O* . ran- cour, L. rancor, spite, orig. rancidness, fr. rancere.] — Ran'corous, -er-us, a. Full of rancor; implacably spiteful or malicious; bitter; malevolent; virulent.— Ran'corously, adv. ... Random, ran'dum, n. A roving motion; course witn- Rampant. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; LIUuV RANEDEER 469 RARE oat definite direction ; hazard; chance; distance to which a missile is thrown; range; reach, — a. Done at hazard, or without settled aim or purpose; left to chance. [OF. randir, to press on, randonner, to run swiftly. It. a randa, near, exactly, pern. fr. G. rand, edge, rim, margin, AS. rand, rim of a shield, verge.] Ranedeer. Same as Reindeeu l Range, ranj, v. t. [ranged (ranjd), ranging.] To set in a row or rows, dispose in the proper order, rank; to dispose in a systematic order; to rove over, pass over; to sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near. — v. i. To wander without restraint or direc- tion; to be capable of projecting, or to admit of be- ing projected, esp. as to horizontal distance; to be placed in order, admit of arrangement or classifica- tion; to have a particular direction, be in a line with; to sail or pass near or in the direction of. — n. A series of things in a line ; a row; rank; an aggregate of individuals of like rank or degree; an order; class; a cooking apparatus of cast iron, set in brick work, and containing pots, oven, etc.; a wandering or rov- ing; ramble; expedition; compass or extent of excur- sion; natural or acquired power to comprehend or master a greater or less variety of knowledge; the variety of truth or compass of knowledge in posses- sion ; scope. (Gun.) The horizontal distance to which a shot or other projectile is carried. That which may be traversed or ranged over; esp., a re- gion of country in which cattle may wander and pasture; in the land system of the U. S., a row or line of townships lying between 2 successive merid- ian lines 6 miles apart. [F. ranger, OF. renger, to rank, set in a row, arrange, F. rang, ME. and OF. reng, a rank, row, line, fr. OlIG. firing, hrinc, a ring; 8. rt. ring, arrange, derange.} — Ran'ger, n. One who ranges; a dog that beats the ground; one of a body of mounted troops, who range over the coun- try, and often fight on foot; a keeper of a forest or park.— Rank, rank, n. A row or line; a range. (Mil.) Aline of soldiers; a row of troops reckoned from side to side,— opp. to file. (Mil. & Naval.) Degree; grade. An aggregate of individuals together; an order; division; degree of dignity, eminence, or ex- cellence; high degree; high social position. — v. t. [ranked (rankt), ranking.] To place abreast, or in a line; to range in a particular class, order, or di- vision; to class; to dispose methodically; to take pre- cedence of, outrank. — v. u To be ranged or set, as in a particular degree, class, order, or division ; to have a certain grade or degree of elevation in the orders of civil or military life. Rank, rank, a. Luxuriant in growth ; exuberant; raised to a high degree; causing vigorous growth; very rich and fertile; strong to the smell; rancid; sour; musty; strong to the taste; high-tasted. [AS. ranc, strong, D. and Sw. rank, lank, slender, Dan. rank, erect; confused with OF. ranee, L. rancidus = E. rancid, q. v. ; s. rt. rack, right, rich.] — Rank'- ly, adv. With vigorous growth; luxuriantly; coarse- ly ; grossly. — Rank'ness, n. — Rankle, -1, v. i. [rankled (-Id), -ling.] To grow more rank or strong, be inflamed, fester; to become more violent, rage. Ransack, ran'sak, v. t. [-sacked (-sakt), -sacking.] To search thoroughly, search every place or part of; to plunder, pillage completely. [Ic. rannsaka, to search a house, fr. rami, house (s. rt. AS. rsesn, a plank, beam), and ssekja, AS. secan, to seek; not s. rt. AS. and Ic. ran, plunder.] Ransom, ran'sum, n. Release from captivity, bond- age, or the possession of an enemy; money paid for the redemption of a prisoner, or for goods captured by an enemy. — v. t. [ransomed f-sumd), -soming.] To redeem from captivity, servitude, or punishment, by paying a price. [OF. raencon, f r. L. redemptio : see Redemption.] — Ran'somer, n. Rant, rant, v. i. To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extravagant language. — n. Boisterous, empty declamation. [OD. ranten, to be enraged. LG. ran- den, to attack any one; perh. s. rt. OHG. razi, wild, violent.] —Rant 'er, n. A noisy talker; a boisterous preacher. — Rantlpole, -T-pol, n. A wild, romping child. — a. Wild ; roving ; rakish. Ranunculus, ra-nun'ku-lus, n. ; E. pi. -luses; L. pi. -Li. A herbaceous flowering plant of many annual and perennial species, including the crow-foot, but- tercup, etc.. and esp. the cultivated tuberous-rooted Asiatic ranunculus. [L., a little frog, a medicinal plant, dim. of rana, a frog, —so called by Pliny, be- cause the aquatic species grow where frogs abound.] Ranzdesvacb.es, raNz'da-vash', n. A melody of the Swiss mountaineers, commonly played on a long trumpet called the Alpine horn. [F., the ranks of the cows, — because the cattle, answering the musical call of their keeper, move toward him in a row, pre- ceded by those wearing bells.] Rap, rap, v. i. To strike with a quick, sharp blow; to knock. — v. t. [rapped (rapt), rapping.] To strike with a quick blow, knock. — n. A quick, smart blow ; a knock. [Onomat.; Dan. rap, Sw. rapp, a rap, tap, blow, rappa, to beat; s. rt. rattle.] — To rap out. To utter with sudden violence.— Rap'per, n. One who or that which, etc.; esp. a door-knocker. Rap, rap, v. t. [rapped (rapt), more usually written rapt; rapping.] To snatch away, seize and hurry off; to transport out of one's self, affect with ecstasy or rapture. [ME. rapen, Ic. hrapa, to hurry, hasten, Sw. rappa, to snatch, seize, rapp, brisk; confused with L. rapere, raptum, to seize, but not s. rt.] — Rape, rap, n. Sexual intercourse with a woman against her will ; violation ; act of seizing and car- rying away by force (persons or things). [ME., haste, fr. rapen, Ic. hrap, ruin, falling down.] Rapacious, ra-pa'shus, a. Given to plunder; seizing by force; subsisting on prey or animals seized by violence; greedy; ravenous; voracious. [L. rapax, rapacis, fr. rapere, to seize: see Rapid.] — Rapa'- ciously, adv. — Rapa'ciousness, Rapacity, -pas'T- tT, n. Quality of being rapacious ; ravenousness; exorbitant greediness of gain. Rape, violation. See under Rap, to snatch. Rape, rap, n. A plant of several species, with woody roots, allied to the turnip and cabbage, cultivated for its leaves and stalks (for salad and forage), and for its seeds, from which oil is extracted. [L. rapa, a turnip, also rape, Russ. riepa, Gr. rhapus, turnip, rhaphanis, a radish.] Rapid, rapid, a. Very swift or quick; moving with celerity; advancing with speed; in quick sequence; of quick utterance of words; fast; expeditious; hur- ried. — n. A portion of a stream, esp. when broken by rocks, where the current runs with unusual swift- ness or rapidly descends without actual waterfall or cascade. [F. rapide, L. i-apidus, fr. rapere, Gr. har- pazein, to snatch, seize; s. rt. rupture, ravage, raven, ravine, ravish, rapture.'] — Rapidity, -I-tT, n. Qual- ity or state of being rapid; quickness of progression or advance; speed; celerity; velocity; agility.— Rap'- idly, adv. — Rapldness, n. — Rapine, -in, n. Act of plundering; spoliation; pillage; violence; force. [F.; L. rapina, fr. rapere.] — Rapto'rial, -to'rl-al, a. Rapacious; living upon prey, — said esp. of cer- tain birds. [L. raptor, fr. rapere.] — Rapt'ure, rap'- chur, n. State or condition of being carried away from one's self by agreeable excitement ; extreme joy or pleasure ; bliss ; ecstacy ; transport; exulta- tion. — Rapt'urous, -us, a. Ecstatic; transporting; ravishing. Rapier, ra'pt-er, n. A light sword with narrow blade, formerly worn by gentlemen on all occasions. [F. rapiere, a Spanish sword, perh. fr. Sp. raspadera, a raker, fr. raspar, to scrape, file, rasp, q. v.] Rapine. See under Rapid. Rapparee, rap'pa-re', n. A wild Irish plunderer. [Ir. 7-a/iaire, a noisy fellow, robber; s. rt. rabble.] Rappee, rap-pe', n. A pungent kind of snuff, of either a brown or black color. [F. rape", fr. r&per, to grate, rasp, q. v.] Rapper. See under Rap, to knock. Rapscallion. See under Rascal. Rapt, imp. of Rap, to snatch. Raptorial. Rapture, etc. See 'under Rapid. Raquet. See under Racket. Rare, rar, a. Of loose texture ; not thick or dense ; thin; thinly scattered; dispersed; not frequent; sel- dom met with; unusual; unusually excellent; valu- able to a degree seldom found; scarce; uncommon; extraordinary ; incomparable. [F. ; L. rams.] — Rarely, adv. In a rare manner or degree; seldom; not often ; finely ; nicely. — Rare'ness, n. — Rar'- eeshow, n. A show carried about by a showman. [Contr. fr. raritu-show.] — Rar'efy, rar'e-f I, v. t, [-FIED (-fid),-FYiNG ; l To make rare, thin, porous, or less dense. — v. i. To become thin and less dense. [L. facere, to make.] — Rarefac'tion, n. Act or pro- cess of making rare, or of expanding or distending bodies, by separating the parts. — Rar'efi'able, d. Capable of being rarefied. — Rarity, -Y-tT, n. QuaU ity or state of being rare; tenuity; uncommonness; infrequency ; a rare or uncommon thing ; a thing valued for its scarcity; thinness; subtilty. [F. rarUi, L. raritas.] — Rare'ripe, rar'rip.a. Early ripe; ripe sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. RARE 470 RATH before others, or before the usual season. — n. An early fruit; esp., a kind of peach which ripens early. Bare, rar, a. Nearly raw; imperfectly cooked; under- done. [For raw, q. v.] Rascal, ras'kal, n. A mean fellow; scoundrel; worth- less fellow; trickish, dishonest person; rogue. [ME. raskaille, the common herd (of deer), F. racaille, the scum, dregs, or outcasts of any company, prob. fr. F. racier, OF. rascler, to scrape, rasp: see Rase.] — Ras'cally, a. Likearascal; meanly trickish; base. — Rascality, -I-ti, n. Quality of being, etc.; trick- ery; dishonesty. — Rascalllon, ras-kar-, Rapscall- ion, rap-skal'yun, n. A low, mean wretch. Rase, raz, v. t. [rased (razd), easing.] To graze; to cancel, erase; to level with the ground, raze. [ME. rasen, to scrape, F. raser, to shave, lay level, graze, LL. rasare, to demolish, graze, fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape; s. rt. L. rodere, to gnaw, Skr. rad, to split, divide, E. abrade, erase, rail, rascal, rodent, rash, an eruption, rat.] — Raze, v. t. [razed (razd), razing.] To erase, efface, obliterate, extirpate ; to lay level with the ground, demolish, subvert, ruin. — Razee', ra-ze'', n. (Naut.) An armed ship having her upper deck cut down, and thus reduced to the next infe- rior rate. — v. t. To cut down (a ship) to an inferior class; to prune or abridge by cutting off or retrench- ing parts. — Ra'zor, -zer, n. An instrument for shaving off the beard or hair. [F. rasoir, fr. raser.] — Razors of a boar. A boar's tusks. — Ra'zor-bill, n. An aquatic fowl of the Arctic regions ; the common auk. — Ras'ure, Raz'ure, razh'ur, n. Act of erasing or obliterating ; thing razed ; erasure. — Raso'rial, -soli-al, a. Pert, to an order of gallina- ceous birds which scrape the ground for food, as the domestic fowl, peacock, par- tridge, ostrich, pigeon, etc. [L. rasor, lit. a scra- per, fr. radere.] Rash, rash, a. Hasty; quick; sud- den ; rapid ; hasty in counsel or ac- tion ; entering on a measure without due caution ; ut- tered or under- taken with too much haste or too little reflection ; precipitate ; head- strong; foolhardy; heedless; unwary. [Dan. and S w. rash, G. rasch ; s. rt. Skr. ricch, to go, attack, ri, to rise, raise, attack.] — Rashly, adv.— Rash'ness, n. Rash, rash, n. (Med.) A fine eruption or effloresc e n c e on any portion of the person. [OF. rasche, a scald, sore, Proven, rosea, the itch; s. rt. L. radere, rasum, to scratch: see Rase.] Rasher, rash'er, n. A thin slice of bacon; a thin cut. [Prob. fr. rash, hasty — i. e., cooked quickly.] Rasorial. See under Rase. Rasp, rasp, n. A species of coarse file, on which the cutting prominences are distinct, being raised by the oblique stroke of a sharp punch. — v. t. [rasped (raspt), rasping.] To rub or file with a rasp or a rough file; to grate harshly upon. [OF. rasper, OHG. raspon, to rasp, hrespan, to rake together; perh. s. rt. rapier.] — Rasp'atory, -a-to-rY, n. A surgeon's rasp. — Rasp'berry, n. A thorny bush or bramble of sev- eral species; its edible thimble-shaped berry, — red, white, or black. [Fr. its rasp-like surface.] Rasure. See under Rase. Rat, rat, n. (Zo'61.) One of several species of rodent mammals, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, and ships. One who deserts his party or associates; among printers, one who works at less than estab- lished prices. — v. i. [ratted, -ting.] (Eng. Poli- tics.) To desert one's former party or associates from interested motives. To work at less than estab- lished prices. [AS. rset, OD. and G. ratte, Sp. and Rasorial Birds. a, head and foot of Gallus bankiva ; 6, 6, do. of common pheasant; c, c, do. of wild turkey ; d, d, do. of common grouse. o, small ratchet cr pawl for communi- cating motion ; d, ratchet for pre- venting hackward To be set or LL. rato ; prob. s. rt. rodent.] — To smell a rat. To suspect something and be on the watch, as a cat for a rat. — Rats'bane, n. Poison for rats ; arsenious acid.— Rat'ten, v. t. [-tened (-tend), -tening.] To injure and carry away the tools, etc., of (a workman obnoxious to a trades' union, etc.). [ProvE. ratten, a rat.] Ratafia, rat'a-fe'a, n. A fine spirituous liquor, fla- vored with cherries, apricots, peaches, etc., and sweetened with sugar. [F., fr. Malay arak, arrack (q. v.), and tafia, a spirit distilled from molasses.] Ratan. See Rattan. Ratch, Ratchet, rach'et, n. A bar or piece of mechan- ism turning at one end upon a pivot, while the other end falls into the teeth of a wheel or rack, allowing the latter to move in one direction only; pawl; click; detent. [Same as rack (q. v.), a bar with teeth. ]i— Ratch'et-wheel, n. A circular wheel, having angular teteh, by which it may be moved forward, as by a lever and catch, or pawl, or into which a pawl may drop to a prevent the wheel from running " back. Rate, rat, v. t. To chide vehemently, reprove, scold. [ME. raten, tochide, araten, to reprove, Sw. rata, to re- ject, slight, find fault with; s. rt. Norw. rat,lc.hrat, rubbish, trash.] Rate, rat, n. Established portion or Ratchet-wheel measure; fixed allowance; degree; a> ratchet-wheel; , standard ; proportion ; ratio ; value ; reciprocating lever; price; rank; movement, as fast or slow, etc. ; a tax or sum assessed on property for public use. — v. t. To set a certain estimate on, value at a certain price; to settle the rela- tive scale, rank, or position of; to appraise, compute, reckon. — v. considered in a class ; to have rank ; to make an estimate. [F.; L. rata (pars), fr. ratus, reckoned, p. p. of reri, to reckon, calculate; s. rt. art (q. v.), rea- son.] — Rafable, a. Capable of being rated, or set at a certain value ; liable to taxation. — Rafably, adv. Proportionally. — Rat'er, n.— Ralio, ra'shi-o or -sho, n. (Math.) The relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind, as ex- pressed by the quotient of the 2d divided by the 1st; fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; pro- portion; rate; quota. [L., fr. reri.] — Ration, ra'- shun or rash'un, n. A portion or fixed allowance of § revisions, drink, and forage; a certain portion or xed amount dealt out; allowance. [F. = L. ratio.] — Ralional, rash'un-al, a. Relating to the reason; not physical ; having reason, or the faculty of rea- soning ; agreeable to reason ; not absurd, extrava- gant, foolish, fanciful, etc.; sane; sound; discreet; judicious. [F.] — Rational quantity. (Alg.) A quan- tity that can be expressed without a radical sign, — opp. to irrational or radical quantity..— Ra'tionale, rash'un-ale, n. A series of reasons assigned ; an explanation of the principles of some opinion, ac- tion, hypothesis, phenomenon, etc., or the principles themselves. [L.. neut. of rationalis, rational.] — Ra'tionalism, -izm, n. A system of opinions de- duced from reason, as disting. f r., or opp. to, revela- tion; an excessive reliance on reason. — Rational- ist, n. One who proceeds wholly upon reason, or relies on his reason as the sole or the supreme au- thority in matters of religion, and rejects supernat- ural guidance. — Rationalistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism. — Rationality, n. Quality of being rational; due exercise of reason ; reasonableness."— Ralionally, adv. — Ratiocinate, rash'T-os'T-nat, v. i. To rea- son deductively; to offer reason or argument. [L. rationari, -natus, fr. ratiocinium, a computation, fr. ratio.] — Ra'tioc'inalion, n. Act or process of rea- soning. [F.; L. ratiocinatio.] — Ratify. rafT-fi. v. t. [-fied, -fying.] To approve, make valid; esp., to give sanction to (something done by an agent or servant); to confirm, establish, sanction. [F. rati- fier, LL. ratificare, to confirm, fr. L. ratus. fixed (see Rate, above), and facere, to make.] — Rat'i- ficalion, n. Act of ratifying; state of being rati- fied; confirmation. — Ratlfi'er, n. Rath, Rathe, rath, a. Coming before others cr be- fore the usual time; early, — adv. Earlv; betimes. [AS. hradhe, quickly, hrsedh. Ic. hradhr, MHG. hrad, quick.] — Rath'er, rath't-i , adv. More read- ily or willingly: preferably; on the other hand; on Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end,_eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; RATIFY 471 READ the contrary ; somewhat ; moderately ; tolerably ; more properly; more correctly speaking. [AS. hrad- hor, compar. of hrjedh.] — The rather. The sooner; the more so; especially. Ratify, Eatio. Rational, etc. See under Rate. Ratlin, -line, rat'hii, u. (yaut.) A small line travers- ing the shrouds of a ship, making the step of a lad- j der for ascending the masts : see Smi'. [Prob. for i rat-lines, & sailor's term ; cf. catharpin, cathcud, etc.] Batoon, ra-toon', n. A sprout from the root of the I sugar-cane, after the cane has been cut. [Sp. retoiio, I retonar, to sprout or shoot again, fr. L. re-, again, and tumidus, swelling.] Ratsbane. See under Rat. Rattan, rat-tan', n. The long, slender, jointed, branch- less stem of a plant growing in India, which is cylin- drical, solid, flexible, and very tough, and is used for wicker-work, seats of chairs, walking sticks, etc. [Malay rotan.'] Ratteen, rat-ten', n. A thick woolen stuff quilled or twdled. [F. ratine, OF. rutin, ratis, fern; F. j-atiner, to friz, to nap cloth.] Ratten. See under Rat. Rattle, rat'tl, v. i. [_-tled (-tld), -tling.] To make a quick, sharp noise, rapidly repeated, by collision of bodies not very sonorous ; to clatter ; to speak eagerly and noisily, jabber, —v. t. To cause to make a rapid succession of sharp sounds ; to stun with noise ; to scold. — n. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering sounds; loud, rapid talk; an instrument or toy with which a clattering sound is made ; a jab- berer; noise produced by the air in passing through mucus of which the lungs are unable to free them- selves. [D. ratelen, to rattle, ratel, a rattle : see Rail, v. i.] — Raftle-head'ed, a. Noisy; giddy; un- steady.— -snake, n. A ven- omous Amer. snake hav- ing a series of horny joints at the end of the tail which make a rattling sound. — wort, -wert, n. An annual hairy herb, growing from Massachu- setts southwards, whose seeds are in inflated pods, and rattle when shaken; rattle-box. [AS. hrse- telwyrt.] Raucous, raw'kus, a. Hoarse; harsh. [L. rau- cus, for ravicus, fr. rovus, gray-yellow, h o a rs . 1 — Rau'city, -sTE-tt, n. ri a'rshness of sound ; hoarseness. Ravage, rav'ej, n. Desolation by violence ; violent destruction; devastation; pillage; spoil; waste; ruin. — r. t. [ravaged (-ejd), -aging.] To lay waste by force, despoil, sack, desolate, destroy. [F., ravage, "ravager, to ravage, fr. L. rapere, to seize : see Rapid.] — RaVager, n. Rave, rav, r. i. [raved (ravd), raving.] To wander in mind or intellect; to be delirious; to talk irration- allv or frantically ; to be furious or raging ; to rush wildly or noisily. — v. t. To utter in frenzy, say wildly. [OF. raver, Sp. rabiar, fr. Sp. and LL. ra- bia, L. rabies, rage, q. v.] Ravel, raVl v. t. [-eled (-Id), -elixg.] To undo the texture of, take apart, unsew or unknit; to dis- entangle ; to pull apart (a texture) so that the threads fall into a tangled mass ; to entangle, make intricate, involve. — v. i. To become separated in texture, be untwisted or unwoven, be disentangled. [OD. ravelen, LG. reffeln.~] Ravelin, rav'lin, n. (Fort.) 2 embankments which make a salient angle. [F. ; It. ravellino, perh. fr. L. re-, back, and vallum, a rampart.] Raven, ra'vn, n. A bird of black color, allied to the crow, but larger. [Prob. onomat., fr. its cry; AS. hrsefn; s. rt. L. crepare, to rattle.] Raven, rav'n, v.t. [-exed (-nd), -exixg.] To obtain by -violence, devour with eagerness. — v. i. To prey with rapacity, be greedy. B b, ravelin; a., redoubt; cc, — n. Rapine ; rapacity; ditch; i, passage from fort- prey ; food obtained by reaa to ravelin. Rattle-snake. detached work with Ravelin. violence. [ME. ravine, L. rapina, plunder, rapine, a. v., under Rapid.] — Rav'ener, a.— Rav'ening, n. Eagerness for plunder.— Rav'enous, -n-us, a. Furi- ously voracious; hungry even to rage ; eager for prey or gratification. — Rav'enoualy, adv. — Rav'enoua- ness. n. — Rav'in, -n, n. Plunder; prey. [Older spelling of Raven.] Ravine, ra-ven', n. A long, deep, and narrow hollow, usually worn by a stream or torrent of water ; a gorge. [F, formerly a flood, in OF., impetuosity, violence; same as raven, ravin.] Ravish, ravish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishixg.] To seize and carry away by violence; to carry away with joy or delight, transport, entrance, enrapture: to commit rape upon, violate, deflour, force. [F. rarir. It. rapire, L. rapere : see Rapixe, under Rapid.] — Rav'isher, n. — Ravishment, n. Act of carrying away by force or against consent: abduction; state of being ravished; rapture; ecstacy: forcible viola- tion of chastity; rape. Raw, raw, a. Not cooked; unprepared for use or en- joyment; immature; unripe; unpracticed; untried; untouched by art: unwrought; not spun or twisted; not mixed or adulterated; not tried, or melted and strained; not tanned; deprived of skin: galled; caus- ing sensations as of raw flesh; piercingly damp or cold. — n. A raw, sore, or galled place. [AS. hreaw, OHG. ras;s. rt. 'L.crvdus = E. crude, raw, Skr. krura, sore, cruej.] — Rawly, adv.— Raw'ness, ». — Raw'- boned, -bond, a. Having little flesh on the bones; hide-bound. — Raw'hide, n. A eowhide, or coarse riding-whip, made of untanned leather twisted. Ray, aline, Rayless. See under Radius. Ray, ra, n. A fish of several species, including the skate, thornback, and tor- pedo, having the rays of the pectoral fins covered by a disk-like expansion of the body. [ME. and OF. raye, L. raia ; s. rt. G. roche = E. I ray, also roach. ] Raze, Razee, Razor, etc. See under Rase. Ray. Reach, rech, v. t. [reached (recht), reaching.] To extend, stretch, thrust out; to deliver by stretching out a member, esp. the hand; to pass to another, hand over ; to attain or obtain by stretching forth the hand; to extend an action, effort, or influence to, penetrate to ; to extend to, stretch out as far as; to arrive at, get as far as; to attain to, gain. — v. i. To stretch out the hand ; to strain after something ; to be extended in dimen- sion, time, action, influence, etc., so as to attain to or be equal with something, —n. Act of stretching or extending; extension; power of reaching; power of extending action, influence, etc.; extent of force or capacity; extent; stretch; expanse; application; influence; result; an extended portion of land or water; a stretch; an artifice to obtain an advantage; a fetch. [AS. rsecan, to reach, get into one's power, rice, Goth, reiki, power, authority, AS. gersec, occa- sion, due time; s. rt. rich, regal, right, rack, rank.] Re-, re, Red-, inseparable pref., signifying again, or for the 2d time : it may be prefixed to "almost any verb, and many substantives, the words so formed being usually self-explanatory. [F. and L.] Re, ra. (Hus.) A syllable applied in solmization to the 2d tone of the diatonic scale. React, re-akf, v. t. To act or perform a second time, do over again. — v. i. To resist the action of another body by an opposite force: to produce or exhibit an opposite effect or condition from that which has previously been produced or exhibited; to exercise a reciprocal or reverse effect. — Reac'tion. n. Any action in resisting other action or power ; counter tendencv or movement. (Chein.) The mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each other. (Med.) Depression or exhaustion of vital force consequent on over-exertion or over-stimula- tion; or vital excitement and recuperation follow- ing depression or exhaustion. (J/ecA.) Force which a oodv subjected to the action of a force from an- other "body exerts upon that body in the opposite direction. (Politics.) Backward tendency from rev- olution, reform, or progress. — Reac'tionary, -a-rt, -ist, a. For, or implying, reaction. — /;. (Politics.) One anxious to undo reform, or to return to an out- grown condition of thinss. — Reactive, -iv, a. Hav- ing power to react: tending to reaction. Read, red, v. t. [read (r5d), reading (reding).] To go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or sun, cube, full : moon. fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. READY 472 REEEL recite to one's self inaudibly; to take in the sense of {language); to peruse; to know fully, comprehend; to gather the meaning of by inspection, learn by ob- servation. — v. i. To perform the act of reading; to be studious; to learn by reading; to appear in read- ing. — a. Instructed or knowing by reading; versed in books; learned. [AS. rsedan. to discern, advise, read, rsed, counsel ; s. rt. riddle.'] — Read'able, a. Capable of being read; fit, legible, or suitable to be read; worth reading. — Readier, n. One who reads; one whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a churcb; (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) one who reads lec- tures on scientific subjects: proof-reader: corrector of the press; a book containing exercises in reading; reading-book. — Read'ership, n. Office of reading prayers in a church, or, ( Univ. of Oxford) of a lec- turer on scientific subjects. — Reading, n. Act of one who reads; perusal; study of books; the way in which anything reads; lection; version; learning. — Read'ing-room, n. A room provided with papers, pe- riodicals, etc., to which persons resort for reading. Ready, red'T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Prepared at the mo- ment ; not behindhand or backward when called upon; prepared in mind or disposition; not slow, hes- itating, or awkward; quick in action; not occasion- ing delay; offering itself at once; on the point, about, — with a following infinitive, —adv. In a state of preparation so as to need no delay. [AS. rxde, OHG. reiti, ready, reita, Ic. reidh = E. raid ; s. rt. ride.] — Readily, -T-lT, ado. Quickly ; promptly ; without delay or objection ; cheerfully. — Readiness, n. — Read'y-made, a. Already provided ; kept on hand to answer demands ; not made to order. Reagent, re-a'jent, n. (Chem.) A substance em- ployed to detect the presence of other bodies ; a test. Real, re'al, a. Actually being or existing ; not arti- ficial, counterfeit, or factitious. (Law.) Pert, to things fixed, permanent or immovable, as to lands and tenements, — as, real estate. [OF. ; LL. realis, pert, to the thing itself, fr. L. res, thing.] — Re'ally, adv. Actually ; in truth. — ReSlism, -al-izm, n. Doctrine of the realists ; fidelity to nature or to real life, in art or literature. — ReSlist, n. One who maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote the genera and species of things, represent real ex- istences, and are not mere names, as maintained by the nominalists ; an artist or writer who aims to ad- here to real life in his delineations. — Realistic, a. Pert, to, or characteristic of, realists. — Reality, n. State or quality of being real ; actual being or ex- istence of anything, — disting. fr. mere appearance; fact; that which is real; an actual existence; truth; verity; certainty. [F. riaUte".] — Re'alty, n. (Law.) Real estate; that which has the nature or character of real estate. [Contr. of reality.] — Re'alize, v. t. [-IZED (-Tzd), -izing.] To make real, convert from imaginary or fictitious into actual; to cause to seem real, impress upon the mind as actual ; to convert into real property ; to obtain as the result of plans and efforts, gain, get. — v. i. To receive value or property, esp. in money. [OF. realiser.] — ReSJiz'- able, a. Capable of being realized. — Re'alizalion, n. Act of realizing or making real, or state of being realized. [OF. realisation.'] Real, re'al, n. A small Spanish denomination of mo- ney varying in value from \2\ to 5 cents. [Sp. and Pg. = L. regalis, royal, q. v.] Realgar, re-al'gar, n. (Min.) A natural or artificial combination of sulphur and arsenic in equal equiv- alents, of a brilliant red color ; red orpiment. [F. rialgar, NL. risigallum, Sp. rejalgar, Ar. rahj al- ghar; rahj, powder; al, (of) the; gkar, mine.] Realm, relm, n. A royal jurisdiction or regal govern- ment ; kingdom ; province ; region ; domain ; de- partment. [OF. realme, reaume, roialme, fr. real, roial, royal, q. v.J Ream, rem, n. A package of paper, consisting of 20 quires or 480 sheets. [OF. raime, Sp. resma, ream of paper,_Ar. rizmat, a bundle.] Ream, rem, v. t. [reamed (remd), reaming.] To en- large or dress out, as a hole. \G. raeumen, to enlarge, clear awaj, raum = r o o m . J Ream'er, ... (Mech.) An Reamer, instrument to enlarge a hole in a beveled form. Reanimate, re-an'i-mat, v. t. To animate anew, in- fuse new life, vigor, spirit,_or courage into. Reap, rep, v. I. [reaped (rept), reaping.] To cut with a sickle, as grain ; to gather, obtain, receive as a reward, or as the fruit of labor; to clear of a crop by reaping. — v. i. To perform the act of reaping; to receive the fruit of labor or works. [AS. npan, D. rapen, to gather, reap, glean, G. raufen, to pluck; s. rt. rupture, ripe.}— Reap'er, n. One who reaps or cuts grain with a sickle ; machine for cutting graim Rear, rer, n. The back or hindmost part; part of an army or fleet which comes last, or is behind the rest. — a. Being behind or in the hindmost part ; hind- most. [ME. rere, OF. riere, It. retro, backward.] — Rear'-ad'miral, n. An officer next in rank after the vice-admiral. — guard, n. The body of an army that marches in the rear of the main body to protect it. — rank, n. (Mil.) The hindermost rank of a body of troops. — ward, n. The last troop ; rear- guard; the hind or latter part; end; tail. Rear, rer, v. t. [reared (rerd), rearing.] To bring up or raise to maturity, as young ; to raise, lift, erect, establish.— v. i. To rise on the hind legs, as a horse. [AS. rseran, for reesan, Ic. reisa — E. raise, tear-. Re Rear-, Reremouse, rer'mows, n. The bat. [AS. hrere- mus, fr. hreran, to agitate, hror, motion, also quick, and mus, mouse, q. v.] Reason, re'zn, n. A thought or consideration, as bear. ing on a determination or opinion; a motive or cause; that which accounts for or explains ; the faculty or capacity of the human mind by which it is dis- ting. fr. the inferior animals ; the higher as disting. fr. the lower cognitive faculties; due exercise of the reasoning faculty ; that which is supported by the common sense of mankind ; propriety ; justice ; truths and laws by which the universe is supposed to be constructed and governed, — v. i. [reasoned (-znd), -soning.] To exercise the rational faculty, ratiocinate ; to carry on a process of deduction in order to convince, or to confute ; to debate, discuss, argue, examine, prove, —v. t. To examine or dis- cuss by arguments ; to debate ; to persuade by rea- soning or argument. [OF. raisun, reson, L. ratio, reckoning, reason : see Rate, n.~\ — By reason of. By means of ; on account of. — In r., in all r. In i'ustice ; with rational ground. — Reasonable, a. laving the faculty of reason ; governed by, under the influence of, or agreeable to, reason; within due limits; just; honest; equitable; fair; suitable; con- siderable. — Reasonableness, n. — Reasonably, adv. — ReaSoner, n. — Reasoning, n. Act or pro- cess of deriving conclusions from premises; proofs or reasons when arranged and developed; argumen- tation; argument.— Raisonne\ ra'zo-na', a. Having proofs, illustrations, or notices ; arranged analyti- cally or systematically. [F., p. p. of raisonner, to reason.] Reassure, re'as-shoor', v. t. To assure anew; to free from fear or terror; to obtain insurance from an- other of what one has already insured. — Re'as- sur'ance, n. Assurance or confirmation repeated. (Law.) A contract by which an insurer of property obtains indemnity against loss by his insurance from some other insurer. Reave, rev, v. t. To rob, deprive, bereave. [AS. rea- fian, to despoil (esp. of clothes, armor, etc.), fr. reaf, clothing, spoil, plunder; s. rt. rob, robe, rove, rup- ture.'] Rebate, re-bat r , v. t. To beat to obtuseness, blunt; to make a discount from for prompt payment; to cut a rebate in, rabbet. — n. A groove or channel sunk on the edge of a board or piece of timber; a rabbet. [OF. rebatre, fr. re, again, against, back, and batre, L. batuere, to beat, strike; s. rt. abate.] —Rebate', -batelnent, n. Diminution. (Com.) Deduction of interest, or any sum, etc., on account of prompt payment; abatement. Rebec, re'bek, n. (3Ihs.) An instrument formerly used, having 3 catgut strings, and played with a bow. [OF.; It. ribccca, ribeb'ia, Per. rubab.] Rebel, rebSl, n. One who rebels ; one who revolts from the government to which he owes allegiance; revolter : insurgent. — a. Acting in revolt; rebel- lious. [F. re'ieffe, L. rebellis, rebellious, lit. renew- ing war, f r. re- and helium, war.] — Rebel', re-beK, v. i. [-belled (-beld'), -belling.] To revolt ; to take up arms traitorously against the state or gov- ernment. — Rebellion, -yun, n. Act of rebelling; open renunciation of the authority of the govern- ment to which one owes allegiance ; resistance to lawful authority ; sedition ; mutiny ; contumacy. [F.] — Rebellious, -yus, a. Engaged in, or marked fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r % REBOUND 473 RECIPROCAL by, rebellion ; violently resisting government or lawful authority. — Rebelllously, adv. Rebound, re-bo wnd', v. i. To spring back, start back; to be reverberated. — v. t. To drive back, reverber- ate. — n. Act of flying back upon collision with another body; resilience. [F. rebondir, fr. re- and bondir, to leap, bound, q. v.] Rebuff, re-buf, n. A beating back; a quick and sud- den resistance; sudden check; repercussion; unex- pected repulse; refusal, —v. t. [rebuffed (-buff), -fing.] To beat back, check, repel violently, harsh- lv, or uncourteously. [It. rebaffo, a check, chiding, ribufare, to chide, fr. ri- (= L. re-) and buffo = £. 7>itff.] Rebuild, re-bild r , v. t. (-built (-bilt), -building.] To build or construct (something which has been de- molished). Rebuke, re-buk', v. t. [-buked (-bukf), -buking.] To check, silence, or put down with reproof; to repre- hend sharply and summarily, —n. A pointed re- proof; reprimand; chastisement; punishment. [OF. rebouquer, later reboucher, to blunt, dull — said of armor that turned off a weapon, thence of turning aside a request, fr. boucher, to stop the mouth, bouche; orig. to puff or blow back : cf. re uff.] Rebus, re'bus, n. ; pi. -buses. Enigmatical represen- tation of words by figures; a riddle made up of such representations. [L., abl. pi. of res, thing.] Rebut, re-but', v. t. To drive back, repel by force. (Law.) To oppose by argument, piea, or counter- vailing proof. — v. i. To make an answer, as to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. [OF. rebouter, fr. re- and bouter, to thrust : see Butt.] — Rebut'ter, n. The answer of a defendant in matter of fact to a plain- tiff's surrejoinder. — Rebut'tal, n. The giving of evidence for the plaintiff, to destroy that of the de- fendant. Recalcitrate, re-kal'sY-trat, v. i. To kick back, kick against anything, express repugnance. [L. recal- citrare, -tratum, fr. re- and calcitrare, to kick; calx, heel.] — Recal'citrant, a. Kicking back; showing repugnance or opposition.— Recal'citra'tion, n. Op- position; repugnance. Recall, re-kawK, v. t. [-called (-kawld'), -calling.] To call back, summon to return; to revoke, annul by a subsequent act; to call to mind, recollect, re- member. — n. A calling back: revocation. Recant, re-kanf, v. '• To contradict (a former dec- laration); to take back by one's own act, retract, re- call, abjure, disown, disavow. — v. i. To revoke or disavow a declaration or proposition. [L. recavtare, to recall, recant, fr. re- and cantare, to sing, sound.] — Recautalion, n. Act of recanting; retraction. Recapitulate, re-ka-pifu-lat, v. t. To give a summary of the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to relate in brief, reiterate, repeat, rehearse, recite. — v. i. To sum up what has been previously said. [L. recapitvlare, -latum ; camtulum, a small head, chap- ter, section.] — Recapit'ula'tion, n. Act of recapit- ulating ; a summary. — Recapitulatory, -to-rT, a. Repeating again; containing recapitulation. Recapture, re-kap'chur, n. Act of retaking: esp., the retaking of a prize or goods from a captor; a prize retaken. — v. t. [recaptured (-churd), -Turing.] To retake, esp. a prize which had been previously taken. — Recap'tion, n. Act of retaking: reprisal; the retaking of one's own goods, chattels, wife, or children, without force or violence, from one who has taken them and who wrongfully detains them. Recast, re-kast / ', v. t. [recast, recasting.] To throw again; to mold anew, throw into a new form or shape; to compute a second time. Recede, re-secl', r. i. To move back, retreat, with- draw: to withdraw a claim or pretension, desist. — v. t. To cede back, yield to a former possessor. [L. re- cprfere, fr. re- and cedere, cession, to go, go along.] — Recess', n. A withdrawing or retiring; retirement; retreat; a withdrawing from public business or no- tice; state of being withdrawn; seclusion; privacy; remission or suspension of business; intermission, as of a legislative body or school: part of a room formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, niche, etc.: place of retirement or secrecy; secret or abstruse part. [L. recessas.} — Reces'sioh, -sesh'un, n. Act of receding or withdrawing (from a place, claim, demand, etc.); act of ceding back; restora- tion. [L. recessio.] Receive, re-sev', v. t. r-CEiVED(-sevd'),-CErviNG.] To take (something offered, given, committed, sent, paid, etc.) ; to gain the knowledge of, accept (an opinion, notion, etc.); to give credence or accept- cjlind; Receivers. il glass receiver ; air-pump ance to; to give admittance to, in an official capacity, as an embassador, associate, guest, etc.: to have ca- pacity for, hold, contain ; to bear, suffer ; to take (goods) from a thief, knowing them to be dishon- estly obtained, —v. i. To hold a reception of com- pany. [OF. recever, F. recevoir, L. reci/iere, -ceptum, fr. re- and capere, to take, seize.]— Receiv'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. (Law.) One appointed, usually by a court of chancery, to receive and hold in trust property which is the subject of litigation pending the suit, or to take charge .of the estate and effects of a corporation and do acts necessary to winding up its affairs. (Chem.) A vessel connected with an alembic, retort, etc., for receiving and condensing the product of distillation ; a vessel to contain gases. (Pntu- mut.) The glass vessel in which a vacuum is pro- duced by an_air-pump. — Receipt', -set', n. Act, power, or place of re- ceiving ; reception ; ca- pacitv ; plan or formu- lary according to which ™»"»" things are to be combined; a recipe; a written ac- knowledgment of payment; that received. — v. t. To give a receipt for. — v. i. To give a receipt. [OF. recete, recepte, L. recepta, fem. of p. p. of recipere.] — Recep'tacle, -sep'ta-kl, n. That which receives, or into which anything is received and held ; a r> ceiver or holder; reservoir. (Bot.) The apex of the flower-stalk from which the organs of the flower grow or into which they are inserted. [F. ; L. re- ceptaculum, fr. recentare, freq. of red- pere.]— Receptac'ular, a. (Bot.) Pert, to the receptacle, or growing on it, as the nectary. — Recep'tible, -tT-bl, a. Admitting reception; receivable. — Re- cep'tibillty, n. Quality of being recep- tible; capacity of receiving. — Recep'- tion, re-sep'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a receiving or manner of receiving for entertainment ; an occa- sion or ceremony of receiving guests; admission (of an opinion or doctrine). [F.] — Recep'tive, -tiv, a. Having the quality of re- ceiving; able or inclined to take in, hold, or contain. — Receptivity, n. Quality of being, etc. [F. recip- tivite'.'] — Recipe, -T-pe, n.; pi. -pes, -pez. A pre- scription for making some combination ; esp. for medicine. [L., imper. of recipe re. ] —Recipient, -Y-ent, a. Receiving, —n. A receiver: the person or thing that receives. [L. recipiens, p. pr. of red- pere.) — Recipiency, -Y-en-sY, n. State or quality of being recipient. Recension, re-sen'shun, n. Act of reviewing or re- vising; examination: enumeration; esp. review of a text by editors ; a text established bv critical re- vision. [L. recensio, fr. re- and censere, to value, estimate.] Recent, re'sent, a. Of late origin, existence, or occur- rence; not already known, familiar, worn out, trite, etc. ( Oeol.) Of "a date subsequent to the creation of man. [OF.: L. rerens ; prob. s. rt. W. cipit, first, earliest, Skr. haniyams, very small.] — Re'cently, adv. — Re'centness. -cency. sen-sY, n. Quality of being, etc. ; freshness ; lateness of origin or occur- rence. Receptacle, Reception, Recipe, etc. See under Re- ceive. Recess, Recession, etc. See under Recede. Recherche\ See under Research. Reciprocal, re-sip'ro-kal, a. Recurring in vicissitude; alternate; done by each to the other: given and re- ceived; mutually interchangeable. (Gram.) Reflex- ive,— applied to pronouns and verbs.— n. That which is reciprocal to another thins:. (Arith. & Alq.) The quotient arising from dividing unity by any quan- tity. [OF reciproqtie. L. recir>mciis.~] — Recip'rocal'- ity. n. State or quality of being, etc. — Recip'ro- cally, arir. — Recip'rocalness. n. The quality of being reciprocal; mutual return: alternateness. — Recip'rocate, -ro-kat. r. i. To act interchangeably ; to alternate. — v. t. To give and return mutually, make return for, requite, interchange. [L. recip- rocare, -catum.} Recip'roea'tion, n. Act of recip- rocating: interchange of acts; alternation. [F.J — Reciprocity, res-Y-pros'Y-tY, n. Mutual action and son, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. RECISION 474 RECORD reaction ; reciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights. [F. reciprocity.] Becision, re-sizh'un, n. Act of cutting off. [L. re- cisio, fr. recidere, to cut off; cascfere, to cut.] Eecite, re-sit', v. t. To repeat (something already- prepared, written, memorized, etc.); to tell over, go over in particulars; to rehearse (a lesson to an in- structor), detail, number, count. — v. i. To repeat, pronounce, or rehearse something prepared. [F. re- citer, L. recitare; citare, to call or name, cite, q. v.] - Recit'er, n. — Recit'al, n. Act of reciting; repe- tition of the words of another, or of a writing; nar- ration; that recited; a story. (Law.) The formal statement or setting forth of some matter of fact in any deed or writing. — Recita'tion, res-Y-ta'shun, n. Act of reciting ; rehearsal ; a public reading or reproduction, esp. as an elocutionary exhibition ; re- hearsal of a lesson by pupils before their instructor. [F.] — Rec'itative', -ta-tev', n. A species of musical recitation in which the words are delivered in a man- ner resembling that of ordinary declamation ; the recitation itself; a piece of music intended for reci- tation. [F. recitatif. It. recitativo.] Seek, rek, v. i. To make account, take heed, regard, care. [AS. recan, OS. rokian, OHG. ruohhjan, fr. ruah, ruoh, care, heed; s. rt. Gr. alegein, to have a care.] — Reck'less, a. Rashly or indifferently negli- gent; heedless; careless; remiss. — Recklessness, n. Reckon, rek'n, v. t. [-oned (-nd), -oning.] To make or render account of, tell one by particulars; to count as in number, rank, or series ; to enumerate, compute, calculate, estimate, account, repute, —v. i. To make account, go through with a calculation; to make up accounts, examine and strike the balance ot debit and credit; to think, suppose, imagine, — a Srovincial vulgarism. [AS. gerecenian, to explain, i. rekenen, Ic. reikna, to reckon, MHG. rechen, to declare, tell ; s. rt. Ic. rot, a reason, origin, MHG. racha, a thing, subject, prob. Gr. logos, discourse, legein, to tell, E. legend.'] — Reck'oner, n. — Reck- oning, n. Act of one who reckons, counts, or com- putes ; calculation : adjustment of claims and ac- counts ; exaction of penalty incurred ; charges or account made by a host; esteem; account; estima- tion. (Navigation.) A calculation of the ship's posi- tion from observations made and recorded in the log-book. Reclaim, re-klam', v. t. [-claimed (-klamd'), -claim- ing.] To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under discipline ; to reduce by discipline, la- bor, cultivation, etc., to a desired state; to call back from moral wandering or transgression to rectitude; to claim back, demand as a right the return of. [OF. reclamer, L. reclamare, -matum ; clamare, to cry out : see Claim.] — Reclaim'able, a. Capable of being reclaimed. — Reclaim'ant, n. One who reclaims or makes reclamation. — Reclamation, n. Recovery; demand of something to be restored ; exception taken. [OF.] Recline, re-klln', v. t. [-clined (-kllnd'), -clining.] To lean back, lean to one side, or sidewise. — v. i. To rest or repose, take a recumbent position, lean. [L. reclinare ; clinare, to lean ; s. rt. lean, q. v.] — Rec'linate, -lT-nat, a. (Bot.) Reclined, or bent down- ward, as a leaf. — Reclina'tion, n. Act of leaning or reclining. Recluse, re-klus', a. Shut up ; sequestered ; retired from the world or from public notice ; solitary. — w. One who lives, etc.; i secluded religious devotee. [OF. reclus, fem. recluse, p. p. of reclbrre, fr. L. re- cludere, -clusum, to unclose, LateL., to shut up; clau- dere, to shut: see Clause.] — Recluse'ly, adv. — Re- cluse'ness, n. — Reclu'sion, -zhun, n. A state of re- tirement from the world; seclusion. — Reclu'sive, -siv, a. Affording retirement from society. Recoction, re-kok'snun, n. A second coetion or prep- aration. Recognize, rek'og-niz, v. t. [-nized (-nTzd), -nizing.] To know again, recover or recall knowledge of ; to avow knowledge of, allow that one knows, admit with a formal acknowledgment. — v.i. (Law.) To enter an obligation of record before a proper tribu- nal. [OF. recognoistre.Yj. recognoscere ; cognoscere, to know.] — Recognizee', -kog'nl-ze' or -kont-ze', n. (Law.) The person to whom a recognizance is made. — Recognizor', -kog'- or -kon'Y-zQr', n. One who enters into a recognizance. — Rec'ogni'tion, -og- nish'un, n. Act of recognizing, or state of being recognized ; acknowledgment ; formal avowal ; knowledge confessed or avowed. — Recognizable, rek'og-nlz'- or re-kog'nY-za-bl, a. Capable of be- ing recognized or acknowledged. — Recognizance, -kog'nY- or -kon'I-zans, n. Acknowledgment of a person or thing; avowal; recognition. (Law.) An obligation of record entered into before some court of record or magistrate, with condition to do some particular act ; verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. [Among lawyers, the g in this and the re- lated words (except recognize) is usually silent.] [OF. recoignisance.] — Recog'niza'tion, n. Act of recognizing. — Recon'naissance, -noissance, -kon'- nis-sans, n. Act of reconnoitering ; examination of a tract of country, either in warlike movements or for the carrying on of public works, as canals, railroads, etc. [F.]— Rec'onnoi'ter, -tre, -noi'ter, v. I. To examine by the eye, make a preliminary survey of, survey with a view to military or engineer- ing operations. [F. reconnoitre, -naitre.] Recoil, re-koil', v. i. [-coiled (-koild'), -coiling.] To start, roll, bound, or fall back; to draw back as from anything repugnant, distressing, or alarming ; to shrink. — n. A starting or falling back; there- action of fire-arms when discharged. [F. reculer, fr. re- and cul, L. cuius, Ga. cul, the hinder part.] Recollect, rek'ol-lekt', v. t. To recover or recall the knowledge of, bring back to the mind or memory, remember. — Re-collect', v. t. To collect again, fither what has been scattered. — Rec'ollec'tion, n. ct of recollecting or recalling to the memory; power of recalling ideas to the mind, or the period within which things can be recollected ; remembrance ; memory; thing recollected; reminiscence. Recommend, rek'om-mend', v. t. To commend to the favorable notice of another, bestow commendation on; to make acceptable; to commit, give in charge; to advise (an action, practice, measure, remedy, etc.)— Rec'ommend'able, a. Worthy of, etc.— ReC- ommenda'tion, n. Act of recommending or com- mending; that which recommends br commends to favor.— Rec'ommend'atory, -a-to-ri, a. Serving to recommend; commendatory. — Rec'ommend'er, n. Recommit, re'kom-mit', v. t. To commit again, refer again to a committee. — Re'commit'ment, -mit'tal, n. A second commitment ; renewed reference to a committee. Recompense, rek'om-pens, v. t. [-pensed (-penst), -pensing.] To make a return to ; to render an equivalent to, for service, loss, etc. ; to make up to any one, pay for, compensate, remunerate, — n. An equivalent returned for anything given, done, or suffered; amends; satisfaction; requital. [OF. re- compenser, fr. L. re- & compensare, to compensate.] Recompose, re'kom-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -pos- ing.] To compose again, form anew; to tranquillize. Reconcile, rek'on-sil, v. t. [-ciled (-slid), -ciling.] To conciliate amew, restore to friendship or favor after estrangement ; to bring to acquiescence, con- tent, or quiet submission ; to make consistent or con- gruous; to adjust, settle, propitiate, pacify, appease. [OF. reconciher, L. reconciliare, -atum, f r. re, again, back, and conciliare, to bring together.] — Rec'on- cil'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Rec'oncil'a- bleness, n. Quality of being reconcilable ; consist- ency; possibility of being restored to friendship and harmony. — Rec'oncile'ment, n. Act of reconcil- ing, or the state of being, etc.— Rec'oncirer, n. One who, etc. : one who discovers the consistence of propositions seemingly contradictory. — Rec'oncil'- fa'tion, -sil't-a'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; restoration to harmony ; reduction to congru- ence or consistency ; appeasement ; propitiation ; atonement ; expiation. — Rec'oncil'iatory, -sil'T-a- to-rl, a. Serving or tending to reconcile. Recondite, rek'on-dlt or re-kon'dit, os. Hidden from the view or intellect ; dealing in things abstruse ; profound ; deep ; unfathomable. [L. reconditus, p. p. of recondere, to put up again, lay up, to conceal ; condere, to bring or lay together.] Reconnoissance, Reconnoiter. See under Recognize. Reconsider, re'kon-sid'er, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -eking.] To consider again, review. (Parliam. Practice.) To take up for renewed consideration (a motion, vote, etc., which has been previously acted upon). — Re'- consid'era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; renewed consideration or review. Record, re-k6rd', v. t. To preserve the memory of, by committing to writing, printing, inscription, etc.; to make note of. [OF. recorder, L. recordari, to re- member, fr. re- and cor, cordis, the heart or mind; 8. rt. heart, q. v.] — Rec'ord, n. A register; an authen- tic copy of any writing, or an account or memorial of any facts and proceedings, entered in a book for 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r j RECOUNT 475 RED preservation: known facts showing the principles and course of life of any one, esp. of a public man; register of the time made by competitors in a race, etc. [OF.] — Record' er, n. One who records; esp., one appointed to register writings or transactions; the chief judicial officer of some cities and boroughs. i3Ius.) A kind of wind instrument resembling the flageolet. — Record'ership, n. Office of a recorder. Cacount, re-kownf, r. 1. To relate in detail, tell or iiarrate the particulars of, rehearse, enumerate, de- scribe, recite. [F. reconter, to relate again or over again, raconter, to relate, recount: see Count, to number.] . .. ._ Recoup, re-koop', v. t. Lit., to cut again: to redivide or redistribute. (Law.) To diminish damages by cutting out or keeping back a part of; to hold back a part of, as due. To compensate (one's self) for a loss. [F. recouper, lit. to secure a (recoupe) piece or shred; couper, to cut.] Recourse, re-kors', n. Return; recurrence; recurrence in dirficultv, perplexitv, need, etc.; a going for help; resort. [F. recours, recourse, refuge, L. recursus, p. p. of recurrere, to run back; currere, to run; s. rt. Recover, re-kuv'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To get or obtain again, win back; to make up for, re- pair the loss or injury of; to bring back to life or health. (Law.) To gain as a compensation; to ob- tain in return for injury or debt. — v. i. To regain health after sickness, grow well; to regain a former state or condition after misfortune. (Law.) To ob- tain a judgment, succeed in a lawsuit. [OF. recov- rer, L. recuperare, to recover, recruit one's self ; perh. fr. Sabine cuprus, good, f r. cupere, to desire: see Cupidity.] — Recoverable, a. Capable of being recovered or restored. — Recovery, -er-Y, n. Act of recovering, regaining, retaking, or obtaining posses- sion; restoration from sickness, weakness, misfor- tune, etc. ; the obtaining of a right to something by a verdict and judgment of court from an opposing party in a suit. — Recu'perate, -per-at, v. i. To re- cover health.— Recu'perative, -a-tiv, -atory, -a-to-rf, a. Tending, or pert., to recovery. Recreant, rek're-ant, a. Crying for mercy, as a com- batant in the trial bv battle; cowardly; craven; apos- tate; false; unfaithful. — n. One who, etc. ; a mean- spirited, cowardly wretch. [OF., prop. p. pr. of >■<.- croire, to believe again, alter one's faith, also to re- store, deliver, fr. LL. recredere ; recredere se, to de- clare one's self conquered in combat; L. credere, to believe.] — Rec'reancy, -re-an-sT, n. Quality of be- ing, etc. Recreate, rek're-at, v. t. To give fresh life to, reani- mate, revive; esp., to revive the exhausted strength or languid spirits of, refresh from weariness, enli- ven, amuse, entertain, divert, cheer. — v. i. To take recreation. — Re'create', v. t. To create or form anew. [L. recreare, -atum, to create anew, refresh; creare, to create.] — Rec'rea'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; refreshment of strength and spirits after toil; amusement ; diversion ; entertainment. [F.] — Re'crea'tion, n. A forming anew; new crea- tion. — Rec'rea'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to recreate or refresh; amusing; diverting. ""crement, rek're-ment, n. Superfluous matter sepa- 3d from that which is useful; dross. [L. recre- mentum, fr. re and cernere, cretum, to separate, sift.] — Recrement'al, -menti'tious, -tish , us, a. Consist- ing of superfluous matter separated from that which is valuable; drossy. Recriminate, re-krim'Y-nat, v. i. To return one accu- sation with another, retort a charge. — v. t. To ac- cuse in return. [L. re and criminari, to accuse of a crime.]— Recrim'ina'tion, n. Act of, etc. [F.] — Recrim'ina'tive, -tiv, a. Retorting accusation. — Recrim'ina'tor, -ter, n. — Recriminatory, -Y-na-to- rt, a. Recriminating : retorting accusation. Recrudescent, re-kru-des'sent, a. Growing raw, sore, i : r painful again. [L. rccrwlescens, p. pr. of recru- descere; crudescere, to become hard or raw.] Recruit, re-kroof, v. t. To repair by fresh supplies, as anything wasted; to supply lack'ov deficiency in; to renew in strength or health, reinvigorate; to sup- ply with new men, enlist new men for (an army).— v.i. To gain new supplies of anything waited: to gain flesh, health, spirits, etc.; to gain new supplies of men for military or other service. — n. Supply of anything wasted; a newly-enlisted soldier. [F. re- cruter, fr. recroitre, p. p. recrii, to grow again, fr. re- and croitre, to grow, L. crescere.'] — Recruit"' er, n.— Recruit'ment, n. Act or business of recruiting. Rectangle. Rectangle, rekt'an-gl, n. A 4-sided figure, having only right angles: aright-angled par- allelogram. JF.; L. rectangulus, fr. rectus (= E. right, q. v.) and angulus = E. angle ; s. rt. correct, direct, regal, regimen, region, reign, rule, rajah, reach, etc.] — Rectan'gular, a. Right-angled; having one of more angles of 90°.— Rectan'gularly, adv. — Rec'tify, -tY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -FTING.} To make straight or right; to correct from a wrong, erroneous, or false state; to amend. (Chem.) To re- fine by repeated distillation or sublimation. [F. rec- tifier, LL. rectificare, -catum; "L.facere, to make.] — Rec r tifi / able, «.— Rec'tifica'tion.n. Act or operation of rectifying, or of correcting, amending, or setting right. (Chem.) Process of refining or purifying any substance by repeated distillation. (Geom.) The de- termination of a straight line, whose length is equal to a portion of a curve. — Rec'tifi'er. n.— Rec'tHin'- eal. -e-al, -ear, a. Right-lined : consisting of, or bounded by, right lines. [L. rectilineus ; linea, a line, q. v.] — Rec'titude, -tY-tud, n. Rightness of princi- £le or practice; uprightness; integrity: honestv- [F.; i. rectitudo.] — Rec'tor, -ter, n. (Episc. Ch.) A clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish; a pastor; the head master of a public school; chief elective officer of some universities: superior officer or chief of a convent or religious house. [L., fr. re- gere, rectum, to lead straight, rule, fr. rectus.]-'R6C / '- torate, n. Office, rank, or station of a rector; rector- ship. — Recto'rial, -to'rf-al, a. Of, or pert, to, gov- ernment; relating to a rector.— Rec'iorship, n. Rec- torate. — Rec'tory, -to-rt, n. A parish church, par- sonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes; a rector's mansion or parsonage-house. — Rec'tum, n. (Anat.) The terminal part of the large intestine. [L., fr. rectus, straight, as, by the old anatomists, it was thought to be so.] Recumbent, re-kum'bent, a. Leaning: reclining; ly- ing; reposing; inactive; idle. [L. recumbens, p. pr. of recumbere ; cumbere. cubare, to lie down.] — Re- cum'bence, -bens, -bency, n. State of being recum- bent; act of reposing or resting. Recuperate, etc. See under Recover. Recur, re-ker', v. i. [-cureed (-kerd'), -curring.] To come back, return again or repeatedly; to occur at a stated interval, or according to some regular rule; to resort, have recourse. [L. recurrere ; currere, to run.] — Recurrence, -rency, -ren-sY, n. Act of recurring; state of being recurrent; return; resort. — Recur *- rent, a. Returning from time to time ; recurring. Recurvate, re-kerv'at, v. t. To bend or curve back.— a. (Lot.) Bent or curved backward or outward.— Recurva'tion, n. Act of recurving, or state of being recurved ; a bending or flexure backward. — Re- curve'', v. t. To bend back. — Recurv'ity, -Y-tY, n. Recurvation. — Recurv'ous, -us, a. Bent or curved backward: Recusant, re-ku'zant, a. Obstinate in refusal: (Eng. Hist.) refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the king, or to conform to the established rites of the church. — n. One obstinate in refusal. (Eng. Hist.) One who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in matters of religion. A non-conformist. [F.; L. recusans. p. pr. of recv.sare, to refuse, to ob- ject to, fr. re and causa, a cause, pretext.] Red. red, a. [redder ; reddest.] Of the color of blood, or of a tint resembling that color, — a general term, including many different shades or hues, as scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange, etc. — n. The color of blood, or a tint resembling this: one of the primary colors: see Light. (Europ. Politics.) A re- publican of the most advanced and violent type; a jacobin; communist; nihilist. [AS. read, Ic. raudhr, Goth, ravds, L. rufus, red, Ic. rjodha, to redden; s. rt. Gr. eruikros, L\ and Ga. ruadh, L. ruber, red, ro- bigo, rust. Skr. rudhira. blood. E. rouge, rub'/, rubric, riiddy, russet.} — Red'den, -dn, v. t. [-de.ved (-dnd), -DENING.] To make red. — v. i. To grow or become red, blush. — Red'ness. n.— Red'dish. a. Somewhat red. — Red'dishness. n. — Red'breast. n. The Euro- pean robin, — fr. the color of his breast. — Redsear', -ser 7 ", v. i. To break or crack when red-hot, as iron under the hammer.— Red'short, a. Brittle, or break- ing short when red-hot, — said of metals. — Red'- start, n. A European singing bird of the warbler family; a migratorv bird of N. Amer., combining the habits of the flycatchers anil warblers.— Red'top, n. An English grass, cultivated in the U. S., valuable for pasturage and hay. — Red'wing, n. A European Bun, cube, fuii ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. REDACTION 476 REEF [F., fi ith of for bird of the thrush family; the Amer. red-winged blackbird. — Red'-book, n. In Eng., a book contain- ing the names of all persons in the public service.— -fish, n. A migratory fish of the salmon family, which ascends the Amer. and Asiatic rivers of the Pacific coast; a fish of the Atlantic const, fr. polar regions to Cape Cod, called also red-perch, rose-fish, and bream. — gum, n. {Med.} An eruption of red pimples in early infancy; tooth-rash. A disease of grain, a kind of blight. — hot, a. Red with heat. — -lead, n. (Chem.) An oxide of lead, used in paint- ing and in the arts; minium. — let'ter day. A for- tunate or auspicious day, — the saints' days having been marked by red letters in the old calendars.— -skin, n. A N. Amer. Indian. — tape, n. The tape used in public offices for tying up documents, etc.; official formality and pedantic adherence to forms. Redaction, re-dak'shun, n. Act of digesting, or re- ducing to order (literary or scientific materials); a digest; the editorial staff of a newspaper or literary comnilation. [F., fr. L. redigere, redactum ; agere, to put in motion, to drive.] — Re'dac- teur r , ra'dak-tSr', n. An editor. [F.] Redan, re-dan', n. (Fort.) A field work having 2 parapets, uniting so as Kedans. to form a salient angle toward the enemy. OF. redent, a double notching, as in the tee saw, fr. Ii. re and dens, a tooth.] Reddition. See under Render. Redeem, re-dem', v. t. [-deemed (-demd'), -deeming.] To purchase back, repurchase. (Law.) To recall (an estate) or regain (mortgaged property) by paying what may be due. (Com.) To receive back by pay- ing the obligation (a promissory note, bond, or other evidence of debt). To ransom or rescue from cap- tivity, bondage, etc., by paying a price or ransom. (Theol.) To rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and its penalties. To discharge (a penalty or obligation); to make good by performance (a prom- ise). [F. redimer,L,. redimere, -emptum ; ir.red- = re- and emere, to buy: see Example; s. rt. ransom.] — Redeemable, a. — Redeem'er, n. One who, etc. ; the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ. — Redemp'- tion, -dem'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Lmo.) Liberation of an estate from a mortgage; right of redeeming and reentering upon an estate mortgaged. (Com.) Repurchase Dy the issuer, of notes, bills, etc., by making payment to the holder. (Theol.) The deliverance of sinners frcm the bon- dage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law. [F.; L. redemplio.] — Redemp'tioner, n. One who redeems himself from debt oi servitude.— Redemp'"- tive, -tiv, a. Serving or tending to redeem. — Re- demp'tory, -to-rl, a. Paid for ransom; serving to re- deem. Redintegrate, re-din'te-grat, v. t. To make whole again, renew, restore to a perfect state. [L. redinte- grare ; integrare, to make whole, renew, fr. integer, whole.] — Redin'tegra'tion, n. Restoration to a whole or sound state; renovation. Redolent, red'o-lent, a. Diffusing odor or fragrance; scented; odorous. [F.; L. redoletis, n. pr. of redofcre, to emit a scent; olere, to emit a smell.] — Red'olence, -lency, -len-sT, n. Quality of being redolent. Redouble, re-dub'!, v. t. [-doubled (-bid), -ling.] To double again or repeatedly, augment greatly, multi- ply. _ ,,.' j. To become greatly or repeatedly in- creased; to be multiplied. Redoubt, re-dowf, «. (Fort.) An inclosed work of any polygonal form without reenteringangles; a work placed within an o u 1 - work: see Ravelin, fit ridotto, a withdrs place, same as ri- dutto,r>-V- of ridur- re, L. re- ducere, to lead or to draw back ; du- cere, to lead; s. rt. reduce.] Redoubt- Redoubt. able, re-dowfa-bl, a. Formidable; terrible to foes; valiant. [OF., fr. redoubter, redouter, to fear : see Doubt.] Redound, re-downd', v. i. To roll back, as a wave 01 flood; to come back, as a consequence or result; to have effect; to contribute, conduce; to be in excess, be redundant. [F. redonder, L. redundare ; undare, to rise in waves or surges, fr. unda, a wave.] — Re- dun'dant, a. Exceeding what is natural or neces- sary; using more words or images than are necessary or useful; superfluous; superabundant; excessive; copious. [L. redundans, p. pr. of redvndare.] — Re- dun'dantly, adv.— Redundance, -dancy, -dan-sT, n. Quality 01 being redundant; superfluity; anything superfluous. Redowa, red'o-a, n. A slow and graceful dance in triple time. Redress, re-dres', v. t. [-dressed (-dresf), -dressing.] Orig., to put in order again; to set right (a wrong); to make amends for, remedy; to make amends or compensation to. — n. Reformation ; deliverance from wrong, injury, or oppression; reparation; in- demnification ; remedy. [F. redresser, fr. re- and d>esser, to straighten, dress, q. v.] — RedresB'er, n. — Redress'ive, -iv, a. Giving redress ; affording re- lief. Reduce, re-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To bring (to a state or condition specified, usually inferior or weaker, sometimes indifferent); to con- vert ; to bring to an inferior state, with respect to size, rank, quantity, value, etc. ; to bring into sub- jection ; to bring into a certain order, arrangement, cl ossification, etc. (Arith.) To change (numbers) from one denomination to another without altering their value. (Metal.) To separate (a metal) from other substances with which it is combined. (Surg.) To restore to its proper place or condition (a dis- placed organ or part). [L. reducere, -ductwn ; ducere, to lead: s. rt. duct, duke.] — Reduce'ment, n. Act of reducing; reduction. — Redu'cent, n. That which reduces. — Redu'cer, n. — Redu'cible, -sl-bl, a. Ca- pable of being reduced; convertible.— Reduction, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; conversion to a given state or condition ; conquest. (Arith.) Art or operation of changing numbers from one denomi- nation to another without altering their value, or of changing the form of a quantity or expression with- out altering its value. (Alg.) Act or operation of solving an equation by bringing the unknown quantity by itself on one side, and all the known quantities on the other side, without destroying the equation. Process of making a copy of something, on a smaller scale, preserving the proper propor- tions. (Metal.) Operation of separating a metal from other substances with which it is combined. (Surg.) Operation of restoring a dislocated or frac- tured part to its former place. [F. ; L. reductio.] — Reduc'tive, -tiv, a. Having the power of reducing. Redundant, etc. See under Redound. Reduplicate, re-du'pll-kat, v. t. To redouble, multi- ply, repeat. — Redu'plica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Redu'piicative, -ka-tiv, a. Double. Reecho, re-ek'o, v. t. [-oed (-od), -oing.] To echo back, reverberate again. — v. 1. To return back, or be reverberated, as an echo ; to resound. — n. The echo of an echo. Reed, red, n. (Bot.) One of a large family of plants, mostly aquatic, being chiefly large grasses, with hol- low, jointed stems. A musical instrument made of the hollow joint of some plant ; a rustic or pastoral pipe ; an arrow, as mnde of a reed. (Mus.) A thin piece of wood attached to the mouth-piece of instru- ments of the clarionet species ; one of the thin pieces of metal, whose vibrations produce the tones of a melodeon, nccordeon, etc. ( Weaving.) A frame having parallel slips (c-illed "dents") of wood or metal for separating the threads of the warp and for beating the weft up to the web; a sley. (Anat.) The 4th or true digesting stomach of a ruminant. [AS. hreod, D. and G. riet, a reed (plant).] —Reed organ. (Mus.) A wind instrument of music, in which the wind acts on a set of reeds, as the melodeon.— Reed'- ing, n. (Arch.) A small molding in imitation of par- allel reeds: see Molding. — Reed'y, -I, a. Abound- ing with reeds; having the quality of a reed in tone, that is, harsh, as a voice. Reef, ref, n. (Want.) A certnin portion of a sail which is folded or rolled up to contract the sail, when_the wind becomes too strong.—?', t. [reefed (reft}, reefing.] To reduce the extent of (a sail) by rol- ling or folding a portion and making it fast io the ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; REEF 477 REFRACT yard. [D. ; Ic. rif] — Reeve, rev, v. t. [rove (rOv). reeving.] To pass (a rope) through any hole in a block, thimble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, e'tc. [D. re- ven, fr. reef.] Reef, ref , n. A chain or range of rocks lyin^ at or near the surface of the water. (Mining.) A large auriferous quartz vein. [D. and Ic. rif, ban. rev, a reef, revle, a shoal, revne, to crack, split, Ic. rij'a — E. rive.] Reek, rek, n. Vapor; steam; smoke.— v. i. [reeked (rekt), reeking.] To emit vapor, usually that which is warm and moist ; to 6team, smoke. [AS. rec, vapor, reocan, to reek.] — Reek'y, -T, a. Soiled with smoke or steam; smoky. Reel, rel, n. A revolving frame on which yarn, thread, lines, etc., are wound; a yarn measure — 54 inches for cotton or linen, 30 for worsted. — v. t. [keeled (reld), reeling.] To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread from the spindle. — v. i. To move in walk- ing, first to one side and then the other; to vacillate, stagger. [AS. hreol, LL. alabrum; not s. rt. roll.] ~ 1, rel, n. (Mus.) A lively dance, characterized by whirling movement. [Ga. righil.] mine, rem'ing, n. (Naut.) The opening of the r ing, n. (Naut.) lhe opening seams~between the planks of vessels, for calking. [Prob. fr. ream.] Reenforce, re'en-fors', v. t. [-forced C-forsf), -for- cing.] To strengthen with new force, assistance, or support; esp. to strengthen (an army or a fort) with additional troops, or a navy with additional ships.— — n. (Artil.) Part of a gun near the breech which is stronger than the rest of the piece : see Cannon. — Re'enforce'ment, n. Act of reenforcing ; that which reenforces ; additional force ; esp. additional troops or ships, to strengthen an army or navy. Reenter, re-en r ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -xebing.] To enter again or anew. {En- graving.) To cut deeper, as those incisions of the plate which the acid has not bitten in sufficiently. — v. i. To enter anew or again. — Re- entering angle. An angle of a polygon pointing inward, as a, in the cut. — Reen'trance, Reentering Angle, -trans, n. Act of entering again. Reeve. See under Reef, of a sail. Refashion, re-fash'un, v. t. J>ioned C-und), -ioning.] To fashion, form, or mold into shape a second time; remodel; change the form of. Refection, re-fek'shun, n. Refreshment after hunger or fatigue; a simple repast; lunch. [F.; L. refectio, fr. reficere, -fectum ; facere, to make/] — Refec'tive, -tiv, n. That which refreshes. — Refec'tory, -to-rT, n. A room of refreshment; orig. a hall in convents and monasteries, for a repast. [LL. refectorium.] Refer, re-fer', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd'), -ferring.] To carry or send back, pass over, give in charge; to pass over to another tribunal or authority for decision; to assign to as a class, a cause, motive, reason, or ground of explanation. — v. i. To have recourse, apply, betake one's self; to have reference or rela- tion; to relate; to make reference or allusion, direct attention; to direct or apply for information or a guarantee of any kind. [OF. referer, L. referre, fr. re- and ferre = E. bear, q. v.] — Referable, Refer'- rible, a. Capable of beinsr referred; assignable; as- cribable; imputable. — Referee', n. One to whom a thing is referred; a person to whom has been re- ferred a matter in dispute in order that he may set- tle it; arbitrator; umpire. —Reference, -ens, n. Act of referring, or state of being referred; a directing, delivering, making over, or sending, as for treat- ment, ilecision, information, etc.; respect; heed; con- cern taken; allusion; intimation; one of whom in- quiries can be made as to the integrity, capacity, etc., of another; a passage in a work to which the reader is referred from another passage. Refine, re-fin', v. t. [-fined (-find'), -fining.] To reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure stat»; to free from impurities. (Metal.) To reduce (metals) from the ore: to separate from other metals or from dross. To purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inele- gant, low, etc. — v. i. To become pure, be cleared of feculent matter; to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence of any kind: to affect nicety or subtilty in thought orlanguage. [Fr. re- and ./?« p. of se refu- gier, to take shelter.] Refulgent, re-ful'jent, a. Casting a bright light; radi- ant; brilliant; splendid. [L. refulgens, p. pr. of re- fulgere, to flash back, shine bright; fulgere, to shine.] — Reful'gently, adv. — Reful'gence, -gency, -jen-sl, n. Quality of being refulgent; splendor; radiance. Refund, re-fund', v. t. To return in payment or com- pensation for what has been taken; to repay, restore. [L. refundere ; fundere, to pour.] Refuse, re-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To de- ny (a request, demand, invitation, or command); to decline to accept, reject. — v. i. To decline to accept something offered. [F. refuser, perh. same as E. re- fute (q. v.), fr. L. refutare, confused with L. recusare, to refuse; or perh.fr. L. refundere, -fusion, to return, restore, hence to refuse (a present, etc.) : see Re- fund.] — Refus'er, n. — Refus'able, a.— Refus'al, n. Act of refusing; denial of anything demanded, so- licited, or offered for acceptance; right of taking in preference toothers; option; preference; preemption. — Refuse, -us, a. Refused; rejected; of no value; worthless. — n. That which is refused or rejected as useless; waste matter; dregs; sediment; scum; dross; trash. Refute, re-rut', v. t. To prove to be false or erroneous, confute, disprove, repel. [F. refuter, L. refutare, -ta- tum: see Futile.] — Refutable, a. — Refutation, n. Act or process of refuting or disproving, or state of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error. — Re- fut'atory, -a-to-rT, a. Tending to refute; refuting Regain, re-gan', v. t. [-gained (-gand'), -gaining.] To gain anew; to recover (what has escaped or been lost); to reobtain, repossess, retrieve. Regal, re'gal, a. Pert, to a king; kingly; royal. |TOF.$ L. regahs, fr. rex, regis, a king, fr. regere, to uUe; s. rt. Skr. rajan, a king, raj, to govern, rij, Gr. jy-S> gein, to sketch, E. rectangle (q. v.), etc., correct, ,'>- red, reach, right, rigid, rule, dress, drake, royal.] -. Re'gally, adv.— Rega'lia, -ga'lT-a, n. pi. Ensigns of royalty; regal symbols or paraphernalia; decorations or insignia of an office or order. [L., neut. pi. of re- galis.] — Regality, -gal'T-ti, n. Royalty: sovereign- ty; sovereign jurisdiction. — Re'ge'nt, -jent, a. Rul- ing ; governing ; regnant ; exercising vicarious au- thority. — n. One who rules or reigns; one who gov. erns a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disabil- ity of the sovereign ; one of a governing board ; a trustee or overseer. [F.; L. regens, p. pr. of regere.] — Re'gentship, -gency, n. Office of a regent or ruler; rule; authority; government; esp., the office, juris- diction, or dominion of a vicarious ruler; body of men intrusted with vicarious government. [F. re- gence, L. regentia.] — Reg'icide, rej'I-sid, n. One who kills a king; esp. (Eng. Hist.}, one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to death; the killing of a king. [F., fr. L. rex and cseda, a slayer, fr. csedere, to kill; cf. Parricide.] — Regime, ra-zhem', n. Mode or style of rule or management; administra- tion. [F.; L. regimen, guidance, fr. regere.] — Reg'* imen, rej'I-men, n. Orderly government; any regu- lation or remedy intended to produce beneficial ef- fects by gradual operation. {Med.) Systematic use of food and drink, and the necessaries of life. ( Gram.) A relation of syntax between 2 words ; government; the words governed. [L.: see Regime, preceding.]— Reg'rment, w. (Mil.) A body of troops, commanded by a colonel, and consisting of a num- ber of companies, usually 10. [F.; fr. L. regimentum, rule.] — Regimen'tal, a. Pert, to, or concerning, a regiment. — Regimen'tals, n. pi. The uniform of a regiment; military dress. — Re'gion, -jun, n. A por- tion of territory of indefinite extent; province; dis- trict; tract; neighborhood; vicinity; sphere. [F.; L. regio, a line, boundary, territory, fr. regere.] — Reg'- ular, -u-ler, a. Conformed to a rule; agreeable to an established rule, law, principle, or mode; governed by rule or rules; steady or uniform in course, prac- tice, or occurrence; normal; orderly; methodical; pe- riodical; instituted or initiated according to estab- lished forms or discipline; belonging to a monastic order. — n. (Rom. Cath. Church?) A member of any religious order who has taken the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and been solemnly recog- nized by the church. (Mil.) A soldier belonging to a standing army. [L. regularis, fr. regula, a rule, fr. regere.] — Regularity, -lar'I-tl, n. Condition or quality of being regular; method; steadiness; uni- formity.— Reg'ularly, adv.— Reg'ulate, v. t. To ad- just by rule, method, or established mode; to subject to governing principles or laws; to put in good order, adjust, dispose, methodize, arrange. [L. regulare, -latum, fr. regula.] — Regula' tion, n. Act of. or state of being, etc. ; a prescribed rule; law; principle; or- der. — Reg'ula'tor, n. One who regulates. (Mech.) A contrivance to produce uniformity of motion or regulate it, as a watch-spring, etc. — Reg'let, n. (Arch.) A kind of flat, narrow molding. (Print.) A thin strip of wood of the height and thickness of a quad (nonpareil, pica, etc.), used instead of a blank line, or in making margin._ [F., dim. of regie = L. regula, a rule.] — Rei'gle, re'gl, n. A hollow cut or channel for guiding anything; a groove. [OF. = F. regie.] — Reg'ulus, n. ; E. pi. -luses ; L. pi. -LI. (Chem.) The partially purified metal, which, in the melting of ores, falls to the bottom of the crucible. (Astron.) A star of the 1st magnitude in the constel- lation Leo, or the lion._ [L., a petty king, prince, dim. of rex.] — Reign, ran, n. Royal authority; su- preme power; time during which a king, queen, or emperor, possesses the supreme authority ; rule ; empire ; dominion ; influence ; prevalence. — v. i. [reigned (rand), reigning.] To possess or exercise sovereign authority; to be predominant, prevail; to have superior or uncontrolled dominion. [ME. and F. regne, L. regnum, a kingdom, realm, fr. regere. F. rvgner, L. regnare, to reign.] — Reg'nant, a. Exer- cising regal authority; reigning; predominant; prev- alent. [L. regnans, p. pr. of regnare.] £m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; REGALE 479 REJOICE Regale, re-gaK, n. A royal or princely entertainment; a magnificent repast. —v. t. [regaled (-gald'), -Galino.] To entertain in a royal, princely, or sumptuous manner; to gratify, refresh. [F. regaler, to entertain, pern. fr. galer, to rejoice ; a. rt. Sp. gala, parade : see Gala.] — Regale'ment, «• , Re- freshment ; entertainment ; gratincatiou- Regalia, Regality, etc. See under Regal, Regard, re-gard', v. U To observe, notice, or remark particularly j to pay respect to. treat os of peculiar importance; to hold and treat, look uron, consider, heed, estimate, value. — n. Look ; aspect ; view ; gaze; attention, as to a matter of importance or in- Regardant pas- sant. terest; that feeling which springs from perception of value, estima- ble qualities, or anything that ex- cites admiration; respect; relation; reference. [F. regarder : gurder, to guard, q. v.] — Regard'ant, a. Looking behind. {Her.) Look- ing behind or backward. — Re- gard'er, n. — Regardful, -ful, a. Taking notice ; observing with care ; needful ; attentive. — Re- gaxd'fally, adv. — Regardless, a. Not looking or attending; negli- gent ; careless ; indifferent ; unobservant ; neglect- ful. — Regard'leBsly, adv. — Regard 'lessness, n. Regatta* re-gat'ta, n. ; pi. -tas, -taz. A rowing or sail- ing match in which a number of boats compete for a prize, lit., orig. a contention for mastery, Olt. ri- gattare, to wrangle, contend ; Sp. regateo. a hag- gling, also a regatta.*) Regency. See under Regal. Regenerate, re-jen'er-at, v. t. To generate or produce anew, (Tlieel.) To cause to be spiritually bora, anew, or to become a Christian. — a. Reproduced- (Thecl.) Born anew ; changed from a natural toa spiritual state.— Regen'erateness, -eracy, -Sr-a-sT, n. State of being, etc. — Regen'era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; reproduction; (TheoL) The •entering into a new spiritual life. — Regen'erative, -tiv, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Eagent, Regicide, Regiment, Region, etc. See under Regal. • Register, rej'is-ter, n. A written account or entry ; memorial record; list; roll;-book in which a register is kept; the officer who keeps euch an account; that which records; a contrivance for automatically not- ing down or calculating the performance of a ma- chine, the rapidity of a process, the pressure of a fluid, etc.; a device for regulating the passage of heat or air, as in a furnace, or in the floor or wall of a room. (Print.) Correspondence of pages or col- umns on opposite sides of the sheet. (Cm) A docu- ment issued by the custom-hovse, to be kept on board a vessel on a foreign voyage, as evidence of its nationality. (Mus.) Compass of a voice or in- strument ; a portion of the compass oi" a voice ; a stop or set of pipes in an organ.— v. '. [registered (-terd), -tering.} To enter in a register, record, •ax- roll. — v. i. (Print.) To correspond in relative jxi- sition, as the columns or pages of a printed sheet. DIE. and F. registre, LL. regisirym, regestum, fr. L. regerere, -gestum, to bring back, record ; gerere, j to bring.]— Reg'istsiY.hip, n. Office of register.— Reg'iatrar, n. One who registers; a recorder; keep- er of records.— Reglstra'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Reg'- istry, -trl, n. Act of receding in a register ; place where a register is kept •, series of facts recorded. i&eglet, Regnant. See under Regal. Regorge, re-gSrj', v. t. [-gorged (-gSrjd'). -gor- ging.] To vomit up,- eject from the stomach; to swallow again; to swallow eagerly. Regress, re'gres, n. Passage back ; return ; power or liberty of passing back. [L. rcgresms, fr. regredi, regressum, fr. re and graai, to step, go, g'radvs, a step, pace.] — Regres'slon, -gre6h'un, n. Act of re- turning: retrogression; retrogradation. — Regret'- ive, -iv, o. Passing back ; returning. . Regret, re-gref. v. t. To grieve over, be sorry for; to look back at with sorrowful lonying, repent, bewail, bemoan. — n. Pain cf mind at something causing unhappiness; pain of conscience; remorse; concern; repentance; penitence ; self-condemoation. [p., de- sire, sorrow, grief, regreiter, OF. regnzter, to desire, lament; perh. s. rt. Goti* greta.n, Tc. and Sw. grata, Lowland Scot, qreit, to weep, bewaii.L- Regret'ful, -ful, a. Full of regret. — Regret 'tabis, a. Admit- ting of, or deserviug, regret. Reguiar, Regulate, Regulus, etc. See tinder Regal. Regurgitate. re-ger'-jT-tat, ?. t. To throw or pour biiok in great quantity. — v. i. To be thrown or poured back; to runh or surge back. (LL. regurgi- tare, -latum, L. gurges, a gull. j — ReKUfgita'tioii, n. Act of flowing or pouring back, by the orifice of en- trance; act of- swallowing ag^iii; the rising into the mouth of solids or fluids from the stomach. Re-iabilitate, re-ha-bi'/T-tat, v 4 t. To reinstate, re- Biore (a delinquent) to o. former right, rank, or privilege forfeited. — Rehabil'ita'tioa, n. Act of, etc.; restoration tc former rights. Rehear, re-her', v. t. [-heard (-herd'), -VL2ARi>'Q.i To hear again, try a secoad time, Rehearse, re-hCrs', v. t. '-wearsed f-hSrsf). hears- ing.] To repeat (what has been already said) ; to narrate, recount, relate ; to recite in private for ex- ■ periment and improvement, before a public repre- sentation. [OF. reJierser, -cer, orig. to harrow over again, hence, to go over the same ground, repeat; tierce, a harrow : see Uearse.] — Rehear 3 'al, h. Act of rehearsing, or state of being rehearsed t re- cital; narration; recital of a piece bex'ore the 1 public exhibition of it. Reigle, Reign. See urider Regal. Reimburse, re'im-bSrs', v. t. [-bursed (-b^ref), -burs- inu.J To replace in a treasury or purse, pay back; to indemnify, refund, repay, make up, restore, ren- der an equivalent. [F. remboutw : ses Purse.] — Reimburse'ment, n. Act of, *ic. ; repayment. — Re- imburs'er, «. Rein, ran, n. The strap of a bricie, fastened to the bit on each side and extending to the hand of the dri- ver, by which to govern the hor&?. etc.; a means of curbing, restraining, or govc.-rslug. — v. t. [reiked (rand), reining.] To govern by a oridle; to restrain, control. [ME. and OFTreine, LL. retina, L. rf.inacur lum, fr. retinere, to hold back, retain, q. v.] Reindeer, ran'der, n. [Written also raiji- and deer.] A ruminant mammal of the deer kind, of several spe- cies, found in the northern part of both hemispheres. [Ic. h re inn, AS. hran, OSw. ren (a mistaken use of the Lapp word reino, pasturage, herding; the Lapp for reindeer being paiso), a reindeer, und A.'d-eer.] Reinforce. See R& ENFORCE. Reins, ranz, n. pL The kidneys ; the lower part of the back, ovc. the kidneys; tne affections and pas- sions, — formerly supposed to have their seat in that part of the bciy. [OF.; L. rents; 8. rt. Gr. phren, the midriff, pkrenes, parts about the beart, whence E. frenzy.'] — Re'nal, a. Pert, to the kidneys or reins. [L. renalis.] — Ren'ifonn, a. Of tbe shape of a kid- ney. (Bot.) Of the form of a section of a kiiney: s2e Kidney. [L. forma, form.] Restate, re'in-staf, v. t. To place agan in pos- seision, or in a former state. Reinsure, ryin-shoor', v. t. [-speed (-shdb;ti''X -sur- ing.] To insure property in favor of one who has. previously insured it. — Se'iaBur'aace, -acs, n. A contract of indemnity to a party, vtho has insured property, against loss by bis insurance; insurance a second time or again. ^ Reintegrate, re-in'te-grat, v. t. To renew with regard to any state or quality; to restore, reestablish. - Reis-effesdi, rez'ef-fen'de, n. A Turkish minister for foreign affairs. [Ar. reis, rees, head, chief, and Turk. efmai, effendi. q. v.] Reissue, re-ish'shoo, v. t. To ia?ue a 2d time. — n. A 2d or repeated issue. Reiterate, re-ifer-at, v. t. To repeat again ar.d attain; to say or do repeatedly, recapitulate, rehearse.— Reit'era'tion, n. Repetition. ^ Reject, re-je!i, — Rejec- tion, n. Act of rejectirig, throwing away, casting Reindeer. off, or forsaking; refusal 10 accept or grant; repulse; slight, etc. [F.J Rejoice, re-jois', v. i. [-joiced (-joist'), -JoicrKO.J 'JLo feel joy, experience gladness in a high degree, sun, cube, full s moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. REJOIN 480 RELUCT delight, exult, triumph. — v. t. To give joy to, make joyful, gladden, cheer, exhilarate, delight. [ME. re- joicen, sen. OF. resjoir, fr. re- and esjcnr (F. jouir), fr. L. gaudere, to rejoice.] Eejoin, re-join', v. t. [-joined (-joind'), -joining.] To ■join again, unite alter separation; to answer. — v.i. To answer to a reply. — Rejoin'der, n. Art answer. (Law.) The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's replication. Rejuvenate, re-ju've-nat, v. t. To render young again. [L. re- amdjuvenis, young.]— Reju'venes'cence, -nes'- cency, -nes'sen-sl, n. A renewing of youth ; state of being or growing young again. — Reju'venes'- cent, a. Becoming, or causing to become, rejuve- nated ; rejuvenating. — Reju'venize, -ve-nlz, v. t. To render young again. Rekindle, re-kin'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To kindle again, set on fire anew ; to excite or rouse anew. Relapse, re-laps', v. t. [-lapsed (-lapsf), -lapsing.] To slip or slide back; to fall back, return to a former state or practice, — generally in a bad sense. — n. A sliding or falling back, esp. into a former bad state, either of body or morals. [L. relabi, rdapsus ; labi, to fall, slip, slide.] — Relapsing fever . (Pathol.) An acute, epidemic, contagious fever ? usually not fatal, which prevails endemically also in Ireland, Russia, and elsewhere : it is marked by 1 or 2 remissions of the fever, and by the presence during the paroxysm of a spiral bacterium in the blood; famine fever.— Relaps'er, n. One who relapses into vice or error. Relate, re-lat', v. t. To recount, narrate, recite, tell over ; to ally by connection or kindred. — v. i. To stand in some relation, have bearing or concern, per- tain, refer. [F. relater, LL. relatare, fr. L. referre, -latum, to relate.] — Relat'er, n. — Refaction, n. Act of relating or telling ; that related ; narrative of facts; state of being related or of referring; relative quality or condition ; connection by consanguinity or affinity ; a person connected by consanguinity or affinity; kindred; kinsman; kinswoman. [F.] — Rela'tional, a. Having relation or kindred ; indi- cating or specifying some relation. — Rela'tionship, n. State of being related by kindred, affinity, or other alliance. — Rel'ative, -tiv, a. Having relation; respecting; pertaining; arising from relation, or from connection with, or reference to, something else ; not absolute. (Gram.) Indicating or expressing re- lation.— n. One who, or that which, relates to, or is considered in its relation to, something else ; a per- son connected by blood or affinity. (Gram.) A word relating to or representing another word or phrase, called its antecedent. [ME. and F. relatif.] — Relatively, adv. In a relative manner; in rela- tion or respect to something else ; not absolutely. — Rel'ativeness, n. — Relat'or, n. One who relates ; a relater. (Law.) A private person at whose instance an information is filed by the attorney-general ; a prosecutor. Relax, re-laks', v. t. [-laxed (-laksf), -laxing.] To make less close, firm, rigid, or tense; to make less severe or rigorous, abate the stringency of; to slack- en, remit; to relieve from attention or effort; to re- lieve from constipation; to open. — v. i. To become loosened or feeble; to be made lax; to abate in sever- ity ; to remit in close attention or effort. [L. relax- are, -atwn; laxare, to loose, slacken.] — Relax'able, a. — Relaxation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; remission of closeness, firmness, tension, rigor, ef- fort, or constipation ; remission from attention and effort. [F.] — Relax"' ative, a. Haying the quality of relaxing; laxative. — Release', -les', v. t. [-leased (-lest'), -leasing.] To set free from confinement, five liberty to; to relieve from something that con- nes, burdens, or oppresses; to let go (a legal claim), discharge, quit, acquit. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; relief from care, pain, or any burden ; discharge from obligation or responsibility. (Law.) A giving up or relinquishment of some right or claim ; a quitclaim ; acquittance ; discharge. [OF. relessier, fr. L. relaxare.] — Releas'able, a. — Re- lease'ment, n. Act of releasing.— Releas'er, n.— Re'lessee', -se', n. One to whom a release is ex- ecuted. — Re'lessor', -sor', n. The person who ex- ecutes a release. Relay, re-la', n. A supply of anything, as of horses, ar- ranged beforehand for affording relief from time to time, or at successive stages. [F. relais, a relay, par relais, by turns, relayer, to succeed in the place of the weary, relieve, perh. fr. L. relaxare, to relax, q. v.; pern. fr. D. taten, Goth, letan = E. let.] Relay, re-la', v. t. [-layed (-lad'), -laying.] To lay again, or a second time. Release, etc. See under Relax. Relegate, rel'e-gat, v. t. To remove, dispatch, con- sign, remand, transfer; to send into exile, banish. [L. relegare, -gatum ; legare, to send with a commis- sion : see Legate.] — Rel'ega'tion, n. Act of rel- egating; removal; consignment; banishment; exile. Relent, re-lent', v. i. To become less harsh, hard, cruel, etc. ; to become more mild and tender, feel compassion; to yield. [F. ralentir, L. reUntescere, to slacken, fr. re- and loitus, slack, slow ; s. rt. L. lenis, gentle. E. lithe.] — Relent 'less, a. Unmoved by appeals for sympathy or forgiveness; insensible to the distress of others ; destitute of tenderness ; implacable ; unmerciful ; pitiless ; cruel. Relevant, rel'e-vant, a. Bearing upon, or properly applying to, the case in hand; pertinent; applica- ble. [F. relevant, p. pr. of relever, to raise again, re- lieve, q. v.]— Rel'evance, -vancy, -van-sT, n. State of being relevant, or of affording relief or aid; perti- nence; fitness; propriety; appositeness. Reliable, Reliance, etc. See under Rely. Relic, Relict, etc. See under Relinquish. Relieve, re-lev', v. t. [-lieved (-levd'), -lieving.] To cause to rise, cause to seem to rise, set off by contrast; to raise or remove (anything which de- presses, weighs down, or crushes) ; to render less burdensome or afflicting, alleviate ; to make less monotonous ; to free from any burden, trial, evil, distress, etc. ; to release from a post or station by substitution of others; to ease of any burden, wrong, or oppression by judicial or legislative interposition, by the removal of a grievance, by indemnification for losses, etc.; to remedy, redress, right. [F. relever, L. relevare; levare, to lift; s. rt. relevant, oas-relief.) — Reliev'able, a. — Reliev'er, n. — Relief, -let', n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; removal of any evil, or of anything oppressive or burdensome; release from a post, or from the performance of duty; that which relieves or gives succor, aid, or comfort. (Sculp. & Arch.) Prominence of a figure above or beyond the ground or plane on which it is formed. (Paint.) The appearance of projection, which a figure exhibits to the eye at a distance. [F.] Religion, re-lij'un, n. The recognition of God as an object of worship, love, and obedience; any system of faith and worship ; pietv ; sanctity. [F.; L. re- ligio ; s. rt. L. religens, fearing the gods.] — Relig- ionism, -izm, n. Practice of, or adherence to, relig- ion; affected or false religion.— Relig'ionist, n. One earnestly or bigotedly devoted to a religion. — Re- lig'ious, -lij'us, a. Pert., relating to, or concerned with, religion ; possessing, acting according to, or agreeing with, religion ; scrupulously faithful or exact ; pious ; godly; devout ; strict ; rigid ; exact. [F. religieux, L. religiosus.] — Religiously, adv. Relinquish, re-link' wish, v. t. [ quished (-wisht), -QUiSHiNG.] To withdraw from, leave behind: to give up, renounce a claim to, resign, quit, forsake, abandon, forego. [OF. relinquir, L. relinquere, -lic- tum, to leave behind; li/iquere, to leave.] — Relin- quisher, n. — Relinquishment, n. Act of leaving or quitting; a forsaking; the renouncing a claim to. — Rel'ict, n. A woman whose husband is dead; a widow. [L. relicta, f. of relictus, p. p. of relinquere.~\ — Rel'ic, n. That which remains after loss or de- cay; a corpse; the body, or some part of the body, of deceased saints or martyrs; a memorial; any re- membrancer. [F. reliques, pi., L. reliquiae, pi., fr. relinquere.] — Rel'iquary, -t-kwa-rt, n. A small chest, box, or casket in which relics are kept. [F. reliquaire, LL. reliquiare or -arium, a casket for (reliquise) relics.] Relish, rel'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To taste or eat with pleasure ; to like the flavor of, enjoy, be pleased with or gratified by; to give a pleasing flavor to. —v. i. To have a pleasing taste, give pleasure, gratification, or satisfaction ; to have a flavor. — n. A pleasing taste; enjoyable quality; power of pleas- ing ; savor ; quality ; characteristic tinge ; inclina- tion or taste for; fondness; the smallest perceptible quantity; tinge; that used to impart a flavor; some- thing taken with food to render it more palatable. [OF. relecher, to lick or taste anew ; lecher, OHG. lecchon = E. lick.] — Rel'ishable, a. Having an agreeable taste; worthy of being relished. Reluct, re-lukt', v. i. To strive or struggle against anything; to make resistance. [L. reluctari, -tatus ; luctari, to struggle, fr. lucta, a wrestling ; s. rt. Gr. lugizein, to bend, twist, overpower, Skr. ruj, to break, fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; RELUME 481 REMUNERATE bend, hurt.)— Reluc'tance, -tancy, -tan-sf, n. State or quality of being reluctant; aversion of mind: re- §ugnance; unwillingness; dislike. — Reluc'tant, a. triving against ; much, opposed in heart; proceed- ing from an unwilling mind ; granted with reluc- tance; averse; loth; disinclined; coy. [L. reluctans, p. pr. of reluctan.] — Reluc'tantiy, adv. Relume, re-lum', v. t. [-lumed (-lumd'), -luming.] To rekindle, light again. [L. retuminare ; luminare, to light, fr. lumen, light.] Rely. re-li', v. i. [-lied (-lid''), -lying.] To rest with confidence, as the mind when satisfied of the veraci- ty, integrity, or ability of persons, or of the cer- tainty of facts ; to trust, depend, repose. [E. re- and lie, i. e., to lie back (on), lean (on) ; not fr. OF. relayer : see Relay.] — Reli'able. a. Suitable or tit to be relied on ; worthy of dependence or reliance ; trustworthy. — Reli'ableness, -abii'ity, n. Trust- worthiness. — Reli'ance, -ans, n. Act ol relying, or condition or quality or being reliant; repose oi mind on what is deemed sufficient support or authority; anything on which to rely ; ground of trust ; conri- dence ; faith. Remain, re-man', v. i. [-mained (-mand"), -main- l\0.] To stay behind while others withdraw or are removed; to "be left as not included or comprised; to continue in a fixed place, an unchanged form or condition, an undiminished quantity; to abide, last, endure. — n. That which is left ; relic ; remainder, — chiefly in pi. ; a dead body, corpse, — only in pi.; the literary works of one who is dead. [OF. re- maindre, L. remanere, fr. re, again, back, manere, to stay, remain.]— Rem'nant, n. What remains after a part is removed, performed, etc. ; a small portion ; slight trace ; fragment ; residue ; rest ; remainder. [OF. remnnant, p. pr. of remaindre, fr. L. reaawre.'] — Remain'' der, n. Anything that remains, or is left, after the separation and removal of a part; sum left after subtraction. {Law.) An estate depending upon a particular prior estate, and limited to arise imme- diately on the determination of such estate. Remand, re-mand', v. t. To recommit or send back. [F. remander, L. remandare; mandare, to commit, order, send word.] Remark, re-mark', n. Act of remarking or attentive- ly noticing ; expression, in speech or writing, of something remarked or noticed ; a casual observa- tion; note; comment; annotation. — v. t. [remarked (-markf), -marking.] To take notice of ; to ex- press in words or writing, as observed or noticed; to call attention to, notice, heed, note, say. — v. i. To say or observe. [F. remarquer ; marquer, to mark : see Mark.] — Remark'able, a. Worthy of or capa- ble of being remarked or noticed ; extraordinary ; unusual ; rare ; strange ; wonderful ; notable ; fa- mous; eminent. [F. remarquahle.] — Remark'able- ness. >i.— Remark'ably, adv. — Remark'er, n. Remedy, rem'e-dt, n. That which cures a disease ; that which corrects or counteracts an evil of any kind. {Law.) The legal means to recover a right, or obtain redress for a wrong. — v. t. [remedied (-did), -dying.] To apply a remedy or cure to; to restore to soundness, health, integrity, etc. ; to heal, redress, relieve, help, aid, remove, counteract, etc. [OF. rem- ede, L. remedium; mecferi, to heal, to cure.] — Reme'- diable, -dt-a-bl, a. — Reme'dial, a. Affording, or intended for, a remedy. — Remediless, re-med'T- or rem'e-dl-less, a. Incapable 01 being restored, changed, or prevented ; not answering as a remedy; ineffectual; powerless. Remember, re-mem' bS r, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Ber- ing.] To bring to mind again, recall ; to keep in mind, preserve fresh in the memory, keep from be- ing forgotten. [OF. remem'trer, L. rememorari, mem- orare, to bring to remembrance.] — Remem'berer, n.— Remem'brance, -brans, n. Act of remember- ing ; state of being remembered, or held in mind ; recollection; that which serves to keep in or bring to mind; a memorial; token ; memento ; souvenir ; power of remembering ; time within which a fact can be remembered. fF.J — Remem'brancer, n. Remigrate, rem'Y- or re-mi'grat, v. i. To migrate again, return. — Remigra'tion, n. Migration to a former place. Remind, re-mind', v. t. To put in mind, bring to the remembrance, notice, or consideration of. — Re- mind'er, n. One who, or that which, reminds. Reminiscence, rem-T-nis'sens, n. State of being rem- iniscent, or inclined to call to mind: power of recall- ing to mind ; tnat remembered or recalled to mind ; memory: rememhrance; recollection. [F.; L. rem- miscentia, fr. remimscens, p. pr. of remimsci, to recol- lect. J — Reminis'cent, a. Capable of, or inclined to, call to mind. Remit, re-mit', v. t. To send back, refer; to give up, sur- render, resign; to relax in intensity; to retrain from exacting or enforcing, abate; to forgive; to transmit or send, esp. to a distance (money, Dills, etc.) — v. i. To abate in force or in violence ; to grow less in- tense, become moderated. [L. remittere, -mission, to send back, slacken, abate; mittere, to send.]— Re- mit'ment. n. Act of remitting ; state of being re- mitted. — Remit'tal. n. A remitting ; a giving up ; surrender. — Remit'tance, -tans, n. (Coin.) Act of transmitting (monev, bills, etc.), esp. to a distant place ; the sum or thing remitted. — Remit'tent, a. Having remissions from time to time, as a disease. — Remit'ter, n. One who remits or makes remittance. {Law.) The sending or placing back of a person to a title or right he had before. — Remit'tor, -t6r, n. {Lmo.) One who makes a remittance. — Remise', -niiz', v. t. [-mised (-mizd'), -mising.] To release a claim to; to resign or surrender by deed. — Re- miss', -mis', a. Not energetic or exact in duty or business; not careful or prompt in fulfilling engage- ments ; lacking earnestness or activity ; languid ; slack ; dilatory : negligent ; inattentive ; heedless ; thoughtless. — Remis'sible, -sT-bl, a. Capable of being remitted or iorgiven. — Remis'sion, -mish'un, n. Act of remitting, surrendering, or giving up ; esp., discharge from that which is due ; relinquisn- ment of a claim, right, or obligation ; pardon ; for- giveness: release. {Med.) A temporary subsidence of the fo ce or violence of a disease or of pain. — Remiss'ly, adv. In a remiss or a negligent manner. — Remiss 'ness, n. Remnant. See under Remain. Remodel, re-mod'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To model or fashion anew. Remold, -mould, re-mold', v. t. To mold or shape anew, make over, remodel. Remonstrate, re-mon'strat, v. i. To exhibit or pre- sent strong reasons against an act, measure, or any course of proceedings: to expostulate, reprove. [LL. remonstrare, -stratum ; L. monstrare, to show.] — Re- mon'strator, n. — Remon'strance, -strans, n. Act of expostulation : the terms in which one remon- strates; earnest advice or reproof. [F.]— Remon'- strant, a. Inclined or tending to remonstrate; ex- postulatory. — n. One who remonstrates. Remorse, re-mors', n. The keen or gnawing pain or anguish excited by a sense of guilt; compunction; regret; compassion. [OF. remors, LL. remorsus, fr. L. remordere, -mo'-sum, to bite again or back, tor- ment ; mordere, to bite, vex.] — Remorse'ful, -ful, a. Full of remorse or compunction; compassionate ; pitiable. — Remorse'less. a. Without remorse or sen- sibility: cruel; insensible to distress: pitiless; relent- less: merciless; savage. — Remorse'lessly, adv. Remote, etc. See under Remove. Remove, re-moov', v. t. [-moved (-moovd'), -moving.] To cause to change place; to move away from the position occupied ; to displace from an office, etc.-, to cause to cease to be, put an end to; to banish; to carry from one court to another. — v. i. To change place in any manner; to change one's residence. — n. Act of removing; removal: state of being removed; that which is removed, as a dish removed from table to make way for something else: distance or space through which anything is removed ; interval ; a step in any scale of gradation. [OF. remouroir, L. remorere, -rnotum.] — Remov'er, n.— Remov'able, a. Admitting of being removed, as from an office or station, or from one place to another. — Remov'a- bil'ity, n. — Remov'al, n. Act of removing from a place, office, etc. ; act of remedying or taking away ; state of being removed ; change of place; migration; displacing: departure; death; act of put- ting an end to. —Remote', -mot', a. Removed to a distance; not near; far away, — said in respect to time or place; removed; not agreeing, according, or being related, — in various figurative uses: foreign; alien: primary: abstracted ; slight; inconsiderable. [OF. remot, fern, remote, L. remotus, p. p. of remo- vere.] — Remote'ly, adv. — Remote'ness, n. Remunerate, re-mu'ner-at, v. t. To pay an equiva- lent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sac- rifice ; to recompense, requite, repay, reimburse. [L. remunerare, -atum : mvnerare, to give, present, fr. munus, -eris, a gift, present]. — Remu'nera'tion, n. Act of remunerating; that given to remunerate. — Remu'nerative, -tiv, a. Intended or fitted to re- sQn, cube, full ; moon, cow, oil ; linger or ink, tien, boNboN, chair, get RENAL 482 REPEAL numerate; yielding a proper remuneration. — Re- mu'neratory. -to-rT, a. Affording recompense. Eenal. See under Reins. Renaxd, ren'ard, n. A fox, — so called in fables or familiar tales, and in poetry. [F.; Flemish Reinaerd, OHG. Regirihart, Reinhart, i. e., strong in counsel, the name of the fox in a celebrated German epic poem; OHG. regin, counsel, Goth ragin, an opinion, decree, s. rt. Skr. rack, to arrange; OHG. hart = E. hard.-] Eenascent, re-nas'sent, a. Springing or rising into being again; reproduced; able or likely to be re- born, renewed, or reproduced ; rejuvenated. [L. renascens, p. pr. of renasci, to be born again; nasci, to be born.] — Renas'cence, -cency, -sen-si, n. State of being, etc. — Renaissance', re-na-saxs', ?i. Lit., a renewal ; the historic period of the revival of learning in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries; the transitional movement from the middle ages to the modern world; a style of decorative art, char- acterized by a return from Gothic to antique forms, revived by Raphael. [F.] Rencontre, ren-kon'ter, -counter, -kown'ter, n. A meeting of 2 persons or bodies; a meeting in oppo- sition or contest; action or engagement; a sudden contest without premeditation, as between individ- uals or small parties; conflict; collision; clash. [F. rencontre, lor reencontre; encontrer, to encounter, q. v.] — Rencoun'ter, v. i. To meet an enemy un- expectedly, come into collision, skirmish. Rend, rend, v. t. [rent, rending.] To separate into parts with force or sudden violence; to tear asun- der; to part or tear off forcibly, burst, break, rup- ture, crack, split. [AS. hrendan, OFries. renda, to tear, break, Ic. hrinda, to push, kick, throw; prob. s. rt. Skr. fcrit, to cut, L. crena = E. cranny.] — Ren'der, n. — Rent, n. An opening made by rend- ing ; a break or breach made by force ; a schism ; separation. Render, ren'der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To return, payback, restore; to inflict, as a retribution; to give on demand, surrender; to furnish, contrib- ute; to make up, state, deliver; to cause to be, or to become; to translate from one language into an- other; to interpret, or bring into full expression to others, the meaning, spirit, and full effect of; to try out or extract Coil, lard, tallow, etc.) from fatty ani- mal substances; to plaster roughly without lathing. [F. rendre, LL. rendere, L. reddere, -ditum; dare, to give.] — Ren'd6rable, a. Capable of being rendered. — Rendition, -dish'un, n. Act of rendering, or re- turning; surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at the claim of a foreisrn government; translation; ren- dering. — Reddi'tion, -dtsh'un, n. A returning of anything; restitution: surrender. [F^ L. redditio, fr. Ye' Were.] — Ren'dezvous, ren'de-voo, n. A place for meeting: esp., the appointed place for troops or ships of a fleet to assemblej_ a meeting by appoint- ment. — v.i. [-vousED (-vood'), -vocsiNG.] To as- semble or meet at a particular place, as troops, ships, etc. — v. t. To assemble or bring together at a certain place. [F., lit., render, or assemble, your- selves; rendez, imperative pi. of rendre; vous = ~L. vos, you.] — Rent, n. A certain sum or amount in money, provisions, chattels, or labor, periodically paid or received for the use of a tenement, estate, or corporeal inheritance; in France, capital invested in public funds, stocks, etc. — v. t. To grant the pos- session and enjoyment of, for a consideration ; to lease; to take and hold by lease or at will, for a con- sideration, the possession of. — v. i. To be leased, or let for rent. [ME. and F. rente. It. rendita, fr. L. reddita (pecunia), (money) rendered or paid.] — Rent'able, a. — Rent'al, Rent'roll, n. A schedule or account of rents, with the names of the tenants, etc. — Rent'er, n. One who rents or leases an estate; the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or tenement on rent. Renegade, ren'e-gad. -ga'do, n. One faithless to prin- ciple or party ; esp. an apostate from a religious faith; or, one" who deserts from a military or naval service; a deserter; a common vagabond. [Sp. rene- gado, p. p. of renegar, to forsake the faith, LL. rene- gare; L. negare, to deny; in ME. renegat and run- agate.^ Renew, re-nu', v. t. [-mewed (-mid'), -newing.] To make over as good as new, give new life to; to re- store to freshness, completeness, or vigor; to begin again; to repeat, either exactly or almost exactly; to furnish again. (Theol.) To make new spiritually, imolant holy affections in the heart. — v.i. To be made new, grow or commence again. — Renew'able, «.— Renew'al, n. Act of renewing or forming anew: that renewed. — Renew'edly, adv. Again ; once more. — Renew'er, n. Reniform. See under Reins. Rennet, ren'net, n. The inner membrane of the 4th stomach of the calf, or an infusion or preparation of it, used for coagulating milk. [AS. rinnan, ren- nan. to run — because causing milk to run, or cur- dlej Renounce, re-nowns', v. t. [-nounced (-nownsf), -nouncing.] To declare against, reject (a title or claim) ; to cast off or reject (a connection or pos- session), give up, disavow, disclaim, abjure, recant, quit, forego, resign, abdicate. [F. renoncer, L. re- nunciare ; nunciare, to announce : see Nuncio.] — Re- nounce'ment, n. Act of disclaiming; renunciation. — Renoun'cer, n. — Renun'cia'tion, -sht-a'shun, n. Act of renouncing; disavowal; disclaimer; abjura- tion; recantation; relinquishment. [F. renonciation, L. renuntiatio.] Renovate, ren'o-vat, v. t. To make over again, render as good as new, renew, regenerate, revive. [Same as renew ; L. renovare, -vatum ,- novare, to make new, fr. nocus = E. new.] — Renova'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. [T.] Renown, re-nown', n. The state of being much known and talked of ; fame ; celebrity. [ME. renoun, OF. renon, F. venom, fr. nom = L. nomeh, a name.] — Re- nowned', -nownd', a. Celebrated for great and he- roic achievements, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur ; famous ; noted ; eminent ; remarkable ; wonderful. — Renown 'edly, -ed-lf , adv. Rent, a tear, breach. See under Rend. Rent, payment, Rental, etc. See under Render. Renter, ren'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To sew together so that the seam is scarcely visible ; to fine-draw. [F. rentraire, fr. re-, en- (= L. in-), into, together, and trahir, L. trahere, to draw.] Renunciation. See under Renounce. Reorganize, re-6r'gan-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.1 To organize anew, reduce again to an organized condition. — Reor'ganiza'tion, n. Act of, etc. Rep, rep, a. Formed with a surface closely corded, or of a cord-like appearance. — n. A kind of stuff hav- ing a surface appearing as if made of small cords. [Prob. corrupt, of rib.] Repair, re-par', v. t. [-paired (-pard'), -pairing.] To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction ; to make amends for, as for an injury, by an equivalent ; to indemnify for; to renew, mend, retrieve, recruit. — n. Restora- tion to a sound or good state after decay, waste, inju- ry, or partial destruction; reparation; condition. [F. revarer, L. reparare ; parare, to prepare.] — Repair'- able, a. — Repair'er, n. — Rep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. [F.; L. reparabilis.] — Rep'ara'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that done or made in order to repair; indemnification for loss or damage ; restoration ; restitution ; compensation ; amends. [F.] — Repar'ative, -par'a-tiv, a. Tending to repair ; restoring to a sound state ; tending to amend defect, or make good.— n. That which, etc. Repair, re-par', v. i. To go, betake one's self, resort. [F. repairer, OF. repairier, to haunt, frequent, prob. fr. repaire, a wild beast's den, a haunt, place of re- sort; It. ripararsi, to frequent, resort to, lit. to make a (riparo) shelter, place of security.] Repartee, rep'ar-te'. n. A smart, ready, and witty reply; retort. — v. t. [reparteed (-ted'), -teeing.] To make smart and witty replies. [F. repartie, f r. repartir, to reply, to answer a thrust with a thrust; partir, to part, divide, also to burst out laughing, f r. L. partire, to share, fr. pars, part.] tepass, re-pas', v. t. [-passed (-past'), -i pass again, pass or travel back, pass a Repass, re-pas', v. t. [-passed (-past'), -passing.] To pass again, pass or travel back, pass a second time. — v. i. To pass or go back, move back. Repast, re-past', n. Act of taking food; that taken as food; a meal ; victuals. [OF.; past, a meal, ~L. pas- tus, food, orig. p. p. of pascere, to feed.] Repay, re-pa', v. t. [-paid (-pad'), -paying.] To pay back, make return or requital for, pay anew, or a second time, as a debt, refund, recompense, remu- nerate, reimburse, requite. — Repay'able, a. — Re- pay'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; money or other thing repaid. Repeal, re-pel', v. t. [-pealed (-peld'), -pealing.] To recall (a deed, will, law, or statute); to abrogate by authoritv, abolish, revoke, rescind, annul, cancel, re- verse.— n. Revocation; abrogation. [OF. rapeler ; apeler, to appeal.] — Repeal'able, a. — Repeal'ablft. 2m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd REPEAT 483 REPRESENT ness, n. — Repeal'er, n. One who repeals or seeks a repeal; an advocate for the repeal of the Articles of Union between Great Britain and Ireland. Repeat, re-pet', v. t. To go over a second time; to do, try, make, attempt, or utter again; to do or say what one has already done or said; to reiterate, recite, re- hearse, recapitulate, — n. Act of repeating: repeti- tion; that repeated, or to be repeated. (Mm.) A mark, or series of dots, placed before and after a pas- sage to be repeated in performance. [F. repeter, L. repetere: petere, to seek.] — Repeat'edly, adv. — Re- peat' er, n. One who, or that which, repeats; one who recites or rehearses ; a watch that strikes the hours at the touch of a spring; a fire-arm that may be discharged many times in quick succession; inL.S., one who votes more than once at an election. — R6p / - etend', n. {Math.) That part of a repeating decimal which recurs continually. — Rep'eti'tion, -tish'un, n. Act of repeating; recital from memory; tautol- ogy; iteration; rehearsal. [F.] — Rep'eti'tional, -a- ry, -a-rT, a. Containing repetition. — Rep'eti'tious, -tish'us, a. Repeating: containing repetition. Repel, re-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pelling.] To drive back, force to return, check the advance of; to encounter or assault with effectual resistance, as an encroachment; to repulse, reject, refuse. [L. re- pellere, -pulsurn ; pellere, to drive.] — Repel' lence, -lency, -len-sT, n. Quality or capacity of repelling; repulsion. — Repel'lent, "a. Driving " back ; able or tending to repel. — n. That which repels or scatters; a kind of water-proof cloth. — Repel'ler, n. — Re- pulse', -puis', n. Condition of being, or act of, etc.; refusal; denial; failure.— v. t. [-pulsed (-pulsf), -pulsing.] To repel, beat or drive back, reject. — Repul'sion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.— Repul'sive, -siv, a. Inclined, serving, or able to re- pel: repelling; cold; reserved; forbidding. Repent, re'pent, a. Creeping, as a plant. [L. repens, p. pr. of repere, to creep: see Reptile.] Repent, re-pent', v. i. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for what one has done or omitted to do ; to feel such sorrow for sin as leads one to turn from it and seek forgiveness; to change the mind or course of conduct on account of dissatisfaction with what has occurred, — V. t. To feel pain on account of, remember with sorrow. [F. repentir ; L. pamitere, to make repent, fr. poena, punishment: see Penal.] — Repent'ance, -ans, n. Act of repenting, or state of being penitent; sorrow for what one has done or omitted to do; contrition for sin, accompanied by change of life. [F.] — Repent'ant, a. Inclined to repent; sorry for sin; expressing or showing sorrow for sin. — n. One who repents; a penitent. [F., p. pr. of repentir.} — Repent'er, n. Repeople, re-pe'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To people anew, furnish again with inhabitants. Repercussion, re-per-kus'shun, n. Act of driving back; reverberation. [F. ; L. repercussio, fr. repercutere, --e, to shake, beat, strike.] — Repercuss'ive, -iv, a. Having the power of send- ing back; causing to reverberate; driven back; re- verberated. [F. repercussif.'] Repertory, rep'er-to-rT, n. A place in which things are disposed in an orderly manner, so that they can be easily found; a treasury; magazine. [F. reper- toire, L. repertorium, fr. reperire, to find again; pa- rere, to bring forth, procure.] Repetend, Repetition, etc. See under Repeat. Repine, re-pin', r. *". [-pined (-pind'), -pining.] To continue pining, indulge in envy or complaint, mur- mur. [Re- and" pine, q. v.] — Repin^er, n. Replace, re-plas', v. t. [-placed (-plasf), -placing.] lo place again, restore to a former place, position, condition, etc.; to refund, repay, to supply or sub- stitute an equivalent for: to supply the want of, ful- fill the end or office of. — Replace'ment. n. Act of re- placing. Replenish, re-plen'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To fill up again, fill completely. [OF. rejtlenir, L. re- plere, -pletum; plenvs, full.] — Replenishment, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, etc.; supply.— Replete', -plet', a. Filled again; completely filled; full. [F. replet, fem. replete, L. repletiis, p. p. of re- plere.~\ — Reple'tion, n. State of being replete : su- perabundant fullness. (Med.) Fullness of blood; plethora. [F.] — Reple'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to re- plete; replenishing. Replevy, re-plev'T, v. t. [-plevied (-plev'id), -ying.] To take back, by a writ for that purpose, goods wrongfully taken, upon giving security to try the right to them in a suit at law, and, if that should be determined against the plaintiff, to return the prop- erty replevied; to bail. [F. re- and plevir, to warrant, be surety, give pledges, prob. fr. L. prsebere, to af- ford, offer a pledge.]— Replev'in, n. (Law.) A per- sonal action which lies to recover possesion of goods and chattels wrongfully taken or detained. The writ by which goods and chattels are replevied. tOY.plev- iiic. a warranty.] Reply, re-pli', r. i. [-plied (-plid'), -plying. 1 To make a return to in words cr writing, answer, re- spond, rejoin; to do orgive in return tor something, answer by deeds. (Law.) To answer a defendant's plea. — -/-, t. To return for an answer. — n. That which is said, written, or done in answer to what is said, etc., by another; rejoinder; answer: [OF. >c- flier, repU'/uer, L. replicare, -catinn, to fold : see ly.]— Rep'licant, rep'lT-kant, n. One who replies. — Rep'lica'tion, n. An answer; reply. (Law Plead- ings.) The reply of the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to defendant's plea. [L. replicatio.] — Repli'er, v. Report, re-port', v.t. To bear or bring' back (an answer or account of something); to give an account of, cir- culate publicly; to give a formal or official account of; to make minutes of (a speech, or the doing: o1 11 public body); to relate, tell, recite, detail.— v. i. To make a return or statement that is expected or de- sired; to furnish in writing an account of a speech or proceedings of a public assembly, etc.: to betake one's self as to a superior officer, and be in readi- ness for orders or to do service. — n. That which is reported: an account received: story; rumor; repute; reputation ; sound : noise ; an official statement of facts, verbal or written : a statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of a case argued and deter- mined ; a sketch, or fully written account, of a speech, or a public meeting, etc. [F. reporter, L. reportare, to bear or bring back; portare, to bear or bring.] — Report'er, n. One who reports: esp., one who makes statements of law proceedings and de- cisions, or of legislative debates; one who reports the proceedings of public meetings, current tran- sactions, etc., for the newspapers. — Raport'ing, n. Act, art, or profession of. etc. Repose, re-poz', v. t. [-posed (-p5zd' i, -posing.] To lay at rest, cause tot>e calm or quiet, compose; to place, have, or exercise (confidence, etc.), deposit, lodge. — v. i. To lie, rest; to lie for rest or refresh- ment; to rest in confidence, —n. A lying at rest; sleep; tranquillity: freedom from uneasiness. (Fine Arts.) That harmony or moderation which affords rest for the eye. [F. repos, rest, reposer, LL. repau- sare : see Pause.] — Repos'edness, n. State of being at rest. — Repos'al, n. Act of reposing or resting. Reposit, re-poz'it, v. t. To lay up, or lodge, as for safety or preservation. [L. reponere, -position ; po- nere,\o place.] — Reposi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act of re- positing. — Repos'itory, -poz'l-to-rl, n. A place in which to deposit things for safety; a depository. [F. repositoire, Li.jrepositorium.~\ Repousse, ra-poos'sa', n. Ornamental metal work formed in relief by hammering up the metal from the back, and chasing the forms so produced. [F.; p. p. of repousser, to thrust back: pousser, L. pulsare, to push, freq. of pellere, to beat, knock.] Reprehend, rep-re-hend', v. t. To accuse, charge, chide, reprove, censure. [L. reprehendere, to check, blame ; prehendere, to lay hold of.] — Reprehend'er, n. — Reprehen'sible, -sl-bl, a. Worthy of reprehen- sion or blame: culpable; censurable. — Reprehen'si- bleness, «.— Reprehen'sibly, a dr. — Reprehen'sion, n. Reproof: censure; open blame. [F.]— Reprehen'- sive, -siv, -sory, -so-rl, a. Containing reproof. Represent, rep-re-zent', v. t. To exhibit the counter- part or image of; to delineate, reproduce; to act the part or character of, personate; to supply the place or perform the duties of; to exhibit to another mind in language, bring before the mind; to serve as a sign or symbol of. — v. i. To present a second time, esp. by a mental transcript or picture. [OF. repre- senter, L. reprsesentare ; prsesentare, to place before, present, fr. prsesens, present, q. v.] — Rep'resenta'- tion, n. Act of representing, describing, or showing; that which represents, — as, a picture, model, or other facsimile; or, a dramatic performance; or, a description or statement; or, a body of representa- tives. — Represent'ative, -tiv, a. Fitted or qualified to represent: bearing the character or power of an- other ; acting for others. — n. One who, or that which, etc.; an agent, deputy, or substitute, who supplies the place of another; in U. S., a member stin, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. REPRESS 484 RESCIND of the lower house in a State legislature or in the national Congress. — Represent'er, n. Repress, re-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -pressing.] To press back or down effectually, or a second time; to crush down or out; to overpower, subdue, quell, chock. — Repres'ser, n. — Repression, -shun, n. Act of, or that which, etc.; cliecK; restraint. — Re- pressive, -iv, a. Able, or tending to, etc. Reprieve. See under Reprove. Reprimand, rep'rl-mand, v. t. To reprove severely, chide for a fault; to reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence; to reprehend, rebuke, censure, blame.— n. Severe reproof for a fault; repre- hension, private or public. [F. re'primande, L. rep- rimen /us, -da, to be checked or suppressed, fr. rep- rirnne, to check, repress.] Reprint re-print', v. t. To print again; to print a new clicion of . — Re'print, n. A second or a new im- pression or edition of any printed work; esp., the publication in one country of a work previously published in another. Reprisal, re-priz'al, n. Act of reprising or retaking; esp., the act of taking from an enemy by way of re- taliation or indemnity; that which is retaken, esp. from an enemy, etc.; act of retorting on an enemy by inflicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken from him, in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. [OF. represai/le, fr. repris, p. p. of repren /ere, to take, take back again; L. reprehendere : see Repre- hend.] —Reprises', n. pi. {Law.) Deductions and duties yearly p_iid out of a manor and lands. Reproach, re-proch', v. t. [-proached (-prochf), -proaching.] To censure with severity, and some- times with contempt; to charge with a fault in se- vere language, upbraid, rebuke, condemn, revile, vilify. — n. An expression of blame or censure; cen- sure mingled with contempt or derision; an occasion of blame or censure; an object of blame, censure, scorn, or derision; disrepute; discredit; scandal; op- probriu n; invective; contumely; vilification; insult; ignominy; shame; disgrace; infamy. [F. reprocher, to reproach, fr. obs. D. re^ro-iare, to bring near to, impute, fr. re- and pr ope, near.] — Reproach 'able, a. Deserving reproach; opprobrious; scurrilous. — Re- proach'ful, -ml, a. Expressing, occasioning, or de- serving, reproach. — Reproach'fully, adv. Reprobate, etc. See under Reprove. Reproduce, re-nro-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -du- cing.J To produce again; to make a copy of; to portray; to bring to the memory or the imagination; to renew the production of; to generate, as offspring. — Reproduction, -duk'shun, n. Actor process of , etc. — Reproductive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rl, a. Pert, to, or employed m, reproduction. Reprove, re-proov', v. t. [-proved (-proovd'), -prov- ing.] To chide as blameworthy to the face; to ac- cuse as guiltv; to reprehend, rebuke, scold, blame, censure. \ ME. reproiieu, -prewn, -proven., OF. re- prover, L. rpfjro^are, -bat.i n; prohare, to test, prove, q. v.) — Reproof, n. Expression of blame; censure tor a fault.; ijmonition: reprimand: rebuke; blame. — -Reprov'a^is, a. — Reprov'al, n. Act of re pro v- ing, or tli .it which is said iu reproving; reproof. — Reprov'er, a. — Rep'robate, -ro-bat, v. t. To disap- prove with detestation or marks of extreme dislike; to aban 1 >n to pu tishment without hope or pardon; to condemn, reprehend, disown, reject. — a. Aban- doned to vice or punishment; morally abandoned and lost; vitiated; depraved; profligate; base; vile; castawiv.— n V person abandoned; one morally lost. — Rsp'robatoness, n. — Reproba'tion, n. Act of rep:ouat ng; state of being ieprobated. — Re- prieve', -p-ev', />. t. [-PRIEVED (-prevd'), -priev- IJVG.] To try over again, delay the punishment of. — n. Temporarr suspension of the execution of sen- tence, esp. the sentence of death; interval of ease or relief; respite. [Same as reprore.] Reptile, rep'til, a. Creeping, moving on the belly, or by means ot small, short legs; groveling; low; vul- gar. — n. An animal that crawls or moves on its belly, or by means of small, sho't legs. (Zool.) A vertebrate animal, oviparous, cold - blooded, air- breathing, and covered with plates or scales. A groveling or very mean person. [F.; L. reptilis, fr. repere. reptum, to creep; s. rt. serpent.]— Reptil'ian, -til'T-an, a. Belonging to the reptiles Republic, re-pub'lik, n. A state in which the sover- eign power is exercised by representatives elected by the people; a c nnmonwealtli. [F. 'e/tublu/ue, L. respublica; res, thing, affair, and pubhcus, puolica, public] — Republic of letters. The collective body of literary or learned men. — Repub'lican, a. Pert, to a republic; consonant with the principles of a re- public— n. One who favors a republican form of government; in U. S., since 1856, a member of the political party opposed to the extension of slavery. — Repub'licanism, -izm, n. A republican form or system of government; attachment to a republican form of government. — Repub'licanizo, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To convert to republican princi- ples. Republish, re-pub'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lish- ing.] To publish anew, — often applied to the pub- lication in one country of a work first published in another. —Repub'lica'tion, n. A second publica- tion, or a new publication of something before pub- lished; esp., the publication in one country of a work first issued in another; a reprint. Repudiate, re-pu'dt-at, v. t. To cast off and disavow; to put away, divorce; to refuse any longer to ac- knowledge or to pay. [L. repudiare, -atum ; pudere, to be ashamed.] — Repu'diable, -dl-a-bl, a. Admit- ting of repudiation; tit or proper to be put away. — Repu'dia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. [F.] — Repu'dia'tor, n. Repugnant, re-pug'nant, a. Opposite; contrary; hos- tile; inconsistent; distasteful in a high degree; of- fensive. [F., p. pr. of repugner, L. repugnare; pug- nare, to fight.] — Repug'nance, -nancy, -nan-sr, n. Act of opposing, or state of being repugnant; oppo- sition or contrariety, as of mind, passions, princi- ples, etc.; aversion; reluctance; dislike; hostility; ir- reconcilableness ; inconsistency. — Repug'nantly, adv. Repulse, Repulsive, etc. See under Repel. Repute, re-put', v. t. To account, hold, reckon; to at- tribute. — n. Character attributed; established opin- ion; estimate; good character; reputation. [F. re- puter, L. reputare, to count over, think over; putare, to count, think.] — Rep'utable, -u-ta-bl, a. Worthy of repute or distinction; held in esteem; respectable; honorable; estimable— Rep'utably, adv.— Reputa'- tion, n. Condition in which one is reputed to be; estimation in which one is held; public esteem; gen- eral credit; good name. [F.J — Reput'edly, adv. In common opinion or estimation; by repute. Request, re-kwest', n. Act of asking for anything de- sired; earnest desire or demand; solicitation; that asked for or requested; a state of being held in such estimation as to be sought after or pursued. — v.t. To ask for earnestly, express desire for, beg, ask, entreat, beseech. [AIE. and OF. reque.ste, L. requiS' ita, a thing asked, p. p. of requirere, -quisitum, to seek again, ask for; quserere, to seek.] — Request'er, n. — Require', -kwir', v. t. [-quired (-kwird'), -quiring.] To insist upon having; to claim as by right and authority; to make necessary, claim as in- dispensable, exact, enjoin, prescribe, demand, need. [ME. requir en, OF. requerir, fr. L. requirere.] — Re- quire'ment, n. Act of requiring; demand; requisi- tion ; that required ; an essential condition. — Re- quir'er, n. — Req'uisite, rek'wt-zit, a. Required by the nature of things, or by circumstances; neces- sary; needful; indispensable; essential. — n. That which is necessary ; something indispensable. — Req'uisiteness, « — Requisition, -zish'un, n. Act of requiring; application made as of right; demand; a written call or invitation; a formal demand made by one state or government upon another for the surrender of a fugitive from justice; that required by authority; esp., a quota of supplies or necessa- ries. [F.] Requiem, re'kwT-em, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) A hymn or mass sung for the dead, for the rest of his soul. A grand musical composition, performed in honor of some deceased person. [Accus. of L. requies, rest, the first words ot the prayer being "Requiem seter- nam dona eis, Domine," Give eternal rest to them, O Lord.] Requite, re-kwit', v. t. To repay; to return an equiv- alent in good, or evil for evil; to reward, retaliate, punish. [Re- and quit.] — Requit'al, n. That which requites or repays; return ior any office, good or bad; recompense; satisfaction; retribution; punish- ment. — Requit'er, n. Reredos, rer'dos, n. (A ch.) A screen or partition wall behind an altar; an altar-piece: an open hearth for fires in the cente- of ancient halls; the back of a fire-place. [E. rear & F. do<, L. dorsum, the back.] Rereward, rer'wawrd, n. The rearguard. Rescind, re-sind', v. t. To cut off, abrogate; to vacate (an act) by the enacting authority or by superior am, fame, far, pass or opera, f are ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone. 6r ; RESCRIPT 485 RESORBENT authority ; to revoke, repeal, annul, vacate, void. [F. rescinder, L. rescindere, -$ci*sum; scindere, to cut, split.] — Rescis'sion, -sizh'un, n. Act of rescind- ing, abrogating, annulling, or vacating. [OF. re- sasion.] — Rescis'sory, -siz'zn-rT, a. Tending to re- scind: having power to cut oft' or to abrogate. Rescript, re'skript, n. (Rom. Antiq.) The answer of an emperor o» pope, when consulted by particular persons on some difficult question; an edict or de- cree. [OF. ; L. rescrioere, scriptum ; scribere, to write.] — Rescrip'tion, n. A writing buck; the an- swering ot a letter. Rescue, res'ku, v. t. [-cued (-kud), -cling.] To free or deliver from any confinement, violence, dan- ger, or evil j to retake, liberate, save. — n Act of rescuing ; deliverance from restraint, violence, or danger. [OF. rescourre, LL. rescutere, -cussum, for reexcutere, to rescue, OF. rescusse, LL. rescussa, re- cvssa, a rescue; L. excutere, to shake off, drive away, fr. ex. oft, and quatere, to shake.]— Res'cuer, n. Research, re-sSrcb/, n. Diligent inquiry or examina- tion in seeking facts or principles ; investigation ; scrutiny, — v. t. [researched (-serchf), -search- ing.] To search and examine with continued care, seek diligently ; to search again ; examine anew. — Recherche, re-shar-sha', a. Sought out with care; of rare attraction or elegance. [F., p. p. of recherche); to seek out.] Reseize, re-sez', v. t. [-seized (-sezd'), -seizing.] To seize again, or a second time. (Law.) To take pos- session of, as lands and tenements which have been disseized.— Reseiz , ure, -se'zhur, n. A second seiz- ure; act of seizing again. Resemble, re-zem'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To be like to, — said of one thing as compared with an- other; to be alike or similar to, — said of objects with respect to one another ; to liken, compare. [OF. re- sembler ; sembler, to seem, resemble, fr. L. similare, simulare, to imitate.] — Resem'blance, -blans, n. State of resembling or being like ; that which is similar; likeness; similitude; semblance; represen- tation ; image. Resent, re-zenf, v. t. To take ill, consider as an in- jury or affront; to be in some degree provoked at. [OF. resentir, to be sensible of : sentir, L. sentire, to feel.] — Resent 'er, n. — Resentful, -ml, n. Inclined to resent ; easily provoked. — Resentlnent, n. Act of resenting ; displeasure ; indignation ; irritation ; anger. Reserve, re-zerv', v. t. [-served (-zervdO* -serv- ing.] To keep in store for future or other use ; to withhold from present use for another purpose ; to keep, retain, withhold. — n. Act of reserving or keeping back ; that which is reserved : restraint of freedom in words or actions; a tract of land reserved or set apart for a particular purpose. (Mil.) A body of troops kept for an exigence. [OF., a reservation, reserver, L. reservare, to keep back : $em:are, to keep.] — In reserve. In keeping for other or future use; in store.— Reserved'', -zervd',/). a. Restrained from freedom in words or actions; not free or frank; cautious; backward; cold: shy: cov; modest. — Re- serv'edly, -ed-lY, adv.— Reserv'edness, «.— Reserv'- er, n. — Reservalion, rez-er-va'shun, n. Act of re- serving, or keeping back ; something withheld : a tract of the public land reserved for some special use, as for schools. (Law.) A clause in an instru- ment by which something is reserved out of the thing granted; a proviso. — Reserv'atory, -a-to-ri, n. A place in which things are reserved or kept. — Reservoir', -er-vw6r', n. A place where anything is kept in store, esp., a place where water is col- lected and kept for use when wanted; a cistern; basin. [F. ; LL. reservatorivm] Reset, re-set', v. t. [-set, -setting.] (Print.) To set over again, as a page of matter. To furnish with new setting, border, oradornment. Resettle, re-setll, v. t. [-tled (-tld). -tling.] To settle again ; to install again as a minister of the gospel. — v. i. To settle in the gospel ministry a 2d time ; to be installed again.— Reset ^tlement, n. Act of settling or composing again : state oi settling or subsiding again: a2d settlement in the ministry. Reside, re-zidl v. i. To dwell permanently or for a length of time; to have one's dwelling or home ; to have a seat or fixed position; to lie or be inherent in. [OF. resider, L. residere ; sedere = E. to sit] — Resid'er, n. — Residence, rez'r-dens, n. Act of re- siding, abiding, or dwelling in a place for some continuance of time ; place where one resides ; so- journ; stay; abode; home; domicile; mansion. [F.] — Resident, a. Dwelling or having an abode in I a place for a continued length of time; fixed; re- l siding. — n. One who dwells in a place : a public minister who resides at a foreign court. [F.] — Res'- identer, n. — Residentiary, -aha-rl, a. Having res- idence. — n. One who is resident: an ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence.— Residue, rez'I-du, n. That which remains alter a pai t is taken ; bal- ance or remainder of a debt or account. [OF. resi- du, L. residuum, neut. of residues, leit benind, re- maining, fr. residere.] — Resid'uum, -zid'u-um, n. That which is left after auy process of separation or purification ; residue. [L.] — Resid'ual, -u-al, a. Remaining after a part is taken. — Resid'uary, -u-a- rt, a. Pert, to the residue, or part remaining. — Re- siduary legatee. One to whom the residue of per- sonal estate is bequeathed. Resign, re-zin', v. t. [-signed (-zlnd'), -signing.] To return by a formal act, yield to another, give up; to withdraw (a claim), abdicate, surrender, relin- quish, forego, abandon, renounce. [F. rrsigner, L. resignare, -natum, to annul, assign back, lit. sign back, sign again ; signare = E. sign.] — Res'igna''- tion, rez'ig-na'shun, n. Act of resigning or giving up (a claim, possession, wish, etc.) ; state of being resigned or submissive ; patience : submission ; ac- quiescence ; endurance. [F.] — Resigned' , -zind'', p. a. Submissive; not disposed to murmur. — Re- sign'er, n. Resilient, re-zil'T-ent, a. Inclined to leap or spring back; rebounding. [L. resiliens, p. pr. of resilire, to leap or spring back: satire, to leap.] — Res'ili'tion, rez'I-lisb/un, Resilience, -ency, re-zil'i-en-sl, n. Act of springing back, or of rebounding. Resin, rezln, u. A solid, inflammable substance, of vegetable origin, a non-conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and in es- sential oils. [OF. resine, L. resina, Gr. rhetina, resin, gum from trees.] — Resinous, -us, a. Partaking of the qualities of resin, or resembling it; pert, to, or obtained from, resin. — Resinous electricity. Elec- tricity excited by rubbing bodies of the resinous kind, —called also negative electricity. — Res'lnifer- oub. -h'er-us, a. Yielding resin. [L.jerre, to bear.] Resist, re-zisf, v. t. To stand against; to strive against, act in opposition to; to counteract as a force by iner- tia or reaction: to withstand, hinder, thwart, baffle, disappoint. [OF. resister, L. resistere ; sistere, to set, stand fast, fr. stare = E. stand. j — Resistance, -ans, n. Act of resisting; quality of not yielding to force or external pressure; opposition; rebuff; hindrance; check. [F.]— Resist'ant, n. One who, or that which, resists. — Resist'er, n.— Resistible a. Capable of beings resisted or of resisting. — Resist'ibillty, -T-tT, n. — Resistless, a. Incapable of being resisted; ir- resistible. Resolve, re-zolv'', v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solving.] To separate the component parts of; to melt; to dis- solve and reduce to a different form: to reduce to simple or intelligible notions, make clear or certain, free from doubt; to cause to perceive or understand; to form or constitute by resolution, vote, or determi- nation; to determine on. (Math.) To solve, as a prob- lem ; to find the answer to, or the result of. (Med.) To disperse or scatter. — v.i. To be separated into its component parts, or distinct principles; to melt, dissolve; to form a resolution or purpose. — n. Act of resolving or making clear; that resolved on or determined ; decisive conclusion : legal or official determination ; legislative act or declaration. [L. resolrere, resolutum ; solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] — Resolv'edness, n. Fixedness of purpose; firmness. — Resolv'ent, n. That which has the power of resolving or causing solution. (Med.) That which has power to disperse inflammation. — Res'oluble, rez'o-lu-bl, a. Admitting of being resolved or melted. [L. resolubilis.] — Res'olute, -o-lut. a. Hav- ing a decided purpose; constant in pursuing a pur- Eose; decided; fixed: steadfast ; persevering: firm; old ; unshaken. — Res'olutely, adv. — Res'olute- ness, n. — Resolulion, n. Act, operation, or process of resolving,— as, act of separating a compound into its elements or parts; cr, act of analyzing a complex notion, or solving a vexed question, or difficult problem; state of being resolved, made clear, or determined ; that which is resolved or determined ; esp.. the decision of a court, or vote of an assembly. (Math.) Act or process of solving: solution. [F.] Resonant. Resonance. See under Resound. Resorbent, re-s6rb'ent, a. Swallowing up. HL. resor* bens, p. pr. of resorbere ; sorbere, to suck or drink in.] siin, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, titen, boxboN, chair, get. RESORT 486 RESTRAIN Resort, re-zort', v. i. To go, repair, betake one's self; to have recourse. — n. Act of going to, or making application; a betaking one's self; a place to which one betakes himself habitually; a haunt. [OF. re- sortir, to issue, repair, resort, LL. resortire, to be sub- ject to a tribunal; L. sortiri, to obtain, obtain by lot, fr. sors, a lot.] — Resort'er, n. Resound, re-zownd', v. t. To sound again, or repeat- edly; to praise or celebrate with voice or sound of instruments; to spread the fame of; to reecho, re- verberate. — v. i. To sound loudly; to be filled with sound, ring; to be echoed; to echo or reverberate. [OF. resonner, L. resonare ; sonare, to sound.]— Res'- onant, rez'o-nant, a. Able to return sound ; en- gaged in resounding; echoing back. [OF.] — Res'- onance, -nans, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Resound, re-sownd', v. 1. To sound again. Resource, re-sors', n. That from which anything springs forth; that to which one resorts, or on which one depends for supply or support ; pi. pecuniary means; funds; money, or any property that can be converted into supplies; available means or capabil- ities of any kind. [OF., fr. source.'] Respect, re-spekt', v. t. To look back upon, notice with special attention, regard as worthy of particular notice, honor, revere, venerate; to relate to, regard. — n. Act of respecting, or noticing with attention; act of holding in high estimation; that which re- spects or pertains to any person or thing; relation; reference; pi. an expression of respect or deference. [F.; L. respectum, respect, regard, neut. of p. p. of respicere. to look back, respect; fr. re and specere, spi- cere, to look, view.] — In respect of. In comparison with; in reierence to. — Respect'able, a. Worthy of respect; fitted to awaken esteem; deserving regard; having a good reputation or standing; moderate in degree of excellence or in number, but not despica- ble. [F.] — Respect'ableness, -ability, n. State or quality of being respectable; state or quality which deserves or commands respect. — Respect'ably, adv. In a respectable manner ; in a manner to merit re- spect.— Respect'er, a.— Respecting -ful, a. Marked or characterized by respect. — Respect'fuliy, adv.— Respect'fulness, n.— Respecting, p. pr., but com- monly called a preposition. Having regard or rela- tion to; regarding; concerning. — Respective, -iv, a. Noticing with attention; careful; wary; consid- erate ; looking toward ; having reference to ; rela- tive, not absolute; relating to particular persons or things, each to each; particular; own. [F. respectif] — Respectively, adv. As relating to each; particu- larly; as belongs to each; relatively; not absolutely. — Res'pite, -pit, n. A postponement or delay; tem- porary intermission of labor, or of any process or op- eration; pause; cessation; stay; reprieve. — v. i. To grant or give a respite to. [OF. respit, a delay, term of forbearance, orig. respect had to a suit on the part of a prince or judge.] Respire, re-spir'. v. i. [-spired (-splrd'), -spiring.] To take breath again; to take rest or refreshment ; to breathe, inhale air with the lungs. — v. t. To breathe in and out; to inspire and expire (air); to breathe. [F. respirer, L. respirare, -atum; spirare, to breathe.] — Respir'able, ,a. Capable of being breathed; fit for respiration. — Res'pira'tion, n. The act or process of breathing, or drawing breath. [F.] — Res'pira tor, n. An instrument covering the mouth through which persons of weak lungs, or ex- posed to noxious dust or vapors, can breathe with- out injury. — Respir'atory, a. Serving for, or pert, to respiration. Respite. See under Respect. Resplendent, re-splen'dent, a. Shining with brilliant luster; very bright. [L. resplendens, -dentis, p. pr. of j-esplendere. to shine brightly; splendere, to shine.] — Resplen'dently, adv.— Resplen'dence, -dency, -den- sT, n. State of being, etc. Respond, re-spond', v. i. To answer, reply; to exhibit action or effect in response to force or stimulus; to correspond, suit; to render satisfaction, make pay- ment. [OF. respondre, L. respondere, -sponsum; spon- dere, to promise.] — Respondent, a. Disposed or ex- pected to respond ; answering. — n. One who re- sponds; as, (Law.) one who answers in certain suits or proceedings; or, one who maintains a thesis in re- ply.— Response', -spons', n. Act of responding; an answer or reply. [OF.] — Responsible, -si-bl, a. Li- able to respond; likely to be called upon to answer; accountable; able to respond; involving responsibil- ity or accountability. — Respon'sibleness, n. — Re- sponsibility, n. State of being responsible, ac- countable, or answerable; that for which any one is responsible or accountable; ability to answer in pay- ment. — Responsive, -siv, a. Able, ready, or in- clined to respond; suited to something else; corre- spondent. [OF. responsif.] — Respon'sory, -so-rl, a. Containing or making answer. Rest, rest, n. A state of quiet or repose; cessation from motion or labor ; freedom from everything which wearies or disturbs; that on which anything rests or leans for support; a place where one may rest. (Mus.) A pause; an interval during which rziz Rests. (Mus.). voice or sound is intermitted; the mark of such in- termission.— v. i. To cease from action or motion of any kind; to be free from whatever disturbs; to lie, repose, recline: to stand on, be supported by; to sleep, slumber; to sleep the final sleep, die; to lean, trust, rely. — v. t. To lay or place at rest; to quiet; to place, as on a support. [AS. rest, rsest, OHG. rasta, rest, Dan. and Sw. vast, Goth, rasta, a dis- tance between resting places on a journey, a mile; s. rt. Skr. ram, to rest, rejoice at, rati, pleasure, Gr. eroe, rest, and prob. eros, love, E. erotic] — Rest'- less, a. Never resting; continually moving: passed in unquietness; not affording rest; hard; not satis- fied to be at rest or in peace; discontented with one's lot, residence, etc.; unsettled; wandering. — Rest'- lessly, adv. — Restlessness, n. Rest, rest, n. That which is left, or which remains after the separation of a part; those not included in a proposition or description ; remainder; overplus; residue; others. — v. i. To be left over, remain. [F. reste, a remnant, rester, L. restare, to stop behind, remain; stare = E. to stand; s. rt. arrest.) — Rest'- ive, -iv, -iff, a. Unwilling to go forward; stubborn; impatient under coercion or opposition; uneasy. [F. restif] — Restlveness, -iffness, n. Restaurant, Restaurateur. See under Restore. Restitution, res-tT-tu'shun, n. Act of restoring, esp. of restoring anything to its rightful owner, or of giv- ing an equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury; that offered in return for what has been lost, in- jured, or destroyed; indemnification; reparation; amends. [F.; L. restitutio, fr. restituere, to restore: statuere, to place.] Restive, etc. See under Rest, remainder. Restless, etc. See under Rest, quiet Restore, re-stor', v. t. [-stored (-stord'), -storing.] To bring back from a state of ruin, decay, etc. ; to five or bring back (what has been lost) ; to bring ack to health or strength ; to give in place of, or as satisfaction for ; to return, replace, refund, repay, reinstate, revive, heal, cure. [OF. restorer, restaurer, L. restaurare, -atum ; s. rt. Gr. stauros, a thing firmly fixed, a stake, Skr. sthavara, fixed, stable, E. stand.] — Restor'er, n. — Restor'able, a.— Res'tora'tion, n. Act of restoring or bringing back to a former place, station or condition ; event or state of being re- stored ; reestablishment ; the repairing of injuries ; that which is restored or made anew. [F. restaura- tion.] — Res'tora'tionist, n. One who believes in a temporary future punishment, but in a final resto- ration of all to the favor and presence of God. — Re- storative, a. Having power to renew strength, vigor, etc. — n. A medicine which, etc. —Restau- rant, res-to-raN' or reslo-rant, n. A place for re- freshment ; eating-house. [F., prop. p. p. of restau- rer.] — Res'taurateur', res'tor-ii-ter', n. The keeper of an eating-house. [F.]— Res'tora'tor, n. A res* taurateur. Restrain, re-stran', v. t. [-strained (-strand'), -straining.] To hold from acting, proceeding, or advancing; to hinder from unlimited enjoyment; to check, hinder, repress, curb, coerce, restrict, limit, confine. [OF. restraindre, L. restringere, -strictvm; stringere, to draw, bind, or press together.] — Re- strain 'able, a.— Restrain'edly, adv. With restraint: with limitation. — Restrain'er, n. — Restraint', -strant', n. Act of restraining; hindrance of the will, or of any action, physical, moral, or mental; that which restrains; repression; stop; curb; limita- tion; restriction. [OF. restraincte, fern, of old p. p. of restraindre.] — Restrict', -strikt', v. t. To re- strain within bounds, limit, confine, circumscribe, curb, coerce. — Restriction, n. Act of, or state of am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; RESULT 487 RETRACT being, etc.; confinement within bounds; that which restricts; a restraint. [F.] — Restrictive, -iv, a. Having power or tendency to restrict. — Restrict'- ively, adc. Result, re-zult', v. i. To come out, or have an issue ; to proceed or spring, as a consequence, from tacts, arguments, premises, combination of circumstances, consultation, thought, or endeavor; to rise, originate, ensue, terminate.— n. The conclusion or end to which any course or condition of things leads, or which is obtained by any process or operation; ef- fect ; consequence ; inference ; issue ; event. [OF. resulter, fr. L. resultare, to spring back, rebound, freq. of resttere, to leap back ; s. rt. resilient.] — Re- sult'ance, -ans, n. Act of resulting. — Resulfant. n. (Mech.) A force which is the joint effect of 2 or more forces. — a. Resulting or issuing from, a com- bination. Resume, re-zum', v. t. [-sumed (-zumd'), -suming.] To take back; to enter upon or take up again; to be- gin again, as something which has been interrupted. [OF. resumer, L. resumere, sumptum ; sumere, to take, f r. sub, under, up, and emere, to buy, take : see Redeem.] — Resuna'able, -zum'a-bl, a. Capable of being resumed. —Resume, ra'zu-ma', n. A sum- ming up ; an abridgment or brief recapitulation. [F., p. p. of resumer.] — Resump'tion, -zum'shun, n. Act of resuming, taking back, or taking again. — Resump'tive, -tiv, a. Taking^ back or again. Resupinate, re-su'pl-nat, a. Turned upside down. (Mot.) Inverted in position by a twisting of the stock. [L. resupinatus, p. p. of resupinare, to bend or turn back ; resupinus, lying on the back.] Resurrection, rez-er-rek'shun, n. A rising again, esp., the rising again from the dead; resumption of life; the future state. [OF.; L. resurrectio, fr. resurgere, -surrectum, to rise again ; surgere, to rise : see Source.] — Resurrec'tionist, n. One whose busi- ness it is to steal bodies from the grave, esp. for dis- section. Resuscitate, re-sus'sT-tat, v. t. To revivify, revive ; esp., to recover from apparent death.— v. i. To come to life again. [L. resuscitare, -tatum ; suscitare, to raise, rouse, fr. sub, up. under, and citare, to rouse, cite, q. v.]— Resus'cita'tion, n. Act of re- viving from a state of apparent death ; state of be- ing revivified. — Resus'cita'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to resuscitate; reviving; revivifying. Ret, ret, v. t. To prepare (flax) for use, by separating the fibers from the woody part, by a process of soak- ing, macerating, etc. [Same as rot.] — Refting, n. Process of, etc.; place where, etc. — Reftery, -ter-T, n. Place_or factory where, etc. Retail, re-tal', v. t. "[-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To cut up and sell in small quantities, as to customers; to sell at second hand; to deal out or tell in small portions; to tell again, or to many. — a. The sale of commodities in small quantities or parcels, — opp. to wholesale. [OF., a shred or small piece cut fr. a thing, retailler, to pare, clip; tattler, to cut: see Tai- lor.] — Retailer, re-taK- or relal-er. a. Retain, re-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] To continue to hold, keep in possession ; to keep in pay, employ by a fee paid. [F. retenir, L. retinere, -tentum; tenere, to hold, keep.] — Retain'er, n. One who retains; one who is retained or kept in service: an attendant ; adherent : dependent ; a fee paid to engage a lawyer or counselor.— Reten'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: custodv; power of retain- ing; faculty of the mind by which it retains ideas. [FT ; L. retentio.] — Retenlive, -tiv, a. Having power to, etc. — Retinue, -T-nu, n. A body of re- tainers ; train of attendants ; suite. [OF., fem. of p. p. of retenir.] Retake, re-tak', v. t. [imp. -took; p.p. -taken; -tak- ing.] To take or receive again, recapture. Retaliate, re-tal'I-at, v. t. To return the like for ; to repay or requite by an act of the same kind as has been received; esp., to return evil for evil. — v. i. To return like for like. [L. retaliare, -atum ; talio, re- taliation ; prob. s. rt. Skr. tul, to weigh, compare, equal.] — RetaFia'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; reprisal ; retribution; punishment. — Retallative, -T-a-tiv, -ia- tory, -to-rl, a. Tending to, or involving, etc. Retard, re-tard', r. t. To continue to hinder, prevent from progress; to put off, render more late, impede, detain, delay, procrastinate, defer. [OF. retarder, L. retardare, -datum ; tardare, to make slow, fr. tar- dus, slow.] — Re'tardalion, n. Act of retarding or delaying ; hindrance ; that which retards; obstacle; obstruction. — Retard'er, n. Retch, rech, v. i. [retched (recht), retching.] fr. hi To Reticulate Leaf. make an effort to vomit. [AS. hrsecan, cough, spittle, hraca, the throat ; s. rt. Gr. krazein, to croak.] Retell. re-tell v. t. To tell again. Retention. Retentive. See under Retain. Retepore. See under Reticulum. Reticent, retl-sent, a. Inclined to keep silent ; re- served ; taciturn. [L. reticens, p. pr. of reticere, to keep silence ; tacere, to be silent.] — Reticence, -sens, n. State of being reticent, or observing con- tinued silence. [F.] Reticulum, re-tik'u-lum, n. (Comp. Anat.) The lid stomach of a ruminant, in which the mucous mem- brane forms hexagonal cells ; the honey-comb stom- ach. [L., dim. of rete, a net.] . — Reticle, -I-kl, n. A Email V"' net or bag. — Reticule, -i-kul, n. A little bag of net-work, etc.; a lady's work-bag. [F.] — Re- 1 tic'ular, -tikli-lar, a. Having i ; the form of a net, or of net- S~ work ; formed with interstices. — Retic'ulate, dated, a. Re- sembling net-work ; netted ; having distinct veins, fibers, or lines cros>iiiL r like net-work. — Retic'ula'tidn, n. State of be- ing, or that which is, etc. ; net- work.— Ret'iform. -T-f6rm, a. Having the form of a net in texture: composed of crossing lines and in- terstices. [L. forma, form.] — Re'tepore. -te-por. n. (Zobt.) A zoophyte whose cor- al-like" cells form re- ticulated leal- or ruf- fle-shaped expan- sions. [L. porus, _ pore.] — Retina, -T- ; =_ na, n. The reticular '£« membranous expan- sion of the optic nerve which receives the impressions re- sulting in the sense of vision. See Eye. [ML.] Retinue. See under Retain. Retire, re-tir', v. i. [-tired (-tird'), -t: draw back or away, keep aloof ; to retreat from ac- tion or danger ; to withdraw from a public station ; to fall back, recede, retrocede. — r. ;. To pav up and withdraw from circulation : to cause to retire ; to designate as no longer qualified for active service. [OF. retirer; tirer, to draw, pull, pluck: see Ti- rade.] — Retiredly, -tirdlT, adv. In a retired man- ner. — Retired'ness, n. A state of retirement ; soli- tude. — Retire'ment, n. Act of retiring or with- drawing from company or from public notice or station: state of being retired or withdrawn: place to which any one retires : private abode : solitude ; retreat; seclusion; privacy. [F.] — Retir'ing, p. a. Reserved : not forward or obtrusive ; assisned or suitable to one who retires, or is retired, "from a public office or station. Retort, re-torf. v. t. To bend or curve back : to throw back, reverberate ; to return (an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility). — v. i. To return an argument or charge, make or „ read a severe reply. — n. The y "^p return of an argument, charge, / ) \ or incivility in reply ; a quick and readv response; a vessel in which substances are subjected to distillation or decomposition by heat, made of different forms and materials for different uses. [F., p. p. of retordre, L. retorqnere, -tortum ; torquere, to turn, twist: see Torsion.] — Retort'er, n. — Re- torlion. n. Act of retorting or throwing back. Retouch, re-tuchl v. t. [-touched f-tucht'). -touch- ing.] To improve by new touches: to touch again, revise. Retrace, re-tras r , r. t. [-traced (-trast'). -tracing.] To trace back (a line); to carry or conduct back in the same path or course; to reverse; to go over again in reverse direction. Retract, re-trakf, v. t. To draw back (claws, etc.); to recall (a declaration, words, or saying); to with- draw, take back, recall, recant, disown. — v.i. To Retepore. ^ sun, cube, full; moon, fotrt; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, London, chair, get. RETRENCH 488 REVERIE take back what has been said. [OF. retracter, L. retractare, -traetum, freq. of retrahere. to draw- back; trahere, to draw: see Trace.] — Retract'ible, -T-bl, -ile, -il, a. Capable of being retracted or drawn back. — Retrac'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; act of withdrawing something claimed, ad- vanced, or done ; recantation. {Med.) A drawing up or shortening. [OF.] — Retractive, -iv, a. Able or ready to retract; retractile.— n. That which with- draws or takes from. — Retreat', -tret', n. Act of retiring or withdrawing one's self, esp. from what is dangerous or disagreeable; place to which one re- tires; the retiring of an army, body of men, ship, or fleet, from an enemy ; seclusion ; privacy ; asylum ; shelter; refuge. — v.i. To retire from any position or place, withdraw ; to retire from an enemy, or from any advanced position. [OF. retrete, reirL^.., fern, of old p. p. of retraire, L. retrahere.] Retrench, re-trench', v. t. [-trenched (-trenchf), -trenching.] To cut off, pare away; to lessen, abridge, curtail. {Mil.) To furnish with a retrench- ment.— v. i. To live at less expense. [OF. retrencher; trencher, to cut: see Trench.] — Retrenchement, n. Act of retrenching or of lopping off; removal of what is superfluous; act of lessening or abridging. {Mil.) A work constructed within another, to pro- long partial possession of the fortress when the en- emy has gained possession, or to protect the defend- ers till they can retreat or obtain a capitulation. Retribute, re-trib'ut, v. t. To pay back, compensate, requite. [L. retribuere, -butum ; tribuere, to bestow, assign, pay.] — Ret'ribu'tion, n. Act of retributing or repaying ; state of being paid back; return suit- able to the merits or deserts of (an action, esp. an evil or wrong action) ; reward and punishment, as distributed at the general judgment: requital; retal- iation. rF.]— Retrib'utive, -u-tiv, -utory, -u-to-ri, a. Tending to retribute; involving, or pert, to, ret- ribution. Retrieve, re-trev', v. t. [-trieved (-trevd'), -triev- ing.] To find again, restore from loss or injury; to remedy the evil consequences of, repair, restore. [OF. retrevver, -trover: see Trover.] — Retriev'er, n. One who, etc.; a dog trained to find and bring in birds that have been shot. — Retriev'able, a. — Re- trieval, n. Act of retrieving. Retroact, re'tro- or ret'ro-akt, v. i. To act backward, in return or in opposition. [L. retro- (compar. of re- or red-, q. v.), backwards, lit. move back, and E. act.] — Retroac'tion, n. Action returned, or action backward; operation on something past or preced- ing. — Retroactive, -iv, a. Fitted or designed to re- troact; affecting what is past; retrospective. —Re- trocede, re'tro- or ret'ro-serl, v. t. To cede or grant back. — v. i. To go brick. — Retrocession, -sesh'un, n. Act of retroceding; state of being retroceded or granted back. — Retrochoir, -kwir, n. (Eccl. Arch.) Any extension of a church behind the altar.— Retro- flex, -flexed, -flekst, a. {Bot.) Suddenly bent back- ward.— Retrofract, -fract'ed, a. {Bot.) Bent back- ward, as it were by force, so as to appear as if broken; refracted. — Retrograde, a. Moving or going back- ward; contrary; declining from a better to a worse state. {Astron.) Apparently moving backward, as a planet. — v. i. To go or move backward. [OF. retro- grader, L. retrogredi, -gressus ; gradi, to go, f r. gra- cilis, a step.] — Retrograda'tion, n. Act of retrograd- ing or moving backward. {Astron.) The apparent motion of the planets contrary to the order of the signs, that is, from east to west. State of being retro- graded; a going backward. [OF.] — Retrogression, n. Act of going backward ; retrogradation. — Retro- gressive, -siv, a. Going or moving backward. — Retrospect, v. i. To look back ; to affect what is past. — n. View or contemplation of things past; review; survey ; reexamination. [L. retrospicere ; specere, spectum, to look.] — Retrospection, n. Act or fac- ulty of looking back on things past. — Retrospect- ive, -iv, a. Tending or fitted to look back; looking back ; having reference to what is past ; affecting things past. — Retrospectively, adv. By way of retrospect ; in a retrospective manner. — Retrovert, v.t. To turn back. — Retroversion, -verShun, n. A turning or falling backward. Retting, Rettery. See under Ret. Return, re-tern', v. i. [-turned (-tSrnd'), -turning.] To go or come again to the same place or condition ; to come again, as a visitor; to answer, reply, — v. ,t. To bring, carry, or send back; to repay; to requite or recompense; to give back in reply ; to report offi- cially; to render back to a tribunal, or to an office. — n. Act of returning; that returned; as, a pay- ment, remittance, an answer, a formal account or report, profit on labor, an investment, etc. {Law.) The delivery of a writ, precept, or execution, to the proper officer or court; or the certificate of the offi- cer, stating what he has done in execution of it, in- dorsed. [F.retoitrner ; tourner, to turn, q. v.] — Re- turn'able, a. Capable of being returned or restored. {Law.) Legally required to be returned, delivered, given, or rendered. Retuse, re-tus', a. {Bot.) Terminating in a round end, the center of which is somewhat indented. [L. retusns, p. p. of retundere, to blunt; tundere, to strike with repeated strokes.] Reunion, re-un'yun,n. A second union; union form.td anew after separation or discord; an assembling or assembly of familiar friends.— Re'unite', -nit', v. t. To unite again, join after separation or variance. — v. i. To be united again; to join and cohere again. Reveal, re-vel', v. t. [-vealed (-veld'), -vealing.] To make known after having been concealed, — used esp. of what could not be known or discovered without divine or supernatural instruction. [F. re- veler, L. revelare, -latum ; velare, to vail, fr. velum, a vail.] — Rev'ela'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing revealed: the last book of the New Test., the Apocalypse. [F.] Reveille, ra-val'ya, in the U. S. service rev'a-le'; n. {Mil.) The beat of drum about break of day, after which sentries do not challenge. [F. re~veil, fr. r4* veiller, to awake; OF. esreiller, to awake, watch, fr. L. vigilare, to watch, vigil, wakeful.] Revel, rev'el, v. i. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To feast in a riotous and lawless manner; to carouse. — n. A riotous feast; a carousal. [OF., pride, rebellion, sport, disorder, reveleux, blustering, riotous, reveler, L. rebellare, to rebel, q. v.; cf. ME. revelous, full of revelry or jest.] — Rev'eler, n. One who revels. — Rev'el-rout, n. Tumultuous festivity ; a rabble tumultuously assembled; a mob. — Rev'elry, -el-rl, n. Act of engaging in a revel; noisy festivity. Revelation. See under Reveal. Revenge, re-veni', v. t. [-venged (-venjd'), -ven- ging.] To inflict punishment for; to exact satisfac- tion for, under a sense of injury ; to inflict injury for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit ; to avenge. — n. Act of revenging ; retaliation ; dispo- sition to return evil for evil. [OF. revenger ; vengier, vanger, L. vindicare, to vindicate.] — Revenge'ful, -ful, a. Full of revenge; wreaking revenge ; vin- dictive; spiteful; malicious. — Revenge'fufiy, adv. — Revenge'fulness, n. — Reven'ger, n. Revenue, rev'e-nu, n. That which returns, or comes back, from an investment; income; esp., the annual produce of taxes, customs, duties, etc., which a na- tion or state collects for public use. [OF., fern, of p. p. of revenir, L. rerenire; venire, to come.] Reverberate, re-ver'ber-at, v. t. To return or send back (sound); to echo; to reflect (light or heat); to repel from side to side. — v.i. To resound; to be driven back; to be renelled, as rays of light; to echo, as sound. [L. reverberare, -atum ; verberare, to lash, whip, fr. verber, a lash, whip, rod.] — Re- ver'berant, a. Tending to reverberate ; resound- ing. — Rever'bera'tion, n. Act of reverberating or sending back; esp., of reflecting light and heat, or reechoing sound. — Rever'beratory, -a-to-ri, a. Producing or acting by reverberation; returning, or driving back. See Furnace. Revere, re-ver', v. t. [-vered (-verd'), -vering.] To regard with fear mingled with respect and affec- tion; to venerate, adore, reverence. [OF. rererer, L. revereri; vereri, to f ear.] — Rev'erence, -er-ens, n. Profound respect and esteem, as for a holy be- ing or place; an act or token of respect or venera- tion; state of being reverent; disposition to venerate; a person entitled to be revered, — a title applied to priests or ministers.— v. t. [reverenced (-er-enst), -encing.] To regard with reverence. [OF.; L. rev- erentia, respect ; OF. reverencer, to reverence.] — Rev'erencer, -ser, n— Rev'erend, a. Worthy of rev- erence ; entitled to respect, — a title given to the clergy, in writing abbr. Rev. [L. reverendvs, fut. pas. p. of revereri.] — Rev'erent. a. Expressing reverence, veneration, or submission ; disposed to revere; submissive ; humble. [OF.] — Rev'erently, ac l Vm — Reveren'tial, -shal, a. Proceeding from, or expressing, reverence. — Reveren'tially, adv. In a reverential manner; with reverence, or show of rev- erence. Reverie, rev'gr-e', Rev'ery, -e"r-i, n. A loose or ir- regular train of thoughts, occurring in musing or am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm t In, Ice % Odd, tone drt REVERSE 489 RHAPSODY meditation ; a waking dream ; deep musing [F. r&verie, fr. rever, to dream = E. rare.] Reverse, re-vers', v. t. [-versed (-versf), -versing.] To turn back, cause to return or depart; to change totally ; to turn end for end, or upside down; to overthrow, subvert. (Laiv.) To make void, undo or annul for error, — n. That which appears or is Presented when anything is reverted or turned ack; that which is directly opposite or contrary to something else ; complete change ; esp., a change from better to worse, misfortune; the back side. — X. Turned backward; having a contrary or oppo- site direction. [ME. and OF. revers, L. reverse, p. p. of revertere, -versum, to turn backward, return; vertere, to turn: 6ee Verse.] — Reversely, adv. In a reverse manner; on the other hand. — Revers'- 8r, n. One who reverses. — Reversible, a. — Re- Ver'sal, n. A change or overthrowing. — Rever'- jion, -shun, n. (Law.) The returning of an estate to the grantor or his heirs, after the grant is de- termined; the residue of an estate left in the pro- prietor or owner thereof, to take effect in posses- sion, after the determination of a limited or less estate carved out of it and conveyed by him. A right to future possession or enjoyment; succession. (.Annuities.) A payment not duetill the occurrence of some contingent event. A return toward some ancestral type or character; atavism. [F.] — Rever'- sionary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, or involving, a reversion. — Reversioner, n. One who has a reversion. — Revert', v. t. To turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse ; to drive or turn back, reverberate. — v. i. To return, fall back. (Law.) To return to the proprietor, after the determination of a particular estate granted by him. [OF. revertir, L. revertere.'] — Revert'er, n. One who, or that which, reverts. (Law.) Reversion. — Revertlble, a. Capable of being reverted. — Revertlve, -iv, a. Tending to revert; changing; reversing. Revery. Same as Reverie. Revetment, re-vetlnent, n. (Fort.) A facing of wood, stone, or any other material, to sustain an embank- ment. [F. reritement, the lining of a ditch, fr. revHir, to clothe; L. vestire, fr. vestis, a garment.] Review, re-vu r , v. t. [-viewed (-vud'), -viewing.] To go over and examine critically or deliberately, as, to go over with critical examination, in order to dis- cover the excellences or delects of; to make official examination of the state of (troops, etc.). — n. A second or repeated view, retrospective survey. (Lit.) A critical examination of a new publication, with remarks; criticism; critique. (Mil.) An inspection of troops under arms, by a commander, for ascer- taining the state of their discipline, equipments, etc. A periodical publication containing critical es- says upon matters of public interest, new books, etc. Reexamination ; retrospect ; survey ; revise ; revision. [F. revue, fern, of p. p. of reroir, L. revi- dere to see again; vie/ere, to see.] — Review'er, n. One who reviews or reexamines ; one who c. ideally examines a new publication, and publishes his opin- ion upon its merits. Revile, re-viK, v. t. [-vii/ed (-vild'), -viling.] To treat as vile or common, assail with opprobrious language, vilify, upbraid, calumniate. [Fr. re- and OF. ariler. to dispraise, fr. a (= L. ad), to, and vil, L. vilis = E. vile.] — Revil'er, n. Revise, re-viz', v. t. [-vised (-vizd'), -vising.] To look at asrain, reexamine, look over with care for correction : to review, alter, and amend. (Pririt.) To compare a proof with a previous proof of the same matter and mark again such errors as have not been corrected in the type. — n. (Print.) A2d proof- sheet ; a proof-sheet taken after correction. [F. re- viser, L. rerisere, to revisit: rimre, to survey, freq. of videre, visum, to see.] — Revis'er, n. — Revis'al, n. Act of revising, or reexamining for correction and improvement. — Revision, -vizn'un, n. Act of re- visimr: reexamination ior correction; that which is revised. [F.] — Revislonal, -ary, -vizh'un-a-rl, a. Pert, to, etc. Revive, re-viv', )•. i. [-vtved (-vivd'), -viving.] To return to life, become reanimated or reinvigorated: to recover from a state of neglect, oblivion, obscu- rity, or depression. — v. t. To bring again to life, re- animate; to recover from a state of neglect or depres- sion; to renew in the mind or memory, awaken. [F. revivre, L. revivere ; vivere, to live.] — ReviVer, n. — ReviVal, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: re- newed attention: renewed performance of, or inter- est; renewed interest in religion alter indifference Revolver. and decline; reanimation from a state of languor or depression; renewed pursuit or cultivation, or flour- ishing state of; renewed prevalence of (a practice or fashion), (Law.) Restoration of force, validity, and effect to; renewal. — ReviValist, n. One who pro- motes revivals of religion; an advocate for religious revivals. — Revivify, -vivl-fi, v . t. [-fied (-lid), -fying.] To cause to revive, reanimate. [L. facere, to make.] — ReviVifica'tion. n. Renewal or restora- tion of life. Revoke, re-vokl v. t. [-voked (-vokf), -vokino.] To annul by recalling or taking back; to reverse (any- thing granted by a special act) ; to abolish, recall, repeal, rescind, countermand, abrogate, cancel. — v.i. (Card-playing.) To fail to follow suit: to re- nounce. — n. Act of revoking, or of neglecting to follow suit. [OF. revocouer, L. revocare ; locare, -catum, to call.] — Revocable, -o-ka-bl, a. Capable of being recalled or revoked. [F.] — ReVocable- ness, -cabillty, n. — Revocation, n. Act oi calling back; stated being recalled; repeal; reversal. [F.J Revolt, Revolution, etc. See under Revolve. Revolve, re-voW, v. i. [-volved (-volvd'), -volving.] To turn or roll round on an axis ; to move round a center. — v. t. To cause to turn, as upon an axis; to rotate; to turn over and over, reflect repeatedly upon. [L. revolvere, -volutum ; volvere, to roll, turn round.] — RevolVency, -en-sT, n. State, act, or principle of revolving. — Revolver, n. One who, or that which, revolves ; a fire-arm with several loading chambers or barrels so arranged as to re- volve on an axis and be discharged in suc- cession by the same lock.— ReVolu'tion, n. Act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center ; rotation ; return to a point before occupied ; space measured by the regular return of a revolving body ; period made by the regular recurrence of a measure of time, or by a succession of similar events; a total or radical change. (Astron.) The motion of any body, as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, until it returns to the same point again. (Geom.) The motion of a point, line, or surface, about a point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner that a moving point generates a curve, a moving line a surface, and a moving surface a solid. (Poli- tics.) A revolt successfully or completely accom- plished : a sudden, violent, or complete change in a government, constitution, etc. [F.] — Revolution- ary, -shun-a-ri, a. Tending o>- pert, to a revolution in government. — Revolutionist, n. One engaged in effecting a change ol govei nment. — Revolutionize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To change com] ktely, as by a revolution. — Revolt', re-volt' or -v51f, v. i. To turn away; to renounce allegiance or subjection, rise against a government, rebel ; to he grosslv of- fended, disgusted, or shocked. — v. t. To put to flight, overturn: to do violence to, repel, shock, — n. Act of revolting; esp., a renunciation of allegiance and sub- jection to one's prince or government; insurrection; sedition; rebellion: mutiny. [F. revolte, Olt. revolta, a revolt, overthrow, fern, of revolto, p. p. oi revolvere.] — Revolt'er, re-volt'er or -vrjlt'er, n. Revulsion, re-vul'shun, n. Act oi holding or drawing back: marked repugnance or hostility: asudden and violent change, esp. of feeling. [F.; L. revulMo, fr. revel/ere. rerulsum, to pluck or pull away; vellere, to pull.] — Revul'sive, -siv, a. Tending to revulsion, repugnant. Reward, re-w r awrd', v. t. To give in return, whether good or evil, — commonly in a good sense; to repay, recompense, compensate', requite, — n. That which is given in return for good or evil received; esp., that which comes in return for some good; that which is offered or given for a certain service, information, or attainment; a token of regard. (Law.) Compen- sation tor services. [OF. reicarder ; same as regarder, to regard, q. v., and see Guard.] — Reward'able, a. — Reward'er, n. Reynard, ra'nard or ren'ard.w. Afox. [SeeRENARD.] Rhabdology, Rhabdomancy. Same as Rabdology. etc. Rhapsody, rap'so-dl, n. A portion of an epic poem fit for recitation at one time; a wild, rambling composi- tion or discourse. [F. ra/ sodie, L. and Gr. rhajjsodia, fr. Gr. rhapsodos, one who stitches or strings songs together, a reciter of epic poetry, fr. rhai tein, to stitch together, and ode = E. ode.] —Rhapsodic, -ical, a. son, cube, full ; moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, cbair, get. RHENISH 490 RICE Pert, to, or consisting of, rhapsody; unconnected. — Rhap'sodist, n. (Antiq.) One who recites or com- poses a rhapsody; esp., one whose profession was to recite the verses of Homer and other poets. One who writes or speaks in a disconnected manner, with freat excitement or affectation of feeling. enish, ren'ish, a. Of, or pert, to, the river Rhine. — n. Wine from the vineyards along the Rhine. Rhetoric, ret'o-rik, n. Art of elegant and accurate composition, esp. in prose; science of oratory; art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force; arti- ficial eloquence, as opposed to that which is real ; the power of persuasion or attraction ; that which allures or charms. [F. rhetorique, L. rhetorica (ars), Gr. rhetorike (techne), fem. of Gr. rhetorikos, rhetor- ical, f r. rhetor, an orator, f r. eirein, to speak.] — Rhe- torical, re-tor'ik-al, a. Of, pert, to, or involving, rhetoric ; oratorical. — Rhetorically, adv. — Rhet'- ori'cian, -rish^an, n. One well versed in the rules and principles of rhetoric ; one who teaches the art of rhetoric ; an artificial orator, as opp. to one who is genuine. Rheum, room, n. An increased action of the excretory vessels of any organ; a thin serous fluid, secreted by the mucous glands, etc., as in catarrh. [P. rheume, L. and Gr. rheuma, fr. Gr. rheein, to flow; s. rt. Skr. sru, to flow, E. ruminate, rhythm, stream.'] — Rheum'y, -T, a. Pert, to, abounding in, or causing, rheum. — Rheu'matism, -ma-tizm, n. (Med.) A painful affec- tion of the muscles, joints, etc., of the human body. [Gr. rheumatismos, liability to rheum.] — Rheumat > - Ic, a. Pert, to rheumatism, or of its nature. Rhino, ri'no, n. Gold and silver, or money. [Scot. rino, W. arian.~] Rhinoceros, ri-nos'e-ros, n. A large, powerful, un- i v iu d g i a, le shape of a I ~~^j s, shape.] — / ,.--- / gation.) Any / j^*' / npass; aline L^_ / Rhinoceros. gainly pachydermatous mammal of Asia and Af- rica, allied to the elephant, hippopotamus, tapir, etc., having 3 hoofs on each foot, and 1 or 2 very strong horns upon the nose. [L. ; Gr. rhinokeros ; rhis, rhinos, nose, and keras — E. horn.] — Rhi'no- plas'tic, a. Forming a nose. [Gr. plastikos, fit for molding, ir.plassein, to form.] — Rhinoplasty, -tT, n. (Surg.) Process of forming an artificial nose, by bringing down a piece of flesh from the forehead, and causing it to adhere to the anterior part of the remains of the nose.— Rhi'noscope, -skop, n. A small mirror for inspecting the nasal passages. [Gr. sko- pein, to view.] — RhinoE'Copy, -nos'ko-pT, n. Inspec- tion of, etc. Rhizoma, ri-zo'ma, n. (Bot.) A creeping stem or branch growing beneath the surface of the soil and partly covered by it. [Gr., fr. rhizoun, to take root, rhiza, a root.] Rhodium, ro'dt-um, n. (Chem.) A metal of a white color and metallic luster, extremely hard and brittle: it is used for form- ing the nibs of gold pens. [Gr- rhodon, the rose, — f r. the color of its salts.] — Rho'doden'oron, n. A shrub or small tree of sev- Rhizoma eral species, having evergreen leaves, and handsome flowers. [L. and Gr., lit. rose- tree; Gr. rhodon and dendron, a tree; s. rt. Gr. drus — E. tree; q. v.] Rhodomontade. Same as Rodomon- tade. Rhomb, rom, Rhom'bus, n. (Geom.) A figure of 4 equal sides but unequal angles. [F. rhomb, L. rhombus, Gr. rhombos, orig. anything that may be twirled around, a whirling spindle, a rhomb, f r. rhembein, to revolve ; s. rt. warp.'] — Rhom'bic, a. Having the figure of \ Rhombus. rhomb. — Rhom'boid, -boid, n. (Geom.) An oblique- angled parallelogram like a rhomb, but having only the opposite sides equal, the length and width being different. — R h o m'b o i d, -boid'al, a. Having the shape of a rhomboid. [Gr. eidos, shay n Rhumb, rum, n. (Navigation. given point of the compass; making a given angle with the Rhomboid meridian; a rhumb-line. [F. rumb, Sp. and Pg. rumbo, It. rombo, fr. L. rhombus.]— To sail on a rhumb. To sail continuously on one course. — Rhumb'-line, n. A line or the course of a vessel which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. Rhubarb, loo'barb, n. A plant of many species : the fleshy and acid stalks of the common species are used in cookery: roots of several other species fur- nish a cathartic medicine. [OF. rheubarbe, LL. rheubarbarum, Gr. rheo'n barbaron, lit. barbarian Rha-plant; rheon, pert, to the Bha, or Volga river, in Pontus.] Rhumb, etc. See under Rhomb. Rhyme, rim, n. Poetry. (Poet.) Correspondence of sound in the terminating words or syllables of verses. Verses, usually 2, in rhyme with each other; a couplet, triplet; a word answering in sound to another word.— v. i. [rhymed (rimd), rhyming.] To make verses; to accord in sound. — v. t. To put into rhyme; to influence by rhyme. [Prop, rime, so spelled until time of Shakespeare, and by him, but confused with rhythm; ME. rime, ryme, AS., Sw., OHG. rim, Ic, It., Sp., and Pg. rima, number, reck- oning; s. rt. Gr. arithmos, number, E. harmony, art, arithmetic.) — Female rhyme. "* 'n sound of the last 2 syllables of verses^ the nni. /Jable being unaccented, — as endeavor, forever, etc. — Male r. Agreement in sound of only the final syl- lables of verses, — as remain, complain. — R. or rea- son. Sound or sense. — Rhym'er, n. — Rhym'ster, n. One who makes rhymes; a poor or mean poet. Rhythm, rithm or rithm, n. A dividing into short portions by a regular succession of motions, im- pulses, sounds, accents, etc., producing an agreeable effect, as in music, poetry, etc. (Mus.) Movement in musical time, or the periodical recurrence of ac- cent. A division of lines into short portions by a regular succession of percussions and remissions of voice on words or syllables ; harmonious flow of vocal sounds. [ME. and F. rithme, L. rhythmus, Gr. rhuthmos, fr. rheein, to flow; s. rt. rheum, q. v.; not s. rt. rhyme.] — Rhyth'mic, -mical, a. Pert, to rhythm. Rial, re'al, n. A Spanish coin. See Real. Rib, rib, n. (Anat.) One of the curved bones attached to the spine and inclosing the thoracic cavity: see Thorax. That which resembles a rib in form or use, as a piece of timber which forms or strengthens the side of a ship; (Arch.) an arch-formed piece of tim- ber for supporting the lath and plaster work of a vault; also a projecting piece on the interior of a vault, etc.; (Bot.) any marked nerve or vein of a leaf. A prominent line or rising, like a rib in cloth. — v. t. [ribbed (ribd), -bing.] To furnisli with ribs; to inclose with ribs, shut in. [AS. ribb, D. rib ; perh. s. rt. rive.] — Rib'roast, v. t. To beat soundly. Ribald, rib'ald, n. A low, vulgar, brutal, foul- mouthed wretch; a lewd fellow. — a. Low; base; mean; filthy; obscene. [OF.; lAi.ribaldus, ribald, ribalda, a prostitute ; perh. s. rt. MHG. ribe, a pros- titute, OHG. riban, to rub, paint, rouge the face, OF. ruber, to toy with a woman.] — Rib'aldry, n. The talk of a ribald; vulgar language; obscenity. Ribbon, rib'bun, Rib'and, Rib'band, n. A fillet or narrow web of fine cloth, commonly of silk or satin; a narrow strip or shred; pi. the reins, or lines, by which a horse is guided and held. — Rib'bon, v. t. [-boned (-bund), -boning.] To adorn with, or mark with stripes resembling, ribbons. [ME. riban, Ir. ribin, Ga. ribean, fr. rib, ribe, a hair, tassel, fringe ; not s. rt. band.] Rice, ris, n. An annual plant culti- vated in warm climates ; its seed, which forms an important article of food. [OF. ris, L. oryza, Gr. oruza, Ar. uruz, aruzz, ruzz, Sp. arroz, Skr. vrihi, rice, vridh, to grow, in- crease.]— Rice'pa'per, n. A kind of thin, delicate paper, from China, Rice used for painting upon, and for am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 8r \ RICH 491 RIGHT fancy articles: it is said to be made from the pith of a plant. Rich, rich, a. Abounding in material possessions; possessed of large property; well supplied; affording abundant supplies: productive or fertile; composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; highly valued; abounding in ugreeable or nutritive quali- ties; highly seasoned or flavored; abounding in oily, fatty, or indigestible materials; not faint or delicate; vivid; bright; full of sweet and harmonious sounds; abounding in beauty : abounding in humor; excit- ing amusement. [AS. rice, Ic. rikr, Goth, reiks, G. retch ; s. rt. L. rex, Skr. raja, a king, also F. and MHG. riche, rich.] — Rich'es, -ez, n. pi. That which makes one rich; abundant possessions or treasures; that which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, etc.; wealth; opulence; plenty; abundance. [ME. and F. richesse, n. sing. fr. F. riche.'] — Ricb/ly, adv. In a rich manner; with riches; plenteously; abundantly. — Rich'neBB, n. Rick, rik, n. A stack of grain or hay in the open air, sheltered with a covering. [AS. hreac, Ic. hraukr, OSw. ruka.] Rickets, Rickety. _ See under Rachitis. Ricochet, rik'o-sha'', n. Rebound or skipping, as of a ball fired at a low angle of elevation. (Gun.) The firing of guns, or howitzers, so as to cause the balls or shells to rebound or roll along the ground on which they fall. [F., orig. the skimming of flat stones on the surface of water, ricocher, to skim, etc.; prob. fr. re- and OF. cochet, a young cock, dim. of coq, a cock; cf. ducks and drakes, the Eng. name for the sport.] Rid, rid, v. t. [rid or ridded; ridding.] To free, de- liver, clear, disencumber. [AS. hreddan, prob. fr. hreedh, quick.] — To get rid of. To free one's self from.— Rid'dance, n. Act of ridding or freeing; deliverance; a clearing up or out; state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. Ridden. See Ride. Riddle, rid'dl. n. A sieve with coarse meshes, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, gravel from sand, etc. —v. t. [riddled (-did), -dling.] To separate, as grain from chaff, with a riddle ; to perforate with balls so as to make like a riddle. [AS. hridder, Ga. criathar, fr. crath, to shake, brandish ; prob. s. rt. Gr. kradaein, to shake, wave.] Riddle, rid'dl, n. Something to be solved by con- lecture; a puzzling question; enigma; anything am- biguous or puzzling, — v. t. To solve, explain, un- riddle. — v. i. To speak ambiguously, obscurely, or enigmatically. [AS. rsedelse, fr. rsedan, to inter- pret = £. read. j — Rid'dler, n. One who speaks in riddles, or ambiguously. Ride, rid, v. i. [imp. rode or rid; p. p. rid or ridden; riding.] To be carried on the back of any animal, as a horse; to be borne in a carriage; to be borne on or in the water; to be supported in motion; to rest on something; to manage a horse well; to support a rider, as a horse. — v. t. To sit on, so as to be car- ried; to manage insolently at will; to cause to ride; to carry. — n. An excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. [AS. ridan, OHG. ritan ; s. rt. L. rheda, a 4-wheeled carriage, E. bed-i-idden, raid, ready, road.} — Rid'er, n. One who rides; in En^., an agent who goes out with samples of goods to obtain orders; an addition to a manuscript or other document, inserted after its completion, on a separate piece of paper; an additional clause, as to an appropriation bill, in- volving legislation not germane to the bill. —Ridd- ing, n. Act of, etc. ; a road made for, etc. — Rid'ing- hood. n. A woman's hood to be worn when riding; a cloak with a hood. — school, n. A place for in- struction in riding. Rideau, re-do', n. A small mound of earth. [F., fr. ride, wrinkle, fold, rider, to wrinkle, fold, curl, OHG. ridan, garidan, to twist; s. rt. E. writhe.'] Ridge, rij, /«. The back, or top of the back; top or crest of any elongated elevation, as of a mountain, roof, etc.; a long, horizontal elevation from which the surface slopes down on each side; a raised line or strip, as of soil between furrows, —v. t. [ridged (rijd), ridging.] To form a ridge of, make into ridges; to wrinkle. [ME. rigge, AS. hi-ycg, OHG. hrucki, back of a man or beast, Gr. rachv*, back of an animal, ridge of a hill.] — Ridg'y, -T, a. Havin_ a ridge or ridges ; rising in a ridge. — Ridge'pole, -plate, -piece, n. (Arch.) The timber or board forming the ridge, or upper angle, of a roof: see Queen-post. Ridicule, rid'1-kul, n. The expression of, or en- deavor to exoite, laughter at some person or thing, esp. when mingled with contempt ; that species of writiug which excites contempt with laughter; de- rision; Danter; raillery; burlesque; irony; satire; sar- casru; gibe; jeer; sneer. — r. t. [ridiculed (-kQld), -CULQTO.] To laugh at with expressions of contempt; to deride, rally, mock, lampoon. [L. ridiculum, fr. ridiculus, laughable, fr. ridere, to laugh : F. ridicule is an adj.] — Rid'icuTer, «.— Ridic 'ulous, -dik'u-lus, a. Fitted to excite ridicule ; contemptuous and laughable; ludicrous; droll; absurd; preposterous. — Ridic'ulously, adv. — Ridic 'ulousness, n. Riding, R.-school, etc See under Ride. Riding, rid'ing, n. One of the 3 jurisdictions into which the county of York, Eng., is divided. [For thriding (in Norththriding, etc.), Ic. thridhjungr, the l-3d part of a tiling, thridi = E. third.] Ridotto, re-dofto, n. An Italian public entertain- ment, consisting of music and dancing. [It., LL. reductus, a retreat.] Rifacimento, re-fa/che-men'to, n. A remodeling; the alteration of a literary work to adapt it to a pur- pose different from its original one. [It. ; L. re- and facere, to make.] Rife, rif, a. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. [ME. and OSw. rif, Ic. rifr, munificent, abundant; perh. s. rt. rive.] — Rife'ly, adv. — Rife'ness, n. Riffle, Riffler. See under Rifle, a gun. Riffraff, rifraf , n. Sweepings ; refuse ; the lowest order of society. [F. rif et raf; rif, a small bit of plunder, rifler, OF. raffler = E. to rifle, q. v.] Rifle, rffl, v. t. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To seize and bear away by force, carry off; to strip, rob, pillage, plunder. [F. rifler, to ransack, spoil, Ic. hrifa, to catch, seize, hrifs, plunder; s. rt. L. carpere, to pluck, E. harvest, q. v.] — Ri'fler, n. One who rifles : a robber. Rifle, ri'fl, n. A gun whose barrel is formed with spiral grooves or channels inside, thus securing for the ball a rotary motion, and Jrreat precision ; a whetstone for a scythe. — v. t. To groove, channel; esp., to groove internally with spiral channels ; to sharpen (a scythe) with a rifle. [Dan., to groove, channel, also a groove, fluting, riffel, a rifle (gun), Ic. rif a = E. rive ; G. riefe, a furrow, riefen, to rifle.] — Rffle-man, n.; pi. -jien. A man armed with a rifle. — Riffle, rif fl, n. A sluice having depressions in the bottom, or other contrivances, for facilitating the settling of particles of gold, in washing aurifer- ous dirt; process of washing, etc. — Riffler, n. A file with a curved end for working in shallow de- pressions. Rift, rift, n. An opening made by riving or splitting; a cleft ; fissure ; a fording-place. — v. t. To cleave, rive, split. — v.i. To burst open, split. [Dan. and Norw., a crevice, fr. rive = E. rive, q. v.] Rig, rig, v. t. [rigged (rigd), -ging.] To dress, clothe; esp., to clothe in an odd or fanciful manner; to fur- nish with apparatus gear, or tackling. — n. Dress; clothing; esp., odd or fanciful clothing; the peculiar manner of fitting the masts and rigging to the hull of a vessel. [Norw. rigga, to bind up, wrap round, rig a ship, rigg, a ship's rigging, Sw. dial, rigg, a horse's harness; perh. s. rt. AS. wrihan, to cover.] — Rig'ger, n. One who rigs or dresses ; one whose " a ship; a cylindrica' ■Rig'ging, n. Dress pport the tend and contract the sails, etc., of a ship ,ig, rig, n. A sportive trick: a froli .be wanton; s. rt. rickets, wriggle.] — To occupation is to fit the rigging of a ship; a cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. — Rig'ging, w. Dress; tackle; esp., the ropes which support the masts, ex. Rig, rig, n. A sportive trick: a frolic. [ME. rigge, to be wanton; s. rt. rickets, wriggle.]— To To play a wanton trick. ng. Rigadoon, rig'a-doon', n. A gay, brisk dance, per- formed by one couple. [F. rigo'don, — ix. the refrain, ric-din-don, of an old dancing song.] Rigation. Same as Irrigation. Right, rit, a. Straight; not crooked; most direct; up- right; erect; not oblique; according with truth and duty; unswerving; just; true; fit; suitable; charac- terized by reality or genuineness; actual; unques- tionable; passing a true judgment; not mistaken or wrong; not left, but its opposite; most convenient or dexterous; being on the same side as the right hand; well placed, disposed, or adjusted; orderly; being on the right hand of a person descending a river with his face toward its mouth; designed to be placed or worn outward. (Math.) Upright from a base; having an upright axis. — adv. In a right manner; esp., in aright or straight line; directly; ac- cording to the law or will of God, or to the standard of truth and justice; or to any rule of art; or to fact or truth; in a great degree, very, extremely, — pre- sto, cube, full ; moon, f<5ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. RIGID 492 RIPE fixed to titles. — n. That which is right or correct; as, a straight course, adherence to duty; or, a true state- ment, adherence to truth or fact; or, a just judgment, i'ustice, uprightness, integrity ; that to which one tas a claim; as, that which one has a natural, legal, or social claim to do or to exact; legal power, author- ity; or, that which justly belongs to one, title, claim, property, interest; or, privilege or immunity granted by authority; that which is on the right side, or oppo- site to the left; the outward or most finished surface. — v. t. To set upright, make right or straight, as hav- ing been wrong or crooked; to do justice to, relieve from wrong. — v. i. To recover the proper or natural Condition or position; to become upright. [AS. riht, OHG. reht, right, adj., AS. rihte, adv., rihtan, v. ; s. rt. L. rectus, right, p. p. of regere, to rule, E. rectangle (q. v.), etc., regal (q. v.), etc.] — To set to rights, put to r. To put into good order, adjust, regulate, as what is out of order. — Righf-an'gled, -an/gld, a. Containing a right angle or right angles: see Angle. — hand'ed, a. Using the right hand habitually or more easily than the left. — Righfer, n. One who sets right. — Right'ly, adv. According to justice ; honestly; uprightly ; properly; fitly; suitably; ap- propriately; according to truth or f act. — Right'- ness, n. Straightness: rectitude; righteousness. [AS. rihtnes.] — Right'eous, ri'chus, a. According with, or performing, that which is right ; esp., free from guilt or sin; upright; just; godly; honest; equitable; rightful. [ME. ric/twis, AS. nhtwis, lit. wise as V. what is right; wis, wise.] — Right'eously, adv.— Right'eousness, n. — Right/ful, -iul. a. Consonant to justice; having the right or just claim; being by right, or by just claim; lawful; true; honest; equita- ble ; proper. — Rightfully, adv. — Right 'fulness, n. Rigid, rij'id, a. Having become so firm as not to be easily bent; not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; stiff; strict; exact; austere; stern; unmitigated. [L. rigidus, f r. rigere, to be stiff, perh. f r. rectus = E. right, q. v.] — Rig'idness, Rigid'ity, rT-jid'i-tl, n. Want of pliability; quality of resisting change of form; stiffness of appearance or manner; inflexibil- ity. — Rigidly, adv. — Rig'or, rig'or, n. State of being rigid. {Med.) A convulsive shuddering with sudden coldness, as in the beginning of a fever, etc. Severity of climate or season; stiffness of opinion or temper; severity; voluntary submission to pain, ab- stinence, or mortification; exactness without allow- ance, latitude, or indulgence; austerity; harshness; exactness. [L.] — Rig'orous, -us, a. Manifesting, ex- ercising, or favoring rigor; relentless; strict; severe. [F. rigoreux.] — Rig'orously, adv.— Rig'orousness, n. Rigmarole, rig'ma-rol, n. A succession of confused or nonsensical statements; foolish talk; nonsense. [Orig. ragman-roll, a long list of names, hence a long unconnected story, prop, the devil's roll or list; ME. ragman, Sw. raggen, the devil, Ic. ragmenni, ragr. coward — a general term of insult.] Rigor, etc. See under Rigid. Rig-Veda, rig-ve'da, n. The oldest of the 4 portions of the Vedic hvnms. See Veda. [Skr., Veda of praise; righ. praise.*] Rile, ril, v. t. To render turbid, roil; to make angry, vex. [Same as roil, q. v.] Rill, ril, n. A small brook; rivulet; streamlet. [LG. rille, a rill, a channel worn by rain-water in mead- ows; perh. s. rt. W. rhill, a row, trench, drill, contr. fr. rhigol, dim. of rhig, a groove, E. drill (q. v.), to sow seeds in rows.] Rim, rim, n. The border, edge, or margin of some- thing circular or curving, — v. t. [rimmed (rimd), -MING.] To furnish with a rim. [AS. rima, W. rhim.] — Rim'base, n. A short cylinder connecting a trun- nion with the body of a cannon: see Cannon. Rime. See Rhyme. Rime, rim, n. White or hoar frost; congealed dew or vapor. [AS. and Jc.hrim; perh. s. rt. Gr. krumos, frost, E. crystal, ci-ust, crude, raw.] — Rim'y, -I, a, Abounding with rime; frosty. Rimose, H-mos', a. Full of cracks or chinks, like those in the bark of trees. [L. rimosus, fr. rima, a chink.] Rimple, rim 'pi, n. A fold or wrinkle. — i'. t. [rim- pled (-pld), -pling.] To rumple, wrinkle. [Same as rumple, q. v.] Rind, rind, n. The external covering or coat of fruit, etc.; peel; bark; skin; shell. [AS., OD., and G. rinde, bark of a tree.] Rinderpest, rin'der-pest, n. A highly contagious dis- temper or murrain, affecting neat cattle and sheep; the cattle-plague ; steppe-murrain. [G. rind, pi. mind- er, cattle, and pest = E. pest, plague.] Rindle, rin'dl, n. A small water-course or gutter- [Goth, rinnan, AS. rennan, to run, flow.] Ring, ring, n. A circle, circular line, or anything in the form of a hoop; esp. an ornament of gold, etc., for a finger; an inclosure for games, fights, etc.; arena; a clique; a combination of persons for a self- ish end, esp. in politics, finance, or commerce. — v. t. [kinged (ringd), ringing.] To sur: ->und with, or as with, a ring; to encircle. {Hort.) To cut out a ring of, as bark. [AS. hring, D., LG., Sw., Dan., and G. ring, also LG. and LD. rink, OHG. hrinc, a ring; s. rt. Gr. kirkos = L. and E. circus, Skr. chakra, a wheel, circle, E. cycle, rank, range, harangue.] — Ringlet, n. A curl, esp. of hair.— Ring 'dove, -duv, n. A large species of pigeon, having white upon the neck which forms a portion of a ring about it; the cushat. — Ringleader, n. The leader of a ring; esp., the leader of an association of men en- gaged in violation of law or an illegal enterprise. — Ring'worm, n. {Med.) A vesicular eruption of the skin, forming rings, whose area is slightly discol- ored. — Ring'-bolt, n. An iron bolt, with an eye at its head, and a ring through the eye. — streaked, -strekt, a. Having circular streaks or lines on the body. — -tail, n. A bird having a white tail, the fe- male of the hen-harrier. —Rink, rink, n. Orig. a cir- cus or course for the game of curling; a covered sheet of ice on which to skate, or smooth flooring for roller skates. Ring, ring, v. t. [imp. rang or rung; p. p. rung; ringing.] To cause to sound, esp. by striking (a metallic body); to produce by ringing (a sound or peal); to repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. — v.i. To sound, as a bell, or other sonorous body; to re- sound; to continue to sound or vibrate, resound; to be filled with report or talk. — n. A sound; esp., the sound of metals; any loud sound, or sound contin- ued, repeated, or reverberated; a chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. [AS. hringan, D. ringen, Ic. hring j a, to ring, hrang, a din; s. rt. L. and E. clangor.] — Ring'er, n. One who rings, esp. chimes on bells. Rink. See under Ring, a circle. Rinse, rins, v. t. [rinsed (rinst), rinsing.] To cleanse with a second application of water after washing; to cleanse (a hollow vessel) bj T the introduction of water. [OF. rinser, Ic. hreinsa, to cleanse, hreinn, G. rein, clean.] — Rins'er, n. Riot, ri'ot, n. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; up- roar; row; sedition. {Law.) The doing of an act in a tumultuous manner against the pence, by 3 or more persons assembled of their own authority. — v. i. To engage in riot, act in an unrestrained or wan- ton manner, indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, behavior, etc.: to be highly excited; to raise an up- roar or sedition. [F. riote, Proven, riota, It. riotta; perh. s. rt. ribald, rive.] — To run riot. To act or move without control or restraint. — Ri'oter, n.— Ri'otous, -us, a. Involving or engaging in riot; of the nature of an unlawful assembly; seditious; tu- multuous; wanton. [F. rioteux.] — Ri'otously, adv. — Ri'otousness, n. Rip, rip, v. t. [ripped (ript), ripping.] To divide or separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing, esp. by cutting or pulling out stitches in a seam; to tear off, out, or open, by violence; to take out or away by cut- ting or tearing. — n. A rent mude by ripping, esp. by a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration; water roughened by the meeting of opposing tides or currents. [Norw.and Sw. dial, ripa, to scratch; s. rt. Ic. rifa, to rise, tear, rend, scratch, grasp, E. rive, q. v.; prob. not s. rt. AS. ripan = E. reap.] — To rip out. To give vent to hastily and violently.— Rip'per, n. — Rip'ple, -pi, v. t. To remove the seeds, etc., from (flax, etc.) with a ripple, —n. A kind of comb, with which the seeds and seed-vessels of flax, broom-corn, etc., are removed. [D. rejiel.] Riparian, ri-pa'rt-an, a. Pert, to the bank of a river. [L. riparius, fr. ripa, a bank: see River.] % Ripe, rip, a. Readv for reaping; having attained per- fection, as grain, fruit, etc.; advanced to the state of fitness for use; having attained full development; characterized bvcompletenessorfinish;consummate; perfected ; ready for action or effect; prepared ; re- sembling ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness; mature ; mellow. [AS., fr. ripan, to reap, q. v.J — Ripe'ly, adv. — Ripe'ness, n.— Rip'en, rip'n, v. i. [-ENED(-nd), -ening.] To grow ripe ; to approach or come to perfection; to be fitted or prepared, —v. t. To make ripe, as grain or fruit ; to mature, fit or prepare, bring to perfection. [AS. ripian.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Bdd, tone, 8r ; RIPPLE 493 ROB Ripple, to clean flax. See under Rip. Ripple, rip'pl, v. i. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To become fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water running over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves or undulations; to make a sound like the breaking of ripples on the shore. — v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface of running water. — n. The fretting or dimpling of the surface of water; a little wave or undulation. [ME. rim/den, OD. rimpelen, to wrinkle, rimpel, a wrinkle: see Rumple.] Riprap, rip'rap, n. (Engin.) A foundation or par- apet of stones thrown together without order, as in deep water, or on a suit bottom. RiBe, rtz, v. i. [imp. rose (roz); p.p. risen (riz'n); rising.] To move or pass in any manner from a lower position to a higher; to ascend, mount up, be- come elevated, attain a height ; to have the aspect or the effect of rising; to seem to rise, become appar- ent, emerge into sight, have a beginning; to increase in size, force, value, price, etc. ; to become excited, opposed, or hostile ; to attain to a better social posi- tion; to become more and more dignified or forcible, increase in interest or power ; to come to mind, be suggested ; to come to hand, offer itself ; to come to life, revive ; to close a session, adjourn. [AS. and OHG. risan; s. rt. raise, rear.] — Rise, rls, n. Act of rising, or state of being risen ; ascent ; distance through which anything rises ; that which rises or seems to rise ; an acclivity ; steep ; ascent ; spring ; source; origin; increase; augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, etc.; increase of sound. (Mus.) Elevation or ascent of the voice. The spring of a fish after an artificial fly. — Ris'er, n. One who rises. (Arch.) The upright piece in a stair. — Risk- ing, n. Act of, etc.; resurrection; insurrection; a tu- mor; boil. Risible, riz'T-bl, a. Capable of exciting laughter; worthy to be laughed at; ludicrous; amusing; ridic- ulous. [F. ; L. risibilis, fr. ritlere, risum, to laugh.] ■ Risibility, n. Quality of being risible. Risk, risk, n. Hazard; peril; degree of danger. (Com.) Liability to loss in property ; that which is liable to loss. — v. t. [risked (riskt), risking.] To expose to risk, hazard, or peril ; to endanger, jeopard, ven- ture. [F. risque, It. rischio, perh. fr. Armor, riskla, riska, to slide, slip, riskuz, slippery.] — To run a risk. To incur hazard. — To take a r. To assume danger ; hence (Com.), to insure. — Risk'er, n. — Risk'y, -f, a. Attended with danger; hazardous. Rite, rlt, n. Formal act of religion, or other solemn duty; a religious ceremony or usage ; form ; observ- ance ; ordinance. [L. ritus ; s. rt. Skr. riti, a way, usage, manner, ri, to go.] — Rit'ual, rtfu-al, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, rites ; ceremonial ; cere- monious; formal; prescribing rites. — n. Manner of performing divine service in a particular church or communion ; a book containing the rites to be ob- served. [F. ; li- ritualis.] — Rifualism, -izm, n. Prescribed forms of religious worship ; observance of prescribed forms in religion ; confidence in mere rites or external ceremonies. — Rit'ualist, n. One skilled in, or devoted to, a ritual ; one of the ex- treme party in the Ch. of Eng., which seeks to as- similate its doctrines and ritual to that of Rome. — Rit'ually, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite. Ritornelle, rit'or-nel', Ritornello, re'tSi-neKlo, n. (Mus.) A short introductory or concluding sym- phony to an air ; a short intermediate symphony or instrumental passage. [It., dim. of rxtorno, re- turn, fr. ritornare, to return.] Rival, ri'val, n. One in pursuit of the same object as another ; competitor; emulator; antagonist. — a. Having the same pretensions or claims; standing in competition for superiority.— v. t. [rivaled (-vaid), rivaling.] To stand in competition with, strive to gain some object in opposition to; to strive to equal or excel, emulate. [F., a rival, competitor in love, L. rivales, 2 neighbors having the same brook in common, rivals, fr. rivalis, belonging to a brook, fr. rivus, brook: see Rivulet.] — Ri'vafry, -rT, -ship, n. Act of rivaling, or state of being a rival; emulation; competition; strife. Rive, rlv, v. t. [imp. rived (rivd), p. p. rived or riven (rfv'n), riving.] To rend asunder by force, split, cleave. — v. i. To be split or rent asunder. [Dan.; Ic. rifa, to rive, tear, G. reiben, to grate, rub; s. rt. Gr. ereikehi, to tear, rend, rive, Skr. Ukh, to scratch, E. rift, rip, ripple, rifle, perh. ribald, river.] River, riv'er, n. A stream of wter, larger than a rivulet or brook, flowing in a channel on land toward the ocean, a lake, or another river ; a copious flow abundance. [OF. riviere, a river, stream, So. ribent, shore, sea-coast, It. riviera, shore, bank, also river, It. and LL. riva = L. rijja, a bank; s. rt. arrive, ri- parian; peril, s. rt. rive; nots. rt. rivulet.] — Riv'- ered, -erd, u. Supplied with rivers. — Riv'er-horse, n. The hippopotamus, an amphibious animal in- habiting rivers. Rivet, riv'et, n. A pin of metal clinched at one or both ends by being hammered and spread. — v. t. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets ; to clinch ; to fasten firmly, make firm or strong. [F.; prob. 8. rt. Ic. r\fa, to tack together.] Rivulet, riv'u-let, n. A small riveror brook; a stream- let. [L. rivulus, dim. of rivus, a brook ; s. rt. Skr. ri, to distill, ooze. E. liquid, rival, derive, rite.] Rix-dollar, riks'dol'lar, n. A silver coin of Germany, Holland, Denmark, and Sweden, of different value in different places, varying fr. GO cents to $1.08. [G. reichsthaler, i. e., dollar of the empire or realm.] Roach, roch, n. (Ichth.) A gregarious fresh-water fish of the carp family, of a silver-white color, with a greenish back, having the dorsal fin opposite the ven- Xioacn. tral. A cockroach. [AS. reohhe, OD. roch, 6. roche.\ Road, rod, n. An open way or public passage; a pub- lic track for traveling; way; highway; street; lane; route; course; a place where ships may ride at an- chor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead. [ME. rode (for horses), roode, F. rade (for ships), f r. AS. rod, a journey, road, fr. ridan = E. to ride ; s. rt. raid.] — To take to the road. To engage in robbery upon the highways. — Road'stead, -sted, n. A place where ships may ride at anchor, at some distance from the shore. — Road'ster, n. (Naut.) A vessel riding at anchor in a road or bay. A horse fitted for traveling. Roam, rom, v. i. [roamed (romd), roaming.] To walk or move about from place to place without any certain purpose or direction; to wander, rove, stroll, ramble, stray. — v. t. To range or wander over. [ME. romen, ramen, AS. romigan, perh. fr. OS. romon, OHG. ramen, to aim at, strive after, ram, aim, ob- ject, perh. influenced by pilgrimages to Rome; s. rt. ramble.] — Roam'er, n. One who roams; a wanderer; a rover. Roan, ron, a. Having a bay, sorrel, or dark color, with spots of gray, or white, thickly interspersed; esp., of a color having a decided shade of red, — said of a horse, — n. The color of a roan horse; a roan horse, a kind of leather for book-binding, made from sheep- skin, in imitation of morocco. [OF. rouen, It. roano, rovano, perh. fr. Olt. rufo, L. rufus = E. rerfj Roar, ror, v. t. [roared (rord), roaring.] To utter a deep, loud, terrific cry, as a lion; to cry with a full, loud, continued sound; to make a loud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, etc.; to en- gage in riotous conduct, be disorderly; to laugh out loudly and continuously. — n. The cry of a lion, etc.; the sound of roaring: a loud, continuous noise, as of billows, etc. [Onomat.; AS. rarian, MHG. re- ren ; s. rt. Skr. ra, to bellow, L. latrare, to bark; not s. rt. uproar.] — Roar'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; a riotous fellow ; roaring boy. — Roaring, n. A loud, continuous sound, as of a beast, or of one in distress, anger, mirth, etc. Roast, rost, v. t. To cook, dress, or prepare (meat, etc.) for the table, by exposure to heat, before the fire; to dry and parcn by exposure to heat; to heat vio- lently, or to excess. — v. i. To be cooked by expos' ure to heat in the ashes or in an oven, be roasted. — n. That which is roasted; a piece of meat suitable for roasting. — a. Roasted. [OF. rostir, prob. f r. G. roesten, to roast, fr. rost, a grate, gridiron, but perh. fr. Celtic: Armor. rosta,Ir. rosdaim, to roast, roistin, a gridiron, rost, roast meat.] — To rule the roast. To take the lead, domineer. — Roast r er t h. One who roasts meat ; a contrivance for roasting ; a pig, or other animal or article, for roasting. Rob, rob, v. t. [robbed (robd), -bing.] To take away from by force, strip by stealing, plunder, steal from. (Law.) To take property from the person of, feloni- ously, forcibly, or by putting in fear. JOF. robber, rober, orig. to despoil those slain in battle, strip, dis- robe, fr. robbe, robe = E. robe ; s. rt. reave, q v.] — Robi»er, n. One who commits a robbery; one who takes property feloniously, and by violence; thief; plunderer ; pillager ; brigand ; freebooter ; pirate. [OF. robbeur.] — Rob'bery, -ber-T, n. The crime of sun, cube, full} mo- 4, fo"ot } cow, oil; nnger or ink, i":en, boNboN, chair, get. ROBE 494 ROLL stealing by force; spoliation; plunder; pillage; free- booting; piracy. [F. robberie.] Eobe, rob, n. An outer garment for man or woman; esp., one of a rich, flowing, or elegant style or make; a dress of state, rank, office, etc. ; a skin of the wolf, buffalo, etc., dressed and prepared for use. — v. t. [robed (robd), robing.] To invest with a robe, dress, array. [F. ; OF. robbe, MHG. roub, OHG. roup, orig. booty, spoil: see Rob.] Bobm, rob'm, n. A European singing-bird, having a reddish breast ; the ruddock ; redbreast ; an Amer. singing-bird, having the breast of a dingy orange red color; migratory thrush. [Fr. Robin, for Robert, proper name.] Robust, TO-busf, a. Evincing strength; indicating vigorous health; lusty; sturdy; hearty; sound; re- quiring strength or vigor. [F. robuste, L. robustus, fr. robur, OL. robus, Skr. rabhas. strength.] — Robust- ness, n. — Rob'orant, -o-rant, a. Strengthening. — n. {Med.) A strengthening medicine ; atonic, [p. rob- orans, p. pr. of rdborare, to strengthen, fr. robur.'] Roche-alum. See under Rock. Rochelle Powders, ro-shel' pow'derz. Same as Sed- litz Powders. Rochet, roch'et, n. A linen garment resembling a sur- plice. [F., fr. OHG. roch, hroch, a coat, frock.] Rock, rok, n. A large mass of stony material; a large stone or crag; a stone. (Geol.) Any natural deposit of stony material, whether consolidated or not, in- eluding sand, earth, or clay, when in natural beds. That which resembles a rock in firmness. [ME. and F. roche, OF. roke, AS. rocc, Armor, roch, Ir. and Ga. roc] — Rock'y, -I, a. Full of , formed of, or like, rock ; unfeeling ; obdurate. — Rock'iness, n. — Roche'-, rok'-, or Roek'-al'um, n. The purest kind of alum. [F. roche.] — can'dy, n. An extremely hard candy, consisting of crystals of pure sugar. — crys'tal, n. (Min.) Limpid quartz. — oil, n. Same as Petrole- um. — salt, n. (Min.) Chloride of sodium (common salt) occurring in rock-like masses in mines. In U. S., salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea-water. — work, n. Stones fixed in mortar in imi- tation of natural masses of rock. Rock, rok, w. A distaff used in spinning. [Sw.; Ic. rokkr, MHG. rocke.] — Rock'et, n. A cylindrical case attached to a stick and filled with a composition which, being set on fire, projects the case, etc., through the air by a force arising from the combus- tion. [It. rochetto, orig. a bobbin to wind silk, etc., upon, later a rocket, fr. its shape, dim. of rocca, a distaff fr. MHG. rocke.] Rock, rok, v. t. [rocked (rokt), rocking.] To move backward and forward, as a body resting on a sup- I>ort beneath; to move backward and forward in a cradle, etc. ; to still, quiet. — v. i. To move or be moved backward and forward; to reel, totter. [Dan. rokke, to rock, shake, rykke, to pull, tug, ryk, a pull, Ic. rugga, to rock a cradle.] — Rockier, n. One who rocks the cradle; the curving piece of wood on which a cradle or chair rocks; any implement capable of a rocking motion. — Rock'ing-chair, n. A chair mount- ed on rockers. — stone, n. A large stonn. re sting up. on another stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force. — Rock'away, -a- wa, n. A low, 4- wheeled, 2-seated pleasure-car- riage, with full standing top. Rocket, rok'et, n. An of namental plant of sev eral genera and many species : one species is ftockaway. eaten as a salad, when young and tender. [F. ro- r/uette, It. ruchetta, dim. of n;ca, L. eruca, colewort.] Rocket, a firework. See under Rock, a distaff. Rococo, ro-ko'ko, n, A florid style of ornamentation in architecture, landscape gardening, furniture, etc., in imitation of French art under Louis XIV. and XV. — a. Grotesque; fantastic; tasteless. Rod, rod, n. A shoot or long twig of any woody plant; a branch; stem of a shrub; any long slender stick; a wand; an instrument of punishment or correction; a kind of scepter, or badge of office; power; author- ity; tyranny; oppression; a measure of length, con- taining 164 feet; a perch; pole. [Short for rood, q. v.] Rode. See Ride. Rodent, ro'dent, a. Gnawing. — n. An animal that gnaws, as a rat. [L. rodcns,p. pr. of rodere, to gnaw; s. rt. L. radere, to scratch, Skr. rada, a tooth, E. rase corrode, erode, perh. rat, rostrum.] Rodeo, ro-da'o, n. In Western U. S., a collecting of all the cattle on a ranch, to separate, count, or brand them. [Sp., a going round.] Rodomontade, rod / o-mont-ad r , n. Vain boasting ; empty bluster or vaunting; rant. — v. i. To boast, brag, bluster. [F., fr. Rodomonte, a boasting hero m the " Orlando Furioso " of Ariosto.] Roe, ro, n. The female of any species of deer. [AS. rah, Ic. and Sw. ra, D. ree.]— Roe'buck, n. A small. graceful, and nimble deer of Eu- rope and Asia, about 2 1-4 feet high, with branching J== antler on kt), rooking.] To cheat, defraud; to squat or sit close. — v. t. To cheat, defraud by cheating. [Onomat.; AS. hroc, Ic. hrokr, OHG. hrush ; s. rt. Ga. roc = E. to croak, Goth. hrukjan=E. to crow, Skr. knic, to cry out.] — Rook'ery, -er-T, n. A place ll00K - where rooks congregate and build their nests, as a wood, etc. ; an overcrowded, dilapidated building, or cluster of buildings. — Rook'y, -I, o. Inhabited by rooks. Room, room, n. Space; space unoccupied; place for reception of a person or thing; an apartment in a house ; opportunity to act; place or stead left by another; compass; scope; latitude. — v.i. [roomed (roomd), rooming.] To occupy a room or apart- ment ; to lodge. [AS., Dan., and Sw. rum, space, also spacious, Ic. and OHG. rum, space ; s. rt. L- rus, open country, Zend ravanh, wide, free, open, E. rummage.] — Room'y, -i. a. Having ample room; spacious; wide. — Roominess, n. Roorback, roor'bak, n. A sensational story, esp. for stin, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. ROOST 496 ROTARY political effect ; a circumstantial falsehood. [Fr. a pretended book of "Travels of Baron Roorback."] Roost, roost, n. The pole on which birds rest at night; a perch ; a collection of fowls roosting together. — v. i. To sit, rest, or sleep, as birds on a pole or tree; to perch. [AS. hrost, OD. roest, hen-roost; s. rt. OS. hrost, Goth, and Ic. hrof= E. roof, — fowls roosting on inner roof-timbers.] — Roost'er, n. The male of the domestic fowl, considered as the head or chief of thej-oost ; a cock. Root, root, n. {Bot.) That part of a plant, usually- underground, from which it receives support and through which it imbibes nourishment from the earth, etc. An edible or es- culent root; that which re- sembles a root as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development ; an ancestor or progenitor; an early race ; a word from which other words are formed; a radical; cause or occasion by which anything is brought about. (Math.) That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity. That which resembles a root in position ; the lowest place, position, or part. — v. i. To enter the earth as roots ; to take root and begin to grow; to become firmly fixed or established, — v. t. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to make deep or radical; to tear up by the root, eradicate, extirpate. [Ic. and Sw. rot, Dan. rod, Goth, waurts, AS. wyrt=E. wort, L. radix, Gr. rhiza, a root.] — Root'let, n. A radicle; a little root; a branch of a root. — Root'y, -Y, a. Full of roots. — Root, v. i. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine ; to fawn servilely. — v. t. To turn up with the snout, as swine. [AS. wrotan, Ic. rota, fr. rot.] — Roofer, n. One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots. Rope, rop, n. A large, stout, twisted cord, of not less than an inch in circumference; a row or string con- sisting of a number of things united ; in Eng., a measure of length =6 2-3 yards. — v. i. [roped (ropt), roping.] To be formed into rope ; to be drawn out or extend into a filament or thread, as a glutinous substance. — v. t. To draw by, or as by, a rope. [AS. rap, Ic. reip, a rope, G. reif, circle, barrel-hoop, also rope; perh. s. rt. Gr. rhaibos, bent, rhemhein, to turn round.] — Rop'y, -T, a. Stringy; adhesive; viscous; tenacious; glutinous. — Rop'ery, -er-t, n. A place where ropes are made. — Rope'- dan'cer, n. One who walks or dances on a rope extended through the air. — lad'der, n. A ladder made of ropes. — walk, n. A long, covered walk or building where ropes are manufactured. Roquelaure, rok'e-lor, n. A surtout formed to button from top to bottom in front. [F., fr. a Due de Roquelaure, who first introduced it.] Roriferous, ro-rif'er-us, a. Generating or producing dew. [L. rorifer, fr. ros, roris (Lithuan. rasa, dew; Skr. rasa, juice, essence, ras, tojaste), and ferre, to bear.] — Rosicru'cian, rSz-T- kroo'shan, n. One of a sect of hermetical philosophers which came into be- ing about the close of the 17th century : they pro- fessed great knowledge of the secrets of nature. — a. Pert, to the Rosicrucians, or their arts. [L. ros and crux, cross, — dew being, according to those philos- ophers, the most powerful dissolvent of gold, and the cross the emblem of light.] — Rose'mary, roz'- ma-rl, n. A shrubby aromatic plant of several spe- cies, whose pungent evergreen leaves are used for fla- voring soup, etc., and furnish a fragrant oil used in making cologne, Hungary water, etc. [OF. rosema- rin, L. rosemarinus, lit. sea-dew, f r. ros and marinus, marine, q. v.] Rorqual, rdr'kwal, n. A cetaceous mammal allied to the common whale, but more ferocious and yielding less bone and oil: it is characterized by a dorsal fin and longitudinal folds on the throat and under parts. [Norw. rorqualus, a whale with folds.] Rose. See Rise. Rose, roz, n. A plant and flower of many species and varieties; a rosette; a perforated nozzle for distrib- uting water. [AS.; L. rosa. Gr. rhodon C^Eolic form brodori), f r. Ar. ward, a rose, flower.] — Ros'y, -Y, a. [-ier; -iest.] Like a rose in form, color, etc.; bloom- ing; red; blushing. — Rose'-bug, -cha'fer, n. A SDe- cies of diurnal beetle, which feeds on the blossoms of the rose, and on various other plants. — cold, -fe'- ver, n. Hay-fever, q. v. — -col'ored, a. Having the color of a rose ; uncommonly beautiful ; exaggera- tedly fine or pleasing; extravagant. — -di'amond, n. A diamond nearly hemispherical, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into 24 triangular planes in 2 ranges. — wa'ter, n. Water tinctured with roses by distillation. — a. Having the odor of rose-water; affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. — wind'ow, n. (Arch.) A circular window with a series of mul- lions diverging from the center, forming divisions which bear a general resemblance to the leaves of a rose. — wood, n. The wood of several different kinds of trees, growing in warm climates, much used in cabinet-work. — Under the rose. (L. sub rosa.) In secret ; privately ; in a manner that for- bids disclosure, — the rose being, among the an- cients, the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at enter- tainments, as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. — Ro'seate, -ze-at, a. Full of roses ; rosy; of a rose color; blooming. — Rosa'ceous, -za ,r - shus, a. (Bot.) Composed of several petals, ar- ranged like those of the rose ; pert, to the rose family of plants. [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa.] — Ro'sary, -za-rl, n. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) A series of prayers, and a string of beads by which they are counted. [F. rosaire, LL. rosa- rium.]— Rosette', -zef, n. An imitation of a rose made of ribbon or other material, used as an orna- ment. (Arch.) An ornament in form of a rose. [F.] Rosemary, Rosicrucian. See under Roriferous. Rosin, roz'in, n. The resin left after distilling off the volatile oil from the different species of turpentine. — v. t. To rub with rosin. [Same as resin.] — Ros'- iny, -T, a. Like rosin, or partaking of its qualities. Ross, ros, n. The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees. [Cf. ProvG. grus, graus, coarse sand, gravel, rubbish/) Roster, rosier, n. (Mil.) A list of officers. [Corrupt, of register.] Rostrum, ros'trum, n. The beak or bill of a bird ; beak of a ship. (Rom. Antiq.) An elevated place in the forum, for public speakers. Any elevated platform from which a speaker addresses an audi- ence. [L., fr. rodere, to gnaw: see Rodent.] — Ros'- tral, a. Resembling, or pert, to, a rostrum, or to the beak. — Ros'trate, -trated, a. (Bot. & Conch.) Hav- ing a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; furnished or adorned with beaks. Rosy. See under Rose. Rot, rot, v. i. To be decomposed into simple parts; to go to decay, putrefy, corrupt, spoil. — -. t. To make putrid, bring to corruption, — n. The process of rot- ting ; decay ; putrefaction ; a fatal distemper inci- dent to sheep; a form of decay which attacks timber, — usually called dry-rot; a disease very injurious to the potato. [ME. roten, AS. rotian, D. rotten. Ic. rotria, to rot: perh. s. rt. L. ruere, E. ruin.]— Rot'- ten, -tn, a. Having rotted; putrid; decayed; offen- sive to the smell ; not firm or trusty ; carious ; un- sound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. [Ic. rotinn, Sw. rutten.] — Rot'tenness, n. — Rot 'ten-stone, n. (Min.) A soft stone used for polishing, and for cleaning metallic substances. Rotary, ro'ta-rT, a. Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pert, to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis ; rotatory. [Fr. L. rota, Ga. and Ir. roth, Lith- uan. ratas, G. rad, a wheel, Lithuan. ratai, Skr. ratha, a wheeled vehicle, fr. ri, to go ; s. rt. round, roll, roioell, etc.] — Rot.i- ry pump. A m a c h i n e consisting of one or more project in n s acting as plungers, fixed to an axle and re- volving in a cylindrical Tnl'o ;^: Rotary Pump. cing fluids. — Ro'tate, -tat, it. (Bot.) Wheel-shaped. — v. i. To revolve or move round a center; to go out of office, and be succeeded by another, —v. t~ am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; ROTE 497 ROVE Rotate Corolla. To cause to revolve. [L. ro- tare, -tatum, to revolve, fr. rota.] — Rota'tion, n. Act of rotating or 1 11 r n ing, as a wheel or solid body on its axis; any return or succes- sion in a series; frequent change of crog on any piece of land, or of incumbents in an office. [L. rotatio, fr. ro- tare.}— Ro'tative, -tiv, a. Turning as a wheel; ro- tary. — Ro'tatory, a. Turning on an axis, as a wheel ; foing in a circle ; following in succession. [Fr. ,. rotator, a thing that revolves.] — Rotund'', a. Round; circular; spherical: complete; entire. [L. rotundus, fr. rota. ] — Rotundity, -l-tY, w. State of being rotund; sphericity; circularity. — Rotun'da, -da, n. Any building that is round both on the out- side and inside.— Rotund'ifo'lious, -T-fo'lT-us, a. (Bot.) Having round leaves. [L. rotundus and fo- lium, a leaf .J — Roue, roo-a', n. A debauchee; rake. [F., prop. p. p. of rotter, to break upon the wheel, fr. roue = L. rota, — orig. one deserving to be broken upon the wheel.] Rote, rot. n. An old instrument of music, — one kind resembling a harp, another a fiddle. J OF.; OHG. hrota, LL. chrotta ; prob. s. rt. "W. crwth, a harp.] Rote, rot, n. A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning ; mere repetition. [OF. rote, F. route, a road, way, route, q. v.; s. rt. routine, i tt/ititre, rut.] Rotten. Rotten-stone. See under Rot. Rotund, Rou -, etc. See under Rotary. Rouble. Same as Ruble. Rouche. ?ame as Ritche. Rouge, roo :h, rt. A cosmetic givingji red color to the cheeks o~ lips. — v. i. [rouged (roozhd), rouging.] To painf the face or cheeks with rouge. — v. t. To paint or tinge with rouge. [F.; L. rvb^us = E. red, q. v.] Hough, ruf, a. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points on the surface ; not level, uneven ; not pol- ished; uncut, as a gem; tossed in waves; boisterous; stormy; marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; dis- ordered: lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish; ruae; uncivil; harsh; unharmonious: hard; austere. — n. A rude, coarse fellow ; a swaggerer ; bully ; rowdy; unfinished or original state.—" v. t. [roughed (ruft), roughing.] To render rough, roughen. [AS. and OHG. rtdt, OD. and Dan. ru. rough, hairy ; s. rt. Lithuan. ra'/kas, a fold, wrinkle, E. rug.] — In the rough. In an unwrought or rude condition, or in the' original material. — To rough it. To have or pursue a rough or merged course ; to en- counter and overcome difficulties or hardships. — Rough'ly, adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harsh- ly; rudely; severely; austerely. — Rough'ness, n. — Rough'en, ruf'n, v. t. [-eked (-nd), -exing.] To make rough. — v. i. To grow or become rough.— Rough'-cast, v. t. [-cast, -casting.] To form or mold rudely; to plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles. — n. A rude model; a mixture of lime with shells or pebbles, used for covering build- ings. draw, v. t. To draw or delineate coarsely. — dry, v. t. To dry (clothes, etc.) after washing, without ironing them. hew, v. t. [imp. -hewd (-hud), p. p. -hewn; -hewing.] To hew coarsely, without smoothing. — rid'er, n. One who breaks horses. shod, a. Shod with shoes armed with points. — Tn ride roughshod. To pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others. Rouleau, Roulette. See under Roll. riounce, rowns, //. (Print.) The handle of a printing- press. See Printing-press. [Perh. corrupt, of round.] Tound, rownd, a. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; or having a form approaching this; circular, cylindrical, or curved; not angular or pointed; full; complete; not inconsiderable; large; fully or plump- ly stated ; positive ; decided. — n. That which is round, as a circle, globe, sphere; a series of events ending where it began; a cycle; a course of action or conduct, performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another ; a series of duties to be per- formed in turn, and then repeated: a circular dance; that which goes round a whole circle or company; notation, as in office: succession; step of a ladder ; ihigh of a beef creature below the edge bone (Mus.) A short, vocal piece, in which .3 or 4 voices follow each other round in a species of fugue in the uni- son. (Mil.) A general discharge of fire-arms by a body of troops, in which each soldier fires once. — udv. On all sides; around; circularly ; from one side or party to another; by or in a circuit; back to the starting-point; through a circle, as of friends or houses. — prep. On every side of ; around; about. — v. t. To make circular, spherical, cylindrical, orcurved; to complete ; to make round "and protuberant ; to move about, go round. — v. i. To grow or become round or full. [OF. roond, F. rond, L. rotundus, fr. rota, a wheel : see Rotary.] — Round number. A number that may be divided by 10 without a re- mainder: a whole number approximately near the truth. — R. robin. A written petition, memorial, re- monstrance, or instrument, signed by names in a ring or circle, so as not to show who signed it first. — R. trot. A full, brisk, quick trot — R. turn. (Naut.) One turn of a rope round a timber. — Atar. rate. Rapidly. — R. steak. A cut of the thigh through and across the bone. — To r. to. (Naut.) To turn the head of the ship toward the wind — Rounding, -ish, a. Somewhat, or nearly, round. — Round'ly, adv. In a round form or manner: openly; boldly; plain- ly: briskly; with speed. — Round'ness. it. — Round'- about, a. Indirect; going round: loose. — n. A sort of surtout ; an armchair with a rounded back ; a jacket worn by boys, sailors, and others. — Round'- b.9ad, a. A Puritan, — so called from their practice of cropping the hair. — Round-house, n. A consta- ble's prison. (Naut.) A cabin on the after part of the quarter-deck; a privy near the head of a vessel. A building in connection with a railroad station, for housing locomotives. — Roundlet, /). A little circle. — Roundr/man, n. A policeman not on duty in a particular precinct, but who inspects the rounds of the patrolmen.— Round'-shoul'dered, -dercl.a. Hav- ing the shoulders projecting behind; round-backed. — Roun'del, n. A round form or c figure ; a circle ; a small circular shield, in the 14th and 15th centu- ries. (Her.) A circular spot ; an ordinary in the form of a small circle. (Mus.) A roundelay, q. v. [OF. rondel, rondeau, dim. of rond. J —Rondeau', ron-do', n. A species of lyric poetry so composed as to contain a refrain or repetition, which occurs according to a fixed law. (Mus.) A composition, m which the first strain is repeated at the end of each of the other strains. [F. : see above.] — Roun'delay, -de-la, n. A sort of ancient poem, in which certain parts are reneated, and that, if possible, in an equivocal or punning sense. [F. rondelet, dim. of OF. rondel.] Rouse, rowz, v. t. [roused (rowzd), rousing.] To wake from sleep or repose; to excite to lively thought or action; to awaken into activity, as the attention, or some passion, emotion, or faculty; to put into mo- tion, agitate; to startle or surprise. — r. i. To awake from sleep or repose; to be excited to thought or ac- tion. [Sw. rusa, Dan. ruse, AS. hreosan, to rush ; s. rt. rush, arouse; not s. rt. raise, rise.] — Rous'er, n. Rouse, rowz, n. A carousal; festival: drinking frolic. [Sw. rus, D. roes, Dan. ruus, drunkenness; prob. s. rt. Ic. hi osa, to praise, Sw. and Dan. ros, praise, fame; same as row.] Roust, rowst, r. t. To rouse, disturb, vex. [Prob. same as rouse.] — Roust'about, -a-bowt, n. A laborer on a steamboat, who loads and unloads the cargo, etc.; a shiftless vagrant. Rout, rowt, n. A fashionable assemhly, or large even- ing party; a tumultuous crowd; ralihle; an uproar; noise; defeat of an army or band of t'o^ps; disorder and confusion of troops put to flight. — ?•. r. To de- feat and throw into confusion, disc mfit. beat, over- power, overthrow, conquer. [Same word as route; ME. route, a number of people, troop, OF. route, an overthrow, defeat, also a flock, troop, company of men or beasts, also a way, path, street, course (mod. F. route has only the last meaning), fr. L, mpta (fern, of p. p. of rumpere, ruptum), broken — i. e. a broken or disordered army, etc., or a way broken or cut through a forest; s. rt. rote, rupture, ? at.] Route, root or rowt, n. The course or way traveled or to be passed : a passingj course ; march. [F.: see Rout.] — Routine', roc-ten', n. A round of business, amusements, or pleasure, daily or frequently pup sued; any regular course of action adnered to by mere force of habit. [F., dim. of route.] Rove, rov, v. i. [roved (rovd), roving.] To wander, Roundel. sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get ROVE 498 RUE ramble, range; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner. — v. t. To wander over, ramble, stroll. [D. rooven, to rob, fr. roof, AS. reaf, spoil, plunder: see Reave, — a robber or pirate be- ing a rover; s. rt. rob, robe, etc.] — Rov'er, rov'er, n. A wanderer; a fickle or inconstant person; a robber or pirate; freebooter. Rove, rov, v. t. To draw through an eye or aperture; to draw out into flakes; to card (wool). [Prob. same as reeve, q. v., under Reef.] Row, ro, n. A series of persons or things in a contin- ued line; a line; rank; file. [AS. raw, rsewe, a row; not s. rt. D. rij, G. reihe, a row, fr. OHG. rihan, to string together.] Row, ro, v. t. [rowed (rod), rowing.] To impel (a boat or vessel) along the surface of water by oars; to transport by rowing, — v. i. To labor with the oar; to be moved by oars. — n. An excursion in a row- boat. [AS. rowan, Ic. roa, Sw. ro, to row; s. rt. Skr. aritra, Gr. eretmos, L. remus, a paddle, oar, E. rud- der.~\— Row'er, n. — Rowlock, ro'lok or ruKuk, n. (Naut.) A contrivance or arrangement in or against which an oar works in rowing. — Row'-boat, n. A boat propelled by oars. Row, row, n. A riotous, noisy disturbance ; uproar ; affray ; quarrel. — v. i. To be riotous. [Same as rouse, a carousal.] — Row^dy, -df, n. One who en- gages in rows, or riots ; a riotous, turbulent fellow ; turbulent fellow; a rough. Rowel. roWel, n. The little wheel of a spur, formed with sharp points. (Far.) A roll of hair or silk, an- swering to a seton in surgery. — v. t. [roweled (-eld), -eling.] (Far.) To insert a rowel in. [F. rouetle, LL. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel : see Rotary.] Row'en, row'en, n. A stubble-field left unplowed un- til after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the ground may sprout into green; the 2d growth of grass in a season; aftermath. ("Peril, for roughings, fr. rough.'] Royal, roi'al, a. Kingly; pert, to the crown; becom- ing a king or queen ; regal ; founded by or under the patronage of royalty; noble; illustrious; august; majestic; magnanimous. — n. A large kind of paper, usually 20 by 25 inches or more. (Naut.) A small sail above the top-gallant-sail: see Sail. [OF. real, roial, L. regalis =E. regal, q. v.] — Roy'alism, -izm, n. Principles or conduct of royalists. — Roy'aiist, n. An adherent to a king, or one attached to a kingly government. — Roy'alize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make royal. — Roy /, aHy, adv. — Roy'alty, n. State of being royal ; kingship ; kingly office ; the person of a king or sovereign ; royal prerogative ; kingdom; domain; province; sphere; a tax or duty paid to the crown or government, as on the produce of a mine; (Com.) a duty paid by one who uses the patent of another, at a certain rate for each article manufactured; or a percentage paid to the owner of an article orprivilege by one who hires the use of it. [ME. and OF. realte.] Roysterer. Same as Roisterer. Rub, rub, v. t. [rubbed (rubd), -bing.I To move backwards and forwards upon the surface of, with pressure or friction; to wipe, clean, scour; to spread a substance thinly over the surface of ; to smear. — v. i. To move along the surface of a body with pressure ; to fret, chafe ; to move or pass with dif- ficulty. — n. Act of rubbing; friction; that which rubs, esp., a difficulty or obstruction hard to over- come, a pinch ; something grating to the feelings ; sarcasm; joke. [Ga., to rub, Ga. and Ir. rubadh, a rubbing ; not s. rt. G. reiben, to rub, E. rive.] — To rub down. To clean by rubbing, comb or curry. — | To r. off. — To separate by friction. — To r. out. — i To remove or separate by friction, erase. — To r. up. To burnish, polish, clean ; to excite, awaken, rouse to action. — Rub'ber, n. One who, or that which, rubs ; in some games of chance, as whist, etc., the decisive game or games ; or a contest of 3 games ; a small block of India-rubber for erasing pencil marks; pi. overshoes made of India-rubber. — India- rubber. Caoutchouc,— so called as having been orig. used to rub out pencil marks. Rubbish, rub'bish, n. Waste or rejected matter; any- thing worthless ; fragments ; ruins ; debris. [ME. roboios, robeux, obs. F. robel, dim. of robe, spoil, a garment, odds and ends, trash; It. robiccia, rubbish, trifles, trash, fr. Olt. robba, a robe, goods, pelf, trash; not s. rt. nib.] — Rub'ble, -bl. n. Water-worn or rough stones, broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or to fill up between walls. [ME. robeaux : see above.]— Rub'ble-stoncn. Rubble. (Geol.) Akind of conglomerate rock composed of fragments of dif- ferent kinds of rock cemented together by some substance. Rubescent, Rubicund, etc. See under Ruby. Ruble, roo'bl, n. A silver com of Russia, worth from $0.75 to $0.86; a gold coin of Russia, 100 of which are held equal to 103 of the silver ruble. [Russ. rubl, orig. ajpiece cut off, fr. rubite, to cut.] Ruby, roc'bi, n. (Min.) A precious stone or mineral, of a crimson or carmine red color. (Print.) A size of printing type smaller than nonpareil, — so called in Eng. : in the U. S. it is called agate. B3™ This line is printed in ruby, or agate. — a. Having the color of the ruby; red. [OF. and Sp. rubi, LL. rubinus, a ruby, fr. L. ruber, red (q. v.), rubere, to be red.] — Rubefacient, -shent, a. Making red. — n. (Med.) A substance which produces red- ness of the skin. [L. rubefaciens, p. pr. of rubefacere ; facere, to make.] — Rubes'cent, -bes'sent, a.' Grow- ing or becoming red ; tending to a red color. [L. rubescens, p. pr. of rubescere. to grow red, fr. rubere.] — Ru'bicund, -bT-kund,a. Inclining to redness. [F. rubicunde, L. rubicundus.] — Rubiric, a. Making red. [L. facere, to make.] — RuObrfica'tion, n. Act of making red ; that which serves to make red. — Ru'biform, a. Having the form or nature of red. [L. forma, form.] — Rubi'go, n. (Bot.) A kind of rust on plants, consisting of a parasitic fungus; mil- dew. [L. rubigo, rust of metals, mildew on gsain.] — Ru'bric, n. That part of any work which in the early manuscripts and typography was colored red; (Law-books.) the title of a statute, — anciently writ- ten in red letters ; (Prayer-book of the Epis. Ch.) the directions for the conduct of service, formerly printed in red; an episcopal injunction; that which is established or settled, as by authority. [ME. and OF. rubriche, F. rubrique, a rubric, fr. L. rubrica, orig. red earth, also a rubric (law title), fr. ruber.] — Ru'bric, -brical, a. Colored in red; placed in rubrics; pert, to the rubric. — Ru'bricate, v. t. To mark or distinguish with red; to arrange as in a rubric. Ruche, Rouche, roosh, n. A kind of plaited or goffered quilling. [F., fr. ruche, a beehive, which was for- merly made of the bark of trees, Proven. 7-usca, ruscha, bark.] — Ruck, ruk, v. t. [rucked (rukt), rucking.] To draw into wrinkles or folds; to crease. — v. i. To be drawn into wrinkles. — n. A wrinkle, fold, or plait in a piece of cloth. [Ic. hrukka, a wrin- kle ; prob. s. rt. D. kreuk, a bend, fold, wrinkle, W. crych, a wrinkle, E. crook; prob. not s. rt. L. ruga, a wrinkle.] Ructation, ruk-ta'shun, n. Act of belching wind from the stomach. [L. ructare, -tatum, to belch.] Rudd, rud, n. A fresh-water European fish the Rudd. carp family ; it has red irises, fins, and tail ; the red-eye. [AS. rudu, red- ness, reodan, to redden : see Red.] — Rud'dy, -dT, a. [-dier ; -diest.J Of a red color; of a lively flesh color. — Rud'diness, n. — Rud'dle, -dl, n. (Min.) A species of red earth; red ocher. Rudder, rud'der, n. (Naut.) The instrument by which a ship or other vessel is steered : see Ship. That which resembles a rudder as a guide or governor. {AS. rodher, a paddle, fr. rowan, to row, q. v.] Rude, rood, a. Characterized by roughness, uneven ; rugged; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse; im- pertinent; shapeless; uncouth; rustic; vulgar; un- taught; ignorant; surly; churlish; uncivilized; bar- barous; boisterous; severe. [F.; L. rudis; s. rt. eru- dite.] — Rudely, adv. — Rude'ness, n. — Ru'diment, -dY-ment, n. That which is unformed or undevel- oped ; unfinished beginnings ; an element or first principleofanyartorscier,ce. (Nat. Hist.) An organ not fully formed. — [F. ; L. rudimentum, a thing in a rough state, first attempt.] — Rudimenfal, -ary, a. Pert, to rudiments, or consisting in first principles; initial. (Nat. Hist.) Imperfectly developed. Rue,roo,r.£. [rued (rood), ruing.] To lament, regret, grieve for. [AS. hreowan, OS. hrewan, G. reuen; s. rt. L. crudus, raw, crudelis, cruel, Gr. kruos, ice, E. crude, cruel, crystal, ruth.] — Rue'ful, -ful, a. Causing one to rue or lament ; woful ; mournful ; sorrowful; expressing sorrow. — Rue'ftuly, adv. Rue, roo, n. A plant, having a strong, heavy odor, and a bitter taste. [F.; L. ruta, Gr. rute.] 8m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : In. Ice ; Odd, tone, 3r > RUFF 499 RUN R'.;r:-_'d Grouse Ruff, ruf , n. A muslin or linen collar plaited, crimped, or fluted ; something formed in plaits or flutings, like the collar of this name. (CV- nith.) A bird, allied to the woodcock and sandpiper: the male has a tuft of feath- ers around the neck during the breeding season; also, a certain species of pigeon. — V.t. [BUFFED Cruft),-FIXG.] To ruffle, disorder. [AS. reafan, to reave, q. v., Ic. rju/a, to break, rip up, ru- fin'n, Lithuan. rupas, rough, rujtle, rough bark on trees.] — Ruffed, ruf t, a. Furnished with a ruff grouse. A handsome Amer. bird, resembling the pheasant. — called partridge in the U. S.— Ruffle, -fl, V. t. [-FLED (-fid), -flixg.] To make into a ruff, draw or con- tract into wrinkles, open plaits, or folds: to furnish with ruffles; to roughen or disturb the surtace of : to discom- pose, agitate ; to throw into disorder or confu- sion. — v. i. To play loosely, flutter. — n. A strip of plaited cambric, or other fine cloth, attached to some border of a gar- ment; a frill: a state of being ruffled or disturbed; agitation; commotion. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll. —v. i. To make this beat on a drum. [OD. ruyffelen, to ruffle, wrinkle, crumple: s. rt. ruff, rumple.} Ruffian, ruf van or-fl-an, n. A boisterous, brutal fel- low : a fellow ready for any desperate crime. —a. Brutal; savagely boisterous. [OF. rufien, ruffien.lt. mffiano, LG. ruffeler, a pimp, pander, bully.] — , Ruf 'nanism, -izm. n. Act or conduct of a ruffian. — Ruffianly, a. Like a ruffian; bold in crimes: vio- lent ; licentious. — Ruffle, -fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), -flixg.] To be noisy and turbulent ; to bluster, bullv. [OD. roffelen, roffen. LG. ruffeln. to pimp.] Ruffle. See under Ruff and Ruffian*. Rufous, ru'fus. a. Reddish; brownish-red. [L. rufus — ruber, red, q. v.] Rug, rug, n. A coarse, nappy, woolen fabric, used for protecting a carpet, and for various purposes. [Sw. rugg, rough, tangled hair, LG. ruug, D. ruig, AS. ruh, rough, q. v.] — Rug'ged, a. Full of asper- ities on the surface: not neat or regular: rough with bristles or hair; harsh; crabbed: austere; stormy: turbulent : tempestuous, — said of weather, wind, storms, etc.; rough to the ear; sour: surly; frown- ing: violent; rude; boisterous: vigorous: robust ; hardy. [Sw. ruggig.] — Rug'gedly, adv.— Rug/ged- nesa, n. _ Rugine, roo'jen. n. A surgical instrument for rasping bones to detach the periosteum, either in certain surgical operations or for anatomical purposes. [F., fr. ruginer, to rasp, L. runcinare, to plane off.] Rugose, rob-gos'. a. Wrinkled; full of wrinkles. [L. rUgosus, fr. ruga, Ir. & Ga. rug, a wrinkle.] — Rugos r - ity, -gSs'I-tT, n. State of being rugose or wrinkled. Ruin, roo'in, n. That change of anything which de- strovs it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it for "use ; that which is fallen down and become worthless; esp., in pi., the remains of a destroyed or desolate house, fortress, city, etc.; state of being de- cayed, or worthless; that which promotes injury, de- cay, or destruction.— r. t. [ruixed (-ind). ruixixg.] To bring to ruin, impair seriouslv, damage essen- tially. — v. i. To fall to ruins; to perish. [ME. and F. raine, L. ruina, fr. mere, to fall down, rush.] — Ruina'tion, n. Subversion; overthrow: demolition. — Ru'iner, n. — Ru'inous, -us, a. Brin?in2, or tend- ing to brins, certain ruin; characterized' by ruin: composed of. or consisting in, ruins: dilapidated; decayed ; pernicious: destructive: wasteful ; mis- chievous. [F. ruirieux.] — Ru'inously, aJv.-Eu'- £ule, rool. n. An instrument which serves as a >~, downy under- wool, *^2s with a dense coat of hair over-topped by an- other still longer: this upper covering will lie in any direction, backward or forward; and a skin is valued in proportion as this coat is abundant, black, and glossy: the Amer. sable is the pine mar- ten; a mourning garment; funeral robe. (Her.) The | tincture or color black, — represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each other. — a. Of the color of the sable's fur; black. — v. t. [sabled f-bld), -blind.] To render sable or dark in color. OF., the animal, also the color, LL. sabelum, the animal, sabelinus, sable-fur, Russ. sabole, the ani- mal, also a fur tippet.] Sabot, sa-bo', n. A kind of wooden shoe, worn by the lower classes in some European countries. (Mil.) A circular wooden disk to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in a stand of ammuni- tion. [F.; Bisc. zapata, shoe, zapatu, to tread.] Sabre. See Saber. Sac, sak, n. (flat. Hist.) A bag or receptacle for a liquid. [F., a bag, sack, q. v.] — Saccade', -kad', n. A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull. [F. saccade, fr. OF. saquer, to pull hastily, fr. sac] Saccharine, sak'ka-rinor-rln, a. Pert, to sugar; hav- ing the qualities of sugar ; sweet : producing sugar. [F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharon, Gr. sakcharon, Skr. carkara = E. sugar, q. v.] — Saccharif'erous, -rif- er-us, a. Producing sugar. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Sac'charoid, -roid'al, -roid'al, a. Having a texture resembling that of loaf-sugar. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Saccharom'eter, -e-ter, n. An instrument for ascer- taining the quantity of saccharine matter in any so- lution. [Gr. metron, measure.] Sacerdotal. See under Sacred. Sachem, sa'chem, n. A chief of a tribe of the Amer. Indians; a sagamore. [See Sagamore.] Sack, sak, n. A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a large pouch; a loosely hanging gar- ment, worn like a cloak about the shoulders ; the pillage or plunder (of a town or city) ; devastation ; ravage, — v. t. [sacked (sakt), sacking.] To put in a sack; to bag; to plunder of pillage (a town or city) ; to devastate, ravage. [ME. and Dan. sak, AS. sacc, F., Ir., and Ga. sac, L. saccus, Gr. sakkos, a bag, fr. Heb. saq, sackcloth, also a sack lor corn, fr. Coptic sok, ^Ethiopic sak, sackcloth ; F. saccager, to sack, pillage, OF. sacquer, to draw or puli out hastily. fr. sac, LL. saccare, to put into a bag, >>accus, a gar- ment, treasure, purse.] — Sack'age, -ej, n. Act of taking by storm and pillaging.— Sack'er, n.— Sack'- cloth, n. Cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse cloth; a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, or mortification. — Sack'ful, -ful. n.; pi. -fuls. As much as a sack will hold. — Sacking, n. — A stout, coarse cloth for sacks, bags, bed-bottoms, etc. Sack, sak, n. A Spanish wine of the dry kind: sherry. [F. sec, Sp. seco, L. siccus, dry, harsh.] — Sack'-pos'- set, n. A posset made of sack, milk, and some other ingredients. Sackbut, sak'but, n. (Mus.) A brass wind instru- ment of music, like a trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened. [F. suqnebute, Sp. sacabuche, a sackbut, the tube or pipe of a pump, fr. sacar, to draw (s. rt. OF. sacquer, to draw out : see Sack, a bag), and buche, stomach, perh. because one who blows this instrument draws up breath with great force, as if from the stomach.] Sacred, sa'kred, a. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony ; esp., in a good sense, made holy ; set apart to religious use; relating to religion, or to the services of religion ; possessing the highest title to respect, reverence, or veneration; not to be profaned or violated; consecrated; dedicated; holy; divine; hallowed ; venerable ; reverend, [p. p. of ME. sa- cren, OF. sacrer, L. oacrare, -cratum, to consecrate, fr. sacer, sacred, holy ; s. rt. saint, sanctity, conse- crate, desecrate, eto.] — Sa'credly, adv. In a sacred manner; religiously; inviolably; strictly. — Sa'cred- ness, n.— Sac'rifice, sak'rT-fiz, v. t. [-ficed (-flzd), -ficing.] To make an offering of; to consecrate or present, by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token of acknowledgment or thanksgiving, to some divinity; to destroy, surrender, or suiter to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something; to kill. — v. u To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things consumed on the altar. — fis or -i\z,n. The offering of anything to God or to a god; anything consecrated and offered to a divinity; destruction or surrender of anything made for the sake of something else ; thing so given up. [F.; L. sacrificium, lit. a render- ing sacred, sacrificare, to sacrifice ; fr. sacei-, and facere, to make.] — Sac'rific'er, n. One who sacri- fices or immolates. — Sac'rifi/cial, -fish'al, a. Re- lating to, concerned with, or consisting in, sacrifice.^ — Sac'rilege, -rT-le j, n. The crime of violating or pro- faning sacred things. [F. ; L. sacrilegium, fr. saa. rilegus, one who steals sacred things ; legere, to sun, cube, full ; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get SAD 502 SAGE gather, steal.] — Sacrile'gious, -le'jus, a. Violating sacred things; involving sacrilege ; profane; impious. — Sacrile'giously, adv. — Sacrile'giousness, n. — SaCrile'gist, n. One guilty of sacrilege. — Sac'ris- tan, now contr. Sex'ton, n. An officer of the church who has the care of its utensils or movables. [F. sacristain, LL. sacrista.] — Sac'risty, -tT, n. An apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are kept; vestry. [F. sacristie, ME. sextrye.] — Sac'rament, n. (Theol.j One of the sol- emn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ to be observed by his followers: eucharist. [Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's Supper, esp. the latter : the Romish and Greek churches have 5 other sacraments, viz., confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unc- tion.] [L. sacramentum, orig. a military oath, en- gagement, later a sacrament, fr. sacrare.~\ — Sacra- ment'al, a. Belonging, relating to, or constituting a sacrament; sacredly or solemnly binding; bound by a sacrament. — Sacrament'ally, adv. After the manner of a sacrament.— Sac'ramenta'rian, -ment/- ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to the sacraments. — Saeerdo'tal, sas-er-do'tal, a. Pert, to priests, or to the order of priests; priestly. [F.; L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, a priest, fr. sacer and dos, a dowry, dare, to give.] — Sa'crum, n. (Anat.) The triangular bone which forms the posterior part of the pelvis. [L. sacrum (os), the sacred (bone).] Sad, sad, a. [sadder; -dest.] Heavy; dull; grave; dark, — said of colors; serious; grave ; affected with grief or unhappiness; causing sorrow; bad; naugh- ty ; troublesome. [AS. seed, OS. sad, Ic. saddr, Goth, saths, G. satt, sated, satiated; s. rt. L. satur, sated, also deep-colored, sat, satis, sufficiently, E. satiate, satisfy, etc.] — Sad'den, -dn, v. t. [-dened (-dnd), -dening.] To make sad, melancholy, or sor- rowful. [AS. sadian, to feel weary or sad. J — Sad'- ly, adv. — Sad'ness, n. Saddle, sad'dl, n. A seat to be placed on an animal's back for the rider to sit on; a part of a horse's har- ness, to which the check-rein, lugs, etc., are at- tached; something resembling a saddle in form, use, etc.; esp., apiece of meat containing a part of the back-bone of an animal with the ribs on each side. —v.t. [saddled (-did), -dling.] To put a saddle upon; to fix as a charge or burden upon: to encum- ber. [AS. sadol, OHG. satul, Rus. siedlo (s. rt. si- diete, to sit), L. sella, a saddle, fr. sedere, to sit; s. rt. Skr. sadas, a seat, sad, to sit, AS. setl, a throne, E. settle.'] — Sad-' die-bags, n. pi. Bags, united by straps, for transportation on horseback, one bag be- ing placed on each side. — bow, -bo, a. The bow or arch in front of a saddle, or the pieces which form the front. — -tree, n. The frame of a saddle.— Sad'- dler, n. One who makes saddles, harness, etc. — Sad'dlery, -dler-I, n. Materials for making saddles and harnesses; articles for sale in a saddler's shop; trade sr employment of a saddler. Sadducee. sad'u-se, n. One of a sect among the an- cient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. [L.. pi. Saddu- ciei. Heb. tsedukim, pi. of tsadoq, lit. the just one, fr. tsadaq, to be just : but the sect was profj. named fr. Tsadoq, Zadok, or Sadok, its founder, who lived about 250 years b. c.]— Sad'ducee'ism, -se'izm, Sad'- ducism, -du-sizm, n. Doctrines or tenets of the Sad- ducees. Sad-iron, sad'i-ern, n. An instrument for ironing clothes; flat iron. Sadly, JJadness. See under Sad. Safe, saf, a. Free from harm, injury, or risk; not dan- gerous or likely to cause injury; conferring safety; securing from harm ; to be relied upon ; in secure care or custody; sure; secure. — n. A place for safe- ty; a fire-proof' chest or closet for containing money, valuable papers, etc.; a chest or cupboard for meals; refrigerator. [ME. and F. savf, L. salvus, whole, safe; s. rt. L. servare = E. serve, Skr. sarva, entire, Per. har. every, all, L. solidus = E. solid, L. solus = E. sole, E. salubrious (q. v.), salvation, sage, salute.] — Safely, adv- In a safe manner; without injury or danger; without escape; in close custody. — Safe'- ness, /;. Condition or quality of being safe; free- dom from harm or danger; security; safety.— Safe'- ty. -tt, n. Condition or state of being safe; exemp- tion from hurt, injury, or loss; quality of making safe or secure, or of giving confidence, insuring against loss, etc. ; close custody. — Safeguard, n. That which defends or protects ; defense ; protec- tion ; a convoy or guard ; a warrant of security Safety-valve. i, boiler ; b, valve ; c, fulcrum or sup- port ; d, eteelyard lever ; e, weight. given by a sovereign or military commander to pro- tect any one. — Safe'-con'duct, n. That which gives a safe passage ; either a convoy or guard, or a writ- ing, pass, or warrant of security. keep'ing, n. Act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from escape. — Safe'ty-lamp, n. A lamp sur- rounded with a cylinder of wire gauze, to give light in mines, without danger of setting fire to inflam- mable gases. — valve, n. (Steam Eng.) A valve fitted to the boil- . -JT . er, which opens '_5* ' ' ' ' ' Jy' and lets out the e » a steam when the pressure within becomes too great for safety; a valve, opening inward, to admit the air and prevent the boiler from being crushed or injured by the pressure of the atmosphere as the steam cools. — Save, sav, v. t. [saved (savd), sav- ing.] To make safe, preserve from injury, destruc- tion, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impend- ing danger; to deliver from sin and from the second death or endless misery; to keep from being spent or lost ; to lay up ; to insure against, spare ; to hinder from occurrence, prevent; to catch; to be in time for. — v. i. To hinder expense, be economical. — prep. Except : excepting ; not including. [F. sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus.] — To save appear- ances. To preserve a decent outside; to avoid ex- posure of anything disgraceful or embarrassing. — Sav'er, n. One who saves, preserves, or rescues; one frugal in expenses ; an economist. — Sav'ing, p. a. Avoiding unnecessary expenses; frugal; eco- nomical; incrrring no loss, though not gainful.— p.pr., but commonly called a prep. With the ex- ception of; in favor of; excepting. — n. Exception; reservation; that which is saved. — Sav'ingness, n. Frugality ; parsimony. — Save'-all, n. Any contri- vance intended to prevent waste or loss.— Sav'ings- bank. n. A bank in which savings or earnings are deposited and put to interest. — Savior, -iour, -yer, n. One who saves or delivers from destruction or danger ; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer. [OF. saveor, salveor, L. salvator, fr. salvare.] Saffron, safrun, n. A bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, having flowers of a deep yellow color ; the dried stigmata of the plant, used in cooking, medi- cine, and esp. in dyeing, etc. — a. Having the color of saffron flowers; deep yellow. [F. safran, saffran, Ar. za\faran.] — Saf'flower, re. (Bot.) An annual plant, the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge ; the dried flowers ; the red or yellow dyestuff obtained from the flowers. — Saf- ranine, -ra-nin, n. (Chem.) A yellow coloring mat- ter obtained from saffron ; a red dye prepared from aniline by treating it successively with nitrous acid and arsenic acid. Sag. sag, r. i. [sagged (sagd), -ging.] To lean, ia- cline. bend, hang away, in consequence of unsup- ported or insufficiently supported weight ; to give way, yield. — v. t. To cause to bend or give way; to load or burden. [Sw. sacka, G. sacken ; s. rt sink.] Saga, sa'ga, n. ; pi. -gas, -gaz. A northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time. [Ic. = E. saw, a saying: see Say.] Sagacious, sa-ga'shus, a. Of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; shrewd; quick; wise. [L. sagax, -gacis; s.' rt. L. sagire, to perceive by the senses; not s. rt. E. sage.] — Saga'ciously, adv. — Saga'ciousness, n. — Sagacity, -gas'i-tT, n. Quality of being sagacious ; keenness of discern- ment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness; judiciousness. [L. sagacitas.] Sagamor, sag'a-mor, n. The head of a tribe, among the N. Amer. Indians,— generally used as synony- mous with sachem, but some writers disting. between them, making the sachem a chief of the 1st rank, a sagamore one of the 2d. Sage, saj, n. A plant of many species : the common sage is mostly employed in cookery as a condiment. [ME. and OF. sauge, L. salvia, — fr. its healing powers, fr. salvus = E. safe.] — Sage'-brush, n. A low irregular shrub, growing in dry alkaline soils of the Amer. plains. — cock, n. A large bird of the Rocky Mountain region , resembling the prairie-fowl, but larger; it feeds on the leaves of the sage-brush. Sage, saj, a. Having nice discernment and powers cf judging: proceeding from wisdom; well adapted to the purpose; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious.— Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r : SAGITTARIUS 503 SALAMANDER re. A wise man; esp.,agrave philosopher, venera- ble for his years. [F. ; It. saggio, L. sapiits, f r. sapere, to be -wise; s. rt. sapience, sapid; not s. re. sagacious.] — Sage'ly, adv. — Sage'ness, re. Sagittarius, sui'it-ta>rY-us, n. (Astron.) One of the 12 signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about Nov. 22. [L., an archer, fr. sagitta, an arrow.] — Sag'ittary, -ta-rl, n. {Myth.) A centaur, an animal ball man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, an arrow. —Sag'' ittal, a. Pert, to, or like, an arrow; furnished with an ar- row-like appendage.— Sagittate, a. (Xat. Hist.) Shaped like an arrow-head. Sago, sa'go, re. A dry, granulated starch, imported from the £. Indies, and used for puddings, etc.: it is prepared from the pith of several different palms. [Malay. & Jav. sagu.] Sagoin, sa-goin'.K. The squirrel monkey of S. Amer.: it has a non-prehensile, furry tail. Saic, sa'ik, n. A Turkish or Greek vessel, common in the Levant. [F. saique, Turk, shaika, Russ. tshdika.] Said, sed, p. a. Before mentioned; already spoken of or specified; aforesaid, — used chiefly in legal style. [See Say.] Sail, sal, re.. A sheet of canvas or other substance, spread to the wind to assist the progress of a vessel dr ?r *£* main royal; 16, main sky-sail; 17, main-royal studding sail ; 18, maintop-gallant studding sail ; 19, maintopmast stud- ding sail ; 20, mizzen course ; 21, mizzen-top sail ; 22, miz- zen top-gallant sail ; 23, miz- zen-royal ; 24, mizzen sky- sail ; 25, mizzen spanker. Sails. 1, flying jib ; 2, jib ; 3, foretop- mast stay sail; 4, tore-course; 5, foretop sail; 6, foretop-gal- 1 a n t sail ; 7, fore-royal ; 8, fore sky-sail ; 9, fore-royal studding sail; 10, foretop-gal- lant studding sail ; 11, fore- topmast studding sail ; 12, main course; 13, maintop sail; 14, maintop-gallant sail ; 15, in the water ; a sailing vessel ; ship of any kind ; a craft; a journey or excursion upon the water. — v. i. [sailed (said), sailing.] To be impelled or driven forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship on water; to be conveyed in a vessel on water; to set sail, begin a voyage; to move smoothly through the air. — v. t. To pass or move upon in a ship, by means of sails ; to fly through; to direct or manage the motion of (a vessel). [ME. and Dan. seil, AS., Sw., and G. segel, a sail; s. rt. Skr. sah, to endure, be able to resist.] — SaiTable, a. Admitting of being passed by ships; navigable. — Sail'er, ?i. A ship or other vessel, — with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing. — SaiKing, n. (Naut.) Act of one who or that which sails; art or method of directing a ship's way on the ocean; navigation. — Sail'or, re. One who follows the business of naviga- ting ships or other vessels; one of the crew of a ves- sel; a mariner; seaman; seafarer. — Sail '-cloth, re. Duck or canvas used in making sails. — loft, n. A loft or apartment where sails are cut out and made. — yard, re. (NavX.) The yard or spar on which sails are extended. Sainfoin, san'foin, r?. A leguminous plant cultivated for fodder. [F.; sain, wholesome, Join, hay; L. sa- num fcenum.] Saint, sant, n. A holy or godly person ; one of the blessed in heaven. (Eccl.) One canonized by the church. — ?', t. To make a saint of, beatify, canon- ize. [F. saint. L. sanctus, sacred, prop. p. p. of san- cire } to render sacred by a religious act; s. rt. Skr. sanj, to adhere, sakta, attached, devoted, E. sacred, q. v.]— Saint Vit us' s dance. (Med.) A disease affect- ing the voluntary muscles with constant, irregular movements : chorea. — Saint'ed, a. Consecrated ; sacred; holy; gone to heaven. — Saintly, a. [-liee; -liest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person. — Saint'ship, n. Character or qualities of a saint. — Sanc'tify, sank'tr-fi, i\ t. [-fied (-fid),-FYiNG.] To make sacred or holy; to purify, in preparation for religious service; to set apart to a holy or religious use, hallow ; to make free from sin, make holy ; to render productive of holiness or piety ; to secure from violation, give sanction to. [F. sanctifier, L. sanctijicare, f r. sanctus and facere, to make.] — Sanc'- tifica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; act of setting apart for a sacred purpose ; consecration. [F.] — Sanc'tifi'er, n. One who sanctities or makes holy ; the Holy Spirit. — Sanctimony, -tT-mo-nT, n. Holiness; devoutness; sanctity; esp., artificial saint- liness; hypocritical devoutness. [F. sanctimonie, L. sanctimoma.] — Sanc'timo'nious, a. Possessing sanc- timony; sacred; saintly; making a show of sanctity; hypocritically devout or pious. — Sanctimo / 'niousfy, adv. — Sanctimo'niousness, n. — Sanction, re. Sol- emn or ceremonious ratification ; approbation and acceptance ; anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another ; ratification ; au- thorization; authoritv; countenance; support. — v. t. ("sanctioned (-shund), -tioning.] To give validitv or authority to ; to ratify, confirm, authorize. [F", L. sanctio, fr. sancire.] — Sanc'tifcude, -tl-tud. n. Ho- liness: sacredness; sanctity.— Sanc'tity, n. State or quality of being sacred or holy; religious binding force. [L. sanctitas.] — Sanct'uary, -chob-Sr-1, re. A sacred place ; a temple, church, or other place of worship ; consecrated spot ; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge. [F. sanctuaire, L. sanc- tuarium.] — Sa.nc'tvm,n. A sacred place; a retreat for privacy. [L.] — Sanctum sanctorum. The holy of holies ; most holy place. [L.] Sake,sak,«. Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; reason; account; regard for a person or thing. [AS. sacu, strife, suit at law, Goth, sakan, to contend, strive, rebuke; perh. s. rt. Skr. sanj, sajj, to adhere; s. rt. seek.] Sal, sal, r„. Salt, — a word used in chemistry and phar- macy. [L. , salt, q. v.] — Sal ammoniac. Chloride of ammonium; hydrochlorate or muriate of ammonia, — used in the mechanic arts and in pharmacy. — S. gem, or gemmae. Native chloride of sodium; rock salt. — S. volatile, -vo-lafl-le, vulg. pron. -voKa-til. Lit. volatile salt, carbonate of ammonia ; aromat- ic spirits of ammonia. — S. soda. (Com.) Impure carbonate of soda. — Sal'ad, n. Uncooked herbs, dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, or spices, and eaten as a relish; a dish composed of meat chopped fine, and mixed with uncooked lettuce, etc., seasoned with mustard and other condiments. [F. salade, Olt. salata, fern, of salato, p. p. of salare = E. to salt. f r. It. and L. sal, salt.] — Sal'ary, -a-rl, re. Recom- pense or consideration stipulated to be paid to a per- son periodically for services; stipend; pay; wages; hire. —v.*. [salaried (-rid), -rying.1 To fix or pay a salary to one. [F. salaire, L. safarium, orig. salt-money,"money given soldiers for salt, fr. sal] — Sal'era'tus, re. A bi-carbonate of potash, used in cookery. [NL. sal a'eratus : see Aerated.] — Sal'i- fy, -T-fi, v. t. [-riED (-fid), -fying.] To form into a salt, as a base, by combining it with an acid. [L. sal and facere, to make.] — Salif'erous, -lifer-us, a. Producing or bearing salt. VL.ferre, to bear.] — Sal '- ifi'able, a. (Chem.) Capable of combining with an acid to form a salt. — Sal'ifica'tion, n. Act of sali- fying. — Saline, sa-lin'' or sa'lln, a. Consisting of, or containing, salt; partaking of the qualities of salt. — re. A saltsnring, or a place where salt water is col- lected in the earth. [L. salinus.] — Salin'ous, -lln'us, a. Consisting of, or containing, salt; saline. Salable, etc. See under Sale. Salacious, sa-la'shus, a. Lustful; lecherous. [L. sa- lax, salads, lustful, fr. salire, to leap: see Salient.] — Salac'ity -las'T-tl, re. Lust; lecherousness. Salad. See under Sal. Salam, -laam, sa-lam r , re. A salutation, obeisance, or compliment of ceremony or respect in the East. [Ar. t peace, a saluta- tion, salm, salu- ting, Heb.hselam, peace, shalam, to be safe.] Salamander, saKa- man'der, re. A small lizard- shaped batrachian reptile, living in Salamander. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SALE 504 SALUBRIOUS cool, moist places, formerly fabled to live and breed in the H< e; any beingcapable of enduring-great heat. [F. salamandre, L. and Gr. salamandra,Per. saman- dar.] — Sal'aman'drine, -drin, a Pert, to, or like, a salamander ; enduring fire. Sale, sal, n. Act of selling, transfer of property for a price in money, etc. ; opportunity of sel I ing ; demand; market; auction. [Ic. sala.] — Saleable, a. Capable of being sold ; finding a ready market ; in good de- mand. — Sal'ably, adv. — SaKableness, n. — Sales'- man, n. ; pi. -men. One whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise. — Sale'work, n. Work or things made for sale ; work carelessly done. — Sell, v. t. [sold (sold), selling.] To transfer to another for an equivalent ; to dispose of in return for some thing, esp. for money ; to accept a price or reward for (a breach of duty, trust, etc.) ; to betray ; to im- pose upon, make a fool of, cheat.— v. i. To practice selling; to be sold. — n. An imposition or trick, as in a case where confidence has been reposed, or expec- tation excited. [AS. scllan, Ic. selja, fr. sala; s. rt. Lithuan. sulyti, to proffer, offer.] — Seller, n. Saleratus. See under Sal. Salic, sallk, a. Designating a law by which, as in France, males only can inherit the throne. [F. Sa- lique, pert, to the Saltan Franks, who in the 5th cen- tury formed a body of laws, by which females were excluded from succession to the crown : the tribe was prob. named fr. the river Sala, now Yssel.] Salient, salY-ent, a. Moving by leaps ; shooting out or up; projecting; springing; forcing itself on the at- tention ; prominent ; conspicuous. (Math. & Fort.) Projecting outwardly, as an angle. [F. saillant, p. pr. of saulir, L. sahre, Gr. hallesthai, to leap ; s. rt. Skr. sri, to go, flow, sari, a waterfall, E. assail, desul- tory, exult, sally, salmon, etc.] Salify, Saline, etc. See under Sal. Saliva, sa-li'va, «. The transparent alkaline liquid secreted by certain glands in the mouth; spittle. [L.; Gr. sialon, Rues, shna, spittle ; s. rt. slime.] — Sali'- val, Salivary, -Y-va-rY, a. Pert, to, secreting, or conveying, saliva. — Sali'vous, -li'vus, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, saliva. — Salivate, -Y-vat, v. t. (Med.) To produce an abnormal secretion of saliva, as by the use of mercury. [L. salivare, -vatum.] — Sal'iva'tion, n. (Med.) A continued unnatural flow of saliva, esp. with soreness of the mouth and guins; ptyalism. Sallow, sallo, Sally, -IT, n. A tree or low shrub of the willow kind. [ME. salwe, AS. sealh, OHG. saluha, L. salix, W. helyg, Gr. helike, a willow ; s. rt. Skr. sari, water, saras, a pond, sri, to flow.] Sallow, sallo, a. Of a pale, sickly color, tinged with a dark yellow. [AS. salu, OHG. salo, dusky, F. sale, dirty.] — Sallowness, n. Sally. See Sallow, a tree. Sally, sallY, n. A leaping forth ; a sudden eruption ; an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers ; excursion from the usual track ; di- gression ; deviation ; a flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, etc.; act of levity; wildgayety; frolic; escapade. — v. i. [-lied (-lid), -ling.] To leap or rush out; to issue suddenlyi a8 a body of troops from a fortified place to attack besiegers. [_F. saillie, a sally, saillir, L. salire, to leap ; s. rt. salient (q. v.), salacious.'] — Sally-port, n. (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage under ground, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie: see Castle, — Sallant, a. Leaping ; jump- ing; dancing. [L. saltam, p. pr. of saltare, to dance, freq. of sahre, to leap.] — Salta'tion, n. A leaping or jumping; beating or palpitation. [L. saltatio.] — Salutatory, -ta-to-rY, a. Leaping or dancing ; hav- ing the power of leaping or dancing; used in leap- ing or dancing. — Sal'tier, -ter, n. (Her.) A St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X. One who leaps or dances. [F. saultoir, the heraldry term, ong. a triangular stirrup, by which one leaped on horse- back.] — Sal ligrade, -tT-grad, a. (Zobl.) Having feet or legs formed for leaping. [L. saltus, a leap, and gradi, to walk, go.] Salmagundi, sal-ma-gun'dY, n. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions ; a mixture o ents; an olio; medley. [F. salmigond fr. It. salame (F. salmis), salted meats, fr. L. sal, salt (q. v.); and It. condito, L. conditus, savory, seasoned, p. p. of condire, to preserve, pickle.] Salmon, sam'un, n. A migratory food fish of northern regions, allied to the, trout ; the color of its flesh, — a kind of red- dish yellow. [OF. sari- , mon, L. sahio, prop, orig. a leaper, fr. salire, salmon. to leap : see Salient.] — Salm'on-trout, n. A fish resembling the salmon. Saloon, sa-loon', n. (Arch.) A spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company, or for works of art, — applied als>o to halls for specific pub- lic uses. [F., fr. sallc, Ic. *alr, AS. sael, OHG. sal, a hall, Buss. jelo, a village.', Goth, saljan, to dwell.] — Salon, sa-loN',w. An apartment for the reception of company ; pi., fashionable parties ; circles of fash- ionable society. [F.] Salsify, sal'si-fY, n. A plant having a long, tapering root, of a mild, sweetish taste like the parsnip ; the oyster-plant, — so called from its taste when fried. [F. salsifis, Sp. saLt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get SANSKRIT 506 SAT an extreme or radical republican. [F., without breeches.] Sanskrit, -scrit, san'skrit, re. The ancient language of the Hindoos, obsolete in vernacular use, but pre- served as the literary and sacred dialect of India, — disting. f r. Prakrit, the vulgar dialects which grew from it, and from which most of the modern lan- guages of upper India are derived. [Skr. sanskrita, lit. symmetrical language, fr. sam, together (s. rt. same), and krita, made (s. rt. L. creare = E. to create).'] Sap, sap, re. The circulating fluid or juice of plants; the alburnum of a tree; sap-wood. [AS. ssep, OD. sap, OHG. saf, Gr. hopos.~] — Sapless, a. Destitute of sap; not juicy; dry; old; withered. — Sapling, re. A young tree. — Sap'py, -pi, a. Abounding with 6ap; juicy; succulent; young; weak; weak in intel- lect.— Sap'piness, re. — Sap'-green, re. A light-green pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the buckthorn. — rot, re. Dry rot, — a disease of timber. — -wood, re. The alburnum or exterior part of the wood of a tree, next to the bark. Sap, sap, v. t. [sapped (sapt), -ping.] To subvert by digging or wearing away ; to mine, undermine. {Mil.) To pierce with saps. — v. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining. — n. (Mil.) An approach made to a fortified place by digging under cover of gabions, etc. [OF. sapper, fr. sappe, LL. sapa, a hoe, digging implement.] — Sap'per, re. Sapid, sap'id, a. Possessing savor or flavor; having a relish; savory. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere, to taste, dis- cern, be wise. J — Sapidity, Sap'idness, n. Quality of being sapid; savoriness. — Sa'por, re. Taste: rel- ish; flavor; savor. [L., fr. sapere. ] — Sap'orific, a. Having the power to produce taste. [L./acere, to make.] — Sap'orous, -o-rus, a. Having flavor; yield- ing some kind of taste. [L. saporus, savory, fr. sa- por J] — Sa'pience, -pt-ens, re. Quality of being sa- pient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. [F.; L. sapi- entia, wisdom; s. rt. sage.] — Sa'pient, a. Having Id-be wise; sui wisdom; discerning; would apposing one'i self sage. [L. sapiens, p. pr. of sapere.] Sapodilla, sap-o-dil'la, n. A tree, growing in the W. Indies, and in some parts of S. Amer.; its edible fruit. [Mexican cochit-zapotl.] Saponaceous, sap-o-na'shus, a. Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soapy. [L- sapo, sa- ponis, soap: see Soap.] — Sapon'ify, -pSn'T-fi, v.t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To convert into soap. [L. facere, to make.] — Saponification, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Sap'onule, -o-nul, re. (Chem.) An imperfect soap, formed by the action of an al- kali upon an essential oil. Sapor, Saporific, etc. See under Sapid. Sapper. See under Sap, to subvert. Sapphic, saf'ik, a. Pert, to Sappho, a Grecian poet- ess. (Pros.) In the manner of Sappho, — used of a certain kind of verse. Sapphire, saf Ir or -er, re. (Min.) Pure, crystallized alumina, a precious stone used in jewelry: the name is usually restricted to the blue crystals; a blue color. [ME. and F. saphir, L. sapphirvs, Gr. sappheiros, Heb. sappir, Per. saffir.] — Sap'phirine, safgr-in, a. Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire. Sappy, Sap-rot, etc. See under Sap, juice. Sapsago, sap'sa-go, re. A kind of cheese, made in Switzerland, having a dark-green color. _ [G. schab- zieger, fr. shaben, to shave, scrape, and zieger, a sort of whey or sour milk.] Saraband, sar'a-band, re. A grave Spanish dance, to an air in triple time; the air itself. [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, name of the dance, prob. fr. Per. sar- band, a fillet for a lady's head dress, fr. sar (= Gr. kara), head, and band, band.] Saracen, sar'a-sen, n. An Arab; Mussulman; mediae- val adherent of Mohammedanism in countries fur- ther west than Arabia. [L. saracenus. It. Ar. sliarqiy, oriental, eastern, sunny, sharq, the East, rising sun, sharaqa, it rose.] — Sar'acen'ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, the Saracens. — Sarce'net, sars'net, n. A species of fine, thin, woven silk, used for ribbons, linings, etc. [OF. ; LL. saracenicum, cloth made by Sara- cens.] — Siroc'co, sY-rok'ko, re. ; pi. -cos, -koz. An oppressive, hot wind from the Libyan deserts, felt in Italy, Malta, Sicily, etc. [It., fr. Ar. sharq.] Sarcasm, sar'kazm, n. A satirical remark, uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt; irony; taunt; gibe. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmus, Gr. sarkasmos, a sneer, fr. sarkazein, to tear flesh like dogs, bite the lips in rage, sneer, fr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.] — Sarcas'- tic, -tical, a. Bitterly satirical ; scornfully severe ; taunting. — Sarcastically, adv. Sarcenet. See under Saracen. Sarcoma, sar-ko'ma, n.;pl. -comata, -kora'a-td. (M< A tumor of fleshy consistence. [Gr. sarx: see b\.- casm.] — SarcoKogy, -o-jT, n. That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Sar'colog'ic -ical, a. Or, or pert! to, sarcology. — Sarcophagous, -kof a-gus, a. Feuding on flesh; flesh-eating. — Sarcoph'agus, «. A species of limestone used among the Greeks for making cot- fins, — so called because it consumed the flesh of bodies deposited in it within a few weeks; a tomb of this kind of stone; a stone coffin. [L.; Gr. stir- kophagos; phagein, to eat.] — Sarcoph'agy, -a-jT, n. Practice of eating flesh. — Sarcot'ic, n. (Med.) A medicine or application which promotes the growth of flesh. Sard. See under Sardine, a precious stone. Sardine, sar'den, re. A small fish, of the herring fam- ily, abundant on the coasts of France and in the Mediterranean, — often put up with olive oil as a delicacy. [F. and Gr., prob. fr. the island of Sar- dinia, near which it is caught.] Sardine, sar'din, -drug, -dt-us, n. A precious stone, prob. a cornelian, of which one was set in Aaron's breastplate. [Gr. sardinos, fr. the town of Sardis, in Asia Minor.] — Sard, re. A variety of cornelian, red- dish brown by reflected light, blood red by trans- mitted light. — Sar'donyx, -do-nix, re. A rare vari- ety of onyx, consisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers. [L. and Gr.; Gr. onux, finger, nail, also the onyx.] Sardonic, sar-don'ik, a. Forced, heartless, or bitter, — said of a laugh or smile ; concealing bitterness of heart; mocking. [F. sardonique, L. sardonicus, Gr. sardonios, perh. f r. sairein, to draw back the lips and show the teeth, grin; perh. fr. Gr. Sardo, Sardinia: see below.] — Sardonic laugh. A spasmodic affection of the muscles of the face, giving it a horrible ap- pearance of laughter, and said to have been first no- ticed as the effect of eating the Herba sardonica, a species of ranunculus, that grows in Sardinia. Sardonyx. See under Sardine, precious stone. SargaBSO, sar-gas'so, re. The floating sea-weed of the N. Atlantic, which often accumulates so as to covej large areas, esp. in the Sargasso Sea, between thf Bahama and Azore islands. [Sp. sargazo, sea weed.] -menfous, -us, (Bot: Sarmentose. A Mexican, W. Ind., Sarmentose, sar-ment-os', Bearing runners; resem- bling a runner ; long, filiform, and almost naked, or having only leaves in bunches at the joints or knots where it strikes root. [L. sar- mentosns, fr. sarmentum, a twig. fr. sarpere, to cut off, trim.] Sarsaparilla, sar'sa-pa-rilla, re. „ and S. Amer. plant of the smilax family, of several species ; its mucilaginous root, used in med., etc. Also, improperly, a N. Amer. species of aralia. [Sp. zarzaparrilla, fr. zarza, (Bisc. sartzia), a bramble, and perh. parrilla, dim. of parra, a vine trained against a wall; or perh. fr. Paritto, name of a physi. cian said to have discovered it.] Sartorius, sar-to'rT-us, re. (Anat.) The muscle which throws one leg across the other, reaching from abovs the hip to below the knee. [LL. sartorius, a tailor, fr. L. sarior, a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend.] Sash, sash, n. An ornamental belt ; a band worn about the waist or over the shoulder. [Per. shast, a thumb-stall worn by archers, also a girdle worn by the Magi, shest, a thumb, fish-hook, girdle.] Sash, sash, re. The frame of a window in which the panes of glass are set. — v. t. [sashed (sasht), sash, ixo.] To furnish with sashes or frames for glass. [OF. chasse, LL. cacia, fr. capsa, a chest, box ; s. rt. case, chase.] Sassafras, sas'sa-fras, re. A bush or tree of the laurel family, whose bark has an aromatic smell and taste. [F. ; Sp. sasafras, corrupt, fr. OSp. sassifragia, L. sax- ifraga (herba), fr. saxum, rock, stone, and frangere, to break, the herb having been reputed to have the property of breaking, or dissolving, stone in the bladder.] — Sax'ifrage, -Trfraj, re. A plant embra- cing many species, mostly hardy herbs. [F.]— f — ifragous, -ra-gus, a. Dissolving stone; esp., dies ing stone in the bladder. Sat. See Sit. ssolv- Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone. Or} SATAN 507 SAVOR Satan, sa'tan, formerly pron. sat'an, n. The grand adversary of man; the devil. [Heb., an adversary, fr. satan. At. shatana, to be adverse, persecute.] — Satanic, -ical, a. Having the qualities of Satan ; resembling Satan; devilish; infernal. — Satanlcal- ly, adv. In a satanic manner ; with the wicked and malicious spirit of Satan ; diabolically. Satchel, sach'el, n. A little sack or bag. [OF. ; L. sacellus, dim. of sacchus = E. sack.} Sate. Contr. of Satiate, q. v. Sate. See Sit. Satellite, safel-llt, n. A small planet revolving round another; a moon ; an obsequious dependent or fol- lower. — [F. ; L. satelles, -litis, an attendant, life- guard.] — Sat'elli'tioua, -lish'us, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, satellites. Satiate, sa'shT-at, Sate, sat, v. t. To satisfy the ap- petite or desire of; to feed to the full; to fill to re- pletion or loathing ; to suffice, cloy, gorge, overfill, surfeit, glut. — a. Filled to satiety; gkitted. [Sate contr. of satiate; L. satiare, -atum, to fill full, satur, full, sat, satis, sufficient ; s. rt. E. sad, soil.) — Batt- alion, -shY-a'shun, n. State of being satiated. — Sati'ety, -e-tT, n. State of being satiated or glutted ; fullness of gratification even beyond desire ; reple- tion ; surfeit; cloyment. [F. satiete, Li.satietas, fr. sat.]— Satisfy, -is-fi, v. t. [-fjed (-fid), -fying.] To gratify fully the desire of, make content ; to com- ply with the rightful demands of, answer or dis- charge (a claim, debt, legal demand, etc.) ; to free from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assur- ance to. — v. i. To give satisfaction or content ; to feed or supply to the full; to make payment, atone, [OF. satisfier, L. satisfacere, fr. sat, satis, and facere, to make.] — Sat'isfadion, n. Act of satisfying, or state of being satisfied ; gratification of desire ; set- tlement of a claim, due, demand, etc. ; that which satisfies or gratifies; contentment; gratification; rec- ompense; compensation; amends; atonement. [F.] — Satisfac'tory, -to-rt, a. Giving or producing satis- faction ; yielding content ; making amends, indem- nification, or recompense. [F. satisfactoire.] — Sat- tofac'torily, adv. — Satisfac'toriness, n. — Satls- 4'er, n. — Sat'ire, -Ir, in Eng. often pron. safer, n. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice Offolly to reprobation; an invective poem; keenness •nd severity of remark ; trenchant wit ; lampoon ; sarcasm ; irony ; ridicule ; pasquinade ; burlesque ; wit; humor. [F.; L. satira, satura, fr. satura (lanx), a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, a medley, fr. satur.]— Satiric, -ical, -ttrlk-al, a. Belonging to, conveying, or of the nature of satire; censorious; se- vere in language; cutting; poignant; sarcastic; bitter; reproachful ; abusive. — Satirically, adv. — Satir- ist, n. One who writes satire. — Satirize, v. t. ^ized (-Izd), -IZIN8.] To make the object of satire; i censure with keenness or severity. — Sat'urate, -u-rat, v. t. To cause to become completely pene- trated, impregnated, filled, or soaked. [L. saturare, •atum, f r. satur.] — Saturalion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Safurant, a. Saturating.— n. {Med.) A substance which neutralizes acid in the stomach. — Sat'urable, a. Capable of being, etc. Satin, satin, n. A glossy silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot woof. [J? ; It. setino, fr. It. and LL. seta, silk, L. seta, hair, bristle : see Seton.] — Sat'inet', n. A thin species of satin ; a kind of flossy cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling. ateen', -ten', n. A glossy dress-goods, resembling satin, but having a worsted instead of a silken face. — Satiny, -Y, a. Like, or composed of, satin. — Sat'in-spar. n. (Min.) A fine fibrous variety of carbonate of lime, having a pearly luster. < klatire, Satisfy, etc. See under Satiate. Satrap, salrap or satlap, n. In ancient Persia, the governor of a province ; viceroy. [F. satrape, L. and Gr. satrapes, Zend shoithrapaiti ; shoithra (Skr. kshetra), a region, and paiti, Skr. pati, mas- ter.] — Sat'rapal, a. Pert, to a satrap or satrapy.— Satlapy, -ra-pY, n. Government or jurisdiction of a satrap. Saturate, etc. See under Satiate. Saturn, safgrn, n. {Myth.) One of the oldest and principal deities, son of Ccelus and Terra (heaven and earth), and father of Jupiter. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, next in magni- tude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. [L. Saturnus, lit. the sower, fr. serere, sertum, to sow; 8. rt. season.] — Saturnalia, -lY-a, n. pi. (Rom. Antiq.) The festival of Saturn, celebrated as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes. A period or occasion of general license. [L.] — Saturna'lian, a. Pert, to the Saturnalia ; of unrestrained and intemperate jollity ; riotously mer- ry. — Satur'nian, -nt-an, a. (Myth.) Pert, to Sat- urn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age. — Sat'urnine, -5r-nln, a. Under the influence of the planet Saturn ; not readily susceptible of excite- ment; phlegmatic; dull; heavy; grave. [OF. satnr- nin, L. saturninvs, gloomy, — orig. an astrological term.] — Sat'urday, n. The 7th or last day ot the week. [AS. Seeter dseg = L. Suturni dies, Saturn's day, i. e. Saturday.] Satyr, safer or salSr, n. (Myth.) One of a class of sylvan deities, represented as monsters, part man and part goat, and character- ized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness. [F. sa- tyre, L. and Gr. satyrus.] — Satyrlc, -tYrlk, a. Pert, to satyrs. Sauce, saws, n. A prepara- tion, mixture, or composi- tion to be eaten with food for improving its relish; pertness ; insolence, —v. t. [sauced (sawst), saucing.] To accompany with some- thing intended to give a higher relish ; to give zest, flavor, or interest to ; to be impudent or saucy to. [F. Satyr. of a sauce, condiment, L. salsa, prop. fem. of p. p. salire, salsus, to salt, q. v.] — Sau'cy, -si, a. [-ciek; -CIEST.] Bold to excess ; transgressing the rules of decorum ; expressive of impudence ; insolent ; im- pertinent ; rude. — Sau'cily, -sY-lY, adv. — Sau'ci- ness, n. — Sauce'box, n. A saucy person, — gen- erally said playfully, of a child. — Sauce'pan, n. A pan m which to boil sauce or small articles. — Sau'- cer, n. A small dish, orig. to hold sauce ; a shallow dish in which a teacup, etc., is set. [F. sauciere.] — Sau'sage, -sei, n. An article of food, made of meat minced, highly seasoned, and inclosed in a prepared intestine. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, fr. L. salsus, salted.] Sauerkraut, sowr'krowt, n. Cabbage preserved in brine, and allowed to ferment, — a German dish. [G., fr. sauer, sour (q. v.), and kraut, herb, cab- bage.] Saunter, sanlgr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To wander about idly, loiter, linger, stroll, wander. [Dan. slentre, to lounge about, slunte, to idle, Sw. slentra, to loiter, Ic. and Norw. seint, slowly, AS. ssene, slow.] — Saunlerer, -ter-5r, n. Saurian, sawll-an, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a saurian. — n. An animal of the order of reptiles which includes all that are covered with scales, and have 4 legs, as the lizard. [Gr. sauros, lizard.] Sausage. See under Sauce. Savage, sav'ej, a. Pert, to the forest ; remote from human residence and irTrovements ; wild ; un- tamed ; uncivilized ; unpolished ; characterized by cruelty; ferocious; brutish; barbarous; fierce; pit- iless; murderous. — n. A human being in his na- tive state of rudeness; a man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a barbarian. [OF. salvage, L. silvati- cus, wild, silvan, q. v.] — Sav'agely, adv. — Sav'- ageness, n. — Sav'agery, -ej-rt, n. State or condition of being savage; a wild, uncultivated condition; bar- barism; an act of cruelty; barbarity. — Sav'agism, -izm, n. State of being savage. Savanna, sa-van'na, n. An extensive open plain or meadow, or a plain destitute of trees, and covered with grass. [Sp. sabana, a sheet for a bed, a large plain covered with snow, fr. L. sabanum, Gr. saba- non, a linen cloth.] Savant, sii-vawN', n.; pi. Savants, same pron. A man of learning ; one versed in literature or sci- ence. [F., p. pr. of savoir, L. sapere, to know: see Sapid.} Save, Savior, etc. See under Safe. Savin, savin, n. An evergreen tree or shrub, with dark foliage, producing small berries. [AS. safinee, L. sabina (herba), Sabine (herb).] Savor, sa'ver, n. Quality affecting the organs of taste or smell ; specific flavor or quality ; characteristic property ; taste ; relish ; odor ; scent. — v. i. [sa- vored (-vgrd), -voring.] To have a particular smell or taste; to indicate the presence or influence. [OF. 8fln, cube, full ; moon, f 6"&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. SAVORY 508 SCALLOP Saw-fish. savour, L. sapor, fr. sapere, to taste: see Sapid.] — Sa'vory, -ver-T, a. Having savor or relish; pleasing to the organs of taste or smell. — Sa'vorily, adv. — Sa'voriness, n. — Sa'vorless, a. Having no savor ; insipid. Savory, sa'ver-Y, n. An aromatic plant, used in cook- ing. [L. satureia.] Savoy, sa-voi / \ n. A variety of cabbage, having curled leaves, cultivated for winter use. [Orig. fr. Savoy, Italy.] Saw. See See, also Sat. Saw, saw, n. An instrument for cutting, consisting of a thin blade or plate of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on one edge. —v. t. [imp. sawed (sawd); p. p. sawed or sawn; sawing.] To cut or separate with a saw; to form by cutting with a saw. — v. i. To use a saw, practice sawing; to cut with a saw; to be cut with a saw. [AS. saga, Ic. sog, G. saege, a saw; s. rt. L. secare^ to cut.] — SaWyer, n. One who saws tim- ber into planks or boards, or wood for fuel; a tree which, having fallen into a stream, lies fast by the roots, with its branches rocking above and below the surface of the water, like the motion of a saw. — Saw'dust, n. Dust or small fragments of wood, stone, or other material, made by the attrition of a saw. — Saw'-fish, n. A cartilaginous fish, close- ly allied to the shark: it has the upper jaw pro- longed into a long beak or snout, with teeth ar- ranged along both edges. — fly, n. One of a fam- ily of insects, the fe- males of which are fur- nished with an oviposi- tor toothed like a saw, for boring holes for their eggs in the twigs and stems of plants. — mill, n. A mill for sawing timber or marble, etc. — pit, n. A pit over which timber is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. — -set, re. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth of a saw a little outward. — See'saw, n. A play among children, in which 2 persons, seated upon opposite ends of a board supported in the middle, move alternately up and down; a board adjusted for this purpose; a vibratory or reciprocating motion. — v. i. [seesawed (-sawd), -sawing.] To move back- ward and forward, or upward and downward. — a. Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a recip- rocating motion. [Reduplication of saw, expressing the motion to and fro, in the act of sawing.] Saxifrage, Saxifragous. See under Sassafras. Saxon, saks'un or saks'n, n. One of a people who formerly dwelt in N. Germany, and who invaded and conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries; an Anglo-Saxon ; a native of Saxony ; language of the Saxons; Anglo-Saxon. — a. Pert, to the Saxons, their country, or their language; of, or pert, to, Saxo- ny, or its inhabitants. [AS. Seaxa, pi. Scare, Seaxan, fr. seax, a knife, short sword, dagger.] — Sax'onism, -izm, n. An idiom of the Saxon language. Say, sa, v. t. [said (sed; contr. fr. sayed), saying.] To express in words (spoken or written), tell, speak, utter, argue, allege; to repeat, rehearse, recite; to an- nounce, as a decision or opinion; to suppose, assume to be. — re. A speech; something said. [AS. secgan, Sw. saga, G. sagen, Ic. segja, OHG. sea/aw, Lithuan. sakyt, to say; s. rt. sign, saga.] — Say'ing, n. That which is said; an expression; esp., a proverbial ex- pression. — Saw, re. A saying; maxim; proverb; ad- age; aphorism; apothegm; by-word. [AS. sagn, Ic. saga: see Saga.] Sbirro, zber'ro, n. ; pi. -ri, -re. An Italian policeman. [It.] Scab, skab, n. (Med.) An incrustation over a sore or wound. A contagious disease of sheep. [AS. scseb, Dan. and Sw. skab, L. scabies, scab, itch, lit. some- thing scratched, fr. scabere, to scratch ; s. rt. shave, shabby.] — Scab'bed, a. Abounding, or diseased, withscabs : mean ; paltry ; vile ; worthless.— Scab'bed- ness, n. — Scab'by, -M, a. [-bier; -biest.] Affected with scabs; full of scabs; diseased with the scab or mange; mangy.— Scab'biness, re.— Sca'bious, -bt-us, a. Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous. [L. scabiosus.] Scabbard, skab'bard, re. The case in which the blade of a sword, etc., is kept ; a sheath. [ME. scaubert, for scauberk, prob. fr OF. escale, OHG. scala, a shell, husk, rind, scull, and OHG. bergan, to pro- tect, hide: see Hauberk.] Scabrous, ska'brus, a. Having hard, short, rigid points ; rough ; rugged. [F. scabreux, L. scabrosus, fr. scaber, rough. 1 — Sca'brousness, n. Scaffold, skaffold, re. A temporary structure of tim- ber, boards, etc., for supporting workmen and ma- terials, in building, etc. ; esp., a platform for the execution of a criminal. — v. t. To furnish with a scaffold. [OF. escafaut, It. and Sp. catafalco, q. v.] — Scaffolding, n. A frame or structure for temped rary support; a scaffold; materials for scaffolds. Scagliola. See under Scale, dish of a balance. Scalade, etc. See under Scale, a ladder. Scald, skawld, v. t. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in water or other liquor. — n. A burn, or injury to the skin and flesh by some hot liquid, or by steam. [OF. escalder, L. excaldare, f r. ex and caldus, calidus, hot, fr. caldere, to be hot; s. rt. caldron.] Scald, skawld, n. Scurf on the head ; scab. [Orig. scalled, affected with scall.] — Scall, skawl, n. Scab; scabbiness ; leprosy. [Ic. skalli, a bare head, Sw. skallig, bald, skala, to peel, Dan. and Sw. skal, a husk; s. rt. scale.] — Scald'-head, n. (Med.) A pus- tular disease of the hairy scalp, with scabs or crusts. Scald, skawld, n. A reciter and singer of heroic po- ems, eulogies, etc., among the Norsemen. [Ic. skald, orig. loud talker ; s. rt. scold.] — Scald'ic, a. Pert. to the scalds or poets of antiquity. Scale, skal, n. The dish of a balance ; the balance itself ; an instrument or machine for weighing, — chiefly in pi. when applied to the whole instrument; one of the small, thin, membranous or bony pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles; any thin layer or leaf of metal or other material; an incrustation deposited on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated. — v. t. [scaled (skald), scaling.] To strip or clear of scales; to take off in thin layers or scales. — v. i. To separate and come off in thin layers or laminse. [AS. scale, Ic. and Sw. skal, scale of a balance, bowl, cup, AS. scale, sceale, Dan. and Sw. skal, OHG. scala, shell, husk, Goth. skalja, a tile; s. rt. skill, shell, scall, scull.] — Seal' y, skal'T, a. Covered or abounding with scales; rough; resembling scales, lamina:, or layers; mean; scabby. — Sca'liness, re.— Scaglio'la, skal-yo'la, n. An imi- tation of marble, formed by studding the surface of a substratum of gypsum mixed with glue, with splin- ters of stone of different colors, and then polishing it. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, shell, chip of stone_.l Scale, skal, n. A ladder ; series of steps ; anything graduated, esp. when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines or degrees at regular inter- vals. (Mus.) The gamut, or graduating series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the key- note to its octave. Gradation; scheme of compara- tive rank or order; relative dimensions, withou^dif- f erence in proportion of parts.— v. t. [scaled (skald), scaling.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to clamber up. [L. scala, a ladder, prob. s. rt. L. scandere, to climb, E. scan, escalade.] — Scalade', -lad', n. (Mil.) An assault on a besieged place with ladders to mount tUe walls; an escalade. Scalene, ska-len', a. (Geom.) Having the sides and angles unequal, — said of a triangle ; having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone. — n. (Geom.) A triangle having its sides and angles unequal. [L. scalenus, Gr. skalenos ; s. rt. Gr. skolios, crooked, skellos, crook- legged, skelos, a leg, skairein, to skip, E. shallow.] Scall. See Scald, scurf. Scallion, skal'yun, n. A plant, which grows about Ascalon, in Palestine: it is allied to the garlic and onion. Scallop, skoKlup, n. A marine shell-fish or bivalve mollusk, often used for food: the shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land ; a curving of the edge of anything, like the segment of a circle ; a kind of dish for baking oys- ters in. — v. t. [scalloped (-lupt), -loping.] To mark „ „ _,, „ or cut the edge or border bcallop Shell. of int0 se gments of circles. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; SCALPEL 509 SCARE [ME. skalop. OF. escalo/.e. OD. schelpe, a shell, G. "vkelfe, a husk; s. rt. scale. shell, scalp. 1 — Scalloped, -lupt, a. Made or done with or in a scallop; having the edge or border cut or marked with segments of circles.— Scalloped oysters. {Cookery. | Oysters baked with crumbs of bread strewed over the surface: this was, at first, done in scallop shells, and afterwards in a dish called a scallop. — Scalp, skalp, n. That part of the integument of the head usually covered with hair; the skin of the head, or a part of it, with the hair belonging to it. torn off, as by Indian war- riors, as a token of victory over an enemy. — v. t. [scalped (skalpt), scalping.] To deprive of the scalp, or integuments of the head. [Samo as scallop, in sense of shell, skull; s. rt. scale, dish.] Scalpel. skaKpel, n. {Sura.) A knife used in anatom- ical dissections and surgical operations. [L. scalpel- 'inii. dim. of scalprum or scalper, a knife, scalpere, to cut. carve; s. rt. sharp.} — Scalp'er, Scalp'ing- i'ron, n. (Surg.) An instrument used in scraping foul and carious bones. Scaly. See under Scale, a dish. Scambie, etc. See under Scamp. Scammony, skam'mo-n T, n. A plant of the convolvu- lus family ; an inspissated sap obtained from its root, having a blackish-gray color, a nauseous smell, and a bitter and acrid taste. [OF. scammonie, Gr. skamonia.] — Scammo'niate, -nl-at, a. Made with or containing, etc. Scamp, skamp, n. A rascal; scoundrel; mean villain. — v. t. [scamped (skamt), -ping.] To perform (work) dishonestlv or in an unworkmanlike manner. [Abbr. fr. scamper. }— Scam'per, v. i. [-pered (-perd), -pee- ing.] To run with speed ; to nasten away, escape. [OF. escamper, It. scampare, to escape, save one's self, L. ex. from, and campus, the field (of battle).] — Scam'ble, -bl, v. i. To stir quick, be busy, scram- ble: to be awkward, — v. t. To mangle, maul. [OD. schampelen, to slip, schampen, to escape.] — Scam / '- bler, n. One who scambles : a bold intruder upon the generosity or hospitality of others. Scan, skan, v. t. [scanned (skand), -ning.] To mount by steps ; to go through with (a verse), marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; to go over and examine point by point, scrutinize. [OF. escancler, to climb, L. scandere, to climb, also scan verses, Skr. skand, to ascend ; s. rt. ascend, condescend, etc., pern, scale, escalade.] — Scan'dent, a. (Bot.) Climbing, either with spiral tendrils for support, or by adhesive fibers, as a stalk. [L. sco.ndens, p. pr. of scanderre.] — Scan'sion, -shun, n. Act of scanning. [L. scansto.J — Scanso'res, -so-rez, n. pi. An order of birds whose toes are in pairs, 2 be- fore and 2 behind, enabling them to cling to and climb upon trees, as the woodpeckers and parrots. [XL.] — Scanso'rial, -ri-al, a. Pert, to, etc. ; climbing, or adapt- ed to climbing. Scandal, skan'dal, n. Reproach o r reprobation called forth by what is regardedas wrong, heinous, or fla- grant; imputed disgrace: re- proachful asper- sion ; defamatory speech or report : detraction; cal- a a, head and foot of cuckoo ■. b b. head umnv; opprobri- and foot ot green woodpecker; nm; reproach! e c> head and foot of £ re ~ : )•«"»»■ shame ; disgrace. [F. scandale, L. scandalum. Gr. skandalon, a snare, stumbling-block, also scandal, offense, skandalatJiron, spring of a trap.]— Scan'- dalize. v. r. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To give offense to. excite the reprobation of: to reproach, defame. — Scan'dalous, -dal-us, a. Giving offense ; exciting reprobation; calling out condemnation; disgraceful to reputation ; bringing shame or infamy : shame- ful ; Dase ; defamatory ; libelous. — Scan'dalously, adv. — Scan'dalousness. n.— Scan'dalum Magna'- tum. (Lair.) A defamatory speech or writing made or published to the injury of a person of dignity, — Scape. usually abbreviated scan. may. [L., scandal of mag- nates.] Scandent, Scansion, etc. See under Scan. Scant, skant, v. t. To limit, straiten, treat illiberally; I to make small, narrow, or scanty. — v. i. To fail, or become less. — a. Scarcely sufficient: less than is wanted for the purpose." [Ic. skamt, neut. of skemtmr, short, brief, whence skamta, to dole out, apportion meals, OHG. scam, short.] — Scanfly, «(/(•. In a scant manner: not fully or sufficiently; narrowly: penuriously. — Scant'ness. n. — Scanfy, -T, a. [-i£R;-iest.] Wanting amplitude or extent; not abundant for use or necessity; hardly sufficient; sparing; niggardly: narrow; poor: parsimonious; penurious.— Scant'ily. -T-H, adv. In a scanty man- ner; not fully. — Scant'iness, n. Scantling, skant'ling, n. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc. [OF. es- chantillon, a cantle, corner-piece, .-ample, pattern, eschmteler, to break or cut into small pieces, fr. es- (= L. ex) and cantel, chant el = E. cantle, q. v., un- der Cant, to incline.] Scape, skap, v. t. or i. To escape. [Abbr. fr. escape.'] — Scape'-goat. n. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he wa's suffered to escape into the wilderness. A person on whom the sins of another may be fixed. — grace, n. A graceless, hair- brained fellow. — Scape'ment, n. A kind of mech- anism: jee Escapement. Scape, skap, n. (Bot.) A peduncle rising directly from the root, as in the stemless vio- lets, the bloodroot, etc. [L. sea- pus, Gr. skapos, a stalk.] Scaphoid, skaf'oid, a. Resem- bling a boat in form: see Ear. [Gr. skaphe, boat, and eidos, shape.] Scapula, skap'u-la. n. ; pi. --lje, -le. (Anat.) The shoulder- blade : see Skeleton. [L. ; prob. s. rt. scapus (see Scape) and scepter.] — Scap'ular. a. Pert, to the shoulder or to the scapula. [L. scapularis.] — Scap'ular. -ulary, -la-rT, n. A part of the habit of certain religious orders in the Rom. Cath. church, consisting of 2 bands of woolen stuff worn over the gown, of which one crosses the back or shoulders, and the other the stomach. Scar, skiir, n. A mark remaining after a wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; blemish.— v. t. [SCARRED (skard), scarring.] To mark with a scar, or scars. [OF. escare, L. eschara, a scar, esp., fr. a burn, Gr. eschara, a fireplace, brazier, also a scar : see ES- CHAR.] Scar. Scaur, skar, n. A bare and broken place on a side of a mountain, or in the high bank of a river. [Ic. sker, a skerry, isolated rock in the sea, skor, a rift in a rock; s. rt. share, score.] Scarab, skar'ab, Scar'abee, -a-be, -abae'us, -a-be'us, n. An insect having cased wings ; a beetle. [F. scar- abie, L. scarabseus.} Scaramouch, skar'a-mowch/rt. A personage in Italian com- edy, characterized by great boastfulness and poltroon- ery ; a buffoon ; hence, a person of like characterist- ics. [Fr. F. scaramouche, F. rendering of It. Scarramuccia, name of an Italian buffoon who acted in London and Paris in the 17th century: see Skirmish.] Scarce, skars, a. Xot plentiful or abundant: not easily to be procured : rare ; infrequent ; deficient; uncommon. [OF. escars, It. scarso, D. schsers, Ar- mor, skarz, scarce, scanty, saving, niggard, Armor. skarza, to diminish, shorten, spare, be niggardly, also to sweep, cleanse; s. rt. W. carthu, to scour, cleanse.] — Scarce, Scarce'ly, adv. With difficulty; hardly \ scantly ; barely ; but just. — Scarce'ness, Scar'city, -sT-ti, ». Condition of being scarce; lack of plenty: infrequency; deficiency; penury; dearth; rarity: short supplv. *[OF. escarseteT] 8car9. skar, v. t. [scared (skard). scaring.] To terrify suddenly, make afraid, frighten, alarm.' [ME. skerren, fr. skerre, Ic. skjarr, shy, timid, skirra, to bar, prevent, skirrask, to shun, shrink from; peril, s. rt. share, shear, sheer.] — Scare'croW n. An' object set up to frighten crows, etc., from 15* Scarab. sun, cube, full ; moon. ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SCARF 510 SCHOOL f "^^-^ 1 J — "3 — d ^-^^^ ; 13 u y -i 1 S" IU Modes of Scarfing. cornfields ; anything which terrifies without dan- ger; a vain terror. Scarf, skarf, n. A light article of dress, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the neck. — v. t. [scarfed (skarft), scarfing.] To throw loosely on, put on like a scarf ; to cover, bandage. [AS. scearfe, a fragment, piece, scearfian, to shred, scrape, D. scherf, a shred, OF. escharpe, a scarf, pilgrim's scrip, OD. scharpe, LG. schrap, a scrip ; s. rt. scrip, scrap, scrape, shar/>.] — Sc&Tf'sl!Lm,n. (Anat.) The outer thin integument of the body; the cuticle; epi- dermis. Scarf, skarf, v. t. To cut a scarf on, as for a joint in timber.— n. (Carp.) The „ _, „ part cut away from each of 2 pieces of timber to be joined longitudinal- ly, 'so that the corre- sponding ends may fit together in an even joint; the joint so formed. [Sw. skarfva, to join together, piece out, skarf, scarf, seam, joint, Ic. skara, to over- lap and clinch, said of the planks of a boat, skera, to shear, cut, shape, Bavarian scharben, to notch timber, G. scharben, to cut small; s. rt. shear.] Scarify, skar'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To scratch or cut the skin of; to make small incisions in, by means of a lancet or cupping instrument; to stir the surface soil of. [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, fr. Gr. skariphaomai, I scratch or scrape up, fr. skariphos, a style for drawing, sharp-pointed instru- ment; s. rt. shear.]— Scar'ifica'tion, n. (Surg.) The operation of scarifying, esp. with the cupping in- strument. [F.]— Scar'ifica'tor, n. (Surg.) An in- strument used in cupping. — Scar'ifFer, n. One who scarifies; the instrument used for scarifying. (Agric.) An implement for stirring and loosening the soil. Scarlet, skar'let, n. A bright red color, lighter than crimson. — a. Of the color called scarlet ; of a bright red color. [OF. escarlate, It. scarlatto, scarlet, fr. Per. saqalat, suqlat, scarlet cloth, saqlan, cloth.] — Scarlet-fe'ver, Scar'lati'na, -te'na, n. (Med.) A contagious and often malignant febrile disease, char- acterized by inflammation of the fauces, and a scar- let rash, appearing usually on the 2d day. and ending in desquamation about the 6th or 7th day. Scarp, skarp, n. A perpendicular, or nearly perpen- dicular, slope. (Fort.) The interior slope of the ditch at the foot of the rampart: see Casemate, — v. t. [scarped (skarpt), scarping.] To cut down per- pendicularly, or nearly so. [F. escarpe, It. Scarpa, a scarp, OF. escarper, to cut smooth and steep, LG. scharp = E. sharp, q. v. ; same as escarp.] Scath, skath. Scathe, skath, v. t. [scathed (skatht or skathd), scathing (skath'- or skath'ing).] To do harm to, injure, damage, waste, destroy, — n. Damage; injury; waste; harm. [AS. sceadhan, Ic. skadha, D. and G. schaden, to harm, injure, Skr. kshata, hurt, p. p. of kshan, to wound.] — Scatn'ful, -ful, a. Injurious; harmful; destructive. — Scathe- less, a. Without waste or damage. Scatter, skat'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To strew about, sprinkle around; to cause to separate in different directions; to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow, dissipate. — v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated. [AS. scateran ; s. rt. Gr. skedannumi, I sprinkle, scatter, L. scandula, a shingle for a roof, Skr. skhad, to cut, E. shed, shatter.] — Scattered, -terd, a. Dispersed. (Bot.) Irreg- ular in position; without appar- ent order. — Scafter-brain, n. A giddy or thoughtless person. Scaur. See Scar, bare place on a mountain. Scavenger, skav'en-jgr, n. A per- son who cleans the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying off the filth; one engaged in a mean or dirty occupation ; esp. one who gathers garbage from ash-barrels, dumps, etc. ; a •creature which eats or removes filth, carrion, etc. [ME. scavager, OF. scawageour, orig. a customs officer, afterwards charged with the Cleaning Of the Streets, fr. Scattered Leaves. OLawF. scavage, a showing, fr. AS. sceawian, to show;_not fr. AS. scafan, to shave, scrape.] Scene, sen, n. The structure on which a spectacle or play is exhibited; stage; one of the slides, hangings, or other devices, used to give an appearance of real- ity to the action of a play ; a separate portion of a play, subordinate to the act ; place, time, circum- stances, etc., in which anything is imagined to occur, or where the action of a story, play, poem, etc., is laid; an assemblage of objects presented to the view at once; spectacle; show; exhibition; view: a dra- matic or striking exhibition of passionate feeling ; an interview ; action, or course of acfion, done for effect. [L. scena, Gr. skene, sheltered place, tent, stage, scene, Skr. chhaya, shadowing = E. shade.] — Scen'ery, -er-T, n. The paintings and hangings rep- resenting the scenes of a play; general aspect, as re- gards variety and beauty or the reverse in a land- scape; combination of natural views; representation; imagery. _ [L. scenarius, pert, to a play.] — Scenic, sen'- or sen'ik, -ical, sgn'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, scenery, esp. the scenery of a theater ; theatrical. — Scenog'raphy, se-nog-'ra-fi, n. The representation of a body on a perspective plane; or a description of it, in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. [Gr. skenographia ; graphein, to write.] — Scen'ograph'ic, sen'o-graf'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to scenography; drawn in perspective. Scent, sent, v. t. To perceive by the olfactory organs, smell; to imbue or fill with odor, perfume. — n. Odor ; smell ; power of smelling ; sense of smell ; chase followed by the scent; course of pursuit; track. [Prop, and orig. sent, F. sentir, L. sentire, to feel, perceive ; s. rt. G. sinnen, to meditate, fr. sinn, feel- ing = E. sense, q. v.] — Scentless, a. Scepter, -tre, sep'ter, n. A staff borne by kings, as a badge of authority ; a ...■». royal mace; royal pow- "8^^*^ * " ySEg? er or authority. — v. t. Scepter. [SCEPTERED or -TRED (-terd), -tering or -tring.] To invest with royal authority, or with the ensign of authority. [ME. and F. sceptre, L. septrum, Gr. skeptron, fr. skeptein, to prop, also to lean on.] Sceptic. Sceptical, etc. See Skeptic, etc. Schedule, sked'ul, in Eng. pron. shed'ul, n. A writ- ten or printed scroll of paper ; a document ; esp., an official or formal list or inventory; catalogue. [OF.; L. schedula, a small leaf of paper, dim. of scneda, scida, a strip of papyrus bark, Gr. schede, a tablet, schide, a cleft piece of wood, fr. schizein, Skr. chhid, to cut.] Scheik. Same as Sheik. Scheme, skein, n. A combination of things connected and adjusted by design ; a plan of something to be done; any lineal or mathematical diagram; project; design; contrivance; purpose; plot.— v. t. [schemed (skemd), scheming.] To plan, project. — v. i. To form a plan or project, contrive. [L. and Gr. schema, fr. Gr. echein, tut. scheso, to hold, have ; s. rt. Skr. sah, to bear, endure.] — Schem'er, -ist, n. One who schemes or contrives ; a projector. — Sche'sis, ske'- sis, n. (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby a cer- tain affection or inclination of an adversary or op- onent is feigned for the purpose of answering it. pc [Gr.] Schirrhus. See Scirrus. Schism, sizm, n. Division or separation ; permanent division or separation in the Christian church, oc- casioned by diversity of opinions, or other reason. [F. schisme, L. and Gr. schisma, fr. Gr. skizein, fut. schiso, to cleave ; s. rt. L. scinderre, Skr. chhid, to cut, E. schist, squill, schedule, rescind.] — Schismat'ic, -mafik, -mat'ical, a. Pert, to or implying, schism ; partaking of the nature of schism ; tending to schism. — Schismatic, n. One who separates from an established church or religious faith ; heretic ; partisan. Schist, shist, 7). (Geol.) A rock having a schistose structure, — used esp. of some kinds of metamorphic rocks. [Gr. schistos, easily cleft, fr. schizein: see Schism.] — Schistose'', -os', Schisfous, -us, a. Ad- mitting of division by natural cleavage into flags, slabs, or slates, — used esp. of metamorphic rocks. School, skool, n. A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an in- stitution of learning of a grade below a college or university ; place of elementary instruction ; a ses- sion of an institution of instruction ; one of the mediasval seminaries for teaching logic, metaphys- ics, and theology, characterized by academical dis- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, dr ; SCHOONER 511 SCOLLOP nutations and subtilties of reasoning ; an assem- blage of scholars ; body of pupils ; the disciples or followers of a teacher ; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, science, etc. ; a shoal or com- pact body, as of fish. — v. t. [schooled (skoold), schooling.] To train in an institution of learning; to tutor ; to chide and admonish. [AS. scolu, D. school, It. sgol, a school, also a shoal of fishes, L. schola, a school, Gr. schole, rest, leisure, disputa- tion, place where lectures are given, school; s. rt. scheme, shoal.] — Schooling, n. Instruction in school; tuition; reproof; reprimand; compensation for instruction. — School'-boy, -girl, n. One who at- tends a school. — dame, n. A female teacher of a school. — fel'low, n. One bred at the same school and at the same time as another. — house, n. A house appropriated for the use of schools, or for in- struction. man, n. One versed in the niceties of academical disputation, or of the school divinity of the middle ages ; one of the philosophers and divines of the 9th-14th centuries. — mas'ter, -mis'- tress, n. One who presides over and teaches a school ; a teacher or instructor. — SchoKar, skol'ar, n. One who attends a school ; one who learns of a teacher; pupil ; learner ; disciple ; a learned person ; a man of high literary or scientific attainments; one versed in any branch of knowledge; one acquainted with books only; a pedant. [AS. scolare.] — SchoKarly, a. Like, or becoming, a scholar. — Scholarship, n. Character and qualities of a scholar ; attainments in science or literature; learning; erudition; knowl- edge ; foundation for the support of a student. — Scholas'tic, sko-las'tik. n. One who adheres to the method or subtilties or the schools. — Scholar' tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or suiting, a scholar or school ; pert, to the schoolmen, or philosophers and divines of the middle ages; pedantic; formal. — Scholas'ti- cally, adv. — L Scholas1icism, -tt-sizm, n. The meth- od or subtilties of the schools of philosophy; scholas- tic formality.— Scholiast, -lt-ast, n. A commentator or annotator. [Gr. scholiastes.] — Scho'liastlc, a. Pert, to a scholiast or his pursuits. — Scho'lium, -1Y- um, n. ; L. pi. -lia, -lY-a, E. pi. -hums. A mar- ginal annotation, — so called as being the fruit of the leisure hours of the writers. {Math.) A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration. [Gr. scholion.] Schooner, skoon'er, n. (Naut.) A sharp-built vessel, having 2, 3, or 4 masts, with fore- a n d - a f t sails. [Prop, scooner, fr. gcoon, a word used in some parts of N. Eng. to denote the act of making stones skip along the surface of the Topsail Schooner, water ; Scot, scon, to skip stones, AS. scunian, to avoid, shun.] — Topsail schooner. The original form of schooner, having square fore-topsail and lore- topgallant sail, but the other sails fore-and-aft. Schorl, shdrl, n. (Min.) Black tourmaline. Sciagraph, si'a-graf, n. {Physics.) Photograph made by Rontgen rays, q. v. [Gr. skin, shadow + graphein, to writer) — Sciagraphy, si-agla-fT, -og'raphy, n. Art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. {Arch.) The profile or verti- cal section of a building. — Sciom'achy, -om'a-kT, n. A mock contest with one's own shadow or with shadows; imaginary or futile combat. [Gr. skiama- chia ; mache, battle.] — Sci'oman'cy, -man'sT, n. Divination by means of shadows. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Sciop'tic, -trie, a. Of, or pert, to, a certain optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room. [Gr. optikos = E. optic."] Sciatic, si-at'ik, Sciatica, -Y-ka, n. (Med.) Neural- gia of the sciatic nerve; a rheumatic affection of the hip joint, or of the parts surrounding it. — Sci- atic, a. Pert, to, or affecting, the hip. [F. sci- atique, LL. sciaticus, corrupt, of L. ischiadiciis, Gr. ischiadikos, subject to pains in the loins, fr. ischion, the socket of the thigh.] Science, si'ens, n. Exact and comprehensive infor- mation, skill, or expertness; investigation of truth for its own sake ; that which is known ; knowl- edge duly arranged, and referred to general truths and principles on which it is founded, and from which it is derived. [F. ; L. scientia, fr. scire, to know ; s. rt. skill.] — Scientific, -tif'ik, a. Agree- ing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of science. [F. scientifique ; h.facere, to make.] — Sci- entiflcal, -ically, adv. In a scientific manner; ac- cording to the principles of science. — Sci'olist, -o-list, n. One who knows anything superficially; a smatterer. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius, knowing, fr. scirr.] — Sci'olism, -lizm, n. Superficial knowledge. Scilicet, sil'T-set. To wit; namely, — of ten abbr. to sc, or .«. [L., contr. fr. scire licet, you may know.] Scimiter, -itar, sim^I-ter, n. A short sword with a convex edge or recurved point. [See Cimeter.] Scintillate, sin'til-lat, v. i. To emit sparks, or fine igneous particles; to 6parkle, as the fixed stars. [L. sciutillare, -latum, fr. scintilla, a spark.] — Scinlil- lant, a. Emitting sparks; sparkling. — Scintilla'- tion, n. Act of scintillating; act of emitting sparks, or of twinkling. [F.] Sciography. Same as Sciagraphy. Sciolism, etc. See under Science. Sciomachy, Scioptic. etc. Sec under Sciagraphy. Scion, si'un, n. A shoot or twig of a plant, esp. when cut for ingrafting in a stock; acion; a descendant; an heir. [F.: see Cion.] Scire-facias, si're-fa'shY-as, n. (Law.) A judicial writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the party proceeded against to show cause why the party bringing it should not have advantage ot such record, or why the record should not be annulled. [L., cause you to know J Scirrhous, skirlus, a. Proceeding from, or of the nature of, scirrhus; indurated; knotty. — n. ; L.jil. -rhi, E. pi. -RHUSES. {Med.) An indolent indura- tion, particularly of the glands; a hard, cancerous growth, which emits a creaking sound when incised. [LateL., fr. Gr. skirros, skiros, a hardened swelling, fr. skiros, hard.] — Scirrhoslty, -T-tt, n. A morbid induration, as of a gland. Scissel, sis'sel, n. Clippings of metals made in va- rious mechanical operations. — Scis'sile, -sil, a. Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instru- ment. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissnm, to cut, split; s. rt. abscind, schism, etc.] — Scis'sion, sizh'un, n. Act of cutting or dividing by an edged instrument; state of being cut; division; separation. [L. scissio, fr. scindere.] — Scis'sure, sizh'er, n. A longitudinal opening made by cutting ; a cleft; fissure. [L. scis- sura.] Scissors, siz'zerz, n. pi. A cutting instrument con- sisting of 2 cutting blades movable on a pin in the center. [OF. cisoires, later ciseaux, pi. of ciseau, cisel = E. chisel, q. v.; not fr. L. scissor (fr. scindere, scissum, to cut;, a carver, gladiator, in LL. a butch- er (a person, not an instrument), but confused with it.] — Scis'sor, v. t. To cut with scissors or shears. Scissure. See under Scissel. Sclave, sklav, n. One belonging to the Slavonic race; the Slavonic language. [See Slave.] — Sclavonic, Sclavo'nian, -nT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Slavonia, or the country inhabited by the Slavic race. — n. A native or inhabitant of Slavonia; the language of the Slavic race. Sclerema, skle-re'ma, n. (Med.) Induration of the cellular tissue. [Gr. skleros, hard.] — Sclerotic, a. Hard; firm.— n. (Anat.) The firm, white, outer coat of the eye: see Eye. Scobs, skobz, n. sing. & )>l. Raspings of ivory, harts- horn, metals, etc.; the dross of metals. [L. scobs or scobis, fr. scabere, to scrape.] Scoff, Skof, V. i. [SCOFFED (skoft), SCOFFING.] To show insolent ridicule, mockery, or derision: to utter contumelious language; to sneer, mock, gibe, jeer.— — v. t. To treat with derision or scorn ; to mock at. — n. Expression of scorn or contempt. [OFries. schof,& scoff, taunt, Ic. skaup, skop, mockery, ridi- cule, OD. schobben,to scoff, mock; s. rt. MHG. schup- fen = E. shove.] — Scoffer, n. — Scoffingly, adv. Scold, skold, v. i. To find fault, chide sharply or coarsely. — v.t. To chide with rudeness and bois- terous clamor; to rate; to rebuke or reprove with severity. — n. One who scolds; esp., a rude, clamor- ous, foul-mouthed woman; shrew; a scolding. [D. schold, imp. of scheldan, G. shelten, to scold, Ic. skjalla, to clash, clatter, slam, Lithuan. skaliti, to bark : see Scald, reciter of poems, also Shrill.] — Scold'er, n. Scollop, skol'lup, n. A kind of shell-fish; an indent- sQn, cObe, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, chair, get. SCONCE 512 SCRABBLE Sconce. mg like those of a scollop shell. — v. t. To form or cut with scollops. [See Scallop.] Sconce, skons, n. A fortification ; a fort ; a helmet ;« the head; skull ; brains ; sense ; discretion ; a protection for a light; a fixed hanging or project- ing candlestick ; the circular tube, with a brim, in a candle- stick, into which the candle is inserted. [OD. schantse, a for- tress, Dan. skandse, fort, quarter- deck, G. sc/tunze, fort, redoubt, bulwark, OF. esconse, a dark- lantern, prob. all fr. OF. escon- ser, L. abscondere, to hide, cover; s. rt. abscond, ensconce.'] Scoop, skoop, n. A large, deep, thin-bladed shovel for grain ; a smaller instrument for sugar, flour, etc.; a large ladle; a vessel for bailing boats. (Surg.) A spoon-shaped vessel, used to extract certain for- eign bodies. A basin-like cavity ; a sweep; stroke ; Bwoop. (Stock Exchange.) A sudden" breaking down of prices, in order to buy stocks at cheaper rates, followed by a rise. — v. t. [scooped (skoopt), scooping.] To take out with a scoop, or with a sweeping motion; to empty by lading; to make hol- low, as a scoop or dish; to excavate. [Sw. skopa, OD. schoepe, schuppe, a scoop, shovel: perh. s. rt. shovel, Gr. skuphos. a cup, skaptein. to dig.] — Scoop'-net, n. A hand-net to dip fish from a river, etc. Scope, skop, n. That at which one aims; the thing, or end, to which the mind directs its view; room or opportunity for free outlook or aim: amplitude of opportunity ; free course or vent; length; extent; sweep ; design ; intention ; tendency ; drift. [It. scopo, Gr. skopos, a mark to shoot at, fr. skeptomai, I consider, see = E. S]W.] Scorbutic, skor-bu'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to, resembling, or affected with scurvy. [LL. scorbutus, LG. schor- bock, D. scheurbuik, scurvy, orig. rupture of the belly; LG. scheren, D. scheuren, to rend; LG. buuk, D. bulk, belly; s. rt. shear.} Scorch, skSrch, v. t. [scorched (sc&rcht), scorch- ing.] To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel by heat, the surface of; to affect painfully with heat, or as with heat. — v. i. To be burnt on the surface, be parched, be dried up. [ME. scorken, scorcle, D. schroken, LG. schroeggen, to scorch, singe ; prob. onomat.; cf. Bohem. sskwrliti, to singe, sskwrciti, to crackleor fizz on the fire.] Score, skor, n. A notch or incision; esp., a mark for keeping account of something; tally-mark; an ac- count or reckoning; bill; indebtedness; reason; mo- tive; sake; the number of 20, as being marked off by a special score or tally. (Mus.) The original and en- tire draught, or its transcript, of a musical composi- tion, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices, — so called from the bar, which was for- merly drawn through all the parts. — v. t. [scored (skord), scoring.] To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; esp., to mark with significant lines or notches, for keeping account of something; to mark or signify by lines or notches; to set down, charge; to write down (music) in proper order and arrange- ment. [AS. scor, 20, sceran, to shear, cut; s. rt. shear.'] Scoria, sko'rf-a, n. ; pi -rl*:, -rY-e. The recrement of metals infusion; slag; dross; the very light, cellular, slaggy lavas of a volcano; volcanic cinders. [L.; Gr. skoiia, refuse, dross, scum, skor, AS. scearn, Ic. skarn, Skr. cakrit, L. stercus, dung, dirt: see Scorn.] — Sco- ria'ceous, -a'shus, a. Pert, to dross ; partaking of the nature of scoria. — Sco'rifica'tion, n. (Metal.) Act of reducing a body into scoria. — Sco'rify, -rt-fi, v.t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To reduce to scoria or drossy matter. [L./aeere, to make.] — Sco'riform, a. Like scoria; in the form of dross. [L. forma, form.] Scorn, skorn, n. Extreme and passionate contempt; that which is scorned ; an object of extreme dis- dain; derision; contumely; slight; dishonor. — v. t. [scorned (skdrnd), scorning.] To hold in extreme contempt, contemn, despise, neglect, disregard. [OF. escarn, It. scherno, O.HG. skeni, scorn, mockery, de- rision; perh. s. rt. scoria, i. e. a throwing of dirt; perh. s. rt. Gr. skairein, to skip, dance.] — Scomber, «.— Scorn'ful, -ful, a. Full of scorn or contempt; disdainful ; reproachful ; insolent. — Scorn'fully, adv. Scorpion, ekSr'pT-un, n. An animal allied to the spider, having an elongated body, terminated by a long, slender tail formed of 6 joints, the last, of which termi- nates in a very acute sting, which effuses a venomous liquid. scorpion. (Astron.) The Sthsign of the zodiac. (Ichth.) The red, spiny hogfish of the Mediterranean. [F. ; L. scorpio, Gr. skorpios ; s. rt. sharp.] Scortatory, skSr'ta-to-rT, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, fornication or lewdness. [L. scortator, a fornicator, fr. scortari, to fornicate, scortum, a prostitute.] Scot, skot, n. A portion of money assessed or paid; a tax; contribution; mulct; fine. [Same as shot; AS. scot, sceot, orig. a contribution, lit. that which is shot into a general fund, fr. sceotan, to shoot, OFries.and Ic. skot, a shot, also a payment, tax.] — Scot '-free, a. Free from payment or scot; untaxed; unhurt; clear; safe. Scot, skot, n. A native or inhabitant of Scotland. [AS. Scottas, L. Scoti, the Scots.] — Scotch, Scots, Scot- tish, a. Of, or pert, to, Scotland or its inhabitants. — Scotch'man, n. A Scot. — Seofticism, -sizm, n. An idiom or expression peculiar to the Scots. Scotch, skoch, v. t. [scotched (skocht), scotching.] To support (a wheel) by placing some obstacle to pre- vent its rolling. [Walach. ascot, a prop, ascoter, to prop, F. accoter, to underprop.] Scotch, skoch, v. t. To chop off a bit of the bark, skin, or surface of; to wound superficially, —n. A slight cut ; shallow incision. [ProvE. scutch, to strike slightly, cleanse flax, Nbrw. skoka, a swingle for beating flax; perh. s. rt. shock, shake.] — Scotch''- or Scotched'-collops, n. pi. Veal cut into small pieces. Scotomy, skot'o-mT, n. Dizziness or swimming of the head, with dimness of sight. [Gr. skotomia, fr. sko- toun, to darken, skotos, darkness.] — Scot'ograph, -o-graf, n. An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. [Gr. skotos and graphein, to write.] Scoundrel, skown'drel, n. A mean, worthless fellow; rascal; base villain. — a. Low; base; mean; unprin- cipled. [ProvE. and Scot, skunner, scunner, AS. scu- nian, to shun.] — Scoun'drelism, -izm, a. Baseness; turpitude; rascality. Scour, skowr, v. t. [scoured (skowrd), scouring.] To rub hard with something rough, for the purpose of cleaning; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc.; to purge violently; to remove by rubbing or cleansing; to pass swiftly over, range, traverse thoroughly, —v. i. To clean anything by rubbing; to cleanse; to be purged to excess; to run with celerity. — n. A diarrhoea or dysentery in cattle. [OF. escurer, Olt. scurare, to scour (dishes, etc.), L. excurare, to take great care of, fr. ex, intensive, and curare, to take care of, fr. cur a = E. care.] Scourge, skerj, n. A lash; a strap or cord, esp. one used to inflict pain or punishment; a whip; a pun- ishment, or means of inflicting punishment. — v. t. [scourged (skerjd), scourging.] To whip severely, lash; to afflict for sins or faults, and with the pur- pose of correction. [OF. escargie, Olt. scoria, a whip, scourge, L. excoriata, a strip of leather for a whip, prob. fern, of p. p. of excoriare, to strip of skin, fr. ex and coriurn, skin.] — Scour'ger, n. Scout, skowt, n. A person sent out to gain and bring in tidings, esp. of the movements and condition of an enemy; a spy. — v. t. To spy out, watch for; to pass over or through, for the purpose of spying out; to re- connoiter. — v. i. To act as a scout. [OF. escovte, spy, f r. escouter, L. auscultare, to hear with attention, to listen to.] Scout, skowt, v. t. To sneer at, treat with contempt. [Ic. skuta, a taunt, also to jut out, Sw. skjuta, to shoot, shove, push; s. rt. shoot.] Scow, skow, n. A large, flat-bottomed boat. [D. schouw, a ferry-boat, fr. schouwen, G. schauen, to look, see.] Scowl, skowl, v. i. [scowled (skowld), scowling.] To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; to look gloomy, dark, or tempestuous. — n. The wrinkling of the brows in frowning: gloom; dark or rude aspect. [Dan. skule, to scowl, cast down the eyes, Ic- skolla, D. scuilen, to skulk, lurk, lie hid: prob. s. rt. Dan ski id, Ic. skjol, shelter, E. skulk.] Scrabble, skrab'bi, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to scramble; am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, t5ne, Qr ; SCRAG 513 SCRIBE to scribble, scrawl. — n. Act of scrabbling: a scram- ble. [For scrapvle, freq. of scrape: see Scramble.] Scrag, skrag, ?;. Something thin or lean with rough- ness; esp.. a neck piece of meat. [ProvE., a crooked branch, also a lean person, scrog, a stunted bush; Sw. dial, skrokk, anything deformed, ukrugeg, crooked; s. rt. Ga. sgreag, to shrivel, E. shrink.] — Scrag'ged, -gy, -gT, a. Rough with irregular points; lean with roughness. — Scrag'gedness, n. Scramble, skram'bl, v. i. [-bleu (-bid), -bling.] To go on all-fours, clamber with hands and knees; to struggle with others for something thrown upon the ground. — v. t. To mix and cook in a confused mass.— n. Act of scrambling; climbing on all-fours, or clambering; act of jostling and pushing for some- thing desired. [Freq. of ProvE. scram, to rake to- gether with the hands, scramp, to catch at, snatch; b. rt. scrape, scramble.] — Scram'bler, n. 8crap, skrap, n. Something scraped off; a-small piece; bit; fragment; pi. the skinny substance that remains after trying animal fat. [Ic. skrap, Dan. skrab, Sw. afskrap, scraps, trash, refuse; Ic. and Sw. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, to scrape, AS. scearpian, to scarify, scearp = E. sharp.] — Scrap'-book, n. A blank book in which extracts cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept. — Scrape, skrap, v. t. [scraped (skrapt), scraping.] To rub the surface of with a sharp or rough instrument; to abrade; to remove by rubbing or grating; to collect by harsh, coarse, and laborious effort ; to express disapprobation of by noisy movements of the feet upon the floor. — v. i. To rub over the surface of anything with something which roughens or removes it; to play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a violin, etc.; to make an awkward bow, witn a drawing back of the foot. — n. A rubbing over with something harsh; the effect produced by rubbing, as of a scraping instrument, of the foot, etc.; an awkwardly obsequious bow; a disagreeable and embarrassing predicament. — To scrape acquaintance. To make one's self acquainted, — a phrase introduced from the practice of scraping in bowing.— Scrap'er, n. An instrument with which anything is scraped; one who scrapes. — Scrap'ing, n. Something scraped off. Scratch, skrach, v. t. [scratched (skracht), scratch- ing.] To rub, tear, or mark the surface of, with something sharp or ragged ; to wound slightly ; to scrape with the nails ; to dig or excavate with the claws; to erase.— !', i. To use the claws in tearing or digging.— To scratch out. To erase, rub out, obliter- ate.— n. A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching; a slight furrow or mark; a slight wound or incision ; a kind of wig covering only a portion of the head. (Pugilistic Matches.) A line across the prize ring, up to which boxers are brought when they join fight ; test, trial, or proof of courage. A count in billiards made unintentionally, — called in Eng , a. fluke, pi. (Far.) A disease in horses con- sisting of dry chaps or scabs, between the heel and pastern joint. [ME. scratten, cracchen, Sw. kratsa, Dan. kradse, G. kratzen, to scratch, scrape ; s. rt. grate, Gr. keirein, to shear, Skr. kri, to injure, qri, to wound: see Scrape.] Scrawl, skrawl, v. t. [scrawled (skrawld), scrawl- ing.] To draw or write awkwardly and irregularly; to scribble. — v. i. To write unskillf ullv and inele- gantly.— n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; or a piece of hasty, bad writing; a ragged, broken branch of a tree ; brush. [Same as crawl and scrabble.] — ScrawKer, n. Screak, skrek, v. i. [screaked (skrekt), screaking.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound or outcry; to scream, creak, as a door or wheel. — n. A creak- ing; screech. [Onomat.; same as creak: see Scream, etc.] Scream, skrem, v. i. [screamed (skremd), scream- ing.] To utter a sudden, sharp outcry, as in a fright or extreme pain; to shriek, — n. Ashriek, or sharo, shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; a shriek, screech. [Ic. skrsema, Sw. skrama, to scare, terrify, Sw. skran, a scream, skria, G. schreieit. D. schreijen, to cry aloud, shriek; s. rt. screech, shriek.] Screech, skrech, v. i. [screeched (skrecht), screech- ing.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry, as in terror or acute pain ; to scream, shriek. — n. A harsh, shrill cry, uttered in acute pain, or in a sudden fritrht ; a harsh, shrill cry, as of a fowl. [ME. sa-iken, schriken, Ic. skrsskja, to screech ; s. rt. Skr. kharj, to creak, Russ. skrejetate, to gnash the teeth, E. shrike, scream, q : v.] — Screech'-owl, n. An owl that utters a harsh, disagreeable cry. Screed, skred, n. (Arch.) A strip of mortar or wood placed on a wall, etc., as a guide in plastering. [AS. screade. a leaf, shred, q. v. J Screed, skred, n. A harangue or tirade, generally shrill or disagreeable. [Scot.] Screen, skren, n. Anything that shelters or protects from danger, prevents inconvenience, shuts off view, etc.; a long, coarse riddle, or sieve. — v. t. [screened (skrend), screening.] To provide with a shelter or means of concealment ; to protect by hiding, con- ceal, shelter, protect, defend ; to pass through a screen. [OF. escran, a screen to protect one from the fire, perh. fr. G. schranne, a railing, schranke, a barrier; perh. s. rt. L. scrinium = E. shrine.] Screw, skroo, n. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perfora- tion, having a continuous rib or thread winding round it spirally, — one of the 6 mechanical powers: see Mechanical Powers ; a small metal cylinder with sharp point, spiral thread, and slotted head, used in place of a nail ; anything shaped or acting like a screw ; esp., a form of wheel for propelling steam- vessels ; a miser ; skinflint ; sharp bar- gainer ; a harsh, inexorable instructor ; a persistent questioner ; a small quan- tity of tobacco, etc., twisted up in a piece of paper; a steam-vessel pro- pelled by a screw instead of wheels.— v. t. [screwed (skrood), screwing.] To press, fasten, or make firm by a screw ; to force, squeeze, press ; to use violent means toward; to deform by contortions; to distort. [ME. scrue, OF. escroue, a screw, prop, the cavity within which the male screw works, fr. L. scrobs, scrobis, a ditch, groove, in LL. the trench made by swine boring in the ground.] — Screw'-driv'er, n. An implement for turning screws, resembling a blunt chisel. — -jack, n. A contrivance for raising great weights through short lifts by means of a stout screw working in a nut or female screw in the body of the instrument. — pine, n. A tree or bush hav- ing long, lanceolate leaves, like those of the pine- apple, arranged spirally about the trunk, whence the name: it grows in loose, sandy, or marshy places, on tropical islands of the Old World and the Pacific Ocean. — propel'ler, n. A steam- vessel propelled by a screw ; also the screw, or spiral-blad- ed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam- vessels: see Ship. Screw, skroo, n. A vi- cious horse. [Same, as shrew.] Scribe, skrlb, n. One who writes; esp., an official or public wri- ter. (Jewish & Sacred Hist.) A writer and a doctor of the law ; Screw-propeller. one who read and explained the law to the people — v. t. [scribed (skrlbd), scribing.] (Carp.) To mark or fit by a rule or compasses; to fit (one edge of a board, etc.) to another edge, or to a surface. [F.; L. scriba, a scribe, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write, orig. to scratch, cut slightly ; s. rt. L. scrobs, a ditch (see Screw), scalpere, to cut, Gr. graphein =AS. grit fen = E. grave, q. v., E. ascribe, circumscribe, etc., manuscript, nondescript, shrift, etc.] — Scrib'ble, skrYb'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To write with haste, or without regard to correctness or elegance ; to +i 1 1 or cover with worthless writing. — v. i. To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl.— n. Careless writing. [Freq. fr. scribe; cf. G. schreibler, a scribbler, fr. schreiben, to write.] — Scrib'bler, n. One who scribbles; a writer of no reputation.— Scrip, n. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a certifi- cate of stock subscribed to a company, or of a share of other joint property; one of the forms of certifi- cate given in exchange for a loan. [Corrupt, of script.] — Script, n. (Laiv.) An original instrument or document. (Print.) A kind of type made in imi- tation of handwriting. ^£i? 'Z-t^^e t-a t^4. rfit. [OF. escript, a writing, L. scriptum, thing written, neut. of p. p. of scribere.]— Scrip'tory, -to-rY, a. Ex- pressed in writing. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere.] — Scripfure. Rkrip'ohur, n. Anything written; a eCn, cube, full ; moon, ffiot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, toNboN, chair, get. SCRIMMAGE 514 SCURF writing; the books of the Old and New Testament ; the Bible, —chiefly in pi. [OF. escripture,~L.scriptHra, a writing, fern, of f ut. p. of scribere.] — Script'ural, a. Contained in the Scriptures ; according to the Scriptures. — Scripfurist, n. One strongly attached to, or versed in, the Scriptures. —Scrive'ner, skriv r - ner, n. One who draws contracts or other writings, or who places money at interest; a copyist; notary. [OF. escrivain, It. scrivano, LL. scribanus, a notary, fr. L. scriba.] Scrimmage, skrirn'mej, n. A confused row or contest. [Same as skirmish.'] Scrimp, skrimp, v. t. [scrimped (skrimt), scrimping.] To make too small or short, limit, straiten, scant. [G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen, to shrink, shrivel.] Scrip, skrip, n. A small bag ; wallet ; satchel. [Ic, Norweg., and OSw. skreppa, bag, knapsack ; 8. rt. G. scherbe = E. shred, E. sa-ap, scarf.] Scrip, Scripture, Scrivener, etc. See under Scribe. Scrofula, skrofu-la, n. (Med.) A constitutional dis- ease, generally hereditary, which affects the lym- phatic glands, oftenest those of the neck; king's- evil. [L. scrofulse, scrofulous swellings, pi. of scrof- ula, a little pig, dim. of scrofa, a breeding sow, perh. because swine are subject to that complaint, or by comparison of the swellings to little pigs: of. Gr. choirades, scrofulous glands, fr. choiros, a pig; s. rt. L. scrobs, a ditch : see Scribe, Screw.] — Scrof- ulous, -u-lus, a. Pert, to, or diseased with, scrofula. Scroll, skrol, n. A roll of paper or parchment ; a schedule. (Arch.) A con- . volved or spiral ornament ; I the volute of the Ionic and L Corinthian capital. A mark or flourish added to a per- son's signature to a writing. [ME. scroue, OF. escroue, LL. escroa, f r. OD. schroode, a strip, slip of paper, schro- den, to cut off; s. rt. Ic. skra, Scroll, a scroll, E. shred, shai-d.] Scrotum, skro'tum, n. (Anat.) The bag which con- tains the testicles. [L.] — Scro'tiform, -tl-iorm, a. Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped. [L. forma, form.] Scrub, skrub, v. t. [scrubbed (skrubd), -bing.] To rub hard, rub with a brush, or with something coarse or rough. — v. i. To be diligent and penu- rious. — n. One who labors hard and lives mean- ly; something small and mean; a worn-out brush; close, low growth of bushes. (Stock-breeding.) One of the common cattle, etc., of a region, of no par- ticular breed; a native. [D. schrobben, Dan. skrubbe, to scrub, rub, skrubbet, rough, rugged, Norweg. skrubb = AS. scrobb = E. shrub, D. schrobber, a swab- ber, hog, scoundrel, fool.] — Scrub'bed, a. Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby. — Serub'by, -M, a. [-bier; -biest.] Small and mean ; stunted in growth. — Scrub'-oak, n. Popular name for several dwarfish species of oak. Scruple, skroo'pl, n. A weight of 20 grains, the J of a dram; a very small quantity; hesitation as to ac- tion from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient. — v. i. [scrupled (-pld), -fling.] To be reluctant as regards decision or action; to doubt, hesitate. [F. scrupule, L. scritpuhis, a small, sharp stone, the 24th of an ounce, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus, a rough or sharp stone; s. rt. Skr. kshur, to cut, scratch, knur, chhur, to cut, Gr. skuron, chip- pings of stone, xuron, a razor, E. shear.] — Scru' r - pler, n. One who scruples or hesitates. — Scru'pu- lous, -pu-lus, a. Full of scruples; cautious in decis- ion from a fear of offending or doin<* wrong; care- ful ; cautious ; exact. — Scrupulously, adv. In a scrupulous manner; with a nice regard to minute particulars or to exact propriety.— Scru'pulousness, -pulos'ity, -Y-tY, n. State or quality of being scru- pulous; niceness, exactness, or caution in determin- ing or in acting, from a regard to truth, propriety, or expediency. Scrutiny, skru'tY-nY, n. Close search ; minute in- quiry ; critical examination. [L. scrutimum, fr. scrutari, to search carefully, orig. to search even to the rags, fr. scruta, gruta, Gr. grute, old trash, broken pieces; prob. s. rt. scruple.] — Scru'tinize, v. t. J>nized (-nlzd), -nizing.] To search closely, ex- amine into critically. Scrutoire, skru-twQr', n. A kind of desk or cabinet, with a lid opening downward for writing on it. [Same as escritoire.] Scud, skud, v. i. To be driven or to flee or fly with haste; to fly. (Naut.) To be driven with precipita- tion before a tempest, with little or no sail spread. — v. t. To pass over quickly. — n. Act of scudding; a driving along; loose, vapory clouds driven swiitfv by the wind. [ProvE. scut, scoot = E. shoot; Daii. skyde, to shoot, push, shove; s. rt. scuttle.] Scuffle, skuf'fl, n. A struggle or trial of strength be- tween two persons, who grapple closely; a confusei/ quarrel or contest; fight. — v.i. [scuffled (-fld/ -fling.] To strive or struggle with close grapple ,• to contend tumultuously. [Sw. skuffa, to push, shove, jog, OD. shuffelen, to drive on, run away; s. it D. schuiven = E. shove, also E. shuffle.] — Scuffler, v - Sculk. See Skulk. Scull, skul, n. A boat; an oar so short that one man can work a pair; a single oar placed over the stern to propel a boat. — v. t. [sculled (skuld), -ling.] (Naut.) To impel a boat by moving and turning an oar over the stern ; to row, — said of 1 person using a pair of short oars. [Prob. fr. Norse skol, splashing, dashing, Ic. skola, to wash.] — SculKer, n. A boat rowed Dy 1 man with 2 sculls; one who sculls, or rows with sculls. Scullery, skuKler-Y, n. A place where dishes, kettles, etc., are kept; an apartment attached to the kitchen, where the dirty work is done. [Successively corrupt. swiller, squiller, squillery, scullery; orig, fr. AS. Sicilian, Ic. skyla, to wash, rinse, swill, q. v.; perh. confused with OF. escuelle, L. scutella, a dish; not s. rt. scullion.] Scullion, skuryun, n. A servant who does menial services in the kitchen. [F. escouillon, escouvillon, a dishclout, Sp. escobillon, a sponge for cleaning a cannon, dim. f r. escoba, It. and L. scopa, a brush, broom; not s. rt. scullery.] Sculpin, skuKpin, n. A small salt water fish fur- nished with spines. Sculpture, skulp'chur, n. The art of carving or cutting wood, stone, or other material into' statues, ornaments, etc.; carved work.- v. t. [sculptured (-churd), -Turing.] To form with acuipm. the chisel on wood, stone, or metal ; to carve, en« grave. [F. ; L. sculptura, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to carve; s. rt. Gr. gluphein, to engrave, hollow out, E. scurf] — Sculptural, -chur-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Sculp'tor, n. One who sculptures; one who carves images or figures. Scum, skum, n. The impurities which rise to the surface of liquids, in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means; scoria; dross; refuse; that which is vile or worthless. — ?;, t. [scummed (skumd),-MiNG.] To take the scum from; to skim. [Dan., Ic, and Sw. skum, OHG. scum, G. schaum, Ir. spurn ; s. rt. meerschaum ; not s. rt. L. spuma, foam.] — Scum'mer, n. An instrument used for taking off the scum of liquors; a skimmer. — Scum'ble, v. t. [scum bled (-bid), -bling.] To cover lightly, or spread thinly (a painting, drawing, etc.) with opaque or semi-opaque colors. Scupper, skup'per^i. (Naut.) A channel cut through the water-ways and side of a ship, for carrying off water from the deck. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit out.] — Scup'per-hose, n. A pipe attached to the mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. — nail, n. A nail with a broad head, for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. Scuppernong, skup'per-nong, n. A kind of Amer. muscadine or fox -grape, growing both wild and cultivated, from Virginia to Florida. Scurf, skerf, n. A dry scab or exfoliation of the dry external scales of the skin of an animal; anything adhering to the surface. [AS., fr. sceorfan, to scrape, gnaw; s. rt. sculpture.] — Scurfy, -Y, a. [-ier; -iest.] Having scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf. — Scurf'iness, n— Scur'vy, -vY, n. (Med.) A disease of sailors and others who have been deprived of fresh provisions, characterized by livid spots of va- rious sizes, paleness, languor, depression of spirits, general exhaustion, pains in the limbs, spongv and bleeding gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous membranes. — a. [scurvier; -viest.] Cov- ered or affected by scurf or scabs; scurfy; diseased with the scurvy ;" vile ; mean ; low ; contemptible. [Same as scurfy.] — Scur^vily, -vY-lY, adv. In a scur- vy manner : basely ; meanly. — Scur'viness, n. — Scur'vy-grass, n. A plant growing on rocks near the sea, often used as a remedy for the scurvy. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 6r ; SCURRILE 515 SEAL Scurrile, skur'ril, a. Such as befits a buffoon or vul- gar jester; grossly opprobrious in language; low; mean. [L. scurrilis, fr. scwra, a buffoon, jester.] — Scur'rilous, -ril-us, a. Using low and indecent lan- guage; containing low indecency or abuse; offen- sive ; gross ; vile ; foul ; foul - mouthed ; mean. — Scur'rilously, adv. In a scurrilous manner.— Scur''- rilousness, -ril'ity, -T-tT, n. Scurvy, etc. See under Scurf. Scut, skut, n. The tail of a hare or other animal whose tail is short. [W. cwtt, a little piece, cwtta, bob-tailed.] Scutch, skuch, v. t. [scutched (skucht), -inc.] To beat or whip slightly; to dress (flax, etc.) by beat- ing and separating woody fiber from. (Cotton Man- «/7) To beat and loosen the fiber of (filaments of cotton). [Same as Scotch.] Scutate, Scutcheon, etc. See under Scutum. Scuttle, skut'tl, n. A broad, shallow basket; a wide- mouthed vessel for holding coal. [AS. scutel, a disk, bowl, L. scutella, a salver, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish, platter; prob. s. rt. L. scutum, q. v., E. skillet.] Scuttle, skuftl, n. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid; the lid or door which closes an opening in a wall, roof, etc. — v. t. [scuttled (-tld), -tlixg.] To cut large holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (a ship); to sink (a ship) by making holes through the bottom. [OF. escoutilles, Sp. escotilla, hatchway of a ship, es- cotar, to cut out.] Scuttle, skuftl, v. I. To hurry, bustle, — n. A quick pace; Bhort run. [Freq. of scud.] Scutum, sku'tum, n. An oblong shield carried by the heavy infantry of the ancient Romans. (Anat.) The patella or knee-pan. (Entom.) The 2d part or sec- tion of the upper surface of a segment of an insect. L. : see Escutcheon and Esquire.] — Scutch'eon, skuch'un, n. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield: see Escutcheon; an ornamental brass plate placed over a kev-hole. [Abbr. of escutcheon . fr. L. scutum.] — Scutifbrm, -tt-form, a. Having the form of a buckler or shield. [L. forma, form. ]~ Scu'tate, -tat, a. (Bot.) Shaped like an ancient buckler. (Zool.) Protected by a surface of scales. Scymetar. See Cimeter. Scythe, sith, n. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, etc., composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a handle. [AS.. sidhe; s. rt. saw, section, sickle.] — o n „i„t„T™* Scythe'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who Scutate Leaf - uses a scythe; a mower. Scythian, sith'Y-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Scythia, a name anciently given to a vast, undefined territory of N. Asia and Europe adjoining to Asia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Scythia; language of the Scythians. Sea, se, n. The ocean; a limited or partially inclosed portion of the ocean; one of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's sur- face; an inland body of water; a lake; a flood; any large quantity; the swell of the ocean or other body of water in a tempest; a high wave or billow; a surge. [AS. sse, D. zee, G. see ; perh. s. rt. Gr. huei, it rains, Skr. su, to press out juice, soma, juice, sava, juice, water.] — Half seas over. Half drunk. — On the high seas. In the open sea, the common highway of na- tions. — Sea'man, n. A mariner; sailor. — Sea'man- sbip, n. The skill of a good seaman; art of working a ship. — Sea'sick, a. Affected with nausea from the pitching or rolling of a vessel. — Sea'sickness, n. The sickness caused by, etc. — Sea'ward, a. and adv. Toward the sea. — Sea'-anem'one, -a-nem'o- ne, n. A kind of polyp re- sembling a flower.— -bank, n. The sea-shore; a bank or mole to defend against the sea. board, n. The sea- shore. — adv. Toward the eea. [F. bord, side.]— -boat, n. A vessel considered with reference to her pow- er of resisting a storm.— -born, a. Born of, pro- duced by, or born at sea. — -breach, n. Irruption of the sea by breaking the banks. — breeze, n. A wind, or current of air, blow- ing from the sea upon land. calf, n. A marine ani- Sea-anemone. mal, the common seal. — -cap'tain, n. The captain of a sea-going vessel. — coal, n. Coal brought by sea, — a name formerly used for mineral coal. — -coast, n. The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. — el'ephant. n. A species of seal, of great size, and remarkable for the prolongation of the nose, in the male, into an erectile, soft, elastic snout. — far'er, n. One who follows the seas; a mar- iner; a sailor. — failing, a. Following the business of a seaman ; customarily employed in navigation.— -fight, n. An engagement between ships at sea; a naval action. — fish, n. Any fish that lives usually in saltwater. — fowl, n. A marine fowl; any bird that lives by the sea, and procures its food from salt water. — gage, n. The depth that a vessel sinks in the water. god, n. A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to preside over the ocean or sea, as Neptune. — go'ing, a. Going upon the sea; esp., sailing upon the deep sea. — green, a. Having the color of sea-water; being of a faint green color, with a slightly bluish tinge. hog, n. The porpoise. — -horse, n. The walrus; the hippocampus, q. v. — isl'- and, u. Pert, to islands in the sea, — used esp. of a fine long-staple cotton growing on the islands on the coast of S. Carolina and Georgia. — kale, n. A plant found growing along sandy snores, the young shoots and leaf-stalks of which are used as foo'd. king, n. One of the leaders of piratical squadrons among the Danes, etc.; a Norse pirate chief. — lev'el, n. The level of the surface of the sea, used as a standard from which to estimate heights and depths. — li'on, n. A seal of large size,— esp. ap- plied to cer- tain large seals, with manes resem- b 1 i n g the lion's. — -maid, n. The mermaid ; a sea-nymph. — . -mark, n. An \ elevated ob-l ject on land I which serves : as a direction' to mariners; &\ beacon visible j from the sea. — mew, n. A gull; mew. — na'vel, n. A kind of small shell-fish. — net'tle.w. A medusa having the property of sting- ing when touched. — ot'ter, n. An aquatic mammif- erous animal found in the N. Pacific, and having valuable fur. — piece, n. A picture representing a scene at sea. — port, n. A port on the sea-shore; an ocean harbor. — room, n. Ample space or distance from land, shoals, or rocks, sufficient for a ship to drive or scud without danger of shipwreck. — ser'- pent, n. A serpent-like animal of great size, sup- posed to dwell in the sea, now commonly reckoned as fabulous; a kind of eel found in the Mediterrane- an; a large marine serpent found in the Australian seas. — shell, «. A marine shell; a shell that grows in the sea. shore, n. The coast of the sea. {Law.) All the ground between the ordinary high-water and low-wa- ter marks. — term, n. A word or term used ap- propriately by seamen, or peculiar to the art of navigation. u'nicorn, n. The narwhal. — ur- chin, n. A radiate ani- Sea-urchin. mal of the class of echinoderms, having a firm shell and covered with spines; the echi- nus. weed, n. A marine plant, esp. one of the Alg se. — wor'- thy, a. Fit for a voyage ; worthy to be trusted to transport a car- go. Seal, s e 1, n. An Seal. Sea-lion. sun. cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, lien, boicboN . chair, get SEAL 516 SECRET aquatic fur-bearing carnivorous mammal of many species, inhabiting sea-coasts, and found principally in the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. [AS. seol, seolh, 1c. selr, OHG. selah ; prob. s. rt. Gr. sela- c/ios.jl kind of fish, hals, L. sal, salt (water).] Seal, sel, n. An engraved or inscribed stamp, for mak- ing an impression in wax, etc.; wax, or other tena- cious substance, set to an instrument and stamped with a seal; the wax or wafer fastening a letter or other inclosed paper; that which confirms, ratifies, makes stable, or authenticates.— v. t. [sealed (seld), sealing.] To set or affix a seal to; to confirm, rat- ify: to mark with a stamp, as an evidence of stand- ard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality ; to fasten with a seal; to shut or keep close, make fast, keep secure or secret. {Mormon.) To take to one's self, or assign to another, as a 2d or additional wife. [ME. and OF. seel, L. sigillum, a seal, mark, lit. a little sign ; s. rt. L. signum, a sign, q. v.] — SeaK- er, n. One who seals; esp., an officer who seals writs, stamps weights and measures, etc. — Seal'ing-wax, n. A compound of resinous materials, pigments, etc., used for sealing letters, etc. Seam, sem, n. The fold or line on the surface of cloth formed by the sewing together of 2 different pieces; a line of junction; suture. (Geol. & Mining.) A nar- row vein between 2 thicker ones. A scar; cicatrix.— [seamed (semd), seaming.] To form a seam or of, join by sewing togeth something resembling a seam, scar; to knit with a upon or of, join by sewing together; to mark with certain stitch. [AS., fr. siwian, L. suere — E. sew, q. v.] — Seam'less, a. Without a seam. — Seam'y, -Y, a. Containing or showing seams. — Seamstress, sem / '- or semStres, n. A woman whose occupation is sewing; needle-woman. [ME. semster, AS. seam- ster, a_man or woman who makes or deals in clothes.] Seam, sem, n. A denomination of weight or measure; as, the quantity of 8 bushels of grain; or of 120 pounds of glass; or a horse-load of timber, of about 3cwt. fOF. somme, soume, a load for a horse: see Sumpter.] Seance, sa-axs / ', n. Session, as of some public body; esp., a meeting for spiritualistic manifestations. [F., fr. lj._sedens, n. pr. of severe, to sit.] Sear, sere, v. t. [seared (serd), searing.] To wither, dry up; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or hardness of the surface: to scorch, make callous. — a. Dry ; withered. [Written also sere.] [AS. sear, OD. sore, LG. soor, dry, Skr. cush, to be- come dry or withered; s. rt. Gr. hauein, to parch, austeros, dry, rough, E. austere, sorrel ; not s. rt. Gr. xeros, dry.] — SearSdness, n. State of being seared, cauterized, or hardened; hardness; insensibility. Search, serch, v. t. [searched (sercht), searching.] To look over or through, for the purpose of finding something; to inquire after, look for; to try or put to the test; to explore, examine, scrutinize, investi- gate, pry into. — v. i. To seek, look, make inquiry or exploration, hunt. — n. Act of, etc.; examina- tion; inquiry; quest; pursuit. [OF. cercher, LL. cer- care, circare, to go about, seek, fr. L. circum, cir- ca, around.] — SearchSble, a. Capable of being searched, examined, or explored. — SearchSr, n. — Search'-war'rant, n. (Law.) A warrant legally is- sued, authorizing persons to search houses, or other places, for_goods"stolen, secreted, or concealed. Sear-cloth, ser'kloth, n. A cloth to cover a sore; a plas- ter. [AS. sar-cladh, a sore cloth: see Sore.] Season, se'zn, n. One of the 4 divisions of the year, spring, summer, autumn, winter; a suitable or con- venient time; proper conjuncture; a certain period of time not very long; a while; time. — v. t. [sea- soned (-znd), -soning.] To render suitable or ap- propriate, prepare; to habituate, accustom; to pre- pare by drying or hardening, or removal of natu- ral juices; to render palatable, give zest or relish to, spice; to fit for enjoyment, render agreeable; to qualify by admixture, temper; to imbue; to com- municate first instruction to. — v. i. To become mature, grow fit for use, become adapted to a cli- mate ; to become dry and hard, as timber. [OF. seson, LL. satio, a season, time of year, L. satio, a sowing, planting, f r. serere, solum, to sow, q. v.] — In season. In good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. — Out of s. Beyond or out of the proper or usual time. — Seasonable, a. Occurring in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose; opportune; timely; fit; convenient.— SeaSonableness, w. — Seasonably, adv. In due time; in time convenient; sufficiently early. — Sea'- aonor. n. — Seasoning, n. That which is added to food, to give it a higher relish; a condiment; some- thing added or mixed, to enhance the pleasure of enjoyment. Seat, set, n. The place or thing upon which one sits; place where anything is situated, resides, or abides: station; site; abode; something made to be set in or upon; that part of a thing on which a person sits; a right to sit; regular place of sitting; posture or way of sitting of a person on horseback. (Mach.) A part on which another part rests. — v. t. To place on a seat, cause to sit down; to station, locate, es- tablish, fix; to assign a seat to, or the seats of; to fix, set firm; to repair bv making the seat new. [AS. set, setl (= E. settle), 1c. sseti; s. rt. sit, q. v.] Sebaceous, se-baShus, a. Made of, pert, to, contain- ing, or secreting tallow or fat. (Bot.) Looking like wax, tallow, or grease. fL. sebum, tallow, suet.] Secant. See under Section. Secede, se-sed'', v. i. To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; esp., in the U. S., to withdraw, as a State, from the National Union. [L. secedere, secessum, fr. se (short for sed, without; s. rt. L. se, Skr. sva, one's own self), away, apart, aside, and cedere, to go, move.] — SecedSr, n. — Se- cession, -sesh'un, n. Act of seceding ; separation from fellowship or association. (U. S. Hist.) The attempt to withdraw from the National Union. [L. secessio.] — Secessionist, n. One who takes part in or upholds secession. Secern, se-sern / \ v. t. [-cerned (-sernd'), -cerning/j To separate, distinguish. (Physiol.) To secrete. [L. secernere, to separate: see Secret.]— Secern'ment. n. Process or act of secreting. Seckel, sek'l, n. A small, pulpy variety of pear. Seclude, se-klud r . v. t. To shut up apart from others; to withdraw into solitude; to shut out, prevent from entering, exclude. [L. secludere, -clusum, fr. se, aside (see Secede), and claudere, to shut.] — Seclu'- sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; sep- aration from society or connection; solitude; retire- ment; privacv. Second, sek'und, a. Immediately following the 1st: next to the 1st in order of place or time; next in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank. — n. One who follows or comes after; one next and inferior in place, time, rank, etc.- one who attends another for his support and aid; one who acts as another's aid in a duel; the l-60th of a minute of time or of a degree, that is, the second regular division next to the hour or degrees. (Mus.) The interval between any tone and the tone represented on the degree of the staff- next above it; the 2d part in a concerted piece, — often popularly applied to the alto. pi. A coarse kind of flour. — v. t. To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting: to support, back, assist, forward, encourage ; to support (a motion or pro- posal) by adding one's voice to that of the mover or proposer. [F. ; L. secundus, the 2d, f r. sequi, to fol- low, — the only ordinal number of F. etym. ; s. rt. sequence, sect, sept.]— Sec'ondary, -und-a-rT, a. Succeeding next in order to the 1st; of 2d place, origin, rank, etc.; acting by deputation or delegated authority ; second-rate ; subordinate ; inferior.— n. One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or aux- iliary place. (Astron.) A satellite. (Oi-nith.) A quill growing on the 2d bone of a bird's wing. — Secon- dary color. One formed by equal mixture of the pigments of any 2 primary colors. — S- tint. Any subdued tint, — as gray. — Secondarily, adv. In a secondary manner or degree ; not primarily. — Sec- onder, n. One who seconds or supports what an- other attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes. — Sec- ondly, -IT, adv. In the 2d place. — SeCond-hand, re. The hand marking the seconds in a clock or watch; possession obtained by transfer from a previous owner. — a. Not original or primary; not new; pre- viously possessed or used by another. — Sec'ond- rate, a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or value. sight, n. The power of seeing things future or distant; prophetic vision. — Sec^undine, -din, n. (Bot.) The 2d coat of an ovule, pi. (Ohstet.) The membranes in which the fetus is wrapped in the womb; the after-birth. Secret, se'kret, a. Separate ; hid ; concealed from general notice or knowledge ; kept from general knowledge or solution ; known only to one or to few; retired; unseen; unknown; private; recondite; latent; covert; clandestine; privy. — n. Something studiously concealed ; a thing kept from general knowledge, or not discovered; a mystery, pi. The genital organs. [OF.; L. secretus, p. p. of secernert, to put apart, fr. se- and cemere, to separate, sift: see 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; SECT 517 SEDATE Coxcern; s. rt. skill.] —In secret. In a private place ; in privacy or secrecy ; in a state or place not seen ; privately. — Se'crecy, -kre-sT, n. State of being se- cret; retirement; privacy; concealment; fidelity to a secret.- _Se'cretly, adv. —Secretness, n. — Se- crete', -kref, v. t. To deposit in a place of hiding, remove from observation. (Physiol.) To separate by the processes of the vital economy, from the cir- culating fluids, as the blood, sap, etc. — Secre'tion, n. Act of secreting; esp., production from the gen- eral nourishing substance, of particular substances in the vital economy ; matter secreted. [OF.] — Se- creti'tious, -tisb/us, a. Produced by animal secre tion. — Secret 'ive, -kret'iv, a. Tending to secrete or to keep secret or private. — Secret'iveness, n Quality of being secretive. (Phren.) The supposed organ in the brain, impelling one to concealment : see Phrenology.— Secretory, se'kre-to- or se-kref- o-rt, a. Performing the office of secretion.— Secre- tary, -re-ta-ri, n. A person employed by a public body, company, individual, etc., to write letters, dis- patches, public or private papers, records, etc., or to superintend business correspondence, etc.; an officer m charge of the affairs of a particular department Df government ; a piece of furniture with conven- iences for writing : an escritoire. [F. secretaire, LL. iecrc'arius, a confidential officer, L. secretarium, a secret place, conclave, fr. secretus.] — Secretaryship, n. The office of a sec- retary . — S o c ' r e t a r y- bird, n. A serpent-eating Dird of S. Africa, with an aquiline head and Deak, the legs of a crane, and a lengthened crest and tail, — so called from the tufts of feath- ers at the back of its head, resembling pens stuck behind the ear. Sect, sekt, n. A body of persons who have sep- arated from others in virtue of some special doctrine, or set of doc- «-,„,.<>«..„.„ w~i trines, which they hold Secretary-bird, in common; a school or denomination; esp., a relig- ious denomination. [ME. and F. secte, LL. secta, sect, faction, troop, company of one opinion, also, in LL., a quality of cloth, suit of clothes, suit at law, L. secta, a party, faction, lit. a follower ; s. rt. L. sequi, to follow, E. sequence, second, sept ; cf . Gr. hepetes, a follower, hepomai, I follow ; not fr. L. se- cure, to out.] — Sectary, -ta-rT, n. A sectarian ; a member or adherent of a sect ; a schismatic. — Sec- tarian, -ri-an, a. Pert, or peculiar to a sect or sects ; devoted to the tenets and interests of a sect. — n. One of a sect ; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philo- sophical party ; heretic; partisan; schismatic— Sec- tarianism, -i'zm, n. Quality or character of a sec- tarian; devotion to the interests of a party. Section, sek'shun, n. Act of cutting, or of "separation by cutting ; a part separated from the rest ; a divis- ion ; portion ; a distinct part of a book or writing ; subdivison of a chapter, law, or other writing ; the character §, used to denote such a division; a distinct part of a country, people, community, class, etc. ; one of the portions," of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the IT. S. are divided. (Geom.) The intersection of 2 superficies, or of a superficies and a solid. Representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; pro- file. [F. ; L. sectio, fr. secare, secturn, to cut ; s. rt. Russ. sieche, to hew, Lithuan. sykis, a stroke, cut, E. segment, saw, sickle, scythe, bisect, dissect, scion, sedge, risk.) — SeCtional, a. Pert, to a section; par- tial. — Sectionalism, -izm, n. Sectional feeling ; devotion to one part of a country, to the exclusion of the others; provincialism. — SeCtile, -til, a. Ca- pable of being cut. (Min.) , Capable of being cut * smoothly. [L. sectilis.] — Se'eant, a. Cutting ; di- viding into 2 parts. — ??,. (Geom.) A line that cuts another. ( Trigonometry.) A right line drawn from the center of a circle through one end of an arc, and terminated by a tan- Secant. gent drawn through the other end ; thus the line c d is the secant of the arc a b : see Co-secant. [L. secans, p. pr. of secure.] — SeCtor, -ter, n. (<3eo»*.} A part of a circle compre- ft hended between 2 radii and the j included arc. A mathematical ' instrument, for plotting, etc., to any scale : an astronomical in- strument, for measuring differ- ences of declination too great for the compass of a microm- eter. [L.] — Seg'ment, n. One of the part- into which any body naturally separates or is divided ; a part cut or marked off; a section; portion. (Geom.) A part cut off from a figure by a line or plane ; esp., that part of a circle contained between *~r- a chord and an arc of that circle. / [L. segmentum, for secmentum, I piece cut off, fr. secure.] Secular, sek'u-lar, a. Coming or \ observed once in an age or cen- tury ; pert, to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long pe- riod of time; pert, to this present world, or to things not spiritual Segment, or holy ; worldly. (Born. Cath. a b, chord ; act, Church.) Not bound by monastic segment, vows or rules. — n. An ecclesiastic not bound by monastic rules. (Eccl.) A church officer whose functions are confined to the vocal department oi the choir. [OF. seculier, L. swcularis, worldly, be- longing to the age, fr. seeculum, a generation, age, prob. orig. a seed, race; s. rt. sow.] — SeculaCity, -laCi-tT, n. Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness. — SeCularize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To convert from regular or monastic into secular; to convert from spiritual to secular or common use; to make worldly or unspiritual.— Sec'- ulariza'tion, n. Act of rendering secular, or state of being rendered secular ; conversion from relig- ious to lay possession and uses. — Secularly, adv.— SeCularness, n. — Secularist, n. One who rejects forms of religious faith and worship, and accepts only facts and influences derived from the present life ; one who would exclude religious influences from civil policy, esp. from education. — SeCular- ism, -izm, n. Tenets or practice of, etc. Secundine. See under Second. Secure, se-kur', a. Free from care or anxiety ; easy in mind ; over-confident ; confident in opinion ; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt ; not exposed to danger ; safe ; easy ; sure ; certain; assured ; confident ; heedless ; inattentive. — v. t. [secured (-kurd'), -curing.] To make safe, guard, protect; to make certain, assure, insure; to make fast; to close, inclose, or confine effectually; to get possession of, make one's self secure of. [L. securus, fr. se, free from, and cura, care.] — Secure'- ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or ap- prehension; without danger; safely. — Secure'ness, n. — Secu'rity, -Y-ti, n. Condition of being secure ; freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; over' carelessness; negligence; freedom from risk ; safe- ty; that which secures or makes safe ; something given or deposited to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, payment of a debt, etc. ; one who be- comes surety for another; <= an evidence of debt or oi e* property, as a bond, cer- m tificate of stock, etc. [F. ^ securite", L. securitas.] Sedan, se-dan', n. A port- able chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person. [Fr. Sedan, France, where it was first made.] Sedate, se-daf, a. Unruffled by passion ; composed ; calm; quiet; tranquil; serene; undisturbed; sober; serious. [L. sedutus, p. p. of sedure, to allay, calm, settle, causal of sedere= E. to sit, q. v.] — Sedately, adv. — Sedate'ness, n. — Sed'ative, -a-tiv, a. Tend- ing to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; allaying irri- tability and irritation. — ??. (Med.) A remedy which allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activ- Sedan. sun, cube, full ; moon, fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. SEDGE 518 SEIGNIOR Sedilium. ity or pain. [F. se'datif.] — Sed'entary, -en-ta-rt, a. Accustomed to sit much or long ; requiring much Bitting; passed for the most part in sitting. [F. seden- taire, L. sedentarius, fr. seder-e.] — Sed'entariness, n. — Sediment, -I-ment, n. The matter which sub- sides to the bottom, from water or any other liquid; settlings; lees; dregs; feculence. [OF.; L. sedimen- tum, f r. sedere.] — Sediment'ary, -a-r 1, a. Pert, to, formed by, or consisting of, matter that has subsided. — Sedillum, -T-um, n. pi. -ia, -f-a. {Bom. Antiq.) One of a row of seats in the amphi- theater. {Eccl.) A seat in the chan- cel, near the altar, for a priest or deacon during the eucharistic ser- vice. Sedge, sej, n. A grass-like plant, of many species, — it is innutritious, with jointless stem and sharp-edged leaves, growing generally in wet grounds. [ME. and LG. segge, AS. secg, lit. cutter, sword -grass; s. rt. section.'] — Sedg'y, -I, a. Overgrown with sedge. Sediment, Sedilium, etc. See under Sedate. Sedition, se-dish'un, n. The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrection; excitement of resist- ance to lawful authority; tumult; up- roar; riot; rebellion; revolt. [OF.; L. seditio, fr. se, sed, and itio, a going, f r. ire, itum, to go.] — Sedi'tionary, -a-rt, n. An inciter or promoter of sedition. — Sedi'tious, -dish'us, a. Pert, to, partaking of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedition; turbulent; factious, or guilty of se- dition. [OF. seditieux.]— Seditiously, adv.— Sedi'- tiousness, n. Sedlitz Powders, sedlits-powMerz. Certain aperient powders which are dissolved separately in water, and, when mixed, form an effervescing drink; Ro- chelle powders. [Fr. Sedlitz, in Bohemia.] Seduce, se-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; to induce to surrender chastity; to allure, entice, mis- lead, decoy, inveigle. [L. seducere, fr. se and ducere, ductum, to lead : see Duke.] — Seduce'ment, n. Act of seducing; seduction; means employed to seduce. — Sedu'cer, n. One who seduces; one who prevails by art and persuasions over the chastity of a woman. — Sedu'cible, a. Capable of being seduced or led astray.— Sedudion, -duk'shun, n. Act of seducing, or of enticing from the path of duty; act or crime of persuading a female to surrender her chastity ; that which seduces; means of leading astray. [OF.; L. seductio.] — Seduclive, -tiv, a. Tending to lead astray. Sedulous, sed'u-lus, a. Diligent in application or pur- suit; steadily industrious; assiduous; laborious; un- remitted. [L. sedulus; prob. s. rt. Skr. asadija, to approach, reach, attack, Gr. hodos, a way, and not s. rt. L. sedere = E. sit.] — Sed'ulously, adv. — Sed r - ulousness, n. — Sedulity, -ll-tt, n. Quality of being sedulous ; unremitting industry. [F. sedulite", L. sedulitas.] See, se, n. A diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; the seat of an archbishop ; a province or jurisdiction of an archbishop; seat, place, or office of the pope or Roman pontiff; the pope or court of Rome. [ME. and OF. se, fr. L. sedes, a seat, f r. sedere = E. to sit, q. v.] See, se, v. t. [imp. saw; p. p. seen (sen) ; seeing.] To perceive by the eye; to perceive by mental vision, form an idea or conception of; to regard or look to, take care of, beware ; to have an interview with; esp., to make a call upon, visit; to fall in with, meet or associate with; to make acquaintance with, experi- ence, discern, perceive, descry. — v. i. To have the power of sight; to have intellectual apprehension; to be attentive, pay regard, give heed. [AS. seon, sion (imp. seah, p. p. gesegen, gesewen), T> L zien, Dan. see, OHG. sehan; s. rt. sight.] — Seer, ser, n. One who foresees events ; a prophet. — Seeding, p. pr. but considered a conj. In view of the fact that ; considering ; taking into account that ; inasmuch as; since. Seed, sed, n. {Bot.) The embryo, with its envelope or envelopes, or the matured ovule, whose growth gives origin to a new plant. {Physiol.) The generative fluid of the male ; semen. That from which any- thing springs : first principle ; principle of produc- tion ; progeny ; offspring ; children ; descendants; Seed. of orthotropoua seed ; r, raphe ; h, the fu- ture hilum ; /, funicu- lus, connecting seed with placenta; m, mi- cropyle or foramen of the ovule ; p, pri- mine ; s, secundine ; n, nucleus ; es, en- dosperm ; ch, chala- race ; generation ; birth. — v. i. To grow to maturity, so as to produce seed; to shed the seed. — v. t. To sprinkle with seed, or as if with seed; to sow. [AS. and Dan. seed ; s. rt. sow.] — Seedling, n. A plant reared from the seed, disting. fr. one propagated by layers, buds, etc. — Seeds'man, n. ; pi. -men. A person who deals in seeds; also, a sower. — Seed'y, -Y, a. [-ier; -iest.] Abounding with seeds; bearing seeds ; run to seed ; old and worn out; poor and misera- ble looking; shabbily clothed. — Seed'-bud, n. {Bot.) The germ, germen, or rudiment of the fruit in embryo ; the ovule. cake, n. A sweet cake containing aro- matic seeds. — -time, n. The season proper for sowing. — A, section of anatro -ves'sel, n. {Bot.) The case pous seed ; .8, section which contains the seeds; apod. Seeing._ See under See. Seek, sek, v. t. [sought (sawt), j seeking.] To go in search or quest of, try to find; to endeav- or to find or gain by any means. — v. i. To make search or in- quiry; to endeavor, attempt, strive. [AS. secan, to seek, Goth, sakan, to strive ; s. rt. sake, za " beseech .] — Seek'er, n. One who seeks; an inquirer; one of a sect who profess no determinate religion. Seel, sel, v. t. [seeled (seld), seeling.] To render incapable of seeing by sewing the eyelids together; to shut the eyes of, render blind. [OF. siller, ciller, fr. cil, L. cilium, an eyelash, lit. a covering; s. rt. L. celare = E. conceal, also E. cell, domicile.] Seem, sem, v. i. (seemed (semd), seeming.] To have a show or semblance; to present an appearance, ap- pear, look. [AS. seman, geseman, to satisfy, concili- ate, Ic. ssema, to honor, conform to, ssemr, becom- ing, fit, soma, to beseem.] — Seem'er, n. One who seems; one who carries an appearance or semblance. — Seeming, p. a. Appearing like; having the sem- blance of; apparent; specious. — n. Appearance; show ; semblance ; fair appearance. — Seem'ingly, adv. In appearance; apparently; ostensibly.— Seem''- ingness, «.— Seemly, -IT, a. [-lier; -liest.] Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character ; be- coming; fit; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; decent; decorous. [Ic. sserniligr, seemly, becoming; s. rt. Goth, samjan, to please, lit. to be the same, to be like, fit, suit, Ic. samr = E. same.] — Seem'li- ness, n. Seen, Seer. See See. Seesaw. See under Saw. Seethe, seth, v. t. [imp. seethed (sethd), obs. sod ; p. p. SEETHED, SODDEN; SEETHING.] To deCOCt Or prepare for food in hot liquid ; to boil. — v. i. To be in state of ebullition ; to boil. [AS. seodhan (imp. seadh, p. p. soden), D. zieden, OHG. siodan, prob. orig. to burn, Goth, sauths, a burnt-offering, sacrifice, Ic svidha, to burn, singe, also a burning ; s. rt. sod, suds.] Segment. See under Section. Segregate, seg're-gat, v. t. To separate from others, set apart. — a. Separate ; select. [L. segregare, -gatum, fr. se and gregare, to collect into a herd, fr. grex, gregis, flock or herd.] — Segregation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; separation from others; a parting. [OF.] Seidlitz, sld'hts. See Sedlitz. Seignior, sen'yer, n. A lord; lord of a manor, — the Eng. equivalent of the Sp. Senor and It. Signor, titles of address corresponding to Sir or Mr. [OF. seign- eur, fr. L. senior, elder, hence an elder, a lord : see Senior.] —Grand Seignior. The sultan of Turkey. — Seigneu'rial, -u'rT-al, a. Pert, to the lord of a manor ; manorial ; vested with large powers ; inde- pendent. [OF.] — Seigniorage, -y5r-ej, n. Some- thing claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign pre- rogative ; a certain toll or deduction on bullion brought to a mint to be coined; profit or percentage, as the money paid on a copyright by a publisher to an author. — Seigniory, -yer-X, n. Power or au- thority of a lord; dominion; a lordship; manor. [OF. seigneurie.] — Sefi'or, san'yor, w. Lord ; sir ; gentleman, — Spanish title of address. [Sp., f r. L. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice } Sdd, tone, dr ; SEINE 519 SEMI-ANNUAL senior.] — Senor'a, -yor'a, n. Lady ; madam ; mis- tress. [Sp., fern, of seiior.] — Signlor, Sign'or, sen'- ygr, n. Sir; Mr., — Italian title. [It. si. zelaen, OHG. seldan; &. rt. L. silere, to be silent, q. v.] Select, se-lekt', v. t. To choose and take from a num- ber, choose by preference, pick out, cull— a. Taken from a number by preference; of special value or excellence; chosen; picked; choice. [_L. seligere, se- lection, fr. se and legere, to gather.] — Selec'tion, n. Act of selecting, or state of being selected; choice, by preference, from many others; that selected ; something chosen or culled, also the selection of things culled. — Natural selection. The survival of the fittest: see Darwinian. — Select'man, n. ; pi. -men. A town officer in the N. Eng. States: several are chosen annually, in each town, to manage the concerns of the town, see that the laws are enforced, etc. — Selecfor, -er, n. [L.J — Select/ness, n. Selenite, sel'e-mt, n. A variety of sulphate of lime or gypsum, occurring in transparent crystals, or crystalline masses. [L. and Gr. se Unites, fr.Gr.se- lene, the moon, — so called from a resemblance in luster or appearance to the moon.] — Selenoglaphy, -ra-fT, n. A description of the surface of the moon. [Gr. selene and yraphein, to describe.] Self, self, n. ; pi. Selves, selvz. The individual as an object to his own reflective consciousness ; one's own person; a person as a distinct individual: per- sonal interest, or love of private interest. [Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pronom- inal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction : thus, for emphasis, I myself will write; I will ex- amine for myself. It is also used reflexively.] [AS. self, also seolf, siolf, silf, sylf, D. zelf, G. selbe, selbst ; perh. s. rt. L. se, Skr. sva, one's own self.] — Self- ish, a. Caring chiefly or solely for self or for one's own interests; not regarding the rights or interests of others ; proceeding from or influenced by love of self. — Selfishly, adv. In a selfish manner; with regard to private interest only or chiefly. — Self- ishness, n. — Self-abase'ment, n. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of infe- riority, guilt, or shame. — abuse'', n. Abuse of one's own person or powers; masturbation; onan- ism. — conceit"", n. Conceit of one's self ; a high opinion of one's powers or endowments ; vanity. conceifed, a. Having, etc. ; vain; puffed up ; conceited. — confidence, n. Confidence in one's own opinion or powers, without extraneous aid; self-reliance. con'scious, a. Conscious of one's acts or states as belonging to, or originating in, one's self; conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of others ; estimating too highlv one's capacities, claims, or importance. control'*, n. Control of one's self : restraint exercised over one's self. — defense', -defence', n. Act of defend- ing one's own person, property, or reputation. — -denfal, n. The denial of one's self; the forbear- ing to gratify one's own appetites or desires, —-es- teem'', n. Esteem or good opinion of one's self; complacency.— -evident, a. Lvident without proof or reasoning; producing certainty or clear convic- tion upon a Dare presentation to the mind. — exisf- ent, a. Existing of or by himself, independent o! any other being. — government, n. The govern- ment of one's self ; self-control ; government by the mass of the nation, or the people ; democracy. — -in'terest, n. Private interest ; the interest or ad- vantage of one's self. — love, n. The love of one's 6elf ; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advan- tage. — made, a. Made by one's self . — Self-made man. A man who has risen from poverty, igno- rance, or obscurity, to wealth, learning, fame, oi power, by means of his own talents or energies. — -posses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'un, n. The posses* sion of one's powers ; calmness; self-command; presence of mind. — reproach', a. The act of re- proaching or condemning one's self. — same, a. Precisely the same ; the very same ; identical. — -sufn''cient, a. Having full confidence in one's own strength, abilities, or endowments; haughty; over- bearing. — will, n. One's own will; obstinacy. — -willed'', -wild, a. Governed by one's own will; not yielding to the will or wishes of others. — Sel'vage, -vedge, -vej, n. The edge of cloth so woven as to prevent raveling; list. \=self-edye, i. e., forming an edge to itself without a hem; cf. D. zeUkant, a selvedge, fr. zelf, self, and kant, edge, brink, seam.] Sell, Seller. See under Sale. Sellanders, sellan-derz, -lenders, ». ? /. (Far.) A skin disease on the front of a horse's lock, owing to a want of cleanliness. [F. solandres, iOlandre.] Selvage, -vedge. See under Self. Semaphore, sem'a-for, n. An apparatus for exhibit- ing signals to convey in- ^_^ ^^_ formation from a dis- HllBfe tance; a telegraph. [Gr. ^^. sema, a sign, and phora, JHS a carrying, fr. /therein, to flj^B \ I carry.]— Semaphorlc, J^F -ical, -fSrlk-al, a. Pert, to semaphores; telegraph- ic. Semblance, sem'blans, n. Seeming; appearance : show .- form ; likeness ; resemblance ; similitude. [F., fr. sembler, to seem, resemble, fr. L. similare, simulure, to imitate, fr. similis, like : see Si ji u- LATE.] Semen, se'men, n. See esp. the fecundating fluid produced by the male gen- erative organs of animals ; sperm whence serere,seri, satum — E. to sow, q. v.] — Senf - inal, senfY-nal, a. Pert, to, or contained in, seed; holding the relations of seed, source, or first princi- ple; germinal; radical; rudimental; original. [F.; L. seminalis, fr. semen, sembds.] — Semina tion, n. Act of sowing. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. [L. seminatio, fr. seminare, -natv.m, to sow, fr. semen.] — Seminif ic, -ical, a. Forming or producing seed, or the originative principle. [L. facere, to make.] — Seminary, -T-na-rT, n. An institution of education; a school, academy, college, or university, in which young persons are instructed. [L. seminarium. orig. a seed-garden, fr. seminarius, belonging to seed, fr. semen.] — Semina'rian, -rT-an, Senfinarist, n. One educated in a seminary; esp., a Rom. Cath. priest educated in a foreign seminary. Semi-annual, sem-T-an , nu-al, a. Half yearly. [L. semi- (= Gr. hemi-, AS. sam-, Skr. sami, half, prob. fr. samya, equality, fr. sama, even, equal, like = E. same), half, and E. annual.] — Semi-an'nually, adv. Every half year. — Semi-anliular, a. Having the figure of a half circle ; half-round. — Semlbreve, -bs-ev, n. (Mus.) A note, of half the time of the breve,— called also a whole note: it is the longest note now in general use . — Seml-cho'rus, n. (Mus.) A short chorus performed by a few singers. — Semlcir'cle, n. The half of a circle; a body in the form of half of a circle. — SemiciT'cular, a. Having the form of half of a circle. — Semicolon, n. A point or senten- Semaphore. [L.. fr. rt. se, Semicircle. sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. SEMITIC* 520 SENSE tfal mark [;] used to indicate a separation between parts or members of a sentence, more distinct than that marked by a comma, and a pause in reading usually of longer duration. — Sem'idiamSter, n. Half of a diameter ; a right line, or the length o± a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference; a radi- us.— Sem'i-diaphSnous, -afS-nus, a. Half or im- perfectly diaphanous or transparent; translucent. — Semi-fluid, a. Imperfectly fluid. — Semi-lu'nar, -lu'nate, a. Resembling in form a half moon. — Semi-offiSial, a. Not professedly official, but hav- ing some degree of official authority. — Semi-or'di- nate, a. (Conic Sections.) The hull of an ordinate. — SemipSdal, a. Containing a half foot.— Seml- qua'ver, n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration of the quaver; a 16th note.— Seml-Sax'on, n. A term some- times given to the Eng. language during the period of transition from Anglo-Saxon into Middle-English, about the 12th and 13th centuries: see Middle-Eng- lish, under Mid. — Sem'i-spherlc, -ical, a. Having the figure of half a sphere. — Semi-steel, n. Pud- dled steel. — Semitone, n. (Mas.) Half a tone, — the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale. — Sem'itonlc, a. Pert, to, or consisting of a semitone or of semitones. — Semi- vowel, w. (Gram.) A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, and sometimes used in language with the value of vowel ; the sign representing such a sound. Semitic, se-mitlk, a. Pert, to the family of nations or languages of which the Hebrews, Syrians, As- syrians, Phoenicians, Abyssinians, and Arabs are members, — so called because in the Bible genealo- fies they are chiefly ranked as descendants of hem, the son of Noah. Sempiternal, sem-pi-ter'nal, a. Of never-ending duration ; everlasting ; endless ; having beginning, but no end. [F. sempiternel, L. sempitemus, fr. sem- per (for samaper, fr. sama, the same: see Semi-an- nual, and per, through, i. e., the same through, continuing the same), always.] — Sempiter'nity, -nT-ti, n. Future duration without end. Sempstress. See Seamstress. Senary, sen'a-rT. a. Of, belonging to, or containing six. [L. senarius, fr. scni, 6 each, fr. sex = E. six, Q- v.] — Senoc'ular, -nok'u-lar, a. Having 6 eyes [Li. seni, six, and oculus, eye.] Senate, sen'at, n. An assembly or council of citizens distinguished by birth, dignities, wealth, influence, etc., and invested with a share in the government. (Anc. Rome.) A body of elders chosen from the noble* of the nation, and having supreme legisla- tive authority. The upper or less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in France and the U. S.; a legislative body; state council. [ME. and F. senat, fr. L. senatus, the council of eld- ers, senium, old age, senex, old; Vedic Skr. sana, OGr. henos, W. hen, Goth, sins, sineigs, old.] — Sen- ate-house. A house in which a senate meets, or a place of public council. — SenStor, n. A member of a senate. — Senatorial, -to'rT-al, a. Pert, to or becoming a senator or a senate; entitled to electa senator. — Senatolially, adv. In the manner of a senate; with dignity or solemnity. — SenStorship, n. Office or dignity of a senator. — SenesSent, -nesSent, a. Growing old; decaying with the lapse of time. [L. senescens, p. pr. senescere, to grow old, senere, to be old, fr. senex.] — SenesSence, -sens, re. The state of growing old; decay by time. — SenSs- chal, -e-shal; for merly -es-kal, n. A steward; an officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, who has the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies. [OF.; senescal, It. siniscalco, orig. an old, or chief, servant, fr. Goth, sins, old, and skalks, servant; s. rt. marshal.] — Se'nile, -nil, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, age. [L. senilis, fr. senex.] — Se- nility, -uil'i-tT, n. State of being senile; old age. Send, v. t. [sext, sending.] To cause to go in any manner; to dispatch; to procure the going, carry- ing, transmission, etc., of ; to emit, cast, throw, hurl ; to commission or direct to go and act ; to cause to happen, inflict; to grant, bestow. — v. i. To dispatch an agent or messenger. [AS. sendan, MHG. senten, to send, AS. sidh, a journey, a time, MHG. sint, a way, time; s. rt. sense.] Senescent, Seneschal, Senile, etc. See under Senate. Senior, sen'ye'r, a. More advanced in age or rank; elder; belonging to the 4th or most advanced year of the collegiate course in Amer. colleges, or the 3d year in professional schools. — n. One who is older than another; one older in office; one prior in grade or rank; an aged person; one in the 4th year at an Amer. college or in the 3d year at a professional school. [L., compar. fr. rt. of senex, old : see Senate; s. rt. signor, sefior, sire, sir, etc.: see Seign- iok.] — Seniority, -ySr'i-ti, n. Quality or condi- tion of being senior; priority of birth; priority or superiority in office or rank. Senna, sen'na, n. A leguminous plant of the cassia family; its dried leaves, used in medicine as a ca- thartic. [OF. senni, Ar. sana or sena.] Sennight, sen'nit, n. The space of 7 nights and days; a week. [Contr. fr. sevennight; cf. fortnight, fr. fourteennight.] Senocular. See under Senary. Sense, sens, n. Perception by the bodily organs; sen- sation; feeling; perception through the intellect; ap- prehension; discernment; appreciation; capacity of gaining a knowledge of the exterior world by means of the bodily organs, — often used in pi., and esp. of the 5 senses of feeling, sight, hearing, smell, and taste; sound perception and reasoning; judgment; notion; opinion; meaning; import; signification. [F. sens, L. sensus, feeling, sense, p. p. of sentire, to feel, perceive; s. rt. G. sinnen, to think over, reflect upon, E. send, assent, consent, resent, nonsense, presentiment, scent, etc.] — Senseless, a. Destitute of sense; inca- pable of feeling; insensible; wanting appreciation or sympathy; without sensibility; destitute of un- derstanding; foolish; stupid; contrary to reason or sound judgment ; unwise ; ill-judged ; foolish. — Senselessly, adv. — Senselessness, n. — SenSate, -sat, SenSated, a. Perceived by the senses. [L. sen- satus.] — Sensa'tion, n. An impression made upon the sensorium through the medium of the organs of sense; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned by external or internal objects, conditions, etc., whether corporeal or incorporeal; a state of excited interest or feeling. — Sensa'tional, a. Pert, to the sensations; attended by, or fitted to excite, great in- terest; exciting; startling; melodramatic; done sim- ply for effect; trashy, — said of oratory and litera- ture which interests by temporary excitement of the feelings. — Sensa'tionalism, -izm, n. Doctrine that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed. — Sensible, -sT-bl, a. Ca- pable of being perceived by the senses; perceptible to the mind; able to receive impressions from exter- nal objects; easily affected; having nice perception or acute feeling; readily moved or affected by nat- ural agents; perceiving or having perception, either by the senses or the mind; cognizant; satisfied; per- suaded; having moral perception; possessing or con- tainingsense orreason; characterized by good sense; intelligent; wise. [F.; L. sensibilis.) — Sensibility, -T-tT, re. Quality or condition of being sensible; ca- pacity to feel or perceive; capacity of the soul to ex- ercise, or to be the subject of, emotion or feeling, as disting. fr. the intellect and the will; capacity for any specific feeling or emotion; acuteness of sensa- tion or of perception; quick emotion or sympathy; that quality of an instrument which makes it indi- cate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; taste; susceptibility; feeling.— SenSibleness, n. Condition or quality of being sensible; sensibility; susceptibil- ity; intelligence; reasonableness. — SenSibly, adv. In a sensible manner; perceptibly to the senses; with intelligence or good sense.— Sensiflc, a. Producing sensation. [L. sensificus ;facere, to make.] — Sensi- tive, -si-tiv, a. Having sense or feeling; having quick and acute sensibility; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected; having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; pert, to, or depending on, sensa- tion. [F. sensitif.] — Sensitiveness, adv. — Sensi- tiveness, n.— Sensolium, -rT-um, SenSory, -so-rt, n. The whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations; an organ of sense. [LateL. sensorium.] — SenSory, a. Of, or connected with, the sensorium, or with sen- sation. — Sensolial, a. Pert, to the sensorium. — SenSual, -shoo-al, a. Pert, to, consisting in, or af- fecting, the senses, or bodily organs of perception; carnal; fleshly; pert, to, or consisting in, the gratifi- cation of sense, or the indulgence of appetite; de- voted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxuri- ous; voluptuous; pert, or peculiar to sensualism, as a philosophical doctrine. [L. sensualis.] — Sensual- ism, -izm, n. Condition or character of one who is sensual; sensuality. (Philos.) Doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not am, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr i SENTINEL 521 SEPtJLCHER only originate in sensation, but are transformed sen- sations, copies, or relics of sensations; sensational- ism. — Sen'snalist, n. One given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses, — Sensual'ity, -al'I-tl, ru Quality of being sensual; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures. — Sen'sualize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To make sensual; to debase by car- nal_gratitications. — Sen'sually, adv. — Sen'suous, -6hoo-us, a. Pert, to, or addressing, the senses; con- nected with sensible objects. — Sen'tence, -tens, ?j. An opinion; decision; esp., a philosophical or theo- logical opinion. {Law.) A judicial decision 6r judg- ment prescribing the punishment to be inflicted upon a convicted criminal. (Gram.) A combina- tion of words, which is complete as expressing a thought. — V. t. [SENTENCED (-tenst), -TENCIKG.] To pass or pronounce judgment upon ; to doom. [F.: L. sententiu, for sentientia, fr. sentire.] — Sen- ten'tial, -shal, a. Comprising sentences ; pert, to a sentence, or full period. — Senten'tious, -shus, a. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims ; short and energetic. [F. sententieux.] — Senten'- tioualy, adv. With striking brevity. — Senten'tious- ness, n. — Sen'tient, -shent or -sht-ent, a. Having a faculty of sensation and perception. [L. sentiens, p. pr. of sentire.] — Sen'tdment, -tl-ment, n. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; feeling toward or respecting some person or thing; the decision of the mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; a sen- tence, or passage, considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; toast; sensibility; feeling; ten- der susceptibility. [ME. and OF. sentement.] — Sen- timent'al, a. Abounding with sentiment or reflec- tions; having an excess of sentiment or sensibilitv; artificially or affectedly tender; romantic. — Senti- menfalism, n. Character or behavior of a sentiments alist: sentimentality. — Sentimenfalist, n. One who affects sentiment, fine feeling, or exquisite sensibil- ity. — Sen'timentaKity, -T-tT, n. Affectation of fine feelimj or exquisite sensibility. — Sentimenfalize, v. i. To affect exquisite sensibility. — Sentimenf- ally, adv. Sentinel, sen'tT-nel, n. QUI.) A soldier set to watch or guard an army, camp, etc., from surprise. [Prob. fr. OF. sentinelled a short path, i. e., the beat of a sen- tinel, dim. of sentine, sentelle, senteret, dim. of sente, L. semita, a path.] — Sen'try, -trT, n. A soldier on guard ; sentinel ; guard; watch ; duty of a sentinel. [OF. senteret : see above.] — Sen'try-box, n. A box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather. Sepal, se'pal, n. (Bot.) A leaf or division of the calyx. — ^jssss&wl iniir riv t *■ [XL. sepalum.] Separate, sep'a-rat, v. t. To part in any manner; to sev- er, as by an intervening space; to hold apart; to set apart, select from among others. — v. i. To part, be- come disunited be discon- sss Sepals- n e c t e d , withdraw lrom ^ each other. — a. Divided from another or others; disconnected; separated; unconnected; not united; distinct; disunited from the body: incorporeal. [L. separare, -atum, fr. se, aside, and pea-are, to make ready, arrange, separ, different, separate; s. rt. pare, parade, sever.] — Sep'arately, adv. In a separate state; apart; distinctly; singly. — Sep'arateness. n. — Separable, a. Capable of being separated, dis- joined, disunited, or rent. — Sep'arableness, -rabil'- lty, n. — Separation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: disunion; disconnection; chemical analysis'; dis- union of married persons; divorce. [F.] — Separa- tism, -tizm, n. Disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing. — Sep'ara- ti3t, n. One who withdraws or separates himself; esp., one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged ; a dissenter : non-conformist ; schis- matic; sectary. — Sep/ara'tor. n. One who, or that which, separates or disjoins; a divider. — Sep'arato- ry, -ra-to-rT, n. A chemical vessel for separating liq- uors: a surgical instrument for separating the peri- cranium from the cranium.— Separa'triz. n. (Arith.) The decimal point; the dot at the left of a decimal fraction, separating it from the whole number pre- ceding it ; a mark separating different denomina- tions of money, weights, measures, etc. [L.] Sepia. se'pT-a, n. ; pi. -pi.e. (Zobl.) The cuttle-fish. A pigment, formerly supposed to be prepared from the ink of the cuttle-fish; India ink. [L. and Gr., name of the fish.] Sepoy, se'poi, n. A native of India, employed as a soldier in the service of a European power. [Hind. sipahi, a soldier. Per. si/jahi. horseman, soldier, prop. military, belonging to an army, sipah, an army.] Sept. sept, n. A clan, race, or family, proceeding from u common progenitor, — used of the races or families in Ireland. [Same as sect; ME. septe, secte, Proven. ce/itt.] Septangle, sr pt'an'gl, n. (Geom.) A figure with 7 sides and 7 angles ; a heptagon. [L. se/ttem (= E. seven, q. v.) and E. angle. ] — Septan'gular, a. Having 7 angles. — Septem'ber, n. The month following August; the t)th month of the year, reckoning from January. [L., the 7th month of the Roman year, which began with March.]— Sep'tenary, -ten-a-rl t a. Consisting of, or relating to, 7 ; lasting 7 years. [L. septenarius.] — Septen'mal, -nl-al, a. Continu- ing 7 years: happening once in everv 7 vears. [L.sept- ennis; annus, year.] — Septen'trioh. -th-un, n. The north or northern regions. [L. septtntrio, the north- ern regions, the north, septentriones. the 7 stars near the north pole, called the Great Bear, or those called the Little Bear, properly the 7 plow-oxen, because they were compared to a wagon with oxen yoked to it, fr. trio, a plow-ox.] — Septen'trional. a. Of, or pert, to, the north ; northern. — Septilateral, a. Having 7 sides. [L. latus, lateris. a tide.] — Sep''- tuple, -tu-pl, a. Sevenfold ; 7 times as much. — v. t. [septupled (-pld), -pling.] To multiply by 7. LateL. septuplum ; plicare, to fold.] — SeptUrion, -yun, n. According to Eng. notation, the product of a million involved to the 7th power, or the num- ber expressed by a unit with 42 ciphers annexed ; by the common or French notation, the number ex- pressed by a unit with 24 ciphers annexed. See Nu- meration'.— Septin'stdar, -su-lar, a. Consisting of 7 islands. [L. insula, island.] — Sep't jagint. -tu-a- jint, n. A Greek version of the Old Testament,— so called because it was said to be the work of 70, or rather of 72, interpreters. [L. septuaginta, 70; sep- tua-, fr. septem ; -ginta =-ciiua. abbr. fr. decinta, 10th, fr. decern = E. ten, q. v.] — Septuag'ena'rian, -aj'- e-naf- Y-an , n. One who is 70 years of age ; a septuag- enary. — Septuag'enary, -aj'e-na-rT, a. Consisting of 70; also, 70 years old. — n. A person 70 years of age: a septuagenarian. [L. septuagenarius, fr. sep- tuageni, 70 each, fr. septuaginta.] — Septuages'ima, -tu-a-jes'Y-ma, n. (Eccl.) The 3a Sunday before Lent, — so called because it is 70 days before Easter. [L. septuagesimus, the 70th, ordinal of septuaginta.] — Sep'tuages'imal, a. Consisting of 70, or of 70 vears. Se'ptin, sep'tin. Sep'sin, n. A soluble poison devel- oped in putrefying blood and other decomposing animal matter. [Gr. septan, putrid matter.] — Sep'- tic, -tical, a. Having power to promote putrefac- tion. — Sep'tic, u. A substance which, etc. [F. sep- tique, Gr. septikos.] — Septicae'mia, -tl-se'mT-a, -tas'- mia, -te'ml-a, n. (Pathol.) Blood Soisoning produced by the intro- uction of septic matter into the circulation; putrid infection. [Gr. septos, putrid, and haima, blood.] Septum, sep'tum, n. pi. -ta, -ta. A partition. (Bot.) A partition that separates the cells of a frnit. (An- at.) A partition which separates 2 cavities: see Heart. [L., an inclos- ure, hedge, fence, fr. sepire, to hedge in, in- close.] — Septici'dal. -tT-si'dal, a. (Bot.~) Dividing the partitions. — said of a method of dehis- cence in which a pod splits through the partitions, di- viding each into 2 layers. [L. csedere, to cut.] — Septifra / '- gal, a. Breaking from the partitions, — said when the Capsule valves of a pod break away opening by from the partitions. [L./Va/i- Septicidal gere ^ t0 break.] — Septif'er- Demseence. 0rl3 .gr-us, a. Bearing septa. [L./erre. to bear.] Capsule open- Septuple, etc. See under Septangle. in e b y S «P- Sepulcher, -chre, sep'ul-ker, n. A place l*™^ Be- in which the dead body of a human be- hls<:ence - ing is interred; a grave; tomb.— v. t. To bury, inter, Septum. (BoW) 8, 8, 8, 8, Septa. sun. cube, full; moon- f. 6t>t ; cow. oil; liage* or ink. then, boNbo>"- chair, get. SEQUEL 522 SERPENT entomb. [ME. and OF. sepulchre, L. sepulcrum, -chrwrn, fr. sepelire, to bury, prob. orig. to honor show respect to; s. rt. Vedic Skr. saparya, to wor- ship, sap, to honor.] — SepuFchral, -kral, a. Pert, to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; suggestive of a sepulcher; hollow in tone. — Sep'ulture, -ul-chur, n. Act of de- positing a dead human body in a burial place; buri- al; interment. [F. ; L. sepultura.] Sequel, se'kwel, n. That which follows ; a succeed- ing part; continuation; consequence; event. [ME. and OF. sequele, L. sequela, fr. sequi, Skr. sack, to follow ; s. rt. consequent, execute, obsequies, prose- cute, sect, second, sociable, sue, pursue, suit, suite, etc.] — Sequela, -la, n. ; pi. -l^e, -le. One who or that which follows ; inference ; conclusion. (Med.) The consequent of a disease. [L.] — Sequa'cious, nkwa'shus, a. Inclined to follow a leader ; follow- ing ; attendant ; having or observing logical se- quence. [L. sequax, sequacis, f r. sequi.] — Se'quence, -kwens, n. State or quality of being sequent ; suc- cession ; that which follows or succeeds ; conse- quence. (Mus.) A succession of similar harmonic steps. [F. ; L. sequentia, fem. of p. pr. of sequi.] — Se'quent, a. Following ; succeeding. Sequester, se-kwes'ter, v. t. [-teked (-terd), -tering.] {Law.) To separate from the owner for a time; to take possession of (property belonging to another) and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for which it is taken, or till he has performed the de- cree of court, or clears himself of contempt. To take from or set aside from (parties in controversy) and put into the possession of an indifferent person; to set apart, separate from other things; to seclude, withdraw.— v. i. (Law.) To renounce, as a widow, any concern with the estate of her husband. [F. se- questrer, L. sequestrare, to surrender, remove, lay aside, sequester, a mediator, agent, depositary, trus- tee, perh. orig. a follower, fr. sequi: see Sequel.] — Seques'trable, a. Capable of being sequestered. — Sequestrate, v. t. To sequester.— Seq'uestra'tion, sek'wes-tra'shun, n. (Civil & Common Law.) Act of separating or setting aside a thing in controversy from the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. (Chancery.) A prerogative process empower- ing certain commissioners to take and hold a de- fendant's property, and receive the rents and profits thereof, till he clears himself of a contempt or per- forms a decree of the court. (Eccl. Law.) A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have satisfied some debt established by decree. (Interna- tional Law.) The seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due fr. its subjects to the enemy. State of be- ing separated or set aside; retirement; seclusion from society. — Seq'uestra'tor, n. One who sequesters property; one to whom the keeping of sequestered property is committed. [L.] Bequin, se'kwin, n. A gold coin of Italy worth about $2.30, and of Turkey worth about $1.85. [F. ; It. zecchino, fr. zecca, the mint, fr. Ar. sik/cah, a die, stamp.] Sequoia, se-kwoi'a, n. A California species of coni- fer, which produces some of the largest trees known; the red-wood; big tree. [Sequoyah, name of a Cherokee Indian.] Seraglio, se-ral'yo, n. The palace of the grand seign- ior, or Turkish sultan, in which are confined the females of the harem ; a harem ; a house of de- bauchery. [It. serraglio, an inclosure of palisades, fr. It. serrare, to shut, fr. LL. serra, L. sera, a bar for fastening doors ; afterward used for the Per. serQ/i, a palace ; s. rt. series, serried.'] Seraph, ser'af, n. : E. pi. -aphs; Heb. pi. -aphim, -a- fim. (Script.) A celestial being having a winged human form. (Eng. Poetry.) An angel of the high- est order. [Heb. seraphim (in pi. only), exalted ones, prob. an Ar. word.] — Serapb/ic, -ical, se-raf 'ik-al, a. Pert, to, becoming,, or suitable to, a seraph ; an- gelic; sublime; burning or inflamed with love or zeal. — Ser'aphine, -af-en, n. A wind instrument resembling the reed organ. Seraskier, se-ras'ker, n. A general or commander of land forces in the Turkish empire. [Per. ser'asker, fr. ser, head, chief, and Ar. asker, an army.] Sere, ser, a. Dry; withered; sear. See Sear. Serene, se-ren', a. Clear and calm; fair; bright; un- ruffled ; undisturbed. [L. serenus, bright, clear, calm; s. rt. Gr. selene, the moon, lit. the bright one, selas, brightness, Skr. svar, splendor, heaven, E. solar, q. v.] — Serene'ly, adv. In a serene manner; calmly ; quietly; with unruffled temper; coolly.— Serene'ness, -ren'ity, -ren'Y-tf, ». Condition or quality of being serene; peace; calmness of mind. — Serenade, ser'e-nad', n. Music performed in the open air at night in compliment to some person, esp. to a lady. — v. t. To entertain with nocturnal music — v.%. To perform nocturnal music. [F.; It. serenata, music played under a lady's window at night, prop. p. p. of serenare, to make clear, look cheerful and lightsome.] Serf, serf, n. A servant or slave employed in hus- bandry; usually one bound to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil. [F.; L. servus, a slave: see Serve.] — Serfdom, -dum, n. State or condition of serfs. Serge, sSrj, w. A woolen twilled stuff, the warp of which is worsted and the weft woolen. [F.; L. se- rica, prop. fem. of sericus, silken, also pert, to the (Seres, Chinese: see Silk.] — Seri'ceous, -rish'us, a. Pert, to, ar consisting of, silk; silky. [L. sericeus.] Sergeant, -jeant.sar'jent or ser'jent, n. Formerly, an officer in Eng., nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the hundred. (AliL) A non-com- missioned officer, next in rank above the corporal, in a company of infantry or troop of cavalry, whose duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc. In Eng., a lawyer of the highest rank. [OF. sergant, serjant, fr. LL. servients, a servant, vas- sal, soldier, prop. p. pr. of L. servire, to serve, q. v.] — Ser'geant-at-arms', n. (Legislative Bodies.) An officer who executes the commands of the body in preserving order and punishing offenses. — Ser'- geant-ma'jor, n. (Mil.) A non-commissioned officer who assists the adjutant. — Ser'geancy, -jen-si, -geantship, n. Office of, etc. Sericeous. See under Serge. Series, se'rez or se'rT-ez, n. A number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, or connected by a like relation; a line or row of things. (Nat. Hist.) An order or subdivision of some class of nat- ural bodies. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms succeeding one another, increasing or diminishing by a fixed law. [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or bind together; s. rt. Gr. eirein ; to bind, seira, a rope, Skr. sarit, thread; E. seraglio, serried, assert, con- cert, exert, etc.] — Se'rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, to, or con- sisting of, a series; appearing in successive parts. — n. A work appearing in a series or succession of parts; a tale, or other writing, published in succes- sive numbers of a periodical. — Se'ria'tim, adv. In regular order. [L.] Serious, se'rY-us, a. Grave in manner or disposition ; earnest; not light, gay, or volatile; really intending what is said; being in earnest; important; not tri- fling; giving rise to apprehension ; attended with danger ; solemn ; weighty. [OF. serieux, LL. se- riosus, serious, L. serius, grave, earnest; perh. s. rt. G. schwer, weighty, heavy.] — Se'riously, adv. In a serious manner ; gravely ; solemnly ; in earnest; without levity.— Se'riousness, n. — Se'rio-comlc, -ical, -rt-o-komfk-al, a. Having a mixture of se- riousness and comicality. Serjeant. Same as Sergeant. Sermon, ser'mun, n. A public discourse for religious instruction, grounded on some passage of Scripture; a serious address; a set exhortation or reproof . [F.; L. sermo, -rnonis, a speaking, discourse; prob. s. rt. AS. swerian, to 6peak, E. swear.] — Ser'monize, v. i. [-ized (-Tzd),-iziNG.] To compose or write sermons; to preach. — Ser^moniz'er, n. Seron, -roon, se-roon', n. A bale or package made of skin or leather for holding drugs, etc. (Com.) A weight, varying with the substance to which it is applied. [F. serron, Sp. seron, a hamper, sera, a large pannier or basket.] Serosity, Serous. See under Serum. Serpent, ser'pent, n. (Zo'61.) A snake; an ophidian reptile without feet, with an extremely elongated body, and moving by means of muscular contrac- tions and serpentine flexions. A subtle or malicious person ; a species of firework having a serpentine motion. (Astron.) A certain constellation. (Mus.) A bass wind instrument, — so called from its form. [F.; L. serpens, -pentis, p. pr. of serpere, Gr. hei~pein, Skr. srip, to creep, sa?-pa, a snake, L. repere, to creep, E. slip, salt.]— Ser'pentine, -tin, a. Resembling, having the shape or qualities of, or moving like, a serpent; winding or turning one way and the other; meandering; crooked; spiral, —n. (Mm.) A mineral or rock usually of an obscure green color, with am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, I«e ; Odd. tone. Sr < SERRATE 523 SET If Serrate Leaf. shades and spots, which give it a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a ser- pent's skin, [r . serpentin, h.serpenttnus.'] Serrate, ser'rat. -rated, a. Notched on the edge, like a saw. [L. serratus, fr. serra, a saw, prob. tor secra, fr. secare, to cut: see Saw.] — Ser'rature, -ra-chur, n. A notching like that between the - teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. \*i| [L. serratura. a sawing.] ^3 Serum, se'rum, n. (Physiol.) The thin, ^ transparent portion of the blood; a lymph-like fluid secreted by the serous membranes. [L.; Gr. oro-. whey; s. rt. salt.] — Se'rous, -rus, a. Thin; watery; like whey,— said of that part of the blood which separates in coagulation from the red part; pert, to serum; secreting a lubricating se- rum, — said of certain delicate membranes, as the peritoneum, pleura, etc.— Seros'ity, -ros'Y-tT, ». The ! thin, watery liquid forming the chief constituent of j most animal fluids; serum; a fluid which exudes ! from the albumen of the serum of the blood when j coagulated by heat. Serve, sSrv, v. i. [served (sgrvd), servixg.] To work ' for, labor in behalf of, act as servant to, be in the I employment of; esp., to render spiritual obedience and worship to; to he subservient or subordinate to; to minister to; to attend at meals; to bring forward, arrange, d«al, distribute (a portioa of anything, esp. of food prepared for eating); to do the duties 1 required in or for; to handle, manage; to contribute [ or conduce to; to be left sufficient for, satisfy; to treat, behave one's self to. — v. 1. To be a servant or , slave; to wait, attend; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment; to act as a soldier, sea- j man, etc.; to be of use, be sufficient, answer. [F. I servir, L. sen-ire, fr. servus, a servant, perh. orig. a client, a man under one's protection, fr. servare, \ Zend har, to keep, protect ; s. rt. serf, sergeant, con- sent, deserve, desert, subserve, etc.] — To serve an at- tachment, execution, etc. (Laic.) To levy it. — To s. a process or writ. To read it, so as to give due no- tice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. — To s. a warrant. To read it, and to seize ' the person against whom it is issued. — To s. a rope. ' (Naut.) To wind (spun-yarn, etc.) tight round it, to protect fr. friction.— Serv'ant, n. One who serves, or does services, voluntarily or involuntarily; one in a state of subjection; a person of base condition or , ignoble spirit. [F., p. pr. of servir.']— Tour humble or obedient servant. Phrases of civility, used esp. in closing a letter, and expressing the willingness of the speaker or writer to do service to the person ad- dressed. — Ser'vice, -vis, n. Act of serving: occu- pation of a servant; performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; labor performed for another; assistance or kindness ren- j aered ; office ; official religious duty performed; a musical composition for use in churches; duty per- formed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge: military or naval duty ; useful' office : advantage j conferred; benefit; avail: profession of respect ut- tered or sent; a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table, (Saut.) The materials used for serv- ing a rope, as spun-yarn, etc. — Service-bush, -tree, n. A bush or tree of several species, bearing a fruit allied to the medlar: shad-berry; rowan tree. [OF.; L. servitium.] — Serviceable, a. Doing ser- ' vice; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or ! any good; beneficial ; advantageous ; preparer" for I rendering service; active; diligent; officious — Ser'- viceablene8S, n.— Ser'viceably, adv.— Ser'vile, -vil, ' a. Pert, to, or befitting, a servant or slave; slavish: mean; held in subjection: dependent; meanly sub- missive; cringing; fawning. (Gram.) Not belong- ing to the original root; "not itself sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. [I,, ser- j ivVis.]— Ser' vilely, adv. — Ser'vileness, Servil'ity, -vil't-tl, n. State or quality of being servile; con- dition of a slave or bondman : slavish deference; j baseness ; obsequiousness. — Ser'ving-maid, n. A female servant; menial. — Ser'vitor. -vl-ter, n. A servant; attendant: follower: adherent. (University of Oxford.) An undergraduate partly supported by the college funds: they formerly waited at table. [F. serviteur.] — Ser'vitofship. n. Office or condition of a servitor. — Ser'vitude, -tud. n. State of subjection to a master: sen-ice: slavery; bondage. (Law.) A right, whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person, for use or convenience, contrary to the common right. [F. ; L. servitudo.] Sesame, ses'a-me, n. An annual herbaceous plant, from whose seeds an oil is expressed. [L. sesamum, sesama, At. simstm.] Sesquipeaal, ses-kwip'e-dal, -edalian, -e-da'lT-an, a. Pleasuring or containing a foot and a half, — humor- ously or derisively applied to long words ; long- worded; pedantic. [L. sesquipedalis, fr. sesqui, one and a half, and^as, pedis, a foot.] Session, sesh'un, n. Act of sitting, or state of being seated: actual sitting of a court, legislature, etc., to transact business; the term or time during which a court, council, etc., meet daily for business. [F.; L. sessio, -oni<, fr. sedere. session = E. to sit, q. v.] — Ses'- sile. ses'sil, a. Attached without any sensible pro- jecting support. (Bot.) Is- suing directly from the main stem or branch, with- out a footstalk. [L. sessUis, low, dwarf, fr. sedere.] Sess-pool. Same as Cess- pool. Sesterce, ses'ters, n. (Bom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, in value orig. containing 2i, afterward 4 asses, — equal to about 4 cents. [L. sester- Sessile Leaves. tiu.* (nummus), fr. sestertius, two and a half, fr. se- mi*, half, and tertius, third.]— Sester'tium, -shi- um, n. 1,000 sesterces, about $40. Set, set, v. t. [set, setting.] To cause to sit; to seat; to make to assume a specified position; to place, put, fix; to attach to, put or place on; to put in a condition or state, cause to be; to make fast, per- manent, or stable ; to render motionless; to cause to stop, obstruct, embarrass; to determine, make un- yielding or obstinate, render stiff or rigid; to plant; to fix (a precious stone in metal); to place in or amid something which embellishes and shows off; to convert into curd; to appoint, assign; to put into a desired position or condition; to adjust, regulate, adapt; to put in due order, as an instrument; to ex- tend (the sail of a ship); to give a pitch to (a tune); to reduce from a dislocated or fractured state, as a limb; to stake at play, wager, risk; to adapt (words to notes); to prepare for singing; to variegate with objects placed here and there. — v. i. To pass be- low the Tiorizon, go down; to strike root, begin to germinate; to become fixed or rigid; to congeal or concrete; to have a certain direction in motion; to move on, tend; to indicate the position of game, — said of a dog; to apply one's self. — p. a. Fixed; firm : obstinate ; regular ; uniform ; formal; estab- lished ; prescribed. — n. Act of setting ; descent below the horizon ; that which is set, placed, or fixed ; as, a young plant for growth ; or, (Mech.), permanent change of figure, in consequence of pressure : a number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used together, an assortment ; suit ; a number "of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, etc.; direction or course. [AS. settan, to set. causal of sittan, to sit, q. v.: perh. set, an assortment of similar things, is not fr. ser, v., but same as sept or suit, q. v.] — Set'ter, n. One placing, Setter, fixing, or establishing; act of sinking, or seeming to sink, below the horizon; something set in or in- serted: that in which something (a gem, etc.) is set; the direction of a current, sea, or wind. — Set'-off, n. That which is set off against another thing; an offset; a decoration; ornament. (Law.) A counter- claim; a distinct claim filed or set up by the de- fendant against the plaintiff's demand. (Arch.) The part of a wall, etc., which is exposed horizon- sfru, cube, full; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, tiien, boxbox, chair, get. SETON 524 SEXAGENARY Setiform Prickles. tally when the portion above it is reduced in thick- ness. — Set'-to, n. A conflict in boxing, argument, etc. — Set'-line, n. A buoyed fishing line, support- ing a number of baited hooks, to be left by the fisherman. — Settee'', -te', n. A long seat with a back; a kind of arm-chair for several persons to sit in at once. [Prob. corrupt, of settle, seat.] ston, se'tun orse'tn, n. (Surg.) A few horse hairs, or a twist of silk or fine linen, drawn through the skin and subjacent tissues by a large needle, etc., to cause irritation and suppuration or adhesion. [F.; LL. seto, fr. L. seta, a bristle, thick hair, in LL. silk; s. rt. satin, q. v.] — Setose', -tos', Se'tous, -tus, a. (Nat. Hist.) Having the surface set with bristles; bristly. [L. seto- sus, fr. seta, bristle.] — Seta'ceous, -ta'shus, a. Set with, or consist- ing of, bristles ; bristly. (Wat. Hist.) Having the slender form of a bristle. — Setig'erous, -tij'er-us, a. Covered with bristles. [L. ge- rere, to bear.] — Se'tiform, -tf- f6rm, a. (Bot.) Of the shape of a bristle. [L. forma, shape.] Setting. See under Set. Settle, set'tl, n. A wide step or platform lower than some other part ; a bench with a high back. [AS. setl, a seat, Goth, sitls, a throne; s. rt. L. sella = ME. setel, a saddle, E. sit, q. v., and see Settle, v. t.] Settle, seftl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tlino.] To place in a fixed or permanent condition ; to make firm, steady or stable; to establish in business, in situation, in pastoral office, etc.; to render quiet, clear, etc.; to still; to clear of dregs and impurities ; to restore to a smooth, dry, or passable condition ; to cause to sink, lower, depress ; to free from uncertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to adjust (something in discussion or controversy) ; to adjust (accounts), liquidate, balance ; to plant with inhab- itants, colonize, people. — v. i. To become fixed or permanent, establish one's self, assume a lasting form or condition ; to fix one's place or residence, take up habitation, be established in an employment or profession ; to become quiet or clear, become dry and hard, as the ground after rain or frost ; to clar- ify and deposit dregs, as a liquid; to sink gradually, subside ; to become calm, cease from agitation ; to adjust differences or accounts. [ME. setlen, (1) to cause to rest, also (2) to sink to rest, subside, fr. (1) AS. setlan, to fix, setel= E. settle (q. v. ), a seat; (2) AS. sahtlian, to reconcile, saht, reconciliation, also ad- justment of a dispute, result of a suit, fr. sacan, to contend, dispute; s.' rt. sake.] — Settlement, n. Act of settling, or state of being settled; establishment in business, condition, etc. ; ordination or installation as pastor ; establishment of inhabitants ; coloniza- tion ; act or process of adjusting or determining ; composure of doubts or differences ; liquidation of accounts; bestowal or giving possession under legal sanction ; that which settles, or is settled, estab- lished, or fixed, —as, matter that subsides, settlings, lees, dregs; or, a colony newly established, place settled ; or, the sum secured to a person; esp., a jointure made to a woman at her marriage. (Law.) Disposition of property for the benefit of some person, usually through trustees ; a settled place of abode ; residence ; legal residence. — Set'tler, n. One who settles ; esp., one who establishes himself in a colony; a colonist. — Settling, n. Act of mak- ing a settlement, or of subsiding, as lees ; adjust- ment of differences, pi. Lees ; dregs ; sediment. Seven, se Vn, a. One more than 6. — n. The number greater by 1 than 6 ; a symbol representing 7 units, as 7 or vii. [AS. seofon, D. zeven, Goth, sibun, L. septem, Gr. liepta, Ga. seachd. Lithuan. septyni, Skr. saptan.] — Sevenfold, a. Repeated 7 times ; in- creased to 7 times the size or amount. — SeVen- night, sen'nit, n. A week; the period of 7 days and nights. — Sev'en-up'', n. A game of cards, won by scoring 7 points; all-fours. — SeVenth, -nth, a. One next in order after the 6th ; constituting or being one of 7 equal parts. — n. One of 7 equal parts; one next in order after the 6th. (Mus.) The interval between any tone and the tone represented on the 7th degree of the staff next above ; a certain chord. [AS. seafodha.] — Seventhly, adv. In the 7th place. — Seventeen, -n-ten, a. One more than 16 or less than 18.— n. The sum of 10 and 7; a symbol rep- resenting seventeen units, as 17 or xvii. [AS. seof- oateodha.] — Seventeenth, a. One next in order after the 16th ; constituting or being one of 17 equal parts. — n. One of 17 equal parts; the next in order after the 16th. — SeVenty, -n-tl, a. 7 times 10 ; one more than 69. — n. The sum of 7 times 10 ; a sym- bol representing 70 units, as lxx or 70. [AS. seofon- tig.\ — Seventieth, a. Next in order after the 69th; constituting or being one of 70 equal parts into which anything is divided. — n. One of 70 equal parts ; one next in order after the 69th. — SeV- enty-four, n. A man-of-war carrying 74 guns. Sever, se Ver, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To separate (one from another) ; to cut or break open or apart ; to keep distinct or apart, make a distinction respect- ing; to divide, part, disjoin, distinguish, discriminate, disconnect. (Law.) To part possession of. — v. i. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish; to be parted or rent asunder. [OF. sevrer, It. seve- rare, sevrare, L. separare = E. to separate, q. v.] — SeVeral, -er-al, a. Separate; distinct; not common to 2 or more; single; diverse; different; various; con- sisting of a number ; more than 2, but not very many ; diverse ; sundry. [OF.] — Severally, adv. — Severalty, -al-ti, n. A state of separation from the rest, or from all others. — Severance, -ans, n. Act of severing or dividing: separation. Severe, se-ver r , a. Serious in feeling or manner; ex- ternally sedate; very strict, in judgment, discipline, or government ; rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; difficult to be endured ; grave ; austere; stern; mo- rose; rigid; exact; prim ; precise ; rigorous ; hard ; harsh ; censorious ; sarcastic ; cutting ; keen ; cruel. [OF. ; L. severus, severe, orig. reverenced, serious, grave.] — Severely, adv. — Severe'ness, -verity, -ver'T-ti, n. Quality of being severe; as, gravity; aus- terity ; extreme strictness ; or, quality or power of distressing or paining ; or, extreme coldness or in- clemency ; or, harshness ; cruel treatment ; or, ex- actness; rigorousness; or, strictness; rigid accuracy. [F. severite.] Sew, so, v. t. [imp. sewed (sod) ; p. p. sewed, rarely sewn (son); sewing.] To unite or fasten together with a needle and thread.— v. i. To practice sew- ing. [AS. siwian, Ic. syja, Goth, sinjan, Lithuan. suti, L. suere, Skr. siv, to sew, sutra, thread ; s. rt. seam.] — Sew'er, n. Sewer, su'er, n. A drain or passage to eonvey off water and filth under ground. [ME. sure, sew, for essewe, OF. essuier, esuer, to dry, wipe dry, drain dry, L. exsuccare, to deprive of moisture, suck the juice from, fr. ex, out, away, and sucus, ijuice, su- gere = E. to suck.] — Sew'erage, -ej, n. Construc- tion of a sewer; system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; general drainage of a place by sewers; sewage. — Sew'age, -ej, n. The mixture of water, filth, etc., collected in, and discharged by, sewers; sewerage. Sewer, su'er, n. An upper servant who set on the dishes at a feast, previously tasting them. [ME. sewe, to taste, sew, juice, also pottage, AS. seatv, Skr. sava, juice, su, to squeeze out.] Sex, seks, n. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female ; physical difference between male and female; one of the 2 groups of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female. (Bot.) The distinguishing peculiarity of plants, as staminate or pistillate; one of the groups founded on this dis- tinction. Womankind; females, — so used by way of emphasis. [F. sexe, L. sexus, prob. orig. a divis- ion, fr. secare, to cut.] — Sex'ual, sek'shoo-al, u. Pert, to sex or the sexes; distinguishing sex; relating to, proceeding from, or based upon the distinctive organs, characteristics, or offices of the sexes. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus.] — Sex'ualist, n. (Bot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual or Linnaean system. — Sexuality, n. State or quality of being distin- guished by sex. Sexagenary, seks-aj'e- or seks'a-je-na-ri, a. Pert, to, or designating, the number 60 ; proceeding by 60s. [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni, 60 each, fr. sexaginta. 60, fr. sex = E. six (q. v.) and -girtia, for -cinta, short for decinta, 10th, fr. decern, 10.]— Sex'agena'rian, -rY- an, n. A person 60 years old. — Sexageslma, -jes'T- ma, n. (Eccl.) The 2d Sunday before Lent, the next to Shrove-Tuesday, being about the 60th day before Easter. [L. sexageshnus, 60th.] — Sexagesimal, a. Pert, to, or founded on, the number 60.— Sexan'gu- lar, a. Having 6 angles : hexagonal. [L. sexangu- Ins, sexangular, f r. sex, and angulus, angle.] — Sex- an'gularly, adv. With 6 angles; hexagonally.— Sexen'nial, -nT-al, a. Lasting 6 years, or happening once in 6 years. [L. sexennis, fr. sex and annus, a year.] — Sex'fid, Sex'iftd, a. (Bot.) Six-cleft ; di- &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r i SEXTON OtfO SHALL vided into 6 parts. [L. sex and findcre,fidi, to cleave or split.] — Sex'tain, -tan, n. A stanza of 6 lines. [It. sestina, fr. L. sextos, 6th, sex.] — Sex'tant, n. {Math.) The 6th part of a circle. An instrument for measuring an- gular distances between ob- jects, esp. for observing the ji in altitude, etc., of celestial bod- ies in determining latitude and longitude at sea. [L. sextans, -tantis, the 6th part of a-n as, fr. ser.] — Sex'tile, -til, n. (Astrol.) Aspect or position of 2 planets, when distant from Sextant. each other 60 degrees, or 2 signs, marked thus, ■*. — Sextill'ion. -tiKyun, «. According to Eng. nota- tion, the product of a million involved to the 6th power, or the number expressed by a unit with §6 ciphers annexed; according to tfie common or French, the number expressed by a unit with 21 ci- phers annexed. See Numeration. — Sextodecimo, -to-des'I-mo. a. Formed of sheets folded s>o as to make 16 leaves ; 16mo ; of, or equal to, the size of sheets so folded, — n.; pi. -mos, -moz. A book com- posed of sheets folded so as to make 16 leaves, or 32 pages; the size of a book thus composed, usually in- dicated thus : Itmo, 16°. [li.sextusdecimus, the 16th, fr. sexttis, the 6th, sex, 6, and decimvs, the loth, fr. decern, 10.]— Sex'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Six times as much; sixfold. (Mas.) Having 6 parts. [LL. sextotpllts.] Sexton, seks'tun, n. An under officer of a chinch, who takes care of the church building, sacramental vessels, vestments, etc., and often attends on the officiating clergyman, acts as usher, digs graves, etc. [Contr. fr. sacristan, q. v., under Sacked.] — Sex'- tonship, n. Office of a sexton. Sextuple. See under Sexagenary. Sexual, etc. See under Sex. Shab, shab, v. i. [shabbed (shabd), -bing.] To play mean tricks, act shabbily. [Same asscad.]— Shab'by, -bt, a. [-bier; -biest.] Torn or worn to rags; poor; mean ; ragged ; clothed with ragged or soiled gar- ments; mean; paltry; despicable.— Shab'bily,-bf-lT, adv. — Shab'biness, n. Shack, shak, n. Liberty of winter pasturage; grain left after harvest or gleaning; fallen mast or acorns; a shiftless fellow; vagabond. [Scot, shag, refuse of barley, Manx skah, to shake, shed.] Shackle, shak'l, v. t. [shackled (-id), -ling.] To put in fetters, chain, tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion : to join by a link or chain, as railroad cars; to confine so as to obstruct action, im- pede.— n. [Generally in pi.] A fetter; gyve; chain; that which embarrasses free action; a link for con- necting railroad cars. [AS. sceacul, a bond, sceacan, to shake.] Shad, shad, n. sing. & pi. A food fish, inhabiting the waters off the coasts of Great Brit ain and the U.S.,and periodi- callv as- cending Shad . the large rivers to spawn. [AS. scea/tda, ProvG. schade.] Shaddock, shad'duk, n. A species of orange tree in E. and W. Indies ; its fruit, weighing 10 to 20 lbs. [Said to have been first brought fr. the E. Indies by Capt. Shaddock.] Shade, shad, n. Comparative obscurity owing to in- terception of the rays of light ; dimness ; gloom ; darkness; obscurity; an obscure place; a secluded retreat; protection; shelter; cover; a screen; some- thing that intercepts light or heat; shelter from the direct light of the sun, etc. ; a shadow ; the soul, after its separation from the body: a spirit; ghost. (Paint.) The darker portion of a picture. Degree or varia- tion of color, as darker or lighter ; a very minute difference; degree. — v. t. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light ; to cover from inju- ry, protect, screen; to overspread with darkness' or Obscurity ; to obscure ; to paint in obscure colors, darken; to mark with gradations of light or color. [AS. scsed, = shade, sceadu = shadow, D. schaduw, Goth, skadus, Ir. and Ga. sgath, Skr. chhaya, shade, shadow, Gr. skotos, skotia, darkness, gloom; s. rt. sky, shed.] — Shad'er, n— Shad'y, -T, a. [-IEE; -iesi'j. Abounding with shade or shades; overspread witii shade; sheltered from the glare of light or sultrv heat. — Shad'iness, n. — Shad'ow, shad'o, n. Shade within defined limits, representing the form of a body which intercepts the rays of light; darkness; shade; obscurity: obscure place; secluded retreat; shelter; the less illuminated part of a picture; that which follows or attends a person or thin-, like a shadow; an imperfect and faint represents' umbration ; indistinct image ; mystical representa- tion ; type ; something unsubstantial ; phantom ; mockery. — v.t. (shadowed (-od),-owixo.] To cut off light from, put in shade, shade; to protect, screen from danger; to paint in obscure colors; to mark with slight gradations of color or light: to shade; to represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate: to represent typically; to cloud, darken; to attend as closely as a shadow ; esp., to follow and watch se- cretly; to follow exactly.— Shad'owy, -o-i, a. Full of shade; serving to shade; dark: obscure; gloomy; faintly light; faintly representative; typical; unsub- stantial ; unreal. Shaft, shaft, n. A body of a long cylindrical shape; the cylindrical, column-shaped part of anything; the stem of an arrow; an arrow; a missile weapon. (Arch.) The body of a column; the part of a chim- ney above the roof; spire of a steeple. The handle of a weapon; the stem, or stock, of a feather or quill; the pole or one of the thills of a carriage. (Macfi.) A bar having one or more journal:, on which it rests and revolves. (Mining.) A well-like excavation in the earth, through which the inner cavity of a mine is reached and the ore is brought to the surface. [ME. and G. schaft, an arrow, AS. sceaft, D. schacht, shaft of a spear, dart, fr. AS. scafan, I), schaven, to shave, smooth; s. rt. shape, shave.) — Shafting, n. (Mach.) The system of shafts, with pulleys attached, for the transmission of power in factories. Shag, shag, n. Coarse hair or nap, or rough, woolly hair; a kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. — v. t. [shagged (shagd), -ging.] lo make rough or hairy; to make shaggy, deform. [AS. sceacga, a bush of hair, that which is rough or shaggy, Ic. skegg, the beard, fr. skaga, to jut out, project, skagi, a cape or headland.] — Shag'bark, n. A species of hickory, — so called from its shaggy bark; shellbark; the nut of this tree; hickory-nut. — Shag'gedness, Shag'gi- ness, -gT-nes, n. State of being shagged or shaggy; roughness, with long, loose hair or wool. — Shag'gy, -gl, a. [-gier ; -giest.] Rough with long hair or wool; rugged. _ Shagreen, sha-gren', n. A kind of leather prepared without tanning, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round pimples or granulations; shark-skin. [F. cha- grin, Turk. & Per. sagri, the back of a horse or other beast of burden, leather of : certain fish.] horse's back, skin of a Shah, sha, n. The king or monarch of Persia. [Per. shah, a king, sovereign ; s. rt. Skr. kshi, to possess, rule, E. chess, check, pasha.'] ' ake, shak, v. t. [imp. shook; p. p. shaken; shak- NQ.] To cause to move with quick vibrations; to move rapidly or forcibly one way and another ; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate; to weaken the stability of, endanger; to cause to waver, impair the resolution of; to give a tremulous note to; to trill; to move or remove by agitating, rid one's self of. — v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory mo- tion: to tremble, shiver, quake, totter, — n. A vacil- lating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and the other; agitation; a fissure or crack in timber, in reck, or in earth. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of 2 notes represented on contiguous degrees of the staff; a trill. [AS. sceacan, scacan (imp. scoc, p. p. sceacen, scacen), to shake, Dan. skage, to shift, veer, Skr. khaj, to move to and fro, churn; s. rt. shock, shog, jog. shank.] — Shak'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; one of a sect of Christians, — so called from the agitations or movements in dancing which characterize their worship. — Shak'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Fullof shakes, slits, orclefts; unsound; want- ing in cohesion; shaking or trembling; tremulous; tottering; not to be trusted; doubtful; timorous. Shale, shal, n. A shell or husk; cod or pod. (Geol.) A soft, fragmental, argillaceous rock, often bitumi- nous, found in coal mines, etc. [G. schale, shell, peel, husk ; s. rt. shell, scale, skill.] — Shaly, a. Breaking unevenly into fragile plates. Shall, shal, v. i. & auxiliary, [imp. should : shall is sun, cube, full; moon, f dot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. SHALLOON 526 SHARP defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or par- ticiple.] Orig. to owe, be under obligation: as an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; it expresses, in the 2d and 3d persons, a command, threat, or promise; with the 1st person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing else- where than in the speaker, as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will; after a conditional conjunction, as if, whether, shall is used in all persons to express futu- rity simply: should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its im- perfect: it also expresses duty or moral obligation: see Will. [AS. sceal, I shall, scolde or sceolde, I should, fr. sculan, to owe, be under obligation to do something.] _ Shalloon, shal-loon', re. A kind of worsted stuff. [Fr. Chalons, France, where it was first made.] Shallop, shal'lupj re. A large light boat with 2 masts, usually rigged like a schooner. [F. chaloupe, Sp. and Pg. chalupa ; s. rt. sloop.] Shallot, shal-lof, re. A mild-flavored plant of the onion family, with a compound bulb like garlic ; eschalot. [OF. eschalote, L. ascalonia, fr. the city of Ascalon, in Palestine.] Shallow, shaKlo.o. Having little depth; shoal; slight; not of low, heavy, or penetrating sound ; simple ; ignorant; superficial; silly. — n. A place where the water of a river, lake, or sea is of little depth; a shoal; flat; sand-bank; shelf. [Same as shoal, q. v.; s. rt. shelve.] — Shallowness, re. Sham, sham, re. Any trick, fraud, or device that de- ludes and disappoints; delusion; imposture; feint; humbug.— a. ialse ; counterfeit ; pretended, — v. t. [shammed (shamd), -ming.] To deceive expec- tation, trick, cheat; to obtrude by fraud or imposi- tion; to imitate, ape. — v. i. To make false pre- tenses, deceive. [ProvE. for shame, i. e., to put shame upon one, impose upon.] Shaman, sha/man, re. ; pi. -mans. A wizard or con- i'urer in some northern Asiatic regions. [Per. & lind. shaman, an idolater.] — Sha'manism, -izm, re. The superstitious religion of the northern nations of Asia, consisting in a belief in evil spirits, and in the influence of magic spells and rites. — Sha'man- ist, n. A believer in, etc. Shamble, sham'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along. [OD. schampelen, to stumble, trip, slip away, decamp, scham/ien, to es- cape, fly; same as scamble, q. v., under Scamp.] Shambles, sham / 'blz, n. pi. The place where butcher's meat is sold. [AS. scamel, a bench, stool, fr. L. scamnum, a bench, dim. scabellum, a foot-stool, orig. a prop; s. rt. Ti.scapus, a shaft, stem, stalk.] Shame, sham, re. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt, or of having done something which injures reputation; decency; decorum; re- proach incurred or suffered ; dishonor ; cause or reason of shame; the parts which modesty requires to be covered. — v. t. [shamed (shamd), shaming.] To make ashamed; to cover with reproach or igno- miny; to dishonor, disgrace. [AS. sceamu, scamu, G. scham, Goth, skanda, shame; prob. s. rt. Skr. kshan, to wound = E. scathe, also E. sham.] — For shame ! You should be ashamed; shame on you. — Shamefaced, -fast, a. Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful. [Prop, shame- fast ; AS. scamfsest.] — Shame'ful, -f ul, a. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; raising shame in others ; disgraceful ; indecent ; degrad- ing ; scandalous ; infamous. — Shame'fully, adv. — Shameless, a. Destitute of, or indicating an ab- sence of, shame; wanting modesty; impudent; bra- zen-faced; unblushing; audacious; immodest; inde- cent. — Shamelessly, adv. — Shamelessness, re. — Sham'er, n. One who, or that which, makes ashamed. Shammy, sharn'mi, n. A soft and pliant kind of leather prepared orig. from the skin of the chamois. [Corrupt, of chamois, q. v.] Shampoo, sham-pod', v. t. To rub and percuss the whole surface of the body of, in connection with the hot bath; to wash thoroughly and rub the head of, with soap or a soapy preparation. — re. Act of, etc. [Hind, champna, to stuff, thrust in, squeeze, shampoo.] Siiamrock, sham'rok, re. A plant used by the Irish as their national emblem; white trefoil; white clover. [Ir. seamrog, seamar.] Shank, shank, re. The lower joint of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin ; bone of the leg ; the whole leg: see Horse; that part of an instrument, tool, etc., which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. [AS. sceanca, Dan. skank, G. schenkel, shank, leg, schitiken, the ham, D. schonk, a bone; s. rt. shake.] Shanty, shan't*, re. A mean dwelling; a temporary building ; hut. [Ir. sean, old, andjigr, a house.] Shape, shap, v. t. [imp. shaped (shapt); p. p. shaped or shapen ; shaping.] To form or create, make, produce; to mold or make into a particular form; to adapt to a purpose, regulate, adjust, direct; to image, conceive, beget. — re. Character or construc- tion of a thing as determining its external appear- ance; that which has form or figure; form of em- bodiment, as in words; make; form; guise. [AS. sceapan, scapan, to shape ; e. rt. shave, ship.] — Shapeless, a. Destitute of shape or regular form. — Shape'lessness, re. — Shapely, a. [-lier; -liest.] Having a regular shape; symmetrical; well-formed. Shard, shard, re. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or of a like brittle substance; the hard wing- case of a beetle. [AS. sceard, fr. sceran, to shear, cut, part.] Share, shar, re. The broad iron or blade of a plow which cuts the bottom of the furrow. [AS. scar, scear, OHG. scar ; s. rt. shear.] Share, shar, re. A certain portion; part; division; the part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a number; one of a certain num- ber of equal portions into which any property or invested capital is divided. — v. t. [shared (shard), sharing.] To part among 2 or more; to divide; to partake, enjoy, or suffer with others. — v. i. To have part, receive a portion. [AS. scearu, a share, f r. sce- ran = to shear.] — To go shares. To partake, be equally concerned. — Share' -hold'er, re. One who holds or owns a share in a joint fund or property. — Sharker, n. Shark, shark, n. (Ichih.) A large, voracious, cartilagi- White Shark. nous fish of many species, having a long, round body, tapering from the head, the surface set with minute osseous granules in place of scales, and the gill-open- ings placed upon the sides of the neck: the mouth is set with successive rows of sharp teeth. A rapacious, artful fellow; a sharper, —v. t. [sharked (sharkt), sharking.] To pick up hastily, slyly, or in small quantities. — v. i. To play the petty thief, swindle; to live by shifts and stratagems. [Perh. fr. L. car- quantities. — v. i. To play the petty t by shifts and stratagems. (Te charm, Gr. karcharias, a dog-fish, shark, fr. karcha- ros, jagged, referring to its teeth ; or perh. fr. D. schrok, a glutton, schrokken, to devour greedily, G. schurke, a rogue, knave, shark.]— Shark'er, re. One who lives by sharking. — Shark'-ray, re. A fish of several species, having characteristies of the shark and the ray; esp. the angel-fish. Sharp, sharp, a. Having a very thin edge or fine point; keen; terminating in a point or edge; peaked or ridged; affecting the senses, as if pointed or cut- ting; oiting; sour; pungent ; penetrating ; abrupt. Very trying to the feelings; cutting in language or import ; sarcastic ; severe ; eager in pursuit ; impa- tient for gratification; violent; impetuous; of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; not dull; keenly attentive to one's own interest; uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, as certain conso- nants; whispered; shrill; non-vocal. (Mus.) High in pitch; raised a semitone in pitch; so high as to be out of tune or above true pitch.— re. (Mus.) An acute sound; esp., a note raised a semitone above its proper pitch; the character [ft] which directs that a note be thus raised. A needle, of the most acute of the 3 grades. — v. t. [sharped (sharpt), sharping.] To make keen, acute, penetrating, etc. ; to sharpen. (Mus.) To raise above the proper pitch; esp., to raise a semitone above the natural tone. [AS. scearp, D. scherp, G. scharf, sharp; s. rt. L. scalpere, to cut, Gr. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 3r ; SHASTER 52/ SHEET skorpios = E. scorpion, Skr. kripana, a sword, E. sculpture, scarf, *crip, scrap.] — Sharp'en, -n. v. t. f-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To make sharp; to give a keen edge or fine point to: to render more quick or acute in perception; to make more quick, acute, or ingenious; to make more pungent and painful; to make biting, sarcastic, or severe; to render less flat, or more shrill or piercing; to make more tart, acid, or sour. (Mus.) To raise, as a sound by means of a sharp. — v. i. To grow or become sharp. — Sharp'er, n. A man shrewd in making bargains; swindler; cheat. — Sharp'ly, adv. — Sharp'ness, n. — Sharp'- set, a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; ravenous. shoot'er, n. One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; a good marksman. — -sight'ed, -sit'ed, a. Having quick or acute sight; of quick discernment or acute understanding. wit'- ted, a. Having an acute or nicely discerning mind. Shaater, shas'ter, -tra, -tra, n. A treatise for author- itative instruction among the Hindoos; esp., a trea- tise containing religious instructions and precepts. [Hind, shas, to govern.] Shatter, shat'ter, v. t. [-teked (-tSrd), -tering.] To break at once into many pieces; to rend, crack, split; to disorder, derange, render unsound. — v. i. To be broken into fragments. — n. A fragment of any- thing forcibly rent or broken, — used generally in pi. [Same sls scatter.] — Shat'tery, -ter-t, a. Easily breaking and falling into many pieces. Shave, shav, v. t. [imp. shaved (shavd); p. p. shaved or shaven; shaving.] To cut or pare off from the surface of a body by an edged instrument; to make bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface or surface covering of; esp. to cut off the beard or hair from, with a razor; to cut off thin slices, or to cut in thin slices; to skim along or near the surface of; to strip, fleece. — v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard: to cut closely, be hard in a bargain, cheat. — n. A thin slice; shaving; a cutting of the beard; operation of shaving; an exorbitant cutting down or discount on a note, etc., for cash in hand; a tool with a long blade and a handle at each end, for shaving wood, as hoops, etc. [AS. sceafan, scafan, D. schav- en, to shave, scrape, plane wood, Lithuan. skapoti, to shave, cut, Russ. kopate, Gr. skaptein, Skr. khan, to cut, L. scabere, to scratch, scrape; s. rt. shape, shear, scab, shabby, shaft.] — To shave a note. To purchase it at a great discount, or to take interest upon it much beyond the legal rate.— Shave'ling, n. A man shaved; a monk, or other person of a religious order.— Shav'- er, n. One who shaves; one close in bargains; a cheat; one who fleeces; a pillager; plunderer; a little fel- low.— Shav'ing, n. Act of, etc.; a thin slice pared off with a cutting instrument. Shawl, shawl, n. A cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or hair, used as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. [Per., Hind., and Turk, shal.] Shawm, shawm, a. (Mus.) A wind instrument of mu- sic, formerly in use. [OF. chalemie, fr. chaume, for chalme, L. cat annus, Gr. kalamos, a reed, kalame, a straw; s. rt. haulm, q. v.] She, she, pron. [nam. she; poss. her or hers; dbj. her; pi. nom. they; poss. their or theirs; obj. them.] This or that female; the woman understood or re- ferred to; a woman; a female, — used humorously as a noun. [AS. seo, fern, of se, the definite article, not fr. heo, fern, of ne — E. he; Ic. $u, sja, fern, of sa, dem. pronoun, G. sie, Goth_. so, Gr. he, Skr. sot.] Sheaf, shef, n. ; pi. Sheaves, shevz. A bundle of un- thrashed stalks of wheat, rye, or other grain ; any bun- dle or collection. —v. i. To collect and bind; to make sheaves. [AS. sceaf, a sheaf, orig. imp. of scvfan, to shove, i. e. a bundle of things shoved together.] Shear, sher, v. t. {imp. sheared (sherd) or obs. shore; p.p. sheared or shorn; shearing.] To cut or clip with shears, scissors, etc. ; to cut or clip from a sur- face. — ■■ n. pi. A cutting instrument consisting of 2 blades with a bevel edge, movable on a pin, used for cutting cloth and other substances; anything in the form of shears ; an apparatus for raising heavy weights, as, the lower masts of ships: it consists of 2 or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, and furnished with the necessary tack- les. [AS. sceran, sciran, D. and G. scheren, Gr. kei- rein, for skeirein, to cut, AS. sceara, shears, scissors; s. rt. L. curtus = E. short, also E. scare, scar, scarf, scrip, scrape, shore, sheer, shred, sharp, shore, short, score, concern. secret, carpet, scarce, etc.] — Shear'er, n. — Shear'ling, n. A sheep that has been but once sheared. — Shear '-steel, n. Steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments. Sheath, sheth, n. A case for a sword or other long and slender instrument; a scabbard; any thin covering for defense or protection. [AS. scsedh, sceadh, G. scheide, a sheath, Swed. skiaa, a sheath, husk, pod, shell.] — Sheathe, .-herii, v. t. [sheathed (shethd), sheathing.] To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard: to tit or furnish with a sheath; to case or cover with boards or with sheets of cop- per, etc.; to cover or line. — Sheath'er, n. — Sheathed, shethd, a. (Bot.) Invested by a sheath, or cylindrical, membrana- ceous tube, which Is the base of the leaf, as the >talk or culm in grasses; vaginate. — Sheath'ing, n. That which sheathes; esp., tin* casing or covering of a ship's bot- tom and sides; or the materials for such coverings. Sheave, shev, n. A wheel in a block, rail, mast, yard, etc., on which a rope works; the wheel of a pulley. [OD. scnijve, orb, disk, wheel, D. schijf, HG. scheibe = E. shire; s. rt. shift."] Shebat, sha'bat, n. The 11th month of the Jewish sacred year, and the 5th of the civ- Sheathed, il, — parts of January and February. Shed, shed, v. t. [shed, -ding.] To cause to emanate, proceed, or flow out; esp., to throw off or give forth from one's self; to emit, diffuse: to throw off (a nat- ural covering of hair, feathers, shell, etc.): to cause to flow off, without penetrating. — v. i. To let fall the parts, throw off a covering or envelope. [ME. scheden, to pour, schssden, to part, OFries. schedda, to shake, schudden, to pour, G. schuetten, orig. to shake, now to shoot out (grain, coal, etc., from sacks J violently, to spill (water, blood, etc. ).] — Shed'der, n. One who sheds or causes to flow out; a soft-shelled crab, which has recently shed his shell. Shed, shed, n. A slight or temporary erection built to shelter something; an out-building: hut; a roof with only one set of rafters, falling from a higher to a lower wall; a lean-to. [FrovE. shod, shud ; perh. same as shade; perh. fr. D. schut-dack, an open roof, shed, fr. schutten, LCr. schutten, schudden, to ward off, pro- tect.] Sheen, shen, a. Bright; glittering; showy.— n. Bright- ness; splendor. [AS. scene, sceone, scyne, OS. sconi, D. schoon, G. schoen, fair, lit. showy; s. rt. show; not s. rt. shine.] Sheep, shep, n. sing, k pi. {Zobl.) A ruminant quad- ruped of many species, valued for its flesh (mutton) and wool. The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shep- herd. [AS. sceap, OHG. scaf; perh. s. rt. capon, q. v.; cf. It. castrato, mutton.] — Sheep'ish. o. Like a sheep; bashful; timorous to excess. — Sheep'ishly, adv. — Sheep'ishness, n. — Sheep'-cot, n. A small inclosure for sheep ; a pen. dog, n. A dog for tending sheep; a colly. — hook, n. A hook fastened to a pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs ot their sheep; a crook. — shear'er, n. One who sheara the wool from sheep. — shear'ing, n. Act of shear- ing sheep; time of shearing sheep; a feast made on that occasion. — skin, n. The skin of a sheep, or leather prepared from it; a diploma, — fr. its being printed on parchment. — walk,??. Pasture for sheep. — Siieep's'-eye, n. A modest, diffident look; a lov- ing or desiring glance. — Shep'herd, shep'herd, n. One in charge of sheep; esp., one who tends a flock in an unf enced region ; the pastor of a parish, church, or congregation. [AS. sceaphyrde ; hyrde, a herd.] — Shep'herdesB, n. A woman who, etc.; a rustic lass. Sheer, sher, a. Separate from anything foreign; pure; clear; being only what it seems to be; simple; mere; clear: thin ; perpendicular; straight up and down. [Ic. skasrr, Dan. sheer, bright, clear, pure, Ic. skirr, AS. scir, bright, Ic. skina, AS. scinan, to shine.] Sheer, sher, v. i. [sheered (sherd), sheering.] To decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; to turn aside, move away. — n. {Naut.) The longi- tudinal curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides: the position of a ship at single anchor, with the anchor ahead. [Same as shear; D. scheren, to shear, cut, barter, withdraw, warp, stretch.] Sheet, shet, n. Any broad, uninterrupted expanse; a broad piece of cloth used as a part of bed furni- ture, next to the bodv; a broad piece of paper, iolded or unfolded; a single signature of a book or pam- phlet; a newspaper; a broad expanse of water, etc.; a broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or othe-- substance. (yaut.) A rope fastened to the lower cor- il, tc< ' nerof extend and retain it in a particulai sfin, cObe, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, chair, get. SHEIK 528 SHIFT situation. — v. t. To fold in a sheet; to cover as with a sheet; to draw or expand, as a sheet. [AS. scete, scyte, a sheet, sceat, a projecting corner, angle, nook of ground, fold of a garment, Ic. sfcaut, a sheet, cor- ner of a square cloth, rope attached to the corner of a sail, Sw. shot, sheet of a sail, Goth, skautz, hem of a garment; s. rt. AS. sceotan = E. to shoot.'] — Sheet '- ing, n. Cloth for sheets.— Sheet'-anch'or, n. {Naut.) The largest anchor of a ship, sometimes the last ref- uge to prevent the ship from going ashore; the chief support; last refuge for safety. [Orig. shoot-anchor, anchor _shot or thrown out in an emergency.] Sheik, shek, n. A chief of an Arab tribe or clan; a Mo- hammedan religious digxtitary. [Av. sheikh, shca/kh, a venerable old man, a chief, fr. sli&klia, to be old.] Shekel, shekel, n. An ancient weight and coin among the Jews, in weight about half an ounce avoirdupois. [Heb. sheqel, fr. shaqal, to weigh.] Shekinah, she-ki'na, n. {Jewish Hist.) That miracu- lous light or visible glory which was a symbol of the divine presence. [Heb., presence of God, fr. shukan, to inhabit.] Sheldrake, shel'drak, n. A large, handsome, fish-eat- ing duck of o f several species; goosander. [Fr. ME. sheld , a shield (the markings cf the bird being like those o n a shield ; cf. AS. scyld, shield, also marks on a bird), and E. drake; Ic. skjoldimg, Sheldrake. sheldrake, skjolttr, dappled, fr. skjold, a shield, q. v.] Shelf, shelf, n. ; pi. Shelves, shelvz. A board, or plat- form, elevated above the floor, and fixed horizon- tally on a frame, or contiguous to a wall, for holding vessels, books, etc.; a sand-bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow and dangerous to ships. [AS. sajlfe, plank, LG. schelfe, shelf, sche/fern, to scale off, peel, G. schelfe = E. shell, scale: the sense of sand-bank, etc., is fr. con- fusion with shelve, q. v.] — ShelFy, -T, a. Abound- ing in, or composed of, shelves ; lull of dangerous shallows. — Shelve, v. t. To furnish with shelves, place on a^helf, put aside, suppress. Shell, shel, n. A hard outside covering ; esp., that serving as the natural protection of certain fruits and animals; a pod; the covering or outside layer of an egg. {Zool.) The hard organized substance form- ing the skeleton of many invertebrate animals, usu- ally external, but sometimes internal; the hard cov- ering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, tortoise, etc. {Mil.) A hollow sphere or cylinder of iron, which, being filled with gunpowder, and fired from a mortar or cannon, bursts into pieces when the pow- der explodes; a bomb. Any framework or exterior structure regarded as not complete or filled in; any slight hollow st'ucture; outward show without in- ward substance, an instrument of music, as a lyre; a light boat, sometimes made of paper, for racing, pi. The husks of the cacao-nut, a decoction of which is used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc. — v. t. [shelled (sheld), shelling.] To strip or break off the shell of, take out of the shell or pod ; to separate (corn) from the ear; to throw shells or bombs upon, bombard. — v. i. To fall off, as a shell, crust, or ex- terior coat ; to cast the shell or exterior covering. [AS. scell, scyll, D. schcl, scale, husk, Goth, skalja, a tile ; s. rt. scale, skill, shale.] — SheU/y, -T. a. Abounding with, or consisting of shells. — ShelK- hark, n. A species of hickory whose bark is loose and peeling ; shag-bark. — -fish, n. An aquatic ani- mal, whose external covering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, etc., or crus- taceous, as in the lobster. work. n. Work com- posed of shells, or adorned with them. — Shel'lac, Shell'-lac, n. The resin lac spread into thin plates, after being melted and strained. [See Lac] Shelter, etc. See under Shield. Sheltie, shel'tT, n. A Shetland pony ; one of a breed of small ponies, — orig. f r. Shetland. Shelve, shelv, v. t. See under Shelf. Shelve, shelv. v. i. [shelved (shelvd), shelving.] To incline, be sloping. [Olt. stralare, to go aside, aslope, or awry, Ic. skelgjask, to come askew, skjalgr, wry, oblique, squinting, sloping, OSw. skjselg, MHG. Scheldt, awry, oblique, OD. schelvx, one who squints or looks awry; s. rt. shallow, shoal; not s. rt. shelf.] — Shelv'y, -i, a. Full of rocks or sand-banks; shallow. Shepherd, Shepherdess. See under Sheep. Sherbet, shgr'bet, n. A drink used in the East, com- posed of water, lemon-juice, and sugar, with an in- fusion of rose-water, etc., to give it an agreeable taste; a kind of water-ice. [At. sharbat, prop, one drink or sip, fr. shariba, to drink; s. rt. syrup, shrub.'] Sherd, sherd, n. A fragment. [See Shied.] Sheriff, sherlf, n. The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws and of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace. [The office of sheriff in Eng. is judicial and ministerial, in the U. S. mostly ministerial.] [ME. shereve, shereve, AS. scir-gerefa, a shire-reeve, f r. scir, a shire, and gerefa, a reeve, offi- cer.J — Sheriffalty, -al-tT, -ship, -wick, Shrievalty, shrev'al-tT, n. Office or jurisdiction of sheriff. Sherry, sher'rT, n. A strong, dry wine of a deep am- ber color and aromatic odor, — so called from Xeres, near Cadiz, in Spain, where it is made. [ME. sher- ns: Aeres is fr. Csesaris, gen. of Cassar.] — Sher'ry- cob'bler, n. An Amer. drink, containing sherry, sugar, ice, etc., imbibed through a tube or straw. Shew, sho, Shewed, shod, Shewn, shcn. See under Show. Shibboleth, shib'bo-leth, n. A word used to distin- guish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites : the Ephraimites, not being able to sound sh, pronounced the word sibholeth : see Judges, xi. and xii. ; that which distinguishes one party from another; usu- ally, some peculiarity in things of little importance. [Heb., an ear of corn, or a river.] Shield, sheld, n. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the ^^ arm; a buck- j$$m§!fr ler ; anything which de- fends; shelter; protection ; a person who protects or de- fends. (Bot.) A little colored cup or line, with a hard disk, s u r- rounded by a rim, and con- taining the fructification of lie lien s. {Her.) The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. ©meld. {Mining.) A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along a\ as the excavation progresses, — v. t. x$$& To cover with a shield, defend, pro- £§; tect. [ME. shelde, AS. scild, said. §$ D. and G. schild ; prob. -. rt. shell, scale, and not s. rt. Ic. s7g'ol, Dan. skjul, shelter.] — Shel'ter, n. That which covers or defends from in- jury or annoyance ; one who pro- tects : a guardian ; state of being -. covered and protected; asylum; ref- slneld - <*°*-> uge ; sanctuary; defense; security. — v. t. [shel- tered (-terd), -tering.] To furnish a shelter tor, cover from harm or injury ; to betake to cover, or a safe place, used reflexively ; to cover from notice, shield, protect, disguise. - v. i. To take shelter. [ME. sheldtrume, later sheltromi, AS. scildtruma, lit. shield- troop, a troop for defense, guard : AS. truma band of men, fr. tram, firm; s. rt. trim.] — Shelterless, a. Destitute of shelter or protection. Shift, shift, v. t. To change, alter; to transfer from one place or position to another; to put off or out of the way by some expedient ; to change (clothes): to dress in fresh clothes. — v. i. To vary from one point or direction to another, change about, move; to change one's occupation or principles; to change Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; <5dd. SHILLALAH 529 SHIP one's clothes, esp. the under garments; to satisfy one's wants by changing; to resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose. —n. A turning from one thing to another; a change; an expedient tried in difficulty ; a temporary or deceitful expedient ; fraud; artifice; a trick to escape detection or evil; an under garment; esp., a woman's under garment; chemise. [ME. and D. sckiften, AS. scir'tan, to di- vide, change, Ic. skipta, to part, share, shift, change, skipti, a division, exchange, skifa, to cut in slices, also a slice; s. rt. G. scheibe, a slice, disk, wheel, E. sheave, wheel of a pulley, skive, shear, shiver, a 8mall piece.] — To make shift. To contrive for the moment; to manage. — Sniffer, n. One who shifts; one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener. — Sniffy, -T, a. Full of or ready with shifts; fer- tile in expedients. — Shiffless, a. Characterized by failure, through negligence or incapacity, to pro- vide for one's self, or to use means requisite for success. — Shifflessness, n. fihillalah, shil-la'la, -ly, -It, -lelah, -le'la, n. A cudgel. [Name of a wood in Ireland, famous for its oaks.] Chilling, shilling, n. An Eng. silver coin, equal to 12 pence, or l-20th of a pound = about 24 cents; in the U. S., a denomination of monev differing in value in different States: as, in New York, J of f 1, or 12i cents; in N. Eng. l-6th of $1, or 16 2-3 cents, — a term formerly used in trade, though no corre- sponding national coin existed. [AS. stilling, G. schilling, fr. s. rt. Ic. skih'a, to divide: see Skill.] Shilly-shally, shiKlt-shal'lT, n. Indecision; irresolu- tion: trifling.— v. i. To hesitate. — adv. Hesitating- lv. [Contr. of the reduplication shall I? shall If } Shiloh, shi'lo, n. (Script.) The Messiah, — so called bv Jacob on his death-bed: see Gen. xlix. 10. [Heb. shiloh, quiet, rest, fr. shdldh, to rest.] Shily, Shiness, etc. See under Shy. Shimmer, shirn'mer, v. i. To emit a tremulous light, gleam, glisten, glimmer, —n. A tremulous gleam- ing; glimmer. [AS. scymrian, fr. sciman, to shine, snama, a light, brightness; s. rt. shine.] Bhin, shin, n. The "fore part of the leg, esp. of the human leg, between the ankle and the knee. — v. t. To climb (a pole, etc.) by alternatelv clasping with the hands and legs alone. [AS. and OHG. stina ; perh. e. rt. skin.} — Shin'plaa'ter, n. A bank-note of nte-aa/ALMAs low denomination; a piece of paper monev. — Shin'- ney, -ny, -\\\, n. A game in which a ball is driven along the ground by blows from curved sticks; hock- ey; bandy,— named fr. the blows received on the sfiins of the players. Shindy, shin'dT, n. A disturbance; spree; row; riot. Shine, shin, v. i. [shone (shon or shOn) or shinee (slnnd), shining.] To emit ravs of light, give lighti to be lively and animated, be brilliant; to be glossy or bright, as silk; to be gay, splendid, or beautiful: tc be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished.— n. Fail weather; state of shining; brightness; splendor; luster; gloss: polish; a liking for a person: a fancy. [AS. scinan. G. scheinen. to shine, Skr. khya, to be- come known, prob. orig. to shine.] — Snin'er, n. That which shines; as, a bright piece of money. (Iclith.) A fish of several genera, having brjlliant, light-colored scales. — Shin'y, -I, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. Shingle, shin/gl, n. A thin, oblong piece of wood, with one end thinner than the other, in order to lap lengthwise in covering roofs and outer walls of buildings, — v. t. [shingled (-gld), -cling.] To cover with shingles: to cut, as hair, so that one por- tion overlaps another, like shingles. fG. schindel, L. scinclula, scandula, fr. scindere, to split.] Shingle, shin'gl, n. Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, on shores and coasts. — v. r. (Forging.) To hammer or squeeze (red-hot puddled iron), to remove impurities and form malleable iron. [Prob. fr. the ringing sound caused by walking on the shingle (stone), or hammering the iron; Norw. singl, singling, shingle (stone), singla, to ring like glass or metal, Sw. dial, singla, to ring, rattle, freq. of singa = E. sing.] Shingles, shin'glz, n. (Med.) A kind of herpes, which spreads around the body like a girdle. [ME. sengle, OF. cengle, L. cingulum, a girdle, fr. tingere, to gird.] Shinto, shin'to. -toism, -to-izm, n. One of the 2 great religions of Japan, consisting in worship of ances- tors and sacrifice to departed heroes, and having the Mikado or Tenno as its spiritual head. [Chin, shin, god, and tao, way, doctrine.] Snip, ship, n. Any large sea-going vessel: esp.. a ves- sel furnished with a bowsprit and 3 masts, each of cube, full ; moon, fb"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 84 SHIRE 530 SHOOT which is composed of a lower mast, top - mast and topgallant-mast, and is square rigged, — v. t. Ground Plan of a Ship. >, prow ; I, larboard or port ; e, starboard; 1, round-house; 2, tiller; 3, grating; 4, wheel; 5, wheel-chains; 6, binnacle; 7, mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; 9, capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 11, pumps ; 12, galley or ca- boose ; 13, main hatchway ; 14, windlass ; 15, fore-mast ; 16, fore-hatchway; 17, bitts ; 18, bowsprit ; 19, head-rail ; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows ; 22, fore-ohains; 23, main-chains; 24, mizzen-chains. [shipped (shipt), -ping.] To put on board of a vessel, or other conveyance, for transportation ; to dispose of, get rid of,- to engage for service on board of a ship; to receive on board of a ship or vessel; to fix anything in its place, — v. i. To en- gage for service on board of a ship. [AS. scip, scyp, D. schif, schip, Ic. and Goth, skip, OHG. scif; s. rt. shave, shape, scoop, equip, Gr. skaj)hos, thing dug out, trench, hull of a ship, fr. ska/itein, to dig.] — Ship's husband. An agent who attends to the requis- ite repairs of a ship while in port, and does other necessary business for the owners. — Ship'board, adv. Upon or within a ship; aboard. —Ship'' mate, n. One who serves on board of the same ship; a fellow sailor. — Ship'ment, n. Act of putting any- thing on board of a vessel or other public convey- ance; embarkation; that which is shipped. — Ship'- per, re. One who ships, or sends goods for trans- portation. — Ship'ping, n. The collective body of ships in or belonging to a port, country, etc.; vessels of navigation generally ; tonnage. — Ship'wreck, -rek, n. The breaking in pieces of a vessel Dy being driven against rocks, shoals, etc.; a ship destroyed upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; total destruction ; ruin. — v. t. [shipwrecked (-rekt), -wrecking.] To destroy (a ship at sea) by running ashore or on rocks or sand-banks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest; to expose (sailors) to destruction by the loss of a ship. — Snip' wright, -rit, n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of vessels. — Ship'-build'er, re. A man whose occupation is to construct vessels; a naval architect. car'penter, re. A carpenter who works at ship- building. — chan'dler, re. One who deals in cordage, canvas, and other furniture of ships. — mas'ter, re. The captain, master, or commander of a ship. — -monkey, n. (Eng. Hist.) An imposition formerly charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties of Eng., for providing and furnishing cer- tain ships for the king's service. — shape, adv. In a seamanlike manner; properly; according to usage; well put. — Skip'per, n. The master of a small mer- chant vessel. [D. schipper, a mariner, navigator, sailor, fr. scfdpj] Shire, shir or sher, re. In Eng., a portion of the king- dom, orig. under the supervision of an earl; a ter- ritorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes comprising a smaller district ; a county. [AS. scir ; s. rt. share, shear, sheriff.] Shirk, shSrk, v. t. To avoid or get off from ; to slink away. — re. One who seeks to avoid duty; one who lives by shifts and tricks. [Same as shark.] Shirr, shgr, re. An insertion of cord (usually elastic) between 2 pieces of cloth; the cord itself, or the cloth made with it. [Perh. fr. G. schirr, harness.] — Shirred, sherd, a. Having lines or cords inserted between two pieces of cloth. Shirt, shert, re. A garment of linen, cotton, etc., worn under the outer clothes by men and boys. — v. t. To cover or clothe as with a shirt ; to change the shirt of. [Ic. skyrta, fr. skortr, shortness ; s. rt. short, skirt. J — SUrfing, re. Cloth suitable for shirts. Shittah, shifta, -tim, re. A sort of precious wood, of which the tables, altars, and boards of the taber- nacle were made among the Jews, — supposed to have been the wood of a species of Acacia. [Heb. shittah, pi. shittim.] Shive, shiv, re. A sh\_ , [Same as sheave, q. v., and see Shift.] — Shiv'er. shiv'gr, re. A small piece or fragment into which a a little piece or fragment. thing breaks by sudden violence ; a thin slice. t. To break into small pieces or splinters, shatter. dash to pieces by a blow. — v. i. To fall at once into many small pieces or parts. [ME. shiver, Ic. ski/a, a slice: see Shift.] — Shiv'ery, -er-T, a. Easi- ly tailing into many pieces. Shiver, shiVer, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -ering.] (tfaut.) To cause to shake in the wind, — applied to sails. — v. i. To quake, tremble, vibrate ; to quiver from cold, be affected with a thrill" ng sensation, like that of chilliness, —re. Act of shivering ; a shaking or shuddering caused by cold, pain, fear, or the like; a tremor. [Same as quiver ; Norw. and Sw. dial, kip- pa, to quiver, twitch with the limbs, Norw. kveppa, to shake, D. huireren, to shiver.] — Shiv' ery, -er-T, a. Full of, or inclined to, shivers; trembling. Shoal, shol, re. A crowd; throng, — said esp. of fish.— v. i. [shoaled (shold), shoaling.] To assemble in a multitude ; to crowd, throng. [Same as school, q. v.] Shoal, shol, re. A sand-bank, or bar; a shallow. — v. i. [shoaled (shold), shoaling.] To become more shallow. — v. t. To cause to become more shallow ; to come to a more shallow part of. —a. Of little depth; shallow. [Same as shallow; ME. shole.schold, shallow, Ic. skjalgr, OSw. skselg, G. scheel, oblique : see Shelve ; s. rt. Gr. skalenos = E. scalene.] — Shoal'y, -1, a. Full of shoals or shallow places ; shallow. — Shoal'iness, re. Shoat, shot, n. A young hog. [See Shote.] Shock, shok, n. A collision ; sharp concussion of one thing against another; that which surprises or of- fends the intellect or the moral sense ; a blow ; of- fense ; concussion ; collision. (Med.) A violent agitation or derangement of any organ or organs, or of the nervous system. — v. t. [shocked (shokt), shocking.] To strike against suddenly ; to en- counter ; to itrike with surprise, horror, or disgust ; to offend, disgust. [F. choc, OHG. scoc; D. schok, a shock, shake, jolt ; same as shake, shog, jog.] — Shocking, a. Striking, as with horror ; causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting. — Shockingly, adv. Shock, shok, re. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of fprain, set up in a field; stook. — v. t. To make or col- ect (sheaves of grain) into shocks. [OD. shocke, a shock, heap, schocken, to shock or heap up, fr. OD. schocken, to jolt, shock, shake ; cf. sheaf, fr. shove.] Shock, shok, re. A dog with long hair or shag; a thick mass of short hair. [Same as shag.] Shod. See Shoe. Shoddy, shod'dl, re. A fibrous material obtained by deviling or tearing into fibers refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. ; any worthless material. — a. Of, pert, to, or made of, shoddy ; counterfeit ; sham ; cheap and nasty. [Prob. orig. the waste stuff shed off in spinning wool; AS. scead- an, to shed, q. v.] Shoe shoo, re. ; pi. Shoes, shooz. A covering for the foot, usually of leather ; anything resembling a shoe in form or use ; a plate of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury ; a plate of iron, or slip of wood, nailed to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh or sled ; something answering a purpose analogous to that of a shoe. — v. t. [shod, shoeing.] To furnish with shoes, put shoes on, to cover at the bottom. [AS. sceo, D. schoen.] — Shoe'- black, re. One who cleans and blacks shoes or boots. — mak'er, re. One who makes boots and shoes. — -tie, re. A ribbon or string for fastening a shoe to the foot. — Shoe'ing-horn, Shoe'-horn, n. A curved piece of polished horn or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe; anything by which a transaction is facilitated. Shone. See Shine. Shoo, shoo, inter;. Begone; away, — used in scaring away fowls and other animals. [G. scheuchen, to scare, drive away.] Shook. See Shake. Shook, sho"6k, n. A set of staves sufficient in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, etc. ; a set of boards fo" x sugar-box. [ProvE. shook, split; cf. shingle.] Shoot, shoot, v. t. [shot, shooting.] To let fly or cause to be driven with force, as an arrow or bullet; to discharge and cause to be driven with violence; to strike with anything shot; to hit, wound, or kill with a missile; to send out or forth, esp. with a rapid or sudden motion; to emit, hurl; to push or thrust for- ward; to pass rapidly through or under; to variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling. — v. t. To per- form the act of discharging, sending with force, or driving anything by means of an engine ov instru- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In. Ice : Sdd, tone, 8r \ SHOOT 531 SHOVE ment: to be shot or propelled forcibly; to be emitted, sent forth, or driven along; to be felt, as if darting through one; to germinate, bud, sprout; to make pro- gress, grow, advance; to move quickly, pass rapidly through, under, or over ; to form by shooting ; to spread over, overspread; to be pushed out, jut, pro- ject. — a. Act of propelling or driving anything with violence; discharge of afire-arm or bowl; act of strik- ing, or endeavoring to strike, with a missive weapon; a young branch or growth. [AS. sceotan, D. sckieten, to shoot; s. rt. Skr. skand, to jump, ascend, E. shut, shuttle, sheet, scot, scud, skittish, skittles.'] — Shoot'- er, n. One who shoots ; an archer ; gunner ; that which shoots ; a fire-arm. — Shoot'ing-star, n. A star-like, luminous meteor, which, appearing sud- denly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky and as suddenly disappears. — Shot, n. ; pi. Shot or Shots. Act of shooting ; discharge of a missile weapon ; a missile weapon, esp. a ball or bullet ; small globular masses of lead, for killing birds and small animals ; flight of a missile weapon, or the distance which it passes from the engine ; a marks- man ; share or proportion ; reckoning ; scot. — v. t. [shotted, -ting.] To load with shot over a car- tridge. [AS. gesceot, implements for shooting, fr. sceotan, D. schot, a shot, fr. schieten; same as scot, q. v.] — Shot 'ten. -tn, a. Having ejected the spawn.— Shot'-free, a. Scot-free; free from charge. — prop, 7?. {Saut.) A wooden prop covered with tarred hemp, to stop a shot-hole in a ship's side. Shoot, sh<36t, n. An inclined plane, artificial or natu- ral, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide ; a narrow passage, natural or artificial, in a stream, where the water rushes rapidly. [Prop, chute, q. v.] Whop, shop, n. A building in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by retail ; a building in which mechanics work; store; warehouse.— v. i. [shopped (shopt), -ping.] To visit shops for purchasing goods. [AS. sceoppa, a stall or booth, scypen, LG. schup, a shed, OF. eschope, a ship.] — Shop'per, n. — Shop'- book, n. A book in which a tradesman keeps his accounts. keep'er, n. A trader who sells goods in a shop, or by retail. — lift'er, n. One who steals anything in a shop or store, or takes goods privately from a shop. — lift'ing, a. Larceny committed in a shop. — man, n. A petty trader; shop-keeper; trades- man; one who serves in a shop; salesman. Shore, shor, n. The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water, as a sea or lake. [AS. score, orig. the edge, fr. sceran, to shear ; s. rt. shear, score.] Shore, shor, n. A prop, or timber, placed as a tempo- rary brace or support on the side of a building, etc — v. t. [shored (shord), shoring.] To support by a post or buttress; to prop. [D. schoor, a prop, schoren, a prop, Ic. skordha, a prop, also to prop, fr. skera, to shear,— 1. e. a piece of wood cut to a proper length.] Shorl, shorl, n. (Min.) Black tourmaline. [See Schorl.] Shorn. See Shear. Short, sh6rt, a. Not long ; having brief length ; not extended in time ; having very limited duration ; limited in quantity; inadequate f insufficient; scanty; insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; lack- ing; deficient; imoerfect; not coming up (to a meas- ure or standard) ; near at hand ; limited in intel- lectual power or grasp ; not tenacious, as memory ; less important, efficacious, or powerful; not equal or equivalent; less; abrupt; petulant; brittle; friable. {Cookery.) Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth; crisp; tender. {Stock Exchange.) Engagingto deliver what is not possessed. {Pron.) Pronounced with a less prolonged utterance, and with a some- wnat thinner and more slender sound, — said of vow- els, in Eng., as disting. fr. the same when having the "long sound; as, a in but, e in m&t, etc. ; less prolonged, simply, and disting. fr. the same sound as of long quantity, — said of the vowels in many languages, and sometimes of vowel sounds in Eng. — n. A summary account, pi. The part of ground grain from which the fine flour or meal has boon sifted.— adv. In a short manner: briefly; liinitedly; abruptly; suddenly. [AS. sccort, OHG. scurz, short, Ic. skorta, to be short of, lack, skortr, shortness, want ; s. rt. L. curtus, short = E. curt, Gr. h'irein, to shear.] — lashort. In few words: briefly: to sum up or close in a few words.— The long and s. The whole ; a brief summing up. — Short'en, -n, v. t. Ship i the Stocks, supported by Shores. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make short in measure, extent, or time ; to reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to make deficient in respect to; to make short or friable, as pastry, with butter or lard.— v. i. To become short or shorter; to contract. — Short'ener, n. — Short'ening, n. A making or be- coming short or shorter. ( Cookery.) That which ren- ders pastry short or friable, as butter or lard. — Short'ly, adv. In a short or brief time or manner; in few words; briefly. — Short'nesB, n. — Shorf- breathed, -bretht, a. Having short breath, or quick respiration. — com'ing, n. Act of failing or coming short; as, failure of a crop, etc.; neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty. — hand.n. A rapid method of writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for words; stenography; phonography.— -lived, -hvd, a. Not living or lasting long: being of short continuance. — sight, n. Short-sightedness. — -sight'ed, a. Not able to see far; near-sighted; not able to look far into futurity; of limited intellect; having little regard for the future ; heedless. — sight'- edness, n. Inability to see things at a distance, or at the distance to which the sight ordinarily extends; myopy; defective or limited intellectual sight.— -waist'ed, a. Short from the armpits to the waist,— said of persons; short from the shoulder to the com- mencement of the skirt, to the part about the waist, or to the narrowest and smallest part, — said of gar- ments. wind'ed, a. Affected with shortness of breath. — wit' ted, a. Having little wit; not wise. Shot, etc._ See under Shoot. Shote, shot, n. A fish resembling the trout; a young hog; shoat. [AS. sceota, a shooting or darting fish, a trout, fr. scedtan, to shoot, q. v.] Shough, shok, n, A kind of shaggy dog; a shock. Should. See_ Shall. Shoulder, shol'der, n. {Anat.) The joint by which the arm of a human being, or the fore leg of a quadru- ped, is connected with the body : see House. The flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder-joint; the upper part of the back; that which supports or sustains ; support ; that which resembles a human shoulder ; any protuberance from the body of a thing; the fore leg of an animal dressed for market. — v. t. [shouldered (-derd) -dering.] To push or thrust with the shoulder; to take upon the shoulder. [AS. sadder, D. schouder.] — Shoul'der-belt, n. A belt that passes across the shoulder. — blade, n. {Anat.) The scapula; the flat, triangular bone of the shoulder, or blade-bone: see Skeleton. — knot, n. An ornamental knot of ribbon or lace, worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet. — strap, n. A strap worn on or over the shoulder; {Mil. & Naval.) a nar- row strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating, by devices, the rank he holds. Shout, showt, v. i. To utter a sudden and loud out- cry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract attention. — v. t. To utter with a shout; to cry; to treat with shouts or clamor, —n. A loud burst of voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, esp. of a multitude. [Perh. the cry of a scout ; perh. s. rt. hoot, or Ic. skuta, a taunt.] Shove, shuv, v. t. [shoved (shuvd), shoving.} To drive along by direct application of strength, with- out a sudden impulse; to push; to push along, aside, or away, in a careless or rude manner ; to jostle. — v. i. To push or drive forward ; to push off, move in a bo3t oy means of a pole. — n. Act of shoving, pushing, or pressing. [AS. scojian, scvfan, D. schid- ven, to shove; s. rt. Skr. kshvbh, to become agitated, kshobhana, shaking, E. sheaf.] — Shov'el, shuv r l, n. An instrument with hollowed blade for digging, 1 i f t i n g, or t hrowmg earth or loose sub stances. — v. t. [shov- eled (-Id), -ELING.j To take up and throw with a shovel ; to ' g a t h e r in great quan- tities. [AS. ' sc-ofl, f r. sco- 1 -fian, G. schaufel, a shovel.] — Shov'eler, n. One who, etc. ; a kind of duck, hav- ing a bill remarkably long and broad at the end. Shoveler. sun, cube, full ; moon, io"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SHOW 532 SHRUNKEN Show. sho, v. t. [showed (shod); p. p. shown (shon) or showed; showing.] To exhibit or present to view; to exhibit; to cause to see, enable to perceive; to teach, inform, point out to ; to usher or guide, conduct; to make apparent or clear by evidence, tes- timony, or reasoning; to prove, evince, explain; to bestow, confer, afford. — v. i. To appear, look, seem. — n. Aet of showing or bringing to view; ap- pearance; exhibition ; that which is shown or brought to view; a spectacle; proud or ostentatious display; parade; pomp; semblance; likeness; appearance ; pretext; specious plausibility. [ME. schewen, AS. sceawian, to look, see, behold, Dan. skue, G. schauen, to behold, see; s. rt. L. cavere, to be careful, orig. to look about, Skr. kavi, wise.]— To show off. To make a show, display one's self . — Show'y, -t, a. [-iek, -iest.] Making a show; attracting attention; gay; gaudy; fine; pompous; ostentatious.— Show'ily, adv. — Show'iness, n. — Show'er, n. — Show' -bill, n. A broad sheet containing an advertisement, in large letters, placed at shop doors, windows, etc. — bread, n. (Jewish Antiq.) Loaves of bread which the priest of the week placed before the Lord, on the golden table in the sanctuary. Shower, show'er, n. A fall of rain or hail of short duration ; that which resembles a shower in fall- ing through the air copiously and rapidly. — v. t. [showered (-erd), -ering.] To water with a shower, wet copiously with rain; to bestow liberally. — v. i. To rain in showers. [AS. and OIIG. scur, G. schauer, a shower, perh. orig. a dark cloud, and s. rt. L. ob- scurus = E. obscure, E. sky.] — Show'ery, -Sr-i, a. Raining in showers; pert, to, or produced by, show- ers. — Show'er-bath, n. A bath in which water is showered upon the person from above ; a contriv- ance for effecting this. Shrank. See Shrink. Shrapnel, shrap'nel, S. -shell, v. A shell filled with bullets, which scatter destructively when the shell explodes. [Inventor's- name.] Shred, shred, v. t. [shred, -ding.] To cut or tear into small pieces, esp. narrow and long pieces (of cloth, leather, etc.). — re. Along, c narrow piece cut or torn off ; a onrapnei bhell. strip ; a fragment ; piece. [AS. screade, a strip, screadian, to shred; s.«rt. scroll, screed.'] Shrew, shroo, re. A brawling, turbulent, vexatious woman ; a scold. (Zo'ol.) _A shrew-mouse. — v. t. [Surewed or shrewd (shrood); shrewing.] Tobe- shrew, curse. [ME. shrewe, schrewe, screwe, wick- ed, bad (said of both sexes), AS. screened, a shrew- mouse, fr. a notion that its bite was fatal to cattle, etc., lit. the biter; s. rt. Skr. kshur, to scratch, cut, kshura, Gr. xuron, a razor, E. shred, shroud, scru- ple, scrutiny, beshrew.] — Shrewd, shrood, a. Dis- posed to be critical and censorious ; astute ; pene- trating; discriminating; involving or displaying an astute or sagacious judgment ; keen ; vexatious ; subtle; discerning. [ME. schrewed, orig. accursed, p. p. of schrewen, to curse.] — Shrewd'ly, adv. Arch- ly; sagaciously; with good guess. — Shrewd'neas, re. — Shrew'ish, a. Having the qualities of a shrew; froward; peevish; petulantly clamorous. — Shrew r - ishly, adv.— Shrewishness, n. «^lga__ _*«gEr*«*»^ ^ — Shrew'-mouse, . S^\ re. (Zool.) An in- sectivorous animal which burrows in the ground. Shriek, shrek, v. i. [SHRIEKED (shrekt) ; shriek- ing ] To utter a Common Shrew, loud, sharp, shrill cry; to scream, as in sudden fright, in horror, or an- guish; to mourn with sharp, shrill cries. — v. t. To utter sharply and shrilly. — )?. A sharp, shrill out- cry or scream, such as is produced by sudden terror or extreme anguish. [Same as screech, q. v.] Shrievalty. See under Sheriff. Shrift. See under Shrove-tide. Shrike, shrik, re. A rapacious bird, of many species, living upon insects and small animals; the butcher- bird. [Onoirrat., fr. its cry; Ic. skrikja, AS. scric, the shrike, lit. a shrieker; s. rt. shriek, etc.] Shrill, shril, a. Uttering an acute sound ; sharp ; piercing. — v. i. [shrilled (shrild), -ling.] To Shrimp. utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound in a sharp, shrill tone ; to nave an acute or piercing effect. — v. t. To cause to make a shrill sound, utter in a shrill tone; to pierce, penetrate, wound. [ME. shril, schril, LG. schrell, shrill, Norweg. skrsela, to cry shrilly, skrsel, a shrill cry ; s. rt. Lithuan. skaliti to bark, give tongue, said of a hound, E. scold, q. v.] — ShrilKness, n. — ShriKly, adv. Shrimp, shrimp, re. (Zobl.) A small, long-tailed, dec- apod crustacean, of numerous species, some of which are used for food. A little, wrinkled man; i a dwarf, — in con- tempt. [Scot, scrimp, scanty, also to straighten, pinch, AS. scrimman, to shrink ; s. rt. crimp, cramp, crumple, ripple, rumple, shrink, q. v.] Shrine, shrin, re. A case, box, or receptacle, esp. one in which sacred relics are deposited; any sacred or hallowed place ; an altar; place of worship. [AS. serin, L. scrinium, a chest, box.] Shrink, shrink, v. i. [shrunk, shrinking : the old imp. shrank and p. p. shrunken are nearly obso- lete.] To become wrinkled by contraction; to shriv- el, contract, dry up ; to withdraw or retire, as from danger ; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. — v.t. To cause to contract, — re. Act of shrinking ; contraction; recoil. [AS. scrincan, OD. schrinken, to shrink ; s. rt. shrimp, scraggy, shrivel, prob. shrug, cringe, cringle, crank.] — Shrink'age, -ej, n. Con- traction into a less compass ; reduction in the bulk or dimensions of anything by shrinking; diminution in value (of stocks, property, etc.).— Shrink'er, n. Shrive. See under Shrove-tide. Shrivel, shriv'l, v. i. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to contract, shrink, wither.— ?', t. To cause to shrink or contract. [Prob. same as shrimp.] Shroud, shrowd, n. That which clothes, covers, con- ceals, or protects; a garment: esp., a winding-sheet or dress for the dead; that which clothes, covers, or shelters, like a shroud, pi. (Navt.) A set of ropes reaching from the mast-heads to the sides of a vessel, to support the masts: see Ship. — v. t. To cover with a shroud: esp., to inclose in a winding-sheet ; to cover, as with a shroud ; to hide, veil. [AS. scrud, a garment, cloth- ing, Ic. skrudh, shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, Norweg., Dan., and Sw. skrud, dress; s. rt. shred.] Shrove-tide, shiov'tid, -Tuesday, -tuz'dt, n. The Tuesday follow- ing Quinquagesima Sunday, and snrouas. preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash-Wednesday, on which day it was formerly customary in Eng. for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests. [Shrove fr. ME. shrof, shroof, prop. imp. of schriren, shriven, AS. scrir'an, to shrive, impose a penance upon, to judge, fr. L. scribere (= G. schreiben), to write, draw up a law, impose a legal penalty, pre- scribe a penance; s. rt. scribe, prescribe, etc.] — Shrive, shriv, v. t. [shrived (shnvd), shriving.] To hear or receive the confession of and absolve, — said of a priest; to confess, — used refiexively. — v. i. To re- ceive confessions. — Shrift, n. Confession made to a priest; act of shriving; absolution. [AS. scrift (whence Ic. and Sw. skrift) = L. septus, p. p. of scribere.] , ., Shrub, shrub, n. A low, dwarf tree; a woody plant of a size less than a tree. [AS. scrob ; s. rt. scrub, prob. shrimp, etc.]-Shrub'by, -bt, a. [-bier; -biest.] Full of, resembling, or consisting of shrubs or brush. — Shrub'biness, n.— Shrub'bery, -ber-1 , n. A collec- tion of shrubs taken as a whole ; a place where shrubs are planted. Shrub, shrub, n. A preparation of fruit juice, etc., used for flavoring summer drinks. [Ar. shirb, shwb, a drink, shariba,he drank; s. rt. syrup, sherbet.] Shrug, shrug, v. t. [shrugged (shrugd), -ging.J lo draw up, contract, esp. by wavof expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. —v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing horror, etc. — n. A drawing up of the shoulders. [Same as shrink ; Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, Sw. dial, skruga, to hud- dle one's self up. skrinka — v 1 Shnmken. See Shrink. E. to shrink.] am, fame, iftfi pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r; SHUCK 533 SIEGE Shuck, shuk, n. A shell or covering; husk; pod; esp., the covering of a nut or of maize. — v. t. To husk, shell, peel the shucks from (nuts, corn, etc.)- [O. schotc, a husk, pod, shell.] Shudder, shud'der, v. i. [-dered (-derd), -derixg.] To tremble or shake with fear, horror, or aversion \ to shiver with cold, quake. — n. A shaking with fear or horror ; a tremor. [OD. schudden, G. schuet- tern, to shake, tremble.] Shuffle, shuf'fl, v. t. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To shove one way and the other; to push from one to an- other; to mix by pushing or shovimr, confuse, throw into disorder; esp., to change the relative positions of (cards in a pack). — V. i. To change the relative position of cards in a pack ; to shift ground ; to practice shifts to elude detection; to use arts or ex- pedients, equivocate, prevaricate, quibble, evade, sophisticate, make shift, struggle ; to move in a slovenly, dragging manner. — n. Act* of shuffling; act of mixing and throwing into confusion by Change of places; an evasion; trick; artifice. [Same as scuffle, freq. of shove; not s. rt. shift.'] — Shuffler, n. One who shuffles or prevaricates. — Shuffling, a. Evasive. — Shufflingly, adv. Shun, shun, v. t. [shunned (shund), -ning.] To avoid, keep clear of, get out of the way of, escape from, neglect. [AS. scunian, orig. to flee, hurry off, OHG. scuntan, to urge on; s. rt. schooner.] — Shunt, v. t. To turn off to one side; esp., to turn off (a railroad car, etc.) upon a side track; to switch off; to shift (an electric current) to another circuit; to put off upon one. — v. i. To go aside, turn off. — n. (Railroads.) A turn off to a side or short rail that the principal rail may be left free. (Elec.) A switch, — a contrivance for shifting an electric current to another circuit. [ME. shunten, to start aside, escape, Ic. skimda. to speed.] Shut, shut, v. t. [shut, -ting.] To close, as the hand; to contract ; to close so as to hinder ingress or egress ; to forbid entrance into, prohibit., bar. — v. i. To close itself, become closed. — p. a. ' ( JPron.) Having the sound suddenly interrupted or stopped by a succeeding consonant, as the i in pit, the o in hop. [AS. scyttan, for scutian, fr. sceotan, to shoot (a bolt of a door, etc.), D. schutten, to shut in, lock up, schut, a fence, in OD., an arrow, dart, fr. schieten, to shoot.] — Shut r tev, n. One who shuts or closes; a slatted or close movable frame or cover for a win- dow or other aperture; a blind. — Shut'tle, -tl, n. A sliding thread-holder for carrying the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other, be- tween the threads of the warp, or for completing a lock stitch in some sewing machines; a shuttlecock. [AS. scyttels, bolt of a door, fr. sceotan; Dan. skyttel, a shuttle, Sw. skotspole, shuttle, lit. shot-spool.] — Shut' tlecock, n. A cork stuck with feathers, used to be struck by a battledoor in play; the play itself. Shy, shi, a. Sensitively timid; reserved; easily fright- ened ; cautious ; wary ; suspicious ;*coy. — v. i. [shied (shld). shying.] To start suddenly aside, as if a little frightened. [ME. skyg, scrupulous, care- ful to shun (evil), skey, Dan. and Sw. dial, sky, shy, skittish (said of a horse), Sw. sky, to shun, OHG. sciuhan, to frighten, also to fear, shy at, whence OF. eschever — E. eschew, q. v.] — Shy'ly, Shfly, adv. In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with re- serve. — Shy'ness, Shfness, n. Shyster, shfster, n. A tricky knave; one who carries on business, esp. legal business, dishonestly. [G. scheiss, excrement.] Si, se. (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the "th tone of the major diatonic scale. Sialogogue, si-al'o-gog, n. {Med.) A medicine that promotes the flow of saliva. [Gr. sia/on, spittle, saliva, and agogos, leading, fr. agein, to lead.] Sibilant, sib'T-lant, a. Making a hissing sound; ut- tered with a hissing sound; hissing.—?;. A letter uttered with a hissing of the voice, as s and z. [L. sibilans, p. pr. of sibuare, to hiss.] — Sibila'tion, n. Utterance with a hissing sound; the sound itself. Sibyl, sib'il, n. (Pagan Antiq.) A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prr~ihecy. A female fortune-teller, or gypsy. [L. S^ylla, Gr. Sibulla, prob. orig. a wise woman, fr. s. rt. L. sapere, to be wise, Gr. sojjhos, wise, E. sage.] — Sib'ylline. -il-lin, a. Pert, to, uttered, written, or composed by, sib- yls; like the productions of sibyls. Sic, sik, adv. So ; thus, — usually placed in paren- thesis, after a quoted word or phrase, to indicate that the quotation is exact, though apparentry un- likely, ft.] Siccity, sik'sT-tt, n. Dryness; aridity; destitution o f . moisture. [L. siccttas.fr. siccus, dry.] Sice, siz, n. The number 6 at dice. [F. six, L. sex — Sick, sik, a. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to vomit ; having: a strong dislike ; dis- gusted: affected with disease of any kind; ill; dis- ordered; indisposed; weak ; feeble ; morbid. [AS. seoc, G. siech, Goth, siuks, sick, siukan, to be ill.] — Sick headache. (Med.) A variety of headache at- tended with disorder of the stomach and nausea.— Sick'ish, a. Somewhat sick or diseased; exciting sickness or disgust; nauseating; nauseous. — Sick - ishness, n. — Sick'ly, -IT, a. [-lier; -liest.] Some- what sick; disposed to illness; producing or tend- ing to disease; appearing as if sick; ailing; infirm; weakly; feeble; languid; faint. — Sick'liness, n. — Sick'hess, n. State of being sick or diseased; a dis- ease or malady; esp., nausea. — Sick' en, -n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -ening.] To make qualmish, disgust; to make sick, disease, —v. i. To be filled to disgust, he filled with abhorrence, be satiated; to become distrusted or tedious; to become sick. Sickle, sik^l, n. A reaping-hook; a curved steel instru- ment with handle, used for cutting grain, etc., hav- ing the cutting edge on the inner curve of the blade. [AS. sicol, L. secida, fr. secare, to cut: see Section.] — Sick'leman, n. One who uses a sickle; a reaper. Side, sid, n. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface; esp., one of the longer edges; one of the surfaces which define or limit a solid, esp. one of the longer surfaces; any outer portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or contrasted with another; one half of the body considered as opposite to the other half; the part of the body about the ribs; part connecting top and bot- tom, as the wall of a room or the slope or declivity of a hill; position of a person or party regarded as op- posed to another person or party; a body of advo- cates or partisans; the interest or cause which one maintains against another; a doctrine opposed to another doctrine; interest; favor; a line of descent traced through one parent, as disting. f r. that traced through another. — a. Being on the side ; or toward the side; lateral; indirect; oblique; collateral. —v. i. To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in its interest, when opposed to another party. [AS. and Dan. side, Ic. sidha, a side, prob. orig. that which hangs down, that which is extended, AS. sic?, long, wide, Ic. sidhr, long, hanging down.]— Sid'ed, a. Having a side, — used in composition. — Siding, n. The attaching of one's self to a party. (Rail- roads.) A turn-out; side track. (Car/).) The board- ing covering the side of a house.— Side'ling, a. In- clining to one side; directed toward one side ; sloping; inclined. — Sidelong, a. Lateral ; oblique ; not directly in front. — adv. Laterally; obliquely; in the direction of the side; on the side. —Side 7, walk, n. A raised way for foot-passengers at the side of a street or road. — Side'ways, -wise, adv. Toward one side; inclining; laterally; on one side. — Sides''- man, n. An assistant to a churchwarden; a partisan. — Side'arm, n. A weapon (sword, bayonet, etc.) worn at the side. board, n. A piece of cabinet work, placed on one side in a dining-room to hold dishes, etc. —-light, n. A subsidiary light, or one supplementary to the main one. — sad'dle, n. A saddle for a woman to use, with both feet on one side. wheel, n. A steamer's paddle-wheel. — a. Pro- pelled by side-wheels, and not by a screw. — Sfdle, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dung.] To move side foremost. Sideral, sid'gr-al, a. Relating to the stars; affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; baleful. [L. sideralis and sidereus, fr. sidus, sideris, a constellation, star.] — Side'real, si-de're-al, a. Relating to the stars ; starry ; astral. (Astron.) Measured by the apparent motion of the stars; pert, to or designated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the same position in respect to the stars. Siderography, sid-Sr-og'ra-f i, n. Art or practice of steel engraving. [Gr. sideros, iron, and graphein, to draw.] — Sid'erograph'ic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Pert, to siderography, or performed^ by engraved plates of steel. — Sid'eroscope, -er-o-skop, n. An instrument for detecting small quantities of iron in any sub- stance. [Gr. skopein, to view, explore.] Sidewalk, Sidewise, Sidle, etc. See under Side. Siege, sej, n. The setting of an army around or before a fortified place, to compel the garrison to surrender; a continued attempt to gain possession. [OF., a seat, sQn. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SIENITE 534 SILIQUA siege, f r. L. sedes, a seat, sedere = E. to sit. ] — Siege'- gun, n. A heavy gun lor siege operations. Sienite. See Sy'enite. Sienna, si-en'na, n. An earthy pigment of a brown- ish-yellow color, — a silicate of iron and alumina. i_Fr. Sienna, in Italy.] Sierra, se-efra, n. A saw-like ridge of mountains and craggy rocks. [Sp., fr. L. serra, a saw.] Siesta, se-es'ta, n. A short sleep taken about the mid- dle of the day, or after dinner. [Sp., fr. L. sexta (ho- ra), the 6th hour after sunrise.] Sieve, siv, n. A utensil for separating the fine part of any pulverized or fine substance from the coarse; a kind of coarse basket. [AS. sife, D. zee/, zift, a sieve, prob. orig. made of rushes, and fr. Ic. sef, Dan. siv, a rush.] — Sift, v. t. To separate by a sieve (the fine part of a substance from the coarse); to separate or part as if by a sieve; to separate the good or bad of; to an- alyze, scrutinize. [AS. si/tan, D. ziften.] — Sift'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; a sieve. Sigh, si, v. i. [sighed (sld), sighing.] To make a deep single respiration, esp. as the result or involuntary expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, etc. ; to lament, grieve; to make a sound like sighing.— v. t. To utter sighs over, lament or mourn over; to express by sighs. — n. A single deep respiration; a long breath ; a manifestation of grief or sorrow. [Prob. onomat.; AS. sican, to sigh; perh. s. rt. sick.] — Sigb/er, n. Sight, sit, n. Act of seeing; perception of objects by the eye; view; power of seeing; faculty of vision; state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; region which the eye at one time surveys ; thing seen; spectacle; show; something worth seeing; in- spection ; examination ; instrument of seeing ; the eye; a small aperture through which objects are to be seen, and by which the direction is settled or as- certained; a piece of metal near the muzzle, or an- other near the breech, of a fire-arm, to guide the eye in taking aim; a great number, quantity, or sum. — v. t. To get sight of, see; to look at through a sight, see accurately. {Mil.) To give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a sight. — v. i. To ob- tain a distinct view. {Mil.) To fake aim by a sight, take sight. [AS. siht, gesiht, sight (n.), fr. seon (p. p. segen, gesegen), to see, q. v.] — Sightless, a. Want- ing sight; blind; offensive or unpleasing to the e3 r e; unsightly.— Sight 'ly, -IT, a. Open to sight; conspic- uous; pleasing to the sight: comely. — Sight'liness, n. — Sight'-see'ing, a. Given to seeing sights; eager for novelties or curiosities. Sigmoid, sig , moid,-moid , al, a. Curved in 2 directions, like the letter S. [Gr. sigmoeides, fr. sigma (=E. S) and eidos, form.] Sign, sin, n. That by which anything is made known or represented; that which furnishes evidence; to- ken; indication; proof; a remarkable event, consid- ered by the ancients as indicating the will of a deity ; miracle; wonder ; indication of the divine will ; something serving to indicate the existence, or pre- serve the memory of a thing; any symbol or emblem which prefigures, typifies, or represents, an idea; a word regarded as the outward manifestation of thought; a motion, action, or gesture, by which a thought is expressed, or a command or wish made known; one of the conventional manual motions by which conversation is carried on, as by the deaf and dumb; something conspicuous placed before a house to advertise the business there transacted. (Astron.) The l-12th part of the ecliptic or zodiac. (Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, or an operation performed upon them. (Mus.) Any char- acter, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. — v. t. [signed (sind), signing.] To represent by a sign, signify ; to affix a signature to, notify by hand or seal. — v. i. To make a sign or signal; to communicate intelli- gence by signs. [OF. signe, L. signum, a sign, sig- nare, -naturn, to sign.] — Sign-manual. (Eng. Laiv.) The royal signature superscribed at the top of bills of grants and letters-patent; the signature of one's name in his own handwriting.— Sign'er, n.— Sign'- post, n. A post on which a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give public notice of anything. — Sig'nal, n. A sign agreed upon to give notice of some occurrence, command, or danger, to a person at a distance, or, as the occasion of concerted action; a token; indication. —a. Disting. from what is or- dinary; eminent; memorable; notable; conspicuous. — v. t. [signaled (-nald),-NALiNG.] To communicate by signals. [F. ; LL. signale, a signal, prop. neut. of L. signalis, pert, to a sign.] — Sig'nally, adv. In a signal manner; eminently; remarkably. — Sig'nal- ize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make signal or eminent ; to communicate with by means of a signal; to indicate the existence, presence, or fact of, by a signal.— Sig'nature, -na-chur, n. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed; the name of 'any person written with his own hand; a sign-manual. (Mus.) The fiats or sharps at the beginning of a composition, which indicate the key or scale. (Print.) A letter or figure by which the sheets of a book or pamphlet are distin- guished and their order designated. [F.] — Sig/na- tory, -na-to-rY, a. Pert, to a seal; used in sealing; signing; sharing in a signature. — n. A signer. — Sig'net, n. A seal; esp., in Eng., the seal used by the sovereign in sealing private letters and grants that pass by bill under the sign-manual. [F., dim. of signe.] — Sig'nify, -nl-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- ing.] To make known by a sign, communicate by any conventional token; to convey the notion of; to make known, express, manifest, declare, intimate, denote, imply, mean. — v. i. To express meaning with ioice. [F. signifier, L. significare, -catum, fr. signum and facere, to make.] — Significance, -can- cy, -nif i-kan-st, n. State of being significant; that which is signiried; moment; weight; consequence; import; importance: force. [F. significance.] — Sig- nificant, a. Fitted or designed to signify or make known something; standing as a sign or token; ex- pressive or suggestive: having a meaning; deserving to be considered; important; momentous. [L. sig* nificans, p. pr. of significare.] — Significantly, adv. — Sig'nifica'tion, n. Act of signifying or making known; that which is signified or made known. — Significative, -ka-tiv, a. Betokening or representing by an external sign; having signification or mean- ing.— Sig'ninca'tor, n. One who, or that which, sig- nines. Signior, Signor, Signora, etc. See under Seignior. Silence, sf lens, n. State of being silent; entire ab- sence of sound or noise; forbearance from, or ab- sence of, speech: secrecy; cessation of rage, agita- tion, or tumult; calmness; quiet; absence of men- tion; oblivion. — interj. Be silent, — used elliptically lor let there be silence, or keep silence. — v. t. [si- lenced (-lenst), -cing.] To compel to silence, cause to be still; to put to rest, quiet. [F.; L. silentia, si- lence, Goth, silan, to become silent; s. rt. seldom.] — Sf lent, a. Free from sound or noise; absolutely still; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; habitu- ally taciturn; not speaking; keeping at rest; inac- tive. (Pron.) Not pronou-hced; having no sound; quiescent. [L. silens, silentis, p. pr. of silere, to be silent.] — Silent partner. One who furnishes capital and shares profits and losses, but neither in name nor in fact has part in the management; dormant partner. — Sf lently, adv. — Sf lentness, n. Silesia, st-le'shT-a, n. A kind of thin, coarse linen cloth, orig. made in Silesia. Silex, sf leks, Sif ica, -T-ka, n. (Min. and Chem.) Ox- ide of silicon, — the characteristic ingredient of rock crystal, quartz, flint, glass, etc.: when pure it is a hard, rough, white powder. [L. silex, silicis, flint.] — Silf ceous, -cious, sT-lislfus, a. Pert, to, or containing, silica, or partaking of its nature and qualities. [L. sillceus, f r. silex.] — Silicic, -lis'ik, a. ( Chem. ) Of, pert, to, or obtained from silica. — Silicic acid. An acid composed of silicon, oxygen, and water. — Silfcium, -lislfT-um, n. Silicon. Silicon, n. (Chem.) A dark, nut- brown, elementary substance, desti- tute of metallic luster, and a non-con- ductor of electricity: it is the base of silex, or silica. * Silhouette, sifdo-et, n. A representation of the outlines of an object filled in with a black color ; a profile. [F., named in derision of Etienne Silhou- ette, a French minister of finance, about 1757, who tried to arrange every- Silhouette, thing with extreme economy.] Siliqua, sifl-kwa, n. ; pi. -qu^e, -kwe, or Sif ique, -ik or -ek, n. (Bot.) An oblong seed-vessel, consisting of 2 valves, and a dissepiment between, and opening by sutures at either margin, with the seeds attached to both edges of the dissepiment, and alternately upon each side of it. [L. siliqua. a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure.]— Sif iquous, -I-kwus, a. Bearing, pert, to, or resembling, siliques. — - SIF* hcon, oxygen, n. Silicon. — 1 fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, term; In, Ice; odd, tone, drt SILK 535 SINAPISM a K icle, -Y-kl,». A seed-vessel resemblin silique, but about as broad as long silicula, dim. of siligua.] Bilk, silk, n. The fine, soft thread, pro- duced by various species of caterpillars in the form of a cocoon, esp. that pro- duced by the silk-worm; thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above-named ma- terial; the filiform styles of the female j flower of maize. [AS. seolc, Sw. and j Dan. silke, f r. L. sericum, silk, prop. neut. i of Sericiis, pert, to the Seres, Chinese; s. rt. serge.] — Silk'en, -n, a. Made of, re- sembling, or pert, to, silk; soft; delicate; tender; smooth; dressed in silk. — Silk'y, -Y, a. [-IER, -iest.] Made of, resembling, or pert, to, silk; silk-like: soft and smooth; pliant; yielding. — Silklness, n.— Silk'- mercer, n. A dealer in silks. — worm, n. (Entom.) The caterpillar which pro- duces silk; the larve of a white or cream- colored moth. Sill, ail, n. A stone or timber forming the basis or foundation of a house, bridge, loom, etc.; the tim- ber or stone at the foot of a door; threshold; the timber or stone on which a window-frame stands. [AS. syl, a base, support, Ic. and Sw. syll, doorsill, OI1G. swelli, sill, threshold, beam, Goth, sulfa, foundation, sole of a shoe; s. rt. swell.'] Sillabub, silla-bub, n. A mixture of wine or cider with milk, forming a soft curd. [Perh. fr. LG. slabb'ut, spoon meat, fr. schlabben, schlappen, to slap or sup up food noisily, schlabbete, weak soup.] Silly, sil'II, a. [-lier, -liest.] Orig. weak; helpless; frail ; weak in intellect ; destitute of ordinary strength of mind; proceeding from want of under- standing or common judgment; witless ; shallow; foolish; imprudent. [AS. seelig, D. zalig, OHG. sa- lik, happy, fortunate, Goth, sels, good, kind; s. rt. safe, serve, prob. solace.] — Sillily, -IT-IT, adv. In a silly manner; foolishly. — Silliness, n. Silo, silo, n. A trench or pit in which fodder crops are preserved by the process of ensilage, q. v. [F.] Silt, silt, n. Mud or fine earth deposited from running or standing water. — v. t. To choke, fill, or obstruct with mud.— v. i. To flow into, or percolate through, crevices or narrow places, as muddy water; to ooze. [Sw. .<»iiZa, to strain, filter, sil, a filter.] Silurian, si-lulT-an, a. (Geol.) Of, or pert, to, the country of the ancient Silures, who inhabited a part of England and Wales, — a term applied to the ear- liest Paleozoic age, and to the strata of the age. Silva, Sylva, sil'va, n. A collection of poems. (Bot.) The forest trees of a region or country, or a descrip- tion of them. [L., a wood; s. rt. savage.] — Sil'van, Syl'van, a. Pert, to, composed of, or inhabiting woods or groves; woody. See Sylvan. Silver, siKvgr, n. (Min.) A soft, white, metallic ele- ment, very malleable and ductile, and capable of a high polish. Coin made of silver; anything having the luster or appearance of silver. — a. Made of, or resembling silver, — v. t. [silvered (-verd), -ver- ING.] To cover with silver ; to coat with an amal- gam of tin and quicksilver; to polish like silver, cause to resemble silver, make smooth and bright; to make hoary, or white and shining, like silver. [AS. seolfor, D. zilver, Lithuan. sidabras ; perh. named fr. its brightness; cf. Lithuan. swidxts, bright, L. sidus, a star.] — Sil'vering, n. Art, operation, or practice of covering the surface of anything with silver or with a mercurial amalgam; coating thus laid on, — Sil'very, -ver-Y, a. Resembling, or hav- ing the luster of, silver ; besprinkled or covered with silver. — Sirver-smith, n. One who works in silver. Simarre, sY-mar', n. A woman's long dress or robe; also, a light covering; a scarf. Similar, sim'Y-ler, a. Exactly corresponding ; pre- cisely alike; somewhat alike; nearly corresponding. [F. sunilaire, L. similis, like, similar; s. rt. L. simul, Gr. hama, together, E. same, simultaneous, semblance, assemble, dissemble.] — Similar figures. (Geom.) Fig- ures which differ from each other only in magni- tude, being made up of the same number of like parts similarly situated. — Similarity, -lar'Y-tY, n. State of being similar ; perfect or partial resem- blance. —Similarly, adv. In a similar manner; in like manner; with resemblance. — Simile, -Y-le, n. ; pi. -iles, -lez. (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which anything is likened in one of its aspects to another; a similitude. [L., neut. of similis.] — Similitude, -Y- tud, n. State of being similar or like; resemblance; likeness; act of likening one thing to another; fan- ciful or imaginative comparison; simile. [F.; L. si- militudo.] Simitar. See Cimeteb. Simmer, sim'mer, v. i. [-meeed (-mSrd), -merino.] To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing, —v. t. To cause to hoil gently. [ProvE.; onomat.; Dan. summe, G. summen, to hum, buzz.] Simony, sim'o-nY, n. The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment. [Fr. Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] — Simo'niac, si-mo'nl-ak, n. One who practices simony, or who buys or sells prefer- ment in the church. — Sim'oni'acal, a. Guilty ot, consisting ofj_involving, or pert, to, simony. Simoom, sY-moom / ', -moon'', n. A hot, dry, suffoca ting, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Af rica, Arabia, etc. [Ar. samum, fr. samma,to poison.] Simper, sim'p5r, v. i. To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited manner. — n. A smile with an air of sil- liness, etc. ; a smirk. [Dan. dial, semper, simper, affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper, one who affect- edly refrains from eating, Dan. sippe, an affectedly coy woman ; s. rt. si/>.] — Sim'perer, n. Simple, sim'pl, a. [-pler; -plest.] Single; not com- plex; not compounded; plain; unadorned; not given to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; unmistakable; clear ; intelligible ; artless in manner ; straightfor- ward ; weak in intellect ; not wise or sagacious. (Bot.) Without subdivisions ; entire. — n. Some- thing not mixed or compounded. (Med.) A me- dicinal plant, — so called because each vegetable is supposed to possess its particular virtue and there- fore to constitute a simple remedy. [F. ; L. simplex, -plicis, fr. sim- (s. rt. L. singuli, one by one, semper, always alike, semel, once, simul, together, E. same) and plicare, to fold.] — Sim'plist, n. One skilled in simples, or medical plants.— Sim'ply, -pit, adv. In a simple manner ; without art ; without subtlety; art- lessly ; plainly ; when considered in or by itself ; merely; solely; barely; weakly; foolishly. — Sim'- pleton, -pl-tun, n. A silly person ; person of weak intellect; foolish person. [F. simplet (masc), sim- plette (fem.), a simple person.] — Simplicity, -plis'T- tY, -pleness, n. State or quality of being simple, un- mixed or uncompounded, or of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts ; artlessness of mind ; freedom from duplicity ; sincerity ; freedom from artificial ornament; plainness; freedom from subtle- ty or abstruseness; clearness; weakness of intellect; silliness. [F. simplicity, L. simplicitas.] — Sim'plify, -plY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make simple, reduce from the complex state by analysis, show an easier or shorter process for doing or making. [F. simplifier.] — Sim'plifica'tion, n. Act of simplify- ing, or making simple. Simulate, sim'u-lat, v. t. To assume the mere appear- ance of without the reality; to counterfeit, feign. — a. Feigned ; pretended. [L. simulare, -latum, fr. similis = E. similar, q. v.] — Simula lion, n. Act of simulating, or putting on what is not true; counter- feiting; feint; pretense. Simultaneous, si-mul-talie-us, a. Existing or happen- ing at the same time. [LL. simultaneus, fr. L. simul, at the same time, together.]— Simulta'neously, adv. — Simulta'neousness, n. Sin, sin, n. Transgression of the law of God; disobe- dience or neglect of a divine command ; moral de- pravity; crime; iniquity; wickedness; wrong; a sin- offering ; one on whom is laid the burden of an- other's sin. — v. t. [sinned (sind) -ning.] To de- part voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed by God to man; to violate any known rule of duty or rectitude; to violate human rights, law, or prop- erty. [AS. syn, sinn, Ic, Dan., and Sw., synd, sin, L. sons, sinful, guilty; s. rt. sooth.] — Deadly or mor- tal sins. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Willful and delib- erate transgressions, which take away divine grace: the seven deadly sins are murder, lust, covetousness, gluttony, pride, envy, and idleness. — Sin'ful, a. Full of sin; wicked; criminal; unholy; containing, tainted with, or consisting in, sin.— Sinfully, adv. — Sinfulness, n. — Sinless, a. Free from sin ; pure ; perfect ; innocent of transgression. — Sinlessly, adv. — Sinlessness, n. — Sin'ner, n. One who , etc. ; esp., a persistent or unrepenting transgressor. Sinapism, sin'a-pizm, n. (Med.) Mustard seed pul- verized, with other ingredients, used as an external application. [F. sinapisme, Gr. sinapismos, fr. sinapi- zein, to apply a mustard blister, fr. sinapi, mustartt.] eiin, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SINCE 536 SINUS Since, sins, adv. In the time past, counting back- ward from the present ; before this or now ; ago. — prep. From the time of ; subsequently to; after,— with a past event or time for the object. — conj. Since the time when ; from the (past; time that ; from (inferentially), or in view of, the fact that; seeing that; because; considering. [Prop, sins, abbr. of ME. sithens, later sithence, fr. sithen, AS. sidhthan, after that, since, contr. fr. sidh (after) dhun (that).] Sincere, sin-ser'', a. [-cerer ; -cerest.] Pure ; un- mixed ; unadulterated; being in reality what it ap- pears to be ; not simulated or falsely assumed ; hearty ; honest; unfeigned; frank; upright ; undis- sembling. [OF.; L. sincerus, perh. orig. wholly sep- arated, and fr. sin- (see Simple) and cernere, to sep- arate : see Discern"; prob. not fr. sine, without, and cera, wax, as if applied orig. to pure honey.] — Sin- cerely, adv. — Sincere'ness, n. — Sincerity, -ser-'I- ti, n. State or quality of being sincere, honesty of mind or intention. [F. sincerite.] Sinciput, sin'sY-put, n. (Anat.) The fore part of the head from the forehead to the coronal suture, — opp. the occiput. See Facial Angle. [L., fr. semi, half, and caput, the head.] Sine, sin, n. {Trigonometry.) The length of a per- pendicular drawn from one ex- tremity of an arc to the diame- ter drawn through the other ex- tremity ; the perpendicular it- self. [L. sinus, a bosom, also a„ curve, fold.] Sinecure, si'ne-kur, n. An ec- clesiastical benefice, without the care of souls ; an office or position which requires or in- volves no labor or active sertf- Sine ice. [L. sine, without, and cura, , care, LL., a cure.] — Si'necur'- * e »J ?»_«. *. ist, n. One who has a sinecure. Sinew, sin diameter, (Anat.) The tough, white cord or fibrous tissue which unites a muscle to a bone; a tendon. That which supplies strength.— v. t. [sin- ewed (-ud), -evving.] To knit as by sinews. [AS. sinu, OHG. senewa, senawa, Ic. sin, lit. a ban«l; s. rt. Lettish sinu, Skr. si, to bind.] — Sin'ewed, -ud, a. Furnished with sinews; strong; firm; vigorous.— Sin'ewless, a. Having no sinews, and hence no strength or vigor. — Sin'ewy, -u-Y, a. Pert, to, con- sisting of, or resembling a sinew or sinews ; well braced with sinews; nervous; strong; vigorous; firm. Sinful, etc. See under Sin. Sing, v. i. [imp. sung or sang (obsolescent); p. p. sung; singing.] To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice ; to utter sweet or melodious sounds, as birds; to make a small shrill sound; to celebrate something in poetry. ~-v. t. To utter with musical modulations of voice ; to cele- brate in song, praise in verse. [ME. and G. singen, AS. singan (imp. sang, p. p. sungen), D. zingen, prob. onomat. ; cf. ring; perh. s. rt. say.] — Sing'er, n. One who sings or whose profession is to sing. — Singing-book, n. A book containing music for singing; a book of tunes. — -mas'ter, n. One who teaches vocal music. — Sing'-song, n. A drawling tone, as of a monotonous or badly executed song.— Song, n. That which is sung ; a short poem to be sung; poetical composition; poetry; sonnet; ballad; canticle ; carol ; canzonet ; ditty : hymn ; descant; lay ; strain ; an object of derision ; a mere trifle. [AS., Sw., Dan., and G. sang, D. zang.]— Song'ster, n. One who sings; one skilled in singing; esp., a bird that sings. [AS. sangystre.] — Song' stress, n. A female singer. Singe, sinj, v. t. [singed (sinjd), singeing.] To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the ends or surface of; to burn off hair, etc., from the surface of. — n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn. [AS. sengan, D. zengen, G.sengen, to singe, scorch, lit. to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan, D. zingen, G. singen = E. to sing, q. v.] Single, sin'gl, a. One only, as distinguished from many, or the whole ; individual ; separate ; alone ; having no companion ; unmarried ; not twisted or combined with others ; performed by one person, or one on each side ; uncompounded ; pure ; un- mixed ; unprejudiced ; unbiased ; sincere. — v. t. [singled (-gld), -gling.] To select (an individual person or thing) from among a number. [L. singu- lus, separate, single ; s. rt. simple, same, q. v.] — Sin'gleness, n. State of being single, or separate from all others ; freedom from duplicity, or secon- dary and selfish ends; purity of mind and purpose; simplicity; sincerity. — Sin'gly, -glT, adv. Individ- ually ; particularly ; only ; by one's self ; without partners, companions, or associates. — Sin'gle-hand'- ed, a. Having one hand or workman only; alone ; by one's self ; unassisted. — hearfc'ed, a. Having a single or honest heart without duplicity. — Sin'gle- ton, -gl-tun, n. A single card, being the only card of a suit originally held in a hand at whist. — Sin'- gular, a. Standing by itself ; out of the ordinary course of things; distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rarely equaled ; disting. as departing from general usage or expectations ; being alone ; unique; unprecedented; extraordinary; rare; pecul- iar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic. (Logic.) Ex- isting by itself ; single; individual. (Gram.) Denot- ing one person or thing; not plural, —n. (Gram.) The number or form of a word which denotes a sin- gle person or thing. [L. singularis, fr. singulus.] — Sin / gular / 'ity, -lar'i-ti, n. State of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; posses- sion of a particular or exclusive privilege, preroga- tive, or distinction. [F. singularity.] — Sin'gularly, adv. In a singular manner; peculiarly; strangely; oddly; so as to express one, or the singular number. Sinister, sin'is-ter, a. On the left hand, or the side of the left hand; left; unlucky; inauspicious; disas- trous; injurious; evil,— the left being regarded as the unlucky side; wrong, as springing from indirec- tion or obliquity of purpose; evil; corrupt; dishon- est. [L.] — Sin'istrous, -is-trus, a. Being on the left side; inclined to the left; wrong; absurd; perverse. — Sin'istror'sal, -trdr'sal, a. Rising from left to right, as a spiral line, or helix. [L. sinistrorsus, sin- istroversus, toward the left side, fr. sinister and ver- or vortere, ver- or vorsum, to turn.] Sink, sink, v. i. [imp. sank or sunk; p. p. sunk; sink- ing.] To fall by the force of gravity; to descend lower and lower, subside; to enter deeply, penetrate below the surface; to enter so as to make an abiding impression; to descend in or through, become sub- merged ; to be overwhelmed or depressed ; to fall slowly to the ground, etc., from weakness, etc.; to fail in strength, decline, decay, decrease; to decrease in volume, as a river, — or in apparent height, as the sun. — v. t. To cause to sink, immerse in a fluid; to depress, degrade; to plunge into destruction; to make, by digging or delving: to bring low, reduce in quantity; to cause to decline or fall; to keep out of sight, suppress; to lower in value or amount; to reduce in amount, diminish or annihilate by pay- ment. — n. A drain to carry off filthy water; a shallow box, connected with a drain, and used for receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. [AS. sincan, D. zincen, G. sinken, to sink, fall, AS. sencan, G. senken, to cause to sink, depress, immerse.] — Sinking fund. (Finance.) A fund created for sink- ing or paying a public debt, or purchasing the stock for the government. — Sink'er, n. A weight (on a fish-line, etc., to sink it). Sinless, Sinner, etc. See under Sin. Sinic, sin'ik, a. Chinese. [L. sinicus, fr. Heb. Sinim (Is. xlix. 12), assumed to mean China.] — Sin'o- logue, -o-log, n. One versed in the Chinese lan- guage, history, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Sinople. sin'o-pl, n. (Min.) Red ferruginous quartz. (Her.) The color green; vert. [F., green (in herald- ry), fr. LL. sinopis, green, also red, in L. and Gr., a red earth used for coloring, fr. Sinope, a town on the Black Sea.] Sinto, etc. See Shinto. Sinus, si'nus, n. ; L. pi. -nus; E. pi. -nuses. An open- ing; hollow; a recess in the shore, or an opening into the land. (Anat.) A cavity in a bone or other part, wider at the bottom than at the entrance; a ve fious canal; an elongated abscess. [L Sin'uate, sin'u-at, v. t. To bend in and out, wind, turn. [L. sinnare, -atum, fr. sinus.] — Sin'uate, -ated, a. Winding ; sinuous ; having a wavy margin ; bowed inward and outward. — Sinua'tion, re. A winding or bend- ing in and out. — Sinuos'ity, -os'i- ti, n. Qualitv of being sinuous, or bending in and out; a bend, or series of bends and turns; a wave line. [F. sinuosite.] — Sin'uous, -u-us, o. Bending in and out; of a serpentine or undulating form; winding; crooked. [L fr. sinus.] Sine.] — Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; SIP 537 SIZE Gip, sip, v. t. [sipped (sipt), sippixg.] To drink or imbibe in small quantities; to take in with the lips in small quantities: to draw into the mouth, suck up; to drink out of.— v. i. To drink a small quantity.— n. The taking of a liquid with the lips; a small draught taken with the lips. [OD. sippen, to sip, fr. zuypen, AS. supun = £. to sup, q. v.] Siphon, si'fun, n. A bent tube or pipe with arms of unequal length, tor transfer- ring a liquid from one vessel to another, over an intermediate elevation, by atmospheric pres- sure. [F.; L. sipho, a siphon, Gr. siphon, a small pipe or reed, siphlos, hollow: oerh. s. rt. L. sibilare, to whistle, pipe, E. sibi- lant.] Sir, ser, n. A man of social au- thority and dignity; a master; bipnons. gentleman, — used as a title of a, common siphon : 6. courtesy; a knight or baronet, improved siphon with — often applied as a prefix to exhausting tube, the first or Christian name. [ME. and F. sire, fr. L. senior, older; s. rt. seignior, senior, etc., q. v.] — Sire, sir, n. A father; progenitor; one who stands in the relation of a father, as a king or emperor; an author; originator; the male parent of a beast, — applied esp. to horses. — v. t. [sired (strd), siring.] To beget, procreate, — used esp. of stallions. [F.] — Sir'rah, sir'ra, n. Sir, — a word of reproach and contempt, or of familiarity and playfulness. [Same as sir and sire, but fr. Ic. sira, fr. the F., orig. used respect- fully.] Siren, si'ren, n. (Myth.) One of 3 damsels, said to dwell on an island in the Mediterranean, and to sing with such sweetness that they who sailed by forget their country and died in an ecstasy of delight. An enticing or alluring woman: something insidious or deceptive; an eel-like, amphibious reptile of S. Carolina and Georgia: an instrument for producing piercing musical sounds by forcing air or steam through perforated revolving disks; a steam fog- horn. — a. Pert, to a siren, or to the dangerous en- ticements of music: bewitching; fascinating; allur- ing. [L.; Gr. seiren, a siren (nymph), bee, singing bird. prob. orig. a singer, and s. rt. Gr. suringx, a pipe. Skr. svri, to sound, praise.] Sirius, sir'T-us, n. (Astron.) The large and bright star called the Dor/star, in the mouth of the con- stellation Canis Major. [L.; Gr. Seirios, the Dog- star, also hot, scorching.] Sirloin, ser'loin, n. A loin of beef: see Beef. [Prop. surloin, q. v.] Sirname. See Surname. Sirocco. See under Saracen. Sirrah. See under Sir. Sirup, Syrup, str'up, n. A saturated solution of sugar, simple, flavored, or medicated,— made with water, fruit juice, etc.; a kind of refined molasses; the fluid drained from loaf sugar in process of manufacture; any sweetened liquid". [F. syrop, OF. ysserop, fr. Sp. axarope (= al xarope), also xarope, fr. Ar. sharab, a beverage, wine, sirup: see Sherbet.] — Sir'upy, -1, a. Like sirup, or partakingof its qualities. Sisal, sT-sal', S.-grass, n. The fiber of the Amer. aloe, used for cordage, etc. ; istle; ystle; henequen, — shipped chiefly fr. Sisal, Yucatan. Siskin, sis'kin, 7i. A small migratory singing bird; the aberdevine. [Dan. sisgen, Sw. siska, a siskin, Sw. dial, sisa, to make the cry of the wood-grouse, Polish czyz. a canary.] Sister, sis'ter, n. A female whose parents are the same as those of another person; a female closely allied to, or associated with, another person, as in the same faith, society, etc. [AS. sweastor, swuster, Ic. systir, Goth, swistar, OHG. suister, L. soror, orig. sosor, Skr. svasri, a sister, svasti, joy, happiness.] — Sis'terhood. -h<3Sd, n. A society of sisters, or of women united in one faith or order; state of being a sister. — Sis'terly, a. Like a sister; becoming a sister; affectionate.— Sis'ter -in -law, n. ; pi. Sis- ters-in-law. A husband's or wife's sister; also, a brother's wife. Sit, sit, v. i. [imp. sat; ». p. sat (sitten, obs.); sit- ting.] To rest upon the haunches; to repose upon a seat; to perch, as birds; to remain in a state of re- pose, rest, abide; to be adjusted, fit; to lie, rest, or bear; to have a seat, abide; to incubate; to cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a fowl; to be officially engaged in public business, as judges, legislators, or officers of any kind: to have position, as at the point ! blown from. — v. t. To keep one's seat upon ; to cause to be seated,— used reflexivelv. [As. sittan, D. zitten, Goth, sitan; s. rt. Skr. sad, L. sedere, Lith- uan. sedeti, Gr. hezesthai, to sit, E. assess, assiduous, assize, insidious, possess, preside, reside, residue, se- date, sediment, session, subside, supersede, siege, seize, size, set, settle, seat, saddle, etc.]— Sifter, n. One who sits; a bird that sits or incubates. — Sifting, n. Posture of being on a seat; act of placing one's self on a seat; a seat, or the space occupied by a person in a church; act or time of resting in a posture for an artist to take one's likeness; actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their seats, clothed with authority to transact business; a time during which one sits, as at play, at work, or on a " isit. Site, sit, n. Place where anything is fixed; situation; local position ; a place for an edifice. [F. ; L. situs, prop. p. p. of sinere, to let, suffer, permit, prop. orig. to put, place ; s. rt. L. ponere, to place.] — Sit'uate, sTfu-at, a. Permanently fixed : placed ; residing. [LL. situatus, p. p. of situare, to place, locate, fr. L. situs.]— Sit'ua'ted, a. Having a situation ; seated, placed, or permanently fixed ; residing. — Sit'ua'- tion, n. Location, esp. in respect to something else; site; position with respect to society or circumstan- ces ; relative position ; circumstances ; temporary state; permanent employment; station; post; place; office; condition; case; plight; predicament. [F.] Sithe. See Scythe. Sitten. See Sit. I Sitz-bath, sits'bath, n. A tub in which one may bathe in a sitting position ; a bath taken in, etc. [G. sitz- bad.] | Sivan, siv'an, n. The 3d month in the Heb. ecclesi- astical year, and 9th of the civil — portions of May and June. Six, siks, a. Twice 3; 1 more than 5.— n. The sum ot 3 and 3 ; a symbol representing six units, as 6, or vi. [AS. six, Ic, Dan., Sw., and L. sex, G. seeks, Gr. hex, Pers. and Skr. shash ; s. rt. sexagenary (q. v.), etc.] — . To be at six and seven, or at sixes and sevens. To be in disorder. — Six'fold, a. Six times as much or many. — Six'pence, jj. An Eng. silver coin of the value of 6 pennies; half a shilling or about 12 cents; the value of 6 pennies. — Sixth, a. Next in order after the 5th; being one of 6 equal parts into which anything is divided. — ?;. One of 6 equal parts ; the next in or- der after the 5th. (Mus.) The interval of 4 tones and a semitone, embracin? six diatonic degrees of the scale. [AS. sixta.] — Sixth'ly, adv. In the 6th place. — Six'teen, -ten, a. 6 and 10; consisting of 6 and 10. — n. The sum of 10 and 6 ; a sj'mbol representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi. [AS. sixtine.] — Six / - teenth, -tenth, a. 6th after the 10th ; next in order after the 15th; being one of 16 equal parts into which anything is divided, —n. One of 16 equal parts; the next in order after the 15th. (Mus.) An interval comprising 2 octaves and a second.— Sixteen'mo, n. ; pi. -mos, -moz. Sextodecimo, q. v., under Sexag- enary, —usually written 16mo. — Six'ty, -tT, a. 6 times 10; threescore. — n. The sum of 6 times 10 : a symbol representing 00 units, as 60, or lx., LX. [AS. sixtig.] — Six'tieth, -tT-eth, a. Next in order after the 59th; being one of 60 equal parts into which any- thing is divided. — n. One of 60 equal parts ; the next in order after the 59th. Size, siz, n. Extent of superficies or volume; formerly a settled quantity or allowance. ( Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) An allowance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons. A conventional relative measure of dimension, ap- plied to shoes, gloves, etc.; bigness; greatness; mag- nitude; bulk. — v. i. [sized (sizd), sizing.] To ar- range according to size. (Mining.) To sift (pieces of ore or metal") through a wire sieve. [Abbr. of assize, orig. an allowance of bread doled out, hence dimension, magnitude : see Assize.] — Siz'able, a. Of considerable size or bulk; being of reasonable or suitable size.— Si'zar, -zer, n. ( Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) One of a body of students next below the pensioners, who eat at the public table, after the fellows, free of expense, — so called from being em- ployed in distributing the size, or provisions. Size, siz, n. A kind of weak glue made from the clippings of parchment, glove-leather, fish-skin, etc.; any glutinous or viscid substance. — v. t. [sized (sizd), sizing.] To cover or prepare with size. [It. sisa, abbr. of assisa, painters' size or glue, fr. assis- are, to size, fr. assidere, to situate, a. e. to make the colors lie flat. fr. L. assidere, to sit at or near; s. rt. assize.] — Siz'ing, n. A kind of weak glue used in sun, cube, full ; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. SIZZ manufactures, arts, etc.; size. — Siz'y, -T, a. Size- like; glutinous; thick and viscous; ropy; having the adhesiveness of size. — Si'ziness, n. State of being sizy; glutinousness; viscousness. Sizz, siz, Sizzle, siz'zl, v. i. To make a hissing sound, as a piece of hot metal when dipped into water to cool. — n. A hissing sound. [Onomat. ; of. Fizz.] Skald. See Scald. Skate, skat, n. A frame for the foot like the sole of a shoe, furnished with a metallic runner or sonie- times with small wheels, for moving rapidly on ice, or other smooth surface. — v. i. To slide or move on skates. [D. schaul- sen, (pi of schaats), skates, prob. fr. TLG. schake = E. shank (q. v.), a leg; s. rt. skid.] — Skat/er, n. Skate, skat, n. A voracious fish of several species, of the ray fam- ily, the lateral expansion of whose pectoral fins gives the flattened body a rhomboid form. [Ic. & Norweg. skata, fr. L. squatus, Ir. & Ga. sgat.] Skedaddle, ske-dad'dl, v. i. To betake one's self to flight ; to run away with precipitation, as if in a panic. [Ic. skyndilegast, in all haste.] Skein, skan, n. A knot or a num- ber of knots, of thread, silk, or yarn; a quantity of yarn, etc., after it is taken from the reel. [Ir. sgainne, a skein, sgainim, I split, cleave.] Skeleton, skere-tun, n. {Physiol.) The hard, firm framework which gives support and protec- tion to the softer parts, in an or- ganized body, as bones, shells, the woody tissue of leaves, etc. ; esp., the bony framework of a vertebrate divested of the soft parts. A very thin or lean per- son ; the general structure or frame of anything ; the heads and outline of a literary per- formance, esp, of a sermon. [Gr., a dried body, mummy, neut. of skeleton, dried up, parched, fr. skellein, to dry up.] — Skeleton key. A key made in skeleton form, or with wards cut away, so as to open many locks ; master key. — S. proof. (Engraving.) An early proof of a print or engraving, having the inscription outlined in hair strokes only. Skeptic, Sceptic, skep'tik, n. One who is yet undecided as to what is true; an inquirer after facta or reasons. (Metaph.) A doubter as to whether any fact or truth can be certainly known. ( Theol.) One who disbelieves the divine origin of the Christian religion; infidel ; unbeliever. [F. scep- tique, L. scepticus, Gr. skeptikos, thoughtful, inquiring, skepti- koi, the Skeptics, followers of the Greek philosopher Pyrrho, skeptesthai, to consider, loo-k at carefully; s. rt. spy.]— Skep'tic, -tical, a. Of, pert, to, or being, a skeptic ; hesitating to admit the certainty of doctrines or principles; doubting or denying the truth of revelation. - Skep- ticism, -ti-sizm, n. An undecided, inquiring state of mind; doubt; uncertainty. (Metaph.) The doc- trine that no fact or principle can be certainly known; universal doubt. (Theol.) A doubting of the trtith of revelation, or a denial of the divine origin of the Christian religion, or of the being, per- fections, or truth of God. Sketch, skech, n. A first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design ; outline ; delineation. — v. t. [sketched (skecht), sketching.] To draw the outline or general figure of, make a rough draught of; to plan by giving the principal points or ideas 538 skim of, design, draught, depict, portray, paint. [D. schets, G. schizze, a sketch, It. schizzo, a splash of mud, also an engrossment or first rough draft of a picture, writing, etc., fr. schizzare, to spirt out liquid, blot, dash, or dabble with dirt, draw a rough draft; cf . D. kladden, to splash, dirty, also to daub or paint badly, fr. kladde, a blot, splash of mud, klad, a spot, blot, draught or sketch, memorandum, day-book, LG. kladde, first scheme of a writing.] — Sketch'y, -i, a. Containing only an outline or rough form, in the manner of a sketch; in- complete. Skew-back, sku'bak, n. (Civil Skew-back. engin.) The course of masonry forming the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch, or in iron bridges, for the ribs. [Fr. skew — askew, q. v., and back.] Skewer, sku'er, n. A pointed rod for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting, — formerly used in- stead 01 pins.— V. t. [SKEWERED (-erd), -ering.] To fasten with skewers. [ProvE. skiver = shiv- er, a splinter of wood, Ic. skifa, Sw. $ kifva, a slice : see Shive.J Skid, skid, n. (Naut.) A piece of timber to protect the side of a vessel from injury by heavy bodies hoisted or lowered against it. A chain for fasten- ing the wheel of a wagon, to pre- vent its turning when descend- ing a steep hill; a piece of tim- ber for supporting anything, or along which something is rolled or caused to move. — v. t. To check (a wheel) with a skid; to support or roll on skids. [ME. schide, a thin piece of wood, Ic. skidh, a billet of wood, also a snow-shoe, Lithuan. skeda, a splint, splinter, f r. skedu, I cleave; s. rt. sheath, shed.] Skiff, skif , n. A small, light boat. — V. t. [SKIFFED (skift), SKIF- fixg.] To sail upon in a skiff. [F. esquif, a skiff, MHG. skif, G. sch iff '= E. ship.] Skill, skil, n. Knowledge; under- standing ; familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance; abil- ity to perceive and perform ; dexterity ; expertness. [ME. and Ic. skil, skilja, to part, sep- arate, distinguish, Sw. steal, rea- son, skilja, to separate, Lithuan. skelti, to cleave ; s. rt. shear, shell, scale, shilling.'] — Skilled, skild, a. Having familiar knowledge united with readi- ness and dexterity in its appli- cation; expert; skillful.— Skill '- ful, -ful, a. Possessed of, or dis- playing skill ; expert ; adept ; masterly; adroit; clever. — Skillfully, adv. — SkiU''- fulnesB. n. ...'«. Skillet, skiKlet, n. A small vessel with a handle, for heating water, etc. [OF. esoiellette, dim. of escuelle, a porringer, L. scuteUa, dim. of scutra, a tray, dish; prob. s. rt. L. scutum, a shield; s. rt. scuttle.] Skim, skim, v. t. [skimmed (skimd), -ming.] To clear (a liquid) from cream, scum, or anything floating, by an instrument which passes just below the sur- face; to take off by skimming (cream, etc.); to pasd near the surface of. — v. >. To pass lightly, glide along near the surface; to hasten along superficially. Skeleton of a Man. ., parietal bone ; 6, frontal bone ; e, orbit ; d, temporal bone ; e, lower jaw ; /, clavicle ; g, cervical vertebrae ; h, shoulder blade ; i, hu- merus ; J, lumbar vertebrae ; k, I, ilium ; m, ulna ; n, radius ; o, carpus ; p, metacarpus ; q, phalanges ; r, femur ; 8, patella ; t, tibia ; u, fibula ; v, tarsus ; w, metatarsus ; x, pha- langes. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Tee ; 5dd, tone, 6r : SKIMP 539 SLACK [Same as scum, q. v. ; Dan. skumme, to skim, f r. skum, scum, Ir. sgemin, I skim, fr. sgeim, foam, scum.] — Skirn'ming, n. Act of taking off that which floats •upon a liquid, as scum, cream, etc.; pi. that which is removed from the surface of a liquid by skimming. — Skim'mer, n. A utensil for skimming liquids. — Skim'-milk, n. Milk from which the cream has been taken; skimmed milk. Skimp, skimp, v. t. [skimped (skimt), skimping.] To slight, do carelessly, make insufficient provision for. — v.i. To save, be niggardly. — a. Scanty. [Prob. same as scant or scrimp, q. v.] — Skinch, v. t. [skinched (skincht), skinching.] To give short measure to. Skin, skin, n. (Physiol.) The external membranous envelope of animal bodies. Skin of an animal sepa- rated from the body; a hide; pelt; exterior coat of fruits and plants. — v. t. [skinned (skind), -ning.] To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay, peel; to cov- er with skin, or as with skin. — v. i. To be covered with skin. [Ic. and Sw. skinn, skin, G. schinden, to skin, flay.l — Skin'ny, -nY, a. Consisting of skin, or of skin only; wanting flesh. — Skinless, a. Having no skin or a very thin skin. — Skin r ner, n. One who skins; one who deals in skins, pelts, or hides.— Skin'- deep, n. Superficial; slight. — flint, w. A very penu- rious person; a miser; niggard. Skinch. See under Skimp. Skip, skip, v. i. [skipped (skint), -ping.] To leap, bound, spring as a goat or lamb; to pass without no- tice, make omissions, — v. t. To pass over or by, omit, miss, leap over. — n. A leap; bound; spring; act of passing over an interval from one thing to another; an omission of a part. [Ir. sgiob, to snatch, Ga. sgiob, to start suddenly, snatch at a thing, sgob, to pluck, bite, twitch, Skr. kship, to throw, impel, kshipra, quick. Ic. skoppa, to spin like a top.] — Skip'per, n. A dancer; the cheese maggot; a kind of fish. — Skip'-jack, n. An upstart. (Entom.) One of a family of coleopterous insects remarkable for leaping to a considerable height when placed upon their backs. (Ichth.) The name of several kinds of fish, esp. the blue-fish. — Skip'ping-rope, n. A small rope used by children in skipping, or leaping up and down. Skipper, skip'pSr, n. (Naut.) The master of a small trading or merchant vessel. [See under Ship.] Skirmish, skSr'mish, n. A slight fight in war; a slight combat, esp. between detachments and small parties; a contest; contention. — v. i. [skirmished (-misht), -mishing.] To fight slightly or in small parties; to engage in a skirmish. [Same as scrimmage, ME. scarmishe, OF. escarmouche, a skirmish; s. rt. ME. skirmen, OF. eskermir, to fence, OHG. scirman, to de- fend, fight, fr. scirm,schirm, a shield, guard, defense; s. rt. scaramouch.] — Skir'misher, n. Skirret, skir'ret, n. A plant, cultivated in Europe for its esculent tuberous root, which resembles the par- snip in flavor. [Contr. fr. skirwort, its older name, corrupt, of sugarwort.] Skirrhus. See Scirrhus. Skirt, skert, n. The lower and loose part of a coat or other garment; part of a dress, etc.. below the waist; the edge, or something running along the edge, of anything; border; margin; extreme part; the grind- ing surface on a millstone, between the circumfer- ence and a smaller concentric circle; a petticoat. — v. t. To border, form the border or edge of, run along the edge of.— v. i. To be on the border, live near the extremity. [Same as shirt, q. v. ; s. rt. short, kirtle.] Skit, skit, n. A reflection, jeer, or jibe; an oblique taunt.— v.t. To cast reflections on, asperse. [ProvE., to reflect on, Scot., to flounce, caper like a horse, Sw. skutta, to leap, skytt, Ic. skyti, an archer, lit. a shoot- er, skuti, a scoff, taunt; s. rt. shoot.] — Skit'tish, a. Easily frightened; shunning familiarity; timorous; shy; wanton; volatile; hasty. — Skiftishly, adv. — Skiftishness, n. Skittlei, skit'tlz, n. pi. A game in which wooden pins are shot down by a disk of heavy wood thrown by the player. [Same as shuttle ; ME. schytle, name of the game, Dan. skyttel = E. shuttle, q. v.; s. rt. shoot, skit.] Skiver, ski'vgr, n. An inferior quality of leather, made of split sheep-skin, tanned by immersion in sumac, and dyed. [Same as shiver, q. v.; under Shive.] Skulk, Sculk, skulk, v. i. [skulked (skulkt), skulk- ing.] To get out. of the way in a sneaking manner; to lurk. [Dan. skulke, to skulk, slink, sneak, Ic. skolla, to keep aloof, skjol, a place of shelter.] — Skulk, Skulk 'er, n. One who skulks or avoids duty; a shirk. Skunk. Skull, skul, n. (Anat.) The bony case which incloses the brain: see Skeleton. An empty, brainless head. [Ic. and Sw. skal, a bowl; s. rt. scale.] — Skull'-cap, n. A close-fitting cap. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant, the calyx of whose flower, when inverted, appears like a helmet with the vizor raised ; Scutellaria. Skunk, skunk, n. An Amer. carnivorous animal, al- lied to the weasel and badger, which ejects to a great distance, when ir- ritated or alarmed, an intensely fetid and offensive fluid. [Contr. fr. Abenaki seganku.] —Skunk'- bird, S.-black'bird, n. The bobolink, — so called fr. the re- semblance of the colors of the male, at certain sea- sons, to those of a skunk. cab- bage, n. An endogenous Amer. plant, named from its disagreeable odor. Sky, ski, n. The apparent arch or vault of heaven; the firmament ; heavens ; the weather ; climate. [Ic, Dan., and Sw., a cloud, AS. scua, Ic. skuggi, shade, shadow; s. rt. Skr. ska, to cover, L. obscurus =E. ob- scure, E. scum, shower, hide.] — Sky'ey, -T, a. Like the sky; ethereal. — Sky'-col'or. n. T color of the sky; a particular species of blue color; azure.— -lark, n. A spe- cies of lark that" mounts almost p e rpendicular- ly to a great height and sings as it flies, common in Eu- rope and some parts of Asia.— -lark'ing, n. (Naut.) Act of running about the rigging of a vessel in sport; frolicking ; ca- rou sing. — -light, n. A win- dow in the roof of a building, or ceiling of a room, for the admis- sion of light from above. — rock'et, n. A rocket that ascends high and burns as it flies ; a species of fireworks. —-sail, n. (Naut.) The sail set next above the royal: see Sail. Slab, slab, n. A thin piece of anything, esp. of mar- ble or other stone, having plane surfaces; an outside piece taken from a log m sawing it into boards or planks. [Languedoc esclapo, a chip, slab of wood or unworked stone, fr. esclapa, to split wood; perh. s. rt. F. e'clater, to fly into fragments: see Eclat, and Slate, under Slat.] — Slab'-sid'ed, a. Having flat sides; tall, or long and lank. Slabber, slab'- or slob'ber, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -Bering.] To let the saliva or other liquid fall from the mouth carelessly; to drivel, slaver.— v. t. To wet and foul by liquids suffered to fall carelessly from the mouth, or by liquid spilled ; to shed, spill. — n. Moisture let fall from the mouth ; slaver. [OD. slabben, LG. slabbern, to slabber; prob. s. rt. Ir. and Ga. slaib, mud, mire, perh. E. slip, slop ; same as slaver, slubber.] — Slab'berer, n. One who slabbers; an idiot. Slack, slak, a. Not tense; not hard drawn; not hold- ing fast ; not using due diligence ; not earnest or eager; notviolent; not rapid; loose; relaxed; remiss; inactive; slow; tardy. — adv. In a slack manner; partially. — n. The part of a rope, etc., that hangs loose, having no strain upon it; in Eng., small coal; coal broken into small pieces. [ME., Sw., and Dan. slak, AS. sleac, MHG. slach, slack, slow; prob. s. rt. Skr. srij, to let flow, let loose, sri, to flow, prob. F,. lag. lax, languish, slug, slouch.] — Slack mater. The time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of the tide.— Slack, Slack'en, -n, v. i. [slacked (slakt) or slackened (-nd); slacking, slackening.] To become slack; to be made less tense, firm, or rigid; Sky-lark. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SLAM 540 SLED to be remiss or backward, neglect; to lose solidity oy a chemical combination with water ; to abate, be- come less violent ; to languish, flag. — v. t. To ren- der slack, make less tense or tight; to render less ear- nest, violent, energetic, rapid, or decided ; to with- hold, use less liberally; to change from a solid form to a powder by supplying water, slake ; to repress, check. — Slack'ly, adv. In a slack manner; loosely; remissly. — Slack'ness, n.~ Slag, n. The dross or recrement of a metal; vitrified cinders: the scoria of a volcano. [Sw. slagg, slag, dross which flows over when the metal is fused, 1c. slagnu, to flow over, be spilt, slag, wet, dampness, G. schlacke, dross, sediment; a form of slack!] — Slake, slak, v. t. [slaked (slakt), slaking.] To quench, extinguish, cool; to mix with water, so that a true chemical com- bination shall change the form; to slack. — v. i. To go out, become extinct. [ME.stafe/i, to render slack, slake, slekken, to quench, extinguish, AS. sleacian, to grow slack or remiss, f r. sleac] Slam, slam, v. t. [slammed (slamd), -ming.] To shut with violence and noise ; to bang. — v.i. To strike violently and noisily. (Mach.) To strike hard, as a moving part upon its seat. — n. A violent driving and dashing against; a violent shutting of a door, etc. [Sw. dial, slamma, Ic. slamra, to slam, Sw. slam- mer, a clank, noise; s. rt. slap.] Slander, slan'der, n. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, and tending to injure the reputation of an- other. —v.?. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To injure by maliciously uttering a false report; to asperse, defame, calumniate, vilify, reproach. [ME. sclan- dre, OF. esclandre also scandele, escandele, L. scan- dahmi = E. scandal, q. v.] — Slan'derer, n. — Slan'- derous. -der-us, a. Given or disposed to slander: embodying or containing slander; calumnious. — Slan'derously, adv. Slang, n. Low. vulgar, unauthorized language; a col- loquial mode of expression, — esp., such as is in vogue with some particular class in society. — v. t. To address with slang or ribaldry, insult with vul- gar language. [Prob. same as slang, obs. imp. of sling, to throw, cast; Norweg. sleng, a slinging, also an invention, device, burden of a song, slengja, to sling, cast, slengja kjeften (lit. to sling the jaw), to slang, abuse, vilify.] Slant,"slant, a. Inclined from a direct line; sloping; oblique. — i'. t. To turn from a direct line, give an oblique or sloping direction to. — v. i. To be turned or inclined from a right line, lie obliquely, slope. — n. A slanting direction or plane ; a slope. [ME. slenten, to slope, glide, Sw. dial, slenta, slanta, to cause to slip, slide, OSw. slihta, to slip with the foot, Sw. shitta, to slant, slope, Sw. dial, slant, slippery.] — Slant'ly, -wise, adv. In an inclined direction; obliquely. Slap, slap, n. A blow given with the open hand, or with something broad. — v. t. [slapped (slapt), -ping.] To strike with the open hand, or with some- thing broad. — adv. With a sudden blow; quickly ; instantly. [Prob. onomat. ; ME. slappe, a smart blow, LG. slapp, the sound of a blow, a box on the ears, G. schlappe, a slap, schlappen, to slap; s. rt. slam ; not s. rt. Sw. slapp, Dan. slap, slack.] — Slap'- dash, adv. In a bold, careless manner; at random; with a slap ; all at once ; slap. — Slap'jack, n. A flat cake baked upon a griddle ; flapjack ; griddle- cake. Slash, slash, v. t. [slashed (slasht). slashing.] To cut by-striking violently and at random; to cut with long cuts. — v. i. To strike violently and at random, esp. with an edged instrument, —n. A long cut; cut made at random; a large slit in the thighs and arms of old costumes, made to show a brilliant color through the openings. [ME. slashen, OF. esclecher, fr. OHG. slizan, to slit, split; s. rt. slice, slate.] Slat, slat, n. A thin, narrow wooden strip or bar, as in a bedstead, blind, etc. — v. t. To slap, strike, beat, throw down violently. [See Slate, following.] — Slate, slat, n. (3fin.) A metamorphic rock of several varieties, which readily splits into plates; any rock or stone having a slaty structure ; a prepared piece of such stone ; esp., a thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering houses, etc. ; a tablet for writing upon. (Amer. Politics.) A list of candidates for nomina- tion ; a political programme, — v. t. To cover with slate, or plates of stone. [ME. slat, sclat, slate, OF. esclat, a sliver, splinter, lath, shingle, esclater, OHG. sclizan, slizan, G. schleissen, to split = E. slit; s. rt. 4clat, slab, q. v.] — Slat'er, n. One who slates build- ings. — Slatting, n. Act of covering with slates; cov- ering thus put on; slates taken collectively; mate- rial for slating. — Slat'y, -T, a. Resembling slate; having the nature or properties of slate ; composed of thin, parallel plates, capable of being separated by splitting. Slattern, slaftern, n. A woman negligent of her dress or house. [ProvE. slatter, to be wasteful or untidy, ME. slatten, to be negligent, Ic. sletta, to slap, dab, splash, also a dab, splash, blot; perh. s. rt. slay, sleet.] — Slat'ternly, a. Resembling a slattern; sluttish; negligent; dirty.— adv. Negligently; awk- wardly. Slaughter, slaw'ter, n. Extensive and unnecessary de- struction of human life; carnage; massacre; butch- ery; murder; havoc; act of killing cattle, etc., for market, or for the hides; wanton and useless destruc- tion of great numbers of animals. — v. t. [slaugh- tered (-terd), -tering.] To kill, slay in battle, butcher. [Ic. sla.tr, a slaughtering, butcher's meat, slaira, to slaughter (cattle); s. rt. slay.] — Slaugb/- terer, n. — Slaughterous, -us, a. Destructive; mur- derous.— Slaugh'ter-house, w. A house where beasts are butchered for the market. — man. One employed in killing. Slave, slav, n. A person held in bondage to another; one wholly subject to the will of another; one who lias lost power of resistance; a drudge; one who la- bors like a slave; captive; vassal; dependent. — v. i. To drudge, toil, labor as a slave. [F. esclave, G. sklave, MHG. slave, a slave, G. Slave, LL. Slavus, Sclavus, a Slavonian, often enslaved by the Ger- mans; in Sclavonic, glorious; cf. Russ. slava, fame = E. glory, q. v. : see Sclave.] — Slav'er, n. A ves- sel engaged in the slave-trade; a person engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves. — Siav'ery, -er-Y, n. Condition of a slave; state of entire subjection of one person to the will of another ; the keeping or holding of slaves. — Slav'ish, a. Pert, to, or becom- ing slaves; servile; abject; consisting in drudgery.— Slavishly, adv.— Slav'ishness, n. — Slave'-coast, n. A part of the W. coast of Africa, from which slaves are exported. — -hold'er, n. One who holds slaves. — -ship, n. A ship employed in the slave-trade. — trade, n. Business of dealing in slaves; esp. of transporting them from their homes for sale elsewhere.— Slavoc'- racy, -ok'ra-sY, n. The persons or political interest maintaining the preservation or advancement of slavery. [Gr. kratein, to rule.] — Slavo'nian, Sla- vonic. See under Sclave. Slaver, slav'er, n. Saliva driveling from the mouth. — v. i. [slavered (-erd), -ering.] To suffer the spittle to issue from the mouth; to be besmeared with saliva; to slabber. — v. t. To smear with saliva issuing from the mouth. [Same as slabber, q.. v.] — Slav'erer, n. A driveler ; idiot. Slaw, slaw, n. Sliced cabbage, served cooked or un- cooked, as a salad. [D. sla, slaa, contr. fr. D. and F. salade, salad.] Slay, sla, v. t. [imp. slew (sloo); p. p. slain (slan); slaying.] To put to death by a weapon, or by vio- lence; to kill, destroy, murder, slaughter, butcher. [AS. slean (imp. sloh or slog, p. p. slogon), Ic. and Sw. sla, Goth, and OHG. slahan ; s. rt. slaughter. slattern, sledge, a hammer, sleet, sly, perh. slap, slam, sling, slit.] — Slay'er, n.— Sledge, slej, n. A large, heavy hammer. [AS. slecge, fr. ste,an, to slay, also to smite, strike, D. slegge, slei, G. schlaegel, a mallet, G. schlag-hammer = sledge-hammer.] Sleave, slev, n. The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread; floss, or unspun or refuse silk. —v. t. To separate (threads), — a term used- by weavers. [Dan. sloife, Sw. slejf, G. schleife, LG. slepe, a knot, noose, slepen = E. to slip.] Sleazy, sle'zY or sla'zY, a. Wanting firmness of tex- ture or substance; thin; flimsy. [G. schleitzig, schhs- sig, worn out, thread-bare, schleiszen, to slit, split, decay.] Sled, sled, n. A vehicle on runners, used for convey- ing heavy loads over the snow, — in Eng. called sledge; a light seat mounted on runners, for slid ing on snow and ice. — v. t. To convey or transport on a sled. [ME., Sw., and D. slede, Norweg. slede, slee, OHG. slits, G. schlitten; s. rt. slide, q. v.] — Sledge, slei, n. A vehicle on runners, or on low wheels ; a hurdle on which, formerly, traitors were drawn to the place of execution; a heavy or covered sleigh for riding upon snow. — Sleigh, sla, n. A ve- hicle on runners, for transporting Demons or goods on snow or ice.— Sleigh'ing, n. State of the snow or ice which admits of running sleighs ; act of riding in a sleigh. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 61 ; SLEDGE 541 SLIP Sledge, a hammer: see under Slay; a sleigh: under Sled. Sleek, slek. a. Having an even, smooth surface, smooth: glossy, — v. t. [sleeked (slekt), sleek- ing.] To make even and smooth; to render smooth, soft, and glossy. [1c. slikr, sleek, smooth, OD. sleyck, plain, even : s. rt. D. slijk, LG. slikk, G. sehi irk. '.'reuse, slime mud, OHG. slihhan. to crawl, sneak = E. slink, E. slide, slip.] - Sleek'ly, adv.— Sleek'ness. ,u Sleep, slep. v. i. [slept, sleeping.] To take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the pow- ers of the body and mind, "and an apathy of the organs of sense; to he careless, inattentive, or un- concerned; to be dead; to be unused or unagitated; to rest; to slumber. — 11. A natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical suspension of the functions of the organs of sense, as well as those of the voluntary and rational soul; slumber; repose; rest. [AS. slsepan. 1). slapen. OHG. slat'en, to sleep, AS. sleep, D. slaa/i, OlIG. slaf. sleep, LG. slapp, lax, loose, Russ. slabuii, weak, faint, loose; s. rt. slip, q. v.] — Sleep'er, n. One who sleeps; a drone; lazy person. — Sleep'y, -T, a. [-iKtt; -iest.] Drowsy; inclined to, or overcome by, sleep; tending to in- duce sleep; soporiferous; somniferous. — Sleep'ily, adv. In a sleepy manner; drowsily. — Sleep 'mess, n. — Sleep'ing, p. a. Occupied with sleep, or for sleeping. — Sleeping partner. A silent or dormant partner : see Dormant, Silent. — Sleepless, a. Having no sleep; wakeful ; having no rest ; perpet- ually agitated. — Sleeplessness, n — Sleep'-walk'er, n. A somnambulist, or noctambulist; one who walks in his sleep. walk'ing, n. Somnambulism; walk- ing in onejs sleep; noclambulism. Sleeper, slep'Sr, n. One of a set of timbers sup- porting a floor, a framework, a railroad track, etc. (tfautj One of the knees which connect the tran- soms to the after-timbers on the ship's quarter. [Norweg. sleip = E. slab, q. v.] Sleet, slet, n. A fall of hail or snow mingled with rain, usually in fine particles. — v. i. To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. [Norweg. sletta, sleet, also to fling, in Ic, to slap, dab with liquids; s. rt. slay, slattern, etc.] — Sleet'y, -T, a. Consisting of, or bringing, sleet. Sleeve, slev, n. The part of a garment fitted to cover the arm; anything resembling a sleeve. — v.t. To furnish with sleeves, put sleeves into. [AS. slefe, slef, OD. slev, a sleeve, lit. thing^ slipped on, MHG. slie/en, AS. slipan = E. to slip/] — To laugh in the sleeve. To laugh privately or unperceived, esp. while apparently preserving a grave demeanor, — perh. orig. by hiding the face in wide sleeves. — Sleeve'less, a. Having no sleeves.— Sleeve'-but'ton, n. A button to fasten a wristband or cuff. Sleid. See under Sley. Sleigh, etc. See under Sled. Sleight, slit, n. An artful trick; a feat so dexterous- ly performed that the manner of performance es- capes observation ; dexterous practice ; dexterity. [Ic. slsegdh, slyness, cunning, fr. slaegr = £. sly, q. v.] — Sleight of hand. Legerdemain. Slender, slen'der, a. Thin or narrow in proportion to length; slim; not thick; not small; weak; feeble; moderate ; trivial ; inconsiderable ; small ; inade- quate ; meager; spare; abstemious; simple. [OD. sunder, slender, thin, also a water-snake, slinderen, to drag, train, LG. slender, a long, trailing gown, slindern. to slide on the ice ; s. rt. slide.] — Sleh'derly, adv. — Slen'derness, n. Slept. See Sleep. Sleuth, sluth, n. The track of a man or beast as known by the scent. [Scot, form of slot (q. v.), a deer's track.]— Sleuth'-hound, n. A dog that pur- sues by scent; bloodhound. Slew. See Slay. ''ley, s\a,ji. A weaver's reed. LAS. slse.]— Sley. Sleid, slad, v. t. To part the threads of, and arrange them in a reed, — a term used by weavers. Slice, slis, v. t. [sliced (slist), slicing.] To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, broad piece from; to cut into parts, — n .. A thin, broad piece cut off; that which is thin and broad, like a slice; abroad, short-handled fire-pan; a salver, platter, or tray; a broad, thin knife for taking up or serving fish; a spatula. (Ship-building.) A tapering piece of plank to be driven between the timbers before planking. [ME. sclice, OF. esclice, fr. esclier, esclicer, to split, slit, break, OHG. slizan = £. to slit; s. rt. slate, slash.] Slick, slik, a. Sleek; smooth, — v. t. To make 6leek or smooth. See SLEEK. Slide, slid, v. i. [imp. slid; ;». ;>. si.:!' or SUDDEN ; SLIDING.] To move along Ch by slipping; to slip, glide; esp.. to m or ice with a glib, uninterrupted in- advertently; to move gently onward wit out fric- tion or hindrance; to slip, fall. — v. t. To thrust along; to thrust by slipping: to pass or put imper- ceptibly, slip. — n. A smooth and easy passage; one who. or that which, slides: a slider; descent of a detached mass of earth or rock down a declivity ; a place lor sliding; an inclined plane or chute for dogs, etc. ; a slip of irluss for a microscope, etc. (Mus.) A grace consisting of 2 small notes moving by conjoint degrees, and lending to a principal note either above or below. [.VS. slidan. Ir. and Ga. slaod, Lithuan. slysti, to slide, AS. shdor, Lithuan. slidus, slippery; s. rt. Skr. sri, to flow, sriti, gliding, sliding, E. sled, slender, q. v.] — Slid'er. n.— Slid'- ing-rule, «. A mathematical instrument consi ? ting of 2 parts, one of which slides upon the other, for the mechanical performance of addition, subtrac- tion, multiplication, and division. — scale, n. A scale for raising or lowering imposts in proportion to the fall or rise of prices; a sliding-rule: a variable scale of wages, prices, etc. Slight, slit, n. Noti" ' decidedly marked: inconsiderable; unimportant; insignificant: not severe or dangerous; superficial; careless; weak ; gentle : not stout or heavy ; slender. — n. A moderate decree of con- tempt, manifested by neglect or oversight; disdain; scorn. — v. t. To disregard, as of little value and unworthy of notice. [OD. slicht, even, flat, slecht, slight, single, simple, OLG. sligt, even, smooth, silly, poor, bad; s. rt. slay.] — Slight'er. n. — Slight'ly, adv. — Slight'ness, n. Slily, etc. See under Sly. Slim, slim, a. [slimmer; -mest.] Of small diameter or thickness in proportion to the height; slender;, weak; slight; unsubstantial. [OD. slim, Dan. and Sw. slem, G. schlimm, bad, evil, cunning, — confused in meaning with slender.] — Slim'ness, n. Slime, slim, n. Any soft, glutinous, or viscous sub- stance: viscous mud; bitumen: a viscous mucus ex- uded by certain animals or worms; anything of a clinging and offensive nature. [AS., Ic, and OHG. slim, anything glutinous, mire, mucus, Russ. slina, saliva, drivel; s. rt. Gr. sialon = Ij. and E.sdliva, Lith- uan. seile, spittle; not s. rt. L. limns, mud.] — Slnn / y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Abounding with, consisting of, overspread with, or resembling slime: viscous; gluti- nous. — Slim'iness, n. Sling, sling, n. An instrument for throwing stones, consisting of a strap and 2 strings; a throw; stroke; a kind of hanging bandage put round the neck, in which a wounded arm or hand is sustained. (JS r aut.') A rope, with hooks, by which a cask or bale is swung in or out of a ship ; a rope or iron band for securing the center of a yard to the mast. — v. t. [slung, slinging.] To throw with a sling: to hurl, cast ; to hang so as to swing. of war. A war ves- sel (ship, brig, or schooner) below the grade ot frigate. Slop, slop, n. Liquid careless- ly spilled or thrown about; a puddle, pi. Dirty water; water in which anything has been washed or rinsed ; poor or weak drink or liquid food. — v. t. To cause (a liquid) to overflow by the motion of the vessel containing it ; upon. — v. i. To overflow or be spilled, as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it. [Orig. a slippery place; AS. sloppe, the droppings of a cow, slype, a viscid substance, slupan, to dissolve, slipan, to slip, Ga. and Ir. slaib, mire, mud; s. rt. cowslip.] — Slop'py, -pt, a. Wet, so as to spatter easily ; muddy ; plashy. Slop, slop, n. A lower garment, as breeches, trowsers, etc., — chiefly in pi. pi. Ready-made clothes, bed- ding, etc. [AS. oferslype, Ic. sloppe, a gown, loose trailing garment, fr. sleppa, to slip; s. rt. slide, sleeve.] — Slop'-shop, n. A place where ready-made clothes are sold. Slope, slop, a. Inclined, or inclining, from a horizon- tal direction. — n. A line or direction inclining from a horizontal line; prop., a direction downward; any ground whose surface forms an angle with the filane of the horizon; a declivity or acclivity, — v. t. sloped (slopt), sloping.] To form with a slope, Sloop, to spill ; to spill liquid direct obliquely, incline. — v. i. To take an oblique direction, be inclined. [Same as slip.] Slosh. Same as Slush. Slot, slot, n. A broad, flat, wooden bar; a slat; eloat. TD. and LG.; D. sluiten, LG. sluten, to shut; s. rt. Gr. kleiein, L. claudere — E. to close.] Slot, slot, n. The track of a deer. (Mach.) A depres- sion or mortise in a p.late of metal, or a slit or aper- ture through it, for the reception of some part of a machine, either fixed as a key-bolt, or movable as a sliding adjustment, — v. t. To slit or groove. [ME. and Scot, sleuth (q. v.), a track, Ic. slodh, a trail in snow, slsedha, to trail; s. rt. Ic. sledhi = E. sled, E. slide.] — Slot 'ting-machine', n. A machine-tool for making mortises, etc. Sloth, sloth, n. Slowness; tardiness; disinclination to action or la- : ^, bor; sluggish- ness; lazi- ness. (Zobl.) ~i. An uncouth, herbivorous, edentates. Amer. mam- mal of several Sloth. ing on the un- der side of tree branches, and remarka- bly slow in its motions. [AS. slsewdh, fr. slaw — E. slow, q. v.] — Sloth'ful, -ful, a. Addicted to sloth; inactive; slug- gish ; lazy ; indolent ; idle. — Slotn'fully, adv. — Sloth/fulness, n. Slouch, slowch, n. A depression of the head or some other part of the body; an awkward, heavy, clown- ish fellow; a hanging down, as of a hat brim. — v. i. [slouched (slowcht), slouching.] To hang down; to have a downcast, clownish look, gait, or manner. — v.t. To depress; to cause to hang down. [ProvE. slok, Ic. slakr — E. slack, loose, Ic. slokr, a slouching fellow, Sw. sloka, to droop; s. rt. slack, slug.] Slough, slow, n. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. [AS. sloh, fr. Ir. sloe, a pit, hollow, Ga. sloe, a pit, grave, pool, gutter, slugan, a whirlpool, gulf, sluig, to swallow.] Slough, sluf, n. The cast skin of a serpent. (Med.) The part that separates from a foul sore or drops off in mortification. — v. i. [sloughed (sluf t), slough- ing.] (Surg.) To separate from the sound flesh; to mortify and come off. [LG. slu, sluwe, a husk, pod, OD. sloove, a skin; s. rt. sleeve.] — Slough'y, -Y, a. Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from flesh. Slovac, slov'ak, n. One of a race of Hungarian Sclaves, akin to the Czecks, inhabiting N.-W. Hungary and neighboring parts of Moravia and Austria ; their language. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Slove'nian, -ve'nt-an, n. A dialect of Slavic used in Carinthia, Styria, and Carniola. Sloven, sluv'en or sluv'n, n. One careless of dress, or negligent of cleanliness. [OD. slof, sloef, a careless or nasty fellow, sloef achtiglick, negligent, slovenly. sloevenen, to be slovenly.] — Slov , enly, a. Negligent of dress or neatness; loose; disorderly: not neat. — adv. In a slovenly manner. — Slovenliness, n. Slow, slo, a. Not swift; not quick in motion; deliber- ate; not happening in a short time; late; not ready; not prompt; acting with deliberation; indicating a time later than the true time; not advancing, grow- ing, or improving rapidly; heavy in wit; not alert, prompt, or spirited ; wearisome ; dilatory ; tardy ; sluggish; dull; inactive. — ?;.*. To render slow, re- tard, reduce the speed of (an engine, ship, etc.). [AS. slaw, D. slee, Sw. slo, OHG. sleo ; s. rt. sloth, sloe, perh. slip, slide, sli?ik.] — Slow'ly, adv.— Slow'- ness, n. Slow-worm, slo'we'rm, n. The blind-worm. [AS. sla- wi/rm, AS. slean, to strike,— fr. a false notion that its bite was poisonous ; not fr. slow.] Sloyd, sloid, n. Lit., skilled mechanical work, such as that required in wood carving ; trade work ; hence, a system (usually called the sloyd system) of manual training in trade work. [Sw. slojd, skill.] Slub, slub, n. A roll of wool slightly twisted.— v. t. [slubbed (slubd), -bing.] To draw out and slightly twist, — applied to wool. Slub'ber, v. t. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely. Sludge, sluj, n. Mud; mire; soft mud; slush; small floating pieces of ice or snow. [Same as Slush.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; SLUE 543 SMEAR Slug. Slue, slu. v. t. [slued (slud), sluing.] {Naut.) To turn about a fixed point, usually, the center, as a spar or piece of timber. To turn about, twist, —v. i. To turn about; to slip or slide and turn from an ex- pected or desired course. [Ic. snua, to turn, bend.] Slug, slug, n. A drone; a slow, heavy, lazy fellow. (Zool.) A kind of shell- less snail, very destruc- tive to plants. [Norweg. sloka. to go heavily, slouch, D. slek, a slug, ^§ snail; s. rt. slouch, slack.] — Slug'gard, «. A per- son habitually lazy, idle, and inactive; a drone.— Slug/gish, a. Habitually idle and lazy; having lit- tle motion; having no power to move one's self or itself; stupid; tame; inert; slothful; slow; dull; in- active. — Slug'gishly, adv. — Slug'gishness, n. Slug, slug, n. A cylindrical or oval piece of metal, used for the charge of a gun. [Prob. s. rt. slay.] Sluice, slus, n. An artificial passage forwater fitted with a sliding valve or gate, for regulating the flow: any opening; that from or through which anything flows; a floodgate ; the stream which flows through a floodgate ; any stream, or anything regarded as flow- ing in a stream. — v. t. [SLUICED (slQst), -CING.] To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice ; to over- whelm. [OF. excluse, LL. exclusa, prop. fem. of p. p. Sluice, of L. excludere, -clusum, to shut out.] — Slui'cy, -st, a. Falling in streams, as from a sluice. Slum, slum, n. A back street of a city, esp. one filled with a poor, dirty, and vicious population. [Perh. contr. of asylum, as vulgarly pronounced with the accent on the first syllable; perh. fr. slump.] Slumber, slum'ber, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -Bering.] To sleep, doze; to be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inactivity. — n. Light sleep ; sleep that is not deep or sound; repose. [AS. sluma, G. schlummer, slumber, schlnmniern, to slumber.] — Slum'berer, n.— Slum'berous, -ber-us, a. Inviting slumber; soporiferous. Slump, slump, v. i. [slumped (slumpt), slumping.] To fall or sink suddenly through or in, as when walking on snow, ice, a bog, etc. [Onomat.; Scot. slump, a dull noise produced by something falling into a hole, a mars-h, swamp.] Slung, etc. See under Sling. Slunk. See Slink. Slur, sler, v. t. [slurred (slerd), -ring.] To soil, sully, contaminate, disgrace; to pass lightly, conceal. (Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, gliding style, —n. A mark or stain; slight reproach or dis- grace; a reproachful intimation; innuendo; a trick played upon a person. (Mus.) A mark, thus [s. s or x"~"s ], connecting notes that are to be sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued breath; a tie. [Ic. slora, to trail; s. rt. slot, slide, etc.] Slush, slush, re. Soft mud; sludge; slosh; a mixture of snow and water; a soft mixture of grease and other materials, for lubrication; refuse grease and fat, esp. fr. salt meat. (Mack.) A mixture of white lead and lime, with which the bright parts of ma- chines are painted to be preserved from oxidation. — v. t. To smear with slush or grease. (Mach.) To paint with a mixture of white lead and lime. [Sw. slaska, to dabble, slash, dirty liquid, Bavarian schlotz, mud, dirt.] Slut, slut, n. An untidy woman; slattern; a female dog; bitch. [Ic. slottr, a heavy fellow, Norweg. slott, an idler, Sw. dial, slata, Dan. slatte, an idle woman, slut, Ic. slota } Norweg. sluta, to droop, Sw. dial, slata, to be lazy, shnta, to slip, slide, slunt, a lubber; s. rt. slant, slip; not s. rt. slattern.] — Slut'tish, a. Like a slut ; untidy ; careless ; disorderly. — Slut'tishly, adv. — Slut'tiahnesB, n. Sly, sli, a. Dexterous in performing an action so as to escape notice; cautious; shrewd; knowing; art- fully cunning ; secretly mischievous ; insidious ; done with, and marked by, artful and dexterous se- crecy; crafty; subtile; wily. [Ic. slsegr, sly, said esp. of a horse that watches for an opportunity to kick, Sw. and Dan. slug, sly, cunning, Sw. slog, dex- terous; s. rt. slay, sleight.] — On the sly. In a sly or secret manner. — Sly'-boots, n. A sly, cunning, or waggish person. — Sly'ly, Sli'ly. adv. In a sly man- ner; craftily; insidiously. — Sly'ness, Sli'ness, n. Smack, smak, v. i. [smacked (smakt), smacking.] To kiss with a loud sound; to make a noise by the separation of the lips, after tasting anything. — v. t. To make a noise with (the lips) in kissing, tasting, etc.; to make a sharp noise oy striking ; to crack. — n. A loud kiss; a buss; a quick, sharp noise, as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a whip; a quick, smart blow; a slap. [Sw. smacka, LG. smakken, to smack, Sw. dial, smakka, UD. smacken, to throw down noisily, Dan. smvekke, to slam, bang, smsek, a smack, slap, I). smak, a loud noise; s. rt. smash, smatter ; onomat., and prob. nut s. rt. smack, taste.] Smack, smak, v. i. To be tinctured with any partic- ular taste; to have, or exhibit, natural indications of the presence or influence. — n. Taste; flavor; sa- vor. [AS. smsec, OD. smaeck, Dan. smag, Sw. sutak, G. gesmack, taste, AS. smecgan, OD. smaecken, Dan. smage, Sw. smaka, G. schmecken, to taste, j Smack, smak, n. A small coasting or fishing vessel, commonly rigged as a sloop. [OD. smacke, a long ship or boat, smak, a hoy, smack, AS. snacc, ;i smack, Ic. snekkja, a kind of vessel; s. rt. sneak, snake.] Small, smawl, a. Not large or extended in dimen- sions; little in quantity or degree; minute in bulk; diminutive; of slight consequence; feeble in influ- ence or importance; evincing little worth or ability; not prolonged in duration; weak; slender; gentle; not loud. — n. The small or slender part of a thing. [ME., D., Dan., and Sw. smal, AS. smasl, G. schmal ; perh. s. rt. Gr. smikros, small, L. macer, thin.] — Small beer. A kind of weak beer.— S.. fruits. Fruits raised in market-gardens, — berries, etc. — 5. hours. The time from midnight till 3 or 4 o'clock, a. m. — S. talk. Light or trifling conversation; chit-chat.— SmaU/ness, n. — Small'-arms, n. pi. Muskets, rifles, pistols, etc., disting. fr. cannon. — pi'ca, n. (Print.) Type of a size between long primer and pica. This line is in small pica. — pox, n. (Med.) Avery contagious, loathsome, and fatal eruptive febrile disease, whose pustules very generally leave marks or pits upon those who re- cover; variola. Smalt, smawlt, n. Common glass tinged of a fine deep blue by the protoxide of cobalt, ground fine and used as a pigment in various arts. [D., fr. It. smalto, OHG. smalzjan, smalt, MUG. smelzen, to melt; s. rt. E. smelt.] — Smal'to, n. A minute regu- lar square of enameled glass, of all colors, used in modern Roman mosaic work; a tessera. [It.] Smaragdine, sma-rag'din, a. Pert, to, or consisting of emerald, or resembling it. [Gr. smaragdos = E. emerald, q. v.] Smart, smart, n. Quick, pungent, livelv pain ; se- vere pain of mind. —v. i. To feel a lively, pungent pain, esp. a local pain from some piercing or irrita- ting application; to feel pain of mind; to be pun- ished, —a. Causing a keen, local pain; severe; poig- nant; vigorous; sharp; accomplishing, or able to ac- complish, results quickly; active; efficient; marked by acuteness or shrewdness ; quick in suggestion or reply ; vivacious ; witty ; showy ; dashy; spruce; brisk; fresh. [D., pain, smarten, Sw. smarta, to give pain ;sh. [D., pain, smarten, Sw. smarta, to give rt. L. mordere, to bite, sting, pain, Skr. mrid, for smrid, to rub, crush.] — Smartly, adv. In a smart manner; keenly; sharply; actively; wit- tily; showily. — Smart'ness, n. — Smart'-mon'ey, n. Money paid by a person to buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement or painful situation. Smash, smash, v. t. [smashed (smasht), smashing.] To break in pieces by violence, dash to pieces, crush, — n. A breaking to pieces; utter destruction. [Sw. dial, smaske, to make a. smash, sma-sk, a slight explosion, crack, report, smiska, to slap ; 8. rt. smack.] Smatter, smafter, v. i. To talk superficially or ig- norantly; to have a slight taste, or a slight, superfi- cial knowledge. — n. Slight, superficial Knowledge. [Sw. smattra, to clatter, crackle, snattra, Dan. snad- dre, G. schattern, to chatter, Sw. snack, chat, Dan. snak, twaddle, G. schnack, chit-chat; s. rt. smack.] — Smafterer, n. One who has only a slight, superfi- cial knowledge ; a sciolist. — Smaftering, n. A slight, superficial knowledge. Smear, smer, v. t. [smeared (smerd), smearing.] To overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or ad- sun, cube, full; moon, foot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SMELL 544 SMUT hesive: to besmear, daub; to soil, pollute. — n. A spot made by an unctuous or adhesive substance, or as if by such" a substance; blot; blotch; patch; daub; stain. [AS. smerien, fr. smeru, G. schmeer, Lithuan. smarms, fat, smala, tar, Gr. mitron, an unguent, smuris, emery for polishing, smaein, to smear, rub, wipe; s. rt. smirch, smelt, to melt ore.] Smell, smel, v. t. [smelled (smeld) or smelt; smell- ing.] To perceive by the nose; to have a sensation excited of, by means of the nasal organs; to perceive as if by the smell, give heed to. — v. i. To affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or particular scent; to have a particular tincture or smack of any quality; to exercise the sense of smell. — n. Sense by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived through the instrumentality of the olfactory nerves; quality of anything, or emanation therefrom, which affects the olfactory organs; scent; odor; perfume; fragrance. [ME. smel, smul; s. rt. D. s/«ei(/«i, LG. smelen = E. to smolder, q. v., also smother.] — Smell'er, n. One who smells ; the organ of the sense of smell; nose. — Smell'ing, n. The sense by which odors are perceived; sense of smell. Smelt, smelt, n. ' A small, slender, silvery white food- fish, caught in large numbers at certain seasons in the salt" water at the mouths of N. Eng. and European rivers. [AS. and Dan., a smolt, Nor- weg. smelta, a mass, lump, also a whiting Smelt. (fish); prob. s. rt. AS. smeolt, smooth; s. rt. smell.'] Smelt, smelt, v. t. To melt (ore) for the purpose of separating the metal from extraneous substances. [Dan. smelte, Sw. smalta ; s. rt. smalt, enamel, perh. not melt.] — Smelfer, n. — Smelt'ery, -er-i, n. A place for smelting ores. Smerk. See Smirk. Smicker, smik'er. v. i. To look amorously or wan- tonly. [Sw. snieka, to caress, smickra, to "flatter.] Smilax. smi'laks, n. An evergreen, climbing shrub, of many species, found in the warm and temperate parts of both hemispheres: the Amer. species fur- nish sarsaparilla. A delicate twining vine (3I)/rsiphil- lum) grown for its rich green foliage. [L. and Gr.] Smile, smll, v. i. [smiled (smild), smiling.] To con- tract the features of the face in sucli a manner as to express pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kind- ness; to express slight contempt by a look implying sarcasm or pity; to look gay and joyous; to be pro- pitious, favor, countenance, — v. t. To express by a smile. — n. Act of smiling; a peculiar contraction of the features of the face, which expresses pleas- ure, moderate joy, approbation, or kindness; a some- what similar expression of countenance, indicative of satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, as contempt, scorn, etc.; favor; countenance; pro- pitiousness; gay or joyous appearance. [Dan.; Sw. smila, MHG. smielen, smieren, Skr. smi, to smile, L. mirari, to wonder at, minis, wonderful; s. rt. mir- acle, admire, smirk.] — Smilingly, ado. In a smil- ing manner; with a smile or look of pleasure. Smirch, smerch, v. t. To cloud, soil, besmear, stain, smutch. [Same as smear.] Smirk, smerk, v. i. [smirked (smerkt), smirking.] To look affectedly soft or kind; to smile in an af- fected or conceited manner. — n. An affected, con- ceited, or silly smile ; a simper. [AS. smercian, MHG. smieren; same as smile.] Smite, smit, v. t. [imp. smote (smot) ; p. p. smitten rarely smit ; smiting.] To throw, drive, or force the fist or hand, or stone or weapon, against ; to strike ; to s>lay by a blow, kill ; to beat or put to rout in battle ; to blast ; to afflict, chasten, punish ; to strike or affect with passion, as love or fear.— v. i. To strike, collide. [AS. smitan, Sw. smida, to forge, Dan. smide. to fling, OHG. smizan, to throw, stroke, smear.] — Smit'er, n. — Smiften, -tn,^>. p. of smite. Struck; killed; affected with some passion; esp. af- fected by the passion of love; enamored. Smith, smith, n. One who forges with the hammer ; one who works in metals. [AS. smidh, Goth, smitha, Ic. smidhr, HG. smit, smidl] — Smith'y, -T, n. The shop of a smith. [AS. smidhdhe.] — Smith / 'ery, -er-T, n. The workshop of a smith; a smithy; work done by a smith. Smitt, smit, n. Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, used for marking sheep. [HG. schmitz, fr. smitten, schmitzen, to besmear.] Smock, smok, n. A woman's under garment; a shift; chemise; a blouse. [AS. snioc, fr. smeogan, to draw -if a'. 7- 1 -iest.] Ernil on, as a garment, stocking, etc., Ic. smokkr, a smock, fr. smjuga, to creep through a hole, put the head through the hole in a garment.] — Smock'-frock, n. A coarse linen frock or shirt worn by farm-laborers. Smoke, smok, n. The exhalation, visible vapor, or substance that escapes or is expelled from a burning substance; that which resembles smoke, as vapor or watery exhalations; Jdle talk; use of a pipe or cigar. — v.i. [smoked (smokt), smoking.] To emit smoke; to burn, be kindled, rage; to raise a dust or smoke by rapid motion ; to use tobacco in a pipe, cigar, etc.— v. t. To apply smoke to, fumigate; to scent, medicate, preserve, or dry by smoke; to burn and draw into the mouth and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco ; to burn or use in smoking ; to subject to the operation of smoke, for the purpose of annoying or driving out. [AS. smoca, smoke, smeocan, to smoke, reek, perh. s.rt. Gr. smuchein, to burn slowly, Ir.smuid, vapor, much, smoke, Lithuan. smaugti, to choke.] — Smokier, n. One who dries by smoke ; one who uses tobacco by inhf.ling its smoke from a pipe or cigar.— Smok'y, n vv ' ek ; ,^W mitting , .,--\ N ;' "' .'-' * smoke ; having | SSS • ' " « the appearance i |§w*'', \, \\ |f§] or nature of \ smoke ; filled with smoke, or with a vapor re- s e m b 1 i n g it ; subject to be filled with smoke from the chimneys o fire-places ; tar n i s h e d with smoke.— Smok'- i 1 y , a d v . — Smok'iness, n. — Smoke '-jack, n. Acontrivance for turning a Smoke-jack. spit by means of a fly or wheel turned by the cur- rent of ascending air in a chimney. Smolder, Smoulder, smol'der, v. i. To waste away by a slow and suppressed combustion. [ME. smol- deren, fr. smolder, smorther, a trifling smoke, LG. smoelen, Dj_smeulen, to smolder.] Smooth, smooth, a. Having an even surface ; not rough; gently flowing; not ruffled or obstructed; flowing or uttered without stops, obstruction, or hesitation ; bland; mild; soothing; level; flat; polished; glossy; voluble; flattering; deceptive. — v. t. [smoothed (smoothd), smoothing.] To make smooth, make even on the surface by any means, to make easy ; make flowing. [AS. smedfie, smooth (adj.), OD. smedigh, soft, D. smijdig, malleable ; s. rt. LG. smid, Dan. smed = E. smith.]— Smootb/ly, adv.— Smooth '• ness, n. Smote. See Smite. Smother, smuth'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -eking.] To destroy the life of by suffocation ; to affect as by suffocation, stifle; to repress the action of, cover fr. the view of the public, suppress. — v. i. To be suf- focated or stifled ; to be suppressed or concealed; to burn slowly, without sufficient air and smoke ; to smolder. [AS. smorian, D. smooren, to suffocate, stifle, OD. smoor, vapor, fume; s. rt. smolder, smell] Smoulder. See Smolder. Smudge. See under Smut. Smug, smug, a. Studiously neat or nice; spruce; af- fectedly nice. [Dan. smith, OS w. smuck, elegant, fine, fair, Sw. snv/cka, to adorn, ~LG.smuk, neat, trim.] Smuggle, smu'g'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.J To import or export secretly, contrary to the law, or without paying the duties imposed by law ; to con- vey, or introduce, clandestinely. [Dan. smuggle, to smuggle, i smug, secretly, smughandel, contraband trade; s. rt. Ic. smuga, a hole to creep through, Sw. smuga, a lurking-hole, smyga, to sneak, smuggle ; s. rt. smock.] — Smug'gler, n. One who imports and exports goods privately and contrary to law ; a ves- sel employed in smuggling. Smut, smut, n. Foul matter, like soot or coal-dust, or the spot or soil which this makes. (Bot.) A par- asitic fungus, which forms on grain, blasting it. Obscene or filthy language ; ribaldry; obscenity.— v. t. To stain or mark with smut; to taint witli mil- dew, as grain; to blacken, tarnish. — v. i. To gather or be converted into smut ; to give off smut ; to am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; SNACK 545 SNIP crock. [Sw. smuts, Dan. smuds, filth, smudse, to dirty, sully.] — Smut'ty, -tT, a. [-tier ; -tiest.] Soiled with smut, coal, soot, etc. ; tainted with mil- dew; obscene. — Smut'tily, adv. — Smut/ tineas, n. — Smutch, smuch, v. t. (smutched (smucht), smutching.] To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. — n. Stain ; dirty spot. — Smudge, stnuj, v. i. To smut, smutch. — n. A stain, blot, smear ; a suffoca- ting smoke, esp. to drive off mosquitoes, etc. Snack, snak, n. A share ; an equal part or portion ; a slight repast; lunch. [See Snatch.] Snaffle, snai'fl, n. A bridle-bit having one or more joints in the mouth-piece, and at the ends rings for reins, without branches; a snaffle-bit. — v. t. [snaffled (-fid), -fling.] To bridle ; to hold or manage with a bridle. [D. snavel, a horse's muzzle, dim. of OD. snabbe, the bill or neb of a bird, lit. a snapper, fr. siiappen = E. to snap.} — Snaffle-bit, n. A snaffle. Snag, snag, n. A short, sharp, or rough branch ; a sharp, irregular, broken, or partly decayed tooth; a trunk or large branch of a tree fixed to the bottom of a river at one end, and rising nearly or quite to the surface at the other end, by which vessels are often pierced and sunk. — v. t. [snagged (snagd), -ging/1 To injure or destroy by or upon a snag. [ProvE., to trim, cut off small branches from a tree, fr. Ga. snagair, to carve, whittle away, snaigh, to hew, cut down, trim.] — Snag'ged, Snag'gy, -gT, a. Full of snags; full of short, rough branches or sharp points;_abounding with knots. Snail, snal, n. (Zo'ol.) A slimy, gasteropodous, air- breathing mollusk, of several species, which moves very slowly by creeping: its eyes are in the ends of a pair of horns which can be wholly retracted at pleasure: species with shells are usually called snails, those without, slugs. A drone; sluggard; lazy, s 1 o w-moving person . [AS sniegl, a snail, lit. snail, creeping thing, fr. snaca = E. snake, q. v.] — Snail r - like. adv. In the manner of a snail; slowly. Snake, snak, n. A serpent, _esp. one of the smaller species.— v. t. [snaked (snakt), snaking.] To drag or draw, as a snake from a hole. (Naiit.) To wind round spirally, as a large rope with a smaller one, or with cord. [AS. snaca, Skr. naga, a, serpent; s. rt. sneak.]— Snake'root, rc. One of several plants of dif- ferent genera and species, reputed to be remedies for the bites of serpents. — Snak'y, -T, a. Port, to, or resembling a snake; serpentine; winding; sly; cunning; insinuating; deceitful; covered with ser- pents; having serpents. Snap, snap, v. t. [snapped (snapt), -ping.] To break short, as substances that are brittle; to strike with a sharp sound, esp. with the end of a finger jerked from the thumb; to bite or seize suddenly, esp. with the teeth ; to crack, as, to snap a whip. — v. i. To break short; to part asunder suddenly; to make an effort to bite; to make a sharp cracking sound; to utter sharp, harsh, angry words. — n. A sudden breaking of any substance; a sudden seizing, or ef- fort to seize, with the teeth; a crack of a whiD, or a similar sound; a sudden, sharp blow, esp. with the finger sprung from the thumb; a sudden and severe interval, as of cold weather; a small catch or fasten- ing, as of a bracelet ; a crisp kind of gingerbread, nut, or cake. [D. snappen; s. rt. snatch, perh. snifr, snuff.'] —To snap one up. To treat with sharp words; to interrupt suddenly or snappishly. — Snap^per, n. One who, or that which, etc. : the end of a whip- lash; a kind of fish ; a snapping-turtle. — Snap'pish, a. Eager to bite ; apt to snap"; sharp in reply ; apt to speak angrily or tartly. — Snap'pishly, adv. — Snap'pishness, n. — Snap'-dragon, n. (Bot.) A plant, the showy corollas of some species of which resemble the head of an animal or a mask. A play m which raisins or sweetmeats are snatched from burning brandy, and put into the mouth. — Snap'- ping-tur'tle, n. An Amer. fresh-water tortoise which snaps at everything approaching it. Snare, snar, n. A contrivance \>y which a bird or other creature may be entangled ; a trap : catch ; wile ; anything by which one is entangled and brought into trouble ; the gut or string stretched Snarling-iron. across the lower head of a drum. —v. t. [snared (snard), SNABING.] To catch with a snare, entangle, bring into unexpected evil, perplexitv, or danger. [Dan.; AS. snear, Ic. and Sw. mora, OHG. snarahna, a string, noose, MHG. snerken, to bind tightly, Ic. mara, to turn quickly, twist, wring; s. rt. Gr. narke, cramp, numbness, whence E. narcissus, narcotic, etc., q. v., Lithium, nerti, to thread a needle. L. »<)/•- viis = E. nerve, Skr. snasa, a sinew.] — Snarl, snarl, v. t. To entangle, complicate, embarrass, insnare; to form raised work upon the surface of (thin met- allic ware) by the repercussion of an elastic tool upon the inner suri..ee. — n. A knot or complica- tion of hair, tn-rrid, etc., difficult to disentangle ; embarrassing u:.ticulty j a quarrel; contention.— Snarl'ing-iron, -i'ern, n. A tool. one end of which is fixed in a vise, and the other end or beak gives blows within a piece of metallic ware that produce raised work when the shank is struck with a hammer. Snarl, snarl, v. i. [snarled (sniirld), snarling.] To growl, as an angry or surly dog; to gnarl; to speak roughly. [OD. sinarren; s. rt. sneer, snore, snort, gnarl.] — SnarKer, n. Snarl, v. t. and n. See under Snare. Snatch, snach, v. t. [snatched (snacht). snatch- ing. J To seize hastily, abruptly, or without permis- sion or ceremony; to seize and transport away; to twitch, pluck, pull, catch, grasp, gripe. — n. A hasty catch or seizing; a catching at or attempt to seize suddenly; a short period of vigorous action; a small piece, fragment, or quantity. [Scot, snak, a dog's snatch or snap of the jaws, "D. snakken, to gasp, de- sire, LG. snakken, to chatter, — i. e. move the jaws; s. rt. snap.] — Snatch'er, n. — Snatch-' block, n. {Nant.) A kind of block used in ships, having an opening in one side to receive the bight of a rope. Snath, snath, n. The handle of a scythe. [AS. snsed.} Sneak, snek, v. i. [sneaked (snekt), sneaking.] To creep or steal away privately ; to behave with meanness and servility. — n. A mean, sneaking Snatcn-Moek. fellow. [AS. snican, to creep, Ir. and Ga. snaigh, to crawl, sneak; s. rt. snake, snail.} — Sneak'ing, p. a. Marked by cowardly concealment : mean : servile; crouching; covetous; niggardlv.— Sneak 'ingly. adv. Sneer, sner, v. i. [sneered (snerd), sneering.] To show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a par- ticular cast of countenance ; to insinuate contempt by a covert expression ; to scoff, jeer, jibe. — n. A look of contempt, disdain, derision, or ridicule; an expression of ludicrous scorn. [Dan. snaerre, to srin like a dog ; s. rt. snarl.} — Sneer'er, re. — Sneer'ing- ly, adv. _ Sneeze, snez, v. i. [sneezed (snezd), sneezing.] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and vio- lently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, occasione'd by irritation of the inner membrane of the nose. — n. A sudden violent ejection of air, chiefly through the nose. [AS. fneosan, D. fniezen, to sneeze, AS. fnsest, a puff, blast, Sw. f'nysa, to snort, Dan. snuse, to sniff; s. rt. snout.] Snicker, snik'er, Snig'ger, v. i. To laugh slyly; to laugh with small, audible catches of voice, as when Eersons attempt to suppress loud laughter. — n. A all-suppressed broken laugh. [ProvG. schnickem, fr. schnicken, to move quickly.] Sniff, snif, v. i. To draw air audibly up the nose; to snuff. — v. t. To draw in with the breath through the nose; to perceive as bv sniffing; to scent, smell, snuff.— n. Perception bv sniffing; that which is taken by sniffing. [Ic. snefja, Dan. snive, to sniff, snuff, Sw. sm/fta, to sob; s. rt. snuff.] — Snift, v. i. To sniff. — Sniv'el, -1, n. Mucus running from the nose; snot. — v. i. [sniveled (-Id), -eling.] To run at the nose: to cry or whine, as children. [Freq. of sniff.] — Sniv'eler, n. One who cries with sniveling; one who weeps for slight causes. Snigger. Same as Snicker. Snip, snip, v. t. [snipped (snipt). -ping.] To cut off, clip suddenly, or to cut off at once with shears or scissors; to nip. — n. A single cut. as with shears or scissors; a clip: a small shred; a bit cut off. [D. snip- pen, G. schnippen, to snip, fr. D. snappen, G. schnap- pen = E. to snap.] — Snip '-snap, n. A lively, tart di- Ouick; brisk; short. — Snip'pet. n. A shr ill piece or shred. — Snip'pcty, - iculously sun, cube, full s moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SNIPE 546 SOAH Snip'per-snap'per, n. A small, email; insignificant- insignificant fellow. Snipe, snip, n. A game bird of several species which frequents marshes and moist places, and has a long, straight, slender bill. [Ic. snipa, Dan. and OD. sneppe, a snipe, lit. a snap- Eer, snipper, OD. snabbe, a ird's bill; s. rt. swap.] Snivel, etc. See under Sniff. Snob, snob, n. An affected and pretentious person ; esp., a vulgar person, who apes gentility, or affects the intimacy of distin- guished persons ; a n u p- start; parvenu. [Ic. snapr, snipe, a dolt, idiot, charlatan, boaster, Sw. dial, snopp, a boy, anything stumpy, snoppa, to cut off, make stumpy; s. rt. snub.] — Snob'bish, a. Belonging to, or resembling, a snob.— Snob'bishness, -bery, -ber-Y, -ism, n. The quality of being snobbish; the charac- ter or habits of a snob. Snooze, snooz, n. A short sleep; nap; slumber. — v. i. To sleep, doze, drowse. [Bavar. pfnausen, to snore, Lithuan. snusu, to doze.] Snore, sn5r, v. i. [snored (snord), snoring.] To breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal noise in sleep. — n. A breathing with a harsh nasal noise in sleep. [AS. snora, a snoring, OD. snorren, to grumble, mut- ter, snarren, to brawl, snarl, G. schnarren, to rattle, schnarchen, to snore, snort ; s. rt. snarl, sneer.] — Snort, sn6rt, v. i. To force the air with violence through the nose, so as to make a noise, as high-spir- ited horses; to laugh out loudly or contemptuously. — n. The act or noise of, etc. [Dan. snorke, G. schnarchen.] Snot, snot, n. Mucus secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. [ME., OFries., and LG. svotte, D. and Dan. snot : see Snout, following.] — Snot'ty, o. Foul with snot; mean; dirty. — Snout, snowt, n. The long, pro- jecting nose of a beast, as of swine; nose of a man, — in contempt ; nozzle or end of a hollow pipe.— v. t. To furnish with a nozzle or point. [ME. and LG. snute, Sw. snut, Dan. snude, a snout, muzzle, Ic. snyta, G. schneuzen, to blow the nose; s. rt. snipe, snuff, sniff.] Snow, sno, n. Watery particles congealed into white or trans- parent crystals, or flakes, in the air, and falling t o the earth. — v. i. [s n o_w e D ( sno d ), snowing.] To fall in snow, — chiefly used im- personally. — v. t. To scatter like snow. [AS. snav), Sw. sno, Lithuan. snegas, L. nix, nivis, Gr. nips, niphos. It. and Ga. sneachd, W. nyf, snow, Skr. sneha, moisture; perh. s. rt. Skr. nij, Gr. nizetn, to cleanse, E. niveous.] — Snow'y, -T, a. White like snow, abounding with snow; pure; unblemished. — Snow'-ball, n. Around mass of snow, pressed or rolled together. — v. t. [-balled (-bald), -balling.] To pelt with snow- balls. bird, n. A bird which appears in the time of snow, — the popular name of various birds. — -blind, a. Affected with snow-blindness. — -blind / - ness. n. Blindness, or dimness of sight, caused by the light reflected from snow. — -drift, n. A bank of snow driven together by the wind. — -drop, n. ' A bulbous plant bearing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the ground. — shoe, n. A light shoe, or rack- et, for traveling on snow, to prevent the feet from sinking into it. — -white, a. White as snow ; very white. Snub, snub, 7?. A check or rebuke.— Snow Crystals. v.t. [snubbed (snubd), -bing.] To clip or break off the end of ; to check, stop, or rebuke, with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark; to slight designedly. [Ic. and Sw. snubba, to snub, check, chide, orig. to snip oil' the end of a thing, Ic. sneypa, a disgrace, also to castrate, outrage, dishonor, chide, snub; s. rt. snob snap, snuff\] — Snub'-nose, n. A short or flat nose. Snuff, snuf, n. The part of a candle-wick charred by the flame, whether burning or not. — v. t. [snuffed (snuft), snuffing.] To snip off (the top of a can- dle-wick). [Sw. dial, snoppa. to snip off, snuff a candle, Dan. snubbe, to nip off = E. snub.] — Snuff- ers, n. pi. An implement for snuffing candles. Snuff, snuf, n. Pulverized tobacco or other substance, snuffed up or prepared to be snuffed up into the nose. — v. t. [snuffed (snuft), snuffing.] To draw in with the breath; to inhale; to perceive by the nose, scent, smell. — v. i. To inhale air with vi- olence or with noise; to turn up the nose and inhale air, as an expression of contempt; to take offense. [Same as sniff; OD. snuffm, to blow filth out of the nose, D. snuf, scent, smelling, snnffelen, to smell out, Sw. snufva, a cold, catarrh, Sw. dial, snvffia, to snuffle; perh. s. rt. snap.] — Up to *nuff'. Not likely to be im- posed upon; knowing; acute. — Snuffy, -t, a. Soiled with snuff. — Snuff -box, n. A box for carrying snuff about the person. — Snuffle, -fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To speak through the nose ; to breathe hard through the nose, esp. when it is ob- structed; to sniffle. — n. A sound made by the pas^ sage of air through the nostrils; an affected nasal twang; cant. — Snuf fler, n. — Snuffles, -flz, n. pi Obstruction of the nose by mucus. Snug, snug, v. i. To lie close, snuggle. — a. Closely pressed; concealed; compact, convenient, and com- fortable. [Ic. snoggr, smooth, Sw. snygg, Dan. snog,- neat, tidy, clean.] — Snug'ly, adv.— Snug'ness, n.— Snug'gle, -gl, v . i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.J To move* one way and the other to get a close place; to lie close for convenience or warmth. So, so, adv. In that manner or degree; as indicated,, implied, or supposed to be known; in like manner or degree, thus, with equal reason, — used correla- tively, following as; in such manner, to such de- gree, — used correlatively with as or that coming after; very; in a high degree; in such a degree as cannot well be expressed; in the same manner, in this or that condition, under these circumstances,, in this way, — with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied, used also with the verb to be, as a predicate; therefore; on this account; foi this reason; it is well, let it be, be it so,— used to ex press assent; well, the fact being so,— used as an ex pletive. — conj. Provided that; on condition thati in case that. [AS. and Goth, swa, Ic. sva, so, G. so- so, Goth, swa-swe, just as; s. rt. Skr. sva, one's own self, L. suus, one's own.] — So far forth. To such a degree; as far. - So forth. Further in the same oi a similar manner. — So that. To the end that; iv order that. — So-and-so. A certain person, nol named.— So, so. Well, well. — So'-so. Passable; tolerable; indifferent. — Soev'er. A word composed of so and ever, used generally in composition with who, what, ivhere, when, how, etc., to extend or em- phasize their sense,— sometimes used separate from the pronoun. Soak, sok, v. t. [soaked (sokt), soaking.] To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has im- bibed what it can contain; to steep; to drench, wet thoroughly; to penetrate by wetting thoroughly. — v. i. To lie steeped in water or other fluid; to enter into pores or interstices. [Same as suck; AS. sucan^ to suck, soak, soc, gesoc , a sucking.] — Soak'er, n. One who soaks in a liquid; a hard drinker. Soap, sop, n. A compound of vegetable or animal oil or grease with an alkali, esp. with soda or potash: used in washing, cleansing, medicine, etc. — v. t. [soaped (sopt), soaping.] To rub or wash over with soap. [AS. sape, Ic. and Sw. sapa, OHG. seipha, soap; prob. s. rt. L. sebum, tallow; perh.I>. sapo, F. savon, Sp. xabon, etc., soap, are fr. the G.| — Soap'y, -T, a. Resembling soap; having the qual' ities of soap; smeared with soap. — Soap'-boil'er, n, One whose occupation is to make soap. — bub'ble, n, A hollow iridescent globe, formed by blowing a film of soap-suds from a pipe. stone, n. A soft magnesian mineral; steatite, — so called fr. its soapy or greasy feel. — wort, n. A plant,— so called fr. its bruised leaves producing a lather, like soap, when agitated in water. Soar, sor, v. i. [soared (sord), soaring.] To fly am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone. 6r ; SOB 547 SOIL aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings; to rise or tower in thought or imagination, — n. A tower- ing flight. [F. essorer, It. sorare, to soar, LL. exau- rare, to expose to the air, fir. L. ex, out, and L. and Gr. aura, a breeze = E. air, wind.] Sob, sob, v. i. [sobbed (sobd), -bixg.] To sigh with a sudden heaving of the breast, or a kind of convul- sive motion. — n. A convulsive sigh or catching of the breath in sorrow; any sorrowful cry or sound. [AS. siofian, to lament, OHG. sufton, to sigh, suft, a sigh, sob. fr. sufan, to sip = E. sup.] Sober, so'bgr, a. Habitually temperate in the use of spirituous liquors; not intoxicated; exercising cool, dispassionate reason; self-controlled; not proceeding from, or attended with, passion; serious in demean- or, habit, or appearance; grave; abstinent; moder- ate; steady; calm; dispassionate; sedate; serious; solemn; somber.— v. t. [sobered (-herd), -BERIXG.] To make sober, cure of intoxication. — v. i. To be- come sober. [ME. and F. sabre, L. soirrius, fr. so-, apart from, without, and ebrius, drunken: see Ebei- ety.] — Somberly, adv. In a sober manner; temper- ately. — So '"berness, n. — So'ber-mind'ed, a. Hav- ing a disposition or temper habitually sober, calm, and temperate. — Sobri'ety, -e-tl, n. Habitual so- berness or temperance as to the use of spirituous liquors; habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordi- nate passion, or over-heated imagination; gravity without sadness or melancholy. [F. sobrietiT] Sobriquet. so'bre-ka', n. An assumed name; nick- name. [F.; perh. fr. sot, a fool (see Sot), and bri- r'.t, It. brichetto, dim. of bricco, an ass; but perh. soubriquet, OF. soubzbriquet, a chuck under the chin, hence an affront, nickname, fr. OF. soubz (= F- sous, L. sub), under, & briquet = E. b)-isket, q. v.] Soc, sok, n. (Eng. Law.) The power or privilege of holding a court in a district; liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. [AS. soc, exercise of judicial power, sacu, contention, a law suit, fr. sacan, to contend; s. rt. sake and seek, q. v.] — Soc'age. -ej, n. A tenure of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate service, as to hold by fealty and twentv shillings rent. Sociable, so'sha-bl, a. Inclined to, or adapted for, society; disposed to company ; ready to converse; inclined to talk with others; affording opportunities for conversation; companionable; friendly; famil- iar; communicative; accessible.— n. An informal gathering of people for social purposes. [F. : L. sociabilis, fr. sociare, to associate, fr. socius, a com- panion ; s. rt. 'L.sequi, to follow: see Sequel.] — So'ciableness, -ciabil'ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of being sociable: inclination to company and converse.— So'ciably, adv. — So'cial, -shal, a. Pert, to society; relating to men living in society; ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse; consisting ki union or mutual converse; familiar; convivial; festive. (Bot.) Naturally growing in groups or masses. (Zobl.) Liv- ing in communities; gregarious. [L. socialis.] — So- cial Science. Science of all that relates to man's so- cial existence and well-being, including questions of public health, education, labor, crime, etc. — So- cially, -shal-ll, adv. — SocioKogy, -shT-oKo-jT, n. That branch of philosophy which treats of human society ; social science.— Socialism, -izm, n. A the- ory of society which advocates the substitution of cooperative action and common ownership for indi- vidual action and ownership; communism. — So'- cialiat, n. One who advocates socialism. — a. So- cialistic— Socialis'tic, a. Relating to, of the nature of, or like, socialism. — Sociality, -shY-al'T-tT, n. Quality of being social: sociableness.— So'cialize, v. t. [-ized (-tzd), -izixg.] To render social; to subject to, or regulate by, the principles of socialism. — So- ci'ety, -si'e-tT, n. A number of persons associated for any temporary or permanent objects; a partner- ship; the persons, collectivelv considered, who live in any region or at any period; the more cultivated portion of any community in its social relations and influences : companionship ; fellowship ; company. [F. society, L. societas.] Socinian, so-sin'i-an, a. Pert, to Socinus or his re- ligious creed. — n. One of the followers of Socinus; a Unitarian. — Socin'ianism, -izm, n. The tenets of Faustus and Laelius Socinus, Italian theologians of the 16th century, who denied the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. Sock, sok, n, A covering for the foot: esp., the shoe worn by an ancient actor of comedy: comedy, in distinction from tragedy; a knit or woven covering for the foot, with a short leg; a short-legged st< ek- ing. [AS. socc, fr. L. soccun, a kind of low-heele equip, furnish.'j — Sock'et, n. An opening into which anything ia fitted; a hollow thing or place whicn holds some- thing else; esp., the hollow tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the candlestick. [Dim. of sock; ME. and OF. soket.) — So'cle, so'kl or sok'l, n. {Arch.) A plain block or plinth, forming a low ped- estal to a statue, column, etc.; a plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. [L. socculus, dim. of soccus.] Socratic, so-krat'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to Socrates, the Grecian sage, or to his manner of teaching and philosophizing, i. e. by series of questions leading to the desired result. — Socrat'ically, adv. In the Socratic method. Sod, sod, n. Earth filled with the roots of grass; turf; sward. — v. t. To cover with sod; to turf. [D. zode, sod, turf; in OD. also a seething, boiling, OD. tood, a well: see Seethe.] Soda, so'da, n. A caustic alkali; the protoxide of the metal sodium. [It., prop. fem. of sodo, tough, hard, stiff, contr.fr. solido, C soWdus = E. solid.] — Car- bonate of soda. The " soda " of commerce: it con- sists of carbonic acid and soda, and is chiefly ob-, tained by treating common salt first with sulphuric acid and then with chalk.— So'da-wa'ter, n. Water highly charged with carbonic acid, used as an effer- vescing drink. — So'dium, -dl-um, n. A yellowish- white metallic element, soft like wax, and lighter than water; the metallic base of soda. [NL.] Sodality, so-dal'T-tl, n. A fellowship or fraternity. [L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis, a comrade, companion.J Sodden. See Seethe. Sodomite, sod'om-it, n. An inhabitant of Sodom-, one guilty of sodomy. — Sod'omy, -om-T, n. Carnal copulation in an unnatural manner; copulation of a male with a male. Soever. See under So. Sofa, so'fa, n. ;pL -fas, -faz. A long ornamental seat, usually with a stuffed bottom. [Ar. suffat, svffah.] Soil, so'fT, n. ; pi. -fis, -fiz. One of a certain religious order in Persia; a dervish. [Per. sufi, or soft, prob. fir. Gr. sophos, wise.] — So'fism, -fizm, n. Doctrine or principles of the Sofis. Soffit, soffit, n. (Arch.) A ceiling; esp., the under side of the subordinate parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, archwavs, cornices, etc. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. L. suffixus, p. p. of svjjigere, to __ fasten beneath or below, fr. sub, ° ° °J| under, and figere, Jixum, to fix, O o &j fasten.] « Soft, soft, a. Easily yielding to Soffits, pressure; easily impressed or cut: not rough, rug- ged, or harsh to the touch; agreeable to perceive or feel; not harsh or offensive to the sight; pleasing to the eye; not harsh or rough in sound; gentle and pleasing to the ear; easily yielding; susceptible to influence ; effeminate ; not courageous or manly; gentle in action or motion; readily forming a lather with soap ; not hard ; easy ; quiet ; undisturbed. (Pron.) Not pronounced with an abrupt or explo- sive utterance, — said of certain consonants. — adv. Softly ; gently ; quietly. — inter j. Be soft ; hold; stop; not so fast. [AS. softe, sefte, OHG. samftoj perh. s. rt. Ic. se/a, OIc. sve/a, to soothe, soften, E. soporific.] — Soft'en, sof'n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -en- ix G.] To make soft or more soft. — v. i. To become soft or more sof t. — Soft'ener, «.— Soft'-heart'ed, a. Having softness or tenderness of heart; gentle; meek. — Soft'ly, adv.— Soffness, n. Quality of being soft; impressibility, smoothness, fineness, del- icacy, etc., — said of material objects ; acceptable- ness to the senses, feeling, sight, hearing, etc., aris- ing from delicacy or from the absence of harshness, hardness, etc.; mildness; gentleness, — said of man- ners, language, temper, etc.; effeminacy; weakness; simplicity; susceptibility; tenderness; timorousness; pusillanimity. Soggy, sog'gT, a. [-gier; -giest.] Filled with water; soft with moisture; wet. [Ic. soggr, damp.] Soho, so-ho', interj. Ho! —a word used m calling, from a distant place; a sportsman's halloo. Soidisant, sw5-de-zawx', a. Calling himself ; self- styled; pretended; would-be. [F.] Soil", soil, v. t. [soiled (soild), soilixg.] To make dirty on the surface; to cover or tinge with any- sun, cube, full ; moon, fo~ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbON, chair, get. SOIL 548 SOLEMN thing extraneous ; to cover with soil or dung ; to manure; to foul, begrime, bespatter, besmear, daub, stain, tarnish, sully, defile, pollute. — n. Any foul matter upon another substance; dirt; foulness; spot; stain; tarnish. [OF. sbillier, Olt. sogliare, to sully, defile, OF. soil, a hog's wallowing place, Proven. sulhar, to soil, solh, mire, sulha, L. sucula, a young sow, dim. of sus, a sow; not s. rt. AS. solu, mire, ME. ?ulen = E. sully.'] Soil, soil, v. t. To feed (cattle or horses) in the barn or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut for them; to purge by feeding upon green food. [OF. saoler, fr. saol, L. satullus, filled with food, fr. satur, full : see Satiate.] Soil, soil, n. The upper stratum of the earth; mold; land ; country ; dung ; compost ; manure. [OF. soel, suel, the threshold of a door, L. solea, sole of the loot, sandal, timber on which walls are built, in LateL. soil, ground, fr. confusion with L. solum, ground; s. rt. sole, exile.] Soiree, sw5-ra', n. An evening party. [F., fr. soir, evening, fr. L. serus, late.] Sojourn, so'jern, v.i. [-journed (-jernd),-JOURNiNG.] To dwell for a time; to live in a place as a tempo- rary resident, or as a stranger. — n. A temporary residence, as that of a traveler in a foreign land. [OF. sojourner, fr. L. sub, under, and diunare, to stay, fr. diurnus, daily; s. rt. diurnal, journal.] — Sojourner, n. —Sojournment, n. Temporary res- idence. Sol, sol, n. The sun. {Her.) The color of gold in the coats of sovereign princes. [L.; Ic. sal, Ir. sul, Skr. sura, scar, the sun, sur, to shine; s. rt. Gr. sei- rios, the dog-star, seiros, hot, scorching, E. sultry, serene, q. v.] — Solar, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, or produced by means of, the sun; measured by the progress or revolution of the sun. [L. Solaris.] — Sor stice, -stis, n. {Astron.) The point in the eclip- 1NAU EQUINOX SEP.-fV.23,. ^WINTER «g!^4.S0LS,TIC.E ^DEC. 23, Solstice. A and B, equal day and night; E, long tic at which the sun is furthest from the equator, north or south, namely, the 1st point of Cancer and the 1st point of Capricorn, the former being called the summer solstice, the latter the winter solstice : the time of the sun's entering the solstices or sol- stitial points, — about June 21 and Dec. 21. [F.; L. snlstitium, fr. sol and sistere, to cause to stand.] — Sol- stitial, -stish'al, a. Of, or pert, to, a solstice ; happen- ing at a solstice ; esp. (with reference to the northern hemisphere), happening at the summer solstice. Sol, sol, n. (Mus.) A syllable applied in solmization to the 5th tone of the diatonic scale; the tone itself. — Sol-fa', -fa/, v. i. [-faed (-fad'), -faing, -facing.] To pronounce the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending. [It. & Sp. solfa, the gamut, from the syllables Ja, sol.] — Solfeg'gio, sol-fed'io, n. {Mus.) The system of arranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught, in- stead of by the letters A, B, C, etc. [It., f r. solfa.] — SoFmiza'tion, -me-za'shun, n. The act of sol-faing. [F., fr. solmiser, fr. the notes sol and mi.] Solace, sol'es, v. t. [-aced (-est), -acixg.] To cheer in grief, or under calamity; to relieve in affliction, solitude, or discomfort; to assuage, alleviate, allay, console, soothe, comfort. — n. Comfort in grief; al- leviation of grief or anxiety; that which relieves in distress; relief; that which cheers, comforts, or con- soles. [ME. solas, OF. solaz, L. solatium, fr. solari, -latus, to console; s. rt. L. salvare, servare, to pre- serve, E. serve, console.] — Sol'acement, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Solan goose, so'lan-goos. The gannet, a fish-eating, web-footed sea-fowl, found in great numbers upon almost inaccessible islands on coasts of Gr. Britain, Labrador, etc. [Scot, soland, Ic. and Norweg. sula.] Solar. See under Sol, the sun. Sold. See Sell. Solder, saw'der or sol'der, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -er- ing.] To unite the surfaces of (metals) by the inter- vention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. — n. A metal or metallic composition for uniting the surface of metals; a metallic cement. [OF. sou- dure, solder, souder, to solder, consolidate, fasten to- gether, L. solidare, to make solid, fr. solidus — E. sol- id, q. v.; s. rt. soldier.] Soldier, sol'jer, n. One who is engaged in military service, as an officer or private; esp., a private in military service as disting. fr. an officer; a brave war- rior. [OF.; LL. soldarius; OF. soulde,LL. soldum, pay, soldare, to pay, fr. solidus, a piece of money, in L. solid, q. v.; s. rt. F. sou, a coin.] — Soi'dierly, -jer- 1T, a. Like or becoming a soldier; brave; martiaJ; heroic; honorable. — Sol'diery, -jer-1, n. A body of soldiers collectively considered; the military. Sole, sol, n. The bottom of the foot or of a shoe or boot, or the piece of leather which constitutes the bottom; the bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing. — v. t. [soled (sold), soling.] To furnish with a sole. [AS.; L. solea; s. rt. soil, ground.] Sole, sol, n. An oblong, rough-scaled marine flat-fish of moderate size, much used for food in Great Britain. [F. ; L. solea, fr. its flatness, like the sole \ of the foot.] Sole, sol, a. Being or acting without another ; single ; only; alone; solitary. {Law.) Unmarried. [F. seid, OF. sol, L. solus, alone, prob. same word as sollus, entire, complete in itself; s. rt. solemn, desolate.] — Sole'ly, adv. Singly; alone; only. — Solo, n. (Mus.) A tune, air, or strain, played by a single instrument; or sung by a single voice. [It. = L. solus.] — Soloist, -lo-ist, n. One who sings or plays, etc. — Sol'itary, sSl'I-ta-rf, a. Inclined to be alone; destitute of associates; living alone; not much visited or frequented; retired; gloomy; still; dismal; single; individual. {Bot.) Being one only in a place ; separate. — n. One who lives alone or in solitude; a hermit; recluse. [F. solitaire, L. solita- rius, fr. solitas, loneliness, fr. solus.] — SoFitaire', -tar', n. A game which one person can play alone; a single diamond in a setting; a bird, now extinct, resembling the dodo, and whose remains are found in the island of Rodriguez. [F.] — Sol'itariness, n. — Sol'itude, -t-tud, n. A state of being alone; a lonely life; remoteness from society; destitution of company; a lonely, unfrequented place; desert. [F.; L. solitudo, fr. solus.] — Solil'oquy, -o-kwl, n. A talking to one's self; a written composition, reciting what it is supposed a person speaks to himself. _ [L. soliloquium, fr. solus and loqui, to speak.] — Solil'o- quize, -o-kwiz, v. i. [-quized (-kwizd), -quizing.] To utter a soliloquy. Solecism, sol'e-sizm, n. Impropriety in language, or a gross deviation from the rules of syntax ; any unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety ; barbarism. [Gr. soloikismos, fr. soloikizein, to speak or write in- correctly, from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of Soloi, in Cilicia.] — Sol'ecist, -e-sist, n. One who commits a solecism. — Solecist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or involving, etc. Solemn, sol'em, a. Marked with religious rites and pomps; enjoined by religion; fitted to awaken or express serious reflections; affectedly grave or seri- ous; formal; ritual; ceremonial; reverential; devo- tional; devout. {Law.) Made in legal form. [ME. and OF. solempne, L. solemnis, solennis, fr. OL. sollus, all, and L. annus, a year, prop, that which takes place every year, used esp. of religious solemnities; OL. sollus is s. rt. Gr. holos, Skr. sarva, all, whole: see Sole, a.] — Sol'emnly, adv. In a solemn man- ner; with gravity; seriously; formally; truly. — Sc- Sole. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Qdd, tone, 5r ; THE POSITION OF THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM ORBITS AND COMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF THE PLANETS Distance of Planets from the Sun is noted in Millions of Miles SOL-FA 549 SON lem'nity, -nY-tY, n. A rite or ceremony performed with religious reverence: a ceremony adapted to im- awe; gravity; steady seriousness; affected se- riousness; appearance calculated to inspire with sol- emn feelings. {Law.) A proceeding according to due form. [ME. solempnitee.] — Sol'emnize. -em-nlz, v. t. [-nized (-nizd), -NiziNG.l To perform with solemn or ritual ceremonies and respect, or accord- ing to legal forms; to dignity or honor by ceremo- nies, celebrate, make famous."— Sol'emniza'tion, u. Act of, etc.; celebration. Sol-fa. Solfeggio. See under Sol. musical syllable. Solferino. sol-fer-e / 'no, it. A deep pink aniline color, resembling magenta, q. v. •[Name of a battle-field in Italy.] Solicit, so-lislt, v. t. To ask from with earnestness, make petition to ; to endeavor to obtain, seek ; to awake or excite to action, invite, ask. crave, suppli- cate, beg, implore, importune. [F. solicitor, L.souici- tare, fr. sollicitus, wholly (i. e., violently) moved, fr. OL. sollus, whole, and L. citus, p. p. of ciefe. to move, excite: see Solemn.] — Solic'ita'tion, n. Act of so- liciting ; earnest request ; excitement ; invitation. [F.] — Solicitor, -it-er, n. One who asks with ear- nestness. (Law.) An attorney or advocate; one ad- mitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity; a title sometimes given to the law officer of a city, town, or government. [F. soliciteur, L. sollicitator.] — Solic / itor-gen , eral, n. In Eng., an officer of the crown, associated with the attorney-general in man- aging the legal business of the crown and public of- fices. — Solicitous, -us, a. Disposed to solicit; eager to obtain (something desirable); anxious to avoid (anything evil); concerned; careful. [L. sollicitus, solicittts.] — Solicitously, adv. — Solicltress, ». A woman who solicits or petitions. — Solicitude, -I- tud. n. State of being solicitous; uneasiness of mind occasioned by the fear of evil or the desire of good; concern: anxiety; trouble. [F.; L. sollicitudoT] Solid, solid, a. Having the constituent parts so firm- ly adhering as to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies ; not hollow ; full of matter ; not spongy; dense; having all the geometrical dimen- sions; cubic; firm; compact; strong: worthy of cred- it, trust, or esteem. — n. A substance held in a fixed form by cohesion among its particles. (Geom.) A magnitude which has length, breadth, and thick- ness. [F. solide, L. solidus ; s. rt. Gr. holos, Skr. sar- va. whole : see Solemn; s. rt. consolidate, consols, solder, soklier, catholic, holocaust.] — Solid angle. (Geom.) An angle formed by 3 or more plane an- gles, which are not in the same plane, meeting in a point. — Solidly, adv. In a solid manner; denselv; compactly; firmly; truly.— Solldness. n. — Solid'- ify, -Y-fY, v. t. [-f'ied (-fid), -fyixg.] To make solid or compact. — v. i. To become solid, harden. [L. solidus and facere, to make.] — Solidity, -Y-tY, n. The state of being solid ; hardness ; denseness ; strength; massiveness ; fullness of matter; moral firmness or soundness. (Geom.) The solid contents of a body: volume. [F. solid M, L. soliditas.] — So- lid'iflcalion, n. Act of making solid. — Solidarity, -dar'Y-tY, n. An entire union or consolidation of in- terests and responsibilities: fellowship. [F. solidar- ity, fr. solide.] — Sol'idun'gulate, -un/gu-lat, n. One of a tribe of mammals having a single or solid hoof on each foot. [L. solidus and ungula, a hoof.] — SoF- idun'gulous, -gu-lus, a. Having hoofs that are not cloven. — Sollped, -Y-ped. n. A solidungulate. [Prop, solidiped, fr. L. solidifies; pes = E. foot.] Sclifidian, sol-T-fidl-an, n. (Eccl.) One who main- that faith alone, without works, is sufficient for justification. — a. Of, or pert. to. the Snlifidians. [L. solus, alone, and fides, faith.] — Solifidlanism, -izm, n. The tenets of Solifidians. Soliloquy, Solitary, Solitude. Solo, etc. See under Sole. Soliped. See under Solid. Solmization. See under Sol, musical note. Solstice, etc. See under Sol, the sun. Solve, solv, v. t. [solved (solvd), solving.] To loosen or separate the parts of; to dissipate; to clear up (what is obscure, or difficult to be understood); to obtain a required result bv mathematical process- es, etc. ; to explain, unfold, remove. TL. solvere, solutum, to solve, loosen, relax, fr. so- (see Sober), apart, and Z«ere = E. to loosen ; s. rt. absolve, abso- lute, dissolve, resolute, etc.] — Solvend'. n. A sub- stance to be dissolved. [L. so J r-:ndus, solvenrlum, fr. solvere.] — Solv'ent, a. Having the power of dis- solving; able, or sufficient to pay all just debts. — n. A fluid that dissolves any Bubstance; b menstruum- [L. solvens, p. pr. of solvere.] — Solv'ency State of being solvent; ability to pay claims. — Solv'er, //. I Solv'able. a. Capable of being sob explained: capable oi - Solv'atieness, n. — Sol'uble.-u-bl. a. Susceptible oi in a fluid; cap. solvere.] — Solubility, ». Quality of a body which render- it susceptible of solution. — Solu'tion, u. Act of separating the parts of any body; disruption; breach; disentanglement of any intricate problem or question,— used esp. in mathematics; state of being solved or disintegrated; disintegration; action of an attraction between one or more solids and a fluid when brought in contact, by which the former become themselves fluid, and are diffused through the latter: state of a body as thus diffused; prepara- tion made by dissolving a solid in a liquid. (Law.) Release from an obligation; e>\>.. release from a debt by payment. (Med.) Termination of a disease; a crisis." [F.; L. solatia.] — Solution of continuity. Sep- aration of connection or of connected substances or parts,— applied, in surgery, to a fracture, laceration, etc. — Sol'utive, -u-tiv, a. Tending to dissolve. Somatics, so-matlks, it. Science of the general prop- erties of matter; somatology. [Gr. somatikos, pert. to the body, f r. soma, body.] — So'matist, n. One who admits the existence of corporeal or material beings only. — Somatology, -o-ji, n. Doctrine of the general properties of bodies or material substan- ces. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Somber, -bre. som'ber, a. Dull ; dusky ; cloudy ; gloomy: melancholy; sad; grave. [F. sombre, peril, fr. L. "sub umbra, under shade.] — Som'brous, -brus, a. Gloomy; somber. Some, sum, a. Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum: a certain, — indicating a person, thing, event, etc., as not known individually or more specifically; not much: a little; moderate; about; near; more or less; certain; this, not that: these, not those. — dis- ting. fr. others; a part; portion,— used pronominally. [AS. and OHG. sum, Ic. sumr, Goth. sums ; s. rt. same.] — Some'body, n. A person unknown, uncertain, or indeterminate; a person of consideration. — Some''- how, adv. In one way or another: in some way not yet known.— Some'thing, n. Anything unknown or undetermined: a part; a portion, more or less; in- definite quantitv or degree. — adv. In some degree; somewhat. — Some'time, adv. At a past time indefi- nitely referred to; once; formerly: at one time or other hereafter. — a. Having been formerly: former. — Somelimes. adv. At times: at intervals: not al- ways; now and then: at one time. — Some 'what. n. More or less: a certain quantity or degree, indeter- minate: something. — adv. In some degree or quan- tity. — Somelvbere. adv. In some place unknown or"not specified: in one place or another. Somersault, sum'&r-sawTt, Som'erset, n. A leap in which a person turns with his heels over his head, and lights upon his feet. [F. soubresault. It. sopra salto ; sopra (= L. super), above, and salto (= L. sal- tus : see Salient), a leap.] Somnambulation, som-nam'bu-la'shun, n. Act of ■walking in sleep. [L. somnus, sleep, and amhvlatio, a walking about.] — Somnam/bulic. a. Walking in sleep; pert, to somnambulism. — Somnam'bulism, -lizm, n. A state of sleep in which some of the senses and voluntary powers are partially awake. — Som- nanv'bulist, v. A sleep-walker. — Somniferous, -er- us, a. Causing or inducing sleep; soporific. [L.som- nifer, fr. somnus axL&ferre, to bring.] — Somnific, a. Causing sleep: tending to induce sleep. [L. facere, to make.] — Somnil / 'oquous, -o-kwus, a. Apt' to talk in sleep. [L. loqui, to speak.] — SomniKoquy. -o-kwi, n. A talking or speaking in sleep.— Somniloquence, -o-kwens, //. Act of talking in sleep. — Somnill)- quist, n. One who, etc. — Somnip'athy. -a-thi, n. Sleep from sympathy, or by the process of mesmer- ism. [Gr. pathos, feeling, sensation.] — Som'nolence, -lency, -no-len-sY, n. Sleepiness: drowsiness; incli- nation to sleep. (Med.} A state intermediate be- tween sleeping and waking. \Y.: L. somnolentia^] — Som'nolent, a. Sleepy; drowsy: inclined to sleep. [F.: L. somnolent its.] — Som'nolently. adv. Son, sun, n. A male child: the male issue of a parent; a male descendant, however distant: in pi., descend- ants in general: any young male person spoken of as a child; a native or inhabitant of some specified Elace; the produce of anything; Jesus Christ, the avior. [Dan. and Sw. son, AS., OHG., Skr. sunu, sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair get SONANT 550 Goth, and Lithuan, sunus, Gr. huios, Sw. suios, a son, Skr. su, to beget, bring forth: see Sun.] — Son'ship, n. State of being, etc.; character of a son; filiation. — Son'-in-law, re. ; pi. Sons'-in-law. A man mar- ried to one's daughter. Sonant, JSonata, Sonnet, etc. See under Sound. Soon, soon, adv. In a short time; shortly after any time specified or supposed; without the usual delay; early; readily; willingly; easily; quickly. [AS. sona, OS., OFries., OHG. san; prob. s. rt. so, q. v.] Soot, sdot, re. A black substance formed by com- bustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of combustion and adhering to the sides of the pipe or chimney.— v. t. To cover or foul with soot. [AS., Ic, and Sw. sot, Lithuan. sodis.] — Soot r y, -I, a. [-IEK; -iest.] Producing, pert, to, or consisting of, or soiled by, soot; dusky; dark; dingy. — Sootlness, n. Sooth, sooth, re. Truth; reality. [AS. sodh, true, also a true thing, truth, Ic. sannr, Dan. sand, Skr. satya, true; orig. being, fr. p. pr. of the verb to be; s. rt. G. sind, L. sunt, Skr. santi, they are, E. are, essence, presence, sin, forsooth.] — Sooth'say, v. i. To fore- tell, predict. — Sooth'sayer, n. — Sooth'saying, n. The foretelling of events. [AS. sodhsegen, a true saying.] — Soothe, sooth, v. t. [soothed (soothd), soothing.] To please with blandishments or soft words; to flatter; to soften, assuage, calm; to grat- ify, please, tranquilize, pacify. {AS. gesodian, to prove to be true, confirm, fr. sodh.] — Sooth'er, n. Sop, sop, n. Anything steeped, or dipped and soft- ened, in any liquid, esp. in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten; anything given to pacify, —fr. the sop given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. — v.t. [sopped (sopt), -ping.] To steep or dip in liquid. [ME. and OD. soj>pe, Ic. soppa, a sop, sopi, a sup, sip, mouthful, supa, to sup; s. rt. soup.] — Sop'py, -pi, a. Sopped or soaked in liquid; wet. Sophist, sof 1st, n. One of a class of men who taught eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, and were noted for their fallacious but plau- sible mode of reasoning; a captious or fallacious rea- eoner. [F. sophiste, LL. sophUta, Gr. sophistes, fr. sophizein, to instruct, lit. to make wise, fr. sophos, wise; s. rt. Gr. saphes, of keen, decided taste, hence clear, evident, sure, L. sapere, to taste, whence sa- iiens = E. sapient, E. jMlosophy.] — Sophlster, n. In Eng. universities, a student who is advanced be- yond^ the first year of his residence. — Soph'omore, -o-mor, n. One belonging to the 2d of the 4 classes in an Amer. college. [Gr. sophistes and moros, fool- ish.] — Sophomor 'ic. -leal, -m5r1k-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, a sophomore; inflated in style or man- ner. — Soph, re. Abbr. of sophister in Eng. universi- ties, of sophomore in Amer. colleges. — Sophism, izm, re. The doctrine or avowed mode of reasoning practiced by a sophist; any fallacy designed to de- ceive. [F. sophisme, L. and Gr. sophisma.] — Soph'- istry, -ist-rf, re. The practice of a sophist; fallacious reasoning. — Sophistic, -ical, so-fistlk-al, a. Pert, to a sophist, or embodying sophistry; fallaciously subtle. — Sophistlcally, adv. — Sophisticate, -T- kat, v. t. To render worthless by admixture; to per- vert, adulterate, debase, corrupt, vitiate. — Sophist"- icate, -cated, a. Adulterated; not pure; not genu- ine.— Sophist'ica'tion, re. Act of adulterating; a counterfeiting or debasing the purity of anything by a foreign admixture. — Sophistlca'tor, n. One who adulterates^ Soporose, sop'o-ros', Sop'orous, -o-rus, a. Causing sleep ; sleepy. [L. soporus, fr. sopor, Gr. hupnos, sleep; s. rt. Skr. svap, to sleep, AS. swej'en, a dream.] — Sop'oriferous, -rif'Sr-us, a. Causing sleep, or tending to produce it ; narcotic ; opiate ; anodyne. [L. soporifer, fr. sopor and ferre, to bring.] — Sop- orific, a. Causing sleep ; tending to cause sleep ; soporiferous. — re. A medicine, drug, plant, or other thing that has the quality of inducing sleep. [L. facere, to make.] Soprano, so-pra/no, re. (Mus.) The treble ; the high- est female voice. [It., treble, lit. sovereign, su- preme, LL. superamts= E. sovereign.] Sorcery, sQr'ser-i, re. Divination by the assistance or supposed assistance of evil spirits; magic; enchant- ment; witchcraft. [OF. sorcerie, fr. sorcier, LL. sortiarins, a sorcerer, fr. sortiare, to cast lots, fr. L. sortiri, to obtain by lot, sors, a lot : see Sort.] — Sor'cerer, re. A conjurer; enchanter; magician.— Sor'ceress, re. A female sorcerer. — Sor'cerous, -us, a. Pert, to sorcery. Sordid, sftr'did, a. Vile ; base ; mean ; meanly avari- cious ; covetous ; niggardly. [F. sordide, L. sordi- dus, fr. sordes, dirt; s. rt. swart.] — SorUidly, adv.— Sor'didness, re. Sordine, s6r'din, re. (Mus.) A small damper in the mouth of a trumpet, or on the bridge of a violin, violoncello, etc., to make the sound fainter. [It. sordina, sordino, fr. sordo, L. surdus, deaf, dull- sounding.] Sore, sor, re. A place where the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful ; an ulcer; boil; inflamed spot; wound; grief; afflic- tion; trouble; difficulty. — a. Tender; painful; in- flamed ; easily pained, grieved, or vexed; violent with pain; severe; afflictive; distressing, —adv. In a sore manner; with pain; greatly; violently; deep- ly. [AS. and Sw. sar, OHG. ser, sore, AS. sare, OHG. sero, G. sehr, sorely, extremely, very, AS., Sw., and Ic. sar, a sore.] — Sorely, adv. In a sore manner; grievously; greatly. — Sore'ness, re. State of being sore ; tenderness ; painfulness. — Sorly, sSr'rY, a. [-rier ; -riest.] Grieved for the loss of some good; pained for some evil; melancholy; dis- mal; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined: poor; mean ; vile ; worthless. [Prop, sory, fr. sore ; AS. and Sw. sarig, fr. sar; nots. rt. sorrow. ] — Sorlily, -rT-lT, adv.— Sorliness, n. Sorel, sor'el, re. A buck of the 3d year; a yellowish or reddish brown color; sorrel. [See Sorrel, a.] Sorghum, sSr'gum, re. A tall cereal grass of several species, including Indian millet (Guinea corn), broom corn, and Chinese sugar-cane (specifically called sorghum in Amer. and cultivated for its sug- ar-bearing juice). [NL. ; It. sorgo.} Sorites, so-rilez, re. (Logic.) An abridged form of stating a series of syllogisms, in a series of proposi- tions so arranged that the predicate of each one that precedes forms the subject of each one that follows, and the conclusion from all affirms the predicate of the last of the subject of the first proposition. [Gr. soreites, prop, heaped up, hence a heap of syllo- gisms, fr. soros, a heap.] Sororicide, so-ror'T-sid, re. The murder, or murderer, of a sister. [L. sororicida, fr. soror, a sister, and csedere, to kill.] Sorrel, sor'rel, a. Of a yellowish or reddish brown color.— n. A yellowish or reddish brown color. [OF. sor, of a sorrel color, saure, It. soro, sauro, a sorrel horse, LG. soor, D. zoor, sear, dried, withered.] Sorrel, sorlel, re. A plant of various species, having a sour juice, esp. a weed with sagittate leaves ana raceme's of reddish flowers, abounding in exhausted soils. [OF. sorel, an herb, the sour-dock, fr. F., AS., and MHG. sur = E. sour.] Sorrow, sorlo, re. Uneasiness or pain of mind pro- duced by the loss of any good, or by disappointment in the expectation of good; regret; unhappiness; af- fliction ; grief ; sadness ; mourning. — v. i. [sor- rowed (-rod), -rowing.] To feel pain of mind in consequence of evil experienced, feared, or done ; to grieve, be sad. [AS., Ic, Dan., and Sw. sorg, Goth, saurga, sorrow, saurgan, to grieve; perh. s. rt. Lithuan. sirgti, to be ill, suffer; not s. rt. sore, sorry.] — Sor'rowful, -ful, a. Full of, exhibiting, produ- cing, or expressing sorrow; sad; dismal; disconsolate; dreary; doleful; distressing. [AS. sorgful.]— Sor- rowfully, adv. — Sor lowfulness, re. Sorry. See under Sore. Sort, s6rt, re. A kind or species ; any number or col* lection of individual persons or things characterized by the same or like quantities; manner; form of be- ing or acting ; degree of any quality, pi. (Print.) Letters, points, marks, spaces, or quadrats of partic- ular kinds. — v. t. To separate (things having like qualities) from other things, and place in distinct classes or divisions ; to reduce to order from a state of confusion; to conjoin, put together in distribu- tion; to select, cull. — v. i. To be joined with oth- ers of the same species, agree ; to consort, associ- ate, conjoin ; to suit, fit ; to terminate, have success, fall out. [F. sorte, sort, manner, form, kind, sort, a lot, fate, luck, L. sors, sortis, lot, destiny, condition, state ; prob. s. rt. L. serere, to connect, L. and E. series, q. v., E. assort, consort, sorcery.]— Out of sorts. (Print.) With some letters, or sorts of type, in the font, deficient or exhausted ; hence, in ill- humor; unwell. — To run upon sorts. (Print.) To use or require a greater number of some particular letters or marks than the regular proportion.— Sort r - able, a. Capable of being sorted. — Sort'er, re. — Sor'tilege, -tT-lej, re. Act or practice of drawing lots; divination by drawing lots. [L.sors and legere, to gather, select.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; SORTIE 551 SOUTH tiortie, sSr'te, n. (Ml.) The issuing of a body of troops from a besieged place to attack the hesiegers; a sally. [F., prop. fern, of p. p. of sortir, It. sortire, to sally ; prob. s. rt. L. surgere, to rise, E. source, resortA Sorus, solus, n. ; pi. -ri. (Sot.) One of the fruit dots, or small clusters of minute cap- sules, on the back of the fronds of ferns. [NL. ; Gr. soros.] So-so. See under So. Sot, sot, n. A person stupefied by excessive drinking ; an habitual drunkard. [OF. ; Sorus magnified. D. zot.\ — Sot'tish, a. Doltish ; very foolish ; dull or stupid with intemperance; senseless; infatuate. — Sot'tishly, adv. — Sot'tishness, n. , Sotto Voce, sot'to-vo'cha. {Mus.) In an undertone; with a restrained or moderate force. [It.] you, soo, n. ; pi. Sous, soo. A French money of ac- count, and a copper coin, = l-20th part of a livre, or of a franc, about 1 cent. [F., fr. LL. solidus, a piece of money: see Soldier.] Souchong, sob-shong', n. A kind of black tea. [Chin, .s'e ou chong, i. e., small, good quality.] Sough, suf , v. i. To whistle or sigh, as the wind. — n. A hollow murmur or roaring ; a buzzing ; a rumor or flying report. [Ic. svgr, a rushing sound, AS. swogan, to sound, resound, whistle ; s. rt. swoon.] Sought^ See Seek. Soul, sol, n. The spiritual, rational, and immortal part in man, — sometimes, in distinc. fr. the mind ; the moral and emotional part of man's nature, in distinc. fr. intellect ; the intellect only ; the under- standing ; the seat of real life or vitality ; the ani- mating or essential part; the leader; inspirer of any action ; any noble manifestation of the heart or moral nature; a human being; person; man; a pure or disembodied spirit ; life ; courage ; fire ; ardor. [AS. sawel, Ic. sala, sal. Goth, saiwala.] — Soulless, a. Without a soul, or without greatness or nobleness of mind; mean; spiritless. Sound, sownd, a. Entire ; unbroken ; free from im- perfection, defect, or decay ; healthy, not diseased, — said of body or mind ; firm ; strong ; vigorous ; founded in truth; supported by justice or law; weighty; solid; heavy; laid on with force; profound; unbroken ; undisturbed ; free from error ; correct ; founded in right and law ; legal ; valid. — adv. Soundly; heartily. [AS., Sw., and Dan. sund ; prob. 6. rt. L. sanus = E. sane.] — Soundly, adv. Health- ily ; heartily ; severely ; smartly ; truly ; firmly ; fast: closely. — Sound 'ness, n. Sound, sownd, n. The air-bladder of a fish; a narrow passage of water; a strait between the main land and an isle, or connecting 2 seas, or connecting a sea or lake with the ocean. [AS., Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. sund. a swimming, power to swim, a strait of the sea which could be swum across, AS. swimman = E. to swim.] Bound, sownd, n. {Surg.) A probe of any kind; esp., a probe to be introduced into the bladder, in order to discover whether there is a stone in that organ.— v. t. To measure the depth of; esp., to ascertain the depth of by means of a line and plummet; to seek to interpret or discern the intentions or secret wishes of; to examine, test. (Surg.) To introduce a sound into the bladder of (a patient) in order to ascertain whether a stone is there or not. — v. i. To use the line and lead in searching the depth of water. [F. sonde, to sound, try. feel, search the depth of, sonde, Sp. sonda, a plummet; perh. fr. L. sub unda, under the wave; perh. s. rt. sound, a passage of water.] — Sound'ing, n. Act of one who, or that which, sounds, pi. (N'aut.) Any part of the ocean or other water wheTe a sounding-line will reach the bottom. Sound, sownd, n. That which is heard; a sensation or perception received by means of the ear, and pro- duced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with which the ear is in contact; noise; report; the impulse or vibration which would occa- sion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired organs; noise without signification: noise and noth- ing else. — v. i. To make a noise, utter a voice; to be conveyed in sound, be spread or published. — v. t. To cause to make a noise, play on; to utter audibly; to give a signal for by a certain sound; to celebrate or honor by sounds, cause to be reported; to spread by sound or report. [ME. soun>, F. son, L. sonus, Skr. , sound, F. sonner, L. sonare, -atum, to sound; s. rt. person, parson, assonant, consonant, resound, unison, etc.] — Sound'ing, p. a. Sonorous; making a noise; having a magnificent sound. — Sound'-, Sounding-board, n. A thin board which propagates the sound in an organ, violin, etc.; a board, or struc- ture witn a flat surface, suspended behind or over a pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness and effect to a speaker'6 voice.— So'nant, a. Pert, to sound; sound- ing. (Pron.) Uttered with intonated or resonant breath; intonated; vocal, not surd, — said of certain articulations of alphabetic sounds. [L. sonans, p. pr. of sonare, to sound.] — Sono'rous, -rus, a. Giv- ing sound when struck; giving a clear or loud sound; yielding sound; characterized by sound; vocalj high- sounding; magnificent in respect of sound. [L. so- norus, f r. sonor, sonoris, f r. sonare.] — Sono'rously, adv. — Sono'rousness. n. Quality or state of being sonorous. — Soniferous, -mfSr-us, a. Sounding; producing sound. [L. sonus and ferre, to produce.] — Son'oriF ic, a. Producing sound. [L. facere, to make.] — Son'net, n. A poem oi 14 lines, the rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. — v. ?'. To com- pose sonnets. [F. ; It. sonctto, fr. suono, a sound, song, f r. L. sonus.] — Son'neteer', -er r , n. A com- poser of sonnets or small poems; a small poet, — usu- ally in contempt. — Sona'ta, -na'ta, n. (Mus.) An extended composition for 1 or 2 instruments, con- sisting usually of 3 or 4 movements. [It.] Soup, soop, n. A liquid food made by boiling meat, etc., in water, often highly seasoned ; strong broth. [F. soupe,J)D. sop, zop ; same as .so/7 and sup/] Soupcon, soop'soN, n. A very little; a taste. [F., lit. a suspicion.] Sour, sowr, a. Having an acid taste ; sharp to the taste; turned or coagulated, as milk; rancid: harsh of temper; disagreeable to the feelings; producing discontent; hard to bear; expressing discontent or peevishness; acid; tart; acrimonious; crabbed; cur- rish; peevish. — n. A sour or acid substance; an acid. — v. t. [soured (sowrd), souring.] To make acid; to make harsh, cold, or unkindly: to make cross, crabbed, peevish, or discontented; to make unhappy, uneasy, or less agreeable. — r. i. To become acid or tart, peevish or crabbed. [AS , Sw., OHG., and W. sur, G. sauer, sour, Lithuan. surus, salt; s. rt. sorrel.] — Sourly, adv. In a sour manner; acidly; peev- ishly; acrimoniously; discontentedly. — Sour'ness, n. — Sour'-crout, -krout, -krowt, n. Cabbage cut fine, and suffered to ferment till it becomes sour. [G. sauer-kraut, sour-cabbage.] Source, sors, n. That person or place from which any- thing proceeds; one who or that which originates or gives rise to anything; the spring or fountain from which a stream of water proceeds; any collection of water in which a stream originates ; origin ; rise; beginning. [F. source, OF. sors, p. p. of sourdre, to spring forth or up, L. surgere, to lilt or raise up, to spring up.] Souse, sows, n. Pickle made with salt ; something kept or steeped in pickle; esp., the ears, feet, etc., ot swine pickled; act of plunging suddenly into water. — v. t. [soused (sowst), sousing.] To plunge into water; to steep in pickle. — v. i. To plunge, as a bird upon its prey; to fall suddenly. [Same as sauce.] South, sowth, n. The point of compass opposite to the north; any particular land considered as op- posed to the N.; the southern part of a country; the southeastern U. S.— a. Lying toward the S.; situated at the S., or in a southern direction from the point of observation or reckoning.— adv. Toward the S.; southward: from the S. —v. t. [southed (sowthd), southing (sowHiIng).] To turn or move toward the S. (Astrnn.) To come to the meridian; to cross the X. and S. line,— said chiefly of the moon. [AS. sudh, Dan. and Sw. syd, D. zuid, south; s. rt. sun.] — South-east', n. The point of the compass equally distant from the S. and E.— South-east'', -east'erly, -easferu, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, the S.-E. — South-south'-east, South-west', etc. See Com- pass.— South'erly, sutb/er-lT, South'ern. suft'era, ' a. Pert, to, situated in, or proceeding from, the S.; situated, or proceeding, toward the S. — South'erli- ness, n. State or quality of being southern.— South'- ron, -run, n. An inhabitant of the more southern part of a country; a southerner. — Southerner, n. An inhabitant or native of the S. or Southern States. — Southernmost, a. Furthest towards the S. — South'ern-wood. snrh'ern-wdod, n. A composite fragrant plant, allied to wormwood. — Southing, 60wth / 'ing, n. Tendency or motion to the S.; time at which the moon passes the meridian. (Naviga- sfin, cube, full; moon, fdot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SOUVENIR 552 SPARE tion.) Course or distance south. — Southward, sowth/ward or suth'erd, adv. Toward the S. — n. The southern regions or countries. Souvenir, soov-ner', n. A remembrancer; keepsake. [F., fr. souvenir, to remember, fr. L. subvenire, to come up, to come to mind.] Sovereign, suv'er-in or sov'rin, a. Supreme in power; superior to all others; chief; possessing, or entitled to, original authority or jurisdiction; effica- cious in the highest degree; effectual; controlling; predominant. — n. One who exercises supreme con- trol; a gold coin of Eng., bearing an effigy of the head of the reigning king or queen = £1, about $4.84. [ME. and OF. soverain, fr. LL. superanus, chief, principal, fr. super (q. v.), above.] — Sover- eignty, -er-in- or -rin-ti, n. Exercise of, or right to exercise, supreme power ; dominion. [OF. sove- rainte.] Sow, sow. n. The female of the hog kind; the large bar of metal cast from a smelting furnace, the small bars in the branch channels being called pigs. [AS. sugu, su, OHG. su, Dan. and Sw. so, G. sau, L. sus, Gt. hits, sus, a sow, Zend, hu, a boar; s. rt. Skr. su, to generate, produce, E. hog, q. v.] Sow^ so, v. t. [imp. sowed (sod), p. p. sowed or sown (son); sowing.] To scatter (seed) upon the earth; to plant in any way; to supply or stock with seed, scatter seed upon; to spread abroad, propagate; to scatter over, besprinkle, — v. i. To scatter seed for growth. [AS. sawan, Ic. and Sw. sa, W. hau, Lith- uan. seti, L. screre, to sow; perh. s. rt. Skr. sasya, fruit, corn.] — Sow'er, n. One who sows or scatters; a breeder; promoter. Sowce. Same as Souse. Soy, soi, n. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly from Japan, said to be produced from a species of bean; the plant from which this sauce is obtained. [Japanese, name of the bean.] Spa, spa, n. A spring of mineral water, — so called from a place of this name in Belgium. Space, spas, n. Extension, considered independently of anything which it may contain; room; interval between any 2 or more objects; quantity of time; interval between 2 points of time. (Print.) Distance or interval between lines, or between words in the lines, as in books; a small piece of metal cast lower than a letter, used to separate words or letters. — v. t. [spaced (spast), spacing.] (Print.) To arrange the spaces and intervals in or between (words or lines). [F. espace, L. spatium, a space, lit. that which is drawn out; s. rt. Gr. spaein, to draw out, Skr. sphay, to swell, increase, E. span. ] — Spa'cious, -shus, a. Inclosing an extended space; vast in ex- tent; having large or ample room; roomy; ample; capacious. [F. spacieux.] — Spa'ciously, adv. — Spa'ciousness, n. Spade, spad. n. An instrument with broad iron blade and wooden handle for digging or cutting the ground, pi. A suit of cards, each of which bears one or more figures resembling a spade. — v. t. To dig with a spade. [ME., D., Dan., and Sw. (2 syl.), AS. spiedu, a spade, Gr. spathe, a blade of a sword, oar, plant, etc., OF. espee, F. epe'e, a sword; s. rt. span, paddle, epaulet.] — Spa,' dix,n. (Bot.) A fleshy spike of flowers, usually covered by a leaf called a spathe. _[L. and Gr.] — Spadille', -diK, n. The ace of spades at omber and quadrille, t [F., fr. Sd. espadilla, dim. of es- pada, a sword.]— Spathe, spath, n. (Bot.) Aleaf-fhaped bract wrapped about a spadix or other inflores- cence. [Gr.] — Spath'ose, spath'os, -ous, -us, Spatha'ceous, -tha'she-us, a. Having or resembling, etc. — Spat'ula, -u-ia, n. A thin, broad- bladed knife, used for spreading plasters, etc. [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha.] — Spafulate, o. Shaped like a spatula, or like a battledoor; roundish, with a long, narrow, linear base. Spadiceous, spa-dish'us, a. Of a light red color, usually denominated bay. [NL. spadiceus, fr. spa- dix, spadicis, a date-brown or nut-brown color.] Span, span, n. The space from the end of the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended ; 9 inches; a brief extent 'or portion of time. (Arch.) Extent of an arch between its abutments. (Faut.) A rope secured at both ends to any object, the pur- chase being hooked to the bight. A pair of horses driven together. — v. t. [spanned (spand), -ning.] s s, Spandrels. To measure by the hand with the fingers extended, or with the fingers encompassing trie object; to measure, or reach, from one side of to the other; tc compass. [AS. and OHG. spannan, to bind, con- nect, D. spannen, to span, stretch, put horses to, Dan. spsende, to stretch, span, strain, buckle, Gr. spaein, to draw, draw out; s. rt. space, spin, speed, spay; not s. rt. span-new, q. v.] — Span'ner, n. One who spans; a fireman's wrench for hose couplings.— Span'drel, n. (Arch.) The irregular triangular space between the curve of an arch and the rectangle in- closing it; or the space be- tween the outer moldings of 2 contiguous arches and a horizontal line above them, or another arch above and inclosing them. — Span '-long, a. Of the length of a span. — worm, n. A naked caterpillar (called also geometer and looper) of several genera, including the canker-worm, — so called from the way in which it spans or measures the distance over which it passes. Spangle, span'gl, n. A small plate or boss of shining metal, used as an ornament; anything small and brilliant.— ?•. t. [spangled (-gld), -gling.] To set or sprinkle with spangles. [AS., OD., and G., a metal clasp ; s. rt. Ga. spang, anything shining, Lithuan. spogalas, brightness.] Spanish, Spanish, a. Of, or pert, to, Spain, —n. The language of Spain. [Sp. Espana, L. Hispania, Spain.] — Spanish bayonet. A plant of the southern U. S., having stiff, sharp-pointed leaves; yucca. — S. brown. A species of earth used in painting, having a dark reddish brown color, derived fr. the sesquiox- ide of iron. — S. fly. A brilliantgreenleaf-eating beetle of S. Europe, used for raising blisters; can- tharides; an Amer. blis- tering beetle of less bril- 1 i a n t colors. — S. grass. Esparto, — a plant of Spain and N. Africa, J from which paper i s -*^ made.— Spaniard, -yard, n. A native or inhabitant of Spain.— Spaniel, -yel, n. A dog of several breeds used in sports of the field, remarkable for sagacity and obedience; a cringing, fawning person. [Lit. a Spanish dog; OF. espagneul.} Spank, spank, v. t. [spanked (spankt), spanking.] To strike on the breech with the open hand; to slap. [LG. spakkern, to move quickly.] — Spank'er, n. (Naut.) The after-sail_ of a ship or bark: see Sail. One wno takes long strides in walking; a stout per- son; something larger than common. — Spanking, 77. a. Moving with a quick, lively pace. — Spanking breeze. A strong breeze. Span-new, span'nu, a. Quite new; brand-new. [Ic. spannyr, fr. span, a chip, shaving, and nyr — E. new; cf. D. spikspeldernieuw, spick-and-spill-new, i. e., fresh from the workman's hands; spik, spike, speld, splinter, chip.] —Spick-and-span- new, a. Quite new, — as new as a nail just made, and a chip just split. Spar, spar, n. (Min.) Any earthy mineral that breaks with regular surfaces, and has some degree of luster. [AS. spier, spserstan.] — Sparly, -rt, a. Resembling or consisting of spar; havinga confused crystalline structure. — Spathic, -ose, -os, -ous, -us, a. Having the characteristics of spar; foliated or lamellar. [G. spath, spar; not s. rt. E. spar; prob. s. rt. spade.] — Spathlform, a. Resembling spar in form. [L. forma, form.] Spar, spar, n. (Naut.) A long beam, — a general term for mast, yard, boom, etc. [D.; prob. s. rt. spear.'] Spar, spar, v. i. [sparred (spard), -ring.] To con- tend with the fists for exercise or amusement; to box; to dispute, quarrel in words, wrangle. — n. A feigned blow; a contest at sparring or boxing. [OF. esparer, It. sparare, to kick (said of a horse), LG. sparre, a struggling, Gr. spairein, Skr. sphur, to struggle; s. rt. Lithuan. spirti, to kick, resist, and prob. L. spemere, to despise, E. spur, spurn, spear, sprawl, sjierm, palpable, palpitate, perh. poplar.] Sparable, spar'a-bl, n. A small nail used by shoe- makers. [Corrupt, fr. sparrow-bill.] spar, v. t. [spared (spard), sparing.] To hold as scarce or valuable; to use frugally * save; to Spanish Fly. am, tame, far, pass, or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; SPARK 553 SPECIES part with reluctantly, allow to be taken away, give up; to do without, dispense with; to omit, forbear; to save from danger or punishment; to treat ten- derly; to withhold from; to save or gain, as from some engrossing occupation or pressing necessity. — v.i. To be frugal; to live frugally.be parsimo- nious; to forbear, be scrupulous; to use mercy or forbearance, be tender. — a. Not abundant or plen- tiful; parsimonious; over and above what is neces- sary, or which maybe dispensed with; held in re- serve, to be used in an emergency; wanting flesh; scanty; lean; meager; thin. [ME., Dan., and Sw. Sjjar, AS. spasr, L. parous, spare, sparing, L. parus, little, Gr. sparnos, rare, lacking.] — Sparely, adv. In a spare manner; sparingly.— Sparging, o. bcarce; little; scanty; not plentiful; not abundant; saving; parsimonious; chary. — Sparingly, adv. — Spare- rib, n. A piece of a hog taken from the side, con- sisting of ribs with little flesh on them. Spark, spark, n. A small particle of fire or ignited substance emitted from oodies in combustion ; a small, 6hining body, or transient light ; that which may be kindled into a flame or action ; a feeble germ ; an elementary principle. [AS. spearca, OD. sparcke, a spark, Ic. sjn-aka, Dan. sprage, to crackle, Gr. spharagos, a crackling, Skr. sphur, to quiver, sphurj, to thunder.] — Sparkle, -1, n. A little spark; scintillation. — v. i. [spakkled (-Id), -LING.] To emit sparks, appear like sparks, twinkle, flash as with sparks, emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of liquids, shine, glisten, scintillate, radiate, coruscate. — v. t. To shine with; to emit, as light orfire. [Dim. of spark.] — Sparkler, n. One who, or that which, sparkles. — Spark'ling, p. a. Emitting sparks; glit- tering; brilliant; shining. Spark, spark, n. A brisk, showy, gay man ; lover ; gallant; bean. — v.i. To play the lover. [Ic. sparkr, lively, sprightly.] — Spark'ish, a. Like a spark ; airy;" gay; snowy; well-dressed; fine. Sparrow, spar'ro, ~n. A small bird of many species, feeding on insects and seeds. [ME. and OHG. sparwe, AS. spearica.] — Sparlow-hawk, n . A small species of e ho r t-w inged hawk. [AS. spear- hafoc] Sparrow-grass, sparlo-gras, n. As- paragusr [Vulgar corrupt, of aspara- gus.] Sparrow. Sparry, a. See under Spar, mineral. Sparse, spars, a. Thinly scattered ; set or planted nere and there. [L. sparsus, p. p. of sparaere, to strew, scatter : s. rt. Skr. sprig = E. to sprinkle, E. spare, asperse, disperse, etc.] — Sparse'ness, n. — Spar'sim, adv. Sparsely ; scatteredly ; here and there. [L.] Spartan. spartan, a. Of, or pert, to, Sparta, esp. to ancient Sparta; hardy; undaunted. [L. Spartanus.] Spasm, spazm, n. (Med.) An involuntary and abnor- mal contraction of one or more muscles or muscular fibers. A sudden, violent, and perhaps fruitless ef- fort. [F. snasme, L. spasmus, Gr. epasmos, fr. spasbt, to draw, pluck; s. rt. span, spin.] — Spasmodic, -ica!, -modlk-al, a. Relating to, or consisting in, spasm; soon relaxed or exhausted; convulsive. — Spasmod'- ic. 72. (Med.) A medicine good for removing spasm; an anti-spasmodic — Spastic, a. Relating to spasm; spasmodic. Spat. See Spit. Spat, spat, n. The young of shell-fish; a slight blow; a little quarrel or dissension. [Same as spatter.] — Spat'ter. v. t. [-TERED(-terd).-TEP.iNG.] Tosprinkle with a liquid or with any wet substance, as water, mud, etc. ; to injure by aspersion, defame. [Freq. of spit ; s. rt. spot.]— Spat lerdash'es, n. pi. Cover- ings to protect the legs from splashes of mud, etc. Spathe, Spathose. etc. See under Spade. Spathic. Spathose, etc. See under Spak. Spatula, etc. See under Spade. Spavin, spavin, n. (Far.) A swelling in or near some of the joints of a horse, bv which lameness is pro- duced. [OF. esparv a m, Olt. spavano, a spavin, Sp. esparavan, a spavin, also a sparrow-hawk, OHG. sparwari, a sparrow-hawk, because this disease makes the horse raise the infirm leg. like a sparrow- hawk.] — Spavined, -ind. a. Affected with spavin. Spawn, spawn, n. The eggs of fish or frogs when ejected ; any product or offspring, — in contempt ; buds or branches produced from underground stems. The white fibrous matter forming the ma- trix from which fungi are produced.— v. t. (spawned (spawnd), spawning.] To produce or deposit, as fishes do their eggs; to bring forth, generate, — used contemptuously. — v. i. To deposit ezgs, as fish or frogs; to issue, as off spring, — used contemptuously. [ME. spanen, to spawn, prob. fr. OF. espandre, It. spandere, to spill, shed, scatter, L. expandere, to spread out= E. expand.] — Spawn'er, n. The fe- male fish. Spay, spa, v. t. [spayed (spad), spaying.] To extir- pate the ovaries of; to castrate, — said onlv of female animals. [W. yspaddu, to exhaust, empty, dyspad' du, to geld, L. spado, Gr. s]iadon, a eunuch; fr. spaein, to draw out : s. rt. sjian.] Speak, spek, v. i. [imp. spoke (spake nearbi obsol.y, j>. p. spoken (spoke, colloq. or rare) ; speaking.] To utter words or articulate sounds, as human be- ings; to express thoughts hv words: to express opin- ions; to utter a speech, discourse, or harangue; to make mention; to give sound: to say, tell, talk, ar- ticulate, pronounce. — v. t. To utter with the mouth, pronounce, declare, proclaim; to talk or converse in; to address, accost: to exhibit, make known; to ex- press silently, or by signs ; to communicate. [AS. sprecan, later specan, OHG. sprehhan, to speak, orig. to make a noise, crackle; s. rt. spark, q. v.]— To speak a ship. (Naut.) To hail and speak to her com- mander. — Speak'able, a. Capable of being spoken. — Speak'er, n. One who speaks; esp., one who ut- ters or pronounces a discourse : one who presides over, or speaks for, a deliberative assembly, pre- serving order and regulating the debates ; a chair- man. — Speakership.^. Office of speaker. — Speak'- ing, n. Act of uttering words ;_discourse : public declamation. — Spokeslnan, spokz'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who speaks for another or others. — Speech, spech, n. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds or words, as in human beings ; power of speaking; that which is spoken: words,~as expressing ideas; a particular language: tongue: dialect; talk; common saying; a formal discourse in public; any declaration of thoughts; harangue: address: oration. [AS. sprsec, spsec, fr. sprecan, specan.] — Speeeh'ify, -T-fi, v. i. [-FIED (-fid), -fying/] To make a speech, harangue, — used derisively or humorously. [L. fa- cere, to make.] — Speechless, a. Destitute or de- prived of the faculty of speech; dumb: not speaking for a time; mute; silent. — Speechlessness, n. Spear, sper, n. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a lance; a sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stab- bing fish, etc. : a shoot, as of grass; a spire. — v. U [SPEAr.ED (sperd), SPEARING.] T O pierce or kill with a s p e a r. — v. u To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. TAS. spere, D. and G. speer, L. sparus; s. rt. spar.] s. rt. spar.] — K J Spearlnan. n. ;\v\J pi. -m en. O n e )\ armed with a *s ear-heads. spear. — Spear'- £=) mint. n. A plant; a species of mint. — Spear'head. n. The pointed end of a spear. Species, spe'shez, n.sing. 8zpl. Orig.. appearance: im- age. (Logic.) A conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehend- ing more attributes, and extending to fewer individ- uals, (yat. Hist.) A permanent class of existing things, or being*, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation. Sort; kind: variety. (Civil Laic.) The form or shape 5 iven to materials : fashion or shape : form: figure. L., a look, appearance, kind, sort. fr. s/ecere, spec- turn, to look, see: s. rt. spy. q. v.] — Spe'cial, spesh'- al, a. Pert, to, or constituting, a species or sort; dif- ferent from others; extraordinary: uncommon: de- signed for a particular purpose or person : limited in range; confined to a definite field of action or discus- sion. [OF.: L. specialis, fr. species; same as espe- cial.] — In special. Particularly. — ^>. pleading. The gun, cube, full j rccon : fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. SPECIALLY 554 SPELL allegation of special or new matter as disting. f r. a direct denial of matter previously alleged on the other side; the popular denomination of the whole science of pleading. [The phrase is sometimes pop- ularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argu- mentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth.] — Specially, adv. In a special manner; particular- ly; especially; for a particular purpose. — Spe'cial- iit, n. One who devotes himself to a specialty. — Spe'ciafity, spesh'T-al'T-tY, Specialty, spesh'al-ti, re. Particularity; a particular or peculiar case; that for which a person is distinguished, or which he makes an object of special attention. {Law.) A con- tract, or obligation, under seal; a contract by deed. — Spe'cie, -shi, n. Copper, silver, or gold coin; hard money. [Orig. species, coin ; It. in {specie, in cash or ready money.]— Spec'ify, spes'T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To mention or name, as a particular thing. [OF. specifier, f r. L. species and facere, to make.] — Specific, -ical, spe-sif 'ik-al, a. Pert, to, characteriz- ing, or constituting a species; tending to specify or make particular; definite; limited; precise. (Med.) Exerting a peculiar influence over any part of the body; dependent on contagion, — said of diseases.— Specific, n. (Med.) A remedy which exerts a spe- cial action in the prevention or cure of a disease; a remedy supposed to be infallible. [OF. specifique, L. specificus.] — Specific gravity. (Physics.) See Grav- ity, under Grave, a.— S. name. (Nat. Hist.) The name which, appended to the name of the genus, constitutes the distinctive name of the species. — Specifically, adv. In a specific manner; according to the nature of the species; definitely; particularly. — Specif icalness, n. — Spec'ifica'tfon, n. Act of specifying, or determining, by a mark or limit; des- ignation of particulars; particular mention; a writ- ten statement containing a minute description or enumeration of particulars ; any article or thing specified. — Specimen, n. A part, or small portion, of anything, or number of things, intended to exhib- it the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is not exhibited; sample; model; pattern. [L., fr. spe- cere.] — Spe'cious, -shus, a. Obvious; showy; man- ifest; apparently risrht; superficially fair, just, or cor- rect; appearing well at first view; plausible; ostensi- ble; colorable; feasible. [OF. specieux, L. specro*us, fr. specere.] — Spe'ciously, adv. — Spe'ciousness, n. — Spec'tacle, -ta-kl, it. Something exhibited to view, — usually, as extraordinary, or as worthy of special notice; show; sight; pageant, pi. An optical instru- ment used to assist or correct some defect of vision. SF. ; L. spectaculum, fr. spectare, to look at, behold, r. specere. ] — Spec'tacled, -kid, a. Furnished with, or wearing spectacles. — Spectacular, a. Pert, to shows; of the nature of a show; of, or pert, to, spec- tacles, or glasses for the eyes. — Spectator, n. One who sees or beholds; one personally present at any exhibition ; looker-on ; observer ; witness. [L., fr. spectare.~] — Spectatress, -trix, n. A female looker- on. — Spec'ter, -tre, -ter, n. An apparition; ghost; something made preternaturally visible. [F. spectre, L. spectrum, an appearance, image.] — Spec'tral, a. Pert, to a specter; ghostly; pert, to a spectrum.— Spec'trum, n. pi. ; -tra, -tra. A visible form; some- thing seen; an image of something seen, continuing after the eyes are closed or turned away. (Opt.) An oblong stripe on a screen formed by the colored and other rays of which a beam of light is composed, sep- arated by the refraction of a prism or other means: see Light. [L.] — Spec'troscope, -skop, n. An op- tical instrument for analyzing spectra, esp. those formed by flames in which different substances are volatilized, so as to determine, from the nature and position of the spectral lines, the composition of the substance. [L. spectrum and Gr. skopein, to view.] — Spec'ulum, n. ;pl. -ula, -la. A mirror or looking- glass; a reflector of polished metal, esp. such as is used in reflecting telescopes. (Surg.) An instrument for dilating certain passages of the body, and throw- ing light within them. [L., a mirror, specula, a watch-tower, fr. specere.} — Spec' ular, a. Having the qualities of a speculum or mirror; having a smooth, reflecting surface. — SpeaUar iron. (Min.) An ore of iron occurring frequently in crystals of a brilliant metallic luster, — a variety of hematite.— Spie'geleisen, spe'gl-i-zn, n. Specular cast-iron, particularly rich in manganese and carbon, and used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process. [G. Spiegel (=L. speculum), a mirror, and_eisere, iron, — fr. its bright luster.] — Spec'ulate, -u-lat, v. i. To Consider by turning an object in the mind, and view- ing it in its different aspects and relations; to medi. tate. (Com.) To purchase with the expectation of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent sale at a profit. [L. speculari, -latus, to spy out, ob- serve, fr. specula, a lookout, fr. specere.]— Spec'ula'- tion, n. The act of speculating; mental view of any- thing in its various aspects and relations; contem- plation. (Com.) Act or practice of buying land or goods, etc., in expectation of a rise of price and sell- ing them at an advance, as disting. fr. a regular trade. Conclusion to which the mind comes by spec- ulating; mere theory; view; conjecture; act or result of scientific or abstract thinking. [F. ; L. speculatio.] — Spec'ulatist, n. A speculator; theorist. — Spec- ulative, -la-tiv, a. Given to, or concerning, specula- tion; involving, or formed by, speculation; ideal; theoretical; pertaining to speculation in land, goods, etc. [L. speeuZaftVws.]-Spec / 'ula / tively, adv.— Spec'- ula'tor, n. One who speculates or forms theories. (Com.) One who buys goods, lands, or other things, with the expectation of a rise of price, and of deriv- ing profit from such advance. [L.] — Spec'ulatory, -la-to-rt, a. Exercising speculation; speculative; in- tended or adapted for viewing or espying. Speck, spek, n. A small place in anything that is dis- colored by foreign matter, or is of a color different from that of the main substance; a very small thing; spot; stain; flaw; blemish, — v. t. [specked (spektj, specking.] To stain in spots or drops; to spot. [AS. specca, a spot, LG. spoken, to spot with wet, OD. spicken, to spit; s. rt. spot, spit, spew.'] — Speckle, -1, n. A little spot in anything, of a different substance or color from that of the thing itself; a speck. — v. t. [speckled (-Id), -ling.] To mark with small spots of a different color; to variegate with spots. [Dim. of speck; OD. spickelen, to speckle, fr. spicken.] Spectacle, Specter, Speculate, Speculum, etc. See un- der Species. Speech, Speechify, etc. See under Speak. Speed, sped, v. i. [sped or speeded; speeding.] To make haste ; to attain what one seeks for, prosper, succeed; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. — v. t. To cause to make haste ; to dispatch with celerity; to help forward, cause to succeed; to hasten to a conclusion, bring to a result ; to bring to de- struction, ruin. — n. The moving or causing to move forward with celerity; prosperity in an under- taking ; favorable issue ; success ; start ; advance. [AS. .spec?, haste, success, OS. spod, OHG. spot, suc- cess, D. spoed, speed, AS. spowan, OHG. spuon, to succeed, Skr. sphay, to increase, enlarge, sphiti, pros- perity ; s. rt. span, q. v.] — Speed'er, n. — Speed'y, -T, a. [-IER ; -iest.] Not dilatory or slow ; quick ; swift; nimbie; hasty; rapid in motion. [AS. sped- ig] — Speed'ily, adv. — Speed'iness, re. Speiss, spis, n. (Min.) Copper nickel, consisting of nickel and arsenic. [G. speise, food ; mixed metal, for bells, etc.] Spell, spel, n. The relief of one person by another in any piece of work; a gratuitous helping forward of another's work; a single period of labor; a short pe- riod; brief time; a period or season. — v. t. [spelled (speld), spelling.] To supply the place of, relieve, help. [AS. spelian, to supply another's room, act as t. D. spelen, G. r ' w. spel, Ic spiel, a game.] proxy for; s. rt. D. spelen, G. spielen, to play, act part, D. and Sw. spel, Ic, Dan., and OHG. spil, G. Spell, spel, n. A verse or phrase supposed to be en- dowed with magical power; an incantation; any charm. [AS. and OHG. spel, a story, narrative, Goth. spill, a fable, tale, myth; s. rt. gospel.] Arrested or bound, as by a spell y, narrative, ( Z.]-SpeU'-b :11 or charm. Spell, spel, v. t. [spelled (speld) or spelt, spell- ing.] To discover by characters or marks ; to read, esp. with labor or difficulty, — with out; to tell or name the letters of (a word); to write or print with the proper letters, — v. i. To form words with the proper letters, either in reading or writing. [ME. and D. spellen, to spell (letters^, perh. fr. AS. spell- ian, to declare, narrate, say, fr. spel, a story : see Spell, a verse, etc.; or prob. fr. D. spelle, spelde, a pin, ME. speal x spelder, a splinter, — with which the letters were pointed out; cf. Fries, spjeald, a splinter, letter-spjealding, spelling.] — Spelfer, n. One who spells; one skilled in spelling; a book containing ex- ercises in spelling ; spelling-book. — Spelfing, n. Act of naming the letters of a word, or of writing or printing words with their proper letters; manner of forming words with letters; orthography. — Spelf- ing-book, n. A book for teaching children to spell and read; a speller. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r i SPELT 555 SPIN Spelt, spelt, «. An inferior species of wheat, cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland. [AS., D., and G.: prob. s. rt. split.'] Spelter, speller, n. Zinc. [D. spiauter, LG. spialter, It. peltro, pewter; pern, same as ME. spelder = E. splinter.] Spence, spens, n. A place where provisions are kept; a buttery ; larder ; pantry. [OF. despense, buffet, buttery, fr. despendre, to spend, distribute, L. dis- pendere, -pensum : see Spend.] Spencer, spen'ser, n. A short over-jacket worn by men or women. (Naut.) A fore-and-ait sail, abaft the fore and main masts, set with a gaff and no boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast. [The jacket introduced by Lord Spencer J Spend, spend, v. t. [spent, spending.] To weigh or lay out, dispose of, part with ; to bestow for any purpose ; to consume, waste, squander ; to pass (time) ; to suffer to pass away ; to exhaust of force or strength, waste. — v. i. To make expense, make disposition of money ; to be lost or wasted, be dis- BiDated or consumed. [AS. spendan, fr. LL. dis- petidere, to spend, waste, fr. L. dis-, apart, and peri- derm, to weigh.] — Spend'er, n. — Spend' thrift, n. One who spends money profusely orimprovidently; a prodigal ; one who lavishes his estate. — Spend'- ing-mon'ey, w. A sum allowed or set apart for extra (not necessarv) personal expenses ; pocket-money. [LL. spensubitis moneta.] Sperm, spgrm, n. Animal seed; semen; spermaceti; spawn of fishes or frogs. [ME. and F. sperme, L. and Gr. sperma, seed, fr. speirein, to sow: see Spar, to box ; 8. rt. spore.] — Sperm'ace'ti, -a-selT, n. A white, brittle, semi-transparent fatty matter obtained chiefly from the head of the cachalot, or spermaceti whale. [L. sperma ceti, lit. sperm of the whale; cetus, Gr.ketos,& large fish: see Cetacea.] — Sperm'-oil, n. Oil obtained from the cachalot.— Sperm'ary, -a- rf, n. (Anat.) The male spermatic gland or glands (testes). — Spermatic, -ical, -matlk-al, a. Pert, to, consisting of, conveying, or producing semen; sem- inal. — Spermatocele, -o-sel, n. {Med.) A swelling of the spermatic vessels. [Gr. kele, a tumor.] — Sperm / atorrhe / 'a, -a-tor-re'a, n. (Pathol.') Invol- untary emission of semen without copulation. Spew, spu, v . t. [spewed (spud), spewing.] To eject from the stomach, vomit ; to cast forth with abhor- rence.— v. i. To discharge the contents of the stomach, vomit. [AS. and OHG. spiwan, D. spuu- wen, L. spuere, Gr. ptuein; s. rt. spit, pip, puke.] Sphacelate, sfas'e-lat, v. i. To mortify, become gan- grenous, as flesh, decay or become carious, as a bone. [NL. sphacelare, sphacelatum, f r. Gr. sphakelos, gan- frene.] — Sphacelation, n. (Med.) The process of ecoming or making gangrenous; mortification. Sphene, sfen, n. (Min.) A mineral composed of silica, titanic acid, and lime : it is found usually in thin, wedge-shaped crystals. [Gr. sphen, a wedge.] — Sphe'noid, -noid'al, a. Resembling a wedge. [Gr. eidos, form.] Sphere, sfer, ??. (Oeom.) A body contained under a single surface, which, in every part, is equally dis- tant from a point within, called its center. Any orb or star. (Astron.) The apparent surface of the heav- ens, which seems to the eye spherical and everywhere equally distant ; one of the concentric and eccen- tric revolving spherical transparent shells, in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon were once sup- posed to be set, and by which they were carried. Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence ; rank ; order of society ; globe; circle; compass; province ; employment. — v. t. [sphered (sferd), sphering.] To place in a sphere, form into roundness. [OF. espere, later sphere, L. sphtera, Gr. sphaira, a hall, globe, lit. thing tossed about, fr. spairein, to scatter seed; s. rt. sperm, sparse.] — Spheloid, -roid, w. A body nearly spherical ; esp., a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. [Gr. eidos, form.] - Spheroid'al, -roidlc, -roidlcal, a. Having the form of a spheroid; approaching the form of a sphere.— Spheric, -ical, sferlk-al, a. Hav- ing the form of a sphere; globular; pert, to a sphere; Relating to the heavenly orbs. — Spherically, adv. In the form of a sphere. — Spherlcalness, Sphe- ricity, -ris'Y-tY, n. State or quality of being spher- ical ; roundness. — Spherics, n. sing. The science of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a sphere,_produced by planes intersecting it. — Spher'ule, -ool, n. A little sphere or spherical body. [L. srheerula.] Sphinx, sfinks, n. (Myth.) A monster usually repre- Sphinx. sented as having the winged body of a lion, and the face and breast of a woman : it proposed rid- dles and put to death all who were unable to 6olve them. [L. and Gr., lit. the strangler, Gr. sphingein, to throttle, bind, fix, L. fin- gere = E. to fix.] Sphragistics, sfra-jis'tiks, n. The science of seals, their history, age, and distinctions. [Gr. sphragos, a seal.] Spice, spis, n. A vegetable production, fragrant or aromatic to the smell and pungent to the taste; that which resembles spice, or enriches or alters the quality of a thing in a small degree ; a small quan- tity. — v. t. [spiced (splst), spicing.] To season with spice ; to fill or impregnate with the odor of spices. [OF. espice, L. species, a particular sort or kind, a species, in LateL. spices, drugs, etc., of the same sort.] — Spi'cer, n. One who seasons with, or deals in spice.— Spi'cery, -ser-T, n. Spices in gen- eral; a repository of spices. — Spi'cy, -si, a. [-C1ER; -ciest.] Producing, pert. to. or abounding with, spices; pungent; racy; aromatic; fragrant; smart. Spick and span new. See under Span-new. Spicule, spik'ul, n. A minute slender granule or point. [L. spiculum, dim. of spicurn, spica, a point, dart.] — Spic'ular, a. Resembling a dart ; having sharp points. — Spic'ulate, v. t. To sharpen to a point. [L. spiculare, -latum, fr. spiculum.] Spider, spi'der, n. An animal of many genera of the class Arachnida, most of which spin webs for taking their prey or for habitation ; a frying-pan, some what resembling, in form, a spider. [ME. spith- re, for spinther, lit. the spinner, G. spinne, a spider, also a spin- ner, Dan. spinder, a spider, spinde, to spin, q. v.] Spiegeleisen- See un- der Species. Spigot, spig'ut, n. A pin or peg used to close the opening in a faucet or a small hole in a cask of liquid. [Ir. and Ga. spiocaid, dim. of Ir. spice = E. spike, q. v.] Spike, spik, n. A large nail; a pointed pin or "bar of iron or wood; an ear of corn or grain; a ^ shoot. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence, in which the flowers are sessile on a common axis, as in plantain, salvia, etc. — v. t. [spiked (spikt), spiking.] To fasten with spikes, or large nails; to set with spikes; to stop the vent of with a spike, nail, etc. [L. spica, an ear of corn, also a pike, point, whence Ir. nice, "W. pig, a peak, pike, Ic. and Sw. spik, G. spieker, a nail; s. rt. pike, etc.] — Spiked, spikt, p. a. Furnished with spikes, as corn; fastened or stopped with spikes. — Spik'y, -T, a. Having a sharp point or points; furnished or armed with spikes. — Spikelet, n. (Bot.) A small or partial spike, as in the flowers of some grasses.— Spike'nard, w. (Bot.) An aromatic plant; the spike- nard of the ancients is a species of valerian. A fra- grant essential oil. [Prop, spiked nard : see Nard.] Spile, spil, rt. A small peg or wooden pin, used to stop a hole; a 6take driven into the ground as a support for some superstructure; a pile. [LG.] — Spill, spil, rt. A spile; splinter; a roll of paper or strip of wood for lighting fires, etc.; a little pin or bar of iron. [ME. speld, a splinter; in AS., a torch; in D., a pin; in Ic, a square tablet, orig. a slice of board ; MHG. spelte, a splinter, G. spalten = E. to split.] Spill, spil, r. t. [spilled (spild) or spilt, spilling.] To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose or suffer to be scattered; to cause to flow out or lose; to shed (in battle or in manslaughter), — v. i. To be shed; to run over; to fall out, he lost, or wasted. [AS. spih/an, spillan, to destroy, spild, destruction; s. rt. split : see Spill, under Spile.] Spin, spin, v. t. [spun, spinning.] To draw out and twist into threads; to form (a web, etc.) by drawing Geometric Net of Garden Spider. Spike. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SPINACH 556 SPIRIT Spinneret of a Spider highly magnified. a viscid exudation into threads; to draw out tedious- ly, extend to a great length, — with out ; to protract, Bpend by delays; to turn or cause to whirl; to twirl. (Mach.) To shape (metal) by revolving as in a lathe, and pressing against it with a roller or hand-tool. — v. i. To practice spinning; to perform the act of drawing and twisting threads; to whirl, as a top or spindle ; to stream or issue in a thread or small cur- rent. [ME., D., and G. spinnen, AS. and Goth, spin- nan, to spin (thread); s. rt. Gr. spaein, to draw out, E. span, q. v., spider.] — Spin'ner, n. — Spin'ner, -neret, n. An organ with which spiders and some in- sects form their silk or webs. — Spin /, ning-jen / ny, n. A machine for spinning a number of threads simul- taneously. [See Jenny.] — -wheel, n. A machine for spinning yarn or thread, in which a wheel drives a sin- gle spindle. — Spin'dle, -dl, n. The long, slender rod in spinning-wheels by which the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound; an axis in a spinning machine to hold a bobbin; a tapering pin or shaft on which anything turns; an axis; arbor; the fusee of a watch: see Fusee; a long, slender stalk. — v. i. [spindled (-did), -dling.] To shoot or grow in a long, slender stalk or body. [AS. spinl, fr. spinnan, G. spindel, fr. spinnen.']— Spin'dle-legged, -legd, -shanked, -shankt, o. Having long slender legs. — shanks, n. A tall, slender person, — used humorously or in contempt. — Spin'ster, -ster, n. A woman who spins. {Law.) An unmarried woman; single woman. [D.") Spinach, Spinage, spin'ej, n. A plant whose leaves are used for greens and other culinary purposes. [It. spinace, fr. L. spina, a thorn, — some varieties being prickly: see Spine.] Spine, spin, n. (Bot.) A sharp process from the woody part of a plant; a thorn. (Zobl.) A rigid, jointed spike upon any part of an animal. The back-bone or spinal column of an animal. [OF. espine, a thorn, prickle, L. sjnna, a thorn, also the back-bone; s. rt. L. spica, an ear of corn: see Spike.] — Spi'hal, a. Pert, to the back-bone. — Spin'y, -Y, a. Full of opines; thorny; like a spine; slender; perplexed^ difficult; troublesome. — Spi'nous, -nus, -nose', -nos', a. Armed with spines; thorny.— Spinoslty, -nos'T-tY, n. State of being, etc. — Spi- nif' erous, -er-us, a. Producing spines. [L.ferre, to bear.]— Spi'nel, -nel', -nelle', spT-neK, n. A min- eral occurring in octohedrons of great hardness. [LL. sninellus, fr. L. spina, — named fr. its pointed crystals.]— Spinet, spin'et or spT-nef, n. An ob- solete instrument of music resembling a harpsi- chord; a virginal. [OF. espinette, It. spinetta, fr. L. spina, — because it was struck with a spine or pointed quill.]— Spin'ney, -ny, -nl, n. A small thicket or grove with undergrowth. [OF. espinoye, L. spinetum, a thorny thicket, fr. spina.] Spinner, Spinster, etc. See under Spin. Spiracle. Spirant, etc. See under Spirit. Spire, spTr, n. A body that shoots up or out to a point in a conical or pyramidal form, a steeple ; a stalk or blade of grass or other plant; a sprout. — v. i. To shoot up in a taper- ing form; to sprout, as grain in malting. [AS. spir, a spike (of — a reed, etc.), Ic. spira, a spar, ^-cr stilt, Dan. spire, a germ, sprout, =r^ Sw. spira, a scepter, pistil; perh. ^^ s. rt. spear, spar, prob. spike, -i^ spine, not spire, a coil.]— Spir'y, ssjj -t, a. Of the form of a pyramid; ^jgW pyramidical; furnished with gjj| spires. = : Spire, spir, n. A coil; a winding s line like the threads of a screw; =^g anything wreathed or con- ^g torted ; a curl ; twist ; wreath, -%^ [F. ; L. spira, Gr. speira, a coil, =j= wreath ; s. rt. L. sporta, Gr. sggi spuris, a woven basket, Lith- ~ -^ uan. spartas, a band.]— Spi'ral, Snire a. Winding round a cylinder * or other round body, or in a circular form, and at the same time rising or advancing forward; wind- Spirula. a, Spirula australis (without the shell). 6, Shell of Spirula australis. ing like a screw. [F.; L. spiralis.] — n. (Geom.) A curve described by a point called the generatrix, moving along a straight line according to a mathe- matical law, while the line is revolving about a fixed point called the pole.— Spiral wheel. {Mach.) A wheel having its teeth cut at an angle with its axis, or so that they form small portions of screws or spirals. — Spi'rally, ado. — Spir'y,- -T, «. Of a spiral form ; wreathed ; curled. — « n ;„i whpM Spira'a, -re'a, n. A shrub or bplral Wneel - perennial herb of many species, including the mead- ow-sweet and the hard-hack. [L.] — Spir'ula, spTr'- oo-la, n. A ceph- s^r' alopod of several (Y$f~7J — - b species, having a multilocular shell in the form of a flat spiral, the coils of which do not l touch one an- other, [L., dim. of spira.] Ipirit, spirit, n. Air set in mo- tion by breath- ing; breath; life itself; life, or living substance, considered independ- ently of corporeal existence; the intelligent, imma- terial, and immortal part of man; the soul; a disem- bodied soul ; a supernatural apparition; specter ; ghost; sprite; fairy; any remarkable manifestation of life or energy; one who evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper; temper or disposition of mind; intellectual or moral state; in pi., animation; cheerfulness; pi. a liquid produced by distillation, esp., alcohol; rum, whisky, brandy, and other distilled liquors having much alcohol ; sing., intent; real meaning, — opp. to the letter, or to formal statement ; characteristic quality, — v. t. To animate with vigor, excite, encourage, inspirit; to convey rapidly and secretly, or mysteriously, as if by the agency of a spirit; to kidnap. [OF. espirit (F. esprit, q. v.), the spirit, soul, L. spiritus, breath, spir- it, fr. spirare, -atum, to breathe; s. rt. aspire, expire, dispirit, sprite, sprightly.] —Holy Spirit, or The Spir- it. (Theol.) The Spirit of God, or the third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. — S. of wine. Pure alcohol, so called because formerly obtained only from wine. — Spirited, p. a. Animated; full of life; full of spirit or fire; lively; vivacious; ardent; ac- tive; bold; courageous. — Spiritedly, adv. — Spir '• itless, a. Destitute of spirits; wanting animation; dejected: wanting life, courage, or fire. — Spirit- lessly, adv. — Spirltlessness, n.— Spirltous, -us, a Like spirit; refined; pure; fine; ardent. — Spi'rant, n. (Pron.) A consonant sound uttered with per. ceptible expiration, or emission of breath, — said of /, v, th surd and sonant, and the German ch. TL, s/iirans, spirantis, p. pr. of sjrirare.] — Spirit- ism, -izm, n. Belief or doctrine of the spiritists; spiritualism. — Spiritist, n. One who believes in direct intercourse with departed spirits through persons called mediums; a spiritualist. — Spiritual, -u-al, a. Consisting of spirits; incorporeal; pert, to the intellectual and higher endowments of the mind; mental; intellectual; pert, to the moral feel, ings or states of the soul; pert, to the soul or its af, lections, as influenced by the Spirit; proceeding from the Holy Spirit; pure; holy; heavenly-minded; divine; relating to sacred things; ecclesiastical. [F. spirituel, L. spiritualis, fr. spiritus.] — Spiritually, adv. In a spiritual manner; with purity of spirit or heart. — Spiritualism, -u-al-izm, n. State of being spiritual. (Philos.) The doctrine in opposition to the materialists, that all which exists is spirit or soul. A belief in the reception of communications from dis- embodied spirits, by means of physical phenomena, commonly manifested through a person of special susceptibility, called a medium. — Spiritualist, n. One who professes a regard for spiritual things only; one who maintains the doctrine of spiritualism; one who believes in direct intercourse with departed spirits, through the agency of mediums. — Spiritu- ality, -al'i-tt, n. State of being spiritual; that which belongs to the church, or to a person as an ecclesias- tic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities.— am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; Xxu ice ; Qdd, tone, 8r ; SPIRT 557 SPONDYL Spiritualize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -IZING.] To refine intellectually or morally; to imbue with spirituality or life.— Spir'itualiza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. — Spir'ituous, -u-us, a. Having the quality of spirit; tenuous in substance, and having active powers or properties; active; pure; consisting of, or containing, distilled spirit; ardent: alcoholic. — Spi- rometer, spi-rom'e-te'r, n. An instrument for meas- uring the vital capacity of the lungs. 1 \..sj»'rare and Gr. >netron,a measure.] — Spiracle, spir'a-kl or spi'- ra-kl, re. {Aunt.) A small aperture in animal and vegetable bodies, by which air or other fluid is ex- haled or inhaled. Any small aperture, hole, or vent. [F.; L. spiracvlum, fr. spirare.] Spirt. Same as Spurt. Spiry. See under Spire, a tapering body, also under Spire, a coil. Spissitude. spis'sY-tSd, n. Thickness of soft sub- stances; denseness or compactness belonging to sub- stances not perfectly liquid nor perfectly solid. [L. spissitudo, fr. s,,i.«us, dense: see Inspissate.] Spit, spit, re. A long, pointed iron rod or bar on which meat is roasted; a small point of land or a long nar- row shoal running into the sea. — v. t. [spitted, spitting.] To th'-ust a spit throughput upon a spit; to thrust through, pierce. [AS. spitu, D. spit, MHG. spiz, Ic. spyla. a spit, spjot, Dan. spyd, G. spiess, a spear; s. rt. spud, prob. spike, spine, spire, a tapering body; not spade.] — Spit'ter, re. One who, etc.; a young deer whose antlers begin to be sharp. Spit, spit, v. t. [spit (spat, obs.), -ting.] To eject from the mouth (saliva or other matter) ; to eject or throw out with violence. — v. i. To throw out' saliva from the mouth. — re. The secretion formed by the glands of the mouth ; saliva. [AS. spittan, also spsetan (whence old imp. spat), Ic. spyta, G.spuetzen, spucken : s. rt. spew.] — Spit'fire. n. A violent, iras- cible, or passionate person. — Spif tie, -tl, rt. The thick, moist matter secreted by thejalivary glands ; saliva. [AS. spatl.] — Spittoon', -toon'', re. A vessel to receive spittle. Spital, spit'al, «. A hospital. [Abbr. fr. hospital, OF. ospital, hospital.]' Spite, spit, re. Hatred; malice; malignity; pique; ran- cor; malevolence; grudge; chagrin. — v. t. To be angry or vexed at;~to hate; to treat maliciously, in- jure, thwart. [Abbr. of despite, q. v.] — In spite of. In opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or con- tempt of. — To owe one a s. To entertain a mean hatred for him. — Spite'fol, -ful, a. Fiiled with spite: having a desire to vex, annoy, or injure; ma- lignant ; malicious. — Spite'fully, adv. — Spite'ful- ness, re. Spitz, S.-dog, spits'dog, n. A small variety of the Pomeranian dog, with long silky hair, erect ears, and a sharp nose. [G. spitz, spitzhund, fr. spitz, pointed, — fr. the shape of the dog's nose.] Splash, splash, v. t. [splashed (splasht), splashing.] To spatter with water, or with water and mud. — v.i. To strike and dash about water. — re. Water, or water and dirt thrown upon anything, or thrown from a puddle, etc. [Same as plash.] — Splash'y, -1. a. Full of dirty water; wet and muddy, so as to be easily splashed about. Splay, spla, a. Displayed; spread; turned outward. — n. A slanted or sloped surface; esp., the expan- sion given to doors, windows, etc., by slanting their sides. [Abbr. fr. display, q. v.] — Splay'-foot, re. A foot having the sole flattened instead of concave ; flat-foot. — foot, -foot'ed, a. Having the foot turned outward ; having a wide foot. — -mouth, n. ; pi. -mouths, mowthz. A wide mouth; a mouth stretched in derision. Spleen, splen, re. (Anat.) A glandular organ, situ- ated in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity to the left of the stomach ; the milt : the ancients supposed it to be the seat of anger and melancholy. Anger; latent spite; ill humor; melancholy; hypo- chondriacal affections. [ME., L., and Gr. splen, Skr. plihan.] — Spleen'ish, Spleen'y, -T, a. Angry; peev- ish; fretful; affected with nervous complaints: mel- ancholv. — Splenetic, splen'e-tik or sple-net'ik, a. Affecte'd with spleen; morose; gloomy; sullen; peev- ish; fretful. — re. One who is, etc. Splendor, splen'der, re. Great brightness ; brilliant luster; great show of richness and elegance; emi- nence ; brilliancy ; magnificence ; pomp ; parade. [L., fr. splendere, to shine.] — Splen'dent, a. Shin- ing ; beaming with light ; ve*y conspicuous ; illus- trious. [L. splendens, p. pr. of splendere.] — Splen'- did, a. Possessing or displaying splendor ; very bright; showy; magnificent; illustrious; heroic: brilliant : celebrated; famous. [L. spleno Splen'didly, adv. I Splenetic. See under Spleen. Splice, splis, v. t. [spliced (splist), splicing.] To unite (2 ropes or parts of a rope) by a particular manner of interweaving the strands; to unite, by lapping 2 ends to- gether, and binding, or in any ; way making fast. (Much.) To scarf. — re. The union of ropes by interweaving the strands. (Mach.) Aconnection between pieces of wood or metal by means of overlapping parts ; a scarfing. [OD. spassen, to splice (rope-ends, previously splitting them), fr. splijten, splitten = E. to split, q. v.] Splint, splint, re. A piece split off; splinter. (Surg.) A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to hold or protect a broken bone when set. — v. t. To fasten or confine with splints, as a broken limb. [Sw., D., and G., a thin piece, orig. of split wood, Sw. splinta, to splint, splinter, split, LG. spliten, to split, q. v.] — Splin'ter, n. A slender fragment of wood, or other solid substance, rent longitudinally from the main body; a sliver. — v. t. [-teked (-tSrd), -tering.] To split or rend into long thin pieces; to shiver. — v. i. To be split or rent into long pieces. [D., a splinter, splinteri'ii, to splinter.] — Splin'tery, -ter-T, a. Consisting of, or resembling, splinters. [D. splinterig.] — Split, split, v. t. [split (splitted, rare); -ting.] To divide longitudinally or length- wise; to rive, cleave; to tear asunder by violence, burst, rend; to separate into parts or parties, —v. i. To part asunder, burst; to burst with laughter; to be dashed to pieces: to break faith, betray a secret. — n. A crack, rent, or longitudinal fissure; a breach or separation, as in a political party. [Dan. splitte, D. splijten, G. sj>leisseu, to split, D. spleet, Dan. split, a slit, split, Sw. split, discord.] Splutter, splufter, n. A bustle; stir. — i-. i. [splut- tered (-terd), -tering.] To speak hastily and con- fusedly; to sputter; to scatter drops of fluid with noise, as a bad pen, a hasty speaker, etc. [Freq. of spout, orig. sprout; s. rt. spurt, sjmtter.] Spoil, spoil, v. t. [spoiled (spoild), spoiling.] To plunder, strip by violence, rob; to seize by violence, take by force ; to cause to decay and 'perish ; to vitiate, mar ; to render useless by injury, ruin, de- stroy. — v. i. To practice plunder or robbery; to lose the valuable qualities, be corrupted, decay.— re. That which is taken from others by violence ; esp., the plunder taken from an enemy ;" pillage ; booty ; that which is gained by strength or effort; act or practice of plundering; robbery; corruption; cause of corruption. [F. spolier, ~L. spoliare, -atum, to de- spoil, fr. spolium, F. spoile, booty; peril, s. rt. Gr. skulon, spoil.] — Spoil^er, n. One who spoils; a plun- derer; pillager; robber; one who corrupts, mars, or renders useless.— Spoliate, -lT-at, v. t. To plunder, pillage, destroy. — v. i. To practice plunder, com- mit robbery. — Spoliation, re. Act of plundering; robbery; destruction; despoliation; robbery in war; esp., the act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea, under authority. [F.] — Spo'lia'tor, re. One who spoliates. Spoke, Spokesman, etc. See Speak. Spoke, spok, re. One of the radial arms or bars inserted in the hub, or nave of a wheel, and connecting it with the rim or felly; the round of a ladder; a con- trivance for fastening the wheel of a vehicle, to pre- vent it from turning in going down a hill. — v. t. [srOKED (spokt), spoking.] To furnish with spokes. [AS. spaca, D. speek. a spoke, spaak, a lever; s. rt. spike.] — Spoke'shave, re. A kind of drawing-knife for dressing spokes and other curved work. Spoliate, etc. See under Spoil. Spondee, spon'de, re. (Pros.) A poetic foot of 2 long syllables. [L. spondeiis, Gr. spondeios, fr. spondai, a treaty or truce, sponde, a drink-offering, libation to the gods, fr. spendein, to pour out, make libation, — because at libations slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] — Sponda/ic, -ical, -da'- ik-al, o. Pert, to a spondee: consisting of spondees; composed of spondees in excess. Spondyl, -dyle, spon'dil, re. (Anat.) A joint of the back-bone; a vertebra. [F. spondyle, Gr. spondu- sfin, cube, full ; moon, funk, peril. Gr somphos = E. swampy: see Swamp.] [ — Spong'er, n. One who uses a sponge; a parasitical dependent; hanger-on. — Spon'gy, -it, a. Soft and full ot cavi- ties; wet; drenched; soaked and soft, like a sponge; having the quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge. — Spon'giness, n. — Spon'ging-house, n. A bailiff's house to put debtors in before being taken to jail, or until they compromise with their creditors. Sponsal, spon'sal, a. Relating to marriage, or to a spouse. [L. sponsalis, fr. S2Jonsus, a betrothal, sj)on- dere, sponsum, to betroth, promise ; prob. s. rt. Gr. spondai, a treaty: see Spondee; s. rt. despond, re- spond, etc.] — Spon'sion, -shun, n. Act of becoming surety for another. [L. sponsio, fr. spondere.] — Spon'sor, n. A surety ; one who, at the baptism of an infant, professes the Christian faith in its name, and guarantees its religious education ; a godfather or godmother. [L.] — Spouse, spowz, n. A man or woman engaged or joined in wedlock ; a married person, husband or wife. [ME. spttse, OF. espous, f em. espouse, L. sponsus, sponsa, one betrothed, prop. p. p. of spondere; s. rt. espouse.] — Spouseless, a. Destitute of a spouse; having no husband or wife; unmarried. — Spous'al, a. Pert, to a spouse, or to a marriage ; nuptial ; matrimonial ; conjugal ; con- nubial; bridal, — n. Marriage, — generally in pi. Spontaneous, spon-ta'ne-us, a. Proceeding from nat- ural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency ; proceeding from internal impulse, energy, or natural law, without external force ; produced without be- ing planted, or without human labor ; voluntary ; uncompelled ; willing. [L. spontaneus, fr. sponte, of one's own accord, abl. of obs. spons ; perh. s. rt. Skr. chhand, to please, svachhanda, spontaneous.] — Spontaneously, adv. In a spontaneous manner; of one's own accord ; by its own force or energy. — Spon'tane'ity, -ne'T-ti, n. Quality or state of being spontaneous, or acting from native feeling, prone- ness, or temperament, without constraint or external force. Spontoon, spon-toon', n. (Mil.) A kind of half pike, borne by inferior officers of infantry. [F. sponton, esponton. It. spontone, fr. spxmtare, to break off the point, blunt, fr. punta, a point, pungere, pugnere, p. p. punto, L. pungere, to prick, sting ; s. rt. point, pungent] Spool, spool, n. A piece of cane or reed with a knot at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a ridge at each end, to wind thread or yarn upon.— r. t. [spooled (spoold), spooling.] To wind on spools. [ME., LG., Sw., and Dan. spole, G. spule, a spool ; perh. s. rt. Ic. spolr, a bar, E. spar.] Spoom, spoom, v. i. (Naut.) To be driven steadily and swiftly, as before a strong wind. [Prop., to throw up spume (q. v.), foam.] Spoon, spoon, n. An instrument consisting of a small bowl (usually a shallow oval) with a handle, used in preparing or partaking of food. — v. t. To take up or out (food, etc.) with a spoon. [AS. snon, Sw. and G. span, a chip, splint, shaving.] — Spoon'ey, -y, -t, a. Weak-minded; silly; lovesick. — n. One who is, etc. — Spoon'bill, n. A migratory wading bird, of several species, allied to the heron, and frequenting seacoastsand the borders of rivers, — so named from the shape of the bill. The white spoonbill is a Euro- Spoonbill. pean bird; the roseate spoonbill is found in S. Amer.— Spoon'fuh-ful, n.;pl.-FVLS. The quan- tity which a spoon con- tains, or is able to con- tain; a small quantity. — Spoon'-drift, n. (Naut.) A showery sprinkling of sea-wa- ter, swept from the tops of the waves, and driven upon the sur- face in a tempest. — -meat, n. Food taken with a spoon ; liquid food. Spore, spor, n. (Bot.) One of the minute grains in flowerless plants which perform the function of seeds. [Gr. sporos, a seed, fr. speirein, to sow, scat- ter : see Sperm.] — Sporadic, -ical, -rad'ik-al, a. Occurring singly or apart from other things of the same kind; separate; single. [ Gr. sporadikos.] Sport, sport, n. That which diverts and makes mirth; contemptuous mirth : that with which one plays or which is driven about; a toy; pastime; jest; amuse- ment; play; game; diversion; exciting out-of-door recreation, as hunting, fishing, horse-racing, etc.; an abnormal growth. — v. t. To divert, make merry,— used reflexively ; to represent by any kind of play ; to exhibit or bring out in public. — v. i. To play, frolic, wanton; to practice the diversions of the field; to trifle. [Abbr. fr. disport, q. v.] — Sportier, n. — Sport'ful, -ful, a. Full of sport; merry; frolicsome; done in jest or for mere play. — Sportive, -iv, a. Tending to, or provocative of, sport; gay: frolicsome; playful. — Sportively, adv. — Sports'man, n.; pi. -men. One who pursues or is skilled in the sports of the field; one who hunts, fishes, etc. — Sports'man- ship, n. Practice of sportsmen; skill in field sports. Spot, spot, n. A mark on a substance made by foreign matter; a stain on character or reputation; a small extent of space; any particular place; a place of a different color from the ground upon which it is; flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; fault; blemish. —v. t. To make visible marks upon with some foreign mat- ter; to mark or note so as to insure recognition; to blemish, tarnish (reputation, etc.) [Scot, and D. spat, a speck, spot; s. rt. sjiatter, spit.) — Spotted fe- ver. (Med.) A form of malignant typhus charac- terized by purple or black spots on the skin, sponta- neous hemorrhages, etc. — Spotless, a. Without a spot; esp., free from reproach or impurity; blame- less; unblemished; pure; immaculate; irreproacha- ble. — Spotlessly, adv. — Spot'lessness, n. — Spot'- ty, -tY , a. Full of spots ; marked with discolored places. —Spottiness, n. Spouse, Spousal, etc. See under Sponsal. Spout, spowt, n. A pipe or tube for conducting a fluid; a pipe, or a projecting mouth of a vessel, used in di- recting a stream of liquid poured out. — v.*. To throw out, as liquids through a narrow orifice, or pipe; to throw out (words) with affected gravity; to mouth. — v. i. To issue with violence, as a liquid through a narrow orifice or from a spout; to utter a speech, esp. in a pompous manner. [Prop, sprout; Sw. sputa, spruta, to spout, squirt, spruta, a squirt, syringe, fire-engine, D. spuiten, to spout, spuit, a spout; s. rt. spurt, sprout, splutter, sputter.]— To put, or shove up the spout. To pawn or pledge at a pawn- broker's. Sprain, spran, v. t. [sprained (sprand), spraining.] To weaken (a joint or muscle) by sudden and ex- cessive exertion; to overstrain. — n. An excessive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint, with- out dislocation. [OF. espreindre, to wring, strain, squeeze out, L. exprimere, to press out: see Ex- press.] Sprang. See Spring. Sprat, sprat, n. A small fish, allied to the herring and pilchard. [D. sprot, a sprat, also a sprout, the young of anything.] Sprawl, sprawl, v. i. [sprawled (sprawld), sprawl- ing.] To lie with the limbs stretched out or strug- gling; to spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or trees; to move, when lying down, with awkward extension and motions of the limbs. [Sw. sprattla, Ic. spradh- ka,sprita, to sprawl; s. rt. spar (q. v.), to box.] Spray, spra, n. A small shoot or branch; a twig; a col- der, sprita, to sprawl; s. rt. spar (q. v.), to box.] Spray, spra, n. A small shoot or branch; a twig; t lective body of small branches. [Dan. sprag, a spray. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; SPRAY 559 SPUME Spread-ea Ic.sprek, a stick, twig; s. rt. speak, spark, sprig, perh. asparagus.'] Spray, spra, n. Water flying in small drops or parti- cles, as by the force of wind, the dashing of waves, etc. [AS. spregan, to pour, Ic. spi-sena, a jet or spring of water, also to spurt out; pern. s. rt. sprinkle.] Spread, spred, v. t. [spread, spreading.] To ex- tend in length and breadth, or in breadth only; to extend so as to cover something; to divulge; to pub- lish (news or fame); to cause to affect great num- bers; to emit, diffuse (emanations or effluvia); to scatter over a larger surface; toprepare, set and fur- nish with provisions. — v. i. To extend in length and breadth in all directions, or in breadth only; to be extended by drawing or beating ; to be made known more extensively; to be propagated from one to another. — n. Extent; compass; expansion of parts; a table, as spread or furnished with a meal; a cloth to cover a bed; coverlet. [AS. sj>rsedan, to spread out, extend, D. spreiden, LG. spreden, to spread, scatter, strew, Dan. spre'/e, to spread, scat- ter, disperse: s. rt. s/irawl, sprout, spirit.] — Spread'- er, n.— Spread'-ea'gle, n. (Her.) m m A figure of an eagle, with its wings elevated and legs extend- ed, — used as a device in herald- ry, on military ornaments, etc. — a. Pretentious, boastful, or bombastic in style. Spree, spre, n. A merry frolic; esp., a drinking frolic; carousal; debauch. [Ir. spre, a spark, flash of fire, animation, spirit, spraic, strength, vigor.] Sprig, sprig, n. A small shoot or twig of a tree or other plant; a youth; lad, — used as a term of slight disparagement. — v. t. [sprigged (sprigd), -ging.] To mark or adorn with represen- tations of small branches. [AS. spree, LG. sprikk, a sprig, twig, spray, q. v.] — Sprig'gy, -gT, a. Full of sprigs or smaH branches. Spright, sprit, n. A spirit; shade; soul; an incorporeal agent; an apparition. [Prop. sprite, q. v.]— Spright- ly, -IT, a. Spirit-like, or spright-like; lively; brisk: animated; vigorous; airy; »ay. — Sprightless, a. Destitute of life; dull. — SprightlineBs, n. Spring, spring, v. i. [imp. sprung (sprang, obsoles- cent); p. p. sprung; springing.] To leap, bound, jump; to issue with speed and violence; to start or rise suddenly from a covert; to fly back, start; to bend or wind from a straight direction or plane sur- face; to shoot up, out, or forth; to come to the light, begin to appear; to issue or proceed (from a parent or ancestor); to result (from a cause, motive, reason, or principle); to grow, thrive. — v. t. To cause to spring up; to start or rouse (game) ; to produce quickly or unexpectedly; to contrive, or to produce or propose on a sudden; , to cause to explode ; to Ct} burst, cause to open ; to crack or split; to bend or strain so as to weaken; to cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap; to in- sert (a beam in a place too short for it) by bending it so as to bring the ends nearer together, and allow- ing it to straighten when in place. — n. A leap ; bound; jump, as of an ani- mal; allying back; resili- ence ; elastic power or force; an elastic body, as a steel rod, plate, or coil, a mass or strip of India- rubber, etc.,— used for va- v rious mechanical purposes; .^^fflp^c^^a lit) any source of supply; esp., & the source from which a | stream proceeds; a natural fountain; place where wa- ter issues from the earth; that by which action, or motion, is produced or propagated: cause; origin; the season of the year when plants begin to vegetate and rise ; the months of March, April, and May. [ME., D., and G. springen. C spring: ruten), to sprout; s. rt. spout, spurt, spark, speak, spring, spi-it, sprat, splutter, sputter.] Spruce, sproos, a. Neat, without elegance or dignity; finical: trim. — ??. (Bot.) A large coniferous tree of sev- eral species, natives of the colder parts of N. Amer. and Europe, — much used for timber.— ?•. t. [spruced (sproost), sprucing.] To dress with affected neat- ness. — r. i. To dress one's self with affected neatness. [ME. Spruce, Prussia, Prus- sian, corrupt, of OF. Pruce, G. Prussen, Prus>ia : to be spruce in dress was to dress in Prussian fashion: spruce beer was prob. supposed to mean beer of Prussia (whence it orig. came), but was confused with G. sjiros- sen bier, beer made from (sprossen) sprouts : the sprouts were chiefly those of the G. sprossenfichte, spruce (tree), supposed in Eng. to mean Prussian tree.] — Sprucely, -IT, adr. In a spruce manner; with affected neatness. — Spruce'neas, ??.— Spruce'- beer, n. A kind of beer tinctured or flavored with spruce. Sprung. See Spring. Spry, spri, a. Having great power of leaping or run- ning; nimble; vigorous. [Sw. dial, sprygg, lively, skittish,— said of horses, ProvE. spray, sprac, active.] Spud, spud, n. A sharp, narrow spade, with a long han- dle, used for digging up large-rooted weeds; any short and thick thing. [Dan. spyd, a spear: see Spit.] Spume, spurn, n. Frothy matter raised on liquors or fluid substances by boiling, effervescence, or agita- Norway Spruce. sun. cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow. oil ; ligger or ink, lien, boNboN, chair, get. SPUN 560 tion; froth; foam; scum. — v.i. [spumed (spumd), spuming.] To froth, foam, [L. spuma, fr. spuere, to spit, or perh. s. rt. Skr. sphay. to swell, E. foam: see Spoom.] — Spum'ous, -us, -y, -T, a. Consisting of froth or scum; foamy. — Spumes'' cent, -mes'sent, a. Resembling froth or foam. [L. spumescens, p. pr. of spumescere, to grow foamy, fr. spuma. J Spun. See Spin. Epunge. See Sponge. Spunk, spunk, n. Wood that readily takes fire; touch- wood; tinder made from a species of fungus; punk; amadou; an inflammable temper; spirit; pluck. [Ir. and Ga. sponc, tinder, touchwood, sponge, fr. L. spon- gia, sponge, pumice-stone, any porous substance; s. rt. sponge.] — Spunk'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Full of spunk; quick; spirited. Spun. See Spin. Spur, sper, n. An instrument having a little wheel, with sharp points, worn on a horseman's heels, to prick a horse in order to hasten his pace; incitement; instigation ; something that projects ; a snag ; the largest or principal root of a tree; the hard, pointed projection on a cock's leg. (Geog.) A Mountain that shoots from any other mountain, and extends to some distance in a lateral direction. {Carp.) A brace; strut. (Bot.) Any project- ing appendage of a flower looking like a spur; a seed of rye, and some other grasses, affected with a spe- cies of fungus; ergot. — v. t. [SPURRED (sperd), SPURRING.] To prick with spurs, incite to a more nasty pace; to urge to action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an ob- j e c t ; to incite, instigate, impel, drive. — v.i. To travel with great fepurs. expedition, hasten, press forward. [AS. spura, MUG. spor, a spur; s. rt. Lithuan. spirli, to resist, kick, Skr. sphur, to throb, struggle, E. spurn.] — Spurred, sperd, p. a. Wearing spurs; having shoots like spurs; affected with spur or ergot. — Spur'rer, n. One who uses spurs. — Spur'rier, -rY-er, n. One ■who makes spurs. — Spur'-gall, v. t. To gall or ■wound with a spur. — n. A place galled or excori- ated by the spur. — roy'al, n. A gold coin, first made in the reign of Edward IV., and having a star on the reverse, resembling the rowel of a spur. — wheel, n. (Mack.) An ordinary cog-wheel, in which the teeth project outward from the periphery. Spurge, sperj, n. A plant of several species having an acrid, milky juice. [OF., fr. espurger, L. expurgate = E. expurgate, q. v., — the juice of the plant being supposed to remove warts.] Spurious, spu'rY-us, a. Not proceeding from the true source, or from the source pretended; not genuine; counterfeit; false; not legitimate; adulterate; sup- posititious; bastard. [L. spurius ; perh. s. rt. Gr. spo- ra, seed, offspring: see Sperm.] — Spu'riously, adv. — Spu'riousness, n. Spurn, spern, v. t. [spurned (spernd), spurning.] To drive back or away, as with the foot; to kick; to re- ject with disdain, treat with contempt. — v. i. To kick or toss up the heels; to manifest disdain in re- jecting anything. — n. A kick; disdainful rejection; contemptuous treatment. [AS. speornan, Ic. sper- na, to kick ; s. rt. L. spernere, to spurn, despise, E. spur.} Spurt, spert, v. t. To throw, drive, or force out, vio- lently, as a liquid in a stream, from a pipe or small orifice, — v. i. To gush or issue out in a stream, as liquor from a cask. — n. A sudden or violent gush- ing of a liquid substance from a tube, orifice, or other confined place; a jet. [AS. spritten, to shoot out; s. rt. spreotan = E. to sprout, q. v.] Spurt, spert, n. A violent exertion, —v. %. To make a sudden or violent effort, — said esp. of racing. [Ic. sprettr, a spurt, spring, bound, run, spretta, to start, spring, Sw. spritta, to start, startle, ProvE. sprunt, a convulsive struggle.] Sputter, spufter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To emit saliva from the mouth in small or scattered portions, as in rapid speaking; to throw out mois- ture in small, detached parts; to fly off in small par- ticles with some crackling or noise; to utter words hastily and indistinctly. — v. t. To throw out with haste and noise; to utter with indistinctness, —n. Moist matter thrown out in small particles. [Same as splutter (q. v.), and freq. of spout; not s. rt. spat- ter, spot, spit.] — Spufterer, n. Spy, spi, n. One who keeps a constant watch of the conduct of others. (Mil.) A person sent into an en- SQUARE emy's camp to inspect their works, ascertain their strength or movements, and secretly communicate intelligence to the proper officer. — v. t. [spied (spid), spying.] To gain sight of, discover at a dis- tance, or in a state of concealment; to espy, see; to discover by close search or examination; to view, inspect, and examine secretly. — v. i. To search nar- rowly, scrutinize. [Short for esjiy ; ME. spie, a spy, spien, espien, OF. espier, to espy, q. v.; s. rt. L. sj/e- cere, Gr. skeptenai, to look, Skr. 2>ac, spag, to spy, E. species (q. v.), espionage, special, especial, auspice, conspicuous, frontispiece, suspicious, aspect, expect, specter, spite, skeptic, scope, episcopal, bis/top, etc.] — Spy-boat. n. A boat sent to make discoveries and bring intelligence, —-glass, n. A small telescope for viewing distant terrestrial objects. Iquab, skwob, a. Fat ; thick ; plump ; bulky ; un- fledged; unfeuthered. — n. A young pigeon or dove; a person of a short, fat figure; a thickly stuffed cush- ion for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair. [Sw. dial, sqvapp, a splash (onomat.), sqvabb, loose flesh, " %, a fat woman, sqvabbig, flabby, No , to tremble, shake, Ic. kvdp, jelly.] — Squab*- sqcabba, a fat woman, sqyabbig, flabby, Norweg. vapa, to tremble, shake, Ic. kvap. by, -bi, a. Short and thick. Si/r Squabble, skwob' bl, v. i. [-eled (-bid), -bling.] To contend for superiority ; to debate peevishly, dis- pute, wrangle, quarrel, struggle. — v. t. (Print.) To disarrange or partially pie, so that the letters or lines stand awry and need careful readjustment,— said of type that has been set up. — n. A scuffle; wrangle; brawl. [Sw. skvabbel, a squabble, fr. skvap- pa, to chide, fr. skvapjy, a splash : see Squab.] — Squab'bler, n. Squad, skwod, n. (Mil.) A small party of men as- sembled for drill, inspection, etc. ; any small party. [OF. esquadre, escadre, It. squadra, a squadron, q. v., following. J — Squad'ron, -run, n. A square body of troops. (Mil.) A body of cavalry comprising 2 companies or troops, averaging from'150 to 200 men. (Naut.) A detachment of vessels under the com- mand of the senior officer. [OF. esquadron, It. squadrone, fr. squadra, a squadron, also a square, a carpenter's rule, a company of 25 men (25 being a square number) : see Square.] Squalid, skwoKid, a. Dirty through neglect; foul; filthy. [L. squalid us, fr. squalere, to be stiff, rough, parched, or dirty, Gr. skellein, to make dry or stiff, kelidoun, to sully, kelis, a stain, spot: see Squaloid, Squa.mose.] — Squal'idiy, adv. — Squal'idness, Squa- lid'ity, n. — Squalor, skwa'lSr or skwol'er, n. Foul- ness ; filthiness ; squalidity ; squaliduess. [L., fr. squalere.] Squall, skwawl, v. i. [squalled (skwawld), squall- ing.] To scream or cry violently, as a woman fright- ened, or a child in anger or distress. — n. A loud scream ; harsh cry ; a sudden and violent gust of wind, often attended with rain or snow. [Ic. skvala = E. to squeal, Sw. sqvala, to stream, gusli out, sqval, a rush of water, sqvalregn, rain-storm, Ga. sgal, a loud cry, sound of high wind, also to howl; same as squeal.] — SqualKer, n. One who squalls or cries aloud. — Squall'y, -T, a. Abounding with squalls ; disturbed often with sudden and violent gusts of wind. Squaloid, skwa'loid, a. Like, or resembling, a shark. ?L. squalus, a shark (see Squamose), and Gr. eidos, form.] Squalor. See under Squalid. Squamose, skwa-mos', Squa'mous, -mus, a. Covered with, or consisting of, scales; scaly. [L. squamosus, fr. squama, a scale; prob. s. rt. squalid, q. v.] Squander, skwon'dSr, v. t. [-de red (-derd), -dering.] To spend lav- ishly or profusely, spend prodi- gally, waste, scatter, dissipate. [Scot, squatter, ProvE. sivatter, to throw water about (like geese in drinking), to scatter, waste. Daw. sqratte, to splash, spurt, hence to dissipate, squander; s. rt. squabble, squall, squirt.] — Squan''derer, n. Square, skwar, a. Having 4 equal sides and 4 right angles; forming a right angle; having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular rather than curving outlines; exactly suitable or cor- respondent; true; just; rendering equal justice; fair; honest; even; leaving no balance. (Naut.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the horizon; of greater length than usual, as, a square am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; eve ( term ; in, ice j Odd, tone, or i SQUARROSE sail. — n. {Geom.) A rectilineal figure havins 4 equal sides and 4 right an- gles. That which is square, or nearly so, or is reckoned by squares or square measure; an area of 4 sides, with houses on each side; a solid block of houses: an open place formed by the meeting or intersection of streets. {Carp. & Joinery.) An instrument used to lay out or test square work, of a number or quantity multiplied by itself. (JUL) A square body of troops used to resist the charge of cavalry on critical occasions. Rela- tion of harmony or exact agreement; equality; level. — v. t. [squared (skward), squaring.] To form with 4 equal sides and 4 right angles: to. „ n „ nfo > a reduce to a square, form to right an- carpenter s gles; to turn squarely or completely, square. as in dislike, anger, etc. ; to compare with, or reduce to, any given measure or standard: to adjust, regu- late, fit, accommodate; to make even, so as to leave no difference or balance. (Math.) . To multiply by itself. (Xaut.) To place at right angles with the mast or keel. — v. i. To accord or agree exactly, conform, suit, fit ; to take a boxing attitude. [OF. esquarrd, square, esquarre, a square, squareness, It. squadra, a square, carpenter's rule, also a squadron (q. v., under Squad), fr. L. quadrare, to square, make four-cornered: see Quadrate.] — Square meas- ure. The measure of a superficies or surface, which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. — S. number. See Square, n. — 5. root of a quantity. (Math.) That number or quantity which, multiplied by itself, produces the given quantity. — Three s., five s., etc. Having 3 or 5 equal sides. — On, or upon the s. In an open, fair manner; honestly, or upon honor.— To s. the circle. (Math.) To determine the exact contents of a circle in square measure : the solution of this famous problem is now generally admitted to be impossible. — Squarely, adv. In a square form or manner.— Squareness, ».— Square'- rigged, -rigd, a. (Xaut.) Having the chief sails ex- tended by yards, suspended by the middle, and not by stays, gaffs, booms, or lateen yards. Squarrose, skwor-ros / ', a. (]¥at. Hist.) Ragged, or full of loose scales or pro- jecting parts ; rough ; jagged. [L. squarrosus, scurfy, scabby.] Squash, skwosh, v. t. To beat or press into pulp, or a flat mass; to crush. — n. Something soft and easily crushed, esp. an unripe pod of peas ; a sudden fall of a heavy, soft body. [OF. esquacher, to crush, Sp. acachar, to squat, cower, L. coactare, to constrain, force, press; s. rt. cogent, squat.] Squash, skwosh, n. A cucurbitaceous plant, of many species, allied to the pumpkin ; its edible fruit. [Mass. Indian asq, pi. asquash, raw, green, imma- ture, applied to fruit or vegetables used when green, or without cooking ; askutasquash, vine-apple!] Squat, skwot, v. i. To sit upon one's heels or with the buttocks near but not touching the ground, as a hu- man being; to stoop or lie close to escape observation, as a partridge or rabbit; to settle on another's land without title.— a. Sitting on one's heels; sitting close M the ground; cowering ; short and thick, like the figure of an animal squatting. — n. The posture of ©ne that sits on his heels, or close to the ground. [ME. sqitatten, OF. esquatir, to flatten, crush : see Squash, to beat into pulp.] — Squafter, n. One who squats or sits close ; one who settles on new land with- out a title. Squaw, skwaw, n. A wife: woman, — in the language of Indian tribes of the Algonquin family. [Massa- chusetts squa, eshqua, Narragansett squaws.] Squeak, skwek. v. i. [squeaked (skwekt), squeaking.] To utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short dura- tion ; to make a sharp noise, as a pipe or quill, a wheel, a door, etc.— n. A sharp, shrill sound sud- denly uttered, either of the human voice or of any animal or instrument. [Sw. sqvaka, to cry like a frog, OSw., to cry out. HG. qnieken, to squeak, squeal: onomat: s. rt. squeal, quack, cackle, etc.] — Squeak'er. n. — Squawk, skwawk, v. i. [squawked (skwawkt), squawking.] To utter a shrill, abrupt scream or noise: to squeak harshly. 561 SQUIRT Squarrose Leaves. Squeal, skwel, v. i. [squealed (skweld), squealing.] To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as cer- tain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain. — ft. A shrill, sharp, and somewhat prolonged cry. [Sw. sqvala: see Squall.] Squeamish, skwem'ish, a. Having a stomach that is easily turned; nice to excess in taste; easily disgust- ed; fastidious; dainty; over-nice; scrupulous. [ME. sweem, vertigo, dizziness, Ic. swimi, a swimming in the head, Sw. svimning, AS. sivima, a swoon: prob. confused with qualmish, but not s. rt.J — Squeam'- ishly, adv. — Squeam'ishness, n. Squeeze, skwez, v. t. [squeezed (skwezd), squeez- ing.] To press between 2 bodies, press closely ; to oppress with hardships, burdens, and taxes; to "force between close bodies; to compel, or cause to pass; to compress, hug, pinch, gripe, crowd.— v. i. To urge one's way, pass by pressing, crowd. — n. Act of one who squeezes; compression; a fac-simile impression from an inscription, taken in pulp or some other soft substance. [AS. cwisan, to squeeze, crush ; prob. s. rt. Goth, kwistjan, to destroy, G. quetschen, to squash, bruise, Skr.ji, to overpower.] — To squeeze through. To pass through by pressing and urging forward. Squelch, skwelch, v. t. To crush, put down. [Prob. fr. ProvE. quelch, a blow, quell, to crush.] Squib, skwib, ». A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of I paper, filled with powder, or combustible matter, which, being ignited, flies through the air with a trail of sparks and bursts with a crack; a sarcastic speech; petty lampoon; brief, witty essay. [ME. squibbe, a ball or dart of fire, sqtappen, swippen, to move swiftly, dash; s. rt. sweep, swoop, swift: squib was in modern times applied to a writer of lampoons, i. e., a flashy fellow, one who made a noise but did | little harm, later to the lampoon itself.] Squid, skwid, n. A slender, cephalopodous mollusk, allied to the cuttle-fish, — often used as bait by fish- ermen, — called also Calamary. [Same as squirt,— fr. its ejecting a dark liquid.] Squill, skwil, n. (Bot.) A lily-like plant, having a bulbous root, of acrid and emetic properties. (Zool.) A crustaceous sea-animal, called also sea-onion. (En- tom.) An insect having a long body covered with a crust, the head broad and squat. [ME. and F. squille, the sea-onion, also a prawn, shrimp, L. squilla, Gr. skilla, a squill, prob. for schidnos, fr. i schizein, to split ; s. rt. schism.] ! Squinancy, skwin'an-sT, n. The quinsy. [Obsol. J spelling of quinsy, q. v.] . Squint, skwint, a. Looking obliquely or askance; not having the optic axes coincident,— said of the eyes: looking with suspicion. — v. i. To look obliquely; to give a significant look ; to have the axes of the eyes not coincident; to run obliquely, slope; to have an indirect reference or bearing. — v. t. To turn to an oblique position; to cause to look with non-coin- cident optic axes. — n. Act, or habit, of squinting: a want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes. (Arch.) An oblique opening in the wall of a church. [ProvE. squink, to wink, Sw. svinka, to shrink, flinch, AS.swi- can, to defraud, escape, avoid.] — Squint'-eye, n. An eye that squints. — eyed, -id, a. Having eyes that squint ; oblique ; indirect ; malignant ; looking ob- liquelv. or by side glances. Squire, "skwir, n. Same as Esquire, q. v. — v. t. [squired (skwTrd), squiring.] To attend as a squire, or as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protec- tion.— Squireen'', -en', n. One half squire and half farmer, — used humorously. Squirm, skwerm, v. i. or t. [squirmed (skwermd), squirming.] To move, or cause to move, with writh- ing and contortions, as a worm or eel when injured or alarmed ; to climb, by embracing and clinging with the hands and feet, as to a tree ; to wriggle. [Lithuan. kirm, Skr. kr-irni, a worm: see Crimson.] Squirrel, skwe r'rel or s k w T r'rel, n. (Zool.) A small rodent, having a bushy tail, and very nim- . ble in running and leap- ing on trees. [OF. escurel, LL. scurellus. dim. of L. sciurus, Gr. skiouros, a squirrel, lit. shadow-tail, fr. skia, a shadow, and oura, tail.] Squirt, skwert, v. t. To squirrel. sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. STAB 562 STAIR eject or drive out of a narrow pipe or orifice, in a stream. — v. i. To throw out liquid from a narrow orifice, in a rapid stream. — n. An instrument with which a liquid is ejected in a stream with force; a small, quick stream. [ProvE. squitter, to squirt, also a diarrhoea, Sw. dial, skvittar, to sprinkle all around, Sw. sqvatta, to squirt ; s. rt. squander.] — Squirt'- er, «. Stab, stab, v. t. [stabbed (stabd) -bing.] To pierce with a pointed weapon ; to kill by the thrust of a pointed instrument ; to injure secretly or by ma- licious falsehood or slander. — v. i. To give a wound with a pointed weapon ; to give a mortal wound.— n. The thrust of a pointed weapon ; a wound with a sharp-pointed weapon ; an injury given in the dark. [Ir. stobaim, 1 stab, Ga. stob, to thrust a stake in the ground, stab, thrust, also a stake, pointed iron or stick; s. it. staff, stub.] Stabat Mater, sta'bat-ma'ter. A celebrated Latin hymn, beginning thus. [L., the mother stood.] Stable, sta'bl, a. Firmly established ; not easily moved, shaken, or overthrown ; steady in purpose; firm in resolution ; not subject to be overthrown or changed; fixed; constant; abiding; strong. [OF. es- table, L. stabilis, fr. stare = E. to stand.] — Sta'bly, -blT, adv. In a stable manner ; firmly ; fixedly ; steadily. — Sta'bleness, Stability, n. State of be- ing stable or firm ; strength to stand without being moved or overthrown ; steadiness or firmness of character, resolution, or purpose. [L. stabilitas.] — Stab'lish, v. t. To establish, q. v. Stable, sta'bl, n. A house, shed, or building, for beasts to lodge and feed in; esp. a building with stalls for horses.— v. t. [stabled (-bid), bling.] To put or keep in a stable. — v. i. To dwell or lodge in a stable. [OF. estable, L. stabulum, fr. stare, to stand: see Stable, a.] — Sta'bling, n. Act or practice of keeping cattle in a stable; accommodation or shelter for norses or cattle. Staccato, stak-ka'to, a. (Mas.) Disconnected ; sep- arated; distinct, — a direction to perform the notes of a passage in a short, distinct, and pointed man- ner,— often indicated by heavy accents written over or under the notes. [It., p. p. of staccare, for dis- taccare, = E. to detach.] Stack, stak, n. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, etc. ; a number of funnels or chimneys standing to- gether ; the chimney of a locomotive or steam-vessel. — v. t. [stacked (stakt), stacking.] To lay (hay or grain) in a conical or other pile ; to make into a large pile. [Sw., a rick, heap, stack, stacka, to stack ; s. rt. stake.] — Stack of arms. (.Mil.) A num- ber of muskets or rifles set up together, with the bayonets crossing one another, forming a conical pile. — Stack'-stand, w. A foundation or frame, usually of timber on props, to support a stack of hay or grain; a staddle. Staddle, stad'dl, n. Anything which serves for support; esp., the frame or sup- port of a stack of hay or grain ; a small tree of any kind, esp. a forest tree. [AS. stadhol, stadhel, a foundation, firm seat ; s. rt. stead, steady.] Stadium, sta'dT-um, n. ; pi. -dia, -dt-a. measure of length = 606 ft. 9 in. Eng.; a race-course. (Med.) A stage or period of a disease. [L. ; Gr. sta- dion, lit. that which stands fast, a standard of length, fr. stadios (= E. stable), fr. histanai = E. to stand.] Stadtholder, stafhold-Sr, n. Formerly, the chief mag- istrate of the United Provinces of Holland ; or the governor or lieutenant-governor of a province. [D. stadhouder, fr. stad, a city, town, and houder, a holder.] Staff, staf, n. ; pi. Staves (stavz) or Staffs (stafs). A pole or stick ; a stick carried in the hand for sup- port or defense; a support. (Jfos.) The 5 lines and the spaces on which music is written. A pole or stick borne as an ensign of authority; a pole erected in a ship, or elsewhere, to hoist and display a flag upon. (Mil.) An establishment of officers in va- rious departments attached to an army, or to the commander of an army ; a corps of executive of- ficers connected with some large establishment, who act in carrrying out its designs. [PI., in this sense, Staffs only.] [ME., D., and Sw. staf, AS. stsef; 6. rt. stub, stab, stand.] — Stave, stav, n. A thin, nar- row piece of wood, of which casks, etc., are made; a stanza; verse; portion of a song or poem. — v. t. [staved (stavd) or stove (stov), staving.] To thrust through with a staff; to break ahole in, burst; Greek Stag. cause the contents of to be lost; to push, as with a staff; to delay, put off, drive away, — with off; to pour out ; to render solid by compressing with a pointed or edged tool. [Dan., a stave, stav, a staff.] Stag, stag, n. The red deer of Europe and Asia, esp. the adult male; male of the hind; a hart; a male of the bovine ge- n u s, castrated at such an age that he never gains the full size of an ox. [Ic. steggr, the male of several animals.] Stage, staj, n. A platform slight- ly elevated, on which an orator may speak, a play be per- formed, etc. ; a scaffold ; sta- ging ; floor for scenic perform- ances ; theater ; dramatic pro- fession; the drama, as acted or e x h i bited ; place where anything is publicly exhibited ; scene of any noted action or career; place appointed for a relay of horses ; distance between 2 places of rest on a road ; a single step or degree of advancement in any pursuit, or of progress toward an end or result; a coach or large vehicle running from station to sta- tion for the accommodation of the public. [OF. estage, a story of a house, a lodging house, Proven. estatge, a dwelling place, It. staggio, a prop, fr. L. stare, to stand; s. rt. stable. ] — Sta/ger, n. One who has long acted on the stage of life ; a person of skill derived from long experience ; a horse used in drawing a stage. — Sta'ging, n. A structure of posts and boards to support workmen in building, etc.; the business of managing or traveling in stage- coaches. — Stage'-coach, n. A coach that runs reg- ularly from one stage to another, for the conven- ience of passengers. — driv'er, n. One who drives a stage or stage-coach. — play, n. A dramatic or theatrical entertainment. — struck, a. Fascinated by the stage ; eager to become an actor. — whis'- per, n. A pretended whisper, like an actor's, meant to be heard by others than those to whom it is pro- fessedly addressed ; an aside. Stagger, stag'ger, v. i. [-gered (-gSrd), -gering.] To move to one side and the other in standing or walk- ing; to reel, vacillate; to cease to stand firm, begin to give way; to begin to doubt and waver in pur- pose; to hesitate. — v. t. To cause to reel; to make less steady or confident. [Ic. stakra, to stagger, freg.. of staka, to punt, push, stjaki, a punt-pole; s. rt. stake.] — Stag'geringly, adv. — Stag'gers, -gerz, n. pl. A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling or sudden falling. Staging. See under Stage. Stagnate, stag'nat, v. i. To cease to flow, be motion- less ; to cease to be brisk or active. [L. stagnare, -natum, fr. stagnum, a piece of standing water = E. tank.] — Stag'nant, a. Inclined to stagnate; mo- tionless; impure from want of motion; not active; dull; not brisk. [L. stagnans, p. pr. of stagnare.] — Stag'nancy, -nan-st, n. State of being, etc. — Stag- nation, n. Condition of being stagnant; cessation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid; cessation of action, or of brisk action; state of being dull. Staid, Staidness. See under Stay. Stain, stan, v. t. [stained (stand), staining.] To discolor by the application of foreign matter; to color (wood, glass, etc.) by processes affecting the material itself; to tinge with a different color; to im- press with figures, in colors different from the ground; to paint, dye, blot, soil, sully; to spot with guilt or infamy, bring reproach on, disgrace, taint. — n. A discoloration from foreign matter; a natural spot of a color different from the ground; taint of guilt; cause of reproach; pollution ; blemish ; tar- nish; shame. [Abbr. of distain, q. v.] — Stain'er, n. — Stainless, a. Free from any stain, from the re- proach of guilt, or from sin; spotless; faultless. Stair, star, n. One step of a series, for passing to a different level; a series of steps, as for passing from am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; STAKE 563 STAND Stalactites. one story of a house to another, — commonly in pi. [AS. staegr, a stair, step, fr. stigan, to climb, D. stei- ger, a stair, stegel, a stirrup, steg, a narrow bridge, fr. stijgen, to mount, Sw. steg, a round of a ladder, stege, a ladder, G. steg, a path; s. rt. Goth, steigan, Gr. steichein, Skr. stigh, to ascend, E. stile, stirrup.) —Pair of stairs. A set or flight of stairs. [See Pair.] — Stair'caae, n. A flight of stairs with their sup- porting framework, casing, balusters, etc. — Stair'- way, n. A flight of stairs or steps. Stake, stak, n. A stick, pointed at one end so as to be easily driven into the ground ; a piece of wood or timber set upright in the ground; esp., the piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed while he was burning; martyrdom, esp. by fire; thatwhichis laid down as a wager, — v. t. [staked (stakt), staking.] To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; to mark the limits by stakes; to put at hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future contingency; to wager. [OD., Sw., and G. stake, AS. staca, a stake, pin, G. stechen = E. to stick into; s. rt. stack.] — At stake. In danger; hazarded; pledged. Stalactite, sta-lak'tit, n. (Min.) A pendent cone or cylinder of carbonate of lime, resembling an icicle in form. [Gr. stalaktos, trickling, fr. stalazein, to drop, drip, stagon, stagma, a drop.] — Stalac'tic, -tical, Stal'actit'ic, -tit'ical, a. Having the form or character- istics of a stalactite. — Stalag'mite, -mit, n. A deposit of earthy or calcareous matter, made by calcareous water dropping on the floors of caverns. [Gr. stalagma, a drop, fr. stalazein.'] — Stal'agmit'ic, -mitlcal, a. Having the form or char- acteristics of a stalagmite. Stale, stal, a. Vapid or tasteless from age; not new; not freshly made; having lost the life or graces of youth; decayed; worn out by use; trite; common; having lost its novelty and power of pleasing. — n. Old vapid beer; urine, esp. of beasts. — v. i. To make water, discharge urine, — said esp. of horses and cattle. [Sw. stalta, to stale (said of cattle), also to put into a stall, stall-feed, fr. stall, a stable: see Stall.] — Stale'ness, n. Stale-mate, staKmat, n. (Chess-playing.) The posi- tion of the king, when, being required to move, though not in check, he cannot move without being placed in check. [Perh. fr. ME. stale, theft, stealth, a trap, AS. stalu, theft: see Steal: for -mate, see Checkmate, under Check.] Stalk, stawk, n. The stem or main axis of a plant; the petiole, pedicel, or peduncle of a plant; stem of a quill. — v. i. [stalked (stawkt), stalking.] To walk with high and proud steps; to walk behind something as a screen, for the purpose of taking game. — v. t. To approach under cover of a screen, or by stealth. [AS. stxl, Dan. stilk, a stalk, AS. stealc, lofty, high, Gr. stelechos, a trunk, stem of a tree, steleon, a handle, stele, a column; AS. stselcan, to walk warily, Dan. stalke, to stalk, i. e., to walk as if on lengthened legs or stalks, or with lifted feet and noiselessly ; s. rt. stilt, still.] — Stalk'er, n. One who stalks; a kind of fishing-net. — Stalk'y, -T, a. Hard as a stalk; resembling a stalk.— Stalk'ing- horae. n. A horse, or figure resembling a horse, be- hind which a fowler conceals himself from the sight of the game which he is aiming to kill; a pretense; a mere pretext. Stall, stawl, n. A stand: station; a narrow division of a stable, to accommodate a single horse, etc., having a manger, crib, or rack at one end; a stable; place for cattle; a small apartment or slight shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale; the seat of an ecclesiastical dignitary in the choir of a church; a reserved seat in a theater.— v. t. [stalled (stawld), stalling.] To put into a stall or stable, keep in a stable; to plunge into mire so as not to be able to proceed. [ME., D., and OHG. stal, AS. steal, stall, place, station, Dan. staid, a stable, Lithuan. stalas, a table, Skr. sthala, firm ground, a place raised and drained, a terrace, Gr. stele, a column, stellein, to place, set; 8. rt. stat$m,;stable, stale, stare, stand, q. v., stud, q. v.] — StalFMe, -ej, n. Right of erecting stalls in fairs; rent pai'dfor a stall. [OF. estallage, fr. estal = E. stall.] — Stall'-feed, v. t. [-fed, -feed- ing.] To feed and fatten in a stable, or on dry fodder. — Stallion, staKyun, n. A horse not cas- trated, used for raising stock. [OF. estalon, because kept in a stall and not made to work.] Stalwart, stawl'wert, a. Brave; bold; sturdy; stout; strong; redoubted; daring. [AS. stselwyrdhe, ser- viceable (orig. said of ships).] Stamen, sta'men, n. A thread; esp., a warp thread. (Hot.) The male organ of flowers for secre- * ting and furnishing the pollen or fecundating O. dust. — Stam'ina, -T-na, n. sing, and pi. The 18\ fixed, firm part of a body which supports it or \lft gives it its strength and solidity ; whatever ^T constitutes the principal strength or support 'V of anything. [L. stamen, pi. stamina, a warp gta . in a loom, a thread, lit. that which stands up, men " fr. stare = E. to stand, q. v.] — Stam'inal, -T-nal, a. Pert, to or consisting in stamens or stam- ina.— Stam'inate, -i-nat, a. (Bot.) Furnished with, or producing stamens. — Stamin , eal. -eous, -e-us, a. Consisting of stamens or threads. (Bot.) Of, pert, to, or attached to, the stamens. [L. stamineus.] Stammer, starn'mgr, v. i. [-mered (-merd),-M eking.] To hesitate or falter in speaking, speak with stops and difficulty, stutter.— v. t. To utter, or pronounce, with hesitation, or imperfectly. — n. Defective ut- terance, or involuntary interruption of utterance; a stutter. [ME. and D. stameren, to stammer, AS. stamer, OHG. stam, stammering, disposed to come to a stand-still; s. rt. stumble.] — Stam'merer, n. Stamp, stamp, v. t. [stamped (stampt), stamping.] To strike, beat, or press forcibly with the bottom of the foot; to impress with some mark or figure; to impress, imprint, fix deeply; to coin, mint, form: to cut out into various forms with a stamp. (Metal.) To crush by the downward action of a kind of heavy hammer. — v.i. To strike the foot forcibly down- ward. — n. Act of stamping; any instrument for making impressions on other bodies; mark made by stamping; impression; that which is marked: thing stamped; an official mark set upon things chargea- ble with duty to government, as evidence that the duty is paid; a stamped or printed device, issued by the government, and required by law to be affixed to certain papers, as evidence that the government dues are paid; an instrument for cutting out mate- rials, as paper, leather, etc., into various forms ; a character or reputation, good or bad, fixed on any- thing; current value derived from suffrage or attes- tation ; authority ; make ; cast ; form ; character. (Metal.) A kind of hammer, or pestle, for beating ores to powder. [ME. and D. stampen, AS. stempen, to pound, impress, Gr. stembein, to stamp, Skr. stambh, to make firm, block up; s. rt. stand, stop.] — Stamp'er, n. An instrument for pounding or stamp- ing. — Stamp'-act, n. An act of the British Parlia- ment, in 1765, imposing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used in the British American colo- nies, and declaring all writings on unstamped mate- rials to be null and void. — Stampede', -ped', n. A sudden fright seizing upon large bodies of cattle or horses, and leading them to run for many miles; any sudden flight in consequence of a panic. — v. I. To disperse by causing sudden fright, as a herd, troop, or teams of animals. [Sp. estampido, a crash, sound of anything bursting, fr. estampar, to stamp.] Stanch, stanch, v. t. [stanched (stancht), stanch- ing.] To stop the flowing of (blood); to dry up. —v. i. To stop, cease to flow. — a. Strong and tight; sound; firm; firm in principle; constant and zealous; hearty: steady. [OF. estancher, to stanch (blood), slake or quench (hunger, thirst, etc.), LL. stancare, to stanch (blood), starcca, a dam: theadj.fr. F. p. p. es- tanche", stopped, stayed, Sp. stanco, water-tight (said of a ship); s. rt. stagnant.]— Stanch'er, n. One who, or that which, stanches or stops the flowing, as of blood. — Stancb/ness, n. The state of being stanch; sound- ness; firmness in principle; closeness of adherence. — Stanchion, stan'shun, n. A prop or support; a small post: one of 2 upright bars between which the head of a cow, etc., is confined when in the stall. [OF. estancon, a prop, stay.] Stand, stand, ?;. i. [stood (stot>d), standing.] To re- main at rest in an erect position; to rest on the feet, neither lying nor sitting; to continue upright, fixed by the roots or fastenings; to remain firm on a foun- dation; to occupy (its place); to be situated or loca- ted; to cease from progress, stop, pause, halt; to re- main without rum or injury, endure ; to find en- durance, strength, or resources; to maintain one's ground, be acquitted; to maintain an invincible or sQn, cube, full 5 moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. STANDARD 564 STARBOARD permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to adhere to fixed principles, maintain moral rectitude ; to have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be in some particular state; to be. (Naut.) To hold a course at sea. {Law.) To be or remain as it is, con- tinue in force; to appear in court. — v. t. To endure, sustain, bear; to resist, without yielding or receding; to withstand; to yield to, abide by, admit. — n. A place, or post, where one stands; a station in a city for carriages; a stop; halt; an erection for spectators; something on which a thing rests or is laid; any frame on which vessels and utensils may be laid; place where a witness stands to testify in court; act of opposing; resistance. [AS., OHG., and Goth, stan- dan, Ic. standa, D. staan, L. stare, Gr. histenai (imp. esten), Skr. stha, to stand; s. rt. understand, with- stand, stable, establish, stage, stamen, constable, stay, arrest, contrast, obstacle, obstetric, rest, state, station, statute, estate, armistice, constitute, destitute, inter- stice, solstice, superstition, circumstance, constant, ex- tant, instantaneous, stanza, substance, assist, exist, stagnate, stanch, tank, stolid, sterile, destine, obsti- nate, predestinate, stop, stupid, stevedore, etc. (pre- ceding fr. F. and L.), also stoic, statics, stereoscope, apostasy, ecstasy, metastasis, system, stole, epistle, apostle, stethoscope, etc. (preceding fr. Gr.), also, fr. various sources, staple, step, stab, stub (q. v.), stump, staff, stamp, stiff, stifle, stall, still, stale, stalk, stilt, stout, stem, stammer, stumble, stead, steady, stud, steed, stithy, stare, steer, steel, stool, stow, store, sto- n/0 — To stand by. To be near, be present; to main- tain, defend, support. — To s.for. To offer one's self as a candidate ; to side with, support, maintain, or profess or attempt to maintain; to be in the place of. (Naut.) To direct the course toward. — To s. in hand. To be conducive to one's interest, be service- able or advantageous. — To s. out. To project, be prominent; to persist in opposition or resistance. — To s. to. To ply, urge, persevere in using; to remain fixed in a purpose or opinion; to adhere to (a con- tract, assertion, promise, etc.) ; to maintain the ground; to be consistent with. — To s. up for. To defend, justify, support or attempt to support. — To s. fire. To receive the fire of arms from an enemy without giving way. — To s. it. Stoutly to endure; to maintain one's ground or state. — To s. one's ground. To maintain one's position. — To s. trial. To sus- tain the trial or examination of a cause. — To be at a s. To stop on account of some doubt or difficul- ty; to be perplexed, be embarrassed. — To make a s. To halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a pursuing enemy. — Stand'er, n. — Stand'ing, p. a. Established, by law, custom, etc. ; settled ; perma- nent ; not temporary ; not flowing ; stagnant ; not movable; fixed; remaining erect; not cut down. — n. Act of stopping or coining to a stand; state of be- ing erect upon the feet; stand; duration or exist- ence; continuance; possession of an office, charac- ter, or place; power to stand; condition in society; reputation ; rank. — Stand'ish, n. A stand or case for pen and ink. [Fr. staiul and dish.] — Stand'- point, n. A fixed point or station; a basis or funda- mental principle; point of view. — still, n. A stand- ing without moving forward ; a stop. Standard, stand'ard, n. A flag, ensign, or banner around which men rally or which the}' follow; a staff with a flag or colors; that which is established by authority as a rule for the measurement of weight, quantity, extent, value, quality, etc.; a specimen weight or measure sanctioned by government; that which is established as a rule or model; criterion; test. (Coinage.) Proportion of weight of fine metal and alloy established by authority. A standing tree or stem; a tree not dwarfed by /SfW<^V grafting upon a stock of a small- /^^V'^H^W er species; an upright support. xH^'^W'Tilm. (Bot.) The upper petal or ban- <& v \ ner of a papilionaceous corol.— o. / v ! Having a fixed or permanent val- ^. \\ S I ue; not of the dwarf kind. [OF. \. / estandart, a banner, also a stand- ^^£%i^M^^^ ard measure, OD. standaert, a [f^^^~^ standard, trophy, pillar, column, w*^^- fr. OHG. standan = E. to stand, j q. v.]— Stand'ard-bear'er, n. An _,. , , ,t> 4 \ officer who bears a standard. Standard. (Bot.) Standing, Standish, Stand -point, etc. See under Stand. Stanhope, stan'hop or stan'up, n. A light, 2-wheeled, or sometimes 4-wheeled, carriage, without a top,— " from Lord Stanhope. Stannary, stan'na-ri, a. Of, or pert, to, tin-mines or tin-works. — n. A tin-mine or tin-works ; in Eng., certain royal rights or prerogatives in respect to tin- mines in a district. [L. stannum, tin.] — Stan'nic, a. ( Chem.) Of, pert, to, or obtained from, tin. — Stan- niferous, -er-us, a. Containing or affording tin. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Stan'nous, -nus, a. Of, pert, to, or containing, tin. Stanza, stan'za, n. (Poet.) A combination or arrange- ment of lines standing together as a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, and number of lines with other stanzas of the same poem ; a verse. [It. stanza, a room, habitation, a stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. stans, p. pr. of stare = E. to stand, q. v.] Staple, sta'pl, n. Orig., a settled mart or market; an emporium; a principal commodity or production of a country or district; the principal element; chief ingredient ; the thread or pile of wool, cotton, or flax; a loop of metal formed with 2 points, to be driven into wood, to hold a hook; unmanufactured material; raw material. — a. Pert, to, or being a market or staple for, commodities ; established in commerce; settled; regularly produced or made for market; chief; principal. [ME. and OD. staple, AS. stapul, a prop or support, Dan. stabel, a hinge, pile, Sw. and G. stapel, a pile, heap, staple or emporium, OF. estaple, a staple, mart, market, store-house, LG. stapel, a heap of goods arranged in order; AS. sta- pan, to step, tread firmly; not fr. stable, established, out s. rt.] — Sta'pler, n. A dealer in staple commod- ities; one employed to assort wool according to its staple. Star, star, n. One of the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heavens; that which resembles the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or honor; the figure of a stai [thus *] used in writing or printing, as a reference to a note in the margin, and for other purposes, an asterisk; a person of brilliant and attractive quali- ties, esp. on public occasions; a distinguished theat- rical performer, etc. — v. t. [starred (stard), -ring.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, radi- ating bodies. — v. i. To be bright, or attract atten- tion, as a star; to shine like a star; to figure promi- nently, esp. as a theatrical performer. [AS. steorra, OHG. sterro, L. stella, astrum, Gr. aster, Cornish and Armor, steren, Skr. tara, stri, a star, lit. a strew- er, or spreader, of light; s. rt. L. sternere, Skr. stri, to spread, E. strew, aster, stellar, stare, straw, stra- tum, street, structure.] — Star'less, a. Having no stars visible, or no starlight. — Star'light, n. The light proceeding from the stars. — a. Lighted by the stars, or by the stars only. — Star'ry, -rt, a. Abounding with, or adorned with, stars; consisting of, or proceeding from, the stars; stellar; shining like, or resembling, stars. — Star'-chanv'ber, n. An ancient court of criminal jurisdiction in England, which sat without the intervention of a jury, and was abolished during the reign of Charles I., on ac- count of its tyr- anny and injus- tice, — so called fr. its being held in a chamber whose ceiling was decorated with stars. — Star / '- finch, n. A bird, the red - start. — -fish, n. A prickly radiate marine an- imal of many spe- c i e s. fort, n. (Fort.) A fort having projecting exterior angles. — -gaz'er, n. One who gazes at the stars; in contempt, an astronomer. — gaz'ing, n. Act or prac- tice of observing the stars with attention; astrology. Starboard, star'bord or -berd, n. (Naut.) The right hand side of a ship or boat, to a person look- ing forward. — a. Pert, to the right hand side of a ship; being or lying on the right side. [AS. steor- bord, fr. steoran, to steer, and bord, a board, plank, border. — opp. to bsecbord, the larboard: the steers- Star-fort. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, ic, or ; STARCH 565 STATE Starling. man orig. stood on the right side of the shin, and used a paddle (or board) for a helm.] Starch, starch, a. Stiff; precise; rigid, —n. A white granular substance, chiefly of vegetable origin, used for stiffening cloth, etc. — v. t. [starched (starcht), starching.] To stiffen with starch. [Same as stark, q- v.] — Starched, starcht, p. a. Stiffened with starch; stiff; precise; formal. — Starch'ednes3, n. State of being starched; stiffness in manners; for- mality.— Starchier, n— Starch'ly, adv. In a starch manner; formally. — Starch'ness, n. — Starch/y, -I, a. Consisting of, or resembling, starch; stiff. Stare, star, v. i. [stared (stard), staking.] To look with fixed eyes wide open; to fasten an earnest look on some object; to gaze, look earnestly, — v. t. To look earnestly at, gaze at. — n. Act of staring ; a fixed look with eyes wide open. [AS. starian, Ic. stara, to stare; s. rt. G. sturr, stiff, inflexible, fixed, staring, Skr. sthira, fixed, firm, £. sterile, stereo- scope, not s. rt. star.] — Starrer, n. Stark, stark, a. Stiff ; strong ; rugged ; mere: sheer; pure ; downright ; unmistakable. — adv. Wholly ; entirely; absolutely. [ME., Sw., and G. stark, AS. stearc, strong, stiff, Lithuan. stregti, to stiffen, freeze, G. strecken, = E. to stretch ; s. rt. strong, starch, stretch.] Starling, startling, n. A blackish omnivorous bird, about the size of a blaek- bird, common in Eu- rope: it is sociable, and builds about houses, old towers, etc. [AS. stser.] Starry. See under Star. Start, start, v. i. To move suddenly, or spasmodi- cally, from any sudden feeling or emotion; to shrink, wince; to set out, begin. — v. t. To cause to move suddenly, alarm, startle, rouse; to produce suddenly to view or no- tice; to bring within pur- suit; to move suddenly from its place, dislocate. (Naut.) To quicken or give a start to by punishing with a rope's end.— n. A sudden spring, 'leap, or mo- tion, occasioned by surprise, fear, pain, etc.; a star- tle; shock; a convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a wanton or unexpected movement; a sally; act of set- ting out; outset; a projection; push; horn; tail. [ME. sterten, D. storten, to precipitate, spill, fall, rush, OD. steerten, to fly, run away, LG. steerten, to flee, steerd, OD. steert, a tail.] — Start'er, n.— Start'ing-post, n. A post, stake, barrier, or place, from which competi- tors in a race start, or begin the race. — Start'-up, n. An upstart; a kind of high rustic shoe.— Start'le, v. i. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To shrink: to move suddenlv, or be excited, on feeling a sudden alarm.— v. t. To excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; to start, shock, frighten, alarm, surprise. — n. A sudden motion or shock occasioned by an unex- pected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger. [ME. stertlen, freq. of sterten.] Starve, starv, v. i. [starved (stiirvd), starving.] To perish or die with cold; to perish with hunger, suf- fer extreme hunger or want, be verv indigent. — v. t. To kill with cold, or with hunger; to distress or subdue by famine; to destroy by want; to deprive of force or vigor. [ME. and D. sterven, AS. steor- fan, to die.] — Starvation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Starve'ling, a. Hungry; lean; pining with want. — n. An animal or plant made thin, lean, and weak through want of nutriment. State, stat, n. Circumstances or condition of a being or thing at any given time; rank; quality; condition of prosperity or grandeur ; dignity; appearance of freatness; pomp; any body of men united by ^ ro- ession, or constituting a community of a particu- lar character, having a direct or indirect representa- tion in the government; an estate; the civil power; a body politic; the whole body of people united un- der one government, whatever may be the form of the government; in the U. S., one of the common- wealths or bodies politic, the people of which make up the body of the nation, and which stand in cer- tain specified relations with the national govern- ment.— a. Pert, to the government or the public affairs of a state or nation. — v. t. To express the particulars of, represent fully in words, narrate, re- cite. [OF. estat = E. estate, state, fr. L. status, a Lion Statant. standing, position, fr. stare, statum = E. to stand, q. v.] — Sta'tus, n. State; condition ; standing ; rank ; position of affairs. [L.] — Sta'tus in quo, Sta'tus quo, -kwo. Condition in which things were at first, as in a treaty between belligerents, which leaves each party in statu quo ante bellum, that is, in the state in which it was before the war. — Stat'ed, a. Settled; established; regular: occurring at reg- ular times; fixed ; established. — Stat'edly, adv. At stated or appointed times. — State'-house, n. The building in which the legislature of a state holds its sessions; a state capitol. — room,;;. A magnif- icent room in a palace or great house ; ;> small apartment for sleeping in a ship, etc. — Sta'tant, a. {Her.) In a standing position. > -State'ly, a. [-liei: : -liest.] Evincing state or dignity: lofty; dignified; majestic: magnificent; grand; august.— adv. Majestic- ally; loftily. — State'liness, n. — State'ment, n. Act of stating, reciting, or presenting, verbally or on paper; that which is stated; a narrative ; recital. — States'- man, n. A man versed in public affairs and in the principles and art of government: esp., one em- inent for political abilities; one employed in public affairs. — States'manly, adv. In a manner becom- ing a statesman. — Statesmanship, n. The quali- fications or employments of a statesman.— Sta'tion, n. The spot or place where anything stands, esp., where a person or thing habituallj' stands, or is ap- pointed to remain for a time; a stopping-place where railroad trains take in passengers, etc.; place where the police force of any precinct is assembled when not on duty; post assigned; office; situation; posi- tion; employment; occupation; business; character; state ; social position ; condition of life. (Stirv.) The place at which an instrument is planted, and observations are made. (Eccl.) The fast of the 4th and 6th days of the week, Wednesday and Fri- day, in memory of the council which condemned Christ, and of his passion; a church, among the Ro- man Catholics, where indulgences are to be had on certain days; one of the places at which ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an act of devotion, —v. t. [stationed (-shund), -tioning.] To place, set, appoint to the occupation of a post, place, or office. [F., a station, L. statio, a standing still, fr. stare.] — Sta'tional, a. Of, or pert, to, a station. — Stationary, -a-rl, a. Not moving, or not appearing to move ; stable ; fixed ; not improving ; not growing wiser, greater, or better. [F. station- naire.] — Sta'tioner, n. One who sells paper, pens, inkstands, pencils, and other furniture for writing. [Orig. one who had a station or stand in a market place, to sell books, etc.] — Sta'tionery, -er-T, n. The articles sold by stationers. — a. Belonging to a sta- tioner. — Sta'tist, n. A statesman; politician; one skilled in government. — Statis'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to the condition of a people, their economy, property, and resources; pert, to statistics.— Statistically, adv. In the way of statistics. — Stat'isti'cian, -tish'an, n. One familiar with the science of statistics. — Sta- tistics, n. A collection of facts arranged and classi- fied, respecting the condition of the people in a state, or any particular class or interest; the science which has to do with the collection and classification of such facts. — Sta'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to a fixed camp, or military posts or quarters. [L. stativus, fr. stare.] — Stat'ue, stafu, n. The likeness of a living being, formed from stone, metal, wax, etc., by carving, casting, or molding. [F.; L. statna. ] — Stat'uary, -u-a-rT, n. Art of carving statues or images; one who practices the art of carving images or making stat- ues: a statue, or collection of statues. [F. statuaire, L. statuarius, a maker of statues.] — Statuesque', -esk', a. Partaking of, or exemplifying, the charac- teristics of a statue. — Stat'uette', -ef\ n. A small statue. [It. statuetta, dim. of It. and L. statua = E. statue.] — Stat'ure, -ur, n. The natural height of an animal body, — generally used of the human body. [F.; L. statura, orig. an upright posture, hence height or size of the body, f r. stare.] — Stat'ute, -ut, n. An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the act of a corporation, or of its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law. [F. statut, L. statutum, fr. statutus, p. p. of statuere, to set, ordain, fr. stare ; s. rt. constitute, destitute, res- sun. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boN bos, chair, get. STAUNCH 566 STEARINE titution, etc.] — Statute of limitations. (Law.\ A statute assigning a certain time, after which rights cannot be enforced by action. — Stat'utory, -u-to-rT, a. Enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority. — Statutable, a. Made or introduced by statute; made or being in conformity to statute. — Static, -ical, a. Pert, to bodies at rest, or in equi- librium; resting; acting by mere weight. [Gr. stati- kos, at a standstill, statos, placed, standing, fr. his- tenai = E. to stand. .] — Statics, n. sing. That branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the forces acting on them. Staunch. See Stanch. Stave. See under Staff. Stay, sta, v. i. [stayed or staid (stad), staying.] To remain, continue in a place, stop, stand still; to continue in a state; to wait, attend; to dwell, tarry; to rely, confide, trust. — v. t. To hold from proceed- ing, withhold, restrain, stop; to delay, obstruct; to stop from motion or falling; to prop, hold up, sup- port; to sustain with strength, satisfy in part. — n. Continuance in a place; abode for a time indefinite; sojourn; cessation of motion or progression; stand; stop; that which serves as a prop or support; pi. a bodice; corset. [OF. estayer, to prop, shore, stay, estaye, a prop, stay, supporter, buttress, OD. stade, staeye, a prop; s. rt. stead.'] -r Stay'er, n. One who, or that which, stays, stops, orrestrains; one who up- holds or supports. — Staid, stad, a. Sober, not wild, volatile, nighty, or fanciful; grave; composed; se- date. — Staid'ness, n. Stay, sta, n. (ITaut.) A large, strong rope, employed to support a mast. — v. t. (Naut.) To tack, as a Steak, stak, n. A slice of beef, pork, venison, etc., lor broiling. [Ic. steik, a steak, lit. a thing stuck on a stick to be roasted, steikja, to roast on a spit or peg, stika = E. stick.] Steal, stel, v. t. [imp. stole; p. p. stolen; stealing.] To take without right or leave; to withdraw or con- vey without notice, or clandestinely; to gain or win by address or gradual and imperceptible means; to accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner; to filch, pilfer, purloin. — v. i. To practice theft; to slip in, along, or away, unperceived. [ME. and D. stelen, AS. and OHG. stelan ; perh. s. rt. Gr. stellein, to get ready, Skr. sten, to steal, stena, a thief, E. stall, still, stale-mate.] — To steal a march. To gain an advantage unobserved. — Steal'er, n. — Stealth, stelth, n. The bringing to pass anything in a secret or concealed manner; a secret or clandestine pro- cedure. — Stealth'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Done by stealth; accomplished clandestinely; unperceived; secret; private; sly. — Stealth'ily, adv. — Stealthl- ness, n. Steam, stem, n. The elastic, aeriform fluid into which water is converted, when heated to the boiling point; mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; any exhalation. — v. i. [steamed (stemd), steaming.] To rise or pass off in vapor, or like vapor; to rise in steam-like vapor; to move or travel by the agency of steam. — v. t. To exhale, evaporate; to apply Stays and Staysails. a, foretopmast-stay sail ; o, maintopmast-stay sail ; c, tnaintop-gallant-stay sail ; d, main-royal-stay sail ; e, mizzen-stay sail ; /, mizzentopmast-stay sail ; g, h, fore, main, and mizzen-top-naast and topgallant-mast back stays ; i, tore-stay ; /, main-stay ; k, mizzen- stay. vessel, so that the wind, from being on one side, is caused to blow on the other. [AS. stseg, D.j Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. stag, a stay, prob. orig. a thing to climb up by, and s. rt. AS. stseger, a stair, Sw. stege, a ladder, E. stair.] — In stays, or hove in stays. {Naut.) In the act or situation of staying, or going about from one tack to another.— To miss stays. To fail in the attempt to go about. — Stay / - sail, n. Any sail extended on a stay. Stead, sted, n. Place or room which another had, or might have. [AS. stede, aplace, stedh, a bank, shore, D., Dan., and Sw. stad, G. stadt, a town, OD. stade, opportunity, stede, a farm ; s. rt. L. statio = E. sta- tion, Gr. stasis, Skr. sthiti, a standing, abode, state, E. stand (q. v.), homestead, bedstead, stay.] — To stand in stead. To be of use or great advantage. — Stead last, a. Firmly fixed or established ; fast fixed ; firm ; constant ; resolute. [AS. stedefseste ; ftest = E. fast.] — Steadlastly, adv. — Steadlastness, n. — Stead'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Firm in standing or position; fixed; constant in feeling, purpose, or pursuit ; not fickle, changeable, or wavering ; uni- form; regular; undeviating ; unremitted; stable. — v. t. [steadied (-id), -ying.] To hold or keep from shaking, reeling, or falling; to support, —v. i. To be firm; to maintain an upright position. [AS stsed- dig, Dan. and Sw. stadig, steady, firm, G. staetig, continual.] — Steadily, adv. — Steadiness, n. State of being steady; constancy; resolution; immutabil- ity; unchangeableness. for creating a vacuum in the con- denser, previous to starting the engine ; s, feed-pump for supply- ing the boilers ; t, cold water pump for supplying the condenser governor. i, steam-cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, upper steam-port or passage ; d, lower steam-port ; e e, parallel motion ; //, beam ; g, connect- ing rod ; h, crank ; i i, fly-wheel; k k, eccentric and its rod for working the steam-valve ; I, steam-valve and valve-casing ; m, throttle-valve ; n, condenser ; steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing. [AS., a vapor, smell, smoke, D. stoom, steamy — Steam'y, -Y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam; full of steam; vaporous; misty. — Steamier, n. A vessel propelled oy steam ; a fire-engine, the pumps of which are worked by steam ; a vessel in which arti- cles are subjected to the action of steam, as in wash- ing or cookery. — Steam'-boat, n. A boat, esp. one of large size, propelled through the water by steam- power. — boiler, n. A boiler for generating steam, or for subjecting objects to the operation of steam.— -engine, n. An engine moved by steam. — gauge, n. An instrument for indicating the pressure of the steam in a boilev - -pack'et, n. A packet or vessel propelled by steam, and running periodically be- tween certain ports. — ship, n. A ship propelled by the power ct steam. — tug. n. A steam-vessel used in towuv ships. — ves'sel, n. A vessel pro- pelled by :team Stearine, ste'a-rin, n. The harder ingredient of ani- mal fat, forming the principal part of tallow: super heated steam separates it into gtycerine and stearic acid (popularly called stearine and used for candles). am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; STEDFAST 567 STEP-CHILD Steelyard. [Gr. stear, tallow, fat, suet.] — Ste'atite, -a-tit, n. (Min.) A soft magnesian rock having a soapy feel; 6oap-stone. Stedfast._ See Steadfast. Steed, sted, n. A horse; esp., a spirited horse for state or war. [AS. steda, a stud-horse, stallion, war-horse, stod, a_stud, q. v., G. stute, Ic. stedda, a mare.] Steel, stel, n. Iron combined with a small portion of carbon, used in making a great variety of instru- ments ; an instrument made of steel, as a sword, knife, etc.; an instrument of steel for sharpening table knives upon; hardness; sternness; rigor. — v. t. [steeled (steld), steeling.] To overlay, point, or edge with steel; to make hard or extremely hard: to make insensible or obdurate; to cause to resemble steel, as in smoothness, polish, or oth- er qualities. [AS. stel, D. and Dan. staal, G. stahl, contr. fr. OHG. staked; s. rt. Skr. stak, to resist, Lithuan. stok- as, a stake.] — Steel'y, -1, a. .Made, consisting of, or re- sembling, steel: hard; firm. — Steel'yard, steK- or stiKvard, n. A form of balance in which the body to be weighed is suspended from the shorter arm of a lever and the poise upon the longer arm, which is marked with notches to indicate the weight. [Orig. used in the Steelyard (place where steel was sold), in London.] Steep, step, a. Ascending or descending with great inclination; precipitous.- n. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, or ascent. [AS. steap, steep, lofty, stepan, to erect, exalt; s. rt. stoop, stoup.] — Steeply, adv. In a steep manner; with steepness. — Steep'ness, n. — Steep'y. a. Having a precipi- tous declivity; steep. — Stee'ple, -pi, n. A tower or turret of a church, etc., ending in a point; a spire. [AS. stypel, fr. steap.] — Stee'ple-chase, n. A race between a number of horsemen, to see which can first reach some distant object (as a church steeple) in a straight course. Steep, step, v. t. [steeped (stept), steeping.] To boak in a liquid, macerate; to extract the essence of by soaking, esp. in a warm liquid. [Ic. steypa, to make to stoop, overturn, pour out liquids, cast met- als, fr. stupa, to stoop. Dan. stobe, to cast (metals), bteep (corn), stob, steeped corn.] — Steep'er, n. A vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things are steeped. Steer, ster, n. A young male of the bovine genus; esp., a castrated taurine male from 2 to 4 years old. [AS. steor, D. and G.stier, L. taiatis, for staurus, Gr. tauros, for stauros, Ir. and Ga. tarbh, a bull, lit. strong, full-grown; s. rt. Skr. stkula, great, powerful, coarse, AS., Dan., and Sw. stor, large, E. stand, q. v.] — Stirk, sterk, n. A young ox or heifer. [AS. styric] Steer, ster, v. t. [steep.ed (sterd), steering.] To control the career of. direct, guide, govern, — ap- plied esp. to a vessel in the water. — v. i. To direct and govern a ship or other vessel in its course; to be directed and governed: to conduct one's self. [AS. steoran, styran, Ic. and Sw. styra, to steer, Goth. stiurjan, to establish, confirm, Ic. styri, a rudder, OHG. stiu? a. a staff, prop, paddle, rudder ; 8. rt. starboard, stern.]— Steer'age, -ej, n. Act or prac- tice of directing and governing in a course. (Naut.) The manner in which a ship is affected by the helm; an apartment in the space between decks forward of the great cabin; an apartment in a ship for an infe- rior class of passengers. That by which a course is directed. — Steers'man, sterz'man, n. One who steers; the helmsman of a ship. Steeve, stev, v. i. (Ship-building.) To make an angle with the horizon, or with the' line of a vessel's keel, — said of the bowsprit. [Prob. corrupt, of staff or stave; OD. steve. a staff.] Steganography, steg-a-nog'ra- fl, n. The art of writing in ciphers, or characters not in- telligible except to the per- sons who correspond with each other. [Gr. steganos, cov- ered (fr. stegein, to cover), and graphein, to write.] Stellar steKlar, -lary, -la-rT, a. Pert, to stars; astral; full of stars; set with stars; starrv. [L. stellaris, fr. stella = E. a Stellate Leaves. star, q. v.] — Stel'late, -lated, a. Resembling a star; radiated. (Bot.) Arranged in the form of a star. — Stellif'erous, -lit '5r-us, a. Having, or abounding with, stars. [L. stellifer, fr. stella and ftrre, to bear.] — Stel'liform, -ll-form, a. Like a star; radiated. [L. forma, a form.] — Stel'- lular, a. Having the shape of Little stars; radiated. [L. stellula, dim. of stella.] Stem, stem, n. The principal body of a tree, shrub, or plant of any kind; a little branch which connects a fruit or flower with a main branch; the stock of a family; a descendant; progeny. t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boN'boN, chair, get. STEPPE 568 STICK Stereography. , tetrahedron ; 6, hex- ahedron or cube; c, oc- tahedron ; d, dodeca- hedron ; e, icosahe- dron. mother by a former marriage. — -daughter, n. — fa'- ther, n. A man married to one's mother after the death of one's own father. — moth'er, n. — sis'ter, n. — son, n. Steppe, step, n. One of the vast plains in S. E. Eu- rope and Asia, generally elevated, and free from wood. [Russ. stepe.] Stercoraceous, ster-ko-ra'shus, a. Of, or pert, to, dung, or partaking of its nature. [L. stercus, ster- coris, dung.] Stere, star, n. The metric unit for solid measure, commonly used for bulky articles, being equal to 1 cubic meter = 35.3166 Eng., or 31.31044 Amer. cubic feet. [F., fr, Gr. stereos, solid, stiff, hard ; s. rt. strenuous. ] — Stereog'raphy, -ra-f I, n. Art of delin- eating the forms of solid bodies on a plane; a branch of solid geometry which shows the construction of all solids which are regularly defined. [Gr. stereos and gra- phein, to write.] — Ste'reo- graph'ic, -ical, ste're-o-graf- lk-al, a. Made or done ac- cording to the rules of stere- ography ; delineated on a plane.— Stereometry, -e-trY, n. Art of measuring solid bodies, and finding their solid contents. [Gr. metron, a measure.] — Stereop r ticon, -tY-kon, n. A kind of magic lantern so arranged as" to throw greatly magnified pho- tographic views on a screen, with stereoscopic effect._[Gr. optikon, pert, to sight.] — Ste'reoscope, -re-o-skop, n. An optical instrument for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. [Gr. skopein, to view.] — Stereo- scopic, -ical, -skSp'ik-al, a. Pert, or adapted to, or produced by, the stereoscope; having the appearance of solid forms. — Stereofomy, -ot'o-mT, n. The sci- ence or art of cutting solids into certain figures or sections, as arches, etc. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — Ste'"- reotype, -re-o-tip, n. A plate of type-metal, present- ing a facsimile of the surface of a page of type or an engraving; art of making plates of type-metal which shall be facsimiles of pages of type. — v. t. [stereo- typed (-tipt), -typing.] To make stereotype plates for (a book, etc.) [Gr. tupos, an impression, type.] — Ste'reotyp'er, n. One who makes stereotype plates or works in a stereotype foundry. — Ste'reo- typog'raphy, -ti-pog'ra-fY, n. Art or practice of printing from stereotype plates. [Gr. stereos, tuptos, and graphein, to write.] Sterile, ster'il, a. Proaucing little or no crop; bar- ren; unfruitful; not fertile ; producing no young; destitute of ideas or sentiment. (Bot.) Bearing only stamens. [OF.; L. sterilis, barren, Gr. stereos, hard, stiff, sterile, G. starr, rigid: see Stare and Stere.] — Sterility, -riKY-tY, n. Quality or condition of being sterile ; barrenness ; unproductiveness ; un- fruitrulness. Sterling, sterling, a. Belonging to, or relating to, the British money of account, or to the British coin- age ; genuine ; pure ; of excellent quality. [ME. starting, sterling, fr. Easterling, the popular name of German traders in England, whose money was of the purest quality.] Stern, stern, a. Fixed, with an aspect of severity and authority; severe of manner; rigidly steadfast; aus- tere; rigorous; harsh; cruel; unrelenting; immov- able. [AS. styme; prob. s. rt. D. stuursch, stern, austere, sour, Ic. stura, gloom, despair, E. stand.] — Sternly, adv. — Sternness, n. Stern, stern, n. (Naut.) The hind part of a ship or other vessel, or of a boat: see Ship. The hinder part of anything. [ME. Sterne, a rudder, Ic. stjorn, a steering ; s. rt. steer, v. t.] — Stern' - board, n. (Naut.) The backward motion of a vessel; a loss of way in making a tack. — chase, n. A chase in which" 2 vessels sail on the same course, one follow- ing in the wake of the other. —-chase, -chas'er, n. A cannon placed in a ship's stern, pointing back- ward, and intended to annoy a ship in pursuit of her. — post, n. A straight piece of timber, erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rudder and terminate the ship behind. sheets, n. pi. That part of a boat between the stern and the after- most seat of the rowers, —-way, n. The movement of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost. Stermim, ster'num, n. (Anat.) A flat, symmetrical bone on the median line of the chest in front: the breast- bone. [L. ; Gr. sternon, breast, chest.] — Stern'al, a. Pert, to, etc. Sternutation, ster-nu-ta'shun, n. The act of sneez- ing. [L. stemutatio, fr. sternutare, freq. of ster- nuere, Gr. ptarnusthai, to sneeze.] — Sternu'tative, -ta-tiv, -tatory, -ta-to-rY, a. Having the quality of exciting to sneeze. — Sternu/tatory, n. A substance that provokes sneezing. Stertorious, ster-to'rY-us, Ster'torous^to-rus.a. Char- acterized by a deep snoring, which accompanies in- spiration in some diseases, esp. apoplexy; hoarsely breathing; snoring. [L. stertere, to snore.] Stethoscope, steth'o-skop, n. An instrument used to distinguish sounds in the human chest, so that the operator may judge of the regular action or condi- tion of the heart, lungs, etc. [Gr. stethos, the chest, and skopein, to examine.] Steve, stev, v. t. To stow (cotton or wool) in a ship's hold. [Sp. estivar, to stow (cargo), L. stipare, to crowd or press together, Gr. steibein, to tread or stamp on; s. rt. step, stamp, stop, stand, stipend, stip- ulation, constipate, costive.) — Ste'vedore', -ve - dor', n. One who loads and unloads vessels in port. [Sp. estivadorJ] Stew, stu, v. t. [stewed (stud), stewing.] To cook by boiling slowly, in a moderate manner, or with a simmering heat; to seethe. — v. i. To boil in a slow, gentle manner; to be cooked in heat and moisture; to worry, fret. — n. A house for bathing, sweating, cupping, etc. ; a house of prostitution ; brothel ; a dish that has been cooked by stewing; esp. a dish of meat cut in pieces and cooked in gravy with or with- out vegetables; a state of agitating excitement; con- fusion. [OF. estuve, Pg. and Sp. estufa, a stove, hot- house, OHG. stupa, a room for bathing: s. rt. stove.] Steward, stu'ard, n. A man employed to manage do- mestic concerns, superintend other servants, collect rents, keep accounts, etc. (Naut.) A head waiter and storekeeper on board a ship or other vessel. A fiscal agent of certain bodies. [AS. stiweard, orig. one who looked after farm animals, fr. stigo = E. sty. and iveard, a guardian, keeper = E. ward.] — Stew'ardess, n. A female waiter in charge of the la- dies' cabin on shipboard.— Stewardship, n. The of- fice of a, steward. Stibial, stib'T-al, a. Like, or having the qualities of, antimony; antimonial. [L. stibium, antimony.] Stich, stik, n. A verse, of whatever measure or num- ber of feet; a :inc- in the Scriptures; a row or rank of trees. [Gr. sticlios, a row, line, steichein, to as- cend.] Stick, stik, n. A small shoot, or branch, of a tree or shrub, cut off: a rod: staff; any stem or branch of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber; a piece of wood, esp. a long, slender piece ; anything shaped like a stick. (Print.) An instrument of adjusta- ble width in which type is arranged in words and lines: see Composing-stick. A thrust; stab. — v. t. [stuck; sticking.] To cause to enter, as a pointed instrument; to pierce, stab, kill by piercing; to fas- ten or cause to remain by piercing ; to set, fix in; to set with something pointed; to fix on a pointed in- strument ; to attach by causing to adhere to the surface. (Print.) To compose or arrange in a com- posing-stick. — v. i. To hold to, by cleaving to the surface, as by tenacity of attraction ; to adhere : to remain where placed; to cling, be united closely; to be hindered from proceeding, stop; to be embar- rassed or puzzled, hesitate ; to cause difficulties or scruples; to adhere closely in friendship and affec- tion. [AS. stician, D. steken, to stick, G. stecken, to stick, set, plant, stick fast, remain, AS. sticca, a stick, peg, nail ; s. rt. sting, stitch, stagger, stack, stake, steak, stock, stoker, distinguish, extinct, in- stinct, prestige, stimulate, stijle, stigma.] — Golil-stick. A title of the colonels of the 2 regiments of Life Guards in England, who attend the sovereign on state occasions.— Silver-stick. A title given to the field-officer of the Life Guards when on duty at the palace. — To stick at. To hesitate. — To s. by. To adhere closely, be constant, be firm in supporting, be troublesome by adhering. — To s. oxd. To pro- ject; to be prominent.— To s. to. To be firm, be persevering. — Stick'y, -Y, a. [-ier; -iest.] Inclined to stick; having the quality of adhering to a surface; adhesive ; gluey; viscous ; viscid ; glutinous; tena- cious. — Stickiness, n. — Stick '-lac, n. Lac in its natural state, incrusting small twigs.— Stickle'back, -1-bak, n. A small nest-building fish, of several spe- fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; Qdd, tone. 6r i STIOKLE 569 STIPE cies, — so called from the spines which arm its back, ventral fins, and other parts. [AS.s7(ce?,aprickle, sting (fr. stician), and E. back.] Stickle, stik/1, v. i. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To take part Stickleback, with one side or the other; to contend, contest, or altercate, in a pertinacious manner on insufficient grounds; to stand for one's rights. [ME. styckyll, to part combatants or settle disputes, stightlen, to dispose, order, govern, subdue, AS. stihtiaii, to order, govern, dispose ; s. rt. stand, stop.] — Stickler, n. One who stickles; one who arbitrates a duel ; a second ; an umpire; one who pertinaciously contends for some trifling thing. Stiff, stif, a. Not easily bent ; not flexible or pliant ; not liquid or fluid: thick and tenaciousv inspissated; impetuous in motion; not easily subdued; tirm in resistance or perseverance; rigfd; inflexible; stub- born; obstinate; pertinacious; rigorous; not natural and easy; formal in manner. (Naut.) Bearinga press of canvas without careening much. [AS stif,D.stijf; s. rt. Lithuan. stiprus. strong, L. stipes, a stem, trunk of a tree, Skr. sihapaya, to establish, E. staff, stifle, stand, q. v.] — Stiffen, stif'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ENLVG.J To make stiff, make less pliant or flexible; to inspissate, make more thick or viscous, —v. i. To become stiff, become more rigid or less flexible: to become more thick, or less soft, be inspissated; to become less susceptible of oppression, grow more obstinate. — Stiffly, adv. In a stiff manner; firmly; strongly; rigidly; obstinately.— Stiffness, rc.— Stiff- necked, -nekt, a. Stubborn; inflexible; obstinate; contumacious. Stifle, stf fl, v. t. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] To stop the breath, choke, oppress with foul air, etc., suffocate, smother; to extinguish, deaden, quench; to suppress the manifestation or report of, conceal, repress, de- stroy. — n. (Far.) The joint on the hind leg of a horse next to the flank, and corresponding to the knee in man: see Horse. A disease in the knee-pan of a horse or other animal. [Ic. stifla, to dam up (water), block up, choke, Norweg. stirla, to stop, hem in, stiffen, f req. of stiva, to stiffen ; s. rt. stiff, stevedore, OF. estiver, L. stipare, to compress, pack tight.] Stigma, stig'ma, n. ; E. pi. -mas, -maz, L. pi. -mata, -ma-ta. A mark with a burning iron; a brand; any mark of infamy. (Bot.) The upper vascular part of the pis- til, which receives the pollen. [Gr., a prick, mark, brand, stizein = E. to stick.'] — Stig- mat'ic, -ical, a. Marked with a stigma, or with something reproachful to character: im- pressing with infamy or re- proach. — Stig'matize, v. t. [-TIZED (-tlzd), -TIZIXG.] To „,. , mar* with a stigma or brand; 8 ' btl ? ma - (•»<>*■> to set a mark of disgrace on, characterize by a mark or term of reproach. [F. stigmatiser, Gr. stigmatiz- Stile, stil, n. A pin set on the face of a dial to form a shadow; a style. [See Style.] Stile, stil, n. A step, or set of steps, for passing a fence or wall. [AS. stigel, a step, ladder, fr. stigan, to as- cend.] Stiletto, stt-lefto, n. ; pi. -tos, -toz. A small dagger with a round, pointed blade; a pointed instru- ment for making evelet holes in working mus- lin. — r. t. [STILETTOED (-tod), -TOING.] To stab or pierce with a stiletto. [It., dim. of stilo, L. stilus = E. style, q. v.] Still, stil, v. t. [stilled (stild), stilling.] To stop (noise, motion, or agitation) ; to make quiet ; to quiet (tumult, agitation, or excite- ment) ; to calm, allay, lull, pacify, appease, subdue, suppress, silence, check, restrain, —a. Uttering no sound : silent ; not disturbed by Sti- noise or agitation : motionless ; quiet ; calm ; lett0 - serene; inert; stagnant. — n. Freedom from noise- silence. — adv. To this time; until and durin? the time now present; habitually; always; uniformly: by an additional degree; with repeated and added efforts: notwithstanding what has been said or done: in spite of what has occurred; nevertheless, — some- times used as a conjunction : after that. [AS. and Dan. stille, G. still, still, hushed, AS. stillan, D. stillen, to rest, be quiet. Sw. Mill a, G. stillan, to still, quiet, stellen. to place, lit. to put in a (AS. steal, D. stat, Sw., G., and E. stall, q. v.) place.]— Stilf ness, ».'— Stilf y, a. Still; quiet; calm.— adv. Silently; without noise; calmly: quietly; without tumult. — Stilf-birth. n. A thing born without life. born, a. Dead at the birth ; abortive. burn, adv. To burn in the pro- cess of distillation. — -life, n. (Painting.) The class or style of painting which repre>ents objects not hav- ing animate existence, as fruits, flowers, dead game or animals, etc. Still, stil, /(. An apparatus used in the distillation of liquors, etc.; a dis- tillery.— v. i. audi. To distill. [Contr. fr. '/('.-■- till.]— Stillatftious. tf -tish'us, a. Falling in drops, drawn bv a still, -r- [L. stillatitius,' 'fr. .-7(7- " lave, to drop, stilla, a drop.]-Stiflatory,-to- ftis^^Ssi lp5|f";7 rT, //. An alembic ; a vessel for distillation ; place where distilla- tion is performed ; a StilSiK.' A piece of Simple form of Still, wood constructed to 6, retort or boiler ; e, d. head and raise the foot above the neck i «. end of neck where it ground in walking : a J 0ln3 » h « worm ! f> cock • 0> root which rise* above "orm-tub. the surface of the ground. — v. t. To raise on stilts, elevate : to raise bv unnatural means. [D. Melt, G. stelze, a stilt, OHG. stela, a prop, crutch : s. rt. stalk, stand.] — Stilt'ed, a. Artificially elevated ; pompous. Stimulate, stim'u-lat, v. t. To excite, rouse, or ani- mate to action or more vigorous exertion by some pungent motive, or by persuasion; to ineite,"impel, urge, instigate, irritate, exasperate, incense. (Med.) To produce a transient increase of vital activity in. [L. stimulare, -latum, to prick or dots. — n. A mode of engraving in - imitation of chalk drawings, in which the effect is produced by dots instead of lines. [D. stippelen, to make points, s s > Btl Puies. spot, dot, dim. of stippen, to dip, point, dot, stip, stippel, a dot; s. rt. stab.'] Stipule, Stipulate.a. See under Stipe. Stipulate, stip r u-lat, v. i. To make an agreement or covenant with any person or company to do or for- bear anything; to "bargain; to contract. [L. stipulari, -latus, to conclude a money transaction, lit. to make fast, fr. OL. stipulus, fast, firm; s. rt. stipes, a post: see Stipe.] — Stipulation, n. Act of stipulating; a contracting or bargaining; that which is stipulated; covenant; agreement ; contract; engagement. [F.; L. stipulatio.] — Stip'ula'tor, n. Stir, stgr, v. t. [stirred (sterd), -ring.] To change the place of in any manner; to agitate; to cause the par- ticles (of a liquid, etc.) to change place (by motion of something passing through); to bring into debate, agitate ; to incite to action, instigate, prompt ; to move, rouse, animate, stimulate, excite, provoke.— ?;. i. To move one's self, change one's position; to be in motion, be active; to become the object of notice or conversation ; to rise in the morning. — n. Agita- tion; tumult; bustle; public disturbance or commo- tion; seditious uproar; agitation of thoughts. [AS. styrian, to move, stir; s. rt. Ic. styrr, a stir, disturb- ance, D. and OHG. storen, to disturb, L. sternere, to strew, scatter, £. stratum, strew, storm, sturgeon.] — Stir'rer, n. One who stirs, or is in motion; one who puts in motion; a riser in the morning; an exciter; instigator. Stirk. See under Steer, n. Stirrup, stur'rup or sttr'rup, n. A. kind of ring, for receiving the foot of a rider, and attached to a strap fastened to the saddle. (Mach.) Any piece resem- bling, in shape and functions, the stirrup of a sad- dle. [AS. stirap, stigrap, lit. a rope to climb by (the orig. stirrup having been a looped rope), fr. stigan, to climb, and rap, a rope.] Stitch, stich, v. t. [stitched (stich'v), stitching.] To form stitches in; esp., to sew in such a manner as to show on the surface a continuous line of stitches; to sew or unite together, — v. i. To practice stitch- ing. — n. A single pass of a needle in sewing; the loop or turn of the thread thus made; a single turn of the thread round a needle in knitting; a space between 2 double furrows in plowed ground; an acute lancinating pain, like the piercing of a needle. [AS. stice, a pricking sensation, stician, to prick, pierce, G. stick, a prick, stitch, stechen, to prick, sticken, to stitch.] Stithy, stith'I, n. An anvil; a smith's shop; smithy. [Ic. stedhi, an anvil, AS. stadhol, a foundation, basis, also firm (adj.); s. rt. stead.] Stiver, sti'ver, n. A Dutch coin and money of ac- count = 2 cents. [D. stuiver.] Stoat, stot, n. The ermine, — so called when of a red- dish color, as in summer. [ME. stot, a stoat, a horse or stallion, a bullock, a male animal, D. stooter, a stallion, lit. a thruster, fr. stooten, to push, thrust; s. rt. stutter.] Stock, stok, n. The stem or main body of a tree or plant; the fixed, strong, firm part; the stem or firm branch in which a graft is inserted; something fixed, eolid, and senseless; a post; one as dull and lifeless as a post; the principal supporting part ; part in which others are inserted, or to which they are at- tached; the wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of Stocks. a tire-arm are secured; a long, rectangular piece of wood, which is an important part of several forms of gun- carriage; the wooden handle or contrivance by which bits are held in boring; a brace; block of wood which consti- isu-stocfc. tutes the body of a plane; the cross-bar at the upper end of the shank of an anchor, which cants the ^anchor fluke down; block in which an anvil is fixed; an adjustable handle for holding dies for cutting screws ; the original progenitor, also, the race or line of a family ; lineage ; family ; money invested in business ; capital of a bank or other company ; money funded in government securities; pi. prop- erty consisting of shares in joint-stock companies, or in the obligations of a government for its funded debt. (Book-keeping.) The account which is debited with all the sums contributed or added to the capital of the concern, and credited with whatever is at any time withdrawn. Supply provided ; store ; goods regularly on hand; whole amount of goods on hand; raw material. (Agric.) Domestic animals or beasts collected, used, or raised on a farm. A kind of stiff, wide band or cravat for the neck. pi. A frame, with holes in which the feet or the feet and hands of criminals were confined, pi. The frame or timbers on which a ship rests while building. (Bot.) A flowering, cruciferous plant, several species of which are cultivated for ornament. (Cookery.') The essence extracted from meat ; broth. — v. t. [stocked (stokt), stocking.] To lay up for future use, as merchandise, etc.; to provide with material requisites; to store, fill, supply; to put into a pack, as cards. — a. Used or available for constant ser- vice or application, as if constituting a portion of a stock or supply ; standard ; permanent ; standing. [ME. stok, AS. stocc, a trunk of a tree, post; s. rt. stick, stake.]— Dead stock. (Agric.) The implements of husbandry, and produce stored up for use,— disting. f r. live stock, or the domestie animals on a farm. — To take s. To make an inventory of stock or goods on hand. — To take s. in. To accept ap truth, feel confidence in. — Stock'y, -t, a. Thick and firm; stout; rather thick than tall or corpulent — Stock , account / , n. An account on a merchant's ledger, one side of which shows the original capital or stock and subsequent additions thereto, the other side showing the amounts withdrawn. — bro'ker, n. A broker who deals in the purchase and sale of shares or stocks. — dove, n. The wild pigeon of Europe, so called because at one time believed to be the stock of the domestic pigeon, or else from its breeding in the stocks of trees. exchange 7 , n. The building or place where stocks are bought and sold; transactions of all kinds in stocks; an associa- tion or body of stock-brokers. — fish, n. Fish dried in the sun without being salted, — so called from its hardness. — holder, n. A proprietor of stock in the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other company. — -job'ber, n. One who speculates in stocks for gain. — -jol/bing, n. Act or art of dealing in stocks. — -still, a. Still as a fixed post; per- fectly still. — Stockade^ -ad', n. (Mil.) A line of posts or stakes set in the earth as a fence or bar- rier. An inclosure or pen made with posts and stakes. — v. t. To surround or fortify with sharp- ened posts fixed in the ground. — Stocking, n. A close-fitting cov- Stockade, ering for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven. [Dim. of stock, abbr. fr. nether- stock, the lower portion of the hose formerly worn, — the upper portion having been called upperstocks ; stock = stump, trunk.] — Stockinet', -T-net/, n. An elastic knit fabric of which stockings are made. Stoic, sto'ik, n. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or STOKER 571 STORE Stoloniferous Stem. who taught that men should be unmoved by joy or grief, and submit without complaint to the unavoid- able necessity by which all things are governed: a person not easily excited; an apathetic person. [Gr. Stoikos, a Stoic, lit. pert, to a colonnade, fr. stoa, a roofed colonnade, porch, esp. a porch in Athens where Zeno and his successors taught; 6. rt. stand, f r. the upright position of the columns.] — Stoic, -ic- al, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the Stoics or their . doctrines ; unfeeling ; manifesting indifference to pleasure or pain. — Stoically, adv. — Stolcalness, n. — Stoicism, -I-sizm, n. Ihe opinions and max- ims of the Stoics; real or pretended indifference to pleasure or pain. Stoker, stok'gr, n. One employed to tend a furnace and supoly it with fuel, esp. that of a locomotive, or marine steam-engine. [D., one who lights tires, stok- en, to kindle a tire, fr. OU. stock, a stick.] Stole. See Steal. Stole, stol, n. A long, loose garment reaching to the feet. (Bom. C'ath. Ch.) A narrow baiid of silk or stuff, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. [AS. and Gr., equipment, a robe, stole, Gr. ste/lein, to equip, set in order; s. rt. stall.]— Groom of the stole. The first lord of the bed-chamber, in the household of the king of England. Stole, stol, Stolon, n. (Bot.) A lax, trailing stem given off at the summit of the root, and taking root at intervals; a sucker. [F. stolon, L. stolo, -loni*.] — Stol'oniferous, -er-us, a. Produ- cing or putting forth stoles. [L. ferre, to bear.] Stolid, stol 'id, a. Hopelessly insen- sible or stupid; dull; foolish. [L. stolidus, stock-like, dull, stupid; s. rt. L. stultus, foolish, E. stultify, stout, stock, stand.} — Stolidity, a. State or quality of being stolid ; dull- ness of intellect; stupidity. Stomach, stum'ak, n. (Anat.) A simple, compound, or complex cavity or receptacle for food, with mus- cular membranous walls: it is one of the principal organs of digestion. Appetite; inclination; liking; desire.— v. t. [stomached (-akt), -aching.] To re- sent ; to receive or bear without repugnance, brook. [F. estomac, Gr. stomachos, dim. of stoma, the mouth; prob. s. rt. Gr. stenein, to groan, sigh, Skr. stan, to sound, E. stun.] — Stom'acher, -a-cher, n. An orna- ment or support to the breast, worn by women. — Stomachic, -ical, sto-maklk-al, a. Of, pert, to, strengthening to, or exciting the action of, the stom- ach. — Stomachic, n. (Med.) A medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action. Stomp, stomp, v. i. To stamp with the foot. Stone, ston, n. A mass of concreted earthy or mineral matter; a fragment or small mass of rock; material for building, etc., obtained from rock; a precious stone ; gem ; a monument erected to preserve the memory of the dead. (Med.) A calculous con- cretion in the kidneys or bladder; the disease arising from a calculus. A testicle ; the nut of a drupe or stone fruit ; a weight which is legally 14 pounds, but in practice varies with the article weighed. [The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs. ; of cheese, 16 lbs. ; of hemp, 32 lbs. ; of glass, 5 lbs.] Torpidness and insensibility. — v. t. [stoned (stond), stoning.] To pelt, beat, or kill with stones; to free from stones ; to wall or face with stones. [AS. stan, D. steen, G. stein, Gr. stia.] — Stone age. A supposed prehistoric age of the world, when stone and bone were used as materials for weapons and tools, — called also the flint age; succeeded by the bronze age. — Philosopher's s. A pretended sub- stance formerly supposed to have the property of turning any other substance into gold. — Bocking-s. A large stone so balanced upon another stone that it can be set in motion, or made to oscillate, by a slight force. — To leave no s. unturned. To use all practi- cable means to effect an object. — Ston'y, -i, a. Re- lating to, made of, abounding in, or resembling, stone; converting into stone; petrifying; inflexible; hard ; cruel ; obdurate. — Stonlness, n. — Ston'y- heart'ed, a. Hard-hearted ; cruel ; unfeeling. — Stonier, n. One who beats or kills with stones; one who walls with stones. — Stone'-coal, n. Hard coal; anthracite coal. — cuVter, n. One whose occupa- tion is to cut or hew stones. — fruit, n. Fruit whose seeds are covered with a hard shell enveloped in the pulp, as peaches, cherries, plums, etc.; a drupe.— -mar'ten, /*. The common European or beech mar- ten: its fur. See Marten.— -ware. n. A species of potter's ware of a coarse kind, glazed and baked.— -work, n. Mason's work of stone. — Stone's '-cast, -throw, n. The distance which a stone may be thrown by the hand. Stood. See* Stand. Stock, stook, n. A small collection of sheaves set up in the field, — in Eng., 12 sheaves ; a shock. — v. t. [stocked (stobkt), stooking.] To set up (sheaves of grain) in stooks. [LG. stake, a heap, bundle, G. stauche,a. truss, bundle of flax.] Stool, stool, n. A seat without a back, intended for one person; the seat used in evacuating the contents of the bowels; a discharge from the bowels. [AS. stol, a seat, throne, Dan. and S\v. stol, D. stoel, G. stvhl, a chair, seat; s. rt. stand, stoic, stud.] — StooK- pig'eon, n. A pigeon used as a deei >y to draw others within a net; a person used to decoy others. Stool, stool, n. The root or stem of a tree or plant, cut off near the ground, from which shoots spring up; also, the set of shoots thus produced. [L. stolo : see Stole.] Stoom. See Stum. Stoop, stoop, r. i. [stooped (stoopt), stooping.] To bend the body downward and forward: to incline forward in standing or walking: to bend by com- pulsion; to descend from rank or dignity: to come down on prey, as a hawk; esp., to come down from a height with closed wings: to swoop; to alight from the wing ; to sink. — a. Act of stooping: habitual bend of back and shoulders ; descent from dignity "or superiority; condescension; the fall of a bird on its prey ; a swoop. [AS. stupian, OD. stuypen, to bow, Sw. stupa^to fall, tilt; s. rt. steep.] Stoop, stoop, n. The steps of a door: often, porch with a balustrade and seats on the sides. [D. stoep, fr. OD. stoepen, to sit.] Stoop, stoop, n. A vessel of liquor; a flagon. [Same as stoiip, q. v.] Stop, stop, v. t. [stopped (stopt), -ping.] To close (an aperture) by filling or by obstructing; to obstruct, render impassable; to arrest the progress of; to hin- der from acting or moving; to regulate the sound of (musical strings) by pressing them against the finger- board; to punctuate. — v. i. To cease to go forward; to cease from any motion or course of action ; to spend a short time, stay, tarry. —?i. let of stopping or state of being stopped; hindrance of progress, of operation, or of action; that which stops or obstructs; any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument are regulated; a mark of punctuation. [AS. stoppian, D. stojjpen, G. stop/en, to fill, stuff, cram, It. stuppare, LL. stupare, to stop up with tow, cram, fr. L. stupa, Gr. stupe, flax, oakum, tow, Skr. stumb, to stop; s. rt. estop, stub, stupid, stump, stand.] — Stop'-cock, n. A faucet ; a cock or valve for checking or regulating the flow of water, gas, etc.. through or from a pipe. — \ -gap, n. That which closes or fills up an opening, gap, or chasm ; a temporary expedi- e n t . — Stop'page, -pej, n. Act of stopping or arresting progress, motion, or action; state of being stopped. — Stop'per, n. One who, or that which, stops, closes, shuts, or hinders ; that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel. (Xaut.) A short piece of rope having a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the knot, used to secure something. — v. t. [stoppered (-perd), -Pek- ing.] To close or secure with a stopper.— Stop'ple, -pi, n. That which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; a stopper. Storage. See under Store. Storax, stolaks, n. A fragrant resin from the Orien- tal liquid-ambar and styrax, used in medicine and perfumery. [L. storcac, styrax, Gr. sturax, the gum of the tree sturax.'] Store, stor, n. A source from which supplies may be drawn; a great quantity, great number; a place of deposit for large quantities; store-house: magazine; any place where goods are sold, whetl er by'whole- sale or retail; pi. articles, esp. of food, accumulated for some specific object. — v. t. [stored (stord), I storing.] To collect as a reserved supply ; to Stop-cock. sun, cube, full ; moon, fofjt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. STORK 572 STRAIT accumulate, furnish, supply ; to stock or furnish against a future time ; to deposit in a store, ware- house, or other building, for preservation. [ME. stor, stoor, provision, stock, OF. estor, a nuptial gift, estoire, LL. staurum, provision, instaurare, to pro- vide necessaries, OF. estorer, to build, make, also to store; s. rt. Gr. stauros, an upright pole or stake, Skr. stathavara, fixed, immovable, fr. stha = E. to stand, also E. restore, story of a house, etc.] — In store. In a state of accumulation or of readiness. — To set s. by. To value greatly. — Store '-house, n. A building for keeping goods of any kind, esp. provis- ions; a magazine; warehouse. room, n. A room in which articles are stored. — Stor'age, -ej, n. Act of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keep- ing; the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse; price for keeping goods in a store. Stork, st6rk, n. A large migratory wading bird, of several species, allied to the heron: it feeds upon fish, rep- tiles, etc.. builds its nest upon tops of chimneys, etc., and is noted for affection to its young and its parents. [D., Dan., Sw., G., and OHG. ; prob. same as Gr. torgos, a large bird ; prob. s. rt. stark, stalk, stand.'] Storm, st6rm, n. A violent dis- turbance of the atmosphere, producing wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and light- ning ; a fall of rain or snow : a violent agitation of human society ; a civil, political, domestic commotion; tumul- Stork. {Mil.) A violent as- [stormed (stSrmd) tuous force; adversity; distres sault on a fortified place. — v. t. storming.] {Mil.) To attack and attempt to take by scaling the walls, forcing gates or breaches, etc. — v. i. To raise a tempest ; to blow with violence ; to rain, hail, snow, etc., esp. in a violent manner,— used impersonally ; to rage, fume. [AS., D., Dan., and Sw. storm, G. sturm, lit. that which lays low ; s. rt. L. sternere, to strew, prostrate, E. strew, star, stir.] — Storm'-beat, a. Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. — Storm'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Charac- terized by, or proceeding from, storm ; agitated with furious winds; boisterous; proceeding from violent agitation or fury ; violent ; passionate ; rough. — Storm'iness, n. Storthing, stdr'ting, n. The Parliament of Norway, elected once in 3 years, but holding annual sessions. [Norw. storting, fr. stor, great, and ting, court, court of justice.] Story, sto'rl, n. A narration or recital of that which has occurred ; history ; esp., the relation of an inci- dent or minor event; a short narrative; tale; a ficti- tious narrative, less elaborate than a novel ; a false- hood. — v. t. [storied (-rid), storying.] To make the subject of a story or tale; to narrate or describe. [OF. estoire, estore, same as histoire, L. historia = E. history, q. v.] — Sto'ried, -rid,_p. a. Told in a story; having a history ; interesting from the stories pert, to it. — Sto'iy-teU'er, re. One who tells stories; a narrator of a series of incidents or fictitious tales. Story, sto'rl, n. A set of rooms on the same floor or level; a loft; floor. [OF. estoree, a thing built, prop, p. p. of estorer, to build, store, q. v.] — S. post, n. A vertical_post, supporting a floor or wall. Stoup, stoop, re. A flagon. {Eccl.) A basin for holy water at the entrance of Rom. Cath. churches. [AS. steap, Ic. staup, G. stavf, a cup, D. stoop, a gallon ; s. rt. Ic. steypa, to pour, cast, found : see Steep, v. t.] Stout, stowt, a. Strong ; lusty; vigorous; robust; bold; intrepid; valiant ; brave ; big in stature ; large. — re. A strong kind of beer. [ME. and OD. ; AS. and LG. stolt, OF. estout, stout, bold, rash, G. stolz, proud, L. stolidus, firm = E. stolid, q. v. ; s. rt. stall.] — Stoutly, adv. — Stouf- ness, n._ Stove, stov, n. Orig., a house or room artificially warmed ; a hot-house for plants ; an apparatus in which fire is made for warming a room or house, or for culinary or other purposes. [OD. and LG., a hot- house, bath, OHG. stupa, a heated room, Ic. stofa, Stoup. a bathingroom, eldsto, a fireplace, hearth ; perh. s. rt. stow.] Stove. See Stave. Stover, sto'ver, n. Fodder, and other provision for cattle. [OF. estover, estovoir, necessity, provisions.] Stow, sto, v. t. [stowed (stod), stowing.] To plr.ce or arrange in a compact mass ; to fill, by packing closely. [AS.; OFries. and Ic. sto, a place, Lithuan. stoiva, the place in which one stands, f r. stoti, to stand ; s. rt. bestow, perh. stove.] — Stow'age, -ej, n. Act or operation of placing in a suitable position, or the suitable disposition of several things together ; room for the reception of things to be reposited; state of being laid up. — Stow'away, n. One who con- ceals himself on a vessel about to sail, to obtain a free passage. Strabismus, stra-biz'mus, n. {Med.) An affection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes cannot be directed to the same object ; squinting. [Gr. stra- bismos, fr. strabizein, to squint, strabon, distorted, strephein, to twist, turn.] Straddle, strad'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To stand or walk with -the legs far apart. — v. t. To stand or sit astride of. — re. Act of standing, sitting, or walking with the feet further apart than usual ; position, or distance between the feet, of one who straddles. {Stock Exch.) A contract which gives the holder the privilege of calling for stock at a fixed price, or of delivering it at the same price to the party who signs the contract. [ProvE., fr. stride.] Straggle, strag'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To wander from the direct course or way ; to rove ; to wander at large without any certain direction or ob- ject ; to spread apart;; to escape or stretch beyond proper limits, as the branches of a plant ; to occur at intervals or apart from one another. [ProvE. strackling, a loose, wild fellow, fr. ME. straken, to go, roam, AS. stricaii, to go ; s. rt. strike, stroll, struggle ; not fr. stray.] — Strag'gler, n. One who straggles; a vagabond. Straight, strat, a. [straighter; straightest.] Pass- ing from one point to another by the nearest course; direct; not deviating or crooked. {Bot.) Not much curved. According with justice and rectitude ; up- right ; even or uniform in quality ; without excep- tion or reservation. — adv. Immediately; directly; in the shortest time. [AS. streht, p. p. of streccan = E. to stretch, q. v. ; not the same as strait, but s. rt.] — Straight'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make straight, reduce to a straight form.— Straight'- ener, n. — Straightforward, a. Proceeding in a straight course ; not deviating. — Straight'ly, adv. In a right line ; not crookedly. — Straight 'nesa, n. Quality or state of being, etc. ; rectitude. — Straight 'way, adv. Immediately; without loss of time; without delay. Straight, Straighten. Sometimes written for Strait, Straiten. Strain, stran, v. t. [strained (strand), straining.] To draw with force, stretch ; to put to the utmost strength, exert to the utmost ; to harm by over-ex- ertion, injure by drawing or stretching, sprain; to make tighter ; to make uneasy or unnatural, force, constrain; to filter. — v. i. To make violent efforts; to be filtered. — re. A violent effort ; esp., an inju- rious tension of the muscles, or hurtful over-exer- tion; a continued course of action; a particular por- tion of a tune ; esp., one with a peculiar interest or expression : the subject or theme of a poem or dis- course; style ; turn ; tendency ; inborn disposition; family ; family blood. [ME. streinen, OF. estraivdre, L. stringere, sirictum, to draw tight ; s. rt. Gr. stran- gos, twisted, strangizein, to press out, Lithuan. stregti, to become stiff, freeze into ice, AS. streccan = E. to stretch, also E. constrain, distrain, strait, stringent, strict.] — Strain'er, n. One who strains; that through which any liquid passes for purification. Strait, strat, a. Narrow; close; not broad ; difficult ; distressful. — n. { Geog.) A narrow pass or passage, either in a mountain or in the ocean, — chiefly in pi. Distress; difficulty; distressing necessity. [ME. streit, OF. estreit, narrow, close, strict, L. strictvs, strict, prop. p. p. of stringere: see Strain and Strict.] — Strait'ly, adv. In a straight manner ; narrowly ; closely; strictlv; rigoroi'.slv: intimately. — Strait '- ness, n. State 6r quality of being strait; narrowness; strictness; rigor; distress; difficulty; want; scarcity. - Straifen, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd) -ening.] To make strait, narrow, confine; to make tense or tight: to dia» tress, press with poverty or other necessity.— Strait'- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve. tSrm; In, Ice; dad, tone, dr; STRAZL 573 STREAM Stramonium. Leaf, Flower, and Fruit. jack'et,/?. A strait-waistcoat. — laced, -la*t,a. Bound tightly with stays ; strict in manners or morals. — -waisVcoat, n. A dress used for restraining maniacs, or those laboring under violent delirium, and having long sleeves which are tied behind the back, so that the arms cannot be extricated from them. Strake, strak, n. An iron band by which the felloes of a wheel are secured to each other. (Ship-build- ing.) A continuous range of planks on the bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the stern; a streak. [See Streak.] Stramineous, stra-min'e-us, a. Consisting of straw ; chaffy ; like straw ; straw-colored. [L. stramineus, fr. stramen, straw, fr. sternere, stratum, to spread out, strew.] Stramonium, stra-mo'nY-um, Stramony, strarn'o-ni, n. (Bot.) A poisonous Ii Ian t having rank leaves, and large trum- pet-shaped flowers, — a species of Datura, — used in medicine as a narcotic; thorn-apple. [NL. stramonium, Russ. durmdn.] Strand, strand, n. The shore or beach of the sea or ocean, or of a large lake. — v. t. To drive or run aground on a shore or strand, as a ship. — v. i. To drift or be driv- en on shore; to run aground. [AS., D., Dan., Sw., and G. strand, Ic. strond, margin, edge, D. stranden, to reach the strand; perh. s. rt. stra- tum.^ Strand, strand, n. One of the twists of which a rope is composed. — v. t. To break one of the strands of (a rope). [D. streen. streng, G. straehne, a skein, hank; s. rt. G. Strang, skein, cord = E. string.] Strange, stranj, a. Belonging to another country; not domestic ; belonging to other persons ; not before known, heard, or seen; not according to the common way; causing surprise; exciting curiosity; new; out- landish; wonderful; astonishing: odd; queer; eccen- tric; particular. [OF. estrange, L. extraneus, that is without, fr. extra (q. v.), outside; s. rt. estrange, ex- traneous.] — Strangely, adv. — Strangeness, n. — Stran'ger, n. One who is strange; a foreigner; one whose home is at a distance from the place where he is, but in the same country; one who is unknown or unacquainted, or not familiar; one not admitted to fellowship; a guest; visitor. (Law.) One not privy to an act, contract, or title. [OF. estrangier.] Strangle, stran'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To destroy the life of by stopping respiration, suffocate, choke; to suppress. [OF. estrangler,~L. strangulare, Gr. strangaloein, -gahzein, to strangle, fr. strangale, a halter, strangos, twisted : see Strain and Stretch.] — Stran'gler, n. — Strangles, -glz, n. (Far.) A tu- mor or swelling in a horse's throat. — Stran'gula''- ted, a. (Surg.) Having the circulation stopped in any part by compression. — Stran'gula'tion, n. Act of strangling; suffocation. (Med.) Inordinate com- pression or constriction. — Stran'gury, -gu-rT, n. (Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop Dy drop. [L. stranguria, Gr. strangouria, fr. strangx, a drop, that which oozes out (fr. strangos), and ouron = E. urine.] — Strangu'rious, stran-gu'rT-us, a. Labor- ing under strangury; of the nature of strangury. Strap, strap, n. A long, narrow slip of cloth, leather, or other material, of various forms and for various uses; an instrument for sharpening a razor; a strop. (Carp.) An iron plate for connecting 2 or more tim- bers, to which it is screwed by bolts. (Mach.) A band or strip of metal, usually curved, to clasp and hold other parts. (Xaut.) A piece of rope formed into a circle, used to retain a block in its position.— v. t. [strapped (strapt), -pixg.] To beat or chas- tise with a strap; to fasten or bind with a strap; to sharpen by rubbing on a strap, or strop, as a razor. [ME. strope, AS. stropp, a noose, loop, L. struppus, a strap, thong, fillet, Gr. strophos, a twisted band, cord, fr. strepkein, to twist : see Strophe.] — Strap- pa'do, n. A military punishment, which consisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam, and letting him fall. — v. t. To punish or torture by the strappado. [It. strappata, a pull, the strappado, fr. strappare, to pull, wring, HG. strap/en, to pull tight, prob. fr. L. struppus.j Strapping, strap'ping, a. Tall ; lusty ; bouncing. [Armor, strajia, to make a noise, It. strappare, to tear away violently.] Strata, pi. of Stratum. Statagem, strat'a-jem, n. A plan or scheme for deceiv- ing an enemy; any artifice. [OF. stratageme, L. and Gr. stratagema, lit. the device of a general, fr. strat- egos, a general, fr. stratos, an army, and agein, to lead. J— Strat'eget'ics, -jet'iks, n. (Mil.) Science of military movement ; generalship. — Strate'gic, -gical, -te'jik-al, a. Pert, to strategy; effected by ar- tifice. [Gr. strategia, generalship.] — Strategic point. Any point or region in the theater of warlike opera- tions which affords to its possessor an advantage over his opponent. — Strat'egist, n. One skilled in strategy, or the science of directing great military movements.— Strat'egy, n. Science of military com- mand, or science of directing great military move- ments; generalship. Stratum, stra'tum, n. ; pi. -ta, -ta. (Geol.) A layer of earth or rock of any kind, formed by natural causes, esp. when it is one of a series of layers. A bed or layer artificially made. [L., prop. neut. of p. p. of sternere, Gr. stomunai, to spread out : see Star.] — Strat'ify, strat'T-fi, v. t. [-pied (-fid), -fyixg.J To form or deposit in layers, as substances in the earth; to lay in strata. [L./acere, to make.] — Strat'- ifica'ticn, n. State of being formed into layers in the earth; act of laying in strata; process of being arranged in strata or layers. — Strat'iform, a. Hav- ing the form of strata. [L. forma, form.] Straw, straw, n. The stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, etc.; a mass of the stalks of certain species of grain when cut, and after being thrashed; anything proverbially worthless. [AS. streaw, strea, D. stroo, OHG. strou, L. stramen, straw, litter, stru- ere, to heap up, Goth, straujen = E. to strew, q. v. ; s. rt. star, q. v.]— Man of straw. An image of straw, etc., resembling a man; an imaginary person. — S. bail. Worthless bail, as being given by irre- sponsible persons. — S. bid. A bid for a contract, which the bidder is unable or unwilling to fulfill.— To be in the s. To be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman, beds having been formerly made of straw. — Straw'y, -T, a. Pert, to, ,nade of or like, straw. — Straw'-col'or, n. The color of dry straw; a del- icate, yellowish color. — Swaw'b&rry, n. A plant and its fruit, of many varieties. [AS. strea- berige, — fr. the resem- blance of its runners to straws.] Stray, stra, v. i. [strayed (strad), straying.] To wan- der, as from a direct course, from compa- ny, or from the proper limits, or from the path of duty or recti- tude; to deviate, err, swerve, depart ; to go astray; to go at large, roam, rove. — a. Having gone astray; strayed ; wandering. — n. Any domestic animal that wanders at large, or is lost ; an e stray. [OF. estraier, to stray, Proven, es- tra'Her, one who roves about the streets, fr. estrada, O F. estree. It. strada, L. strata = E. street, q. v.] Streak, strek, n. A line or long mark, of a different color from the ground ; a stripe. (Shiji-building.) A uniform range of planks on the side or bottom, reach- ing from the stem to the stern.— v. t. [streaked (strekt), streaking.] To form streaks or stripes in; to stripe. [Same as strake; ME. streke, strike, AS. strica, Sw. strek, a line, AS. strican, to go, Sw. stn/ka = E. to stroke, strike.] — Streaked, strekt or strek'ed, a. Marked or variegated with stripes of a different color. — Streak^y, -X, a. Having streaks; striped; variegated with lines of a different color. Stream, strem, n. A river, brook, or other course of running water; a current of fluid, as of water in the ocean, or of melted metal, or a flow of air or gas: an issuing in beams or rays, as of light; anything issu ing from a source, and moving with a continued sue* Strawberry- Leaf, Flower, and Fruit. siin, cube, full ; moon. f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or hjk, then, boNDON, chair, get. STREET 574 STRIKE of parts; drift; tendency; current of affairs or events; a number of individuals moving on with- out interval. — v.i. [stkeamed (strenid), stream- ing.] To issue in a stream, flow in a current, as a fluid or whatever resembles fluids ; to pour out or emit an abundant stream (of tears) ; to issue in streaks or rays, radiate; to extend, stretch in a long line. — v. t. To send forth in a current or stream; to pour. [AS.; D. stroom, Sw., Dan., and G. strom, Ir. sroth, Lithuan. srowe, a current, flow, Skr. sru, Gr. rheein, to flow ; s. rt. rheum, rhythm, ruminate, ca- tarrh.] — Streamer, n. An ensign or flag; pennon; an auroral stream or column of light shooting up- ward from the horizon. — Stream'let, n. A small stream; rivulet; rill. — Stream'y, -I, a. Abounding with streams or running water; flowing with a cur- rent. Street, stret, n. A paved way or road; a city road; main way, disting. fr. a lane or alley. [AS. street, L. strata" {via), paved (way), fr. stemere, stratum, to spread, pave: see Stray.] — Streef-walk'er, n. A common prostitute who offers herself to sale in the streets. Strength, Strengthen, etc. See under Strong, Strenuous, stren'u-us, a. Eagerly pressing or urgent; zealous; earnest; valiant; intrepid. [L. strenuus ; s. rt. Gr. strenes, strong, stereos, firm: see Stere.] — Stren'uously, adv. — Stren'uousness, n. Stress, stres, n. That which bears with force or weight, or the force or weight itself ; that which con- strains; pressure; urgency; importance; violence. (Mech.) Force exerted in any direction or manner between contiguous bodies or parts of bodies. [Abbr. of distress, q. v., under Distrain.] Stretch, strech, v. t. [stretched (strecht), stretch- ing.] To draw out, extend, esp. in length; to extend in breadth, spread, expand; to reach out, put forth; to make tense, render tight; to strain; to exaggerate; to extend too far. — v. i. To be drawn out in length or in breadth, or both; to be extended, spread; to be extended, without breaking, as elastic substances: to strain beyond the truth, exaggerate. {Naut.) To direct a course, sail; to make violent efforts in run- ning.— n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; reach; ef- fort; struggle; strain; extent to which anything may be stretched ; any extended portion or division. (Navt.) Reach or'extent of progress on one tack; a tack; course; direction. [AS. streccan, fr. strsec, strec, strong, violent, same as stearc = E. stark, q. v.; s. rt. string, strong, strain, strait, straight, strin- gent, strangle, strict.] — Stretch/ er, n. One who, or that which, stretches. (3Iaso>iry.) A brick or stone laid with its longer dimension in the line of direc- tion of the wall. A piece of timber in building. (Naut.) A narrow piece of plank for rowers to brace Stretcher, their feet against. A litter or frame for carrying sick, wounded, or dead persons. _ Strew, stroo or stro, v. t. [strewed (strood or strod); strewing.] To scatter, spread by scattering; to scat- ter loosely; to cover by scattering something over. [AS. stremcian, fr. stream =E. stravj, q. v.; s. rt. Ic. stra, Sw. stro, G. streuen, to strew, L. strilere, to heap up, stemere, to scatter, E. stratum, star.] Stria, stri'a, n. ; pi. Stride, -e. (flat. Hist.) A small channel, or thread-like line, in the surface of a shell, a crvstal, or other object. IT,., a furrow, streak.] — Stri'ate, -at, -ated, a. Formed with small channels; finelv channeled. Stricken, Strickle. See under Strike. Strict, strikt, a. Strained; drawn close; tight; tense; not relaxed: exact: accurate; rigorously nice; gov- erned or governing bv exact rules; observing exact rules; rigorous; rigidly interpreted; exactly limited; restricted; severe" [I,, strictus, p. p. of stringere, to draw or bind tight, to compress, urge; s. rt. stress, strain (q. v.), strait, astringent, constrain, restrain, etc.] — Strictly, adv. — Stricfness, «.— Strict'ure, strik'chur, n. A touch of adverse criticism; critical remark; censure. {Med.) A drawing; a morbid con- traction of any passarge of the body. [L. strictura, prop. fern, of fut. p. of stringere.] — Strin'gent, -jent, a. Binding strongly ; urgent. [L. stringens, p. pr. of stringere.] — Stringency, -jen-sf, n. State or quality of being, etc.; severe pressure. Stride, strld, n. A step, esp. one that is long, meas- ured, or pompous; space covered by a long step. — v. i. [imp. strid, strode (strod); p.p. strid, strid- den; striding.] To walk with long steps; to strad- dle. — v. t. To pass over at a step. [ME. striden, to stride, walk with long steps, LG. striden, AS. stri- dan, to stride, also to strive, OS. stridian, OFries. str-ida = E. to strive, OS. and OFries. strid = E. strife.; s. rt. straddle, astride, bestriile.] Stridor, stri'dOr, n. A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise. [L., fr. stridere, to make any harsh, grating, or creaking sound.] — Stri'dent, a. Characterized by harshness: grating. [I,. st>-idens, p. pr. of stridere.] — Strid'ulous, strTd'u-lus, a. Making a small, harsh sound, or a creaking. [L. stridulus.] Strife, strif, n. Exertion or contention for superior- ity, intellectual or physical; contention in battle; struggle for victorv; that which is contended against. [OF. estrif, Ic. stridh, OS., OFries., Dan., and Sw. strid, OHG. strit, OL. stlis, L. lis, strife ; s. rt. stride, litigate.] — Strive, strTv, v. i. limp, strove (strov); p.p. striven (striven); striving.] To make efforts, use exertion, labor hard; to struggle in opposition; to contend reciprocally, vie, emulate, endeavor, aim. [OF. estrirer, fr. estrif.] — StriV'er, n. Strigose, stri-gos', Stri'gous, -gus, a. {Bot.) Set with stiff, lanceolate bristles ; hispid. [L. strigosus, fr. stringere, to scrape.] Strike, strik, v. t. limp, struck; p. p. struck, strick- en (strook, obs.); striking: struck is more com- monly used, in the p. p., than stricken.] To touch or hit with some force, give a blow to; to give (a blow); to impel with or as with a blow; to stamp with a stroke, coin; to cause to enter or penetrate; to graze in successive hits or touches; to punish, smite; to cause to sound by one or more beats; to lower, let or take down; to impress strongly; to af- fect in some particular manner by a sudden impres- sion or impulse; to produce by a sudden action; to make and ratify; to level (a measure of grain, salt, etc.) bv scraping off with a straight instrument what is above the level of the top.— v. i. To make a quick blow or thrust; to hit, dash, clash; to sound by per- cussion, with blows, or as if with blows; to make an attack; to touch; to be stranded; to pass with a quick or strong effect, penetrate; to quit work in order to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages, etc.; to lower a flag or colors in token of respect, or to signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy; to break forth, commence suddenly.— n. An instru- ment with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, etc.; act of combining and quitting work in order to compel an employer to pay a certain scale of wages, etc. {Geol.) The horizontal direction of the out-cropping edges of tilted rocks. In games of ball, a ball hit at and missed by the batsman; also a good ball not struck at. [AS. strican, to go, pro- ceed, advance, strike, D. strijken, G. streichen, to smooth, rub, stroke, spread, strike: see Streak.] — To strike hands with. To make a compact or agree- ment with. — To s. off. To separate by a blow or any sudden action. {Print.) To impress, print.— To s. out. To produce by collision, force out; to blot out, efface, erase; to devise, invent, contrive — To s. sail. To take in sail; to cease to advance. — To «. up. To cause to sound; io begin to sing or play. — Strik'er, n. — Strick'en, striken, p. a. Struck ; smitten ; brought under influence or control; worn out; ad- vanced; whole, entire, — said of the hour as marked by the striking of the clock. — Strick'le, -i, n. An instrument to strike grain to a level with the meas- ure; an instrument for whetting scythes; a rifle.— Stroke, strok, n. A blow; the striking of one body against another; a hostile blow or attack; a sudden attack of disease or affliction ; calamity; fatal attack; the sound of the clock; a dash in writing or print- ing; the touch of a pen or pencil; a masterly effort; an effort suddenly or unexpectedly produced; series of operations. (Aaut.) The sweep of an oar in row- ing; the strokesman. {Steam Eng.) The entire move- ment of the piston from one end to the other of the cylinder. — t;. t. [stroked (strokt), stroking.) To am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone. Sr ; STRING 575 STRUMA rub gently with the hand: esp., to rub gently in one direction, soothe ; to make smooth. [AS. strac, a blow, fr. strican, to strike, stracian, to stroke, fr. sti-ac.] — Strok'er, n. One who strokes; one who pretends to cure by stroking.— Strokes'man, n. The man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke is to be followed by the rest. String, string, n. A small or slender rope, line, or cord ; a ribbon ; thread on which anything is filed ; line of tilings ; cord of a musical instru- ment; nerve or tendon of an animal body; series of things connected or following in succession ; num- ber of points made in a game of billiards. (Shi/>- building.) The highest range of planks in a ship's ceiling.— 17. t. [imp. strung ; p. p. strung, rarely stringed (strfngd); stringing.] To furnish with strings; to put in tune the strings of (a stringed in- strument) : to put on a string or thread ; to make tense, strengthen ; to deprive of strings, strip the strings from. [ME. and D. streng, AS. strenge, a cord, fr. strung, D. streng = E. strong; s. rt. Gr. strangale, a halter, E. strain, strict, etc.] — Stringed, 6tringd, a. Having strings. — String'y. -X, a. Con- sisting of strings or small threads ; fibrous : fila- mentous ; capable of being drawn into a string, or strings; ropy; viscid.— String'iness, n.— String'er. n. One who strings; one who makes or provides strings, esp. for bows. (Railroad Engin.) A longitudinal sleeper. A streak of planking carried round the in- side of a vessel on the under side of the beams; a long horizontal timber in a frame, to tie uprights, support a floor, etc. — String'-halt, n. (Far!) A sudden and convulsive twitching of the hinder leg of a horse, — corruptlv called spring-halt. Stringent, Stringency. See under Strict. Strip, strip, v. t. [stripped (stript), stripping.] To pull or tear off (a covering) ; to deprive of a cover- ing, skin, peel; to deprive, bereave, make destitute; to uncover, unsheathe; to press out the last milk of, at a milking. — v. i. To take off clothes or covering, undress, —n. A narrow piece, comparatively long. [AS. strypan, D. stroopen, to strip, plunder, strip- pen, to whip, strip off leaves, strepen, to stripe, OD. stroopen, to skin, flay ; s. rt. G. streifen, L. stringere, to graze, E. strike.] — Strip'ling. n. A youth just passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad. — Strip'- pings. n.pl. The last milk drawn from a cow at a milking. — Stripe, strip, n. A line, or long, narrow division of anytning, of a different color or appear- ance from the ground; a long, narrow piece attached to something of a different color; any linear varia- tion of color, texture, or appearance; a stroke or blow, esp. one with a rod, strap, or scourge ; a long, narrow discoloration of the skin made by the blow of a lash or rod.— v. t. [striped (stript). striping.] i To make stripes, form with lines of different colors, 1 variegate with stripes. [LG., a strip, stripe, stripen, i to stripe, OD. strijpe,a. stripe, fr. stroop en.]— Striped, J stript, a. Having stripes of different colors. Strive. See under Strife. Strobile, strob'il, re. (Bot.) A multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the hop or pine ; a cone : see Pericarp. (Physiol.) An individual produ- cing, non-sexually, sexual individuals dif- fering from itself also in other respects, as the tape-worm. [F. ; Gr. strobi/os, fr. streph- ein, to twist.] Stroke, etc. See under Strike. Stroll, strol, v. i. [strolled (strold), strolling.] To wan- der on foot, ramble idly or leisurely, rove, roam, range, stray.— n. A wandering on Strobile of Zamia. foot; a walking idly and leisurely: a ramble. [Dan. stryge, G. straucheln, Swiss utrolchen, to wander about, rove, Sw. strykel, G. stretcher, a stroller; s. rt. strike, straggle, struggle.] — Stroll'er, n. One who strolls; a vagabond; vagrant. Strong, strong, a. [stronger (stron'ger), stron- gest.] Having physical active power, or great physical power to act : vigorous ; having physical passive power ; having ability to bear or endure : able to sustain attacks; not easily subdued or taken; having great military or naval force : having great wealth, means, or resources ; reaching a certain de- gree or limit, in respect to strength or numbers; moving with rapidity: violent: impetuous: naturally secure against the att;:ct ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. STRUMPET 576 STUN [L.] — Strumose / \ -mos>, Stru'moU3, -mus, a. Scrof- ulous; having struma, or swellings in the glands. Strumpet, strunfpet, n. A prostitute; harlot. [OF. strupe, stupre, concubinage, L. stuprum, dishonor, violation. It. strupare, to ravish.] Strung. See String. Strut, strut, v. i. To walk affectedly with a lofty, proud gait and erect head. — n. Affectation of dig- nity in walking. (Arch.) A piece of timber oblique- ly placed from a king- or queen-post to strengthen a rafter or a horizontal piece ; a brace : see Frame or Queen-post. (Mach.) Any part of a machine or structure, of which the principal function is to hold things apart. [Dan. striate, strude, G. strotzen, to strut in walking, LG. strutt, rigid, stiff, ProvE. sti-unt, to strut, also a bird's tail.] — Strufter, n. Strychnia, strik'nt-a, -nine, -mn, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline vegetable alkaloid, having an intensely bitter taste; it is a very energetic and deadly tetanic poison, obtained from nux vomica, but in minute doses is a valuable medicine. [Gr. struchnos, night- shade, a family of poisonous plants.] Stub, stub, n. The stump of a tree, esp. of a small tree, or shrub; the part of a leaf left in a check- book, etc., after the check is removed, to preserve memoranda concerning the check; anything short and thick ; a short remnant, as of a cigar. — v. t. [stubbed (stubdX -bing.] To grub up by the roots, extirpate; to strike (the toes) against a stump, stone, or other fixed object. [ME. and Sw. stubbe, AS. styb, Dan. stub, a stump of a tree; s. rt. Ga. stob, a stub, stake, Lithuan. stebas, a pillar, mast of a ship, Gr. stupos, a stump, L. stipes, Skr. stnmba, a post, starrib, to make firm, set fast, E. stipulate, stand, q. v.] — Stub'bed, a. Short and thick. — Stub'bedness, n. — Stub'ble, -bl, n. The stumps of wheat, rye, barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground. [OF. es- touble, D. and G. stoppel, L. stipula, dim. of stipes.] — Stub'born, a. Unreasonably obstinate; not to be moved or persuaded by reasons ; persevering ; steady; constant; stiff; not flexible; enduring with- out complaint; hardy; firm; not easily melted or worked; obdurate; headstrong; stiff; refractory; in- tractable; rugged; contumacious- heady. [ME. sto- burn, stiborn, fr. AS. styb, a stub.] — Stub'bornly, adv.— Stub'bornness, n.— StuKby, -bl, a. Abound- ing with stubs; short and thick; short and strong. — Stub'-nail, n. A nail broken off; a short, thick nail. Stucco, stuk'ko, n. Plaster of any kind used as a coating for walls; esp., a fine plaster, used for inter- nal decorations and nice work; work made of stuc- co. — v. t. [stuccoed (-kod), stuccoing.) To over- lay with stucco or fine plaster. [It.; OHG. stucchi, a crust, G. stueck, a piece, patch; s. rt. stock.\ Stuck. See Stick. Stud, stud, n. (Arch.) An upright scantling, small timber, or joist between the main posts of a frame. A kind of ornamental nail with a large head; a kind of ornamental button or catch for a shirt. (Mach.) A short rod, fixed in and projecting from something; a boss or protuberance, — v.t. To adorn with studs or knobs; to set thickly with studs, shining ornaments, etc. [ME. stode, a boss, projection, AS. studu, a post; s. rt. stub.] — Stud'-bolt, n. A bolt with threads on both ends, to be screwed into a fixed part at one end and receive a nut upon the other; a standing-bolt. — Stud'ding, ^ »:. Material for studs or joists; -""Z^ZziZzziZvlw studs. — S t u d'tting - sail, w . Stud-bolt. (JVaia.) A light sail set on a projecting spar outside of a principal or square sail in free winds to increase a vessel's speed: see Sail. Stud, stud, n. A collection of breeding horses and mares; or the place where they are kept. [AS., Ic, and Dan. stod, a stud, Buss, stado, a herd, drove, Lithuan. stodas, a drove of horses, stoti, to stand; s. rt. stand, stall, steed, q. v.] — Stud'-book, n. A reg- ister of pure-bred horses of any one breed. Study, stud'T, n. Application of the mind to books, arts, science, or any subject, to learn what is not be- fore known; thoughtful attention; meditation; con- trivance; any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration; an apartment devoted to study or to literary employ- ment. (Fine Arts.'" A work undertaken for improve- ment in an art, and often left incomplete; a sketch from nature, to be used in the composition of more finished works.— v. i. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to muse; to apply the mind to books or ft. stufa, a stove, hot-house: see learning ; to endeavor diligently. — v. t. [studied (-id), -ying.] To apply the mind to; to consider at- tentively; to con over, commit to memory. [OF. es- tudie, estude, L. studium, prob. for spudium, Gr. spoude, eagerness, zeal, study, L. studere, to study, be eager, Gr. speudein, to be eager, hasten; prob. s. rt. speed.')— Stu'dent, n. One engaged in study; one who studies or examines; a scholar; one devoted to books; a bookish mau. [L. students, p. pr. of studere.) — Stud'ied, -id, p. a. Closely examined; well con- sidered; well versed in any branch of learning; qual- ified by study; premeditated. — Stu'dious, -dl-us, a. Given to study; given to thought, or to the exami- nation of subjects by contemplation; contemplative; eager to discover something, or to effect some object; diligent; attentive to; careful; planned with study; favorable to study. — Stu'diously, adv.— Stu'dious- ness, n. — Stu'dio, -dl-o, n. ; pi. -os, -oz. The work- shop ofan artist. [It., study, school.] Stufa, stoo'fa, n. A jet of steam issuing from a fis- sure in the earth, fit Stove and Stuff.1 Stuff, stuf, n. Material to be worked up in any pro- cess of manufacture ; woven material ; cloth not made into garments; a textile fabric made entirely of worsted; refuse or worthless matter; foolish or irrational language; nonsense. — v. t. [stuffed (stuft), stuffing.] To fill by crowding, load to ex- cess; to thrust, crowd, press; to fill by being put into; to fill with seasoning; to obstruct, as any of the organs; to fill the skin of (animals) for the pur- pose of preserving as a specimen; to form or fashion by stuffing; to crowd with facts, cram the mind of. — v. i. To feed gluttonously. [OF. estoffe, It. stoffa, G. stof, stuff, matter, L. stupa, flax, oakum, tow, etc. (for stuffing things), OF. estoff'er, to stuff, make with stuff, fill, G. stop/en, to fill, stuff, quilt, LL. stupare, to stop up with tow, etc., cram, OF. estouf- fer, to stifle, choke, stop the breath; perh. s. rt. Gr. tuphos, smoke, mist, cloud, Sp. tufo, warm vapor from the earth, E. stufa, q. v.] — Stuffy, -I, a. An- gry and obstinate ; sulky ; ill-ventilated ; close. — Stuffiness, n. — Stuffing, n. That which is use for filling anything; seasoning formeat.- box, n, An arrangement for rendering a joint tight where a movable rod passes into a vessel of some kind, as the cylin- der of a steam-engine. Stultify, stuf tY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- ing.J To make foolish; to make a fool of. (Law.) To allege or prove to be in- sane, for avoiding some act. [L. stultus, foolish, and facere, to make.] Stum, stum, n. Unfermented grape-juice or wine ; must; wine revived by new fermentation, from the admixture of must. — v. t. To renew (wine) by mix- ing must with it, and raising a new fermentation. [D. stom, must, stoommen, to adulterate, drug wine.] Stumble, stum'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To trip in walking or moving in any way upon the legs; to walk in a bungling or unsteady manner; to slide into a crime or an error; to err; to fall or light by chance. — n. A trip in walking or running ; blunder; failure. [Ic. and Norw. stumra, Sw. stam- bla, to stumble; same as stammer. ] — Stum'bler, n. — Stuufbling-block, -stone, n. A block or stone that causes stumbling; any cause of stumbling or error. Stump, stump, n. The part of a tree or plant remain- ing in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off; part of a limb or other body remaining after a part is amputated or destroyed; a fixed or rooted rem- nant of something; a stub; a rod, or frame of rods, used in the game of cricket; a short, thick roll of leather or paper, cut to a point, and used to shade or color a crayon or pencil drawing, pi. Legs. — v. t. [stumped (stumt), stumping.] To strike (anything fixed and hard) with the toe; to cut off a part of, re- duce to a stump; to challenge; to travel over, deliv- ering speeches for electioneering purposes; to knock down (the stump or wicket in cricket-playing). [Sw. and Dan.; same as stub, q. v.] — Stump-orator. One who harangues the populace from the stump of a tree, or other elevation. — To take the s. To make public addresses for electioneering purposes, — Stump'y, -t, a. Full of stumps; short and thick; Stun, stun, v. t. [stunned (stund), -ning.] To maki senseless or dizzy with a blow on the head; to over I come ; esp., to overpower the sense of hearing of am, fam«, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; STUNG- 577 SUB- CONTRARY to surprise completely. [AS. stunian, to make a din, stun, a din; s. rt. stentorian, q. v.] — Stun'ner, n. One who. or that which, stuns, — often vulgarly applied to whatever overpowers by astonishment. Stung. See Sting. Stunl. See Stink. Stunt, stunt, v. t. To hinder from growth, prevent the growth of. — n. A check in growth, or that which has been checked in its growth; a stunted animal or thing. [A.S., dull, stupid, useless, not well devel- oped; OS., cut short; same as sfi'nt.] Stupe, stup, n. {Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore; fomen- tation. [L. stupa, stujjpa, Gr. stupe, tow: see Stuff.] Stupefy, stu'pe-n, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To make stupid, blunt the faculty of perception or un- derstanding in, deprive of sensibility. [F. stupefier, to stupefy, fr. L. stupefactus, stupefied, fr. stupere, to be amazed (s. rt. G. etaphon, I was astonished, Skr. stamb, stubh, to stupefy, £. stand, q. v.), and/a- cere, to make.] — Stupefac'tion, n. Act of stupefy- ing; a stupid or senseless state; insensibility; stupid- ity. — Stupefac'tive, -tiv, a. Causing insensibility ; deadening or blunting the sense of feeling or under- standing. — Stu'pefi'er, n. — Stupendous, -dus, a. Astonishing; wonderful; amazing; esp., of astonish- ing magnitude or elevation. [L. stupendus, astonish- ing, p. rut pass, of stupere.]— Stupendously, adr.— Stupen'dousness, n.~ Stu'pid, a. Very dull; want- ing in understanding; grossly foolish; in a state of stupor, — said of persons; resulting fron:, or evin- cing, stupidity,— said of things; simple; in^nsible; sluggish ; senseless ; doltish ; sottish ; du" ; iieavy. [F. stupide, L. stupidus, fr. stupere.] — Stupidity, -T-tT, n. State or quality of being stupid; extreme dullness of perception or understanding. [F. stupid- ity, L. stupiditas.) — Stu'pidly, adv. — Stu'pidness, n. — Stu'por, n. Great diminution or suspension oi sensibility ; numbness ; intellectual insensibility ; morar stupidity. [L.] Stupration, stu-pra'shun, n. Violation of chastity by force ; rape. [L. stuprare, -pratum, to ravish, stu- prum, rape.] Sturdy, ster'di, a. [-dier; -diest.] Foolishly obsti- nate; characterized by strength or force; stiff; stout; strong; robust; vigorous. [OF. estourdi, stunned, giddy, thoughtless, rash, p. p. of estourdir, to stun, astonish, amaze, perh. fr. L. torpidus, torpid, q. v.] — Stur'dily, adv. — StUT'diness, n. Sturgeon, ster'jun, n. A large cartilaginous fish, sev- eral species of which are found in N. Europe, in the Black and Caspian Seas and their t rib- sturgeon. utaries, in the lakes of North America, etc. [OF. esturgeon, LL. stiirio, OHG. sturo, lit. a stirrer, G. stoeren, to wallow in the mud, AS. styria, a sturgeon, fr. styrian = E. to stir, q. v.] Stutter, stut'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -terixg.] To hesitate in uttering words, stammer. — n. The act of stuttering. [Freq. of obs. E. stut, ME. stoten, to stutter, Ic. stauta, to beat, strike, also to read stut- teringly, G. stossen, L. tundere, Skr. tud. to strike ; 8. rt. contuse, obtuse, pierce, stoat.] — Stufterer, n. Sty, sti, n. (Med.) An inflamed tumor on the edge of the eyelid. [AS. stigend, a tumor on the eyelid, fr. stigan, to rise; s. rt. sty for swine.] Sty, sti, n. A pen or inclosure for swine ; a place of bestial debauchery. — v.t. To shut up in a sty. [AS. stigo, Dan. and Sw. dial, sti, a sty, G. steige, a stair, i stile, hen-roost, chicken-coop, AS. stigan, Sw. stiga, j G. steigen, Gr. steichein, to climb ; s. rt. sty (on the ; eye), stile, stirrup, stair, acrostic, distich, vestige.] Stygian, stij'i-an, a. Of } or pert, to, Styx, fabled by | the ancients to be a river of hell over which the . shades of the dead passed, or the region of the dead; I hellish; infernal, ft. Stygius, fr. Gr. Stux, the Styx , river, lit. the Hateful, fr. stugein, to hate.] Style, stil, n. An instrument used by the ancients in writing on tablets covered with wax: a sharp-pointed tool used in engraving ; a pointed surgical instru- ment ; mode of expressing thought in language, whether oral or written; choice of words; mode of presentation, esp. in music or any of the fine arts ; regard to what is deemed elegant and appropriate, esp. in literary composition or in social demean- or ; fashion; mode or phrase by which anything is formally designated ; the title : official designation. (Chron.) A mode of reckoning time. — v.t. [styled (stlld), styling.] To give a title to in addressing ; to call, name, designate, characterize. [Prop, stile; ME. and F. stile, L. stilus, an iron-pointed instru- ment for writing on wax tablets, manner of writing, lit. that which pricks; s. rt. stimulate, stigma, stick, q. v. ; not s. rt. style, in botany and dialing.] — [In chronology, the Old Style follows the manner of computing the months and days established by Ju- lius Caesar, according to which every 4th year con- sists of 366 days, and the other years of 365 days. This is about 11 minutes in a year too much. Pope Gregory XTTT . reformed the calendar by retrenching 10 days in Oct. 1582, in order to bring back the vernal equinox to the same day as at the time of the coun- cil of Nice, a. n. 325. This reformation was adopted by act of Parliament in G. Britain in 1751, by which act 11 days in Sept. 1752, were retrenched, and the 3d day was reckoned the 14th. This mode of reckoning is called New Style, according to which everv year divisible by 4 (unless it is divisible by 100 without being divisible by 400), has 366 days, and any other year 365 days.] — Styl'et, n. A small poniard or dag- ger ; stiletto. — Styl'ish, a. Given to, or fond of, the display of style; highly fashionable; modish; genteel. — Styl'ist, h. One attentive to style; a critic of style; a master or model of style. Style, stil, n. The pin or gnomon of a dial. (Bot.) The cylindrical and tapering portion of the pistil be- tween the ovary and the stigma: see Anther. [Gr. stulos, a pillar; s. rt. stand ; not s. rt. style, a writing instrument.] — Sty Oar, a. Of or pert, to the style oi a dial. Styptic, stip'tik, n. (Med.) A medicament which >erves to arrest hemorrhage when applied to the bleeding part. — often used svnonymously with as- tringent.— Styp'tic, -ticaL, a. Producing contraction ; having the quality of restraining hemorrhage; as- tringent. [I . styptique, Gr. stuptikos, astringent, fr. stuphein, to contract, draw together: s. rt. Gr. sttiphos, a stump, E. stub, q. v.] — Styptidty, -tis'I-tl, n. Quality of being styptic; astringency. Suasion, swa'zhun, n. Act of persuading; persuasion. [F. ; L. suasio, fr. suadere, suasum. to advise, per- suade; s. rt. suavis, sweet.] — Sua'sive. -siv, a. Hav- ing power to persuade ; influencing the mind or passions ; persuasive. — Sua'sory, -so-rt, a. Tending to persuade. — Suave, swav, a. Pleasant: agreeable; gracious. [F.; L. suavis.]— Suavity, swav'T-tl, n. That which is sweet or pleasing to the mind: agree- ableness ; softness ; pleasantness ; gentleness. [F. suavite'.] Subacid, sub-as'id, a. Moderately acid or sour. [F. and L. sub- (= E. up ; s. rt. L. super, Skr. upari = E. over, q. v. = Gr. huper, q. v., under Hyperbaton, also L. subter, supra, E. sum, supreme, soprano, sovereign, supine), under, also from below, hence upward, and E. acid.] Subalpine, sub-aKpin, a. Approximately alpine ; be- longing to a region on any high mountain next be- low alpine. Subaltern, sub-awl'tern, a. Ranked or ranged below; subordinate ; inferior. — n. One holding a subor- dinate position : a commissioned military officer be- low the rank of a captain. [F. subalteme, L. subal- ternus, fr. sub and alter, another.] — Sut/alter'nate, a. Succeeding by turns ; successive ; subordinate ; inferior. Subaqueous, sub-a'kwe-us, a. Being under water, or beneath the surface of water. ( Geol.) Formed in or under water. Subastral, sub-as'tral, a. Beneath the stars or heav- ens: terrestrial. Subastringent, sub-as-trin'jent, a. Astringent in a small decree: moderately astringent. Subaudition, sub-aw-dish'un, n. Act of understand- ing something not expressed. [L. subauditio, fr. subaudire, to understand or supply a word omitted, fr. sue and trudire, to hear.] Sub-base, -base, sub'bas, n. (Mus.) The deepest pedal stop, or the lcwast tones of an organ ; the funda- mental base. Subchanter, sub-chant-'er, n. An underchanter ; a deputy of the precentor of a cathedral. Subcommittee, sub-kom-mu'te, a. An under com- mittee; a part or division of a committee; a small committee appointed from the members of a larger committee. Sub-contrary, sub-kon'tra-rY, a. Contrary in an in- ferior degree- (Geom.) Having, or being, in a con- I trary order —aid of a section of an oblique cone with sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. SUBCUTANEOUS 578 SUBMIT a circular base cut by a plane not parallel to the base, bat inclined to the axis, so that the section is a cir- cle, — applied also to 2 similar triangles when so placed as to have a common angle at the vertex, the opposite sides not being parallel. (Logic.) Charac- terizing the relation of opposition between the par- ticular "affirmative and particular negative; also, ap- plied to the relation between 2 attributes which coexist in the same substance, yet in such a way that the more there is of one, the less there is of the other, — n. (Logic.) A sub-contrary proposi- tion ; a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower degree. Subcutaneous, sub-ku-ta'ne-us, a. Situated under the skin; pert, to or acting upon what is under the skin; hypodermic. Sub-deacon, sub-de'kn, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) One be- longing to a clerical order next below that of deacon. Subdean, sub-den', n. An under dean; a dean's sub- stitute or vicegerent.— Subdean'ery, -er-T, n. Office and rank of subdean. Subdivide, sub-dl-vid', v. t. To divide the parts of into more parts ; to divide again (what has already been divided). — v. i. To be subdivided. — Subdi- vis'ion, -vizh'un. n. Act of subdividing, or separa- ting a part into smaller parts ; part of a thing made by "subdividing. Subdominant, sub-dom'Y-nant, n. (Hits.) The 4th tone above the tonic, — so called as being under the dominant. Subduct, sub-dukt', v. t. To withdraw, take away ; .to subtract by arithmetical operation. [L.subducere, -ductum, fr. sub and ducere, to lead, draw.] — Sub- duc'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; arithmetical subtraction. — Subdue. -du', v. t. [-dued (dud'), -duing.] To bring under, cunquer by force or the exertion of superior power, and bring into permanent subjec- tion; to overpower so as to disable from further re- sistance ; to overpower and destroy the force of ; to overcome by discipline, bring under, tame; to over- come by persuasion, or other mild means; to reduce to tenderness; to make mellow, break (land), destroy (weeds). [ME. so luen, later subduen, OF. souduire, to seduce, fr. L. subducere.] — Subdu'er, n. Suberic, su-ber'ik, a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or ex- tracted from, cork. [L. suber. the cork-tree.] Subfamily, sub'iam'T-li, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subordi- nate family ; a division of a family. Subgenus, siib'je'nus, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subdivision of a genus, comprehending one or more species. Subito, su'bt-to, adv. (3Ius.) In haste ; quickly ; rapidly. [It. and L.] Subjacent, sub-ja'sent, a. Lying under or below ; being in a lower situation, though not directly be- neath. [L. suhjacens, p. pr. of subjacere, to lie un- der, fr. sub and jacere, to lie, cast, throw, put.] — Sub'ject, a. Placed or situate under; placed under the power and dominion of another ; exposed ; dis- posed ; liable ; obnoxious ; tributary. — n. That which is placed under the authority, dominion, or influence of something else; esp., one brought under the authority of a ruler; that which is brought under any physical operation or process, or under thought or examination, or is taken up for discussion ; per- son treated of. (Logic and Gram.) That of which anything is affirmed or predicated ; that which is spoken of. That in which any quality, attribute, or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these appertain; substance; that substance or being which is conscious of its own op- erations: the thinking agent or principal. (JIus.) The principal melody or theme of a movement. (Anat.) A dead body for the purposes of dissection. [L. sub- jectits, lying tinder, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, to throw, lay, place, or bringunder, fr. sub and jacere, to throw.] — Subject'', v. t. To bring under the control, power, dominion, or action of; to subdue, enslave; to expose, make liable; to submit, make accountable; to make subservient ; to cause to undergo. — Subjec'- tion. n. Act of subjecting or bringing under the dominion of another; state of being subject. [OF.; L. suhjectio.] — Subjective, -iv, a. Of, or pert, to, a subject ; pert, to, or derived from, one's own con- sciousness, — disting. fr. external observation. [L. subject ivus.~\ — Subjectively, adv. In a subjective manner ; in relation to the subject. — Subject'ive- ness, n. The state of being subjective.— Suhjectiv'- ity, -iv'Y-ti, n. State of being subjective; that which is treated in a subjective manner. — Sub'ject-maV- ter, n. The matter or thought presented for con- sideration in some statement or discussion. Subjoin, sub-join', v. t. To add after something else has been said or written ; to annex, unite, coalesce. [OF. suhjoindre, L. subjungere, -juHctum,ir.jungere = E. to join, q. v.] — Subjunc'tion, -junk'shun, n. Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined. — Sub- junc'tive, -tiv, a. Subjoined or added to something before said or written. — n. (Oram.) The subjunc- tive mode. [L. subjunetivus.] — Subjunctive mode. (Gram.) That form of a verb which expresses con- dition, hypothesis, contingency, and is subjoined or added as subordinate to some other verb, and often connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, ex- cept, until, etc. Subjugate, sub'ju-gat, v. t. To subdue and bring under the yoke of power or dominion ; to compel to submit to the absolute control of another ; to con- quer, vanquish, overcome. [L. subjugare, -gatum, fr. sub and jugum, a yoke.] — Subjugation, n. Act of subjugating or bringing under the power or ab- solute control of another. Subjunction, Subjunctive. See under Subjoin. Sublapsarian, sub-lap-sa'ri-an, a. Of, or pert. to. the Sublapsarians, or their opinions. — n. One of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past, and the elect as chosen from beings already in a fallen and guilty state. [L. sub and lapsus, fall.] Sublet, sub-let', v. t. To underlet; to lease, as a lessee to another person. Sublime, sub-lim', a. lifted up high in place; distin- guished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; awaken- ing or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; elevated by joy; elate, — n. A grand or lofty style, —v. t. [sublimed (-limd'), -liming.] To bring to a state of vapor by heat, and condense again by cold; to sublimate; to exalt, heighten, improve; to dignify, ennoble. — v. i. To be brought or changed into a state of vapor by heat, and then condensed by cold, as a solid sub- stance. [F.; L. sublimis, lofty, raised on high, perh. lit. reaching to the lintel of a door, tall, high, fr. sub and limen, a threshold: see Limit; L. sublimare, -ma- tum, to elevate.] — Sublime'ly, adv.— Sublime'ness, n. — Sublim'ity, -lim'I-tT, n. State of being sub- lime; elevation of place; lofty height; nobleness of nature or character; eminence; an elevated feeling of astonishment and awe, at the contemplation of great scenes and objects, or of exalted excellence; loftiness of sentiment or style; grandeur: magnifi- cence. [F. svhlimiU, L. sublimitas.] — Sub'limate, -lT-mat, v. t. To bring by heat into the state of va- por, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state; to refine and exalt, heighten, elevate. — n. (Chem.) The product of a sublimation, — a. Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed, as solid substances. — Sublima'tion, n. Act of sub- limating, or state of being sublimated; act of height- ening or improving; exaltation; elevation. Sublunar, sub-lu'nar, Sub'lunary, -lu-na-rT, a. Situ- ated beneath the moon; terrestrial; earthly; pert, to this world. Submarine, sub-ma-ren', a. Being, acting, or grow- ing, under water in the sea. Submediant, sub-me'dT-ant, n. (Mus.) The 6th tone of the scale; the predominant. Submerge, sub-merj', v. t. [-merged (-merjd'), -mer- ging.] To put under water, plunge; to cover or over- flow with water, drown. — v. i. To plunge, as into water or other fluid; to be completely included or incorporated. [F. submerger, L. submergere, fr. sub and mergere, mersum, to plunge: see Merge.] — Submer'gence, -Jens, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Submerse', -mersed', -merst', a. (Bot.) Be- ing or growing under water, as the leaves of aquatic plants. — Submer'sion, n. Act of submerging, or putting under water or other fluid, or of causing to be overflowed; state of being put under water or other fluid. Submit, sub-mit', v. t. To yield, resign, or surrender to power, will, or authority; to leave or commit to the discretion or judgment of another or others; to refer, —v. i. To yield one's person to the power of another; to yield one's opinion to the opinion or au- thority of another; to acquiesce in the authority of another; to be submissive, yield without murmur- ing, surrender, acquiesce, comply. [L. submittere, -missvm, fr. sub and mittere, to send.] — Submis'sion, -mish'un, n. Act of submitting: act of yielding to power or authority; obedience; state of being sub- missive; acknowledgment of inferiority or depend- ence; meekness; resignation; acknowledgment of a fame, f iir, pass or oDera, fare ; end, eve, term j in, Ice ; odd, tone, or : SUBMULTIPLE 579 SUBSTRUCTION fault; confession of error. (Law.) An agreement by which parties engage to submit any matter of controversy between them to the decision of arbitra- tors. [L. submissio.] — Submis'sive, -siv, a. Inclined or ready to submit; obedient: compliant; yielding; obsequious; subservient; humble; modest; passive. — Submis'sively, adv. — Submi3'siveness, n. Submultiple, sub-muKtl-pl, n. (Math.) A number or quantity which is contained in another an exact number of times, or is an aliquot part of it. Snbnascent, sub-nas'sent, a. Growing underneath. [L. subnuscens, p. pr. of su'niasci, to grow under, fr. sub and nasci, to be born, arise.] Subordinate, sub-or'dT-nat, a. Placed in a lower class or rank; holding a lower position; inferior in order, nature, dignity, power, importance, etc. — re. One who stands in order or rank below another, —v. t. To place in a lower order; to make, or consider as, of less value or importance; to subject or subdue. [L. sub Ordinem, under the rank or order; ordo, -di- xit «= E. order.'] — Subor'dinately, adv. — Subordi- nation, re. Act of subordinating, placing in a lower order, or subjecting; state of being subordinate; in- feriority of rank or dignity; subjection ; place of rank among inferiors. — Subordinacy, -dT-na-sT, n. State of being subordinate, or subject to control. Suborn, sub-Srn', v. t. [-orned ,(-6rnd), -orning.] {Law.) To procure or cause to take a false oath amounting to perjury. To procure privately, or by collusion or bribery (false testimony, etc.). [F. sub- orner. L. svbornare, fr. sub and ornare, to furnish, provide.] — Suborna'tion, n. (Law.) Act of suborn- ing: crime of procuring a person to take such a false oath as constitutes perjury. Crime of procuring one to do a criminal or Dad action. [F.] — Suborn'er. n. Suboval, sub-o'val, a. Somewhat oval; nearly oval. Subpoena, -pena, sub-pe'na, re. (Law.) A writ com- manding the attendance in court of the person on whom it is served, as a witness, etc., under a penal- ty. — v. t. [-naed (-nad), -naing.] (Law.) To serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attend- ance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience. [L. subpoena, under penalty: see Penal.] Subrector, sub-rek'ter, re. A rector's deputy or sub- stitute. Subreption, sub-rep'shun, re. Act of obtaining a fa- vor by surprise or unfair representation. [L. s-ub- reptio. fr. subripere, -reptum, to snatch or take away secretly; fr. sub and rapere, to snatch away.] Subsalt, sub'sawlt, re. (Chem.) An oxysalt contain- ing a less number of equivalents of the acid than of the base, or in which the latter is a suboxide: a hal- oid salt, or analogous compound, in which the num- ber of equivalents of the electro-negative constitu- ent is lessthan that of the electro-positive constituent. Subscribe, sub-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-sknbd"), -scribing.] To write underneath, sign with ones own hand, bind one's self by writing oneis name beneath; to attest by writing one's name beneath; to promise to give, by writing one's name. — v. i. To give consent to something written, by signing one's name; to assent, agree; to promise to give a certain sum by setting one's name to a paper; to en- ter one's name for a newspaper, book, etc. [L. sub- scribers f r. sub and scribere, to write.] — Subscrib''- er, re. — Subscript, -skript, n. Anything underwrit- ten. — a. Written below or underneath. — Sub- scrip"' tion, re. Act of subscribing; that which is sub- scribed: a paper to which a signature is attached; signature attached to a paper; consent or attesta- tion given by underwriting the name ; sum sub- scribed; amount of sums subscribed. [OF.] Subsellium, sub-seKlf-um, n. ; pi. -lf-a. (Eccl. Arch.) A small shelving seat in the stalls of churches or cathe- drals; a miserere. [L. sella, a seat.] Subsequent, sub'se-kwent. a. Following in time; eoming or being after something el se at any time; following in or- der of place. [L. svbsequens, p. pr. of subsequi; seqni, to follow.]— Subsequently, adv. — Sub'sequence, -quen- cy, -kwen-sT, n. State of be- ing subsequent, or of com- ing after something. Subserve, sub-serv",?'. t. [-served (-servd'), -serving.] To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be Subsellium. subservient to, help forward, promote. — v. i. To be subservient or subordinate. [L. subservire, fr. sub and servire, to serve.]— Subserv'ient, -T-ent, a. Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capaci- ty; subordinate ; inferior; submissive. — SubserV- ience, -iency, -T-en-sT, n. Condition of being subserv- ient ; use or operation that promotes some purpose. Subside, sub-sid' - . v. i. To sink or fall to the bottom; to fall into a state of quiet, become tranquil, abate; to tend downward, descend, sink. [L. sid>*idere, fr. sub and siilcre, to sit down, settle, fr. sedere = E. to sit, q. v.] — Subsid'ence, -ency, -en-sf, n. Act or pro- cess of sul»icliii-. M-ttliug, or falling: act of sinking or gradually descending; act of becoming tranquil. — Sub'sidy, — i-di. n. Support; aid; esp., extraordi- nary aid in money rendered to a sovereign, or to a friendly power; money paid by one prince or nation to another, to purchase the service of auxiliary troops; money paid by government to aid a private enterprise (line of steamers, etc.) of advantage to the state. [F. subside. L. subsidium, orig., troops sta- tioned in reserve, lit. that which i-its behind or in re- serve, fr. sub and sedere.] — Subsidiary, -T-a-rT, a. Furnishing a subsidy ; serving to help ; assistant ; auxiliary, — re. One who. or that which, contributes aid ; an assistant ; auxiliary. [L. subddiarius.] — Subsidize, -sf-diz, v. t. [-d'izeij (-dizd), -dizixg.] To purchase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy. Subsist, sub-sist', v. i. To be, have existe'ice, inhere; to continue; to be supported, live. — v. t. To sup- Eort with provisions, feed, maintain. [F. subsister, i. subsistere, fr. sub and sktere, to stand, be fixed, fr. stare = E. to stand, q. v.] — Subsisfence, -ens, n. Real being; state of being subsistent ; inherency; means of support : provisions, or that which pro- cures provisions. [F.] — Subsist'ent, a. Having real being; inherent. Subsoil, sub'soil, n. The bed or stratum of earth im- mediately beneatli the surface soil. Sub-species, sub-spe'shez, re. A subordinate species; division of a species. Substance, sub'stans, n. That which underlies all out- ward manifestations: substratum: that which con- stitutes anything what it is; nature: real or existing essence : the most important element in any exist- ence; the characteristics of anything; the matter as disting. from the form of a thing; essential or im- portant part; purport; anything which has a material form; body; matter; estate; property. [F.; L. sub- stantia, fr. substare, to be under or present, to stand firm, fr. sub and stare, to stand.] — Substantial, -stan'shal, a. Belonging to substance; actually ex- isting; not seeming or imaginary; real; true; corpo- real ^material; having good substance; strong; stout; solid ; possessed of goods or estate ; moderately wealthy. [F. substantial, L. substantialis.] —Substan- tiality, -she-al'T-tY, re. State of being substantial; corporeity; materiality.— Substantially, adv. In a substantial manner; reau v; solidly; trulv; essential- ly; competently. — Substa,: '.'tialness, re. — Substan'- tials^-shalz, n. pi. Essenti il parts.— Substantiate, -sht-at, v. t. To make to exist; to establish by proof or competent evidence, verify.— Sub'stantive, -stan- tiv, a. Betokening, or expressing existence. — n. (Gram.) A noun; the part of speech which desig- nates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial. [F. substan- tif, L. substantirus, self-existent.] — Substantively, adv. In a substantive manner; in substance: essen- tially. (Gram.) As a substantive name, or noun. — Substantiv'al, -tlv'al, a. Of, pert, to, or in the na- ture of a substantive. Substitute, sub'stf-tut, v. t. To put in the place of another, exchange. — re. One who, or that which, is substituted or put in place of another. [F. substi- tnt, L. substitutus, a substitute, prop. p. p. of L. sub- stituere, fr. sub and statuere, to put, place.] — Sub- stitution, re. Act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; state of be- liv,' substituted for another person or thing. ( Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously. [F.] — Substitutional, a. Of, or pert, to, substitution. Substratum, sub-stra'tum, re. ; pi. -stra'ta, -ta. That which is laid or spread under; a layer of earth lyin" under another. (Agric.) The subsoil. (MetaphT) The permanent subject or cause of phenomena; sub- stance. [L., neut. of p. p. of gubsternere, to strew under, fr. sub and sternere, to strew.] — Sub'strate, -strat. a. Having verv slight furrows. Substruction, sub struk'shun, n. Under-building; sun, cube, full ; mo~on. foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. SUBSTYLE 580 SUCH foundation. —SubBtruct'ure, -chur, n. An under- structure ; a foundation. Substyle, sub'stll, n. A right line, on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erected. Subsultory, sub-sul'to-rY, a. Bounding; leaping; mov- ing by sudden leaps or starts. [L. subsilire, -sultum, to spring up, fr. sub & salire, saltum, to leap, spring.] Subtangent, sub-tan'jent, n. {Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordi- e nate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve. Subtend, sub-tend', v. t. To ex- ' "I- tend under, or be opposite to. [L. subtendere, -tensum, fr. sub and tendere, to stretch, extend.] S ^ — Subtense, -tens', ?z. {Geom.) t . narabola . The line subtending or stretch- ' 5 ?to JSIfTt' ing across ; the chord. tangent to curve at Subterfluent, sub-ter'flu-ent, -flu- a c d, ordinate to ous, -us, a. Running under or asia from c;dt, sub- beneath. [L. subterfluens, p. pr. tangent, of subterfluere, to flow benea'th, from svhter (com- par. form of sub: see Subacid), under, beneath, and ff.uere, to flow.] Subterfuge, sub'tSr-fuj, n. That to which a person re- sorts for escape or concealment ; a shift : evasion ; prevarication; quibble; excuse. [F.; LL. subterfu- gvtm. fr. L. subterfugere, to flee secretly, escape, fr. subter and fugere, to flee. Subterranean, sub-ter-ra'ne-an, -neous, -ne-us, a. Be- ing or lying under the surface of the earth; situated within the earth, or under ground. [L. subterraneus, fr. stib, under, and terra, the earth.] Subtile, sub'til, a. Thin; not dense or gross ; rare ; delicately constituted or constructed ; nice ; fine ; delicate ; acute ; piercing ; characterized by acute- ness of mind ; refined ; sly ; crafty , insinuating ; shrewd ; artful ; cunning. [ME. sotil, sotel, sontU, OF. sutil, soutil, later subtil, L. subtilis, fine, thin, slender, precise, prob. lit. finely woven, fr. sub and tela, a web, fr. texere, to weave: see Text.] — Sub'- tilely, adv. In a subtile manner; thinly; finely; art- fully: cunningly; craftily. — Subtleness, -til'ity, n. Quality of being subtile; subtilty. [OF. sotiUete" al*o subtihte', L. subtilitas.] — Sub'tiliza'tion, n. Act of making subtile, fine, or thin. (Chem.) The op- eration of making so volatile as to rise in steam or vapor. Refinement; extreme acuteness. — Sub'til- Ize, v. t. T-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make thin or fine, make less gross or coarse; to refine. — v. i. To refine in argument, make very nice distinctions. — Sub'tilty, n. State or quality of being subtile; thin- ness; fineness; refinement; extreme aci\teness; sly- ness; cunning; artifice. — Subt'le, sut'l, a. [-ler; -lest.] Sly in design; artful; cunning; insinuating; cunningly devised. — Subtleness, Subtlety, -l-tY,ra. Quality of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; artfulness ; acuteness of intellect ; shrewdness. — Subtly, adv. In a subSJfc manner; slyly; artfully; nicely; delicately. Subtonic, sub-ton'ik,n. (I?ff0n.) An elementary sound or element of speech raving a partial vocality; a vocal or sonant consom it. Subtract, sub-trakt', v. t. To withdraw or take a part from the rest; to deduct. [L. subtrahere, -trac- tum, fr. sub and trahere, to draw.] — Subtraet'er, n. — Subtrac'tion, n. Act or operation of subtracting or deducting. (Math.) The taking of a lesser num- ber or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination. — Subtrac'tive, -tiv, a. Tending or having power to subtract. (Math.) Preceded by the sign minus. — Sub'trahend', -tra-hend', n. {Math.) The sum or number to be subtracted or taken from another. [L. subtrahendus, p. fut. pass, of subtra- here.'] Sub-treasury, sub-trezh'u-rY, n. A subordinate treas- ury or place of deposit, as for the income derived from various sources of revenue in a district remote from the capital of a state or nation. Suburb, sub'erb, n. An out-lying part of a city or town ; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a large city; pi. the region on the confines of any city or large town; outskirts. [L. suburbium, fr. sub and urbs, a city.]— Subur'ban, a. Pert, to, inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. — n. A dweller in the suburbs of a city. Sub-variety, sub-va-n'e-tY, n. A subordinate variety or division of a variety. Subvene, sub-ven', v. i. [-vened (-v5nd'), -vening.] To come under or happen. [L. sub and venire, to come] — Subven'tion, -vgn'shun, n. Act of coming under; a government aid or bounty. [LL. subventio, fr. L. subvenire, to assist, fr. sub and venire.) Subvert, sub-vert', v. t. To overthrow from the foundation, ruin utterly ; to pervert, as the mind, and turn it from the truth ; to overturn, invert, re- verse, corrupt, confound. [F. subvertir, L. subver- tere, -versum, fr. sub and vertere. to turn.] — Sub- vert'er, n. — Subvert'ible, a. Capabe of being sub- verted. — Subversion, -shun, n. Act of subverting, or state of being subverted; entire overthrow ; utter ruin. — Subversive, -siv, a. Tending to subvert or overthrow and ruin. Succedaneous.etc. See under Succeed. Succeed, suk-sed', v. t. To follow in order, take the place of ; to come after, be subsequent or conse- quent, follow, pursue, — v. i. To come next in order ; to come in the place of another ; to ascend the throne after the removal or death of the occu- pant; to obtain the object desired, have a prosper- ous termination ; to be received with general favor. [F. succeder, L. succet/ere, -cessum, fr. sub and cedere, to go, go along.]— Succeed'er, n. One who succeeds; one who follows or comes in the place of another; a successor. — Success', n. Act of succeeding, or state of having succeeded; favorable termination of anything attempted; prosperous issue. [OF. succes, L. successus.] — Success'ful, -ful, a. Resulting in, assuring, or promotive of success ; accomplisning what was proposed; happy; prosperous; fortunate; auspicious; lucky. — Successfully, adv. — Success'- fulness, n. — Succession, -sesh'un, n. Act of suc- ceeding; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; a series of persons or things according to some es- tablished rule oi precedence; an order of descend- ants; lineage; race; power or right of acceding to the station or title of a father, or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the possession of the prop- erty of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or preceding in an established order. [F. ; L. successio.] — Suc- ces'sional, a. Pert, to, or existing in, a regular order or succession; consecutive. — Successive, a. Following in order or uninterrupted course; coming after without interruption or interval. [F. succe*- sif, L. successivus.] — Successively, adv. In a suc- cessive manner; in a series or order. — Successive- ness, n. — Successor., n. One who succeeds or fol- lows; one who takes the place and part which an- other has left.— Suc'ceda'neous, -ne-us, a. Pert, to, or acting as, a succedaneum; supplying the place of something else. [L. succedaneum. ,] — Suc'ceda'neum, n. ; pi. -sea, -ne-a. That which is used for something else; a substitute. [L., neut. of succedaneus.] Succinct, suk-sinkt', a. Orig., girded or tucked up; bound; compressed into a narrow compass; short; brief; concise; compendious; terse. [L. succinctus, p. p. of succingere, to gird below, tuck up, fr. sub and cingere, to gird.] — Succinct'ly, adv. — Suc- cinct'ness, n. Succinic, suk-sin'ik, a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or drawn from, amber. [L. succinum, amber.] — Suc'- cinous, -sl-nus, a. Of, or resembling, amber. Succor, suk'kgr, v. t. [-coked (-kerd), -coring.] To help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress; to aid, assist, deliver, comfort. — n. Aid; help; as- sistance ; esp., assistance that delivers from diffi- culty, want, or distress; person or thing that brings relief. [OF. sucurre, soucourre, L. succurrere, fr. sttb and currere, to run.] — Suc'corer, n. Succory, suk'ko-rY, n. A plant of several species, chic- ory: the bleached leaves are used as salad. [Corrupt, fr. chicory, q. v.] Succotash, suk'ko-ta6h,n. Green corn (unripe maize) cut from the cob, and beans, boiled together. [Narra- ganset Ind. msickquatash, corn boiled whole.] Succulent, suk'ku-lent, a. Full of juice; juicy. [L. succulentus, fr. succus, sucus, juice; prob. s. rt. Gr. apo*, juice = E. sap, also E. opium, q. v., and suck.] — Suc'culence, -lency, -len-sY, n. The condition of being succulent; juiciness. Succumb, suk-kum', v. i. [-cumbed (-kumd'), -cumb- ing.] To yield, submit, sink unresistingly. [L. suc- cumbere, f r. sub and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] Succussion, suk-kush'un, n. Act of shaking; a shake. {Med.) A mode of ascertaining the existence of a liquid in the thorax, by shaking the body. [L. succussio, fr. succutere, to shake below, fr. sub and quatere, to shake.] Such, such, a. Of that kind, of the like kind, like, — followed by as before the thing to which it re- lates; of that particular quality or character spect- rin, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice j 5dd, tone, or j SUCK 581 SUGAR fied; the same that, — with as. [ME. swulc, sivilch, AS. swylc, swelc, Goth, swaleiks = siva leiks = E. so like; cf. Which.] Suck, suk, v. t. [sucked (sukt), sucking.] To draw up, in, or out, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue ; to draw milk from, with the mouth ; to draw in or imbibe, by any process which resembles sueking ; to inhale, absorb ; to draw or drain ; to draw in, as a whirlpool ; to ingulf. — v. i. To draw by exhausting the air, as with the mouth, or with a tube ; to draw the breast ; to draw in, imbibe. — n. Act of drawing with the mouth ; milk drawn from the breast by the mouth. [AS. sucan, sugan, OHG. sugan, W. sugno, to suck, W. sug, L. sucus, succus, juice, sugere, suctum, to suck ; s. rt. Skr. su, to gen- erate, to press out, soma, juice, E. son, succulent, opium, sap.] — Suck'er, n. One who, or that which, sucks; the piston of a pump; a pipe through which anything is drawn; a round piece of leather used by boys; anything which adheres by atmospheric pres- sure. (Bot.) The shoot of a plant from the roots or lower part of the stem. (Ichth.) A N. Amer. fresh- water fish of several species, of the carp family, having a toothless, retractile, sucking mouth; the lump-sucker or lump-fish. — v. t. [suckered (-erd), -ering.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from. — Suckle, -1, v. t. [-led (-Id), ling.] To give suck to, nurse at the breast. — Suck'ling, n. A young child or animal nursed at the breast. — Suc'tibn, -shun, n. Act of sucking or drawing (fluids) by exhausting the air. fF., fr. L. sugere?] — Sucto'fial, -rT-al, a. Adapted for sucking; living by sucking; capable of adhering by suction. Sudatory, su'da-to-rl, n. A sweating-bath ; vapor bath. — a. Sweating ; perspiring. [L. sudatonus, f r. sudare, to sweat, f r. sudor = E. sweat, q. v.] — Su- doriferous, -if er-us, a. Producing or secreting perspiration. [L. sudor and ferre, to bear.] — Su- dorific, a. Causing sweat. — n. {Med.) A medicine that produces sweat. [L.facere, to make.] — Sudor- ip/a-rous, -ip'a-rus, a. (Phi/s.) Producing sweat. [Li. parere, to bring forth.] — Sudoriparous glands. Minute subcutaneous glands which secrete the sweat: they communicate with the pores by deli- cate spiral tubes. Sudden, sud'den, a. Happening without previous notice : coming unexpectedly ; hastily prepared or employed; quick ; rapid ; abrupt ; unlooked-for. — n. An unexpected occurrence; surprise. [ME. and OF. so lain, L. svbitaneus, subitus, sudden, oiig. p. p. of subire, to go or come stealthily, fr. sub and ire, to go.] — Sud'denly, adv. — Sud'denness, n. Sudoriferous, etc. See under Sudatory. Suds, sudz, n. sing. Water impregnated with soap. [Lit., things sodden, fr. seethe, q. v. ; cf. Ic. sodh, water in which meat has been boiled.] — Sud'sy, a. Full of, or containing, suds. Sue, su, v. t. [sued (>ud), suing.] To follow up, prosecute, endeavor to win. {Law.) To seek jus- tice or right from, by legal process ; to prosecute judicially; to proceed with (an action) and follow it up to its proper termination. (Naut.) To leave high and dry on shore. — v. i. To seek by request, make application, petition, plead ; to prosecute, make legal claim. (Naut.) To be left high and dry on the shore, as a ship. [ME. suen, sewen, OF. sevre, suir, F. suivre, It. seguire, LL. sequere, L. sequi, to follow; s. rt. sequence, suit, suite, ensue, pursue.'] — To sue out. (Laio.) To petition for and take out, apply for and obtain. Suet, su'et, n. The harder and less fusible fat of an animal about the kidneys and loins. [OF. seu, suis, It. sevo, L. sebum, serum, tallow, suet, greaso ; prob. s. rt. L. sapo = E. soap. q. v.l— Surety, -ev-T, a. Consisting of suet or resembling it. Suffer, suffer, v. t. [-fered (-lerd), -fering.] To feel or endure with pain, annoyance, etc.; to under- go; to endure without sinking; to be affected by; to allow ; not to forbid or hinder ; to permit, endure, support, sustain, tolerate. — v. i. To feel or un- dergo pain of body or mind ; to undergo punish- ment ; to be injured. [OF. soffrir, svffrir, L. suf-\ ferre, f r. sub and ferre = E. to bear.] — Suf ferable. "a. Capable of bein? suffered or permitted : allowable ; tolerable. — Suf ferableness, n. — Suf ferably, adv. — Sufferance, -ans, n. State of suffering ; pain en- dured ; submission under difficult or oppressive cir- cumstances ; negative consent by not forbidding or hindering. [OF^soffrance, sou ffr a nee.]— Sufferer, n. One who suffers, or endures suffering; one who per- mits or allows. — Suffering, n. The bearing of I pain, inconvenience, or loss; pain endured; distress, loss, or injury incurred. Suffice, suf-'fiz'or -fls r , v. i. [-ficed (-flzd' or -fist'), -ficing.] To be enough or sufficient. — v.t. To sat- isfy, content, be equal to the wauts or demands of. [L. mfficere, to hold out, be sufficient, fr. svb and faeere, to make.] — Sufif cient, -flsh'ent, a. Ade- quate to suffice; equal to the end proposed; possess- ing adequate talents or accomplishments ; of com- petent power or ability ; enough ; full ; ample ; fit; responsible. [L. sufficient, p. pr. of sufficere^] — Suf- ff ciently, adv. — Sufffciency, -en-si. n. State of be- ing sufficient, or adequate to the eud proposed; qual- ification for any purpose; ability ; capacity ; adequate substance or means ; competence ; ample stock or fund. Suffix, suf fiks, n. A letter or syllable added to the end of a word ; an affix ; postfix. — Suffix , , v. t. [-fixed (-nksf), -fixing.] To add or annex to th. end, as a letter or syllable to a word. Suitocate, suf fo-kat, v. t. To choke or kill by stop ping respiration; to stifle, smother ; to destroy, ex- tinguish. — v. i. To become choked, stifled, or smothered. [L. suff'ocare, -catum, fr. sub and fauj , faucis, pi. fauce<, the throat.] — Suffoca'tion, n. Act of suffocating, choking, or stifling; condition of be- ing suffocated. [F.] — Suf foca'tive, -tiv, a. Tend- ing or able to suffocate. Suffossion, suf-fos'shun, n. A digging under; an un- dermining. [L. suffosio, fr. suffodere, suffossum, to dig under, f r. sub and fodere, to dig.] Suffrage, suf frej, n. A voice given in deciding a controverted question, or in the choice of a man for an office or trust ; vote ; testimonial ; attestation ; united response or prayer. [F.; L. suffragium, a vote, suffragari, to vote for, support, perh. fr. sub and frangere, to break, — a vote having been cast bv a fragment of tile, etc.] — Suffragan, -fra-gan, a. Assisting. — n. {Eccl.) A bishop considered as an assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assist- ant bishop. [L. suffragans, p. pr. oi suffragari.] Suffumigate, suf-fu'mi-gat, v. t. To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of (the body, in medicine). — Suffu'miga'tion, n. Operation of smoking any- thing, esp. the parts of the body ; fumigation. Suffuse, suf-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture. [L. suffun- dere, suffusion, fr. sub and fundere, to pour.] — Suf- fu'sion, -zhun, n. Act or operation of suffusing, as with a fluid or color ; state of being suffused ; that which is suffused. [F.] Sugar, shotjg'er, n. A sweet, granular substance of several kinds and qualities, obtained from certain vegetable products, as the sugar-cane, maple, beet, sorghum, etc.; that which resembles sugar in taste, appearance, etc.; as sugar of lead, that is, acetate of lead, which is like sugar in appearance, and tastes sweet; compliment or flattery employed to disguise or render acceptable something obnoxious, —v. t. [sugared (-erd), -aring.] To impregnate, season, cover, sprinkle, or mix with sugar; to disguise bv flattery or soft words ; to compliment, sweeten. [ME. and F. sucre, Sp. azucar, Ar. sakkar. Per. shakar, sugar, Skr. garkara, gravel, also claved or candied sugar; prob. s. rt. Skr. karkara, hard (see Cancer), L. calcuhi< (q. v.), a pebble, calx (q. v.): fr. the Per. are Gr. sakchar, L. saccharum, sugar Sugar-mill. siin, cube, full; moon, f<3ot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. SUGGEST 582 SUMMERSAULT whence E. saccharine, q. v.]— Sug'ary, -er-T, a. Re- sembling or containing sugar; sweet. — Sug / ar-can / - dy, n. Sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized. cane, n. A large jointed species of grass or cane • whose juice yields sugar. loaf, n. A mass of re- fined sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone. ma'ple, n. A species of maple from whose sap sugar is made by boiling; rock-maple; sugar-tree.— -mill, n. A machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar-cane. plum, n. A species of candy made up in small balls or disks. Suggest, sng-jest / ' or sud-jesf, v. t. To introduce indi- rectly to the thoughts, cause to be thought of: to pro- pose with diffidence or modesty ; to hint, allude, refer to, insinuate. [L. suggerere, -gestum, fr. sub and gere- re, to carry, to bring.]— Suggest'er, n.— Suggestion, -jes'chun, n. Act of suggesting ; thiug suggested ; a diffident proposal or mention; hint; first intima- tion; prompting; presentation of an idea; a secret incitement, [i .] — Suggestive, -iv, a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation. Suicide, su'i-sld, n. Act of designedly destroying one's own life, committed by a person of years of discre- tion and of sound mind; self-murder: one guilty of self-murder. [F., the slayer, also the slaying, of one's self (see Featkicide, under Fraternal), fr. L.smi, of one's self (s. rt. Skr. sa, Gr. ho, he, E. she), and L. aedere, to kill.] — Suicid'al, a. Partaking, or in the nature of, the crime of suicide. — Su'icidism, -t-si- dizni, n. State of being suicidal, or self-murdering. Suit, sut, n. Act of suing; process by which one en- deavors to gain an end or object; endeavor; attempt to win a woman in marriage; courtship. (Law.) An action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; prosecution of right before any tribunal. A retinue; company of attendants or followers; the individuals collectively considered which constitute a series, as of rooms, buildings, cards, etc. ; a number of things used together, and in a degree necessary to be united, in order to answer the purpose; a set. — v. t. To fit, adapt, make proper; to be fitted to, become; to please, make content. — v. i. To agree, accord, com- port, tally, correspond, match, answer. [ME. and F. suite, a chase, pursuit, suit at law, train of a great person, fr. L. secta, a following, sect, in LL., a suit at law, suit of clothes, series, order, set; s. rt. L. se- qui, to follow: see Sect.] — Suifable, a. Capable of suiting ; likely to suit ; proper ; fitting ; becoming ; correspondent. — Suitableness, n. — Suit'ably, adv. — Suite, swet, n. The retinue or attendants of a dis- tinguished personage; a connected series or succes- sion (of objects); a set; series; collection. [F.] — Suit'or, 11. One who sues ; a petitioner ; an appli- cant; one who solicits a woman in marriage; a woo- er; lover. (Law.) One who sues or prosecutes a de- mand in court; a party to a suit, whether plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, or appellant. Sulcate, sul'kat, Sul'cated, a. (Nat. Hist.) Scored with deep, broad channels longitudinally ; furrowed ; grooved. [L. sidcatus, p. p. of stdcare, to furrow, sidcu*, a furrow.] Sulk, sulk, v. t. To be sulky, f Fr. sulky, q. v., follow- ing.] — Sulk'y, -T, a. [-ieu ; -i est. j Sullen ; sour ; obstinate ; mo- rose; doggedly keeping up ill -feeling. — n. A light 2 - wheeled car- riage for a single rider. [Prop, sulken ; AS. sol- ecu, slothful, re m iss, besolren, stupefied.] — Sulk'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Sul&lness A sulky mood or humor. Sullen, sul'len, a. Gloomy; dismal: mischievous; ma- lignant; gloomily angry and silent; cross; affected with ill humor; obstinate: intractable; heavy; dull; sluggish. [ME. and OF. solnin, lonely, solitary, f r. X. solus = E. sole.] — Sul'lenly, adv. — Sul'len- ness, n. Sully, suKlT, v. t. [-lied (-lid), -lying.] To soil, dirt, spot, tarnish, darken; to stain, injure (purity of rep- utation).— v. i. To be soiled or tarnished. — n. Soil; tarnish; spot. [AS. sylian, to defile, fr. AS., Dan., and MHG. sol, mire, mud; not s. rt. soil.] Sulphur, suKfer, n. A simple mineral substance, of a yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, burning with a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. [L., perh. fr. Skr. culvari, sulphur.] — Sul'phate, -fat, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by sulphuric acid in combi- nation with any base. — Sul'phurate, -fu-rat, a. Be- Skeleton Sulky. ■ Sulks, n. pi. longing to, or resembling sulphur. — Sulphura'tion, n. The subjecting a thing to the action of sulphur, esp. of sulphurous gas. — Sul'phurator, -fu-ra-ter, n. Au apparatus for impregnating with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur, — esp. for fumigating or bleaching by the fumes of burning sulphur. — Sul- phu'reous, -re-us, a. Consisting of, having the qual- ities of, or impregnated with, sulphur. — Sul'phuret, -fu-ret, n. A combination of sulphur with another element, or with a body which may take the place of an element. — Sul'phuret'ed, a. Having sulphur in combination ; containing, or combined with, sul- phur.— Sulphu'ric, a. Of, pert, to, or obtained from, sulphur. — Sulphuric acid. A very powerful corro- sive acid, the ordinary form being a hydrated triox- ide of sulphur; oil of vitriol. — Sul'phurous, -fer-us, rt. Of, pert, to, resembling, or containing sulphur. — Sulphurous acid. Hydrated dioxide of sulphur. — SuKphury, -fSr-i, a. Partaking of, or having the qualities of smpkur. Sultan, suKtaii or sul-tan', n. The emperor of the Turks; the grand seignior. [Ar., victorious, also, a ruler, prince.] — Sulta'na, -ta'na or -ta-nal, Sul'tan- ess, n. The wife of a sultan. Sultry, sul'trt, a. [-tkiek; -teiest.] Very hot, burn- ing, and oppressive; close, stagnant, and oppressive, as air. [Orig. sweltry ; ME. swelten, to die, swoon, faint, As. sweltan, Goth, swiltan, to die, prob. con- fused with AS. swelan, G. schwelen, to burn, schwuel, sultry.] — Sul'trinesa, n. Sum, sum, n. The aggregate of 2 or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; a quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; the principal heads or thoughts, when viewed together; the amount; substance; compendium; height; com- pletion; a problem to be solved, or example to be wrought, in arithmetic. — v. t. [sukmed (sumd), -Ming. J To bring together into one whole; to cast up (a column of figures); to bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise, condense, comprehend, compute. (Falconry.) To supply or furnish with feathers full grown. [ME. and NormF. summe, L. summa, sum, chief part, amount, orig. fein. of sum- mits, highest, chief, principal, for supinus, fr. sub : see Subacid; s. rt. Gr. hupatos = E. upmost, also E. su- preme, sovereign, soprano.] — Sum'mary, -ma-rT, a. Formed into a sum ; summed up ; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words ; rapidly per- formed; quickly executed; brief; concise; compen- dious; succinct, —n. An abridged account; an ab- stract, or compendium, containing the sum or sub- stance of a fuller account. [F. sommuire, L. summa- rium.] — Sum'marily. -ma-rl-li , adv. In a summary manner; briefly; concisely; in a short way or meth- od; without delay.— Summa'tion, n. Act of sum- ming, or forming a cum, or total amount; an aggre- gate. [F. sommation.] — Sum'marize, -rlz, v. t. To reduce to a summary, present briefly. Sumac, -mach, soo'- or shoo - ' mak, n. A plant or shrub of many species, used in tanning, dyeing, and med- icine. [F. sumac, Sp. zumaque, Ar. summaq.] Summary, Summation, etc. See under Sum. Summer, suni'mer, n. The warmest period of the year; N. of the equator, th° months of June, July, and August. — v. i. [summered (-merd), -mering.] To pass the summer. [AS. sumor, sumer, G. sommer, sama, a year.] — Indian Zend hama, summer, Sk summer. In the U. S., a period of warm weather late in au- tumn.— S.-complaint. (Med.) Diarrhea oc- curring in summer, — often applied also ■ to dysentery and to cholera infantum.— S u m'm e r-d u c k, n. A handsome Amer. species of wild duck, somet iraes domesti- cated; the wood duck. fal'low, n. Land uncropped. and repeatedly plowed, etc., during the summer, to kill the weeds and pulverize the soil. house, n. A house, shelter, or apartment in a garden, to be used in summer; house for summer residence. Summer, surn'mer, n. (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, etC| lintel: girder. [See Sumpter.] Summersault, -set. See Somersault. Summer-duck am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or t SUMMIT 583 SUPERFETATION Summit, surn'mit, n. The top; highest point; highest degree; utmost elevation. [F. soinmet, som, the top, esp. of a hill, fr. L. swmmum, highest point: see Sum.] Summon, sum'mun, v. t. [-moned (-mund), -hon- ing.] To call, cite, or notify to appear; to give no- tice to, or command to appear, us in court; to cull up, excite into action orexeition. (JUL) To call upon to surrender. [Partly ir. AS. samnian, som- nian, to collect together, fr. saman, sam. together; partly ir. OF. somoner, later semondre, to bid, invite, summon, cite, L. summonere, to give a hint, fr. sub and monere, to warn.] — Sum'moner, //. — Sum'- mons, n. ; pi. -monses, -munz-ez. The command of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend to some public duty. (Law.) A warning or citation to appear in court at a day speciried. (Mil.) A call or invitation to surrender. [Alii, somouns, F. sem- once, semonse, fern, of p. p. of setnondre.] Sumpter, sum'tei-, n. An animal, esp. a horse, that carries packs or burdens, — chiefly in composition. [ME. somer, also sumpter; soiner is fr. OF. somier, sommier, a pack horse, fr. somme, saume, LL. salma, L. and Gr. sagma, a pack, burden, saddle, Gr. sat- tein, to pack, load, fasten, Skr. sanj,sajj, to adhere; ME. sumpfer is fr. OF. sommetier, me driver of a pack horse; s. rt. seam, a. weight, summer, a stone or beam.] Sumptuary, suiu'choo-Sr-I, a. Relating to expense; regulating expense or expenditure. [L. sumptuarius, fr. sicmptus, expense, cost, orig. p. p. of sumere, sianptum, to take, use, spend, fr. sub and emere, to buy, orig. to take.]— Sumptuary laws. Such as re- strain or limit the expenses of citizens in apparel, food, furniture, etc. — Sumpt'uous, -chu-us, a. In- volving large outlay or expense; costly; splendid; magnificent; princely. [F. somptueux, L. sumptvo- sus, fr. suinptits.]— Sumpfuously, adv. — Sumpfu- ousness, a. Sun, sun, n. The luminous orb, whose light consti- tutes day, and its absence night; the central body round which the earth and planets revolve; any heavenly body which forms the center of a system of orbs; the sunshine; whatever resembles the sun in splendor or importance. — v. t. [sunned (sund), -king.] To warm or drv in the light of the sun. [ME. and G. sonne (2 syl.), AS. sunne, Ic, OHG., and Goth, sunna; s. rt. Ic. and L. sol, Skr. snrya, the sun, Skr. sunu=E. sun, also son, q. v.; s. rt. south.] — Sun and planet wheels . (Mach.) Aeon- trivance for con- verting the recipro- cating motion of a beam into rotatory motion: it consists of a toothed wheel (the .s«n wheel) se- cured to the axis of the large wheel it is. to drive, and the planet wheel, at- tached to the end of the connecting- rod, and circling round the central wheel, impart- ing to the large wheel double its own velocity.— Sun'ny, -nT, a. [-niee; -niest.] Pert, to, proceed- ing from, or like, the sun; exposed to the rays of, or colored by, the sun. — Sun'less, a. Destitute of the sun or its rays. — Sun'burn, v. t. [-burned or -burnt; sunburxing.] To burn, discolor, or scorch by the sun. — n. The discoloration produced bv the heat of the sun. — Sun'day. n. The 1st day of' the week; the Lord's day. [AS. sunnan dug. day of the sun.] — Sun'day-school, n. A school held on Sun Sun and Planet Wheels iun wheel ; b, planet wheel ; c necting-rod. day for religious instruction, set. — Sun'fish, n. A large, soft-finned sea-fish, of nearly circular form and shining sur- face; also a small fresh-water fish of the perch family; also a species of shark. — Sun'- flower. n. A plant of several species whose flower is a large disk with yellow petals, and turns toward the sun ; heli- an t h u s. — Sun 'rise, -rising, n. First appearance of t h e sun above the horizon in the morning ; time of such ap- pearance; the east.— Sun'set, -setting, n. Descent of the Sun'down, n. Sun- Short Sun-fish. sun below the horizon : time when the sun sets ; evening; the west. — Sun'shine, n. The light of th« sun, or the place where it shines; state of being warmed and illuminated by the rays of the sun, or as if bv its ravs ; anything haviug a warming or cheering influence. — Sun'shiny, u. Bright with the rays of the .-un; clear, warm, or pleasant; bright like the sun. — Sun'-beam, n. A beam or ray of the sun. — bon'net, a. A bonnet projecting in front of the face, worn as a protection against the rays of the sun, esp. one made of thin cloth, starched.— -dew, *i. A plant whose leaves have small, bristle- like glands, which exude clear drops, glittering Jike dew. — dial. /<. An instrument to show the time of day by the shadow of a gnomon or style on a plate. — stroke, n. (Med.) Any affection produced by the action of the sun on some region of the body; esp., a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symptoms resembling those ot apoplexy, occa- sioned by exposure to excessive heat. Sunder, sun'der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To disunite by rending, cutting, breaking, etc.: to part, separate, divide, sever. — n. A separation into parts; a division or severance. [AS. sinidritm, to put asun- der, fr. sundor, asunder.]— Sun'dry, -drl, o. Sev- eral: divers; more than one or two. [AS. syndrig.] — Sun'dries, -driz, n. pi. Many different or Bmall things; sundry things. Sung. See Sing. Sunk. See Sink. Sup, sup, v. t. [suited (supt), -ping.] To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid; to sip. — v. i. To eat the evening meal, take supper. — w. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a Little taken with the lips; a sip. [AS. supan, LG. supen, whence OF. soper, super, to sup, sip, eat a meal ol bread sopped in gravy, etc.; s. rt. sop, sip, sob, soup, tuck.] — Sup'- per, n. Lit., that which is supped: a meal taken at the close of the day. [ME. and OF. .-ioper ; cf. Din- ner, under Dine.] — Sup'perless. «. Without sup- per. Superable, su'pgr-a-bl, a. Capable of being overcome or conquered. [L. superabilis, fr. superare, to go over, surmount, fr. super, above, over. ir. sujjerus, upper = E. superior, a compar. form of sub, q. v., under Subacid.] Superabound, su'per-a-bownd', v. i. To be very abun- dant or exuberant. — Su'perabun'dance, »~. State of being superabundant; more than enough. — Su- perabundant, a. Abounding to excess: more than is sufficient. — Su perabun'dahtly, adv. Superadd, su-per-ad'', v. t. To add over and over; to add or annex (something extrinsic). — Su'peraddi'- tion, -dish'un, u. Act of adding to something, or of adding something extraneous; that which is added. Superannuate, su-per-an'nu-at, v. t. To impair or dis- qualily by old age and infirmity. [L. super and an- nus, a yea"r.] — Su'peran'nua'tion, n. State ot being superannuated, or too old for office or business, or of being disqualified by old age; decrepitude. Superb, su-perb', a. Grand ; magnificent ; stately ; rich ; elegant ; showy ; pompous. [F. superbe, L. superbus, fr. super, above, over.] — Superb'ly, adv. Supercargo, su-per-kar'go, n. A person in a merchant ship, who manages the sales and superintends the commercial concerns of the voyage. Supercilious, su - per-sil'T-us, a. Lofty with pride; haughty ; dictatorial ; manifesting haughtiness, or proceeding from it; overbearing. [L. superciliwn, an eyebrow, hence pride, haughtiness — expressed by raising the eyebrows, fr. suj/er and cihum, an eyelid, 1 it. covering, fr. celare, to hide, cella = E. cell.)— rjupercil'iously, adv. — Superciliousness, n. Superdommant, su-per-dom r T-nant, n. (Mas.) The 6th tone cf the scale; that which is next above the dominant; the sub-mediant. Supereminent, su-per-em'i-nent, a. Eminent in a superior degree; surpassing others in excellence.— Superem'inently, adv. — Superem'inence. -inency, -nen-sT, n. State of being supereminent ; distin- guished eminence. Supererogate. su-per-Pr'o-gat. r. i. To do more than duty requires. [L. supererogare. -gatum, to spend or pay out over and above, fr. super and erogare, to expend public money, after procuring permission, fr. e, out, and rogare, to ask.] — Superer / oga / 'tion, n. Act of supererogating ; perfoimance of more than duty or necessity requires.— Supererog'atory, -e-rog'a-to-rT, a. Performed to an extent not en- joined or not required by duty or necessity. Superfetation, su / per-fe-ta , shun, n. A second con* sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbos, chair, get. SUFEEFICIES 584 SUPINE ception after a prior one. and before the birth of the first, by which two fetuses ar" growing at once in the same womb. [L. superfetare, -tatum, fr. super undfetare, to bring forth.] Superficies, su-per-nsh' r ez or -fish'T-ez, n. The sur- face; exterior part or face of a thing. (Civil Law.) Everything on the surface of a piece of ground, or of a building, so closely connected by art or nature as to constitute a part of it. [L., upper face, fr. su- •>er and faciei = E. face ; same as F. surface.] — Su- perficial, -fish/al, a. Lying on, or pert, to, the sur- iace; shallow; not deep; reaching or comprehend- ing only what is obvious or apparent; not profound; shallow. [F. superficiel, L. superficial is.] — Suioer- fi'ciaily, adv. — Superfi'cialness, -fi'cial'ity, -1-aF- T-ti, n. State of being superficial ; shallowness ; slight knowledge; sciolism. [OF. superficinlite.] Superfine, su'per-fin, a. Very fine, or most fine; sur- passing others in fineness. Superfluous, su-pgr'flu-us, a. More than is wanted or sufficient ; unnecessary ; useless ; exuberant; re- dundant. [L. superfluus, overflowing, f r. superfluere, to overflow, fr. super and ftiiere, to flow.] — Su- per'fluously, adv. — Super 'fluousness, Superfluity, n. A greater quantity tiian is wanted; state of be- ing superfluous; something beyond what is wanted; superabundance ; excess ; redundancy. [F. super- fluiU, L. superfluitas.] Superheat, su-per-hef, v. t. (Steam Eng.) To heat (steam) un; . it acquires the properties of a gas. Superhumfiju, su-per-hu'man, a. Above or beyond whatisnuman; divine. Superimpose, su'per-im-poz'',^. t. To lay or impose on something else. Superincumbent, su'pgr-in-kum'bent, a. Lying, or resting, on something else. Superinduce, su'per-in-dus'', v. t. To bring in, or upon, as an addition to something. — Su'perinduc''- tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Superintend, su'per-in-tend'', v. t. To have or exer- cise the charge and oversight of; to take care of with authority. — Su'perintend'ence, -ency, -en-sT, n. Act of superintending, care and oversight for the purpose of direction ; inspection ; oversight ; care; direction; control; guidance. — Su'perintend''- ent, n. One who, etc.; inspector; overseer; man- ager; director; curator. Superior, su-pe'11-er, a. More elevated in place; higher; upper; higher in rank or office ; surpassing others in the greatness, goodness, or value of any quality; beyond the power or influence of. (Bot.) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which is toward the main stem ; pointing toward the apex of the fruit, — said of the radicle. — n. One more advanced in age, more elevated in rank or office, or who surpasses others in dignity, excellence, or qual- ities of any kind; the chief of a monastery, convent, or abbey. (Print.') A small letter or figure used as an exponent, or as a mark of reference, or for other purposes, — so called from its position, standing above or near the top of the line, as a or 1. [L. su- perior, compar. of superus. being above, fr. super, above, over; s. rt. sub: see Subacid.] — Supe'rior'- ity, -Sr'T-tT, n. State or quality of being superior; preeminence ; excellence ; predominancy ; preva- lence ; ascendency; odds ; advantage. [F. superi- ority, L. superioritas.] Superlative, su-per'la-tiv, a. Most eminent; surpass- ing all other; supreme. (Gram.) Expressing, as a iorm of the adjective or adverb, the highest degree of the quality, as among the objects that are com- pared. — n. That which is highest or most eminent. ( Gram.) The highest degree of comparison of ad- jectives and adverbs; a word in the superlative de- gree. [F. superlatif, L. superlativus, f r. superlatus, p. p. of superferre, f r. super, over, and ferre, latum, to carry : see Tolerate.] — Superlatively, adv. — Super'lativeness, n. Supernal, su-per'nal, a. Being in a higher place or region; relating to things above; celestial; heaven- ly. [F. supemel, L. supe^nus, f r. super.] Supernatant, su-per-na'tant, a. Swimming above; floating on the surface. [L. supernatans, p. pr. of supernatare, to swim above, fr. super and natare, to swim.] Supernatural, su-per-nach'ur-al, a. Being beyond, or exceeding, the powers or laws of nature ; caused by an agency or power above merely physical laws; mi- raculous ; preternatural.— Supernafuralism, -izm, ru State of being supernatural; doctrine of a divine and supernatural agency in the production of the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which renews and sanctifies men. — Supernat'uralist, n. One who holds the principles of supernaturalism. — Supernafurally, aav Supernumerary, su-pgr-nu'mSr-a-ri, a. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed; exceeding a neces- sary, usual, or required number or quantity. — n. A person or thing beyond what is necessary or usual; esp., a person employed to be in readiness to fill the place of another, as of an officer killed in battle, an actor upon the stage, etc. _ [F. super-numeraire, L. supernumerarius, excessive in number, fr. super am.. Humerus = E. number.] Superposition, su'per-po-zish'un, n. State of being placed or situated above or upon something; that which is, etc. iperroyal, su-per-roi'al, a. Larger than royal,— denoting the largest species of printing paper. Supersalt, su'per-sawlt, n. (Chem.) A salt with a greater number of equivalents of acid than of the base. Supersaturate, su-per-safu-rat, v. t. To add to beyond saturation. Superscribe, su-per-skrib / ', v. t. [-sceibed (-skribd'), -scribing.] To write or engrave on the top, out- side, or surf ace ; to write the name or address of a person on the outside or cover of. — Super3crip'- tion, -skrYp/shun, n. Act of, etc.; matter super- scribed. [F. ; LL. superscripts.] Supersede, su-per-sed', v. t. To come or be placed in the room of; to displace, replace; to set aside, ren- der unnecessary, suspend, overrule, succeed. [OF. superseder, -ceder, to leave off, refrain, desist from, lit. to sit upon, fr. super and sedere = E. to sit, q. v.; s. rt. surcease.] — Supersedeas, -de-as, n. (Law.) A writ or command to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings under anoth- er writ. [L., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d person pres. subj. of supersedere.]— Supersed'ure, -se'jur, n. The act of superseding. Superstition, su-per-stish'un, n. An excessive rever- ence or fear of that which is unknown or mysteri- ous ; belief in a false, irrational, or idolatrous relig- ious system or religious veneration for unworthy objects; an ignorant or irrational worship of the Su- preme Deity; excessive exactness or rigor in relig- ious opinions or practice ; worship of false gods; false religion; belief in the direct agency of superior pow- ers, in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in omens and prognostics; fanaticism. [F.; L. supersti- tio, orig. a standing still over or by a thing, hence, amazement, wonder, esp. of the divine or supernatu- ral, f r. superstare, to stand over, fr. super and stare, to stand.] — Supersti'tious, -stish'us, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, evincing, or addicted to, supersti- tion; full of idle fancies and scruples in regard to re- ligion; scrupulous beyond need. — Supersti'tiously, adv. — Supersti'tiousness, n. Superstratum, su-pgr-stra'tum, n. ; pi. -stra'ta, -ta. A stratum or layer above another, or resting on some- thing else. Superstruction, su-pSr-struk'shun, n. Act of building upon; that which is built upon some foundation; a superstructure. [L. superstruere, -structum, fr. super and struere, to build.] — Superstructure, -struk'- chur, n. Any material structure or edifice built on something else; esp., the building raised on a foun- dation; anything erected on a foundation or basis. Supersubstantial, su'per-sub-stan'shal, a. Being more than substance. Supervene, su-pSr-ven', v. i. (-vened (-vend'), -ven- ing.] To come upon as something extraneous; to take place, happen. [L. supervenire, to come over or upon, fr. super and venire, to come.] — Superven'- ient, -yent, a. Coming upon as something addition- al or extraneous. — Superven'tion, -ven'shun, n. Act of, etc. Supervise, su-per-vlz', v. t. [-vised (-vlzd'), -vising.] To oversee for direction, superintend, inspect. [L. super and visere, to look at attentively, to view, sur- vey, intens. form of videre, visum, to see.] — Super- vision, -vizh'un, n. Act of overseeing; inspection; superintendence. — Supervisor, n. One who super- vises; an overseer; inspector; superintendent. — Su- pervisory, a. Pert, to, or having, supervision. Supine, su'pin, n. (Gram.) A verbal noun; or a sub- stantival modification of the infinitive mood, in Lat- in. [L. supinum, fr. supinus, bent or thrown back- ward; s. rt. L. sub, super: see Subacid.]— Supine', o. Lying on the back, or with the face upward; leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, on SUPPER 585 SURCOAT sun; negligent; heedless; listless; careless; drowsy. — Supine'ly, adv. In a supine manner; carelessly; indolently ; drowsily ; in a heedless, thoughtless state. — Supine'ness, n. — Supination, n. Act of ly- ing, or state of being laid, with the face upward. Supper, etc. See under Sup. Supplant, sup-plant', v. t. To remove or displace by stratagem; to displace and take the place of; to over- throw, undermine. [F. supplanter, L. supplantare, to put something under the foot, trip up, overthrow, f r. sub and planta, sole of the foot.] — Supplanta'- tion, n. Act of, etc. — Supplant'er, n. Supple, sup'pl, a. Easily bent; pliant; flexible; com- pliant; not obstinate; bending to the humor of oth- ers; obsequious; nattering; fawning; 6oft. — v. t. [suppled (-pld), -plinq.] To make soft and pliant, render flexible, make compliant or submissive. — v. i. To become soft and pliant. [F. souple. soupple, L. supplex, bending the Knees, fr. sub and plicare, to f old.] — Sup'plenesB, n. — Sup'pliant, -pll-ant, a. Asking earnestly and submissively; manifesting en- treaty; expressive of humble supplication; beseech- ing; beggiag; imploring. — n. A humble petitioner; one who entreats submissively. [F. suppliant, p. pr. of supplier, L. supplicare, -catum, to entreat, fr. sup- plex.] — Sup'pliantly, adv. — Sup'plicant, n. One who supplicates; a petitioner who asks earnestly and Bubmissively.— Sup'plicate, -plT-kat, v. t. To entreat for, seek by earnest prayer; to address in prayer, be- seech, beg, implore, importune, solicit, crave. — v. i. To petition with earnestness and submission, im- plore.— Supplica'tion, n. Act of, etc.; humble pe- tition; earnest request: prayer; solicitation; craving. [F. ; L. supplicatio.] — Sup'plicatory, -plf-ka-to-rl, a. Containing supplication; submissive. Supply, sup-plisv. t. [-plied (-plld'), -plying.] To fill up, as any deficiency happens; to furnish with what is wanted ; to serve instead of; to fill; to bring or fur- nish, provide, administer, contribute, yield, accom- modate. — n. Sufficiency of things for use or want ; the food, etc., which meets the daily necessities of an army or other large body of men ; store,— chiefly in pi. [F. supplier, to supply, L. supplere, to fill up, f r. sub and plere, to fill.] — Suppli'er, n. — Supple- ment, n. That which fills up, completes, or perfects something to which it is added; something added to a book or paper to make good its deficiencies or cor- rect its errors. — v. t. To fill up or supply by addi- tions; to add to. [F.; L. supplementum, fr. supplere.] — Supplemental, -ary, -a-rf, a. Added to supply what is wanted; additional. — Sup'pletive, -ple-tiv, -tory, -to-rt, a. Supplying what is lacking; filling up deficiencies; supplemental. Support, sup-port', v. t. To keep from falling, sus- tain; uphold, prop up, bear the weight of; to endure without being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character ; to keep from fainting or sinking ; to assume and carry successfully (the part of an ac- tor) ; to furnish with the means of sustenance or livelihood; to carry on, enable to continue; to veri- ty, make good; to defend successfully; to uphold by aid or countenance; to attend as an honorary assist- ant. — n. Act or operation of supporting, upholding, or sustaining; that which upholds, sustains, or keeps from falling; that which maintains or preserves from being overcome, failing, yielding, sinking, giving way, etc.; stay; prop; assistance; favor; patronage; aid ; help ; succor ; nutriment ; sustenance ; food. [F., a support, supporter, L. sup- portare, to carry, bring, convey, in XL., to endure, sustain, fr. L. sub andportare, to carry.] — Support'- able, a. Capable of being support- ed, borne, or sustained ; endurable ; tolerable; capable of being main- tained.— Support'er, n. One who, or that which, supports. (Her.) A figure on either side of the es- cutcheon, and exterior to it. (Surg.) A band or truss for sup- g$rf or^an?™ 11 0r """ °^ » «. Sorters. Suppose, sup-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argu- ment or illustration ; to assume to be true ; to be of opinion, think, conjecture; to receive as true; to re- quire to exist or be true ; to imply by the laws of thought or of nature. — v. i. To make supposition ; to think, believe, imagine. [F. supposer, fr. sub (= Jj. sub : see Subacid) and poser, to place; not fr. L. zxmere, to place : see Pose.] — Suppos'able, a. Ca- pable of being supposed, or imagined to exist.— Sup- pos'al, n. Position without proof; supposition.— Suppoa'er, n. oaition, sup-po-zish'un, n. Act of supposing; that ichis supposed; hypothesis; surmise; conjecture. [F.; L. sup2J0sitio, ong. a substitution, fr. supponere, suppositum, to put in the place of another, to substi- tute: see Position; not fr. suppose.] — Supposi'tion- al, -po-zish'un-al, a. Hypothetical. — Suppos'itl''- tious, -poz'i-tish'us, a. Put by trick in the place or character belonging to another; spurious; counter- feit. — SuppoB'iti'tioualy, adv. In a supposititious manner; spuriously.— Suppos'lti'tiousness, n.— Sup- poa'itive, -I-tiv, a. Including or implying supposi- tion.— Suppos'itively, adv. Suppress, sup-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- ing.] To overpower and crush, put down; to keep in, restrain from utterance or vent; to retain without disclosure or making public ; to conceal, hinder from circulation; to restrain or 6top by remedial means ; to repress, overwhelm, conceal/stifle, stop, 6mother. [L. supprimere, -pressum, fr. sub and pre- mere,pressum, to press.] — Suppression, -presh'un, n. Act of suppressing, or state of being suppressed; stoppage or obstruction of excretions or discharges, or of a cutaneous eruption. (Gram.) Omission. [F.] — Suppressive, -iv, a. Tending to suppress; sub- duing ; concealing. — Suppressor, n. One who sup- presses. [L.] Suppurate, sup'pu-rat, v. i. To generate pus. [L. suppurare, suppuratum, f r. sub, under, and pus, puris, matter, pus, q. v.] — Suppuration, n. Process of suppurating, or forming pus, as in a wound or ab- scess; matter produced by suppuration. [F.; L. sup- puratio.] — Suppurative, -tiv, a. Tending to sup- purate; promoting suppuration. —n. (Med.) A med- icine that promotes suppuration. Supralapsanan, su'pra-lap-sa'rT-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists, who believed that God's decree of election determined that man should fall, in order that the opportunity might be furnished of securing the redemption of a part of the race. [L. supra (contr. fr. supera, prop. abl. fern, of superus, above, f r. super, sub : see Subacid), above, beyond, and lapsus = E. (apse.'] Supranaturalism. Same as Supernaturalism. Supreme, su-prem', a. Holding the highest place in government or power; highest, greatest, or most ex- cellent; utmost; greatest possible. [F.; L. supremus, euperl. of superus, that is above, upper, fr. super, above.] — Supreme'ly, adv. In a supreme manner; in the highest degree; to the utmost extent; thor- oughly ; perfectly. — Suprem'acy, -prem'a-sY, n. State of being supreme, or in the highest station of power ; higher authority or power. [OF. suprima- tie.] Sura, su'ra, n. One of the U4 chapters of the Koran. [Ar., a step, degree.] Sura, su'ra, n. (Hind. Myth.) One of the good spirits who have drunk the soma — wine of immortality. [Skr., wine.] Sural, su'ral, a. (Anat.) Being in, or pert, to, the calf of the leg. [L. sura, calf of the leg.] Surbase, ser'bas, n. (Arch.) A cornice or series of moldings on the top of a pedestal, etc. ; a border or molding above the hase. Surcease, ser-ses', v. i. To cease, stop, leave off.— v. t. To stop, cause to cease.— n. Cessation; stop. [Prop. sursis or sursise, and same as supersede ; F. sursis, p. p. of surseoir, L. supersedere = E. supersede, q. v. ; not fr. cease.] Surcharge, ser-charj', v. t. To overload, overburden, overcharge. (Law.) To overstock ; esp., to put more cattle into (a common) than the person has a right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain. (Equity.) To show an omission in for which credit ought to have been given. — n. An excessive load or burden ; a load greater than can be well borne; an extra or overcharge. [F., fr. sur(= L. super: see Superable), over, and charge, a load = E. charge.] — Surchar'ger, n. Surcingle, Bgr'sin-gl, n. A belt, band, or girth, which S asses over a saddle, or over anything laid on a orse's back, to bind it fast. (Eccl.) The girdle of a cassock. [F. sur and L. cingulum, a belt : see Cinc- ture.] Surcoat, sSr'kot, n. A short coat worn over the other garments ; esp., the long and flowing drapery of nights, anterior to the introduction of plate armor; a short robe worn by females, at the close of the 11th century, over the tunic. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, don don, chair, set. SURD 586 SURRENDER Sura, serd, a. Deaf. {Math.) Not capable of being expressed in rational numbers; radical. (Pron.) Ut- tered with simple breath; not sonant: unintonated; toneless; atonic— n. (Math.') A quantity which can- not be expressed by rational numbers. [L. surdus, deaf, irrational; s. rt. absurd.'] Sure, shoor, a. Certainly knowing and believing; con- fident beyond doubt ; certain to find or retain; cer- tain not to fail or disappoint expectation; infallible; safe ; firm ; steady ; stable ; strong ; indisputable ; positive. — adv. Certainly; without doubt; doubt- less ; surely. [ME. and OF. sur, also OF. segur, L. securus = E. secure.] — To be sure, or be sure. Cer- tainly; without doubt. — To make s. To make cer- tain; to secure so that there can be no failure of the purpose or object. — Sure'-foot'ed, a. Not apt to stumble or fall. — Surely, adv. In a sure or certain manner; certainly ; infallibly; undoubtedly; without danger of falling; steadily. — Cure'ness, v. State of being sure; certainty. — Sure'ty, -ti, «. State of being sure; "" \~.inty; security; that which makes sure ; grouni. of confidence or security ; security against loss or damage. (Law.) One who engages to answer for another's appearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for ti e performance of some act; a bondsman; bail. [ME. and OF. seurte.] — Suretyship, n. State of bein;; surety ; obligation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or mis- carriage of another. Surf, serf, n. The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, or upon sand-banks or rocks. [Orig. suffe, prob. same as sough, q. v.] — Surf'-boat, n. A boat so constructed as to pass safely through, surf. — S. duck. n. Surf Duck. n. The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; superficies; outside; outward or external appearance. (Geom.) A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies [Same as E. and L. superficies; F., fr. sur and face = E. face, q. v.] Surfeit, ser'nt, v. t. To overfeed, and produce sick- ness or uneasiness; to fill to satiety and disgust; to cloy. — v. i. To be fed, or to feast/till the system is E pressed, and sickness or uneasiness ensues. — n. ccess in eating and drinking; fullness and oppres- sion of the system, occasioned by excessive eating and drinking ; disgust caused by excess ; satiety. [OF. sorfait, excess, prop. p. p. of sorfaire, to aug- ment, exaggerate, fr. sor (= F. sur, L. super), and faire, L. facere, to make, deem.] — Sur'feiter, n. One who surfeits or riots; a glutton. Surge, serj, n. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling swell of water, —v. i. [surged (serjd), surging.] (Naut.) To let go (a portion of a rope) suddenly ; to slack (a rope) suddenly from its hold round a pin, windlass, etc.— v. i. To swell, rise high and roll, as waves. (Naut.) To slip back. [L. surgere, to rise: see Source.] Surgeon, ser'jun, n. One whose profession is to cure diseases or injuries of the body by manual opera- tion. [Corrupt, of chirurgeon, q. v., under Chiro- graph.] — Sur^geoncy, -jun-sT, n. Office oremploy- ment of a surgeon. — Sufgery, -jer-T, n. Art of healing by manual operation ; that branch of med- ical science which treats of manual operations for the healing of diseases or injuries of the body ; a place where surgical operations are performed, or medicines prepared. — Sur'gical, -jik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, surgeons or surgery. Surloin, serloin, n. A loin of beef, or the upper part of the loin : see Beef. [F. surlonge, fr. sur and longe, loin.] Surly, ser'fi, a. [-lier ; -liest.] Gloomily morose; ill-natured; abrupt; rude; sour; crabbed; cross and rude; rough ; dark ; tempestuous. [ME. syrlie, sir- like, i. e., magisterial, arrogant.] — Surlily, -IT-IT, adv. — Sur'liness, n. ser-miz', v. t. [-mised (-mizd'), -mising.1 To imagine without certain knowledge, infer, sup- pose.— n. The thought or imagination that some- thing may be, on feeble or scanty evidence; conjec- ture ; supposition ; suspicion ; doubt. [OF., accusa- tion, prop. fern, of p. p. of surmettre, to impose, ac- cuse, fr. sur and mettre, to put, L. mittere, to send.] — Surmis'er, n. Surmount, ser-mownf, v. t. To rise above, or higher than ; to overcome, conquer, vanquish, subdue ; to surpass, exceed. [F. surmonter, fr. sur and monter = E. to mount.] — Surmountable, a. Capable of being surmounted. — Surmount' er, ™ £7 Wmm To go beyond in anyt excel, outdo, outstrip. fF. surpasser, fr. sur and C, Sur mo unfed, a. (Arch'.) s ^M Rising higher than a semicircle, as an arch or dome. (Her.) Hav- ing one figure laid over another ; placed over or upon, as one tinc- ture over another. Surmullet, ser-mul'let, re. A fish allied to the perch. [F. surmulet, fr. saur, saure, brownish-yellow, red, and rivulet, a mullet.] Surname, ser'nam, n. A name or appellation added to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian name, as William Smith ; an appellation added to the original name. — Surname', v. t. [-named (-namd'), -naming.] To name or call by an appellation added to the original name. Surpass, ser-pas', v. t. [-passed (-pasf), -passing.] 'thing good or bad ; to exceed, TF. .• passer = E. to pass.] — Surpass'able, a. Capable of being surpassed. — Surpassing, p. a. Excellent in an eminent degree; exceeding others. Surplice, ser'plis, n. (Eccl.) A white garment worn over another dress by the clergy of certain churches. [F. surphs, LL. superpellicium, fr. sujier and pel- licium, )>elliceum, a robe of fur : see Pelisse.] — Sur'plice-fees, n. pi. Fees paid to the Eng. clergy for occasional duties. Surplus, ser'plus, n. That which remains when use is satisfied ; ex- cess beyond what is prescribed or wanted. [F., fr. sur and F. and L. lus, more.] — Sur'plusage, -ej, n. urplus ; excess. (Law.) Matter in pleading not necessary or rel- evant to the case, and which may be rejected. Surprise, sgr-priz', v. t. [-prised (-pnzd'), -prising.] To come or fall upon suddenly and unexpect- edly ; to strike with wonder or as- surplice, tonishment by something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable ; to throw the mind of into disorder by something suddenly presented to the view or to the mind ; to confuse. — n. Act of coming upon una- wares, or of taking suddenly and without prepara- tion. (Laiv.) State of being surprised, or taken unexpectedly. A moderate degree of sudden won- der and astonishment ; amazement. [OF., a sur- prise, prop. fern, of p. p. of surprendre, to take by surprise, take napping, f r. sur and prendre, L. pre- hendere, to take.] — Surpris'er, n. — Surprising, p. a. Exciting surprise: wonderful; extraordinary; astonishing. — Surprisingly, adv. In a surprising manner or degree. — Surpris / 'al, n. Act of surpris- ing, or coming upon suddenly and unexpectedly ; or state of being surprised. Surrebut, sSr-re-but', v. i. (Laiv.) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. — Surrebutter, n. The plaintiff's reply in matters of fact to a de- fendant's rebutter. Surrejoin, ser-re-join', v. I. (Law.) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.— Surrejoin'der, n. The answer of a plaintiff, in matters of fact, to a defendant's rejoinder. Surrender, ser-ren'der, v. t. [-dered (-d§rd), -der ing.J To give or deliver up possession of upon compulsion or demand; to yield to the possession 01 another, give up, resign. (Law.) To give up, as a principal by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, etc. To yield to any influence, pas- sion, or power,— used reflexively. — v. i. To give up one's self into the power of another; to yield.— n. Act of surrendering ; the act of yielding or re. signing one's person, or the possession of something, into the power of another. [OF. surrendrt, fr. sur am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; odd, tone, dr ; SURREPTION 587 SUTTEE and rendre = E. to render.'] — Surren'derer, n. {Law.) One who makes a surrender. Surreption, ser-rep'shun, n. Act or process of getting in a surreptitious manner. [L. surrepere, -reptutn, to creep under, steal upon. fr. sub and repere, to creep; s. rt. reptile.]— Surrepti'tious, -tish'us, a. Done, produced, or obtained by stealth, in an un- derhanded manner, fraudulently, or without proper authority. [L. surreptitius.] — Surreptitiously, adv. Surrogate, sgrlo-gat, n. A deputy ; delegate ; sub- stitute ; in Eng., the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge; in some of the D. S., an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments. [L. sur- rogatus, p. p. of surrogare, to substitute, fr. sub and rogare. to ask, propose.] Surround, ser-rownd', v. t. To inclose on all sides ; to lie or be on all sides of; to encompass, encircle, environ, invest, hem in, fence about.— Surrounding, n. An encompassing, pi. Things or conditions ■which surround or environ; external or attending circumstances. Sursolid, ser-solld, n. (.Math.) The 5th power of a number. Surtout, sSr-toot', n. A man's coat worn over his other garments ; an overcoat, esp. when long and fitting closely. [F., fr. sur and tout, all.] Surveillance, "se^-vaKyoxs, n. Watch ; inspection, j [F., fr. surveUler, to watch over, fr. sur and veiller, j L. rigUare, to watch.] 8urvey. ser-va', v. t. [-veted (-vad'), -veyixg] To inspect or take a view of, as from a high place ; to view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine with ret- i erence to condition, situation, and value ; to deter- mine the form, extent, position, etc. (of a tract of land, a coast, harbor, etc.), by means of linear and angular measurements. [OF. surveoir, fr. sur and veoir, L. videre, to see.] — Sur'vey, n. A general view, as from an elevated place ; a particular view ; examination; esp.. an official examination of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to as- certain the condition, quantity, or quality : opera- tion of findirg the contour, dimensions, position, or Other particulars of any part of the earth's surface ; a measured plan and description of any line or por- tion of count'-y ; a district for the collection of the customs. — Surveying, n. That branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining ! the area of anv portion of the earth's surface, with | an accurate delineation of the same on paper. — Sur- j vey'or, -er, a. An overseer ; superintendent ; one ; who views and examines for the purpose of ascer- taining the condition, quantity, or quality of any- thing; one who measures land, or practices the art i of surveying. (Customs.) An officer who ascertains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors subject to duty ; a gauger : in the U. $., an officer who ascertains the weight and quantitv of goods subject to duty.— Survey 'orship, n. Office of a sur- veyor. Survive, ser-vlv', v. t. [survived (-vivd'), -vivtng.] To live beyond the lite or existence of, or beyond j some specified time, event, or catastrophe, outlive, ] live longer than. — v. i. To remain alive, continue ! to live. [F. survivre, fr. fur (L. super) and vivre (L. i vivere), to live.] — Surviv'ai, n. A living longer than, or beyond the life of, another person, thing, or event. — Survival of the fittest. See Darwinism, also Natural Selection, under Nation. — Sur- viv , or, -5r, n. One who survives or outlives another person or thing, or a term, event, or catastrophe. — SurviV'orship, n. State of being a survivor. (Lavj.) Right of a joint tenant, or other person who has a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate , upon the death of the other. Susceptible. sus-seplY-bl, a. Capable of admitting anything additional, or any change, affection, or in- fluence ; capable of impression ; impressible : ten- der ; having nice sensibility. [F.; L. susceptibilis, fr. L. suscipere, to undertake, suffer, admit, fr. sus, subs, for sub and capere, to take.] — Susceptibility. -T-tT, a. State or quality of being susceptible; ca- pability of receiving impressions, or of being af- fected ; capacity for feeling or emotional excite- ment; sensibility; feelins; emotion. — Suscep'tive. -tiv, a. Capable of admitting i readilv admitting. [L. susceptivus.] — Susceptivlty, -tiv'l-tT, n. Ca- pacity of admitting. — Susciplent, -sip'I-ent, a. Receiving; admitting, — re. One who takes or ad- mits. [L. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere.] Suspect, sus-pekf, v. t. To imasine to exist, often upon weak evidence, or no evidence at all: to im- agine to be guilty upon slight evidence, or without proof; to hold to be uncertain; to mistrust, distrust, surmise, doubt. — v.i. To imagine guilt; to have a suspicion. — n. A suspected or doubtful person. {F.: L. suspect us, p. p. of suspicere, to look under, ook ui) to. mistrust, fr. sub and specere, to look.] — Suspect'able, a. Capable of being suspected; open, or liuiile to, suspicion or distrust. — Suspect'ed- ness, n.— Suspecfer, n. — Suspicion, -pish/un, n, Act of suspecting; imagination of the existence of something without proof, or upon slight or no evi. dence: iealousy; mistrust; diffidence'; doubt. [.ME. suspicion, OF. suspezion, L. sus/dcio.] — Suspi'cious -pish'us, a. Inclined to suspect; indicating suspi. cion or fear; liable to suspicion; adapted to raise suspicion: given to suspicion. [ME. snspeciow.] — Suspi'ciously, adv. — Suspiciousness, n. luspend, suspend', v. t. To attach to something above: to make todepeud; to cause to cease for a time, hinder from proceeding; to hold in a state undetermined? to debar from any privilege, from the execution of an office, or from the enjoyment of income: to cause to cease for a time from operation or effect; to interrupt, intermit, stay. — v. i. To cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop pay- ment, or be unable to meet obligations or engage- ments. [F. suspendre, L. suspendere. -pensum, fr. sub and pendere, to hang.] — Suspend'er, n. One who, or that which, suspends, pi. Straps for holding up pantaloons: braces: gallowses. —Suspense', -pens', n. A state of uncertainty; indetermination; inde- cision; cessation for a time; stop. [F. suspens, L. suspensus, doubtful, hesitating, p. p. of suspendere.] — Suspense account. (Book-kee)Ang.) An account in which receipts or disbursements are tempora- rily entered, until their proper position on the books is determined. — Suspension, -shun, n. Act of suspending, or state of being suspended; esp., temporary delay, interruption, or cessation, as of labor, judgment, payment, punishment, etc.; a con- ditional withholding, interruption, or delay. [F.; L. Suspension bridge. A bridge supported cured in the ground below. — Suspen'sory. -so-rT, a. Suspended: hanging: depending; fitted or serv- ing to suspend; suspending. — n. That which sus- pends or holds up, as a truss; esp., a bandage for suspending the scrotum. Suspicion, etc. See under Suspect. Suspire, sus-pir", v. i. To fetch a long, deep breath; to sigh. [L. suspirare, to breathe out, sigh. fr. sub and spirare. to breathe.] — Suspir'al. n. A breath- ing-hole; vent; ventiduct: a spring of water pass- ing under ground toward a cistern or conduit.— Suspira'tion, n. Act of sizhing: a sigh. Sustain, sus tan', v. t. [-taixed i-tand'), -taixixg.] To keep from falling; to bear: to keep from sink- ing in despondence; to maintain, keep alive, nour- ish; to aid, vindicate, comfort, or relieve; to endure without failing or yielding: to suffer, undergo; to allow the prosecution of, sanction; to prove, estab- lish by evidence, be conclusive ot as evidence. (Mus.) To continue, as the sound of notes through their whole length. [OF. sustenir, L. sustinere, fr. sub and tenere. to hold.] — Su3tain'able, a. Capable of being sustained. — Sustain'er, ??. — Sus'tenance, -te-nans, n. Act of sustaining ; support: mainte- nance; that which supports life: food: provisions. [OF.] — Sustentalion, n. Preservation from fall- ing ; support; use of food or provisions ; mainte- nance of life. [L. sustentatio, fr. sustentare. to sup- port, maintain, intens. form of sustinere.] Sutler, sutler, n. A person who follows an army, an i sells to the troops provisions, liquors, etc. [D. zoetelaar, soeteler, a small trader, esp. in camps, fr. zaeteten, to undertake low offices, LG. suddeln, to sully, suddeler, a dirty fellow, scullion, sutler; s. rt. suds, seethe.] Suttee, sut-tel n. In India, a widow who immolates herself on the funeral pile of her husband; the sac- rifice of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her husband. [Skr. sati, f. of sat, existing, real, true, good, p. pr. of sat, to be.] — Sutteelsm, -izm, ru sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, gei- SUTTLE 588 SWEAR The practice of self-immolation among widows in Hindostan. Buttle, suftl, n. (Com.) The weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is yet to be allowed. [Fr. subtile.] Suture, su'chur, w. Act of sewing; the line along which 2 things or parts are sewed together, or are united so as to form a seam, or that which resem- bles one. (Surg.) A stitch to hold together the lips or edges of a wound. (Anat.) The seam or joint which unites the bones of the skull. [F. ; L. sutura, fr. suere, sutura = E. to sew.] — Su'tural, a. Of, or relating to, a suture or seam. Suzerain, su'ze-ran, n. A superior lord, to whom fealty is due. [F., fr. sus, L. susum, sursum, above; cf. sovereign, fr. L. super.} — Suzerainty, -tT, n. Do- minion or authority of a suzerain; paramount au- thority. [F. suzerainete.] Swab, swob, n. A mop for cleaning decks, etc.; a bit of sponge, cloth, etc., fastened to a handle for cleansing the mouth; a cleaner for the bore of a gun. — v.t. [swabbed (swobd), -bing.] To clean with a mop or swab. [D. zwabber, the drudge of a ship, zwabberen, to swab, do dirty work ; s. rt. swap, ?woop.] — Swab'ber, n. One who uses a swab to clean a deck, etc. ; an inferior officer on ships of war, whose business it is to see that the ship is kept clean. Swaddle, swod'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To bind, as with a bandage ; to swathe (an infant). — n. Clothes bound tight round the body. [AS. swed- hil, a swaddling-band, fr. swedhian = E. to swathe, q. v.] — Swad'dling-band, -cloth, n. A band or cloth wrapped round an infant. Swag, swag, v. i. [swagged (swagd), -ging.] To sink down by its weight; to lean. — n. A swaying, irreg- ular motion, as of a heavy body, or of one sagging or pendent from its weight ; a burglar's booty. [ProvE. swag, to hang loose and heavy, swing about, sag, Norweg. svaga, to sway; s. rt. G. schwanken, to stagger, reel, falter, E. swing, sway.] — Swag'gy, -gf, a. Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or leaning by its weight.— Swag'ger, v. i. [-gered (-gerd), -gee- ing.J To boast or Drag noisily, bluster, bully. — n. Boastfulness or insolence of manner. — Swag'gerer, n. A blusterer; bully; boaster. Swage, swaj or swej, n. A tool, variously shaped or grooved on the end or face, used by workers in met- als, for shaping their work. — v. t. To shape by means of a swage; to fashion, as a piece of iron, by dra wing it into a groove or mold having the required shai>e. Swain, swan, n. A rustic; esp., a country gallant or lover. [Ic. si-einn, Dan. svend, OHG. suein, a boy, lad, servant, LG. sween, a swineherd; s. rt. AS. swidh, Ic. svinner, strong, swift, E. boatswain, coxswain; not s. rt. swine.] Swallow, swoKlo, n. A small migratory swift-flying insectivorous bird of several species, with long wings and a long, forked and pointed tail. [AS. swalewe, prob. lit. a mover to and fro; s. rt. Gr. saleuein, to move to and fro, toss like a ship at sea, OD. swollen, to toss, beat against — said of waves.] — SwaK- low-tailed, -tald, a. Like a swallow's tail in form, hav- ing narrow and tapering or pointed skirts. Swallow, swol'lo, v. t. [-LOWED (-lod), -LOWING.] To take or appear to take through the esophagus into the stomach; to draw into an abyss or gulf; to receive or embrace (opinions or belief) without ex- amination or scruple; to appropriate; to occupy, em- ploy; to seize and waste, exhaust; to retract, recant. — n. The gullet or esophagus; the throat; as much as is, or can be, swallowed at once. [AS. swelgan, to swallow, G. schwelgen, to eat or drink immoderately; s. rt. groundsel.] Swam. See Swim. Swamp, swomp, n. Low ground filled with water ; land wet and spongy, but not usually covered with water, esp. soft, wet land covered with trees or bushes.— v. t. [swamped (swompt), swamping.] To plunge, whelm, or sink in a swamp, or as in a swamp. (Naut.) To overset, sink, or cause to become filled, as a boat, in water. To plunge into inextricable diffi- culties. JDan. and Sw. sump, G. sumpf, a swamp, Dan. ana Sw. svamp, MHG. swamp, G. schwamm, a Swallow. sponge, fungus; s. rt. Gr. somphos, spongy, damp? sponggos, a sponge, E. fungus, sw im.] — Swamp'y, -T, a. Consisting of swamp; like a swamp. Swan, swon, n. A large migratory web-footed bird of several species, like the goose, but more graceful, having a longer neck and beak, and t>e- ing generally larger and strong- er. [AS. and OHG.] -Swan's'- down, n. The down of the swan, esp. the dressed skin of ' the swan with the down adher- ing; a fine, soft, thick cloth of wool mixed with silk or cotton; a sort of twilled fustian, like moleskin. — Swan'skin, n. A »wan. species of flannel of a soft texture, thick and warm. Swap, swop, v. t. [swapped (swopt), -ping.] To ex- change, barter. — n. An exchange; barter. [Orig., to strike, hence strike a bargain; s. rt. sweep, swoop, swab.] Sward, swawrd, n. The grassy surface of land; turf, — v. t. To cover with sward. [AS. sweard, D. zwoord, the skin of bacon, Ic. svordr, skin, hide of the wal- rus, sward or surface of the earth, G. schwarte, rind, bark, skin.] Sware. See Swear. Swarm, swawrm, n. A large number of small animals or insects, esp. when in motion; a great number of honey bees which emigrate from a hive at once, un- der the direction of a queen; a like body of bees united and settled permanently in a hive; any gTeat number or multitude. — v. i. [swarmed (swawrmd), swarming.] To collect and depart from a hive by flight in a body, as bees; to appear or collect in a crowd ; to throng together ; to be crowded, be thronged; to abound, be filled, as with a number or crowd of objects; to climb (a tree) by embracing it with the arms and legs, and scrambling; to shin. [AS. swearrn, MHG. swarm, lit. that which hums — fr. the noise made by a swarm of bees, G. schwirren, to whiz, sweren, to hum, buzz, Skr. svri, to sound,. L. susurrus, a hum, whisper: for the sense of climb- ing, see OFries. swerva, to creep, under Swerve.] Swart, swawrt, Swarth, swawrth, Swartb/y, -T, o. Be- ing of a dark hue; moderately black; tawny. [AS. sweart, OHG. swarz, Goth, swarts, black; s. rt. L. sordes, dirt, sordidus, dirty, E. sordid.] — Swartb/i- ly, adv. In a swarthy manner ; with a tawny hue ; duskily. — Swartb/iness, n. Swash, swosh, n. A swaggering fellow; impulse of water flowing with violence; a dashing of water; a narrow channel of water lying within a sand-bank, or between that and the shore. — v. i. To bluster, make a great noise; to dash or flow noisily, as water; to splash. [Sw. dial, svasska, to make a squashing noise, as when walking with water in one's shoes, Sw. svassa, to speak or write bombast; s. rt. sway, swing, swagger.] Swath, swawth, n. A band or fillet; a line of grass or grain cut and thrown together by the scythe; the whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from which grass or gram is cut by it. [AS. swadhu, a foot-track, trace, D. zwad, G. schwad, LG. sioad, a row of mown grass, LG. sivade, a scythe; s. rt. Nor- weg. svada, to strip off, svad, smooth, slippery, E. swathe.] Swathe, swath, v. t. [swathed (swathd), swathing.] To bind with a swathe, hand, bandage, or rollers. — n. A bandage. [AS. swedhian, to enwrap, swadhu, a shred, bandage, as much grass as is mown at once; s. rt. swaddle.] Sway, swa, v. t. [swayed (swad), swaying.] To move or wield with the hand; to influence or direct by power and authority, or by moral force; to cause to incline to one side; to bias, direct, influence, swing, move, wave. (Naut.) To hoist, raise. — v. i. To bear rule, govern; to have weight or influence; to be drawn to one side by weight. — n. Power exerted in governing; influence, weight, or authority that inclines to one side; preponderation; rule; domin- ion; empire; control; influence; ascendency; swing or sweep of a weapon. [Same as swag, q. v.] Sweal, swel, v. i. [swealed (sweld), swealing.] To melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle. [See Sultry.] Swear, swgr, v. i. [imp. swore, formerly sware; p. p. sworn (sworn), swearing.] To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed; to promise upon oath. (Law.) To give evidence on oath. To use the name am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; SWEAT 589 SWIM of God or sacred things profanely; to use profane language or oaths, curse, — v. t. To utter or affirm with a solemn appeal to God for the truth of the declaration. (Law.) To cause to take an oath; to administer an oath to. To declare or charge upon oath. [AS. swerian ; s. rt. swarm, answer , forsworn.] — Swear'er, n. One who swears; esp., one who uses profane language. jjiweat, swet, n. The fluid or sensible moisture ex- creted from the skin of an animal; perspiration; state of one who sweats; labor; toil; drudgery; moisture issuing from or condensed upon the surface of any substance. — v. i. [sweat or sweated; sweating.] To excrete sensible moisture from the skin, perspire; to toil, labor, drudge; to emit or appear to emit moisture, as green plants in a heap. — v. t. To cause to excrete moisture from the skin; to emit or suffer to flow from the pores; to exude. [AS. swat, Dan. sved, Skr. sveda, L. sudor, Gr. hiaros, sweat, AS. swsetan, Skr. svid, to sweat : see Sudatory.] — Sweat'er, n. — Sweat'y, -t, a. [-ier; -iest.J Moist with, or consisting of, sweat; laborious; toilsome; difficult. — Sweat/inesB, n. Swedish, Swedish, a. Of, or pert, to, Sweden. — n. The language of the Swedes. Sweep, swep, v. t. [swept, sweeping.] To brush, or rub over with a brush, broom, or besom, for re- moving loose dirt; to drive or carry along or off by a long, brushing stroke, or force, or by flowing on the earth ; to drive, destroy, or carry off many at a stroke, or with celerity and violence; to move over in strides or with a train; to carry with a long, swing- ing, or dragging motion; to strike with a long stroke. (Aaut.) To draw or drag over; to pass rapidly over, as with the eye or other instrument of observation. — v. ft. To pass with swiftness and violence, as something broad, or brushing the surface of any- thing; to pass over or brush along with celerity and force ; to pass with pomp ; to move with a long reach ; to include or comprehend many individuals or particulars in a single act or assertion. — n. Act of sweeping ; compass of a stroke, of any turning body or motion, or of anything flowing or brushing; violent and general destruction ; direction and ex- tent of any motion not rectilinear; one who sweeps; a sweeper ; the pole moved on a fulcrum or post, used to raise and lower a bucket in a well ; in the game of casino, the combining and removing of all the cards on the table ; in whist, the winning of all the 13 tricks. [AS. swapan, to sweep, also to swoop, q. v.") — Sweep'er, n. — Sweep'ings, n. pi. Things collected by sweeping; rubbish. — Sweep'stakes, n. sing, or pi. The whole money or other things staked or won at a race ; one who wins all. — Sweep'y, -T, a. Passing with speed and violence over a great compass at once. Sweet, .-wet, a. Having a taste or flavor resembling that of honey or sugar; pleasing to the smell, fra- grant ; pleasing to the ear, soft, melodious, harmo- nious ; pleasing to the eye, beautiful; fresh; not salt; not changed from a sound or wholesome state; mild; soft; gentle; sugary; saccharine; dulcet; lus- cious. — n. That which is sweet to the taste, — used chiefly in pi. ; that which is sweet or pleasant in odor, a perfume; that which is pleasing or grateful to the mind; a darling, — a term of endearment. [AS. swete, OS. swoti, Goth. siUis, L. suavis, Gr. he- dus, Skr. svadu, sweet, svad, to taste, eat, please.] — Sweet'iah, a. Somewhat sweet. — Sweetly, adv. — Sweet'ness. n. — Sweefheart, n. A lover or mis- tress. — Sweeting, n. A sweet apple ; a darling, — a word of endearment.— Sweefmeat, n. Any article of confectionery made principally of sugar ; fruit preserved with sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, orange peel, etc. — Sweet'-bread, n. The pancreas of an animal, used for food. — bri'er, n. A shrubby plant of the rose kind, cultivated for its fragrant smell. — fern, n. A small N. Amer. shrub, having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern- leaves. — oil, n. Olive-oil. — pota'to, n. A trailing plant of the convolvulus family; its sweetish starchy tubers, used for food. — -will 'iam. n. A species of pink of many varieties. — Sweefen, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make sweet to the taste; to make pleasing to the mind; to make mild or kind: to make less painful; to increase the agreeable qualities of; to make delicate; to make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious matter; to make warm and fer- tile: to restore to purity. — v. i. To become sweet. — Sweet'ener, n. Swell, swel, v. i. [imp. swelled; p. p. swelled (swol- len or swoln is less usual); swelling.] To grow larger by matter added within, or by expansion of the inclo'sed substance; to increase in size or extent by any addition; to rise or be driven into waves or billow's ; to be puffed up or bloated ; to be inflated ; to belly,- to be turgid or bombastic ; to bulge out ; to be elated, rise into arrogance; to grow upon the view; to become larger in amount; to act in a pom- pous, ostentatious, or arrogant manner; to strut. — v. t. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions of; to aggravate, heighten; to raise to arrogance. (Mus.) To augment in force or loudness, as the sound of a note. — n. Act of swelling; gradual increase; aug- mentation in bulk; elevation, rise, — said of height; force, intensity, power, — said of sound; increase of power in style, or increase of rhetorical force ; a gradual ascent or elevation of land ; a wave or bil- low; esp., a succession of large waves; the fluctua- tion of the sea after a storm. (Mus.) A gradual increase and decrease of the volume of sound; — generally indicated thus -<0— . A showy, dash- ing, boastful person ; a person of high rank, fash- ion, or importance. — a. Stylish; fashionable; aris- tocratic. [AS. swellan, Sw. svalla, to swell, svall, the swell of the sea, agitation; s. rt. Gr. salos, tossing, restless motion, salax, a sieve, solos, a quoit, seuein, to drive, hurl, seiein, to toss, agitate, Skr. sv, to cast, send, impel, L. salum, the tossing sea, E. swoop, swat/, swing, swim, svxdlow, sill.) — Swell'ing, n. Protuberance ; prominence ; a tumor ; a rising or enlargement by passion. — Swell'-mob, n. Well- dressed thieves, taken collectively. Swelter, swelfer, v. i. [-eked (-erd), -ering.] To be overcome and faint with heat; to he ready to perish with heat. — v. t. To oppress with heat. [Sec Sul- try.] Swept. See Sweep. Swerve, swerv, v. i. [swerved (swervd), swerving.] To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule of duty; to deviate; to climb or move forward by winding or turning. [AS. sweorfan, Ic. sverfa, to rub, tile, D. zeverven, to swerve, wander, rove, riot, revel, O Fries, swerva, to creep, Dan. svirre, to whirl round, svire, to revel, riot, sva'rbe, to turn in a lathe; s. rt. swarm, q. v.] Swift, swift, a. Moving with celerity or velocity ; ready; prompt; coming without delay; quick; nim- ble ; rapid; expeditious, —n. A reel, tor winding yarn, thread, etc.,— chiefly in pi. (Ornith.) A small insectivorous bird, of several species, like che swal- low, but having a shorter bill, longer sickle-shaped wings, and bolder and more rapid flight: the Amer. swiit is popularly called " chimney swallow." (Zobl.) The common newt or eft; a species of lizard. [AS., rapid, swipe, a whip, swifan. Ic. sripta, to move quickly, Ic. svipa, to swoop, flash, whip, lash; s. rt. swoop, swivel.] — Swiftly, adv. — Swiffness, n. Swig, swig, v. t. & i. To drink by large draughts.— n. A large draught. [AS. swilgan, swelgan, to swallow, devour.] Swill, swil, v. t. [swilled (swild). swilling.] To drink grossly or greedily, — v. i. To drink greedily or swinishly, drink to excess. — n. Large draughts of liquor; the wash, or mixture of liquid substances, given to swine. [AS. swilian, to wash; s. rt. scul- lery.] — Swill'er, n. One who swills, or drinks vora- ciously. Swim, swim, v. u [imp, swam ; p. p. swum ; swim- ming.] To be supported by water or other fluid; to float : to move progressively in water by means of the hands and feet, or of fins ; to be borne along by a current ; to glide along with a smooth motion, or with a waving motion ; to l>e overflowed or drenched; to abound, have abundance. — v. t. To pass or move over, or on, by swimming; to immerse in water that the lighter parts may swim ; to cause or compel tc swim, make to float. — n. Act of swimming; a glid- ing motion, like that of one swimming; the time or distance one swims, or can swim; the air-bladder of a fish; the sound. [AS. sioimman; s. rt. Skr. su, to impel, E. stoell.] — Swirn'mer, n. — Swirn'mingly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as if swimming; smoothly; successfully; without obstruction. Swim, swim, v. i. To be dizzy or vertiginous. [AS. swima, a swimming in the head, swoon, Sw. svimma, to be dizzy, svindel, G. schwindel, dizziness, schwin- den, to decay, dwindle, fail, schicindeln, to be dizzy, act thoughtlessly, cheat.] — Swin'dle, -dl, v. t. [-dled To cheat and defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice. — n. Act or process of de- _ ;iessiy (-did), -DLiNG.J To cheat and defraud with deliberate artifice, — n. Act or pr< frauding bv systematic imposition. — Swin'dler, n sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. SWINE 590 SYLLOGISM One who swindles ; a cheat ; sharper. [G. schwin- dler, an extravagant projector, swindler, fr. schwin- deln.] Swine, swin, n. sing. Stpl. A pachydermatous animal; the hog: the male is called boar, the female sow, and the young, pig. [AS. and OHG. swin, Goth, swein, a pig, L. sus = E. sow, q. v.]— Swinish, a. Befitting swine; like swine; gross; hoggish; brutal.— Swine - herd, n. A keeper of swine. — pox, n. (Med.) A variety of the chicken-pox, with acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid. Swing, swing, v. i. [swung: swinging.] To move to and fro, as a body suspended in the air; to wave, vi- brate; to practice swinging. (Naut.) To move or float; to turn round an anchor; to be hanged. — v. t. To cause to wave, or vibrate, as a body suspended in the air; to move to and fro, flourish/brandish. — n. Act of swinging; vibratory motion; oscillation; motion from one side to the other; a line, cord, or other thing suspended and hanging loose, upon which anything may swing; a suspended loop of rope, etc., for persons to swing in; influence or pow- er of a body put in motion; unrestrained liberty or license ; free course ; tendency. [AS. swing an, to scourge, fly, flutter, flap with the wings, G. schwin- gen, to swing, soar, brandish, swingle or beat flax; s. rt. sway.] — Swinge, swinj, v. t. To beat soundly, whip, chastise. [AS. swengati, to shake, toss,fr.swi/i- gan; sweng, a stroke, blow.] — Swingeing, a. Huge; very large. — Swin'gel, swin'gl, n. That part of a flail which falls on the grain in thrashing; swiple. [AS. swingele, a scourging, G. schwinge, a swingel.J — Swin'gle, swin'gl, v. t. To clean (flax) by beat- ing it with a swingle; to cut off the tops of (weeds) without pulling up the roots. — n. A wooden instru- ment like a large knife, used for cleaning flax; swin- gle-staff ; swingling knife. — Swin'gle-tree, n. A whiffle-tree.— Swing'-tree, n. The bar of a carriage to which the traces are fastened; the whiffle-tree or whipple-tree ; swingle-tree. — Swiple, swipl, n. Same as Swingel. Swipe, swlp, n. A sweep, q. v. Swirl, swerl, n. A whirling motion; an eddy, as of water, wind, or snow; a whirl; gyration. [Norweg. svirla, to swing, whirl, f req. of sierra, to turn round, orig. to make a humming noise; s. rt. swarm.'] Swiss, swis, n. sing. & pi. A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; the people of Switzerland. — a. Of, or pert, to, Switzerland. Switch, swich, n. A small, flexible twig or rod; a cue of false hair, or of some substance (j u t e, etc.) made to re- semble hair. (Railroads.) A movable part of 2 op- posite rails, for transfer- „ . , ... rin°- a car Safety Switch. from one track to another. (Elec.) A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to another circuit; a shunt.— v. t. [switched (swicht), switch- ing.] To strike with a small twig or rod; to beat, lash. (Railroads 8r Elec.) To shunt, transfer by a switch. [OD. sivick, a scourge, whip, D. zwanken, to bend; s. rt. sway.] — Switch'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who tends a switch on a railroad. Swivel, swiv'l, n. A fastening which allows the thing fastened to turn freely on its axis. (Mech.) A ring, link, or staple, that turns round on a pin or neck. (Mil.) A small cannon fixed in a swivel, or in a socket, or turning ona „ . . , , . pivot, -v.i. To turn on a sta- Swivel and chain, pie, pin, or pivot. [AS. swifan, to revolve ; s. rt. swift.] Swob, swob, n. & v. Same as Swab. Swollen, Swoln, swoln. See Swell^ Swoon, swoon, v. i. [swooned (swoond), swooning.] To sink into a fainting fit, faint. — n. A fainting fit; syncope. [AS. swogan, to move or sweep noisily (said of the wind), to sigh, sough, geswowung, a swooning; s. rt. sough.] Swoop, swoop, v. t. [swooped (swoopt), swooping.] To fall on at once and seize; to catch while on the wing; to catch up with a sweep. — v. i. To descend with closed wings from a height upon prey, as a hawk; to stoop. — n. A falling on and seizing, as of a rapacious fowl on his prey. [AS. swapan, to sweep along, rush, Ic. sveipa, to sweep, swoop; s. rt. Skr. su, Gr. seuein, to drive, E. sway, swmg, sweep, swift, swivel.] Swop. Same as Swap. Sword, sord, n. A weapon having a long, strong, and usually sharp-pointed blade, for cutting or thrust- ing; the emblem of judicial vengeance or punish- ment, or of authority and power; destruction in bat- tle; the military power of a country. [AS. sweord, MHG. swerte, lit. the wounder, MHG. swerde, pain, G. scfiwer, painful; s. rt. Skr. svri, to hurt, kill.] — Sword'ed, a. Girded with a sword. — Swords'man, n. ; pi. -MEN. A soldier; fighting man; one skilled in the use of the sword. — Sword'-belt, n. A belt to suspend a sword by. — fish, n. A large edible fish, allied to the mackerel, and having the upper jaw elongated into a sword-shaped process: it is from 10 to 20 feet in length. — knot, n. A ribbon tied to the hilt of a sword. — play'er, n. A fencer; gladiator. Swore, Sworn. See Swear. Swound, swownd, n. A swoon. Swum. See Swim. Swung. See Swing. Sybarite, sib'a-rlt, n. A person devoted to luxury and pleasure. [L. Sybans, a city in Italy, noted for the effeminacy and voluptuousness of its inhabi- tants.] — Sybaritic, -ical, -ritlk-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, the Sybarites; luxurious; wanton. Sycamine, sik'a-min, n. The mulberry-tree. [L. syc- aminus, Gr. sukaminos, the mulberry-tree, prob. fr. Heb. shiqmah, pl.jhiqmin, the sycamore.] Sycamore, sik'a-mor, n. A large tree allied to the common fig, found in Egypt and Syria : in America, t'h e plane tree, or buttonwood, is called by this name; in Eng. a large species of maple. [L. *yc- omorus, Gr. sukomoros, fr. silic- on, a fig, and moron, a mulberry, blackberry.] Sycophant, sik'o-fant, n. Orig., an informer in Athens, w h o sought favor by denouncing ' those who stole figs, or exported them contrary to law; a base parasite; mean flatterer; esp., a flatterer of princes and great men. [L. sycophanta, Gr. sukophantes, lit. a fig-show- er, f r. sukon, a fig, and phaineia, to show.] — Syc'o- phancy, -fan-si, n. Character or characteristic of a sycophant ; obsequious flattery; servility. — Syco- phantic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like, a sycophant; ob- sequiously flattering; parasitic. Syenite, si'e-nit, n. (Min.) A crystalline rock com- posed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, taking its name from Syene, in Upper Egypt, where it is found: it differs from granite only in containing hornblende in the place of mica. — Syenitlc, -nlt'- ik, a. Relating to, or like, syenite. Syllable, silla-bl, n. An elementary sound, or com- bination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or at a single effort or impulse of the voice, and consti- tuting a word or a part of a word; in writing and printing, a part of a word separated from the rest, and capable of being pronounced by a single im- pulse of the voice; a small part of a sentence or dis- course; a particle. [OF. siltabe, later syllable, L. syU laba, Gr. sullabe, lit. that which holds together, i. e., so much of a word as forms one sound, fr. sun (orig. xun, prob. for kun = L. cum, with; cf. Gr. koinos = L. communis = E. common), together, and lambanem, to take, seize.] — Syllabic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or con- sisting of, a syllable or syllables. — Syllablcally, adv. — Syllabicate, -Y-kat,'r. t. To form into syl- lables, syllabify.— Syllab'ica'tion, Syllabification, n. Act or method of dividing word:, into svllables. — Syllabify, -T-fi, v.t. [-fied (-lid), -fying.] To form or divide into syllables. — Syllabus, n. ; E. pi. -buses; L. pi. -bi. A compendium containing the heads of a discourse; an abstract. [LateL.] — Syl- lep'sis, n. (Rhet.) The use of words in a literal and metaphorical sense at the same time. (Gram.) The agreement of a verb or adjective with one, rather than another, of 2 nouns, with either of which it might agree in gender, number, etc. [L. and Gr.] — Syllep'tic, -tical, a. Of, pert, to, or containing, syllepsis. Syllabub. Same as Sillabub. Syllogism, sillo-jizm, ?i. (Logic.) The regular logical form of every argument, consisting of 3 proposi- Svcamore. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve. tSrm ; In, ice j Odd, tone, or ; SYLPH 591 SYNOD tions, of which the first 2 are called the premises, and the last the conclusion. [ME. and OF. siloaiine, L. syllogismus, Gr. sullogismos, a reckoning all to- gether, reasoning, fr. sullogizesthai. to reckon to- gether, sum up, reason, fr. sun and logizesthai, to reckon, fr. logos, a word, reason.] — Syllcgis'tic. -tical. -jis'tik-ul, a. Of, or pert. to. a syllogism; con- sisting of a ?vlIogism, or of the form of "reasoning by syllogisms. — Syllogis'tically, adv. In the form of a syllogism ; by means ot svllogisms. — Syllo- gize, v. i. "[-gized (-jlzd;, -gizi.ng.] To reason by syllogism-. Syiph, sill', ». An imaginary being inhabiting the air; a fairy; a slender, graceful woman. [F. sylphe, a sylph, Gr. sQphe, a grub, beetle, moth.]i— Sylphld, n. A little sylph: young sylph. [F. sulphide.] Sylva, sil'va. «. / pi. -v.e. -ve. The forest tree? of any region or country. {Bot.) A work containing a botanical description of the forest trees of any re- gion or. country. {Poet.) A collection of poetical pieces of various kinds. [Prop, silva, q. v.]— Syl'- van, a. Of, or pert, to, a sylva; forest-like; rural; rustic: abounding in forests or in trees; woody. — n. A fabled deity of the wood; a satyr; faun; a rustic. [L. Silvanus.] Symbol, sim'bol. a. The sign or representation of something mora, or intellectual by the images or j properties of natural things ; a letter or character | which is significant; emblem; figure: type. (Math.) Any character used to represent a quantity, an operation, a relation, or an abbreviation. [F. sym- bole, L. symbolum, Gr. sumbolon,a token, pledge, fr. sumballein, to throw or bring together, compare, in- fer; fr. sun and ballein. to throw.] — Symbolic, n. (Tlieol.) That branch of historic theology which treats of creeds. — Symbolic, -ical, a. Of," pert, to, or in the nature of, a symbol ; representative.— ' Symbolically, adv. In a symbolical manner ; by signs: typically. — Symbolics, n. Same us Sym- bolic, h. — Sym'bolism, -izm, n. A system n sym- bols or representations. (Chem.) A combining to- ; gether of parts or ingredients. (Theol.) The science '■ of creeds: symbolic."— Sym'boliza'tion, n. Act of symbolizing: lesemblance in properties. — Sym'bol- ize, v. i. f-iZED (-Izd), -izing.] To have a resem- I blance of qualities or properties. — r. t. To make to agree in properties or qualities; to make repre- sentative of something; to represent by a symbol. — Symbol'ogy, -o-jT, n. Art of expressing by sym- - bols. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Symmetry, siin'me-trt, n. A due proportion of the Beveral parts of a body to each other ; union and ] conformity of the members of a work to the whole. , [F. symmetric L. and Gr. symmetria, fr. Gr. summe- i tros, of like measure with, fr. sun and matron, a ( measure.] — Symmetrical, a. Involving or exhib- : iting symmetry: proportional in its parts. (Math.) Having corresponding parts or relations. — Sym- metrically, culv. — Sym'metrize, -me-tiiz, v. t. [-trizeu (-trTzd), -TRIZING.] To reduce to sym- metry. Sympathy. Bim'pa-thT, n. Feeling corresponding to that which another feels; fellow-feeling; agreement of affection? or inclinations, or a conformity of nat- ural temperament, which makes 2 persons pleased with each other; pity: commiseration. (Med.) The reciprocal influence exercised by the various parts j of the body on one another. [F. h/mpathie. Gr. sum- j pat/ieia. fr. mm and pathein, to suffer, experience, j feel: see Pathos.] — Sympathetic, -ical. a. In- clined to or exhibiting svmpathv. (Med.) Produced | by sympathy. — Sympathetically, adv. — Sympa- thize, »■. i'. [-THiZED(,-thIzd^.-THiziNO.] To have a common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain; to feel in consequence of what another feels. Symphony. sim'fo-nT, n. A consonance or harmony of sounds, ag-eeable to the ear. (Mus.) An elaborate ! instrumental composition for a full orchestra, con- sisting usually of 3 or 4 contrasted vet inwardly re- lated movements: an instrumental passage at the beginning or end. or in the course of. a vocal com- position." [L. and Gr. symphtmia, music, Gr. sum- phonos, agreeing in sound, harmonious, fr. sun and phone, sound.] — Sympho'nious, -nl-us, a. Agree- ing in sound: accordant: harmonious. Symphysis. sim'fl-sis, ?>. (Anat.) Union of bones by cirtilage; connection of bones without a movable joint; coalescence of parts previously separate; the point of union: insertion or attachment of parts, as tendons. [L.and Gr.,fr.Gr.sunandpAuein,togro'W.] Symposium. sim-po'zY-um. »■: il. -sia. -zT-a. A drinking together; merry feast: convivial meeting, [L.; Gr. Suinposion, fr. sumpinein. to drink together, fr. sun and pinein, to drink.] — Sympo'siac a. Of, or pert, to, drinking together and men;, -making. — it. A conference or conversation, as of philosophers at a banquet. Symptom, simp'tum, n. (Med.) A perceptible change in the body or its functions, which indicates dis- ease: one of the phenomena which indicate the ex- istence and nature of a disease. That which indi- cate? the existence of something else; mark: sign; token: indication. [F. symptome, L. and Gr. symp- toma, a casualty, fr. Gr. sumpiptein, to fall together, fall in with, fr. sun and piptein, to fall.] — Symptom- atic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, symptoms; indicating the existence of something; according to symptoms. — Symptomatlcally, adc. By means of symptom.-. Synaeresis, -eresis, sin-er'e-sis, n. (Gram.) A contrac- tion of 2 syllables into one, or of 2 vowels into a diphthong. [Gr. sunairesis, fr. sun and hairesis, a taking, fr. hairein, to take; s. rt. heresy.] Synagogue, sin'a-gog. n. A congregation or assembly of Jews for worship ; a Jewish place of worship. [F.; Gr. sunagoge, fr. sun and agogc. a bringing, fr. agein, to bring, drive.] — Synagoglcal, -gojlk-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a synagogue. Synalepha, -loepha. sin-a-lela, n. (Gram.) A cutting off or suppression of a rowel or diphthong at the end of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel. [L. ; Gr. sunaloiphe, lit. a melting together, fr. suti and aleiphein, to anoint with oil, blot out, efface; s. rt. Skr. lip, to anoint.] Synarthrosis, ?in-ar-thro , sis, n. (Anat.) Union of bone? without motion; close union. [Gr.: fr. sunar- thro'in. to join together, fr. sun and arthron, a joint.] Syncarpous. sin-kiir'pus, a. Composed of several carpal? consolidated into one. [Gr. sun and kar) os, a fruit.] Synchronal. sin'kro-nal. -chronical, -kronlk-al, -chronous. ?in r kro-nus, o. Happening at the same time; simulta- neous. [Gr. .sungchronos, fr. sun and chronos, time.] — Synchronism, -kro- nizm, n. Concurrence of 2 or more events in time: simultaneousness : the tabular arrangement of historical events and personages, according to their dates. — Synchronize, -niz, v. i. [-xized c-nizd), -xizixg.] To agree in time, be simultaneous. Syncope, sin'ko-pe, n. (Mus.) Same as Syxcopatiox, q. v.. below. (Gram.) An elision or retrenchment of one or more letters, or a syllable, from the middle of a word. (Med.) A fainting or swooning. A sud- den pause or cessation; suspension: temporary stop. TL. : Gr. sungkope, lit. a cutting short, fr. sun and koptein, to cut.] — Syn'copate. -pat, r. t. To contract (a word,' by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle. (Mus.) To commence (a tone) on an unaocented part of a measure, and continue into the following unaccented part. — Syncopa'tion, n. Contraction of a word by taking a letter, letters, or a syllable, from the middle. ( Mus.) Performance of a" passage by svncopating the notes. Syncretism, sin^kre-tizm.n. Attempted union of prin- ciples or parties irreconcilably at variance with each other. [Gr. sungkretismos, fr. sungkretizein, to make 2 parties join against a third, fr. sun and kretizein, to behave like a Cretan, i. e., to lie.] Syndic, sin'dik, n. An officer of government, invested with different powers in different countries ; one chosen to transact business for ethers. [F., a censor, controller of manners, Gr. somdikos, a syndic, also helping in a court of justice, fr. sun & dike, justice.] — Syndicate, -dT-kat, n. A council, or body of syn- dics; an association of persons authorized to'promote some object, discharge a trust, or transact a business. Syndrome, sin'dro-me, n. (Med.) The concourse or combination of symptoms in a disease. [Gr., fr. sun and dromos, a course, running.] Synecdoche, sin-ek'do-ke, n. (Rhet.) A figure or trope by which the whole of a thing is put for a part, or a part for the whole. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. sun and eh- dechesthai, to receive.] — Syn ecdochlcal. -doklk- al, a. Expressed by synecdoche: implying a synec- doche. — Syn'ecdochlcally. adv. Synod, sin'od, n. (Ecel. Hist.) A council or meeting of ecclesiastics to consult on matters of religion. A meeting, convention, or council. [F. si/node, L. syno- dvs, Gr. swiodos, lit. a coming together, fr. sun and hodos, a wav. a coming.] — Synodic, -ical. a. Of, or sun. cube, full ; moon. fo"bt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboK- chair, aet. SYNONYM 592 TABERNACLE pert, to, a synod; transacted in a synod. (Astron.) Pert, to conjunction, esp. to the period between 2 successive conjunctions. — Synod'ically, ad v. In a synodical manner; by the authority of a synod. Synonym, sin'o-nim, re. One of 2 or more words in the same language which are the precise equivalents of each other, or which have very nearly the same sig- nification, and therefore are liable to be confounded together. JF. synonime, L. synonyma, neut. pi. of syn- onymus, Gr. sunonumos, of like meaning or name, fr. sun and onoma = E. name.] — Synonim r ic, n. ( Gram.) The science, or scientific treatment, of synonymous words. — Synon'ymist, -I-mist, n. One who collects and explains synonymous words. — Synon'ymize, v. t. [-mized (-mizd), -mizing.] To express in dif- ferent words of the same meaning. — Synon'ymous, -I-mus, a. Expressing the same thing ; conveying the same idea; identical; interchangeable; pert, to synonyms. — Synon'ymousiy, adv.— Synon'ymy, -T- mi, n. Quality of being synonymous. (Rhet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to am- plify a discourse. Synopsis, sin-op'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit a general view of the whole ; conspectus; abridgment ; compendium ; epitome; abstract. [L. and Gr., f r. Gr. sun and opsis, a view, sight.] — Syn- op'tic, -tical, a. Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing. — Synop'- tically, adv. In such a manner as to present a gen- eral view in a short compass. Synovia, sin-o'vT-a, n. (Anat.) A fluid secreted within the synovial capsules of the joints, serving as a lubri- cating fluid to the latter. [Gr. sun and L. ovum, Gr. oon, an egg.] — Syno'vial, a. Of, or pert, to, the syn- ovia, or lubricating fluid of the joints. Syntax, sin'taks, n. (Gram.) The construction of sen- tences; due arrangement of words or members of sentences in their mutual relations, according to es- tablished usage. [L. and Gr. syntaxis, f r. Gr. sun and taxis, order, fr. tass".in, to arrange.] — Syntactic, -tical, a. Of, or pert, to, syntax; according to the rules of syntax. Synthesis, sin'the-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. Composition, or the putting of 2 or more things together. (Chem.) The uniting of elements to form a compound. (Log- ic.) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. sun and thesis (q. v.), a placing.] — Synthefic, -ical, a. Pert, to syn- thesis; consisting in synthesis or composition.— Syn- thetically, adv. By synthesis. Syphilis, sifT-lis, n. (Med.) A dangerous contagious and hereditary venereal disease. [Fr. Syphilus, a shepherd in a Latin poem " Syphilus, sive morbus Gallicus," fr. Gr. sus, hog, swine, and philos, dear, loving.] — Syphilitic, a. Of, pert, to, or infected with syphilis. Syphon. Same as Siphon. Syren. Same as Sieen. Syriac, sir'Y-ak, re. The language of Syria; esp., the ancient language of that country. — o. Of, or pert, to, Syria, or its language. Syringe, sir'inj, re. A small hand-pump, squirt, or portable hydraulic instrument for injecting fluid into animal bodies, etc.: usually a cylinder and pis- ton or an elastic tube and bulb with tubular metallic or glass nozzle. — v. t. [syeinged (-injd), syein- ging.] To inject by means of a syringe; to wash and cleanse by injections from a syringe. [F. syringue, L. and Gr. syrinx, a reed, pipe, tube; s. rt. swarm.] — Syringa, si-rin'ga, re. A large bushy shrub hav- ing a profusion of white fragrant flowers; mock or- ange. (Bot.) The lilac, q. v. [Gr. surinx, suringos, a pipe, because formerly used for pipe-stems.] — Syr'- ingot'omy, -gofo-mT, re. (Surg.) The operation of cutting for the fistula. TGr. temnein, to cut.] Syrtis, ser'tis, re. A quicksand. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr surein, to draw along.] Syrup. Same as Sieup. System, sis' tern, re. An assemblage of objects arranged: in regular subordination, or after some distinct meth- od, usually logical or scientific, or as parts of a com- plex whole; the whole scheme of created things re- garded as forming one complete plan or whole; the universe; regular method or order. (Mus.) An in- terval compounded, or supposed to be compounded, of several lesser intervals. (Physiol.) The totality of parts in the body, performing the same, or anal- ogous or connected functions ; the body as a func- tional unity or whole. [L. and Gr. systema, fr. Gr. sun and stenai=E. to s tan d.]— Systematic, -ical, a. Of, pert, to, or consisting in, system; methodical; proceeding according to sj^stem or regular method. [Gr. sustematikos.] — Systematically, adv. — Sys'- tematist, re. One who forms a system, or reduce* to system. — Systematize, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tiz- ING.] To reduce to system, arrange methodically. — Sys'tematiz'er, re. — Sys'temize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To systematize. — Sys'temizer, n. Systole, sis'to-le, re. (Gram.) The shortening of a long syllable. (Physiol.) The contraction of the heart and arteries for expelling the blood and carrying on the circulation. [Gr., fr. sustellein, to draw together, contract, fr. sun and stellein, to equip, set in order; s. rt. stall, stole.] Systyle, sis'til, re. (Arch.) The arrangement of col- umns in such a manner that they are 2 diameters apart; an edifice, having a row of columns set close together around it, as in the Parthenon at Athens. [Gr. sustulos, fr. sun & sitdos, a column; s. rt. style, gno- mon of a dial; not s. rt. style, a writing implement.] Syzygy, siz'T-jY, re. (Astron.) The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunc- tion or opposition, — commonly used in pi. [Gr. suzu- gia, union, conjunction, suzugos, conjoined, fr. sun and zeugnunai, to yoke.] Szekler, zek'ler, re. One of a Uralo- Altaic race in Tran- sylvania, akin to the Magyars. T, te, the 20th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a simple conso- nant, allied to both D and i\ 7 , all 3 of these letters being den- tal elements. When t is fol- lowed by h, as in think and then, the combination really forms a distinct sound, for which we have no single character : this combination has 2 sounds, — surd or whis- pered, as in think, and sonant or vocal, as in then. — To suit or fit to a T. To suit exactly, answer perfectly, — perh. so used with reference to a car- penter's T-square.— T'-cloth. A cotton fabric made in Eng. for the China and India mar- ket.— a T being stamped on each piece. Tabard, tab'Srd, re. A sort of tunic or mantle formerly worn over the armor, cover- ing the body before and behind, and reaching below the loins, but open at the sides, from the shoulders downward; a herald's coat. [OF.; Sp. and Pg. ta- hardo ; perh. s. rt. tapestry.} — Tab'arder, re. One who wears a tabard. Tabasheer, tab-a-sher', re. A concretion in the joints of the bamboo, etc., consisting chiefly of pure silex, used in the E. Indies as a medicine. [Per. tabshir, clay.] Tabby, tab'bY, a. Having a wavy or watered appear- ance; blinded; brindled; diversified in color. — re. A kind of waved silk, usually watered ; a mixture or lime with shells, gravel, or stones, and water, form- ing a kind of artificial rock; a cat of a tabby color; any cat. — v. t. [tabbied (-bid), tabbying.] To wa- ter, or cause to look wavy by the process of calender- ing. [F. tabis, Sp. tabi, OSp. and JLL. attabi, Ar. uta- bi, a kind of silk, orig. the name of a quarter of Bag- dad where the silk was made.] Tabefy, etc. See under Tabes. Tabernacle, tab'er-na-kl, re. A slightly built or tempo rary habitation; a tent; the portable structure used by the Jews during the exodus and for more than 30* years thereafter as a place of worship; the Jewish tern- 5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; TABES 593 TA'EN pie; a place of worship; any small cell, or like place, in which some holy or precious thins is deposited or kept; thehuman body. — v. i. [tabekxacled (-kid), -CLIXG.] To dwell or reside for a time. [F.; L. tab- ernaculvm, dim. of taherna. a hut, shed ; s. rt. tav- ern.] — Feast of Tabernachst. A Jewish festival last- ins 7 days, during which the people dwelt in booths formed of the boughs of trees, in commemoration of the habitation of their ancestors in similar dwellings during their pilgrimage in the wilderness. — Taber- nac'ular, a. Pert, to a tabernacle, or to the Jewish tabernacle. Tabea, ta'bez, n. (Med.) Progressive emaciation of the whole body, accompanied with hectic fever, and with no well-marked local symptoms. [L. tahere, Gr. tekein, to waste away, languish.] — Tabid, a. Re- lating to, or wasted by, tabes. [L. tabidus.] — Tab'- Idness. n.— Tab'efy, -e-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To wa*te gradually, lose flesh. [L. tabe/acere, fr. tabes and facere, "to make.] — Tabefac'tion, n. A wasting away by disease. Table, ta y bl, n. A smooth, flat surface like the side of a board : a thin, flat, smooth piece of anything ; a slab, leaf, or flat superficies, of wood, stone, metal, or other material, on which anything is cut or written; a tablet ; memorandum book ; that which is cut, drawn, or written on a smooth, flat surface : an in- scription ; drawing ; painting ; a condensed state- ment which may be comprehended by the eye in a single view ; the presentation of many particulars in one connected group; a scheme: schedule; synop- sis; index; an article of household furniture to eat, work, or write upon ; food placed on a table to be partaken of; fare ; the company assembled round a table.— v. t. [tabled (-bid), tabling.] To form into a table or catalogue: to tabulate. (Carp.) To scarf . (Parliamentary Usage.) To lay on the table, that is, to postpone the consideration "of, till called for, or indefinitely, by a formal vote. (Presbyterian Church.) To enter upon the docket. [F.; L. tabula, a plank, flat board, table ; s. rt, Skr. tan. to stretch, extend, E. thin, toffrail.] — The Lord's Table. The com- munion of the Lord's Supper. — To lay on the t. (Parliamentary Usage.) To lay (a report, motion, etc.) on the table of the presiding officer, — that is, to postpone, by a vote, the consideration of. — To turn the tables. To change the condition or fortune of contending parties, — a metaphorical expression taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in gaming. — Ta'ble-beer, n. Beer for the table, or for common use. — book, n. A memorandum book ; tablet. — -cloth, n. A cloth for covering a table. — land. n. Elevated flat land : a plateau. spoon, n. One of the larger or largest spoons used at the table. — -spoon'ful, n. ; pi. -spoox'fuls. As much as a table- spoon will hold. talk, n. Conversation at table, or at meals. — tip'ping. -turn'ing, n. Certain move- ments of tables or other objects, attributed by some to the agency of departed spirits, by others"to the development of latent vital or spiritual forces, but more commonly ascribed to the muscular force of persons in connection with the objects moved.— Ta'- bling, n. A forming into tables. (Carp.) The let- ting of one timber into another by alternate scores or projections. — Table-d'hote, ta'bl-dot, n. A com- mon table for guests at a hotel ; an ordinary. [F., literally table of the landlord.] — Tablet, n. A small table or flat surface; a small, flat piece of any- thing on which to write, paint, draw, or engrave. pi. A pocket memorandum-book. (Med.) A solid Kind of confection, commonly made of dry ingredi- ents, usually with sugar, and formed into little flat squares, — lozenge, troche. [F. tablette, dim. of ta- ble.] — Tableau', -lo', n. ; pi. Tableaux', -loz'. A striking and vivid representation ; esp., the repre- sentation ef some scene by means of persons grouped in the proper manner, placed in appropiate postures, and remaining silent and perfectly still. [F., dim. of table.'] — Tablature. -la-chur, n. (Paint.) A painting on a wall and ceiling : a picture in general. (Mus.) An ancient mode of indicating musical sounds by letters instead of notes. [F.] — Tab'u- lar, a. Having the form of, or pert, to, a table, in any of the uses of the word. [L. tabularis, fr. tabitr la.'] — Tab'ulato, v. t. To reduce to tables or synop- ses; to shape with a flat surface. [LL. tabulare.] Taboo, fa-boo', n. A political or religious interdict concerning something declared sacred or accursed, formerly of grea: force among the inhabitants of the islands of the Pacific ; a total prohibition of in- tercourse with or approach to anything. — v. t. [tabooed (-bood'), -booixg.] To forbid, forbid the use of, interdict approach or use. [Polynesian word.] Tabor, ta'ber, it. A small drum used as an accom- paniment to a pipe or fife. [ME. and OF. tabour, F. tcanbaur, 8p. i"mbor, Ar. tambur, a lute, guitar, drum, Pers. twnimk, a trumpet, bagpipe, tambal, tabir, a drum ; s. rt. tambourine.] — Tab'oret, n. A small tabor. — Tab'orine, -o-ren, -orin, -o-rin, n. A small, shallow drum ; a tabor. — Tab'ouret, -oo-ret, n. A seat without arms or back, cushioned and stuffed; a stool ; an embroidery frame. [F., dim. of OF. tabour, fr. its resemblance to a drum.] — Tab'- ret, n. A small tabor; taboret. Tabu. See Taboo. Tabular. Tabulate. See under Table. Tacamahac, tak'a-ma-hak, Tac'amaha'ca, -ha'ka, n. A tree of X. Amer., balsam poplar; a tree of Mada- gascar, etc.; an aromatic yellowish resin from Mad- agascar and the W. Indies. Tachometer, ta-kom'e-t?r, n. An instrument for measurmgvelocity, as of running water or of ma- chines. [Gr. tachos, speed (fr. taehus, quick), and metron, a measure.] — Tachyg'raphy, -kig'ra-ft. n. The art or practice of rapid writing ; stenography ; shorthand writing. [Gr. graphein, to write.] Tacit, tas'it, o. Implied, but not expressed : silent. [L. tucitus, fr. tacere, to be silent.] — Tacitly, adv. In a tacit manner ; silently ; by implication. — Tac'- iturn, -T-tern, a. Habitually silent; not free to con- verse : not apt to talk or speak ; reserved. [F. taci- turne.] — Taciturnity, -T-tY, n. Habitual silence or reserve in speaking. [F. tacitumite.] Tack, tak, n. A small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usu- ally having a broad head. (Xaut.) A rope to con- fine the foremost lower corners of the courses and stay-sails, when the wind crosses the ship's course obliquely; also, a rope to pull the lower corner of a studding-sail to the boom: the part of a sail to which the tack is usually fastened: the course of a ship in regard to the position of her sails. — Tack. v. t. [tacked (takt). tackixg.] To fasten or attach ; to attach, unite, or secure m a slight or hasty manner; to join as with stitches or tacks: to add. append. — v. t. and i. (Saut.) To change the course of a ship by shifting the tacks and position of the sails and rudder. [Ir. taca, stang, Ga. tacaid, staing, a tack, peg. pin; s. rt. stake, take, attach : the sailor's tack is the rope which attaches the sail to the windward side of the ship.] — Hard tack. A large kind of hard crackers, used for food by sailors and soldiers. Tackle, tak'l, n. An apparatus of ropes, pulleys, etc., for raising or lowering heavy weights ; apparatus by which a thing is grasped, moved, or operated; appurtenances for sport or work. (Ifaut.) The rig- ging and apparatus of a ship. — v. t. [tackled (-Id), -lixg.] To harness, seize, lay hold of. [ME. and D. takel. Sw. tackel, tackle, a"pulley, D. takelen, to rig, — lit. that which takes or grasps, fr. Ic. and OSw. taka, to seize, grasp, hold; s. rt. take, perh. tack; W. tacl, an instrument, tool, is perh. fr. the E.] — Tackling, n. Furniture of the masts and yards of a ship ; instruments of action; the straps and fixtures by which a horse draws a carriage : harness. Tact, takt, n. Peculiar skill or faculty ; nice percep- tion ; ready power of appreciating and doing what is required by circumstances. [L. tactus, fr. tan- gere, tactum, to touch.] — Tac'tile, -til, a. Capable of being touched ; pert, to the organs, or the sense, of touch. [L. tactilis, fr. tungere.] — Tactil'ity, -T- tT, n. State of beins tactile; perceptibility by touch. — Tac'tion, -shun, "n. Act of touching; touch; con- tact. [L. tactio.] — Tact'ual, -u-al, a. Pert, to the sense, or the organs, of touch ; consisting in, or de- rived from, touch. Tactics, tak'tiks, n. The science and art of disposing military and naval forces in order fox battle, and performing military and naval evolutions. [Gr. tak- tika, military tactics, prop. neut. pi. of taktikos, fit for arransins. fr. taktos, arranged, fr. tassein, to ar- range, order.]— Tac'tic, -tical, a. Of, or pert, to, the art of military and naval dispositions for battle, evolutions, etc. — Tacti'cian, -tish'an, n. One yersed in tactics: a maneuverer: adroit manager. Tactile. Taction, etc. See under Tact. Tadpole, tad'pol, n. The young of a frog or toad, in its first state from the spawn; a polliwog. [= toad- poll, a toad that seems all poll, head.] Tsedium. te'dY-um, n. "Weariness ; tedium. [L. : see Tedium.] Ta'en, tan. A contr. of taken. sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. TAFFEREL 594 TALC Tafferel. See Taffrail. Taffeta, taf f e-ta, -ty, -tT, n. A fine, smooth stuff of silk, having usually a remarkably wavy luster. [F. taffetas, Per. tdftah, orig. twisted, woven, fr. tdftan, to twist, spin.] Taffrail, taf 'ral, n. (Naut.) The upper part of a ship's stern, which is fiat like a table on the top, and sometimes ornamented with carved work; the rail around a ship's stern. [D. tqfereel, a panel, picture, dim. of taf el = E. table.] Taffy, taffi, n. A kind of candy made of molasses boiled down and poured out in shallow pans. [Scot. taffie.] Tag, tag, n. A metallic point at the end of a string; any slight appendage, as to an article of dress; a di- rection-card, or label; something mean and paltry; the rabble; the catch-word at the end of an actor's speech; cue; a play in which one person runs alter and touches another, and then in turn runs away to avoid being touched.— v. t. [tagged (tagd), -ging.] To fit with a point or points; to fit (one thing to an- other).— v. i. To follow closely, as it were an ap- pendage. [Sw. tagg, LG. takk, a point, tooth = E. tack.] — Tag'-rag, n. or a. The lowest class of peo- ple ; rabble, — also written tag-raff or rag-tag and bobtail. Taglia, tiil'ya, n. (Mech.) A peculiar combination of pulleys. [It. tagha, a cutting, a pulley, fr. tagli- are, to cut.] Tail, tal, n. Any long, flexible, terminal appendage; the part of an animal which terminates its body behind; the back, lower, or inferior part of anything; the side of a coin opposite to that which bears the head oreffigy; what- ever resembles, in shape or position, the tail of an animal, as a catkin. (Bot.) A downy or feathery appendage to certain seeds, formed of the permanent elongated style; any elongated, flexible, terminal part, as a petiole or peduncle. [AS. tsegl, G. zagtl, a tail, Ic. and Goth, tagl, hair.] — Tail'-piece, n. An appendage. (P)-int.) An ornament placed at the bottom of a short page to fill up the space, or at the end of a book. — race, n. The stream of water which runs from the mill after it has been applied to move the wheel. Tail, tal, n. (Laio.) Limitation; abridgment. — a. Limited: abridged; reduced; curtailed. [F. taille, a cutting, also a tally, taiUer, to cut, L. talea, a thin rod, cutting, slip, layer; Seed, b. rt. detail, entail, retail, talhj^] — Estate in with its tail. An estate limited to certain heirs, and Tails. from which the other heirs are precluded. — To t. v or on. (Arch.) To fasten by one of the ends into a wall or some other support. — TaiKage, -ej, n. A share; hence, a tax or toll; tal- lage. [F. taillage, fr. tattler.] — Tai'lor, -ler, n. One whose occu- pation is to cut out and make men's garments.— v. i. [tailored (-lerd), tailoring.] To practice making men's clothes. [F. taiileur, fr. tattler.] — Tailoress, n. A woman who makes garments forj men or boys. — Tai'lor-bird, n. A bird of several species and gen- era, found in the E. Indies and Italy, which constructs nests by stitching together leaves of plants. Taint, tant, r. t. To imbue or im- pregnate, as with some extraneous j matter which alters the sensible qualities of the substance; to im- pregnate with something odious, noxious, or poisonous ; to stain, sully, tarnish, contaminate, pol- lute, infect, disease, vitiate, poi- son. — v. i. To be infected or cor- rupted; to be affected with incipi- ent putrefaction. — n. Tincture; stain ; infection ; corruption ; a blemish on reputation. [F. teint, teinct, a tincture, dye, stain, fr. teindre, L. tingere = E. to tinge; perh. confused with attaint.] — Taint 'lire, tan'chur, n. Taint ; Nest ot Tailor-bird, tinge: defilement; stain. Take, tak, v. t. [imp. took (t<36k); p. p. taken (tak'n); taking.] To lay hold of, seize with the hands, or otherwise; to get into one's hold or possession; to obtain possession of by force or artifice, capture; to come upon or befall, attack, seize; to captivate, in- terest, charm; to make selection of, choose, have re- course to; to employ, use, demand, require; to form a likeness of, delineate; to assume, acquire (shape); to permit to one's self, enjoy or experience (rest* revenge, delight, shame) ; to form and adopt (a resolution); to accept (something offered); to par- take of, swallow; to undertake readily, surmount, leap; to submit to, tolerate, endure; to admit (some- thing presented to the mind); to receive in thought, understand, interpret, suppose; to admit, receive, bear, agree with; to convey, move, remove, conduct, transfer, recover, assume, etc. — v. i. To catch, fix, be fixed; to have the intended or natural effect; to please, gain reception; to move or direct the course, betake one's self, go.— n. The quantity of fish cap- tured at one haul or catch. (Print.) The quantity of copy taken in hand by a compositor at one time. [ME. taken, Ic. and OSw. taka, to seize, grasp, Goth. tekan, L. tangere, to touch; s. rt. stake, stick, tack, tag, attach, attack, detach, contact, intact, tact, tan- gent, q. v.] — To take advantage of. To catch by surprise, make use of a favorable state of things to the prejudice of. — To t. aim. To aim. — To. t. arms. To commence war or hostilities. — To t. breath. To stop (from labor) in order to breathe or rest. — To t. care. To be careful. — To t. care of. To have the charge or care of. — To t. down. To reduce, bring lower, depress; to swallow; to pull down, pull to pieces; to record, write down; to attack, make an at- tack upon. — To t. effect. To have the intended ef- fect, be efficacious. — To t.fire. To become ignited or inflamed. — To t. heart. To gain confidence or courage. — To t. heed. To be careful or cautious. — To t.in. To inclose, fence; to encompass or embrace, comprise; to draw into a smaller compass, contract, furl; to cheat, circumvent, deceive ; to admit, re- ceive; to understand, comprehend.— To t.in hand. To undertake, attempt to execute. — To t. in vain. To use unnecessarily, carelessly, or profanely.— To t. leave. To bid farewell. — Tot. notice. To observe with particular attention ; to show by some act that observation is made.— To t. oath. To swear in a judicial manner.— To t. off'. To remove (from the surface, top, or outside); to cut off; to destroy; to invalidate; to withdraw, call or draw away; to swal- low; to purchase, take in trade; to copy, reproduce, imitate, mimic. — To t. out. To remove from within a place, separate, deduct ; to draw out, clear or cleanse from. — To t. a paper, etc. To receive reg- ularly, on subscription. — To. t. part. To share, ' partake. — To t.part with. To unite with, join with, — To t. place. To happen, come to pass. — To t. root. To live and grow, as a plant; to be established, as principles. — To t. advantage of. To use any ad- vantage offered by, employ to advantage; to catch by cunning, use circumstances to the prejudice of. — To t. the air. To walk or ride in the open air. — Tot.the.neld. (Mil.) To encamp; to commence the operations of a campaign. — To t. to heart. To be sensibly affected by; to feel sensibly. — To t. up. To lift, raise; to buy or borrow; to begin; to engross, employ; to seize, catch, arrest; to admit, believe; to reprimand; to begin where another left off; to occu- py, fill; to assume, carry on or manage for another; to comprise, include; to adopt, assume; to receive, accept, or adopt for the purpose of assisting; to fav- or; to collect; to exact (a tax); to pay and receive.— Tot. upon one's self. To assume, undertake; to ap- propriate to one's self, allow to be imputed to one's self.— To t. after. To learn to follow, copy, imitate; to resemble. — To t. on. To be violently affected.— To t. to. To apply to, be fond of; to resort to, be- take to. — To t. up with. To be contented to receive; to receive without opposition. — Take'-off, n. ; pi. -Offs. An imitation, esp. in the way of caricature. — Tak'er, v. One who takes, receives, or appre- hends. — Taking, p. a. Alluring; attracting. — n. Act of gaining possession; agitation; excitement: distress of mind. — Takingly, adv. In an attractive manner. — Tak'ingness. n. Talbot, tawl'but, n. A sort of dog, noted for quick scent and eager pursuit of game. Talbotype, taKbo-tip, n. A process of taking pictures by the camera obscura on chemically prepared pa- per. [Invented by H. F. Talbot.] Talc, talk, n. (Min.) A soft magnesian mineral, of a soapy feel, and usually of greenish, whitish, or gray- ish colors. [F. ; Sp. talco, Ar. talq.] — Talck'y, -t. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; odd, tone, Or ; TALE 595 TAME Talcose'', tal-kos', Talc'ous, -us, a. Pert, to, com- posed of, or resembling, talc. Tale, tal, n. That which is told; an oral relation: a reckoning by count ; enumeration ; number reck- oned or stated ; a written rehearsal of what has oc- curred ; anecdote; story; fable; incident; legend; narrative. [AS. taiu, Ic. talu, a number, narrative, Ic. tal, Dan. tale, a speech; prob. s. rt. Skr. dri, to consider, E. till, tell ; not s. rt. talk.] — Tale'-bear'er, n. One who officiously tells tales. — bear'ing, //. Act of informing officiously; communication of se- crets maliciously. Talent, taKent, n. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight and denomination of money : the Attic talent = nearly 57 lbs. avoirdupois, or as silver money = about $1180; among the Hebrews, as a weight = about 93f lbs. avoirdupois ; as money, from about $1645 to $1916 ; intellectual ability, natural or ac- quired; a special gift, esp. in business, art, etc., — a metaphorical use of the word, prob. originating in the parable of the talents, Matt. xxv. [F., a talent in money, also will, desire, L. talentmn, Gr. talanton, a balance, weight, sum of money, Gr. tlan, L. tol- erare, to endure, L. tollere, Skr. tul, to lift, weigh, E. tolerate.] — Tal'ented, a. Furnished with talents or skill. _ Tales, ta'lez, n. pi. (Law.) A supply of persons from those in or about the court-house to make up any deficiency in the number of jurors regularly sum- moned, being like, or such, as the latter. [L., pi. of talis, such.] — Talesman, talz'man, n. ; pi. -men. A Eerson called to make up the deficiency in the num- er of jurors when a tales is awarded. Talisman, taKiz-man, n. ; pi. -mans. A magical figure cut or engraved under certain superstitious observ- ances of the configuration of the heavens, to which wonderful effects are ascribed; something that pro- duces extraordinary effects, esp. in averting evil: a charm. [Sp., a magical character, also a doctor of the Mohammedan law, fr. Ar. tilism, tilsam, a magical image, pi. talasim, tilsamat, fr. Gr. telesma, tribute, tax, Late Gr., an initiation, incantation, fr. telein, to perform, to pay tax, to initiate, esp. in the mysteries ; s. rt. Skr. tara, a passage, also a spell against demons.] — Talisman'ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, or having the properties of, a talisman ; magical. Talk, tawk, v. i. [talked (tawkt), talking.] To converse familiarly ; to speak, as in familiar dis- course; to confer, reason ; to prate, speak imperti- nently, —v. t. To speak freely, use for conversing or communicating; to mention in talking, utter; to consume or spend in talking. — n. Familiar con- verse; mutual discourse; report; rumor; subject of discourse; conversation; colloquy; discourse; chat; conference ; communication. [Perh. fr. Sw. tolka, Ic. tulka, to interpret, plead one's case, Ic. tulkr, Dan., Sw., D., and MHG. tolk, fr. Lithuan. tulkas, an interpreter, tulkanti, to interpret, — if so, the only Lithuan. word in Eng.; or perh. fr. G. tah/en, talken, to dabble in water, also to tattle, talk foolishly, LG. talk, a daw, a tattling woman.] — Talk'er, n. One who talks; esp., one noted for power of conversing agreeably; a loquacious person; a boaster; braggart. — Talk'ative, -a-tiv, a. Given to much talking; gar- rulous ; loquacious ; prating. — Talk'ativeness, n. Tall, tawl, a. High in stature ; long and comparativelv slender, — said of upright objects; lofty. [W. and Corn, tal, tall, high, Ir. talla, fit, proper, just.] — TalPness, n. Tallage, taPlej, -liage, -lT-ej, n. (0. Eng. Law.) A certain rate or tax, paid by barons, knights, and in- ferior tenants, toward the public expenses. [Same as tallage, q. v., under Tail; s. rt. tally.] Tallow, taKlo, n. The suet or fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds; the fat of some other animals, or the fat obtained from certain plants, or from other sources, resembling that of animals of the sheep and ox kind. — v. t. [tallowed (-lod), -lowing.] To grease or smear with tallow; to fatten. [ME. and OD. talgh, LG., Dan., and Sw. talg, tallow.] — TaP- low-chand'ler, n. One who makes or sells tallow candles. — Tal'lowish, a. Having the properties or nature of tallow ; resembling tallow. — Tal'lowy, -lo-t, a. Having the qualities of tallow: greasy. Tally, taPTr, n. A piece of wood on which notches or scores are cut, as the marks of number; esp. one of 2 pieces with notches exactly corresponding; one thing made to suit or correspond to another; a match; mate. — v. t. [tallied (-lid), -lying.] To score with cor- respondent notches, make to correspond. (Navt.) To pull aft, as the sheets or lower corners of the main and foresail, —v. i. To be fitted, suit, cov ,0Krim& [ME. and F. faille, a cutting, cut, tally, fr. »\ tailter. to cut, L. talea, a strip of wood: see Tail, limitation. * — Tal'lyman. n. ; /•/. -men. One who keeps the tally; one who keeps a tally-shop. — Tal'ly-shop, n. A shop at which articles are sold to customers on account, the account being kept in corresponding books, one called the tally, kept by the buyer, the other the counter-tally, kept by the seller. Tallyho. tal'lT-ho, interj. & n. The huntsman's cry to urge on his hounds. Talmud, tal'mud, n. The whole body of tue Hebrew laws and traditions, with authoritative comment* and explanations, as collected, in 2d cent, and since, in the Mishna and Gemara. [Chald., instruction, doctrine, fr. lamad, to learn, hmmad, to teach, tal mid, a scholar.] — Talmud'ic, -ical, a. Of, pert, to, or contained in, the Talmud. — TaPmudist, n. Ono versed in the Talmud.— Talmudist'ic, a. Of, or pert, to, the Talmud; resembling the Talmud; Talmudic. Talon, tal'un, n. The claw of a bird of prey. (Arch.] A kind of molding ; ogee : see Molding. [F.; LL talc, fr. L. talus, the ankle, heel.l-Ta'lus, n. (Anat.) That bone of the foot which articulates with the le?: astragalus. (Arch. & Fort.) The slope or inclination of a work. ( Geol.) A sloping heap of broken rock! at the foot of a precipice. [L.] Tamandua, or Little Ant-bear. Tamandua, ta-man'du-a, n. A .pecies of .ant-eater oi tropical Amer., about the si; e of a full-grown cat and having a prehensile tail the little ant-bear. Tamarack, tam'a-rak, n. Tin black larch, a conifer ous tree having deciduous leaves; hackmatack. Tamarind, tam'a-rind, n. A leguminous tree, culti vated in tropical countries for its shade and fruit i one of the preserved seed-pods of the tamarind, which abound with an acid pulp of refrigerant and laxative properties. [F.; Sp tamarindo, fr. Ar. tamr- hindi, i. e., Indian date ; tamr is fr. Heb. tamar, a palm tree ; hindi fr. Per. Hind, India, fr. Skr. sindhu, the river Indus : see Indian.] Tamarisk, tam'a-risk, n. A free or shrub of several species. [F. tamaris, L. tawariscus, Skr. tamalaka, a tree with dark bark, tamas, darkness, tarn, to dark- en, choke; s. rt. dim, q. v.] Tambac, tam'bak, n. An alloy of copper, zinc, etc.; tombac; aloes-wood. [Malay tambaga, copper.] Tambour, tam'taoor, n. A kind of small flat drum ; tambourine ; a small circular frame, resembling a drum, for working embroidery upon; a species of embroidery in which threads of sold and silver are worked in leaves, flowers, etc. (Arch.) The vase on which the leaves of the Corinthian and Composite capitals are placed ; the wall of a circular temple surrounded with columns; the circular vertical part above or below a cupola: a lobby or ves- tibule, inclosed with folding doors. [F. : see TABOP.O-Tam'- bourine'', -en', n. A shallow drum, with only one skin, played on with the hand, and having bells at the sides; a live- ly French dance, formerly in vogue in operas. [F. tamhouriu, dim. of tambour.] Tame, tarn, a. Having laid aside, or become changed from, native wildne^s and shvness; accustomed to man; crushed: subdued; spiritless; deficient in ani- mation; dull: flat. — r. t. [tamed (tamd), taming.] To reduce from a wild to a domestic state; tore- claim, domesticate; to subdue, conquer. [AS., D., Sw., and Dan. tarn, tame, L. domare, Gr. damaein, Skr. dam, to tame; s. rt. daunt, indomitable.] — Tame'ly, adv. In a tame manner; with unresisting Tambourine. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot/t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TAMIL 596 TAPIOCA submission; meanly; servilely. — Tame'ness, n.— Tameable, a. — Tam'er, n. Tamil, ta'mil, w. The language of the Carnatic and of most of Ceylon, — a member of the Dravidian family of languages. Tamis, tam'is, Tam'my, -ml, n. A kind of woolen cloth highly glazed, often used for straining sauces. [Corrupt, f r. OF. estamine, name of this stuff, fr. L. stamineus, consisting of threads, f r. stamen, a thread, stamen, q. v.] Tamp, tamp, v. t. To fill up (a hole bored iD a rock for blasting), esp. by driving in something with fre- quent strokes; to drive in or down by frequent gen- tle strokes. [F. tamponner, taper, to bung, stop, fr. tampon, tapon, D. tap, a bung, stopple: see Tap, to draw off liquor.] — Tam'pon, Tam'pion, -pl-un, Tom'pion, n. The stopper of a cannon or other piece of ordnance; a plug to stop the upper end of an or- gan-pipe. {Surg.) A plug to stop hemorrhage. [F. tampon.] Tamper, tam'per, v. i. [-peeed (-pgrd), -pering.] To meddle, try little experiments, adulterate. [ A modif . of temper, q. v.] Tan, tan t v. t. [tanned (tand), -ning.] To impreg- nate with tannin by steeping in an infusion of bark, in order to convert into leather, as the skins of ani- mals; to make brown by exposure to the rays of the sun; to flog. — v. i. To become tanned, — n. The bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised and broken by a mill, for tanning hides ; a yellowish- brown color, like that of tan; a browning of the skin by exposure to the sun. [i ., oak bark for tanning, Armor, tann, an oak, tan, G. tanne, a fir-tree.] — Tan'-yard, n. A place where leather is tanned. — Tan'ner, n. One whose occupation is to tan hides. — Tan'nery, -ner-I, n. The house and apparatus for tanning. — Tan'nic, a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or de- rived from, tan. — Tan'nin, n. (Chem.) The astrin- gent principle of oak bark, nut-galls, etc. [F. tannin.'] — Taw'ny, -nt, a. [-nier; -niest.] Of a dull yel- lowish-brown color, like things tanned or sunburnt persons. [ME. tanny, F. tanne", tawny, p. p. of tan- ner, to tann Tandem, tan'dem, adv. One after another, — said of horses harnessed and driven one before another, in- stead of side by side. [L., at length.] Tang, tang, n. A strong or offensive taste; esp., a taste of something extraneous to the thing itself; relish; taste; something that leaves a sting or pain behind; a projecting part of an object by means of which it is secured to a handle, or to some other part; any- thing resembling a tongue in form or position. [OD. tanger, sharp or tart on the tongue, lit. pinching, fr. tang, a pair of pincers, nippers = E. tongs, Ic. long, a smitlvs tongs, tangi, a spit of land, the end of a tool which goes into the haft, tengja, to fasten.] Tangent, tan'jent, n. (Geom.) A right line which touches a curve, but which, „ „ when produced, does not cut it. — a. Touching. (Geom.) Touching at a sin- gle point. [L. tangens, p. pr. of tangei'e, to touch; s. rt. tack, tact, taste.]— Tan'- gency, -jen-sY, n. State or quality of being tangent; a contact or touching. — Tan- gential, -jen'shal, a. Of, or pert, to, a tangent; in the direction of a tangent.— Tan'gible, -jY-bl, a. Perceptible by the touch; pal- pable; capable of being possessed or realized; read- ily apprehensible by the mind. [F.; L. tangibilis, fr. tangere.] — Tangibil'ity, n. Quality of being, etc. Tangle, tan'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld). -gling.] To unite or knit together confusedly; to interweave or inter- lock, as threads; to insnare, entrap. — v. i. To be entangled or united confusedly. — n. A knot of threads, or other things, so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged. (Bot.) An edible seaweed, hav- ing long, nbbon-shaped fronds. [Sw. and Dan. tang, Ic thongull, seaweed, kelp; s. rt. thong.] Tank, tank, n. A large basin or cistern. [Pg. tanque, L. stagnum, a pool, pond; s. rt. stagnate.] Tankard, tank'ard, n. A large vessel for liquors, or a drinking vessel, with a cover. [OF. tanquard, OD. tanckaert, perh. same as L. cantharus, Gr. kantharos, a large can or pot.] Tanner, Tannic, Tannin, etc. See under Tan. Tansy, tan'zl, n. (.Bot.) An extremely bitter plant of many species, used for medicinal and culinary purposes. [OF. tanasie, athanasie, Pg. and Olt. an- anasia, tansy, fr. Gr. athanasia, immortality, fr. a priv. and thneskein, to die.] Tant, tant, n. A small spider, with 2 eyes, and 8 long legs, and of an elegant scarlet color. Tantalize, tan'ta-liz, v. t. [-lized (-lizd), -lizing.] To tease or torment with a prospect of good that can not be realized; to disappoint, tease, irritate, pro- voke. [Fr. Tantalus, a Phrygian king in fabulous history, who was condemned to stand up to his chin in water, with a tree of fair fruit over his head, both of which, as he attempted to allay his hunger or thirst, fled from his approach; lit. enduring; s. rt. tal- ent, tolerate.] — Tan'talism, -lizm, n. The punish- ment of Tantalus; a teasing with vain hopes. — Tan'- taliza'tion, n. Act of tantalizing. — Tan'taliz'er, n. — Tan'talus, n. A genus of wading birds, including the wood-pelican or ibis, a bird of the size of the stork, but more slender, inhabiting marshes, and feeding on reptiles. Tantamount, tan'ta-mownt', a. Equivalent in value or signification; equal. [F. tant (L. tantus), so much, as much, and E. amount, q. v.] Tantivy, tan-tiv't or tan'tY-vY, adv. Swiftlv; speed- ily; rapidly, — a hunting term. [Said to be fr. the note of a hunting-horn.] Tantrum, tan'trum, n. A whim or burst of ill-humor; an affected air. Tap, tap, v. t. [tapped (tapt). -ping.] To strike with something small, or with a very gentle blow; to put a new sole or heel on (a shoe or boot). — n. A slight blow with a small thing; the piece of leather fas- tened upon the bottom of a boot or shoe, in repairing the sole or heel. — v.i. To strike a gentle blow. [F. taper, tapper, Ic. tapsa; prob. onomat. ; s. rt. dab, tip-] — Tap'pet, n. (Mach.) A small lever or pro- jection intended to tap or slightly touch something else, to change or regulate motion. Tap, tap, v. t. To pierce (a tree, cask, tumor, or any- thing containing a pent-up fluid) so as to let out a flu- id; to draw from in any analogous way. — n. A hole or pipe through which liquor is drawn ; a faucet ; a plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced in a cask; hquor measured out, as through a tap; a place where liquor is drawn for drinking; a bar. (Mech.) A con- ical screw grooved longitudinally, for cutting threads in nuts. [D. and Dan., a tap, plug for a cask, Sw. tapp, a tap, handful, wisp; s. rt. top, tuft, tamp.] — Tap r - bolt, n. A bolt, with a head on one end, to be screwed into some fixed part, instead of passing through it and receiving a nut. — root, n. (Bot.) The root of a plant which penetrates the earth directly down- i ward.— Tap'ster, n. One who draws ; ale, etc. Tape, tap, n. A narrow piece of woven _. . fabric used for strings, etc. [AS. Tap-bolt. tseppe, a tape, fillet, fr. L. tapete, cloth; s. rt. tapes- try, q. v.J — Tape'-worm, n. (Med.) A broad, flat, many-jointed worm, often many feet in length, found in the intestines of man and other vertebrate animals; taenia. Taper, tamper, n. A small wax-candle, or a small light. [AS.; Ir. tapar.a, taper, W. tampr, a torch; perh. s. rt. Skr. tapas, fire, tap, to shine, glow.] Taper, tamper, a. Regularly narrowed toward the point; conical; pyramidical — v. i. [tapered (-perd), tapering.] To diminish or become gradually small- er toward one end. — v. t. To make or cause to ta- per. — n. A gradual diminution of thickness in an elongated object. [Fr. taper, a candle, — i. e. shaped like a taper.] Tapestry, tap'es-tri, n. A kind of woven hangings of wool and silk, often enriched with gold and silver, representing various figures.— v. t. To adorn with, or as if with, tapestry. [F. tapisserie, fr. tapisser, to carpet, cover with tapestry, fr. tapis, a carpet, L. tapete, tapetis, carpet, tapestry, Gr. tapes, carpet, rug, Per. tabastah, a fringed carpet, cushion ; s. rt. tape, tippet, tabard.] — Tapestry carpet. An elegant kind of two-ply or ingrain carpet, in which the warp or weft is printed before weaving, so as to produce the figure in the cloth. Tapeti, tap'e-ti, n. ; pi. -tis, -tiz. An animal of the hare kind, — the Lepus Braziliensis, a rodent mam- mal of S. Amer. Tapioca, tap-Y-o'ka, n. A coarsely granular farina- ceous substance obtained by heating moistened cas- sava: when soaked in water it forms a jelly-like mass, used for puddings, etc. [Braz. tipioka.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. ice ; 5dd, t5ne, 6r ; TAPER 597 TASSEL Tapir, ta'pgr, n. A hooted, pach- ydermatoue mammal of S. Amer. and Su- matra, allied to the hog and rhi- noceros, and having a short pro Doscis. [Braz. tapj/'ra Tapis, ta'pis t ta-pe r , n. Ca peting ; tape: try ; formerly, Tapir, the cover of a council-table. [F.: see Tapestry.] — Upon the tapis. On the table, or under consideration. Tappet. See under Tap, to strike lightly. Tapster. See under Tap, to draw liquors. Tar, tar, n. A thick, viscid, impure, resinous sub- stance, of a dark color, oDtained by destructive dis- tillation of wood, coal, etc., or jy burning resinous wood without flame in a close" pit; a sailor, — so called from his tarred clothes. —v. t. [tarred (tiird), -ring.] To smear with tar. [AS. teoru, D. teer, LG. taer, tar, Lithuan. dai~wa, resinous wood; s. rt. tree.) — Tar'ry -rt, a. Consisting of, covered with, or like, tar. — Tarpau'lin, -paw'lin, -ling, n. Canvas covered with tar or a composition to render it waterproof; a hat covered with painted or tarred cloth; a sailor. [Fr. tar and pall (q. v.), to cover.] Tarantass, tar-an-tas', n. A low, springless, 4-wheeled Russiau carriage, drawn by 3 horses, and trans- formed into a sledge by substituting runners for the wheels. [Russ.] Tarantula, ta-ran'tu-la, n. A large brown spider: its bite produces an effect about equal to the sting of a wasp. [Fr. Taranto, in Italy.] Tarboosh, tar-boosh', n. A red cap worn by Turks, etc.; a fez. [Per. sar-posh, head-dress.] Tardy, tar'dt, a. [-dier; -diest.] Moving with a slow pace or mo- tion ; not in season ; late ; slow ; dilatory; tedious ; reluctant. [F. tardif, L. tardus; s. rt. L, (terere tempus, to waste time), E. trite, retard.) Tar'dily, -dl-ll, adv. In a tardy Tarantula. terere, to rub, waste trite, reU . manner; slowly. — Tar 'diness, n. Tare, tar. n. A weed growing among wheat and other grain ; the darnel. (Bot.) A plant of several species, which are troublesome weeds; a leguminous plant of several species, cultivated in Europe for fodder; vetch. [ProvE., eager, brisk, hence, quick-growing; s. rt. AS. teran = E. to tear.) Tare, tar, n. (Com.) Allowance or abatement of a certain weight or quantity from the weight or quan- tity of a commodity sold in a cask, chest, bag, etc., which the seller makes to the buyer. [F. tare; Sp., Pg., and It. tara, Ar. tarha. tare, orig. loss, detri- ment, fr. tarh, throwing awav.] Target, tar'get, n. A kind of" small shield or buck- ler; a mark for marksmen to fire at in their practice. [AS. and OF. targe, Ic. and It. targa, Sp. tarja, OD. and G. tartsche, Ir. and Ga. targaid, Ar. darkat, a shield; perh. s. rt. Skr. dark, to hold fast.] — Tar- geteer, -ier, -er', n. One armed with a target or shield. Targum, tar'gum, n. A Chaldee or Aramaic version (translation or paraphrase) of a portion of the Old Testament Scriptures. [Chald. targum, interpreta- tion, fr. targem, to interpret; s. rt. Ar. tarjuman, an interpreter = E. dragoman.) Tariff, tar'if, n. (Com.) Properly, a list or table of goods with the duties or customs to be paid for the same,, either on importation or exportation; a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or exported. [F. tariffe, arithmetic, accounts, Sp. tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates, fr. Ar. ta'rif, information, explanation, definition, fr. a'rafa, to know, to inform, explain.] Tarlatan, tarla-tan, n. A kind of thin, transparent muslin, used for ladies' dresses, etc. Tarn, tarn, re. A small lake among the mountains; a bog; marsh; fen. [Ic. and Ndrw. tjorn.) Tarnish, tar'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -xishing.] To diminish or destroy the 'uster or purity of; to sully, stain, dim. — v. i. To lose luster, hecome dull. — n. State of being soiled or tarnished; soil; blemish. [F. se ternir, to grow pale, wan, or discol- Taro. rt. AS. tirian = E. ored, MHG. ternen, to obscure, darken, AS. dernan, to hide, derne, OS. derni, OFries. dem, hidden, se- cret; 8. rt. Gr. thalamus, secret chamber, den, dark- est part of a ship.] Taro, ta'ro, n. A tropical plant having leaves like a water-lily and thick, od- long roots, which are cooked and eaten. Tarpaulin. See under Tar. Tarragon, tar'ra-gon, n. A plant used in France for perfuming vinegar. [Sp. taiagontia, Per. tarkhun, dragon-wort, fr. Gr. dra- kon = E. dragon.) Tarras. See Trass. Tarry, tar'rT, r. «. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] To stay be- hind, remain in arrear; to delay, put off going or coming ; to stay, remain, abide, await, loiter. — n. Stay ; stop ; delay. [ME. tarien, to irritate, confused with tar gen, to delay; tar- gen, OF. targer, tarder, L. tardare, to delay, tardus = E. tardy, q. v. ; ME. tarien, terien. AS. tergan, OD. ter- gen, G. zergen, to irritate, vex; to tire.) — Tar'riance, -rl-ans, n. Act of tarrying; delay; lateness. Tarry. See under Tar. Tarsus, tar'sus, n. (Anat.) That part of the foot be- tween the leg and metatarsus: it contains 7 bones of heel, instep, and ankle: see Skeleton. [Gr. tarsos.) Tart, tart, a. Sharp to the taste; acidulous; keen; severe. [AS. teart, fr. teran, to tear; c» bitter, fr. bite.) — Tart'ly, adv. In a tart manner; sourly; sharply. — Tart'ness, n. The quality of being, etc.; acrimony; poignancy; severity; asperity; acerbity; harshness. Tart, tart, n. A small open pie or flat piece of pastry, containing jelly or conserve. [ME. and OF. tarte, F. tourte, orig. tort, a tart, fr. L. torta, fem. of p. p. of torquere, to twist: see Torture.] Tartan, tar'tan, n. Woolen cloth, checkered with threads of various colors, much worn in Scotland. [F. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey, Sp. tiritana, a sort of thin silk, fr. tiritar, to shiver with cold.] Tartar, tar'tiir, n. (Chem.) An acid concrete salt, deposited from wines completely fermented: when pure, it is called cream of tartar, and when crude, argal or argol. A concretion which often incrusts the teeth. [F. tartre, LL. tartarum, fr. Ar. durd, dregs, sediment, tartar of wine, mother of oil.] — Tartar-emetic. (Chem.) A double salt, consisting of tartaric acid in combination with potassa and pro- toxide of antimony. — Tarta'reous, -re-us, a. Con- sisting of, or resembling, tartar, or partaking of its properties. — Tartar'ic, -t&r'ik, a. Of, pert, to, or obtained from tartar. — Tartaric acid. An acid ob- tained from tartar, soluble, white, and crystalline. — Tar'tarize, -tar-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To impregnate with tartar, refine by means of the salt of tartar. — Tartrate, -trat, n. A salt formed by the combination of tartaric acid with a base. Tartar, tar'tar, n. A native or inhabitant of Tartary. — To catch a Tartar. To lay hold of or encounter a person who proves too strong for the assailant. Tartarus, tar r ta-rus, n. (Or. Myth.) The infernal re- gions ; the place of punishment for the spirits of the wicked. [L.; Gr. Tartaros, fr. tartanzein. to shiver with cold.] — Tartarean, -re-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Tartarus; hellish. Tartuffe, tar - toof, n. A hypocritical devotee, — a nickname derived from the name of the hero in a comedy of the same name, by Moliere. Task, task, n. Business or study imposed by another; undertaking; burdensome employment; a lesson; fixed portion of study imposed by a teacher; toil; drudgery. — v. t. [tasked (taskt), tasking.] To impose a task upon; to oppress with severe or ex- cessive burdens. [OF. tasqve, LL. tasca, same as taxa = E. tax, q. v.)— To take to task. To reprove, reprimand. — Tasfer, n. One who imposes a task. — Task' mas'ter, n. One who imposes a task, or burdens with labor; an overseer. Tassel, tas'sel, n. A pendent ornament, attached to cushions, curtains, etc., ending in loose threads; the pendent flower or head of some plants. — v. i. [tas- siin, cube, full ; moon. fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TASTE 598 TEA seled (-seld), -seling.] To put forth a tassel or flower. — v.t. To adorn with tassels. [OF., a fas- tening, clasp, It. tassello, a collar of a cloak, LL. tassellus, a tassel, L. taxillus, a small die, button, dim. of talus, a die ; s. rt. Skr. taksh, to hew, make.] Taste, tast, v. t. To try by the touch of the tongue ; to perceive the relish or flavor of by taking a small quantity into the mouth; to eat a small quantity of; to become acquainted with by actual trial ; to expe- rience, undergo; to partake of, participate in,— usu- ally with an implied sense of relish or pleasure.—?;, i. To try food with the mouth; to eat or drink a little; to excite a particular sensation, by which the qual- ity or flavor is distinguished ; to have a particular quality or character; to have perception, experience, or enjoyment ; to partake, —n. Act of tasting ; a particular sensation excited by the application of a substance to the tongue ; the sense hy which the savor of bodies is ascertained, having "its principal seat in the tongue ; intellectual relish ; nice percep- tion, or the power of perceiving and relishing ex- cellence in human performances; critical judgment; discernment; manner, with respect to what is pleas- ing ; style ; a small portion given as a specimen; a bit; a kind of narrow ribbon. [F. taster, It. tastare, to taste, handle, feel, touch. It. tasta, a taste, proof, trial, touch, tent for a wound, LL. taxta, a tent or probe for wounds, fr. L. taxare, to feel, handle, fr. tangere, to touch ; s. rt. tack, tact, tangent.] — Tast'- able, a. Capable or worthy of being tasted; savory; relishing.— Taste'ful, -ful, a. Having a high relish; savory ; having, or exhibiting, good taste ; tasty.— Taste'fully, adv. — Taste'fulness, n. — Taste'less, a. Having no taste ; insipid ; having no power of giving pleasure. — Taste 'lessness, n. — Tast'er, n. One who tastes; one who first tastes food or liquor.— Tast'y,-T, a. [-iek ; -iest.] Having a good taste, or nice perception of excellence ; being in conformity to the principles of good taste ; elegant. — Tasfily, -1-lT, adv. In a tasty manner; with good taste. Tatouay, tat'oo-i, n. A S. Amer. armadillo, having a round, pointed, naked tail. Tatouay. Tatter, tafter, v. t. and i. To rend or tear into rags ; to be in tatters or rags.— n. A rag, or a part torn and hanging to the thing. [Ic. toturr, Norw. totra, LG. ialiern, rags, tatters ; prob. s. rt. totter.] — Tat'- terdemal'ion, -de-maKyun, n. A ragged fellow ; ragamuffin. [E. tatter and OF.maillon, long clothes, swaddling clothes.] Tatting, tafting, n. A kind of lace edging woven or knit from common sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch. Tattle, tat'tl, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To prate, use many words with little meaning ; to tell tales, communicate secrets. — n. Idle talk or chat; trifling talk; prate; gossip. [Onomat.; D. tateren, to stammer, OD. tateren, to speak shrilly, LG. tateln, to gabble as a goose, tattle, titetatlen, to tittle-tattle, It. tat- tamelare, to prattle ; s. rt. twaddle.] — Tat'tler, n. — Tat'tlery, -ler-T, n. Idle talk or chat. Tattoo, tat-too'', n. (Mil.) A beat of drum at night, giving notice to soldiers to repair to their quarters or tents. [D. taptoe, fr. tap, a tap, drinking house, and toe, put to, closed, — i. e., the signal for closing drinking houses.] — Devil's tattoo. A beating or drumming with the fingers, or foot, as from listless- ness, fatigue, etc. Tattoo, tat-too'', v. t. [-tooed (-tood'), -tooing.] To color indelibly (the flesh) by pricking in fluids or dye-stuff s. — n. Indelible marks made by punctur- ing the skin and introducing a pigment. [Tahitian tatau, tattoo marks, fr. ta. a mark, design.] Taught, Taut, tawt, a. Tightly drawn or strained. [A form of tight, q. v.] Taught. See Teach. Taunt, tant, a. (Navt.) Very high or tall, as the masts of a ship. [OF. tant, L. tantus, of such size, so great m extent.] Taunt, tant, v. t. To reproach with severe or insult- ing words; to revile, upbraid, deride, ridicule, mock, censure, —n. Upbraiding words; bitter or sarcastic reproach ; insulting invective. [OF. tanter, tenter, L. tentare, to try, prove, attack, disquiet, influenced by F. tancer, to chide, rebuke, fr. L. tenere = tentare ; s. rt. tempt.] — Taunt 'er, n. — Tauntingly, adv. In a taunting manner ; insultingly : scoffingly. Taurus, taw'rus, n. (Astron.) The Bull, one of the 12 signs of the zodiac; the 2d zodiacal constellation. [L.; Gr. tauros: see Steer, a young ox.] — Tau'rine, -rin, a. Relating to a bull ; of, or relating to, the common bull, ox, and cow. [L. taurinus.] — Tau'ri- form, -ri-f6rm, a. Having the form of a bull. [L. tauriformis ; forma, form?) Taut. See Taught, a. Tautog, taw-tog', n. A food fish found on the coast of New Eng. ; the blackfish. [PI. of taut, the Indian name.] Tautology, taw-toKo-ji, n. A repetition of the same meaning in different words. [L. and Gr. tautologia, fr. Gr. tauto (contr. fr. to auto or to auton), the same, and legein, to say.] — Tautolog'ic, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Involving tautology, having the same signification. — Tautol'ogist, -o-jist, n. One who uses different words or phrases, in succession, to express the same sense.— TautoKogize, -o-jiz, v. i. [-gized (-jTzd), -gizing.] To repeat the same thing in different words. — Tautoph'ony, -tof'o-nl, n. Repetition of the same sound. [Gr. phone, sound.] — Tautophon'- ical, a. Repeating the same sound. Tavern, tav'ern, n. A public house where entertain- ment and accommodation for travelers are provided; inn; hotel. [ME. and F. taverne, L. taberna, a hut made of boards, shed, tavern; s. rt. tent, table, q. v.] Taw, taw, v. t. [tawed (tawd), tawing.] To dress and prepare in white (the skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and kids, for gloves, etc.) by imbuing them with alum, salt, and other materials. — n. A large marble; a game at marbles. [AS. tawian, to prepare, taw, Goth, tatijan, to do.] — Taw'er, -yer, n. One who taws; a dresser of white leather. Tawdry, taw'drT, a. [-drier ; -driest.] Very fine and showy in colors, without taste or eleirance. [Corrupt, ir. St. Audrey or Auldrey = St. Ethi-lreda, and orig. implying, bought at the fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys were sold.] — Taw'drily, -drl-li, adv. — Taw'driness, n. Tawny. See under Tan. Tax, taks, n. A charge, esp. a pecuniary burden im- posed by authority ; a, levy made upon property for the support of a government ; the sum laid upon a specific thing, as upon polls, lands, houses, income, etc.; a sum imposed on the members of a society, to defray its expenses; a task exacted from one under control ; a disagreeable or burdensome duty or charge, —v. t. [taxed (takst), taxing.] To sub- ject to pay a tax or taxes, lay a burden upon, ex- act money from for the support of government ; to assess, fix, or determine judicially, as the amount of cost on actions in court ; to charge, censure, ac- cuse. [F. taxe, a taxation, taxef, L. taxare, to rate, assess, fr. tangere, to touch ; s. rt. tact, tangent, task.] — Tax'able, a. Capable of beinjr taxed; liable by law to the assessment of taxes. {Law.) Capable of being legally charged by a court against the plaintiff or defendant in a suit. — Tax'ably, adv. — Taxa'tion, n. Act of laying a tax, or of imposing taxes; act of assessing a bill of cost. — Tax'er, n. — Tax'pay'er, n. One who is assessed and pays taxes. Taxidermy, taks'Y-der'ml, n. Art of preparing and preserving the skins of animals and stuffing and mounting them, so as to represent their natural ap- pearance. [Gr. taxis, order, arrangement (s. rt. tech- nical), and derma, a skin; s. rt. tear.] — Taxider'niic, a. Pert, to the art of preparing and preserving skins of animals. — Taxlder'mist, n. One skilled in tax- idermy. Tea, te, n. The dried leaves of a shrub or small tree, a native of China and Japan; a decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water, used as a beverage, esp. when mixed with milk or cream and sugar; any infusion or decoction, esp. when made of the dry leaves of plants; an extract, as of beef; the evening meal, at which tea is usually served; supper. [F. the', G. thee, fr. Chin, te, ts'a, ch'a.] — Tea'-cup, n. A small cup for drinking tea from. — ket'tle, n. A covered kettle, with a nose or spout, in which water is boiled for making tea, etc.— pot, n. A vessel with am. fame, far, pas* or -*pera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; in, Tee ; Sdd, tone, TEACH 599 TELEGRAPH a spout in -which tea is made and from which it is poured into tea-cups. spoon, n. A small spoon used in drinking tea and other beverages. ta'ble, n. A table on which to set tea turniture. — urn, n. A vessel to hold hot water for tea. Teach, tech, v. t. [tacgut (tawt), teaching.] To im- part the knowledge of, inculcate as true or impor- tant, exhibit impressively, tell ; to direct as an in- structor, guide the studies of; to admonish, counsel. fAS. txcan, to show, teach, tsecen, a token, q. v.] — Teach'able, a. Capable of being taught: readily re- ceiving instruction; docile. — Teach'ableness, «.— Teach'' er, n. One who teaches or instructs : an in- structor; tutor; one who instructs others in religion; a preacher; minister of the gospel. — Teach 'ing. n. Act or business of instructing; education; breeding. league, teg, n. An Irishman, — in contempt. [W. taeoa. taeaivg, rustic, rude, a vassal, peasant, clown.] Teak, tek, n. A tree of the E. Indies and of Africa, which furnishes excellent ship timber ; the timber of the tree. [Malabar tekka, Tamil tekku.] Teal, tel, n. A small, handsome, migratory, fresh-wa- ter duck of A number of animals moving together; two or more horses, oxen, or other beasfs harnessed together to the same vehicle for drawing; a number of persons associated for a game, contest, etc. — v. t. To haul with a team. [AS., a family, LG. room, a progeny, team, bridle, MHG. zoum, a rein, zowjan, to make, cause, prepare = E. taw ; s. rt. teem.] — Team'ster, n. One who drives a team. Tear, ter, n. A drop of the limpid fluid secreted by the lachrymal glands, and appearing in the eyes, or flowing from them: something in the'f orm of a trans- parent drop of fluid matter ; a solid, transparent, tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins. [AS.; Ic. and Sw. far, MHG. zaher, zar, OL. dacrima, L. lacrima, Gr. daknt, W. dagr, a tear ; s. rt. Gr. dak- nein, Skr. dac, to bite.] — Tear 'ful, -ful, a. Abound- ing with tears; weeping: shedding tears. — Tear'- less, a. Shedding no tears ; without tears. Tear, tar, v. t. [imp. tore (tare, obs.) ; p. p. torn ; tearing.] To separate by violence, pull apart by force, make a rent in, lacerate, wound; to divide bv violent measures, shatter, rend, disorganize; to pull with violence, drag, move violently. — v. i. To move and act with turbulent violence, rush with violence, rage, rave. — n. A rent, fissure. [AS. teran (imp. tser, p. p. toren"), to rend, lacerate, Goth, gatairan, to break, destroy, Lithuan. dirti, Gr. derein, to flay, Zend, dar, to cut, Skr. dri, to burst open, tear asun- der; s. rt. tire, tarry, tart, epidermis, darn.] — Tea.T'- er, n. Tea3e, tez, v. t. [teased (tezd), teasing.] To comb or card (wool or flax); to scratch (cloth in dressing)for the pur- .. pose of raising a nap; ^0 to harass, annov, dis- v turb, or irritate, by pet- ty, importunate, or im- pertinent requests, or by jests and raillery. [AS'. tzs*an, to pluck, pull, OD. teesen, SlHG. zeisen, to tease (wool), G. zaaisea, to pull, drag = E. to tause.] —Teas- er, n. One who teases or vexes ; an inferior kind of stallion led up to a mare, to ascertain whether she is in heat, -lea'sel, te'zl, n. tjjot.) A plant, of which one species (fuller's thistle) bears & large bur used for Common Teasel. raising a nap on woolen cloth. The bur of the plant; anv contrivance intended as a substitute for teasels in "dressing cloth. — v. t. [teaseled (-zld), del- ing.] To subject (woolen cloth) to the action of teasels. [AS. taesl, fr. tassan, lit. an instrument to tease with.] Teat, tet, n. The small projecting organ, in female mammals, through which their young draw the milk from the breast or the udder ;" nipple ; pap : dug. [AS. tit, OD. title. G. zitze, Sp. teta, Ic. tata.^ Teatotal. See Teetotal. Teasle. Same as Teasel, under Tease. Technic, tek'nik, -nical, a. Of, or pert, to, the useful or mechanic arts, to any science, profession, busi- ness, etc.; specially appropriate to or characteristic of any urt, science, or business. [F. ttchniqw:. Gr. technucos, pert, to the arts. tr. tecfine, art, tekton. a carpenter ; s. rt. Skr. taksh, to form, prepare, cut wood, takstian, a carpenter, E. text, q. v.] — Tech'- nic, -nique'. -nek', it. Method of performance in any act; execution.— Tectonic, tek-ton'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, bunding or construction. [Gr. tektonikos, fr. tekton, a carpenter.] — Tech'nicarity, -nT-kal'i- tt. n. State or quality of being technical; that which is technical, or peculiar to any trade, profession, sect, etc. — Tech/nically, adv< — Tecb/nicalnes8, n.— Tecb/nics, n. The doctrine of arts in general; such branches of learning as respect the arts; in pi., tech- nical terms or objects. — Technology, -noKo-jT, n. A description of, or treatise on, the useful arts: an explanation of technical terms; a collection and ex- planation of terms peculiar to an art or science. [Gr. logo*, discourse.]— Technolog'ic. -ical, -no-loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert. to. technology.— Technologist, -nol'- o-jist, n. One who discourses or treats of arts, or of the terms of art. Techy, tech'!, a. Peevish: fretful. [ME. tecche, tache, OF. tache, a spot, blemish, habit, vice, freak, Armor. tnch. a tack, nail, hence mark made by a nail, dent, scratch; not fr. touch.] Ted, ted, v. t. To spread, or turn, as new-mowed grass from the swath, and scatter it for drying. [Ic. tedhja, to spread manure, tadh, manure, MHG. z':t>en, to scatter.] — Ted'der, n. A machine for stirring and spreading hay when drying. ■ Tedder, ted'der, n. A tether. [See Tether.] j Te Deum. te-de'um. An ancient Christian hymn, sung in churches, — beginning with the words." " Te Deumlaudamus" — We praise thee, O God. [L.] Tedious, te'dl-us or ted'yus, a. Involving tedium ; tiresome from continuance, prolixity, or slowness which causes prolixity: irksome: sluggish; dilatory; tardy. [L. tsedionis, fr. tsedium, irksomeness, fr. tsedet, it irks one.] — Te'diously. adv. — Te'diou«- ness, n. — Te'dium, -dl-um, n. Irksomeness; weari- someness. [L.] Teem. tem. v. i. [teemed (temd), teeming.] To bring forth, as an animal ; to produce fruit, as a plant : to bear; to be pregnant, conceive: to be full, be stocked to overflowing, be prolific. — v. t. To produce, bring forth. [ME. temen. AS. tyman, fr. team, progeny = E. team. q. v.] — Teem'er, n. One who teems, or brings_forth young. Teens, tenz, n. pi. The years of one's age having the termination -teen, beginning with 13 and ending with 19. [See Ten.] Teeth. Teething. See Tooth. Teetotal, te-to'tal, a. Entire; total. — Teeto'taler, n. One pledged to entire abstinence from all intoxica- ting drinks, — cant words formed in Ent ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN. chair, get. TENEBR.E 602 TERM ence. — -loin, n. A tender part of flesh in the hind quarter of beef. — Ten'derly, adv. In a tender man- ner ; with tenderness ; mildly ; e^j. gently ; softly ; kindly. — Ten'- j, derness, n. — Ten'dril, n. (got.) ' A filiform, spiral shoot of a plant that winds round another body for the purpose of support. [F. tendrillon, fr. tendre: not fr.E. tenere, to hold, nor tendere, to stretch, but s. rt.: see Tenable and Tend, v. £.] Tenebrse, ten'e-bre, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) An office for the Wednes- day, Thursday, and Friday of Tendrils Holy Week, commemorating the sufferings and death of Christ. [L., darkness; s. rt. Skr. tamas, darkness, E. dim. timid.] — Tene'brious, te-ne'brt-us, Ten'ebrous, -e-brus, a. Dark; gloomy; dusky; obscure. Tenement, Tenet. See under Tenable. Tennis, ten'nis, n. A play in which a ball is driven continually, or kept in motion by striking it with rackets or with the open hand. [ME. tenets, tenyse, perh. fr. OF. tenies, pi. of tcnie, a fillet, hair-lace, referring to the string over which the ball is driven; or perh. fr. F. tenez, hold or take it, fr. tenir, L. te- nere, to hold.] Tenon, ten'un, n. The end of a piece of wood cut into form, for insertion into a cavity in another piece called a mortise, in order to unite the 2 pieces: see Mortise.— v. t. To fit (the end of a piece of timber) for insertion into a mortise. [F., fr. tenir, L. tenere, to hold; s. rt. tenw le.) — Ten'on-saw, n. A saw with a thin blade usually stiffened by a brass or steel back, for cutting tenons. Tenor, tender, n. Stampfcharacter; the general drift, course, or direction of thought ; general spirit or meaning; purport; intent. (Mus.) The higher of the 2 kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males; the part of a tune adapted to this Voice ; one who sings the tenor, or the instrument that plays it. {Law.) An exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and figures of it. [F. teneur, the tenor part m music, the general drift, etc., of a matter, L. tenor, fr. tenere, to hold,— that is, a holding on in a continued course: see Tenable.] Tense, tens, n. (Gram.) One of the forms which a verb takes to indicate the time of the action or event signified. [F. temps. L. tempus, time, tense, j Tense, a., Tensile, Tension, etc. See under Tend, v. i. Tent, Tenter, etc. See under Tend, v. i. Tent, tent, n. (Surg.) A roll of lint or linen, used to dilate an opening in the flesh, or to prevent the healing of a wound, —v. t. To probe; to search as with a tent. [ME. and F. tente, a tent, probe for a wound, F. tenter, to tempt, try, prove, — E. tempt, a. v., L. tentare. to handle, touch, feel, test : see Tempt, Tenable.] — Ten'tative, -ta-tiv, a. Trying; essaying; experimental. [L. tentativm.} — Teh'ta- cle, -ta-kl, n. (Zool.) A filiform process or organ, proceeding from the head of an invertebrate ani- mal, as a polyp, snail, insect, crab, etc., being an or- gan of feeling, prehension, or motion. [NL. tentac- ulum, fr. L. tentare.} — Tentac'ular, a. Pert, to tentacles; in the nature of a tentacle or tentacles. f enth, etc. See under Ten. Tenuous, ten'u-us, a. Thin; slender; small: minute; rare; subtile; not dense. [L. tenuis = E. thin, q. v.] — Tenuity, -nu'T-tl, n. Smallness in diameter; thinness, applied to a broad substance, and slender- ness, applied to one that is long; rarity: rareness; thinness, as of a fluid. [F. tenuite", L. tenuitas.] — Ten'- uiros / 'ter,-u-i-ros / 'ter, ^^^^ n. One of a tribe of __ •sr^^tifesi^^SiS'- insessorial or perch- ing birds, including those which have a long, slender bill. Tenure. See under Tenable. Tepefy, tep'e-fi, v. t. f-FIED (-fld),-FYING.] To make moderately warm. — v. i. To be- come moderately warm. [L. tep era cere; Tenuirosters. facere to make.] - head of fork . tailod bee-eater ; 6, .Cep'eiac'tion, n. Act European nuthatch; c, kingfisher. or operation of, etc. — Tepid, tepid, a. Moderatelv warm : lukewarm. a, b, Terebratulae. [L. tepidus, fr. tepere, Skr. tav, to be warm, tapas, fire.] — Tepid'ity, Tep'idnes*, n. State or quality of being tepid; moderate warmth; lukewarmness. Teraphim, tSr'a-fim, «. pi. Household deities or im- ages; images for magical rites or household oracles. [Heb.] Teratology, ter-a-tol'o-jT, n. Science of malforma- tions and monstrosities. [Gr. teras, -atos, a wonder, monster, and logos, discourse.] Terce, ters, n. Same as Tierce, q. v. — Terce'-ma'jor, n. (Card-playing.) A sequence of the 3 best cards. — Ter'cet, -set, n. (Mus.) A third. (Poet.) A triplet; group of 3 lines. [F.] Terebinth, ter'e-binth, n. The turpentine-tree. [L. terebinthus, Gr. terebinthos ; s. rt. turpentine.} — Ter- ebin'thine, -thin, a. Of, or pert, to, turpentine. Terebration, ter-e-bra'shun, n. Act of terebrating or boring. [L. terebratio, fr. terebrare, -bratum, fr. terebra, a borer, gimlet, f r. terere, to rub.] — Tere- brafula, -u-la, n. ; pi. -l.e, le. A deep sea bi- valve mollusk, of many species, chiefly fossils, having one of the valves perforated for the trans- mission of a tendinous ligament, by which the animal fixes itself to a submarine body. [NL.] — Tere'do, n. A worm- like marine mollusk which bores into sub- merged wood; the ship- worm. [L.] — Terete', -ret', a. (Bot.) Cylin- drical and slightly taper- ing; columnar, as some stems of plants. [L. teres, teretis, rounded off, prop, rubbed off, fr. terere.} Tergeminous, ter-jem'T-nus, a. Threefold. [L. tergenv- inns, fr. ter, thrice, and geminus, twin-born.] Tergiversation, ter'jt-ver-sa'shun, n. A shifting; shift ; subterfuge ; evasion ; fickleness of conduct; change. [F.; L. tergiversatio, fr. tergiversari, -satus, to turn one's back, shift, fr. tergum, the back, and versare, intens. form of vertere. to turn: see Verse.] Term, term, n. A bound or boundary: the extremity of anything; a limit; the time for which anything lasts; "any limited time; in colleges, etc., time dur- ing which instruction is given to students. (Law.) The whole duration of an estate, as for the term of a life, or for a term of years ; a space of time granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation; time in which a court is held or open for the trial of causes. (Logic.) One of the 3 component parts of a syllogism, each one of which is used twice. A word or expression ; one that denotes something peculiar to an art. (Alg.) A member of a compound quantity, pi. (Law.) In contracts, propositions stated or promises made: conditions.— v. t. [termed (termd), terming.] To apply a term to, name, call, denominate. [ME. and F. terme, a time, day, word, speech, L. terminus, a boundary line, limit, OL. ter- men, Gr. terma, a limit, Skr. tir, to pass over, cross, fulfill; s. rt. conterminous, determine, exterminate, 'predetermine, enter, thrum.} — To bring to terms. To make to submit or agree. — To make t. To come to terms, make an agreement; to agree. — Term'er, -or', n. (Law.) One who has an estate for a term of years or for life. — Ter'minus, -mt-nus, n. ; pi. -mini. Lit., a boundary; border; any post or stone marking a boundary; the extreme point at either end of a piece of railroad ; the station - house at either end. [L.] — Terminate, -mt-nat, v. t. To set a term or limit to; to limit; to put an end to, complete, finish, end, bound. — v. i. To be limited in space by a point, line, or surface; to stop short, cease; to come to a limit in time; to end, close. [L. terminare, -natum.} — Terminable, a. Capable of being terminated; limitable. — Terminal, a. Pert, to, or forming, the end or extremity. (Bot.) Growing at the end of a branch or stem. [L. terminalw.] — Termina /, tion, n. Act of terminating, ending, or con- cluding; limit or end in space or extent; bound: end in time or existence; effect; consequence; conclu- sion; result. (Gram.) The end or ending of a word. [F.; L. terminatio.} — Termina'tional, a. Of, pert. to, or forming, a termination. — Ter'minative, -tiv, a. Tending or serving to terminate; terminating; determining; absolute; definitive. — Ter'miner, n. am. fame, far, Dass or opera, fare ; end. eve. term ; In, ice ; 6dd, t6ne, 6r ; TERMAGANT bU3 TEST Termite. A determining-, as, in oner and terminer : see Oyer. [F., to limit.] — Terminology, -nol'o-jl, ». Tne doctrine of terms; a treatise on terms; the terms actually used in any business, art, science, etc.; no- menclature. [Gr. logos, discourse.] Termagant, ter'ma-gant, n. A boisterous, brawling, turbulent woman. [Orig. a fabled deity of the Mo- hammedans, extremely vociferous and tumultuous in the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows.] — Ter'magancy, -gan-sT, n. State or quality of being termagant; turbulence; tumultuousness. Termes, tei-'mez, «., pi. -mites, -mi-tez, Ter'mite, pi. j -mixes, -mitz. A voracious om- ^.^ nivorous neuropterous insect, £ a somewhat resembling the ant, mostly found within the tropics, and very destructive to trees and wood-work ; white ant. [L. termes, tarmes, gen. tarmitis, a wood-worm.] Terminal, Terminate, Terminus, etc. See under Term. Tern, tern, n. A long-winged aquatic fowl, allied to the gulls. [Dan. terne, tserne, Ic. therna, sea-swallow, maid-servant.] Ternary, tSr'na-ri. a. Proceeding by threes; consist- ing of 3. — n. The number 3; 3 things taken to- gether. [L. temarius, fr. terni, by threes; s. rt. ter, thrice, tres=E. three, q. v.] Terra, ter'ra, n. The earth; earth. [It. and L. ; s. rt. Gr. tarsos, a frame for drying things upon, a broad flat surface, tersesthai, to become dry, L. torrere, to parch, Ir., YV., and Ga. tir, land, Skr. trish, to thirst, Goth, thaursus, G. duerr, dry, E. thirst, torrid.] — Terra cotta. Baked clay ; a kind of pottery made from fine clav, sand, etc., hardened by heat, and used for statues, vases, etc. [It. ; cotta = L. cocta, fern, of p. p. of coquere. coctum = E. to cook.] — Ter'- race, -res, n. A raised level space or platform of earth, esp. on a hillside or slope, supported on one or more sides by a wall or bank of turf, etc. ; the flat roof of a house. [F. ; It. terraccia, terazza, fr. terra.] — Terra'queous, -ra'kv e-us, a. Consist- ing of land and water, as the globe or_ earth. [L. terra and aqva, water.] — Terrene', -ren', a. Of, or pert, to, the earth : earthy : earthly : terrestrial. [L. terrains, fr. terra.] — Terres'trial, -trt-al. a. Of, pert, to, existing on, representing, or consisting of, the earth ; pert, to the present state ; sublunary ; consisting of, or belonging to, land, — dieting, from water. [L. terreslris.] — Torres 'trially. a ilv." After a terrestrial or earthly manner. — Ter'rier, -rl-gr, n. A dog. of several species, u s u a 1 1 y small, w h i c h goes into the ground after animals that bur- row. [F., the hole of a fox, badger, etc., LL. ter- rarium, a mound, bur- row, fr. L. terra.] — Ter- ritory, -rf-to-rt, n. The extent of land within the bounds, or belong- ing to the jurisdiction, of anv state, city, or other "body ; a tract of land belonging to, or under the dominion of, a prince or state, lying at a dis- tance from the parent country or from the seat of government ; in the U. S., a portion of the country not yet admitted as a State into the Union, but or- ganized with a legislature, under a governor and officers appointed by the President and Senate of the U. S. [OF. territoire, L. territorium. fr. terra.] — Territo'rial, -rY-al, a. Of, or pert. to. territory or land; limited to a certain district. — Terre'-plein, tar'plan, n. {Fort.) The top, platform, or hori- zontal surface of a rampart, on which guns are placed: see Casemate. JTF., fr. terre (=L. terra) and plain = L. planus = E. plane.] Terrapin, ter r ra-pin, n. A kind of turtle or tortoise, living in fresh or tidal water, delicious at food. [F. terravene.] Terror, ter'rSr, n. Extreme fear : fear that agitates the body and mind; violent dread; the cause of ex- treme fear; alarm ; fright : consternation : dread; dismay. [L.. fr. terrere.tr, frighten: s. rt. Skr. tras, to tremble, be afraid, trassa, terror, E. deter.]— Ter- rorism, -izm, n. A state of being terrified, or a state impressing terror. — Ter 'rorist. n. (Fr. Hi*t.) An agent or partisan of the revolutionary tribunal of 1793-94.— Ter'rible, -rY-bl, a. Adapted to excite ter- ror, awe, or dread ; fearful; frightful ; formidable; dreadiul; horrible: shocking; awful; excessive ; ex- treme ; severe. [F. ; L. terribilis, from terrere, to frighten.] — Ter'ribleness, n. — Ter'ribly, -rl-bll, adv. In a manner to excite terror : violently; very greatly. —Terrific, a. Causing terror: adapted to excite great fear or dread. [L. terrijicus, fr. terrere and r'acere^to make.] — Ter'rify. v. i. [-fied (-lid), -fyixg.] To alarm or shock with fear ; to frighten, alarm. Terry. ter'rY, n. A heavy silk and worsted material used in upholstery ; heavy red poplin for ladies' dresses. Terse, ters, a. Elegantly concise : compact, with smoothness, grace, or elegance. fL. tersus, p. p. of tec/ere, to rub orwipeoff.] — Tersely, adv.— Terse'- ness, n. Tertial, ter'shal, n. (Ornith.) One of the quills or large feathers near the junction of the wing with the body. [L. tertius, third, because they are feath- ers of the 3d row; s. rt. three, q. v.]— Ter'tian. -slian, o. Occurring every 3d day. — n. (Med.) A disease or fever whose paroxysms return every od day. [F. tertiane, L. tertiana, a tertian fever, fern, of ter- tianus, fr. tert ius .] — Ter'tiary, -shY-a-rt, a. Of the 3d formation, order, or rank : third. [L. tertia- rius.] — Ter'tiate, -shT-at, v. t. To do or perform for the 3d time ; to examine the thickness of (ord- nance) to ascertain its strength. [L. tertiare, -at urn.] — Ter'za-ri'ma, tert'za-re / 'ma, n. A complicated system of versification, copied bv the early Italian poets from the troubadours. [It., a 3d or triple rhyme.] Tessellate. tes'sel-lat, v. t. To form into squares or checkers ; to lay with checkered work. [L. lesseL lore, fr. tessella, a little cube, dim. of tessera, a square piece of stone, wood, etc. ; prob. not fr. Gr. tesseres, four : peril, for tensera, a thing shaken, die, and s. rt. Vedic Sicr. tarns, to shake.] —Tes'sella'- ted. p. a. Formed in little squares or mosaic work; checkered. (Bot.) Spotted like a chessboard. — Tes'sella'tion, n. Mosaic work, or the operation of making it. Test, test, n. (Metal.) A cupel, in which metals are melted for trial and refinement. Examination by the cupel ; any critical trial. ; means of trial ; that with which anything is compared for proof of its genuineness; a standard; ground of admission or ex- clusion ; judgment ; distinction : discrimination ; Criterion ; experience ; proof; experiment. (Chera.) A substance employed to detect any unknown con- stituent of a compound, by causing it to exhibit some characteristic property ; a re-agent. — v. t, (Metal.) To separate (gold or silver) from lead, in a test. To put to the proof, prove the truth or genuineness of by experiment, or by some fixed principle or standard. (Chem.) To examine or try by the application of test-paper, or some re-agent. [OF. ; It. and LL. testa, a goldsmith's melting-pot, L. testa, a brick, baked earthenware, also a skull, shell of a fish, bone ; s. rt. terra, q. v.}— Test-act. (Eng. Law.) An oath and declaration against tran- substantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were formerly obliged to take within 6 months after their admission.— Testa'cea^-tr 'she-a, -ceans. -shano, n. pi. Marine animals covered with shells, esp. mol- lusks; shell-fish. [L. testaceum, a shelled animal, fr. testacens, lit. covered with tiles, fr. testa.] — Testa'- ceous. -shus, a. Consisting of a hard shell, or hav- ing a hard, continuous shell. [L. testaceus.] — Tes~ taceous animals. (Zobl.) Animals having a strong, thick, entire shell, as oysters and clanw, disting. fr. crustaceovs animals, whose shells are more thin and soft, and consist of several pieces jointed, as lob- sters. — Testu'do, n. (Zobl.) The tortoise. Among the ancient Romans, a cover or screen which a body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by holding them over their heads when standing close to each other. (Med.) An encysted tumor, sup- posed to resemble a tortoise in form. [L., fr. testa, a shell.] — Testu'di-nal, -dY-nal, a. Pert to, or re- sembling, the tortoise. — Testu'dinate, -nat, -na'ted, a. Shaped like the back of a tortoise; roofed; arched : vaulted. — Tes'tudln'eous, -din'e-us, a. Resembling the shell of a tortoise. [L. testudineus.] — Tes'ter, n. A flat canopy, over a pulpit, tomD, etc.: a square canopy over a' bed, consisting of some species of cloth, supported by the bedposts; an old French silver coin, worth about Vi cents. [OF. tes- ton, a coin which was stamped with the head of the sun, cube, full; moon, f<56t: cow. oil-- linger or ink, then, bo.vbox, chair, get. TESTAMENT 604 THAN W* sovereign, fr. teste, a head, I . testa; tester, a cano is ME. testere, a head-piece, helmet, fr. OF. teste. Testoon', -toon', n. An Italian silver coin : the toon of Rome is worth about 30 cents. [It. testone, Sp. and OF. teston: see Tester.] — Tes'ty, -tT, a. [-IEK ; -iest.] Fretful ; peevish ; petulant ; easily irritated. [F. testre, heady, headstrong, testy, fr. OF. teste.] — Test'ily, adv. — Test'iness, n. Testament, tes'ta-ment, n. {Law.) A solemn, authen- tic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his will as to the disposal of his estate and effects af- ter his death; a will. One of the 2 general divisions of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures, — the Old and the New Testament, — often limited, in colloquial language, to the latter. [F.; L. testamen- tum, fr. testari, to be a witness, to make one's last will, fr. testis, a witness; s. rt. attest, contest, detest, protest, intestate.']— Tesfable, a. {Law.) Capable of being devised, or given by will. [L. testabilis, fr. testari, to testify, publish one's last will.] — Testa- ment'al, a. Of, or pert, to, a testament; testament- ary. — Testament'ary, -a-rT, a. Of, or pert, to, a will or testament ; bequeathed by will; given by testa- ment ; done, appointed by, or founded on, a will. — Tes'tate, a. {Law.) Having made and left a will. [L. testatus, p. p. of testari.] — Testa'tor, n. A man who makes and leaves a will or testament at death. [L.] — Testa'trix, n. A woman who, etc. [L.] — Tes'tify, -tT-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make a solemn declaration, verbal or written (and in law under oath or affirmation), to establish some fact; to give testimony, bear witness. — v. t. To bear wit- ness to, support the truth of by testimony, affirm or declare solemnly, or under oath. [F. testifier, L. tes- tificare, fr. testis and facere, to make.] — Tes'tifica''- tion, n. Act of testifying, or giving testimony or ev- idence. — Tes'tifi/er, n. — Tes'timony, -tt-mo-ni, n. A solemn declaration or affirmation made to estab- lish or prove some fact ; affirmation ; declaration ; open attestation; profession; witness; proof; mani- festation. (Jewish Antiq.) The 2 tables of the law. The whole divine revelation ; the Scriptures. [L. testimonium, fr. testari.] — Testimo'nial, -nT-al, n. A writing or certificate which bears testi- mony in favor of one's character or good conduct. — a. Relating: to, or contain- ing, testimony. [F. (n.) ; L. testimoni- ally (a.).] — Tes'ticle, -tT-kl, n. (Anat.) One of the glands which secrete the seminal fluid in males. [F. testicule, L. testiculvs, dim. of testis, a testicle, — same as testis, a witness (of manhood).] — Testic'ulate, -u-lat, a. (Bot.) Shaped like a. testicle; ovate and solid; having 2 testicle-shaped tubers, as some orchids. Tester, Testoon, Testudo, Testy, etc. See under Test. Tetanus, tet'a-nus, n. (Med.) A painful and usually fatal disease, resulting generally from a wound, of which the principal symptom is persist- ent spasm of the voluntary muscles; lockiaw. [L.; Gr. tetanos, lit. stretched, teinein, to stretch.] Tetchy. See Techy. JSte, tat, n. False hair: a kind of wig of false hair. [F.; OF. teste, the head : see Tester, under Test.] — Tete-a-tete, tafa-tat', n. Private interview or friendly conversation; a form of sofa for 2 persons, so curved that they are brought face to face while sitting on different sides of the sofa. [F., head to head.] Tether, teth'er, n. A rope or chain by which a beast is confined for feeding within certain limits; a ted- der. — v. t. [tethered (-erd), -ering.] To confine (a beast) with a rope or chain, for feeding within cert-iin limits. [Ga. teadhair, a tether, taod, a halter, chain, cable, taodan, a cord, Skr. tantu, a thread, tan, to stretch.] Tetrad, tefrad, n. The number 4; a collection of 4 things. [Gr. tetras, tetrados, fr. tettares, Attic form of tessares = E.four, q. v.] — Tet'rachord, -ra- k6rd, n. (Anc. Mus.) A series of 4 sounds, of which the extremes, or first and last, constituted a fourth. [Gr. tetrachordon; chorde = E. chord.}— Tefragon, n. ( Ge- D om.) A plane figure, having 4 an- from'eacn other 9u<\ oT l-4th of a Tetragons. gles; a quadrangle. (Astrol.) An / // aspect of 2 planets with regard to [_ / [__ the earth, when they are distant 7 circle. [F. tetragone, Gr. tetragonos, four-angled, square; gonia, an angle, corner, fr. gonu= E./cnee' q. v.] — Tetrag'onal, a. Of, or pert, to, a tetragon; having 4 angles or sides. (Bot.) Having prominent longitudinal angles, as a stem. — Tefrahe'dral, a. Having, or composed of, 4 sides. — TeVrahe'dron, n. (Geom.) A solid figure inclosed by 4 triangles. [Gr. hedra, a base ; s. rt. sit, q. v. J — Tet'ra- hex'ahe'dron, n. (Crystallog.) A sol- id bounded by 24 equal faces, 4 corre- sponding to each face of the cube. „, [Gr. tetra ; hex = E. six; and hedra.] Tetrahedron. — Tetram'eter, n. (Anc. Poet.) A verse consisting of 4 measures, — that is, in iambic, trochaic, and an- apestic verse, of 8 feet; in other kinds of verse, of 4 feet. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Tet'rapet'alous, -al-us, a. (Bot.) Containing 4 distinct petals or flow- er leaves. [Gr. petalon, a leaf.] — Tetraphyllous, te-traf 'il- or tet'ra- fil'lus, a. (Bot.) Having 4 leaves; ! consisting of four distinct leafs or leaflets. [Gr. pJiullon, a leaf.] — Tetraptote, tefrap- or te-trap'tot, n. ( Gram. ) A noun that has 4 cases only. [Gr. i-totos, falling, a case, piptein, to fall.] — Te'trarch, to'frark, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province; any pettj'king or sovereign. [Gr. tetrarch- es ; archein, to be first, rule.] — Tetrarch'ate, -at, n. The fourth part of a province under a Roman te- trarch ; office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. — Te- trarch'ical, a. Of, or pert, to, a tetrarchy. — Tet'- rarchy, -rark-Y,». Atetrarchate.— Tetras'tfch, -tras'- tik, n. A stanza, epigram, or poem, consisting of 4 verses. [Gr. tetrastichon ; siichos, a row, verse.] — Tet'rastyle, -ra-stll, n. (Ave. Arch.) A building with 4 columns in front. [Gr. tetrastidon ; stulos, a column.] — Tet'rasyFlable, -sil'la-bl, n. A word con- sisting of 4 syllables. [Gr. tetrasullabos ; sullabe, syl- lable.] — Tet'rasyllab > ic, -ical, a. Consisting of, or having, 4 syllables. Tetter, tefter, n. A vesicular disease of the skin ; herpes ; a cutaneous disease. — v. t. [tettered (-terd), -terikg.] To affect with tetter. [AS. teter, OHG. zittaroch.) Teutonic, tu-ton'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, the Teutons, a people of ancient Germany; of, or pert, to, the peo- ples of German origin, or to their descendants, often including nil of Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon ances- try. [L. Teutonicus, fr. Goth, thiuda, a people, na- tion: see Dutch.] Tew, tu, v. t. [tewed (tud), tewing.] To work at. prepare by working; to work hard, fatigue; to beat or dress (leather, hemp, etc.); to taw. [See Taw.] Text, tekst, n. A discourse or composition on which a note or commentary is written; body of a page or work, as disting. fr. footnotes, supplementary mat- ter, etc. ; the original words of an author, disting. fr. a paraphrase or commentary ; a verse or pas- sage of Scripture quoted as the subject of a dis- course, or in proof of a doctrine. [ME. and F. texte, L. textus, texture, structure, context, orig. p. p. of iexere, textum, to weave, compose; s. rt. Skr. taksh, to cut wood, prepare, form ; E. technical, context, pretext, subtle, pentateuch, toil, a snare.] — Text'- book, n. A volume, as of some classical author, on which a teacher lectures or comments ; any man- ual of instruction ; a school-book. hand, n. A large hand in writing, — so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in a large hand, and the notes in a smaller hand. — Text'ual, -u-al, a- Pert, to, or contained in, the text. — Texfua- rist, -uary, n. One well versed in the Scriptures. — Text'uary, a. Contained in the text ; textual ; serving as a text; authoritative. — Text 'ile, -il, a. Woven, or capable of being woven; formed by weav- ing. [L. textilis, f r. texere.] — Texto'rial, -ri-al, a. Of, or pert, to, weaving. [L. textorius, fr. textor, a weaver, fr. texere.] — Texfure, teks'chur, n. Act of weaving; that which is woven; a fabric formed by weaving ; the disposition or connection of threads, filaments, or other slender bodies interwoven; the disposition of the several parts of any body in con- nection with each other. [F.; L. textura.] Than, than, conj. A particle expressing comparison, used after certain adjectives and adverbs which ex- press comparison or diversity: it is usually followed by the object compared in the nominative case : some- times, however, the object compared is placed in the am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; THANATOPSIS 605 THEISM objective case, and than may then be considered aa a preposition. [Orig. same as then : AS. thonne, than, perh. orig. same as thonc, ace. of the demoust. prou.: see That; D. dan, G. denn, than, then, Goth. Uiuu, then, when, L. ton, then.] Thanatopsis, than-a-top'sis, n. A view of, or medi- tation on, death. [Gr. thunatos, death, & opsis, view.] Thane, than, n. A dignitary under the Anglo-Saxons and Danes in Eng. : after the Conquest, this title was disused, and baron took its place. [AS. thegen, thegn, a thane, lit. mature, fr. thihan, to grow up, be strong, G. degen, a warrior; perh. 6. rt. Gr. teknon, a child.] Thank, thank, v. t. [thanked (thankt), thanking.] To express gratitude to for a favor or tor kindness bestowed.—/;.; />l. Thanks, generally in pi. Ex- pression of gratitude; acknowledgment expressive of a sense of iavor or kindness received. [AS. thane, thonc, thought, grace, favor, thanks ; s. rt. think.] — Thank'ful, -ful, a. Impressed with a sense of kind- ness received,'and readv to acknowledge it; grateful. — Thank'fuUy, adv. — Thank'fulness, n. — Thank'- lesa, a. Not acknowledging favors, or expressing thankfulness for them; unthankful; ungrateful.— Thank'lessness, n.— ThanksgiVer, n. One who gives thanks, or acknowledges a kindness. — Thanksgiv- ing, n. Act of rendering thanks, or expressing grati- tude for favors or mercies ; a public celebration of divine goodness; a day set apart for such celebration. — Thank'-wor'thy, a. Deserving thanks ; worthy of gratitude; meritorious. That, that, pron. or conj. ; — pi. Those (thoz), when used as a pron. A pronoun referring usually to something before mentioned or understood, or to something more remote, and used, as a demons, pron. , pointing out a person or thing before mentioned, or supposed to be understood ; as a relative pron., equivalent to who or which, serving to make definite a person or thing alluded to before: in such cases it is used both in the singular and plural; also, refer- ring to an entire sentence or paragraph, and not merely to a word; as a conj., having much of the force of a demons, pron.; also, introducing a clause, a9 the object of the preceding verb ; introducing a reason or purpose, and sometimes a result. [AS. thset, orig. neut. of demons, pron. and used as neut. of def. article, Skr. tat, it, that, Lithuan. and Russ. ta, that (pron.), D. dat, G. doss, that (conj.) ; s. rt. there, than, then, they, their, the, thence, this, thus.] — In that. For the reason that; because, — a phrase denoting some particular attribute, cause, or reason. Thatch, thach, n. Straw, rushes, etc., used to cover the roofs of buildings, or stacks of hay or grain. — v. t. [thatched (thaclit), thatching.] To cover with straw, reeds, or some similar substance. [AS. thsec, thatch, theccan, to thatch ; s. rt. Gr. tegos, stegos, a roof, stegein, L. tegere, Skr. sthag, to cover, W. ty, a house, toi, to thatch; s. rt. tegument, tile, deck, tight.] — Thatch'er, n. Thaumaturgus, thaw-ma-ter'gus, n. A miracle-work- er. [Gr. thaumalourgos, wonder-working, fr. thauma, a wonder, and ergon, work, ergein, to work.] — Thau- matur'gic, -gical, -ter'jik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, thau- maturgy ; exciting wonder. — Thau'matur / gy, -jT, n. Act of performing something wonderful; magic; leg- erdemain. Thaw, thaw, v. i. [thawed (thawd), thawing.] To melt, dissolve, or become fluid, as ice or snow ; to become so warm as to melt ice and snow; to become warm or genial. — v. t. To cause to melt or soften, as ice, snow, hail, or frozen earth. — n. The melting of ice or snow; liquefaction by heat of anything con- gealed by frost. [AS. thawian, thawan; perh. s. rt. AS. toya, water, tu, to become strong, swell, perh. Gr. tekein, to melt, L. tabes, moisture, Russ. taiate, to thaw.] The, the, definite or definitive article. A word placed before nouns, and used to designate or specify a gen- eral conception, or to limit a meaning more" or less definitely; also to personify or individualize a spe- cies. [AS. the, se : see That.] — Before adjectives in the compar. and superl. degree the is used to heighten or make more complete the contrast. [Herethe = AS. thy, thi, instrumental case of the.] Thearchy. See under Theism. Theater, -tre, the'a-ter, n. Among the ancients, an edifice in which spectacles or shows were exhibited; in modern times, a house for the exhibition of dra- matic performances; a playhouse; any room adapted to the exhibition of any performance before an as- sembly as for public lectures, anatomical demon- strations before a class, etc.: that which resembles* theater in form, use, etc. [F. theatre, Gr. theatron, fr. thta.it/tai, to see, view, thca. view, sight, spectacle; s. rt. amphitheater, theodolite, theory.] — Theafric, -rical, a. Of, or pert, to, a theater, or to scenic rep- resentations ; resembling the manner of dramatic performers. — Tneat'rically, adv. — Theatricals, n. pi. Dramatic performances, Theban, the'ban, n. A native or inhabitant of Thebes; a wise man. — a. Of, or pert, to, Thebes. — Theban year. (Anc. Citron.) The Egyptian year of iJu.5 days and hours. — The'baine, -ba-"in, n. (Chem~) One of the constituents of opium, — a va- riety of opium being named from Thebes, in Egvpt. — The'baid, -ba-id.x. A Latin epic poem on Theues, by Statius: the district about 'fhtbes, in Egvpt. Thebeth, te'beth. n. The loth month oi the Jewish sucred year, and 4th of the civil,— parts of Dec. and Jan. Thee, the, pron. ; objective case of Thou. Theft. See under Thief, Theine, the'in, n. (Chem.) A bitter, fusible, and volatile principle, obtained from tea and coliee. [F., | fr. the", tea, q. v.] ! Their, thar, a. pron. Of them, — employed in the sense of a pronominal adj., denoting of or belonging to, or the possession by 2 or more: when standing alone, it has the form {heirs, and may be the nomi- native to a verb, or the object of a verb or preposi- tion. [1c. theirra, of them, gen. pi. of hann, hon, that, he, she, it: see That.] Theism, the'izm, n. Belief or acknowledgment of the existence of a God, as opp. to atheism. [Gr. theos, a god; s. rt. Gr. thessasthai, to pray, perh. tithemi, I place, set; prob. not s. rt. L. deus, a god.] — The'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a God; esp., one who believes in a personal God. — TheiBf ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, theism, or to a theisfe according to the doctrine of theists. — The'archy, -ar-kl, n. Government by God ; theocracy. [Gr. theos and archein, to be first, rule.] — Theoc'racy, -ra-sT, n. Government of a state by the immediate direction or administration of God; the state thus governed. [Gr. theokratia; kratein, to be strong, rule, kratus, strong = E. hard.] — Theocratic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, a theocracy; administered bv the immediate direction of God. — Theog'ony, -og'o-rii, n. The generation of the gods ; that branch of heathen theology which taught the genealogy of their deities. [L. and Gr. theogonia ; Gr. gone, gonos, race, birth, genein, to beget.] — Theol'ogy, -o-jT, n. Science of the existence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and government, the plan of salvation, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity. [ME. and F. theologie, L. and Gr. theologia; Gr. logos, discourse.] — Natural theol- ogy. The knowledge of God from his works, by the light of nature and reason. — Theolo'gian, -jT-an, n. One well versed in theology; a prolessor of divinity; a divine. — Theologie, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, divinity, or the science of God and of divine things.— Theologically, adv. According to the prin- ciples of theology. — Theol'ogist, n. One versed in theology. — TheoVogize, v. t. [-gized (jizd), -giz- ixg.] To render theological. — v. i. To frame a system of theology ; to theorize or speculate upon theological subjects. — The'ologue, -log, n. Same as Thlologist. — Theom'achy, -a-kT, n. A fighting against the gods: opposition to the divine will. [Gr. machesthai, to fight, mache, a battle.]— Theop'athy, -a-thT, n. Capacity for religious affections or wor- ship. [Gr. pathos, feeling, pathein, to suffer.] — Theoph'any, -of 'a-nT, n. A maniiestation of God to man by actual appearance. [Gr. theojihaineia ; nhavnesthai; to appear.] — Theos'ophy, -os'o-fl, n. Supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent attainment oi superhuman knowl- edge by physical processes; also, a direct, asdisting. fr. a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by extraordinary illumination. [Gr. theo- sophia; sophia, wisdom, sophos, wise.]— Theosophlc, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, theosophy. — Theos'ophism, -o-fizm,n. Belief in theosophy: "pretension to direct divine illuminaHon.— Theos'o'phist, w. One addicted to theosophy.— The'urgy, -er-j 1 , n . Among the Egyp- tian Platonists, an imaginary science supposed to have been revealed to men by the gods themselves in very ancient times; also, the ability, by means of certain acts, words, and symbols, to move the gods to impart to us secrets which surpass the powers of reason, and to render themselves visible ; that spe- sfln, cube, full; moon, f'dot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. THELPHUSIAN 606 THICK Thelphusian. cies of magic in which eftects are produced by su- pernatural agency. [Gr. tkeuuryia ; ■-.rutin, tu worn.] — Theur'gic, -gical, -er'jik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, theurgy.— The'urg!3t, -er-jist, n. One who pretends to, or is addicted to, theurgy. Thelphusian,thel-fu'sl-an, n. (Zobl.) A decapod crus- tacean resem- bling the land- crab, which lives in the earth near river banks, etc. [Gr. thele, a nip- ple, and phvsan, to breathe.] Them, &em, pron. ; obj. ca.rnc f ical. Theodolite. — Theoretically, adv. — The'orist, n. One who forms theories; one given to theory: a theonzer. — The'orize, v. i. [-Rized v-rizd), -hizi.ng.] To form a theory or theories; to speculate. — The'oriz'er, n. Theosophy, etc. See under Theism. Therapeutic, ther-a-pu'tik, -tical, a. Of, or pert, to, the healing art; curative. — Therapeu'tics, n. That part of medicine which respects the discovery and application of remedies for diseases. [F. therapeu- tique, healing, Gr. therapeatikos, taking care of, tend- ing, therapeutes, one who waits on a great man, ther- apeuein, to wait on, attend, serve, therapon, a ser- vant; s. rt. Skr. dhri, to maintain, support, E.jirm.] There, thar, adv. In, at, or to that place ; thither ; therein; at that point. [There is used to begin sentences, or before a verb, without adding essen- tially to the meaning.] [AS. thser, ther ; s. rt. thui : see 1-1 ere, Where.] — Thereabout', -bouts', adv. Near that place; near that number, degree, or quan- tity ; nearly. [AS. thsere, dat. fem. of def. art., and about.] — Thereafter, adv. After that; after- ward.— Thereat', adv. At that place; at that occur- rence or event; on that account. — Thereby', adv. By that; by that means; in consequence of that. — Therefor', adv. For that, or this, or it. — There'fore, ther'- or thar'for, conj. & adv. For that or this rea- son, referring to something previously stated : for that; consequently; by consequence; in return or recompense for this or that. — Therefrom', thar- from', adv. From this or that. —Therein', adv. In that or this place, time, or thing ; in that particular. — There'into', adv. Into that, or that place. — There- of, -of or -ov', adv. Of that or this. —Thereon', adv. On that or this. —Thereout', adv. Outofthator this. — Thereto', adv. To that or this. — Thereun'to, ailv. Unto that or this; thereto.— Thereupon', adv. Upon that or this ; on account of that ; in conse- qucnceof that; immediately; without delay. —There- with', -with' or -with', adv. With that or thi;. Thermal, ther'mal, a. Of, or pert, to, heat; warm. [Gr. thermos, hot, warm, therme, Skr. gharma, heat; s. rt. E. glow.]— Thermal unit. (Physics.) A unit chosen for the comparison or calculation of the quan- tity of heat, — usually the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water 1° centi- grade: in France the thermal unit is the calorie, q. v., under Caloric] -Thefmo-elec'tric, a. Of, or pert, to, thermo-electricity.— Ther'mo-e'lectric'ity, -tris'- I-tT. n. Electricity developed by the action of heat. — Thermom'eter, n. An instrument for measuring temperature, founded on the principle that changes of temperature in bodies are accompanied by proportional changes in their volume or dimensions, usually a glass bulb and graduated tube containing mercury or alcohol: the Fah- renheit thermometer marks freezing ! * ">'2°, boiling 212°: the Centigrade marks freezing 0°, boiling lfK) '; Reaumur, freezing 0°, boiling 80°. [Gr. metron, a measure.] — Ther'momet'ric, -rical, a. Of, pert, to, or made hv means of, a thermometer. — Ther'moscope, -mo- skop, n. Any instrument forindicating changes of temperature without indi- cating the degree of heat bv which it is affected. [G r. sJcopein, to view.] Thesaurus, the-saw'rus, ??. A treasury or storehouse, — often applied to a compre- hensive volume, like a dictionary or cy- clopedia. [L = E. treasure, q. v.] These, thez, pron. ; ///. of This." Thesis. See under Theme. Thespian, thes'pT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, dramatic acting. [Gr. Thespis, the founder of the Greek drama.] Theurgy, etc. See under Theism. Thew, thu, n. [Chiefly used in pi.] Mus- cle ; strength ; nerve ; brawn. [AS. theaw, OS. than, OHG. dau, habit, cus- | torn, behavior; s. rt. Skr. tu, to be strong, »?— =*=^s ^8 increase, Lithuan. tukti, to grow fat.] p.hronhpif/i They, fha .pron pi ■ poss. Theirs, obj. T tr™meter. Them. The plural of he, she, or it,— de- noting more than one person or thing. [They is sometimes used indefinitely, as our ancestors used won, and as the French use on.] [ME., nom. thai, poss. thair, dat. and ace. thaim or tham, aiso nom. they, poss. here, hire, or Mr, dat. and ace. hem, Ic. their, they : see That.] Thick, thik, a. Dense ; not thin ; inspissated : not am, fame, far, .Dass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne. 6r ; THIEF 607 THITHER transparent or clear : turbid, muddy, or misty : abundant, close, or crowded in space"; frequently recurring; measuring in the third dimension other than length and breadth, or in general dimension other than length, — said of a solid body; having more depth or extent from one surlace to its oppo- site than usual ; not having a good articulation ; somewhat deaf ; dull ; intimate ; very friendly ; fa- t miliar. — n. The thickest part, or the time when anything is thickest— adv. Frequently; fast; quick; Closely ; to a great depth, or to a thicker depth than I usual. [AS. thicce, OS. thikki, D. dik; perh. s. rt. Litliuan. tankus, thick, Skr. tanch, to contract.] — Through thick and thin. Through whatever is in , the way; through all obstacles or impediments.— Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick. — Thick'ly, adv.— Thick'ness, n. — Thick'set, a. Close planted ; hav- ing a short, thick body: stout. — /;. A close or thick i hedge; a kind of stout, twilled cotton cloth.— Thick'- skinhed, -skind, a. Having a thick skin; not sensi- I tive ; dull ; obtuse. — -skull, n. Dullness, or a dull person; a blockhead.— Thick'en. thik'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -en inc.] To make thick, render dense, in- spissate, make close; to fill up interstices in; to make more frequent. — v. i. To become thick, become more dense, be inspissated, become consolidated, con- crete ; to become dark or obscure ; to become close, j or more close or numerous ; to crowd, press ; to be- j come quick and animated. [AS. thiccian, to make I thick.] — Thick'ening, -n-ing, n. Something put into I a liquid or mass to make it thicker. — Thickset, n. \ A wood or collection of trees or shrubs closely set. [AS. thiccet.] Thief, thet, a. ; /il. Thieves, thevz. One who secretly, I unlawfully, and feloniously takes the goods or per- j sonal property of another ; robber ; pilferer. [AS. theof. D. die/, OHG. diu/j.] — Thieve, thev, v. i. To practice theft, steal. [AS. getheojian.] — Thiev'ery, I -e"r-T, n. The practice of stealing; theft; that which | is stolen. — Thiev'ish, a. Given to stealing; ad- dicted to theft; like a thief ; acting by stealth : sly: ! secret; partaking of the nature of theft. — Thiev'- ishly, adv. — Thiev'ishness, n.— Theft, n. Act of stealing. (Laiv.) The private, unlawful, felonious i taking of another person's goods or movables, with intent to steal them. IAS. thiefdhe.] Thigh, thi, n. {Anal.) The thick, fleshy portion of the leg. between the knee and the trunk. [AS. thcoh, \ theo. OHG. deoh, theoh, the thigh ; s. rt. Lithuan. taukas, fat, tukti, to become fat, E. tumid, the"-.] Thill, thil. n. A shaft of a cart, gisr. or other carriage. [AS. thille. a thin strip of wood, MUG. dille. OHG. ! 'lUlu. Ihili. a board, plank.] Thimble, thim'bl, n. A kind of indented metallic cap or cover, or sometimes a ring, for the finger, used in sewing to protect the finger from the needle. (Jkch.) \ Any thimble-shaped appendage or fixture. (JTaitf.) An iron ring with a groove round its circumference, , to receive the rope which is spliced about it. [AS. thumel, a thumb- stall, thmna, a thumb, q. v.] — 1 Thim , ble-ber / ry, n. A raspberry, esp. a species of black raspberry. rig, n. A sleight-of-hand trick played with 3 cups, shaped like thimbles, and a small ball. — v. t. To cheat by means of small cups or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under one of the thimbles, and quickly shifted to another. Thin, thin, «. [thinner: -nest.] Having little thick- ness or extent from one surface to the opposite; rare, ! not dense, — applied to fluids or soft mixtures: not I close: not crowded; not filling the space: not abun- i dant; not full or well grown: slim: small; slender; j lean; gaunt; fine: not full: slight; flimsy; not suf- ficient for a covering, —adv. Not thickly or close- ly; in a scattered state. — v. t. [thinned (thind). 1 -XING.] To make thin in anv of its sense?-, make rare or less thick, attenuate, make less close, crowded, : or numerous; to rarefy, make less dense. — v. i. To grow or become thin. [AS. thynne. OHG. dunni, W. ' teneu, L. tenuis, Gr. tanao*. Skr. tana, thin, slim, tan, L. tendere, to stretch: s. rt. tenuity, attenuate, exten- uate, tenable, q. v.. tend.] — Thin'ly. ailv. — Thin'- ness,.rc. — Thin'-skinned. a. Having a thin skin; sen- sitive; irritable. Thine, thin, pronominal a. Belonging or relating to thee; thv. — formerly used for thy hefore a vowel. j [Thine is used when "the substantive to which it be- ! longs is separated from the pronoun, or when the noun is not expressed.] [ME. thin (before a vowel) j or thi, AS. and Ic. thin, orig. gen. of thi> = E. thou, q. v.] — Thy. thi, .pron. Of or belonging to thee; the possessive of thee, — used in solemn style and in po- I etry. — Thyself', pron. An emphasized form of the personal pronoun of the 2d person.— used as a sub- ject with thou, to express distinction with empha- Thing, tiling, n. An inanimate object : any lifeless material; whatever exists or is conceived to exist, as a separate being; a transaction or occurrence; event; deed: a portion or part: something; a diminutive or slighted object; any object viewed as merely exist- ing: t ,l. clothes; furniture: appurtenances. "[AS., a thing, also a cause, sake, office, reason, council; Ic. thing, D. ding, a thing, an assembly, meeting, coun- cil. Dan. and Sw. ting, a thing, an assize, G. ding, a thing; s. rt. anything, nothing, hustings, q. v., think.] — Thing. Ting. n. In ancient Scandinavia, a meet- ing to debate on public affairs; hustings. Think, think, v. i. [thought (thawt). thinking.] To employ any of the intellectual powers except sense and perception; to call anything to mind, remem- ber; to reflect upon any subject, consider, deliberate; to form an opinion, judge; to purpose, intend, de- sign; to presume, venture ; to expect, guess, cogi- tate, ponder, meditate, imagine, suppose, believe. — v. t. To conceive, imagine; to plan or design, plot, compass; to believe, consider, esteem. [AS. thencan, thencean (imp. thohte), Dan. tsenke, G. denken, OL. tongere, to mink. Lithuan. tiketi, to believe ; s. rt. thank, thing.] — Think'er, n. One who thinks: esp., one who thinks in a particular manner.— Think'ing, p. a. Having the faculty of thought: cogitative: ca- pable of a regular train of ideas. — )). Imagination; cogitation : judgment. — Think'ingly. adv. By thought. — Thought, thawt, n. Act of thinking; ex- ercise of the mind in any way except sense and perception ; reflection ; meditation ; serious consid- eration: that which is thought : an opinion : con- clusion: judgment; a conceit: a fancy; design; pur- pose; intention: a small degree or quantity. [AS. Full of thought: era- thoht .] - Thought'ful, -ful, ployed in meditation; having the mind directed to an object; promoting serious thought: iavorable to musing or meditation. — Thought'fully, adv. — Thought'fulness. «. — Thought'less. a. Lacking or free from thought; careless: negligent. — Thought- lessly, adv. — Thoughtlessness, n. Third, etc. See under Three. Thirst, tluist, n. The desire, uneasiness, or suffering, occasioned by want of drink: eager desire alter any- thing. — v. i. To experience a painful sensation of the throat, or fauces, for want of drink ; to have a vehement desire. [AS. thurst, thirst, thyrstan, to thirst, Skr. tarsha, thirst, trish, to thirst, Ir. tart, thirst, drought, Gr. tersesthai. to become dry, L. torrere, to parch, terra (q. v.), dry ground; s. rt, ro>- rid, tet ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TIKE 612 TIME Tike, tlk, n. A countryman or clown; a dog ; cur. [Ic. and Sw. tik, a bitch.] Tile, til, n. A plate or thin piece or arch of slate-stone or of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of build- ings, for floors, for drains, etc. — v. t. [tiled (tild), tiling.] To cover with tiles; to cover, as tiles. [AS. tigele, L. teoula, lit. that which covers, fr. tegere, to cover : see Tegument.] — Til'er, n. A man who covers buildings with tiles ; a doorkeeper at a lodge of freemasons.— Til'ery, -er-Y, w. A place where tiles are made or burned. Till, til, n. A money-box in a shop ; a drawer. [Lit. a drawer, that which may be pulled in and out, ME. tillen, to draw, pull, D. tillen, to heave, lift up, LG. tillen, to lift, move.] — Till'er, n. The lever used to turn the rudder of a ship or boat ; a helm. [Lit., a puller, fr. ME. tillen.} Till, til, prep. To the time of ; until ; up to the time, — that is to the time specified in the sentence or clause following. [ME., Ic, and Dan. til, to ; same as until; not s. rt. to.] — Till now. To the present time. — T. t/ien. To that time. Till, til, v. t. [tilled (tild), tilling.] To plow and prepare for seed, and to dress crops of ; to cultivate. [AS. tilian, to labor, strive after, till land, til, good, excellent, profitable, tiklli, cultivation, crop.] — Till'able, a. Capable of being tilled ; fit for the plow ; arable. — Till'' age, -ej, n. The operation, practice, or art of tilling ; a place tilled or culti- vated ; cultivation ; culture ; husbandry ; farming; agriculture.— TiU/er, n. One who tills; a husband- man ; cultivator. (Agric.) The shoot of a plant, springing from the root of the original stalk ; the sprout or young tree that springs from the root or stump. — v. i. [tillered (-lerd), -lering.] To put forth new shoots from the root, or round the bottom of the original stalk. — Tilth, n. State of being tilled or prepared for a crop; culture. [AS. tildh.] Tiller, a helm. See under Till, a money-box. Tilt, tilt, n. A covering over head ; a tent ; the cloth covering of a cart or wagon ; a small awning ex- tended over the stern-sheets of a boat. — v. t. To cover with a tilt, or awning. [AS. teld, a covering, tent ; perh. s. rt. Gr. deros, a skm, Skr. dara, a cave, shell. E. tear.] Tilt, tilt, v. t. To raise one end (as of a cask) for dis- charging liquid from; to tip; to point or thrust, as a lance; to hammer or forge with a tilt-hammer, or tilt. — v. i. To run, or ride, and thrust with a lance ; to fight with rapiers; to rush, as in combat; to play un- steadily ; to ride, float, and toss ; to lean ; to fall, as on one side. — n. A thrust, as with a lance ; a mili- tary exercise on horseback, in which the combatants attacked each other with lances ; a tournament ; a tilt-hammer ; inclination forward. [ME. tilten, to totter, fall, fr. AS. tealt, un- steady, tot- tering ; s. rt. totter.] — Tilt'er, n. One who prac- tices the ex- ercise of push- ing a lance on horseback; one who ham- mers with a tilt, or tilt- hammer.— Tilt'-ham'- mer, ». A heavy ham- mer, used in iron-w o r k s , which is lift- ed or tilted by projections, cams, or wipers on the axis of a wheel; a trip-hammer. Tilth. See under Till, to plow. Timber, tim'ber, n. That sort of wood which is proper for buildings or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, ships, etc. ; the body or trunk of a tree ; material for any structure ; a single piece or squared stick of wood for building, or already framed; wooded land; wood prepared for building purposes, as beams, boards, planks, etc.; growing trees which would furnish building material. ( Naut?) A curving piece of wood, branching outward from the keel and bending upward in a vertical direction; a rib. — v. t. [timbered (-herd), -Bering.] To fur- nish with timber. [AS.; Ic. timbr, D. and Sw. tim- Tilt-Hammer. , wheel ; b, upright shaft ; c, fly-wheel j d e, frame- work ; / i, lever ; g, cushion ; h, anvil. Timbers in a Roof. a, a,, wall-plate; b, b, tie-beam ; c, e, king-post ; d, d, struts ; e, e, principal rafters ; /, /, pole-plate ; g, g, purlin ; h, h, ridge-piece ; i, i, common rafters. mer, timber, G. zimmer, a room, also timber, Goth. timrjan, to build, timrja, a builder; s. rt. dome, dom- icile, domestic.] — Tim'bered, -bird, p. a. Furnished with timber; covered with growing timber. Timbre, tim'ber, n. (Her.) A rank or row, as of ermine; also, the crest on a coat of arms. (Jfus.) The quality of tone distinguishing voices or instru- ments. A quantity of small skins, varying from 40 to 120. [F., a clock bell, a stamp.] Timbrel, tim'brel, n. An instrument of music ; a kind of drum, tabor, tambourine, or tabret. [F., a clock bell, OF. tymbre, a timbrel, L. tympanum , Gr. tumpanon,a, drum.] — Tim'breied, -breld, a. Sung to the sound of the timbrel. Time, tim, n. The measure of duration, relative or absolute; the present measured, finite state of suc- cessive existence, opp. to eternity; the present life; a particular period or part of duration, whether past, present, or future; a specified moment, hour, day, etc.; a proper season; opportunity; leisure; hours and days one has at his disposal; the period at which any definite event occurred, or person lived; an age; period; allotted period; hour of death or of parturi- tion; performance or occurrence of an action or event, considered with reference to repetition ; pi. State of things at a particular period. (Mus.) Meas- ure of sounds; relative duration of sound or rest; style or rate of movement. (Phren.) One of the perceptive faculties: see Phrenology. — v. t. [timed (timd), timing.] To adapt to the time or occasion; to regulate as to time; to ascertain the time, dura- tion, or rate of; to measure, as in music or harmony. — v. i. To keep or beat time; to proceed in time. [AS. tima, Dan. time; s. rt. tide.] — Apparent time. The time of day reckoned by the sun, or so that 12 o'clock at the place is the instant of the transit of the sun's center over the meridian. — At times. At distinct intervals of duration; now and then. — Com' mon time. (Mil.) The ordinary time of marching, in whieh 90 steps, each 28 inches in length, are taken in one minute. — Quick t. Time of marching in which 110 steps, of the same length as in common time, are taken in one minute. — In t. In good sea- son; sufficiently early; after a considerable space of duration; in the course of events; eventually; final- ly.— Mean solar t. or mean t. Time regulated by the average or mean motion of the sun ; time as indica- ted by a uniformly-going clock once rightly adjusted. —T. of day. Greeting; salutation appropriate to the time of the day, as good-morning, good-evening, etc. — T. out of memory, or t. immemorial. (Law.) Time beyond memory; time to which memory does not ex- tend.— To kill t. To busy one's self with something^ which occupies the attention, so as to make the time pass without tediousness. — To lose t. To delay ; to go too slow. — True t. Mean time as kept by a uni- lormly-going clock. (Astron.) Apparent time as reck- oned from the transit of the sun*s center over the meridian.— Time'ly, -It, a. [-lier; -liest.J Being in good time ; sufficiently early ; seasonable. — adv. Early; soon; in good season.— Time'liness.n — Tim • ist, n. (At us.) A performer who keeps good time.— Time '-keep 'er, n. A clock, watch, or chronometer* Sm, fame, f ar» pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; la, ice ; 5dd. tone, or ; TIMID 613 TIRO a person who marks, regulates, or keeps account of time. — lock, n. A. lock having clock-work attached, which, when wound up, prevents the bolt being withdrawn until a certain interval of time has elapsed. — piece, n. A clock, watch, or other in- strument, to measure the progress oi time ; a chro- nometer. — -serv'er, n. One who adapts his opin- ions and manners to the times: one who obsequious- ly complies with the ruling power. — -serv'ing, a. Obsequiously complying with the spirit oi the times, or the humors of men in power. — n. An obsequious compliance with the spirit of the times, or the hu- morr- of men in power, which implies a surrender of one's independence, sometimes of integrity; tempo- rizing. — ta'ble, n. A tabular statement of the time at which, or within which, something is to take place. Timid, timid, a. Wanting courage to meet danger; fearful ; afraid ; cowardly ; pusillanimous ; faint- hearted; shrinking; retiring. [F. tinride, L. Hmidus, fr. timor, fear, timere, to fear; s. rt. Skr. tamas, dark- ness, tarn, to become breathlesSjStaring, or immova- ble. Vedic 1am, to choke; s. rt. intimidate, tcnebrie.] — Timid''ity, -T-tT, n. Quality or state of being, etc. [F. timidite, L. t imiditas.'] — Timidly, adv. — Tim r - orous, -o-rus, a. Fearful of danger; timid; destitute of courage ; indicating fear; full of scruples. [Fr. L. timor .] — Tim'orously, ail v. — Tim'orousness, n. Timothy, tim'o-thi, T. -grass, n. A species of grass much valued for hay ; herds-grass. [Fr. Timothy Hanson, who carried it to Eng. fr. Amef. about 1780.] Tin, tin, n. (Chem.) A white, soft, non-elastic metal, very malleable. Thin plates „_" iron covered with tin; money. — v. t. [tinned (tin- 1 ), -ning.] Tocover with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay with tin-foil. [AS., D., Ic, and Dan., tin, G. zinn ; prob. s. rt. G. zain, an ingot; not s. rt. L. starmum, W. ystaen. Corn, and Armor, stean, F. e'lain, tin.] — Tin'ner. n. One who works in tin mines or in tin ware. — Tin'man, n. A manufacturer of, or dealer in, tin ware. — Tin'ny, -nT, a. Pert, to, consisting of, abounding with, or like, tin. —Tin' type, -tip, n. A ferrotype, q. v., under Fekreous. — Tin'-foil, «. Tin reduced to a thin leaf. Tincal, tink'al, n. Crude borax. [Malay tingkal, Hind. and Per. tinkar.] Tinct, Tincture, etc. See under Tinge. Tinder, tin'der, n. Something very inflammable, used for kindling fire from a spark. [AS. tyndre, tinder, tendan, to kindle. J— Tin'der-box, n. A box in which tinder is kept. Tine, tin, n. The tooth or spike of a fork ; prong ; tooth of a harrow or drag. [AS. tind, Ic. tindr, a spike, tooth of a rake or harrow; s. rt. tooth.] Ting, ting, Tink, tink, n. A sharp sound, as of a bell ; a tinkling. [Onomat. : same as Tingle and Tinkle.]— Tin'gle,ting'gl,i>. i. [-GLED(-gld),-GLiNG.] To feel a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill 6ound; to feel a sharp, thrilling pain; to have a sharp, thrilling sensation, or a slight pricking sensation. [ME. tinglen, freq. of ting or tink.] |— Tink'er, tinker, n. A mender of brass kettles, pans, and other metal ware.— v. t. To mend or solder (metal wares) ; to mend. — v. i. To busy one's self in mending old vessels; to be occupied with small mechanical works. [ME. tinkere, a tinker, because he makes a finking sound, tinken, to ring, tinkle, OD. tingetangen, to tingle, L. tinnire, to ring, tintinnvm, a tinkling, tin- tinnabulum, a bell. J — Tin'kle, tinkl, v. i. To emit small, quick, sharp sounds, as little bells, etc. ; to clink; to resound with a small, sharp sound. — v. t. To cause to clink, or make sharp, quick sounds.— n. A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made by strik- ing metal. — Tin'tinnab'ulary, -u-la-rT, a. Having or making the sound of a bell. [See Tinker, above.] — Tin'tinnab'ula'tion, n. A tinkling sound, as of bells. — Tin'tinnab'ulous, -u-lus, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the tinkling of a bell; having a tinkling sound. Tinge, tinj, v. t. [tinged (tinjd), tingeing.] To im- bue or impregnate with something foreign ; esp., to color slightly, dye, stain, —n. A slight degree of some color, taste, or something foreign, infused into another substance or mixture, or added to it: color; dye ; taste. [L. tingere, tinctum, to dye, stain, Gr. tengein, to wet, moisten, stain ; prob. s. rt. Vedic Skr. tug, to sprinkle.] — Tin'ger, n. One who, or that which, tinges. — Tinct, tinkt, n. Stain; color: tinge; tincture. — Tincto'rial, -to'rT-al, a. Of, or relating to, color; serving to color. [L. tinctorius, fr. tinctor, a dyer, f r. tingere. ] — Tinct'ure, tink'chur, n. A tinge or shade of color. (Her.) One of the metals, colors, or furs used in armory. The finer and more volatile parts of a substance, separated by a solvent. (Med.) A solution (usually with some color) <>l the active principles of a medicinal substance, esp. one made with alcohol. Slight taste or quality added to anything.— v. t. [tinctured (-churd), -TUBING.] To tinge; to impregnate with some extraneous mat- ter; to imbue the mind of; to communicate a portion of anything foreign to. — Tint, n. A slight coloring distinct from the principal color; a feeble dye: an added or modified color; shade; hue. — v. t. lo give a slight coloring to; to tinge. Tingle, Tinker, Tinkle, etc. See under Ting. Tinner, Tinny, etc. See under Tin. Tinsel, tin'sel, n. A shining material used for orna- mental purposes; something very shining and gaudy, or having a false luster, and more gay than valuable; a kind of ornamental lace. — v. t. [tinseled (-seld), -SELING.] To adorn with tinsel, deck out with cheap but showy ornaments. [F. etincelle, OF. estincelle, L. scintilla, Gr. spinther, a spark ; perh. s. rt. AS. scinan, to shine.] Tint. See under Tinge. Tintinnabulary, etc. See under Ting. Tiny, ti'nT, a. [-nier ; -niest.] Very small ; little ; puny. [Perh. fr. ME. teen, anger, peevishness.] Tip, tip, n. The pointed end or extremity of anything; the end. — v. t. [tipped (tipt), tipping.] To form a point upon ; to cover the tip, top, or end of. [D.. Dan., Sw., and W.; G. zipfel, the tip or narrow end of anything, a little bit; same as lop.] — Tip'staff, n. An officer who bears a staff tipped with metal ; a constable; astaff tipped withmetal.— Tip'toe, ?*. The end of the toe. — Tip'top, n. The highest or utmost degree; the best. — a. Very excellent ; perfect. — Tip'pet, n. A narrow covering for the neck, made of fur or cloth. [LL. liripipium, also timpa, the long tip of a monk's hood, which could be wrapped round the neck, fr. D. timp, or tip, a tip.] — Tip'ple, -pi, v. i. [-pled (-pld), -PLiNG.] To drink spirituous or strong liquors habitually; esp., to drink frequently, without absolute drunkenness. — v. t. To drink (strong liquors) in luxury or excess. — n. A drink composed of strong liquors. [Bavarian zipfeln, to tipple, fr. zipfelein, a small portion of anything, fr. zip/, zipfel, a tip, little bit, Norweg. tipla, to keep on drinking in small quantities, tij/pa, to drip, fall in drops.] — Tip'pler, n. One who habitually indulges in the excessive use of spirituous liquors; often one who does so without absolute drunkenness. — Tip'- sy, -sT, a. Affected with strong drink, but not abso- lutely or completely drunk; fuddled; intoxicated; staggering, as if from intoxication. Tip, tip, v. t. To strike slightly, or with the end of anything small ; to tap ; to bestow a gift or douceur upon ; to give to ; to lower one end of, or to throw upon the end; to incline.— v. i. To fall on or toward one side; to throw off, 1-..1 headlong, die. [A form of tap; Sw. tippa, to tap, tip, touch lightly, strike gently.]— To tip the wink. To direct a wink, or to wink to another for notice. Tirade, tt-rad', n. A strain of censure or invective; a series of violent declamation. [F., a long speech in a play, also a draught, pull. It. tirata, a drawing, fr. tirare, to pull, draw, snatch; s. rt. tier.] Tire, tir, n. A row or rank ; a head-dress; attire ; ap- parel ; a child's apron, covering the breast and hav- ing no sleeves; a tier. [Abbr. of attire ; OF. attirer, to adjust, decorate, fr. a tire, in order ; tier — Here, Proven, tiera, a row, also adornment, G. zier, orna- ment; not s. rt. tiara.] — Tire' -wom'an, n. A woman who makes head-dresses ; a dresser in a theater. — Tir'ing-room, n. The room or place where players dress for the stage. Tire, tir, n. A band or hoop of iron, used to bind the fellies of wheels. [Perh. same as preceding.] Tire, tir, r. t. [tired (tird), tiring.] To exhaust the strength of, by toil or labor; to exhaust the attention or patience of; to jade, weary, fatigue, harass, sati- ate. — v. i. To become weary, be fatigued, have the strength fail, have the patience exhausted. [AS. teorian, to be tired or weary, to fatigue, fr. tearan, to tear; perh. s. rt. Skr. das, to be exhausted.] — Tired'ness, tird'nes, re. State of being wearied ; weariness. — Tire'some, -sum, a. Fitted or tending to tire, exhausting the strength or patience; wean- some; fatiguing; tedious. — Tire'someness, n. Tire, tir, v. i. To seize, pull, and tear prey, as a bird does; to be fixed on. [AS. tirigan, to provoke, vex, irritate, fr. teran, to tear: see Tire, to exhaust.] Tiro, ti'ro, n. A beginner ; tyro, q. v. [L., a recruit, sun, cube, full ; moon, fciot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TIRONIAN 614 TOCSIN novice; perh. s. rt. Gr. tcren, tender, soft, delicate teirein, to rub, E. trite.'] Tironian, ti-ro'nT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Tiro, the learned 1'reedman and amanuensis of Cicero. — Ti- ronian notes. The short-hand of Roman antiquity. Tiaic, tiz'ik, n. Consumption; morbid waste; phthisis. [See Phthisis.] Ti3sue, tish'shoo, n. A woven fabric: esp., cloth inter- woven with gold or silver, or with figured colors. (Anat.) The texture of anatomical elements of which any part of the bodv is composed. A con- nected series. — 1\ t. [tissued (-shood), -suing.] To form tissue of, interweave. [P. tu.su, orig. p. p. of tisser, tistre, ~L.te.rere, to weave; s. rt. text.]— Tissue- paper. Very thin, gauze-like paper. Tit. tit, n. Same as Teat. Tit, tit. n. A small horse ; in contempt, a woman ; a small bird : titmouse ; tomtit. [Ic. tittr, a tit, bird, orig. anything small, titlingr, a sparrow.] — Tif- lark, n. A small migratory bird of the wagtail family. — Tit'mouse, n. ; pi. -mice. A small perching bird of many species ; the tit, or tomtit: the black-cup tit- mouse is the chick-a-dee. [ME. titmose, titmase, fr. tit and AS. mate, a name for several small birds; not fr. mouse.] — Tit for tat. An equivalent. [Corrupt, of tip/or tap : see Tip.] Titan, Titanic, ti-tan'ik, a. Pert, to the Titans, giants of mythology; enormous in size or in strength. [L. and Gr. Titan, the sun-god, brother of Helios; s. rt. Skr. titha, fire.] — Tita'nium, -nT-um, u. (Chem.) A metal of a deep-green color, found in various parts or the world. Titbit. SeeTiDri Tithe, etc. See un'ier Ten. Titillate, tit'il-lat, v. i. To tickle. [L. titillare, titil- latum.] — Titilla'tion, n. Act of tickling, or state of being: tickled ; any pleasurable sensation. [F. ; L. titillatio.] Title, ti'tl, a. An inscription put over anything as a name by which it is known; the inscription in the beginning of a book, containing the subject of tiie work, the author's, or publisher's, name, etc. (Civil & Canon Laws.) A chapter or division of a book. An appellation of dignity, distinction, or preeminence given to persons; a name; designation. {Law.) That which constitutes a just cause of exclusive posses- sion; right ; the instrument which is evidence of a right. — v. t. [titled (-tld), titling.] To call bv a title, name, entitle. [OF.; L. titulus; prob. s. rt. Gr. time, honor.] — Ti'tle-page, n. The page of a book which contains its title. — Tit'ular, -u-lar, a. Exist- ing in title or name only; nominal; having the title to an office or dignity without discharging its ap- Sropriate duties. [F. titulaire.] — Tit'ularly, adv. 'ominally. — Tit'ulary, -u-la-rT, n. A person in- vested with a title, in virtue of which he holds an office or benefice, whether he performs the duties of it or not. — a. Consisting in a title ; titular ; of, or pert, to, a title. Titter, tit'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To laugh with the tongue striking against the root of the upper teeth. — w. A restrained laugh; giggle. [ME. titeren, to chatter; cf. tattle, twitter.} Tittle, tit'tl, n. A small particle ; minute part ; jot ; iota. [Same as title, F. titre, LateL. titulus, Sp. tilde, a stroke over a letter, accent mark ; not s. rt. tit.] Tittle-tattle, tiftl-tat' tl, n. Idle, trifling talk; empty prattle. [Reduplic. of tattle.] Titular, etc. See under Title. Tizri, tiz'rt, n. The 1st month of the Jewish civil, and 7th of the sacred year, — parts of Sept. and Oct. Tmesis, me'sis, n. (Rhet.) A figure by which a com- pound word is separated, by the intervention of 1 or more words. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. temnein, to cut.] To, too (when emphasized, or standing alone, but tot) when not emphatic), prep. It primarily indicates ap- proach and arrival, motion in the direction of a place or thing, access, — opp. to from ; also, motion, course, or tendency toward a time, state, condition, aim, etc. : it connects transitive verbs with their in- direct object, and adjectives, nouns, and neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which lim- its their action : as sign of the infinitive, to orig. governed the infinitive as a verbal noun, and con- nected it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective, but it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive : in many phrases, to is used elliptically and denotes or implies extent, limit, de- gree of comprehension ; also, effect, end, conse- quence; also, apposition; connection; antithesis: op- position; also, accord, adaptation; comparison; ad- dition ; union ; also, accompaniment. [AS., prep., al*o sign of the gerund, as disting. fr. the infinitive; same as too.] — To-day, to-night, to-morrow, are pe- culiar phrases derived from our ancestors: to, in the 2 tirst, has the force of this, — this day, this night : in the last, it is equivalent to in or on, — in or on the morrow. — To and fro. Backward and forward. — To the face. In presence of ; not in the absence of. — To wit. To know : namely. — To is often used adverbially to modify the sense of verbs ; as, to co'ne to; to heave to. Toad, tod, n. A small batrachian reptile, of many species, somewhat like a frog, but having a warty and thick body, and avoiding the water except at the breeding season: it is useful in gardens by feed- ing on noxious insects. [AS. tadige. iodic ; s. rt. tadpole.] — Toad' - eat'er, n. A fawning, obsequi- ous parasite ; a mean sycophant ; a toady. [Said to be from a practice among mountebanks' boys of eating toads (vulgarly supposed to be poisonous), that their masters might seem to effect a cure.] — -stone, n. (3fin.) A variety of trap- rock, of 'a brown- ish-gray color. [Perh. fr. G. todt stein, dead stone, — i. e., stone which contains no ores.] A precious stone f o r m e r 1 y supposed to be contained in the head of a toad: bu- fonite. — stool, n. A poisonous fun- gus of many spe- c i e s, some of which resemble mushrooms.— Toad-stool. Toad'y, -T, n. A toad-eater: flatterer; sveophant. — v. t. [toadied (-id), toadying.] To 'fawn upon with mean servility or sycophancy. [Abbr. fr. toad- eater.] Toast, tost, r. t. To brown the surface of (a slice of bread, cheese, etc.) by the heat of a fire : to warm thoroughly.— n. Bread sliced, heated, and browned by the fire, sometimes put into miik or melted but- ter, and, formerly, into liquor. [OF. tostie, a toast of bread, L. tosta, fern, of p. p. ot torrere, to parch: see Torkid.] Toast, tost, v. t. To name when a health is drunk; to drink to the health of, or in honor of. — n. A lady in honor of whom persons are invited to drink; the name of any person, esp. a person of distinction, in honor of whom health is drunk: anything consid- ered worthy to be commemorated in a similar way; a sentiment. [Perh. fr. the piece of toasteil bread formerly put into a glass of liquor; perh. a corrupt, of the G. drinking cry stoss an ! knock (glasses).] — Toaat'-mas'ter, n. One who, at public dinners, an- nounces the toasts, and directs or times the cheering. Tobacco, to-bak'ko, n. A large-leaved Amer. plant, of several species, whose active principle is a dead- ly narcotic poison; the dried leaves of the plant pre- pared for smoking, chewing, etc. [Sp. tahaco, orig. the Haytian name of the tube or pipe in which the Indians or Caribbees smoked the plant, transferred by the Spaniards to the herb itself.] — Tobac'conist, ». A dealer in, or manufacturer of, tobacco. Toboggan, to- bog'gan, n. A sled made of a board turned up at both ends, used for coasting down hills in Canada, also to be drawn by dogs over soft or deep snow. — v. i. To ride on, etc. [Corrupt, of Amer. Ind. odabagan,a sled.] Tocology, to-koKo-jT, n. {Med.) Science of obstetrics or midwifery. [Gr. tokos, a birth (fr. tiktein, to bring forth), and logos, discourse.] Tocsin, tok'sin, n. An alarm-bell, or the ringing of a bell for the purpose of alarm. [OF. toquesing, an alarm-bell, fr. toquer, to clap, knock (a form of toucher = E. to touch), and sing, L. signum, a sign, mark, also a signal, signal-bell; s. rt. sign.] am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; odd tone, 6r : TOD 615 TON Tod, tod, n. A bush; thick shrub ; a quantity of wool, — 28 pounds; a fox. [Ic. toddi, a tod of wool, a bit, piece, G. zotte, a tuft of hair, rag, anything shaggy, — the fox so called fr. his bushy tail.T To-day, too-da'', n. The present day. — adv. On this day; on the present day. [See To.] Toddle, tod'dl, v. i. To walk with short, unsteady steps, as a child. [Scot, lottle, Sw. tulta, G. zotteln; same as totter.} - Tod'dler, n. One who toddles; an infant or young child. , Toddy, tod'dt, n. A juice drawn from various kinds of the palm in the E. Indies; a spirituous liquor prepared from it ; a mixture of spirit and water sweetened. [Hind, tari, tadi, the juice of the pal- myra tree, Hind, and Pers. tar, a palm tree.] To^do, too - dob', n. Bustle ; stir ; commotion ; ado. Toe, to, n. One of the 5 members which form the ex- tremity of the foot; the fore part of the hoof of a horse, and of other hoofed animals; the member of a beast's foot corresponding to the toe in man. (Steam Eng.) An arm arranged to raise a lifting- rod. —v. t. [toed (tod), toeing.] To touch or reach with the toes; to come fully up to. [AS., Ic, and Sw. ta, OHG. zeha, toe, finger; s. rt. digit.] Toffy. Same as Taffy. Toga, to'ga, n. The loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, consisting of a broad piece of cloth, wrapped around the body. [L., fr. tegere, to cover.] — To'gated, -ga-ted, To'ged, -ged, a. Dressed in, or wearing, a gown. [L. togatus.] —Tog "gery, tog'ge'r-Y, n. Clothes; garments; articles of dress. Together, too-geth'er, adv. In the same place; in the same time ; contemporaneously; in company; uni- tedly, in or into union ; into junction; in concert. [AS. togsedere. fr. to, to, and gador, together; s. rt. gather.]— Together with. In union with; in com- pany or mixture with. Toggery. See under Toga. Toggle, tog'gl, n. (Naut.) A short wooden pin fixed in a loop or eye of a rope, bolt, etc., to hold it in place in another loop, etc.; 2 rods or plates hinged together; a button. [D. tokkelen, to touch.]— Tog'gle- jofnt, n. An elbow or knee joint, consisting of 2 bars so connected that they may be brought into a straight line, and made to produce greit end-wise pressure. Toil, toil, v. i. [toiled (toild), toiling.] To exert strength with pain and fatigue of body or mind ; to labor, work hard. — n. Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that op- presses the body or mind: drudgery; work, exertion; task; travail. [ME., a tussle, strug- gle, perh. fr. OF. touilter, to mix, mingle, confuse, entangle, begrime, soil ; perh. fr. OD. tuylen, to till or manure land.] — Toil''- J-.oggle- er, rt. — Toil'some, sum, a. Attended with joint, toil, or fatigue and pain ; laborious ; wearisome. — Toil'someness, n. Toil, toil, n. A net or snare ; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey. [F. toiles, pi., toils, nets, fr. toile, cloth, canvas, L. tela, any woven stuff, a web, fr. texere, to weave.] — Toilet, -lette, -let. n. A covering spread over a table in a cham- ber or dressing-room; a dressing-table; mode of dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing; at- tire ; dress ; a bag or case for night-clothes. [F. toilette, fr. toile, cloth, linen.] — To make one's toilet. To adjust one's dress with care. 'oifle, toiz, n. A fathom or long containing French feet, or about 6.39459 Eng. feet! [F. toise; It. tesa, tension, L. tendere, tensum, to stretch, extend; s. rt. tend, tense.] Tokay, to-ka r , n. A kind of wine produced at Tokay, in Hungary, made of white grapes, and having a remarkable aroma. Token, to'kn, n. Something intended or supposed to represent or indicate something else; a sign; mark; indication; a memorial of friendship; souvenir; a piece of metal intended for currency, and issued by a private part, r, redeemable by the issuer in lawful money. (Pri't t.) Ten quires of paper. [AS. tacen, fr. tihan, teon, :o accuse, criminate, point out, D. tee- ken x a sign, mark, miracle; s. rt. L. inclicare =E. to indicate, also E. betoken, addict, index, diction, teach.] Told. See Tell. Tolerate, tol'Sr-at, v. t. To suffer to be or to be done without prohibition or hindrance; not to restrain. [L. tolerare, -atum, to endure; s. rt. L. tollere, Skr. tul, to lift, Gr. tlenai, to suffer, AS. thohan, to en- dure, E. atlas, talent, extol, elate, collate, prelate, translate, ablative, superlative, etc.] — Tol'erable, a. Capable of being borne or endured ; su fit to be tolerated; sufferable; moderately" good or agreeable; not contemptible; passable. [F.; L. tofe- rabilis.] — Tol'erableness, n. — Tol'erably, adv. In a tolerable manner; supportably; moderately well; passably ; not perfectly. — Tol'erance, -Sr-ans, n, The endurance of offensive persons or opinions ; toleration. [F.; L. tolerant ia.] — Tol'erant, a. In- clined to tolerate; forbearing; indulgent. [L. tote- rans, p. pr. or tolerare.] — Tolera'tion, n. Act of tolerating; allowance of that which is not wholly approved; the allowance eft religious opinions and modes of worship in a state, when contrary to or different from those of the established 'hureh or belief; freedom from bigotry and severity, esp. in respect to matters of religion. [F.; L. toleratio.] Toll, tol, n. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, esp. for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on a highway; a portion of grain taken by a miller as a compensation for grinding ; tax ; custom; duty; impost. [ME. and D. tol, AS. toll ; prob. s. rt. AS. talian, to reckon, E. tale, and not fr. L. telonium, Gr. telonion, a toll-house, custom-house, fr. telos, a tax, duty, toll.] — Toll'er, -man, n. A tax-gatherer. — TolKbooth, n. Orig. a place where goods were weighed to ascertain the duties or toll; a prison.— Toll'-bridge, n. A bridge where toll is paid for pass- ing it. — gath'erer, n. The man who takes or gath- ers toll. — house, n. A house for a receiver of tolls. Toll, tol, v. i. [tolled (told), tolling.] To sound or ring (a bell) with strokes uniformly repeated at intervals, as at funerals. — v. t. To cause (a bell) to sound, with strokes slowly and uniformly re- peated ; to strike, or to indicate by striking (the hour). — n. The sounding of a bell with strokes slowly and uniformly repeated. [ME. tollen, to pull, entice, draw; perh. s. rt. Ic. tnukla, to grope for, feel, handle; perh. AS. fortyllan, to allure.] — Toll'er, n. Tolu, to-loo', n. A fragrant, sweetish resin, or oleo- resin, produced by a tree of S. Amer.; balsam of Tolu. [Said to have been first brought from Santi- ago de Tolu, in New Granada.] Tomahawk, tom'a-hawk, n. a war-hatchet used by the Amer. Indians, — orig. made of stone, but after- wards of iron.— v. t. [tom- ahawked (-hawkt), -HAWK- ING.] To cut or kill with a tomahawk. [Algonquin tom- ehagen.] Tomato, to-ma/to, n. A plant of many varieties ; its acid, juicy fruit, eaten either raw or cooked ; love-apple. [Sp. and Pg. tomate, Mex. tomatl.] Tomb, toom, n. A chamber, vault, or structure with walls Tomahawks, and roof, for reception of the dead: a pit in which the dead body of a human being is deposited ; a grave ; a sepulchre ; monument. — v. t. [tombed (toomd), tombing.] To place in a tomb, bury, in- ter, entomb. [ME. & OF. tumbe, L. tumba, Gr. tum- bos.} — Tomb'less, a. Destitute of a tomb or sepul- chral monument. — Tomb'stone, n. A stone erect- ed over a grave, to preserve the memory of the de- ceased; a monument. Tombac, -bak, tom'bak, n. A red or yellow alloy of copper and zinc for cheap jewelry : white tombac contains arsenic. [Malay, tambaga, copper.] Tomboy, tom'boi, n. A rude, boisterous boy; also, and more commonly, a wild, romping girl; hoyden. [Fr. Tom. short for'E., L., and Gr. Thomas, prop, name (fr. Heb. thoma, a twin), and E. boy; cf. Jack.] — Tom'cat, n. A male cat, esp. when full grown or of large size. — Tom'cod, n. A small fish, abundant on the Amer. coast soon after frost commences ; frost- fish.— Torn'rig, n. A rude, wild, wanton girl; a tom- boy.— Tom'tit, n. A little bird; the titmouse. Tome, torn, n. A ponderous volume; a book. [F.;L. tomus, a volume, Gr. tomos, a section, volume, fr. temnein, to cut; s. rt. L. tondere, to shear, E. tonsure, anatomy, atom, entomology, epitome, phlebotomy, etc.] To-morrow, too-mor'ro, n. The day after the present; the next day. — adv. On the day after the present day; on the morrow. [Fr. to and morrow : see To.] Tompion, tom^pT-un, n. The stopper of a cannon. [See Tampion, under Tamp.J Ton, toN or ton, n. The prevailing fashion or mode; vogue. [F.: see Tone.] Ton, tun, n. ( Com.) The weight of 20 hundred gross, etin, cube, frll , m6"cn, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TONE 616 TOP or 2240 pounds: in the U. S. the ton is commonly es- timated at 2000 pounds, this being sometimes called the short ton ; a certain weight or space (about 40 cubic feet) by which the burden of a ship is esti- mated; a quantity of timber, consisting of 40 solid feet, if round, or 54 feet, if square. [Same as tun ; AS. tunn-i, D. ton, Ic., Sw., LL., Ir., and Ga. tunna, F. tonr iim. tonneau, a barrel; prob. s. rt. L. Una, tinuv. u, wine-vessel.] — Ton'nage, Tun'nage, -nej, n. The weight of goods carried in a boat or ship; the ciuical content or burden of a ship in tons; amount of weight which one or several ships may carry; a duty or impost on ships, estimated per ton, or a duty, toll, or rate payable on goods per ton transported on canals; the whole amount of shipping estimated by tons. — Tun, n. A large cask; a certain measure for liquids, as for wine, consisting of 2 pipes or 4 hogs- heads, or 252 gallons; a large quantity, — used pro- verbially. — v. t. [tunned (tund), -king.] To put into tuns or casks. — Tun'nel, n. A vessel with a broad mouth at one end, and a pipe or tube at the other, for conveying liquor into casks, bottles, or other vessels; a flue for the passage of smoke; an ar- tificial arch or passage under ground or through a hill, etc., for a railroad, etc. (.Mining.) A level pas- sage driven across the measures, or at right angles to the veins which its object is to reach. — v. t. [tun- neled (-neld), -neling.] To form into a tunnel, or like a tunnel; to catch in a tunnel net; to cut a tun- nel through (a hill or mountain) or under (a river, etc.). [OP. tonnel, orig. a chimney or flue, later ton- neau,^ ton, hogshead, etc.] Tone, ton, n. A sound considered with relation to its pitch, timbre, strength, or volume. (Rhet.) Inflec- tion or modulation of the voice, esp. as expressing sentiment, emotion, or passion. A whining or af- fected style of speaking. (Mus.) A musical sound; the larger kind of interval between contiguous sounds in the diatonic scale, the smaller being called a semitone ; the peculiar quality of sound in any voice or instrument, (died.) Healthy and vigor- ous state of the body, or of any of its organs or parts. State of mind; temper; mood; tenor; charac- ter; spirit: drift; general or prevailing character or style as of morals, manners, or sentiment, in refer- ence to a scale of high and low. (Paint.) Prevail- ing color of a picture, or its general effect, —v. t. [toned (tond), toning.] To utter with an affected tone: to tune. [Same as tune; F. ton, L. tonus, a sound, Gr. tonos, a thing stretched, rope, sinew, tone, note, fr. teinein, Skr. tan, L. tendere, to stretch; s. rt. tend, atonic, barytone, monotone, etc.] — To tone down. To give a lower tone or sound to; to diminish or weaken the striking characteristics of ; to soften. (Paint.) To bring the colors of into harmonious re- lations as to .ight and shade. — Toneless, a. Hav- ing no tone unmusical. —Tonic, tSn'ic, a. Of, or relating to, tones or sounds; increasing tension ; hence, increasing strength. (Med.) Increasing strength, or the tone of the animal system. — n. (Med.>- A medicine that increases the strength, and gives vigor of action to the system. (Mus.) The key-tone, or first tone of the scale. [Gr. tonikos, stretching.] Tongs, tongz, n. pi. An instrument, consisting of 2 long shafts joined at one end, used for handling fire, heated metals, etc. [AS. tange, D., Dan., and Sw. tang, G. zange, lit. a biter, nipper; s. rt. Gr. daknein, Skr. dag to bite, damca, a tooth, damcaka, a crab, lit. a pincher, OHG. zanger, biting, E. tang, q. v.] Tongue, tung, n. (Anat.) A muscular organ, attached by one end to the floor of the mouth, serving as the instrument of taste and deglutition, and in man of articulation also. Speech; discourse; fluency of speech ; manner of speaking ; power of articulate utterance; a language; words or declarations only; a nation, as disting. by language; that which is con- sidered as resembling an animal's tongue, in posi- tion or form, as, the tongue of a buckle, a tongue of land, etc. — v. t. [tongued (tungd), tonguing.] (Mus.) To modulate or modify (notes) with the tongue, in playing the flute, etc.; to join by means of a tongue and groove, —v. i. (Mus.) To use the tongue in forming the notes, as in playing the flute and some other wind instruments. [AS. and Dan. tunge, D. tong, OHG. zunga, OL. dingna, L. lingua (whence F. langue), Ir. and Ga. tfi.anga, the tongue; s. rt. lingual, lingo, language.'] — To hold the tongue. To be silent, keep one's peace. — Tongued, tungd, a. Having a tongue. — Tongue'less, a. Having no tongue ; speechless ; mute. — Tongue'-tled, -tid, a. Destitute of the power of distinct articulation; hav- ing an impediment in the speech ; unable to speak freely, from whatever cause. Tonic. Seejinder Tone. To-night, too-nlt', n. The present night, night after the present day. — adv. On this night. [See To.] Tonnage. See under Ton. Tonneau, ton-no', n. (Automobiles.) Orig., a form of afterbody with the entrance at the rear ; now, an afterbody with sides closing in the seat or seats and entered by a door at the rear or on each side ; also, the entire body of an automobile having such ah after part, or the automobile itself. Tonsil, ton'sil, n. (Anat.) One of 2 almond-shaped glandular bodies in the sides of the throat or fauces. Tonso'rial, -rT-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a barber, or to shaving. [L. tonsorius, f r. tonsor, a shearer, barber, f r. tondere.] — Ton'sure, -shur, n. Act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head ; or the state of being shorn. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The round bare place on the heads of priests and monks, as a mark of their order, and of their rank in the church. [F. ; L. tonsura.] Tontine, ton-ten', n. An annuity paid to subscribers to a loan, the share of each subscriber increasing as others die. [So called from its inventor, Tonti an Italian, in the 17th century.] Too, too, adv. Over ; more than enough ; likewise ; also; in addition. [Same as to.] Took. _See Take. Tool, tool, n. An instrument, used in the manual arts, to facilitate mechanical operations; any instrument used by a craftsman or laborer at his work; an im- plement; any instrument of use or service; a person used as an instrument by another person, — a term of opprobrium. — v. t. [tooled (toold), tooling.] To shape, form, or finish with a tool. [AS. and Ic. tol; s. rt. taw.] — Tool'ing, n. Ornamented work or finish, made with a tool. Toot, toot, v. i. To make a peculiar noise by contact of the tongue with the root of the upper teeth at the beginning and end of the sound; to sound a horn in a similar manner. — ?>. t. To cause (&, horn) to sound, the note being modified at the beginning and end as if by pronouncing the letter t ; to b.'ow, sound. [OD. tvyten, to sound a cornet, D. toethoren, a buglehorn, Ic. thjota, to whistle, sough, resound, blow a horn.] — Toot'er, n. Tooth, tooth, n. ; pi. Teeth. (Anat.) One of the series of small enameled bones with which the jaws of vertebrate animals are armed for biting, chewing, tearing, etc. Taste ; palate ; any projection corre- sponding to the tooth of an animal, in shape, position, or office; a narrow projecting piece; a tine ; a cog. — v. t. [TOOTHED (tOOtht), TOOTH- ING.] To furnish with teeth; to indent, cut into teeth. [AS. todh, pi. tedh and todhas, OS., D., Dan., and Sw. tand, OHG. zand, L. dens, Lithuan. dan- tis, Skr. danta. Per. dandan, a tooth.] — In the teeth. Direct- ly ; in direct opposition ; in xeem. front. — To cast in the teeth. «. »> incisors ; 6, canins, To retort reproachfully.— cuspid, or dog tooth; Tooth and nail. As it were £ c ,' a ^ c . u T d ' ! ' "L * r by biting and scratching; with Urs> or ' gre ' at i ft rg> °" ones utmost power. —To show the. teeth. To threaten.— To the teeth. In open op- position; directly to one's face. — To set the teeth on edge. To cause a disagreeable tingling sensation in the teeth, as by grating sounds, or by the touch of certain substances, as keen acids. — Tooth'ache. n. Pain in a tooth. — Toothed, tootht, p. a. Having teeth or jags. (Pot.) Having projecting points, re- mote from each other, about the edge: dentate.— Toothless, a. Having no teeth. — Tooth'some, a. Grateful to the taste; palatable. — Tooth'-draw'er, n. One who extracts teeth with instruments.— -pick, -pick'er, n. An instrument for cleaning the teeth of substances lodged between them. — pow'der, n. A powder for cleaning the teeth; a dentifrice. — Teeth, teth, v. i. [teethed (tethd), teething.] To breed or form teeth.— Teeth'ing, n. The process by which first teeth make their way through the gums; denti- tion. Top, top, n. The highest part of anything; the upper am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; Sdd, tone, Sr ; TOPARCH Wl? TORSION end, edge, or extremity; the upper side or surface; the utmost degree; the highest rank; the most hon- orable position; the chief person; the crown of the head, or the hair upon it; the head. (Naut.) A sort of plat- form, surrounding the head of the lower mast, and pro- jecting on all sides: see Ship. A child's toy, commonly pear- shaped, made to spin on its point. — v. i. [topped (topt), -ping.] To rise aloft, be emi- nent; to predominate; to ex- cel, rise above others. — v. t. To cover on the top ; to tip, T T) T p. (Xaut.) cap; to rise above; to rise to the top of; to outgo, surpass; to take off the top or upper part of; to crop; to perform eminently. [AS., D., Dan., and W., a top (summit), Ic. to)/pr, tuft, lock of hair, crest, top, G. zopf, a tuft of hair, pigtail, top of a tree, zap/en, a peg, tap, fir-cone, Norw. topp, a top, bung, OD., a top (summit, also child's toy), G. topf, the toy.] — To top off. To complete by put- ting on, or finishing, the top or uppermost part of; to complete, finish, adorn. — Top'mast, n. (Naut.) The 2d mast, next above the lower mast, and below the top-gallant mast: see Ship.— Top'most, a. High- est ; uppermost. — Top'ping, p. a. Rising above ; surpassing; assuming superiority ; proud. — Top'- boots, n. pi. Boots with tops of bright-colored leather, to be worn over the trowsers, as for riding. — cloth, n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas used to cover the ham- mocks which are lashed to the tops in action. — gal'- lant, n. See Topmast. — -heav'y, a. Having the top or upper part too heavy for the lower. — knot, n. A crest of feathers on the head of a bird; a knot or bow, etc., on the head, as of a woman. — sail, n. (Naut.) A sail extended across the topmast, above which is the top-gallant sail : see Sail. — Top 'pie, -pi, v. i. [-pled (-pld), -PLING.1 To fall forward, pitch or tumble down, be top-heavy. — Top'sy-tur'vy, -sY- ter'vY, adv. In an inverted posture; upside down. [Perh. for top side t'other way ; perh. for top side turf way, — i. e., toward the ground.] Toparch, to'park, n. The ruler or principal man in a place or country; governor of a toparchy. [Gr. to- parchos, fr. topos, a place, and archein, to rule.] — To'parchy, -t, n. A smali state, consisting of a few cities or towns; a petty country governed by a to- parch.— Top^iary, a. Shaped by clipping or cutting. [L. topiarius, belonging to ornamental gardening, fr. topia (ooera), ornamental gardening, fr. Gr. topos.] — Topic, n. (Rhet. & Logic.) One of the various gen- eral forms of argument to be employed in probable as disting. fr. demonstrative reasoning ; also a pre- pared argument, or point of argument, of a sort ap- plicable to a great variety of cases ; an argument or reason ; the subject of any distinct portion of a dis- course, argument, or literary composition; the main subject of the whole; a matter treated of; a point; head ; pi. a treatise on, or a system or scheme of, forms of argument or oratory. (Med.) An external local remedy, applied as a plaster, poultice, etc. — Topic, -icai, a. Of, or pert. to. a place ; limited ; local ; pert, to, proceeding from, or consisting of, a topic or topics : not demonstrative, but merely probable. [F. topiques, topics, L. Topica, the title of a work by Aristotle, Gr. topikos, local, also concern- ing (topoi) commonplaces, fr. topos.] — Topically, adv. In a topical manner ; with application to, or limitation of, a particular place or topic. — Topog / '- raphy, -ra-fT, n. The description of a particular place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land ; esp. the exact and scientific delineation and descrip- tion in minute detail of any place or region. [F. topographie, L. and Gr. topographia ; Gr. graph ein, to write.] — Topog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. One skilled in the science of topography. — Top'ographlc, -ical. a. Of, or pert, to, topography ; descriptive of a place. — Topographically, a/lv. In a topographical manner. Topaz, to'paz, n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid : it is highly valued as a gem. [F. topase, Gr. topazos; perh. s. rt. Skr. tapa, illuminating.] Tope, t5p, v. i. [toped (topt), toping.] To drink hard; to drink spirituous liquors to excess. [F. toper, to cover a stake at dice, etc., It. lopa, a term at dice, also in drinking, signifying the acceptance of a pledge.] — To'per, n. One who drinks to excess ; a drunkard; sot. lophet, to'fet, n. A place lying E. or S.-E. of Jeru- salem, in the valley of Hinnom, where fires wer* continually kept to burn dead carcasses, and where all the filth of the city was poured; hence, in sym- bol, hell. [Heb., lit., a place to be spit upon, an abominable place, f r. tu)>h, to spit out.] Topiary, Topic, Topography, etc. See under Toparch. Topple, Topsy-turvy. See under Top. Toque, tok, Toquet, to-ka', n. A kind of bonnet or head-dress. [£. toque, toquet, W. toe, fr. tociaw, tvjciaw, to curtail, clip, dock, trim.] Torch, torch, n. A mass or stick of, or receptacle con- taining, some combustible substance to be carried in the hand or on a staff when ignited; a large candle or flambeau. [ME. and F. torche. It. torcia, fr. tor- ciare, L. torquere, tortum, to twist; 8. rt. torture, tor- merit.] — Torch'-bear'er, n. One who carries a torch. — -light, n. The light of a torch. Tore. See Tear. Toreutic, to-rulik, a. (Sculp.) Highly finished or pol- ished, — applied prop, to figures in hard wood, ivory, and the like. [Gr. toreutos, elaborate, toreuma, em- bossed work.] Torment, tSr'ment, n. Extreme pain; anguish; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind ; that which gives pain, vexation, or misery. — Tor- ment', v. t. To put to extreme pain or anguish; to distress, afflict ; to tease, vex, harass. [OF., fr. L. tormentum, an engine for hurling missiles, an instru- ment of torture, torture, prop, an instrument with which anything is turned and twisted, fr. torquere, to twist: see Torture.]— Torment'er, -or, n. One who, or that which, torments or tortures. Torn. See Tear. Tornado, tSr-na'do, n. : pi. -does, -d5z. A violent wind or tempest disting. by a whirling, progressive motion; a hurricane. [Sp. tornar, It. &L. tornare, to turn. — i. e., a whirling wind: see Turn.] Torpedo, tor-pe'do. h. (k-hth.) A fish allied to the ray, which can give elect] shocks; cramp-fish. A ma- chine used for destroying ' ships by blowing them up; a small ball or pellet, which explodes when thrown up- on a hard object ; a shell which explodes when trod upon. [L., name of the fish, also numbness, fr. tor- Torpedo. pere, to be stiff, numb, or torpid, prob. orig. to grow fat and sluggish, and s. rt. Gr. trephein, to feed, ter- pein, to fill full, Skr. trip, to be sated, E. sturdy.] — Torpes'cent, -pes'sent, a. Becoming torpid or numb. [L. torpescens, p. pr. of torpescere, to grow stiff, numb, or torpid, incept, of torpere.] — Tor'pid, a. Having lost motion, or the power of exertion and feeling; numb ; dull ; stupid ; sluggish ; inactive. [L. tor- pidvs.] — Torpidity, -Y-tT, n.— Tor'pidness, -pitude, -pt-tud. n. State of being torpid; numbness; dull- ness: inactivity; sluggishness; stupidity. — Tor'por, n. State of being torpid; loss of motion, or of the power of motion; numbness; inactivity; dullness; laziness; sluggishness; stupidity. [L.] — TorporiF- ic, a. Tending to produce torpor. [L. torpor and facere, to make.] Torrent, torlent, n. A violent stream, as of water, lava, etc.; a violent or rapid flow; strong current. [F. ; L. torrens, -rentis, orig. burning, roaring, boiling, p. pr. of torrere, to dry by heat, to burn; s. rt. ten-ace, thirst.] — Tor'rid, a. Parched; dried with heat; vio- lently hot: burning or parching. [F. torride, L. tor- rir his.]— Torrid zone. (Geog.) That space or belt of the earth included between the tropics, where the heat is always great: see Zone. — Tor 'reify, -re-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fting.] To dry by a tire, parch. (Metal.) To roast or scorch, as metallic ores. [L. torrefacere ; facere, to make.] — Torrefac'tion, n. Operation of torrefying, or state of being torrefied. Torsion, tor'shun, n. Act of turning or twisting. (Mech.) That force with which a thread, wire, or rod of any material, returns, or tends to return, to a state of rest after it has been twisted, [F.; L. toisio, fr. torquere, torsi, tortum, to twist; s. rt. torch, tor- ment, contort, distort, tart, throe, throw, throng, trav- ail, travel, trepan, trepidation, trope, trophy, trow- sers, trousseau, truss, perh. troubadour, trover.] — Tort, n. (Law.) Any wrong or injury; a wrongful act, for which an action will lie; a form of action, in some States, for a wrong: or injury. [L. tortus, p. p. of torquere.] — Tortile, -il, a. Twisted; wreathed; coiled. [L. tortilis.] — Tor'tious, -shus, a. Injuri- ous ; done wrongfully. (Law.) Implying tort, or -* sun, cuuc, iuii i moon, foot ; cow, oil i linger or ink, tiien, DONboK, chair, get. TORSO olty TOW injury for which the law gives damages. — Tort'ive, -iv, a. Twisted; wreathed. — Tort'ure, t6r'chur,?i. Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind; pang; ago- ny ; torment ; esp. severe pain inflicted judicially. either as a punishment for a crime, or for the pur- pose of extorting a confession. — r. t. To put to tor- ture, pain extremely, punish with torture. [F.; L- tortura.] — Tort'urer, n. — Tort'uous, -u-us, a. Bent in different directions; wreathed; twisted; winding: deviating from rectitude; errone- ous; wrong; deceitful. [F. tortueux, L. tortuo- sus.] — Tor'toise, -tis, n. (Zobl.) A reptile in- closed in a case formed by 2 leathery or scaly Tortoise, shields, and havins horny jaws in the place of teeth : the name is sometimes restricted to the land tortoises, the term turtle being applied to the marine species. (Antiq.) A defense used by the ancients; a testudo. [F. tortue, Sp. and LL. tortuga, fr. L. tortus, because of its twisted feet.] — Tor'toise-shell, n. The horny plates forming the shell of a tortoise, esp. of the hawk's-bill turtle, used for making combs, etc. Torso, t6r'so, /(. ; E. pi. -sos; It. pi. -si, -se. (Sculp.) The trunk of a statue, mutilated of head and limbs. [It., a stamp, trunk, L. thyrus, Gr. tliursos, a stalk, stem of a plant, rod.] Torus, to'rus, n. (Arch.) A large semicircular mold- ing used in the bases of columns: see Molding. [L., an elevation, protuberance.] Tory, to'rf, n. (Eng. Politics.) A member of the con- servative party, as opposed to the Whig or progres- sive party. (Amer. Hist.) One who, in the time of the Revolution, favored the claims of Great Britain against the colonies. — a. Of, or pert, to, the tories. [An Irish word, denoting a robber, lit. a pursuer, Ir. and Ga. toir, a pursuit.]— To'ryism, -izm, n. The principles of the tories. Toss, tos, v. t. [tossed (tost, less prop, tost), toss- ing.] To throw with a jerk of the hand, esp. with the palm up, throw upward; to lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion; to cause to rise and fall; to agitate, make restless. — v. i. To roll and tumble; to be in violent commotion; to be tossed, — n. A throwing upward, or with a jerk; a throwing up of the head with a jerk. [W. tosio, to jerk, toss, tos, a jerk, toss.]— 7b toss off. To drink hastily.— To t. for. To gamble for.— To t. up. To throw a coin into the air, and wager on what Side it will fall. — Toss'- pot, n. A toper; an habitual drunkard. Tot, tot, n. Anything small, — used as a term of en- dearment. , , Total, to'tal, a. Full; complete; not divided: whole; entire; integral. — n. The whole; the whole sum or amount. [F.; LL. totalis, fr. L. totus, all, whole.] — Totality, -f-ti, n. The whole sum; whole quantity or amount. [F. totality.'] — To'tally, -It, adv. In a total manner; wholly; entirely; fully; completely. Tote, tot, v. t. To carry or bear. Totem, to'tem, n. A picture of a bird, beast, etc., used among the N. Amer. Indians as a designation of a family. „ m Totter, tot'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To shake so as to threaten a fall, appear as if about to fall when standing or walking; to shake, reel, lean, be unsteadv. [For toiler, freq. of tilt ; AS. tealtrian, to totter, vacillate, fr. tealt, unstable, OD. tovteren, to tremble.] — Tot'tle, -tl, ?;. £. [-TLED(-tld),-TLiNG.] To walk in a wavering, unsteady manner; to toddle. Toucan, too'kan, n. An omnivorous climbing bird of tropical Amer., of sev- eral species, remarka- ble for the enormous size of its light, cellu- lar bill. [F. ; Pg. & Braz. tucano.] loach, tuch, i>. * . [touched (tucht), touching.] To come in contact with; to ex- tend the hand, foot, etc., so as to reach or rest on; to perceive by the sense of feeling ; to come to, reach, attain to : to relate to, concern ; to handle, speak of, or deal with gently or slightly; to meddle or interfere with: to affect the senses or the sensibility of ; to move; to mark or delineate slightly; to make an impression Toucan. on; to strike (an instrument of music); to perform (a tune), play ; to influence by impulse ; to afflict or distress. — v.i. To be in contact; to treat any- thing slightly in discourse, — n. Act of touching, or state of being touched; contact; the sense of feeling or common sensation, one of the 5 senses ; power of exciting the affections; an emotion or affection; personal reference or application; a stroke; animad- version; censure; reproof; a single stroke on a draw- ing or picture; feature; lineament; act of the hand on a musical instrument ; musical notes ; a small quantity intermixed ; a little ; a hint ; suggestion ; slight notice; examination or trial by some decisive standard; test; proof. (Mus.) Particular or charac- teristic mode of action; also, the manner of touch- ing, striking, or pressing the keys of a pianoforte. [F. toucher, Sp., Pg., and Proven, tocar, OD. tocken, to touch, OHG. zucchen, to draw quickly, twitch, Goth. tiuhan, L. ducere, to draw; s. rt. tuck, tow, duke, toc- sin.] — To touch up. To repair, or to improve by slight touches or emendations. —To t. and go. (Naut.) To touch bottom, as a ship in sailing, without much decrease of speed. To almost meet with an accident or collision, have a close shave. — To t. at. To come or go to, without tarrying. — Touch'able, a. Capa- ble of being touched ; tangible. — Touching, p. a. Affecting; moving; pathetic. — prep. Concerning; relating to; with respect to. — Touch'-hole, n. The vent of a cannon or other species of fire-arms, by which fire is communicated to the powder. — T.-me- not, n. A plant of the genus Impatiens ; the squirt- ing-cucumber. — stone, n. (Min.) A variety of ex- tremely compact silicious schist, used for ascertain- ing the purity of gold and silver by the streak im- pressed on the stone. Hence, any test or criterion. — wood, n. A soft white substance into which wood is changed by the action of certain fungi, used like tinder for taking, holding, and communicating fire; spunk. Touchy, touch'' I, a. Peevish; irritable; irascible: apt to take fire. [Corrupt, of techy, q. v.; not fr. touch.]— Touchiness, n. Tough, tuf , a. Having the quality of flexibility witlr- out brittleness ; not easily broken; able to endure hardship; firm; strong; not easily separated; tena- cious; ropy; stiff; rigid; not flexible; stubborn; un- manageable; severe; violent. [AS. toh, LG. taa, tau ; perh. s. rt. Goth, tahjan, to rend, Skr. dame, dac, to bite, E. tongs.] — Tough'en, -n, v. i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To grow tough, or tougher. — v. t. To make tough or tougher. — Tough'ness, n. The qual- ity of being tough; flexibility, with a Arm adhesion of parts; strength cf constitution or texture; viscos- ity; tenacity; clamminess. Toupee, too-pe', Toupet. -pa', n. A little tuft; a curl or artificial lock of hair ; a small wig. [F. toupet, dim. of OF. top, a tuft; s. rt. E. top.]. Tour, toor, n. A going round; a journey in a circuit; a lengthy excursion : a roving journey for pleasure and sightseeing; pilgrimage. (Mil.) Anything done suc- cessively, or by regular order: a turn. — v. i. [toured (toord), touring. j To make a tour. [F., a turn, round, compass, walk, fr. tourner, OF. torner — E. to turn, q. v.] — Tour'ist, n. One who makes a tour, or travels for pleasures or sight seeing. — Tourna- ment, toor'na-ment, Tour'ney, -nt, n. A mock-fight or military sport, in which a number of combatants were engaged; encounter; contest of skill. — Tour'- ney, v. i. To en-rage in tournaments ; to tilt. [F. tournay, OF. tornoiement, fr. tournoier, to joust, fr. torner'.] — Tour'niquet, toor'ni-ket, n. A surgical in- strument or bandage which is tightened or relaxed with a screw, and used to check the flow of blood, as from wounds, by external pressure. [F., fr. tour- ner.] — Tournure', toor-noor', n. Turn ; contour ; figure; a part of the dress of a lady used for expand- ing the skirt; a bustle. [F.] Tourmaline, toor'ma-lin, n. A mineral occurring usu- ally in 3-sided or 6-sided prisms, terminated by 3- sided pyramids. [Fr. toumamal, its name in Ceylon.] Touse, towz, v. t. & i. To pull, haul, tear, dishevel. [ME. tosen, to tease wool: see Tease.] — Tous'er, n. One who touses. — Tow'ser, n. A name for a dog. — Tou'sle, -zl, v. t. To put into disorder, tumble. Tout-ensemble, too-tiiN-saN'bl, n. Anything regarded as a whole. (Fine Arts.) The general effect of a work as a whole. [F., all together.] Tow, to, v. t. [towed (tod), towing.] To drag (a boat or ship) through the water by means of a rope. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which is, etc. [AS. teohan, Ic. and OFries. toga, MHG. zogen. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; liii ice , oadj tone, iir ; TOW 619 TRACK aw, pull, Ic. tog, a cord, tow-rope; s. rt. L. to draw, E. tie, tug: see Touch.] — Tow': 'In- to draw cere, to araw, K. tie, tug: see touch. j — Towage -ej, n. Act of towing; price paid tor towing. — Tow'- boat, n. A boat which is towed; a steamer used tor towing other vessel*; steam-tug. line, n. A small hawser, used to tow a ship, etc. path, n. A path for men or horses that tow boats, as along a canal. Tow, to, n. The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp. [AS., orig. the operation of spinning, later the mate- rial used; s. rt. taw.] Toward, toward, To'wards, -ardz, prep. In the direc- tion of; with direction to, in a moral sense; with re- spect to: ijregarding; nearly; about. — adv. Near; at hand; in a state of preparation. — To'ward, -ward, a. Ready to do or learn; not froward; apt. [AS. toweard, future (adj.), toweardes, towards ( pre}).), fr. to and weard, becoming, tending to, f r. weorthan, to become; s. rt. worth, afterward, forvjard, inward, eastward, etc.] — To'wardly, a. Ready to do or learn; apt; docile; tractable; compliant with duty. — To'wardness, To'wardliness, to'' ward-, n. Towel, tow'el, n. A cloth used for wiping the hands, etc., after washing; a wiper for dishes, etc. [F. tou- aille, LL. toaeida, D. dwaal, OHG. twahilla, tr. twa- han, to wash.] Tower, tow'Sr, n. A lofty building much higher than broad, standing alone or forming part of another ed- ifice, as of a church, castle, etc.: a citadel; fortress; hence, a defender; a high head-dress formerly in vogue. — v. i. [towered (-erd), -ering.] To be lofty or very high; to soar. [OF. tur, L. turns, Gr. tursis, a tower, Ga. torr, a lofty hill, mound, tower, castle.] — Tow'ering, p. a. Very high; elevated; ex- treme ; violent ; surpassing. — Tow'ered, -erd, -ery, -er-Y, a. Adorned or defended by towers. Town, town, n. Orig., a collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls; any collection of houses larger than a village, esp. when not incorporated as a city; in Eng., any number of houses to which belongs a regular market, and which is not a city or the see of a bishop; the body of inhabitants resident in a town; a township; the court end of London; the metropo- lis or its inhabitants; any city or large place in or near which one may be. [AS. tun, D. tuin, a fence, hedge, Ic. tun, an inclosure, homestead, dwelling- house; s. rt. Ir. and Ga. dun, a fortress, perh. Ir. dur, L. durus, firm, strong, lasting, E. dure.] — Town'- ship, n. The district or territory of a town; a territo- rial district with certain municipal powers. — Towns' r - man, townz'man, n. An inhabitant of a town; one of the same town with another. — Town'-clerk, n. An officer who keeps the records of a town, and en- ters all its official proceedings. cri'er, n. A public crier. — hall,n. A public room or building for trans- acting the business of a town. — house, n. The house where the public business of the town is transacted by the inhabitants ; a house in town, in opp. to a house in the country. — meet'ing, n. A legal meet- ing of the inhabitants of a town or township for the transaction of business. — talk, n. The common talk of a place, or the subject of common conversation.— Townsfolk, -fok, n. The people of a town; esp., the inhabitants of a city. Towser. See under Touse. Toxicology, toks-Y-kol'o-jY, n. The department of medical science which treats of poisons, their effects, antidotes, and recognition. [Gr. toxikon, poison, orig. for arrows (f r. toxon, a bow, lit. piece of shaped wood; s. rt. tcchnic, q. v.), and logos, discourse.] — Tox'icolog'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, toxicol- ogy. — Toxicol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Toxin, toks'in, n. A poisonous product formed by disease-producing bacteria, as a toxic proteid or poisonous ptomaine. [Gr. toxikon, poison.] Toy, toi, n. A plaything for children; a bawble; a thing for amusement, but of no real value; trifle; matter of no importance; wild fancy; folly; trifling opinion or behavior ; amorous dalliance. — v. i. [toyed (toid), toyixg.] To dally amorously, trifle, play, wanton. [D. ting, tools, implements, refuse, trash, speeltuig, playthings.] Trace, tras, n. A mark left by anything passing; a footprint; track; a mark, impression, or visible ap- pearance of anything left when the thing itself no longer exists; vestige; token; one of the 2 straps, chains, or ropes, by which a carriage or sleigh is drawn by horses. — v. t. [traced (trast), tracing.] To walk' over, pass through; to draw or delineate with marks; esp., to copy (a drawing) by following the lines and marking them on a sheet superimposed; to follow by footsteps or tracks, or some mark that Flowing Tracery. has been left by a person or thing which has pre- ceded; to follow"the trace or track of; to follow with exactness. [F., a trace, print of the toot, path, tract, tracer, to trace, follow, pursue, trasser, to delineate, score, trace out, fr.L. traiierc, tractum, to draw, orig. to dragviolently: trace lor a horse is fr. OF. trays, F. traits, pi. of trait, a trace (for a horse) ; s. rt. train, treat, ab- stract, attract, distract, suht ract, etc., maltreat, portray, retreat.] — Tra'cer, n. — Trace'able, a. Capable of being I traced. — T r a ' - 1 eery, -ser-Y, (Goth. Arch.) An ornamental d i - vergency of the mullionsof a window, into arches, curves, etc.: the subdivisions of groined vaults, etc.— Tract, trakt, n. Something drawn out or extended ; a region, or quantity of land or water, of indefinite extent; a written discourse or dissertation, generally not of great extent ; esp., a short treatise on practical re- ligion ; continued or protracted duration ; length ; extent. [L. tractus, a drawing out, the course of a river, a tract or region, prop. p. p. of trahere.] — Tract'able, a. Capable of being easily led, taught, or managed; docile; manageable; capable of being handled; practicable; feasible. [L. tractabilis, fr. tractare, -tatvm, to handle, freq. of trahere.] — Tract'ableness, -ability, -Y-tY, n.— Tracfably, adv. In a tractable manner. — Tract'ate, ii. A treatise; a tract. [L. tractatus, p. p. of tractare.] — Tractile, -il, a. Capable of being drawn out in length; duc- tile. — Tractil'ity, -Y-tY, n. Quality of being tract- ile; ductility.— Trac'tion, n. Act of drawing, or state of being drawn; attraction: a drawing toward. [F.] — Tractive, -iv, a. Serving to draw;" pulling; attracting. — Tract'or, n. That which draws, or is used for drawing. j)l- (Med.) Two small, pointed bars of brass and steel, which, being drawn over diseased parts of the body, were, at one time, sup- posed to give relief through the agency of electricity or magnetism. — Tract'ory, -o-rY, Tract'rix, n. (Geom.) The curve described on a plane by a heavy point attached to a string and drawn along by mov- ing the other end of the string. Trachea, tra^ke-a, L. pron. -ke'a, n. ;pl. -cse-M, -ke-e, L.pron.-ke'e. (Anat.) The windpipe, a car- tilaginous and mem- branous pipe convey- ing air to the lungs; the weasand : see Lung. The air-tubes of the body in insects and similar animals. [L. trachea, -clna, Gr. trac/ieia,lit.the rough, fr. the rings of carti- lage which compose it, fem. of trachus, rough, rugged, harsh.]— Tra'- cheot'omy, -ke-ofo- 111Y, n. (Surg.) Oper- ation o f making an opening into the wind- pipe. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — Tra'chyte, -kit, n. A nearly com- pact, feldspathic, vol- canic rock, breaking with a rough surface. Track, trak, n. A mark left by something that Trachea. has passed along; im- a, larynx; 6, trachea; e, bron- prcssion left b y the ohial divisions ; d, one of the foot, either of man or lungs ; e, bronchial ramifica- beast; trace; vestige; tions. footprint ; a road ; beaten path ; course followed ; way. (Railroads.) The permanent wav ; line of rails, — v. t. [tracked (trakt), -ixg.] 'To follow when guided by a. trace, or by footsteps; to draw or tow (a vessel, sledare, etc.) [F. trac, a track, sun, cube, full; moon, fot»t; cow, oil; linger or ink, tnen, boNboN, chair, get. TRACT 620 TRAIN-OIL beaten path, OD. trek, a draft, trekken, to draw, pull, tow, travel, MHG. trecken, OHG. trechen, to scrape, shove, draw; not s. rt. L. trahere, to draw, E. trace, etc.] — Track'age, -ej, n. A drawing or tow- ing (of a boat, sledge, etc.) — Track'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. (Mus.) In the organ, a light strip of wood, connecting (in part) a key and a pal- let, to communicate motion by pulling. — Track'- less, a. Having no track; marked by no footsteps. Tract, Tractable, Traction, etc. See under Trace. Trade, trad, n. Act or business of exchanging com- modities by barter; business of buying and selling for money; commerce; traffic; business which a per- son has learned, and which he carries on or at which he works ; esp., mechanical employment ; occupa- tion ; handicraft ; instruments of any occupation ; custom; habit; a company of men engaged in the same occupation, pi. The trade- winds. — v. i. To barter, or to buy and sell; to traffic, bargain; to buy and sell or exchange property, in a single in- stance. — v.t. To sell or exchange in commerce; to barter, exchange. [ME. tred, trod, lit. a footmark, hence path, way of life, fr. AS. tredan, to tread, q. v.] — Trad'er.w. One engaged in trade orcommerce; a trafficker; merchant. — Trade'-mark, n. A distin- guishing mark or device used by a manufacturer on his goods or labels, the legal right in which is recog- nized by law. — sale, n. An auction by and for the trade, especially that of the booksellers. — wind, n. A wind in or near the torrid zone, which blows from the same quarter throughout the whole or half of the year, — so called because of great advantage to navigators, and hence to trade. — Trades 'man, n. One who trades; a shop-keeper; any mechanic or artificer.— Trades'-un'ion, n. A combination among workmen for the purpose of maintaining their rights and privileges, with respect to wages, hours of labor, customs, etc. Tradition, tra-dish'un, n. Act of delivering into the hands of another; delivery; unwritten or oral hand- ing down of opinions, practices, rites, and customs, from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of written memorials. [L. traditio, fr. tradere, tradi- tion, to give up, transmit, fr. trans (q. v.), over, and dare, to give; s. rt. traitor, treason, betray.] — Tra- ditional, a. Of, pert, to, or derived from, tradition; communicated from ancestors to descendants by word only. — Traditionally, adv. — Traditionary, -a-ri, a. Of, pert, to, or derived from, tradition; traditional. — TradFtioner, -tionist, n. One who adheres to tradition. — Trad'itive, tracKf-tiv, a. Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, or from age to age, by oral communication. Traduce, tra-dus' v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To represent as blamable; willfully to misrepresent; to calumniate, vilify, defame, depreciate, decry, slander. [L. traducere, to lead along, exhibit as a spectacle, disgrace, divulge, convict, fr. trans, across, over, and ducere, to lead.] — Tradu'cer, n. — Tra- duc'tion, n. Derivation from one of the same kind; propagation; transmission from one to another; tra- dition; a translation into another language; act of transferring; conveyance; transportation. — Tradu'- cianism, -shan-izm, n. (Theol.) Doctrine that hu- man souls are produced by the act of generation, — opp. to creationism, q. v. Traffic, traffik, n. Commerce, either by barter or by buying and selling; trade; business of a given street, place, etc.; passing to and fro of goods and passen- gers on a road, railroad, canal, etc. — v. i. [traf- ficked (-fikt), -ficking.] To pass goods and com- modities from one person to another for an equiva- lent in goods or money; to barter, trade, —v. t. To exchange in traffic. [F. trafiquer, to traffic, trade, Sp. traficare, trafagar, Pg. traficar, to traffic, cheat, OPg. trasfegar, to decant, pour from one vessel into another, also to traffic, Catalan trafag, a decanting, also traffic; perh. fr. L. trails, across, and LL. vicare, to exchange, fr. L. vicis, a change.] — Trafficker, n. Tragacanth, trag'a-kanth, n. The concrete juice or gum of several species of shrubby or herbaceous plants, found in Asia Minor, Persia, etc. [Gr. traga- kantha, fr. tragot, a he-goat (fr. trogein, to gnaw, nibble; s. rt. trout, q. v.), and akantha, a thorn.] Tragedy t trai'e-di, n. A dramatic poem representing some signal action performed by illustrious persons, and generally having a fatal issue ; a fatal and mournful event; any event in which human lives are lost by violence. [ME. and F. tragedie, L. tra- gcedia, Gr. tragodia, fr. tragodos, lit. a goat-singer, fr. tragos, a he-goat (see Tragacanth), and odos, a singer (see Ode), — perh. f r. the oldest tragedies being exhibited when a goat was sacrificed, or be- cause a goat was the prize, or because the actors were clothed in goat-skins.] — Trage'dian, tra-je'- dl-an, n. A writer of tragedy ; a tragic actor or act- ress. — Trag'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, tragedy ; fatal to life ; calamitous ; mournful ; expressive of tragedy, loss of life, or of sorrow. [F. tragique.] — Trag'ically, adv. — Trag'icalness, n. — Trag / i-com' r edy, -i-kom'e-dT, n. A composition par- taking of the nature both of tragedy and comedy. — Trag'i-com'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to tragi-comedy; par- taking of a mixture of grave and comic scenes. Trail, tral, v. t. [trailed (trald), trailing.] To hunt by the track; to draw along the ground; to drag. (Mil.) To carry (a fire-arm) with the breech near the ground and the upper part inclined forward, the §iece being held by the right hand near the mid- le; to tread down (grass) by walking through. — v. i. To be drawn along behind a person or thing; to be drawn out in length; to grow to great length,, esp. when slender and creeping upon the ground, as a plant. — n. Scent left on the ground by an animal pursued; anything drawn to length; anything drawn behind in long undulations; a train; the entrails of a fowl, esp. of game. (Mil.) That part of the stock of a gun - carriage which rests on the ground when the piece is unlimbered. [F. trailler, to wind a yarn, also to trail a deer, OF. traail, LL. trahale,,a reel. also in LL. a sledge, L. traha, tragula, a sledge, fr. L. trahere, to draw; s. rt. trace, track, train.] Train, tran, v. t. [trained (trand), training.] To draw along, trail; to draw by persuasion, artifice, etc., to entice, allure; to teach and form by prac- tice; to exercise, discipline; to break, tame, and ac- custom to draw, us oxen. (Hort.) To lead or direct, and form to a wall or espalier; to form by growth, grfrfrrm Fan Training. and lopping, or pruning. — ?', i. To do duty in a military company. — ??. That which draws along;, esp., persuasion, artifice, or enticement; that which is drawn along in the rear of or after something; that which is in the hinder part or rear; that part of a gown which trails behind the wearer; the after part of a gun-carriage: the tail of a bird; a number of followers; a retinue; a succession of connected things; series; regular method; process; course; a line of gunpowder, laid to lead fire to a charge, or to a quantity intended for execution; a continuous or connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad. [F., a retinue, the hinder part of anything, traine, a sled, drag-net, trainer, to trail, drag, draw,LL. tra- hinare, L. trahere, to draw: see Trail.] — Trains- able, a. Capable of being trained. — Train'er, n. One who trains; esp., one who trains or prepares men, horses, etc., for athletic exercises; a militia- man when called out for exercise or discipline. — Train '-band, n. A band or company of militia.— -bear'er, n. One who holds up a train, as of a robe. Train-oil, tran'oil, n. Oil from the blubber or fat of am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; t5ne, 6r; TRAIPSE 621 TRANSFER whales. [OD. traen, whale-oil, also a tear, liquor pressed out by tire, D. traan, whale-oil, a tear, Dan. and Sw. tran, G. thrun, train-oil, blubber, G. thraenc, a tear; 6. rt. tear, q. v.] Traipse, traps, v. i. To walk or run about sluttishly or thoughtlessly. [G. trapsen, trappsen, to tread noisily, to walk stamping.] Trait, trat, n. A stroke; touch; a distinguishing or marked feature or peculiarity. [F.; L. tractus,ir. trahere, to draw: see Trace.] Traitor, tra'ter, n. One who violates his allegiance and betrays his country; one guilty of treason; one who betrays his trust; a betrayer. [OF. traitor, L. traditor, fr. tradere, traditum, to hand over, deliver, betray, fr. tran." (q. v.) and dare, to give: see Tradi- tion.'] —Trai'toress, -tress, n. A woman who be- trays.— Trai'torous, -ter-us, a. Guilty of treason; treacherous; penidious; iaithless: consisting in, or partaking of, trea.-ou.— Trai'torously, adv. — Trai'- torousness, n. — Trea'son, tre'zn, n. The offense of attempting to overthrow or betray the sovereign or the government of the state to which the offender owes allegiance; the levying of war against, or ad- hering to or aiding the enemies of, one's country; disloyalty; treachery. [ME. traison, OF. traison, fr. trdir, F. trahir, to betray, fr. L. tradere.] - Trea'- sonable, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, treason; involv- ing the crime of treason, or partaking of its guilt; treacherous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; insidious. — Trea'sonableness, ».— Treasonably, adv. Tr?oect, tra-jekf, v. t. To throw or cast through. [L. trajicere, -jectum, fr. trans (q. v.) and jacere, to throw.] — Trajec'tion, n. Act of trajecting; a throw- in" or casting through or across; also, emission. — Trajecfory, -o-rT, n. The curve which a moving body describes in space. Tram, tram, «. A coal wagon used in some parts of England, esp. at Newcastle ; one of the rails or tracks of a tram-road; in Eng., a car on a horse- railroad. [ProvE., a coal-wagon, Lowl. Scot., the shaft of a cart, beam, bar, OSw., a piece of a tree cut into logs, OHG. tram, dram, OD. drom, a beam, LG. traam, the handles of a wheelbarrow or sledge.] — Tram'-road, -way, n. A road prepared for easy transit of trains or wagons, by forming the wheel- tocks of beams of wood, blocks of stone, or plates of iron; in Eng., a horse-railroad. Trammel, tram'mel, n. A kind of long net for catch- ing birds or fishes; a kind of shackles for regulating the motions of a horse ; whatever impedes ac- tivity, progress, or free- dom ; an iron hook, used for hanging ket- tles and other vessels over the fire. (Mech.) An instrument for drawing ellipses ; also, another name for Trammel. (Mech.) beam-compasses, — v.t. [trammeled (-meld), -meling.] To confine, hamper, shackle. [F. tramail, a net for birds, OF. trameau, a net for Dirds or fish, LL. tramacula, a trammel, net.] — Trarn'meler, n. One who, or that which, trammels or restrains; one who uses a trammel-net. Tramontane, tra-mon'- or trarn'on-tan, a. Lying or being beyond the mountain ; foreign ; barbarous. [F. tramontaine, It. tramontano, L. transmontanus, fr. trans (q. v.) and mons, montis, mountain.] Tramp, tramp, r. t. [tramped (tramt), tramping.] To tread forcibly and repeatedly; to trample. — ?;, t. To travel, wander, stroll. — n. A foot-journey; a foot-traveler; a tramper; a sturdy homeless vagrant, living by begging and stealing. '[ME., LG., and G. trampen, to stamp, Dan. trampe, to trample on; s. rt. D. and LG. trappen, to t>-ead, Sw. trappa, G. treppe, a flight of stairs, E. trip, Gr. tmpein, to tread grapes, Lithuan. trepli, to stamp.] — Tramp'er, n. One who stroller; vagrant.— Tram'ple, -pi, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plixg.] To tread under foot; esp., to tread upon with pride, contempt, triumph, or scorn; to prostrate by treading; to treat with pride, contempt, and insult.— v. i. To tread in contempt; to tread with force and rapidity. [Freq. of tramp; LG. and G. trampeln, fr. trampen!] — Tram'pler, n. Tram-road, Tram-way. See under Tram. Trance, trans, n. A state in which the soul seems to have passed out of the body into another state of be- ing; an ecstasy. (.Med.) Total suspension of mental power and voluntary moMon, pulsation and breath- ing continuing; catalepsy. [F. transe, fright, L. tran- situs, a passage, fr. transire, to pass over; trans (q. v.) and ire, to go; s. rt. transient.] Tranquil, trank'wil, a. Quiet; calm; undisturbed; peaceful: not agitated. [F. trunquille,'L. tranquiUus, calm, quiet, still, fr. trans (q. v.), surpassingly, and rt. ot Gr. keintai, Skr. ci, to lie dowu; s. rt. quiet, cemt. -tcri/.] — Tran'quilize, -quillize, -llz, o. t. [-ized or -lized (-lizd), -izing or -lizing.] To render tranquil, allay when agitated, quiet, compose, still, soothe, appease, calm, pacify.— Tran'quiliz'er, -quil- liz'er, u. — Tranquillity, -h-tT, n. State or quality of being tranquil; a calm state; freedom from dis- turbance or agitation ; quietness. [F. tranquillity, L. trauquillitas.] — Tran'quilly, adv. — Tran'quil- ness, n. Trans-, tranz, inseparohle prefix, signifying across, over, beyond, through, completely, from one to an- other, complete change. [L., prefix and prep., prop, p. pr. of obs. trure, to cross, go beyond; s. rt. Skr. tri, to pass over, cross, fulfill.] Transact, trans-akt', v. t. To do, perform, manage. — V. i. To conduct matters; manage. [L. transigere, -actum, fr. trans and ugere, to lead, act.] — Transac- tion, n. The doing or performing of any business; management of any affair; that which is done; an affair ; proceeding ; action ; process. [F.; L. trans- actio.] — Transact'or, n. One who, etc. [L.] Transalpine, trans-alp'in, a. Lying or being beyond the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on the X. or W. of the Alps, — opp. to Cisalpine. [F. transalpin, Jj. transalpine ; Alpinus, Alpine, of the Alps.] Transatlantic, trans-at-lan'tik, a. Lying or being be- yond the Atlantic; crossing the Atlantic. Transcend, Iran-send', v. t. To rise above, surmount; to pass over, go beyond, surpass, outgo, excel, ex- ceed. [L. transcendere ; scandere, to climb.] — Tran- scendence, -ency, -en-sY, n. State of being tran- scendent ; superior excellence ; supereminence. — Transcend'ent, a. Very excellent; superior or su- preme in excellence; surpassing others. (Kantian Philos.) Transcending or going beyond the bounds of human knowledge. — Transcend'ently, adv. — Transcend'entness, n. — Tran'scendent'al, a. Su- pereminent; surpassing others; abstrusely specula- tive; vague and illusive. (Kantian Philos.) Of, or pert, to, that which can be determined a priori, in regard to the fundamental principles of all human knowledge. — Transcendental quantity. (Math.) A quantity which cannot be represented by an alge- braic expression of a finite number of terms.— Tran'- scendent'alism, -izm, n. (Kantian Philos.) The transcending or going beyond empiricism, and as- certaining a priori the fundamental principles of human knowledge. [The word is also sometimes used for that which is vague and illusive in philoso- phy.]— Tran'scendent'alist, n. A believer in, etc. — Tran'scendenfally, adv. Transcribe, tran-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skrTbd''), -scribing.] To write over again, or in the same words; to copy. [L. transcribere, -scriptum ; scribere, to write.] — Transcriber, n. One who transcribes; a copyist. — Tran'seript, n. That which has been transcribed; a written copy; a copy of any kind; an imitation. — Transcription, n. Act of transcribing or copying. (Mus.) A kind of free translation of a vocal into a piano-forte or an orchestral work. Transelementation, trans-d'e-men-ta'shun, n. (Eccl.) Transubstantiation. [L. elementum, element.] Transept, tran'sept, n. (Arch.) Any part of a church that projects at right angles to tlie body (i. e., the high central portion of either nave or choir), and is of equal, or nearly equal, height to this; in a cruci- form church, one of the arms of the cross. [L. sep- tum, an inclosure, fr. sepire, to inclose, spepes, a hedge; s. rt. Gr. sekos, a pen, inclosure, sattein, to pack, fill full.] Transfer, trans-f^r', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd'), -fer- R1NQ.] To convey from one place or person to an- other; to pass or hand over; to make over the posses- sion or control of; to remove from one surface to an- other; to convey (a right or title); to sell, give, alien- ate, estrange, sequester. [L. transferre; ferre, to bear.] — TransTer, n. Act of transferring, or of be- ing transferred; conveyance of right, title, or prop- erty, either real or personal, from one person to an- other: that which is transferred. — Transfer'able, -fer'rible, n. Capable of being transferred or con- veyed from one rlace or person to another; negotia- ble, ps a note, bill of exchange, etc. — Transferee', w. The person to whom a transfer is made.— Trans / '- ference, -fer'rence, -fCr'rens, n. Act of transferring; sun, cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TRANSFIGURE GZ2- TRANSPARENT transfer. — Transferrer, n. One who makes a trans- fer. Transfigure, trans-fig'ur, v. t. [-ured (-tird), -uring.] To change the outward form or appearance of; to transform; esp., to change to something very eleva- ted and glorious. [F. transfigurer , L. transftgurare, -atum ; Jigurare, to shape, ir.figura, form, figure.] — Transfig / ura / 'tion, n. A change of form; esp., the supernatural change in the personal appearance of our Savior on the mount; a feast on August Gth, in commemoration of this miraculous change. [F.] Transfix, trans-fiks /r , v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon. [L. trasfigere, -fixum ; figere, to fix, fasten.] Transform, trans-form', v. t. [-formed (-f6rmd'), -forming.] To change the form of, metamorphose; to change into another substance, transmute. ( The- ol.) To change the disposition and temper of, from a state of enmity to God and his law into a disposition and temper conformed to the will of God. (Matli.) To change into another form without altering the value, or changing the area or volume. [F. trans- former, L. transformare, -matum ; formare, to form.] — Transformation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; change of form or condition; metamorphosis; trans- mutation. [F.] — Transforming, p. a. Effecting, or able to effect, a change of form or state. Transfuse, trans-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To pour (liquid) out of one vessel into another. {Med.) To transfer (blood) from the veins or arte- ries of one animal to those of another. To cause to pass from one to another. [L. transfundere, -fusum ; fundere, to pour, pour out.] — Transfus'ible, a. Ca- pable of bemg transiused. — Transfusion, -zhun, n. Act of transfusing, or pouring (liquid) out of one vessel into another. {Med.) Act of transferring the blood of one animal into the vascular system of an- other by means of a tube. Transgress, trans - gres', v. t. [-gressed (-gresf), -gressing.] To overpass (a rule prescribed as the limit of duty); to break or violate (a law, civil or moral). — v. i. To offend by violating a law; to sin. [L. transgredi, -gressus ; gradi, to pass, walk.] — Transgres'sion, -gresh'un, n. Act of transgressing; violation of a law or known principle of rectitude; fault; offense; crime; infringement; misdemeanor; misdeed ; affront. [F. ; L. transgressio.] — Trans- gress'ive, -iv,a. Disposed to transgress; faulty; cul- pable. — Transgress'or, n. One who, etc.; a sinner. Tranship. See Transship. Transient, tran'shent, a. Passing, as it were, over or across a space or scene viewed, and then disap- pearing; of short duration; not permanent or sta- tionary; hasty; momentary; imperfect; transitory; fleeting; evanescent. [L. transiens, p. pr. of transire, -itum, to go or pass over; ire, to go; s. rt. trance.'] — Tran'siently, adv. — Tran'sientness, n. — Tran'sit, n. Act of passing; passage through or over; act or process of causing to pass ; conveyance; a line of passage or conveyance through a country. (Astron.) The passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place, or through the field of a telescope; the passage of a smaller body across the disk of a larger; a transit-instrument. [L. transitu*, a pass- ing over, prop. p. p. of transire.] — Tran'sit-in'stru- ment, n. A kind of telescope, used in con- nection with a clock for observing the exact moment when a heav- enly body passes the meridian of the place of ob-ervation ; a kind of portable theodolite used by surveyors r.nd engineers for measur- ing longitudinal and vertical angles.— Transition, -sizh'un or -zish'un, n. Pas- sage from one place or smte to another; chnnge. (Mas.) A pass- ing directly from one key to another. (EJiet.) A passing from one subject to another. [L. tronsitio.] — Transi- tion al. -sizh'un- or -zish'un-. a. Containing, involving, or denoting tran- sition. — Tran'sitive, a. Effected by transference of signification. [L. transitivus.] — Transitive verb, (Gram.) A verb which is or may be followed by an object.— Transitively, adv.— Tran'sitory, -sl-to-rl, a. Continuing only for a short time ; speedily van- ishing or ceasing to be ; transient ; fleeting ; evanes- cent; shortlived. [F. transitoire, L. trayisitorins.] — Transitorily, adv. In a transitory manner; of short continuance. — TranSitoriness, n. Transilience, tran-sil'T-ens, -iency, -I-en-sT, n. A leap across or from thing to thing. [L. transiliens, p. pr. of transilire, tojeap across or over; salire, to leap.] Translate, trans-laf, v. t. To remove from one place to another; to cause to remove from one part of the body to another; to change to another condition, position, office, or form; to transform; to remove as by death ; to render into another language, inter- pret, explain, or recapitulate in other words. [L. transferre, -latum; s. rt. tolerate, q. v.] — Transi- tion, n. Act of translating, removing, or transfer- ring; removal; state of being translated or removed; act of rendering into another language; interpreta- tion; that which is translated; a version. (Mech.) Motion in which all the points of the moving body have the same velocity or move in parallel straight lines. fF.; L. translation — Translator, n. Transliterate, trans -lifer -at, v. t. To express by means of different, and usually simpler, alphabetic characters; to express a word, etc., of one language in the alphabetical characters of another language. [L. litera, a letter, literate, literallv.] Translocation, trans-lo-kaShun, n. Removal of things reciprocally to each other's places; substitution; in- terchange of place. [L. locatio, a placing.] Translucent, trans-luSent, a. Transmitting rays of light without permitting objects to be distinctly seen ; pellucid ; clear. [L. transhicens, p. pr. of transluccre, to shine through; lucere, to shine.] — Translu'cence, -sens, Translucency, -sen-sT, n. State of being translucent ; clearness ; partial transpar- ency. Transmarine, trans / ma-ren r , a. Lying or being be- yond the sea. [L. transmarinvs ; marinus, marine, i'r. mare, the sea.] Transmigrate, trans'mY-grat, v. i. To pass from one country or jurisdiction to another for the purpose of residence; to migrate; to pass from one oody or state into another. [L. transmigrate, -gratum; mi- grare, to migrate.] — Trans'migra'tion, n. Act of transmigrating ; esp., the passing of the soul into another body after death, esp. a body of one of the lower animals; metempsychosis. — Trans 'migra'tor, n. One who transmigrates. — Transmigrant, a. Mi- grating or passing from one place or state to another. Transmit, trans-mif, v. t. To cause to pass over or through; to send from one person or place to an- other; to suffer to pass through. [L. transmittere, •missum; rnittere, to send.] — Transmitter, n.— Transmit'tible, -misSible, a. Capable of being transmitted or passed from one to another; capable of being passed through any substance. [F. trans- missible.]— Transmission, -mish'un, n. Act of , or state of being, etc. (Law.) The right possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor or successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or priv- ilege, to which he is entitled.— -TransmiBSive, -siv, a. Capable of being transmitted. Transmute, trans-mut', v. t. To change from one na- ture, form, or substance, into another; to transform. [L. tramntutare; mutare, to change.] — ^ransmut'- er, n. — TransmutSble, a. Capable of being trans- muted or changed into a different substance. — TransmutSbly, adv. — Transmuta'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Gcom.) Change or reduc- tion of one figure or body into another of the same area or solidity, but of a different form. Transom, tranSum, n. (Arch.) A horizontal bar across a mullioned window ; see Mullion ; a lintel separating a door from a fan- light or transom window above it. (yaut.) A beam or timber across the stern-post of a ship.' (Gun.) The piece of wood or iron connecting the cheeks oi some gun-carriages. [Prob. cor- rupt, of L. transtrum, a tran- som, that which is across, fr. trans.] — Transom window. (Arch.) A window divided into 2 parts by a tran- som; a window above the transom of a door. Transparent, trans-parSnt, a. Having the property of transmitting rays of light, so that bodies can be a,a, a, Traiisoms. am. fame, far, p&6S or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term j In, Ice » Odd, tone. 6r ; TRANSPICUOUS 625 TRASH distinctly seen through; pellucid; clear; bright; lim- pid; lucid; diaphanous. [F., fr. L. trans and parere, to appear.] — Transparently, ad>\ — Transpar'ent- neas. h. —Transparency, -eu-si, n. Quality or con- dition of bein.' transparent; that which is transpar- ent; esp., a picture on thin cloth, glass, porcelain, etc., to be viewed by natural or "artificial light, which shines through it. Transpicuous, tran-spik'u-us, a. Transparent ; per- vious to the Bight. [L. tratupicere, to see or look through; specere, spicere, to look, see.] Transpierce, trans - pers', v. t. [-piesced (-persf), -piercing.] To pierce through, penetrate, per- meate. [F. transi ercer.] Transpire. trans-pir', v. t. [-pired (-plrd'), -piking.] To emit through the excretones of the skin; to send off in vapor. — v. i. To pass off in insensible per- spiration; to escape from secrecy, become public; to happen or come to pass. [L. spirare, to breathe.] — Transpiration. ». Cutaneous exhalation. [F.] Transplace, trans-plas', v. t. To remove, put in a new place. Transplant, trans-plant', v. t. To remove and plant in another place; to remove and settle or establish for residence in another place. — Transplanta'tion, n. State of being transplanted. — Transplanter, n. Transport, trans-port'', c. t. To carry or convey from one place to another; to remove; to carry into ban- ishment, as a criminal; to carry away with vehe- ment emotion; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy. [F. transporter, L. transportare ; ,,orture, to carry.] — Trans'port, a. Transportation; carriage; convey- ance: a vessel employed for transporting, esp. for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, etc., from one place to another, or to convey convicts to the place of their destination ; vehement emotion ; passion; ecstasy; rapture: a convict transported of sentenced to exde. — Transport'able. a. Capable of being transported. — Transportation, n. Act of trans- porting from one place to another; removal; con- veyance; state of being transported. — Transport' - edly, adv. In a transported manner: as if trans- ported. — Transporter, n. — Transporting, p. a. Carrying away with vehement emotion; passionate; ecstatic. Transpose, trans-poz r , v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -pos- ing.] To change the place or order of; to substitute one for the other of. (Alg.) To bring (any term of an equation) from one side over to the other, without destroying the equation. (Mus.) To change the key of. [F. transpose:- : see Pose, an attitude.] — Trans- pos'al, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Transposition. trans-po-zisii r un, p. "Act of transpos- ing, or state of being transposed; esp., (Alg.) the bringing of any terrn'of an equation from one side over to the other, without destroying the equation ; (3lus.) a change in the composition, bv which the whole is removed into another key. [F. : see Posi- tion; not fr. transpose.] — Transposi'tional, -zish'- un-al, a. Of, pert, to, or involving, transposition. Transship, trans-ship'", v. t. To transfer from one ship or other conveyance to another. — Transship' 1 '- ment, n. Act of transshipping, or transferring (goods) from one ship or conveyance to another. Transubstantiate, tran-sub-stan'shi-at, v. t. (Rom. Cath. Theol.) To change (the sacramental bread and wine) into the flesh and blood of Christ. [LL. transubstantiare, -at urn, fr. L. trans and substantia, substance.] — Tran'substan'tia'tion, n. A change into another substance. (Rom. Cath. Theol.) The doctrine that the bread and wine in the eucharist is converted into the body and blood of Christ. [F.] Transude, tran-sud'', v. i. To pass through the pores or interstices of a membrane or other substance, as perspiration or other fluid. [L. trans and sudare, to sweat.] — Transuda / 'tion, n. The act or process of transuding. ( Chem.) Same as EXOSMOSE, q. v. Transvectioh. trans-vek'shun, n. Act of conveying or carrying over. [L. transvectio, fr. transvehere, to carry across; vehere, to carry.] Transverse, trans-vers', a, living or beingacross, or in a crosswise direction. — n. (Geom.) The longer axis of an ellipse. [L. transversa, p. p. of transver- tere, -versum, to turn or direct across ; rertere, to turn.] — Transversely, adv. — Transversal, a. Running or lying across. — n. (Geom.) A straight or curved line which intersects any system of other lines. — Traverse, -ers. a. Lying across; being in a direction across something else. — n. Anything that traverses or crosses; something that thwarts, crosses, Or obstructs; a barrier, movable screen, or curtain. (Arch./ A gallery or loft of comm. in -.cation in a 1 church or other large building. (Fort.) A work thrown up to intercept an enfilade, or reverse fire, ' along any line of work or passage exposed to such i a fire. (Law.) A formal denial of some matter of fact alleged by the opposite party in any stage of the pleadings. (Xaut.) The series of zigzag courses made by a ship in passing from one place to another. (Geom.) A line lying across a figure or other lii.es. (Gun.) The turning a gun so as to make it point in any dosired direction.— v. t. (traversed (-erst), -eesino.] To lay in a crow direction; to cross; to thwart, obstruct; to wander over,cross in traveling; to pass over and view. (Gun.) To turn to the one side or the other, in order to point in any direction. (Carp.) To plane in a direction across the grain of the wood. (Law Pleadings.) To deny formally (what the opposite party has alleged). — v. i. To use the posture or motions of opposition or counter- action, as in fencing ; to turn, as on a pivot : to swivel. [F. trovers, fern, traverse, crosswise, athwart, traverser, to thwart, cross, fr. L. transvertere.] — Traverse jury. (Law.) A jury that tries cases; a petit jury. — To t. a yard. (Xaut.) To brace it aft. — Traverser, n. One who, or that which, traverses or moves, as an index on a scale. (Law.) One who traverses or denies. (Railroads.) A platform for shifting cars, etc., from one track to another. — Traverse sail'ing. (Xaut.) The method of find- ing the resulting course ana distance from a series of zigzag or traverse courses and distances actually passed over by a ship. Trap, trap. n. A contrivance that shuts suddenly or with a spring, used for taking game; an ambush; stratagem: a wooden instrument shaped somewhat like a shoe, used in the game of trap ball; a bent pipe or other contrivance, near the upper end of a drain- pipe, arranged to allow the passage of water, while Ereventing the escape of offensive effluvia : see TENCH-TRAP.— V. t. [TRAPPED (trapt), TRAPPING.] To catch in a trap : to insnare, take by stratagem. pan', v. t. [-panned (-pand') -panning.] To insnare, catch by [AS. treppe, F. and OD. trappe, OHG. trapo, LL. , It. trappa, a trap, lit. that on which an animal trips; s. rt. tramp, trip, Sw. trappa, D. trap, a stair.] — Trap'-door, n. A door, as in a floor or roof, which shuts close, like a valve. — Trap-door spider. A spider which forms a habitation in the ground consisting of a cylindrical tube closed at the top —* by a circular door joined by hinge to the tube.— Trapan', tr tt - > - ^s^^^ki i itratagem. — n. A snare; strat- fc agem. [OF. trappan, a snare for fc—^ animals, fr. trappe.] — Trapan'- ner, n. Trap, trap, v. t. To adorn. [OF. U- trap, F. drop. Sp. and Pg. trapo, LL. trapus, cloth.]— Traps, n. pi. Nest of Trap- Small or portable articles for door Spider, dress, furniture, or use; goods; furniture; luggage.— Trap'pings. n. pi. That which serves to trap or adorn; ornaments; external decora- tions; esp., ornaments put on horses. Trap, trap, n. (Min.) A heavy, igneous rock, as ba- salt, less ancient than the granites and older than the recent volcanic rocks. [Sw. trapp, fr. trappa, Dan. trappe, G. treppje, stairs, because the rocks of this class often occur in large tabular masses, rising above one another, like steps : see Trap, for taking game.]— Trap'pean, -pe-an, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. Trapan. See under Trap, for taking game. Trapezium, tra-pe'zT-um, n. ; E. pi. -ziums : L. pi. -zia, -zT-a. (Geom.) A plane figure contained under 4 right lines, of which no 2 are parallel. [L.; Gr. trapezinn. dim. of trapeza, a table, for tetrapeza, a 4-footed table.] Trapezium — Trapeze', -pez', n. A trapezium ; a rod, or frame of rods, suspended by cords, used in performing gymnastic exercises. [F~] — Trapezoid, -e-zoid, n. ( Geom.) A plane, 4-sided figure, having 2 of the opposite sides parallel to each other. [Gr. eidos, form.] Trappings. See under Trap, to adorn, trapezoid. Trash, trash, n. That which is worthless; stuff which is good for nothing: esp., loppings of trees, bruised canes, etc. [Ic. trots, rubbish, leaves and twigs for ZZA s-::n, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TRASS 624 TREMBLE fuel; s. rt. Sw. krasa, Dan. krase — E. to crash.'] — Trash^y, -1, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Like trash ; waste; rejected; worthless; useless. Trass, tras, n. (Min.) A volcanic earth resembling puzzolana, used as a cement; or a coarse sort of mortar, durable in water, and used to line cisterns, etc. [G. trass, tarrass, fr. L. terra, earth.] Traumatic, traw-mafik, a. {Med.) Pert., or applied to, wounds; adapted to the cure of wounds; vul- nerary ; produced by wounds. — n. A medicine useful in the cure of wounds. [F. traumatique, Gr. traumatikos, fr. trauma, -matos, a wound.] Travail, trav'il, v. i. [-ailed (-ild), -ailing.] To labor with pain, toil; to suffer the pangs of child- birth. — n. Labor with pain; severe toil; parturi- tion. [F.; It. travaglio, Sp. trabajo, toil, labor, orig. an obstacle, impediment, Olt. travaglio, a pen for cat- tle, Sp. trabar, to join, fetter, fr. L. trabs, trabes (= OF. traf, Pg. and Olt. trave), a beam, piece of tim- ber; s. rt. Gr. trapex, a beam to turn anything with, trephein, to turn, E. torture.] — Trav'el, v. i. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] Togo or march on foot; to walk; to pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant place ; to journey ; to pass, go, move. — v. t. To journey over, pass. — n. Act of traveling from place to plate; a journey, pi. An account, by one who travels, of occurrences and observations made during a journey. [Same as travail.] — Trav'eled, -eld, p. a. Gained or made by travel; having gained knowledge or experience by traveling; knowing. — Trav'eler, n. One who, or that which, travels; a com- mercial agent who travels for the purpose of receiv- ing orders for merchants, making collections, etc. (Naut.) An iron ring sliding on a rope or spar. Traverse, etc. See under Transverse. Travertine, trav'Sr-tin, n. (Min.) A white concre- tionary limestone, deposited from water, holding lime in solution. [F. travertin, L. lapis Tiburtinus, from Tibur, a town of Latium, now Tivoli.l Travesty, trav'es-tT, n. A burlesque translation or imitation of a work; a parody. — v. t. [travestied (-tid), -tying.] To translate or parody so as to ren- der ridiculous or ludicrous. [I. travesti, p. p. of travestir, to change one's clothes, fr. tra- (= L. trans) and vestir, L. vestire, to clothe, vestis, cloth- ing: 6ee Vest.] Trawl, trawl, n. A trawl-net; a long line, sometimes extending a mile or more, having short lines with baited hooks attached to it, used for catching cer- tain fish. — v. i. To take fish with a trawl. [OF. trauler, to go hither and thither, F. trdler, to drag about; not s. rt. trail.] — Trawl'er, n. One who- or that which, trawls. — Trawl'-net, n. A kino of purse-shaped drag-net for catcrung fish that K ve uear the bottom of the water. Tray, tra, n. A small trough or wooden vessel, for va- rious domestic uses; a waiter or salver. [AS. treg, a tray, trig, troth = E. trough.] Treachery, trech'gr-Y, n. Violation of allegiance, or of faith and confidence; treasonable or perfidious conduct. [F. tricherie, a cheating, trickery, tricher, to cheat, trick, MHG. trechen, to push, draw, pull, entice, D. trekken, to draw, pull, trek, a draught, also a trick; s. rt, track, trickJ)— Treach'erous, -5r- us, a. Like a traitor; involving treachery; traitor- ous to the state or sovereign; betraying a trust; faithless; perfidious; false; insidious; plot^ng. — Treacherously, adv. — Treacb/erousness, n. Treacle, tre'kl, n. A medicinal compound formerly used as a preventive of, or cure fcr, the effects of poison or the bites of venomous animals; a viscid, uncrystallizable sirup, which drains from the sugar- refiner's molds: the word is used in Eng. for molas- ses. [ME. and F. triacle, fr. L. theriaca, an antidote against the bite of snakes or against poison, fr. Gr. therion, a wild or poisonous animal, dim. of ther, wild beast; s. rt. deer.] Tread, tred, v. i. [imp. trod; p. p. trod, trodden; treading.] To set the foot; to walk or go; to cop- ulate, as birds, —v. t. To step or walk on; to beat or press with the feet; to crush under the foot; to trample; to copulate with, feather, cover, — said of the male bird. — n. A step or stepping; act of copu- lation in birds; manner of stepping; gait. (Arch.) Horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is § laced. (Fort.) Top of the banquet on which sol- iers stand to fire. (Mach.) The part of a wheel, Tread-null. that bears upon the road or rail; the part of a rail upon which car-wheels bear. [ME. and D. treden, AS. tredan; s. rt. tramp, Gr. tranai, dramein, Skr. dram, to run: see Dromedary.]— To tread on or upon. To follow closely. — To t. upon the heels of. To follow close upon. — Tread'er, n. — Tread'le, -1, n. The part of a loom, or other machine, which is moved by the f oot. — Tread'-mill, n. A mill worked by persons tread- ing on steps upon the periphery of a wide horizontal wheel : it is used chiefly as a means of prison disci- pline. Treason, etc. Sec under Traitor. Treasure, trezVer, n. Wealth accumula- ted; esp., a stock or store of money in reserve; a great quantity of anything collected for future use; that which is very much valued.— v. t. [treasured (-erd), -uring.] To collect and lay up (money or other things) for future use; to hoard. [ME. and OF. tresor, it. and Sp. texoro, L. thesaurus, Gr. thesauros, a treasure, store, hoard, fr. rt. of tithemi, I place, lay up: see Theme.] — Treas'- urer, n. One who has the care of a treasure or treas- ury ; one who has charge of collected funds. — Treas'ure-trove, -trov, n. Any money, bullion, etc., found hidden, the owner of which is not known. [OF. trove 1 , trouve", p. p. of trover, to find.] — Treas ,r - ury, -er-Y, n. A place or building in which stores of wealth are reposited; esp., a place where public rev- enues are deposited and kept; the place of deposit and disbursement of any collected funds; that de- Eartment of a government which has charge of the nances; a repository of abundance. Treat, tret, v. t. To behave to, conduct one's self to- ward; to manage; to use; to handle in a particular manner, in writing or speaking ; to entertain with food or drink, esp. the latter, as a compliment or ex- pression of regard; to manage in the application of remedies; to subject to the action of. — v. i. To dis- course ; to handle a subject in writing or speaking ; to negotiate, come to terms of accommodation ; to give an entertainment of food or drink, esp. the lat- ter. — n. An entertainment given as an expression of regard; something given for entertainment; some- thing which affords much pleasure. [F. traiter, to treat, L. tractare, to handle: see Trace.] — Treaf- er, n. — Treatise, -tis, n. A written composition on a particular subject, in which the principles of it are discussed or explained. [ME. and OF. tretis. 1 — Treat'ment, n. Manner in which a subject is treat- ed; manner of mixing or combining, of decompos- ing, etc.; manner of using; behavior toward a per- son; usage; manner of applying remedies to cure; remedial course pursued. — Trea'ty, -tt, n. Act of treating for the adjustment of differences; negotia- tion ; a formal agreement, league, or contract be* tween 2 or more independent nations or sovereigns. [F. trait e, prop. p. p. of traiter.] Treble, etc. See under Triad. Tree, tre, n. (Bot.) A plant which is woody, branched, and perennial, like a shrub, but of larger size, gen- erally exceeding 10 feet in height, and of a single stock instead of a cluster. Something constructed in the form of, or considered as resembling, a tree; a piece of timber, or something usually made of tim- ber, — used in composition ; across. — v. t. [treed (tred), treeing.] To drive to a tree, cause to ascend a tree, place upon a tree, fit with a tree, stretch upon a tree. [ME. and Ic. tre, AS. treo, Sw. trad, Goth. triu, a tree, Sw. tra, timber, W. derw, Ir. darag, Gr. drus, an oak, Skr. dru, wood ; s. rt. rhododendron, dryad.]— Tree of a saddle. The frame of it.— Tree'- frog, -toad, n. A frog having the extremities of its- toes expanded into rounded, viscous surfaces, by means of which it climbs trees. — Tree'nail, com- monly pron. trun'nel, n. (Naut.) A long wooden pin, used in fastening the planks of a ship to the timbers. Trefoil. See under Triad. Trellis, treKlis, n. A frame of cross-barred work or lattice-work, used for various purposes. [F. treillis, fr. treille, L. trichila, a bower, arbor, sunimer-house.] — Trel'lised, -list, a. Having a trellis or trellises.— Treil- lage, treKlej,n. (Hort.) A sort of rail-work, for sup- porting espaliers, and sometimes for wall-trees. [F.] Tremble, trem r bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness ; to quake, quiver, shiver, shudder; to totter, shake, — am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term : In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; TREMOLITE 625 TRIAD said of a thing; to quaver, shake, as sound. — n. An involuntary shaking or quivering. [F. trembler, LL. tremidare, L. tremare, Lithuan. tnmti Gr. tremein, to tremble.] — Tremtler. n. — Tremen'dous, -men'- dus, a. Fitted to excite tear or terror; such as may astonish or terrify by its magnitude, force, or vio- lence; terrible; dreadful; horrible; awful. [L. tre- mendus, that is, to be trembled at, fearful, fr. tre- mere.~\ — Tremen'dously, adv. — Tremen'dousness, n. —Tremor, tre'mgr or trem'er, n. An involuntary trembling ; a shivering or shaking ; a quivering or vibratory motion. [L.] — Trem'ulouB, -u-lus, a. Shaking ; shivering ; quivering. [L. tremulus.] — Trem'ulously, adv. — Trem'ulousness, n. Tremolite, trem'o-lit, n. (Min.) A white variety of hornblende. [Fr. Tremola, a valley in the Alps, where it was discovered.] Trench, trench, v. t. [trenched (trencht), trench- ing.] To cut or dig (a ditch, channel forwater, or a long hollow in the earth). — v. i. To encroach. — n. Along, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch. (Fort.) An excavation made during a sie*boN, chair, get. TRIARCHY 62 o- TRIWEEKLY sary to determine the triangles into which the coun- try to be surveyed is supposed to be divided. — Tri- archy, -iirk-T, n. Government by 3 persons. [Gr. irlarchia; arche, government, archein, to rule"] — Triba'sic, a. (Chem.) Containing 3 portions of base to lor acid, — said of oxysalts. — Tri'brach, -brak, n. (Pros.) A poetic foot of 3 short syllables. [Gr. tri- brachus ; brachus = L. brevis, short = E. brief.] — Tri'ceps, -seps, n. (Anat.) A muscle having 3 heads, esp. the great extensor muscle of the forearm, aris- j ing by 3 heads, 2 from the humerus and 1 from | the scapula, and having its tendon inserted into the j olecranon process. [L., having 3 heads ; caput, a head.] — Tri'chord, -kord, n. (31us.) An instrument j having 3 strings. [Gr. trichordon; chorde, chord, I stringT] — Tricolor, -kul-er, n. The national French banner, of 3 colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at the first revolution; any 3-colored flag. [F. tricolore ; L. color = E. color.] — "Tricor'poral. -porate, -kSr'- po-rat, a. Having 3 bodies. [L. tricorpor ; cor/jus, corporis, body.] — Tricus'pid, a. Having 3 cusps or points. [L. tricus/n's, -/lidis ; cuspis, a point.] — Tri- dac'tyl, -tylous, -til-us, a. Having 3 toes. [Gr. dak- tulos, a finger, toe.] — Tri'deat, n. (Anc. Jli/th.) A kind of scepter or spear with 3 prongs, the common attribute of Neptune. A3-pronged fish-spear. — a. Having 3 teeth or prongs. [lj.tridens,tridentis; dens, tooth.] — Trident/ ate, -ated, a. Having 3 teeth or prongs; trident. — Trien'nial, -nl-al, a. Con- tinuing 3 years; happening or appearing once in 3 years. [L. triennium, the space of 3 years; annus, a year.] — Trien'mally, adv. Once in 3 years. — Tri' fallow, -fal-lo, v. t. [-lowed Trident, (-lod), -lowing.] To plow the 3d time before sowing, as land or a field. — Tri'fid, a. (Bot.) Di- vided naif way into 3 parts; 3-cleft. [L. trifidus; fin- dere,fidi, to split.] — Triflo'ral, -rous, -rus, a. (Bot.) Bearing 3 flowers. [L. flos, Jioris, flower.] — Trifo r - liate, -lt-at, -ated, a. (Bot.) Having 3 leaves, as clo- ver, [h. folium, leaf.] — Tri'form, a. Having a triple form or shape. [L. triformis; forma, form.] — Trig'- amy, -a-mt, n. State of being married 3 times, or state of having 3 husbands or wives at the same time. [Gr. gamos, marriage.] — Tri'- glyph, -glif, n. (Arcn.) An ornament in the frieze of the Doric order, repeated at equal intervals. [Gr. trigluphos, lit. thrice- cloven ; gluphein, to carve.] — Triglyph'ic, -ical, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, tri- glyphs. — TrKgon, n. A triangle. (Asirol.) Trine, an aspect of 2 planets distant 120° from each other. [Gr. trigonon ; gonia, a corner, angle; prop. neut. of trigones, 3-cornered; gonia, an angle.] — Trig'onal, a. Having 3 angles or corners ; triangular. (Bot.) Having 3 prominent longitudinal angles. — Trig'o- nom'etry, -e-trT, n. That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of the sides and angles of triangles, with the methods of deducing from certain parts given other parts required. [Gr. trigo- non (see Trigon) and metron, a measure.] — Trig'o- nomefric, -rical, a. Of, pert, to, performed by, or according to, the rules of trigonometry. — Trig'ono- met'rically, adv. — Tri'graph, -graf , n. Three let- ters united in pronunciation so as to have but one sound, or to form but one syllable, as ieu in adieu. [Gr. graphe, a writing.] — Trihe'dral, a. Having 3 equal sides or faces. — Trihe'dron, n. A figure hav- ing 3 equal sides. [Gr. hedra, a seat, base.] — Triju- gous, trij'u- or tri-ju'gus, a. (Bot.) In 3 pairs. [L. trijnipis' triple-yoked, threefold; jugwn, a. yoke.] — Trilateral, «. Having 3 sides. [L. t-ilatcrus ; 1/itus, lateris, side.] — Trilit'eral, a. Consisting of 3 letters. — n. A word consisting of 3 letters. [L. litera, letter.] — Trilobate, tri-lo'- or tri'lo-bat, a. Having 3 lobes. [Gr. lobos, a lobe.] — Tri'lobite, -bit, n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of crustaceans. — Tri- loc'ular, a. (Bot.) Having 3 cells for seeds; 3-celIed. [L. loculus, a little place, a cell or compartment, dim. of locus, a place.] — Tril'ogy, -o-jt, n. A series of 3 complete dramas, which bear a mu- tual relation, and form parts of one historical and poetical picture. [Gr. trilogia ; logos, speech, discou-se.] — „ .. Trimes'ter, n. A term or period of 3 i-nlocular months. [L. trimestris, of 3 months; Capsule. mensis, a month.] — Trim'eter, -e-ter, n. (Pros.) A Triglyphs. poetical division of "erse, consisting of 3 measures. [Gr. trimetros ; metron, a measure.] — Trimet'ric- al, a. Consisting of 3 poetical measures. — Tri'nal, a. Threefold. [L. trinw, trini, 3 each, threefold.] — Trine, trin, n. (Astrol.) The aspect of planets distant from each other 120°. or l-3d of the zodiac— Trinity, trln'T-tT, n. (Theol.) The union of 3 persons (the Father, the Son. and the Holy Spirit) in one Godhead, so that all the 3 are one God as to substance, but 3 persons as to individuality. [L. trutitas, fr. trini, three each.] — Trinity term. (Eng. Court*.) The sitting of the law courts between May 22 and June 12. — Trinita'rian, -ta'rY-an, a. Of, or pert, to, the Trinity. — //. One who believes the doc- trine of the Trinity.— Trinita'rianism, n. The doc- trine of Trinitarians.- Trino'mial, -inT-al, n. (Math.) A quantity consisting of 3 terms, connected by the sign + or — . [L. nomen, a name.] — Tripartite, trip'ar-tit or tri-parfit, a. Divided into 3 parts; having 3 corresponding parts or copies ; made be- tween 3 parties. [L. trijuirtitus ; partitus, p. p. of partiri, to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, a part.] — Trip'arti'tion, -tish'un, n. A division by 3s, or into 3 parts. — Trip'edal, -e-dal, a. Having 3 feet. [L. tripedclis; pes, pedis, a foot.] — Triper'sonal. a. Consisting of 3 persons. — Triper'sonaKity, n. The state of existing in 3 persons in one Godhead; trin- ity. — Tripet'alous, -al-us, a. (Bot.) Having 3 pet- al's or flower leaves. — Triph' thong, trif '- or triph- thong, ii. (Pron.) A combination of 3 vowels in a single syllable, forming a simple or compound sound; a union of 3 vowel characters, representing together a single sound, as ieu in adieu; a trigraph. [Gr. phthonge, the voice, a sound.] — Triphthon / '- gal, -thon / 'gal, a. Of, or pert, to, a triphthong; con- sisting of 3 letters pronounced together in a single syllable.— Tri'pod, n. Any utensil or vessel sup- ported on 3 feet ; a 3-legged seat, table, caldron, al- tar, etc. (Surv.) A 3-legged frame or stand, for sup- porting a theodolite, compass, etc. [Gr. tripous; pons, poilos, a foot.] — Tri'pos, n. ; pi. Tki'posesw At Cambridge Univ., Eng., a university examina- tion of candidates for honors. [Perh. fr. the 3-legged stool formerly used at the examination for these honors; perh. because the successful _candidates are arranged in 3 classes.] — Trip'tote, -tot, n. (Gram.) A name or noun having 3 cases only. [Gr. triptoton; ptotos, falling, piptein, to fall.] — „Tri'reme, -rem, n. (Gr. Antiq.) A galley or vessel with 3 benches or ranks of oars on a side. [L. triremis; remus, an oar.] — Trisag'ion, tris-ag'T-on, n. An anthem or hymn in which the word " holy " is thrice repeated. [Gr. trisagios, thrice holy; hagios, holy.]— Trisect', -sekt r , v. t. To cut or divide into 3 equal parts. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] — Trisec'tion, n. The division of a thing, as an angle, into 3 equal parts. — Trisul'cate, -kat, a. Having 3 furrows, forks, or prongs. [L. tri- sulcus; sulcus, a fork.] — Trisyllable, -sil'la-bl, n. A word consisting of 3 syllables. — Tris'yllab'ic, -ical, -il-lab'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a trisyllable; consist- ing of three syllables. — Tri'theism, -the-izm, n. ( Theol.) The opinion that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are 3 distinct Gods. — Tri'theist, n. (Eccl.) One who believes that the 3 persons in the Trinity are 3 distinct Gods. — Tritheisfic, -ical, a. Of, or pertaining to, tritheism. — Tri'tone, n. (Mus.) A su- perfluous or augmented fourth. — Trium / 'vir, tri- um'ver, n. ; L. pi. -viri; E. pi. -virs. One of 3 men united in office. [L. ; from tres, gen.Jrium, three, and vir, a man.] — Trium'virate, -vT-rat, n. Govern- ment by 3 in coalition or association; a coalitionor association of 3 in office or authority. — Tribune, -un, a. Being 3 in one, — an epithet used to express the unity of the Godhead in a trinity of persons. [L. unns', one.] — Triu'iiity, -u'nT-tT, n. State or quality of being triune ; trinity. — Triv'et, Trev'et, n. A 3- legged iriime or other support for a kettle, etc.; a tri- pod. [ME. trivette, F. tripied, fr. tri- and pied, foot; same as tripod.] — Trivial, -1-al, a. Of little worth or importance; inconsiderable; trifling. [F.; L. triv- ialis, prop, that which is in or belongs to the cross- roads or public streets, hence that which may be found everywhere, common, fr. trivium, a place where 3 roads meet, a cross-road, the public street, fr. tri and via, a way.] — Triv'iaKity, -T-tT, n. State or quality of being trivial: trivialness; that which is trivial; a trifle. —Trivially, adv. — Triv'ialoess, n. — Triv^ium, -t-um, n. The 3 arts of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, — so called because they constitute a triple way, as it were, to eloquence. [LL.] — Tri'- week'ly, a. Performed, occurring, or appearing 3 am, flme, far, .pass or QDera. fare ■■ £nd. eve. term : In. ice ; 8dd. tone. 6r.' TRIAL 627 TRINGLE times a week: thrice-weekly. — Tro'car. n. A surgi- cal instrument for evacuating fluids trom cavities, as in dropsy. [F. trocar, or trois quarts, 3 quarters, fr. trois (= L. tres) and quart, L. (jaartue, a iourth, so called from its triangular point.] — Tren'tal, Tri- gin'tal, -jiu'tal, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) An office tor the dead, consisting of 30 masses rehearsed for 30 days successively. A dirge ; an elegy. [OF., fr. trcnte, 30; LL. trentale, fr. trenta, L. triginta, 30.J — Tricen'nial, -sen'nT-al, a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of , 30 years: occurring once in every .30 years. [L. tricennalis, fr. tricennium, the space of 30 years, fr. triginta, 30, and annas, a year.] — Tricen'tenary, -sen'te-na-rT, n. A period of 3 centuries; 300 years. [L. triceui for tricenti, 300: centum, 100: see Cent.] — Trill'ion, -yun, n. According to Eng. notation, the product of a million involved to the 3d power, or with 18 ciphers annexed; according to the common or French notation, the number expressed by 1 with 12 ciphers annexed: see Numeration, under NX'ii- ber. [F., fr. tri- and million, 1,000,000.] Trial. See under Try. Tribasic. See under Triad. Tribe, trlb, n. A family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same progenitor: a nation of savages or uncivilized people, united under one leader or government; any division, cla.ss, or distinct portion of a people or nation. (Nat. Hist.) A num- ber of things having certain characters or resem- blances in common. [F. tribu, L. tribus, a tribe, orob. orig. 1 of the 3 families of people in Rome (the Ram- nes, Tities, and Luceres), fr. tres, 3 (see Triad), and -bus, familv: s. rt. Gr. phule, a tribe, family, E. be.] — Tribu'nal, tri-bu'nal, n. The bench on which a judge and his associates sit for administering jus- tice; a court of justice; in France, a gallery or emi- nence where musical performers are placed for a concert. [L.. a platform for the seats of the (tribuni) tribunes.] — Trib'une, trlb'un, n. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer or magistrate chosen by the people, to protect them from the oppression of the patricians or nobles. Anciently, a bench or elevated place, from which speeches were delivered; in France, a pulpit or ele- vated place in a legislative assembly, where a speak- er stands while making an address. [ME. and F. tribun, L. tribunus, prop, chief of a tribe, fr. tribus.] — Trib'uneahip, n. The office of a tribune. — Trib- uni'tial, -nish'al, a. Pert, to tribunes ; suiting a tribune.— Trib'ute, -ut, n. An annual or stated sum paid by one prince or nation to another, either as an acknowledgment of submission, or as the price of peace and protection, or by virtue of some treaty; a personal contribution in token of services rendered, or as that which is due or deserved. [ME. and F. tribut, L. tributwn, fr. tribuere, tributum, to assign, allot, bestow, pay, orig. to assign to a (tribus) tribe.] — Trib'utary, -u-ta-rl, a. Paying tribute to another; subordinate; inferior; paid in tribute; yielding sup- plies of anything: contributing. — n. One who pays tribute or a stated sum to a conquering power. [ME. and F. tributaire, L. tributarius.] Triblet, trib'let, Trib'olet, -o-let, n. A goldsmith's tool for making rings; a steel cylinder round which metal is bent in forming tubes. [F. triboulet.] Tribometer, tri-bom / 'e-ter, n. An instrument to ascer- tain the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. [Gr. tribein, to rub, and metron, a measure.] Tribrach. See under Triad. Tribulation, trib-u-la'shun, n. That which occasions distress or vexation: severe affliction: trouble. [F.; L. tribulatio, orig. a rubbing out of grain by a sledge, fr. tribulare, -latum, to rub out corn, oppress, afflict, tribulum, a sledse for rubbing out corn, terere, tri- tum, to rub: see Trite.] Tribunal, Tribune, Tribute, etc. See under Tribe. Trice, tris, v. t. (Saut.) To haul or tie up by means of a rope. [Sw. trissa, a pulley, triss, a spritsail- brace, Dan. tridse, a pulley, also to haul by a pulley, to trice; s. rt. Sw. trind, round, E. trend, trundle.] Trice, tris, n. A very short time; an instant; moment. [Sp. tris, the noise of breaking glass, a trice, instant; cf. Scot, "in a crack."] Tricentenary, Tricennial, Triceps. See under Triad. Trichina, trl-ki'na, n. ; pi. -sje, -ne. A minute para- sitic "worm found in the voluntary muscles of ani- mals, esp. the hog, and sometimes m man, after eat- ing infected meat, often producing death by its pres- ence. [Gr. trichinos, hairy, fr. thnx, trichos, hair.] — Trichini''asi8, trik-T-ni'a'-sis, Trichino'sis. n. (Pa- thol.) The disease produced by trichina : it is marked by fever, muscular pains, and typhoid symptoms. Trick, trik, ti. Artifice or stratagem; a sly procedure, usuallv with a dishonest intent implied : a sly, dex- terous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle or amuse; mischievous or annoying behavior; a par- ticular habit or manner: a peculiarity. (Card-play- ing.) The whole number of cards played in one round, and consisting of as manv cards as there are plavers. — r. t. [tricked (trikt), tricking.] To deceive, impose on; to cheat ; to dress, decorate, set off, adorn fantastically. — v. t. To live by decep- tion and fraud. [D. trek, a trick, also a pull, draught, tug. streek, a trick, prank, G. streich. a trick, stroke, D. trekken, to draw, delineate : see Treacher!.] — Trick'ish, Trick'y, -T, a. Given to tricks ; full of deception and cheating ; knavish. — Trick'ishnesa, n. — Trick'ster, n. One who tricks; a deceiver; tricker ; cheat. Trickle, trik'1, v. i. [-led (-Id), -lino.] To flow in a small, gentle stream; to run down in drops. [ME. triklen, strikelen, freq. of striken, to flow, AS. Afric- an, to move or sweep along, also to strike; perh. con- fused with D.trille, to roll =£. trill.] Trick-track, trik'trak, n. A game resembling back- gammon. [F. trictrac] Tricolor, Tricuspid, Trident, etc. See under Triad. Tridentine, tri-denfin, a. Pert, to Trent, or to the council held there. [L. Tridentum, Trent.] Trier. See under Try. Triennial, Trifallow. Trifid. See under Triad. Trifle, tri'fl, n. A thing of very little value or impor- tance ; a dtah composed of sweetmeats and cake, with syllabub; a sort of cake.— v. i. [trifled (-fld), -fling.] To act or talk with levity ; to indulge in light amusements.— v. t. To spend in vanitv; waste to no good purpose, dissipate. [ME. and OF. trufle, mockery, raillery, dim. of OF. trujf'e, a gibe, mock, also a truffle.] — To trifle ivith. To treat without re- spect or seriousness ; to mock, make sport of. — Tri'fler, n. One who trifles, or acts with levity. — Tri'fting, 73. a. Being of small value or importance; trivial; inconsiderable. — Tri'ftingly, adv. Trig, trig, v. t. To stop (a wheel) by placing some- thing under it; to scotch. [D. trekken, to pull ; see Trick and Treachery.] — Trig'ger, n. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity ; the catch or lever in the lock of a nre-arm, which, being pulled, liberates the hammer for striking fire. [D. trekker.] Trig, trig, a. Full; trim; neat. [Prob. same as trick, to decorate, dress.] Trigamy, Trigintal, Trigonometry, etc. See under Triad. Trill, tril, n. (Mus.) A shake or quaver of the voice in singing, or of the sound of an instrument. — v. r. [trilled (trild), trilling.] To utter with a quaver- ing or tremulousness of voice; to shake. — v. i. To shake or quaver. [Onomat. ; It. trillare, to trill, quaver, fr. trillo, a trill, shake.] Trill, tril, v. i. To flow in a small stream ; to trickle. [Sw. tnlla, to roll ; s. rt. Ic. thyrla, to whirl, E. thrill, drill.] Trillion, Trilobate, Trilogy, etc. See under Triad. Trim, trim, a. [trimmer ; -mest.] Fitly adjusted ; being in good order, or made ready for service or lise ; compact ; snug ; neat ; fair. — v. t. [trimmed (trimd), -Mtng.1 To make trim, put in order for any purpose, adjust ; to dress, decorate, adorn ; to make ready or right by cutting or shortening ; to clip orlop, remove superfluous appendages or mat- ter. (Carp.) To dress (timber); to make smooth. (Naut.) To adjust (a ship) by disposing the weight of persons or goods so that she shall sit well on the water and sail well; to arrange in due order for sail- ing.— v. i. To balance; to fluctuate between parties, so as to appear to favor each. — n. Dress; gear; or- naments; disposition: state or condition; state of a ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, etc., by which she is well prepared for sailing. [AS. tryrman, to make firm, strengthen, set in order, array, prepare, trum, firm, strong, LG. trim, decked, adorned.] —Trimly, adv. In a trim manner; nicely; in good order. — Trim'mer, n. One who trims, arranges, fits, or orna- ments; one who fluctuates between parties, so as to appear to favor either; a time-server. — Trim'ming, n. Act of one who trims; that which serves to trim, adjust, ornament, etc.; esp. necessary or ornamental appendages, as of a garment; the concomitants of a dish, a relish, —usually in pi. — Trim / 'ness. n. Trimester, Trimeter, Trine, etc. See under Triad. Tringle, trin'gl, n. (Arch.) A little square member or ornament, as a listel, reglet, etc.; esp. little Ss, cube, full; moon, f<56t; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, ^get. TRINITY 628 TROPE member fixed exactly over every triglyph. A lath or rod between the posts of a bed; a curtain rod. [F.; LL. taringa, tarinea, of Celtic origin.] Trinity, Trinomial, Trio, etc. See under Triad. Trinket, trink'et, n. A small ornament, as a jewel, ring, etc.; a thing of little value; tackle; a toy. [ME. trynket, orig. a knife, then a toy-knife worn about the person, Sp. trinchete, a shoemaker's knife, fr. trinchar, OF. trencher, to cut; s. rt. trench.] Trior. See under Try. Trip, trip, v. i. [tripped (tript), -ping.] To move with light, quick steps ; to skip, move nimbly ; to take a brief and sudden journey; to travel; to catch the foot against something, stumble, make a false step, lose footing, make a false movement; to offend against morality, propriety, or rule; to err. — v. t. lo cause to take a false step; to cause to lose the footing, stumble, or fall, by catching the feet ; to overthrow by depriving of support, supplant; to de- tect in a misstep, catch, convict. (Naut.) To loose (the anchor, from the bottom) by its cable or buoy- rope.— n. A quick, light step; a skip; a brief jour- ney or voyage; an excursion or jaunt; a false step; misstep; loss of footing or balance by striking the foot against an object; a slight error; failure; mis- take; a stroke, or catch, by which a wrestler over- throws his antagonist. [ME. and D. trippen, Dan. trippe, to trip, trip, a short step, Ic. trippi, a young colt — fr. its short steps.] — Tnp'per, n. One who trips or supplants; one who walks nimbly. — Trip'- ping, n. Act of one who trips; a light kind of dance. (Naut.) The loosing of an anchor from the ground by its cable or buoy-rope. — Trip'pingly, adv. In a tripping manner; nimbly. — Trip'-nam'iner, n. A heavy hammer at the end of a beam, which is raised, tilted, or tripped, by projecting teeth on a revolving shaft; a tilt-hammer: see Tilt-hammer. Tripartite, Triphthong, Triple, Tripod, etc. See un- der Triad. Tripe, trip, n. The entrails; esp. the large stomach of ruminating animals, when prepared for food. [Ir. tri- opas. W. tripa, the intestines, Armor, stripen, tripe.] Tripoli, trip'o-lT, n. (Min.) An earthy substance (orig. brought fr. Tripoli), used to polish stones and metals. Triptate, Trireme, Trisagion, Trisect, etc. See under Triad. Trite, trit, a. Worn out; used until so common as to have lost its novelty and interest ; hackneyed. [L. tritus, p. p. of terere, Russ. terete, Lithuan. triti, to rub; 8. rt. tribulation (q. v.), try, contrite, detriment, diatribe, tardy, trowel.] — Tritely, adv. — Trite'- ness, n. — Trit'urate, trtfu-rat, v. t. To rub, grind, bruise, or thrash; to rub or grind to a very fine pow- der. [L. triturare, -ratum, to thrash, grind, f r. tritu- ra, a rubbing, orig. fern, of fut. p. of terere.] — Trit- uration, n. Act of triturating, or reducing to a fine powder by grinding. [F.] Tritheist, Tritone, etc. See under Triad. Triton, tri'ton, n. (Myth.) of the trumpeters of Nep- tune, his trumpet being a wreathed univalve shell. (Zobl.) A gasteropodous moliusk, having a wreathed shell; a batra- chian reptile of many species, including the newts. [L. and Gr.] Triumph, tri'umf, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A mag- nificent ceremonial per- formed in honor of a gen- eral who had gained a decisive victory. Joy or A marine demi-god, one Mythological Triton. exultation for success; success causing exultation; victory.— v. i. [triumphed (-umft), -umphing.] To celebrate victory with pomp; to exult in an advan- tage gained; to obtain victory, meet with success, pre- vail. [ME. and OF. triumphe, L. triumphus, a tri- umph, Gr. Thriambos, a name for Bacchus, also a hymn sung at his festivals; s. rt. trump, in cards.] — Triumph'al, a. Of, or pert, to, indicating, or in honor of, a triumph. — Triumph'ant, a. Rejoicing for vic- tory; triumphing; celebrating victory; graced with conquest ; victorious. — Church triumphant. The church in heaven, enjoying a state of triumph, her warfare with evil being over, — dieting, f r. church militant. — Triumph 'antly, adv. — Tri'umpher, n. Triumvir, Triune, Trivet, etc. See under Triad. Trocar. See under Triad. Troche, tro'ke, n. A medicine in form of a circular cake, lozenge, wafer, or tablet, intended to be grad- ually dissolved in the mouth, and slowly swallowed as a demulcent. [Gr. trochos, a wheel, anything round, fr. trechein, to run; s. rt. truck.] — Tro'chee, n. (Pros.) A foot of 2 syllables, the 1st long and the 2d short, or the 1st accented and the 2d unaccented. [L. trochseus, Gr. trochaios, lit. running, also a tro- ehee, — fr. its tripping measure.] — Trochaic, -ka'- ik, w. A trochaic verse or measure. — Trochaic, -ical, a. (Pros.) Pert, to, or consisting of, trochees.— Tro'- chil, -kil, n. (Ornith.) An aquatic bird with long legs, and capable of running very swiftly. [F. tro- chile, Gr. trochilos, f r. trechein.] Trod, Trodden. See Tread. Troglodyte, troglo-dit, n. One dwelling in a subter- raneous cave. [F.; Gr. troglodutes, a cave-dweller, fr. trogle, a hole, cave (fr. trogein, to gnaw; s. rt. trite), and duein, to enter, creep into; s. rt. Skr. du, to go, move.] Troll, trol, v. t. [trolled (trold), trolling.] To move circularly or volubly; to roll, turn; to circu- late, as a vessel in drinking; to sing the parts of in succession, as of a round or catch; to sing loudly or freely; to angle for with a hook drawn along the surface of the water: to allure, entice; to fish in, seek to catch fish from. — v.i. To roll, run about; to fish with a rod whose line runs on a wheel or pul- ley, or by drawing the hook through the water.— n. {Scandinavian Myth.) A supernatural being of diminutive size, said to inhabit caves, hills, etc. [OF. trailer, trauler, to run hither and thither, G. trollen, LG. drulen, OD. drollen, to roll, troll, W. trolio, to roll, trundle, trol, a cylinder, troell, a wheel, pulley, screw; Sw. and Ic. troll, a merry elf, OD. drol, a jester; s. rt. droll.] — Trull, n. A trollop; drab; strumpet; harlot. [G. trolle, trulle.] — TTOl'- lop, -lup, n. A woman loosely dressed; a slattern ; slut. [Perh. for troll-about.] Trolley. trQllY, n. (Mach.) A truck from which the load is suspended in some kinds of cranes. (Electric Railway.) A truck or wheel which travels along the fixed conductors, and connects them with a railway car. A trolley car. — Trolley car. A motor car to which the current is conveyed by_a trolley. Trombone, trom'bon (It.pron. trom-bo^na), n. (Mus.) A deep-toned brass instrument of the trumpet kind, consisting of 3 tubes, the 1st and 3d being side by side, the middle tube being doubled and slid- ing into the others like a telescope. [It; augm. of tromba, a trumpet: see Trump, a trumpet.] — Tromp, n. A blowing apparatus, used in furnaces. [F. trombe, a water-spout, a water- blowingjnachine.] Troop, troop, n. A collection of peo- ple: a company; number; multitude. pi. Soldiers taken collectively ; an army. sing. A small body or com- pany of cavalry, commanded by a captain.— v. i. [trooped (troopt), trooping.] To move in numbers; to come or gather in crowds ; to march on, go forward in haste. [F. troupe, prob. fr. L. turba, a crowd, throng, troop.] — Troop'er, n. A soldier in a body of cavalry ; a horse-soldier. — Troupe, troop, n. A troop or com- pany; esp., the company of performers in a theater or opera. [F.] Trope, trop, n. (Ehet.) Use of a word or expression in a different sense from that which properly be- longs to it; the expression so used. [L. trojjus, a trope, figure of speech, Gr. tropos, a turning, a turn or figure of speech, fr. trepein, to turn; s. rt. L. tor- quere, to twist, E. torture, throw.] — Tropic, n. (As- tron.) One of the 2 circles of the celestial sphere, situated on each side of the equator, at a distance of 23" 28', and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches at its greatest declination north or south. (Geog.) One of the 2 corresponding parallels of terrestrial latitude; pi. the regions lying between the tropics, or near them on either side: see Zone. — Tropic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, the tropics; being within the tropics; incident to the tropics; rhetorically changed from its proper or original sense; figurative. [F. trop- ique, a tropic, L. tropicus, tropical, Gr. tropikos, pert, to a turn, fr. tropos.] — Tropically, adv. In a trop- ical or figurative manner. — Tropologlc, -ical, -o- Trombone. changed from the original import. — Tropol'ogy, -o- jT, n. A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes. am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, &r i TROT 629 TRUE [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Tro'phy, tro'fY, n. (Antiq.) I A pile of arms, taken from a vanquished enemy; the ' representation of such a pile in marble, on medals, etc. Anything taken from an enemy and preserved as a memorial of victory; something "that is evidence of victory. [ME. and F. trojj/tee, L. tropseum, Gr. tropaion, a si^n of victory, a monument of an ene- my's defeat, fr. Gr. trope, a return, putting- to flight, f r. trepein.] Trot, trot, v. i. To move faster than in walking, as a horse or other quadruped, by lifting one fore foot and the hind foot of the opposite side at the same time; to walk or move fast: to run. —v. t. To cause to move (a horse, etc.) in the pace called a trot. — n. The pace of a horse, etc., more rapid than a walk, when he lifts one fore foot and the hind foot of the opposite side at the same time. [F. trotter, to trot, OF. trotter, LL. trolarius, a trotter, messenger, L. tolutarius, going at a trot, fr. tolutim, at % a trot, — said of horses, lit. by a lifting (of the feet), fr. toi- lere, to lift.] — Trot'ter, n. A beast that trots; the foot of an animal, esp. that of a sheep, — applied humorously to the human f oot. — Trot'toir, -tw6r. n. A footpath; sidewalk; pavement. [F.] Troth, troth, n. Belief; faith; fidelity; truth; veraci- ty. [Same &sjruth.] Troubadour, troo'ba-door, n. One of a school of poets who flourished from the 11th to the end of the 13th century, principally at Provence, in the south of France. [F. ; Proven, trobador, trobaire, Sp. and Pg. trovator, It. trovatore, a troubadour, OF. trover, F. trouver, to make a song, lit. to find, devise, Sp. trova, verse, trovar, to versify, also to find, L. tro- pus, a kind of singing, a song, Gr. tropos, a style of music: see Trope.] — Trou'veur, -ver, n. One of a class of poets in N. France, at about the time of the troubadours, who devoted themselves more to lays of the epic type. [F.] Trouble, trub'l, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To put into confused motion, agitate ; to give disturbance or distress to; to give occasion for labor to; to perplex, afflict, grieve, annoy, tease, vex, molest. — n. The state of being troubled or disturbed ; that which gives disturbance, annoyance or vexation. [OF. trubler, trobler, L. turbare, to disturb, fr. turoa, a disorder, tumult, crowd, Gr. turbe, disorder, throng, bustle; s. rt. Skr. tur, to hasten, be swift, E. turbid, turbulent, disturb, perturb, perh. troop.] — To take the trouble. To be at the pains; to exert one's self. — Troub'ler, n. — Troublesome, -1-sum, a. Giving trouble, disturbance, or inconvenience ; uneasy ; vexatious; perplexing; annoying; irksome; burden- some; wearisome ; importunate. — Troublesomely, adv. — Troub'lesomeness, «.— Troublous, -lus, a. Full of trouble or commotion; agitated ; tumultu- ous; full of trouble or disorder; troublesome; full of affliction. Trough, trawf, n. A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding water or other liquid; a wooden chan- nel for conveying water, as to a mill-wheel; a chan- nel, receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow shape. [AS. troh, trog, D., Ic, and G. trog ; perh. s. rt. tray.] Trounce, trowns, v. t. [trounced (trownst), troun- cing.] To punish or beat severely; to castigate. [OF. troncer, to cut, tronce, tronche, a stump, piece of wood.] Troupe. See under Troop. Trousers, Trowsers, trow'zerz, n. pi. A loose garment worn by males, extending from the waist to the knee or to the ankle, and covering the lower limbs separately; pantaloons. [OF. irousses, breeches worn by pages, fr. trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss, q. v.] — Trousseau, troo-so', n. The collective clothes, trinkets, and lighter outfit of a bride. [F., f r. trousse.] Trout, trowt, n. A food-fish of many species, includ- ing the spotted brook trout, the lake trout, the sal- mon, etc. [AS. truht, L. tructa, ir.Gr.trok- tes, lit. a gnawer, also a sea- fish with sharp teeth, fr. trogein, to gnaw; s. rt. Gr. tragos, a goat, E. tragedy, troglodyte.] Trover, tro'ver, n. (Law.) The gaining possession of any goods, whether by finding or by other means; Trout. an action to recover damages against one who has converted to his own use goods or chattels of the plaintiff. [OF.; F. trouver, to find: see Trouba- dour.] Trow, tro, v. i. To believe, trust, think, suppose. [AS. treowian, fr. treowa, truwa, trust, treowe = E. true, q. v.] Trowel, trow'el, n. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks ; a gar- dener's tool, somewhat like a mason's trowel. [F. truelle, LL. truella, L. trullu, truella, dim. of trua, a ladle, scoop, spoon, skimmer; s. rt. Gr. torune, a spoon, ladle, toreus, a borer, E. trite.] Trowsers. Same as Trousers. Troy, Troy-weight, troi'wat, n. The weight by which gold and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. [In this weight, the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the penny- weight into 24 grains.] [Prob. first used at the fair of Troyes, in France.] Truant, troo'ant, a. Wandering from business; loit- ering; idle, and shirking duty; willfully absent from one's proper place, —n. One who stays away from business or duty; an idler; a loiterer; a shirk; esp., a pupil who stays away from school without leave. [F. truand, a beggar, vagabond, lazy rascal, W. tru, truan, wretched, truan, a wretch.]— To play truant. To stray away, idle, loiter. — Tru'ancy, -an-sl, n. Act of playing, or state of being, truant. Truce, troos, n. (Mil.) A temporary cessation of hos- tilities, for negotiation or other purpose; an armis- tice; intermission of action, pain, or contest; short quiet. [ME. triwes, trewes, pi. of trewe, a truce, pledge of reconciliation, AS. treowa, a compact, faith, fr. treowe = E. true, q. v.] — Flag of uce. (Mil.) A white flag exhibited by one of the Hostile parties, during the flying of which hostilities are suspended. — Truce'-break'er, n. One who violates a truce. Truck, truk, v. i. [trucked (trukt), trucking.] To exchange commodities, barter, deal. — v. t. To ex- change, give in exchange, barter. — n. Exchange of commodities ; barter; commodities appropriate to barter; fruit, vegetables, etc., for market ; small commodities; luggage. [F. troquer, Sp. and Pg. tro- car, to barter.] — Truck'age, -e,i, n. Practice of bar- tering goods; exchange; barter. — Truck'er, T.-man, One who, etc. Truck, truk, n. A small, wooden wheel, not bound with iron; a long, low 2- or 4-wheeled vehicle for carrying heavy articles; a 2-wheeled barrow. (Rail- road Mach.) A swiveling frame with wheels, springs, etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomotive or car. . (Naut.) A small wooden cap at the summit of a flag-staff or mast-head. A small, solid wheel, as for a gun-carriage. [L. trochus, Gr. trochos, a run- ner, wheel, disk, fr. trechein, to run: see Troche.] — Truck'age, -ej, n. Money paid for conveyance on a truck.— Truck'man, n.; pi. Truckmen. One who conveys goods on a truck. — Truckle, n. A small wheel or caster. — v.i. To yield or bend obsequi- ously to the will of another; to submit, cringe, act in a servile manner. [L. trochlea, a little wheel, dim. of trochus; to truckle, was oris, to sleep on the truckle-bed, as students did anciently at Oxford and Cambridge, the tutor sleeping on the bed above.] — Truckle-bed, n. A bed that runs on wheels, and may be pushed under another; a trundle-bed. Truculent, troo'ku-lent, a. Fierce; savage: barbarous: of ferocious aspect; cruel; destructive; ruthless. [F.; L. truculentus, fr. trux, trucis, wild, fierce.] — Tru'- culence, -lency, -len-sT, n. Quality of being trucu- lent; ferociousness; terribleness of countenance. Trudge, truj, v. i. [trudged (trujrtV trudging.] To go on foot; to travel or march with labor, jog along. [Perh. to walk in snow-shoes, i. e. heavily, Sw. dial. truga, Norw. truga, trjug, a snow-shoe; not s. rt. tread.}_ True, troo, a. Conformable to fact; in accordance with the actual state of things; conformable to a rule or pattern; exact; steady in adhering to friends, to promises, to a prince, etc.; faithful; loyal; actual: not counterfeit, adulterated, or pretended; genuine; pure; real. [AS. treowe, Ic. try gar, trur, G. treu, Goth, triggws, true; AS. ireoiv, OHG. triuiva, truth, fidelity, Goth, triggwa, a covenant: s. rt. troth, trow, truce.] — Tru'ly, adv. — True'ness, n. — Truism, -izm, n. An undoubted or self-evident truth. — True'-blue, a. Of inflexible honesty and fidelity,— a term derived from the true or Coventry blue, for- merly celebrated for its unchanging color. — n. A sun, cube, full ? moon, fottt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TRUFFLE 630 TRY Truelove-knots. person of inflexible integrity and fidelity. born, a. Of genuine birth; having a right by birth to any title, —-bred, a. Of a genuine or right breed; being of real breeding or educa- tion. heart/ed, a. Of a faithful heart; honest ; sincere. — True'love'-knot, n. A knot composed of 2 bows interlaced; the emblem of interwo- ven affection or en- gagements. — Truth, trooth, n. The quality of being true; that which is true; conformity to fact or reality; conformity to rule: exactness; fidelity; constancy; the practice of speaking truth; veracity; honesty; virtue; real state of things; verity; reality; a verified fact; an estab- lished principle; fixed law. [AS. treow: see True, above: same as troth.'] — Truth/ful, -ful, a. Full of truth; veracious. — Truth'fully, adv. — Trutb/ful- ness, n. —Trust, n. Reliance on the integrity, verac- ity, justice, friendship, or other sound principle of another; reliance on a promise, law, or principle; ex- pectation; belief; hope: credit given; esp., delivery of property or ...Jrchandise in reliance upon future payment : dependence upon something future or contingent, as if present or actual; that which is committed or intrusted to one; responsible charge or office; that unon which confidence is reposed; ground of reliance. (Law.) An estate held for the use of another ; an organization formed mainly for the purpose of regulating the supply and price of commodities, etc. ■■. as, a sugar trust. [Cant.] — v. t. To place confidence in, rely on; to give cre- dence to, believe, credit; to show confidence by in- trusting ; to commit, as to one's care ; to intrust ; to give credit to, sell to upon credit ; to ven- ture confidently. — v. i. To be credulous ; to be con- fident, as of something present or futurel to sell, ex- change, or alienate, in reliance upon a promise to pay. [Ic. traust, trust, confidence, Dan., Sw., and G. trost, consolation, help, protection, Goth, trausti, a covenant; s. rt. mistrust, tryst.} — Trustee', n. A person to whom property is legally committed in trust, to be applied either for the benefit of specified individuals or for public uses. — Trustee process. (Law.) A process bv which a creditor may attach his debtor's goods, effects, and credits in the hands of a third person.— Trust'er, n. One who trusts, or gives credit.— Trust'ful, -ful, n. Full of trust; trust- ing. — Trustworthy, -wer'rhT, a. Worthy of trust or confidence ; trusty. — Trustworthiness, n. — Trusfy, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Admitting of being safely trusted: fit to be confided in; trustworthy: not liable to fall; strong; firm.— Trust'ily, -Y-lY, adv. In a trusty manner ; honestly. — Trustiness, u. Truffle, troo^A, n. A roundish subterranean fungus much esteemed as food. [OF. trufle, F. truffe, Sp. trufa, It. tartufo, a truffle, fr. L. tuber, an esculent root, a truffle.] Truism, Truly. See under True. Trull. See under Troll. Trump, trump, n. A wind instrument of music ; a trumpet. [ME. and F. trompe, a trump, trumpet, Sp. and Pg. trompa. It. tromba, a trump, an ele- phant's trunk, in It., a pump, prob. fr. L. tuba, a tube, trumpet, Lithuan. truba, a horn, Gr. trupa, a hole; s. rt. trite.]— To trump up. To devise; to collect with un- fairness; to fabricate. — Trump'et, n. A wind instrument of music, used in war and military exercises. — v. t. To pub- lish by sound of trumpet; to proclaim. [F. trompette, dim. of trompe.] — Ear- trumpet. An instrument used as an aid to hearing, by partially deaf persons. — Speaking-t. A trumpet-shaped instrument for conveying articulate sounds with in- Trumnet creased force. — Trump'eter, w. One who v ' sounds a trumpet ; one who proclaims, publishes, or denounces. (Ornith.) A variety of the domestic pigeon ; a bird of S. Amer., somewhat resembling both the pheasants and the cranes,— so called from its uttering a noise resembling that of a trumpet. — Trump'ery, -e-rY, n. Something serving to deceive by false show or pretenses ; worthless but showy matter; things worn out and of no value; rubbish.— a. Worthless or deceptive in character. [F. trom- perie, deceit, fr. tromper, to deceive, orig. to play on the trumpet, later to play with any one.] Trump, trump, n. One of the suit of cards which takes any of the other suits; a good fellow. — v.i. [trumped (trumt), trumping.] To play a trump card when another suit has been led. — v. t. To take with a trump card. [Corrupt, of triumph.] — To put to the trumps. To reduce to the last expedi- ent, or to the utmost exertion of power. Truncate, Truncheon, etc. See under Trunk. Trundle, trun'dl, n. A little wheel; a kind of low ve- hicle with small wheels; a truck; a motion as of something moving upon little wheels. (Much.) A' wheel or pinion having its teeth formed of cylin- ders or spindles, set be- tween 2 round disks; trundle-wheel ; lantern- wheel; wallower; one of the bars of such a wheel. Trundle, or Wallower. — V. t. [TRUNDLED (-did), -dling.J To roll, as a thing on little wheels ; to cause to roll, as a hoop. — v. i. To roll, as on little wheels; to roll, as a hoop. [AS. trendel. a circle: see Trend.] — Trun'dle-bed, n. A low bed on little wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed .: a truckle-bed. Trunk, trunk, n. The stem or body of a tree, apar from its limbs and roots: stock; the body of an ani- mal, apart from the limbs; the main body of any- thing; the snout or proboscis of an elephant; a wood- en, etc., tube, spout, trough, or boxed passage; a box or chest covered with leather or hide, for containing clothes, etc.; a portmanteau. [F. tronc, L. truncus, a trunk, stem, trunk of the body, piece cut off, also maimed, mutilated, prob. fr. torquere, to twist, wrench, and s. rt. torture.] — Trune'ate, v. t. To cut off, lop, maim. — a. (Bot.) Appearing as if cut off at the tip. [L. truncare, -catum, ii. truncus.] — Trunc'ated, p. a. Cut off ; cut short; maimed. Truncated cone or i pyramid. ( Geom.) | A cone or pyra- mid whose vertex is cut off by a plane parallel to its base. — Truncation, n. Act of truncating, lop- ping, or cutting off; state of being truncated. (Min.) Replacement of an edge by a plane equally inclined to the adjoining faces. [F. troncation, L. truncation — Trun'cheon, -shun, n. A short staff; club; aba- ton, or staff of command; a stout stem, as of a tree, with the branches lopped off. [ME. and OF. tron- chon, F. tronson, a truncheon, little trunk, slice, piece cut off, dim. of tranc] — Trunnion, -yun, n. (Gun.) A knob projecting on each side of a piece, and serving to support it on the cheeks of the carriage: see Cannon. [F. trognon, the stock or stump of a tree, dim. of tron, same as tronc] — Trunk'-hose, n. Short, wide breeches formerly worn, gathered in above the knees. Trunnel, trun'nel, n. A wooden pin or plug ; a treenail. [Cor- rupt, of treenail, q. v.] Trunnion. See under Trunk. Truss, trus, n. A bundle, as of hay or straw. (Surg.) A bandage or apparatus used in cases of hernia. (Naut.) The rope or iron used to keep the center of a yard to the mast. (Arch. & Engin.) A combina- tion of timbers, etc., forming an unyielding frame, for supporting a roof, etc. — v. t. [trussed (trust), trussing.] To bind or pack close; to skewer, as a fowl for cooking it; to execute by hanging; to hang. [OF. trusser, trousser, to truss, pack, bind, It. tor- dare, to twist, wrap, tie fast, L. torquere, tortnm., to twist; s. rt. torture, torch, q. v., trousseau, trowsers.] Trust, Trustee, Truth, etc. See under True. Try.tri, v. i. [tried (trid), trying.] To exert strength, endeavor, attempt. — v. t. To prove by experiment, make experiment of, test ; to experience, have knowledge of by experience; to essay, attempt, so- licit, tempt, bring to a decision; to purify or refine, as metals; to melt out and procure in a pure state, as oil, tallow, lard, etc.; to subiect to severe trial; to Trunk-hose. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; TRYST 651 TUMBLE put to the test. {Law.) To subject (a person or cause) to trial and decision or sentence before a tri- bunal. [F. trier, to pick, choose from among oth- ers. LL. tritare, to triturate, L. terere, tritum, to rub, thresh corn: see Trite.]— To try on. To put on (a garment) to ascertain whether it fits the person; to attempt, undertake. — To t.out. To melt and separate (tallow, etc.) from the membranes.— Zb t. the eyes. T< i over-exert them; to strain.— Trying, p. a. Adapted to try, or put to severe trial: severe : afflictive. — Tri'er, -or, n. One who tries; one who makes exper- iments; one who tries judicially. (Law.) A person appointed to trv challenges of jurors. — Tri'able, a. Fit or possible to be tried: liable to be subjected to trial or test: liable to undergo a judicial examina- tion. — Tri'ableness, «. — Tri'al, n. Act of trying or testing in any manner : any exertion of strength for the purpose'of ascertaining what it is capable of effecting; act of testing by experience: experiment; examination by a test ; that which tries or afflicts : that which tries the character or principle ; that which tempts to evil; state of being tried or tempted. (Lair.) The formal examination of the matter in issue in a cause before a competent tribunal. Tryst, trist, n. An appointment to meet; place of meeting;. [Scot.: a torm of trust.] Tsetse. See Tzetze. Tub, tub, n. An open wooden vessel formed with staves, bottom, and hoops; amount which a tub con- tain-, as a measure of quantity. — v. t. [tubbed (tubd), -bixg.] To plant or set in a tub. [ME. and LG. tubbe.] Tube, tub, n. A hollow cylinder, of any material, used tor various purposes; a pipe; conduit; a vessel of animal bodies or plants which conveys a fluid or other substance. — v. t. [tubed (tubd), tubixg.] To furnish with a tube. [F.; L. tubus; s. rt. tuba, a trumpet = E. trump, q. v.] — Tub'ing. n. Act of making tubes : a series of tubes ; piece of a tube ; material for tubes. — Tu'bular, a. Having the form of a tube or pipe: consisting of a pipe; iistular. [L. tubulus, dim. of tubv.*.]— Tabular boiler. A steam- boiler in which the water is heated in tubes exposed to the fire; also, one in which the products of com- bustion pass from the fire-box through a system of small flues, so as to heat the water by which they are Britannia Tubular Bridge. surrounded. — T. bridge. A bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or tube, made of iron plates riveted to- gether. — T. girder. A plate-girder having 2 or more vertical webs with a space between them. — Tu'bu- late, a. Tubular; tubulated; tubulous. — Tu'bula'- ted, a. Made in the form of a small tube; furnished with a tube. TL. tubulatus.] — Tu'bule, -bill, n. A small pipe; little tube.— Tubu'liform, a. Having the form of a small tube. TL. tubulus, and forma, form.] — Tu'bulous, -bu-lus. a. Resembling, or in the form of, a tube; containing small tubes; composed wholly of tubulous florets. Tuber, tu'ber, n. (Lot.) A fleshy, rounded, under- ground body, or thickened portion of a stem or root, usually having " eyes " or buds and containing . starshy matter, as the potato. [L., a bump, swelling, tumor, truffle ; s. rt. L. tumere. to swell, E. tumid, truffle, trifle, protuberant.] — Tu'bercle. -ber-kl, n. (Anat.) A natural small rounded body or mass. (Med.) A small mass or aggregation of morbid mat- ter ; esp., the deposit which accompanies scrofula or phthisis. [F.: L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber.]— Til' - ber'cular, a. Flavins: little knobs or tubercles ; af- fected, with tubercles. —Tube'rose or Tu'berosa, -ber-oz, n. A plant wirh a tuberous root much culti- vated for the beautv and fragrance of its flowers. [L. tuberosity, tuberous.] — Tu'berous. -us, a. Cor- 1 ered with knobby or wart-like prominences. (Bot.) Consisting of, or containing, tubers ; like a tuber. — Tuberosity, -os'T-tT, it. State of being tuberous. I {Auar.) A knob-like prominence on a bone, to which muscles and ligaments are attached. Tuck, tuk, n. A long, narrow sword; a rapier. [Cor- rupt, of F. ostoc, the stock of a tree, a rapier, a thrust. It. stocco, a truncheon, short sword, G. stock, a stump stick, staff; s. rt. stock, <\. v.] Tuck. tuk. »/. (Xaut.) The part of a ship where the ends of the bottom planks are collected under the srern ; a horizontal sewed fold in a garment, to shorten or ornament it. — v. '. [tucked (tukt ), tuck- in'G.] To thrust or press in or together ; to fold ru- der: to gather up; to inclose by pushing the clothes closely around ; to make a tuck in. [ME. and LG. tukken, to pull, draw, or tuck up, also to entice, LG. tvken, to ruck up, lie in folds, as n badlv made gar- ment : s. rt. tug, touch.] — Tuck'er. n. Ore who, or that which, tucks: a small, thin piece of the dress for covering the breast of women or children. Tuesday, tiiz'dY, n. The third dav of the week, fol- lowing Monday. [AS. TwLf.'dan, Ic 7V-.W-.OHG, Ziestag, the day of (AS. Tiw, Ic. Tyr, OHG. Zui) the god of war = L. JUars. but s. rt. L. Jupiter, Gr. Zens, Skr. Dtutus. lit. the shining one : see Jove.] Tufa, tu r - or tool'a, n. (31in.) A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water: a volcanic sand- rock, ratlier friable, formed of agglutinated volcanic earth; a similar rock of trap or basaltic material. [It. tufo, soft, sandy stone.] — Tuff, n. Tufa. Tuft, tuft, n. A collection of small, flexible, or soft things in a knot or bunch: a cluster; clump: a no- bleman or person of quality, esp. in the Eng. uni- versities, —so called from the tuft in the cap worn bv them. — v. t. To separate into tufts: to adorn with tufts or with a tuft. [F. touff'e. G. zopf, a tuft or lock of hair; s. rt. top.] — Tuft'ed. p. a. Adorned with a tuft ; growing in a tuft or clusters. — Tuft'y, -T, a. Abounding with tufts ; growing in tufts or clusters. — Tuff-hunt'er, n. A hanger-on to noble- men, esp. in Eng. universities. Tug, tug, v. t. [tugged (tugd), -GiKG.] To pull or draw with great effort, drag along with continued exer- tion, haul along. — v. i. To pull with great effort; to labor, strive, struggle. — n. A pull with the utmost effort; a steam-vessel used to tow shins: a trace, or drawing-strap, of a harness. [OD. tocken, tucken, to touch, plav, allure, entice, draw, AS. t^ou, G. Ziehen, to draw, Ic. toggla, to tug; s. rt. OD. toge, a draught of beer, G. zug, a pull, tug, draught. Ic. tog, a tow- rope, E. tow, tuck (q. v.), touch. ] — Tug'ger, n. Tuition, tu-ish/un, n. Superintending care over a young person; guardianship; esp., the act or busi- ness of teaching the various branches of learning; instruction; money paid for instruction. [F.; L. tui- tio, fr. tueri, tuitus, to see, watch, protect; s. rt. intu- ition, tutelage, tutor.] — Tui'tionary, -er-T, a. Of, or pert, to, tuition. Tulip, tulip, n. A bulbous plant, of many species, producing flowers of great beauty and of a variety of colors. [F. tulip pe, It. tulipa, Turk. & Per. tulbend, dulbend,i. e.,a turban, — fr. the resemblance of its form to a tur- ban; s. rt. turban.] Tulle, tool, ?). A kind of silk open work or lace. [F., fr. the town of Tulle, where it was first made.] Tumble. tunVbl, v. i. [-BLED (-bid), -BLIXG.] To roll about by turn- ing one way and the other; to toss, pitch 'uup. about ; to lose footing or support and fall; to come down suddenly and violently, be precipitated ; to play mountebank tricks bv movements of the body. — v. t. To turn over, or throw about for examina- tion ; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, or uncere- monious manner: to precipitate; to disturb; to over- turn, throw down, rumple, disorder. — n. Act of tumbling or rolling over; a fall. [AS. tumbian, to tumble, turn heels over head, OD. tumelen, to tum- ble. OHG. tumon, to turn round and round, tumari, a tumbler, acrobat: s. rt. stumble.] — Tum'bler, n. sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink., then, bo>'bo>', chair, get. TUMID 65*2 TURKEY One who tumbles ; one who plays the tricks of a mountebank; that part of a lock which detains the bolt in its place, until a key lifts it and leaves the bolt at liberty: see Padlock; a drinking glass orig. made without a foot or stem, with a pointed base, so that it could not be set down with any liquor in it; a small variety of the domestic pigeon, — so called fr. its habit of tumbling or turning over in flight; a sort of dog used for inveigling game, — so called fr. his habit of tumbling before he attacks his prey. — Tum / 'brel, -bril, n. A ducking-stool lor the punishment of scolds ; a rough cart; a cart with 2 wheels, for conveying the tools of pioneers, car- tridges, etc.; a kind of cage of osiers, willows, etc., for keeping hay and other food for sheep. [OF. tum- brel, tomberel, fr. tomber, to fall, fr. the G.] Tumid, tu'mid, a. Swelled, enlarged, or distended; rising above the level ; protuberant ; swelling in sound or sense; pompous; bombastic; turgid. [L. tumidus, fr. tumere, to swell, Gr. tule, a swelling, Skr. tu, to be powerful, increase; s. rt. tuber, truffle, trifle, total, thumb.} — Tumid'ity, -T-tt, n. State of being tumid; turgidity.— Tu'nudness, n.— Tu'mefy, -me-fi, v. t. [_-fied (-fid), -fying.] To swell, cause to swell. <—v. i. To rise in a tumor; to swell. [L. tumefacere; facere, to make.] — Tumefac'tion, n. Act or process of, etc.; a tumor; a swelling. — Tu'mor, n. {Med.) A morbid swelling, or growth, of or in any part of the body. [L.] — Tu'mulus, n. ; pi. -n. An artificial hillock, esp. one raised over the grave of a person buried in ancient times; a barrow. [L., fr. tumere.} — Tu'mular, a. Consisting in a heap ; formed or be- ing in a heap or hillock. — Tu'mult, n. Commotion, disturbance, or agitation of a multitude, usually ac- companied with great noise, uproar, and confusion of voices; violent commotion or agitation, with con- fusion of sounds; irregular or confused motion; high excitement; uproar; hurly-burly; turbulence; noise; bluster; hubbub; bustle; stir; brawl; riot. [F. tu- multe, L. tumultus, a swelling or surging up, tumult, f r. tumere.} — Tumulfuous, -u-us, a. Full of tumult; conducted with tumult; greatly agitated; disturbed; turbulent ; violent ; boisterous ; lawless ; riotous ; seditious. [F. tumultueitx, L. tumultuosus.} — Tu- mulfuously, adv. — Tumulfuousness, n.— Tumult '- uary, -u-a-rlf, a. Attended by or producing a tumult. [F. tumultuoAre, L. tumultuarius.} — Tumult'uarily, adv. — Tumult'uariness, n. Tump, tump, n. A little hillock ; a knoll. — v. t. [tumped (tumpt), tumping.] To form a mass of earth or a hillock round (a plant, etc.). [W. twmp, twm, a round mass or heap, a hillock.] Tumult, Tumulus, etc. See under Tumid. Tun. See under Ton, a weight. Tune, tun, n. (Mus.) A rythmical, melodious series of musical tones for 1 voice or instrument, or for any number of voices or instruments in unison, or 2 or more such series forming parts in harmony; a melo- dy ; an air ; state of giving the proper sound or sounds ; pitch of the voice or an instrument; order; harmo- ny; concord; fit disposition, temper, or humor. See Phrenology, — v. t. [tuned (tund), tuning.] To put into a state adapted to produce the proper sounds; to harmonize; to put into a proper state or disposition; to give tone to, adapt in style of music; to sing with melody or harmony, —v. i. To form ac- cordant musical sounds. [Orig. spelling of tone, q. v.] — Tun'able, a. Capable of being tuned, or made harmonious; harmonious; musical; tuneful.— Tune''- ful, -ful, a. Harmonious ; melodious ; musical. — Tuneless, a. Without tune; unharmonious; unmu- sical; not employed in making music. — Tunlng- fork, n. (Mus.) A steel instrument consisting of 2 prongs and a handle, which, being struck, gives a certain fixed tone,— used for tuning instruments, or for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. Tungsten, tung'sten, n. A metal of a grayish-white color, and considerable luster: it is brittle, nearly as hard as steel, and is fused with extreme difficulty. [Sw. fr. tung, heavy, and sten, G. stein, stone.] Tunic, tu'nik, n. A loose, short, belted frock or dress. (Antiq.) An under-garment worn by both sexes in ancient Rome and the East. (Eccl.) A kind of long robe. (Anat.) A membrane that covers or composes some part or organ. (Bot.) A natural covering; an integument. [L. tunica.} — Tu'nicle, -nt-kl, n. A delicate natural covering. [F.; L. tunicula, dim. of tunica.] Tunnage, Tunnel. See under Ton, a weight. Tunny, tun'nY, n. A very large food-fish, allied to the mackerel, esteemed for its solid veal-like flesh. [F. thon, L. thunnus, Gr. thunnos, lit. a darter, fr. thunein, thuein, to rush along.] Turanian, tu-ra'nf-an, a. Altaic; Scythian; pert, to the languages other than Aryan ^ and Semitic spoken in ^ N. Europe and N. and Cent. Asia, including lunny. the Finno-Hungarian, Samoyed, Turkish, Mongoli- an, and Tungusian. [Pers. Tur, one of the 3 broth- ers from whom sprang the races of mankind.] Turban, ter'ban, n. A head-dress worn by some Orientals, consisting of a brimless cap, and a sash or scarf wound about the cap; a head-dress worn by ladies. [ME. and OF. turbant, Turk, tulbend, dul- bend, Pers. and Hind, dulband; s. rt. tulip.} Turbary, ter'ba-rf, n. (Eng. Law.) A right of dig- ging turf on another man's land ; the ground where turf is dug. [LL. turbaria, fr. turba, turf.] Turbid, ter'bid, a. Having the lees disturbed ; foul with extraneous matter ; roiled ; muddy ; thick. [L. turbidus, fr. turba, tumult, disturbance, turbare, to disturb ; s. rt. trouble, q. v.] — Tur'bulent, -bu- lent, a. In violent commotion ; disposed to insub- ordination and disorder; producing commotion; agi- tated; tumultuous; riotous; seditious; unquiet; re- fractory. [F. ; L. turbulentus, f r. turba.} — Tur'bu- lently, adv. — Tur'bulence, -bu-lens, n. State or quality of being turbulent; a disturbed state.— Tur'- bidness, n. Turbine, ter'bin, n. A horizontal water-wheel, usu- ally constructed with a series of curved floats upon the periphery, against which the water strikes with direct impulse, as it rushes from all sides of an inner flume, and after expending its force upon the floats, passes out at the circumference. [F. turbine, a spiral shell. L. turbo, a whipping-top, spindle, reel.] — Turbinate, -nat'ed, -bY-na'ted, a. Shaped like a top, or cone inverted; narrow at the base, and broad at the apex. — Turbina'tion, n. Act of spin- ning or whirling, as a top. — Tur'bit, n. A variety of the domestic pigeon, remarkable for its short beak ; the turbot. [Ir., a rhomboid, also a tur- bot, q. v., following.] — Tur'bot, n. A short, broad flat-fish of large size, much esteemed for the table. [F.; LL. turbo, fr. L. turbo, f r. the shape of the fish.] Turbulent, etc. See un- der Tukbid. Turcism. See under Tur- Turbot. KEY. Tureen, tu-ren', n. A large, deep vessel for holding soup, or other liquid food, at the table. [F. terrine, fr. terre, L. terra, earth, — because orig. made of earthenware.] Turf, terf, n. The matted upper stratum or surface of grass-land, consisting of earth which is filled with roots; earth covered with grass; sward ; sod ; peat, esp. when prepared for fuel; race-ground; or horse- racing.— v. t. [turfed (terf t), turfing.] To cover with turf or sod. [AS. ; D., peat, Ic. and Sw. torf, OHG. zurba, a turf, sod, peat ; prob. s. rt. Skr. darbha, a kind of matted grass, dribh, to string, bind.] — Turfy, -T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Abounding with, made of, covered with, or having the appear- ance or qualities of turf. — Turf iness, n. Turgid, ter'jid, a. Distended beyond the natural state by some internal agent or expansive force ; swelled ; bloated ; swelling in style or language ; vainly ostentatious ; tumid ; pompous ; inflated ; bombastic. [L. turgidus, fr. turgere, to swell.] — Turgid'ity, -X-tt, Tur'gidness, n. The quality of being turgid. —Tur 'gent, -jent, a. Rising into a tumor, or puffy state; swelling; inflated; bombastic. [L. turgens, p. pr. of turgere.} — Turges'cence, -cen- cy, -ies / 'en-sY, n. Act of swelling, or state of being swelled. (Med.) Superabundance of humors in any part. Empty magnificence or pompousness ; bombast. — Turges'cent, a. Swelling; growing big. [L. turgescens, p. pr. of turgescere, incept, of tur- gere.} Turkey, ter'kY, n. A large gallinaceous fowl, a native of Amer. : the flesh is valued for food. [Short for Turkey-cock, T.-hen, and po-called because at the Dp. — Tur bit, n. A variety t, remarkable for its shorl fim, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term i In, ice ; Odd, tone. 6r •, TURMERIC 633 TURN time of their introduc- tion in England (about 1530) Turkey was a vague terra for any foreign region, esp. for Tartary : cf. F. dinde, a turkey, contr. fr. foule (/'Hide, bird of n d i a, G. calecutische halm, a turkey-cock, lit. a cock of Calecut = Calcutta : 2'urkey, F. Turquie, is fr. Per. Turk, a Turk, a de- scendant of Turk, the son of Japhet] — Tur''- key-buz'zard, n. A com- mon Amer. species of carrion-eating vulture, having a distant resem- blance to a turkey. — Common Turkey-cock. Tur'cism, -sizm, n. The character, belief, religion, manners, etc., of the Turks. — Turkois', -quoia', -koiz' or -kez', n. A precious stone from the moun- tains of Persia, of a peculiar bluish-green color : it takes a high polish, and is used in jewelrv. [F. tur- quois, lit. the Turkish stone (because brought to Eu- rope by way of Turkey), fern, of Turquois. Turkish.] Turmeric, ter'nier-ik, re. (Bot.) An E. Indian plant; its root or root-stock, used as a condiment (in curry powder), a dye (yellow), a chemical test, and a med- icine. [F. terre-merite, name of the powdered root, fr. L. terramerita, lit. excellent earth.] — Turmeric paper. (Chem.) A kind of unsized paper stained yellow with a decoction of turmeric, used as a test for free alkali, which changes its color to brown. Turmoil, tSr'moil, n. Harassing labor; trouble; mol- estation by tumult; commotion; disturbance. [Peril, f r. turn and moil, q. v. : perh. fr. OF. tremouille, tra- meul, the hopper of a mill, prob. fr. L. tremere, to tremble, shake, whence F. tremuer, to disquiet.] Turn, t5rn, v. t. [turned (ternd), turning.] To form in a lathe; to give form to, shape, put in proper condition ; to cause to move upon, or as if upon, a center ; to give circular motion to, cause to revolve; to cause to present a different side uppermost or out- most ; to give another direction, tendency, or incli- nation to ; to incline differently ; to change from a given use or office; to divert (to another purpose or end); to use or employ; to change the form, quality, aspect, or effect of; to cause to become sour, curdle, or ferment (milk, ale, etc.) ; to alter, transform, trans- late. — v, i. To move round, have a circular mo- tion ; to revolve, entirely, repeatedly, or partially ; to change position, so as to face differently ; to re- volve as if upon a point of support ; to hinge, de- pend ; to result or terminate, issue; to be deflected, take a different direction or tendency, be differently applied; to be changed, altered, or transformed ; to become transmuted ; to become by changes ; to un- dergo the process of turning on a lathe ; to become acid, sour, — said of milk, ale, etc.; to become giddy, — said of the head ; to be nauseated, — said of the stomach; to become inclined in the other direction,— said of scales ; to change from ebb to flow, or from flow to ebb, — said of the tide. — n. Act of turning; movement or motion about a center, or as if about a center; revolution; change of direction; different or- der, position, aspect of affairs, etc. ; change ; altera- tion; vicissitude; successive portion of a course; reck- oning from change to change; a winding; bend; brief walk; successive course; time, occasion, or opportu- nity for receiving or doing, coming in alternation to each of 2 or more persons; a nervous shock or sud- den illness; incidental or opportune deed or office; convenience; occasion; purpose; form; cast; shape; manner; fashion; form of expression; one round of a rope or cord. pi. (Med.) Monthly courses; men- ses. (Mus.) An embellishment or grace, marked thus, tf^), formed by grouping the principal note with the note above and the semitone below, the 3 being performed in the time of the principal note. [ME. tournen, tomen, tumen. fr. OF. torner, turner, also, AS. tyrnan, fr. L. tornare, to turn in a lathe, turn, fr. tomus, a turner's lathe, Gr. tornos, a car- penter's compasses, torneuein, to turn in a lathe; s. rt. Gr. teirein, to pierce, L. terere, to rub, E. trite (q. v.), tour (q. v.).] — [turn, v. t.~] To be turned of. To be advanced beyond. — To turn a corner. To go round a corner. — To t. the enemy's flank. {Mil.) To pass from his front and attack his troops upon the side or rear. — To t. aside. To avert. — To t. away To dismiss from service, discard; to avert. — To t. down. To fold or double down. — To t. in. To fold or double under. — To t. in the mind. To revolve, ponder, or meditate upon. — To t. off. To dismiss contemptuously; to give over, reduce; to divert, de- flect; to accomplish, perform (work). — To t. one's money or goods, to turn a penny, etc. To exchange in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange or circulation. — To t. out. To drive out; to expel; to put to paBture (cattle or horses); to produce, aa the result of labor, or any process of manufacture; to furnish in a completed state. — To t. over. To cause to change the sides of; to cause to roll over; to transfer; to open and examine one leaf of (a book) after another ; to overset, overturn. — To t. tail. To retreat ignominiously. — To t. the back. To flee, retreat. — To t. the back on or upon. To treat with contempt; to reject or refuse unceremoniously. —To t. the edge of. To make dull, deprive of sharp- ness. — To t. the head or brain of. To make giddy, wild, insane, etc.; to infatuate.— To t. the scale. To change the preponderance, give superiority or suc- cess. — To t. the stomach of. To nauseate, sicken. — To t. the tables. To reverse success or superiority.— To t. to. To have recourse to, refer to.— To t.to profit, advantage, etc. To make profitable or ad- vantageous. — To t. upon. To retort, throw back. — [turn, v. ?'.] To t. about. To move the face to an- other quarter. — To t. away. To deviate; to depart from, forsake; to avert one's looks, remove. — To t. in. To bend inward; to enter for lodgings or enter- tainment; to go to bed. — To t. off. To be diverted, deviate from a course. — To t. on or upon. To reply or retort; to show resentment toward, confront an- grily; to depend on. —To t. out. To move from its place, as a bone; to bend outward, project; to rise from bed; to come abroad, prove in the result, issue. — To t. over. To turn from side to side, roll, tumble. — To t. to account, profit, advantage, etc. To be made profitable, become worth the while. — To t. under. To bend or be folded downward or under. — To t. up. To bend or be doubled upward; to come to light, oc- cur, happen.— [turn, w.] By turns. One after anoth- er; alternately; at intervals.— In turn. In due order of succession. — To at. Exactly; perfectly, — from the practice of cooking on a revolving spit.— To take turns. To alternate, succeed one another in due or- der.— Turn and t. about. An alternate share of duty. — T. of life (lied.). The time of the final cessation of the menses in women; menopause. — Turncoat, n. One who forsakes his party or principle; a renegade; an apostate. — Turn^er, n. One who turns; esp., one whose occupation is to form articles with a lathe; a variety of pigeon; one who practices athletic or gym- nastic exercises, — so called among the Germans. — Turn'ery, -er-t, n. Art of fashioning solid bodies into various forms by means of a lathe ; things or forms made by a turner or in the lathe. [F. tourn- erie.~] — Turn'mg, n. A winding ; bending course ; flexure ; a corner (of a street or road) ; deviation from the way or proper course; act of forming solid substances into various forms by means of a lathe. pi. Pieces detached in the process of turnery. (Mil.) A maneuver bv which an enemy, or position, is turned. — Turn'ing-point, n. The point upon which a question turns, and which decides a case.— Tu^n /, - key, n. One in charge of the keys of a prison ; a warden. — Tura'pike, n. Orig. a frame consisting of 2 bars (originally with sharpened ends), crossing each other at right angles, and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass between the arms ; a toll-gate, or gate set across a road ; a turnpike-road. — v. t. [turn- piked (-pikt), -piking.] To form (a road) in the manner of a turnpike-road, [turn andptfce, q. v.] — Tum /, pike-road, n. A road on which turnpikes, or toll-gates, are established by law. — Turn'sole, n. (Bot.) A heliotrope,— because its flower is supposed to turn toward the sun. A leguminous plant, and a purple dye obtained from it. A blue dye obtained from certain lichens. [F. tourne*ol, f r. tourner, \ to turn, and L. sol. the sun ; cf. i heliotrope.'] — Turn'spit, n. One who turns a spit; one engaged in some menial office; a variety of dog,— formerly employed to turn ..' a spit. — Turn'stile, n. A revolv- lurnsnie. ing frame in a footpath; a turnpike. — Turn '-out, n.;pl. -outs. Act of coming forth; a short side track siin, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. TURNIP 634 TWITTER Turn-table, on a railroad; a shunt; an equipage. — -o / ver, n. Act ; or result of tuini n g over; a semi- circular p i e m a d e D y turning one half a circu- lar crust over the other. — ta/ble. n. A larsre revolv- ing platform, for turning railroad cars, locomotives, etc., in a different direction. Turnip, ter'nip, n. A cruciferous plant of many spe- cies; its solid, bulbous root, which is valued as an article of food. [Perh. fr. F. tour, a wheel (fr. its roundness, fr. tounier = E. to turn, q. v.), and AS. niep, L. napus, a turnip.] Turpentine, ter'pen-tm, n. An oleo -resinous sub- stance, exuding naturally or on incision from sev- eral species of trees, chiefly those of the coniferous kind. [F. turhentine, fr. L. terebintkinus, of the tur- pentine-tree, fr. tere^inthus: see Terebinth.] Turpitude, ter'pT-tud, n. Inherent baseness or vile- ness of principle, words, or actions. [F.; L. turpi- tudo, fr. turpis, foul, base, Skr. trap, to be ashamed, turn away in shame; s. rt. Gr. trepein, to turn: see Tkope.] Turquois. See under Turkey. Turfel, tur'rel, n. A tool used by coopers. [OF. ton- rout, a little wooden tourniquet to fasten doors or windows.] Turret, tur'ret, n. A small tower or spire attached to a building, etc., and rising above it. [F. tourette, dim. of tour, L. turris, a tower, q. v.] — Tur'reted, p. a. Formed like a tower; furnished with turrets. — Tur'- ret-ship, n. An iron-clad war-vessel, with low sides, on which heavy guns are mounted within rotating turrets. Turtle, ter'tl, n. (Ornith.) A gallinaceous bird,— called also turtle-dove and turtle-pigeon : its note is plaintive and tender, and it is celebrated for the con- stancy of its affection. (Zo'ol.) A tortoise, — often restricted to the large sea-tortoise. [AS.; L. turtur, a tur- tle - dove ; onomat. fr. tur, tur, the coo of the bird: the name for the torjoise was the cor- rupt, of Eng. sailors for Pg. tartaruga, Sp. tortuga, a tortoise, q. v.] — Tur 'tier, n. One who catches turtles or tor- toises. Tuscan, tus'kan, a. Of, or pert, to, Tuscany, in Italy; — specifically applied to one of the orders of architecture, the most ancient and simple : see Capital. Tush, tush, interj. Pshaw! — an exclamation indica- ting check, rebuke, or contempt. Tusk, tusk, n. A long, pointed, and often protruding tooth, as of the elephant, wild boar, etc. [AS. tusc, tux.] —Tusked, tuskt, a. Furnished with tusks. Tussle, tus'sl, n. A struggle; conflict; scuffle. — v. i. To struggle, as in sport or wrestling; to scuffle. [Same as tousle, freq. of touse, q. v.] Tut, tut, interj. Be still, — an exclamation used for checking or rebuking. Tutelage, etc. See under Tutor. Tutenag, tu'te-nag, n. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel ; zinc, or spelter, — so called in India. [F. toutenague, NL. tutenago, tutanego : see Tutty.] Tutor, tu'ter, n. One who protects, watches over, or has the care of, another. (Civil Law.) A guardian. A private or public teacher. (Eng. Univ. and Col- leges.) An officer or member of some hall, who has the cfcarge of hearing the lessons of the students, and otherwise giving them instruction. (Amer. Col- leges.) An instructor of a lower rank than a pro- fessor.— v. t. [tutored (-tSrd), -toring.] To have the guardianship or care of; to teach, instruct; to treat with authority or severity. [F. tuteur, L. tutor, iv.tueri, to watch, defend; s. rt. tuition.] — Tu'tor- age, -ej, n. Office or occupation of a tutor, tutor- ship; guardianship. — Tu'toress, n. A female tutor; instructress ; governess. — Tutorial, -to'ri - al, a. Belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor. — Tu'telage, -te-lej, n. Guardianship ; protection, — applied to Turtle. the person protecting; state of being under a guar< dian. [L. tutela, protection.] — Tu'telar, -lary. -te- la-rT, a. Having the charge of protecting a perse n or a thing; guardian; protecting. [F. tutelaire, L. tutelaris.] Tutti, tdot'te, n. pi. (Mus.) All, — a direction for all the singers or players to perform together. [It., fr. L. totus, pi. toti, all.] Tutty, tut'ti, n. An impure protoxide of zinc, col- le«ted from the chimneys of smelting furnaces. [F. tutie, LL. tutia. Per. tutiya.] ; Twaddle, twod'dl, v. i. To talk in a weak and silly manner; to prate. — ?;. Silly talk; senseless verbi- age; gabble. [Same as tattle, q. v.] — Twad'dler, n. — Twat'tle, twot'tl, v. i. To twaddle. I Twain, twan, a. or n. Two, — nearly obsolete. [See Twang, twang, v. i. [twanged (twangd), twanging.] To make the sound of a string which is stretched and suddeuly pulled, —v. t. To make to sound, as by pulling a tense string and letting it go suddenlv. — n. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by"a stretched string when pulled and suddenly let go; a kind of nasal sound of the voice. [Onomat.: cf. Ting.] Tweak, twek, v. t. To pinch and pull with a sudden jerk and twist; to twitch. — n. A sharp pinch or jerk ; trouble ; distress. [ProvE. twick, a sudden jerk, ME. and LG. twikken, G. zwicken, to pinch, nip; s. rt._twinge, ticinkle, tivitch.] Tweed, twed, n. A light, twilled cotton or woolen stuff, used for summer clothing. [Manufactured orig. in the valley of the river Tiveed, Scotland.] Tweedle, twe'dl, v. t. To handle lightly, — said with reference to awkward fiddling; to influence as if by fiddling, coax, allure. [Cf. G. dudeln, to play badly on an instrument.] — Twid'dle, -dl, v. t. To touch lightly, play with, twirl with the fingers, tweedle. Tweezers, twe'zerz^.jp?. Small pincers used to pluck out hairs, etc. [ME. tiveese, OF. estuy, F. etui, Sp. estuche, Olt. stuccio, a small case for surgical instru- ments, LL. estugium, a case, box, MHG. stuche, a cuff, muff.] Twelve, Twenty. Twibil. Twice, Twig, Twilight, Twill, Twin, Twine, Twist, etc. See under Two. Twiddle. See under Tweedle. Twig, twig, v. t. To understand the meaning of; to observe slyly. [Ir. tuigin, Ga. tuig, to understand.] Twinge, twini, v. t. [twinged (twhrid), twingeing.] To pull with a twitch, pinch, tweak; to torment with pinching or sharp pains. — v. i. To have a sudden, sharp, local pain, like a twitch. — n. A pinch; tweak; twitch; a darting, local pain of momentary contin- uance. [ME. ttvingen, to afflict, OFries. thwinga, twinga, OS. thwingan, IX dwingen, to constrain, Skr. tancli, to contract'; s. rt. tweak, thong.]— Twinkle, twink'l, v. i. [twinkled (-Id), -ling.] To open and shut the eyes rapidly, blink, wink; to sparkle, flash at intervals, scintillate. — n. A closing or opening, or a quick motion of the eye; a wink; the time of a wink; a twinkling. [ME. tivinken, to blink, wink, AS. twinclian, to twinkle, shine faintly, fr. twiccan, to twitch: see Tweak.] — Twink'ling, n. Act of one who, or that which, twinkles ; a wink ; a scintilla- tion; sparkling; the time of a wink; a moment; in- stant. — Twitch, twich, v. t. [twitched (twicht), twitching.] To pull with a sudden jerk; to pluck with a short, quick motion; to snatch. — n. A pull with a jerk; a short, sudden, quick pull or contrac- Dn. [ME. twicchen, a form of twikken, to tweak.] Twitch'-grass, n. A species of grass which it is difficult to exterminate. Twirl, twerl, v. t. [twirled (twerld), twirling.] To move or whirl round; to move and turn rapidly with the fingers. — v. i. To revolve with velocity, be whirled round rapidly. — n. A rapid circular mo- tion; a whirling; quick rotation. [AS. thweran, to agitate, turn, thwiril, a churn-handle, D. dwarlen. OHG. dweran, tweran, to whirl; s. rt. L. ierere, to bore, E. trite.] Twit, twit, v. t. To vex by bringing to notice or re- minding of a fault, defect, misfortune, etc.; to revile, reproach, upbraid, taunt. [ME. atwiten, AS. mi : w it- em, to twit, reproach, fr. set = E. at, and witan, to blame, AS. and Goth, icitan, to know; s. rt. wit, vis- ion.] — Twifter, n. One who, etc. Twitch. See under Twinge. Twitter, twit'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.^ To make a succession of small, tremulous, intermitted noises; to have a slight trembling of the nerves; to am, fSme, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice : Qdd, tone, 6r ; 'TWIXT 635 TYPE titter, giggle. — n. A small, tremulous, intermitted noise, like that made by some birds, as the swallow: a slight trembling or agitation of the nerves; a hall- suppressed laugh; titter; giggle. £Onomat.; lit. to keep on saying twit ; twit = twat in twaddle ; e. rt. tattle, q. v.] 'Twixt, twikst. A contr. of betwixt. Two, too, a. One and one. — n. The sum of 1 and 1; a symbol representing two units, as 2, or ii.— Twain, twin, a. and n. Two. [AS. nom. masc. twegen (whence twain), fern, twa, neut. twa, tu (whence two), D. twee, lc. tveir. Goth, twai, OHG. zwene, zwei, It. and Ga, da, Lithuan. dwi, du, L. and Gr. duo (q. v.), Skr. dva. dwa, two.] — In two. Asunder; into 2 parts ; in halves ; in twain. — Two'fold, a. Double ; duplicate ; multiplied by 2. — adv. In a double degree; doubly. [ME. twifold, AS. twifeald.] — Two'-edged, -ejd, a. Having 2 edges, or edges on both sides. — -hand'ed, a. Having 2 hands j stout ; strong; powerful; used with both hands. — pence, tup'pens, n. A small coin and money of account, in Eng. = 2 pennies. pen'ny, tup'pen'nl, a. Of the value of two-pence; small; mean; of little value. — ply, a. Consisting of 2 thicknesses, as cloth ; double; woven double, as cloth or carpeting, by in- corporating 2 sets of threads of the warp and 2 sets of the weft. — Twice, twls, adv. Two times; once and again; doubly; in twofold quantity. [ME. twits, AS. twiges, twiwa, fr. twa.] — Twi'bil, n. A kind of mattock or ax; a reaping-hook. [AS.: see Bill, a hook.] — Twi'fallow, -fal-lo, v. i. [-lowed (-lod), -lowing.] To plow a second time, — said of land that is fallowed. — Twig, n. A small shoot or branch of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or size. — v. t. To beat with twigs. [AS. ; D. twijg, G. zweig, orig. applied to the fork or bisection of a branch.] — Twig'gy, -gt, a. Full of twigs ; abounding with shoots. — Twilight, n. The faint light perceived be- fore the rising and after the setting of the sun; any faint light; a dubious or uncertain view. — a. Im- perfectly illuminated ; shaded ; obscure ; seen or done by twilight. [AS. tweon, doubt, the wavering between 2 opinions; cf. G. zwiefach, double, zwie- licht, twilight, zwiesel, a forked bough, fr. zwei.] — Twill, twil, v. t. To weave (cloth) so as to produce the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs, on the sur- face of. — n. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs produced in textile fabrics; a fabric woven with a twill. [LG. twUlen, to make double, to fork into 2 branches, as a tree, twill, a forked branch.] — Twin, twin, n. One of 2 produced at a birth by an animal that ordinarily brings forth but one at a birth, — used chiefly in the pi. One very much resembling an- other, pi. (Astron.) A constellation and sign of the zodiac; Gemini. — a. Being 1 of 2 born at a birth; being 1 of a pair much resembling one another. [ME. double, AS. getwinne, twins, lc. tvennr, 2 and 2, twin, in pairs, tvinna, to twist 2 together, twine, Lithuan. dwmi, twins.] — Twinling, n. A twin lamb. — Twine, twin, v. t. [twined (twlnd), twining.] To twist together; to form by twisting or winding of threads ; to wind about, embrace, entwine. — v. i. To unite closely, or by complication of parts ; to wind, bend, make turns, meander. — n. A twist ; convolution ; act of twining or winding round ; a strong thread composed of 2 or 3 smaller threads or strands twisted together; a small cord or string. [AS. twin, double, a doubled or twisted thread, D. twijn, twine, twist, twijnen, to twine, lc. tvinni, twine, tvinna, to twine, tvinnr, tvennr, twin, q. v., above.] — Twist, twist, v. t. To contort, complicate, convolve; to turn from the true form or meaning, pervert; to wreathe, wind, unite by intertexture of parts ; to form, weave ; to wind m, insinuate, — used reflex- ively; to unite by winding one thread, strand, or other flexible substance round another; to form into a thread from many fine filaments. — v. i. To be contorted or united by winding round each other.— n. A contortion ; flexure ; convolution ; bending ; form given in twisting; that which is formed by twisting, convoluting, or uniting the parts; a roll of twisted dough, baked. [AS., a rope, ME., a forked branch, D., a quarrel, G. zwist, a twist, also discord, lc. tvistr, the 2, or deuce, in cards: see Deuce.] — Twist 'er, n. One who twists; the instrument used in twisting, or making twists.— Twelve, twelv, a. One more than 11; 2 and 10; twice 6; a dozen. — n. The sum of 10 and 2, or of twice 6; a symbol representing twelve units, as 12, or xii. [ME. twelf, AS. twelfe, G. zwoelf, Goth, twalif, Lithuan. dwylika, twelve ; Lith- uan. lika = L. decern, Gr. deka, ten.] — Twelve'- month, n. A year, which consists of- 12 calendar months. —Twelve'ecore, a. & n. Twelve times 20s 240. — Twelve'-pence, n. A shilling sterling, about 24 cents in U. S. currency.— Twelfth, twelfth, a. The 2d after the 10th; next succeeding the 11th, — the or- dinal of 12; constituting one of 12 equal parts into* which anything is divided. — n. One of 12 equal parts. (Mus.) An interval comprising an octave and- a filth. — Twelfth'-night, n. The evening of the 12th. day after Christmas, or Epiphany, observed as a fes- tival. — Twen'ty, -tT, a. One more than 19; twice 10; a score; an indefinite number, — used proverbially. — n. The number next following 19; twice 10; a symbol representing twenty units, as 20, or xx. [AS. twentig, prob. for twegentig, fr. twegen, twain, and suffix -tig = Goth, tigjus, 10, Goth, twaitigjus, G. zwanzig, 20.] — Twen'tieth, -tt-eth, c. Next in order after the 19th, — the ordinal of 20 ; constitu- ting 1 of 20 equal parts into which anything is di- vided. — n. One of 20 equal parts. (AIus.) An in- terval comprising 2 octaves and a sixth. [AS. twen- tigodha.] Tyke, tik, n. A dog, or one as contemptible as a dogr a tike. [Same as tike, q. v.] Tympanum, tim'pa-num, n. (Anat.) The middle cav- ity of the ear, separated by a membrane from the external passage ; also, this membrane itself, on which atmospheric vibrations act directly in pro- ducing sound, — the drum of the ear; in birds and. reptiles, the flat scale or membrane which forms the external organ of hearing. (Arch.) The triangular- face of a pediment; the die of a pedestal; the panel. of a door. [L. ; Gr. tumpanon, a drum, roller, panel,, fr. tuptein, to strike, beat a drum; s. rt. type (q. v.),. timbrel.]—- Tym'pan, n. (Arch.) A panel; tympa- num. (Print.) A frame, hinged to the bed of a- hand-press, and covered with parchment or cloth, on which the blank sheets are put, in order to be laid on the form to be impressed : see Printing- peess. [F., fr. L. tympanum. ] — Tym'pany, -pa-nY,. w. (Med?) A flatulent distention of the belly. Infla- tion ; conceit; bombast; tumidity; turgidness. JTf.. tympanie, Gr. tumpanias, — fr. the Delly beingr Tym , bal, n. A kind. timpano, L. tympa- stretched tight, like a drum.] ■ of kettle-drum. [It. timbalk num.] Type, tip, rt. The mark or impression of something ? stamp ; emblem ; impressed form ; kind ; sort ; the aggregate of characteristic qualities; the representa- tive ; a figure or representation of something to come ; a token ; sign ; symbol ; an example or specimen. (Nat. Eist.) The ideal representation of a species or group, combining its essential characteristics. (3fed.) The order in which the symptoms of a dis- ease exhibit themselves and succeed each other. (Typog.) A rectangular block of metal, wood, etc., having a raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, on its upper surface; types in general, — spoken of collectively. [F. : L. typus, a figure, image, type, Gr. tupos, a blow, mark of a blow, stamp, impress, mold, figure, charac- ter of a disease, fr. tuptein, to strike, beat; s. rt. Skr. tup, tump, to hurt, tud, L. tundere, to strike, E. thump, tym- panum.] — 03"- The type composing an ordinary book-font consist of Ro- man CAPITALS, smal* capitals, and lower-case letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with accompa- nying figures, points, and reference-marks, — in all about 200 characters. Besides the ordinary Roman, and Italic, the most important varieties of face are ©lir (ffnslisl), °' Slack Cetter,, ©crmatt Xeyt, Full-face, Antique, Old Style, gothic. The following alphabets show the different sizes. oi: type cast in Amer. and Eng., up to great primer: — Metal Type- a, the body ; 6, face ; c, shoulder; d, nick ; e, groove. sun. cube, full ; moon *<%t ; cow, oil ijinger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. TYPHOID 636 ULCER Brilliant. . . Diamond . . Tearl Agate .... Nonpareil . . JSmerald. . . Minion ... Brevier . . . Bourgeois . . Long primer Small pica . Pica , ftbodefghijklmnopqrstuTWiYt . abodofghijklmnopqrstuvwxyi . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz . abcdefglujklmnopqrstuvwxyz . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx . abcdeighijklmnopqrstuvw . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv . abcdefghijklmnopqrst . abcdefghijklmnopqr . abcdefghijklmnop . abcdefghijklmn abcdefghijk 'Sizes larger than these are also cast, in the following order : Paragon, Double small pica, Double pica, Double English, Double great primer, Double para- gon, and Canon, q. v.— Type'-found'er, n. One who casts or manufactures type. — metal, n. A com- pound of lead and antimony, used for making type. writ'er, n. An instrument for writing by means of type, in which the operator uses a key-board to obtain the impressions of the type upon paper. — Typ'ic, -ical, tfp'ik-al, a. Of the nature of a type; representing something by a form, model, or resem- blance; emblematic; figurative. [Gr. tupikos, typi- cal, figurative, f r. tupos.] — Typically, adv. — Typ' r - icalness, n.~ Typ'ify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] English . . . Great primer To represent by an image, form, model, or resem- blance. [L.facere, to make.} — Typography, tT- or tl-pog'ra-fi, n. The art of printing, or the operation ressingtype — te.] -Typo* 'ic, -ical, tij of lmpressingtype on paper. [Gr. tupos and graphein, to write.] — Typog'rapher, n. A printer. — Typo- graphic, -ical, tip-o- or ti-po-grafik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, typography or printing. — Typographic- ally, adv. In a typographical manner; by means of type; after the manner of printers. Typhoid. See under Typhus. Typhoon, ti-foon"', n. A violent tornado or hurricane occurring in the Chinese seas ; sometimes, the si- moom. [Chinese Tyfoon, name of a goddess of the winds, ta fang or fung, a gale, high wind, fr. ta, great, and fang, fung, a wind, gust, gale : but the word is contused with L. typhon, Gr. triplion, tuphos, a whirlwind, prob. fr. Typhon, a giant struck with lightning by Jupiter, and buried under Mount ^Et- na.] Typhus, til us, n. {Med.) A contagious or infectious and often malignant continued fever attended with great prostration and cerebral disorder. [L. ; Gr. tuphos, smoke, cloud, stupor, esp. stupor arising fr. fever, tuphein, to smoke, raise a smolce; s. rt. Skr. dhu up, to fumigate, dhupa, smoke, E. fume, dust.] — 'phous, -f us, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Ty'phoid -loid, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, typhus. [Gr. tuphos and eidos, resemblance.] — Typhoid Fever. A dangerous continued fever, characterized by ul- cerations of the intestines ; often caused by use of impure water, etc.; enteric f ever. — Ty'pho-mala''- rlal, -la'rf-al, a. Pert, to typhus and malarial, — as tyjyho-malarial fever, a form of fever having symp- toms both of malarial and of typhoid fever. Typical, Typify, Typography, etc. See under Type. Tyrant, tilant, n. An absolute ruler, or one unre- strained by law or constitution; a monarch, or other ruler or master, who uses power to oppress his sub- jects ; a despotic ruler ; cruel master ; oppressor. [ME. and OF. tirant, L. tyrannus, Gr. turannos, a lord, master, absolute sovereign, later a tyrant, usurper.] — Tyran'nic, -nical, a. Of, or pert, to, a tyrant ; unjustly severe in government; imperious ; despotic; cruel; arbitrary. [F. tyrannique, Gr. turan- nikos.] — Tyran'nically, adv.— Tyrannicide, n. Act of killing a tyrant; one who kills a tyrant. [F.; L. tyrannicidium, the killing of a tyrant, tyrannicula, the killer of a tyrant, csedere, to kill; cf. parricide.] — Tyr'annize, ttr'an-nla, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- ino.] To act the tyrant, exercise arbitrary power. — v. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, or tyran- nical treatment; to oppress. [F. tyrannizer, Gr. tu- rannizein.] — Tyr'annous, -an-nus, a. Tyrannical ; arbitrary; despotic — Tyr'anny, -an-nT, n. Govern- ment or authority of a tyrant; arbitrary or despotic exercise of power ; cruel government or discipline ; severity; rigor; inclemency. [F. tyrannie, Gr. turan- nia.] Tyrian, tYr'Y-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Tyre or its people; being of a purple color, like a celebrated cVe former- ly prepared at Tyre from certain shell-fish, and called Tyrian purple. Tyro, ti'ro, n. ; pi. -ros, -r.oz. A beginner in learning; one in the rudiments of any branch of study; a no- vitiate ; one imperfectly acquainted with a subject. [See Tiro.] Tzar, zar, Tzarina, za-re'na, etc. Same as Czar, etc. Tzetze, zefze, n. An African fly which kills horses, dogs, and cattle by its bite. [Native name.] TJ. •TT, yoo, the 21st letter in the Eng. alphabet, had, in An- glo-Saxon, the sound it still retains in most of the languages of Europe — that of oo in cool, tool : this sound was changed to that heard in the words use, tube, etc., prob. fr. the attempt to introduce the Nor- man-French language into England: besides these 2 sounds, m has also 2 other sounds, as exemplified in the words but, bull. The vowel £7" has a close affinity to the consonant V, and these 2 letters were former- ly confounded in writing and printing. Ubiety, u-bi'e-tl, n. State of being in a place; local relation. [NL. ubietas, fr. L. ubi, where, for obs. cubi, quobi ; s. rt. E. who, q . v.] — XTbiq / 'uity, -bik'- wT-tY, n. Existence in all places at the same time; omnipresence. [E- uhique, wherever, everywhere, fr. ubi and que = Gr. te ; s. rt. L. quit = Gr. tis = E. who.] — Ubiqliitary, -wY-ta-rY, a. Existing every- where, or in all places; ubiquitous. — Ubiq'uitous, -wY-tus, a. Omnipresent. Udder, ud'dgr, n. The dependent gland of the cow and of certain other female quadrupeds, in which milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young: see Beef. [AS. and OD. uder, OHG. uter, Ga. & Ir. nth, Gr. outhar, L. uber, Skr. udhar ; s. rt. exuberant.] Udometer, u-dom'e-ter, n. An instrument for meas- uring the quantity of rain which falls; a rain-gauge. [Gr. hudor, moisture, and metron, a measure.] Ugh, 6b, inter j. An exclamation of horror or recoil, — usually accompanied by a shudder. [G. hu ] Ugly, uglY, a. [-LIER; -liest.] Offensive to the sight; of disagreeable or loathsome aspect ; ill- natured ; cross-grained ; hateful. [Ic. uggligr, fearful, dread- ful, uggr, fear, ugga, Goth, ogan, to fear, agis, terror, Ic. agi = E. awe.] — Ug'liness, n. Quality of beim? ugly; want of beauty; turpitude of mind; moral de- pravity; ill-nature; crossness. Ukase, u-kas', n. In Russia, an imperial order hav- ing the force of law. [F. ; Russ. ykaz', an edict, ykazate, to indicate, order, kazate, to show.] Ulan, Uhlan, ulan, n. One of a kind of militia among the modern Tartars; one of a light cavalry of Po- land, armed with lance, saber, etc.; alight cavalry- man of the German army, employed in foraging, outpost duty, etc.; a lancer. [G. uhlan, Polish ulah, prob. fr. Turk, oglan, a youth, lad.] Ulcer, ul'ser, n. {Med.) An open sore upon an ex- ternal or internal surface, caused by a wound, acute or chronic disease, etc., and discharging pus, etc. [F. ulcere, L. ulcus, idceris, Gr. helkoa, a wound, sore, abscess; prob. 8. rt. Eithuan. wilkas, Skr. rn'ka = E. wolf, Skr. vracch, to tear, wound, L. lacerare — E. to lacerate.]— UKcerate. v. i. To become ulcer- ous. — v. t. To affect with an ulcer or ulcers. [L. ulcerare, ulceratum, fr. ulcus.] — Ulceration, n. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term , Yn, Ice ; <5dd, tone, or i ULBMA 037 UN- Process of forming into an ulcer; .state of being ul- cerated; an ulcer. [F.] — UKcered, -sSrd, a. Hav- ing become ulcerous; ulcerated. — Ul'cerous, -us, a. Having the nature or character of an ulcer; affected with an ulcer or ulcers. — Ul'cerousneBB, n. Uleraa, oo-le'ina, n. The hieraicliical corporation, in Turkey, composed of imams, or ministers of relig- ion, muftis, or doctors of law, and cadis, or admin- istrators of justice. [Ar., the wise or learned men, pi. of alint, wise, learned, fr. aliiua, to know.] Uliginous, u-lij'T-nus, a. Muddy ; oozy ; slimy. [L. uligiuosus, fr. idigo, moisture, contr. fr. uviligo, fr. uvere, to be moist. J Ullage, uKlej, n. (Com.) What a cask wants of being full. [OF. eullage, fr. euUier, to fill a cask up to the bung, Proven, oliar, to anoint with oil, also to fill a cask — the last operation in filling a wine flask being to add a little oil to prevent evaporation, OF. oile = E. oil, q. v.] Ulna, uKna, n. (Anat.) The larger of the, 2 bones of the fore-arm: see Skeleton. [L.; Gr. olene, the el- bow.]— Ul'nar, a. Of, or pert, to, the ulna. Ulster, uKster, n. A kind of frieze cloth, orig. made in Ulster, Ireland; a long overcoat, for either sex, orig. made of this cloth. Ulterior, ul-te'rT-er, a. Situated beyond, or on the fur- ther side; not now in view; in the future or in the background; further; remoter; more distant; suc- ceeding. FL., compar. of OL. ulter, ids, ouls, be- yond, on that side; s. rt. OE. ollus, that, olle = L,. ille, he; L. ulter is lit. more that way, more in that direction; prob. s. rt. Skr. antara = L. and E. inte- rior.]— Urtimate, -tT-mat, a. Furthest; most re- mote; last in a train of progression or consequences; incapable of further analysis, division, or separa- tion ; constituent; extreme ; conclusive. — v. t. & i. To come or bring to an end or issue; to end; to come or bring into use or practice. [L. ultimatus, last, ex- treme, fr. p. p. of uuiinare, to come to an end, fr. ultimas, the furthest, last, superl. of ulter.'] — Ulti- mately, adv. Finally; at last; in the end. — Ulti- ma'tion, n. State of being ultimate; ultimatum.— Ultima'tum, n, A final proposition or condition; esp., the final propositions, conditions, or terms, of- fered as the basis of a treaty. [L., neut. of ultima- tus.]— Ul'timo, n. The last month preceding the present, — contr. to uli. [L. ultimo (mense), in the last (month).] — Ul'tra, -tra, a. Disposed to go be- yond others, or beyond due limit; radical; extreme. — n. One who advocates extreme measures; an ul- traist. — prefix. Beyond. [L., orig. abl. fern, of OL. ulter : as prefix L. ultra = F. outre, It. oltra, Sp. ul- tra.] — Ul'traism, -izm, n. Principles of men who advocate extreme measures. — Ul'traist, n. One who pushes a principle or measure to extremes; a radical or ultra. — Ul / tramarine r , -ren', a. Situated or being beyond the sea. — n. (Paint.) A blue pig- ment obtained originally by powdering the lapis- lazuli, but now made artificially. [Sp. idtramarino, beyond sea, foreign, also the name of the color — because the lapis-lazuli was orig. brought from be- yond the sea, — from Asia; Sp.jind L. «/(ra and L. mare, sea.] — Ultramon'tane, -tan, a. Being beyond the mountains, or Alps, in respect to the one who speaks; Italian; pert, to the extreme views of the pope's supremacy maintained in Rome. [F. ultra- montain, LL. uUramontanus, fr. L. ultra and mon- tanus, belonging to a mountain, fr. mons, montia, mountain : see Mount.] — Ultramon'tanism, -ta- nizm, n. The principles of those who maintain ex- treme views as to the pope's supremacy. — Ultra- mun'dane, -dan, a. Being beyond the world, or be- yond the limits of our system. [L. vltramundanus ; mvnrlanus, belonging to the (mw«rf«s) world.] Ululate, uKu-lat, v. i. To howl, as a dog or wolf. [L. ululare, -latum,to howl: see Owl and Howl.] — Ulu- la'tion, n. A. howl, as of the wolf or dog. Umbel, Umbelliferous, Umber, etc. See under Um- EliAGE. Umbii;;us, um-biKT-kus, n. (Anat.) A round cicatrix about the median line of the abdomen ; the navel. (Bot.) The scar left where the stalk of the seed separates from the base; hilum. [L. (for numbUiciis), Gr. omphalos (for nomphalos), Skr. nabhi, the navel, q. v., under Nave, center of a wheel.] — Umbil^ic, -leal, a. Of, or pert, to, the navel. Unities, um'blz, n.pl. The entrails of a deer; entrails in general. [See Humbles.] Umbrage, um'brej, n. Shade ; shadow; that which affords shade, as a screen of trees: the feeling of being overshadowed; jealousy of another, as stand- ing in one's light or way; suspicion of injury; of- fense ; resentment. [F. omhrage, umbrage, shade, shadow, also jealousy, suspicion, fr. omlire, L. wn- bra, a shadow; s. rt. somber.] — Umbra'geous, -bra'- jus, a. Forming, or affording, a shade ; shading ; shady; shaded. JF. ombruyeux.] — Umbra'geous- ness, h. — Umbrel'la, -brel'la, n. A folding shade, carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. [It. urn- brellu, ombrella, dim. of ombra, L. umbra, shade, L. umbella, a sunshade, parasol.] — Um'bel, n. (Bot.) A kind of flower clus- ter in which the flower- stalks spread moder- ately from a common point, and form a com- mon plane or convex surface above, as in the carrot. [Same as umbrella, which it re- sembles in form.] — Um'bellar, a. Of, pert, to, or having the form of, an umbel. — Um / - bellate, Um'bella'ted, a. Bearing umbels ; pert, to an umbel ; um- bel-like. — Um'bellet, n. A little or partial Lmbel. umbel. —Umbelliferous, -lif'er-us, a. Producing or bearing umbels. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Um'ber, n. A natural or artificial pigment, of various shades of bro"fn. (Ornith.) A grallatorial African bird, allied to the storks : it is of an umber color, crest- ed, and about the size of a crow. [F. ombre, for terre d'om- bre, It. terra d'ombra, lit. earth of shadow, i. e., earth used for shading pictures, Sp. sombra, um- ber, also shade.] _ Umlaut, oom'- 1 o w t , n. ( Gram.) The modification of a vowel sound through the influence of the vowel in the succeeding sylla- ble—peculiar to the Germanic languages: as G. mann (= E. man), pi. maenner (= E. men). [G., fr. um, about, and laut, sound.] Umpire, um'plr, n. A 3d person, to whose sole decis- ion a controversy or question between parties is re- ferred. (Law.) A 3d person, who is to decide a con- troversy or question submitted to arbitrators, in case of their disagreement. Judge; arbitrator; ref- eree. [For ntimpire (a numpii-e = an umpire), lit. the odd man, or 3d man, fr. F. non, not, and OF. per, an equal, peer (q. v., and see Pair), F. nonpair, odd = L. impar, odd, also arbitrator, umpire.] — Um'pire- ship, n. Office or authority of an umpire. — Um'- pirage, -pT-rej, n. Power, right, or authority to de- cide; decision of an umpire; arbitrament. Un-, un-, inseparable prefix, (1) a negative prefix, used with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and past partici- ples; (2) a verbal prefix, — the two being of distinct derivation and uses. (1) Un- may be prefixed to al- most any adjective or adverb, to form a meaning the negative of that of the simple word, as, unclean, not clean, unwisely, not wisely : such compounds are usu- ally self-explanatory, aiid those only are inserted in "this vocabulary Which have acquired a sense dif- ferent from that of the simple word: which have the value of independent words, because the simple word is obsolete or rarely used, as uncouth ; or which are in so frequent use that they are hardly felt to be of negative origin, as uncertain, uneren,'etc. [AS., Goth., and G. "«-, D. on-, Ic. and Dan. v-, L. in- (q. v., under Inability), VV. and Skr. an-, Zend, ana-, Gr. an-, a-, orig. ana-, perh. s. rt. Lithuan. ne, no, L. Umber. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. UNABLE 638 UNDAUNTED ne, Goth, ni, Skr. na, not, Gr. and Russ. ne-, Ga. neo-, negative prefix.] — (2) Un-, verbal prefix, expresses the reversal of the action indicated by the simple word, as, unlock, to open that which has been closed by locking. [AS. un-, D. ont-, G. ent-, OHG. ant-, •Goth, and-; s. rt. Gr. anti-, in opposition to.] — In the case of past participles, 2 words of like spellings, but different signification, are often formed by use of the 2 prefixes, as, undone (fr. undo), unfastened, ruined, undone (fr. un & done), not done, unfinished. Unable, un-a'bl, a. Not able; not having sufficient strength, means, knowledge, skill, etc.; impotent. — Unaccomplished, -plisht, a. Not accomplished or performed; not refined or polished by culture.— Un- account'able, a. Not accountable or responsible; not to be accounted for; inexplicable; strange; mys- terious. — Unaccount'ably, adv. — Unadvis'able, -vlz'a-bl, a. Not advisable; not to be recommended; inexpedient; contrary to prudence or wisdom.— Un- advised', -vlzd', a. Not advised; not discreet; done ■without due consideration; imprudent; rash; incon- siderate.— Unadvisedly, adv. — Unadvi3'edness, n. — Unaffect'ed, a. Not affected or moved; destitute of affection or emotion; not affected, artificial, or formal; plain; simple; natural.— Unaffectedly, adv. In an unaffected manner; without affectation; really; ■without disguise. — Unaffect'edness, n. — Unal- loyed', -loid', a. Not alloyed; not reduced by for- eign admixture; unmixed; pure. — Unambiguous, -big'u-us, a. Not ambiguous; not of doubtful mean- ing; plain; clear; certain. — Una'miable, -a'mT-a-bl, a. Not amiable; not conciliating love; not adapted to gain affection; unlovely; ill-natured.— Unaneled', -a-neld', a. Not having received extreme unction [AS. un- (1), not, and elan, to oil, ele, oil; prob. s. rt. oil, q. v.] —Unanswerable. -an'sgr-a-bl, a. Not an- swerable; not capable of refutation. —Unanswera- bly, adv. — Unapt', a. Not apt; inapt; dull; unskill- ful; not qualified or fit; unsuitable.— Unapt'ly, adv. — Unavail'ing, -val'ing, a. Of no avail; not having the effect desired; ineffectual; useless; vain. — Una- •void'able, a. Not avoidable ; incapable of being made null or void; not to be shunned; necessary; inevitable. — Unavoid'ably, adv. — Unaware', -a- war', a. Not aware; not noticing; giving no heed; without thought; inattentive.— Unaware , -wares', -warz', adv. Without previous design or prepara- tion; suddenly; unexpectedly. — Unbal'anced, -bal'anst, a. Not balanced; not in «quipoise; not in equipoise or equilibrium; unsteady; •unsound ; not sane. ( Com.) Not adjusted ; not brought to an equality of debit and credit.— Unbal'- lasted, p. a. Not furnished with ballast; not kept steady by ballast: unsteady; freed from ballast; hav- ing the ballast discharged or unloaded. — Unbar', v. t. To remove a bar or bars from, unfasten, open. — TJnbecom'ing, a. Not becoming; improper for the person or character; unsuitable; indecent; indeco- rous. — Unbegot', -got'ten, a. Not begot; not gener- ated; esp., having never been generated; having al- ways been self-existent; eternal.— Unbelief, -lef, n. The withholding of belief; incredulity; disbelief of the divine revelation, or in a divine providence or scheme of redemption; skepticism; infidelity. — Un- "beUev'er, n. One who does not believe; an incred- ulous person; one who discredits revelation, or the mission, character, and doctrines of Christ; infidel; disbeliever; deist; skeptic — Unbeliev'ing, a. Not believing; incredulous; discrediting divine revela- tion, etc. — Unbend', v. t. To free from flexure, make straight; to remit from a strain or from exer- tion; to set at ease for a time, relax. (Naut.) To unfasten from the yards and stays (sails); to cast loose or untie (a rope, etc.) — Unbend'ing, p. a. Not suffering flexure; unyielding; resolute; rigid; inflex- ible. —Unbi'as, v. t. To free from bias or prejudice. — Unbind', v. t. To remove a band from, free from shackles, untie, unfasten, loose. — Unblem'ished, -blem'isht, a. Not blemished; free from turpitude, reproach, or deformity ; pure; spotless.— Unblessed', -blest', a. Not blest; excluded from benediction; •wretched; unhappy. — Unbolt', v. t. To remove a bolt from; to unfasten, open. — Unborn', a. Not bom: not Drought into life; still to appear; future. — Unbo'som, v. t. To disclose freely; to reveal in confidence. — Unbound'ed, a. Having no bound or limit; unlimited in extent; infinite; interminable; very great ; having no check or control ; unre- strained. - Unbow'el. v. t. To deprive of the en- trails; to exenterate; to eviscerate. — TJr.'traid', v. t. To separate the strands of; to undo (a tmiid), disen- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Sad, eve, term j tangle. — Unbri'dled, p. a,. Loosed from the bridle, or as from the bridle; unrestrained; violent. — Un- bur'den, v. t. To relieve from a burden or burdens; to throw off (a burden), unload; to free (the mind or heart) from a load, by disclosing something. — Uncer'tain, -ser'tin, a. Not certain; not positive- ly known; not to be depended upon; not having cer- tain knowledge; not sure of the direction or the re- sult; precarious; doubtful; dubious; insecure.— Un- cer'tainty, -tin-ti, n. Quality or state of being un- certain; doubtfulness; dubiousness; contingency ; want of certainty; want of precision; something un- known or undetermined. — Unchain', v. t. To free from chains, confinement, or slavery.— Unchar'ita- ble, a. Not charitable; contrary to charitv; severe in judging; harsh; censorious.— Unchaste', -chast', a. Not chaste: not continent; not pure; libidinous; lewd. — Unchas'tity, -chas't Y-t i, n. Want of chas- tity; lewdness. — Unchris'tian, -kris'chun, a. Not Christian; not converted to the Christian faith; infi- del; contrary to Christianity; unbecoming a Chris- tian. — Unchurch', v. t. To expel from a church; to deprive of the character and rights of a church.— Uncir'cumcis'ion, -ser'kurn-sizh'un, n. Absence or want of circumcision; those who are not circum- cised.— Unciv'il, -siv'il, a. Not civilized; not civil; not complaisant; not courteous; impolite; discour- teous; uncourtly; rude; clownish; unmannered.— Uncivilized, -Izd, a. Not civilized; not reclaimed from savage life; rude; barbarous. —Unciv'illy, -il- 1T, adv.— Unclasp', v. t. To open (what is fas- tened with a clasp) or loose (the clasp or grasp of). — Unclean', a. Not clean ; foul ; dirty ; filthy. {Jewish Law.) Ceremonially impure. Morally im- pure; sinful. — Unclinch', v. t. To cause to be no longer clinched; to open, as the closed hand. — Un- close', -kloz', v. t. To open, disclose, lay open. — Uncom'fortable, a. Not comfortable ; affording no comfort; gloomy; giving uneasiness. — Uncom'fort- ably, adv. — Uncom'mon, a. Not common; not usu- al; remarkable; strange ; rare ; scarce; unwonted; unusual. — Uncom'monly, adv. In an uncommon manner or degree; unusually; rarely. — Uncom'pro- mis'ing, -miz'ing, a. Not admitting of compromise: not agreeing to terms; making no truce or conces- sion ; obstinate ; unyielding ; inflexible. — Uncon- cern', a. Want of concern: absence of anxiety; freedom from solicitude. — Unconcerned', -sernd', a. Not concerned; not anxious; feeling no solici- tude; easy in mind; carelessly secure.— Unconcern'- edly, -ed-li, adv. — Unconditional, -dish'un-al, a. Not conditional, limited, or conditioned; absolute; unreserved. — Unconditionally, adv. — Uncon'- scionable, -shun-a-bl, a. Not conscionable ; not con- formed to reason; unreasonable; inordinate; enor- mous; vast.— Uncon'scionably, adv. Unreasonably. — Uncon'scious, -shus, a. Not conscious; not hav- ing consciousness; not made the object of conscious- ness or of distinct perception; imperceptible. —Un- con'sciously, adv. — Uncon'sciousness, ».— Uncon- stitutional, a. Not constitutional; not according to or permitted by the constitution; contrary to the constitution.— Unconvert'ed, a. Not converted; not changed, as in opinion, or from one faith to an- other; esp., not persuaded of the truth of the Chris- tian religion, or to accept Christ as one's personal Savior ; unregenerate ; sinful ; impenitent. — Un- coup'le, -kup'l, v. t. To loose, as dogs from their couples; to set loose, disjoin— Uncourt'eous, -kerf- yus, a. Not courteous; uncivil: impolite; not kind and complaisant ; rude. — Uncouth', -kooth', a. Having awkward manners: not pleasing in appear- ance; strange; odd; unseemly; awkward; boorish; clumsy. [Lit., unknown: AS. uncudh, unknown, strange, fr. un- and cudh, known, p. p. of cunnan, to know; s. rt. can.] — Uncouth'ly, adv.— Uncouth'- ness, n. — Uncov'er, v. t. To take the cover from, divest of covering, lay open; to take off the hat or cap of, bare the head of. — v. i. To take off the hat, bare the h.ad in token of respect. — Uncult'ure, -kul'cher, n. Want of culture or education. — Undaunt'ed, a. Not daunted; not to be subdued or depressed by fear; bold; fearless; intrepid. — Unde- ceive', -sev y ", v. t. To cause to be no longer deceived; to free from deception, cheat, fallacy, or mistake. — Undeni'able, a. Not deniable; incapable of denial; palpably true; obvious. — Undeni'ably, adv. In an undeniable manner; so plainly as to admit no con- tradiction or denial. — Undesign'ing, -zm'ing, p. a. Sincere; upright; artless: having no artful or fraud- ulent purpose. — Undis'ciplined, -si-plind, a. Not _ce ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; UNEARTH 639 UNIMPEACHABLE disciplined, exercised, or taught; raw. — Undo',-d<56 V. t. [imp. UNDID ; p. p. UNDONE ; UNDOING.] T6 reverse (what has been done), annul; to loose, open, take to pieces, unfasten, untie; to bring to poverty ruin, as in reputation, morals, etc. — Undo'er, n One who undoes or brings destruction. — Undone', -dun', p. p. of undo. Annulled; destroyed; ruined. — a. Not performed or completed. [Fr. vn- and done.") — Undoubt'ed, a. Not doubted; not called in question ; indubitable ; indisputable.— Undoubtedly, adv. In an undoubted manner; without doubt; with- out question; indubitably.— Undresi', v. t. To divest of clothes, strip; to deprive of ornaments, disrobe. (Med.) To take the dressing or covering from, a6 a wound. — Un'dress, n. A loose, negligent dress. (Mil. & Naval.) Authorized habitual dress of officers and soldiers, but not full uniform.— Undue', -du', a. Not due; not yet owing; not agreeable to a rule or standard, or to duty; disproportioned; excessive; immoderate ; inordinate. — Undu'ly, adv. In an undue manner; not according to duty or propriety; not in proper proportion; excessively. — Unearth', -erth', v. t. To drive or draw from the earth, uncover; to bring out from concealment, bring to light, disclose. — Unearth'ly, a. Not terrestrial ; supernatural • preternatural. — Unea'sy, -e'zT, a. Not easy ; restless ; disturbed ; unquiet ; disturbed by pain, anxiety, etc. ; not easy in manner; con- strained; stiff; awkward; occasioning want of ease; cramping : dis igreeable ; unpleasing. — Unea'sily. -zY-lT, adv. — Unea'siness, n. — Unend'iug, a. Not ending; everlasting; eternal. — Une'qual, -kwal, a. Not equal; not matched; not of the same size, length, breadth, quantity, strength, talents, acquirements, age, station, etc.; not uniform; not regular. — Une'- qualed, -kwald, a. Not equaled or to be equaled ; unparalleled; unrivaled. — Une'qually, adv. In an unequal manner; not equally; in different degrees. — Unerr'ing, -er'ing, a. Committing no mistake; incapable of error; incapable of failure; certain.— Une'ven,-e'vn,a. Noteven; not level; not uniform; rough ; not equal ; not of equal length. — Uneven number. A number not divisible by 2 without a re- mainder ; an odd number. — Une'venness, n. — Un- exam'pled, -egz-am'pld, a. Having no example or similar case; without precedent; unprecedented; unparalleled. — Uaescep'tionable, -eks-sep'shun-a- bl, a. Not liabi-j to any exception or objection; un- objectionable; faultless; good; excellent.— Unexcep'- tidnably, adv. — TJnexpect'ed, a. Not expected ; coming without warning; not provided against; sud- den. —Unexpectedly, adv. — Unfail'ing. p. a. Not failing ; not liable to fail ; not capable of b :ing exhausted. — Unfair', -fir', a. Not fair ; not h mes't ; not impartial; disingenuous ; using or involving tiick or artifice. — Unfair'ly, adv. — Unfair'nesE, n. — Unfaith'ful, -ful, a. Not faith- ful: not observant of promises, vows, allegiance, or duty ; violating trust or confidence ; perfidious ; treacherous; disloyal; undutiful. — Unfaith'fully, adv. — Unfaith'f illness, n. — Uufas'ten, -fas'n, v. t. To loose, unfix, unbind, untie. — Unfath'omable, -farn'um-a-bl, a. Not fathomable; not to be sounded with a line of ordinary length; too deep to be measured. — Unfa'vorable, a. Not favorable; not propitious; not disposed or adapted to counte- nance or support; adverse; contrary; discouraging. — Unfavorably, adv. — Unfeel'ing, a. Destitute of feeling ; void of sensibility ; insensible ; without kind reelings; cruel; hard-hearted. — Unfet'ter, v. t. To loose from fetters, unshackle ; to free from restraint, set at liberty. — Unfil'ial, -fil'yal, a. Un- suitable to a son or child; undutiful; not becoming a child. — Unfinished, -fin'isht, o. Not finished; not brought to an end ; imperfect ; incomplete. — Unfit', a. Not fit; unqualified; improper; unsuit- able. — v. t. To make unsuitable, deprive of the strength, skill, or proper qualities for anything; to disqualify. — Unfit'ly, adv. In an unfit manner ; not properly; unsuitably. — Unfit'ness, n. —Unfix', v. t. To loosen from a fastening, detach from any- thing that holds, unhinge. — Unfold', v. t. To open the folds of, expand, spread out ; to open (anvthing covered or close), lay open to view or contemplation ; to release from a fold or pen, display, disclose, re- veal, declare, tell. —Unformed', -formd', p. a. Hav- ing the form destroyed; not formed; not arranged into regular shape, order, or relations. — Unformed stars. (Astron.) Stars not grouped into any con- stellation.— Unfort'unate, -f6rt'u-nat, a. Not fortu- nate; not prosperous; unlucky; attended with mis- fortune ; unhappy. — Unfort'unately, adv. — Un- found'ed, a. Not founded; not built or established; having no foundation ; baseless ; vain ; idle. — Un- fre'quent, -kwent, a. Not frequent; not happening often ; infrequent. — Unfrequent'ed, a. Rarely vis- ited; seldom resorted.to by human beings. — Unfre'- quently, adv. — Unfriend'ed, -f rend'ed, a. Wanting: friends; not countenanced or supported.— Unfriend'- ly, -IT, a. Not friendly ; not kind or benevolent ; hostile ; not favorable ; not adapted to promote or support any object. — Unfrlend'linesB, n. — Unfrult'- ful, -froot'ful, a. Not producing fruit; barren; not producing offspring; not proline ; uot producing good effects or works; unproductive; not fertile. — Unfruit'fulneBB, n. — Unfurl', -fSrl', v. t. [-furled (-fSrld'), -furling.] To loose from a furled state, unfold, expand, open, spread.— Unfur'nish, v. t. To strip of furniture, divest, leave naked. — Ungain'ly, -gan'lf, a. Not expert or dexterous; clumsy ; awkward; uncouth. [ME. ungeinliche, awk- wardly, horribly, ungein, inconvenient, fr. AS. vn- and Ic. gegn, ready, serviceable, convenient; s. rt. Ic. gegna, to meet, suit, gegn, against, E. again.] — Un— gen'er-ous.-jen'gr-us, a. Not generous; illiberal; ig- noble; unkind; dishonorable.— Ungen'erously, adv.. — Ungird', -geTd', v. t. [-girded or -girt (-g5rt') v -girding.] To loose from a girdle or band, unbind- — Unglue', -glu', v. t. To separate (anything glued or cemented).— Ungodly, -It, a. Not godly; neglect- ing the fear and worship of God; wicked; impious; sinful ; polluted by sin or wickedness. — Ungod'li- ness, n. — Ungov'ernable, -guv'Sm-a-bl, a. Not ca- pable of being governed, ruled, or restrained; licen- tious; wild; unbridled.— Ungov'ernably, adv.— Un- grace'ful, -ful, a. Not graceful ; not marked with. ease and dignity ; wanting beauty and elegance ;. awkward; clumsy. — Ungrace'fully, adv. — Ungra'- cious, -shus, a. Not gracious; showing no grace or kindness of heart ; without good will ; offensive t unpleasing; unacceptable; not favored. — Ungrate'- ful, a. Not grateful; not thankful for favors; un- pleasing; unacceptable; disagreeable.— Ungrate'ful- ly, adv. — Unhal'low L -lo, v. t. To profane, desecrate. — Un- hal'lowed, -lod, p. and a. Not hallowed, or con- secrated ; unholy ; profane ; impious. — Unhand'- some, -han'sum, a. Not handsome; not beautiful; ungraceful ; unbecoming ; unfair ; illiberal ; disin- genuous; not generous or decorous; uncivil; unpe- hte. — Unhand'somely, adv. — Unhand'y, -T, a. Not handy ; not dexterous; not ready in the use of the hands ; awkward ; not convenient. — Unhand'ily, -Y-li, adv. — Unnap'py, -pf, a. Not happy or fortu- nate ; unfortunate; unlucky; in a degree miserable or wretched; marked by infelicity ; distressed; evil; afflicted; calamitous; miserable; wretched. — Un- hap'pily, -pt-lT, adv. — Unhap'piness, n. — Unhar- mo'nious, -mo'nT-us, a. Not harmonious; inharmo- nious. — Unhar'neBB, v. t. To strip of harness; to disarm, divest of armor.— Unhealth'fulness, -helth'- ful-nes, n, Quality of being unhealthy; unwhole- someness ; insalubriousness. — Unhealtn'y, -i, a. Wanting health; habitually weak or indisposed; un- sound; wanting vigor; abounding with disease; un- favorable to the preservation of health : insalubri- ous; unwholesome; not indicating health or result- ing from health; morbid. — Unhealth'ily, -I-li, adv. — Unhealth'iness, «. — Unheard', -herd', a. Not heard; not perceived by the ear: without having stated one's side of a question or made a defense ; not known by fame ; not illustrious ; obscure. — Unhinge', -hinj', v. t. To take from the hinges ; to displace, unfix bv violence; to render unstable or wavering. —Unhitch', -hich', v. t. To free from being hitched, or as if from being hitched. — Unho'- ly, a. Not holy ; not hallowed ; not consecrated ; pro- fane; wicked; impious. — Unhorse', v. t. To throw from a horse, cause to dismount. — Unhouse', -howz', v. t. To drive from a house or habitation, dislodge ; to deprive of shelter. — Unhous'eled, -houz'ld, a. Not having received the sacrament. [AS. un- and husel, the eucharist, Goth, hunsl, a sac- rifice ; perh. s. rt. Gr. kainein, Skr. kshin, to kill.] — Unhurt', a. Not hurt; not harmed ; free from wound or injury; safe and sound. — Unimpeach'able, -pech'a-bl, a. Not to be im- peached ; exempt from liability to accusation ; free from stain, guilt, or fault ; irreproachable ; blame- less. — Unin'terested, a. Not interested ; not hav- ing any interest or property in ; having nothing at stake; not having the mind or the passions engaged. sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. UNJOINT 640 UNRAVEL — Unin'terrupt'ed, a. Not interrupted or broken ; continuous. — Unjoint', v. t. To disjoint. — Unjoint'ed, p. a. Having no joint or articulation ; disjointed. — Un- just', a. Acting contrary to the standard of right established by the divine law; not animated or con- trolled by justice ; contrary to justice and right ; wrongful. — Unjustly, adv. — Unkempt', -kemt', a. Not combed; slovenly; unpolished ; rough. [Fr. un- and ME. kembed, p. p. of kemben, AS. cemban, to comb, camb, a comb, q. v.] — Unkind'', a. Wanting in kindness or benevo- lence; cruel; harsh. — Unkind'ly, -IT, a. Not kind; unkind ; unnatural ; contrary to nature ; unfavor- able ; malignant, —adv. In an unkindly manner; without affection; cruelly; unnaturally. — Unkind'- liness, n. — Unkind'ness, n.— Unknit', -nit', v. t. [-knit or -knitted ; -knitting.] To separate (threads that are knit) ; to open, loose (work that is knit or knotted); to smooth (a brow). — Unlace', -las', v. t. To loosen or remove the cord, lacing, or strings by which a thing is drawn to- gether or fastened; to loose the dress, etc., of. (Naut.) To loose and take off, as a bonnet from a sail, or to cast off, as any lacing in any part of the rigging of a vessel. — Unlade', -lad', v. t. limp, -laded ; p. p. -laded or -laden (-la'dn), -lading.] To unload, take out the cargo of; to remove (a load or burden), discharge. — Unlash', v. t. (Naut.) To loose (that which is lashed or tied down). —Unlatch', v. i. To open or unfasten by lifting the latch.— Unlaw'ful, a. Not lawful; contrary to law; illegal; not permitted by law. — Unlawfully, adv. — Unlaw'fulness, a. — Unlay', v.*. [laid (-lad'), -laying.] {Naut.) To un- twist. — Unlearn'ed, -lern'ed, a. Not learned; igno- rant; illiterate; not instructed; not gained by study; not known; not suitable to a learned man.— Unlike', a. Not like ; dissimilar ; diverse ; having no resem- blance. — Unlike'ly, a. Not likely ; improbable ; not to be reasonably expected ; likely to fail ; un- promising. — adv. In an unlikely manner ; improb- ably. — Unlike'ness, n. Want of resemblance; dis- similitude.— Unlim'ber, v. t. (Mil.) To detach the limber from. — Unlim'ited, a. Not limited; having no bounds ; boundless ; undefined ; indefinite ; not bounded by proper exceptions ; unconfined ; not re- strained.— Unload', v. t. To take the load from, discharge of a load or cargo, disburden ; to relieve from anything onerous or troublesome. (Stock Ex- change.) To sell out (stock). —Unlock', v. t. To unfasten (what is locked) ; to open, in general ; to lay open. —Unloose', v. t. To loose, unfasten, let go, set free. — v. i. To fall in pieces, loose all con- nection or union. — Unloos'en, -loos'n, v. t. To loosen, unloose. [The words unloose and unloosen are not necessary, the idea being expressed by loose and loosen.] — Unlovely, -luv'lT, a. Not lovely; des- titute of the qualities which attract love, or posses- sing qualities that excite dislike; disagreeable; dis- pleasing. — Unluck'y, -Y, a. Not lucky ; unfortu- nate; not successful; unhappy; ill-omened; inaus- picious ; slightly mischievous ; mischievously wag- gish. — Unluck'Uy, -T-lT, adv. — Unluck'iness, n. — Unmake', -mak', v. t. [-made, -making.] To de- stroy or change the form and qualities of, deprive of being, uncreate. — Unmal'leable, -mal'le-a-bl, a. Not malleable; not capable of being hammered into a plate, or of being extended by beating. — Unman', v. t. [-manned (-mand'), -manning.] To emascu- late, deprive of virility ; to deprive of the courage and fortitude of a man; to dishearten, deject; to de- prive of men. — Unman'ly, a. Unsuitable to a man; effeminate ; not worthy of a noble mind ; ignoble ; base; ungenerous; cowardly. — Unman'nerly, -ner- H, a. Not mannerly; not having good manners; ill bred; rude in behavior. — Unmask', v. t. To strip of a mask or of disguise; to lay open, expose. — Un- mean'ing, a. Not meaning ; destitnte of meaning or signification ; inexpressive; not indicating intelli- gence.— Unmer'chantable, -mer'chant-a-bl, a. Not fit for market ; unsalable, — said of goods damaged or imperfect, or offered in too large a bulk or too small a quantity, or superseded by some other article, etc. — Unmer'ciful, -sl-ful, a. Not merciful ; indis- posed to mercy or grace '; cruel ; inhuman ; uncon- scionable ; exorbitant. — Unmer'cifully, adv. — Un- mer'cifulness, n. — Unmistak'able, -tak'a-bl, a. Incapable of being mistaken or misunderstood : clear ; evident ; pronounced ; distinct. — Unmoor', -moor', v. t. (Naut.) To cause to ride with a sin- gle anchor, after having been moored by 2 or more cables ; to loose from anchorage. — Unmuf' fie, -fl, v. t. To take a covering from (the face); to remove the muffling of (a drum).— Unmuz'zle, -zl, v. t. To loose from a muzzle; to remove a muzzle from. — Unnat'ural, -nach'u-ral, a. Not in conformity to nature; contrary to the laws of nature; contrary to the natural feelings ; acting without the natural af- fections. — Unnat'urally, adv. — Unnec'essary, -nes'os-sa-rl, a. Not necessary ; not required by the circumstances of the case ; use less : needless. — Unnec'essarily, adv. — Unnoc'essariness, n. — Unneiga'borly. -na'ber-ll, a. Not neighborly; not suitable to the duties of a neighbor; unfriendly; un- kind. — Unnorve', -nerv', v. t. To deprive of nerve, force, or strength; to we r :en, enfeeble. — Unos'tonta'tious, -os- cn-ta'shus, a. Not osten- tatious; not boastful; not making show and parade; modest; unassuming; not glaring; not showy. — Unpack', v. t. To open (things packed); to re- move the contents of (a trunk, case of goods, etc.). — Unpal'atable, a. Not palatable; offensive to the taste ; nauseous. — Unpar'allelod, a. Having no parallel or equal ; unequaled ; unmatched. — Un- parliamentary, -ll-ment'a-rl, a. Contrary to the usages or rules of proceeding in Parliament or in legislative bodies ; not permissible in, etc. — Un- pin', v. t. To loose from pins ; to unfasten (wkat is held together by pins). — Unpleas'ant, -plez'ant, a. Not pleasant: displeasing.— Unpleas'antly, adv. — Unpleas'antness, n.— Unpop'ular, a. Not popular; not having the public favor; disliked by the people and community. — Unpop'ular'ity, -u-lfir'I-tl, n. State of being unpopular. — Unprec'edented, -pres'- e-dent-ed, a. Having no precedent or example: not preceded by a like case ; not having the authority of prior example; novel ; new. — Unprec'edentedly, adv. — Unprej'udiced, -prej'u-dist, a. Not preju- diced ; free from undue bias or prepossession : im- partial; not warped by prejudice. — Unpretend'ing, a. Not pretending; making no pretense; not claim- ing distinction ; modest. — Unpretend'ingly, adv. — Unprin'cipled, -sl-pld, a. Not having settled principles ; having nogood moral principles ; desti- tute of virtue ; profligate. — Unproductive, -tiv, a. Not productive; barren; not producing large crops; not making profitable returns for labor; not profita- ble ; not producing profit or interest, as capital ; not efficient; not producing any effect.— Unprofitable, a. Not profitable; bringing no profit; producing no gain, improvement, or advantage ; useless. — Un- profitable - , adv. — Unprom'ising, a. Not promis- ing ; not affording a prospect of success, excellence, profit, etc. — Unpros'perous, a. Not prosperous ; not attended with success ; unfortunate. — Unqualified, -kwol'T-fid, a. Not qualified; not having the requisite talents, abilities, or accomplish- ments ; not having taken the requisite oaths ; not modified or restricted by conditions or exceptions ; absolute; unconditional"— Unques'tionable, a. Not questionable ; not to be questioned : not to be doubted: indubitable; certain. — Unques'tionably, adv.— Unqui'et, a. Not quiet: not calm or tranquil; restless ; uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. — Unqui'et- ness, n. — Unrav'el, -rav'l, v. t. To disentangle, disengage, or separate (threads that are knit) ; to clear from complication or difficulty : to unfold, solve ; to sep- arate the connected or united parts of; to throw into disorder, confuse.— Unread'y, -red'T, a. Not ready or prepared; not prompt or quick; slow: awkward; clumsy. — Unre'al, a. Not real; unsubstantial; having appearance only. — Unreasonable, -re'zn-a- bl, a. Exceeding the bounds of reason : claiming or insisting on more than is fit : immoderate ; exor- bitant ; inordinate. — Unreasonableness, n. — Un- reasonably, adv. — Unreli'able. a. Not reliable ; not to be depended upon ; not trustworthy. — Unre- mit'ting, a. Not abating ; not relaxing for a time: incessant ; continued ; persevering. — Unreserved', -zervd', a. Not reserved; not retained when a part is granted ; not limited or restrained ; not withheld in part ; full ; entire ; concealing or withholding nothing; free; open; frank. — Unrest' , n. Want of rest orrepose; unquietness: uneasiness. — Unrid'dle, -dl, v. t. To read the riddle of ; to solve or explain. — Unright'eous, -ri'chus, a. Not righteous: not just; evil: wicked; contrary to law and equity; unjust— Unrlght'eousness, n. — Unrip', v. t. To rip. [The prefix in this word is superfluous, as unrip signifies simnly to rip.] — Unripe', -rip', a. Not ripe; not mature ; not brought to a state of perfection ; not am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r UNSADDLE 641 UNWARPED seasonable; not yet proper; not prepared ; not com- pleted. — Unroll', -rol', v. t. To open (what is rolled or convolved); to display, lay open.— Unruf- fled, -fid, a. Not ruffled; calm; tranquil ; peaceful ; quiet. — Unru'ly, -roo'lT, a Not submissive to rule; disregarding restraint ; disposed to violate law ; apt to break over fences and escape from inclosures; ungovernable ; turbulent ; refractory. [For unrule- ly, XT. un- and rufe.] — Unsad'clle, -dl, v. t. To strip of a saddle, take the saddle from; to throw from the saddle, unhorse. — Unsafe'', a. Not safe; not free from danger; exposed to peril; dangerous; perilous; hazardous. — Unsa'- vory, -vgr-Y, a. Not savory; having no savor; taste- less; insipid; disagreeable to the taste or smell; of- fensive; disgusting. — Unsay'', v. t. To recant or re- call (what has been said); to retract, take back again. —Unscrew', v. t. To draw the screws from ; to loosen or withdraw (a screw) by turning it. — Unscrupu- lous, -sknx>'pu-lus, a. Not scrupulous; having no scruples ; unprincipled ; unrestrained ; ruthless. — Unseal'', v. t. To break or remove the seal of; to open (what is sealed): to disclose. — Unsearch'a- ble, a. Not searchable ; impenetrable by search- ing or exploring; inscrutable; hidden; mysterious. — Unseasonable, -se'/.n-a-bl, a. Not seasonable ; not in the proper season or time ; ill-timed ; un- timely; beyond the usual time; late; not suited to the time or occasion: unfit; not suited to time of the year. — Unseasonably, adv. In an unseasonable manner; not seasonably; not in due time, or not in the usual time. —Unseat'', v. t. To throw from the seat; to deprive of a seat. — Unsea'worthy, a. Not in a fit state, as to soundness of timbers, state of re- pairs, equipments, crew, and all respects, to encoun- ter the perils of a sea-voyage. — Unseemly, a. Not seemly; not fit or becoming; uncomely; unbecom- ing; indecent, — adv. In an unseemly or unbecom- ing manner ; indecently. — Unseen'', a. Not seen ; not discovered; invisible ; not discoverable. — Un- set' tie, -set'tl, v. t. To move or loosen from a fixed state ; to unhinge, make uncertain or fluctuating, unfix, disconcert, displace, confuse, disorder. — v. t. To become unfixed. —Unshackle, -shak'l, v. t. To loose from shackles or bonds, set free from restraint, unfetter. —Unsheathe'', -sheth', v. t. To draw from the sheath or scabbard, as a sword ; hence, to un- theathe the sword sometimes signifies to commence or make war. — Unship'', v. t. To take out of a ship or other water-craft; to remove (any part or imple- ment) from the place in a ship, etc., where it is fixed or fitted. —Unsightly, a. Not sightly; disa- greeable to the eye; ugly; deformed. — Unskill'ful, a. Not skillful; wanting the knowledge and dex- terity acquired by observation, use, and experience; awkward; bungling; clumsy. — Unskill'fulness, n. — Unao'ciable, -so'sha-bl, a. Not sociable; not in- clined to society; averse to companionship or con- versation; solitary; reserved. — Unso'ciably, adv. — Unso'eiabil'ity, -sha-bil'T-tT, n. — Unsound', a. Not sound; wanting anything essential; deficient; de- fective; diseased; decayed; infirm; sickly; not sound in character; not honest; not faithful; not to be trusted; not sincere; deceitful ; not orthodox ; ill- founded ; erroneous; wrong; sophistical; not close; not compact ; not solid ; not strong ; not fast ; not calm ; not well established ; questionable. — Un- sound'ly, adv. — Unsound'ness, n. — Unspar'ing, -sp&r'ing, a. Not sparing ; not parsimonious ; lib- eral; profuse. — Unspeak'able, a. Not speakable; incapable of being uttered or adequately described; inexpressible; unutterable; ineffaDle. — Unspeak'- ably, adv. — Unspot'ted, a. Not spotted; free from spot ; free from moral stain ; untainted with guilt ; unblemished; immaculate. — Unstead'y, -sted'T, a. Notsteady; notconstant; mutable; variable; change- able. — Unstead'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Unstead'iness, n.— Unstock', v. t. To deprive of a stock, remove the stock from ; to remove from the stocks, as a ship. — Unstop', v. t. To free from a stopple, as a bottle or cask ; to free from any obstruction, open.— Unstring', v. t. r- strung', -string'ing.] To deprive of strings; to relax the tension of, loosen; to take from a string. — Unsuccess'ful, -ses'ful, a. Not successful; not producing the desired event; not fortunate; meeting with, or resulting in, failure; unhappy. — Unsuita- ble, -sut'a-bl, a. Not suitable; not adapted; unfit: unbecoming; improper. — Unsuit'ably, adv. — Un- Bwear', -swar, v. t. & i. [imp. -swore (-swor')i p. p. -SWORN; -swearing.] To recant or recall (an oath); to recall after having sworn. — Untan'gle, -tan'gl, v. t. To loose from tangles or intricacy, disentangle. — Unteach', v. t. [-taught (-tawf), -teaching.] To cause to forget, or lose from memory (what has been taught). — Unthink'- ing, a. Not thinking; not heedful; inconsiderate; not indicating thought or reflection; thoughtless. — Unthread', -thred', v. I. To draw or take out a thread from; to deprive of ligaments, loose the ligaments or threads of. — Untie', v. t. [-tied (-tid'), -tying.] To loosen, disengage the parts of (a knot); to free from any fastening, let loose, unbind; to loosen from coils or convolution; to free from hindrance or obstruc- tion; to resolve, unfold, clear. — Untime'ly, a. Not timely; happening before the usual or natural time; premature; unseasonable. — adv. Before the natu- ral or usual time; prematurely; unseasonably.— Un- told', a. Not told; not related; not revealed; not numbered or counted.— Unto'ward, -to'ard, a. Fro- ward; perverse; refractory; awkward; ungraceful; inconvenient : troublesome : unmanageable. — Un- to'wardly, adv. Perversely. — a. Perverse ; fro- ward; awkward; untoward. — Unto'wardness, n. — Untrav'eled, -eld, a. Not traveled; not trodden by passengers; having never seen foreign countries; not having gained experience by travel. — Untrue', -troo', a. Not true; false: contrary to the fact; not faithful; inconstant; not fulfilling duties; false; dis- loyal. — Untru'ly, adv. In an untrue manner; not truly; falsely; not according to reality. —Untruth', n. The quality of being untrue; contrariety to truth; falsehood; want of veracity; treachery; want of fi- delity; that which is untrue; a false assertion; lie; falsehood. — Untwine', v. t. To untwist, disentan- gle, separate (that which winds or clasps). — Un- twist', v. t. or i. To separate and open (threads twisted); to turn back that which is twisted, or as that which is twisted ; to open, disentangle (intri- cacy). — Unu'sual, -u'zhu-al, a. Not usual; uncommon-, rare. — Unu'sually, adv. — Unut'terable, a. Inca- pable of being uttered or expressed; ineffable; inex- pressible. — Unvail', -val', v. t. To remove a vail from ; un- veil. — Unval'ued, -Qd, a. Not valued; without val- ue ; having no value ; invaluable. — Unvary'ing, n. Not altering ; not liable to change. — Unvar'nished, -var'nisht, a. Not overlaid with varnish; not arti- ficially colored or adorned; not artfully embellished; plain. — Unveil', -val', v. t. To remove a veil from, divest of a veil, uncover, disclose to view. — Unwarned', -wfirpt', a. Not warped; not biased; not turned from the true direction; impartial.— Un- warrantable, -wrjr'rant-, a. Not warrantable; in- defensible; not vindicable; not justifiable; illegal; unjust ; improper. — Unwar'rantably, adv. — Un- wa'ry, -rT, a. Not vigilant against danger; not cau- tious; unguarded; precipitate. — Unwa'rily, adv.— Unwa'riness, n. — Unwea'ried, -we'rid, a. Not wea- ried; not fatigued or tired; persistent; not tiring or wearying; indefatigable.— Unweave', -wev', v. t. To unfold, undo (what has been woven). — Unwell', a. Not well; indisposed; not in good health; somewhat ill; ailing; ill from menstruation; affected with, or having, catamenial discharges ; menstruant. — Un- whole'some, -hol'sum, a. Not wholesome; unfavor- able to health; insalubrious; pernicious; injudicious. — Unwhole'someness, n. — Unwield'y, -weld'f, a. Not wieldy ; movable with difficulty ; unmanagea, ble; bulky; ponderous. — Unwill'ing, a. Not will, ing ; loath ; disinclined ; reluctant. — Unwill'ingly, adv. In an unwilling manner ; not cheerfully ; re- luctantly. — Unwill'ingness, n. — Unwind, v. t. [-wound, -winding.] To wind off; to loose or sep- arate (what is wound or convolved); to disentangle. — v. i. To be or become unwound; to be capable of being unwound. — Unwise', a. Not wise; defective in wisdom ; injudicious ; indiscreet ; foolish. — Un- wise'ly, adv. — Unwit'tingly, adv. Without knowl- edge or consciousness ; ignorantly. — Unwont'ed, -wunt'ed, a. Not wonted: unaccustomed; unused; not made familiar by practice; uncommon; unusu- al ; infrequent ; rare. — Unwont'edly, adv. In an unwonted or unaccustomed manner. — Unwont'ed- ness, «. — Unwor'thy, -wer'rhl, a. Not worthy; un- deserving; wanting merit; having no worth or val- ue; worthless; ill; base; unbecoming: discreditable; not becoming or suiting. — Unwor'thily, adv. — Un- wor'thiness, n. — Unwrap', -rap', v. t. To open or undo (what is wrapped or folded). — Unwreathe', -rerh', v. t. To untwist or untwine; to untwist or undo (anything wreathed). — Unwrit'ten, -rit'tn, a. 3, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, t&en, boNboN, chair, get. UNANIMOUS 642 UNDER Not written ; not reduced to writing ; verbal ; con- taining no writing; blank. — Unyielding, -yeld'ing, a. Not yielding; unbend- ing; unpliant; stiff; firm; obstinate. — Unyoke', v. t. To loose or free from a yoke; to part, disjoin, dis- connect. Unanimous, Unanimity, etc. See under Unit. "Unapt, Unbar, Uncertain, etc. See under Unable. Uncial, un'shal, a. Of, containing, pert, to, or denot- ing, letters of a large size, compounded between the capital and smaller characters, some of the let- ters resembling the former, and others the latter, used in ancient Greek and Latin MSS. — n. An un- cial letter. [L. uncialis, amounting to the 12th part of a pound or a foot, fr. uncia, the 12th part of a pound or a foot, an ounce, an inch: see Ounce.] Unciform, un'st-f6rm, a. Having a curved or hooked form. [L. uncus, a hook, and forma, form.] Uncle, unk'l, a. The brother of one's father or mother. [F. oncle, L. avunculus, a maternal uncle, dim. of avus, a grandfather; s. rt. L. avere, to be fortunate — used as a word of greeting, Skr. av, to be pleased.] Unclean, Unconcern, Uncouth, etc. See under Un- able. Unction, unk'shun, n. Act of anointing, smearing, or rubbing with an unguent, oil, or ointment, esp. for medical purposes, or as a symbol of consecra- tion ; an unguent ; ointment; that quality in lan- guage, address, etc., which excites emotion, esp. strong devotion ; religious fervor and tenderness, f F. onction, L. unctio, fr. ungere, unctum, Skr. anj, to anoint, smear; s. rt. ointment, anoint.] — Extreme unction. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The application of sa- cred oil to the head, the hands, and the feet, of a dy- ing person.— Unct'uous, -u-us, a. Fat; oily; greasy. JF. onctueux, LL. unctuosus, fr. L. unctus, an oint- ment, f r. ungere.] — Unctuos'ity, -os'T-tY, n. — Un'- guent, un'gwent, n. A soft composition used as a topical remedy for sores, burns, etc. ; ointment. [L. unguentum.] Undated. See under Undulate. Undaunted, Undeceive, Undeniable. See under Un- able. Undecagon. See under Unit. Under, un'der, prep. In a lower position with re- spect to; so as to be covered, overhung, or over- topped by ; beneath ; below ; in relation to some thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, op- presses, bows down, governs, directs, powerfully influences, etc.; in relation to something that ex- eeeds in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, etc.; in relation to something that comprehends or includes, that represents or designates, that fur- nishes a cover, pretext, pretense, etc.; in the rela- tion of being subject, of undergoing regard, treat- ment, etc.— adv. In a lower, subject, or subordinate condition ; in subjection, — used chiefly in a few phrases. — a. Lower in rank or degree ; subject ; subordinate. [AS., Sw., and Dan.; G. unter, under; 8. rt. L. inter, within, Skr. antara, interior.] — Un- der arms. (Mil.) Fully armed and equipped, so as to be ready for action ; drawn up in readiness to use arms.— U. fire. With exposure to fire; ex- posed to an enemy's shot; taking part in an action. — U. sail. (JVautj. Having the sails set; in motion. — IT. sentence. Having had sentence pronounced against. — U. the breath. With low voice ; very softly. — V. the lee. (Naut.) To the leeward. — U. the rose. See Rose. — U. way. (Naut.) In a condition to make progress ; in progress ; having started. — Underbid', v. t. To bid or offer less than, as in auctions or contracts; to offer to do or furnish for a less price. — Un'derbrush, n. Shrubs and small trees in a wood or forest, growing be- Tieath large trees ; undergrowth. — Undercharge'', v. t. To charge below or under; to charge less than is usual or suitable. — Underdo', v. i. [imp. -did; p.p. -done; -doing.] To act below one^s abilities; to do less than is requisite. — v. t. To do less than is requisite; to cook insufficiently. —Undergo', v. t. [imp. -went; p. p. -gone; -going.] To be subjected to, bear, pass through, suffer, sustain. — Un'der- growth, n. That which grows under trees; shrubs or small trees growing among large ones. — Un'der- hand, adv. By secret means; in a clandestine man- ner; by fraud; by fraudulent means. —a. Secret; clandestine, — usually implying meanness or fraud, or both. — Un'derhand'ed, a. Underhand; clandes- tine—Underlay', v. t. [-laid, -laying.] To lay beneath, support by something laid under. — Under- let', v. t. To let below the value; to let or lease at second hand; to let under a lease. — Underlie', v. t. [imp. -lay; -lain; p. p. -lying.] To lie under, rest beneath, be situated under; to be at the basis of, form the foundation of, support. — v. i. To lie below or under. — Underline', v. t. To mark a line below (words); to underscore.— Un'derling, n. An infe- rior person or agent ; a mean, sorry fellow. — Un- dermine', v. t. To excavate the earth beneath, esp. for the purpose of causing to fall or be overthrown ; to sap; to remove the foundation or support of by clandestine means; to ruin in an underhand way. — Undermin'er, n. — Un'dermost, a. Lowest m place, rank L state, or condition. — Underneath', -neth' or -neth, adv. Beneath; below; in a lower place, —prep. Under; beneath. [AS. undemeodhan, f r. under and neodhan, nidhan, beneath, downward.] — Underpay', v. t. To pay too little. —Underpin', v. t. To lay stones under, as the sills of a building, on which it is to rest; to place something under- neath for support. — Un'derpin'ning, n. Act of one who underpins; the stones on which a building im- mediately rests. — Un'derplot, n. A series of events in a play, proceeding collaterally with the main story, and subservient to it; a clandestine scheme. — Underprop', v. t. To prop from beneath, support. — Underrate', v. t. To rate too low, rate below the value, undervalue. — Underrun', v. t. To run or pass under; esp., to pass along and under, as a cable, for the purpose of taking in, or of examining, the condition of it. — Underscore', v. t. To draw a mark or line under.— Undersell', v. t. [-sold, -sell- ing.] To sell the same articles at a lower price than; to sell cheaper than. — Un'dershot, a. Moved by water passing beneath, — said of a water-wheel, and opp. to overshot: see Water-wheel. — Under- sign', -sin', v. t. To write one's name at the foot or end of (a letter or any legal instrument). — Un'der- sized, -sizd, a. Of a size less than is common. — Understand', v. t. [-stood, -standing.] To have just and adequate ideas of; to apprehend the mean- ing or intention of; to know; to be apprised, have information of; to hold or suppose to mean; to in- terpret, ascribe intention to; to mean without ex- pressing, imply. — v. i. To have the use of the in- tellectual faculties; to be informed by another; to learn. — Understanding, n. Act of a person who understands anything; an agreement of opinion or feeling ; adjustment of differences ; anything mu- tually understood or agreed upon; power to under- stand; the intellectual faculty; power to distinguish truth from falsehood, and to adapt means to ends; the discursive faculty; the faculty of knowing by the medium or use of general conceptions or rela- tions; knowledge; discernment; interpretation; ex- planation; belief; harmony; sense ; reason; intelli- gence; perception. — Understate', v. t. To state or represent less strongly than the truth will bear. — Un'derstrap'per, n. A petty fellow; inferior agent. —Undertake' v. t. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -tak- ing.] To take upon one's self, engage in, enter upon, set about, attempt; to lay one's self under obliga- tions, or enter into stipulations, or covenant or con- tract, to perform or execute.— v. i. To take upon or assume any business or province ; to promise, be bound. — Undertak'er, n. One who undertakes ; esp., one who takes the charge and management of funerals.— Undertaking, n. That which is under- taken; any business, work, or project which a per- son engages in, or attempts to perform; enterprise; attempt; engagement.— Underval'ue, v. t. To value, rate, or estimate below the real worth ; to esteem lightly, treat as of little worth, despise. —Under- went. See Undergo.— Underwork', v. t. [-worked or wrought, -working.] To do like work at a less price than; to undermine, destroy by clandestine measures. — v. i. To work or labor upon less, or for a less price than is sufficient or proper. — Under- write', V. t. [imp. -WROTE; p. p. -WRITTEN; -WRIT- ING.] To write under something else; to subscribe; to set one's name to (a policy of insurance) for the purpose of becoming answerable for loss ordam- age, for a certain premium per cent. — Underwrit- er, n. An insurer, — so called because he under- writes his name to the conditions of the policy. — Un'der-clotheB, -kloths, colloq. -kl5z, n. pi. Clothes worn under others, or next the skin. — cur'rent, n. A current below the surface of water, sometimes flowing in a contrary direction to that on the sur* face; an unseen influence, tendency, etc. — drain, n. A covered drain or trench below the surface of the Km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r UNDESIGNING 643 UNIT ground, with joints or openings through which the water may percolute from the soil or ground above. — v. t. To drain by forming a covered channel be- low the surface. — -grad'uate, n. A student or member of a university or college, who has not taken his first degree. — ■ground, a. Being below the surface of the ground. — -lease, n. {Law.) A lease granted by a tenant or lessee. — ten 7 ant, n. The tenant of a tenant ; one who holds lands or tenements of a tenant. — tone, n. A low or sub- dued tone or utterance. — tow, n. A current of water below, in a different direction from that on the surface; backward flow of a wave. — wood, n. Small trees that grow among large trees; coppice. — -world, n. The lower or inferior world; the antip- odes; Hades. Undesigning, Undo, Undue, etc. See under Unable. Undulate, un'du-lat, v. t. To move with a wave-like motion; to cause to vibrate. — v. i. To have a wave- like motion; to move with successive rise or swell and fall; to wave, vibrate. [L. undulatus, undulated, wavy, NL. undulare, -latum, f r. undula, a little wave, dim. of unda, a wave, prop, water; s. rt. AS. ydh, Ic. unnr, Gr. hudor, Lithuan. wandu, Skr. uda = E. wa- ter, also E. abound, inundate, redound, etc.] — Undu- la'tion, n. A waving motion or vibration. (Med.) The movement of a fluid collected in any natural or arti- ficial cavity, which is felt by pressure or by percus- sion. ( Mus!) A rattling or jarring of sounds, as when discordant tones are sounded together. (Physics.) A motion to and fro, up and down, or from side to side, in any fluid medium, propagated continuously among its particles, but with no translation of the particles themselves corresponding to the propaga- tion of the wave; a vibration. — Un'dulatory, -la-to- rt, a. Moving in the manner of waves; resembling the motion of waves, which successively rise or swell and fall; pert, to a propagated alternatingmo- tion, as of waves.— Undulatory theory. (Opt.) That theory of light which regards its various phenomena as due to undulations in an ethereal medium, prop- agated from the radiant with immense, but meas- urable, velocities, and producing different impres- sions on the retina according to their amplitude and frequency: the theory of ethereal undulations is ap- plicable not only to the phenomena of light, but also to those of heat, chemical power, etc.: the undu- latory theory is opp. to the corpuscular or emanation theory of light, according to which light is a mate- rial fluid or substance of extreme subtilty. — Un'- dated, -da-ted, a. (Bot.) Having a waved surf ace ; rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf. —Undine'', -den', n. A female water-spirit. Unduly, Unearth, Unfair, Ungainly, etc. See under Unable. Ungual, un'gwal, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling a nail, claw, or hoof; having a nail, claw, or hoof attached, — said of certain bones of the feet. [L. unguis, a nail, claw, or hoof.] — Unguic'ular, -gwik'u-lgr, a. Of , or pert, to, a claw or nail. — Unguic'ulate, -la- ted, a. Having claws; clawed. (Bot.) Furnished with a claw, that is, a narrow base, as the petal in some flowers. — Un'gulate, a. Shaped like a hoof ; having hoofs. Unguent. See under Unction. Unicorn, Uniform, Uni«n, etc. See under Unit. Unit, u'nit, n. A single thing or person; the least whole number ; one ; any definite length, weight, time, or other determinate quantity (considered as 1 quantity) by repetition of or comparison with which other quantities are measured. [Abbr. fr. unity, q. v., following.] — U'nity, -nY-tY, n. State of being one; singleness; oneness; union; conjunction; agree- ment ; uniformity ; concord ; harmony. (3lath.) Any definite quantity, or aggregate of quantities or magnitudes, taken as one, or for which 1 is made to stand in calculation. (Poet. & Rhet.) One of the principles by which a uniform tenor of story and propriety of representation are preserved; conform- ity in a composition to these principles. [In the Greek drama, the three unities required were those of action, of time, and of place ; in other words, that there should be but one main plot; that the time supposed should not exceed 24 hours; and that the place of the action before the spectators should be one and the same throughout the piece.] (Fine Arts & Miis.) Such a combination of parts as to constitute a kind of symmetry of style and character. (Law.) The peculiar characteristics of an estate held in undi- vided shares by 2 or more; joint-tenancy. Union; one- ness; junction; concord; harmony. 'F unite" , L. uni- tas, oneness, fr. units = E. one, q. v. ; s. rt. null, annul.] — Unite', -nit', v. t. To put together or join, as 2 or more constituents, to form a whole; to cause to ad- here; to join by a legal or moral bond, as families by marriage, nations hy treaty, men by opinions; to associate, add, annex, coalesce, attach, continue, connect, — v. i. To become one, be cemented or consolidated, coalesce, grow together; to join in an act, act in concert. [L. unire, unitum, fr. units.] — Unit'edly, -nlt'ed-lY, adv. With union or joint ef- forts. — Unit'er, n. — Unita/rian, -nY-talY-an, n. One who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believ- ing that God exists only in one person; one opposed to dualism, in philosophy, science, etc. — a. Of, or pert, to, Unitarians, or to their doctrines; of, or pert, to, a system of philosophy, science, etc., which is opposed to dualism. — Unita'rianism, -izm, n. Doc- trines of Unitarians. — U'nitary, -a-rY, a. Of the nature of a unit; not double. — Unique', -nek', a. Without a like or equal; unmatched; single in kind or excellence.— n. Something unequaled or unpar- alleled. [F.; L. unicus, fr. unus.] — Union, Qn'yun, n. Act of uniting or joining 2 or more things into one ; state of being united or joined ; agreement ; conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affections, etc.; harmony; something formed by a combination or coalition of parts or members; a confederation; con- solidated body; the upper, inner corner of an en- sign, in distinction from the rest of the flag, which is called the fly. [F. ; L. unio, -onis, fr. unus.] — Un- ion down. A signal of distress at sea made by re- versing the flag, or turning its union downward. — Unionist, n. One who ad- vocates or promotes union; esp., a loyal supporter of a federal union, as that of the U. S. — Union-jack, n. (Naut.) A small flag con- taining only the union, without the fly. See Jack. — U'nicorn, -nY-k6rn, w. A fabulous animal with one horn, — often represented in heraldry as a supporter. An animal of some un- known kind, so called in King James's translation (the A. V.) of the Old Tes- tament Scriptures : it was probably some species of wild ox. [F. unicorne, f r. L. unicornis, one-horned, having a single horn, fr. unus and cornu = E. hoi-n, q. v.] — U'niform, -nY-f3rm, a. Having always the same form, manner, or degree; of the same form with others; conforming to one rule or mode; consonant; consistent with itself at all times. — n. A dress of the same kind, by which persons are purposely assimilated who belong to the same body, whether military, naval, or any other. [F. uniforme, L. uniformis, fr. unus and forma, form.] — Uniformity, -Y-tY, n. Quality of being uniform; resemblance to itself at all times; conformity to a pattern or rule; resemblance, consonance, or agree- ment ; consistency; sameness; similitude between the parts of a whole; continued or unvaried same- ness or likeness. [F. uniformity, L. uniformitas.] — U'niform'ly, adv. In a uniform manner; without variation or diversity. — U'nify, -nY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To cause to be one, make into a unit, unite, view as one ; to reduce to unity or uniform- ity. [L. unus and facere, to make.] — U'nificalion, n. Act of so uniting with another as to make 1 be- ing; act of unifying, or state of being unified. — Unanimous, -Y-mus, a. Of one mind; agreeing in opinion or determination ; harmonious; formed with, or indicating, unanimity; with the agreement of all. [L. unanimus, fr. unus and animus, mind.] — Unan'- imously, adv. — Unanimity, -nim'Y-tY, n. State or quality of being unanimous; agreement in opinion or determination. [F. unanimity, L. unanimitas.] — Unip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing one at a birth. [L. parere, to bring forth.] — U'niped, -nY-ped, a. Having only 1 foot. [L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Unira'- dia'ted, a. Having 1 ray. [L. radius, a ray.] — Unl- se'rial, -se'rY-al, a. Having only 1 row or series.— U'nison, -nY-zun, n. Harmony; agreement; con- cord; union. (Mus.) An accordance or coincidence of sounds proceeding from an equality in the num- ber of vibrations made in a given time by a sono- rous body.— a. Sounding alone. (Mus.) Sounded together. [F. unisson, L. unisonus ; sonus, a sound.] Unicorn. sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>* • e/>w. oil : linger or ink, then, dondon, chair, get. UNJUST 644 UPLIFT Univalve, unlimited ; consti- — Unis'onance, -nis'o-nans, n. Accordance of sounds.— Uuis'- onant, a. Being in unison; hav- ing the same degree of gravity or acuteness. [L. sonans, p. pr. of sonare. to sound.] — Unis'o- noas, -o-nus, a. Being in uni- son. — U'nivalve, -nt-valv, n. {Zobl.) A mollusk whose shell is composed of a single piece, as the snail. — XT 'nl valve, -valved, -valvd, a. Having 1 valve only, as a shell or peri- carp. [L. valva, a valve.] — Univalv'ular, -u-lSr, a. Hav- ing 1 valve only. — Universal, -vers'al, a. Extending to, or affecting, the whole number, quantity, or space ; pert, to or pervading all ; all-embracing ; luting or considered as a whole; total; whole; com prising particulars, or all the particulars; general all. — n. {Logic.) A general abstract conception, so called from being universally applicable to, or predicable of, each individual or species contained under it; a universal proposition, or one in which the subject is taken in its widest extent, and the predicate applies to everything which the subject can denote. [F. universel, L. universalis, pert, to the whole, fr. umversum, the whole, fr. units and vertere, versum, to turn.] — Universal church. The whole church of God in the world. — U. joint- (Mach.) A contrivance for joining 2 shafts or parts of a ma- chine endwise, so that the one may give rotary mo- tion to the other when forming an angle with it, or may move freely a in all directions, as by means of a cross connecting the forked ends of the 2 shafts. — Univera' a 1 i s m, -izm, n. (Theol.) The doctrine or belief that all men will be saved or made happy in a future life. - Univers'aliBt, «. One who holds the doctrine that all men will be saved. — U'niversal'- ity, -I-tl, n. State or quality of being universal) unlimited extension or application. — Univers'ally, -al-lT, adv. In a universal manner; with extension to the whole; without exception. — U'niverse, n. The entire mass or system of suns, worlds, etc., fill- ing all the regions of space; all created things viewed as constituting one system or whole; the world. [F. univers, L. umversum^ f r. universus.) — Univer'sity, -8t-tT, n. A universal school, in which are taught all branches of learning, or the 4 faculties of theology, medicine, law, and the sciences and arts; an assem- blage of colleges established in any place, with pro- fessors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning, and where degrees are conferred. [F. universite', universality, also a univer- sity, fr. L. universitas, all together, the whole, the uni- verse, a society, corporation, f r. universus.] — Univ'- ocal, -niv'o-kal, a. Having 1 meaning only; having unison of sound, as the octave in music, and its rep- licates. — n. {Aristotelian Logic.) A generic term applicable in the same sense to all the species it em- braces. A word having but 1 meaning. [L univocus, fr. Mwwsand vox, vocis, a voice, word.] — Univ'ocally, adv. In a univocal manner; in 1 term; in 1 sense. — Undec'agon, -dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A figure hav- ing 11 sides and 11 angles. [L. undecim (fr. unus and decem.10), eleven, & Gr. goniu, an angle; s. rt. knee.} Unjust, Unkind, Unlace, etc. See under Unable. Unless, un-les', conj. Except; if not; supposing that not; at or for less. [ME. onless, onlesse, for on lesse that, i. e., in less than, on a less supposition.] Unlike, Unmake, Unpack, Unsafe, Untie, etc. See un- der Unable. Until, un-til', prep. To; till; as far as, — in respect to time. — conj. So far as; to the point that ; to the place or degree that; up to the time that; till. [Same Single and Double Universal Joint. (1.) a, b, shafts ; c, double joint. (2.) a, b, shafts ; c, c, joints ; d, cc neoting link. as unto ; ME. til, E. till — AS. to (in sense, but not s. rt. : see Till.).]— Un'to, -too, prep. To, — now used only in antiquated, formal, or Scriptural style. [For unato; Goth., OFries., and OS. una, unto, and AS. to : see Too.] Untold, Unusual, Unwell, etc. See under Unable. Up, up, adv. Aloft; on high; toward a higher place; in a higher position; above; from a lower to a higher position; in a higher place or position; to or in a po- sition of equal advance or equality ; not short of, back of, less advanced than, away from, — usually followed by to or with ; to or in a state of completion ; completely; wholly; quite. — n. The state of being up or above ; state of elevation, prosperity, etc. — prep. From a lower to a higher place ; on or along ; at a higher situation upon; at the top of. — [AS. up, also AS., Ic. t and Sw. upp, OHG. uf; s. rt. over, q. v.] — The time is up. The allotted time is past ; the ap- pointed moment is come. — To blow up. To inflate, distend ; to destroy by an explosion from beneath ; to reprove angrily, scold.— To come up with. To reach in following, overtake. — To draw up. To arrange in due order, put in proper form. — To grow up. To grow to maturity. — Up to snuff. Experienced; alert and knowing.— Up and down. From one place, state, or position, to another; backward and forward.— Ups and downs. Alternate states of elevation and depression, or of prosperity and the contrary. — Up sound. (Naut.) From the sea. — Up stream. From the mouth toward the head of a stream; against the stream. — Up the country. In a direction toward the head of a stream or river. — Up'per, a. Further up, higher in situation, position, rank, dignity, etc.; su- perior. [Compar. of up.] — Upper case. The top one of a pair of compositor's cases, used to hold capitals, small capitals, and references. — U. ten thousand. The ten thousand highest in wealth or position; the upper class ; the aristocracy, —often abbreviated to upper ten. — Up'most, Up'permost, a. Highest ; top- most; supreme. [SuperL of up.]— Up'pish, a. Proud; arrogant ; assuming ; putting on airs of superiority. — Up'right, -rlt, a. In an erect position or posture; pointing directly upward ; perpendicular; adhering to rectitude in all social or business intercourse : honest; just; conformable to mora* rectitude. — n. Something standing erect or perpendicular. [AS. up- riht.] — Up'rightly, adv. In an upright manner: per- pendicularly. — Up brightness, n. — Up'side, n. The upper side ; the part that is uppermost.— Upside down. With the upper part undermost ; in confusion ; in complete disorder; topsy-turvy. — Up'ward, a. Di- rected to a higher place. — Up'ward, -wards, adv. In a direction from lower to higher ; toward a high- er place; toward the source or origin; in the upper parts; above; yet more; indefinitely. Upas, u'pas, n. A tree common in the forests of Java and of the neighboring isles, the milky sap of which is poisonous: it was formerly believed, in Europe, to be a solitary tree of so deadly a nature that no plant or animal could live within miles of it. [Malay, name of a vegetable poison, puhn upas, the upas tree, puhn, tree.] Upbear, up-bar', v. t. [imp. -bore ; p. p. -borne ; -bearing.] To bear up, raise aloft, elevate, sustain. [Fr. up and bear.] Upbraid, up-brad', v. t. To charge with something wrong or disgraceful; to reprove severely, bring re- proach on, chide, blame, censure, condemn. [AS. upp, up, and bregdan, b redan, to braid, weave, lay hold of, pull, draw.] — Upbraid'er, n. Upheave, up-hgv', v. t. To heave or lift up from be- neath. — Upheav'al, n. Act of upheaving ; a heav- ing or lifting up, esp. of the earth's crust. Uphill, up'hil, a. Ascending; going up; attended with labor; difficult. Uphold, up-hold', v. t. [-held (-holden, oos.); -hold- ing.] To hold up, lift on high, elevate ; to support, sustain, keep from falling, maintain ; to give moral support to, countenance. — Uphold'er, n. — Uphol'- ster, -hoKstSr, v. t. To supply (houses, rooms, etc.) with beds, furniture, curtains, etc.; to fit (furniture, etc.) with cushions, coverings, or hangings of cloth. — Uphol'sterer, n. One who upholsters furniture, rooms, etc. [Oris, upholder, upholdstei a broker, tradesman.] — Uphol'stery, -stSr-t, n. Articles sup- plied or work done by upholsterers. Upland, up'land, n. High land; ground elevated above the meadows and intervals which lie on banks of rivers, near the sea, or between hills. — a. High in situation; being on upland; of, or pert, to, uplands. Uplift, up-lift', v. t. To lift or raise aloft, raise, e le- t's me. far, pass or opera, lare ; 6nd. eve. Tn, ice i 5dd, t5ne. 6r : UPMOST 645 USE Uplift Dislocation in Strata of Kock or Slate. vate. — TJp'- lift.n. (Geol.) An upheaval of strata, so as to disturb their regular- ity and uni- formity, and occasion folds, dislo- cations, etc. Upmost. See under Up. Upon, ujj-on', prep. On, — used in all the senses of that word, with which it is interchangeable. [AS. ujrpon, uppan, fr. u/ip (see up) and on. an, on.] Upper, Uppermost, Uppish. See under Up. Upper-hand, up'per-hand', n. Ascendency; superior- ity. Upper-leather, up'pSr-letii'er, n. The leather for the vamps and quarters of shoes. Upraise, up-raz', v. t. To raise, lift up. Uprear, up-rer', v. t. To raise, rear. Upright, etc. See under Up. Uprise, up-riz', v. i. [imp. -hose; p. p. -risen; -ris- ing.] To rise up, get up, rise. Uproar, up'ror, n. Great tumult; violent disturbance and noise ; bustle and clamor. [D. oproer, fr. op, up, and roeren, to stir, move, AS. hreran, to stir, hror, motion ; s. rt. rearmouse, a bat ; not s. rt. roar.) — db: Uproar'ious, -I-us, a. Making, or accompanied by a great uproar, or noise and tumult. Uproot, up-root', v. t. To root up, tear up by the roots, or as if by the roots; to eradicate. Uprouse, up-rowz r , v. t. To rouse up, rouse from sleep, awake. Upset, up-set', v. t. [-set, -setting.] To set up, put upright; to overturn, overthrow, overset, — n. An overturn; overthrow, as of a carriage. — a. Set up ; fixed; determined. — Upset price. Price for which goods offered at auction are started by the auction- eer, or the lowest price at which they can be sold. Upshot, up'shot, n. Final issue; conclusion; end. Upside, etc. See under Up. Upstart, up-starf, v. i. To start or spring up sudden- ly. — Up'start, n. Something that starts or springs up suddenly; one suddenly arisen from low life to wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. Upturn, up-tern', v. t. To turn up, direct upward, throw up. Upward. See under Up. Uranium, u-ra'nt-um.w. (Mm.) A metal of a reddish- brown color, commonly obtained in a crystalline form. [NL., fr. Gr. oaranos, heaven, in mythology, the son of Erebus and Gaia, and father of Saturn ; or f r. Uranus, the planet.] — Uranog'raphy, -nog'ra-fY, n. A description of the heavens, and the heavenly bodies ; uranology. [Gr. ouranos and graphein, to describe.] — Uranol'ogy, -o-it, n. A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the heavenly bodies. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — U'ranus, n. (Astron.) One of the primary planets: it is about 1,800,000,000 miles from the sun.— Ura'nia, -nY-a, n. 'Myth.) The muse of as- tronomy, daughter of Zeus by Mnemosvne. See Muse. Urban, er'ban, a. Of, or belong- ing to, a city. [L. vrbanus, fr. urbs, urbis, a city.] — Urbane'', -ban', a. Courteous in man- ners ; polite ; courteous ; re- fined. — Urban'ity, -ban'Y-tY, n. Quality of being urbane ; civility or courtesy of man- ners; politeness; suavity; affa- bility; courtesy. [F. urbanite', L. urbanitas.] Urchin, Sr'chin, n. A hedge- hog ; a mischievous elf sup- posed sometimes to take the form of a hedgehog; a child; a pert or rough little fellow; an echinus. [ME. urchon, ir- chon, OF. irceon, ericon, L. en- civs, also er, ens, Gr. cher, a hedgehog; s. rt. Gr. cherxos, hard, stiff, L. horrere, to bristle, hirsutus, bristly, Skr. hrisk, to bristle, E. horror.'] TTreter, Urethra. See under Urine. Urge, erj, v. t. [urged (Srjd), urging.] To press, push, Urania drive, impel, force onward ; to ply with motives, ar- guments, persuasion, or importunity ; to press hard upon, follow closely ; to present in an urgent manner, press upon attention; to treat with forcible means; to take severe or violent measures with; to animate, in- cite, instigate, stimulate, encourage. [L. uryere ; s. rt. Gr. heiryein, to repress, constrain, Lithuan. loargas, need, Goth, wrilcan, to persecute, Skr. vrij, to ex- clude.]— Ur' gent, -jent, a. Urging; pressing; beset- ting; plying with importunity ; instantly important; requiring haste ; forcing itself upon notice. [L. ur- gens, p. pr. of urgere.) — Ur'gently, adr.— Ur'gency, -jen-sY, n. Quality of being urgent; importunity; ear- nest solicitation; pressure of necessity.— Ur'ger, w. Urim, u'rim, n. A part of the breastpfate oi the high- priest among the ancient Jews, in connection with which Jehovah revealed his will on certain occasions. See Thummim. FHeb., pi. of ur, light] Urine, u'rin, n. A Drackish, amber-colored fluid secre- ted by the kidneys, whence it is conveyed into the bladder by the ureters, and through'the urethra dis- charged. [F.; L. urina, Gr. ourou, urine; s. rt. Skr. vari, var, water, Zend, vara, Ic. ur rain, Ic. ver, AS. wer, the sea.] — U'rinal, -rin-al, n. A vessel for con- taining urine; a convenience for urinating purposes. [F.] — U'rinary, a. Of, or pert, to, urine; resembling, or of the nature of, urine. [F. urinaire.) — U'rinati, v. i. To discharge urine, make water. — U'rina'tive, -tiv, a. Provoking the flow of urine; diuretic— U'ri- nose', -rin-os', U'rinous, -us, a. Pert, to urine, or par- taking of its qualities; having the character of urine. — Ure'ter, n. (Anat.) One of the excretory ducts of the kidney, a tube conveying the urine from the kidney to the bladder. [Gr. oureter, the passage oi the urine, also the urinary duct.] — Ure'thra, -thri, n. The canal by which the urine is conducted from the bladder and discharged. [Gr. ourethra.] — Ure- thral, a. Of, or pert, to, the urethra. Urn, em, n. A vessel of various forms, usually largest in the middle, and furnished with a foot or ped- estal. — v. t. To inclose in, or as if in, an urn. [F. ume, L. urna ; perh. fr. L. urere, to burn, — as urns contained the ashes of the dead; perh. s. rt. Skr. vari, water : see Urine.] Ursa, er'sa, n. A bear. [L. ursa, a she-bear ; also, a constellation, f . of ursus, a bear.] — Ursa Major. (Astron.). The Great Bear, one of the most conspicuous of the northern constella- tions, situated near the pole.— U. Minor. The Little Bear, the constellation nearest the north pole : it contains the pole- star.]— Ur'siform, -sY-f6rm, a. In the shape of a bear. [L. forma, form.]— Ur r - Bine,-sin,a. Of, pert. Ursa Major, to, or resembling, a bear. [L. ursdnus, fr. ursus.] — Ur'suline, -su-lin, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of an order of nuns, so called from St. Ursula, under whose protection it was placed. [ Ursula, proper name, lit. a little bear, dim. of ursus/] Ub, us, pron. pi. The objective case of we. [AS.; G. and Goth, uns, D. ons, Ic. and Sw. o.-s.] Use, us, n. Act of employing anything, or of apply- ing it to one's service ; application ; employment; conversion to an act or purpose; occasion or "need to employ; necessity; advantage derived: usefulness-, utility; continued or repeated practice; customary employment; usage; custom. (Lav:.) The benefit or profit of lands and tenements. — Use, uz, v. t. [used (uzd), using.] To make use of, convert to one's service, put to a purpose: to behave toward, act with regard to, treat: to practice customarily; to accustom, habituate. — v. i. To be wont or accus- tomed; to practice customarily. [ME. and OF. vs, L. ttsvs, use, usage, prop. p. p. of uti, to use; s. rt. abuse, disuse, peruse.) — Us'er. uz'er, n. — Us'able, a. Capable of being used. — Us'age, -ej, ?;. Act of using; mode of using or treating; treatment; con- duct with respect to a person or thing; long-contin- ued practice; habitual use; method; customary use, as of a word in a particular sense or signification, or the signification itself. [F. ; LL. usagium, usaticum. fr. usare = L. uti, to use.] — Us'ance, -ans, n. (Com.) The time which, by usage or custom, is allowed in sQn, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get USHER 646 VACANT certain countries for the payment of a bill of ex- change. — Use-Till, tts'f ul, a. Full of use, advantage, or profit ; producing, or having power to produce, good; beneficial; profitable.— Use'fully, adv.— Use' - - fulness, n. — Useless, a. Having no use; unservice- able; producing no good end ; answering no valua- ble purpose. —Uselessly, adv. — Uaelessness, n. — Ua'ual, u'zhoo-al, a. In use; Buch as occurs in ordi- nary practice, or in the ordinary course of events; customary; ordinary; frequent. [L. usualis, f r. usus.] — Us'ually, adv.— Usucap'tion, -kap'shun, n. ( Civil Law.) Acquisition of the title or right to property by the uninterrupted and undisputed possession of it for a certain term prescribed by law; prescription. tL. usucapio, fr. usucapere, -captum, to acquire by ong use, fr. usu, abl. of usus, and capere, to take.] — U'sufruct, -zhoo-frukt, n. (Laiv.) The right of using and enjoying lands and tenements or receiving the fruits and profits of a thing or estate without the right to alienate or impair the property itself. [L. usufruc- tus, usus etfructus, fr. usus undfructus, fruit.] — Usu- fructuary, -u-a-ri, n. One who has the use of prop- erty and reaps the profits of it. — a. Of, pert, to, or in the nature of, a usufruct. [L. usufructuwius.] — Usurp'', -zerp', v. t. [usurped (-zgrpf), usurp- ing.] To seize and hold in possession by force or without right; to arrogate, assume, appropriate [F. usurper, L. usurpare, to employ, acquire, assume, usurp ; perh. contr. fr. L. usurapere, to seize for one's own use; perh. for usum rumpere, to break a user, assert a right to.] — Usurpation, n. Act of usurping, or of seizing, or occupying and enjoying, the power or property of another without right. [F.; L. usurpation — Usurper, n. — U'Bury, -zhoo-rY, n. Orig. interest; practice of taking interest; illegal in- terest; exorbitant interest. [F. usure, the occupation of a thing, usury, L. usura, use, enjoyment, interest, usury, prop. fem. of f ut. p. of uti.] — Usurer, -zhoo- rer, n. One who lends money at a rate of interest beyond that established bylaw.— Usurious, -z hob'- rT-us, a. Practicing usury; taking exorbitant inter- est for the use of money; partaking of , or contain- ing, usury. — Uten'sil, n. An instrument ; imple- ment; esp., an instrument or vessel used in a kitch- en, or in domestic and farming business. [F. uten- sile, a utensil, fr. L. ustensilis, fit for use, fr. uti.] — Utility, -1-tY, n. State or quality of being useful; production of good; usefulness; advantageousness; benefit; profit; avail; service. [F. utilite", L. utilitas, fr. utilis, useful, fr. uti.] — Utirita'rian, -Y-ta'rY-an, a. Consisting in, or pert, to, utility; pertaining to utilitarianism. — n. One who holds the doctrine of utilitarianism. — Util'ita'rianism, -izm, n. The doc- trine that the greatest happiness of the greatest num- ber should be the end and aim of all social and po- litical institutions; doctrine that virtue is founded in utility; doctrine that utility is the sole standard of virtue, so that virtue is indicated and tested by its apparent usefulness. — U'ttlize, -til-iz, v. t. T-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make useful, turn to profitable account or use. [F. utiliser, fr. utile, L. utilis.] — Utilization, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Vsher, ush'er, n. One in charge of the door of a court, hall, or chamber; one who seats persons in a church or other place of assembly; an officer who introduces strangers, or walks before a person of rank; an un- der teacher or assistant to the preceptor of a school. — v. t. [ushered (-grd), -ering.] To introduce, a6 an usher, forerunner, or harbinger ; to forerun. [OF. ussier, uissier, huissier, L. ostiarius, a door-keeper, lit. belonging to a door, f r. ostium, a door, f r. os, a mouths see Oral.] Usquebaugh, us'kwe-baw, n. A kind of whisky made in Ireland and Scotland; a liquor compounded of brandy, raisins, cinnamon, and other spices. [Ir. uisge beatha, water of life, f r. uisge, water, and bea- tha, life; cf. L. aqua vitse, F. eau-de-vie, brandy; Ir. uisge s. rt. E. whisky, q. v.; Ir. beatha s. rt. Gr. bios, L. vita, life, E. quick.'] Ustion, usfyun, n. Act of burning ; state of being burned. [L. ustio, f r. were, ustum, to burn.l Usual, Usurp, Usury, Utensil, etc. See under Use. Uterus, u'te-rus, n. (Anat.) The womb. [L.] — U'ter- ine, -ter-in, a. Of, or pert, to, the womb ; born of the same mother, but by a different father. [F. ute- rin, L. uterinus, fr. uterus.] Utility, Utilize, etc. See under Use. Utmost, ut'most, a. Situated at the furthest point or extremity ; furthest out ; most distant ; extreme ; last ; being in the greatest or highest degree. — n. The most that can be; the greatest power, degree, or effort. [Same as outmost ; AS. ytemest, ytmest, superl. of ut, out, q. v.] — Ufter, a. [Positive wanting ; su- perl. uttermost or utmost.] Situated on the out- side, or remote from the center ; outer ; complete ; perfect; total; final; peremptory; absolute; mere; entire ; quite. — v. t. [uttered 6-terd), -tering.] To put in circulation, as money; to put off, as cur- rency; to cause to pass in trade; to give expression to, disclose, publish, speak, deliver, give forth, dis- charge, pronounce. [The adj. same as outer; AS. utor, uttor, compar. of ut ; the verb fr. ME. uttren, outen, AS. utian, to put out, eject, fr. ut.] — Ut'ter- able, a. Capable of being uttered, pronounced, or expressed. — Ufterance, -ans, n. Act of uttering; sale; circulation; expression; pronunciation ; man- ner of speaking ; vocal expression. — Ufterer, n. — Ufterly, adv. In an utter manner; to the full ex- tent; fully; perfectly; totally. — Ut'termost, a. Ex- treme; utmost — n. Utmost; highest degree or meas- ure; extremest thing or degree possible; utmost pow- er or extent. Utopia, u-to'pY-a, n. An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as en- joying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, etc. ; a place or state of ideal perfection. [Lit. Nowhere ; Gr. ou, not, and topos, a place.] — Uto'pian, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, Utopia ; ideal ; chimerical ; fanciful. — Uto'pianism, -izm, n. Quality or prac- tice of any Utopian person or scheme; a chimerical scheme. Utricle, u'trt-kl, n. A little bag or bladder ; a little cell, as the air-cell of a f ucus or seaweed. {Physiol.) A microscopic cell in the structure of an egg, ani- mal, or plant. [L. utriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a bag, or bottle made of an animal's hide.] Utter, Utterance, etc. See under Utmost. Uveous, u've-us, a. Resembling a grape. [NL. uveus, f r. L. uva, a bunch or cluster of grapes, a grape.] — U 'villa, -vu-la, n. (Anat.) The fleshy corneal body suspended from the middle of the lower border of the soft palate. [F. uvule, LL. uvula, a cluster, grape, the uvula, dim. of L. uva.] Uxorious, ugz-o'ri-us, a. Submissively or excessively fond of a wife. [L. uxorius, pert, to, or fond of, a wife, fr. uxor, wife ; s. rt. Skr. vaca, a wife, also willing, 6ubdued, vac, to will.] — Uxo'riously, adv. — Uxo'riousness, n. — Uxoricide, -Sr'sld, n. The murder of a wife by her husband; one who murders his wife. [L. uxor and csedere, to kill; cf. parricide.] V. V, ve, the 22d letter of the Eng. alphabet, represents a uniform consonant sound, as heard in vain, eve : its form is only a variety of the character by which the vowel U is denoted, the latter being in its origin the cursive character employed with soft materials, while V is better adapted for engraving on stone : the 2 letters were formerly used indiscriminately, the one for the other. Vacant, va'kant, a. Deprived of contents ; empty; not filled; unengaged with business or care; unem- ployed; unoccupied; not occupied with an incum- bent, possessor, or officer; not occupied with study or reflection; thoughtless. (Law.) Abandoned; hav- ing no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier. [F.; Ii. vacans, p. pr. of vacare, -catum, to be empty or un- occupied.] — Wcantly, adv. — Va'cancy, -sT, n. Quality of being vacant; emptiness; freedom from employment; leisure; idleness; that which is vacant; empty space; vacuity; a space between bodies or things; chasm; gap; unemployed time; interval of leisure; a place or post unfilled; an unoccupied of- fice. _ Va'cate, -kat, v. t. To make vacant, leave am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. tSrm : Xn, Ice : 5dd. tone. 6r ; VACCINATE 647 VALIANT empty; to annul, make void, make of no authority or validity. — Vaca'tion, n. The act of vacating, making void, or of no force; intermission of a stated employment, procedure, or office; stated interval in a round of duties, business, or study; rest. (Law.) Intermission of judicial proceedings; the space of time between the end of one term and the begin- ning of the next ; non-term. The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of a college or other seminary, when the students have a recess; the time when a see or other spiritual dignity is va- cant. [F.; L. vacatio.] — Vac'uum, -u-um, n. Space empty or devoid of all matter or body ; space from which the air has been exhausted. fL., neut. of vac- uus, empty, from vacare.] — Vac'uiBt, n. One who holds to the doctrine of a vacuum in nature. — Va- cn'ity, -ku'Y-tY, n. Quality or condition of being vacuous; a state of being unfilled; emptiness; space unfilled or unoccupied, or occupied with an invisi- ble fluid only; emptiness; void; vacuum. [F. vacu- ite', L. vacuitas.] — VaCuous, -u-us, a. Empty; void. — Vac'uousness, n. Vaccinate, vak'sY-nat, v. t. To inoculate with the cow- pox or kine-pox, by means of a virus or lymph, taken either directly or indirectly from cows. [L. vacci- nus, belonging to a cow, fr. vacca, a cow, prob. lit. the lowing animal, Skr. vac, to cry, howl, low.] — Vaccination, n. Act, art, or practice of vaccina- ting, or of inoculating persons with the cow-pox or kine-pox, for protection against small-pox. — Vac'- eina'tor, n. One who inoculates, etc. — Vac'cine, -sin or -sYn, a. Pert, to cows, or to vaccination. — Vac'cinist, -sY-nist, n. A vaccinator; one skilled in vaccination. Vacillate, vas'il-lat, v. i. To move one way and the other; to reel; to fluctuate in mind or opinion; to be unsteady or inconstant; to waver, stagger. [L. vacillare, -latum.'] — Vacillation, n. Act of vacil- lating; a wavering; reeling; staggering; fluctuation of mind; unsteadiness; inconstancy. [F.; L. vacil- latio.] — Vac 'illant, a. Vacillating; wavering; fluc- tuating; unsteady. [L. vacillans,p. pr. of vacillare.'] Vacuum, Vacuity, etc. See under vacant. Vade-mecum, va'de-me'kum, n. A book or other thing that one carries always with him; a manual. [L., go with me.] Vagabond, Vagary, Vagrant, etc. See under Vague. Vagina, va-ji'na, «.; pi. -njs, -ne. (Anat.) The cylin- drical canal which leads from the vulva to the uterus or womb; any part which serves as a sheath or en- velope to another. [L., a scabbard, sheath.] — Vag'- inal, vaj'Y-nal, a. Of, or pert, to, a vagina or sheath; resembling a sheath. (Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the vagina;— Vag'inant, a. Serving to invest or sheathe. Vague, vag, a. Unsettled ; unfixed ; undetermined ; proceeding from no known authority ; indefinite ; loose : lax. [F.; L. vagus, wandering, F. L. vagari, to wander; perh. s. rt. AS. wancol, steady, Skr. vang, to limp; s. rt. extravagant.] — Vague'ly, adv. — Vague'ness, n. — Va'grant, a. Moving without certain direction; wandering, un- settled; wandering from place to place without any settled habitation. — n. One who strolls from place to place ; an idle wanderer ; sturdy beggar ; vaga- bond. [ME. and Norm. F. vagarant, OF. vagant, f r. vaguer.] — Va'grantly, adv. In a vagrant, wan- dering, unsettled manner. — Va'grancy, -sY, n. State of a vagrant; a wandering without a settled home. — Vagabond, -a- bond, a. Floating about without any certain direction; driven to and fro; moving from place to place without any settled habitation; wandering.— n. One who wanders from town to town or place to place, having no certain dwelling, or not abiding in it, and usually without the means of honest livelihood; a vagrant. [F.; L. vagabundus, fr. vagari.] — Vag'abond'age, -ej, -ism, -izm, -ry, -rY, n. Condition ot a vagabond; a state or habit of wandering about in idleness. — Vaga'ry, -rY, n. A wandering of the thoughts; a wild freak; whim; whimsical purpose. Vail, Veil, val,n. A concealing screen or envelope ; . cover. [See Veil.] Vail, val, v. t. To lower in token of inferiority, rev- erence, submission, etc. [For avail, F. avaler, to let, lay, cast, fall down, aval, downward, fr. a val = L. ad vallem, towards the valley ; s. rt. avalanche.] Vail, val, n. A gratuity or perquisites given to a ser- vant. _[For avail, profit, help.] Vain, van, a. Having no real substance, value, or importance; destitute of force or efficiency; to no purpose; elated with a high opinion of one's own accomplishments, or with things more showy than valuable; showy; ostentatious; empty; worthless; ineffectual ; shadowy ; unsatisfying ; light ; incon- stant; false; deceitful; trifling. |_F.; L. vanus; perh. b. rt. L. vacuus, empty.] — In vain. To no purpose; without effect; ineffectual.— To take the name of Qod in v. To use the name of God with levity or profaneness.— Vain'ly, adv.— Vain' ness, n. — Van'- ity, van'Y-tY, n. State or quality of being vain; want of substance to satisfy desire; an inflation of mind upon slight grounds; empty pride; that whieh is vain; anything empty, visionary, or unsubstan- tial; fruitless desire or effort; one of the established characters in the old moralities and puppet-shows; egotism ; pride ; self-sufficiency ; ostentation. [F. vaniU, L. vanitas, fr. vanus.]— Van'ish, v. i. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To pass from a visible to an in- visible state; to be lost to view, disappear gradually; to be annihilated or lost, pass away, disappear. — n. (Elocution.) The final or closing portion of a sylla- ble, or of a vocal element. [L. vanescere, evanes- cere, fr. vanus.] — Vaunt, vant, v. i. To boast, talk with vain ostentation, brag.— v. t. To boast of, make a vain display of. — n. A vain display of what one is, or has, or has done ; boast. [F. vanter, LL. vanitare, fr. L. vanus. vain.] — Vaunt 'er, n. One who vaunts; a boaster; braggart. — Vainglo'ry, -rY, n. Excessive vanity excited by one's own per- formances; empty pride; undue elation of mind.— Vainglo'rious, a. Feeling or indicating vainglory; vain to excess of one's own achievements; boastful; vaunting. — Vainglo'riously, adv. Valance, val'ans, n. Hanging drapery for a bed, couch, window, etc.; esp., that which hangs around a bedstead, from the bed to the floor. — v. t. To furnish with a valance. [F., prob. fr. Valence, in France, where silk was manufactured; but perh. fr. NormF. valaunt, F. avalant, descending, hanging down, p. pr. of avaler, to get down, to go down with the current, or stream; if so, s. rt. avalanche: see Vail, to lower.] Vale, val, n. A tract of low ground, or of land between hills; valley; dingle; dell; dale; a little trough or canal. [F. val, L. vallis: perh. s. rt. Gr. helos, wet, low ground, because easily covered with water, Skr. val, to cover, also an inclosure.] — Valley, val'lY, n. The apace inclosed between ranges of hills or moun- tains. (Arch.) The gutter or internal angle formed by 2 inclined sides of a roof. [OF. valee, f r. val.] Valediction, val-e-dik'shun, n. A farewell, a bidding farewell. [L. valedicere, -dictum, to say farewell ; fr. vale, farewell (lit., be strong, imper. of valere : see Valiant), and dicere, to say.]— Valedictory, -to-rY, a. Bidding farewell; taking leave; suitable, or de- signed, for an occasion of leave-taking. — n. A fare- well oration or address spoken at commencement in Amer. colleges, usually by one of the graduating class. — VaPedicto'rian, n. One who pronounces a valedictory address. Valenciennes, va-len'sY-enz', n. A rich kind of lace made at Valenciennes, in France. Valentine, vaKen-tin, n. A sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's day; a letter containing professions of love, or a printed sentimental or satirical missive, sent on St. valentine's day. [F. Valentin, L. Valen- tinus, prop, name; s. rt. valiant.] — St. Valentine's day. A day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of Feb- ruary,— when birds were supposed to pair. Valerian, va-le'rY-an, n. A plant of many species: the root of the officinal valerian has a strong smell, and is much used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Either fr. some person called Valerius, or fr. the province of Valeria,, in Pannonia.] Valet, val'et or val'a, n. A servant who attends on a gentleman's person. [F.. same as varlet.] — Valet de chambre, val'a d6 shom'br. A body servant, or per- sonal attendant. [F.] Valetudinary, val-e-tu'dY-na-rY, a. Infirm ; sickly. — n. An infirm person ; a valetudinarian. [F. vale- tudinaire, L. valetudinarius, sickly, fr. valetudo, health, whether good or bad, but esp. bad health, fr. valere, to be strong: see Valiant.] — Val'etu'dina'- rian, -rY-an, o. Ot infirm health; seeking to recover health; sickly; weakly; infirm. — n. A person of a weak, infi?m, or sickly constitution; one seeking to recover health. Valiant, val'yant, a. Intrepid in danger ; heroic ; courageous ; brave ; performed with valor ; bravely conducted ; heroic. [F. vaillant, OF. valant, p. pr. of valoir, to profit, serve, be good for, L. valere, to be strong, be worth ; s. rt. Lithuan. wala, Skr. bala, sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdot : cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. VALISE 648 VAPOR strength, E. avail, prevail, convalesce, equivalent, in- valid, etc.] — Valiantly, adv. — VaKiantness, n. — Valid, a. Having suiticient strength or force ; found- ed in truth; capable of being justified, defended, or supported. {Law.) Having legal strength or force; executed with the proper formalities. [F. valide, L. validus, fr. valere.] — Validity, -X-tX, n. State or quality of being valid; strength; force; esp., power to convince ; justness ; soundness, (Law.) Legal Strength or force ; that quality of a thing which ren- ders it supportable in law or equity. [F. validiie, L. validitas.] — Val'or, -er, n. Strength of mind in regard to danger; personal bravery; warlike cour- age. [OF. and L.] — VaKoroQB, -er-us, a. Possess- ing or exhibiting valor; intrepid; stout; bold; brave; courageous.— Var orously, adv.— VaFue, -u, n. The property or properties of a thing which render it useful ; or the degree of such property or proper- ties; utility; precise signification; rate or estimated worth; amount obtainable in exchange for a thing; price ; rate ; importance ; import. — v. t. [valued (-ud), -uing.] To estimate the worth of, rate at a certain price, appraise, reckon with respect to num- ber, power, importance, etc.; to rate at a high price, have in high esteem, hold in respect and admira- tion. [F. value, fem. of p. p. of valoir = L. valere.] — Varuable, a. Having value or worth; possessing Qualities whijh are useful and esteemed : worthy ; deserving esteem ; precious; costly; estimable. — n. A thing of value; a precious possession. — Valua /r - tion, n. The act of valuing, or of estimating the value or worth; act of setting a price ; estimation ; appraisement ; value set upon a thing ; estimated worth. — VaFua'tor, n. One who sets a value on anything ; an appraiser. — V&l'ueless, a. Of no value ; haying no worth. Valise, va-les', n. A small sack or case, for contain- ing the clothes, etc., of a traveler; a portmanteau. 5F. ; Sp. balija, It. valigia, a traveling-bag, wallet, j. vidulus, a'leather traveling-trunk; perh. s. rt. Per. walichah, Ar. walihat, a sack.] Vallation, val-la'shun, n. A rampart or intrench- ment. [L. vallare, to surround with a rampart, fr. vallum, rampart; s. rt. wall.] Valley. See under Vale. Valor, Value, etc. See under Valiant. Valve, valv, n. A door; esp., a folding door, or one of the leaves of such a door; a lid, cover, plate, disk, plug, ball, membrane, etc., lifting, turning, sliding, oscillating, etc., automatically or otherwise, in a pipe or in connection with a port or aperture, to permit or prevent the passage of a fluid, esp. to permit passage in one direction and prevent return (see Pump); one of the separable parts of a capsule, pod, or pericarp, or of the shell of a mollusk. [F.; L. valva, a folding- door; s. rt. L. volvere, to roll, turn round about.] Valved, valvd, a. Having valves ; composed of valves.— Valv'ular, -u- 18r, a. Of, or pert, to, valves; con- taining valves; serving as a valve; opening by means of valves.— Valv'- Ule, -HI, n. A little valve. — Valv'- ate, -at, a. Resembling or serving as a valve; consisting of, or opening by, a valve or valves. Vamp, vamp, n. The upper leather of a boot or shoe; a patch or added v ., Tular fCL uIp piece. — v. t. [vamped (vampt), ValTular Capsule. vamping.] To provide (a shoe) with new upper leather ; to piece (an old thing) with a new part; to repair. [Abbrev. fr. F. avant-pied, fore-foot and vamp, fr. avant, before, fore, and pied, foot : for avant, see Van, front of an army; F. pied = L. pes = E. foot, q. v.] — Vamp^er, n. One who vamps, or pieces an old thing with something new. Vampire, vam'pir, n. A dead person superstitiously believed to rise from the grave by night, and maintain a spec- tral life by suck- ing the blood of living persons while they are asleep ; one who lives by preying on others; an ex- tortioner. (Zobl.) A large species of blood-sucking bat found in mpire. (ZooL) tropical Amer., which stenlthily attacks animals, and sometimes men, in their sleep. [F.; G. vampyr, Ser- vian wampir.] — Vam'pirism, -ptr-izm, n. Belief i-n the existence of vampires ; the practice of blood-suck- ing; practice of extortion. Van, van, n. The front of an army; or the front line or foremost division of a fleet, either in sailing or in battle. [Abbr. fr. vanguard or van-ward; OF. avant- warde, later avant-garde, the van-guard of an army;. F. avant = L. ab ante, from in front.] — Van'-guard, n. (Mil.) The troops who march in front of an army; advance guard; the 1st line. — Van'-cou'rier, -kob'- rt-er, n. One sent in advance; a precursor; avant courier; esp., one of a body of light-armed soldiers sent before armies to beat the road upon the ap- proach of an enemy. [F. avant-courrier ; courrier, coureur, a runner, courier, q. v. under Coueant.] Van, van, n. A fan for cleansing grain, etc.; a win- nowing machine ; a wing with which the air is beat- en; a shovel used in sifting ore. [F.; L. vannus = IS. fan, q. v.] Van, van, n. A large covered wagon, for the transpor- tation of goods, etc.; in Eng., a close railroad car for goods, baggage, etc. [Abbr. for caravan.] Vandal, van'dal, n. (Anc. Hist.) One of the most barbarous of the northern nations that invaded Rome in the 5th century, notorious for destroying the monuments of art and literature. One hostile to the arts and literature; one ignorant and barbarous. [L. Vandalus, lit. a wanderer, G. wandeln — E. to wander.] — Van'dal, -dalle, a. Of, pert, to, or re- sembling, the Vandals; ferocious; rude; barbarous; hostile to arts and literature. — Van'dalism, -izm, n. Spirit or conduct of Vandals; ferocious cruelty; hos- tility to arts and literature. Vandyke, van-dikl n. A lace or needle-work collar, as seen in portraits painted by Vandyke in the reign of Charles I. Vane, van, n. A weathercock, arrow, etc., attached to some elevated object, to show which way the wind blows; a similar device moved in or by water; the sail of a windmill or blade of a propeller, etc. ; the broad part or web of a feather, on the side of the shaft. [ME. vane, also fane, orig. a pennon, hence a vane, AS., Sw., and Goth, fana, a flag; s. rt. L. pannus, cloth, panus, the thread on a bobbin in a shuttle, Gr. penos, the woof, perh. E. spin ; s. rt. gonfalon.] Van-guard. See under Van, front of an army. Vanilla, va-nilla, n. A climbing orchidaceous plant of many species, natives of tropical Amer. ; the fleshy seed-pod of several species, remarkable for its deli- cate and agreeable odor, and for the volatile, odorif- erous oil extracted from it. [Sp. vainilla, dim. of vaina, a sheath, pod, L. vagina, q. v., — fr. its sheath- like fruit.] Vanish, Vanity. See under Vain. Vanquish, vank'wish, v. t. [-quished (-wisht), -quish- inq.] To subdue in battle, as an enemy; to defeat in any contest, get the better of, put down, refute in argument, overcome, confute, silence. [OF. veinquir, also veincre, F. vaincre, f r. L. vincere, victum, to con- quer ; s. rt. Goth, weihan, weigan, OHG. and AS. wigan, to strive, contend, E. victor.] — Van'quisha- ble, a. — Vanquisher, n. — Van'quishment, n. The act of vanquishing, or state of being vanquished or subdued. Vantage, van'tej, n. Superior or more favorable state, situation, or opportunity; advantage. [Abbr. fr. ad- vantage.] — Vantage-ground. Superiority of state or place ; place or condition which gives one an advan- tage over another. Vapid, vapid, a. Having lost its life and spirit; dead; spiritless; insipid; flat; dull; unanimated. [L. vap- idus, f r. vappa, wine that has emitted its vapor ; s. rt. vapor, q. v.] — Vapidly, adv. — Vapldness, Va- pidity, -X-tX, n. State or quality of being vapid ; deadness; dullness; want of life or spirit. Vapor, va'per, n. (Physics.) Any substance in the gaseous or aeriform state, the condition of which is ordinarily that of a liquid or solid. Any visible dif- fused substance floating in the atmosphere and im- pairing its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc.; some- thing unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory, pi. A dis- ease of nervous debility, in which a variety of strange images float in the brain, or appear as if visible ; hyp- ochondriacal affections; dejection; spleen; the blues. — v. i. [vapored (-perd), -poring.] To pass off in fumes, or a moist, floating substance; to steam, be exhaled, evaporate; to boast or vaunt with a vain, ostentatious display of worth ; to brag. [Ju. ; s. rt. Gr. kapnos, smoke, kapuein, to breathe forth, Lith- am„ fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; VAQUERO 649 VAUDEVILLE uan. kwapas, breath, evaporation.] — Va'por-bath, n. Application of vapor or steam to the body in a close place ; the place itself. — Va'porer, n. A braggart ; boaster. — Va'poringly, adv. In a vaporing or coast- ing manner. — Va'porish, a. Full of vapors; affected by hysterics; splenetic; peevish; humorsome; hypo- chondriacal. — Va'porous, -pSr-us, a. Full of vapors or exhalations; windy; flatulent; proceeding from the vapors; unreal; vain. — Va'pory, -pSr-Y, a. Full of vapors ; hypochondriacal ; splenetic ; peevish. — Vap'orable, vap'o-ra-bl, a. Capable of being con- verted into vapor by the agency of heat. — Vap'ora- bil'ity, n. Quality of being vaporable. — Vap'ora'- tion, n. Act or process of converting into vapor, or of passing off in vapor; evaporation.— Vap'orif'ic, a. Forming into vapor; converting into steam. [L. fa- cere, to make.] — Vap'orize, -Sr-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To convert into vapor by the application of heat. — v. i. To pass off in vapor. — Vap'oriza'tion, n. Act of vaporizing, or state of being converted into vapor; the artificial formation of vapor. ^aquero, va-ka'ro, n. In Mexico and West. U. S., a man in charge of cattle, horses, or mules ; a herds- man. [Sp., cowherd, fr. vaca, L. vacca, a cow : see Vaccinate.] Variable, Variance, Variety, Varioloid, Various, etc. See under Vary. Varicose, var'l-kos, -icons, -Y-kus, a. Preternaturally enlarged, or permanently dilated,— said of veins. [L. varicosus, fr. varix, a dilated vein, fr. varus, bent, stretched outwards, various, straddling; prob. s. rt. LG. queer, transverse, E. queer, q. v.] — Var- icocele, -Y-ko-sel, a. (Surg.) A varicose enlarge- ment of the veins of the spermatic cord or the scro- tum. [L. varix and Gr. hete, a tumor.] Varlet, var'let, n. Orig. a servant ; valet ; a low fel- low ; scoundrel ; rascal, [Same as valet ; OF. var- let, vaslet, valet, a groom, youth ; vaslet = vassalet, dim. of OF. and E. vassal, q. v.] Varnish, vitr'nish, n. A solution of gum, resin, etc., in oil or spirit, which gives a hard shining coat to any surface to which it is applied; glossy appearance; an artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any act or conduct; outside snow. — v.t. [varnished (-nisht), -nishing.] To lay varnish on ; to cover with some- thing that gives a fair external appearance ; to give a fair coloring to. [ME. vernisch, fr. F. vernis, var- nish, vernisser, to cover with varnish, OF. vernir, to glaze, LL. vitrinus, glassy, L. vitruni (F. verve), glass ; s. rt. vitreous.] — Var'nisher, n. Vary, va'ri, v. t. [varied (-rid), varying.] To change the aspect of ; to alter in form, appearance, substance, or position; to change to something else, exchange, alternate ; to diversify, variegate. — v. t. To alter or be altered in any manner; to 6uffer a partial change; to differ or be different; to alternate; to deviate, depart; to disagree, be at variance. [F. va- rier, L. variare, -atum, to diversify, vary, fr. varius, various, variegated, manifold.] — Va'riable, -rt-a-bl, a. Having the capacity of varying or changing; ca- pable of alteration in any manner; over-susceptible of change; liable to change; changeable; mutable; fickle; wavering; unsteady; versatile; inconstant.— n. (Math.) A quantity which may increase or de- crease; a quantity which admits of an infinite num- ber of values in the same expression. (Naut.) A shift- ing wind (opp. to trade-wind), esp. in the belt be- tween the N. E. and S. E. trade- winds. [F.; L. vari- abilis:.] — Variableness, -abil'ity, n. State or qual- ity of being variable ; susceptibility of change ; lia- bleness or aptness to alter. — Va'riably, ado. — Va r - riance, -ri-ans, n. Act or state of being variant ; change of condition. (Law.) A disagreement or difference between 2 parts of the same legal pro- ceeding, which, to be effectual, ought to agree to- gether. Difference that produces controversy; dis- agreement; dissension; discord. — At variance. In disagreement ; in a state of dissension or controver- sy ; at enmity. — Va'riate, -rT-at, v. t. To alter, make different, vary. — Variation, n. Act of vary- ing; a partial change in the form, position, state, or qualities of the same thing ; the extent to which a thing varies; amount or rate of change; vicissitude; variety; mutation; deviation; alteration; diversity. (Mus.) Repetition of a tune or melody with various embellishments and fanciful changes. [F. ; L. va- riation] — Va'rious, -rt-us, a. Different ; diverse ; several; manifold; changeable; uncertain; unfixed; variegated ; diversified. [L. varius.] — Va'riously, adv. — Vari'ety, -ri'e-tY, n. Quality of being vari- ous; intermixture or succession of different things; that which is various; a number or collection of dif- ferent things; something varying or differing from others of the same general kind ; diversity ; differ- ence; kind. [F. varvete", L. varietas.] — Va'riegate, -ri-e-gat, v. t. To diversify in external appearance! to mark with different colors; to vary, streak, stripe, checker, dapple. [L. variegure, -qatum, fr. vartus and aijere, to move, make.] — Va'riega'tion, n. Act of variegating or diversifying, or state of being di- versified, by different colors : diversity of colors. — Varioloid, va'ri- or var'T-o-loid. a. (Med.) Resem- bling small-pox; pert, to the disease called varioloid. — n. (Med.) The small-pox as modified by pre- vious inoculation or vaccination. [LL. variola, the small-pox, fr. L. varius and Gr. eirfos. form.] — Va- ri'olouB, -o-lus, a. Of, pert, to, or designating, the small-pox. — Vario'nun, va-ri-o'rum. Of various persons or things ; esp. (used as an adjective), con- taining notes by different persons. [L., abbr. fr. euru units variorum, with notes of various persons.J Vase, vas (Eng. pron. vaz or vaz), n. A vessel, of va- rious forms and materials, for domestic use or ornament and anciently for sacrificial uses. (Arch.) An ornament of sculpture, placed on a pedestal, representing one of the vessels of the ancients ; the body or naked ground of the Corinthi- an and Composite capital. [F.; L. vasum, also vas; s. rt. Skr. va- sana, a receptacle, box, basket, water-jar, cover, vas, to wear clothes, E. vests wear, vessel.] — Vas'cular, -ku-lgr, a. Consist- ing of vessels, or containing them, as an essential part of a Vase. structure; operating by means of, or made np of, an arrangement of vessels ; pert, to, consisting of, or containing the vessels of animal or vegetable Dodies, esp. the veins, blood-vessels, etc., of the circulatory system. [L. vasculum, a small vessel, dim. of vas.)—' Vas'cular'ity, -lar'I-ti, n. State or quality of beuig vascular. Vassal, vas'sal, n. One who holds land of a superior, and who vows fidelity and homage to him; a feuda- tory; a dependent; servant; bondman ; slave. [F.j LL. vassalus, also vassus, a servant. Armor, gwaz, a servant, vassal, man, male, W. and Corn, gtoas, a youth, servant ; s. rt. varlet, valet.] - Vas'salage, -ej, n. State of being a vassal ; political servitude ; dependence; slavery. Vast, vast, a. Orig. waste, desert ; being of great ex- tent; very spacious or large; very great in numbers or amount ; very great in force, or in importance i enormous; huge; immense; mighty.— n. A waste region; boundless space. [Same as loaste,' F. vaste, L. vastus, vast, of great extent; s. rt. L. vastare — E. devastate : see Waste.] — Vastly, adv. To a vast extent or degree ; very greatly. — Vast'nesa, n. — Vast'y, -i, a. Very spacious ; immense ; vast. — Vasta'tion, n. A laying waste; devastation; depop- ulation. [Same as devastation ; L. vastatio, fr. vas- tare, to lay waste.] Vat, vat, n. A large vessel, tub, tank, or cistern ; esp. one for holding liquors in process of manufacture, or liquid for tanning; a measure for liquids; a dry measure of varying capacity. [ME., Ic, and Sw. fat, AS. fset, D. vat, G. fass, a vessel, cask, lit. that which contains, D. vatten, G. fassen, to catch, con- tain; s. rt. Lithnan. pudas, a pot.] Vatican, vat'Tt-kan, ». An assemblage of buildings in Rome, forming the largest palace in the world, with a famous chapel, museum, library, etc., and being the principal residence of the popes; hence, the papal authority. [F. ; L. Vaticanus mons, the Vatican hill — on which it stands.] — Vaticanism, -izm, n. The doctrine of papal supremacy; adhesion to the pope's authority.— Thunders of the Vatican. The anathe- mas or denunciations of the pope. Vatieide, vafTt-sid, n. The murder of a prophet; one who murders a prophet. [L. vates, a prophet, and ceedere, to kill ; el .parricide.] — Vaticinate, va-tis'l- prophesy, foretell. [L. vaticU icinus, prophetical, fr. vates, a nari, -natus, fr. vatieinus,, prophet.] — Vatic'inal, a. Pert, to, or containing, prophecy. — Vatic'ina'tion, n. Prediction; proph- ecy. [L. vaticinatio.] — Vatic'lna'tor, n. One who vaticinates;_a prophet. Vaudeville, vod'vil, n. A kind of song of a lively character, sung to a familiar air in couplets with a siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot : cow. oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. VAULT 650 VELLICATE refrain; a theatrical piece, whose dialogue is inter- mingled with light or satirical songs, sung in famil- iar airs. [F., fr. Vau-de-vire, a village in Normandy, where Olivier Basselin, at the end of the 14th cen- tury, composed such songs.] Vault, vawlt, n. A continued arch, or an arched roof or ceiling; an arched apartment or passage; esp., a sub- Vault, terranean aoom, for storing articles, for a prison, for interment, etc. ; any subterranean apartment, tank, or receptacle ; a leap or bound ; esp., the bound or leap of a horse. — v. t. To form or cover with a vault or arched roof ; to give the shape of an arch to ; to arcb ; to leap on, mount by leaping.— v. i. To leap, bound, jump, spring ; to exhibit feats of tumbling or leap- ing. [ME. voute, vowte. OF. volte, voute, vaute, It. volta, an arch, cellar, fr. L. volvere, to roll, turn round, bend round, arch ; also F. volter, to vault, jump, volte, It. volta, the bound of a horse ; 8. rt. voluble, volute.] — Vault/ed, a. Arched ; concave ; covered with an arch or vault. — Vault'er, n. Vaunt, etc. See under Vain. Veal, vel, n. The flesh of a calf killed for the table. [ME. and OF. veel, L. vitellus, a little calf, vitulus, Gr. italos, a calf; s. rt. Skr. vatsa, a calf, also ayear, — i.e., a yearling; s. rt. L. vettts, old in years, E. vet- eran, vellum.] — Vit'uline, -u-lln, a. Of, or pert, to, a calf, or to veal. [L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus.] Vector, vek'te'r, n. Same as Radius Vector, q. v., under Radius. Veda, va'- or ve'da, n. The ancient sacred literature of the Hindoos; also, one of 4 collections (the Rig- Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda) constituting the most ancient portions and members of that literature. [Skr., knowledge, fr. vid, to know; s. rt. wit.] — Ve'dic, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Vedette, ve-def, n. A sentinel, usually on horseback; a vidette. [F. vedette, It. vedetta, for veletta, as if fr. vedere, L. videre, to see, but really fr. It. veglia, L. vigilia, watch; s. rt. vigil.] Veer, ver, v. i. [veered (verd), veering.] To change direction, turn. — v. t. To direct to a different course; to turn. [F. virer, Sp. virar, birar, to wind, tack, veer, Pg. and Proven, virar, to turn, change, EL. virare, to turn around; s. rt. F. environ, round about, whence E. environs, F. virole = E. ferrule, LL. virola, a ring binding anything, L. viriola, a bracelet.] Vegetable, vej'e-ta-bl, n. A plant; an organized living body destitute of intelligence and voluntary motion, deriving its nourishment from inorganic or disorgan- ized matter, and in general, propagating itself by seeds; specifically, in common parlance, a plant used specifically, for culinary purposes. — a. Be- longing or relating to, consist- ing of, or comprising, or having the nature of, plants. [F.; L. vegetabilis, lit. animating, full of life, fr. vegetare, -tatum, to enliven, quicken, vegetus, live- ly, vegere, to quicken, arouse; s. rt. L. vigil, wakeful, vigere, to flourish, Skr. ugra, very strong, Gr. hugies, sound, Goth. wakan = E. to wake, E. vigor- ous.]— Vegetable ivory. A close- grained and very hard vegetable substance obtained from a spe- cies of palm tree ; ivory nut.— V. kingdom. (Nat. Hist.) That portion of the depart. mentof life in nature including plants. — Veg'etal, -e-tal. a. Pert, to, or in the nature of, a vegetable ; vegetable. (Physiol.) Of, or pert, to, a class of vital phenomena common to plants and animals. [F.] — Vegeta'rian, -rT-an, n. One who holds that vegeta- bles constitute the only proper food for man.— a. Of, or pert, to, vegetarianism. — Vegetarianism, -izm, n. The theory and practice of living solely on vegeta- bles. — Veg'etate, -e-tat, v. i. To grow, as plants; to sprout, germinate; to lead a life too low for an ani- mate creature; to do nothing but eat and grow.— Vegeta'tion, n- Act or process of vegetating; vege- table growth; the sum of vegetable life; vegetables or plants in general. (Med.) A morbid excrescence on the valves of the heart, in syphilis; a fleshy gran- ulation at the surface of a wound or ulcer. [F.] — Veg'eta'tive, -tiv, a. Growing, or having the power of growing, as plants ; having power to produce growth in plants. (Zo'61.) Partaking of simple growth and enlargement of the systems of nutrition and generation, apart from the sensorial or distinctively animal functions. [F. vegetatif.] — Veg'eta'tive- ness, n. Vehement, ve'he-ment, a. Acting with great force ; forcible; mighty; very ardent; very eager, urgent, or fervent; furious; violent; impetuous; passionate; ardent; hot. [F.; L. vehemens, lit. carried out of one's mind; vehe- perh. fr. Skr. vaha, a way, vah = L. vehere, to carry; and L. mens, the mind, q. v.] — Ve'hemently, adv. — Ve'hemence, -mens, -mency, -men-st, n. Quality of being vehement; impetuous force; impetuosity; violence, — applied also to any kind of forcible action; violent ardor; animated fer- vor. Vehicle, ve'hT-kl, n. That in which anything is or may be carried, as a coach, wagon, cart, carriage, etc.; a conveyance; that which is used as the instru- ment of conveyance or communication. (Phar- macy-} -A- substance in which medicine is taken. (Paint.) A liquid with which the various pigments are applied. [L. vehiculum, fr, vehere, to carry: see Vehement; s. rt. vagabond, vague, veil, convex, in- veigh, vex, viaduct, voyage, way, wagon, weigh.] — Venic'ular, -ulary, -u-la-rt, a. Of, pert, to, or serv- ing as, a vehicle. Veil, val, n. Something to intercept the view, and hide an object; esp., a screen, usually of thin gauze or similar material, to hide or protect the face; a curtain ; cover ; disguise. — v. t. [veiled (vald), veiling.] To throw a veil over, cover with a veil ; to invest, cover, hide, conceal. [ME. and OF. veile, L. velum, a sail, covering, curtain, vail, fr. veliere, to bear, carry, orig. that which bears the ship on : see Vehicle.] — To take the veil. To receive, or be cov- ered with, a veil, as a nun, in token of retirement from the world. — Veliferous, ve-lifSr-us, a. Bear- ing, or carrying, sails. [L. velifer, f r. velum and/erre, tobear.] Vein, van, n. (Anat.) One of the membranous canals or tubes in animal bodies, which convey toward the beart the impure blood returned from the capillaries; a blood-vessel. (Bot.) A small rib or branch of the frame-work of leaves, etc. (Qeol. or Mining.) A seam or layer of any substance, more or less wide, inter- secting a rock or stratum, and not corresponding with the stratification. A fissure, cleft, or cavity, as in the earth or other substance ; a streak or wave of different color, appearing in wood, in marble, and other stones ; a train of valuable associations, thoughts, etc.; a current; course; peculiar temper; tendency or turn of mind; humor; strain; quality. — v. t. To form or mark with veins; to fill or cover with veins. [ME. and F. veine, L. vena, a vein, lit. that which carries (blood), fr. vehere : see Vehicle.] — Veined, vand.a. Full of veins; streaked; varie- gated. (Bot.) Having vessels branching over the surface, as a leaf. — Vein'y, -T, a. Full of veins ; veined. — Ve'nal, a. Venous. — Ve'nona, -nus, a. Of, pert, to, or contained in, a vein or the veins, — opp. to arterial. (Bot.) Marked with veins; veined- [L. venosus.] — Ve'nesec'tion, n. Act or operation of opening a vein, to let blood; blood-letting. [L. sectio = E. section, q. v.] Veliferous. See under Veil. Velleity, vel-le'Y-tt, n. The lowest degree of desire; imperfect or incomplete volition. [F. velMiti, fr. L. veue, to will, be willing.] Vellicate, twitch. pun.; We, to will, be willing. J icate, veKlT-kSt, v. t. 8c i. To move spasmodically, r itch. [L. veUicare, -catum, fr. veliere, to pluck, ill.] — Vellica'tion, n. Act of twitching, or of 4m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn. Ice ; 5dd. tone, dr ; VELLCJM 651 VENTRAL causing to twitch. {Med.) A local twitching or con- vulsive motion of a muscular fiber, esp., of the face. Vellum, vel'lum, n. _ A fine kind of parchment. [F. velin, LL. vitidinium, or peliis vitulina, prepared calf-skin, fr. L. vitulus, a calf: see Veal.] "Velocity, ve-los't-tt, n. Quickness of motion. (Mech.) Rate of motion; relation of motion to time, meas- ured by the number of units of space passed over by the moving body in a unit of time. Swiftness; celerity; rapidity; speed. [F. velocite, L. velocitas, fr. velox, velocis, swift, lit. flying; s. rt. volare, to fly : see Volant.] — Vel'ocim'eter, -sini'e-ter, n. An apparatus for measuring the speed of machinery. [L. velox and Gr. metron, measure.] — Veloc'ipede, -los'I-ped, n. A light vehicle or carriage pn by the rider. [L. velox and pes, pedis, foot.] Velvet, veKvet, n. A rich fabric of silk, or of silk and cotton mixed, having on one side a close, short, fine, soft shag or nap, or uncut pile; the hairy integument covering a growing antler. [Olt. veluto, velvet, L. villosus, shaggy, fr. villus, shaggy hair, a tuft of hair; s. rt. L. vellus, a fleece, Skr. vri, to cover, E. wool.] — Vel' voting, n. The fine shag of velvet; a piece of velvet ; velvet goods. — Vel'vety, -t, a. Made of, or like, velvet; soft; smooth; delicate. — Velveteen', -en', n. A kind of cloth made of cotton, in imitation of velvet; cotton velvet. Venal. See under Vein. Venal, ve'nal, a. To be bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration; held for sale; mer- cenary; hireling; vendible. [F.; L. venalis, salable, for sale, fr. venus, venum, sale; s. rt. Gr. onos, Skr. vasna, price, vasu, wealth.] — Venal'ity, -I-tT, n. State or quality of being venal or purchasable; mer- cenariness. [F. venalite, L. venalitas.~\ — Vend, v. t. To dispose of by sale, sell. [F. vendre, L. vendere, to sell, contr. fr. venundare, to sell, for venum dare, fr. venum, sale, and dare, to offer.] — Vendee', -e', n. The person to whom a thing is vended.— Vend'er, -or, n. One who vends; a seller. — Vend 'ible, a. Ca- pable of being disposed of as an object of trade; sal- able. [F.; L. vendubilis.] — Vend'ibleness, -ibil'ity, n. State or quality of being vendible. — Vend'ibly, adv. In a vendible or salable manner. — Vendi'tion, -disb/un, n. Act of vending or selling; sale. [L. ven- dition — Vendue', -du', n. A public sale of any- thing, by outcry, to the highest bidder; an auction. [OF., fr. vendre.] Venary. See under Venery, hunting. Veneer, ve-ner', v. t. [-neered (-nerd'), -neering.] To overlay or plate with a thin layer of wood or other material for outer finish or decoration. — n. A thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or beautiful material for overlaying an inferior one. [G.furni- ren, to inlay, veneer, lit. to furnish, fr. F. fournir = E. to furnish.'] — Veneer'ing, n. Act or art of over- laying a coarse or inferior wood with thin leaves of a superior material, or the covering thus laid on. Venenation. See under Venom. Venerate, ven'er-at, v. t. To regard with respect and reverence; to reverence, revere, adore. [L. venerari, -ratus ; s. rt. L. venus, love, Skr. van, to serve, honor, E. venereal, win.] — Ven'erable, a. Capable of be- ing venerated; worthy of veneration or reverence; rendered sacred by religious or other associations, esp. by age. [F.; L. venerabilis.] — Ven'erableness, n. — Ven'erably, adv. — Venera'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; respect mingled with awe; rev- erence; dread. [F.; L. veneratio.] — Ven'era'tor, n. One who, etc. Venereal, Venery, See under Vends. Venery, ven'Sr-^.n. Act or exercise of hunting; sports of the chase. [ME. and F. venerie, fr. OF. vener, L. venari, to hunt.] — Ven'ary, -a-rT, a. Of, or pert, to, hunting. [LL. venarius.] — Ven'iaon, -T-zu or -zn, n. The flesh of edible beasts of chase; game. [In Eng., the word is applied to the flesh of deer, hares, and certain birds called game; in the U. S., exclusively to the flesh of the deer, or cervine genus of animals.] [OF. veneisun, flesh of the deer, boar, and other beasts of the chase, fr. L. venatia, the chase, also, game, fr. venari.] Venesection. See under Vein. Venetian, ve-ne'shan. a. Of, or pert, to, Venice. — Venetian blind. A blind for windows, doors, etc., made of thin slats set in a frame, and so disposed as to overlap each other. ^Vengeance, venj'ans, n. Punishment inflicted in re- turn for an injury or offense; retribution; passion- ate or unrestrained revenge. [F. ; fr. venger, to avenge, L. vindicare, to lay claim to, also to avenge : see Vindicate; s. rt. revenge, avenge.] — Venge'ftU -ful, a. Vindictive ; retributive ; revengeful. -* Venke'fully, adv. Venial, ve'nl-al, a. Capable of being forgiven; not heinous; excusable; pardonable; allowed; permit- ted. [OF.; L. venialis, fr. venia, forgiveness, pardon, favor; s. rt. venerable.] — Ve'nially, atlas, or vertel ra supporting the head ; -brat, n. An ani- b > ° eut " ; "<* • c > s P in0U3 P roce33 ' ma I having an d. dorsal vertebra. internal jointed skeleton, the back-bone in which is called the vertebral or spinal column.— Ver'tebrate, -bra'ted, a. (Anat.) Having a back-bone, or verte- bral column, containing the spinal marrow. — Ver'* tex, n. ; E. pi. -texes; L. pi. -tices, -tt-sez. Princi- sun, cube, full; moon, fotit; cow, oil; linger nr ink, tie© bosboir- cLair, get. VERST 654 VEX f the head; gid- pal or highest point; top; summit; crown; esp., the crown of the head; the zenith, or point of the heav- ens directly overhead. (Math.) The point in any figure opposite to, and furthest from, the base ; the top or point opposite the base. [L., prop, that which turns or revolves about itself, fr. vertere.] — Ver- tical, -tik-al, a. Situated at the vertex or highest point; directly overhead, or in the zenith; perpendic- ularly above one ; perpendicular to the plane of the horizon; upright; plumb. [F. ; L. verticalis.] — Ver'- tically, adv. In a vertical manner; from above down- ward.— Ver'ticalness, ».— Vertic'illate.-la'ted, -tis'- il-la'ted, a. (Bot.) Arranged in a ring or whorl; ar- ranged around a stem or pedicel, like the rays of a wheel. [NL. verticillatus, fr. vertex.] — Ver'tigo, -tY-go, n. Dizziness or swimming of the head; gid- diness. (Zobl.) A gasteropodous mollusk (land or marsh snail) of sev- eral species, with cylindrically fusi- form shell. [L., fr. vertere.] — Ver- tig'inous, -tij'T-nus, a. Turning round; whirling ; rotary; affected with vertigo ; giddy ; dizzy. [L. vertiginosu*, fr. vertigo.] — Vertig'- lnously, adv. With a whirling or giddiness. — Vertig'inousness, n. — Vprtim Vor'tex, vSr'teks, n._; E. pi. -tex- s es; L. pi. -tices, -tT-sez. A whirling or circular mo- tion of any fluid, forming a kind of cavity in the center of the circle; a whirlpool; a whirling of the air; a whirlwind. [L., same as vertex.] — Vor'tical, -tT-kal, a. Pert, to or resembling a vortex in form or motion; whirling. — Vor'ticel, -tT-sel, n. (Zool.) One of certain wheel-animalcules, which, by the rapid rotary motion of the organs round the mouth, create a vortex in the water, and thus obtain their food. [NL. vorticella, fr. vortex.] Verat, vSrst, n. A Russian measure of length = 3501 feet. [Russ. versta.] Versus, Vertebra, Vertex, Vertigo, etc. See under Verse. Vervain. See Verbena. Verve, vgrv or varv, n. Heat of imagination, as in a poet, artist, musician, etc.; fervor; spirit. [F.] Very. See under Veracious. Vesicle, ves'T-kl, n. A bladder-like vessel ; a mem- branous cavity; cyst; cell. (Bot.) A small bladder-like body in the sub- stance of a vegetable, or upon the sur- face of a leaf. (Med.) A small orbicu- lar elevation of the cuticle containing lymph; any small cavity or sac in the human body. [L. vesicula, dim. of vesica, Skr. vasti, a bladder.] — Vesic'- ular, ve-sik'u-ler, a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, vesicles ; full of inter- stices ; hollow ; having little bladders or glands on the surface, as the leaf of a plant.— Vesiculate, a. Bladdery ; full of bladders ; vesicular.— Ves'icant, -t- kant, n. (Med.) A blistering applica- tion. — Vesicate, v. t. To raise little bladders or blisters upon ; to blister. [NL. vesicare, -catum, fr. L. vesica, bladder, blister.] — Vesication, n. Process of vesicating, or of raising blisters on the skin. — Vesicatory, -Tf-ka-to-rt, n. A blistering application or plaster.— a. Having a power to blister. Vesper, ves'pSr, n. The evening star; Hesper; Venus; hence, the evening. [L. vesper, the evening, evening star, the west, vespera, the evening, Gr. hesperos, evening, hespera, eventide ; s. rt. Skr. vasati, night, perh. E. west.] — Ves'pers, -pgrz, n. pi. The evening service or the time for evening service (one of the canonical hours) in the Rom. Cath. church. — Ves'- pertine, -tin, a. Pert, to the evening; happening, or being, in the evening. [L. vespertinus.] Vessel, ves'sel, n. A utensil proper for holding any- thing; a hollow dish of any kind; any ship or struc- ture made to float upon the water, for purposes of commerce or war; something receiving or contain- ing; one into whom, or that into which, anything is conceived as poured. (Anat.) Any tube or canal in which the blood and other fluids are contained, se- creted, or circulated. (Bot.) A canal or tube, of very small bore, in which the sap is contained and con- veyed; an elongated tubular cell, with spiral deposits. [OF. vaissel, vessel, L. vascellum, dim. of vas, a vase, q. v.] Vest, vest, n. An article of clothing covering the per- son; an outer garment; any outer covering; a waist- coat or body garment for men, without sleeves, and worn under the coat. — v. t. To clothe with a gar. ment, or as if with a garment ; to cover, surround, or encompass closely ; to put in possession, furnish, endow, invest. (Law.) To give an immediate fixed right of present or future possession or enjoyment? to place at the disposal of. — v. i. To come or de- scend; to be fixed; to take effect, as a title or right. [L. vestis, a garment, lit. a cloth or covering; s. rt. Skr. vas, to put on (clothes), Goth, gawasjan, to clothe, wasti, clothes, E. divest, invest, travesty.] — Vest'ed, p. a. Not in a state of contingency or sus- pension i fixed. — Vest'ing, n. Cloth for vests ; a vest pattern. — Vest'ment, n. A covering or gar- ment ; some part of clothing or dress; a dress* robe. [OF. vestement, L. vestimentnm, fr. vestire, to clothe, fr. vestis.] — Vest'ure, ves'chur, «. A gar- ment; robe; clothing; dress; apparel; vestment; habit* covering ; envelope. (Law.) The corn with which land was covered. [OF. ; LL. vestitura, fr. L. ves- tire.] — Ves 'try, -trl, n. A room appendant to a church, in which the sacerdotal vestments and sa- cred utensils are usually kept, and where parochial meetings are held; a room or chapel connected with a church, for prayer-meetings, Sunday-school, etc. (Ch. o/Eng.) An assembly of persons who manage parochial affairs, — so called because held in a ves- try. (Epis. Ch. Amer.) A committee chosen annually by the parish, who, in conjunction with the church- wardens, manage its temporal concerns. [OF. ves- tiaire, fr. L. vestiarium, a wardrobe, fr. vestis.] — Ves 'try-man, n. ; pi. -men. (Epis. Ch.) One belong- ing to a select number of persons in each parish, who manage its temporal concerns. Vestal, ves'tal, a. Of, or pert, to, Vesta, the goddess of fire among the Romans, and a virgin; pure; chaste. — n. (Rom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which was to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. Vestibule, ves'tt-bul, n. A covered porch or entrance into a house; a passage, hall, or antechamber next the outer doors; a lobby; porch; hall. [L. vestibulum* lit. that which is separated from the abode, fr. ve-„ apart from, and stabulum, an abode ; s. rt. stable.j — Vestibular, a. Of, pert, to, or like, a vestibule. Vestige, ves'tii, n. The mark of the foot left on the earth; a track or footstep; trace ; sign ; faint mark of something which is no longer present or in exist- ence; fragment or remains of something lost, per- ished, or passed away. [F. ; L. vestigium, a footstep, track.] Vestment, Vestry, Vesture, etc. See under Vest. Vetch, vech, n. A leguminous plant, some species of which are valuable for fodder. [Same as fitch ; OF. veche, L. i-icia, a vetch ; s. rt. L. vinca, a climbing plant, vincire, to bind, vitis, a vine, vimen, a twig.} — Vetch'ling, a. A small, leguminous plant ; ever- lasting pea. — Vetch'y, -1, a. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw; abounding with vetches. Veteran, vefer-an, a. Long exercised in anything, esp. in military life and the duties of a soldier. — ru One who has been long exercised, etc. [L. veteranus, fr. vetus, veteris, old, lit. advanced in years; s. rt. Gr. etos, Skr. vatsa, a year; s. rt. veal, wether, inveterate.\ — Vet'erinary, -€r-T-na-rt, a. Pert, to the art of healing or treating the diseases of domestic animals, as oxen, horses, sheep, etc. [L. vetermanus, pert. to beasts of burden, also a cattle-doctor, veterinus, pert, to beasts of burden, veterinse (bestise), beasts of burden, veterina, orig., an animal a year old or more ; s. rt. vetus : see Veal.] — Vet'erina'rian, -na'rT-an, n. One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic animals. Veto, ve'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -t5z. Any authoritative prohibition ; esp. the power possessed by the execu- tive branch of a government, as a kink, president, governor, etc., to negative a bill which has been> passed by the legislative branch of the government; act of exercising this power; a message conveying & negative, with reasons. — v. t. [vetoed (-tod) -to- .] To withhold assent to, esp. to a bill for a law, thus prevent its enactment; to forbid. [L,I forbid, pres. ind. of vetare, orig. to leave in the old state, hence to vote against change; s. rt. L. vetus, old, E. inveterate.] Vettnrino, vet'too-re'no, n. In Italy, one who carries travelers from one place to another in a vettura, or 4-wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. [It,, fr. I>. vectura, a bearing, conveyance, fr. vehere, vectum, to carry.] Vex, veks, v. t. [vexed (vekst), vexing.] To make am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In, Ice ; odd, t5ne, 6r ; VIA 655 VICINAGE angry by little provocations ; to irritate, plague, torment, harass, trouble ; to disturb, disquiet, agi- tate, teaae, provoke, afflict. [F. vexer, L. re-rare, -atum, to vex, lit. to keep on moving a thing about, intens. of vehere, to carry; see Vehicle and Vehe- Vex'er, n. — Vexlngly, adv.— Vexa'tion, or state of being vexed; cause of Viaduct. MENT . n. Act of vexm u . trouble or disquiet; a harassing by law; a vexing or troubling, as by a malicious suit; irritation; chagrin; mortification; uneasiness; affliction. [F.; L. vexa- i- tium.] [— Viciously, adv.— Vi'ciousness, n. — Vi'ti- ate, vish'I-at, v. t. To make vicious, faulty, or im- perfect ; to render defective ; to cause to fail of effect, wholly or in part ; to destroy, as the binding force of an instrument or transaction; to corrupt, deprave, defile, pollute, taint, contaminate. [F. vicier, L. vitiare, -atum, fr. vitium.] — Vitia'tion, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; depravation; corrup- tion; invalidation. — Vitioslty, -os'T-tY, n. Qual- ity oi being vicious ; corrupt state ; depravation. — Vi'ti as, a., Vi'tiously, adv., Vi'tiousness, n. Same as Vicious, Viciously, Viciousness. Vice, Vise, vis, n. An instrument consisting of 2 jaws, closing by a screw, etc., for hold- ing work, as in filing, etc. — v. t. [viced (vlst), vicing.] To press closely or squeeze with a vice, or as if with a vice. [ME. vice, vyce } a screw, F. vis, OF. viz, a vice spin- dle of a press, winding stair, fr. L. vitis, a vine,— i. e., that which winds or twines; cf. It. vite, a vine, also a vice, screw.] Vice, vis. A prefix used in composi- tion, chiefly in words signifying persons, and denoting one who acts Vii»«» in the place of another, or who is second in rank or authority. — Vi'ce, vi'se, prep. In the place of; instead of. [L., in the place of, instead of, for, abl. of gen. vicis, change, turn, place : see Vicar.] — Vicegerent, vis-je'rent, n. An officer deputed by a superior, or by proper authority, to ex- ercise the powers of another; a lieutenant ; vicar. — a. Having, or exercising, delegated powers. [F., fr. F. and L. vice and L. gerens, p. pr. of gerere, to carry on, perform, conduct, act, rule.] — Vicege'rency, -ren-sT, n. Office of a vicegerent ; deputed power ; lieutenancy. — Vicelcy, n. The governor of a king- dom or country who rules as the king's substitute. [F. vice-roi ; roi, roy, L. rex, a king.] —Viceroy r alty, -roi'al-tl, Viceloysnip, n. Dignity, office, or juris- diction of a viceroy. — Vice'-ad'miral, n. (Aavy.) The 2d officer in command, in Gr. Britain: a naval officer of the highest rank in TJ. S. A civil officer, in Gr. Britain, appointed by the lords commissioners of the admiralty for exercising admiralty jurisdic- tion within their respective districts. — -ad'miralty, n. Office of a vice-admiral. — chan'cellor, n. (Law.) An officer next in rank to a chancellor. An officer in a university, in Eng., annually elected to manage the affairs in the absence of the chancellor. — con'- suL, n. A subordinate officer, authorized to exer- cise consular functions in some particular part of a district, controlled by a consul. leg'ate, n. A legate second in rank to, or acting in place of, an- other legate. — presidency, n. Office of vice-pres- ident. — president, n. An officer next in rank be- low a president. — re'gal, a. Of, or pert, to, a vice- roy or viceroyalty. Vicinage, vis'l-nej, n. The place or places adjoining or near; neighborhood: vicinity. [F. roisinage, fr. voisin, L. vicinus, neighboring, a neighbor, fr. vicus, a row of houses, a village; s. rt. Gr. oi/cos, Skr. veca, a house, vie, to enter; s. rt. villa, village, villain, par- ish, parochial.'] — Vic'inal, Viclne, -in, a. Near; neighboring. [L. vicinalis } vicinus.] —Vicinity, vT- sin't-tt, n. Quality of being near, or not remote; nearness ; propinquity ; proximity ; that which is near, or not remote; that which is adjacent to any- thing; neighborhood; region immedieWy adjacent. [F. viciniie, L. vicinitas.] sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boubo.N, chair, get. VICIOUS 656 VILLI Vicious, etc. See under Vice. Vicissitude. See under Vicar. Victim, vik'tim, n. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the performance of a religious rite ; a person or thing destroyed or sacrificed in the pur- suit of an object, or gratification of a passion ; a person or living creature destroyed by, or suffering, grievous injury; one who is caught or cheated; a dupe; gull. [F. victime, L. victima, a beast of sacri- fice.]— Vic'timize, n. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make a victim of; to swindle. Victor, vik'ter, n. One who gets the better of another in any struggle; esp., one who conquers in war, or defeats an enemy m battle ; conqueror ; winner ; gainer. —a. Gaining the victory; victorious. [L., fr. vineere, victurn, to vanquish; s. rt. Goth, iveigan, to strive, contend, AS. wig, war, E. vanquish, con- vince, convict, evince, evict, invincible, ryrovince.] — Victo'rious, -rf-us, a. Belonging or relating to vic- , tory, or a victor; having conquered in battle or con- test ; having overcome an enemy ; producing con- quest; emblematic of conquest; indicating victory; triumphant; successful. [F. victorieux, L. victorio- I sus.] — Victoriously, adv. — Victo'riousness, n. — Vic'tory, -to-rY, n. The defeat of an enemy in bat- tie, or of an antagonist in contest; advantage, supe- riority, or success gained in any contest, trial, strug- gle, or competition; conquest; trium ph. [OF. vic/o- rie, L. victoria.] — Vic- toria, -rt-a, n. A kind of 4 -wheeled carriage, for 2 persons, with a driver's seat. (Bot.) A gigantic S. Amer. water- lily. [Fr. Queen Vic- toria.]— Vic'torine', -en', n. A lady's fur tip- pet; aff.it allied to the peach. Victoria. Victuals, viflz, n. pi. Food for human beings, pre- pared for eating ; that which supports human life ; provisions ; meat ; sustenance. [ME. and OF. vi- taille, later F. victuaille, L. victualia, provisions, prop. neut. pi. of victuatis, belonging to living or nourishment, fr. victus, nourishment, prop. p. p. of vivere, to live; s. rt. L. vivus, living, Gr. bios, life, 8kr. jiv, Russ. jite, to live, E. viand, vital, vivid, convivial, revive, survive, biography, biology, quick, viper, wivern.] — Vict'ual, vit'l, v. t. [-ualed (-Id), -ualing.] To supply with provisions for sustenance, provide with food.— Vict'ualer, viflSr, n. One who furnishes provisions; one who keeps a house of en- tertainment. Vide, vi'de, v. imper. See, — used to direct attention to something. [L., imper. of videre, to see: see Vis- ion.]— Videlicet, -deKY-set, adv. To wit; namely, — abbr. to viz. [L., contr. fr. videre licet, it is easy to see, one may or can see : viz was orig. written viet, but the abbr. for -et resembled z.] Vidette, vY-def, n. Same as Vedette. Vidual, vid'u-al, o. Of, or pert, to, the state of a wid- ow; widowed. [LL. vidualis, fr. L. vidua, a widow, q. v.] Vie, vi, v. i. [vied (vld), vying.] To strive for supe- riority, contend; endeavor to be equal or superior, rival; to use emulous effort, as in a race, contest, competition, rivalship, or strife. [Same as invite; ME. vien, contr. of envien, OF. envier, L. invitare, to invite (to a game, for a wager); not s. rt. ME. envien, to envy.] View, vu, v. t. [viewed (vud), viewing.] To look at with attention, or for the purpose of examining; to behold, inspect, explore; to survey intellectually, ex- amine with the mental eye, consider, behold, eye, survey, —n. Act of seeing or beholding; sight; sur- vey; mental survey; intellectual examination; reach of the sight; power of seeing; that which is beheld; scene; display as apprehended by one who looks; representation of a scene; a sketch; mode of looking at or receiving anything; manner of apprehension; that which is looked toward or kept in sight, as ob- ject, aim, intention, purpose, design ; appearance ; show. [OF. veue, the sense, act, or instrument of seeing, a glance, view, sight, prop. fem. of veu, p. p. of veoir, F. voir, L. videre, to see : see Vision.] — View'er, n. — Viewless, a. Not to be viewed, be- held, or seen; not perceivable by the eye; invisible. Vigesimal, vi-jes'I-mal, a. Twentieth ; divided into, or consisting of, 20s or 20 parts. [L. vigesimus, 20th, fr. viginti, 20, fr. vi- (for dui, twice; s. rt. dvo, 2) and •gintt, for centi, short for -decenti, 10th, fr. decern, 10; s. rt. F. vingt, 20.]— Viges'imo-qtiar /, to, -kwawr'to, a. Composed of sheets so folded as to make 24 leaves each,— said of books; written 24mo. — n. The size of a book thus made up; a book of this size. [See Quarter and Quart, under Quadrate.] Vigil, vij'il, n. Abstinence from sleep; sleeplessness; watch; watching or waking for religious exercises; the evening before any feast; a religious service performed in the evening preceding a holiday; a fast observed on the day preceding a holiday; a wake. [ME. and F. vigile, L. vigilia, fr. vigil, awake, watchful, fr. vigere, to be lively or vigorous: see Vegetable; s. rt. vigor, invigorate, vedette, re- veille', surveillance, wake, q. v., watch, eke, wax.] — Vigilance, -T-lans, n. State or quality of being vig- ilant; forbearance of sleep; watchfulness; caution; guard ; watch. [F. ; L. vigilantia.] — Vig'ilant, a. Attentive to discover and avoid danger, or to pro- vide for safety ; circumspect ; ever on the alert; watchful. [F. ; L. vigilans, p. pr. of vigilare, to watch.] — Vigilantly, adv. Vignette, vin-yet r , n (Arch.) A running ornament of vine-leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architec- ture. A capital letter in ancient manuscripts, sur- rounded with vine-like flourishes (Print.) Former- ly, any kind of printers' ornaments, as heads, flow- ers, and tail-pieces; more recently, any wood-cut, engraving, etc., not inclosed within a definite bor- der, esp. when small and with rounded corners. [F., dim. of vigne, a vine, q. v., — orig. applied to borders ornamented with vine leaves and tendrils.] Vigor, vig'Sr, n. Active strength or force of body; physical force; strength of mind; intellectual force; strength or force in animal or vegetable nature; en- ergy; efficacy. [OF. and L. vigor, fr. vigere, to be lively or strong: see Vigil.] — Vigorous, -Sr-us, a. Possessing vigor; full of physical strength or active force; exhibiting strength, either of body or mind; powerful; strong. — Vigorously, adv. — Vig'orous- ness, n. Viking, vi'king, n. A freebooter or sea-robber in one of the pirate bands of Northmen, who plundered the coasts of Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries. [Ic. vikingr, a freebooter, rover, pirate, lit. a creek- dweller, — i, e., one who haunted creeks, bays, etc., fr. vik, a creek, inlet, bay, fr. vikja, to turn, trend, recede.] Vile, vll, a. Humble; low; despicable; morally base or impure; depraved by sin; hateful in the sight of God and men; mean; bad; sinful; wicked. [ME. and F. vil, L. vilis.] — Vilely, adv. In a vile man- ner; basely ; meanly ; shamefully ; in a cowardly manner. — Vile'ness, k. — Vttlfy, -T-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To attempt to degrade by slander; to debase, defame, revile, abuse, traduce. [L. vili- ficare, fr. vilis andfacere, to make.]— VU'lfica'tion, n. Act of vilifying or defaming. — Vil'ifi'er, n. Villa, villa, n. ; pi. -las, -laz. A country-seat; coun- try residence, usually of a wealthy person. [L., a farm house, lit. a small village, dim. of vicus, a vil- lage: see Vicinage.]— Village, -lej, n. A small in- habited place; an assemblage of houses in the coun- try, less than a town or city, and inhabited chiefly by farmers and laboring people; hamlet. [F., fr. L«. villaticus, pert, to a villa.] — Villager, n. An in- habitant of a village. — Villatlc, a. Of, or pert, to, a village.— Villain, -lin, n. (Feudal Law.) A feudal tenant of the lowest class; a bondman or servant. A vile, wicked person; deliberate scoundrel; design- ing rascal ; knave ; scamp ; profligate. [ME. and OF. vilein, servile, base, vile, OF. vilain, a slave, bondman, servile tenant, LL. villanus, a farm ser- vant, serf, fr. L. villa.] — Villainous, -lin-us, -lan- OU8, a. Suited to, or like a villain; proceeding from extreme depravity ; sorry ; mean ; mischievous ; wicked; base; depraved ; rascally; vile ; infamous. — Villainously, adv. — Villainousness, n. — Vil'- lainy, -lany, -hn-t, n. Quality of being a villain, or villainous ; extreme depravity ; atrocious wicked- ness; depraved or infamous talk; the act of a vil- lain; deed of deep depravity; crime. — Villanage, -leuage, -lan-ej, n. State of a villain; tenure on con- dition of doing the meanest services for the lord. [OF. rillenage, LL. villanagiwn.] Villi, villi, n. pi. (Anat.) Minute papillary elevations on animal membranes, giving them a velvety ap- pearance. (Bot.) Fine hairs on plants. |X., pi. of villus, wool, hair; s. rt. wool, q. v.] — Villiform, -II- f6rm, a. Having the form or appearance of villi; like close-set fibers, either hard or soft. [L. villus and forma, form.] — Villose, -los', Villous, -lus, a. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, t5ne, 6r j VIMINAL 657 VIPER Villous Membrane. (Bot.) Abounding or covered with fine hairs, or woolly substance ; nappy. (Anat.) Furnished with fine, fibril-like projections over a surface ; downy, — as, the villous coat of the stomach. [L. villo- sus.] Viminal, vim'T-nal, a. Pert, to, con- sisting of, or producing, twigs. TF., fr. L. vimen, a pliant twig, fr. viere, to bend or twist together; s. rt. vine, q. v.] — Vimin'eous, -e-us, a. Made of, or producing, twigs or shoots. [L. vimineus.] Vinaceous. See under Vine. Vinaigrette. See Vinegar, under Vine. Vincible, vin'st-bl, a. Capable of being overcome or subdued; conquerable. [L. vincibilis, fr. vincere, to conquer: see Victor.]— Vin'cibleness, -cibil'ity, n. State or quality of heing, etc. Vinculum, vink'u-lum, n. ; pt-hA. A bond of union. {Math.) A straight, horizontal mark placed over sev- eral members of a compound quantity, which are to be subjected to the same operation. [L., fr. vincire, vinctum, to bind, twine: see Vine.] Vindemial. See under Vine. Vindicate, vin'dY-kat, v. t. To defend with success, prove to be just or vaiid; to support or maintain as true or correct, against denial, censure, or objections ; to maintain (a law or a cause) by overthrowing ene- mies; to assert, defend, justify. [L. vindicare, -ca- tum, to lay legal claim to, avenge, vindex, a claim- ant, maintainer, orig. one who expresses a desire; fr. rt. of L. venia, favor, permission (see Venerate), and rt. of L. dicare, to appoint, dicere, to say; s. rt. vengeance.]— Vindication, n. Act of vindicating, or state of being vindicated; claim; defense; sup- port, as by proof, legal process, etc. — Vin'dica'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to vindicate; vindicating. — Vin'- dica'tor, n. One who, etc. — Vindicatory, -to-rY, a. Tending to vindicate ; justificatory ; inflicting punishment ; avenging ; punitory. — Vindic'tive, -dik'tiv, a. Given to revenge; revengeful. [Contr. of vindicative, confused with L. vindicta, revenge, which is s. rt.; F. vindicatif, revenging.] — Vindic / - tively, adv. - Vindic'tiveness, n. Vine, vin, n. The plant from which wine is made; the woody, climbing plant, that produces grapes; a climbing or trailing plant with a long slender stem; a creeper. [F. vigne, a vine, L. vinea, a vine- yard, later a vine (which is prop, vitis in L.), prop, fern, of vineus, pert, to wine, vinum, Gr. oinos, wine, oine, vine, oinas, vine, grape, wine : L. vitis, the vine, is s. rt. L. viere, to twist, vimen, a twig (see Vimi nal). withe, wine, fei~rule, periwuikle, veer, vin- adum.] — Vin'y, vin'I, a. Pert, to, or abounding in, yinei; producing grapes. — Vi' nous, -nus, a. Hav- ing the qualities of wine; pert, to wine. [L. vino- sus.] — Vina'ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to wine or grapes; wine - colored. [L. vinaceus.] — Vine' - dress er , n. One who dresses, prunes, or cultivates vines. — -fret'ter, n. A small insect that injures vines; an aphis. — saw'fly, n. An insect which destroys grape- vines. — Vin'ery, -€r-t, n. A structure, usually in- closed with glass, for rearing vines. — Vine'yard, vtn'yard, n. An inclosure or yard for grape-vines; a plantation of vines producing grapes. — Vinfage, -ej, n. The produce, in grapes or in wine, of the vine for the season; time of gathering the crop of grapes. [F. vendange, L. vindemia, a vintage, lit. a taking away of grapes, fr. vinum and demere, to take away.] — Vinfager, n. One who gathers the vintage. — Vinde'mial, -mY-al, a. Pert, to a vintage. [L. vmdemialis, fr. vindemia.'] — Vint'ner, n. One who deals in wine. [F. vinetier, LL. vinetarius, L. vinarius, a wine-seller ; vinetum, a vineyard.] — Vin'- egar, -e-ger, n. An acid liquid obtained from wine, cider, beer, etc., by the acetous fermentation, and used as a condiment; dilute acetic acid; anything sour, — used also metaphorically. [ME. and F. vi- naigre, lit. sour wine, fr. F. "vin = E. wine, and aigre, sharp, sour : see Eager.] — Vin'aigrette', "vin'a-gret', n. A sauce, of which vinegar, oil, etc., are ingredients; a small box, or bottle, used as a smelling-bottle, for holding aromatic vinegar, or smelling - salts. — Vin-ordinaire, vaN'Sr-de-nar', n. A cheap claret, commonly used in France as a table wine. [F., ordinary wine.] Vingt-et-un, vaNfa-aN', n. A game at cards, for any number of players, each of whom seeks to obtain cards that make up, when added together, 21, or a number near to it. [F., 21; vingt, 20: see Vigesimal; et = L. et, and; un = L. unus = E. one.] I Viol, vi'ol, n. (Mus.) A stringed musical instrument formerly in use, of the same form as the violin, but larger. [The name is now applied as a general term to designate instruments of the violin kind, as tenor viol, base-viol, etc.] (Xaut.) A large rope sometimes used in weighing anchor. [F. viole, It., Sp., Pg., and Proven, viola, LL. vitula, a viol, prob. fr. L. vitulari, to keep holiday, celebrate a festival, orig. to sacrifice a calf, f r. vitulus, a calf: see Veal: s. rt. AS. fidh- el, OHG. fidula, E. fiddle = LL. vitula.] — Vl'ola, An instrument resembling the i violin, but somewhat larger, and l-5th lower in compass. [It., Sp., Pg.,and Proven.: see preceding.] — Vi'din', -o-lin', n. An instrument with 4 strings, played with a bow; a fiddle. [It. violino, dim. of violo, a viol.] — Vi'olin'ist, n. A player on a violin. — Vi'ol- iat, n. A player on the viol; a violinist. — V i'o 1 o n cello, ve'o-lon-chel'lo or -sel'lo, n. A bass-viol of 4 strings, or a bass -violin with long, large strings, giving sounds an oc- tave lower than the tenor vio- lin. [It., dim. of violone, a base-viol, augm. of violo.] — Viniin Vi'oloncel'list, n. One who vioun. plays on the violoncello. — Violo'ne, ve'o-lo'na, n. The largest instrument of the bass-viol kind, having strings tuned an octave below those of the violon- cello. [It., augm. of viola.] Violaceous. See under Violet. Violate, vi'o-lat, v. t. To treat in a violent manner, abuse, injure ; to do violence to (anything that should beheld sacred or respected); to commit rape on, ravish : to disturb, interrupt, infringe, trans- gress, break, profane, desecrate, dishonor, outrage, deflour, debauch. [L. violare, -latum, f r. vis, strength, force; perh. s. rt. Gr. bia, force, Skr.ji, to overpower, win, or perh. Gr. is, strength.] — Vi'olable, a. Ca- pable of Deing violated. [F. ; L. violabilis.] — Viola'- tion, n. Act of violating, or state of being violated; interruption, as of sleep or peace; infringement; transgression; non-observance; profanation or con- temptuous treatment of sacred things; ravishment; rape. [F.; L. violatio.] — Vi'ola'tive, a. Violating, or tending to violate. — Vi'ola'tor, n. One who vio- lates, injures, interrupts, or disturbs; one who in- fringes or transgresses; one who profanes, or treats with irreverence; one who debauches; a ravisher. [L.] — Vi'olence, -lens, n. Quality of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence or observance ; unjust force ; in- fraction; infringement; transgression; oppression; ravishment ; rape. [L. violentia.] — Vi'olent, a. Moving or acting with physical strength; excited by strong feeling or passion ; committing outrage ; break- ing law or right ; produced or effected by force : fierce ; vehement ; outrageous; boisterous; turbulent; furi- ous; impetuous; passionate ; severe; extreme ; un- natural ; abnormal. [F. ; L. violentus.] — Violently, adv. Violet, vi'o-let, n. (Bot.) A plant and flower of many species : they are generally low, herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species are of some shade of blue. A bluish purple color, as seen in the violet, being one of the 7 primary colors of the solar spectrum: see Light. — a. Bluish purple or dark blue, inclining to red; red and blue combined. [F., violet (color), also the flower, dim. of riole, a gil- liflower, L. viola, Gr. ion, a violet.] — Viola'ceous, -shus. a. Of the color of violets. [L. violaceus.] Violin, Violoncello. Vio- lone, etc. See under Viol. Viper, vi'pSr, n. A poison- ous serpent of several species; any venomous snake; a malignant per- son. [F. ripere- L. ii- pera. contr. f r. vivijiera, fr. vivus, alive, and par- ere, to bring forth,— be- Viper. siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. VIRAGO 658 VISION cause believed to be the only serpent that brings forth living young; same as wiver; s. rt. viviparous.'] — Vi'penne, -in, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Vi'perous, -us, a. Having the qualities of a viper; malignant; venomous. Virago, vi-ra'go, n. ; pi. -goes, -g5z. A woman of ex- traordinary stature, strength, and courage; a female warrior ; a bold, impudent, turbulent woman ; a termagant ; vixen. [L., fr. vira, a woman, fem. of vir, a man: see Virile.] Virelay, vTr'e-la ? n. An ancient French song, or short poem, wholly in 2 rhymes, and composed in short lines, with a refrain. [F. virelai, fr. virer, to turn, and lai, a song, lay, q. v.] Virescent. See under Verdant. Virgate. See under Verge, n. Virgin, ver'jin, n. A female of unspotted purity; a female who has had no sexual connection with a male; one (male or female) of inviolable chastity; a maiden. — a. Chaste; pure; undefiled; fresh; new; becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating modesty. [OF. virgine, L. vir go, -ginis ; not s. rt. L. vir, a man, nor virere, to flourish.] — Virgin city or fartress. One that has never been in possession of an enemy. — Virginity, -I-tl, n. The state or qual- ity of a virgin; maidenhood. [F. virginity, L. virgin- itas.] — Vir'go, n. (Astron.) A sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about August 21st; a constella- tion of the zodiac, now occupying chiefly the sign Libra. [L.] — Vir'ginal, -jin-al, n. (Mus.) An in- strument formerly in use, somewhat resembling the spinet, but having a rectangular form, like the small piano-forte. [F., prob. because used by young girls, or virgins.] Viridescence, Viridity, Viridness, etc. See under Vek- dant. Virile, vi'ril or vYr'il, a. Of, or pert, to, a man, in the sense of the male sex; masculine; manly. [F. viril, L. virilis, fr. vir, a man, hero, Gr. heros, Skr. vira, a hero, Lithuan. wyra, Goth, wair, AS. and OHG. wer, a man ; s. rt. virago, virtue, decemvir, triumvir, hero, q. v.] — Virility, vl- or vl-rll'I-tl, n. Quality of being virile; manhood; manly character ; power of procreation. [F. virilite", L. virilitas.] Virtue, ver'choo, n. Active quality or power; strength; force; efficacy; natural excellence; worth; moralex- cellence; morality; uprightness ; a particular moral excellence; female chastity ; virginity; purity; one of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. [ME. and F. vertu, fr. L. virtus, manly excellence, fr. vir, a man: see Virile.]— Cardinal virtues. See under Cardi- nal.—//* orbyv. of. Through the force of; by author- ity of. — Viri/uous, -choo-us, a. Possessing or ex- hibiting virtues ; showing moral virtue or excel- lence ; excellent ; good ; blameless ; morally right; righteous ; chaste ; pure, — applied to women. [F. vertueux, LL. virtuosus.] — Virtuously, adv. — Virt'uousness, n.— Virt'ual, a. Being in essence or effect, not in fact. [F. virtueh] — Virtually, adv. In a virtual manner ; in efficacy or effect only. — Virtu, -too', n. A love of the tine arts ; a taste for curiosities ; objects of art or antiquity, taken col- lectively. [It. virtu, vertu, for virtute, virtue, ex- cellence, esp. in a love for the fine arts.] — Virtu- o'so, -too-o / so, n. ; B. pi. -o'sos, -soz. It. pi. -o'si, -o'se. One devoted' to virtu, or skilled in the fine arts, antiquities, curiosities, etc. [It., virtuous, learned, also one skilled in the fine arts.] Virus, vi'rus, n. (Med.) Contagious or poisonous matter, as of specific ulcers, the bite of snakes, etc.; the special contagion of a disease ; the spirit, aim, or drift of anything injurious, esp. anything of a moral nature. [L., slime, poison, Gr. ios, Skr. visha, poison.] — Vir'ulent, vlr'oo-lent, a. Extremely poisonous or venomous: very active in doing injury; very bitter in enmity; malignant; rancorous; bitter; spiteful. [F. ; L. virulentus, fr. virus.] — Vir'ulent- ly, adv. — Vir'ulence, -lency, -len-sl, n. Quality of being virulent ; injurious activity ; poisonousness ; acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or malig- nity. [F. virulence, L. virulentia.] Vis, vis, n. Force ; power. [L.] — Vis inertias. The resistance of matter, as when a body at rest is set in motion, or body in motion is brought to rest, or has its motion changed either in direction or in velocity; inertness ; inactivity. — V. mortua. (Mech.) Dead force; force doing no work, but only producing pres- sure. _ y, riva. (Mech.) Living force ; the force of a body moving against resistance, or doing work, disting. from vis mortua, or dead force. Visa. See Vise under Vision. Visage, viz'ej, n. The face, countenance, or look of a person, or of other animals, — chiefly applied to human beings. [F., fr. vis, the face, L. visits, the vision, sight, look, mien, fr. videre, i-isum, to see s see Vision.] — Vis'aged, -ejd, a. Having a visage or countenance.— Vis-a-vis, ve'za-ve', n. One who or that which, is opposite, or face to face with, an- other; a carriage in which 2 persons sit face to face. [F., face to face.] Viscera, vis'er-a, n. (Anat.) The contents of the great cavities of the body, as of the head, tho- rax, and esp. of the abdomen ; bowels. [L., the entrails, pi. of viscus, anything sticky; s. rt. viscum T Gr. ixos, mistletoe, bird-lime ; s. rt. eviscerate.'] — Vis'ceral, a. Of, or pert, to, the viscera. — Vis'cuBj. n. ; pi. -cera. (Anat.) One of the organs contained in the great cavities of the body ; any one of the contents of the eranium, thorax, or abdomen ; — chiefly in the pi. [L.] — Vis'cerate, -Sr-at, v. t. To deprive of the entrails or viscera, eviscerate, cm- bowel. — Vis'cid, -sid, a. Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or glutinous consistency; semi-fluid and sticky; glutinous; adhesive; sticky; tenacious. [F. viscide, L. viscidus, fr. viscum, the mistletoe, bird- lime made from the berries of the mistletoe.]— Vis- cidity, -sid'I-tl, n. Quality of being viscid; gluti- nousness; tenacity; stickiness; that which is viscid? glutinous concretion. [F. viscidite'.] — Vis'cous, -kus, a. Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or gluti- nous consistency; clammy; sticky; adhesive; tena- cious. [L. viscosus.] — Viscosity, -kos'I-tl, n. Qual- ity of being viscous; viscidity. [F. viscosite".] Viscount, vi'kownt, n. (O. Eng. Law.) An officer who formerly supplied the place of the count or earl. In Eng., a nobleman next in rank below an earl; his degree or title of nobility. [OF. viscomte, vicomte, fr. L. vice, q. v., and comes, a companion : see Count.] — ViE'countess, n. The lady of a viscount; a peeress of the 4th order. — Vis'county, n. The quality and office of a viscount. Viscous, Viscus. See under Viscera. Vise, vis, n. A smith's instrument. See Vice. Vise", Visible, etc. See under Vision. Vision, vizh'un, n. Act of seeing external objects; actual sight; faculty of seeing; that which is seen; an oDiect of sight; esp., that which is seen otherwise than by the rational eye; an apparition; phantom; something imaginary; a creation of fancy, —v. t. [visioned (-una), -ioning.] To see in vision ; to dream. [F. ; L. vvtio, f r. videre, visum, Gr. idein, to see, whence oida (lit. I have seen), I know = E. I wot„ AS. and Goth, witan, Skr. vid, to know; s. rt. wit T visage, advice, prevision, provision, revise, supervise^ envy, evidence, invidious, prudent, purvey, review, view, vitreous, vitriol, etc.] — Visionary, -a-rt, o. Affected by phantoms; disposed to receive impres- sions on the imagination; given to reverie; existing in imagination only; having no solid foundation; fanciful; fantastic; unreal. — n. One whose imagi- nation is disturbed; one who forms impracticable schemes. — Visit, viz 'it, v. t. To go or come to see for purposes of friendship, business, curiosity, etc.; to call upon; to attend; to go or come to see for inspection, examination, correction of abuses, etc.; to examine; to come to for the purpose of chastis- ing, rewarding, comforting, etc.; to appear before or judge. — v. i. To keep up the interchange of civili- ties and salutations. — n. Act of visiting, or going to see a person or thing; a brief stay (usually longer than a call) of business, friendship, ceremony, or curiosity; act of going to view or inspect; official or formal inspection; examination; visitation. [F. vis- iter, It. & L. visitare, freq. of L. visare, to behold, fr. videre, visum, to see.] — Visitable, a. Liable or sub- ject to be visited or inspected.— Visitant, n. One who visits; one who goes or comes to see another. — Visitalion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; access for inspection or examination ; communication of di- vine favor and goodness, or, more usually, of divine wrath and vengeance; retribution; a church festival in honor of the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elizabeth,, celebrated July 2d. [F.; L. visitatio]— Visite, ve- zef, n. A light cape or short cloak of silk or lace worn by ladies in summer. [F.] — Visitor, -it-Sr, n. One who visits, or who comes or goes to see another; a superior, or person authorized to visit a corpora- tion, or any institution, for the purpose of seeing that the laws, regulations, etc., are observed. [F. visiteur, L. visitatorT) — Visito'rial, -o'rl-al, a. Belonging to a judicial visitor or superintendent. — Vise\ ve-za r , Vi'sa, ve'za, n. An indorsement made by the po~ am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Cdd, tone, fir i VISNE 659 VOCAL lice officers of certain countries in Europe, on a pass- port, denoting that it has been examined, and that the person who bears it is permitted to proceed on his journey.— v. t. [visaed (-zad r ) or -saed (-zad'); VISEINO or-SAiNG.] To examine and indorse (a pass- port). [F. viza, also vise, p. p. of viser, to put a visa to, fr. L. visits, seen, p. pr. ot videre, to see.] — Vis'- ible, -T-bl, a. Perceivable by the eye; to be seen; perceptible; in view; noticeable; apparent; open; conspicuous. [F.; L. visibilis.]— Vislbleness, -ibiK- ity, -t-tt, n. State or quality of being visible. [L. visibilitas.] — Visibly, adv. — Visor, viz'er or vi'- z5r, n. A part of a helmet, perforated for the pur- pose of seeing through; a mask used to disfigure and disguise; the forepiece of a cap, projecting over and protecting the eyes. [F. visiere, the sight of a helmet (see Visage), L. visits, sight, fr. videre.'] — Vis'ored, -Srd, a. Wearing a visor; masked; disguised.— ViB'- ta,-ta, n. ;pl. -TAS, -taz. A view, esp. a distant view, through or between intervening objects, as trees; trees or other things that form an avenue. [It., sight, view, fr. vedere, p. p. visto, veduto, to see, f r. L. vi- dere.] — Vis'ual, vizh'u-al, a. Belonging or relating to, sight; used in sight. [F.; L. visualis, fr. visus, a seeing, sight, fr. videre.] — Visual angle. (Opt.) The angle formed at the eye by the rays of light coming from the extremities of the object. — V- point. A point in the horizontal line in which the visual rays unite. — V. ray. A line of light supposed to come to the eye from a point of the object seen. Vlsne, ven or ve'ne, n. Neighborhood; venue, q. v. [NormF.; L. vicina, neighborhood: see Vicinage.] Visor, Vista, Visual. See under Vision. Vital, vilal, a. Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; contributing or necessary to life; containing life; living; being the seat of life, or that on which life depends; very necessary; high- ly important; essential; immediate; absolute. [F.; L. vitalis } fr. vita, life, vivere, to live; 8. rt. Gr. bios, life, E. victuals, q. v.] — Vilals, -talz, n. pi. Parts of animal bodies essential to life, such as the viscera dependent upon the great sympathetic nerve; the part essential to life, or to a sound state. — Vi r tally, adv. In a vital manner; so as to give life; essen- tially.— Vitality, -tal'Y-ti, n. State or quality of being vital; the principle of life; animation. [L. vitatitas.]— Vi'talize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make vital or alive; to give life to. Vitellary, vit'el-la-rY, n. The place where the yolk of an egg swims in the white. [L. vitellus, the yolk of an egg.] Vitiate. Vitiosity, etc. See under Vice, a defect. Vitreous, vitle-us, a. Of, pert, to, derived from, con- sisting of. or resembling, glass. [L. vitreus, -rius, fr. vitnan, glass, for vidtrum, an instrument or material for seeing with, fr. videre, to see: see Vision.] — Vitreous electricity. The kind of electricity excited by rubbing glass with certain substances, as disting. fr. that developed by the friction of resinous sub- stances, — called also positive electricity. — Vifre- ousness, n. — Vitres'cence, n. State or quality of being vitreous; quality of being capable of conver- sion into glass. — Vitres'cent, -sent, a. Capable of being formed into glass; tending to become glass. — " Tocon- leat. — v. To become glass; to be converted into glass. [F. vitrifier; L. facere, to make.] — Vitrifac'tion, -rt- fak'shun, n. Act, process, or operation of vitrify- ing, or of convertinginto glass by heat.— Vitrifact''- are, -fak'chur, n. The manufacture of glass and pottery. — Vit'rifi'able, a. Capable of being, etc.— Vifrifica'tion, n. Vitrif action. — Vlfriform, -f3rm, a. Having the form or appearance of glass; resem- bling glass. [L. forma, form.] — Vifriol, -rY-ol, n. (Chem.) A soluble sulphate of any of the metals; sulphuric acid. [F; Olt. vitriolo, perh. fr. its trans- parent color, perh. because it was supposed to be made from glass, which was believed to be poison- ous, fr. L. vvtreolus, glassy, made of glass.] — Oil of vitriol. Concentrated sulphuric or vitriolic acid, — popularly so called, because, like oil, when poured from one vessel into another, it makes no noise. — Blue vitriol. Sulphate of copper. — Green v. Cop- peras; sulphate of iron. — White v. Sulphate of zinc. — Vit'riolate, -ri-o-lat, -riolize, -rl-ol-Iz, v. t. To con- vert into a vitriol. — Vitriol 1c, a. Pert, to vitriol; having the qualities of vitriol, or obtained from it. — Vitriolic acid. (Chem.) Sulphuric acid; oil of vitriol. Vltuline. See under Veal. Vituperate, vi-tu'per-at, v. t. To find fault with, being formed into glass; tending to become | Vit'rify, -rt-fi, v. t. ^-fied (-fid), -eying.] vert into glass by fusion, or the action of he overwhelm with abuse, censure. [F. vituperer, L. vituperare, -atum, fr. vitium, a fault, and parare, to prepare : see Vice and Paradi;.] — Vitu'pera'tton, n. Act of vituperation ; abuse ; severe censure ; blame. [F.] — Vitu'perative, -per-a-tiv, a. Uttering or writing censure; abusive. Vivacious, Vivandlere, Vivary, etc. See under Vivid. Vivid, vivid, a. True to the life; exhibiting the ap- pearance of life or freshness; animated; forming brilliant images, or painting in lively colors; lively; clear; lucid; bright; intense; quick "sprightly; spir- ited; active. [L. vividus, fr. vtvus, living, lively, vi- vere, to live: see Victuals and Qiic.k] — Vividly, adv. In a vivid manner; with life; with brightness; in bright colors; with animated exhibition to the mind. — Vividness, n. — Viva'cious. vi-va'shus, n. Sprightly in temper or conduct; active: animated; sportive; gay; merry; jocund; light-hearted. [L. vi- vax, vivacis, fr. vivere, to live.] — Viva'ciousneBS, Vivacity, -vas't-tY, n. Life; Bpuitednefs; sprightli- ness of temper or behavior; air of life and activity. [F. vivacite", L. vivacitas, fr. vivax, vigorous, fr. vi- vus.] — Vivify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To endue with life, quicken, animate. [F. ririfter, L. vivificare, fr. virus and facere, to make.] — Viviflc, Vivif ical, vi-viflk-al, a. Giving liie: reviving; en- livening. — Viviflcate, -Y-kat, v. t. To vivify. [L. vivificare, -catum.] — Viv'ificalion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; restoration of life; revival.— Viv'ifica'tive, -tiv, a. Able to vivify, animate, or give life. — Vivip'arouB, vi-vip'a-rus, a. Producing young in a living state, as all mammals. [L. vivipa- rus, fr. vivus, alive, and parere, to bear, bring forth: see Viper.]— Viv'iseclion, n. The dissection or experimental cutting, etc., of an animal while alive, for the purpose of making physiological investiga- tions. [L. vivus, alive, and sectio, a cutting, fr. seca- re,sectum, to cut.] — Vivandlere, ve-voN'de-ar'', n. A female sutler. [F., fr. viande. It. riranda, L. vi- venda = E. victuals, lit. things to live on ; fr. L. vivere: see Viand, Victuals.] — Viva'rium, -va'rt-um, Vi'- vary, -va-rY, n. A place artificially arranged for keeping or raising living animals. [L. vivarium, fr. vivarius, belonging to living creatures, fr. vivus.] Vixen, vik'sn, n. A she-fox; a cross, ill-tempered woman. [Fern, of fox, but not found in AS. or ME.; cf. G. fitechsinn, a vixen, fem. of fuc/is, fox.] — Vix'- enly, a. Having the qualities of a vixen. Viz, for vY-del'Y-set, but usually spoken namely. To wit; that is; namely. [See Videlicet under Vide.] Vizier, viz'ygr or vY-zer', n. A councilor of state ; a high executive officer in Turkey and other Oriental countries. [Ar. ivezir, wazir, orig. a bearer of bur- dens, a porter, hence the bearer of the burden of state affairs, fr. wazara, to bear a burden, support, sustain; s. rt. alguazil.] — Grand Vizier. The chief minister of the Turkish empire. Vocal, vo'kal, a. Having a voice; uttered or modula- ted bv the voice ; of, or pert, to, a vowel or voice- sound; also, spoken with tone, intonation, and reso- nance; sonant, — said of certain articulate sounds. [F.; L. vocalit, fr. vox, vocis, voice; s. rt. Skr. vach, to speak, vachas, speech, Gr. epos, a word, E. advo- cate, avocation, advowson, avouch, convoke, equivo- cal, evoke, invoke, irrevocable, provoke, roach, vowel, epic, echo.]— Vocal chords or coro '.<. (Anat.) Two thick and strong fibrous bands in the larynx, cov- ered externally by a thin and delicate mucous mem- brane, and specially concerned with the formation of sound: see Larynx.— V. music. Music made by the voice, disting. fr. instrumental music. — Vo'caliy, adv. In a vocal manner ; with voice ; orally ; in words; verbally. — Vocalic, a. Consisting of the voice, or vowel sounds. [L. vocalU di'era), a vow- el.] — Vo'calist, n. A singer, or vocal musician, as opp. to an instrumental performer. — Vocallty, -Y- tY, n. Quality of being vocal; ntterableness; reso- nance. — Vo'calize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izi.no.] To form into voice, make vocal or sonant; to practice singing on the vowel sounds. [F. ro'-alizer.] — Vo'- caliza'tlon, n. Act of vocalizing; formation and ut- terance of vocal sounds. — Voc'ula, vok'ul, n. A faint or feeble sound, as that heard on separating the lips in pronouncing p, t, or k. [L. rocula, dim. of i -ox.] — Vo'cable, -ka-bl, n. A word ; lerm ; name ; esp., a word considered as composed of certain sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning. [F., a word, term, L. vocabulum, a designation, name, fr. vocare, to call, f r. vox.] — Vocab'ulary, -u-la-rT, n, A list or collection of words arranged in alphabeti- cal order and explained; sum or stock of words em- sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boxboN, chair, get. VODKA 660 VOLITION ployed. [F. vocabulaire, LL. vocabvlarium.] — Vo- ca'tion, n. Call; summons; citation; esp., designa- tion to a particular state or profession; destined or appropriate employment; calling; trade; profession; occupation; designation; destination. (Theol.) The bestowment of God's distinguishing grace upon a person or nation, by which that person or nation is put in the way of salvation. [F. ; L. vocatio, f r. vo- care, to call.] — Voc'ative, -a-tiv, a. Relating to, or used in, calling or address, — said of that case of the noun, pronoun, or adjective, in which a person or thing is addressed, — n. (Gram.) The case in which a word is put when the person or thing is addressed. [L. vocatinis, lit. the calling case, fr. vocare.] — Vo- ciferate, -sifer-at, v. i. To cry out with vehe- mence, exclaim, shout, clamor. — v. t. To utter with a loud voice, bellow, bawl, roar, hoot, clamor. [L. vociferure, -erari, -eratum, f r. vox, vocis, and ferre, to bear.] — Vocif'era'tion, n. Act of vociferating; a violent outcry; exclamation; clamor; bawling; bel- lowing. [F.; L. vociferation — Vociferous, -gr-us, a. Making a loud outcry; clamorous; noisy. — Voice, vois, n. Sound or audible noise uttered by the mouth; utterance; the tone or sound emitted by anything; intonated quality of utterance, as disting. fr. mere breath sound; mode of speaking, singing, or otherwise producing sound; distinctive character or quality of tone; language; words; expression; sig- nification of feeling or opinion; opinion or choice expressed; a vote; command, precept, — chiefly in Scriptural language. (Oram.) A group of inflec- tions constituting that form of a verb, by means of which the relation of the subject of the affirmation to the action expressed by the verb is indicated, —v. t. [voiced (voist), voicing.] To fit for producing the proper sounds; to regulate the tone of. [ME. and OF. vois, F. voix, fr. L. vox, a voice.] — Active voice. (Oram.) That form of the verb by which its subject is represented as the agent or doer of the action ex- pressed by it. — Middle v. That form of the verb by which its subject is represented as both the agent, or doer, and the object of the action, that is, as per- forming some act to or upon himself. — Passive v. That form of the verb by which its subject is repre- sented as the object, or person affected by the action. — Voiced, voist, p. a. Furnished with a voice. — Voiceless, a. Having no voice; dumb. Vodka, vod'ka, n. A Russian intoxicating drink, dis- tilled from rye. [Russ.] Vogue, vog, n. Temporary mode, custom, or practice; popular reception, — used now exclusively as part of the phrase in vogue. [F., orig. sway, power, author- ity, a clear passage at sea— said of a ship, fr. voguer, to set sail, sail forth, It. voga, the stroke of an oar, vogare^ to row in a galley, G. wogen, to fluctuate, be in motion, OHG. waga, a wave; s. rt. wag, q. v.] Voice, etc. See under Vocal. Void, void, a. Vacant; empty; not occupied; being without; destitute; free; having no incumbent; un- occupied; having no legal or binding force; null; not sufficient to produce its effect; unsubstantial; vain. — n. An empty space; a vacuum; emptiness. — v. t. To make or leave vacant or empty; to quit, leave; to throw, emit, or send out; to evacuate; to render of no validity or effect; to vacate, annul. [OF. vmde, wide, L. viduus, widowed, deprived of, hence waste, empty; s. rt. Skr. vidhava — k. widow.] — Void'able, a. Capable of being voided or evacuated- (Law.) Capable of being adjudged void, invalid, and of no force; capable of being avoided. — Void'ance, -ans, n. Act of voiding or emptying; ejection; esp., ejec- tion from a benefice; state of being void; vacancy, as of an incumbent in a benefice. [F. vuidange.] — Void'er, n. One who, or that which, voids, or emp- ties, vacates, or annuls; a tray, or basket, used to receive or convey that which is voided or cleared away from a given place. — Void'nesB, n. State or quality of being void; emptiness; vacuity; destitu- tion; nullity; inefficacy. Volant, vo'lant, a. Passing through the air upon wings, or as if upon wings ; flying ; passing from place to place ; current; nimble ; light and quick; active ; rapid. [F., p. pr. of voter, to fly, L. volans, p. pr. of volare, to fly ; s. rt. Skr. vat, to hasten, move to and fro; s. rt. velocity.'] — Vol'atile. -a-til, a. Capable of wasting away, or of easily passing into the aeriform state; lively; gay; full of spirit; airy; fickle; apt to change. [F. volatil, L. volatile, flying, fr. volatus, flight, prop. p. p. of volare.] — Vol'atile- ness, -til'ity, -til'T-ti, n. Quality of being volatile ; disposition to exhale or evaporate ; great sprightli- ness; mutability; lightness; giddiness; levity ; fickl«- ness.— Vol'atilize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To render volatile, cause to exhale or evaporate. — Vol'- atil'iza'tion, n. Act or process of volatilizing, or ren- dering volatile. —Vole, vol, n. A deal at cards that draws all the tricks. (Zool.) A rodent animal of .... , many terrestrial ^l|/fr^mrr gffffl m^NwY and aquatic spe- cies, of or allied to the rat and mouse families, > and including the ■ water rat and meadow mouse. [F., fr. voler, to v , steal, steal away, v oie - rob, abbr. fr. L. injolare, to fly at, seize."?— Volee, vo-la^n. (Mus.) A rapid flight of notes. [F., a flight, fr. voler.] — Vol- or Vole-au-vent, voto-voN', n. (Cookery.) Alight puffed paste, which is filled, after baking, with a ragout of minced sweet-breads, chick- en, game, or fish. [F., lit. flight in the air, — fr. its lightness.] — Volley, vol'lY, n.; pi. -leys, -Hz. A flight of missiles; the discharge of many small arms at once; an explosive burst or emission of many things at once. — v. t. [volleyed (-lid), -leyyng.] To discharge with a volley. — v. i. To be thrown out or discharged at once; to be discharged in a volley, or as if in a volley. [F. volie, flight, flight of birds, volley of guns, fr. voter.] Volcano, vol-ka'no, «. ; pi. -noes, -noz. A conical hill or mountain having a crater from which lava, steam, sulphureous gases, etc., are ejected. [It., fr. L. Vol- carats, Vulcarais, the god of fire; s. rt. Skr. ulka, a firebrand, meteor, G. wallen, to boil, E. warm.] — Volcanic, a. Of, or pert, to, a volcano, or to volca- noes; produced by a volcano; changed or affected by the heat of a volcano.— VoKcanist, VuKcanist, n. One versed in the history and phenomena of volca- noes; one who believes in the effects of eruptions of fire in the formation of mountains. — Vulca'uian, -nt-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Vulcan, or to works in iron or other metals.— Vul'caniza'tion, n. Art or process of imparting new properties to caoutchouc by caus- ing it to combine with sulphur, — as invented by C. Goodyear, of New York. — Vulcanize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To change the properties of (caout- chouc, or India-rubber), by the process of vulcaniza- tion. — Vul'canite, -It, n. Same as Ebonite, q. v. under Ebony. Vole, Votee. See under Volant. Volition, vo-lish'un, n. Act of willing or choosing ; exercise of the will; power of willing or determin- ing ; choice ; preference ; determination ; purpose. [F., fr. L. volo, velle, Gr. boulomai, I will, wish, Skr. vri, to select, choose ; s. rt. will, wary, benevolent, malevolent.]— Voluntary, -un-ta-rT, a. Proceeding from the will ; produced in or by an act of choice ; unconstrained by the interference of another; of his or its own accord ; spontaneous ; done by design or intention; purposed; intended; subject to, or reg- ulated by. the will ; endowed with the power of willing. (Law.) Free; without compulsion; with- out consideration; gratuitous, — n. (Mus.) Apiece played by a musician often extemporarily, accord- ing to his fancy; now generally used to indicate the organ-playing at the opening of church service. [F. votuntaire, -ontaire, L. voluntarius, fr. voluntas, will, choice, fr. volens, p. pr. of volo, relte, to will.]— Vol- untarily, -ta-rt-lT, adv. Voluntariness, n. — Vol- unteer , -ter', n. One who enters into any service of his own free will. (Mil.) One who enters into service voluntarily, but when in service is subject to discipline and regulations like other soldiers. (Law.) One to whom a conveyance is made without valuable consideration. — a. Entering into service of free will; composed of volunteers. — v. t. [vol- unteered (-terd'), -teekino.] To offer or bestow voluntarily, or without solicitation or compulsion. — v. i. To enter into any service of one's free will, without solicitation or compulsion. [F. I'oluntaire, a volunteer.] — Volupt'uous, vo-lup'chdb-us, a. Full of delight or pleasure ; ministering to sensual gratifi- cation ; exciting sensual desire ; sensual ; given to the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure. [F. volup- tueux, L. roluptuoaus, fr. voluptas, pleasure, fr. volo.} — Volupt'uary, -chod-a-rT, n. A voluptuous person; one who makes his own bodily enjoyment his chief object or care; sensualist; epicure. — a. Addicted to, Em, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; Odd, tone, or \ VOLLEY 661 VOW or affording, pleasure lupt'uousness, n. Volley. See under Volant. Voltaic, vol-ta'ik, a. Pert, to, originated by, or named after Alessandro Voltu, an Italian philosopher, who first devised apparatus for developing electric cur- rents by chemical action and established this branch of electric science; pert, to voltaism, or voltaic elec- tiicity. — Voltaic battery. An apparatus, consisting of a series of plates or pieces of dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, arranged in pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline or acid solution, by which a current of electricity is generated whenever the 2 poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a con- ductor; a galvanic battery. See Galvanic Battery. — V. electricity. That form of electricity which is developed by chemical action, as in a voltaic pile or battery; galvanism. — V. pile. The form of battery first devised by Volta, consisting of a colunin formed by successive pairs of metallic disks, as silver and zinc, with moistened cloth between every 2 contigu- ous pairs. — Vol'taism, -ta-izm, n. That form of electricity which is developed by the chemical action between metals and different liquids; the brunch of science which treats of this form of electricity,— called also galvanism.— Voltam'- eter, -e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring the voltaic elec- tricity passing through it, by its effect in decomposing water. [Gr. metron, a measure.]— Volt, v5lt, n. The standard unit of electrical tension, or electro-mo- tive force. Voltigeur, vol'te-zhSr', n. A lean- er ; vaulter. (Mil.) A light in- fantry soldier, disting. fr. a gren- adier. [F., fr. voltiger, to vault.] Voluble, voKu-bl, a. Easily rolling or turning; rotating; apt to roll; moving with ease and smooth- ness in uttering words; of rapid speech; fluent. [F.; L. volubilis, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll, turn round, Goth, walwjan, Gr. eleu- ein, to roll ; s. rt. Skr. vara, va- laya, a circle, E. vault, circum- volve, convolvulus, devolre, evolve, etc., revolt, value, gallop, goal, wale, helix, etc.]— Vol'u- il'ity. n. State or quality of be- braes bar";' d, d, ing voluble ; aptness to roll ; act platina wires. of rolling; fluency of speech. [L. volubilitas.] — Vol'ubly, adv. In a voluble, rolling, or fluent manner. — vol'' ume, -um, n. Orig. a roll; scroll; a book; tome; esp., that part of an extended work which is bound up together in one cover; any- thing of a rounded or swelling form ; a contortion ; whirl; dimensions; compass; space occupied, as measured by cubic inches, feet, yards, etc. (Mus.) Power, fullness, quantity, or caliber of voice or tone. ST.; L. volumen, prop, a thing rolled or wound up, ence a roll of writing, a book, volume, fr. volvere.] — Volu'minous, -mf-nus, a. Consisting of many Coils or complications ; of great volume or bulk; large; extensive; bulky; having written much, or made many or bulky volumes; copious; diffuse.— Volu'minously, adv. In a voluminous manner; in many volumes; very copiously. — Volu'minousness, n. — Volute', -luf, n. (Arch.) A kind of spiral scroll Volupfuously, (idr. — Vo- Volute. See under Voluble. Vomit, vom'it, v. i. To eject the contents of the stom- ach by the mouth; to puke, spew. — r. t. To throw up, disgorge, puke; to eject from any hollow place; to belch forth, emit. — n. The matter ejected from Corinthian. Ionic. Volutes of Ionian and Corinthian Capitals. used in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite capi- tals. [F.; L. voluta, fem. of p. p. of volvere.] — Vol'- umet'ric, a. (Analytical Chem.) Of, pert, to, or performed by measured volumes of standard solu- tions of re-agents. [Gr. metron, a measure.] Voluntary, Volunteer, VoluptuouB, etc. See under Volition. the stomach. (Med.) An emetic. [L." vomitva, a vomiting, vomit, whence vomitare, to vomit often, vomere, vomitum, Gr. euiein, Skr. vam, to vomit; s. it. emetic] — Black vomit. (Med.) A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter, resembling coffee grounds, — one of the most fatal symptoms of yellow fever. — Vomi'tion, -misb/un, n. Act or power of vomiting. — Vom'itive, -T-tiv, a. Causing the ejection of mat- ter from the stomach; emetic. — Vonritory, -I-to-rT. a. Procuring vomiting; causing to eject from the' stomach; emetic; vomitive.— «. An emetic; a vomit; a principal door or entrance of a large building, as of an amphitheater. — Vom'ica, -T-ka, n. ()le / ', n. A traveler, — the Canadian name of a class of men employed by the fur companies, etc., in transporting goods on the waters and across the portages, to and from the re- mote stations at the northwest. [F., fr. voyager, to travel.] Vralsemblance, vra-sow-blaNs', n. Appearance of truth ; probability. [F., fr. vrai, true (see Very, under Veracious), and F. and E. semblance, q. v.] Vulcanist, Vulcanize, Vulcanite, etc. See under Vol- cano. Vulgar, vuKger, a Of, or pert, to, the mass or mul- titude of people: common; general; ordinary; pub- lic ; in general use ; vernacular ; belonging or re- lating to the common people; pert to common life; plebeian; ol little or no value ; lacking cultivation or refinement: rustic; boorish; offensive to good taste, refined feelings, or delicacy. — n. The common people. [F. vvlgnire, L. vulgaris, fr. vulgus, the common people, lit. throng, crowd; s. rt. Skr. varga, a troop : vraja, a flock, multitude, fr. vrij, to ex- clude, £. verge, urge.] — Vulgar fraction. (Arith.) A fraction expressed by a numerator and denomi- nator ; a common traction: thus, £. — Vul'garism, -g8r-izm, n. Grossness of manners ; vulgarity ; a vulgar phrase or expression. — Vulgarity, -gar'T- tt, w. Quality of being vulgar ; the state of the lower classes of society ; grossness or ciowuishness of manners or language. — Vul'garlze, v. t. [-izkd (-ger-Tzd), -izing.] To make vulgar. — Vttl'garly, -ger-lt, adr. In a vulgar manner ; in the ordinary manner among the common people ; commonly ; meanly ; rudely; clownishly. — Vul'gate, -gat, n. Orig. a very ancient Greek or Latin version of the Scriptures, afterwards Jerome's Latin version. — a. Of, or pert, to, the old Latin version of the Scrip- tures. [Entitled Editio Vidgata ; vulgata, fern, of p. p. of vulgare, to make common, publish, fr. vulgus,} Vulnerable, vul'nSr-a-bl, o. Capable of being wound- ed ; susceptible of external injuries ; liable to ir_ jury; subject to be affected injuriously ; assanabk. [L. vulnerabihs, fr. vulnerare, to wound, tr. vulnu,, -nerts, a wound ; s. rt. L. vellere, to pluck, puL- tear, Skr. vrana, a wound, fracture, vardh, to cut, Gr. rhegnunai, to break; s. rt. vulture.]— Vul'nerablfc- ness, -abil ity, n. State of being, etc. — Vai' ary. -a-rT, a. Useful in healing wounds; adapt- ed to the cure of ex- ternal injuries. — n. (Med.) Any plant, drug, or composition, useful in the cure of wounds. [F. vulneraire, In. vulnerarius.] Vulpine, vuKpin, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the fox ; cunning; crafty; artful. [F. vul- pin, L. vulpinus, fr. vutyes, a fox ; perh. s. rt. vulture.'] Vulture, vul'chur, n. (Oniith.) A rapacious carrion-eating bird of large size and many species, having more or less of the head and neck naked. [ME. and L. I'idtur, lit. a plucker, tearer, see Vulnera- Tr ,. BLE.]-Vult'urine, Vulture, -chur-in, n. Of, or pert, to, the vulture; having the Qualities of, or resembling, the vulture ; rapacious, [L. vulturinus.] — Vulfurous, -us, a. Like a vul- ture ; rapacious. Vulva, vuKva, n. (Anat.) The fissure in the external parts of generation in the female; sometimes all the external parts of the female genital organs. [L* for volva, f r. volvere, to roll : see Voluble.} Vying. See Vie. \v. W, dub'l-u, the 23d letter of the Eng. alphabet, takes its written form and its name from the repetition of a V, this beinu the form of the Roman capital letter which we call U: in Eng. it performs the double office of a consonant and a vowel, being a conso- nant at the beginning of words and syllables, as in wail, forward, and a vowel at the end of syllables, as in new, now ; but it never occurs at the end of a syllable except when united to another vowel. Wabble, wob'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To move staggeringly from one side to the other, in- cline alternately to one side and the other; to rock, vacillate, — said of a turning or whirling body. — n. A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel un- evenly hung. [Freq. of ProvE. wap, ivhap, ME. quap/ien, to palpitate, quabhe, a bog, LG. wabbeln, quabbeln, to wabble; s. rt. whap, quaver, q. v.] Wacke. Wacky, wak'Y, n. (Geol.) A rock nearly al- lied to basalt, of which it may be regarded as a more soft and earthy variety. [G. ivacke, grau- wacke, OHG. waggo, a kind of stone, flint, pebble.] — Gray wacke. A kind of conglomerate grit-rock, composed of rounded pebbles and sand. Wad, wod, n. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow; a little mass of some soft or flexible material for stopping the charge of powder in a gun and pressing it close to the snot, or for keeping the powder ana shot close ; a soft mass of some loose fibrous substance for stopping an aperture.— v. t. [wadded, -ding.] To form into a mass or wad, or into wadding; to insert or crowd a wad into. [Sw. vadd, wadding, OS. wad, cloth, stuff, G. watte, wadding, wad, also a fishing-net, watten, to dress cloth, to wad, wat, cloth, Ic. vadhmal, a wool- en stuff, vadh, vodh, cloth as it leaves the loom; s. rt. E. weed, a garment, wallet, wattle.]— Wad, Wadd, n. (Min.) An earthy oxide of manganese, — some- times applied also to plumbago or black lead. — Wad'ding, n. A wad, or materials for making wads; a soft stuff of loose texture, for stuffing garments, etc. ; sheets of carded cotton prepared for the same purpose. Wade, wad, v. i. To walk through any substance that yields to the feet ? as water, mud, sand, etc.; to move or pass with difficulty or labor. — v. t. To pass or cross by walking in or through a yielding substance. [ME. and D. waden, AS. wadan, OHG. watan, to wade, trudge, go; s. rt. Ic. vadh, G. wat, L. vadum, a ford, vadere, to go, Skr. gadham, a ford, gadha, shallow, also the bottom, E. evade, in- vade, etc.]— Wad'er, n. One who, or that which, wades. (Ornith.) One of an order of long-legged birds that wade in the water in search of food.— Wad'dle, wod'dl, v. i. [-dlid (-did), -dling.] To walk with short steps, throwing the body to one side and the other, like a duck, or a very fat persoEu am, fame, far, or opera, fore ; end, eve. term ; Ttn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or t WADY 663 WAIVE [Freq. of wade ; s. rt. AS. wsedhan, to beg, lit. to go on the tramp.] Wady, wod'Y, n. The channel of a water-course, which is dry, except in the rainy season. [Ar. wadi, a valley, channel of a river, river.] Wafer, wa'fer, n. A thin cake or leaf of flour and other ingredients; a thin leaf-like bread, used by the Rom. Catholics in the Eucharist; a thin disk of dry paste, usually colored, used in sealing letters, j "tc. — v. t. [wafered (-ferd), -fering.] To seal or jlose with a wafer. [OF. wau/re, gaufre, OD. xoaef- \ /el, D. wa/el, a wafer (bread), s. rt. G. wabe, a hon- | eycomb, cake of wax, AS. wejan = E. weave.] — \ Waffle, woffl, n. A thin cake baked hard and .oiled, or a soft indented cake baked in an iron utensil on coals. Waft, waft, v. t. To bear through a fluid or buoyant medium; to convey through water or air; to float, awim, fly. — v. i. To be moved or to pass in a buoy- ant medium; to float. — n. A signal made by mov- ing something, as a flag, in the air. [Same as wave, corrupt, fr. imp. and pp. waved; Ic. va/a, to swing, vibrate: see Wave.] — Waft'age, -ej, n. Convey- ance through a buoyant medium, as air or water; transportation; carriage. — Waff er, n. Wag, wag, v. t. [wagged (wagd), wagging.] To move one way and the other with quick turns; to cause to vibrate, as a part of the body.— v. i. To move one way and the other, be shaken to and fro, vibrate; to be inaction or motion, move, stir. — n. A man full of sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow; humorist; wit. [OSw. wagga, a cradle, also to rock a cradle, wag, fluctuate, AS. wagian, to move, vacil- late, rock, fr. wegan, to bear, move, carry: wag, n., is perh. for wag-halter, a rogue, gallows-bird; s. rt. wedge, wing, iveigh, wagon?]— Wag'gery, -gSr-Y, re. Manner or action of a wag; sarcasm in good numor; pleasantry. — Wag'gish, a. Like a wag; roguish in merriment or good humor; done, made, or laid in waggery or for sport; sportive; roguish; droll; frol- icsome. — Wag'gishly, adv. — Wag'gishnesa, n. — Wag'gle, -gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To reel, sway, move from side to side, waddle; to move with a wagging motion. — v. t. To move frequently one way and the other, wag. [Freq. of wag.~] — Wag'tail, n. A small insectivorous running bird, of several species,— noted for brisk and lively motions and for incessantly jerking its long tail up and down. Wagtail. Wage, waj, v. t. [waged (wajd), waging.] To pledge, hazard on the event of a' contest, stake, bet, lay, wager; to expose one's self to (a risk), venture; to carry on (a war).— n. That for which one labors; hire; stipend; salary; pay; compensation; remunera- tion ; fruit ; stipulated payment for service per- formed,— almost solely in pi. [ME., pay, OF. wage, gage, a, gage, pledge, guarantee, stipulated payment, fr. wager, gager, LL. wadiare. to pledge, fr. ivadius, vadium, Goth, wadi, a pledge, gewadjon, to pledge, L. vas, vadis, a pledge; s. rt. wed, gage, engage: to wage war = to engage in it.]— Wa'ges, -jez, n. A com- pensation given to a hired person for services; price paid for labor: hire; stipend; salary; pay; recom- pense. — Wa'ger, -jer, n. Something deposited or hazarded, on the event of a contest or some unset- tled question; a bet; stake; pledge; that on which bets are laid. — v. t. [wagered (-jerd), wagering.] To hazard on the issue of a contest, or on some question that is to be decided, or on some casualty; to lay, bet.— v. i. To make a bet, lay a wager. [OF. wageure, gageure, LL. wadiatura, a wager, fr. wadiare, to plerljre, wager.] — Wager of battle. (Auc. Law.) The giving of gage or pledge for trying a cause by single combat, formerly allowed in mili- tary, criminal, and civil causes. — Wa'gerer, n. Waggery, Waggle, Wagtail, etc. See under Wag. Wagon, wag'un, n. A 4-wheeled vehicle; esp., one sQn, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; Lin; Wagonette. used for carrying freight. [In the I.'. S., light wag- ons are used for the conveyance of persons and of light commodities.] [D. and G. wagen, AS. wwon, waen ; s. rt. E. vehicle, L. vehiculum, Skr. raha, ochos, a car: see Vehicle.] — Wag'onage. -un-ej, n. Money paid for carriage in a wagon. — Wag'oner, n. One who conducts a wagon ; a wagon-driver. (AMron.) A constellation; Ursa Major; Charles'* Wain. — Wag'onette'', -un-et', n. A kind of carriage to contain 6 or 8 persons. — Wain, wan, re. A 4-wheeled vehicle for the trans- portation of goods ; a wagon. (Astron.) A constellation ; Ursa Major. [AS. wsen: see above.] — Wain'-rope, n. A rope for bindings load on a wagon ; a cart-rope. — Wain'scot, -skot, n. (Arch.) A wooden lining or boarding of the walls of apartments, made in panels. — v. t. [wain- scoted, -scoting.] To line with boards or panel- work, or as if with panel-work. [D. and LG. wag- enschot, wainscot, the best oak wood free from knots, fr. D. wagen, LG. wage, s wain, wagon, and D. schot, a closure of boards, partition, — hence panel-work, orig. for the sides of wagons, then for rooms.] — Wain'scoting, re. Act of covering or lin- ing with boards in panel; material used to wainscot a house, or the wainscot as a whole. Wagtail._ See under Wag. Waif, waf, n. A thing blown by the wind, drifted by the waters, or preserved or coming by chance; a stray; a wanderer; a homeless, unclaimed child. {Law.) Goods found of which the owner is not known ; anything found, or without an owner ; stolen goods thrown away by a thief in flight. [OF. wai/, gaif, a thing lost and not claimed, Ic. vet/, anything flapping about, vet/a, to vibrate, move about, toss loosely.]-— Waive, wav, v. t. [waived (wavd), waiving.] To relinquish, give up claim to; not to insist on or claim ; to refuse, forego ; to throw away, cast off, reject, desert. [OF. waiver, guesver, LL. waviare, to waive, abandon, wayvium, a waif, vayvus, abandoned; not s. rt. v;are.]~ Waiv'er, n, {Law.) The act of waiving, or not insisting on, some right, claim, or privilege. Wail, wal, v. t. [wailed (wald), wailing.] To la- ment, moan, bewail, grieve over. — v. i. To express sorrow audibly, lament, weep. [Ic. veela, wsela, to cry woe, fr. vse, vei, Goth, wai, woe, q. v.] Wain, Wainscot, etc. See under Wagon. Waist, wast, n. That part of the human bod} r imme- diately below the ribs or thorax; small part of the body between thorax and hips; the middle part of other bodies; esp. (Naut.), that part of a ship be- tween the quarter-deck and forecastle : see Ship. [ME. wast, prop, growth, toacste, strength, AS. wasstm, growth, weoxan, to grow, wax, q. v., Goth. wahstus, growth, stature, fr. wah*jan, Ic. vaxa, to grow.] — Waisfband, n. The band or upper part of breeches, trousers, pantaloons, etc., which encom- passes the waist; a sash worn by ladies around the waist. — Waist' cloth, n. A cloth or wrapper worn about the waist, (jtfaut.) A covering of canvas or tarpaulin for the hammocks, stowed on the gang- ways, between the quarter-deck and forecastle. — Waiflt'coat, colloq. wes'kut, n. A short coat or gar- ment, without sleeves, worn under the coat, ex- tending no lower than the hips, and covering the waist; a vest. Wait, wat, v. i. To stay or rest in expectation : to stop or remain stationary till the arrival oi some person or event; to rest in patience, expect, watch, stay; to lie in ambush, as an enemy. — r. t. To stay for, await. — n. Ambush, pi. Musicians who perform at night or in the early morning; sercnaders. [OF. waiter, gaiter, gnetter, to watch, mark, heed, dog, lie in wait for, waite, gaite, a guard, sentinel, watch- man, spy, quet, watch, ward, heed, the watch, OHG. wahta, a guard, G. waechtei; a watchman, wachen, OHG. wahhen, to be brisk, be awake, AS. wacian, to watch, ivacan, to wake.] — To wait on or upon. To attend, as a servant; to go to see, visit on busi- ness or for ceremony; to follow, as a consequence, await. — Waifer, n. One who waits; an attendant, esp. at table; a salver; a vessel on whicn something is carried, as tea -furniture, etc. — Wait'ing-maid, -v.'OK'au, n. A female servant who attends a lady. Waive. Waiver. See under Waif. :r ■>■■ ink, then, boNbo^ chair, get. WAKE 664 WALRUS Wake, wak. v. i. [waked (wakt), waking.] To be or to continue awake; to watch ; not to sleep; to hold a night revel; to awake, be awakened, cease to sleep; to be stirred up from a dormant, torpid, or inactive state. — v. t. To rouse from sleep; to put in motion or action, arouse, excite; to bring to life again, re-animate; revive ; to sit up, or watch at night with (a dead body). — n. Act of waking, or being awaked; state of forbearing sleep; vigils; an annual parish festival in commemoration of the dedication of a church; the sitting up of persons with a dead body, chiefly among the Irish. [ME. waken, to cease from sleep, be brisk, wakien, to keep awake, AS. wacan, to arise, come to life, be born, wacian, Goth, wakan, D. waken, G. loachen, to wake, watch; s. rt. vigil, vegetable, watch. — Wak^er, n. One who wakes or watches. — Wake'ful, -ful, a. In- disposed to sleep ; watchful ; vigilant. [AS. wacul = E. and L. vigil, q. v.] — Wake'fulness, n.— Wak'- en, wak'n, v. i. [-enkd (-nd), -ening.1 To wake, cease to sleep, be awakened. — v. t. To excite or rouse from sleep, awaken; to excite to action or motion; to rouse into action, stir up. [ME. waknen, wakenen, AS. wiecnan, to arise, be aroused, be born (intransitive only), Ic. and Sw. vakna, to become awake; s. rt. AS. wacan, Ic. and Sw. vaka, to wake, E. awaken.] — Wak'ener, -n-gr,«. One who wakens. Wake, wak, n. The track left by a vessel in the water. [Orig. an open space in half-frozen water, esp. a passage cut for a ship through ice, then the track left by a ship moving through ice.] [Ic. and Norw. vok, Sw. vak, an opening in ice, Norw. vekkja, Dan. vaage, to cut a hole in ice, esp. a channel tor ships; s. rt. Ic. vokr, D. wak, moist, Gr. hugros, L. umidus = E. humid.] — In the wake of. Immediate- ly after; in the train of. Wale, wal, n. The mark of a rod or whip on animal flesh; a ridge or streak rising above the surface of cloth, etc. (Naut.) One of the strong planks ex- tending along a ship's sides, throughout the whole length, at different heights. — v. t. To mark with wales or stripes. [AS. walu, the mark of a blow, orig. a rod, O Fries, walu, a rod, wand, Ic. voir, Goth. walus, a staff; s. rt. goal, gunwale.) Walk, wawk, v. i. [walked (wawkt), walking.] To move along on foot, advance by steps, go on at a slower or faster rate, but without running; to move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement; to be stirring, be abroad, go restlessly about, —said of things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a sleeping or dead person; to behave, conduct one's self. — v. t. To pass through or upon, perambulate; to cause to walk or step slowly; to lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace. — n. Act of walking ; ad- vance wichjut running or leaping; act of walking for air or exercise; manner of walking; gait; step; that in or through which one walks; place or dis- tance walked over; a place or region in which ani- mals may graze; frequented track; habitual place of action; sphere; conduct; course of action; be- havior. [AS. wealean, to roll, toss one's self about, rove about, OHG. walchan, to pull, roll or turn one's self round, move about; s. rt. L. vergere, Skr. vrij, to bend, vol, to move to and fro, L. volvere, to roll.] — To walk the plank. To walk off the plank into the water and be drowned, — f r. the practice of pirates who extended a plank from the side of a ship, and compelled captives to walk off into the water; to vacate an office by compulsion. —Walk '- er, n. One who walks. — Walk'ing - gen'tlenian, -la'dy, n. {Theater.) One who plays a subordinate part, requiring a good appearance, but few words.— -leaf, -let, n. (Bot.) An Amer. fern, whose fronds taper into slender prolongations, which oft- en root at the apex, giving rise to new fronds. (Entom.) A flat- tened orthopterous insect of sev- eral species, found in E. Indies, Australia, and S. Amer.: it is al- lied to the mantis, and in general appearance it closely resembles a leaf. — staff, n. A staff carried in the hand for support or amuse- ment in walking; a cane. — stick, n. A cane. (Entom.) An insect having a long, slender, wingless body, resembling a piece of stick. Wall, wawl, n. A solid and per- manent inclosing fence, as around a field, park, town, etc.; one of the upright inclosing parts of a Walking-leaf building or room. pi. Fortifications in general; works for defense.— v. t. [walled (wawld), -ling.] To inclose with, or defend by, walls, or as if by walls; to close or fill with a wall. [AS. weal, fr. ~L. vallum, a rampart, lit. a line of stakes, fr. vallus, a stake, palisade; s. rt. Gr. helos,a, nail, knob, Skr. vri, to screen, cover, surround, W. gwal, D. wal, G. wall, wall, rampart.] — To drive to the loall. To bring to extremities, push to extremes. — To go to the w. To be hard pressed or driven ; to be the weaker party. — To take the w. To take the inner side of a walk, that is, the side next the wall ; to take the precedence. — WalK-creep'er, n. A small, insectivo- rous bird, which climbs over the ver- tical surfaces of rocks and walls; the spider -catcher. — -flow'er, n. (Bot.) A cruciferous Euro- pean evergreen plant, of several species, which grows wild in old walls, stonj places, etc., and i cultivated in gardens for its fragrant flow- ers. A lady who wau-creeper. lacks invitations to dance at a ball, and is left unoc- cupied at the side of the room. — -fruit, n. Fruit which, to be ripened, must be planted against a wall. — plate, n. (Arch.) A timber placed horizon- tally upon a wall, on which rest joists, etc. [See Queen- post or Timber.] — -tent, n. A tent with upright cloth sides. Wallachian, wawl-la'kT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Walla- chia, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhab- itant of Wallachia, in Roumania; a Wallach; a Ro- mance tongue or dialect spoken in Wallachia, etc. Wallet, woKlet, n, A bag or sack for carrying about the person, as for c& vying the necessaries for a jour- ney ; a peddler's pack; bag-like purse; pocket-book for keeping money about the person; anything pro- tuberant and swagging. [ME voalet, watel, a budg- et, wallets, wattles, the excrescences on the cheeks of swine, orig. something round or woven together, 01). waetsack, G. watsack, a wallet, G. wat, OSw. wad t cloth; s. rt. wad, wattle.] Wall-eye, wawl'i, n. An eye in which the iris is of a very light gray or whitish color, — said usually of horses; an eye in which the white is very large and distorted. [Ic. valdeygdhr, for vagleygr, wall-eyed — said of a horse, fr. vagi, a beam, beam in the eye t disease of the eye, and eygr, pert, to the auga = E. eye: Ic. vagl= Sw. vagel, a roost, perch, also sty in the eye.] —Wall '-eyed, -Id, a. Having a wall-eye. Wall-flower, -fruit, -tent. See under Wall. Walloon, wal-loon', n. One of the descendants of the ancient Gallic Belga; who live in Belgium and Rhen- ish Prussia and speak a dialect of French; their lan- Wruage. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. [D. walen.] allop, woKlup, v. i. [loped (-lupt), -loping.] To boil with a continued bubbling; to waddle; to gal- lop; to be slatternly. — v. t. To beat soundly, flog, ! whip. [OF. waloper, galoper, to gallop; onomat., fr. j the sound, resembling a boiling pot, OLG. wallen, to i boil: see Gallop.] Wallow, wol'lo, v. i. [-lowed (-1'od), -lowing.] To roll one's self about, as in mire or on other sub- stances; to flounder ; to live in filth or gross vice. [AS. ivealwian, Goth, walwian, L. volvere, to roll; s. rt. walk, voluble, q. v.] — Wallower, n. One who wallows. (Much.) A lantern-wheel, or trundle. See Trundle. Walnut, wol'nut, n. A tree of several species, of which some are natives of the U. S.; its edible nut; its fine- grained wood, used for furniture, etc, [AS. weal- hnut, fr. wealh, foreign, and hnut, a nut, D. wal- noot, G. wallnusz, lit. foreign nut.] Walrus, woKrus, n. A large, gregarious, marine mam- mal, of high northern latitudes, resembling the seat and allied to it; the morse: it is hunted for its oil and hide and for the coarse-grained ivory of its tusks. [D., fr. Sw. vallrons, Dan. hvalros, Ic. hrosshvalr, a walrus, lit. a horse-whale = AS. horshw&l, a walrus? fame* far. oats or opera, fare : end, eve. term; In. ice; 5dd. tone. 6r ; WALTZ 665 WARBLE Walrus. Sw. vail, Dan. hval, Ic. hvalr = E. whale, q. v.; Sw. ross, Dan. ros, Ic. kross = AS. hors, E. horse, q. v.] Waltz, wawlts, n. A dance performed by 2 persons in circular figures with a whirling motion; a piece of music composed for this dance, — v. i. [waltzed (wawltst), waltzing.] To dance a waltz. [G.walzer, tr. walzen, to roll, revolve, dance, OHG. walzan. AS. wealtan, to roll, twist; s. rt. welter.) — Waltz'er, «. Wamble, wom/bl, v. i. To be disturbed with nausea; to move irregularly to and fro ; to roll. [G. warn- meln, to stir, crawl.] Wampum, wom'pum, n. Small beads made of shells, used by the N. Amer. Indians as money, and also wrought into belts, etc., as an ornament. [Ind. wampum, wompam, fr. Mass. wdmpi, Del. wape, white.] . , , . , Wan, won, a. Having a pale or sickly hue; pale. — v. i. To grow wan ; to become pale or sickly in looks. [AS. icann, wonn, dark, black (said of a ra- ven and of night), also colorless, perh. imp. of win- nan, to strive, contend, i. e., worn out with toil, hence pallid ; if so, s. rt. win, not s. rt. wane.] — Wan'- ness, «.— Wan'ni3h, a. Somewhat wan; of a pale hue. Wand, wond, n. A small stick; rod; a staff of author- ity; a rod used bv conjurers and diviners. [ME. and OSw.; Goth, wahdus, a rod, so called fr. its pliancy, OSw. winda = E. to wind, q. v.] Wander, won'der, v. i. [-dered (-dSrd), -dering.] To ramble here and there, range about ; to go away, stray oft', go astray, roam, rove, sad, straggle, devi- ate; to be delirious. [AS. wandrian, freq. of wend, to go, G. wandelen, to wander, travel, D. wandelen, to walk; s. rt. Vandal.] * Wanderoo, won-dgr-oo', ' Malabar, having a grayish beard snr- roundinjr its face. Wan'derer, A baboon of Ceylon and fG. wt : cow, oil : linger or ink, then. boNboN. chair, get. WATER 668 WATER buoy. — V. t. [WATCHED (WOCht), WATCHING.] To give heed to, keep in view, not lose from sight and observation ; to tend, guard, have in keeping. [AS. waecce, a watch, wacmn, to watch, wacan = E. to wake, q. v.] — Watch ana watch. An arrangement by which the watches are alternated every 4 hours. — Dog' -watch. (Naut.) A watch of 2 hours, of which there are 2, one fr. 4 to 6, the other fr. 6 to 8 p. m. — Watcb/er, n. One who watches ; esp.. one who attends upon the sick during the night.— Watcb/ful, -ful, a. Full of watch ; careful to ob- serve; vigilant"; cautious; observant; circumspect; wakeful; heedful. — Watcb/fully, adv. — Watch'- fulness, n. State or quality of being watchful ; in- disposition to sleep; careful and diligent observation for the purpose of preventing or escaping danger, or of avoiding mistakes and misconduct. — Watch'- man, n. ; pi. -men. One set to watch ; a sentinel ; one who guards the streets of a city or a building by night. — dog, n. A dog kept to guard premises or property, and to give notice of the approach of in- truders. house, n. A house in which a watch or guard is placed; a police station; a place where per- bons under temporary arrest by the police of a city are kept; a lock-up. — light, -lit, n. A light used for watching or sitting up in the night; esp., a candle formerly used for this purpose, having a rush wick. — night, n. The last night of the year, — observed by Wesleyans, Moravians, and others, who observe it by holding religious meetings to watch till the end of the old year.— -tow'er, n. A tower on which a sen- tinel is placed to watch for enemies or the approach of danger, — word, n. The word given to sentinels, and to such as have occa- sion to visit the guards, used as a signal by which a friend is known from an enemy ; a countersign; pass- word. Water, waw'tgr, n. The fluid which de- scends from the clouds in rain, and "hich forms rivers, lakes, seas, etc. ; a body of water, standing or flowing; one of various liquid secretions, humors, etc., — so named from their resemblance to water; esp., urine; the color or luster of a diamond. — v. t. [watered (-tgrd), -tering.] To wet or over- flow with water, irrigate; to supply with water for drink; to wet and calender (cloth), so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy lines; to increase in apparent bulk, without adding to the real value, — as, to water stock, to issue new stock on pretense that the profits warrant such increase.— v. i. To fill with or shed water or liquid matter; to get or take in wa- ter; to grow moist when something excites the appe- tite—said of the mouth. TME. and D.; AS. wseter, G. wasser, Gr. hudor, L. unda, Russ. voda, Skr. udan, water; s. rt. wet.] — To make water. To pass urine. (iVairf.) To admit water, leak. — To make the mouth water. A phrase denoting that something produces a longing desire, the sight or odor of food often caus- ing an increased flow of saliva. — Wa'terer, n. One who waters. — Wa'terman, n. ; pi. -men. One who manages water-craft; a boatman; ferryman. — Wa'- tery, -t5r-T, a. Resembling water; thin or transpar- ent, as a liquid; abounding in thin, tasteless, or in- sipid fluid; abounding with water, wet; of, pert, to, or consisting of, water; aqueous; humid; damp. — Wa'teriness, n. — Wa'terish, a. Resembling water; thin; watery; somewhat watery; moist. — Wa'ter- ishness, n. — Wa'ter back, n. An iron chamber or a coil of pipes at the back of a cooking stove or range, through which water, when heated, is passed into the reservoir. — -bail'iff, -ba'lif, n. An officer of the cus- toms, in Eng. for searching ships. — bear'er, n. (As- tron.) A sign of the zodiac, and the constellation from which it is named; Aquarius. — brash, n. (Pa- thol.) A disease characterized by burning pain in the stomach, with eructations of an acrid fluid; pyrosis. — -cart, n. A cart hearing water; esp., one by means of which water is sprinkled, as in the streets, etc. — •cement, -sem'ent or -se - ment', n. Hydraulic ce- Watch-tower. ment. — closet, n. A privy; esp., a privy furnished with a contrivance for introducing a stream of water to cleanse it. — -col'or, n. (.Paint.) A color ground with water and gum or size; a color the vehicle of which is water. — course, n. A stream of water; a river or brook; a channel or canal for the conveyance of water, esp. in draining lands. cress, n. A har- dy, pungent, aquatic perennial plant of the nastur- tium family, of several species, growing in running streams, etc., and used as a salad plant and an an- tiscorbutic. — cure.w. (Med.) Mode or system of treating diseases with water; hydropathy, — applied also to an establishment where such treat- ment is employed. — -dog, n, A dog accustomed to the water; esp., a vari- ety of the common dog, generally of a Tblack color, with some white, re- markable for its aquatic habits, which render it valuable to sportsmen ; a small floating cloud, supposed to in- dicate rain; a sailor. — fall, n. A fall or perpendicular descent of the water of a river or stream; a cascade; cata- ract; a kind of female head-dress or arrangement of the long hair at the back of the head. — -fowl, n. A bird that frequents the water, or lives about rivers, lakes, etc., or on or near the sea ; an aquatic fowl. — -gauge, •gage, -gaj, n. An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the depth or quantity of water, as in the boiler of a steam-engine. — -gild'ing, n. The gilding of metallic surfaces Dy cover- ing them with a thin coating of amal- gam of gold, and then volatilizing the '■ mercury by heat. — gru'el, n. A liq- water-gauge, uid food, composed of water and a small portion of meal, or other farinaceous substance boiled, —-hog, n. A large, ro- dent, fish and vegetable eat- /^liBSk^Vf/yM^ ing, aquatic - quadruped of S. Amer., allied to the guinea pig; thecabiai;capy- bara. — ice, n. A preparation of water and sugar, flavored and fro- ze n, like ice- cream; a sher- bet.— -level, n. The level f o r m e d by the surface of s t i 1 1 Water-hog. water; a leveling instrument in which water is employed for deter- mining the horizontal line. — -lil'y, n. An aquatic plant, of several genera and species, most of which have beautiful, and usually very fragrant, flowers, and large, floating leaves. — line, n. (Want.) A hor- izontalline supposed to be drawn about a ship's bot- tom at the surface of the water. — logged, -logd, a. {Naut.) Rendered log-like, heavy, or clumsy in movement, in consequence of being filled with wa- ter. — mark, n. A mark indicating the height to which water has risen, or at which it has stood; the usual limit of high or low water; a letter, device, etc., wrought into paper during the process of manufac- ture. — mel'on. n. A cucurbitaceous plant of many varieties, and its pulpy fruit, which abounds with a sweetish watery juice. — mill, n. A mill whose ma- chinery is moved by water. — ou'sel, -oo'zl, n. (Or- nith.) An aquatic bird; the dipper. See Ousel.— -pot, n. A vessel for holding or conveying water, or for sprinkling water on cloth in bleaching, or on plants, etc. — pow'er, n. The power of water em- ployed to move machinery, etc. ; a fall of water which may be used to drive machinery ; a source of power from water; a place where water may be readily used to drive machinery. — privilege, n. The right to use water for mills, or to drive ma- chinery ; a stream of water capable of being em- ployed to drive machinery, as for a mill. — proof, a. Impervious to water; so firm and compact as not tt admit water. — proofing, n. A substance or prepa- ration for rendering anything, as cloth, leather, etc.. impervious to water. — -proof, n. Cloth rendered am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; WATTLE 669 WAY ■water-proof; an outer garment made of rubber or water-proof cloth. — ram, n. A machine by means of which water is raised by the momentum of a larger stream than the one which is raised; a hydraulic ram. See Hy- draulic Ram. — rot, v. t. To rot by steeping in water. — -shed, rt. A crest of land be- tween 2 river-basins, etc., marking the limit from which water flows in opposite direc- tions ; the country or basin drained by any stream of wa- ter and its tributaries. — soak, v. t. To soak in water ; to fill the interstices of with water. spout, n. A meteorological phenomenon, of the nature of a tornado or whirlwind, usu- ally observed over the sea. — -tight, a. So tight as not to Water-spout, admit water or to suffer it to escape; not leaky.— -wheel, n. Any wheel for pro- pelling machinery or other pur- poses, that is made to rotate by the direct action of water ; — called an orerskot-wheel when the water is applied at the top, an undershot-xcheel when at the bottom, a breast-wheel when at an intermediate point, and a tur- bine-wheel, when its axis is ver- tical, and the water acts upon different sides of the wheel at Overshot-wheel. the same time : see T u R- BINE. — •work, n. A hy- draulic ma- chine; or collec- Undershot-wheel Breast-wheel. tion of works, by which a supply of water is fur- nished for useful or ornamental purposes, — chiefly in pi. — Wa'tering-place, n. A place where water maybe obtained, as for a ship, for cattle, etc.; a place to which le resort for mineral water, or for the use of water m any way, as bathing, drinking, etc. Watt, w5t, n. 'Elec.) The electrical unit of power. One horse power is nearly equal to 746 watts. [Fr. the scientist, James Watt.] Wattle, wot/tl, n. A twig or flexible rod; a hurdle made of such rods; a rod laid on a roof to support the thatch; the fleshy excrescence that grows under the throat of a cock or turkey, or a like substance on a fish.— v. t. [wattled (-tld), -tling.] To bind with twigs; to twist or interweave (twigs) one with another; to plat: to form of platted twigs. [Same as wallet, q. v.; AS. watel, a hurdle, covering, in ME., a bag, watelen, to wattle, twist together, strengthen with hurdles.] Waul, wawl, v. i. To cry as a cat; to squall. [Onomat; same as wail and woe.} Wave, wav, n. An advancing ridge or swell on the surface of a liquid; an undulation; billow; surge; breaker. {Physics.) A state of vibration propagated from particle to particle through a body or elastic medium, as in the transmission of sound- Water; anything resembling a wave in character, action, or appearance; inequality of surface; the undulating line or streak of luster on cloth watered and calen- dered; a waving or undulating motion; inequality; unevenness.— v. i. [waved (wavd), wavlvg.1 To move loosely one way and the other; to undulate, fluctuate, flutter; to be moved, as a signal, — v. t. To raise into inequalities of surface; to move one way and the other, brandish; to signal by a waving motion, beckon. [AS. vjafian, to waver in mind, wonder at a thing, wsefre, wavering, restless, 1c. vafra, to waver, vafl, hesitation, vafa, to swing, vibrate, MHG. waben, G. weben, to wave, flic" late; AIE. waive, Ic. ragr, G. ivone, a wave: s. rt. wag.} — Wav'y, -T, a. Rising or swelling in waves: playing to and fro: undulating. — Wave'less. a. Free Irom waves; undisturbed; unagitated. — Wave'let. n. A little wave; ripple. — Wave'-cf 'fering. n. An offer- ing in the Jewish services by waving the object to- ward the 4 cardinal points. — Wa'ver, v. i. [-veked (-verd), -vering.] To play or move to and fro; to be unsettled in opinion; to fluctuate, reel, vacillate. [ME. waveren, fr. AS. wxfre, restle.ss, lc. vafra, to hover about; freq of wave.} — Wa'verer, n. Wax, waks, n. A solid, tenacious, easily molded sub- stance, produced by bees for making the cells of their "comb;" any substance resembling wax in consist- ency or appearance; as, a thick, tenacious substance, secreted in the ear; a wax-like composition used for uniting surfaces, or for excluding air, etc.; a com- position used by shoemakers or rubbing their thread. (Bot.) A wax-like product secreted by cer- tain plants. (Min.) A substance, found in connec- tion with certain deposits of rock-salt and coal. — v. t. [inyi. waxed (wakst); p.p. waxed or waxen; waxing.] To smear, rub, or treat with wax. [AS. wear, lc. and Sw. vox, G. wachs, wax; peril, s. rt. L. viscum, birdlime, E. viscid, q. v., under Viscera.] — Wax'en, waks'n, a. Made of, or like, wax; soft; Wax'inesa, n. Wax-wing. yielding; covered with Wax'y, -T, a. Re- sembling wax in appearance or con- sistency ; viscid ; adhesive ; soft; yielding ; pliable. — Wax'-can'dle, n. A candle made of wax. wing, n. A bird, about 6 or 8 inches long: there are several species, most of which have small, ovaL, horny appendages on the secondaries of the wings, of the color of red sealing-wax. — work, n. Work made of wax; esp., a figure or figures formed of wax, in imitation of real beings. — Waxed'-end, n. A thread pointed with a bristle and covered with shoemaker'* wax, used in sewing leather, as for boots, shoes, etc. Wax, waks, v. i. To increase in size, grow, become larger or fuller; to pass from one state to another, become. [AS. weaxan, Ic. and Sw. vaxa, G. wach- sen : Gr. auxanein, Skr. vaksh, to grow; s. rt. Skr. vaj, to strengthen, L. augere, to increase, vigere, to flourish, E. waist, q. v.] Way, wa, n. A moving; passage; progression; that by which one passes or progresses; road or path of any kind; length of space; distance; interval; course, or direction of motion or progress; means by which anything is reached or accomplished; scheme; de- vice ; manner ; method ; mode ; fashion ; regular course; habitual method of life or action; determined course ; resolved mode of action or conduct. (Naut.) Progress ; motion, pi. The timbers on which a ship is launched. [AS., D., and G. weg, Ic. vegr, L. via, a way, Skr. vaha, a road, vah, to carry; s. rt. wain, vehicle, always, lengthways, etc.] — By the way. In passing; apropos; aside, as a thing apart from, though connected with, the main object or subject. —By w. of. As for the purpose of; as being; in char- acter of. — In the family w. Pregnant; witli child. — In the w. In a position, or of a character to obstruct, hinder, etc. — In tfie w. of. In a favorable position for doing, getting, meeting, etc. — Out of the to. So as not to fall in with, obstruct, or hinder; apart; aside; astray ; not in the proper place or course ; away from the usual or regular course or beaten track; odd; unusual; wrong. — Right of w. 'Law.) A right of private passage over another's ground. — To be under io., to hare w. (Xaut.) To be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. — To aire w. To recede, make room, yield, concede the place or opinion to another, (yaut.) To row or ply the oars vigorously. — To make one's u\ To advance in life by efforts", advance successfully.— To makew. To give room for passing, or to make a vacancy. — Way'-bill, n. A list oi passengers in a public vehi- cle, or of the baggage or amount of goods trans- ported by it. — mark, n. A mark to guide in trav- eling. — side, n. The edge or border of a road or path. — sta'tdon, n. An intermediate station on a line of travel, esp. on a railroad. — Way'farer, -far-er, n. A traveler; passenger. — Way'faring, cu Traveling; passing; being on a journey. [AS. weg' eQn, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. WAYWODE 670 WEATHER ferend; ferend, p. pr. of feran, to fare, travel: see Fare, v. i.] — Waylay, v. t. [-laid (-lad), -laying.] To lie in wait for; to watch insidiously in the way of, with a view to seize, rob, or slay. — Way'layer, n. — Way' ward, a. Liking one's own way; full of humors; froward; perverse; willful. [ME. weiward, for aweiwardes, in a direction away from.] — Way'- wardly, adv. — Way'wardness, n. Waywode, wa'wod, n. A military commander in va- rious Slavonic countries,— afterward applied to gov- ernors of towns or provinces; in Russia a high mili- tary title. [P -1. & Russ. woyewoda, f r. Russ. woi, an army, and wodity, to lead.] We, we, pron. ;pl. of I. [poss. our or ours; dbj. us.ll and others; a number m whom I am included. [We is often used by individuals, as authors, editors, etc., in speaking of themselves, to avoid the appearance of egotism in the too frequent repetition of I: the plural style is also in use among sovereigns.] [AS.; D. wij, Dan. and Sw. vi, G. wir, Goth, weis.] Weak, wek, a. Wanting physical strength; as, feeble, infirm, sickly, exhausted; not able to sustain a great weight; easily broken or separated into pieces; not compact; not stiff; pliant; frail; soft; easily subdued or overcome ; lacking force of utterance or sound ; low; small; feeble; of less than the usual strength or spirit; or, lacking ability for an appropriate function or office; not possessing or manifesting intellectual, logical, moral, or political strength, vigor, etc., as, feeble of mind; spiritless; unwise; injudicious; fool- ish; not having full confidence or conviction; not able to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, etc.; not having power to convince; not supported by force of reason or truth; wanting in point or vig- or of expression; not prevalent or effective, or not felt to be prevalent; feeble; not wielding or having authority or energy; deficient in the resources es- sential to a ruler or nation. {Stock Exchange.) Tend- ing towards lower prices, — as, a weak market. [AS. wac, D. week, G. weich, pliant, tender, weak, AS. wican, to give way ; s. rt. wick, wicker.'] — Weak verbs. (Gram.) Verbs which form their past tenses and passive participles by adding -ed or -t, and not by a change of vowel in the stem. — Weakling, n. A weak or feeble creature. — Weakly, -It, adv. In a weak manner ; feebly ; with little strength. — a. [-lier; -liest.] Not strong of constitution; infirm. — Weak'ness, n. State or quality of being weak; want of physical strength; want of sprightliness or force, of steadiness or resolution, of moral force or effect upon the mind, or of judgment; weak trait or characteristic; defect; failing; fault; feebleness; de- bility; languor; imbecility; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty; f aintness. — Weak'en, wek'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make weak, lessen the strength of, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate ; to reduce in strength or spirit. [ME. iveken, AS. wsecan, wacian.] — Weak'ener, -n-gr, n. He who, or that which, weakens. Weal, wel, n. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state of a person or thing ; prosperity ; happiness. [AS. and OHG. wela, Dan. vel, OHG. wela, ivola, wolo, G. wohl, welfare, lit. well-being, fr. AS. wel, well ". q- * Wealden, weld'n, a. (Geol.) Of, or pert, to, the up- per part of the oSlitic series. [ME. wald, wseld = E. (adv.); s. rt. wealth, well, q. v.] :~ >D Of, •er part of the oShtic ser void, q. v., confused with wild, — this formation oc- curring in the wselds or woods of Kent and Sussex, Wealth, welth, n. Large possession of money, goods, or land ; riches ; affluence ; opulence ; abundance. [ME. welthe (2 syl.), fr. wele, weal, D. weelde, lux- ury, fr. wel(a,dv.), well: see Weal.] — Wealth'y, -t, a. [-IER ; -IEST.] Having wealth, or large pos- sessions in lands, goods, money, or securities, or larger than the generality of men; opulent; affluent; rich. — The wealthy. Persons of the richer class. — Wealth'ily, adv. — Wealth'iness, n. Wean, wen, v. t. [weaned (wend), weaning.] To accustom and reconcile to a want or deprivation of the breast or the mother's milk; to detach or alien- ate (the affections) from any object of desire. [AS. wenian, D. ivennen, to accustom, AS. awenian, D. afwennen, to disaccustom, wean; s. rt. Ic. vani, OHG. giwona = E. wont, custom.] — Wean'ling, n. A child or animal newly weaned. Weapon, wep'un, n. An instrument of offensive or defensive combat ; something to fight with ; that with which one contends against another. [AS. wsepn, Ic. vapn, Goth, wepna, a weapon ; s. rt. AS. a full-grown man, a husband, Skr. vap, to procreate.]— Weaponless, a. Having no weapon ; unarmed. Wear, war, v. t. [imp. wore ; p. p. worn ; wear- ing.] To carry or bear upon the person, as an arti- cle of clothing, decoration, warfare, etc. ; to have on ; to have or exhibit an appearance of ; to con- sume by use, use up ; to impair, waste, or diminish, by continual attrition, scraping, percussion, etc.; to cause or occasion by friction or wasting; to affect by degrees. — v. i. To endure or suffer use; to bear the consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or at- trition ; to suffer injury by use or time ; to be con- sumed by slow degrees. — n. Act of wearing, or state of being worn ; consumption by use ; thing worn; style of dress ; the fashion. [ME. weren, AS. and OHG. werian, Ic. verja, to wear, Goth, ivasjan, to clothe; s. rt. vest ; distinct fr. AS. werian, Ic. verja, to defend.] — Wear and tear. The loss by wearing, as of machinery in use; injury to which anything is subject by use, accident, etc. — Wear'able, a. Ca- pable of being, or suitable to be, worn. — Wear'er, n. One who wears or carries as appendant to the body; that which wastes or diminishes. Wear, war, v. t. (Naut.) To put (a ship) on another tack by turning her round, with the stern toward the wind; to veer. [Same as veer, q. v.] Wear, wer, n. A dam in a river to stop and raise the water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking fish, etc. ; a fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for catching fish. [Same as iveir, q. v.] Weary, we'ri, a. [-rier ; -riest.] Having the strength exhausted by toil or exertion ; tired ; fa- tigued ; causing weariness ; tiresome ; irksome ; wearisome. — v. t. [wearied (-rid), -rying.] To reduce or exhaust the physical strength or endur- ance of; to make impatient by continuance; to har- ass by anything irksome ; to jade, tire, fatigue, dis- pirit. — v. i. To grow tired, become exhausted or impatient. [ME. weri, AS. werig, OS. worig, OHG. worag, weary, tired ; s. rt. AS. worian. to wander, travel, orig. to tramp over wet ground, fr. wor, a moor, swamp, prob. same as wos, ooze, mire ; s. rt. Ic. vas, ooze, wetness, toil, fatigue, viesta, worn out by wet or toil, vasla, to wade, E. ooze.] — To weary out. To subdue or exhaust by fatigue, importunity, or anything irksome. — Wea'riless, a. Incapable of being wearied. — Wea'rily, -rT-lY, adv. In a weary manner.— Wea'riness, n. — Wea'risome, -rT-sum, a. Causing weariness; irksome; tiresome: tedious; fa- tiguing; annoying; vexatious.— Wea'risomely, adv. — Wea'risomeness, n. Weasand, we'zand, n. The windpipe; canal through which air passes to and from the lungs ; throttle. [AS. wasend, OFries. ivasende, MHG. tueisant ; perh. s. rt. wheeze.] Weasel, we'zl, n. A small carnivorous quadruped, about 6 inches in length, with a tail about 2 inches long: it is remarkable for its slender form and agile movements. [AS. we- sle,D. wezel, Ic. visla, G. wiesel ; perh. s. rt. wizen.] Weather, weth'gr, n. The state or condition of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or other me- teorological conditions. — v. t. [weathered (-erd), -ering.] To expose to the air; to air, season by ex- posure to air. (Naut.) To sail to the windward of; to pass between the wind and. To sustain the try- ing effect of; to endure, resist. [AS. and D. weder, 0&G. ivetar, weather, Lithuan. wetra, a storm ; perh. s. rt. Goth, waian, Skr. va, to blow, E. wind, q. v.]— Weath'ered, -erd, a. (Arch.) Made sloping, so as to throw off water. (Geol.) Having the sur- face altered in color, texture, or composition, or the edges rounded off by_exposure to the elements.— Weath'er-beat'en, -bet'n, a. Beaten or harassed by, or worn by exposure to, the weather. board. n. (Naut.) That side of a ship which is toward the wind. (Arch.) A board used in weather-boarding houses, etc. — v. t. (Arch.) To nail boards upon sa as to lap one over another, in order to exclude rain, snow, etc. —-bound, a. Delayed by bad weather.— -breed'er, n. A fine day which is supposed to pre- sage foul weather. — cock, re. A vane, or weather- vane, — orig. often in the figure of a cock ; any Weasel. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gad. eve. term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, WEAVE 671 WEIGH thing or person that turns easily and frequently. — -gage, n. Position of a ship to the windward of an- other ; a position of advantage or superiority. — -glass, n. An instrument to indicate the state of the atmosphere, esp. changes of atmospheric pressure, and of the weather. — -mold in g, -moulding, n. (Arch.) A canopy or cornice over doors or windows, to throw off the rain. — proof, a. Proof against rough weather.— -report', n. In the U. S., the daily report of meteorological observations, and of proba- ble changes in the weather, published by the gov- ernment. — strip, n. A strip of wood, rubber, etc., covering the crack between an outer door or win- dow and the threshold or casing, to exclude cold air, rain, snow, etc. wise, a. Skillful in foresee- ing the changes or state of the weather. Weave, wev, v. t. [imp. wove (wov); p. p. woven or wove; weaving.] To unite (threads of any kind) in such a manner as to form a texture; to unite in- timately, or by close connection or intermixture; to form (cloth) by interlacing threads; to form into a fabric, compose. — v. i. To practice weaving, work with a loom; to become woven or interwoven. (AS. wefan (imp. wsef, p. p. wefen), D. weven, G. iveben; s. rt. Gr. huphe, a web, hupkanein, to weave, Skr. urnavabhis, a spider, lit. a wool-weaver, i>o, ve, vap, to weave, Lith. woras, a spider ; s. rt. web, weft, woof, wafer J] — Weav'er, n. One who weaves. (Ornith.) A passerine bird of Africa and the E. Indies, which constructs nests, oft- en pensile, by inter- weaving twigs and fibers. (Entom.) An aquatic insect, the whirligig, q. v. Weazen, we'zn, a. %^| Thin ; sharp ; with- M^k. ered; wizened. [See ?m Wizen.] Web, web, n. That which is woven ; a whole piece or bolt of cloth; the warp in a loom; tex- ture; textile fabric; a network of very fine thread spun by a spider; a cobweb; anything re- sembling a web of cloth or a cobweb; an opaque film cover- ing the cornea of the eye. (0r- nith.) The membrane which unites the toes of many water-fowls.— v. t. [webbed (webd), webbing.] To unite or surround with a web, or as if with a web; to envelop, entangle. [ME. and D. web, also webbe, AS. ivebb, Ic. vefr, OHG. weppi, a web, ME. webbe, AS. webba, a weaver : see Weave.]— Webbed, webd, a. Having the toes united by a membrane, or web. — Web'bing, n. A strong and narrow fabric of hemp, used lor suspenders, straps, etc., and for supporting the seats of stuffed chairs, sofas, etc. — Web'-foot, n. ; pi. -feet. A foot the toes of which are connected by a membrane. — -foot'ed. a. Having webbed feet; palmiped. Wed, wed, v. t. To take for husband or for wife; to marry ; to join in marriage, give in wedlock ; to unite closely in affection, connect indissolubly or strongly. — v. i. To contract matrimony, marry. [ME. wedden, AS. weddian, to pledge, engage, AS. wed, a pledge, D. wedden, Ic. vedhja, to wager, fr. OD. wedde, Ic. vedh, a pledge, pawn, Goth, gawad- jon, to pledge, betroth, fr. wadi, a pledge; s. rt. Lith- uan. wadoti, to redeem a pledge, L. vas, vadis, a pledge, Skr. vadhu, a bride ; s. rt. wage, wager, gage, engage.] — Wed'ded, a. Of, or pert, to, wed- lock or marriage.— Wed'ding, n. Nuptial ceremony; nuptial festivities ; marriage ; nuptials. [AS. wed- dung.]— Diamond wedding. The 60th anniversary of a marriage, when husband and wife are both liv- ing, when presents of diamonds are made. — Golden w. The 50th anniversary. — Silver w. The 25th an- niversary. — China w. The 20th anniversary. — Crystal w. The 15th anniversary. — Tin w. The 10th anniversary. — Wooden w. The 5th anniversary. — Wedlock, n. Marriage : matrimony. [AS. med- iae; lac, a sport, gift in token of pleasure. — orig. a present given to a Dride the morning after marriage; cf . G. morgengabe, a nuptial (lit. morning) gift.] Wedge, wei, n. A piece of metal, or other hard mate- rial, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting wood, rocks, etc., — one Weaver, Bird and Nest. witli a wedge forces wedge; to fasten with a wedge, or with nr'j-. wedges. [AS. wecg, a mass of metal, D. YTea ee. wig, wigge, OHG. uekki, weggi, a wedge; s. rt. wag.'] Wedlock. See under Wed. Wednesday, wenz'dl, n. The 4th day of the week. [AS. Wodnes dsea, Woden's day; AS. Woden (= Ic. Odhinn, OHG. Wodan), lit. the furious, the mighty warrior, fr. wod, Goth, wods, raging, mad.] Weed, wed, n. Any plant that is useless, troublesome, noxious, or grows where it is not wanted; whatever is unprofitable or troublesome; anything useless; to- bacco (with the definite article). — v. t. To free from weeds or noxious plants ; to take away (noxious plants); to free from anything hurtful or offensive. [AS. weod, OS. wiod, a weed, LG. woden (pi.), stalks and leaves of turnips, D. wieden, LG. weden, to weed.] — Weed'er, n.— Weed'y, -Y. a. [-ier; -iest.] Relating to, consisting of , or abounding with, weeds; scraggy, ill-shaped, ungainly — said of horses, also of persons. Weed, wed, n. A garment; clothing; esp., an upper or outer garment; an article of dress worn in token of grief ; esp., in pi., mourning garb. [AS. wsede, OFries. wede, a garment, habit, Ic. vadh, a piece of cloth, garment, OHG. wut, wot, clothing, armor; s. rt. Goth, gawidan, OHG. wetan, to bind. Zend. vadh, to clothe, E. weave, wind, wad, wattle.'] Week, wek, n, A period of 7 days, usually that reck- oned from one Sunday to the next. [AS. wice, ivicu, D. week, OHG. wecha, MHG. and G. woche, Ic.inka; perh. s. rt. Ic. vikja, to turn, return.] — Week'-day, n. Any day of the week except Sun- day. — Week'ly, a. Pert, to a week, or to week- days; happening, or done, once a week; hebdoma- dary. — n. A publication issued onoe a week. — adv. Once a week; by hebdomadal periods. Ween, wen, v. i. To think, imagine, fancy. [AS. wenan, to imagine, hope, expect, fr. wen, expecta- tion, hope, Ic. vana, Goth, ivenjan, to expect, Ic. van, Goth, wens, expectation; s. rt. win.] Weep, wep, v. i. [wept, weeping.] To show grief or other passions by shedding tears; to shed tears, cry; to lament, complain; to flow or run in drops; to drop water, drip, be very wet; to hang the branches, as if in sorrow; to droop. — v. t. To lament, bewail, be- moan; to shed or pour forth (tears); to shed drop by drop, as if tears ; to spend or consume in tears or weeping. [AS. wepan, fit. to cry aloud, fr. wop, a clamor, outcry, OS. wopian, to raise an outcry, Goth. wopjan, to cry out, OHG. wuofan, to lament, weep, wuof, an outcry ; s. rt. Skr. vac, to cry, howl, E. voice.] — Weep'er, n. One who weeps; a white cuff on a black dress. — Weep'ing -willow, n. A species of willow whose branches grow very long and slender, and hang down nearly in a per- pendicular di- rection. Weevil, we'vl, n. A small coleop- t e r o u s snout- bearing in s e c t of 355 genera and nearly 4,000 species; these lit- tle beetles are very injurious to vegetation and vegetable products. [AS. ; wifel, OD. vjevel, OHG. icibil.] Weft, weft, n. The woof of cloth; the threads that cross the warp from selvage to selvage ; a thing woven. [AS. weft, wefta, fr. wefan = E. to weave, q. v.] Weigh, wa, v. t. [weighed (wad), weighing.] To bear up, raise, lift (esp. an anchor) so that it hangs in the air; to examine by the balance, ascertain the weight of; to be equivalent to in weight; to coun- terbalance; to pay, allot, or take by weight; to pon- der in the mind, estimate deliberately and mature- Weeping-willow. sun, cnbe, full : moon, f<5ot ; cow, oil * linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. WEIR 672 WEND ly. — v. i. To have weight, be heavy; to be consid- ered as important; to bear heavily, press hard. — n. A certain quantity estimated by weight; an Eng. measure of weight. [AS. wegan, to carry, bear, lift, also {v. i.) to move, D. wegen, G. waegen, to weigh, wegen, to move, OHG. wegan, to move, bear, weigh; a. rt. Skr. vah, L. vehere, to carry: see Vehicle ; E. wag, wagon, wain, wight, whit.] — Weigb/able, a. Capable of being weighed. — Weigh' er, n. One who weighs; an officer whose duty it is to weigh commodities. —Weight, wat, n. The quality of be- ing heavy ; that property of bodies by which they tend toward the center of the earth; measure of the force of gravity for a substance or body; quantity of matter as estimated by the balance; amount which anything weighs; pressure; burden; importance; in- fluence; consequence; a scale or graduated standard of heaviness; a ponderous mass; something heavy; a definite mass of iron, lead, brass, or other metal, to be used for ascertaining the weight of other bodies, moving machinery, etc. {Mech.) The resistance against which a machine acts, as opposed to the power which moves it. — v. t. To load with a weight or weights, load down, attach weights to. [ME. weght, AS. gewiht, OD. wicht, gewicht, weight, «.]— Weight 'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Having weight; heavy; important; adapted to turn the balance in the mind, or to convince ; ponderous ; burden- some; onerous; forcible; momentous; efficacious.— Weight'ily, -T-lT, adv. In a weighty manner; pon- derously; with force or impressiveness. — Weighf- iness, n. State or quality of being weighty; ponder- ousness ; heaviness ; solidity ; impressiveness ; im- portance. — Weightless, a. Having no weight; im- W ponderable; light. eir, wer, n. A dam in a river to stop and raise the water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking fish, etc.; a fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for taking fish; a wear. [AS. wer, a weir, dam, werian, to defend, protect, dam up, wser, wary, G. wehr, a defense, muehlwehr, a mill dam.] Weird, werd, a. Skilled in witchcraft; caused by, or suggesting, magical influence ; supernatural ; un- earthly; suggesting the unearthly; wild. [AS. wyrd, wird, fate, destiny, fr. weordhan, to be, become, come to pass, MHG. wurth, fate, death, fr. werden, to become; s. rt. worth, v. i.]— Weird sisters. The Fates. Welcome, weKkum, a. Received with gladness ; ad- mitted willingly ; producing gladness in its re- ception ; grateful ; pleasing ; free to have or enjoy gratuitously. — n. Salutation of a new comer; kind reception of a guest or new comer, — v. t. [wel- comed (-kumd), -coming.] To salute with kindness, as a new comer; to receive and entertain hospitably and cheerfully. [ME. ivilkome, welcome, AS. wil- cuma, one who comes so as to please another, fr. wil- (s. rt. willa, will, pleasure) and cuma, a comer, fr. cuman, to come; G. willkommen, OHG. willicomo, fr. willjo, will, pleasure, and komen, to come.] — Wer- Weld, weld, n. A plant of the mignonette family growing in Eng. and various European countries ; dyer's weed; also called wild woad,— used by dyers to give a yellow color ; the color or coloring matter extracted from this plant. [Ger. wau, D. wouw, Dan. vau, F. gaude, Sp. gualda.] . . Weld, weld, v. t. To press or beat into intimate and permanent union, as 2 pieces a- of iron when heated almost to fusion. — n. State of being i welded; joint made by wehf ( ing. [Same as well, to boil up; Sw. valla, to weld (iron), upprdlla, to boil up, iUyrian variti, to boil, also to weld . iron.] — Weld'er, n. Welfare. See under Well, a. Welkin, weKkin, n. The vault c of heaven; the sky. [AS. woL ■*- — -, cnu, pi. of wolcen, OHG. wol~ chan, a cloud, perh. orig. a mist, and s. rt. G. welk, orig. moist, damp, Lithuan. wilgyti, to moisten.] Well, wel, n. An issue of water from the earth ; a spring ; fountain; a source; a cylin- drical hole sunk into the earth to such a depth as to reach deep hollow space Modes of Welding. o, butt-weld, or jump- weld ; b, aoarf-weld ; c, V-weld. supply of water; any for winding stairs. (A T aut.) An inclosure in the middle of a ship's hold, around the pumps, from the bottom to the lower deck, to preserve them from damage, etc. ; an apartment in the hold of a fishing-vessel, having holes in the bot- tom to admit water for the preservation of fish. (Mil.) A hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, from which run branches or galleries. — v. i. [welled (weld), welling.] To issue forth, as water from the earth; to flow, spring. [AS. wella, well, a well, weallan, wellan, Ic. vella, to well up, boil, D. wel, Dan. vseld, a spring.] — WelF-head, n. A source, spring, or fountain. — hole, n. {Arch.) The open space in the middle of a staircase, beyond the ends of the stairs. — spring, n. A fountain ; spring ; source of continual supply. — sweep, n. A long pole balanced upon a high post and used in drawing water by means of a bucket from a well. Well, wel, a. [compar. and superl. wanting, but sup- plied by better and best, q. v.] Good in condition or circumstances ; desirable, either in a natural or mor- al sense; being in health; sound in body; not ailing, diseased, or sick; being in favor; favored; fortunate; convenient ; advantageous ; happy. — adv. In a good or proper manner; justly; rightly; suitably to one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed end or use ; abundantly; fully; adequately; thor- oughly; in such manner as is desirable; favorably; advantageously; conveniently; considerably ; not a little; far. [AS. and D. wel, Ic. and Dan. vel, OHG. wela, wola, G. wohl, well (adv.) ; s. rt. L. velle, to wish, Gr. belteros, Skr. vara, better, also (Skr.) a wish, vri, to choose; s. rt. will] — Well off. In good condition, esp., as to property or any advantages; thriving; prosperous. — W. to do. Well off; prosper- ous, — used also adjectively. — WeKfare, -far, n. Well-doing or well-being in any respect; enjoyment of health and the common blessings of life ; prosper- ity; happiness. [Fr. well and fare, q. v.]— WelK- be'ing, n. Welfare; happiness; prosperity. — born, a. Born of a noble or respectable family, —-bred, a. Educated to polished manners; polite; cultivated; refined, —ndo'ing, n. A doing well; performance of duties. fa'vored, -verd, a. Handsome ; well formed; pleasing to the eye. — man'nered, -nSrd, a. Polite; well-bred; complaisant.— -mean'ing, a. Hav- ing a good intention. — meant, -ment, a. Rightly intended; kind; friendly. — nigh' " nI > °-dv. Almost; nearly. — -spoken, -spok'n, a. Speaking well; speak- ing with fitness or grace; or speaking kindly; spoken with propriety. — wish'er, n. One who wishes an- other well; a person benevolently inclined. Welladay, weFa-da, interj. Alas! [Orig. wellaway, AS. wa la wa, lit. " woeilo! woel "] Welsh, welsh, a. Pert, or relating to Wales, or its in- habitants. — n. sing, or pi. sing. The language of Wales, or of the Welsh, pi. (Geog.) The natives or inhabitants of Wales. [ME. walsh, AS. wselisc, lit. foreign, fr. AS. wealh, a foreigner; cf. walnut.] Welt, welt, n. That which, being folded or brought round, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn some- thing; a small cord covered with cloth and sewed on a seam or border to strengthen it; an edge of cloth folded on itself and sewed down; a narrow strip of leather around a shoe, between the upper leather and sole. — v. t. To furnish with a welt, sew a welt on. [W. gwald, a hem, welt, gwaldu, to welt, hem, Ga. and Ir. bait, a belt welt, border.] Welter, weKter, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -teeing.] To roll, as the body of an animal; to wallow, tumble about, esp. in anything foul or defiling; to rise and fall, as waves; to tumble over, as billows. [AS. weal- tan ; Ic. veltask, to rotate, roll over like a horse, fr. velta, to roll, G. ivaelzen, to roll, wallow, welter, fr. walzen, to roll; s. rt. waltz, q. v.] Wen, wen, n. {Med.) A circumscribed, indolent tu- mor, without inflammation or change of color of the skin. Also, goitre. [AS. wenn, D. wen, LG. wenn; perh. s. rt. Goth, winnan, to suffer, wunns, affliction.] Wench, wench, n. A young woman ; esp. a low. vicious, coarse young woman; a drab; strumpet; {Southern U. S.) a black woman ; colored female servant ; ne- gress. — v. i. [wenched (wencht), wenching.] To frequent the company of wenches, or women of ill fame. [ME. wenchel, later wenche, an infant of either sex, fr. wankel, tottering, unsteady, AS. winclo, pi., children, wencel. weak, G. wanken, to totter, stagger, waddle; s. rt. wink, q. v.] — Wencb/er, n. One who wenches; a lewd man. , Wend, wend, n. One of a Sclavic race of Prussia and Saxony. [L. Venedi, the Sclaves.] — Wend'ic, n. The language of, etc.; Sorbian; Lusatian. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; WEND 673 WHEEDLE Wend, wend, v. i. To go, pass, betake one's self. — v. t. To direct, betake. [AS. ivendan, to turn, turn one's self, proceed, go, D. ivendenAo turn, tack, lit. to make to wind, fr. AS. win/Ian, D. winden, to wind, q. v.] — Went, imp. of wend, — now used as the pret- erit of go. [ME. wente, AS. wende.] Wept. See Weep. Were, Wert. See under Was. Werst, wSrst, n. A Russian measure of length; a verst. See Verst. WesaJid. See Weasand. West, west, n. The direction or quarter of the heav- ens where the sun sets ; the point, direction, or re- gion opposed to east: see Compass; a country situ- ated in a region toward the sunsetting, with respect to another, —a. Situated toward the west, or in the direction. of the setting sun; relating to the west; coming or moving from the west, or western region. — adv. To the western region ; at the westward ; more westward. [AS., D., and G.; Dan. and Sw. vest; s. rt. Skr. vasta } a house, vasati, a dwelling place, house, night — i. e., the sun's dwelling place at night, vas, to dwell, pass the night; s. rt. Ic. vist, an abode, vista, to lodge, Gr. astu, a city, hexperos, L. vesper, evening, E. wa*, q. v.] — West'ering, a. Passing to the west.— Weat'erly, a. Being toward the west; situated in the western region; moving from the westward. — adv. Tending, going, or mov- ing, toward the west. — Wesfern, a. Situated in the west; being in that quarter where the sun sets; moving toward the west. —Westward, adv. To- ward the west. — West'wardly, adv. In a direction toward the west. Wet, wet, a. [wetter; wettest.] Containing, consist- ing of, soaked or drenched with, or having the sur- face moistened with water or other liquid ; full of moisture; very damp; rainy; nasty; humid: moist.— n. Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity in con- siderable degree; rainy, foggy, or misty weather.— V. t. {imp. & p. p. wet (rarely wet'ted); wetting.] To fill or moisten with water or other liquid ; to dip or soak in liquid. [AS. wset, Ic. vatr, wet. moist, AS. tvaetan, to wet, wseta, wetness; s. rt. otter, undulate, hydra, hydraulic, water.'] — Wefness, n. State of being wet; moisture; humidity; a watery or moist state of the atmosphere. — Wet'nurse, n. A nurse who suckles a child, esp. the child of another woman. — shod, a. Having the feet wet with the shoes or boots on. S7ether, weth'Sr, n. A castrated ram. [AS. wedher, Ic. vedhr, Goth, withrus, prob. orig. a yearling, and s. rt. veal, q. v.] Whack, hwak, v. t. To strike, give a heavy or resound- ing blow to. — v. i. To strike anything with a smart blow. — n. A resounding blow. [Same as thwack, Whal e, hwal, n. A very large fish-shaped air-breathing marine cetaceous mammal of several species : the Greenland or right whale, the fin-backed whale, and some other species feed upon minute mollusks, etc.. live principally in northern seas, and yield train oil and whalebone; the right whale, when fully grown, Greenland or Right Whale. u fr. 50 to 65 or 70 feet in length, and fr. 30 to 40 in circumference: the fin-backed whale, called also ra- zor-backed whale, and great northern rorqual, is prob. the longest animal in creation, sometimes exceeding 100 ft. in length : the sperm whale or cachalot, found esp. in the southern seas, feeds upon cuttlefish, etc., yields spermaceti and sperm oil (but not whalebone), and is about 80 feet long. [ME. whal, AS. hwtel, Dan. and Sw. hval, Ic. hvalr, G. wo/, walffisch, orig. any large fish, lit. a roller; s.rt. wheel, walrus, q. v.} 'bone, A firm, elastic substance resem- Sperm Wl bling horn, taken from the upper jaw of the right whale, etc., used as a stiffening in stays, fans, screens, etc. ; baleen. — Whale'man, n. ; pi. -men. A man em- ployed in the whale-fishery. — WhaKer, n. A ship or person employed in the whale-fishery. Whap, hwop, n. A blow, or quick, smart stroke. [ME. nuappen, LG. quabbeln, to palpitate, W . chioap, a sudden stroke, chwapio, to 6trike, slap; s. rt. wab- ble, whip."] Whapper, hwop'er, n. Something uncommonly large of the kind. — applied esp. to a bold lie. [Goth. hwopjan, to boast: see Whoop.] Wharf, hw&rf, n. ; pi. prop. Wharfs (hwQrfs), but Wharves (hwSrvz) is often used, esp. in the U. S. A pier, mole, quay, or other structure of wood or masonry, beside or extending into the water of a har- bor, river, etc., forming a landing-place where vessels may discharge or receive passengers or freight, etc. [AS. hwerf, a dam to keep out water, lit. a turning, fr. hweorfan, to turn (the course of the water), D. werf, a wharf, yard, turn, time, Ic. hvarf. a turning away, a shelter, fr. hverfa, to turn, OSw. hwarf, skepshwarf, a shipbuilder's yard.] —Wharf age, -ej, n. The fee paid for the privilege of using a wharf; a wharf, or wharves in general; wharfing. — Wharf- inger, -in-jer, n. One who has the care of a wharf; proprietor of a wharf. [Corrupt, of wharfage)-: cf. messenger for messager.] What, hwot, pron. An interrogative pronoun, used (both substantively and adjectively) in asking ques- tions as to things, events, ideas, circumstances, rela- tions, etc., as who is used for persons ; also, used as an exclamatory word, meaning how remarkable, or how great, or is it possible that? also, used inde- pendently, and meaning generally, how strange a thing.' a compound relative, equivalent, substan- tively, to that which; adjectively, to the . . . which; the sort or kind of the . . . which ; and, rarely, to the ... on or at which ; whatever, whatsoever, — used indefinitely ; in part ; partly, — with repeti- tion, and followed by with. [Neut. of who, q. v.J — Whatev'er, -Boev'er, pron. Anything soever which; being this or that; all that; no matter what. — What'-not, n. A piece of household furniture, having shelves for books, ornaments, etc. [Fr. the abbr. phrase lohat not, often used at the close of an enumeration of par- ticularsj used substan- tively, to denote a mis- cellany, a variety.] Wheal, hwel, n. A mark raised by a stroke ; a wale, q. v^ Wheat, hwet, n. An an- nual herbaceous cereal grass, of many species ; its seed, which fur- nishes a white flour for bread. [AS. hwaste. D. weite, weit x G. iveizen, Goth, hwaiteis, lit. that which is white (q. v.), fr. the color of the meal.] — Wheafen, a. Made of wheat. [AS. Common Wheat. .hwseten.~\ — Wheat'-ear, n. An ear of wheat. (Or- nith.) A small migra- tory, i n s e c t i vorous bird common in En- rope, and found in Greenland ; the fal- low-chat ; fallow- finch. Wheedle, hwe'dl, v. t. [-DLED (-dld),-DLING. To entice by sofi words; to gain or get away by flattery ; to coax, caiole. [Prob.fr. G. wedeln, to wag the tail, fawn, fan, fr. we- del, a fan, tail, brush, OHG. wadal, a tail.] sun, cube, full ; moon. f<5ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. th'rn, boubON, chair, get. WHEEL 674 WHIFF Ship's Wheel. Wheel, hwSl, n. A circular frame turning on an axis; esp. one with hub or nave, spokes, fellies, and tire, for supporting a vehicle, etc. ; a rotating disk ; any instrument of a similar form, or chiefly consisting of a wheel, as a spinning-wheel; an instrument for punishing criminals; a rolling or revolving body; a disk; orb; a turn or revolution; rotation; compass. (Naut.) a circular frame having han- dles on the rim, used in steering a ship; {Pottery.) a round, wooden disk revolv- ing horizontally at the top of a vertical shaft or spindle, on which the clay is shaped.— v . t. [wheeled (hweld), wheeling.] To con- vey on wheels, in a vehicle with wheels, or in a wheelbarrow; to put into a rotatory motion; to cause to turn or revolve.— v. i. To turn on, or as on, an axis ; to re- volve, rotate ; to go round in a circuit ; make a spiral flight ; to roll forward. [AS. hweol, hweoiool, D. wiel, Ic. hvel, a wheel ; perh. s. rt. Gr. kuklos, Russ. koleso, a wheel, E. calash, q. v.] — Wheel'ing, n. Act of conveying on wheels ; condition of a road with regard to pas- sage of wheel-carriages; convenience for passing on wheels. — Wheel'wright, -rlt, n. A man who makes wheels and wheel-carriages. — Wheel'barrow, n. A light frame or box with 2 handles, supported by one wheel, and rolled by a single person. — Wheel -car- riage, -kar'rej, n. A carriage moved on wheels. — -house, n. ; pi. -houses. {Naut.) A small house or shelter on deck, which contains the steering-wheel; the paddle-box of steam-vessels. — work, n. A com- bination of wheels, and their connection in a ma- chine. Wheeze, hwez, v. i. [wheezed (hwezd), wheezing.] To breathe hard, and with an audible sound, as persons affected with asthma. [AS. hwesan, to wheeze, Ic. hvesa, to hiss, Skr. cvas, to breathe hard, sigh; perh. s. rt. E. weasand, whisper, whistle; s. rt. querulous.] Whelk, hwelk, n. A wrinkle; inequality on the sur- face; protuberance; a stripe or mark; streak. (ZooL) A mollusk having a one-valved, spiral, and gibbous shell, with an oval aperture ending in a short canal or gutter. [AS. wiloc, weoluc, fr. its convoluted shell; s. rt. AS. wealcan, to roll, walk = E. walk.] Whelm, hwelm, v. t. [whelmed (hwelmd), whelm- ing.] To cover with water or other fluid; to cover completely, immerse deeply, overburden. [ME. whetveti, hwelfen, to roll, turn, OSw. hwalma, to cock hay, hwalm, a hay cock, hwdlfwa, to arch over, hwalf, an arch, vault, AS. hwealf, Ic. hvalf, a vault, hvelfa. to arch, vault, turn upside down.J Whelp, hwelp, n. The young of the canine species, and of beasts of prey ; a puppy ; cub ; a child ; youth, — jocosely or contemptuously so called. — v. i. [whelped (hwelpt), whelping.] To bring forth young, as the female of the canine species and some beasts of prey. [AS. hwelp, D. welp, Ic. hvdpr, a puppy.] — Whelps of a windlass, capstan, etc. (Naut.) Short, upright pieces of wood, etc., placed round the barrel, to prevent its being chafed. When, hwen, adv. At what time, —used interroga- tively; at what time; at the time that, — used rela- tively; while, whereas, — used in the manner of a conjunction; which time, then, — elliptically and inaccurately used as a substantive. [ME. whan, AS. hwaenne, Goth, hwan, when fr. hwas, who : cf. L. quum, when, fr. quis, who — Ahenev'er, When'- soev'er, -so-ev'Sr, relative adv. or conj. At what time soever; at whatever time ; whenever.— Whence, hwens, adv. From what place; from what or which source, origin, antecedent, premise, etc. ; how, — used interrogatively ; from what or which place, source, etc.; the place, source, etc., from which,— used relatively. [ME. whennes (2 syl.), for whanene, AS. hwanan, whence, fr. hwaenne, when; G. wan- nen, whence, fr. wann, when.] — Whence'soev'er, relative adv. or conj. From what place, cause, or source soever. Where, hwar, adv. At what place; in what situation, position, or circumstances, —used interrogatively; at which place; at the place in which, — used rela- tively; to what or which place; whither, — used in- terrog. and rel. [AS., Goth., and OHG. hwar, Ic. and Sw. hvar, Lith. kur, where, L. cur, why '! Skr. karhi, at what time ; s. rt. who.] — Where'about', -abouts', -a-bowts', adv. About where; near what or which place, — used interrogatively and relative- ly; concerning which; about which. [ Whereabout, or whereabouts, is often used colloquially as a noun.] — Whereas', -az', conj. Considering that, since, — used to introduce a preamble; when in fact, the case being in truth that, —implying opposition to some- thing that precedes, or implying a recognition of facts.— Whereat', adv. At which, — used relatively; at what, — interrogatively. — Whereby', adv. By which,— used relatively ; by what,— interrogatively. — Where'fore, -for, adv. For which reason, — rel- atively ; for what reason, why, — interrogatively. [ME. hwarfore.] — Wherein', adv. In which ; in which thing, time, respect, book, etc., — used rela- tively ; in what, — interrogatively. — Where'into', adv. Into which, —used relatively; into what, — interrogatively. —Whereof , -of or -ov', adv. Of which, — used relatively ; of what, — indefinitely ; of what, — interrogatively. [ME. hwarof.] — Where- on', adv. On which, — relatively. [ME. whseron.] — Where'soev'er, adv. In what place soever; in whatever place, or in any place indefinitely; wher- ever. — Whereto', adv. To which, — used relative- ly; to what, to what end, — interrogatively. [ME. hwerto.] — Where'upon', adv. Upon which; in con- sequence of which.— Wherev'er, adv. [From where and ever.] At whatever place. — Wherewith, -with' or -with', adv. With which,— used relatively : with what,— interrogatively. [ME. hwerwidh.] — Where'- withal', -wirh-awl', adv. Same as Wherewith. — n. Means wherewith to accomplish any purpose. Wherry, hwgr'rY, n. A shallow, light boat, built long and narrow, and sharp at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing, ric. hverfr, crank (said of a vessel), lit. turning easily, fr. hverfa, to turn; not s. rt. ferry.] Whet, hwet, v. t. To rub with a stone, etc., for the purpose of sharpening, as an edge-tool ; to make sharp, keen, or eager; to stimulate; to stir up, excite, provoke. — n. Act of sharpening by friction; some- thing that provokes or stimulates the appetite. [AS. hwettan, D. wetten, G. wetzen, to sharpen, AS. hwset, keen, bold, brave,pS. and OHG. hwas, hwat, sharp.] — Whet'stone, -ston,n. A stone used for sharpening edged instruments by friction. — Whet'ter, n. One who, or that which, whets. Whether, hweth'gr, pron. Which of 2; which one of 2, — used interrogatively and relatively.— conj. Used to intrc iuce the first of 2 or more alternative clauses, the other or others being connected by or, or by or wheth- er; it also frequently introduces each one, except the last, of several alternatives; sometimes, when the 2d of 2 objective alternatives is the simple negative of the 1st, the 2d is omitted, and whether stands sin- gly, with no correlative. [AS. hwssdher, OHG. hwe- aar, Goth, hwathar, Lithuan. katras, Skr. katara, which of 2; s. rt. who, neither, neuter.] Whew, hwu, n. or inter j. A sound like that of a half- formed whistle, expressing astonishment, increduli- ty, scorn, or dislike. Whey, hwa, n. The serum or watery part of milk, sep- arated from the more thick or coagulable part, esp. in theprocess of making cheese. [AS. hwseg, D. hui, wei, W. chwig. whey, also (e Pi, ), fermented, sour.] — Whey'ey, -1, Whey'ish, a. Having the qualities of, or resembling, whey. Which, hwich, pron. An interrogative pronoun, used both substantively and adjectively, to ask for an in- dividual person or thing among several of a class, - in this use signifying who, or what one of a number, sort, kind, etc.; a relative, used generally substan- tively, but sometimes adjectively, in all numbers id genders, and for all objects excepting persons; compound relative, standing for that ivhich, those which, the . . . which, etc. [AS. hwilc, hwelc, contr. fr. hwilic (= E. why like), fr. hwi, hwy, why t on what account (instr. case of hwa, who), and lie = E. like, Goth, hweleiks, fr. hwe (instr. case of hwas, who) and leiks = E. like: cf. Goth, swaleiks = E. such, q. v.; s. rt. L. qualis, of what sort, lit. what like ? whence E. quality, q. v., under Qua.] — Which- ever, Which'soev'er, pron. Whether one or the other; which; that one (of 2 or more) which. Whiff, hwif , n. A 6udden expulsion of air, smoke, etc.. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Ice ; odd, tone, 8r ; WHIG 675 WHIR from the mouth; a puff; a gust of air, esp. when conveying some smell. — v. t. [whiffed (hwift), whiffing.] To throw out in whiffs, consume in whiffs, puff; to convey by a puff; to blow.— v. i. To emit whiffs, as of smoke; to puff, smoke. [Onomat.; W. ciiwiff, Dan. vtft, Ic. hwidha, a whiff, puff, gust, AS. hwidha, a breeze, G. piff-paff, a sudden explo- sive sound.]— Whiffle, -fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To waver or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind; to change from one opinion or course to another; to be fickle and unsteady ; to shift, evade, shuffle, prevar- icate. [Freq. of whiff", perh. confused with D. wei- felen, to waver, hence to trifle, trick.] — Whiffler, n. One who whiffles, or frequently changes his opinion or course. [Orig. a piper to a company of foot sol- diers.] — Whif 'fletree, n. The swinging bar of a ve- hicle, etc., to which the traces of a harness are fas- tened for draught; a whippletree; swingletree. Whig, hwig, n. (Eng. Hist.) One of a political party which originated in Eng. in the 17th-century, advo- cated popular rights, and opposed the tories: those who supported the king in his high claims were called Tories, and the advocates of popular rights were called Whigs. {Amer. Hist.) A friend and sup- porter of the Amer. Revolution and the war ensu- ing, — opp. to tory and royalist ; one of a political party in the U. S. from about 1829 to 1853, opp. in politics to the so-called Democrats. — a. Pert, to, or composed of, Whigs; adhering to the principles of the Whigs. [Abbr. of whiggamor, a nickname for cer- tain Scotch drovers who came to Leith to buy corn, fr. whiggam, a term they used in driving their horses, — applied to the followers of the Marquis of Argyle, and afterwards to other opponents of the court ; perh. f r. Lowland Sc. wiggle, to keep moving about, AS. wecgan, to move, agitate.] — Whig'gery, -gJr-T, «. The principles of a Whig. — Whijrgish, a. Pert. to, or partaking of the principles of, Whigs.— Whig'- giam, -gizm, n. The principles of a Whig. While, hwll, n. Space of time, or continued duration; time.— adv. During the time that; as long as; at the same time that; under which circumstances; in which case. — Worth while. Worth the time which it requires ; worth the time and pains, or the ex- pense.— v. t. [whiled (hwild), whiung.] To cause to pass away without irksomeness or disgust ; to spend or pass. [AS. hwil, OHG. hwila, Goth, kweila, a time, season, Ic. and Sw. hvila, rest, a bed; prob. s. rt. L. quies = E. quiet, rest.] — Whiles, hwilz, adv. While. — Whi'lom, -lum, adv. Formerly; once; of old. [AS. hwilum, at times, dat. pi. of hwil.]— Whilst, hwllst, adv. Same as While. Whim, hwirn, n. A sudden turn or start of the mind; a fancy ; capricious notion ; humor ; freak. [Ic. hvima, to wander with the eyes, as a silly person, vim, giddiness, folly, Norw. kvima, to flutter about, trifle, play the fool, Sw. dial, hvimsa, to be unsteady or giddy; s. rt. whip.] — Whim'sey, -z\, n. A whim; freak; capricious notion. [Norw. Jcvimsa.] — Whim'- sical, a. Full of whims or whimseys; having odd fancies; curious; odd; freakish; capricious; fantas- tical.— Whim'sical'ity, -kal'Y-tY, -sicalness, n. State or quality of being, etc. — Whim'sically, adv. — Whim'wham, n. A whim or whim sey; a freak. Whimper, whim'pgr. v. i. [-pered (-pgrd), -peri wh i n i n g, broke n voice.— v. t. To ut- t e r in a low, whin- ing tone. — Whi m' - Whimbrel. graliatorial bird allied to the curlew, but much smaller in size. [Onomat., fr. its cry.] Whin, hwin, n. Gorse ; furze ; also a leguminous plant, having yellow flowers. [W. chwyn, weeds, a weed.] — WTun^ny, -nY, a. Abounding in, etc. Whine, hwin, v. i. [whined (hwlnd), whining.] To utter a plaintive cry, complain in a shrill, long-drawn tone, complain in a mean, unmanly way. — n. A plaintive tone; the nasal puerile tone of mean com- plaint ; mean or affected complaint. [AS. hwinan, Dan. hvine, to whine, Ic. hvina, to whiz, whir, kveina, to wail, Sw. hvina, to whistle, Skr. kvan, to buzz, Goth, kwainon, to mourn ; s. rt. whir, whiz, whisk, whisper, ivhimper, wheeze.] — Whin'er, n. Whinny, hwin'nY, v. i. [-nied (-nid), -nying.] To utter the cry of a horse ; to neigh. — n. The cry of a horse; a neigh. [Onomat.; L. hinnire.] Whinny, a. See under Whin. Whin-stone, hwin'stOn, n. {Geol.) Trap or green- stone,— a provincial name given to basaltic rocks, and applied by miners to any kind of dark-colored and" hard, unstratified rock. [Scot, guhyn, green- stone, Ic. hwin, resounding.] Whip, hwip. v. t. [whipped (hwipt), -ping.] To strike with a lash, cord, rod, or anything lithe ; to lash, beat; to drive with lashes; to punish with the whip, flog; to lash (with sarcasm, abuse, etc.); to strike, thrash, beat out (grain) by striking; to beat (cream, etc.) into froth; to sew lightly, form into gathers by overcasting a rolled edge and drawing up the thread; to overlay (a cord, rope, etc.) with other cords; to wrap, inwrap; to take or move by a sudden motion, jerk, snatch. {Naut.) To hoist or purchase by means of a whip; to secure the end of from untwisting by overcasting it with yarn. — v. i. To move nimbly, start suddenly and do anything. — n. An instru- ment (as a thing or lash attached to a handle) for driving horses or other animals, or for correction; a coachman, or driver of a carriage. {Mach.) One of the arms or frames of a windmill, on which the sails are spread. {Naut.) A small tackle with a sin- gle rope, used to hoist light bodies. {Eng. politics.) A member of Parliament who acts as executive sec- retary for his political party, in effecting the attend- ance of its members when their votes are needed; a whipper-in. [ME. whippe, quippe, a scourge, D. wip- pen, to whip, hasten, OD. wippe, a scourge, LG. wip- pen, Dan. vippe, to see-saw, Sw. vippa, to wag, jerk, scourge, vips! quick ! ; prob. s. rt. vibrate, quip.] — To whip in. To drive in or keep from scattering, as hounds in a hunt; to collect in and keep from scat- tering, as members of a legislative body, of a party, etc. — Whip/graft, v. t. To graft by cutting the cion and stock in a sloping direction, so as to fit each other, and by inserting a tongue on the cion into a slit in the stock. — Whip'per, n. One who whips officer who inflicts the penalty of legal whip- ping; one who raises coal with a tackle from a ship's esp. hold. — Whip'saw, n. A saw usually set in a frame, for dividing timber lengthwise, and commonly worked by 2 persons.— Whip'ster, n. A nimble little fellow. — Whip'-cord, n. A kind of hard-twist- ed or braided cord, sometimes used for making lash- es. — lash, n. The lash of a whip. — staff, n. ; pL -staffs. {Naut.) A bar by which the rudder is turned ; a tiller. — stock, n. The rod or staff to which the lash of a whip is fastened; sometimes, the whole whip. — Whip'per-in', n. A huntsman who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them in, if necessary, to the line of chase; one who en- forces the discipline of a party, and urges the attend- ance of the members on all necessary occasions. — -snap'per, n. A diminutive, insignificant person.— Whip 'ping-post, n. A post to which offenders are tied to be whipped. — Whip'pletree, hwip'pl-tre, n. The bar to which the traces or tugs of a harness are fastened; whifftetree; swingletree. [E. Whipple, freq. of whip, to swing quickly, and tree, piece of wood.J Whip'-poor- will, hwip r - poor-wil, n. An Amer. nocturnal insectivo- rous bird of , the goat- sucker fam- ily, allied to the night- hawk, so called from its note. Whir, hwSr, v. i. Tc whirl round with noise ; to fly with a buzzing or whizzing sound. — n. A buzzing or whizzing sound produced by the rapid or whirling motion of anything. [Onomat. ; cf . whirl, whiz ; Dan. hvirre, Sw. dial, hivirra, to whirl, twirl.] — Whirl, hweri, v. t. [whirled (hwSrld), whirling.] To turn round rapidly ; to cause to rotate with ve- Whip-poor-will. tun. cube, full; moon, f 6t>t ; cow. oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. WHISK 676 WHITE locity; to remove quickly with a revolving motion. — v. i. To be turned round rapidly, move round with velocity, gyrate; to move hastily. — n. A turn- ing with rapidity or velocity; rapid rotation! any- thing: that moves or is turned with velocity, esp. on an axis or pivot; a revolving hook used in twisting. (Bot. & Conch.) A whorl. [OD. wervelen, Dan. hvirvle, Ic. hvirfia, to whirl, freq. of hverfa, to turn round; s. rt. warble.}— Whirl'' er, n.— Whirl 'pool, n. An eddy of water; a vortex or gulf in which the water moves round in a circle. — Whirl'wind, n. A violent wind moving in a circle round its axis, and having a progressive motion. [Ic. hvirfilvindr.] — Whirl'-bat, n. Anything moved with a whirl as preparatory for a blow, or to augment the force of it ; the cestus of ancient boxers.— -bone, n. The patella ; cap of the knee ; kn ee-pan. — Whirl'i- gig, -T-gig, n. A child's toy, spun or whirled around like a wheel upon an axis, or like a top. — (Entom.) An aquatic beetle having a metallic luster, which lives on the surface of water, and moves rap- Whirligig. mg^ volvin disks, wit weights, pu lley s, Whirling-table. l, foot-board ; 4, wheel ; c, pulley ; d, arm •, e, f, uprights. etc., to il- lustrate the laws of centrifugal forces, etc. Whisk, hwisk, n. Act of whisking; a rapid, sweeping motion, as of something light ; a small bunch of grass, straw, hair, etc., used tor a brush ; a brush; a small culinary instrument for whisking or beating eggs, etc. ; part of a woman's dress; a kind of tippet. — v. t. [whisked (hwiskt), whisking.] To sweep, brush, or agitate with a light, rapid motion, as the dust from a table, or the white of eggs into a froth; to move with a quick, sweeping motion. — v. i. To move nimbly and with velocity. [Dan. viske, Sw. viska, to wipe, sponge, Dan. visk, a wisp, rubber, Sw. viska, a whisk, Ic. visk, a wisp of hay. G. wi-chen, to wipe, whisk, rub, witch, a whisk, clout.] — Whisk'- er, n. He who, or that which, whisks, or moves with a quick, sweeping motion ; that part of the beard which grows upon the sides of the face, or the cheeks; formerly, the hair of the upper lip, or mustache; the long, projecting hairs growing at the sides of the mouth of a cat, etc. — Whiskered, -5rd, a. Formed into, furnished with, or having, whiskers. Whisky, -key, hwis'kY. n. An intoxicating spirit dis- tilled from barley, wheat, rye, or maize. [Ga. wi«ge- beatha, whisky, lit. water of life, cf. F. eau de vie, brandy: see Usquebaugh.] Whisper, hwis'per, v. i. [-pered (-pSrd), -pering.] To speak softly, or under the breath; to utter words without sonant breath; to make a low, sibilant sound or noise; to speak with suspicion, or timorous cau- tion ; to plot secretly, devise mischief. — v. t. To utter in a low, and not vocal, tone ; to address in a whisper, or low voice. — n. A low, soft, sibilant voice ; words uttered with such a voice; a cautious or timorous speech; something communicated in se- cret. [Onomat.; O Northumbrian hwisprian, OD. wisperen, G. wispeln, Ic. hviskra, to whisper.] — Whis'perer, n. One who whispers: one who tells se- crets; one who slanders secretly; a tattler; backbiter; slanderer. Whist, hwist, a. Not speaking; not making a noise ; silent; mute; still. — n. A game at cards, — so called because it requires silence or close attention.— inter j. Be silent; be still; hush. [ME. (interj.), be silent; cf. L. st! G. st! pst! hist ! hush ! : see Hist.] Whistle, hwis'sl, v. i. [whistled (-sld), whistling.] To utter a kind of musical sound, by pressing the breath through a small orifice formed by contracting the lips; to make a shrill sound with a wind instru- ment, or with a steam whistle ; to blow a sharp, shrill tone; to sound shrill, or like a pipe.— v. t. To form, utter, or modulate by whistling ; to send, direct, sig- ssage oi oream uirougn tne compressed lips; h, as the organ of whistling. [AS. hwistUim 8, Dan. hvide, to whistle, hiss.]— Whis'tler, n. One who whistles. [AS. hwistlere.} nal, or call by a whistle. — n. A sharp, shrill sound, made by pressing the breath through a small orifice of the lips, or through an instrument which gives a similar sound ; the sound used by a sportsman in call- ing his dogs; the shrill note of a bird; the shrill sound made by wind passing among trees or through crev- ices ; shrill noise of steam or gas escaping through a small orifice or impinging against the edge of a brass cup; an instrument producing a sound like that made by the passage of breath through the compressed lips; the mouth, as the oi to whistle, hwis'ler, n. One who whistles. [AS. Whit, hwit, n. The smallest part or particle imagina- ble; a bit; jot,— used adverbially. [ME. wight, AS. wiht, a wight, person, whit, bit; s. rt. aught, naught : see Wight.] White, hwit, a. Having the color of pure snow ; re- flecting to the eye all the rays of the spectrum com- bined ; destitute of color, as in the cheeks ; pale ; pure; clean; free from spot or blemish; gray, as the effect of age ; having colorless hair; free from that which denies, disturbs, etc. ; innocent ; fortunate ; happy ; favorable. — n. The color of pure snow ; one of the natural colors of bodies, yet not strictly a color, but a composition of all the colors; something having the color of snow, or reflecting to the eve the rays of light unseparated ; the center of a mark at which an arrow or other missile is shot, — formerly painted white; one of the white race of men. — v. t. To make white, whiten, whitewash. [AS. hwit, Ic. hvitr, D. wit, Goth, hweits, OHG. hwiz. G. weiss, Skr. cveta, white, cvit, to be white, shine.] — White feather. A mark of cowardice.— W. friar. A men- dicant monk of the Carmelite Order, — so called from the white cloaks worn by members of the order; any monk dressed in white. — W. heat. The tem- perature at which bodies become incandescent, and appear white from the bright light which they emit. — W. lead. A carbonate of lead, used in paint- ing and for other purposes, ceruse. (Min.) A native Carbonate of lead.— W. lie. A comparatively ve- nial falsehood.— W. squall. (Naut.) A sudden gust of wind which comes up without being marked in its approach by the clouds, and is attended with white, broken water, on the surface of the sea.— W. sivelling. (Med.) A scrofulous or rheumatic swell- ing of the knee, or of the ankle, wrist, orelbow, with acute or chronic disease of the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone ; a lingering, chronic tumor, of almost any kind. — W. wine. Any wine of a clear, transparent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, Sherry, etc., — opp. to wine of a deep-red color, as Port.— Whites, hwltz, n. pi. {Med.) A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish mucus, from the vagina; leucorrhea; fluor albus. — Whifen, hwlfn, v. t. [-en ED (-nd), -ening.] To make white, bleach, blanch. — v. i. To grow white, turn or become white, or whiter. [iYIE. hwiten, to become white, ivhitenen, to make white.] — Whit'ener, n. One who bleaches or makes white. — White'ness, n. State or quality of being white ; paleness; freedom from stain or blemish; purity ; cleanness. — Whif- ish, a. Somewhat white ; white in a moderate degree. (Bot.) Having a color like white some- what soiled: covered with an opaque white powder. — Whit'ishness, n. — Whit'ing, n. (Ichth.) A sea- fish, allied to the cod, valued on account of its del- Whiting, icacy and lightness as an article of food. Ground chalk, careiully cleaned from all stony matter, used for polishing metal, etc. — White'wash, -wosh, n. A wash or liquid composition for whitening some- thing, making the skin fair, etc. ; a composition of lime and water, or of whiting, size, and water, used for whitening the plaster of walls, etc. — v. t. [whitewashed (-wosht), -washing.] To cover with a white liquid composition, as with lime and water, etc. ; to make white, give a fair external ap- pearance ; to clear (an insolvent or bankrupt) of debts he owes; to clear an accused person of charges brought against him, — esp. by suppression of facts. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, pve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; WHITHER 677 WHORL — White' washer, n,— White'-bait, n. A very small delicate fish of the herring kind.— -liv'ered, -e rd, a. Having a pale look; feeble; cow- ardly. meat, n. Food made of milk, butter, White-bait. cheese, eggs, etc. ; young or delicate flesh or food, as veal, poultry, rabbits, etc. ; breast, etc., of chick- ens and turkeys. — smith, n. One who works in tinned iron, or white iron ; a worker in iron who finishes or polishes the work, disting. from one who forges it. — weed, n. A plant of the genus Chry- santhemum; the ox-eye daisy, — so called from the color of its flowers. — Whit'leather, hwlt'lether, re. Leather dressed with alum, salt, etc., remark- able for its pliability and toughness; a broad, tough, white ligament on the neck of quadrupeds, which supports the weight of the head; paxwax. — Whit'- snn, a. Of, pert, to, or observed at Whitsuntide. — Whit'sunday, -sn-dr, -suntide, -sn-tld, n. (Eccl.) The 7th Sunday after Easter, a festival commemo- rative of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost, — so called, because, in the primitive church, those newly baptized appeared at church between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. Whither, hwitii / '5r, adv. To what place, — used in- terrogatively ; to what or which place, — relatively, to what; to what point or degree ; whereunto; where- to. [ Whither is now, to a great extent, obsolete, ex- cept in poetry, or in compositions of a grave char- acter: where has taken its place.] [AS. hwider, Goth. hwadre; s. rt. whether (q. v.), hither.} — Whith'er- soev'er, adv. To whatever place.— Whith'erward, adv. In what direction; toward what place. [ME. whiderivard.} Whiting, Whitleather, Whitsunday, etc. See White. Whitlow, hwitlo, re. {Med.) An inflammation of a finger or toe, terminating usually in suppuration ; a felon; paronychia. [Lit., quick-flaw, a flaw, or flak- ing off of skin about the quick of the nail ; ProvE. whickflaw, a whitlow (ivhick = quick, alive), Ic. kvi- ka, the quick of the nail or of a horse's hoof, and Sw. Wlaga, a crack, breach, Ic. flagrta, to flake off, slough.] hittle, hwiftl, re. A knife ; a pocket, sheath, or clasp-knife. — v. t. [whittled (-tld), -tling.] To pare or cut off the surface of with a small knife.— v. i. To cut or shape a piece of wood with a small knife. [ME. thivitel, a knife, AS. thwitan, to cut, pare.] Whittle, hwirtl, re. A grayish, coarse, double blank- et worn by west countrywomen, in Eng., over the shoulders. [AS. hwitel, Ic. hvitill, a blanket, fr. AS. hwit, Ic. hvvtr = E. white, q. v. : cf. E. blanket, fr. F. blanc, white.] Whiz, hwiz, v. i. [whizzed (hwizd), -zing.] To make a humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying through the air. — n. A hissing and humming sound^ [Onomat.; s. rt. wheeze, Ic. nvissa, to hiss.] Who, hoo, pron. [possess, whose ; object, whom.] A relative or interrogative pronoun, used always sub- stantively, and either as sing, or pi. ; what or which person or persons. [ Who and tvhom, as relative pro- nouns, are used of persons only, corresponding to which, as applied to things. Who, whose, and whom, as compound relatives, are also used of persons only, meaning the person that; the persons that; the one that.] [AS., nom. hwa, masc. and fern., hwset, neuter ; gen. hwses, all genders ; dat. hwdm, hwsem, all genders ; ace. hwone, masc. and fern., hwset, neiat. ; instrumental, hivi, hwti = E. why ; D. wie, Ic. hrer, G. wer, Goth, hwas, L. quis, Lithuan. and Skr. kas, who ; D. wat, Ic. hvat, G. was, Goth, hwa or hicata, L. qidd, Skr. kim, what, kam, whom ; s. rt. when, where, whether, which, whither, why, quiddity, quality, quantity.} — Whoev'er, pron. Whatever person ; any one without exception ; any person whatever. — Whom, hooin, pron. Objective of Who. — Whom'soev'er, pron. Obj. of Whosoever. — Whose, hooz, pron. Poss. of Who or Which. — Who'soev'er, pron. Whatever person ; any person whatever that. — Whose'soever, pron. Possess, of Whosoever. Whoa, hwo, interj. See Ho. Whole, hoi, a. Containing the total amount, number, etc.; not defective or imperfect; unimpaired; unin- jured ; possessing, or being in a state of, health and soundness ; all ; complete ; entire ; integral ; undi- vided ; unbroken ; sound ; well. — n. The entire thing; entire assemblage of parts; totality; a regular combination of parts; a system; amount; aggregate; fross. [ME. hot, hool, AS. hal, D. and Dan. Tied, Ic. eill, Goth, hails; s. rt. Gr. kalos. good, hale, Skr. kah ya, healthy, hale, E. hale, heal, holy.} — Whole blood. (Law of Descent.) Blood compounded wholly of the same ingredients ; blood derived from the same couple of ancestors. — W. Notes. (Mus.) The note which repre- sents a tone of \f~ longest dura- WVr- — ^S_ tion in com- CCY) mon use; a ~¥- Whole Notes. 8 e m i breve. Up o n the Considering all things, or the whole ; in view of all the circumstances or conditions. — Whole'ness, n. — Wholesale, -sal, n. Sale of goods by the piece or large quantity, as disting. from retail. — a. Buying and selling by the piece or quantity; of, or pert, to, the trade by the piece or quantity; in great quanti- ties ; extensive and indiscriminate. — By wholesale. In the mass; in large quantities without distinction or discrimination.— Whole'some, -surr. a. Tending to promote health; favoring health ; contributing to the health of the mind; favorable to moral6, religion or prosperity; salubrious; sound; salutary; useful; kindly. [Ic. heUsamr.} — Whole'somely, adv. — Whole'someness, n.— Wholly, -IT, adv. In a whole itirely ; completely ; j ly ; to the exclusion of other things; totally. or complete manner; entirely ; completely ; perfect- ly ; to the exclusion of other things; totally. Whom, Whomsoever. See under Who. Whoop, Hoop, hoop, n. A shout of pursuit or of war; a halloo ; a sonorous inspiration ; a hoot, as of an owl. — v. i. [whooped (hoopt), whooping.] To utter a loud cry of eagerness, enthusiasm, or enjoy- ment; to utter aloud, shrill, prolonged sound, cough with a sonorous inspiration ; to cry out, shout, hoot, as an owl. [ME. houpen, F. houper, to hoop, call to a distance, Goth, hwopjan, to boast; s. rt. hi bub.} — Whoop'ing- congh, -kawf , n. (Med.) A violent, convulsive cough, consisting of several expirations, fol- lowed by a sonorous in- spiration or whoop; chin - cough ; hooping- -crane, n. A crane having along , ^p~F /^ =B^= neck and bill, — named ^P J&"f==BBL fr. its note. — Whop'- per, n. Anything un- commonly large, ap- plied esp. to a mon- strous lie. Whop, hwop, v. t. To beat severely; to turn over suddenly. — n. A sudden fall, or the sud- denness of striking in a fall. [Same as Whap, q. v.] — Whop'per, n. Whore, hor, n. A woman Whooping-crane. who practices unlawful sexual commerce with men, esp. one who does it for hire ; harlot ; courtesan ; prostitute; strumpet; wench; concubine, —v. i. To have unlawful sexual commerce. [ME. hore, Ic. hora, fern, of hoiv, an adulterer, fr. hor, adulter;. D. hoer, OHG. huora, Goth, hors, adulterer, Slavon- ic kuruva, an adulteress ; prob. s. rt. L. earns, lov- ing, Skr. charu, beautiful, kan, to love, ka>na, love, desire, kamaga. a lascivious woman.] — Whorlsh, a. Resembling a whore in character or conduct ; incontinent; lewd; unchaste. — Whore'dom, -dum, n. Practice of unlawful commerce with the other sex ; fornication ; lewdness. (Script.) Idolatry.— Whore'master.n. A man who practices lewdness; a lecher; one who keeps or procures whores for others; a pimp; procurer. -Whore'monger, -mun- rer, n. A whoremaster; Tec her; a man who fre- quents the society of whores. Whorl, hwerl or hwfirl, re. (Hot.) An arrangement of a number of leaves, flowers, or other organs, around a stem, in the Whorls. (Bot.) i* ettn, cube, full ; moon- f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. WHORTLEBERRY 678 WILD same plane with each other. (Conch.) A wreath or turn of the spire of a univalve. [S. rt. AS. hweorfa, a spindle, hweorfan, to turn, E. whirl, wharf.] Whortleberry, hwSrfl-be'r'rf, n. (Bot.) A plant or shrub, and its small, round, edible berry; the huckle- berry. [AS. ww til, dim. of wyrt, a wart, q. v.] Whose, Whosoever, etc. See under Who. Whnr, hwer, v. i. To make a rough humming sound, like one who pronounces the letter r with too much force ; to snarl or growl, as a dog. — n. A humming sound like that of a body moving through the air with velocity ; whir. [Same as whir, q. v7] Why, hwi, adv. For what cause, reason, or purpose; on what account, — used interrogatively; for which rea- son or cause, on what account, for what, — relative- ly: the reason or cause for which, — used as a com- pound relative. [ Why is used sometimes emphati- cally, or as an expletive.] [Instr. case of who (AS. hwi, hwy), q. v. ; AS. for hwig = E. (for) why, Ic, Dan., and Sw. hvi, Goth, hve, why; s. rt. how.] Wick, wik, n. A loosely twisted or woven cord or nar- row fabric which by capillary attraction draws up a steady supply of oil, melted tallow, etc., to feed the flame of a lamp or candle. [AS. weoca, OD. wiecke, Dan. vsege,& wick, LG. weke, lint for a wound; s. rt. E. weak =AS. wac, fr. wican, to give way, OD. weeck, soft, LG. week, soft, weken, to soften, thaw, Dan. veg, pliant, vige, to yield, Norweg. vik, a skein of thread, also a bend, tr. vika, to bend, yield, E. weak, iiricker.] — Wick'ing, ». The material of which wicks are made. Wicked, wik'ed, a. Evil in principle or practice ; con- trary to the moral law; addicted to vice; iniquitous; sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; unrighteous; un- holy; irreligious; ungodly; profane; atrocious; ne- farious ; heinous ; flagrant ; profligate ; flagitious ; abandoned. [ME. wtkke, bad, evil, lit. witch-like, AS. wicca, a wizard, wicce, a witch, q. v.] — Wick'- edly, adv. — Wick'edness, n. State or quality of be- ing wicked; a wicked thing or act; sin; sinfulness; guilt; iniquity; immorality ; vice; baseness; villainy; irreligion; impiety; unholiness; ungodliness; atroci- ty; flagitiousness. Wicker, wik'er, a. Made of, or covered with, twigs or osiers. — n. A small twig or osier; a rod for making basket-work, etc. [ME. wycker, osier, AS. wican, to give way, bend (see Wick and Weak), OSw. wika, to bend, wickla, to wrap round, week, a fold, Sw. dial, vikker, the willow, fr. veka, to bend, soften, Sw. vika, to fold, double, plait; s. rt. Bavarian wick- el, tow on a distaff, in G., a roll, whence G. wickeln, to wind up, roll up, wrap up.] Wicket, wik'et, n. A small gate or door, esp. one forming part of a larger door or gate; a small frame- work of rods, used in playing cricket, orig. formed like a gate. [ME. and OF. wiket, also O. and NormF. viquet. Proven, guwquet, a small door, esp. within a larger one, Ic. vikja, AS. wikan, to give way (see Weak), OD. wicket, a wicket, fr. wicken, to wag; perh. s. rt. wink.] Wide, wid, a. Having a great extent every way; spa- cious; vast; having considerable distance or extent between the sides; not narrow; of a certain measure between the sides ; remote ; distant ; broad ; exten- sive; large; liberal; comprehensive. — adv. To a dis- tance; far; far from; widely. [AS. wid, Ic. vidhr, Sw. and Dan. vid, G. weit.] — Widely, -IT, adv. In a wide manner; to a wide degree; far; extensively; very much; to a great desrree.— Wid'en, wid'n, v. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To make wide or wider.— ?). t. To grow wide or wider; to enlarge. — Wide'ness, n. Quality or state of being wide; nreadth; width; large extent in all directions. —Width, n. Quality of l)eing wide; extent from side to side ; breadth; wideness. [Ic. vidd.] Wide'-a-wake', a. On the alert; ready; knowing; earnest — n. A broad- brimmed, low-crowned, felt hat. Widgeon, wij r un, n. A hand some migratory herbivorous aquatic bird, allied to the ducks. [F. vigeon, gin- geon, prob. fr. Dan. and Sw. vinge, a wing:, Norweg. vingla, to flut- ter, flap: see Wing.] Widow, wid'o.w. A wom- an who has lost her Widgeon. husband by death, and has not married again.— v.t. [widowed (-od), -owing.] To bereave of a husband; to deprive of one who is loved, make desolate or bare, bereave. [AS. widwe, OHG. wituwa, Goth, widuwo, widowo, L. vidua, a widow, fern, of viduus, bereft of (whence E. void, also Sp. vidua, F. veuve, a widow), also W. gweddw, Russ. vdova, Skr. vidhava, a widow, f r. vimlh, to lack.] — Wid'ower, -o-er, n. A man who has lost bis wife by death, and has not married again. [ME. widwer, G. wra'ttwer.] — Wid'owhood, w. State of being a widow; also, rarely, state of being a wid- ower. Width. See under Wide. Wield, weld, v. t. To use with full command or pow- er, as a thing not too heavy for the holder; to use or employ, control; to swing, sway, manage, handle. [AS. gewyldan, Ic. valda, to wield, AS. wealdan, OHG. waltan, Goth, waldan, Lithuan. waldyti, to govern, rule, Ic. valda, to wield ; s. rt. valid.) — Wield'er, n. One who wields or employs ; a man- Wife, wif, n. ; pi. Wives, wivz. A woman, adult fe- male,— used only in certain compounds and phrases ; the lawful consort of a man; a woman united to a man in wedlock. [AS. wif, D. wijf, a woman, wife, Ic. vif, Dan. viv G. weib=lE. woman, q. v.]— Wife'- hood, -h<56d, n. State and character of a wife. — Wife'ly, -IT, a. Becoming or like, pert, or suitable to, a wife. — Wive, wiv, v. i. [wived (wivd), wiv- ing.] To marry,— said of a man. — v. t. To match to, provide with, or take for, a wife; to wed (a wife). [AS. wifian.] Wig, wig, n. An artificial covering of hair for the head. [Abbr. of periwig, q. v., and see Peruque.] — Wigged, wigd, a. Wearing a wig. Wigan, wig'an, n. A canvas-like cotton fabric, used to stiffen and protect the lower part of pantaloons and of the skirts of ladies' dresses, etc. [Name of a manufacturing town in Eng.] Wiggle, wig'gl, v. t. or i. To move to and fro with a quick, jerking motion; to squirm, wriggle. [See Wriggle.] Wight, wit, n. A being; person, — used chiefly in irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. [AS. wiht, Ic. vsettr, a wight, D. wicht, a child, Dan. vsette, an elf, Goth, waihts, a whit, thing: same as whit; s. rt. AS. wegan, to move, carry, E. iveigh, wag.] Wigwam, wig'wom, n. An Indian cabin or hut of a conical shape, made o f bark or mats. [Algonquin or Massachusetts w e k , "his house," or "dwell- ing place ; " wekou-am-ut. " in nis (or their) house ; contr. by the Eng. to weekwam and wigwam.] Wild, wild, a. Living in a state of nature; not tamed or domesticated; growing or produced without cul- ture; native; desert; not inhabited; not refined by culture; ferocious; rude; not submitted to restraint, Wigwam, training, or regulation ; turbulent; violent; inordinate; fanciful; visionary; crazy; exposed to wind and sea; unsheltered; indi- cating strong emotion, intense excitement, or bewil- derment. — n. An uninhabited and uncultivated tract or region; a forest or sandy desert; wilderness. [AS., D., and G.; Ic. villr, for vildr, wild, astray, be- wildered, confused, Goth, wiltheis, wild, unculti- vated, prob. orig. actuated by will (= AS. willa): cf. W. gwyllt, wild, savage, gwyllys, the will, q.v.; s. rt. bewilder: see Will.] Wild is prefixed to the names of many plants, to distinguish them fr. such as are cultivated in gardens. — W. boar. An animal of the hog kind from which the domesti- cated swine isdescended. — W- cat. An a n i m a 1 of the cat fam- ily, stronger and fiercer than the do- mestic cat, destruc t i v e to small domestic animals. — W. goose chase. The Wild Cat. am. fame, far, Diss or opera, far** ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; WILE 679 WIND pursuit of something as unlikely to be caught as a wild goose. — To sow one's w. oats. To pass through a season of wild and thoughtless dissipation, as in youth. — Wild'ine, n. A wild crab-apple; a young tree growing without cultivation.— Wildly, adv. In a wild condition or manner; heedlessly: irration- ally; fiercely; irregularly; licentiously.— 'Wild' ness, n. — Wild'-fire, n. A composition of inflammable materials, which when inflamed is very hard to quench; Greek fire.— Wil'der, wYKder, v. t. [-df.red (-dSrd),-DEEiNG.] To cause to lose the way or track; to bewilder. — Wil'derness, n. A tract of land or re- gion uncultivated and uninhabited by human be- ings, whether a forest or a wide, barren plain ; a wild ; waste; desert; part of a garden, etc., where there is unchecked overgrowth or confusing superabun- dance. [ME. wtlderne, also vnldernesse, a desert, wild place, fr. AS. wilder, a wild animal, abbr. of ivild deor, lit. wild deer.] Wile, wll, n. A trick or stratagem practiced for in- snaring or deception. [AS. wit, wile, Ic. vel, vsel, an artifice, fraud, trick; perh. s. rt. Lithuan. wylus, de- ceit, wilti, to deceive : same as guile, whence beguile.'] — Wil'y, wiKT, a. [-iee; -iest.] Full of, etc.; cun- ning; artful; tricky; sly. — Wi'lily, -IT-IT, adv. In a wily manner; by stratagem. — Wi'liness, n. State or quality of being wily; guile. Wilful, Wilfully, etc. See Willful, Willfully, etc., under Will. Wilk, wilk, n. A species of mollusk. [See Whelk.1 Will, wil, n. The faculty or power of mind by which we decide to do or not to do; power of choosing; fac- ulty of preferring or selecting 1 of 2 or more objects; choice made ; volition ; choice or determination of one who has authority; a decree; command; strong wish or inclination ; that which is strongly desired. {Law.) The legal declaration of a person s mind, as to the manner in which he would nave his property or es- tate disposed of after his death; testament; devise. — v. t. [imp. willed (wYld) and would (wottd); p.p. willed; willing.] This verb has both an irregular and a regular form : 1. Irregular. (I will, thou wilt, he will ; imp. would ; p. p. wanting.) To wish, desire; as an auxiliary, used to denote futurity de- pendent on the subject of the verb: thus, in the 1st person, " I will" denotes willingness, consent, prom- ise, and when " will " is emphasized, it denotes de- termination or fixed purpose : in the 2d and 3d per- sons, the idea of simple future certainty is expressed : see Shall.— 2. Regular. (I will, thou wiliest, he wills; imp. & p. p. willed.) To determine by an act of choice, ordain, decree; to give or direct the disposal of by testament; to bequeath, devise. — v. i. To ex- ercise an act of volition; to be inclined or disposed; to desire, choose; to decide, determine, decree; to order or direct by testament. [AS. ivilla, D. wil, G. wille, Russ. volia, L. voluntas, will, desire, wish (n.), ME. and D. willen, G. wollen, AS. willan } Ic. and Sw. vilja, Dan. ville, L. velle, Gr. boulesthai, to will, wish, Skr. vri, to choose, select, prefer; s. rt. E. well, weal, wiM, voluntary, voluptuous, G. wahl, choice.] —Good will. Favor; kindness; right intention.— Ill w. Enmity; unfriendliness.— Will'ful, -ful, a. Gov- erned by the will without yielding to reason ; obsti- nate; perverse; inflexible; stubborn; refractory.— Will'fully, adv. — Wilfulness, n. — Willing, a. Free to do or grant; having the mind inclined; dis- posed; ready; fain; received of choice, or without reluctance; chosen; desired. — Willingly, adv. In a willing manner; with free will ; without reluctance; cheerfully. — Willingness, n. Willow, wiKlo, n. A tree or bush of many species, most of which have slender, pliant branches. (Cot- ton and Woolen Manuf.) A machine in which flax, wool, or cotton is opened and cleansed, — prob. so called fr. having been orig. a cylindrical cage made of willow rods, or perh. fr. winnow, as denoting the winnowing: or cleansing action of the machine; a willy; a willower. — v. t. To open and cleanse (cot- ton or wool) by means of a willow. [AS. welig, OD. and LG. wilge, also LG. wichel; s. rt. E. wicker, AS. wican, to give way, bend, G. welle, a wave, Goth. walwjan, to roll, Lithuan. welti, to full cloth, suwel- ti, to mat hair together, also AS. widhig = E. withy, q. v., E. wicker.] — To wear the willow. To lose, or be forsaken by, one's lover.— Weeping w. See under Weep. — Willowy, -lo-Y, a. Abounding with wil- lows; resembling a willow; pliant; flexible; pendent; drooping.— Willy, -It, n. ( Cotton and Woolen Man- uf.) A willow. [Prob. a corrupt, of willow.] Wilt. See Will. Wilt, wilt, v. i. To lose freshness and become as a plant when exposed to great heat or drought or when separated from its root; to droop, wither. — v. t. To make flaccid; to depress or destroy the vigof and energy of. [ME. welk, G. welken, to fade, with- er, fr. welk, AS. hwilc, lean.] Wily. See under Wile. Wimble, wim'bl, n. An instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle; a gimlet.— v. t. [wimbled (-bid), -bling.] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. [OF. guimbelet, F. gibelet, LG. wimpel = E. gimlet, D. vimmel, an auger, wemelen, to move to and fro, to bore.] Wimple, wim'pl, n. A covering of silk, linen, etc., laid in folds, for the neck, chin, and sides of the face, formerly worn by women, and still retained in the con- ventual dress of nuns. — v. t. [wimpled (-pld), -PLING.J To draw down, or to lay in folds or plaits, as a veil ; to cover as with a veil; to hoodwink ; to cause to appear as if laid in folds or plaits ; to make to ripple. — v. t. To ripple, undulate. [ME. wimpel, AS. winpel, a wimple, D. and G. wimple, Dan. and Sw. vimpel, a pen- Wimple. non, streamer, lit. that which binds around ; s. rt. wisp, gimp.] Win, win, v. t. [Won (wan, obs.) ; winning.] To gain by success m competition or contest ; to allure to kindness, bring to compliance; to gain over to one's side or party, render friendly or approving, get, obtain, procure, earn. — v.i. To gain the vic- tory, be successful. [ME. and D. winnen, AS. and OHG. winnan, to fight, labor, endure, Goth, ivinnan, to suffer ; s. rt. Skr. van, to ask, beg for, honor, L. venus, love, venerari, to honor, E. wean, ween, wound, q.Y.,wont, wish, venereal, venerate.] — Win'ner, n. — Win'ning, p. a. Attracting; adapted to gain fa- vor; charming. — n. Money, etc., won by success in competition, gambling, etc., usually in pi. — Win'- some, -sum, a. Cheerful; merry; gay; light-hearted. [AS. wynsum, fr. wyn, joy, fr. ivinnan.] Wince, wins, v. i. [winced (winst), wincing.] To shrink (from a blow, or from pain) ; to flinch, start back ; to kick or flounce when unsteady, or impa- tient of a rider. [OF. gvinchir, to wince, writhe, MHG. wenc/ien, to start aside, wince, wane, a start aside ; s. rt. ivinken, to nod, E. wink.] Winch, winch, n. A lever having a projecting han- dle at one end, and the other end fixed to an axle of a ma- chine ; a crank-han- dle; an axle turned by a crank-handle, for raising weights ; a windlass. [AS. wince, a crank, win- ? eel, a coiner, MHG. =d, n. State, character, or collective qualities of a woman ; women collec- tively. [ME. womanhede, AS. wifhad.] — Wom'an- ish, a. Suitable to a woman; having the qualities of a woman ; effeminate ; not becoming a man.— Wom'ankind, n. The female sex ; the race of fe- males of the human kind. Womb, woom, n. (Anat.) The uterus of a female. The place where anything is generated or produced; any cavity containing and enveloping anything. [AS. wamb, womb, OHG. wampa, Goth, wamba.] Wombat, wom'bat, n. A clumsy, burrowing, root-eat- ing Australian marsupiate mammal. [Australian wombach.] Women. See Woman. , Won- See Win. t" Wonder, wun'- d 5 r, n. T h e Wombat am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; in, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne, dr ; WON'T 683 WORK emotion excited by novelty, or the presentation to the sight or mind of something new, unusual, strange, great, extraordinary , and not well understood; sur- prise; astonishment; cause of wonder; that which ex- cites surprise; a prodigy ; miracle.— v. i. [wondered (-dSrd), -dering.] To be affected by surprise or ad- miration, be struck with astonishment, marvel ; to feel doubt and curiosity. [ME. and D. ; AS. ivujidor, G. wunder, lit. that from which one turns aside (through awe), AS. wandian, to turn aside from, to respect, revere.] — Won'derer, n. — Won'derful, -ful, a. Adapted to excite wonder or admiration; excit- ing surprise; marvelous; amazing: astonishing; sur- prising. — Won'derfully, adv. — Won'derment, n. Surprise; astonishment; wonder.— Won'drous.-drus, a. Such as may excite surprise and astonishment; wonderful; strange; prodigious; marvelous; admira- ble. —adv. In a wonderful or surprising degree; wondrously. [ME. wonders, loonderly, AS. wunder- lie (prop, an adj.).] — Won'drously, adv. Won't, wont. Contr. of will not, ME. woll not. Wont, wunt. a. Using or doing customarily; accus- tomed; habituated. — n. Custom; habit; use. — v. i. [imp. wont; p.p. wont or wonted; wonting.] To be accustomed or habituated; to be used. [Prop. p. p. of ME. women, AS. gewunian, to dwell, be accus- tomed to, ME. wone, AS. wuna, custom, use, AS. winnan, to strive after, OHG. giwon, accustomed to, giwona, usage.] — Wont 'ed, a. Accustomed; cus- tomary; used. Woo, woo, v. t. [wooed (wood), wooing.] To solicit in love, court; to invite with importunity.— v. i. To court, make love. [ME. wowen, AS. wogian, to woo, lit. to incline, f r. woh, Goth, waits, bent, Skr. vakra, L. varus, crooked.] — Woo'er, n. Wood, wo"6d, n. A large and thick collection of trees; a forest; the hard substance of trees; timber; trees cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. (Bot.) The material of succulent plants and parts of shrubs not hardened and ligneous, as well as of trees. — v. t. To supply with wood, or get supplies of wood for. — v. t. To take in, or supply with, wood. [ME. wode. AS. widu, wudu, Ic. via.hr, Dan. and Sw. ved, tree, wood.]— Wood'ed, a. Supplied or covered with trees or wood. — Wood'' en, wdod'n, a. Made, or con- sisting, of wood ; impassive ; clumsy ; awkward. — Wood'y, -*, a. Abounding with, consistingof, or containing wood or woody fiber; ligneous. — wood'- iness, n. — Wood'bine, -bin, n. A climbing plant having fragrant flowers; honeysuckle; eglantine. — Wood'chuck, n. A hybernatiug Amer. rodent mam- mal, a species of marmot, which burrows in the ground, and is troublesome in clover fields, etc. — Wood'-cock, n. A migratory game bird, allied to the snipe, and frequent- ing the thickest under- wood, esp. in the au- tumn.— Woodland, n. Land covered with wood, or land on which trees are suffered to grow either for fuel or timber. — Wood'man, n. ; pi. -men. In Eng., a forest officer, appoint- ed to take care of the king's wood. A sports- man; hunter; one who cuts down trees; a wood-cutter. — Wood'nymph, -nimf, n. A nymph inhabiting the woods; a fabled goddess of the woods; a dryad. — Wood'pecker, n. A scanso- rial bird of many species: it has a strong bill, and pecks holes in the wood or bark of trees in pursuit of insects. — Wood'- cr&ft. n. Skill and practice in shooting and other sports in the woods. — cut, n. An engraving on wood, or an impression from such an engraving. — rafter, n. One who cuts wood; one who makes wood-cuts; an engraver on wood. — freVter, n. An in- sect or worm that eats wood. — -house, n. A house or shed in which wood is deposited and sheltered from the weather. — -lark, n. A species of lark. — •pigeon, -pij'un, n. The ring- dove. Woodcock. Canadian Wood- pecker. •rev, n. The steward or overseer of a wood. — screw, n. A screw made of iron, and fur- nished with a sharp thread, for insertion in wood.— •ward, n. An officer of the forest, who guards the woods. work, n. That part of any structure which is wrought of wood. Wooer. See under Woo. Woof, woof, n. The threads that cross the warp in weaving; the weft; texture; cloth. [ME. oof, AS. owef, oweb, aweb, ab, the woof, fr. a or o, for on, and wef or web, web, fr. we/an, to weave; s. rt. abb.} Wool, w<561, n. That soft, curled, or crisped species of hair which grows on sheep and some other animals; short, thick nair, esp. when crisped or curled. [ME. and G. wolXe, AS. wull, wul, Ic. and Sw. ull, Goth. wulla, Lithuan. wilna, Skr. urna, wool, fr. vri, to cover; s. rt. L. villus, shaggy hair, vellus, a fleece: see Villi.] — Wool'en, a. Made of, consisting of, or pert, to, wool. — n. Cloth made of wool; woolen cloth. [AS. wyllen.] — Wool'en-dra'per, n. One who deals in woolen goods. — Wool'fell, n. A skin with the wool. — Woolly, -It, a. Consisting of, re- sembling, of the nature of, or clothed with, wool. (Bot.) Clothed with a pubescence resembling wool. — Wool'ineBS, n. — Wool'-comb'er , -kom'er, n. One whose occupation is to comb wool. — gatb/ering, n. Indulgence in idle exercise of the imagination; a foolish or useless pursuit ordesign; vagary. — grow'- er, n. One who raises sheep for the production of wool. — -pack, n. A pack or bag of wool weighing 240 pounds; anything bulky without weight. — sack! n. A sack or bag of wool; esp., the seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House of Lords, being a large, square bag of wool, without back or arms, covered with red cloth. — sta'pler, n. One who deals in wool; one who sorts wool according to its adaptation to different manufacturing purposes. Woold, woold, v. t. (Naut.) To wind; esp., to wind a rope round (a mast or yard, when made of 2 or more pieces, at the place where they have been fished or scarfed, to confine and support them). [D. woelen, to wind.] Wootz, woots, n. A species of steel fr. the E. Indies, valued as material of edge-tools; India steel. Word, wgrd, n. The spoken sign of a conception or idea; a single component part of human speech or language; a term; vocable; the written or printed character, or characters, expressing such a term; talk; discourse; oral expression; account; tidings; message; signal; order; command; statement; affir- mation; declaration; promise; verbal contention » dispute; a brief remark or observation; a phrase, clause, or short sentence; the Scriptures, considered as the revelation of God to man. — v. t. To express in words. [AS.; D. woord, G. wort, Goth, waurd, L. verbum, a word, Lithuan. war das, a name; s. rt. Gr. eirein, to speak, rhetor, a. speaker, E. rhetoric, verb,} —By word of mouth. Orally ; by actual speaking. — Good w. Commendation; favorable account. — In a w. Briefly; to sum up.— The Word. •„-,.„-, ( Theol.) The 2d person in the Triu- MfcA * T ity before his manifestation in time EMBER by the incarnation: by those who re- ABUSE I ject a Trinity of persons, some one or r> c c t w 1 all of the divine attributes personified. £ £ ® „ " —To eat one's words. To retract what 1 RE NT has been said. -Word for w. In the Word-square. exact words; verbatim; literally ; ex- * actly. — Wording, n. The act or manner of ex- pressing in words; style of expression.— Word'y, -I, a. [-iek;-iest.] Using many words; verbose; con- taining many words. — Word'iness, n. — Word'- book, n. A collection of words; a vocabulary; dic- tionary ; lexicon. — square, n. A series of words ar- ranged to be read vertically and horizontally with like results. Wore. See under Wear. Work, wSrk, v. i. [worked (werkt) or wrought (rawt), working.] To exert one's self for a pur- pose ; to labor, be engaged in the performance of * task, duty, etc. ; to operate, act, perform ; to be ef- fective, have effect or influence ; to carry on busi- ness, be customarily engaged or employed, toil; to be in a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; to move heavily, strain, labor ; to make one's way slowly and with difficulty ; to proceed with effort ; to ferment, as a liquid ; to act or operate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic— v. t. To labor or operate upon; to prepare for use, or utilize by la- bor ; to produce or form by labor ; to accomplish, effect ; to produce by slow degrees, or as if labori- ously ; to influence by acting upon ; to manage, sun, cube, full ; moon, f alent qualities or value; equal in excellence, value, or dignity to; entitled to; deserving; meritorious; vir- tuous; estimable; suitable. — n. A man of eminent worth or value; a person of conspicuous desert. — Wor'thily, -tht-lY, adv. In a worthy manner ; de- servedly; justly; suitably; becomingly. — Wor'thi- ness, n. — Wor'ship, wer'ship, n. Ong., honor; re- spect; a title of honor, used in addresses to certain magistrates, etc.; religious reverence and homage; adoration paid to God, or to a being viewed as God; act of performing devotional services and re- ligious exercises in honor of God or of some person or thing in the place of God; idolatry of lovers; ado- ration ; devotion; veneration, — v. t. [worshiped (-shipt), -shiping.] To respect, honor, revere, rev- erence; to pay divine honors to, adore, perform re- ligious exercises in honor of; to honor with extrav- agant love and extreme submission, as a lover; to idolize, —v. i. To perform acts of adoration, or re- ligious service. [For worthship, ME. ivortlisipe, later worschip, AS. weordhscipe, honor, fr. iveordh, honor- able; ME. worthschipen, to honor, worship.] — Wor'- shiper, n. — Wor'shipful, -ful, a. Entitled to wor- ship, reverence, or high respect; worthy of honor. — Wor'shipfully, adv. Wot. wot, v. i. To know, be aware. [See Wit.] Would. See Will. Wound, woond or wownd, n. A cut, stab, or other violent rupture of the skin and flesh of an animal or the substance of a plant; injury; hurt; damage; detriment. — v. t. To hurt by violence, injure, dam- »e; to hurt the feelings of. [AS. wvnd, D. wond, »an. vunde, G. wunde, a wound, AS. winnan, Ic. vin- na, to strive, fight, suffer ; 8. rt. Skr. uan, to hurt, kill, ask, desirej E. unn, q. v.] Wound, wownd, imp. & p. p. of Wind, q. v. Wove. Woven. See Weave. Wr»ck, rak, n. A marine plant of several species, esp. when cast on shore and used for manure or for making kelp; a thin, flying cloud; rack; shipwreck; ruin. [Same as rack, wreak, and wreck ; F. varech, sea-weed, also pieces of a wrecked ship, cast up on shore, ME. wrak, a wreck, AS. wrssc, exile, misery, wrecan, to drive, expel, cast forth, also to punish = E. to wreak, D. wrak, a wreck, also (adj.) cracked, broken, Ic. rek, reki, anything driven ashore, fr. reka, to drive, Sw. i-rak, wreck, refuse, trash.] — Wreak, rek, v. t. [wreaked (rekt). wreaking.] To execute in vengeance or passion; to inflict; to hurl or drive. [AS. wrecan (see above), D. wreken, to avenge, Ic. reka, to drive, also to thrust, repel, take vengeance, OHG. rechan, Goth, wrikan, to wreak anger on, persecute ; s. rt. Lithuan. wargas, afflic- tion, L. urgere, to press, urge on, Gr. eirgein, to re- pel, Skr. vrij, to exclude, orig. to bend.] — Wreck, rek, n. Destruction; ruin: desolation; the destruc- tion or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or on rocks, or by being disabled or sunk by the force of winds or waves; the ruins of a ship stranded or otherwise rendered useless by violence and fracture; the remains of anything ruined. (Lavj.) Goods, etc., cast upon the land by the sea, after a ship- wreck.— V. t. [WRECKED (rekt), WRECKING.] TO destroy, disable, or seriously damage (a vessel) by driving against the shore or on rocks, by causing to founder, etc ; to bring wreck or ruin upon, destroy. [AS. wrsFC, expulsion, banishment, fr. wrecan : see under Wrack, above, D. wrak, Ic. rek, Sw. vrak, wreck.] — Wreck'age, -ej, n. Act of wrecking; that which has been wrecked. — Wreck' er, n. One who causes a wreck, as by false lights, for purposes of plunder ; one who searches for the cargoes of wrecked vessels, for plunder, or to save property for owners or underwriters; a vessel employed by wreckers. — Wreck'-mas'ter. n. A person appointed by law to take charge of eroods, etc., "thrown on shore after a shipwreck. — Wretch, rech, n. A miserable person; one profoundly unhupny; one sunk in vice or degradation; a base, despicable person : villain; profligate; scoundrel; rascal. [AS. wrecca, an out- cast, fr. wrecan: see under Wrack, above.] — Wretch'ed. a. Very miserable; sunk in deep afflic- tion or distress, from want, anxiety, or grief; ca- lamitous; worthless: paltry; very poor or mean.— Wretch'edly, adi\ In a wretched manner; miser- ably; unhappily; meanly; despicably. — Wretcb/- edness, n. Wraith, rath, n. An apparition of a person in his ex- act likeness, seen before death, or a little after; a specter; vision; unreal image. [Ic. rordhr, a ward- en, guardian, fr. vardha = E. ward, to guard.] Wrangle, ran'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To dis- pute angrily, quarrel peevishly and noisily, brawl, altercate. — n. An angry dis-pute ; noisy quarrel ; bickering; jar; jangle; contest; controversy; squab- ble. [ME. wranglen, also wraxlen, to wrestle, freq. of wring, AS. wringun, to press, strain: see \V king/) — Wran'gler, n. — Senior vrrangler. ( Cambridge Univ. Eng.) The student who passes the best exam- ination in mathematics in the senate-house. Wrap, rap, v. t. [wrapped (rapt), wrapping.] To wind or fold together; to cover by winding or fold- ing, envelop completely, infold; to conceal by envel- oping or infolding, hide, involve as an effect or con- sequence. [ME. wrapjien, wlappen — E. la/>, to fold, ProvE. warj>, to fold : see Warp.] — Wrap'per, n. One who, or that which, wraps; that in which any- thing is wrapped or inclosed ; envelope ; covering ; esp., a loose outer garment. — Wrap'rascal, n. A coarse upper coat. Wrasse, ras, n. A prickly-spined, hard-boned fish of Red or Three-spotted Wrasse. several species, with vivid colors and thick lips, found in the Mediterranean and on the Eng. coasts. [W. gwrachy, wrach.~\ Wrath, rath, n. Violent anger; vehement exaspera- tion; indignation; rage; fury; ire; the effects of an- ger ; the just punishment of an offense or crime. [ME. wratthe, Ic. reidhi, fr. AS. wradh, Ic. reidhr = E. wroth, q. v.] — Wrath'ful, -ful, a. Full of wrath; very angry ; greatly incensed ;' springing from, or expressing, wrath ; furious ; ireful ; rasring ; indig- nant: resentful; passionate. — Wrath'fully, adv. — Wrath'less, a. Free from anger. — Wratlry, -T, a. Very angry. Wreak. See under Wrack. Wreath, reth, n. ; pi. Wreaths, rerhz. Something twisted or curled: agarland: chaplet; esp., one giv- en to a victor. [AS. wrsedh, f r. wridhan, to twist = £. writhe, q. v.] —Wreathe, reth, v. t. [wreathed (rethd), wreathing.] To twist, convolve, wind one about another, entwine; to surround with anything twisted or convolved; to enci.cle, infold; to'twine or twist about, encircle. — v. i. To be interwoven or entwined.— Wreath'y, reth'I, a. Twisted; curled; spiral. Wreck, Wreckage, etc. See under Wrack. Wren, ren, n. A small insessorial bird, of several species, which feeds on insects, etc., and is often very famil- iar with man. [AS. wrenna, lit. the las- civious bird, fr. wrsene, lascivious, Dan. rrinsk, proud. Sw. vrensk, not cas- trated (said of horses, OHG. ranno, a stallion, Ic. hrina, _ to squeal (said of ' cocks, dogs, swine, h o r 8 e s, etc., in heat).] Wrench, rench, v. t. I [wrenched Wren, (rencht), wrench- ing.] To wrest, twist, or force by violence; to strain, sprain, distort. — n. A violent twist, or a pull with twisting: a sprain: an in- z -- v strument for exerting a ~] J ^gg^ twisting strain, as in turn- w 5 '" ing bolts, nuts, screw-taps, Wrenrn etc. [AS. ivrence,G. rank, vvrencn. trick, deceit, fraud, MHG. renken, G. verrenken, to wrench; s. rt. wring, wrong.'] Wrest, rest, v. t. To turn, twist; esp., to twist or ex- tort by violence ; to pull or force away by violen'. wringing or twisting; to turn from truth, or twi#S from its natural meaning by violence; to wring, per- vert, distort. — n. Violent pulling and twisting; dir tortion. [AS. wrsestan, Ic. reista, Dan. vriste, Ur sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, eet. WRETCH 686 XANTHIO wrest-, s. rt. wreath, writhe, wrist.]— Wrest'er, n. — WreB'tle, res'l, v. i. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To Contend, as 2 persons, by grappling together, and each striving to throw the other down ; to struggle, strive, contend — n. A struggle between 2 to see which will throw the other down; a struggle. [ME. tarestlen, AS. wrssstlian, f req. of wresC] — Wres'- tler n. Wretch, Wretched, etc. See under Wrack. Wriggle, rig'gl, v. i. [wriggled (-gld), -gling.] To move the body to and fro with short writhing mo- tions, like a worm; to squirm. — v. t. To put into a quick, reciprocating motion; to introduce by twist- ing and squirming. [ME. wrikken, D. wriggelen, LG. wrikken, to wriggle, twist; s. rt. AS. wrigian, to impel, whence E. wry, q. v., Skr. vrij, to bend, E. rickets, q. v. under Rachitis.] — Wrig'gler, n. Wright, rit, n. One whose occupation is some kind of mechanical business; an artificer; workman, — chiefly used in compounds. [AS. wyrhta, a work- man, maker, wyrht, a deed, work, fr. wyrcan, OHG. ■wurchan, = E. to work, q. v.] Wring, ring, v. t. [wrung, wringing.] To twist and compress, pinch, turn and strain with violence; to pain, distress, torment; to pervert; to extract or ob- tain by twisting and compressing; to extort. (Naut.) To bend or strain out of its position. [ME., D., and LG. wringen, AS. wringan, to press, compress, strain, G. ringen, to wring, wrest, wrestle ; s. rt. wrench, wrangle, wrong, wreak, wrack, wreck, wretch, wrin- kle, wriggle, wry.] — Wring'-bolt, n. A bolt used by shipwrights to bend and secure the planks against the timbers till they are fastened by bolts, spikes, and tree-nails. — Wring'er, re. One who, or that which, wrings ; an extortioner ; an instrument for forcing water out of anything, esp. from clothes after they have been washed. Wrinkle, rinkl, n. A small ridge, prominence, or furrow, formed by the shrinking or contraction of any smooth substance ; a crease ; roughness ; un- evenness. — v. t. [wrinkled (-Id), -ling.] To con- tract into furrows and prominences ; to corrugate ; to make rough or uneven — v. i. To shrink into fur- rows and ridges. [OD. wrinckel, a wrinkle, wrincke- len, to wrinkle, crisp, wringen, to wreath, writhe, twist, Dan. rynke, a wrinkle, pucker, fold, also to wrinkle ; s. rt. wring.] — Wrinkly, -IT, a. Full of wrinkles; liable to be wrinkled; corrugated. Wrinkle, rink'l, n. A notion or fancy ; a whim. [ProvE., a small trick, little stratagem, dim. of AS. wrence, a trick: see Wrench.] Wrist, risi, n. (Anat.) The joint by which the hand is united to the arm. [AS., fr. wridhan = E. to writhe (q. v.), twist; s. rt. wrest.] — Wrist'band, re. That part of a shirt sleeve which covers the wrist. Write, rit, v. t. [imp. wrote (rot) ; p. p. writ (obs.) or written; writing.] To set down (legible char- acters) ; to inscribe on any material by a suitable instrument ; to express in legible or intelligible characters, inscribe ; to set down in an epistle, com- municate by letter ; to compose or produce, as an author ; to impress durably ; to make known by writing, record, copy, transcribe, compose, recite.— v. i. To form characters, letters, or figures, as repre- sentatives of sounds or ideas ; to be regularly em- ployed or occupied in writing, copying, or account- ing; to frame or combine ideas and express them in words ; to recite or relate in books, compose. [AS. writan (imp. wrat, p. p. writen), to write, inscribe, orig. to score, engrave, in OS., to cut, injure, also to write, lc. rita, to scratch, cut, write, Goth, writs, a stroke of a pen; s. rt. Skr. vardh, to cut.! — Writ'er, re. One who writes, or has written ; a scribe; clerk; an author. [AS. writer e.] —Writing, n. Act or art of forming letters and characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material ; anything written or expressed in letters ; as, a legal instrument, a pam- phlet, book, inscription.— Wrifing-mas'ter, rc. One who teaches the art of penmanship. — -jpa'per, re. Paper finished with a smooth surface, sized, and fitted for writing upon. — Writ, writ, n. That which is written ; writing, — applied esp. to the Scriptures; Bible. (Law.) An instrument in writing, under seal, in an epistolary form, issued from the proper author- ity, commanding the performance or non-perform- ance of some actby the person to whom it is directed. [AS. writ, gewrit, a writing.] Writhe, rith, v. t. [imp. & p. p. writhed (writhen, obs. or poet.), writhing.] To twist with violence, distort, wring; to wrest, pervert. — v. i. To twist the body about, be distorted, as in pain. [AS. wridhan, to twist, wind about, lc. ridha, Sw. vrida, to ring, twist, turn, wrest; s. rt. wrath, wroth, wreath, wrist, wrest, verse, worth, v. i., q. v.] Wrong, rong, a. Not fit or suitable to an end or ob- ject; not appropriate for use; not according to rule, standard, requirement, or intent; not correct; not suitable to the highest and best end; not morally right; not according to truth; unjust; faulty; detri- mental; erroneous; unfit; improper; mistaken. — re. That which is not right ; whatever deviates from moral rectitude; any injury done to another; a tres- pass; iniquity; perversity; injustice; injury. — adv. Not rightly; amiss; morally ill; erroneously. — v. t. [wronged (rongd), wronging.] To treat with in- justice; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice from; to injure; to impute evil to un- justly. [AS. wrong, lit. perverted, wrung aside, orig. imp. of wringan = E. to wring, q. v.; cf. L. tortus, wrong, fr. torquere, to twist.] — Wrong'-do'er, re. One who injures another, or does wrong. — Wrong'- er, n. One who wrongs or injures another.— Wrong'- ful, -ful,o. Full of wrong; injurious; unjust; unfair. — Wrong'fully, adv. — Wrong'headed, a. Wrong in opinion or principle; having a perverse understand- ing ; perverse. — Wrongly, adv. — Wrong'ness, n. Wrote. See Write. Wroth, rawth, a. Full of wrath ; angry ; incensed. [AS. wradh, wroth, angry, orig. wry, f r. wridhan =» E. to writhe, q. v., D. wreed, cruel : see Wrath.] Wrought. See Work. Wrung. See Wring. Wry, ri, a. Turned to one side ; t wisted ; distorted t deviating from the right direction. [ME. wrien, to twist, bend, AS. wrigian, to drive, tend, bend tow- ards; s. rt. Goth, wraikws, crooked, Skr. vrij, L. ver* gere, to bend, E. awry.] — Wry face. A distortion of the countenance indicating impatience, disgust, or discomfort ; a grimace.— Wry^neck, n. A twisted or distorted neck. (Ornith.) A small bird of the east- ern continent, allied to the woodpecker, — so called from the manner in which, when surprised, it turns its head over its shoulder. Wych'-elm, n. (Bot.) A variety of the elm, a native of Great Britain ; witch-elm, q. v. Wye, wi, n.; pi. Wyes, wiz. One of the 2 forked pieces or bearings resembling the letter Y in shape, in the opening or notch of which rest the ends of the axis supporting the telescope in a theodolite or level, the pivots in a transit instrument, etc. [Written also Tt pi. Y's.] Wyvera. See W iveb. 2, eks, the 24th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is bor- rowed, as to form, from the Greek X : at the end of words, it has the sound of ks, as in wax : in the mid- dle, the sound of ks, or sometimes of gz, as in exam- ple: at the beginning of a word, it has the sound of z. Xanthic, zanfhik, a. Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, green excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, as scarlet, orange, etc. (Chem.) Of, or pert, to, an oxide, called also urn oxide, obtained fr. a rare variety of urinary calculus, and from similar concretions ; also to a certain heavy, oily, fluid acid. ~F. xanthique, f r. Gr. xanthos, yel- low.] — Xan'thino, -thin, n. (Chem.) The yellow, insoluble coloring matter contained in certain plants and the petals of certain flowers. [F.]— Xan'thite, -thit,re. (Min.) A mineral occurring in rounded grains and foliated masses, of a yellow color, and translu* Xm< fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone. Or : XEBEC 687 YARE cent. — Xan'tho, n. A small short-tailed crus- tacean, of many spe- cies, found in most seas. [NL.] — Xan'- thophyll, -tho-ril, n. (Chem.) Yellow color- ing matter contained in the leaves of trees in autumn. [Gr. phullon, leaf.] — Xan'thorthite, -thor-thlt, n. (Min.) A mineral of a yellow- ish color, containing much water. Xebec, ze'bek, n. A -*-„„«,„ small, 3-masted vessel, Xantho flondus. used in the Mediterranean Sea : it carries 2 large, square sails, or, when close hauled, large lateen sails. [Sp. xabeque, jabeque, Pg. xabeco, fr. Turk, sumbaki, a kind of Asiatic ship, Ar. sumbuk, a small ship.] Xenotime, zen'o-tim, n. A native phosphate of yttria, having a yellowish-brown color. [G. xenoiim, fr. Gr. xenottmos, honoring guests, fr. xenos, guest, stranger, and rime, honor.] Xerasia, ze-ra'zhi-a, n. (Med.) A disease of the hair, in which it becomes dry, ceases to grow, and resembles down covered with dust. [Gr., dryness, fr. xeros, dry.] — Xe'rocoUyr'iuin, -kol-lTr'I- Xebec. (Med.) A dry collyrium or eye-salvy. [L.; Gr. a»- rokollurion, fr. xeros and kollurion, c\ e-salve.] — Xe- ro'des, -dez, n. (Med.) Any tumor attended with dryness. [Gr., dryish.] — Xeromy'rum, n. A dry ointment. (NL.; Gr. jnuron, ointment.] — Xeroph - JMjy, -rof'a-jl, n. The eating of dry meats, — a sort of fast among the primitive Christians. [L. and Gr. xero/ihagia ; Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Xeroph 'thalmy, -rof'thal-mY, n. (Med.) A drv, red soreness or itch- ing of the eyes, without swelling or a discharge of humors. [L. and Gr. xerophthalmia: see Ophthal- mia, under Optic.]— Xero'tes, -tez, n. (Med.) A dry habit or disposition of body. [Gr., dryness.] Xiphoid, zifoid, a. (Anat.) Resembling a sword; ensif orm. [F. xiphdide, Gr. xiphoeides, sword-shaped, fr. xiphos, a sword, and eidos, form.] — Xiphoid car- tilage. Acartilage at the lower end of the sternum. Xray. The Rontgen ray, q. v.; — so called bv its dis- coverer because of its enigmatical character, r being an algebraic symbol for an unknown quantity. Xylite, zi'llt, n. (Min.) A mineral of a brown color, consisting chiefly of silica, sesquioxide of iron, lime, magnesia, and water. (Chem.) A volatile, inflam- mable liquid which exists in crude or impure pyro- ligneous acid. [Gr. xulon, wood, and lithos, stone.] — Xy'lograph, -lo-graf , n. An engraving on wood, or the impression from such an engraving. [Gr. grajihein, to write.] — Xylog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. One who practices xylography. — Xylograpb/ic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Pert, to wood-engraving. — Xylog''- raphy, -ft, n. Act or art of cutting figures in wood, in representation of natural objects. — Xylene, -len, -lole, -lol, n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, homologous with benzine, prepared from coal naptha.— Xylopb/- agous, -a-gus, a. Eating or feeding on wood. [Gr. xxdophagos.] Xyster, zis'ter, n. A surgeon's instrument for scrap- ing bones. [Gr., fr. xuein, to scrape.] Y, wi, the 25th letter of the Eng. alphabet, derives its form from the Greek Y : at the beginning of words or syllables, when followed by a vowel, except when used as a prefix, it is a consonant element: in other situations it is a vowel, having the same sounds as t. \Y is used by ancient writers, esp. Spenser, as a pre- fix of the past participle, used or omitted at will, and is sometimes employed by modern writers in bur- lesque, or in imitation of the antique, —as y-clad, clad, clothed; y-clej)ed, called; y-fed, fed, refreshed.] T, wi, n. ,• pi. Y's, wlz. Anything having the shape of Y, esp. one of the forked pieces which support the pivots of a transit instrument, of the telescope of a theodolite, etc.; a wye, — so called from its form. (Railroads.) A portion of track consisting of 2 con- verging tracks connected by a cross-track. Yacht, yot, n. (Naut.) A light sea-going vessel used for pleasure trips, racing, etc. [D. jagt, fr. jagt, jacht, a chase, hunting, fr. jagen, to chase, hunt ; prob. s. rt. G. jaehe, OHG. gahi, quick, G. gehen, to go.] — Yacht'ing, n. Sailing on pleasure excursions in a yacht. —Yager, yaw'ger, n. (Mil.) One belonging to a body of German light infantry armed w r ith rifles. [G. jaeger, a hunter.] Yam, yam, n. A large, esculent tuber or root of sev- eral species of tropical climbing plants, allied to and often confounded with the sweet potato. [Pg. inhame, Malay ubi.~\ Yankee, yank^e, n. A citizen of N. England, or of the Northern States, — applied by foreigners to all inhabitants of the XJ. S. [Pern, a corrupt pronun- ciation of the word English, or of the French word Anglais, by the native Indians of Amer. ; perh. fr. Scot, yankie, a clever, forward woman, yanker, an incessant talker, yank, a sudden blow, yack, to talk precipitately and' indistinctly ; perh. s. rt. LG. jak- kern, to keep walking about, E. yacht, yager.] Yap, yap, v. i. To bark, yeln. — n. A cry of a dog. [Same as yaulp, etc.; Ic." gjalpa, to yelp (q. v.), F. japper, to bark.] Yard, yard, n. A measure of length, 3 feet, or 36 inches, being the standard of Eng. and Amer. meas- ure; a rod 3 feet long; a yardstick; the male member or organ; penis. (Naut.) A long, slender piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended crosswise upon the mast, by which a sail is extended : see Ship. [ME. yerde, a stick, also the measure, AS. gyrd, gierd, D. garde, G. gerte, a stick, switch, OHG. ga'rt, Ic- gad'lr, AS. gad, Goth, gazds = E. goad, god, q. v.] — Yard'-arm, n. (Naut.) Either half of a ship's yard, from the center or mast to the end. [Ships are said to be yard-arm and yard-arm when so near as to touch or interlock their yards.] stick, -wand, n. A stick 3 feet in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc. Yard, yard, n. A small, inclosed place in front of or around a house or barn. [AS. geard, D. and Dan. gaard, G. garten, L. hortus, Gr. chortos, a court-yard, inclosure; s. rt. orchard, garden, gird, horticidture, surgeon, cohort, court, curtain.] Yare. yar, a. Ready; dexterous; eager; lively; quick. [AS. gearu, ready, prompt, MHG. gar, prepared, ready, G. gar, wholly, s. rt. gear, q. v., garb, yarrow.] sun, cube, full : moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. YARN 688 YEOMAN Sara, yarn, n. A continuous strand of wool, cotton, flax, or other fiber, lor use in weaving, knitting, thread and cordage making, etc. (Rope-making.) One of the strands of which a rope is composed. A story spun out by a sailor for the amusement of his com- panions. [AS. gearn, lc., Dan., Sw., and G. garn; s. rt. Gr. chorde = E. cord, q. v., also yard, court, etc.] Yarrow, yar'ro, n. A composite plant, having a strong odor and pungent taste; milfoil. [AS. gseruw, lit. a healer, fr. gearwian, to prepare, gerwan, to dress, fr. gearo, ready, pare, q. v.] Yataghan, yat'a-gan, n. A long double-curved Turk- ish dagger or saber, without a cross-guard; ataghan. [Turk, yatagan.] Yaulp, yawlp, Yaup, yawp, v. i. To cry out like a child ; to yelp. — n. A cry of distress, rage, etc. [Same as yap and yelp, q. v.] Yaw, yaw. v. i. [yawed (yawd), yawing.] To rise in blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane-juice in the sugar-works. Yaw, yaw, v. i. (Naut.) To steer wild, or out of the line of her course, as a ship. — n. A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course. [Bavarian gagen, to move unsteadily, Norweg. and Ic. gag, bent backward.] Yawl, yawl, n. A small ship's boat, usually rowed by 4 or 6 oars. [D. jol, Dan. jolle, whence E. jolly- boat.'] Yawn, yawn, v. i. [yawned (yawnd), yawn- ing.] To open the mouth in- voluntarily through drowsi- ness, dullness, or fatigue ; to gape; to gape or open wide as if to allow the en- trance or exit of Yawl. anything; to be eager ; to desire to swallow anything. — n. A deep and involuntary inspiration, with a pretty wide open- ing of the mouth, followed by a prolonged and more or less sonorous expiration ; a gaping ; an opening wide; agape. [AS. ganian, lc. gina, OHG. geinon, L. Mare, Gr. chainein, to yawn, chaos, a yawning gulf; 6. rt. chaos, chasm, hiatus.] Yaws, yawz, n. (Med.) A disease of the Antilles and of Africa, characterized by contagious tumors which, in shape and appearance, resemble strawberries or raspberries. [African yaw, a raspberry.] Ycleped, I-klepf, p. p. Called; named. [See un- der Y.] Ye, ye, pron. The nominative pL of the 2d person, — sometimes inaccurately used as the objective, now used only in sacred or solemn style. [ME. ; AS. ge (nom.), eower (gen.), eow (dat. and ace), D. gv.lc. er, ier, G. ihr, Goth, jus, ye; D. u, lc. ydhar, Goth, izwara, your; s. rt. Lithuan. jus, Gr. humeis, Skr. yuyam, ye.] — You, yoo, pron. [possess, youe (yoor) or yours, dbj. you.] The pronoun of the 2d person, in the nominative or objective case, indi- cating the person or persons addressed. [You is properly the pi. of the 2d personal pronoun, but is in ordinary discourse used in addressing a single person, yet always properly combined with a plHral verb: you and your are sometimes used indefinitely instead of one, any, a, etc.; of the two forms of the possessive, your and yours, the first is used when attributive and followed by the noun to which it belongs; the second when attributive, but having the noun understood.] [D. u, Dan. and Sw. i.] — Your, yoor, possessive pron. Belonging, pert., or relating to, you ; of you, — possessive of you. — Yourselr, pron.: pi. -selves, -selvz'. Your own person or self, — used as the object, direct or indirect, of a reflexive verb, in the second person. Yea, ya, adv. Yes; ay. [Yea sometimes introduces a subject, with the sense of indeed, verily, truly, it is so: it is also used substantively to denote an af- firmative vote, or the one who cast such a vote; as, the yeas have it.] [AS. gea, D., Dan., Sw., G., Ic, and Goth, ja, yea; Goth, jah, OS. gia, ja, AS. ge, also, and ; s. rt. yes.] Yean, yen, v. t. & i. [yeaned (yend), yeaning.] To bring forth young, as a goat or sheep; to ean. [AS. eanian, also ge-eanian, prob. fr. eacen, pregnant; s. rt. Ic. auka, Goth, aukan, to increase, E. to afccj — Yean'ling, n. The young of sheep; a lamb. Year, yer, n. Time of the apparent revolution of the sun through the ecliptic; period occupied by the earth in making its revolution around the sun; also, a period more or less nearly agreeing with this, adopted by various nations as a measure of time : in common usage, the year consists of 865 days, and every fourth year of 366; time in which any planet completes a revolution about the sun. pi. Age, or old age. [AS. gear, ger, D. jaar, Ic. and Sw. ar, OHG. jar ; s. rt. Gr. horos, a season, year, hora, a season, an hour, Skr. yatu, time, prob. E. hour, q. v.] — Year'ling, n. A young animal one year old. — Happening, ac- Etl ; lasting a. Being a year old. — Yearly, a. cruing, or coming every year ; annual ; lasting a year ; accomplished in a year. — adv. Annually t once a year; from year to year. — Year'-book, n. A reference book of facts and statistics published yearly. (Eng. Law.) A book containing annual re- ports of cases adjudged in the courts of England. Yearn, yern, v. i. [yearned (ygrnd), yearning.] To be filled with longing desire or with emotions of affection or tenderness; to long, be eager. [AS. gyf nan, fr. georn, Ic. gjarn, eager, Goth, gairns, desir- ous, OHG. geron, keron, Skr. hary, to desire; s. rt. Gr. chairein, to rejoice, chara, joy, cliaris, L. gratia — E. grace.] Yeast, vest, n. The foam or froth or sediment of beer or other liquor in fermentation, containing a minute fungus, or yeast-plant, the multiplication of which produces fermentation in any saccharine or farina- ceous liquid or moist substance to which the yeast is added ; a preparation used for raising dough ; barm. [AS. gist, Ic. and Sw. jast, WKG.jest, yeast; s. rt. MHG. jesen, gesen, to ferment, Gr. zeein, to boil, seethe.] — Yeast 'y, -T, a. Frothy ; foamy j spumy, like yeast. Yelk, yelk, n. The yellow part of an egg. [Same m Yolk, q. v.] Yell, yel, v. i. [yelled (yeld), yelling.] To cry out or scream as with agony or horror. — v. t. To utter or declare with a yell. — n. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. [AS. gellan, gyllan, D. gitten, Ic. gella; s. rt. Ic. gala, AS. and OfiG. galan, to sing, E. nightin- gale, q. v., under Night.] Yellow, yel'lo, a. Being of a bright saffron-like colori of the color of gold or brass or of the pigment called chrome yellow. — w. A bright golden color; one of the simple or primitive colors: see Light. [AS. geolo, D. geel, G. gelb ; s. rt. Gr. chloe, the young verdure of trees, E. green, gall, gold.] — Yellow-bird. A small seed-eating bird of the finch family, with bright-yel- low (male) or olive-green (female) plumage, com- mon in the U. S.— Y. fever. (Med.) A malignant febrile disease of warm climates, often attended with yellowness of the skin. — Y. hammer. A European singing bird, called also yellow -bun- ting : its principal colors are shades of gamboge yellow and brown; a large Amer. species of woodpecker.— Y. metal. An alloy composed of 2-3ds copper and i zinc, for sheathing ves- sels. — Yellowish, a. Some- what yellow. — Yel'lowish- ness, Yel'lowness, n. — YeV- lows, -loz, n. (Far.) A disease of the bile in horses, cattle, and sheep, causing yellowness of eyes; jaundice; a disease of peach-trees in the U. S., caus- ing them to produce abortive yellow sprouts on the trunks and limbs. Yelp, yelp, v. i. [yelped (yelpt), yelping.] To utter a sharp, quick cry, as a dog when hurt or in fear; to bark V pllr>w hammer shrilly, with eagerness, pain, YeUow-fiammer. or fear. [AS. gilpom, gylpan, to boast, exult, ong. to talk noisily, Ic. gjalpa, to yelp, gjalfr, the roar of the sea; s. rt. yell, yap.] Yeoman, yo'man, n. ; pi. -men. A common man or ple- beian, of the first or most respectable class; a free- holder; a farmer; man free born; in Eng., an officer in the king's household. (Naut.) An inferior officer charged with the stowage, account, and distribution of the stores. [ME. yeman, OFries. gaman, a villager, ga, go, a district, village, OD. gouwe, a village, G. gau, am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. t5rm ; In* Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r j YERK 689 ZANANA a province.] — Yeo'manry, n. The collective body of yeomen or freeholders; a British volunteer cavalry force. Terk, ySrk, v. t. To kick or strike suddenly; to jerk, — v. t. To throw out the heels, kick; to move with a quick, jerking motion. — n. A sudden or quick thrust or motion. [Same as Jerk.] Tea, yes, adv. Ay; yea, — a word expressing affirma- tion or consent, — opp. to no. [AS. gese, gise, prob. contr. fr. gea, yes, indeed, and se, si, let it he.] Test, yest, n. Yeast; ferment; barm; froth; spume; foam. [See Yeast.1 Tester, yes'tSr, a. Of, or pert, to, yesterday ; last; next before the present. [AS. geostra, gystra.] — Yea'terday, n. The day last past; the day next De- fore the present. — adv. On the day last past; on the day preceding to-day. [AS. geostra dseg : dseg = JE. day ; D. gisteren, G. gestern, Goth, gistradagis, L. heri, Gr. chthes, Skr. hyas, yesterday.] — Yea'ter- eve / , -eve'ning, n. The evening of yesterday; the evening last past.— -morn 7 , -mora/ing, n. The morn- ing of yesterday. — night, n. Last night; the night last past. — adv. On the last night. — -noon, n. The noon of yesterday. Tet, yet, adv. In addition ; further ; besides ; over and above; at the same time; still; up to the pres- ent time ; thus far ; hitherto ; at or in the present time; even; at least; at all. — conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; however. [AS. get, git, qyt, giet, OFries. ieta, eta, ita, yet, G. jetzt, now, MHG. zuo, AS. and OFries. to = E. too : prob. AS. get = ge to = E. and to, moreover; 8. rt. yea.] Tew, yoo, n. A low, spreading, evergreen, European tree, valued for its hard, durable wood or timber. [ME. ew, AS. iw, Ic. yr, OHG. ivoa, W. ywJ] — Tew'- en, a. Made of yew. Tex, yeks, v. i. To hic- cough. [AS. giscian, to sob, sigh, OHG. gien, to yawn.] Yield, yeld, v. t. To furnish, afford, ren- der, give forth ; to give in return for what is expended or invested; to give up (something claimed Yew. or demanded); to make over to one who has a claim or right; to admit to be true, concede; to permit, grant, allow, resign, emit, surrender. — v. i. To give up the contest, sub- mit; to comply; to give way; not to oppose; to give place, as inferior in rank or excellence.— n. Amount yielded; product, — applied esp. to products result- ing from growth or cultivation. [ME. gelden, yel- den, AS. gxeldan, geldan, to pay, restore, D. gelden, G. gelten, to be worth; s. rt guild, guilt.] — Yield'er, n. — Yield'ing, p. a. Inclined to give way or com- ply ; obsequious ; attentive ; flexible ; compliant ; accommodating. — Yield'ingly, adv. — Yield'ing- neaa, n. Yoke, yok, n. That which connects or binds; bond of connection; the frame of wood by which 2 oxen are fastened together for drawing ; a frame worn on the neck like an ox-yoke, or shaped like one ; a frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for car- rying a pail, etc., suspended on each side; frame worn on the neck of (a cow, pig, goose, etc.), to pre- vent passage through a fence; a frame or convex piece by which a bell is hung for ringing it. (Naut.) A frame at right angles to the head of a boat's rud- der, from the end of which are lines by which the boat is steered. A mark of servitude; slavery; bond- age; service; two animals yoked together; a couple; a pair that work together. — v. t. [yoked (yokt), yoking.] To put a yoke on, join in a yoke; to couple, join with another ; to enslave, bring into bondage, confine. — v. i. To be joined or associated, be intimately connected, consort closely. [ME. yok, AS. geoc, ioc, D. and Goth, jvk, Ic. and Sw. ok, F. joug, L. juguin, Gr. zugon, Skr. yuga, a yoke, pair, couple; 8. rt. join.] — Yoke'-fellow, Yoke'mate, n. An associate or companion; a mate; fellow; esp., a partner in marriage. Yolk, y5lk or ySk, n. The yelk or yellow part of an egg; an unctuous secretion from trie skin of sheep. [AS. geoleca, gioleca, the yolk, lit. yellow part, fr. geolu = E. yellow, q. v.] Yon, yon, a. At a distance within view; yonder.— adv. Yonder. [AS. geon, Goth, jains, G. jener, MHG. gener, yon, that.] — Yon'der, a. Being at a distance within view, or conceived of as within view; that or those there, —adv. At a distance with- in view. [Goth, jaindre.] Yore, yor, adv. In long time past; in old time; long since. [AS. geara, orig. gen. pi. of gedr, ger = E. year, q. v.] Yoo. See under Ye. Young, yung, a. [younger (yun'gSr), youngest.] Not long born; not yet arrived at adolescence, ma- turity, or age ; not old; juvenile; youthful; having the appearance, freshness, or vigor of youth; being in the first part of growth; pert, or relating to youth; having little experience; inexperienced; ignorant. n. The offspring of an animal, either single or col- lectively. [AS. geong, iung, D. jong, G. jung, Dan and Sw. ung, L,.juvenis, Skr. yuvan, Lithuan.yawwas, young; perh. s. rt. Skr. yu. L. juvare, to aid, help.] With young. With child; pregnant. — Youngish, a. Somewhat young. — Youngling, n. A young person; youth; any animal in the first part of life. — Young'ater, n. A young person; a lad. — Younk'- er, n. A young person; stripling. [D.jonker=jong and heer, lord, sir, gentleman; s. rt. youth.] Your, etc._ See under Ye. Youth, yooth, n. ; pi. Youths or Youth. State, con- dition, or quality of being young; juvenility; the part of life that succeeds to childhood; early part of life, from childhood, or sometimes from infancy, to manhood ; a young person ; esp., a young man ; Dllect' ' k ju AS. geong, young.] - Youth'ful, -ful, a. Not yet young persons collectively. [AS. geo'gudh^OS. gudh, D. jeugd, OHG. jugunrf. Goth, junda, youth; mature or aged; young; of, or pert, to, the early part of life; suitable to the first part of life; fresh; vigorous, as in youth; puerile; juvenile. — Youth- fully, adv. — Youth'fulneaa, n. Yttria, iftrY-a, n. (Cheni.) A fine white powder or earth, without taste or smell and insoluble in water; an oxide of yttrium. — Yt'trium, n. A very rare metal of a scaly texture and grayish-black color. [Fr. Ytterby, a quarry in Sweden.] Yule, yool, n. Christmas, or the feast of _ the nativity of our Savior, — applied also, sometimes, to the festival of Lammas. [AS. iula, geola, Ic. jol, Sw. jul ; perh. s. rt. AS. gylan, to make merry, keep fes- tival, Ic. yla, to howl, G. jolen, to sing; s. rt. jolly.] — Yule-block, -clog, or -log. A large log of wood put on the hearth on Christmas eve, as the founda- tion of the fire. Ywis. See under Wis. •Z, ze, in Ena. zed. The 26th and last letter of the Eng. alphabet, and the last letter in the alphabets of most modern languages : it is a sibilant consonant, and is merely a sonant or vocal s. Saccho, zak'ko, ZoCco, -colo, Zo'cle, -kl, n. (ArchJ The lowest part of the pedestal of a column. [F. socle, L. socculus, dim. of soccus, a low-heeled shoe : see Socle, under Sock.] Saffer, zaffer, rc. (Chem.) Impure oxide of cobalt, obtained by the calcination of cobalt: it produces when fused (as in enameling and porcelain making) an intensely blue color. [G.; F. zafre, safre; s. rt. sapphire, q. v.] Zambo, zam'bo, n. ; pi. -bos, -boz. The child of a mulatto and a negro; also, of an Indian and a negro. [Sp. : see Sambo.] Zamia, za'mY-a, n. A plant of many species, allied to the ferns and palms, and bearing strobiles. Zanana, Zenana, ze-na'na, n. The part of a house appropriated to women in India. [Hind, zanana, sun, cube, full ; moon, 16t>t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ZANY 690 ZODIAC Zebra. janana, fr. Per. zeman, pi. of zan = Gr. gune, a wom- an; 8 rt. queen J] Zany, za'nY, n. A merry-andrew ; a buffoon. [It. zanni, a buffoon, merry Andrew, (q. v.), orig. same as Giovanni, John.]— Za'nyiam, -izm, n. The state or character of a zany. Zarnich, zar'nik, n. Native sulphuret of arsenic ; sandarach or realgar; orpiment. [Same as arsenic.'] Zaz, zaks, n. A slater's hatchet for cutting, dressing, and perforating slate. [AS. seax, sex, Ic. sax, OHG. sahs, a knife.] Zeal, z51, n. Passionate ardor in the pursuit of any- thing ; eager interest or endeavor in favor of, or in opposition to, a person or cause. [F. zele, L. zelus, Gr. zelos, zeal, lit. heat, zeein, to boil ; s. rt. yeast.] — Zeal'ot, zgl'ot, n. One who is zealous ; esp., one over-zealous, or carried away by his zeal; an enthu- siast; fanatic. [F. zelote, L. and Gr. zelotes.] — ZeaK- otry, -ot-rt, n. The character and behavior of a zealot; excess of zeal; fanatical devotion to a cause. — Zeal'ous, -us, a. Filled with zeal; warmly en- gaged or ardent in behalf of an object; eager; earn- est; fervent; hearty; strenuous; warm; passionate ; enthusiasti c— Zeal'ously, adv. — Zeal'ousnesB, n. Zebra, ze'bra, n. A wild, intractable, gregarious quad- ruped of S. Africa, nearly as large as a horse, white, with numerous brown- ish-black bands of greater or less in- tensity, and lighter down the middle of each band. [Pg. and Sp., prob. fr. Ethiopian.] Zebu, ze r bu t n. A small ruminant mammal of the bovine tribe, having long, pendulous ears, and a fatty excrescence on the shoulders, valued for food ; the Indian bull, ox, or eow. [Name in India.] Zechin, ze'kin, n. An Italian gold coin ; se- quin. [See Sequin.] Zed, zed, n. The letter Z, — called also izzard. Zedoary, zed'o-a-rt, n. {Med.) The root-stock of certain East Indian plants, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, bitter, aromatic taste, U6ed in medicine as a stimulant. [F. zedoaire, Pers. zadwar,jadwar."\ Zemindar, zem-in-dar /r , n. In India, a feudatory or landholder under the government, with the right of underletting the land, and certain other privileges. [Hind, zamindar, fr. Pers. zamin, earth, land, and dar } holding, possessing.] — Zem'iadary, -da-rf, n. Jurisdiction of a zemindar. Zenana. See Zanana. Zend, zend, n. Prop., the translation into the Huz- varesh, or Pehlevi language, of the Avesta, the Zoroastrian scriptures ; as commonly used, the lan- guage, an ancient Persian dialect, in which the Avesta is written. — Zend'aves'ta, -ves'ta, n. The Scriptures of the ancient Persian religion, attrib- uted to Zoroaster, but in fact chiefly or altogether of a later date. [Prop., the Avesta, or sacred text, and its zend, or interpretation, in a more modern and in- telligible language.] Zenith, ze'nith, n. That point in the heavens which is directly overhead ; the point of culmination ; greatest height; height of success or prosperity. [F. and Sp., Ar. samturas, fr. samt, a way, path, tract, and ras, the head; s. rt. azimuth.'] Zeolite, ze'o-lit, n. (Min.) A hydrated double silicate of aluminum, calcium, or some other base, found esp. in cavities of igneous rocks. [F. zeolithe, fr. Gr. zeein. to boil, and lithos, stone.] Zephyr, zef 'er, n. The west wind ; any soft, mild, gentle breeze. [F. zephyre, L. zephyrus, Gr. zephu- ros, the west wind, fr. zophos } darkness, the west.] Zero, ze'ro, n. A cipher; nothing; naught; the point from which the graduation, as of a thermometer, commences. [F. and It., contr. fr. It. zefiro; Ar. sifr = E. cipher.] Zebu. Zest, zest, n. A piece of orange or lemon peel, used to give flavor to liquor, or me fine, thin oil thai spurtsout of it when squeezed; something that gives or enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself; an appetizer : keen enjoyment ; relish. —v. t. To cut into thin slips (the peel of an orange, lemon, etc.) ; to squeeze, as peel over the surface of anything; to give a relish or flavor to; to heighten the taste or rel- ish of. [F., lemon-peel, fr. L. schistos, Gr. schistos, divided, schizein, to cleave: see Schism.] Zetetic, ze-tet'ik, a. Proceeding by inquiry. [Gr. ze- tetikos, fr. zetein, to seek.] — Zetet'ics, n. sing. (Math.) A branch of algebra which relates to the direct search for unknown quantities. Zeugma, zQg' ma, n. (Oram.) A figure by which an adjective or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, is,hy way of supplement, referred also to another more remote. [Gr., fr. zeugnunai, to yoke = E. to join, ZibV' it, zib'et, n. A small carnivorous quadruped of India and Africa, somewhat resembling the weasel : it secretes an odoriferous civet-like substance and is often domesticated. [It. zibetto ; s. rt. civet, q. v.] Zif, zif, n. The 2d month of the Jewish sacred, and 8th of the civil, year, — parts of April and May. Zigzag, zig'zag, a. Having short, sharp turns. — n. Something that has short turns or angles. — v. t. [zigzagged (-zagd), -ging.] To form with short turns. [F.; G. zvckzack, Sw. sicksack.] Zinc, zink, n. A metal of a bluish white color, with a strong luster ; spelter : it is not brittle, but less malleable than copper, lead, or tin. — v. t. [zincked (zinkt), zincking.J To cover or coat with zinc. [F. ; G. zink ; perh. s. rt. tin, q. v.] — Zinciferous, zin-sif'Sr-us.Zinkif'erous, a. Containing or afford- ing zinc. [L. ferre, to bear, produce.] — Zinc'ite, zink'It, n. A brittle, translucent mineral, of a deep, red color, and consisting chiefly of oxide of zinc. — Zincog'rapher, n. An engi aver on zinc. [Gr. graphein, to draw.] — Zincographlc, -ical, o. Of, or pert, to zincography.— Zincog'raphy, n. En- graving on zinc in the style of wood-cuts.— Zinc'oas, -us, Zink'y, -T, a. Of, or pert, to, zinc; pert, to the positive pole of a galvanic battery.— Zinc'-white, n. The oxide of zinc, a pigment largely used in the place of white lead. Zion, zi'on, n. A hill in Jerusalem, the royal resi- dence of David and his successors; the theocracy or church of God. [Heb. ziyyon, a hill.] Zircon, zSr'kon, n. (Min.) A mineral of Ceylon, etc., a silicate of zirconium, occasionally red, and often nearly transparent. [Cingalese.] — Zirco'nia, -nY-a, n. (Chem.) An oxide of zirconium: it is, when pure, a white powder, soluble in sulphuric acid. — Zirco'- nium, n. A metal obtained from the minerals zir- con and hyacinth : it is commonly obtained in the form of a black powder. :< Zocle. See under Zaccho. Zodiac, zo'dY-ak, n. (Antron.) An imaginary belt in the heavens, in the middle of which is the ecliptic* Zodiac. 6m. fame, far, pass or opera, fare; find, eve, tSrm; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; ZOILEAN 691 ZITHUM or sun's path : it comprises the 12 constellations, which once constituted, and from which are named, the 12 signs of the zodiac. [F. zodiaque, Gr. zodia- kos, the zodiac circle, lit. (adj.) pert, to animals, fr. the characters representing the constellations, fr. zodion, a small animal, dim. of zoon, an animal, prop, neut of zoos, living, zoe, life, zen, Zend, ji, to live ; a. rt. victuals, q. v.] — Zodi'acal. a. Of, pert, to, or within the zodiac. —Zodiacal light. (Astron.) A luminous track, of an elongated triangular figure, lying nearly in the ecliptic, its base being on the horizon : it is to be seen only in the evening, after twilight, and in the morning.'before dawn. Zoilean, zo-il'e-an, a. Having the characteristics of Zoilus, a bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived about 2r0 vears before Christ. — Zo'ilism, -izm, n. Character like that of ZoQus; resemblance to Zoilus in style or manner. Zollverein, zoKver-In, n. The customs union of the German States, for the collection of a uniform rate of custom-house duties. [G.; zoU, duty, and verein, onion.] Zona, zon, n. A girdle. (Geog.) One of the 5 great divisions of the earth, with respect to latitude and tem- perature. (Math.) The por- tion of the surface of a sphere, included between 2 parallel planes. (Nat. Hist.) A band or stripe running round any object. A band or area encircling anything; circuit; circum- ference. [F. and Gr., fr. Gr. zonnunai, to gird, Lith- uan. josta, a girdle.] — Zoned, zond, a. Wearing a zone or zones ; having zones, or concentric bands, having a zone. Zoography, zo-og'ra-fi, n. A description of animals, their forms and habits. [Gr. zoon, an animal (see Zodiac), and graphein, to write.] — Zobg'rapher. n. One who describes animals, their forms, and habits. — Zob"graph , ic, -ical, a. Of. or pert, to, the descrip- tion of animals. — Zobl'atry, n. Worship of ani- mals. [Gr. latreia, service.] — Zo'olite, -o-lit, n. An animal substance petrified or fossil. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — ZobT'ogy, -oKo-jT, n. That part of natural historv which treats of the classification, structure, habits", and distribution of animals. [Gr. logos, dis- course.] — Zoolog'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert to, zoology, or the science of animals. — Zobl'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. ; one who describes animals. — Zobn'ic, a. Of, or pert, to, animals ; obtained from animal substances. — Zoon'omy, -on'o-mT, n. The laws of animal life, or the science which treats of the phenomena of animal life, their causes and relations. — Zob'ph/agous, -of 'a-gus, a. Feeding on animals. [Gr. zoophago^ ; phagein, to eat.] — Zo'o- phyte. -o-fft, n. An animal resembling a plant,— a general term, loosely applied to simple or com- Zone'less, Not pound polyps, corals, sponges, and other phyto- zoophuton, a n animal -plant ; phut on , a plant, phuein, to produce, grow; s. rt. be.] — Zoophyt'ic. -ical, -fit'ik-al, a. Of. or pert, to, zoophytes. — Zobph'ytol'- ogy, -of'T-tol'o- jl. n. The nat- ural history of zoophytes. [Gr. logos, dis- course.] — Z o- bt'omy, -ot'o- ml, n. The an- Zoophytes, atomy of ani- mals ; comparative anatomy. [Gr. temnein, to cut] — Zootom'ical. a. Of, or pert, to, zootomv. — ZobV- omist, n. One who dissects the bodies of animals; a comparative anatomist. Zouave, zwav or zoo-av', n. One of an active and hardy body of soldiers in the French service, orig. Arabs; one of a body of soldiers who adopt the dress and drill of the Zouaves. [Ar. Zoitaoua. a tribe of Kabyles living among the Jurjura mountains in Algeria.] Zounds, zowndz, interj. An obsolete exclamation of anger or wonder. [Contr. f r. God's wounds.] Zuffolo. zuffo-lo, Zufolo, zoo'fo-lo, n. {Mm.) A little flute or flageolet, esp. one used to teach birds. [It. zufolo, fr. zufolare, to whistle.] Zuniology, Se'e Ztmologt. Zumometer. See Zymometer. Zygomatic, zig-o-mafik, a. Of, or pert, to, the bony arch placed m man upon the side of the head, back of the cheeks, and extending from the prominence of the cheeks to the ear. [Gr. zugoma, the cheek- bone, fr. zugoun, to yoke, join : see Zeugma.] Zymology zi-moKo-il, n. A treatise on the fermenta- tion of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. [Gr. zume, ferment, leaven (s. rt. I* no, broth: see Juice), and logos, discourse.] — Zymolog'ical. -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, zymology.— Zymol'ogist. -o-jist, n. One skilled in zymology. — Zymometer, Zymosim'- eter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of differ- ent liquids, and the degree of heat which they ac- quire in fermentation. [Gr. zvmons, fermentation, and metron, measure.] — Zymofic, a. Of, pert, to, or caused by, fermentation. — Zvmotic disease. Any epidemic, endemic, contagious, or sporadic affection produced by some morbific principle acting on the system like'a ferment. Zyihum, zi'thum, n. A kind of malt beverage ; a liquor made from malt and wheat. [L.; Gr. zuthoi, a kind of beer, so called by the Egyptians.] sun, clibe, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get APPENDIX. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World 693 Abbreviations in Common Use 703 Foreign Words and Phrases • 712 Weights, Measures, etc 720 Coins and thehi Values " . . 728 Dictionary of Business and Law Terms ._ 731 English Christian Names 747 Classical and Mythological Names 755 Famous Names and Familiar Phrases 761 Punctuation Rules 778 Use of Capital Letters . . . . , - 779 Rules for Spelling Derivatives, Plurals, etc 780 Forms of Address 781 Parliamentary Order in Public Meetings 783 National Flowers : Birth Stones : Wedding Anniversaries 785 Antidotes to Common Poisons 786 Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States 787 United States Postal Rates and Regulations 788 Postage Rates for all Classes of Matter 789 Holidays in the United States 790 Standard Time in the U. S. and Canada 790 Relative Time of Different Cities 790 Notable Events in American History 791 Historical and Population Statistics of the United States 800 0ne Hundred Largest Cities of the United States 802 Information as to Patents 804 Information as to Copyright 806 Declaration of Independence . . 808 Constitution of the United States 810 Simplifd3d Spelling 816 PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. This table gives the most approved spelling, pronunciation, and latest populution figures for all cities at the United States with 10,000 inhabitants, for all foreign cities with 40,000 inhabitants, and lor all the States of the Union and important foreign countries, together with their areas and capitals c. = city (or town), commune. col. = colony. dist. = district. kdm. = kingdom. p. = population. prin. = principality. # = capital. Q = square miles. C@~ Population figures are for nearest thousands ; thus 70 = between 69,501 and 70,5 >. A. Amrit'sar (fim-), c. India w; Aus'.ria-Hun / gary,mon. Eu- Am'sterdam, c. Nethlds .-,n rope, 241,513 D pop. 45,311, # Aa'chen (-ken), c. Prussia m Am'sterdam, c. New York . . 21 Vienna. Aberdeen'', c. Scotland 153 Anam'.kdm.Asia. Anam under A'vign'on' (-v e n'y o N '), c. Ad'amg, c. Massachusetts 11 45 Fr. 88,780 f] P- 6,394, # Hue. Anco'na, c. Italy 57 Ada'na, c. Turkey Azores', Portuguese isls. At- Ad'elaide, c. S. Australia — 162 An'derson, c. Indiana 20 lantic ocean, 1,U05 Q p. 256, Aden (a'-), Br. ter. Arabia, SO An'dijan' (-zhiin'), c. A>iatic # Ponta Delgada. Dp- 44. Russia 47 Ad'riano'ple, c. Turkey 81 An'gers' (iLVzha'), c. Fr 83 B. Afghan/istan' (-g&n'-), coun- Antalt, duchy, Germany, 886 Ba'den, gr. duchy, Germanv, try, Asia, 215,444 Q p. 5,000, # □ p. 316, # Dessau. 5,823 D P- 1,867, # Karlsruhe. Kabul. Ann Ar'bor, c. Michigan 15 Bagdad', c. Turkey 145 188 13 Baha'ma I., N. E. of Cuba, A'gram, c. Hungary 61 Ant'werp, c. Belgium 278 5,450 D P- 54, # Nassau. A'guasca'lien'tes, state, Mex- Ap'pleton, c. Wisconsin 15 Bahia (ba-e'a), c. Brazil 200 ico, 2,970 D P- 102 ; its #. Ar'ad (5r'5d), c. Hungary.... 56 Baku.', c. Russia in Asia . . . 112 Ahmaoabad', c. India 185 Arezzo (a-rgt'so), c. Italy 44 Baltimore, c. Maryland 509 Ajmere' (fij-), c. India 74 Arga'o, c. Cebu, Phil. I 34 Balu/ehistan', country, Asia, A'kamagase'kl, c. Hondo, Ar'genti'na.rep. S. Am. 1,113,- 141,600 D P- 847, # Khelat. Japan 43 849 Q p. 4,794,# Buenos Aires. Bam'berg, c. Bavaria, Ger.. . . 42 Ak'ron, c. Ohio 43 Ar'izo'na, ter. U. S. A., 113,- Ban galore', c. India 159 Al'aba'ma, state, U. S. A. 5,250 020 D P- 123, # Phoenix. Bang- kdk', ^ of Siam 600 D p. 1,829, # Montgomery. Ar'kansas (,-s.i). state,U.S.A., Ban'gor, c. Maine n A lame'da, c California 16 53,850 D P- 1,312, # Little Barba'dog, Brit. isl. North Alas'ka, ter. U. S. A., 590,884 Rock. America, 166 □ p. 105. Qp. 64, # Juneau. Arn'hem, c. Netherlands 57 Bar celo'na, c. Spain 510 Al'bany, c. New York 94 Ashe'ville, c. N. C 15 Bareil'ly, c. India , 131 Albay'.c. Luzon, Phil. I 34 Ash'land, c. Wisconsin 13 Barfrush', c. Persia . . . .50 Alber'ta, dist. Canada, 100,000 Ash/tabu'la, c. Ohio 13 Ba'ri, c. Italv -- DP- 66. As'siniboi'a, dist. Can. 90,340 Barili, c. Cebu, Phil. I 21 Alep'po, c. Syria 127 n P- 67, # Regina. Bar'men, c. Prussia 142 71 320 As'siout', c. Egypt Astrakhan', c. Russia 42 113 41'exan'dria, c. Egypt Bar ranquii'la (-k e l'y a), c. AJ/exan'dria, c. Virginia 15 Asuncion', # of Paraguay. . . 45 Colombia 35 AlgS'ria, Fr. col. Africa, 308,- lfi Bar'row, c. England 019 Q P- 4,739, # Algiers. Algiers', # of Algeria 10 Ba'sel, c. Switzerland Batan'gas, c. Luzon, P. I 97 Ath'eng, # of Greece 111 50 70 172 130 Atlan'ta, %: of Georgia Atlan'tle Cit'y, c. N. J At'ttebor'o (-btir'o), c Mas- sachusetts 90 82 11 Bath, c. England Al'leghe/ny, c. Pa Bat'on Rouge' (mzh 7 ), # of 35 47 13 30 11 Al'mer'i'a, c. Spain Au'burn, c. New York Bat tie CrSek', c. Mich 10 Aldst, c. Belgium 30 Augs'burg (ouks'-). c. Bava- Bauan', c. Luzon, Phil. I 40 IN 89 Eava'ria, kdm. Ger. 29,_91 □ p. 6.175, # Munich. APsaee'-Lorraiiie'. ter. Ger- Augus'ta, c. Georsrii many, 5,601 D P- 1,717, # Augus'ta, # of Maine 12 Bay' Cit y, c. Michigan 2S Strassburg. Al'tenburg, c. Germany Bayonne', c. New Jersey Bea'ver Falls 7 , c. Pa S3 10 37 Aus'sig (ous'-), c. Bohemia, 14 1 fifl 37 Bei'rut, c Syria Bekes Csaba (ba'kash cho'- b8), c. Hungarv Altoo'na, c. Pennsylvania Austra'lia. Eriti.-h colony, 38 79 00 2,972,573 □ pop. 4,117. Aus'tria, emp. Europe, 115,- A'miens' (a'me-Sx'), c. Fr. .. Bgl'gium,kdm. Europe. 11,373 96 834 □ pop. 26,107. # Vienna. D P- 6,815, # Brussels. am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, 5nd, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, sir, Sdd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, foot, bank, then. (693) 694 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. BeT grade', # of Servia Bella'ry, c. India Belle' ville, c. Illinois Beloit', c. Wisconsin Bena'reg, c. India Bengal', div. India, 151,185 Q p. 74,745, # Calcutta. Berdi'chev (-dye'chSf), c. Russia Ber'gen (bar'-), c. Norway. . . Berke'ley , c. California Ber'lin', # of Prussia, Ger- many 1 Bermu'da, isls. At. oc. 20 D P- 18, # Hamilton. Bern, # of Switzerland Began eon' (-ziiM'sdn'), c. France Beuthen (boi'ten), c. Prussia, Germany Bev'erly, c. Mass Be'ziers' (ba'zyg'), c. Fr Bha'galpur(ba'gul-),c. India Bhaunagar (b o u'n a-g u r), c. India Bhopal', c. India Bia'lystok, c. Poland, Russia. Bi'da, c. Nigeria, Africa Bid'deford, c. Maine BiS'lefeld (-fSlt), c. Ger BIk'angr', c. India Bilba'o, c. Spain Blng'hamton, c. New York.. Birk'enhead, c. England Bir 'mingham, c. Ala Bir 'mingham, c. England. .. Blaek'burn, c. England Bloom'ington, c. Illinois Boch'um (b6k'-), c. Prus.... Bo'gota', # of Colombia Bokha'ra (-ka'-), c. Asia Boliv'ia, rep. S. Am. 734,390 □ p. 1,789, # La Paz. Bolo'gna (-lon'ya), c. Italy... Bol'ton, c. England B6mbay', pres. Ind. 123,064 G p. 18,560 ; its # p. 776. Boo'tle (-t'l), c. England Bordeaux' (-do'), c. Fr BSg'nia, prov. Eu. Turkey, 10,- 181 D P- 1,349, # Sarajevo. BSs'ton, # of Mass Boul5gne', c. France Bourges (bobrzh), c. Fr Brad'dock, c. Pa Brad'ford, c. England Brad'ford, c. Pa Brai'la, c. Roumania Brazil', rep. South America, 3,219,003 D P- 21,565, # Rio Janeiro. Brem'en, state Germany, 99 □ p. 225. Brem'en, c. Germany Bre'seia (-shi-), c. Italy Brgs'lau (-lou), c. Prussia, Germany Brest, c. France Brest' Litovsk', c. European Russia Bridge'port, c. Conn Bridge'ton, c. New Jersey . . . Bright'on, c. England Brlg'bane, % of Queensland.. Bris'tol, c. England 329 Brit'ish Colum'bia, prov. Canada, 383,300 Q p. 177, # Victoria. Brit'ish Em'pire, 11,516,821 D p. 395,000, # London. Brit'ish G-uia'na (ge-a'-), ter. South America, 95,160 Q P- 295, # Georgetown. Brit'ish North B6r'neo,col- ony, Borneo, 31,106 Q p. 175, # Sandakan. Br6ek'ton, c. Mass 40 Brom'berg, c. Prus. Ger 52 Brook'line, c. Mass 20 Bru'ges, c. Belgium 53 Brunn, c. Austria 109 Brung'wiek (duchy), Ger- many, 1,418 D p. 464 ; its # p. 128. Brus'sels, # of Belgium 562 Bu'dapgst, # of Hungary 732 Budweis (boot'vls), C.Austria. 39 Bue'nos Ai'reg (bo'nus a'-), # of Argentina 836 Buffalo, c New York 352 Bu/kharest', # of Roumania. 282 Bulga'ria, principality, Euro- pean Turkey, 24,512 Q p. 3,733, # Sofia. Burau'en (-rou'-), c. Phil. I.. 21 Bur'lington, c Iowa 23 Bur'lington, c Vermont 19 Bur'ma, country, India, 236,- 738 D P- 10,491. Burn'ley, c. England 97 Bur'tcaupon Trent, c. Eng- land 50 Bur'y (b5r't), c. England 58 But'ler , c. Pennsylvania 11 Butte, c. Montana 30 c. Ca'diz, c. Spain 70 Caen (kiiN), c. France 45 Cagliari (kal'ya-re), c. It 54 Cagsau'a (-sou'-), c. Luzon, Philippine Islands 20 Cai'ro, # of Egypt 570 Cai'ro, c. Illinois 13 Calais' (ka-la'), c. France 60 Calba'yog, c. Samar, Philip- pine Islands 30 Caleut'ta, # of Br. India . . . .1,107 Cal'ieut, c. India 77 Cal'ifdr'nia, state U. S. A., 158,360 □ p. 1,485, # Sacra- mento. Califor'nia, Lower, pen. Mexico, 58,343 D P- 47. Ciirtanisset'ta, c. Italy 43 Cambo'dia,kdm. Indo China, 40,530 D P- 1,500, # Pnum Penh. Cam'bridge, c. Mass 92 Cam'den, c. New Jersey 76 Ca'm'iling, c. Luzon, Philip- pine Islands 23 Campe'che, state, Mexico, 18,- 091 Dp- 84" Can'ada,dcm.of British North America, 3,053,946 D P- 5,370, # Ottawa. Cantdn'.c. China 1,800 Can'ton, c. Ohio Cape C61'ony, S. Africa, 292,- 211 Q p. 2,266, * Cape Town. Cape Town, # of Cape Col- ony Cara'cas, # of Venezuela Car'bondale, c. Pa Car'ear, c. Cebu, Philippine Islands Car'diff, c. Wales Carlisle' (-111), c. Eng Car'oline, Ger. isls. North Pa- cific, 560 D P- 39. Cartage'na, c. Spain Cata'nia, c. Sicily Cftwn'pur', c. India Cebu (tha-voo'), c. Cebu, Phil- ippine Islands Ce'dar Rapids, c. Iowa Cgn'tral Falls, c. R. I Ceyl6n', Brit. isl. colony, In- dian ocean, 25,333 G P- 3,577, # Colombo. Chang'ehau'(-chou'),c .China Chang'hua', c. Formosa Chapra', c. India Charleroi (shar'l e-r w a'), c. Belgium Charleg'ton, c. S. C Charles'ton, c. W. Va Char'16tte,c. N. C Charldt'tenburg', city of Prussia Chat 'ham (-am), c. Eng Chat'tanoo'ga, c. Tenn Chel'sea, c. Massachusetts — Ch61t'enham (-nam), c. Eng.. Chem'nitz (kgm'-), c. Ger. . . . Cher'bourg (sh6r'-), c. Fr Ches'ter, c. England Chea'ter, c. Pennsylvania.. . . Chey enne', % of Wyo Chia'pas, state, Mexico, 27,229 D P- 364. Chiea'go, c. Illinois 1 Chie'opee, c. Mass Chihua'hua (-wa'wa), state, Mexico, 89,998 Q p. 327 ; ite# p. 18. Chi'le, rep. S. Am. 290,829 Q p. 3,410, # Santiago. Chilian (chel-yan'), c. Chile. Chi-nese' Em'pire, Asia, 4,234,910 D P- 426,417. Chll'lic6th'g, c. Ohio Chin'kiang', c. China Cho'lon' (sho-16N'), c. Cochin China Christ'ehureh, c. N. Z C'i'enfue'gos, c. Cuba Cin'einna'ti, c. Ohio Cler'mont'-Ferrand'Cklar'- m6N'f8-ra.N'), c. Fr CISve'land, c. Ohio Clin'ton, c. Iowa Clin'ton, c. Mass Co'burg, c. Germany Oo'ehabam'ba, c. Bolivia — Co'ehin Chi'na, Fr. col. Indo China, 23,160 Dp- 2,400. Cohoes', c. New York Coimbatore', c. India Coje'des (-ha'das), c. Vene- zuela am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, Snd, eve, term, they, recent, In, Ice, machine, A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 695 Coli'ma, state, Mexico, 2,273 Q p. 60 ; its # p. 25. Cologne' (-Ion'), c. Prussia . . 372 Colom'bia, rep. S. Am. 504,773 Q p. 3,879, # Bogota. Colom'bo, c. Ceylon 158 Cdl'ora'do, state,U. 8. A. 103,- 925 D p. 540, # Denver. Colorado Springs, c. Col 21 Colum'bia, c. Pa 12 Colum'bia, # of S. C 21 Colum'bus.c. Georgia 18 Colum'bus, # of Ohio 126 C6m bacd'num, c. India 60 Concep'eion (-shun),c. Chile. 50 CSn'cord, # of N. H 20 Connect'ieut (-ngt'-),state,U. S. A. 4,990 Q p. 90S, # Hart- ford. Constantine (kSN'st'aN'ten'), c Algeria 48 Constan'tino'ple, # of Tur- key 1,125 Co penha'gen, %: of Den- mark 378 Cor'ddba (-va),c. Spain, p. 57; c. Argentina, p. 66. Cork, c. Ireland 76 Cdr'ning, c. New York 11 Coru'na (-roon'ya), c. Sp 41 C6s'ta Ei'ca, rep. Cen. Am. 20,876 O P- 310, # San Jose. Coun'cil Bluffs', c. Iowa.... 26 Cov'entry, c. England 70 Cov'ington, c. Kentucky — 43 Cra'cow, c. Austria 91 Cran'ston, c. Rhode Island . . 13 Craio'va (-yo'-), c. Roum. ... 45 Crlek'lade, c. England 52 Crip'ple Creek', c. Colo 10 Croy'don, c. England 134 Cti'ba.isl. rep. 44,000 D P- 1,573, * Habana. Cud'dalore', c. India 52 Cum'berland, c. Md 17 Cu'racao' (-so'), isl. Dutch West Indies, 210 □ p. 30. Cuttack', c. India 51 Cy'prus, isl. Med. Sea, 3,584 D P- 237, # Nikosia. Czer'nowitz (chgr'no-vTts),c. Austria. 70 Czestochowa (chgN-sto-kS'- va), c. Eu. Russia 45 D. Dac'ea, c. Bengal, India 91 Daga'mi, c.Leyte, Phil. I 25 Da'lague'te (-ga'-), c. Phil. Islands 21 Dal 'las, c. Texas 43 Dal'ny, c. Manchuria 50 Damaa'eus, c. Syria 140 Danlrary, c. Conn 17 Dan' ville, c. Illinois 16 Dan'ville, e. Virginia 17 Dan'zig (-tsYk), c. Prussia 141 Darbhangah (dur-bfi«'ga), c. India.... 66 Darm'stadt, c. Germany 72 Dav'enport, c. Iowa 35 Day'ton, c. Ohio 85 De'breezen (-tsgn), c. Hung.. 75 Deca'tur, c. Illinois 21 sir, 5dd, tone, 6r, box Del'aware, state.U. S. A. 2,050 Ev'erett, c. Massachusetts . . . 24 Dp- 185, # Dover. Ex'eter, c. England 47 Del'hl (dgl'I), c. India m F. Den'ison, c. Texas 12 Den'mark, kdm. Europe, 15,- Fachan(fiVshan'), c. China.. 400 35'JD P- 2,465, # Copenhagen. Fai zabad', c. India 75 Den'ver, # of Colorado 184 Falk'land Islands dak'-), S. Der'by, c. England 106 Atl. oc. 4.839 Op- 2. Fall RTv'er, c. Ma.^. . . . 105 62 51 Fa'roe, Danish isls. Atlantic ocean, 5L2Q p. 15. Des'sau (-sou), c. Germany. . . Det'mold, c. Germany 12 Faruk habad', c. Br. Ind 68 Detroit', c. Michigan 286 Ferra'ra, c. Italy 88 Dev'onport, c. England 70 Fez, # of Morocco 140 Dlar'bekr (-bSk'r), c. Turkey Fi'ji, Br. isls. col. S. Pac. oc. in Asia 84 8,045 Q P- US, # Siva. Di'jon' (de'zhox'), c. Fr District of Colum'bia, ter. 71 Find'lay, c. Ohio Ifl FIn'land, g. duchv Russia, U.S. A 279 144,255 O p. 2,673, # Ilolsing- Dort'mund, c. Prussia 142 fors. Do'ver , c. England Do'ver.c.N.H 42 m Fitch'burg, c. Mass. . . 00 Fiu'me, c. Hungary .'. 89 Dre§'den, c. Germany 895 Flint, c. Michigan 13 Dub'lin, # of Ireland 3X0 F16r'ence, c. Italy 206 Dubuque' (-buk'), c. Iowa... 86 F16r'ida, state, L'. S. A. 58,689 Dud'ley, c. England 49 Q p. 521), # Tallahassee. Duis'burg (des'-), c. Prus 93 Foggia(f5d'ja),c. Italy 58 Duluth', c. Minnesota Dundee', c. Scotland Dun'kirk, c. New York 63 161 12 F6nd du Lac', c. Wis H For li', c. Italy Fort' D6dge', c. Iowa. . . . 12 Dun'more', c. Pa \... 18 Fort' Scdtt', e. Kansas 10 Duran'go, state, Mexico, 42,- Fort' Smith', c. Ark 12 276 □ p. 371 ; its # p. 26. Fort' Wayne', c. Ind 45 Diis'seldorf , c. Prussia 214 Fort' Worth', c. Texas.... 27 Dutch G-uia'na, col. South Fram'ingham, c. Mass 11 America, 46,060 □ p. 66, # France, rep. Europe, 207,107 □ Paramaribo. p. 38,962, # Paris. Dvinsk,c. Russia 70 Frank'furt a. M., c. Prus. . . . 288 Frank'furt a. d. O., c. Prus. . . 62 B. Free'port, c. Illinois 13 East Liv'erpool, c. Ohio 16 French Guia'na, col. South East'on, c. Pennsylvania 25 America, 30,463 □ p. 30, # East Or'ange, c. N. J 22 Cayenne. East Prdv'idence, c. R. I.... 12 Frgs'no, c. California 12 East St. Louis, c. Illinois 30 Fu'ehau' (-chou'),c. China.. 650 Eau Claire (o' klar'), c. Wis- Fu'kui, c. Japan 44 18 Fu'kuo'ka, c. Kiushu, Jap.. . . Funf'kirchen (-k 6 r k e n), c. m Ec uador', rep. S. Am. 118,627 D P- 1,400, # Quito. Hungary 44 Ed'inburgh (-bttr-o), # of Furth (iert), c. Bavaria 54 Scotland 310 G. E'gypt, country, Africa, 11,- 366 Dp- 9,821, # Cairo. Ga'latz (-lats), c. Rou mania . . 63 Ekatgr'i noslav' (yg-ka-tyg- G-alg'na, c. Kansas 10 re'na-slaf '), c. Russia 121 Gale§'burg, c. Illinois 19 Ei'berfeld'(-iglt'), c. Prussia. 157 Gal'veston, c. Texas 38 El'bing, c.Prussia 53 Gapan', Luzon, Phil. I 20 22 52 Gard'ner, c. Massachusetts .. Gates'head, c. England 11 Eliz'abeth, c. N. J 110 Elizavetgrad (yg-lye'za-vgt- Gay'a (gi'a), c. Bengal, India. 71 grat'), c. Eu. Russia 02 Ga'za, c. Syria 21 15 16 GenS'va(j-), c. Switzerland... GenS'va, c. New York Gen'oa, c Italy 105 10 El Pa'so, c. Texas 235 El'wood, c. Indiana 13 George'town, c. D. C 15 England (Ttng'gland), kdm .G. George'town, 3fc of British Br. 50,842 Q p. 30,805, # Lon- Guiana 53 don. Geor'gia, state, U. S. A. 59,475 Er'furt. c. Saxony, Ger 85 D P- 2.216, # Atlanta. E'rie, c. Pennsylvania 53 Ge'ra (ga'-), c. Germany 16 Erze'rum', c. As. Turkey 39 Ger'man Em'pire. Europe, Es'sen, c. Prussia 119 20S,74S □ p. 56.345. * Berlin. Ev'anston,c. Illinois 19 Ghent (ggnt), c. Belgium 161 Ev'ansville, c. Indiana 59 Gibral'tar, Br. c. Spain 27 wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, loot, bank, then. 696 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. Gij6n (he-hon'), c. Spain 43 Halle, c. Prussia 157 I'owa, state, U. S. A. 56,025 D Glas'gow (-ko), c. Scotland. . . 760 Ham'burg, state, Germany p. 2,232, # Des Moines. Gleiwitz (gli'vtts), c. Ger 52 160 D P- 768. Ips'wich, c. England 07 Glens' Fallg', c. New York.. 13 Ham/burg, c. Germany 706 Iqui'que (e-ke'ka), c. Chile . . 42 Glduces'ter (gl5s'-), c. Eng- Hamilton, c. Ohio 24 Ire"land, isl. 32,605 D P- 4,457, 48 # Dublin. Irkutsk', c. As. Russia G16uces'ter, c. Massachusetts 26 Eam'mond, c. Indiana 12 51 Glov'ersville, c. N. Y 18 Han'kau' (-kou'), c. China. . . 850 I'ronton (l'firn-), c. Ohio 12 Go'a, PortugueBe ter. India, Han'ley, c. England Han'nibal, c. Missouri 02 13 15 1,263 G P- 495. Is'paaan', c. Persia m Go rakhpur'(-rilk-), c. British Hanoi'', c. Indo China 103 It'aly, kdm. Europe, 110,688 D India 64 Hanno'ver, c. Germany 230 p. 32,475, # Rome. Gor'litz (gSr'-), c. Prussia 81 Har'nsburg, # of Pa 50 Itb/aca, c. New York 13 Gbteborg (y 6't 6-b 5 r'y'), c. Har'rison, c. New Jersey 11 Iva'n5vo-Voznesensk'(-vaz Sweden 131 Hart lord, # of Conn 80 ny6-sy6nsk'), c. Eu. Russia. . M Go'tha (-ta), c. Germany 35 Has'tingg, c. England oo Ix'elles' (-61'), c. Belgium. . . . 01 Gov'an, c. Scotland 76 Ha'verhill (-Y1), c. Mass 137 Grana'da, c. Spain 75 Havre (ha'ver), e. France 30 J. Grana'da, c. Nicaragua 25 Hawaii(ha-wi'e), isl. ter. U. S. Jab'alpur (jub'-), c. British Grand Rapids, c. Mich US A., 6,449 D P- 154, # Hono- India 1* 1 5s lulu. Jack'son, c. Michigan Jack'son, c. Tennessee Great Falls, c. Montana 15 HS'zelton, c. Pa 14 1,% Greece, kdm. Europe, 25,014 Q Hei'delberg', c. Germany . . . 40 Jacksonville, c. Florida 26 p. 2,434, # Athens. Hel'ena, # of Montana 11 Jacksonville, c. Illinois 15 Green' Bay, c. Wisconsin.. .. 19 Hel'singfors", # of Finland, Jai'pur, c. India 160 Greenland, Danish isl. & Russia 89 Ja'landhar (-diir), c. India .... 68 col. ; col. 34,015 DP- 11- Hen'derson, c. Kentucky . . . 10 Jalis'eo (ha-), state, Mexico, Green'ock, c. Scotland 68 Herat', c. Afghanistan 12 33,495 □ p. 1,137, % Guadala- Greeng'bdro, c. N. C 10 Hesse, state, Germany, 2,966 Q jara. Greensville, c. S. C 12 p. 1,120, # Darmstadt. Jamai'ea, Br. isl. W. Ind. Green'wTch., c. Conn 12 Hldal'go, state, Mexico, 8,577 4,193 □ p. 743, # Kingston. Green 'wich (grfn'Tj), part of D P- 603, # Pachuca. JSmeg'town, c. New York . . . 23 London, England % H'i'lo, c. Hawaiian Islands. . . . 20 Janeg'ville, c. Wisconsin — 13 Greiz (grits), c. Germany 22 Hi'roshi'ma, c. Japan 122 Janiuay (ha'ne-do-IO.c.Panay Greno'ble, c. France 69 Hd'boken, c. New Jersey 5!) isl. Philippine Islands 29 Grlms'by, c. England 63 Hddmezo-Vasarhely (hod'- Japan', emp. Asia, 161,160 □ Grod'nd, c. Eu. Russia 47 m6-z5-va /r shar-h61-y , ),c. Hun- p. 46,451, # Tokyo. Gro'ningen (-nYng-), c. Neth- 61 Jas'sy (yas'-), c. Roumania.. Ja'va, Dutch isl. E. Ind. 50,554 Dp. 26,125, #Batavia. 7 C 67 46 Gua dalaja'ra (gwatfea-la'- Home'' stead, c. Pa 13 ha'ra), c. Mexico 84 Hondu'ras, rep. Central Jef'fersonville, c. Indiana . . 11 Guadeloupe' (ga'-), Fr. isl. America, 46,250 □ p. 745, # Jerez de la Frdnte'ra (ha- W. Ind. 619 □ p. 172. Gua najua'to (-hwa'to), state, Tegucigalpa. H6ng'k6ng', c. China 60 207 Jer'gey City, c. New Jersey. . 206 Mexico, 10,951 D P- 1,065; — its # p. 59. Ho'nolu'lu, # of Hawaii Hor'neil, c. N. Y V 12 Jodb'pur, c. India 60 Guatemala (ga/-), rep. Cen- tral America, 48,290 D p. 1,574 ; 4 r > 10 Eow'rah, c. India 158 Jdhns'town, c. Pennsylvania 36 its # p. 72. Guayaquil'' (gwi'a-kel'), c. Ecuador Hu'bli, c. British India 00 60 Jo'liet, c. niinois m ?« 50 Hud'dergfield, c. Eng 95 Juneau, c. Alaska ?, Hue (-a), c. Anam 50 ico, 25,002 G P- 475. Hull, c. England 240 K. Gui'noba'tan (ge'-), c. Phil- Hun'gary, kdm. Europe, 125,- Ka'bul, ^r of Afghanistan 60 VI) 608 D P- 19,204, # Budapest. Huntington, c. W. Va Guth'rle, # of Oklahoma. . . . 10 12 Japan 53 Gwa'lior, c. India 89 Hyde Park, c. Mass 15 Kaisari'ye, c Asia Minor 72 H. I. Kai'serslau'tern (-lou'-), c. Bavaria, Germany 48 Haarlem, c. Netherlands .... 64 Iceland, Dan. isl. 40,458 Q p. Kalu'ga, c. Eu. Russia 60 Haba'na (-va/-), # of Cuba. . . 2,56 71, # Reykjavik. Kandahar', c. Afghanistan . . 50 14 I'ehang' (§'-), c. China I'aaho, state, U. S. A. 84,800 D •?T Kal'amazdb', c. Michigan Ka'naza'wa, c. Hondo, Japan Hagonoy' (a/go-noi'), c. Lu- 84 zon, Philippine Islands 20 p. 162, # Boise, p. 6. Kan'kakee', c. Illinois 14 Hague, The, # of Neth .- m 111'inois' (-noi'), state, U. S. A. Kan'gas, state, U. S. A. 82,080 Hal darabad', native state, 56,650 D P-4,822,# Springfield. D p. 1,470, # Topeka. India, 82,698 D P- 11,141; its # In'dia, country, S. Asia, 1,766,- Kan'sas City, c. Kansas 51 p. 448 ; c. Sind, India, p. 69. 597 D P- 294,361. Kan'gas City, c. Missouri L64 Hai'ti, isl. West Indies ; rep. In'dian'a, state, U. S. A. 36,350 Kara'cM, c. India 117 on it, 11,072 □ p. 1,211, # Port □ p. 2,516. Karls'rub/e, c. Germany 97 au Prince. In'dianap'olis, # of Ind 169 Ka'shan', c. Persia 30 Ha'koda'te, c. Yezo, Jap 78 In'dian Ter'ritory, became Kash'mir', state, India, 80,900 Halifax, c. England 10,5 part of Oklahoma. D P- 2,900, # Srinagar. Halifax, # of Nova Scotia .. 41 IndSre', c. India 87 Kassa (kSsh'shS), c. Hungary. * am, fame, care, far, pass, ail, imal, end, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 697 Kas'sel, c. Prussia JOfi Lau'sanne' (lo'zan'), c. Swit- Kas'tamu'ni, c. A. Turkey.. . 33 zerland 47 ocean, 227,750 □ p. 2,445, # Kazan', c. Russia 182 Law'rence, c. Kansas 11 Tananarive Kear'ney, c. New Jersey 11 Law'rence, c. Massachusetts 63 MadSi'ra, Portuguese isl. At- Kecskemet (kech'k6-mat), c. Lead'ville, c. Colorado 12 lantic ocean, 315 Q p. 151, %: Hungary 68 Leav'enworth, c. Kansas 21 Funchal. Keno'sha, c. "Wisconsin 12 Leb'anon, c. Pennsylvania. . . 18 Mad'ison, % of Wisconsin... 19 Ken'sington, part of London. 177 LSedg, c. England 429 Madras', presidency, India, Kentuek'y, state, U. S. A. 40,- Lee'ward Islands, West In- 141,726 D P- 32,209 ; its # p. 400 Q p. 2,147, # Frankf ort. dies, 701 D p. 127, # St. John. 509. KS'okuk, Iowa K6rman / , c. Persia li LSg'horn, c. Italy Leices'tSr (16V-), c. England. 98 '<]'> 70 212 Madu'ra, c. India 106 K6y West, c. Florida 17 Lei'den, c. Holland, Neth 54 Mag'deburg', c. Germany... 230 Khar'kov, c. Russia 175 Leip'zig(-sTk),c. Germany... 455 Ma'hanoy ' City, c. Pa 14 Khar'tum', c. Sudan 50 Lfiith, c. Scotland 77 Maine, state, U. S. A. 33,040 □ KhersSn', c. Eu. Russia 69 Lem'berg, c. Austria 160 p. 694, % Augusta. Khi'va, C.Turkestan 30 Leom'ihster (16m'-), c. Mas- Mainz (mints), c. Germany. . . 84 122 247 12 .58 Mal'aga, c. Spain Mal'den, c. Massachusetts l?fi Kiev (ke'ygf), c. Russia Leon' (la-on'), c. Mexico 34 Kilmar'nock, c. Scotland .... 34 Lew'iston, c. Maine 24 Malm'6 v (-SO, c. Sweden 61 Klngg'ton, c. Canada 18 Lex'ington, c. Kentucky 26 Mal'ta, British isl. col. 117 Q Kings/ton, # of Jamaica 49 Libau(le'bou),c. Eu. Russia. 65 p. 184. Klngg'ton, c. New York 25 LibS'ria, rep. Af., 32,954 Q p. Mana'gua (-gwa), # of Nica- Kirkeal'dy (-ka'^.c. Scot.... 34 2,000, # Monrovia. ragua 30 Kishinev' (-nyflf '), c. Russia. 109 Liege (lt-azh'), c. Belgium. .. 160 Man'chester, c. Connecticut. 11 fifi LiSg'nitz, c. Prussia Lille Gel), c. France Man'chester, c. England Man'chester, c. N. H 544 Klung'chau'(-chou'),c.China 35 211 57 Kndx'ville (n5ks'-), c. Ten- Li'ma, c. Ohio 22 Man'dalay, c. India 1S4 nessee 33 Li'ma, c. Peru 113 Manll'a, # of Philippine I... 280 Ko^bfe, c. Japan 216 Llm'erick, c. Ireland 38 Ma'nissa, c. Asia Minor 36 Ko / kan /, (ka / -)>c.ABiatic Russia 82 Li'moges' (-m5zh'), c. France 84 Man'istSe', c. Michigan 14 Ed'komo, c. Indiana 11 Lina'res, c. Spain 35 Man'ito'ba, prov. Can. 73,956 54 Lin'eoln (lTng'kun), c. Eng. Lin'eoln, # of Nebraska D p. 255, # Winnipeg. Man'itowoc', c. "Wisconsin . . Kolome'a, c. Austria 34 40 12 Ko'lozsvar (-lozh-var), c. Linz (lints), c. Austria 59 Manka'to, c. Minnesota 11 Hungary 49 Li' pa, c. Luzon, Phil. I 40 Mann'heim, c. Germany 140 K6n'go State, Africa, 870,000 Lip'pe, princ. Germany, 469 □ Mang'field, c. Ohio 18 □ p. 30,000, # Boma. p. 139, # Detmold. Ma'rian'na, c. Brazil 56 Ko'nigsberg (kS'-), c. Prussia 188 LIg'bon, # of Portugal 357 Ma'riet'ta, c. Ohio 13 Kd'nigshut't^kS'nTks-hut'- Little Palls, c. New York 10 Ma'rindu'que (-ka), isl. Phil. te), c. Prussia, Germany .58 Little Rock, # of Arkansas. . 38 I., 681 D P- 48. K6r6'a, kdm. Asia, 84,421 □ p. Liv'erpool, c. England 685 Mar'inette', c. "Wisconsin 16 8-16,000, # Seoul. L6ck'port, c. New York 17 Mar 'ion, c. Indiana 17 40 315 12 Kozlov (kaz-lof), c. Europe- Lo'gansport, c. Indiana 16 Marl'boro, c. Massachusetts. 14 40 Lon'don, # of Englaud 4,537 Lon'donder'ry, c. Ireland. . . 40 Marque'sas (-ka'-), Fr. isl. Polynesia, 492 □ p. 4. Kre/feld (-fglt), c. Prussia. . . . 107 W 16 fin Marquette' (-kSf), c. Mich . . . Marseilleg', c. France Mar'shalltown, c. Iowa 10 L6r'ea, c. Spain Los An'geles, c. California.. 491 Kristla'nia, # of Norway — 226 102 12 Kron'stadt, c. Eu. Russia.... GO Lou'igia'na, state, U. S. A. Martinique' (-nek'), Isl. Ku'ka, c. Sudan 50 48,720 a P- 1,382, # Baton French "West Ind. 381 Q p. Ku'mamoto', c. Kiushu isl. Rouge. 164, # Fort de France. Japan Bl Lou'isville, c. Kentucky 205 Ma'ryland (mer'i-), state, U. 53 Louvainfloo'vaN'^c. Belgium Low'ell, c. Massachusetts S. A. 12,210 □ p. 1,188, # An- napolis. Kutai'a, c. As. Turkey 22 95 Kyoto (kyo-),c.Hondo, Japan 353 Luba'o, c. Luzon, Phil. I 21 Mas'sachu'setts, state, U- S. L. Lu'beck, c. Germany 82 A. 8,315 D P- 2,805, # Boston. Luc'ca, c. Italy 75 Mas'sillon, c. Ohio 12 Lab'rador, pen. North Amer- Luek'now'. c. India 264 Matan'zas, c. Cuba 36 ica, 530,000 □ p. 7. Lud'wigsha'fen (loot'vrks-), Maul'main', c. L. Burmn 58 La'buan', Br. isl. col. 30 □ p. 8. c. Bavaria, Germany 62 Mauritius (-rtsh'T-us\ British La Crosse, c. "Wisconsin 29 Lux'emburg, g. duchy, Eu- isl. Indian oc. 705 □ p. 370, La'fayette', c. Indiana 18 rope, 998 D p. 237 ; its # p. 21. :£ Port Louis. Lahore', c. India I'll", Luzdn', isl. Phil. I. 44,235 Q p. Ma'yaguez' (-gwas'), c. Porto 50 3,727, # Manila. Lyneh'burg, c. Virginia It Lan'easter, c. England 40 19 Mead'ville, c. Pennsylvania . 10 Lan'caster, c. Pennsylvania. 41 Lynn, c. Massachusetts 69 Mech'lin (mSk'-), c. Belgium 56 Lan'sing, # of Michigan 16 Ly'on, c. France 459 Meek'lenburg-Schwerin', Lan'singburg, c. New York . 13 Lyu'blin, c. Poland, Russia. . 75 g. duchy Ger. 5,068 □ p. 60S, Laoag', c. Luzon, Phil. I 37 M. # Schwerin. La Paz', # of Bolivia m Meck'lenburg-Stre'litz, g. duchy, Ger. 1,131 D P- 103, # Lare'do, c. Texas 13 McKeeg'port, c. Pa 34 Lasalle', c. Illinois 10 Ma'eon, c. Georgia 23 Neustrelitz. sir, Odd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, 16"bt, bank, then. A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. MCdellin' (ma'thei-yen'), c. Colombia Med'ford, c. Massachusetts . . Mfie'xnit, c. India Mei'ningen, c. Germany Mfil'bourne, # of Victoria, Australia Mel'rose, c. Massachusetts... Mem'phis, c. Tennessee Men6m'inee, c. Michigan.. . . Mer'ida, c. Mexico MSr'iden, c. Connecticut Merld'ian, c. Mississippi Mer'thyr Tyd'fll (-vll), c. Wales. Mesh'hSd, c. Persia Messi'na, c. Italy Metz, c. Germany Mex'ico, rep. C. Am. 767,259 D P- 13,570 ; its # p. 330. Mi'aga'o, Panay, Phil. I Michigan, state, U. S. A. 58,- 915 D p. 2,421, # Lansing. Mlch'igan Cit'y, c. Indiana. Mlchd'acan' (-kan'), state, Mexico, 22,623 Q p. 936, # Morelia. Mid'dlegbrough (-biir-6), c. England MId'dletown, c. N. Y Mil 'an, c . Italy MH'ford, c. Massachusetts . . . MUl'ville, e. New J ersey Milwau'kee, c. Wisconsin . . . Min'dana'o, isl. Philippine I. 46,721 D P- 496. Mindo'ro, isl. Philippine I. 4,108 D P- 106. MIn'neap'olis, c. Minnesota . MIn'neso'ta, state, U. S. A. 83,365 D p. 1,751, # St. Paul. Minsk, c. Eu. Russia Mir'za'pur, c. Br. India Miskolcz (mYsh'kOlts), c. Hungary Mis'sissip'pi, state, U. S. A. 46,810 D p. 1,551, # Jackson. Missou'rl, state, U. S. A. 69,- 415 D i>- 3,107,* Jefferson City." Mobile', c. Alabama Mo'dena, c. Italy Mogilev (ma-ge-ly6f), c. Eu- ropean Russia Molen'beek'C-laN'bak'^sub. of Brussels, Belgium Mol'ine', c. Illinois Moluc'cag, Dutch isls. 43,864 D P- 399. M6n'aeo, princ. Europe, 8 Q p. 15. MSnastir', c. As. Turkey MSnghyr' (-ger'), c. Bengal, India Mons (mSNs), c. Belgium Monta'na, state, U. S. A. 146,- 080 D P- 243, # Helena. M&nt'clair', c. New Jersey. . . M6n'tene'gro, princ. Eur. 3,256 □ p. 228, # Cetinje. Mon'terey', c. Mexico M&n'tevld'go, * of Uruguay Mdntgom'ery, # of Alaba- ma M&nt'real', c. Canada Morad'abad' (-rfid'-), c. Brit- ish India 75 More'los, state, Mex. 2,734 Q p. 162, # Cuernavaca. Mordc'co, sultanate, Af. 169,- 591 □ p. 8,000, # Fez. Mftr'ristown, c. New Jersey. 11 M&s'cow, c. Russia 1,036 Mo'sul', c. As. Turkey 61 Mt. Car'mel, c. Pennsylvania 13 Mt. VSr'non, c. New York. .. 20 Mozambique' (-bek'), prov. Port. E. Af . 261,700 D P- 1,500; its # p. 8. Miil'hau'gen (-hou'-), c. Ger- many 89 Mul'tan', c. Br. India 87 Miinehen Gladbach (miin'- ken glat'bak), c. Prussia, Germany 58 Mun'cle, c. Indiana 21 Mu'nieh (-nlk), # of Bavaria, Germany 500 Miin'stgr, c. Prussia 64 Mur'cia (-shl-a), c. Spain 108 Mus'catine', c. Iowa 14 Muskfi'gon, c. Michigan 21 Mut'tra, c. British India 60 Mysore', state, India, 29,444 O p. 5,539 ; its # p. 68. N. Na'gasa'kl, c. Japan 107 Na'goya, c. Japaa 244 Nag'pur', c. India 128 Nagy Varad (n8d'y' va'rCd), C.Hungary 50 Namangan', c. As. Rus 62 Nan'cy , c. France 103 Nan'king', c. China 150 Nantes, c. France 133 Nan'ticoke, c. Pennsylvania. 12 Na'pleg (-p'lz), c. Italy 564 Nash'ua, c. New Hampshire . 24 Nash' ville, # of Tennessee . . 81 Natal', Br. col. Af. 29,200 □ p. 930, # Pietermaritzburg. Natal', c. Brazil 40 Natch'ez, c. Mississippi 12 Nau'gatuck, c. Connecticut.. 11 Nawanagar (nu-wa'nfi-gur'), C.India 54 Nebras'ka, state, U. S. A. 77,- 510 □ p. 1,066, * Lincoln. Neg'apatam', c. Br. Ind 57 Nepal', kdm. India, 54,459 □ p. 3,000, # Khatmandu. NSth'erlandg, kdm. Eur. 12,- 741 □ p. 5,104, # The Hague. Neustrg'litz (noi-), c. Ger. . . 11 Neva'dd, state, U. S. A. 110,- 700 D P- 42, # Carson City. New Al'bany, c. Indiana 21 New'ark, c. New J ersey 246 New'ark, c. Ohio 18 New BSd'ford, c. Mass 62 New Brit'ain (-'n), c. Conn.. 26 New Bruns'wick, prov. Can- ada, 28,100 D p. 331, # Fred- ericton. New Brun§'wiek, c. N. J. . . . 20 New'burg', c. New York — 25 New'buryport', c. Mass 14 New'eastle, c. England 215 New'castle, c. Pa 28 New'foOndland, British isl. N. Am. 42,200 Q p. 217, # St. John's. New G-uIn'ea, British & Ger- man isl. Pac. oc 311,023 Q p. 700. New Hamp'shire, state, U. S. A. 9,305 D P- 412,# Concord 412 New Hft'ven, c. Connecticut 108 New JSr'sey, state, U. S. A. 7,815 D p. 1,884, # Trenton. New Lon'don, c. Conn 18 New Mex'ico, ter. U. S. A. 122,580 D P- 195, # Santa Fe. New Or'ieang, c. Louisiana . 287 New'port, c. England 67 New'port, c. Kentucky 28 New'port, c. R. 1 22 New'port Newg', c. Va 20 New Rochelle', c . N. Y 15 New South Wale§, state, Australia, 309,175 D P- 1,360, # Sydney. New'ton, c. Massachusetts ... 34 New York', state, U. S. A. 49,- 170 D p. 7,269, # Albany. New York', c. New York.. . .3,437 Manhat'tan, bor 1,850 Bronx 201 Brook'lyn 1,167 Rich'mond 67 Queens 153 New ZSa'land, Brit. isl. col- ony, 104,612 □ p. 816, # Wel- lington. Niag'ara Falls, c. New York 19 Ni'eara'gua (-g w A), rep. C. Am. 47,857 D P- 500, # Mana- gua. Nice, c. France 105 Nikolaev (nye-ka-la'ySf), c. European Russia 92 Nimes (nem), c. France 81 Ning'po', c. China 255 Nome, c. Alaska 12 Nor'folk (-fak), c. Virginia . . 47 N6r'ristown, c. Pa 21 N6rr'kopIng (-chS-), c. Swe- den 41 N6rth Ad'amg, c. Mass 24 Ndrthamp'ton, c. England. . 87 Ndrthamp'ton, c. Mass 19 North Car'oll'na, state, U. S. A. 52,250 D p. 1,894, # Ra- leigh. North Dako'ta, state, U. S. A.70,795 D P-319, # Bismarck. NSr'way, country, Europe, 125,648 D P- 2,231,# Kristiania. Nor'wlch, c. Connecticut 17 Nor'wich (-rich), c. England 112 N6t'tfngham, c. England. ... 240 Nova'ra, c. Italy 45 No'va ScS'tia (-sht-a), prov. Canada, 20,550 Q p. 460, #• Halifax. N6v'gorod(-rot), c. European Russia 26 No'vocherkask', c. Euro- pean Russia 52 Nue'vo Leon', state, Mexico, 23,685 □ p. 327, # Monterey. Nu'remberg, c. Bav. Ger 261 am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, end, eve, term, they, recent, Tn, ice, machine, A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 699 o. Oakland, c California 67 Odfes'sa. c. Russia 405 Of fenbach(-bak),c. Germany 51 Og'den City, c. Utah 16 Og'dengburg, c. New York . . 13 OhJ'o, state, C. S. A. 41,060 Q p. 4,158, # Columbus. Oil City, c. Pennsylvania — 13 O'kaya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan . 58 OklahS'ma, state, TJ. S. A. 70,- 057 D P- 1.414, # Guthrie. Oklahoma City , c . Ok 10 Ol'denburg, duchy, Ger. 2,480 Q P- 398 ; its # p. 27. Oldfiam, c. England 137 O'maha/, c. Nebraska 103 Oman', country, Arabia, 82,- 000 D P- 1.500, # Maskat. Onta'rio, prov. Can. 219,650 Q p. 2,183, # Toronto. Opor'to, c. Portugal 172 Oran', c. Algeria 88 Or'ange (-€nj), c. New Jersey 24 Orange River Colony, Br. col. S. Af . 48,326 □ # Bloem- fontein. Or'egon, state, U. S. A. 96,030 D p. 414, # Salem. Orel (ar-yol'), c. Eu. Russia.. 70 Orenburg', c. Russia 73 O'gaka, c. Japan 821 Osh/kOBh,c. "Wisconsin 28 Os'nabrQck', c. Prussia 52 Ostend', c. Belgium 40 Oswe'go, c. New York 22 O'taru.c. Japan 57 Ot'tawa, #r of Canada 60 Ottum'wa, c. Iowa 18 Ovle'do, c. Spain 46 O'wengboro, c. Kentucky ... 13 Ox'ford, c. England 49 P. Pad'ua, c. Italy 82 Padu'cah, c. Kentucky 19 Paigley, c. Scotland 79 Pala'wan, isl. Philippine I. 4,726 DP- 50. Paler'mo, c Italy 310 Pal'ma, c. Spain 63 Piu'ama', rep. Cen. Am 340 Pan'ama', # of Panama 25 Para', c. Brazil 110 Pa'raguay'(-gwl'),rep. S.Am. 157,000 D P- 630, # Asuncion. Par'is, # of France 2,714 Par'kergburg, c. W. Va 12 Par'ma, c. Italy 49 Pa' Big, c. Philippine 1 22 PassS'ic, c. New Jersey 28 Pat'erson, c. New Jersey 105 Pat'lala (put'-), c. India 54 Pat'na,c. India 135 Pawtuek'et, c Rhode Island. 39 Pea'body, c. Massachusetts . . 12 Peeks'kill, c. New York 10 Pekln', # of China 1,000 Penn'sylva'nia, state, U. S. A. 45,215 D P- 6,302, # Harris- burg. Pen'sacS'la, c. Florida 18 Pen'za, c. Eu. Russia 62; Feo'ria, c. Illinois Perm, c. European Russia Per'nambu'eo, c. Brazil Pgr'sia (-s'lia), kdm. Asia, 635,- 135 D P- 9,000, # Teheran. Perth, c. Scotland Perth, # of W. Australia Perth Am'boy', c. N. Jersey. Peru', rep. S. Am. 683,322 Q p. 4,560, # Lima. Peru'gia. c. Italy Pesha'war, c. Punjab, British India Pe'tergburg. c. Virginia Pforzheim (p f 8 r t s'h I m), c. Germany Phil'adel'phla, c. Pa 1 Phil'ippine Islands, arch. Asia, 127,853 D P- 6,975, # Ma- nila. Ph£l'ipp6p'oli6, c. Bulg Phil'lipsburg, c. N. Jersey.. Phyon'yang' (p'hySng'-), c. Korea Pll'sen, c. Bohemia Pine Bluff, c. Arkansas PIq'ua (ptk'wa), c. Ohio Piraeus (pi-re'-), c Greece Pi'sa, c. Italy Pisto'ja (-ya), c. Italy PItts'burg, c. Kansas PItts'burg, c. Pennsylvania. Pitts'field, c. Mass Pitts'ton, c. Pennsylvania . . . Plain 'field, c. New Jersey Pla'ta, La, c. Argentina Plauen (plou'en), c. Saxony, Germany PloescI (pl6-y6sht'y'), c. Rou- mania Plym'outh, c. England Plym'outh, c. Mass Plym'outh, c. Pennsylvania. Pnum Penh (p'num pen'), c. Cambodia, Indo China Point' de Galle', c. Ceylon.. Poitiers (pwa'tya'),c. France. Po'la. c. Austria Po'land, gov. Russia, 49,159 Q p. 9,456, # Warsaw. P61ta'va, c. Eu. Russia Pon'ce, c. Porto Rico P6n / dieher'ry, c. Fr. Ind Poo'na, c. India Port-au-Prince (-o-). # of Haiti Port Hu'ron, c. Michigan Port'land, c. Maine Port'land, c. Oregon Port Lou'Is, # of Mauritius . Por'to No'vo, c. Dahomey. . . Por'to Rii'co, isl. W. Ind. 3,606 D P- 953, # San Juan. Port Said', c. Egypt Ports'mouth, c. England — Ports'mouth, c. N. H Ports'mouth, c. Ohio Ports'mouth, c. Virginia Por'tugal, kdm. Eur. 35,582 Q p. 5,429, # Lisbon. Po'gen, c. Prussia P6ts'dam, c. Prussia Pfitts'town, c. Pennsylvania. Pfttts'ville, c. Pennsylvania. Poughkeep'sie (p6-kTp'sT), c. New York 24 I Pozsony (po'zhon-y'), c. Hun- gary 66 Prague, # of Bohemia 204 Pres'ton, c. England 113 Prince Ed'ward I., prov. Canada, 2,134 Q p. 103, # Charlottetown. Pr6v'idence, * of R. Island. 176 Prussia (prQsh'a), kdm. Ger- many, 134,597 D P- 34,468, # Berlin. Przemysl (pshe'mTshl-y'), c. Austria 46 Pue'bla, state, Mexico, 12,207 D P- 1,024 ; its # p. 89. Pueb'lo, c. Colorado 28 Puer'to Prin'elpe, c. Cuba . 25 Punjab', prov. British India, 97,209 D P- 20,330, # Lahore. Q. Quebec' (kwl-), prov. Can. 228,900 D P- 1.649 ; its # p. 69. QuSeng'land, state, Austra- lia, 668,497 Q p. 503, # Bris- bane. Quere'taro (ka-ra'-), state, Mexico, 4,493 D P- 228 ; its # p. 35. Quin'cy, c. Illinois 3€ Quin'cy, c. Massachusetts ... 24 Qui'to(ke't5),# of Ecuador. 40 R. Racine', c. Wisconsin 29 Raj'puta'na, region, India, 127,541 D P- 9,723. Ra'leigh (-tt). # of N. C 14 Bam'pur, c. India 79 Rangoon', c. Burma 235 Rat'isbon, c. Bavaria, Ger.... 45 Raven'na, c. Italy 64 Ra'wal Pin'di. c. Br. Ind.... 88 Read'ing, c. England 72 Read'ing, c. Pennsylvania ... 79 Reg'gio di Cala'bria (r5d'- jo-),c. Italy 44 Reggio nell' Emi'lla, c. Italy 58 Rem'scheid (-shlt),c. Prussia 58 Rennes (rSn). c. France 75 Reun'ion(re-un'vun),Fr. isl. Indian oc. 965 Q p. 173, # St. Denis. Revel', c. Russia 65 Revere', c. Massachusetts — 10 Rheimg (remz). c. France 108 Rhode Island (rod'), state, U. S. A. 1,250 □ p. 429, # Provi- dence. Rhodeg(rodz), isl. Turkey, 565 □ p. 29 ; its # p. 11. Rh&nd'da, c. Wales 114 RIch'mond, c Indiana 18 Rich'mond. # of Virginia... 85 Ri'ga, c. Russia ..._......_. 283 Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zha- na'rS), # of Brazil 150 HIx'd6rf, c. Prussia, Ger 90 Ro anoke', c. Virginia 21 R&ch'dflle, c. England 83 R6ch'ester, c. England 31 sir. Bdd, tone, Or, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, um, moon, fot>t, bank, then. 700 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. Roch'ester, c. New York .... 163 San Luis' Po'tosi', state. Slam', kdm. Asia, 244,402 Q p. adck'ford, c. Illinois 31 Mexico, 24,007 □ p. 582 ; its # 6,320, # Bangkok. Bock Island, c. Illinois 19 p. 69. Sib6ng'a, c. Cebu, Phil. I 23 Rome, # of Italy 464 San Mar'i'no, rep. Italy, 23 C Sler'ra Lfio'ne, British col 15 p. 10. Africa, 27,760 □ p.300, * Free- town. Kosa'rio, c. Argentina 112 San Miguel' de Mayu'mo, R6s'tock, c. Germany .55 c. Luzon, Phil. 1 20 Simbirsk', c. Eu. Russia « Bost6v' (ras-t6f), c. Russia.. 120 San Salvador', # of Salva- SimfSrd'pol, c. Eu. Rus 49 RStb/erham, c. England 54 dor 60 Sind, div. India, 47,066 Q p. Rdt'terdam, c. Netherlands . 31!) San'ta A'na, c. Salvador 48 3,211, # Haidarabad. Rou'baix' (ru'bS'), c. Fr 114 San'tander', c. Spain 51 Sln'gapore', Br. isl. 206 □ p. Rou'en' (ru'aN'), c. France. . . 116 San'tia'go, # of Chile 292 228 ; its # p. 139. Eouma'nia, kdm. Europe,50,- San'tia'go, c. Cuba 43 Sioux City (sod), c. Iowa 83 587 D p. 5,913, # Bukharest. San'to Domin'go, rep. Haiti, Sioux Falls, c. S. Dakota 10 IRu'dolstadt, c. Germany 12 18,755 □ p. 417 ; its # p. 20. Smolensk (sma-ly6nsk'), c. Russia (rtish'a), em. Eur. and Sao Paulo (soun-), c. Brazil. . . 220 European Russia 47 Asia. 8,660,395 D P- 128,932, # Sa'rag&s'sa, c. Spain 98 Smyr'na, c. Turkey 201 St. Petersburg. Rut'land, c. Vermont Sar'ato'ga Springs, c. New York S6'fla, # of Bulgaria 68 12 12 Sdm'erville, c. Mass J£yazan'(-zan'y'),c. European Sara'tov (-tof), c. Russia 137 Sono'ra, state, Mexico, 76,253 Russia 45 Sara'wak, Br. ter. Borneo, 50,- D P- 135, # Hermosillo. S. 000 D P- 600, # Kuching. Southampton, c. England . . LOS Saskatch'ewan,dist. Canada, South Australia, state, Aus- Sac'ramen'to, # of Cal 29 107,092 □ p. 26, % Battleford. tralia, 903,690 □ p. 363, # Ade- Sag'inaw, c. Michigan 42 Sault' St. Ma'rle (boo'), c. laide. Sahar'anpur, c. N. W. Prov- Michigan 11 South Bend, c. Indiana 36 66 Savan'nah, c. Georgia Saxe'-Al'tenburg, duchy, 54 Saigon', # of Cochin China.. 38 South/bridge, c. Mass 10 St.-Denis (s&N'-de-ne'), c. Germany, 511 D p. 195, # Al- South Car'oll'na, state, U. S. France, p. 61 ; # of Reunion tenburg. A. 30,570 □ p. 1,340, # Colum- isl. p. 33. Saxe'-Co'burg-GS'tha (-ta), bia. St. Etienne (sSN'ta'tye'n'), c. duchy, Ger. 756 Q p. 230, # * South Dako'ta, state, U. S. France 147 Coburg, Gotha. A. 77,650 D P- 402, # Pierre. Saint-G-illes (s a n'z h e 1'), c. Saxe'-Meln'ingen, duchy, South O'mahft 7 , c. Neb 26 Belgium 55 Germany, 953 Q p. 251, # South'port, c. England 48 Saint Helg'na, British isl. 47 Meiningen. Spain, kdm. Eur. 194,794 □ p. Q p. 10. S a x e'-W e i'm a r (vT'-), g. 18,078, # Madrid. St. Hel'eng, c. England 84 duchy, Germany, 1,396 □ p. Span'dau (-dou), c. Prussia.. 65 St. John, c. N. B., Canada. . . . 47 363, # Weimar. Spar'tanburg, c. S. C 11 St. Joseph, c. Missouri 108 Sax'ony, kdm. Ger. 5,789 □ Spo'-kane', c. Washington .... 37 St. Louis, c. Missouri 575 p. 4,200, # Dresden. Spring'fleld, # of Illinois . . . 34 St. Paul, # of Minnesota 163 Schaerbeek (skar'bak), c. Spring'fleld, c. Mass 62 St. Pg'tergburg, % of Rus... 1,439 Belgium 06 Spring'fleld, c. Missouri 23 St. Pierre (ben' pyar'), c. Re- Schenec'tady (sk-), c. N.Y... 32 Spring'fleld, c. Ohio 38 union island 28 Scho'neberg' (shg'-),c. Prus- Srinagar', # of Kashmir 123 St. Th&m'as, Portuguese isl. sia, Germany 90 Stam'ford, c. Connecticut 16 W. Africa, 359 Q p. 35. Schwerin' (shva-), c. Ger 3!) Stav'ropol (-pol-y'), c. Russia 42 Sa'kai, c. Japan 50 Se&t'land, div. Great Britain, Stgel'ton, c. Pennsylvania. . . 12 Sa'lem, c. British India 71 29,796 DP-4,472,# Edinburgh. Stettin', c. Prussia 211 Salem, c. Massachusetts 36 Seran'ton, c. Pennsylvania . . 102 Steu'benville, c. Ohio 14 Saler'no, c. Italy 43 SSat'tle (-t'l), c. Washington. 315 Still'wa'ter, c. Minnesota 12 Sal 'ford, c. England 221 Sebas'topol', c. Eu. Rus 51 StOck'holm, % of Sweden . . . 301 Sa'loni'ki, c. Turkey 105 Seda'lia, c. Missouri 15 St6ek'port, c. England 79 Salt Lake City, # of Utah . . . 54 Sen'dal', c. Hondo, Japan — 83 Stdek'ton, c. England 51 Sal'vadSr', rep. C. Am. 13,176 Sen'egal', Fr. col. Af. 51,000 St6ek'ton, c. California 18 □ p. 1,007, % San Salvador. D P- 250, # St. Louis. Straits Settlements, Br. col. m 193 Asia, 1,543 □ p. 572, # Singa- pore. Sa marang', c. Java 69 Seraing (se-raN'), c. Belgium. 38 Sam'arkand' (-kanf), c. Asi- Ser'vla, kdm. Europe, 18,650 Strass'burg, c. Alsace, Ger- 55 □ p. 2,494, # Belgrade. S&v'ille, c. Spain 150 Samo'a, Ger. isls. Pac. ocean. 146 Strga'tor, c. Illinois 14 Sa'm6s, isl. Asia Minor, 181 Shah/jahan'pur, c. British Stutt'gart, c. Germany 176 □ p. 55, # Vathy. India 76 Su'ehau' (-chou'), c. China.. 500 San Anto'nio, c. Texas 53 Shamo'kin, c. Pennsylvania. 18 Sulu' Isls. 380 D P- ab. 75. San Carlos, c. Luzon, Philip- Shang'ha'i, c. China 620 Suma'tra, Du. isl. Malay pine Islands 24 Sheboy'gan, c. Wisconsin ... 23 arch. 162,310 □ p. 3,472. San Die'go, c. California 18 Sheffield, c. England 409 Sun'derland, c. England 146 Sandus'ky, c. Ohio 20 Shen'ando'ah, c. Pa 20 Supg'rior. c. Wisconsin 31. San Fgrnan'dS, c. Spain 2!) Sher'man, c. Texas 10 Su'raba'ya, c. Java L25 San Francis'co, c Cal 343 Shid'zu'oka, c. Japan 42 Surat', c. India 119 San Jose (ho-sa'), c. Cal 22 Shield?, South, c. England. . . 101 Swan'sea (-sY), c . Wales 95 San Jose, # of Costa Rica 25 Sho'lapur, c. British India. . . 75 Swg'den, country, Europe, San Juan (h6"o-an'), c. Porto Shrgve'port, c. Louisiana ... 16 173,967 □ p. 5,136, # Stock- Rico 32 Si'alkot, c. British India 58 1 holm. am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, end, eve, tSrm, they, recent, In, Tee, machine. A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 701 Switzerland, rep. Europe, Tra'pani, c. Italy 59 15,964 D p. 3,314, # Bern. Treb'iz6nd / , c. Asia Minor. . 35 Syd'ney, # of N. S. W. Aust.. 488 Tren'ton, # of New Jersey .. 73 Syr'acuse', c. New York 108 Trich / in6p'oly, c. India 105 Szabadka (s8'b8d-k5),c. Hun- Tries'tg, c. Austria 179 gary 82 Trln'idad', British isl. West Szeg'edin (seg'-), c. Hun 103 Indies, 1,754 Q p. 253, # Port T. of Spain. Trlp'oll, country.Africa, 350,- Ta'al, c. Luzon. Phil. I 33 000 D P- 700 ; its # p. 40. Tabas'co, state, Mexico, 10,075 Trivan'drum, c. Brit. India . 58 D P- 158, # San Juan Bau- Troy, c. New York 61 tista. Troyes (trwa), c. France 58 ISO Tsari'tsyn, c. Eu. Russia.. .. Tu'cuman', c. Argentina .56 ,50 Taco'ma, c. Washington 88 Taganrog' (-r6k'), c. Euro- Tu'la, c. Russia 111 pean Russia 52 Tu'nis, country, Af. 38,456 Q Ta'Mti, isl. South Pacific oc. p. 1,906 ; its # p. 170. Tu'rin, c. Italy 886 Tal'ca,c. Chile 41 Tur'key, emp. Eur. Asia, Af. Tama'uli'pas, state, Mex. 32,- 1,579,982 D P- 40,441, # Con- 273 D p. 219, # Ciudad Vic- stantinople. toria. Tver (tvygr), c. Eu. Russia . . . 58 T&mbo'bong, c. Luzon, Phil- Tyne'mouth, c. England .... 52 ippine Islands 25 Tambov' (-b6f), c. European U. 4fl TJ'fa, c. European Russia Uj Pest (oVy* pgsht), c. Hun- 50 Tam'pa, c. Florida 16 Tana'nari'vo, # of Madagas- gary 42 50 Ulm, c. Germany U'nion, c. New Jersey 4^ Tana'uan, c. Philippine Isls.. 20 15 T&njore', c. British India .... 58 United States of America, Tan'ta, c. Egypt 57 rep. 3,622,933 Q p. 76,303 (inc. Tash/kend', # of Russian Phil. I. etc. 85,344), # Wash- Turkestan 156 ington. Tasma'nia, isl. state, Austra- U'ruguay', rep. S. Am. 72,- lia, 26,215 D P- 172, # Hobart. 172 D P- 931, # Montevideo. Taun'ton, c. Mass 31 U'tah, state, U. S. A. 84,970 Q Tegu'cigal'pa, # of Hondu- p. 277, # Salt Lake City. 10 250 56 102 Teheran', # of Persia U'treeht (-trSkt), c. Neth Tem'esvar (-6sh-var),c. Hun- V. gary ,53 Ten'nessfee', state, U.S.A. 42,- Valgn'eia (-sht-a), c. Spain. . . 205 050 D P- 2,021 , # Nashville. Val'ladolid', c. Spain 69 Ter're Haute' (h5f), c. In- Val'parai'so, c. Chile 136 diana 37 Vaneou'ver, c. B. C, Can — 26 Tex'as, state, U. S. A. 265,780 Ven'ezug'la, rep. S. Am. 396,- p. 3,049, # Austin. 537 D P- 2,445, # Caracas. 9,50 11 VSn'Ice, c. Italy Ve'raeruz(-kroos), state, Mex- 152 Tiffin, c. Ohio Tiflis', c. Russia 161 ico, 29,291 O P- 961, ^r Jalapa ; TD/burg, c. Netherlands 41 c. Mexico, p. 24. Tlaxea'la (tlas-), state, Mex- Verm&nt', state, U. S. A. 9,565 ico, 1,595 Q p. 172 ; its # p. 3. D P- 344, # Montpelier. To'go, Ger. ter. Africa, 33,668 Vero'na, c. Italy 74 O P- 2,000, # Lome. Ver'viers' (var'vya'), c. Bel- Tokat', c. Asia Minor 48 gium 52 To'kushi'ma, c. Shikoku isl. Vieen'za(-ch6nt'sa),c. Italy. 4.5 TS'kyo, # of Japan 15 440 Victo'rla, state, Australia, 87,- Tole'do, c. Ohio 132 884 D P- 1,202, #• Melbourne ; 52 c. Brazil, p. 32 ; c. # of Br. Col. p. 21; c. # of Hongkong, Tdn'kiin', French ter. Indo China, 46,023 D P- 7,000, # China, p. 161. Vien'na, # of Austria 1,662 Topfi'ka, # of Kansas 34 Vil'no, c. Russia 160 Tordn'to, c. Canada 21 W Vincenneg', c. Indiana 10 Tdt'tenham, c. England 103 Virgin'ia, state, U. S. A. 42,- Toul6n', c. France 102 450 D P- 1,854, * Richmond. Tou'louse', c. France 150 Vi'tebsk (-tygpsk), c. Euro- To'ya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan.. Transvaal', Br. col. Africa, <;o till Vla'dikavkaz'Gdye-kaf-kas') 119,139 D p. 1,043, # Pretoria. c. European Russia 44 Voronezh (va-r6'nyesh), c. European Russia 84 w. Wa'co, c. Texas 21 Wa'kaya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan 64 Wales, princ. Great Britain, 7,468 Dp- 1,211. Wal'lawal'la, c. Wash 10 Wal'sall, c. England 86 Wal'tham, c. Mass 23 Wal'thamstow', c. England. 95 War'rington, c. England. . . . 64 War'saw, # of Poland, Rus- sia 638 War' wick, c. Rhode Island.. 21 Wash'ington, state, U. S. A. 69,180 D P- 518, # Olympia. Washington, D. C. % of U. S.A 279 Wa'terbury, c. Connecticut. 46 Wa/terl66', c. Iowa 13 Wa'tertown, c. New York. . . 22 Wa'tervliet', c. New York ... 14 Wau'sau, c. Wisconsin 12 Wei'mar (vl'-), c. Germany.. 29 WSl'lington, # of N. Z 44 West Bay City, c. Michigan . 13 West Brom'wlch (-Teh), c. England 65 Western Australia, state, Australia, 975,876 Q p. 184, % Perth. West'fleld, c. Mass 12 West'ham, c. England 267 West Ho'boken, c. N. J 23 West Virgin'ia, state, U. S. A. 24,780 D p. 959, # Charles- Wey 'mouth, c. Mass Wheel 'ing, c. W. Virginia. . . WIch'ita, c. Kansas Wiesba'den(ves-), c. Prussia, Germany Wig'an, c. England Wilkes'barre (-rt), c. Pa Wil'kinsburg, c. Pa WTlles'den, c. England Wil'liamgport, c. Pa Wil'mington, c. Del Wil'mington, c. N. C Win'nipeg, # of Manitoba . . Wino'na, c. Minnesota Win'ston, c. N. Carolina WiseSn'sin, state, U. S. A. 56,040 □ p. 2,069, # Madison. Wo'btirn (woo'-), c. Mass WoVverhamp'ton (wo~61 / -), c. England Woon'sSek'et, c. R. I Worces'ter (wd&s'tSr), c. England Worces'tgr (wd&s'-), c. Mas- sachusetts Worms (vorms), c. Germany.. Wu'chang / , c. China Wu'chau' (-chou'), c. China. Wu'hu', c. China Wurt'temberg, kdm. Ger- many, 7,536 O p. 2,166, # Stuttgart. Wurz'burg (vtrtsM.c. Bava- ria, Germany sir, Odd, t5ne, 6r, son, wolf, sun. cube, full, rude, urn, moon,.fd6t, bank, then. 70^5 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. Wyo'ming, state, U. S. A. 97,- Yen'kerg, c. New York 48 Zam'boan'ga, c. Luzon, Phil- 890 Q p. 93, # Cheyenne. Y6rk, c.England 78 Y6rk, c. Pennsylvania 34 Youngg'town, c. Ohio 45 *>1 ?4 Y. Zan'zibar'', isl. Africa, 640 Q Yako'ba, c. Nigeria, Africa... 50 Yu'catan', state, Mexico, 35,- p 150 ; its # p. 50. Yarkand, c. Turkestan 200 213 O P- 312, # Merida. Zhitomir', c. Eu. Russia •5.5 Yar'mouth, c. England 51 Yur'ev (-y8f ), c. Eu. Russia.. 42 Zu'luland, prov. S. Af. 10,450 Ya'rosla'vl (-ra-), c. Europe- z. D p. 143, # Eshowe. an Russia 71 Zu'rieh. (-rlk), c. Switzerland. 153 YSzd, c. Persia 55 Za'cate'cas (sa-), state, Mexi- Zwick'au (tsvYk'ou), c. Sax- Yo'koha'ma, c . Japan 194 co, 24,473 O P- 463 ; its # p. 40. ony, Germany 56 am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, end, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, sir, Odd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, fdt>t, bask, then. ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. A. A-, America; American. a., adjective ; acre ; answer ; ac- cepted ; are. a., or @ (ad), to or at. A A. G-, Assistant Adjutant General. A B- {Artium Baccalaureus), Bachelor of Arts ; able-bodied (seaman). abtor , abbrev , abbreviated; abbreviation. A- B. C. F M-, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. ab init. (ab initio), from the beginning. abl-, ablative. Abp-, Archbishop. abr-, abridged, abridgment. A. B. S-. American Bible So- ciety. abst, abstr., abstract. abt., about. acc, accusative. acCi acct., account. A. D- {anno Domini), in the year of our Lord. ad., advertisement. A- D. C-, Aid-de-camp. ad fin. (adfinem), at the end. ad Inf. (ad infinitum), to infin- ity. ad int. (ad interim), in the in- terim or meantime. adj., adjective. Adj., Adjt, Adjutant. ad lib. iadlibitum), at pleasure. A dm.. Admiral ; Admiralty. adnv, admr . administrator, administratrix. admiZ-, admx., administra- trix. adv., advocate ; adverb ; ad- vent ; (ad valorum), at the value. adv., advt-, advertisement. ae., aet, aetat. (aetatis), of age ; aged. aft., after. Ag. (argentum), silver. agr., agric, agriculture; ag- ricultural. agt, agent. A- H. M- S-, American Home Missionary Society. A1-, aluminium. Al., Ala., Alabama. Alas., Alaska. Aid., Alderman. alg., algebra. alt., altitude ; alternate; alto. A. M. (Artium Magister), Mas- ter of Arts; (ante meridiem), before noon. Am., Amer., American. ami, amount. an. (anno), in the year. anat. , anatomical ; anatomist ; anatomy. anc, ancient ; anciently. Angl. , Anglican. anon., anonymous. ans., answer. ant., antiq.. antiquities. A. 0. H-, Ancient Order of Hibernians. Ap., April ; Apostle. Apl., Apr., April. apo., apogee. Apoc, Apocalypse ; Apocry- pha ; Apocryphal. App., Apostles, app., appendix. Apr., April. ar., argent ; arrival ; arrive. A. R. A., Associate of the Royal Academy. arch., architecture. arch., archt, architect. archaeol , archaeological ; ar- chaeology. Archd., Archdeacon. arith.. arithmetic. Ariz., Arizona. Ark., Arkansas. Arm., Armenian. arr. , arrived ; arrivals. As., arsenic. Asst, Assistant. A. S. S. U., American Sunday School Union. astr., astron., astronomer; astronomy. astrol-, astrologer ; astrology. at. Wt., atomic weight. Att., Atty., Attorney. Att. Gen., Attorney General. An., Anr. (aurum), gold. A. TJ. C (ab urbe condita), from the building of the city (i. e., Rome, 753 b. c). Aug.. August. Ans., Anst, Austr., Austria; Austrian. Austral.. Australasia ; Aus- tralia. Av., Avenue, av., avoirdupois. A. V., Authorized Version. avdp., avoirdupois. Ave., Avenue. avoir., avoirdupois. B. D., bass (in music) ; bay ; book; base ; born. Ba.. barium. B. A., British America; Bache- lor of Arts. bal., balance. Bap., Bapt, Baptist. bap., baptized. Bar., Barrister. Bart., Bt, Baronet. bat, batt, battery ; battalion. bbl., barrel, bbls., barrels. B. C, before Christ ; British Columbia. B. C L., Bachelor of Civil Law. B. D., Bachelor of Divinity. bdl., bundle. bds., (bound in) boards. B. E-, Bill of Exchange. Belg., Belgium ; Belgic. bet., between. BL, bismuth. B. I., British India. Bib., Bible; Biblical. biog-, biography. biol., biology; biological. bk*., bank ; book. bl., barrel ; bale. B. L., Bachelor of Laws; Bill of Lading. bldg., building. B. L. E., Brotherhood of Lo- comotive Engineers. bis., bales. B. M-, Bachelor of Medicine. B. M., B. MUS., Bachelor of Music. bn., battalion. b. o., buyer's option. Bor., boron. bot., botanical; botanist; bot- any ; bought. Bp., Bishop. b. p., bill of parcels ; bills pay- able. bQJie., barque. Br., bromine. B. rec, bills receivable. Brig-, Brigade; Brigadier. Brig. Gen., Brigadier General. Brit , Britain ; British. bro., brother, bros , brothers. B. S-, Bachelor of Surgery; bill of sale. B. S-, B. Sc, Bachelor of Sci- ence. Bt, Baronet. B. T. U-, British thermal unit ; Board of Trade unit. bn., bns., bushel, bushels. bus., bush., bushel. B. V. (Beata Virgo), Blessed Virgin. B. V. M-, Blessed Virgin Mary. bx-, box. bXS., boxes. (703) 704 ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. C. C-, Carbon ; Chancellor ; Chan- cery; Consul. C., central; cubic; chief; court; {centum), a hundred ; cent ; centime ; city ; centigrade ; centimeter ; chapter ; {circa, cir titer, circurn), about. ca. {circa), about. caet. par. , see cet. par. Cat, California; Calendar. Can., Canada. can. , canon ; canto. Cant., Canticles. Cantab. {Cantabrigiensis), of Cambridge. cap., capital ; {caput), chapter. Capt, Captain. car., carat; carpentry. Card., Cardinal. Cash., Cashier. Cat., catal., catalogue. Cath., Catholic ; Cathedral ; Catherine ; oathode. Co., columbium. C. B., Companion of the Bath. CC {circum), about. CC or c. C, cubic centimeter. C. C {compte courante), account current. Cc, cerium. C. E., Civil Engineer. Cel., Celsius. cen., central; century. Cen. Am., Central America. Cent., Centigrade. Cf., CI. {confer), compare. C. f. i., cost, freight, and insur- ance. Cg., centigrams. C- G-, Consul General. C- 6- S-, Centimeter-gramme- second. Ch., Church ; Charles ; Chan- cellor. Ch., chapter; child; children. C- H., Courthouse; Custom- house. Chap., chapter. Chem., chemistry. Ch. J., Chief Justice. Chr., Christian ; Christ. Chron., Chronicles; Chronol- ogy- cir.,circ {circum, circa), about. Cit., citation ; citizen. Civ., Civil. C. J., Chief Justice. C1-, chlorine. Cl. , clergyman ; clerk ; clause ; cloth {binding). Cl., centiliter. Cld., cleared. elk., clerk. cm., centimeter. C. M., Common Meter ; Certifi- cated Master ; Corresponding Member ; ( Chirurgiae Magis- ter), Master in Surgery. Cml., commercial. Co. , cobalt ; company ; county. C. 0., c l , care of. C 0. D., Cash, or Collect, on Delivery. COg., cognate. CoL, Colonel; Colossians; Col- orado. COL, college; collegiate; collo- quial ; colloquialism ; colo- nial ; color ; colored ; column. Coll., College ; Collector ; Col- league. COll., colloq., colloquial. COllat., collateral ; collaterally. colloq., colloquial ; colloquial- ism. Colo., Colorado. Com., Commissioner ; Com- mander; Commodore; Com- mittee ; Commerce ; common. Comdt., Commandant. com. off., commissioned officer. comp , compare; comparative; compound. Comr., Commissioner. COn. {contra), against ; in oppo- sition. Con. cr., contra credit. Cong., Congress ; Congres- sional ; Congregational. con]., conjunction. Conn., Connecticut. Const., Constable; Constitution. COnt. , containing ; contents ; continued ; contracted ; con- traction. COntr., contracted ; contraction. Cor., Corinthians; Coroner. cor. , corner ; correspondent ; corresponding ; correlative. Cor. Mem., Corresponding Member. Corn., Cornwall; Cornish. COroL, coroll., corollary. Cor. Sec., Corresponding Sec- retary. COS., cosine. cosec , cosecant. COt., cotangent. cp., compare. C P- M., Common Particular Meter. Cr., Credit ; Creditor ; chro- mium. cres., cresc, crescendo. crim. con., criminal conversa- tion (adultery). Cs., Cases; Consul; caesium. C. S-, Court of Sessions; Civil Service; {Gustos Sigilli), Keeper of the Seal. C S. A., Confederate States of America ; Confederate States Army. C S. N-, Confed. States Navy. Ct., Connecticut; County; Court. Ct. {centum), cent ; a hundred. C T., Certificated Teacher. C T. A. U., Catholic Total Ab- stinence Union. Ctl., cental. CtS-, cents. Cu. {cuprum), copper. CU., CUD., cubic, cum div., cum d., with divi- dend, cur., currency; current. CUr., curt., current. C. V., Common Version. C W. 0., cash with order. CWt, hundredweight; hundred- weights. eye, cyclO., cyclopaedia. D-, Duke; Duchess; Dutch; didymium. d. , day ; died ; dollar ; dime ; daughter ; deputy ; degree ; dose ; {denarius, denarii), a penny, or pence. Da., davyum. Dak., Dakota. Dan., Danish ; Daniel. dat., dative. dan., daughter. dbk., drawback. D. C-, District of Columbia ; Deputy Consul ; {da capo), from the beginning. D. C L-, Doctor of Civil {or Canon) Law. D. D., Doctor of Divinity. d. d., days after date. D. D. S-, Doctor of Dental Sur- gery. Dea., Deacon. Dec, December. dec, decl. , declination ; declen- sion. decid., deciduous. declm., decimeter. del , definition ; defendant. deft., defendant. deg., degree ; degrees. dekag., dekagram. dekal., dekaliter. dekam., dekameter. Del., Delaware; Delegate. del. {delineavit), He, or She, drew it. Dem., Democrat; Democratic. Den., Denmark. dent., dental ; dentist ; den- tistry. Dep., Deputy; Department; Deponent. dep., deposed. Dept, Department ; Deponent. der., deriv., derived; deriva- tive ; derivation. Deut, Deuteronomy. dft., defendant ; draft. dg., decigram. D. Cr. {Dei gratia), by the grace of God. D. H-, deadhead. Di., didymium. dial., dialectic. diam., diameter. diet, dictionary. ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 705 diff, difference ; different. E. N. E., East-northeast. Feb., February. dim., dimln., diminutive; di- Eng., England ; English. fee (fecit), He, or She, made it. minuendo. eng. , engineers ; engraving. fem., feminine. diS., dlSCt, discount. engin., engineering. ff ., folios ; following ; fortis- Disp.. Dispensatory. Dist., District, dist, distant. ent., entom>, entomology. Env. Ext.j|»Envoy Extraordi- simo. f. g. a., free of general aver- DiSt Atty., District Attorney. nary. age. div., dividend ; division ; di- eod., every other day. F. G. S-, Fellow of the Geo- vide ; divided ; divisor. Eph., Ephesians. graphical Society. dl., deciliter. Epis., Episcopal. F. H. S-, Fellow of the Horti- D. Lit.. Doctor of Literature. eq, equal; equivalent. cultural Society. D. L. 0., Dead Letter Office. equiv., equivalent. fig., figure ; figures ; figura- dm., decimeter. Er., erbium. tively. DM. Doctor of Music. Esd., Esdras. Fin. , Finland . Finn. , Finnish . do. (ditto), the same. E..S. E-, East-southeast. fir., firkin. dols., dollars. esp., espec, especially. F1-, Flanders: Flemish. Dom., Dominion. Esq., Esqr., Esquire. Fl., Fla., Florida. doz., dozen. Est., Esther. fl., florins ; flourished. Dr., Debtor ; Doctor. et al. (et alibi), and elsewhere ; F. L. S-, Fellow of the Lin- dr., dram. (et alii, aliae, or alia), and na;an Society. D. S. (dal segno), from the sign; others. F. M-, Field Marshal. days' sight. etc., &C (el ceteri, celerae, or fo., fol., folio. d. s., days' sight; days (after) cetera), and others ; and so F. 0- B., free on board. sight. forth. fort., fortification; fortified. D. Sc, Doctor of Science. ethnog.. ethnographical; eth- F. P. A ., free of particular aver- d. S. p. (decessit sine prole), died nography. age. without issue. ethnol., ethnological ; ethnol- Fr., France ; French. D. T. (Doctor Theologian), Doc- ogy- fr., from ; franc. tor of Divinity. et see, et sqq. (et seguentes, fr., free, frequent ; frequenta- d. I., delirium tremens. or et sequentia), and the fol- tive. dtf. daily till forbidden. lowing. F..R. A. S-, Fellow of the Royal D. V. (Deovolenle), God willing. etym., etymoL, etymological; Astronomical Society. D. V. M-, Doctor of Veterinary etymology. F. R. 0. P., Fellow of the Royal Medicine. Ex., Exodus, ex., example. College of Physicians. dwt, pennyweight. ex., exc, exception. F. R. C. S-, Fellow of the Royal dwtf., daily [and] weekly till EXC, Excellency. College of Surgeons. forbidden. Exch., Exchange ; Exchequer. F. R. G. S-, Fellow of the Royal dyn., dynamics. Ex. Com-, Executive Commit- Geographical Society. E. tee. Fri., Friday. ex. cp., without coupon. F. R. S-, Fellow of the Royal E., East ; Earl ; English ; East- exd., ex div., without the divi- Society. ern (Postal District, London). dend. F. S. A., Fellow of the Society e., eagle ; eagles. Exec, Exr., Executor. of Arts ; Fellow of the Society ea., each. Execx-, Executrix. of Antiquaries. E. & 0. E-, errors and omis- Exod., Exodus. ft., foot, feet ; fort. sions excepted. Exr., Executor. fth., fathom. E- C, Eastern Central (Postal ext, extra ; extract. for., furlong. District) ; Established Church. EXX., Executrix. fat., future. Eccl., Eccles-, Ecclesiastes ; Ez., Ezr., Ezra. F. W. B., Free Will Baptist. ecclesiastical. Ezek., Ezekiel. F. Z. S-, Fellow of the Zoologi- eclec, eclectic. F. cal Society. Ecua.. Ecuador. ed., editor ; edition. F., France; French; Fahren- G. ed-, edit., edited; edition. heit ; Fellow ; Friday ; fluo- G-, German. Ed- EdilL., Edinburgh. rine. g. , guineas ; genitive ; gram. Ga, Georgia; gallium. E. E., Errors excepted; Ells f, feminine ; franc ; florin ; English ; Electrical Engineer. farthing ; foot ; folio ; forte. Gal-,Galatians. E. E. & M. P-. Envoy Extraor- P. A. A-, free of all average. gal., gallon ; gallons. G. A. R., Grand Army of the dinary and Minister Plenipo- Fahr., Fahrenheit. tentiary. F. A. M., Free and Accepted Republic. e. g. (exempli gratia), for ex- Masons. Gaz., Gazette; Gazetteer. ample. far. , farriery ; farthing. G. B., Great Britain. E. L, East Indies; East India. F. A. S-, Fellow of the Society G. C-, Grand Chapter. elec-, electricity. of Arts ; Fellow of the Anti- G- C B., Grand Cross of the E. Lon., East Longitude. quarian Society. Bath. E. M-, Mining Engineer. lath-, fathom. g. C d., greatest common divi- emnryoL, embryology. F. B. S., Fellow of the Botani- sor. e. m. 1, electromotive force. cal Society. g. C m. , greatest common meas- Emp., Emperor ; Empress. F. C, Free Church. ure. ency., encyc, encyclopedia ; fcp., foolscap. G- C M. G-, Grand Cross of St. encyclopedic. Fe. (ferrurn), iron. Michael and St. George. 706 ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. G- C S. I., Grand Commander H. M., His, or Her, Majesty. intr., intrans-, intransitive. of the Star of India. H. M- S-, His, or Her, Majesty's in trans, (in transitu), on the G. D., Grand Duke; Grand Steamer, Ship, or Service. passage. Duchess. Hon., Honorable. inv., invoice. Gen., General ; Genesis, gen., hor., horizon ; horology. Io., Iowa. genitive ; generally ; genus. hort., horticulture. Ion., Ionic. Gent., Gentleman. Hos., Hosea. I. 0. 0. P., Independent Order geog., geographer ; geographi- H. P., Horse Power ; Half Pay ; of Odd Fellows. cal ; geography. High Priest. 1 U. , I owe you ; — an acknowl- geol., geological ; geologist ; hr., hour. edgment for money. geology. H. R., House of Representa- i. q. (idem quod), the same as. geom., geometry; geometrical. Ger., Germ., German. tives. Ir. , Irish ; Ireland ; iridium. H R. E., Holy Roman Empire, Ire., Ireland. ger., gerund. or Emperor. irreg., irregular ; irregularly. GL, glucinum. H. R. H., His, or Her, Royal Is., Isa., Isaiah. G. L., Grand Lodge. Highness. Isl., isl., island, gin., gram. G. M-, Grand Master. H. S. S. (Historiac Soeietatis I. T-, Indian Territory. Socius), Fellow of the Histori- It, Ital., Italian; Italic. G. 0., General Order. cal Society. itin., itinerary. G. 0. P., Grand Old Party ht., height. J. (Republican). Hun., Hung., Hungarian ; Hun- GOV. , Governor. gary. J., Judge; Justice; Julius; G. P. {Gloria Patri), Glory to hund., hundred. Junius; Jupiter. the Father. hyd., hydros., hydrostatics. J. A., Judge Advocate. G. P. 0., General Post Office. hyd., hydraul., hydraulics. J. A. G-, Judge Advocate Gen- Gr., Great ; Greek. hypoth., hypothesis; hypothet- eral. G. R., Grand Recorder. ical. Jam., Jamaica. gr., grain ; grains ; grammar ; I. Jan., January. great; gross. Jap., Japan ; Japanese. gS., guineas. G- S-, Grand Secretary ; Grand I., Islands; Idaho ; iodine ; (Im- Jas., James. perator), Emperor. Jav., Javanese. Scribe. la., Iowa. J. C-, Jesus Christ; Justice G. T-, Good Templars. ib., ibid, (ibidem), in the same Clerk ; Julius Caesar ; Juris- gtt. (guftae), drops. place. consult. H. I. C. (lesus Christus), Jesus J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor), Christ. Doctor of Civil Law. H., hydrogen. Id., Idaho. id. (idem), the J. D. (Jurum Doctor), Doctor h., high ; height; harbor; hus- same. of Laws. band. Ida., Idaho. Jer., Jeremiah. ha., hectare. i. e. (id est), that is. J. G- W-, Junior Grand War- Hab., Habakkuk. I. H S. (lesus Hominum Salva- den. Hag., Haggai. tor), Jesus Savior of Men. J. H. S. - I. H. S. H. B. M., His, or Her, Britan- 111., Illinois. Jno., John. nic Majesty. ill., illus., illustrated; illus- JO., Joel. H. C, House of Commons. tration. Josh., Joshua. K. C M-, His, or Her, Catholic Imp., Imperial ; (Imperator), ]0UT-, journeyman ; journal. Majesty. Emperor. J. P., Justice of the Peace. hdkf., handkerchief. imp-, imperfect; imperative. jr., junior. H. E., His Eminence; His Ex- In., indium. Jud., Judith. cellency. in., inch ; inches. Judg-, Judges. Heb., Hebr., Hebrew ; He- inc., incor., lncorp., incorpo- Jun., June ; Junius. brews. rated. jun., ]unr., junior. he»tol-, hectoliter. incl., including. Jus. P., Justice of the Peace. her. , heraldic ; heraldry. incog, (incognito), unknown. Just., Justice; Justinian. ht-bd., half-bound. incor., incorp-, incorporated. J. W., Junior Warden. Hg. (hydrargyrum), mercury. Ind., Indiana. K. hg., hektogram. H. G, Horse Guards. ind., indicative. indef-, indefinite. K., King ; Kings ; Knight ; (ka- H. H., Hie (or Her) Highness ; Ind. T., Ind. Ter., Indian Ter- lium), potassium. His Holiness (the Pope). ritory. Kal., Kalends. hhd., hogshead. inf., infinitive ; infantry. Han., Kans-, Kas., Kansas. H. I., Hawaiian Islands. in IOC (in loco), in its place. K. B., Knight of the Bath ; H. I. H-, His, or Her, Imperial in IOC. cit. (in loco citato), in the King's Bench. Highness. place cited. K. C, King's Counsel. Hind., Hindu; Hindustan; I. N. R. I. (lesus Nazarenus, K. C B-, Knight Commander Hindustanee. Rex Iudaeorum), Jesus of of the Bath. hist., history. Nazareth, King of the Jews. K- C S. I., Knight Commander h. j. (hicjacet), here lies. ins., inSUT., insurance. of the Star of India. hi., hektoliter. Inst., instant ; institute. Ken., Ky., Kentucky. H. L., House of Lords. int., interest. kg., kilogram. K. G-, Knight of the Garter. hm., hektometer. inter]., int., interjection. ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 707 K. O. C, Knight of the Grand Cross. K. G C B., Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath. Ki., Kin., Kings. kilo., kilometer, kilo., kilog., kilogram, kl . kiloliter. km-, kilometer. K. M., Knight of Malta. Knt, Kt., Knight. kr., kreutzer. Ks . Kansas. Kt., Knight. K. T., Knight Templar ; Knight of the Thistle. Ky., Kentucky. L-, Lady; Latin; Lord; Low; Law ; lithium. 1., lake ; latitude ; league ; line; liter ; long ; (libra), a pound. La. , Louisiana ; lanthanum. Lam., Lamentations. Lat., Latin. lat, latitude. ID. (libra), a pound (in weight). L. C, Lord Chancellor; Lord Chamberlain. 1. c., lower case ; (loco citato), in the place cited. L. C- J., Lord Chief Justice. 1. c. m., least common multiple. Ld., Lord, lea., league. Leg., Legis., Legislature. Lev., Leviticus, lex., lexicon. 1. h., left hand. L- H. D. (Literarum Humano- rum Doctor), Doctor of Hu- manities. L. I., Long Island; Light In- fantry. Li., L., lithium, lib. (liber), book ; library ; (libra), pound. Lieut., Lt, Lieutenant. lin. , lineal ; linear. Linn.. Linnaeus ; Linnaean. liq., liquor, lit., liter; literally. Lit. D., Lltt. D-, Doctor of Literature. Iiith.., Lithuanian. li v., livre. LL. B. (Legum Baccalaureus), Bachelor of Laws. LL. D (Legum Doctor), Doctor of Laws. L. M-, Long Meter, loc clt. (loco citato), in the place cited. log., logarithm. Ion., long-, longitude, lop,, (loquitur), he speaks. L- P. M-, Long Particular Meter. L- S-. Linnaean Society ; (Locus Sigilli), Place of the Seal. 1. s. d. (libra, solidi, denarii), pounds, shillings, pence. Lt., Lieut., Lieutenant. 1. t., long ton. Ltd., Limited. lV., livres. M. M-, Marquis; Monday; Mon- sieur ; (Meridies), Meridian ; Noon ; (Mille), thousand. m., masculine : married ; moon; month ; months ; minute ; minutes ; minim ; morning ; mile, miles ; meter ; (mille), thousand ; mill, mills. M. A., Master of Arts ; Military Academy. Mac, Mace, Maccabees. Maced-, Macedonia. Mach., Machinery. Mad., Madm-, Madam. magazine. ., Major. Gen., Major General. Malachi. man., manege; manual. manuf., manufacturing. Mai-, March ; Maritime. March.., Marchioness. Marq., Marquis. mas., masc, masculine. Mass., Massachusetts. math., mathematics. Matt., Matthew. M. B. (Medicinae Baccalau- reus), Bachelor of Medicine ; (Musicae Baccalaureus), Bachelor of Music. M. C, Member of Congress. Mch , March. Md., Maryland. M. D. (Medicinae Doctor), Doc- tor of Medicine. m. d., months after date. Mdlle . Mile., Mademoiselle. Mdm., Mac' am. mdse., merchandise. Me., Maine. M. E-, Methodist Episcopal ; Military, Mining, or Mechan- ical, Engineer. mech-, mechanical ; mechanics. med., medical; medicine; me- dieval. mem-, memorandum. M. E. S-, Methodist Episcopal South. Messrs., MM. (Messieurs), Gentlemen ; Sirs. met., metaph-, metaphysics ; metaphysical. Met., Metrop., Metropolitan. metal., metall-, metallurgy. meteor., meteorological ; me- teorology. Meth., Methodist. Mex., Mexican ; Mexico. ml. (mezzo forte), moderately loud. mfd., manufactured. mf g. , manufacturing. mfrs., manufacturers. mfs., manufactures. m. ft- (mistura fiat), let a mix- ture be made. Mg-, magnesium. mg., miligram. Mgr., Monseigueur ; Monsi- gnore. Ml., Mississippi, mi-, mile. Mic, Mi cah. Mich., Michigan. Mid., Midshipman. mil., military. | min.. minute ; minutes. min.. mineral., mineralogy. Minn., Minnesota. Min. Plen., Minister Plenipo- tentiary. misc., miscellaneous ; miscel- lany. MiSS-, Mississippi. ml., milliliter. Mile. Mdlle., Mademoiselle. MM., Their Majesties; (Mes- sieurs), Gentlemen. mm., millimeter. Mme., Madame. Md.. manganese. M. N. A. S- Member of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences. Mo., Missouri; Monday; mo- lybdenum. mo. (moderalo), moderately ; month. mod., modern. mol. wt., molecular weight. i Mon., Mond., Monday. j mon. , monetary. Mons., Monsieur (Sir). Mont. , Montana. mos., months. M. P- , Member of Parliament ; Member of Police ; Municipal Police. Mr., Master; Mister. M. R., Master of the Rolls. M. R. A. S., Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences ; Member of the Royal Asiatic Society. M. R. 0. S., Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. M. R. I., Member of the Royal Institution. Mrs., Mistress ; Missis. MS-, ms., manuscript. M S- , Master of Sciences ; Mas- ter of Surgery. m. S-, months after sight. m. S. L, mean sea level. MSS , mss., manuscripts. Mt. , Mount ; Mountain. MUS- B., Bachelor of Music. Mus. D., Mus- Doc, Mus Doct ., Doctor of Music. M. W-, Most Worthy. M. W. G. M-, Most Worshipful Grand Master. M. W. P., Most Worthy Patri- arch. 708 ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. myg M myriagram. myl., myrialiter. N. P. D., North Polar Distance. P. E. I., Prince Edward Island. N. R., North River. pen., peninsula. mym., myriameter. N. S., Nova Scotia ; New Style Penn., Pennsylvania. myth., mythology. (since 1752). Pent., Pentecost, i N. N. S. W M New South Wales. Per., Persia ; Persian. N. T., New Testament. per an. (per annum), by the N-, Noon ; North ; nitrogen ; Num., Numb., Numbers. year. Northern (PoBtal District). nux VOm., nux vomica. per cent., per ct. (per centum). n., noun ; note ; name ; new ; N. W., Northwest ; Northwest- by the himdred. number ; neuter ; nominative. ern (Postal District). pert, perfect. Na. {natrium), sodium. N. W- P., Northwest Province. perh., perhaps. N. A., North America. N. W. T., Northwest Territory. pers-, person, personal ; per- If. A- D M National Academy of N. T., New York. sonally. Design. N. A. S., National Academy of N. Z-, New Zealand. Pers., Persia ; Persian. 0. pert., pertaining. Pet., Peter. Sciences. Nat., National. O.,0hio; Oxygen; October; old. petrol., petrology. nat, natural. Ob. (obiit), died. pf., perfect; preferred. Naut, Nautical. obdt, obt, obedient. P. G., Past Grand ; Post Grad- nav, naval. ObJ., objective; objection. uate. Nb., niobium. obi , oblique ; oblong. Pg., Portuguese. phar., pharm, pharmaceuti- N. B., New Brunswick; (Nota obs., observatory ; obsolete. bene), Note well ; Take notice. obsoles., obsolescent. cal ; pharmacopoeia ; phar- N. C, North Carolina. Oct., October. macy. n. A., no date. off., official. Ph. B., Bachelor of Philosophy. If. Dak., If. D., North Dakota. 0. K., All Correct. Ph. D. (Philosophiae Doctor), N. E-, Northeast ; Northern Okla., Oklahoma. Doctor of Philosophy. Eastern (Postal District) ; 0l. (oleum), oil. Phll.,Philippians ; Philosophy; New England. op., opposite ; opus ; opera. Philemon. Neb., Nebraska. 6pp., opposed; opposite. Phlla., Philadelphia. Nell., Nehemiah. opt, optics ; optative. phllol., philological; philolo- aem COIL (nemine contradi- Or., Oregon; Oriental. gist ; philology. cente), no one contradicting; ord., ordinance; ordinary. phon., phonetics. unanimously. Ore., Oreg., Oregon. phot., photOg., photographic; nem. diss, (nemine dissenti- orig., originally. photography. ente), no one dissenting. omith., ornithology ; ornitho- pinx-, pxt. (pinxit), He, or She, Nettt , Netherlands. logical. painted it. Jieut, neuter. Os., osmium. P. J., Police Justice ; Presi ing Nev., Nevada. 0. S., Old Style (before 1752) ; Justice ; Probate Judge. New M., New Mexico. Ordinary Seaman ; Old Series. pk\, peck. N. P., Newfoundland. 0, T-, Old Testament. pkg., package. Ng. , norwegium. Oxi, Oxford. pi., plural. If. G-, Noble Grand ; no good. Oxon. (Ozoniensis), Oxonian, plf., pill, plti., Plttt., plaintiff. If. H., New Hampshire. or of Oxford. plu., plUT., plural. Ni., nickel. OZ., ounce, ounces. plup., plupf., pluperfect. N. J., New Jersey. P. pm., premium. n. 1. (non liquet), it appears not ; P. M., Postmaster ; Past Mas- the case is not clear ; (non P., phosphorus. ter ; Past Midshipman ; (Post licet), it is not permitted. p., page ; part ; participle ; past; Meridiem), afternoon. N. Lat., North Latitude. penny ; pint ; (piano), soft. P. M. G-, Postmaster General. N. JUL., New Mexico. Pa., Pennsylvania. P. 0., Post-Office. N. N. E-, North-northeast. p. a., participial adjective. P. 0. D., Post-Office Depart- N. N. W., North-northwest. pal., paleontology; paleonto- ment ; Pay on Delivery. 310. (numero), number. logical. Pol., Poland; Polish. mol. pros, (nolle prosequi), to pam., pamph., pamphlet. pol.,pollt., political ; politics. be unwilling to prosecute. Pan., Panama. P. 0. 0., Post-Office Order. ttom , nominative. par., paragraph. pop., population. Non-com., Noncommissioned. Pari., Parliament. Port., Portuguese. non con. , noncontent ; i. e. dis- part., participle. POS., POSS., possessive. sentient. pass., passive. pp., pages. non Obst. (non obstante), not- path., pathol., pathology. pp., ppp., PPPP-> pianissimo. withstanding. paym't, pay't, payment. p. p., past participle. non pros, (non prosequitur), he Pb. (plumbum), lead. P. P. C. (Pour prendre conge), does not prosecute. P. B. (Philosophiae Baccalau- To take leave. non seq. (non sequitur), it does reus), Bachelor of Philosophy. p. pr., present participle. not follow. P. C-, Privy Councilor; Past P. Q., Province of Quebec. Norw., Norway. Commander. Pr., Priest ; Prince ; Printer ; n0S-, numbers. P. C. P., Past Chief Patriarch. Provencal ; praseodymium. Nov., November. Pd., palladium, pd., paid. pr., pair ; price ; pronoun ; N. P., New Providence ; Notary P. E-, Protestant Episcopal ; proper; present; (per), by the. Public ; nisi prius. Presiding Elder, P. R., Porto Rico. ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 709 prec . preceding. pref., prefix. prep., preposition. Fres., President. Presb., Presbyterian. pret , preterit. priv., private ; privative. prob., problem ; probably. Prof., Professor. prom-, promontory. pron., pronoun ; pronounced ; pronunciation. prop. , properly ; proposition. Prot, Protestant. pro tem. (pro tempore), for the time being. Prov., Proverbs; Provost; Province. prox. (proximo), next. pr., prs., pair; pairs. Ps., Psalm; Psalms. P. S., Privy Seal ; {Post scrip- turn), postscript. pseud., pseudonym. psych., psychic; psychical. psychol., psychology. Pt, Point ; Port ; platinum. pt., pint ; part ; payment. P. T. 0-, Please turn over.- Pub., Public; Publisher. pub., pubn., publication. Pub. DOC, Public Documents. pwt, pennyweight. pxt. (pinzit), He, or She, painted it. Q. Q., Quintus ; Quebec. q., question ; (quadrans), a farthing. Q., QU-, Query; Question; Queen. Q- B-, Queen's Bench. Q. C M Queen's Counsel. q. d. (quasi dicat), as if he should say. q. e. (quod est), which is. q. e. d. (quod erat demonstran- dum), which was to be dem- onstrated. ql., quintal. q. 1. (quantum libet), as much as you please. Q- M-, Quartermaster. Q. M. Q., Quartermaster Gen- eral. q. pi. (quantum placet), as much as seems good. qr., quarter ; quire. q. s. (quantum sufficii), a suf- ficient quantity. qt., quart ; quantity. quOS., question. q. v. (quod vide), which see ; pi. qq. v. ; (quantum vis), as much as you will. qy-, qu-, query. R. R. (Rex), King; (Re gin a), Queen ; Reaumur ; rhodium. r. , railway ; recipe ; river ; rod ; rupee. R. A., Royal Academy, or Aca- demician ; Rear Admiral; Right Ascension ; Royal Ar- tillery ; Royal Arch. R. A. C., Royal Arch Chapter. rad- (radix), root ; radical. rail, (rallentando), gradually slower. R. A. M-, Royal Academy of Music. Rb., rubidium. R. C-, Roman Catholic. r. C-, right center. R. E., Right Excellent. Reaum., Reaumur. Rec, R., Recipe. reed., received. Rec Sec, Recording Secre- tary. Rect, Rector. rec't, rect., receipt. Ret, Reformed ; Reformer ; Reformation ; Reference. ret, reference ; referred. Ret Ch., Reformed Church. Reg., Register; Registrar. reg., regular. Regt, Regiment. rel. , relative ; relatively ; reli- gion ; religious ; (reliquae), remains, relics. rem., remark. Rep., Representative ; Repub- lic. retd., returned. Rev., Revelation ; Revolution ; Review; Revenue ; Reverend ; Revise. Rev. Ver., Revised Version. R. F. D., Rural Free Delivery. Rh., rhodium. R. H. S-, Royal Historical So- ciety ; Royal Horticultural Society ; Royal Humane So- ciety. R. I., Rhode Island. R. I. P. (Requiescat in pace), May he, or she, rest in peace. rit., ritard. (ritardando), grad- ually slower. riv., river. rm., ream. R. M. S., Royal Mail Steamer. R. N-, Royal Navy. ro., rood. Rom., Roman ; Romans. Rom. Catb., Roman Catholic. R. R., Railroad. Rs., Rupees. R. S., Recording Secretary. R. S. D., Royal Society of Dub- lin. R. S. E., Royal Society of Edin- burgh. R. S- V. P. (Repondez, sHl vous plait), Reply, if you please. Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. Rt Rev., Right Reverend. Ru., Runic; ruthenium. RUS-, RUSS., Russia; Russian. R. V., Revised Version. R. W., Right Worshipful; Right Worthy. Rw., Ry., Railway. S. S-, Sunday; Sabbath; Saturday; Signor ; Saint ; Sign ; South ; Sun ; Scribe ; sulphur. S-, second; section; shilling; substantive. S. A., South America ; South Africa. Sam., Saml-, Samuel. S- Am. , South America ; South American. Sans., Skr., Sanskrit. Sar., Sardinia ; Sardinian. Sat, Saturday. Sb. (stibium), antimony. SO-, Scotch; scandium. SC, scene; (scilicet), to wit. SC., SCUlp. (sculpsif), He, or She, engraved it. S. C, South Carolina ; Supreme Court. S. caps., S. C, small capitals. SCh., SCUT., schooner. SCt, science ; scientific. SCil- (scilicet), to wit ; namely. Scot, Scotch; Scotland; Scot- tish. SCT., scruple. Script, Scripture. SCUlp, SC (sculpsit), He, or She, engraved it. S. d., sine die. S. Dak., S. D., South Dakota. Se M selenium. S. E., Southeast; Southeastern (Postal District). Sec, Secretary. sec, second ; section ; secant. Sec Leg., Secretary of Lega- tion. sect, section. Sen., Senate ; Senator ; Senior. Sep., separate. Sep., Sept., September; Sep- tuagint. Seq., seq. (Sequentes or sequen- tia), The following. ser., series. Serg., Serj., Sergeant. serv., servt, servant. S- G., Solicitor General. S. g., specific gravity. Sh., shilling. Sbak., Shaks., Shakespeare. S- H. S. (Societatis Historiae Socius), Fellow of the Histor- ical Society. S. I., Sandwich Islands ; Staten Island. Sib., Siberia; Siberian. Sic, Sicilian ; Sicily. Sin-, sine. Sin., Sing., singular. S. J-, Society of Jesus. 710 ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. Skr., Sanskrit. S. W-, Southwest; Southwest- U. S. P., United States Phar- S. L. v Solicitor at Law. ern (Postal District); Senior macopoeia. S. Lat., South Latitude. Warden. U. S. S-, United States Ship or Slav., Slavic; Slavonian. Swlt, Switz , Switzerland. Steamer. Sld.» sailed. SVn., synonym. USU., usual ; usually. Sm., samarium. Syr., Syriac. U. S. V., United States Volun- S. M., Short Meter; Sergeant T. teers. Major. Ut, Utah. sm. C. , small capitals. T., Territory ; Tuesday. utdlct. (ut dictum), as directed. S- M. E. (Sancta Mater Eccle- t. , tenor ; town ; township ; UX. (uxor), wife. sia), Holy Mother Church. ton; tome ; transitive ; (tutti), S. M. M. (Sancta Mater Maria), all together; (tempore), in V. Holy Mother Mary. time. V., Victoria ; Viscount ; Vener- Sn. (stannum), tin. Ta., tantalum. able; vanadium. SO., South. tan., tangent. ▼., vector ; verb ; verse ; voca- S 0., seller's option. Tb., terbium. tive ; volume ; volt ; (vide), SOC, Society. Td., tellurium. see ; (versus), against. S. Of Sol., Song of Solomon. tech., technical ; technically. 7a., Virginia. S. Of T-, Sons of Temperance. tech., technol., technology. V. A., Vicar Apostolic. Sol-, Solution. Tenn., Tennessee. V. a., verb active. Sov., Sovereign. Ter., Terr., Territory. var., variety, variant. Sp , Span., Spanish. Text Rec (Textus Receptus), Vat., Vatican. sp., spelling. Received Text. vb. n.» verbal noun. S. P. (sine prole), without tf., till forbidden. V. C., Vice Chancellor; Vic- issue. Th., Thursday ; thorium. toria Cross. Sp. gr., specific gravity. Th., Thu-, Thur., Thnrs., V. D. L., Van Diemen'a Land. S- P. Q. R. (Senatus Populus- que Romani), Senate and Peo- Thursday. Ven., Venerable. theoL, theological ; theology. Venez., Venezuela. ple of Rome. theor., theorem. V6S., vessel. spt., seaport. Thess , Thessalonians. vet., veter., veterinary. SQ. , square ; the following. T1-, titanium. V. C, Vicar General; Vice 811. ft., square feet. Her., tierce. Grand. 811. In., square inches. Tim., Timothy. V. g. (verbi gratia), for exam- ple. sq m., square miles. Tit., Titus. S•], on one side only. ex pede Herculem [L.], we recognize a Hercules by the foot ; that is, we judge of the whole from a part. expose [F.], an exposition. ex post facto [L.], after the deed is done. ex tempore [L.], without pre- meditation. ex uno disce omnes [L.], from one judge of all. ex vi termini [L.], by the meaning, or force, of the ex- pression. facile princeps [L.], easily preeminent ; the admitted chief. facilis est descensus Avernl [L.], easy is the descent to Avernus [Hades] ; i. e., it is easy to get into difficulty. faire sans dire [F.], act and say nothing. faire son devoir [P.], to do his duty. fait accompli [P.], a thing al- ready done. falsi crimen [L.], forgery. Fata obstant [L.], the Fates oppose. f atti maschii ; parole f emine [It.], lit., deeds are males ; words, females ; i. e., when deeds are needed words will not suffice ; — a motto of Maryland. faubourg [F.], a suburb. fauteuil [F.], an easy chair. faux pas [F.], a false step; mistake. femme COUVerte [F.], a mar- ried woman ; a woman hav- ing a husband. femme de chambre [P.], a chambermaid. ferae naturae [L.], of a wild nature. fermete [F.], firmness. festlna lente [L.], make haste slowly. fgte champetre [F.], a rural festival. feu de joie [P.], a firing of guns in token of joy ; a bonfire. feuilleton [P.], bottom part of a French newspaper, sepa- rated from the rest, and de- voted to light literature, crit- icism, etc. fiacre [P.], a kind of hackney coach. fiat justitla, mat caelum [L.], let justice be done though the heavens fall. fiat lUX [L.], let there be light. fidei defensor [L.], defender of the faith. fideliter[L.], faithfully. fides Punica [L.], Punic faith ; treachery. fidus Achates [L.], faithful Achates ; i. e., a true friend. filius nulliUS [L.], a son of no- body ; — a legal term for a bastard. fille de Chambre [F.], a cham- bermaid. fille de Joie [F.], a prostitute. FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 715 fille d'honneur [F.], a maid of honor. finem respice [L.], look to the end. ilnls coronat opus [L.], the end crowns the work. flagrante hello [L.], during hostilities, flagrante delicto [L.], in the commission of the offense. fortiter In re [L.], resolute in deed. furor loquendi [L.], a rage for speaking. furor scrlbendl [L.], a rage for writing. G. Galilee [L.], in French, garpon [F.], a boy, or waiter. garde du corps [F.], a body guard. gardez Wen [F.], take good care. gardez la foi [F.], keep the faith, gaudeamus Igltur [L.], so let us be joyful. genius lOCi [L.], the genius of the place. gens d'armes [F.], armed police. gitano [It.], a gypsy. gloria in excelsis [L.], glory (to God) in the highest. Gloria Patri [L.], glory be to the Father. yvu>8i (TtavTov (gnothi seauton) [Gr.], know thyself. goutte a gOUtte [F.], drop by drop, grace a Dieu [F.], thanks be to God. grande parure [F.], full dress. gravamen [L.], the ground or essence of a complaint or action. guerre a mort [F.], war to the death. guerre a outrance [F.], war to the uttermost. H. haec olim meminisse juvabit [L.], it will be pleasant to re- member these things some day. hie et ubique [L.], here and everywhere. hie Jacet [L.], here lies. nine illae lacrymae [L.], hence these tears. hoi pollOi [Gr. oi ttoAXoi], the many ; the rabble. hominis est errare [L.], it is common for man to err. homme d'affaires [F.], a man of affairs ; a business man. homme d'esprit [F.], a man of talent. honi soit qui mal y pense [F.], may he be shamed who thinks evil of it ; — the motto of the Order of the Garter. hors de combat [F.], out of con- dition to fight. hors de la loi [F.], in the con- dition of an outlaw. hors de saison [F.], out of sea- son. hors d'eeuvre [F.], out of course. hotel de ville [F.], town hall. humanum est errare [L.], to err is human. ich dien [G.].I serve. id est [L.], that is. id genus omne [L.], all of that sort. lgnorantia legis neminem ex- CUSat [L.], ignorance of the law excuses no one. ignotum per ignotius [L.] , that which is unknown by some- thing still more unknown. imperium in imperio [L.], a government within a govern- ment. imprimatur [L.], let it be print- ed ; — a license to print a book, etc. in aeternum [L.], forever. in armis [L.], under arms. in artlculo mortis [L.], at the point of death ; in the last struggle. in caelo quies [L.], there is rest in heaven. in capite [L.], in chief; i. e., immediately from the king. in curia [L.], in the court. index expurgatorius [L.], a list of prohibited books. in esse [L.], in being. in extenso [L.], at full length. in extremis [L.], at the point of death. in flagrante delicto [L.], (taken) in the commission of the offense. in forma pauperis [L.], as a poor man. infra dignitatem [L.], below one's dignity. infuturo [L.], in future; hence- forth. in hoc signo vinces [L.], in this sign, or under this stan- dard, thou shalt conquer. in iOCO [L.], in the proper place or circumstances ; opportune- ly- in loco parentis [L.], in the place of a parent. in medias res [L.], in the midst of things or affairs. in medio tutissimus ibis [L.], you will go most safely in the middle. in memoriam [L.], in memory. in omnia paratus [L.], pre- pared for everything. in perpetuum [L.], forever. in petto [It.], in the breast. in posse [L.], in possible exist- ence. in propria persona [L. ] , in per- son ; himself or herself. in purls naturalibus [L.], quite naked. in re [L.], in the matter of. in rem [L.], against the thing. in rerum natura [L.], in the nature of things. in saecula saeculorum [L], for ages on ages. insculpsit [L.], he engraved it. in Situ [L.], in its original situ- ation. insouciance [F.], carelessness ; indifference. in Statu quo [L.] , in the former state. in te, Domine, speravi [L.], in thee, Lord, have I put my trust. inter alia [L.], among other things. inter arma silent leges [L.], in the midst of arms the laws are silent. inter nos [L.], between our- selves. inter SO [L.], among them- selves. in toto [L.], in the whole ; en- tirely. in transitu [L.], on the passage. in utramque f ortunam paratus [L.], prepared for either event. in utroquefidelis [L.], faithful in both. in vacuo [L.], in empty space. in verba magistri jurare [L.], to swear to, or by, the words of another ; to adopt opinions on the authority of another. in vino Veritas [L.], there is truth in wine ; i. e., a drunk- en person speaks the truth. invita Minerva [L.], without genius. ipse dixit [L.], he himself said it. ipsissima verba [L.], the very words. ipso facto [L.], in the fact it- self. ipso jure [L.], by the law itself. januis clausis [L.], with closed doors. Je ne sals quoi [F.], I know not what. Jen de mots [F.], a play on words ; a pun. Sen d'esprit [F.], a witticism. UbilateDeo [L.J, rejoice in the Lord. 716 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. judicium Dei [L.], the judg- ment of God. Jupiter tonans [L.], Jupiter the thunderer. JUS Civile [LJ, civil law. JUS divinum [L.], divine law. jus et norma loquendi [L.], the law and rule of speech. JUS gentium [L.], law of na- tions ; international law. juste milieu [F.], the golden L. labor omnia vincit [L.], labor conquers everything. laissez faire [F.], let alone. lapsus calami [L.], a slip of the pen. lapsus linguae [L.], a slip of the tongue. lares et penates [L.], house- hold gods. latet anguis in herba [L.], a snake lies hid in the grass. laudator temporis acti [L.] a praiser of time past. laus Deo [L.], praise to God. lebeaumonde [F.], the fash- ionable world. legerete [F.]» lightness ; levity. le roi le veut [L.], the king wills it; — signifying the royal assent to a bill. lese majeste* [F.], high treason. les larmes aux yeux [F.], tears in one's eyes. les plus sages ne le sont pas tOUJOUTS [F.], the wisest are not always so. I'dtoiledunord [F.], the star of the north ; — motto of Minne- sota. lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed letter ; a royal warrant, lettre de marque [F.], a letter of marque or of reprisal, lex lOCi [L.], the law of the place, lex non SCripta [L.], the un- written, or common, law. lex scripta [L.], statute law. lex talionis [L.], law of retali- ation. lex terrae [L.], the law of the land. Tinconnu [F.], the unknown, lit de justice [F.], the king's throne in the parliament of Paris. litera scripta manet [L.], the written letter remains. loco Citato [L.], in the place cited. locum tenens [L.], a deputy or substitute ; a proxy. locus in quo [L.], the place in which, lucus a non lucendo [L.], a phrase expressing a fanciful derivation of the word lucus, a dark wood or grove, from the verb lucere, to shine, a non lucendo, from its not be- ing light; and hence used in ridicule to characterize any- thing as plainly illogical or absurd. lusus naturae [L.], a sport or freak of nature. M. ma chere [F.], my dear. mafoi [F.], upon my faith. magna est Veritas, et prevale- nt [L.], truth is mighty, and it will prevail. magnum opus [L.], a great work. maison de ville [F.], the town hall. maitre d'ndtel [F.], a house steward. maladie du pays [F.], home- sickness. mal a propos [F.], ill-timed. mal de dents [F.], toothache. mal de mer [F.], seasickness. mal de tete [F.], headache. mal entendre [F.], mistake; misunderstanding. malgre nous [F.], in spite of us. malum in se [L.] 5 bad or wrong in itself. malum prohibitum [L.], an evil prohibited ; evil because prohibited. mania a potu [L.], madness from drink. mare clausum [L.], a closed sea ; i. e., a sea or bay with- in the jurisdiction of a nation, and not a part of the high seas. mariage de convenance [F.], a marriage of convenience. mauvaise honte [F.], false modesty. mauvais gout [F.], bad taste. memento mori [L.], remember death. mens sana in corpore sano [L.], a sound mind in a sound body. meo VOtO [L.], by my desire. mdsallianceLF.], improper as- sociation ; marriage with one of lower station. meum et tuum [L.], mine and thine. mirabile dictu [L.], wonderful to relate. mirabile visu [L.], wonderful to see. mise en scene [P.]> the putting in preparation for the stage. modus operandi [L.], manner of operation. mon ami [F.], my friend. mon Cher [F.], my dear (fel- low). montani semper litoeri [L.], mountaineers are always free- men ; — the motto of West Virginia. monumentum aere perennius [L.], a monument more dur- able than brass. more majorum [L.], after the manner of our ancestors. mors omnibus communis [L.], death is common to all. multum in parvo [L.], much in little. mutatis mutandis [L.], the necessary changes being made. mutato nomine [L.], the name being changed. N. necessitas non habet legem [L.], necessity has no law. ne'e [F.], born ; as, Madame de Stael, nee (that is, whose maiden name was) Necker. nemine contradicente [L.], no one speaking in opposition. nemine dissentiente [L.], no one dissenting. nemo me impune lacesslt [L.], no one wounds me with impunity ; — the motto of Scotland. nemo repente fult turpissimus [L.], no one ever became a villain all at once. nemo solus sapit [L.], no one is the only wise one. ne plus ultra [L.], nothing further. nil admirari [L.], to wonder at nothing. nil desperandum [L.], never despair. nil sine numine [L.], nothing without God ; — the motto of Colorado. n'importe [F.], it matters not. noblesse Oblige [P.], rank im- poses obligation; much is rightly expected of one of high birth or station, nolens volens [L.], whether he will or not. noli me tangere [L.], don't touch me. nolle prosequi [L.], to be un- willing to proceed. nom de guerre [F.], a war name ; a traveling title ; a pseudonym. nom de plume [F.], a pen name ; an assumed title, non compos mentis [L.], not of sound mind. non est inventus [L.], he has not been found. non libet [L.], it does not please me. non liquet [L.], it is not clear. non obstante [L.], not with standing. FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 717 non omnia possumus omnes [L.], we cannot, all of us, do all things. non omnls moriar [L.], I shall not wholly die. non quo, sed quomodo [L.], not by whom, but how. non sequitur [L.], it does not follow ; an unwarranted con- clusion. nosce te ipsum [L.], know thyself. nota bene [L.], mark well. noiis verrons [F.], we shall see. novus homo [L.], a new man. nuance [F.], shade ; tint. nudum pactum [L.], a naked contract ; i. e., one made without any consideration, and hence void. nulla dies sine linea [L.], no day without a line ; i.e., no day without something done. nulllUS flllus [L.], nobody's son ; i. e., a bastard. nunc aut nunquam [L.], now or never. o. Oblit [L.], He, or She, died. Obiter dictum [L.], a thing said [by a judge] by the way, or in passing, i. e., on a point not material to the case. 0)11 de bOBUf [P.], a bull's eye. oi 71-oA.Aoi, see hoi polloi. omne Ignotum pro magnlfico [L.], whatever is unknown is thought to be magnificent. omnia vlnclt amor [L.], love conquers all things. omnia vlnclt labor [L.], labor overcomes all things. omnls amans, amens [L.], every lover is demented. On dlt [F.], they say ; hence, a flying rumor. onus probandl [L.], the burden of proving. ora pro nobis [L.], pray for us. ore rotundo [L.], with round, full voice. temporal mores! [L.], O the times ! O the manners ! Otlosa sedulitas [L.], idle in- dustry ; trifling laboriousness. otlum cum dlgnltate [L.], ease with dignity ; dignified lei- sure. OUbllette [F.], dungeon of a castle. OUl-dlre [F.], hearsay. pacta COnventa [L.], the con- ditions agreed upon. pallida mors [L.], pale death. palmam qui meruit ferat [L.], let him who has won it bear the palm. par excellence [F.], by way of eminence. pari passu [L.], with equal pace. parole d'honneur [F.], word of honor. partlceps criminis [L.], an ac- complice. pat6 de foie gras [F.], goose- liver pie. paterfamilias [L.], the father of a family. pater noster [L.], our Father ; the Lord's prayer. pater patriae [L.], father of his country. patres conscriptl [L.], con- script fathers ; the Roman senators. penetralia [L.], inmost parts; privacy ; sanctuary. pensee [P.], thought. per annum [L.], by the year. per aspera ad astra [L.], through trials to the stars, i. e., glory. per capita [L.], by the head. per centum [L.], by the hun- dred. per contra [L.], contrariwise. per curiam [L.j, by the court. per diem [L.], by the day. perdu [F.], lost. per S6 [L.], by itself considered. per Vlam [L.], by the way of. petitio principli [L.j, a beg- ging of the question. peu-a-peu [P.], little by little. pen de chose [F.], a trifle. piece de resistance [F.], chief meat dish of a dinner. plnxit [L.], He, or She, painted it. pis aller [P.], the last shift. piU [It.], more. pleno lure [L.], with full au- thority. poco a poco [It.], little by little. poetanascitur, non fit [L.], the poet is born, not made. point d'appui [F.], point of support ; prop. pons asinorum [L.], asses' bridge ; — a phrase applied : (a) to a certain problem in geometry ; (b) to a key to, or translation of, a Latin or Greek book. possunt quia posse videntur [L.], they can because they think they can. poste restante [F.], to remain until called for. post Obitum [L.], after death. potage au gras [F.], meat soup. pour acquit [F.], paid. pour faire visite [F.], to pay a visit. pour passer la temps [P.], to pass away the time. pour prendre conge [F.], to take leave. preux chevalier [F.], a brave knight, prima facie [L.], on the first view. primus inter pares [L.], first among equals. probatum est LL.], it is proved. pro bono publico [L.], for the public good. procfcs verbal [F.], a written statement. pro COnfesso [L.], as if con- ceded. procul, procul este, prof ani ! [L.], far, far hence, ye pro- fane ! pro et con [L.], for and against. profanum vulgus [L.], the un- holy or uninitiated rabble. pro forma [L.], for the sake of form. pro patria [L.] , for our country. pro rata [L.], in proportion. pro re nata [L.], for a special emergency. pro tempore [L.], for the time being. Punlca fides [L.], Punic faith; treachery. Q. quaere [L.], query ; inquiry, quantum libet [L.], as much as you please. quantum meruit [L.], as much as he has deserved. quantum mutatus ab lllo! [L.], how changed from what he was ! quantum sufficit [L.], as much quantum vis [L.], as much as you will. quelque chose [F.], a trifle; something; anything. quid faciendum? [L.], what is to be done ? quid nunc? [L.], what now? qui docet, discit [L.], he who teaches, learns. quid pro quo [L.], one thing for another ; an equivalent. quien sabe ? [Sp.], who knows ? qui facitper alium facitper se [L.], he who does a thing by the agency of another does it himself. qui pense ? [F.], who thinks ? qui transtulit, sustinet [L.], he who transplanted still sus- tains; — the motto of Con- necticut. qui va la? [F. ] , who goes there? qui vive? [F.], who goes there? — on the qui vive, on the alert. quoad hoc [L.], to this extent. quo animo? [L.], with what mind or intent ? 718 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. quod avertat Dens ! [L. ], which may God avert ! quod erat demonstrandum [L.], which was to be demon- strated. quod erat faciendum [L.], which was to be done. quod Vide [L.], which see. quo Jure ? [L. ], by what right ? quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat [l.], those whom God wishes to destroy, he first makes mad. quot homines, tot sententiae [L.], many men, many minds. raison d'dtat [F.], a reason of state. raison d'etre [F.], a reason for being. rara avis [L.], a rare bird, rechauffe' [F.], warmed over, as food ; hence, stale ; old ; insipid. reductio ad ahsurdum [L.], a reducing a position to an ab- surdity. regina [L.], queen. regnant populi [L.], the people rule ; — the motto of Arkan- sas (properly, regnai populus). renommee [F.], renown; fame. requiescat in pace [L.], may he rest in peace. res angusta domi [L.], narrow circumstances at home ; pov- erty. res gestae [L.], things done ; transaction ; subject matter. respice finem [L.], look to the end. respublica [L.], the common- wealth. resurgam [L.], I shall rise again. revenons a nos moutons [F.], let us return to our sheep ; let us return to our subject. robe de Chambre [F.], a dress- ing-gown. rouleau [F.], a little roll. mat caelum [L.], let the heav- ens fall. ruit mole sua [L.], it falls of its own weight. ruse de guerre [F.], a strata- gem of war. rus in urbe [L.], the country in town. S. sal Atticum [L.], Attic salt ; wit. salle [F.], a hall, salus populi suprema est lex [L.], the welfare of the people is the supreme law ; — motto of Missouri. salve J [L.], hail!— motto of Idaho when a territory. sanctum sanctorum [L.], holy of holies. sans ceremonie [F.], without ceremony. sanspareil [F.], without equal. sans peur et sans reproche [F.], without fear and with- out reproach. Sanssouci [F.], free from care. sartor resartus [L.], the tailor retailored. satis verborum [l.], enough of words. savoir f aire, or ie savoir f aire [F.], the knowing how to do ; ability. scire facias [L.], cause it to be known. scripsit [L.], He, or She, wrote it. SCUlpsit [L.], He, or She, sculptured it. scuto bonae voluntatis tuae co- ronasti nos [L.], with the shield of thy good will thou hast encompassed us ; — a motto of Maryland. secundum ordinem [L.], in or- der. semel et simul [L.], once and together. semper fidelis [L.], always faithful. semper idem [L], always the same. semper paratus [L.], always ready. senatusconsultum [L.], a de- cree of the Senate. se non e vero, ebentrovato [It.], if not true, it is well feigned. sesquipedalia verba[L. ], words a foot and a half long. Sic passim [L.], so everywhere. sic semper tvrannis [L.], ever so to tyrants ; — motto of Vir- ginia. sic transit gloria mmndi [L.], so passes away earthly glory. SiCUt ante [L.], as before. sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis [L.], as God was with our fathers, so may he be with us. silent leges inter arma [L.], the laws are silent in time of war. similia similibus curantur [L.], like things are cured by like. sine cura[L.], without charge or care. Sine die [L.], without a day ap- pointed. Sine qua non [L.], an indispen- sable condition. si quaeris peninsuiam amoe- nam, circumspice [L.], if thou seekest a beautiful pe- ninsula, look about you ; — the motto of Michigan. si vispacem, para helium [L.], if you wish peace, prepare for war. sponte sua [L.], of one's own accord. statu quo ante helium [L.], in the state which was before the war. Status quo [L,], the state in which. Stet [L.], let it stand. Sturm und Drang [G.], storm and stress. suaviter in modo, fortlter in re [L.], gentle in manners, reso- lute in deed. SUh Judice [L.], under consid- eration. SUbrosa [L.], under the rose; privately. SUb specie [L.], under the ap- pearance of. SUb voce [L.], under the voice. suggestio falsi [L.], suggestion of falsehood. sui generis [L.], of its own kind. SUi Juris [L.], of one's own right; i. e., not under the power of another, as are slaves, minors, etc. summum bonum [L.], the chief good. suum cuique [L.], let each have his own. tabula rasa [L.], a smooth or blank tablet. tant mieux [F.], so much the better. tant pis [F.], so much the worse. tapis [F.], a carpet; also, the cover of a council table; hence, to be on the tapis, to be under consideration. telmaitre, tel valet [F.], like master, like man. tempusedax rerum [L.], time the devourer of all things. tempus fugit [L.], time flies. terraefillus [L.], a son of the earth ; i. e. , a human being. terra firm a [L.], solid earth; a safe footing. terra incognita [L.], an un- known country. tertium quid [L.], a third some- thing; a nondescript. tiers- etat [F. ] , the third estate ; commons or commonalty. timeo Danaos et dona f erentes [L.], I fear the Greeks even when bringing gifts. toga Virilis [L.], the toga worn by men. totidem verbis [L.], in just so many words. toties quoties [L.], as often as. tour de force [F.], a feat of might or skill. FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 719 tOUS frais faites [F.], all ex- pense defrayed. tout- a- fait LF], entirely. tOUt-a-l'heure [F.J, instantly. tout au contraire [F.], on the contrary. tOUt aV0US[F.], wholly yours. tout de meme [F.], precisely the same. tout de suite [F.], immediately. tout ensemble [F.], the whole taken together. tu quo que, Brute ! [L.], and thou too, Brutus ! — imply- ing betrayal by a friend. U. Ubi supra [L.], where above mentioned. ultima Tnule [L.], utmost limit. UU fait accompli [F.], an ac- complished fact. UUO animo [L.], with one mind; unanimously. usque ad aras [L.], to the very altars. usus loquendi [L.], usage of speech. Ut infra [L.], as below. Ut supra [L.], as above. ▼ade in pace £L. j, go in peace. vade mecum [L.], go with me ; a constant companion. ▼ae vlctls [L.], woe to the van- quished. vale [L.], farewell. Valet de chambre [F.], an at- tendant ; a footman. variae lectlones [L.], various readings. venl, vidi, vici [L.], I came, I saw, I conquered. verbatim et literatim [L.], word for word and letter for letter. verbum sat sapientl [L.], a word is enough for a wise man. Veritas praevalebit [L.], truth will prevail. verite sans peur [F.], truth without fear. vestigia nulla retrorsum [L.], no footsteps backward. vezata quaestlo [L.], a dis- puted question. via [L.], by the way of. via media [L.], a middle course. via trita, via tuta [L.], the beaten path is the safe path. vice [L.], in the place of. Vice versa [L.], the terms be- ing exchanged. videtur [L.], it appears. vide ut supra [L], see as stated above. Vi et armis [L.], by force and arms ; by main force. vincit amor patriae [L.], love of country prevails. vincit omnia Veritas [L.], truth conquers all things. vinculum matrimonii [L.], the bond of marriage. Vis a Vis [F.], opposite ; fa- cing. vis lnertiae [L.], the power of inertia ; resistance of a body at rest. Vis Viva [L.], living force ; the force of a moving body, vita brevis, ars longa [L.], life is short, and art long. Vlvat rex [L.], long live the king. Viva voce [L.], by the living voice ; by oral testimony. vive la bagatelle [F.], success to trifling. vive la republique [F.], long live the republic. Vive le roi [F.], long live the king. VOila [F.], behold; there is, or there are. volens et potens [L.], willing and able volente Deo [L.], God willing. vox populi, vox Dei [L.], the voice of the people is the voice of God. vraisemblance [F.], verisimil- itude. z. Zeitgeist [G.], the spirit of the times. zonam perdidit [L.], he has lost his purse (belt). zonam solvere [L.],to loose the [virgin] zone or girdle ; — a part of the Roman marriage ceremony. WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. WEIGHTS IN COMMON USE. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 27} grains = 1 dram, dr. 16 dr. =: 437.5 gr = 1 ounce, oz. 16 oz. = 7000 gr =1 pound, lb. 14 lbs = 1 stone. 25 lbs. (U. S. A.) =1 quarter, qr. 28 lbs. (Gt. Br.) = 1 quarter, qr. 100 lbs. (U.S.A.) . 112 lbs. (Gt. Br.).. 20 cwt 2000 lbs. (U. S. A.). 2240 lbs. (Gt. Br.). 175 lbs. troy = 1 hundredweight, cwt. — 1 hundredweight, cwt. = 1 ton. = 1 short ton. = 1 long ton. = 144 lbs. av. TROY WEIGHT. 3.2 grains =1 carat. I 20 dwt =r 1 ounce, oz. 24 grains, gr =1 pennyweight, dwt. \ 12 oz. =r 5760 gr =1 pound, lb. Gold, silver, and jewels are weighed by this weight. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 20 grains =1 scruple, 9.1 8 3= 480 gr =z 1 ounce, 3 . 3 3 = ldram, 5- | 12 3 = 5760 gr = 1 pound, ft. MEASURES IN COMMON USE. LONG MEASURE. 72 points = 1 inch, in. 3 barleycorns. 12 lines . = 1 inch. = 1 inch. = 1 palm. = 1 hand. 1 span. 4 inches 9 inches 12 inches = 1 foot, ft. 18 inches =1 cubit. 3 ft. = 36 in = 1 yard, yd. 6 feet = 1 fathom. 3j£?b} = 1 rod, perch, or pole. 4 poles ■=. 66 feet 100 links .s 10 chains 8 fur 1760 yds 5280 ft. 6080.27 ft 3 miles 60 geog. m 694 statute m . . . . 1 chain. 1 chain. 1 furlong, fur. 1 mile, m. 1 mile. 1 mile. 1 geog. or naut. mile. 1 league, lea. 1 degree. 1 equatorial deg. CLOTH MEASURE. 2^ in = 1 nail, na. 4 na. = 9 inches =: 1 quarter, qr. 4 qr. = 36 inches =1 yard, yd. 3 qr. = 27 inches = 1 ell Flemish. 5 qr. = 45 inches. 6 qr. == 54 inches . 37.2 in = 1 ell English. = 1 ell French. = 1 ell Scotch. 144 sq. inches . . . rr 1 square foot. feet = 1 sq. yard. sq. yards or ) = 1 square rod, 72i sq. ft. j pole. 16 sq. rods = 1 sq. chain. "fe SQUARE MEASURE. I 40 sq. rods 4 roods or 160 sq. rods perch, or I or 10 sq. chains. I 640 acres 1 rood. 1 acre (43,560 sq. ft.). : 1 sq. mile. CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 cu. in = 1 cu. ft. 27 cu. ft = 1 cu. yd. 40 ft. of round or 50 ft. of hewn timber = 1 ton or load. 6cu. ft , cord ft. or 128 cu. ft. = 1 cord foot. = 1 cord. LIQUID MEASURE. 4 gills =1 pint, pt. 63 gallons = 1 hogshead, hkd. 2 pints =1 quart, qt. 84 gallons = 1 puncheon. 4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal. 126 gallons = 1 pipe. 42 gallons =1 tierce. 252 gallons = 1 tun. The barrel is usually taken to be 31 £ gallons ; in some States, 32 gallons. The gallon (U. S.) contains 231 cubic inches; but the imperial gallon, 277.274 cubic inches. APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 60 minims (or drops), 8 fluid drams , 16 fluid ounces 8 pints 1 fluid dram, f 3 . 1 fluid ounce, f 3 • 1 pint (oelarius), O. 1 gallon (congiw). WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 721 DRY MEASURE. 2 pints = 1 quart, qt. 4 quartB =1 gallon, gal. 2 gallons = 1 peck, pk. 4 pecks = 1 bushel, bu. 36 bushels = 1 chaldron, ch. 4 bushels (in England) = 1 coom. 2 cooms (in England) = 1 quarter. 5 quarters (in England) = 1 wey. 2 weys (in England) = 1 last. A gallon, dry measure, contains 268£ cubic inches. 1 U. S. (or Winchester) bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches. -..,,,, i = 2218.192 cubic inches. 1 imperial bushel j = 1.0315157 U. S. bu. [=8 imperial bushels. 1 E»gU,h,u. rt er , | = 8&8i5b&!fi2L [= 10.2694 cubic feet. The weight of a bushel of wheat, as fixed by law, is GO lbs. avdp. ; of rye, 56 lbs. ; and of Indian corn, 56 lbs. A bushel of oats varies in weight from 30 to 36 lbs., and of barley from 32 to 50 lbs. The customary legal weight of a bushel of potatoes is 60 lbs., but in Ohio it is 58 lbs., and in Wash- ington 50 lbs. SHIPPING ADMEASUREMENT. Rboistkb Ton. — For Register Tonnage, or for measurement of the entire internal capacity of a vessel : — 100 cubic feet = 1 register ton. This number is arbitrarily assumed to facilitate computation. Shipping Ton. — For the measurement of cargo : — f = 1 shipping ton. 40 cubic feet <=z 31.16 imperial bushels. f = 32.143 bushels. f = 1 British shipping ton. 42 cubic feet ■{ = 32.719 imperial bushels. { = 33.75 bushels. 350 cubic feet = 1 keel. A ton of wheal occupies about 40 cubic feet, and is often taken as a standard alike for the vol- ume and weight of cargoes. 4 weeks =1 month. "-SftiM-r or H JuUan ye "- 12 calendar months =1 year. 60 seconds =1 minute. 60 minutes =: 1 hour. 24 hours =1 day. 7 days = 1 week. 2 weeks rr 1 fortnight. The length of the astronomical year is about 365£ days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 sec- onds. As the common year is 365 days, it becomes necessary once in every four years to add a day to the year, making the leap year of 366 days. Every year whose number is divisible by 4 without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full centuries, which to be leap years must be divisible by 400 without a remainder ; 1900, therefore, was not a leap year. January, March, May, July, August, October, and December contain 31 days. April, June, September, and November contain 30 days. February contains 28 days, except in lor )p years, when it contains 29 days. ANGULAR MEASURE. 60 seconds or 60" =1 prime minute. I 30 degrees = 1 sign, s. 60 minutes or 60 7 = 1 degree, °. | 12 signs, or 360 degrees =1 great circle. 12 units =1 dozen. I 12 gross = 1 great gross. 12 dozen = 1 gross. | 20 units =1 score. 24 sheets =1 quire. I 20 quires . 1©tt quires =1 token. | THE METRIC SYSTEM. WEIGHTS 10 milligrams. . 10 centigrams . 10 decigrams . . 10 grams 10 decagrams . 10 hectograms . 10 kilograms . . . 10 myriagrams . 10 quintals 1 milligram . . 1 centigram. . 1 decigram . . . 1 gram 1 decagram . . 1 hectogram 1 kilogram . . . 1 myriagram . 1 quintal . = 0.0154323 gr. . = 0.1543235 gr. . = 1.5432349 gr. . = 15.4323488 gr. 1 = 154.323488 gr. | = 0.3527 oz. av. 1 = 1543.23488 gr. I = 3.5274 oz. av. _, k ! = 15432.3488 gr. = 2.204621 lbs. av. = k .000001 = 0^.00001 . = 0^.0001 .. = 0*.001 ... = Ok.01 . . . . = k .1 = 10 k . == 100k. 1 millier or tonneau. 64.798950 milligrams 453.592651 grams .... 1016.04754 kilograms. . 907.18530 kilograms.. = 1 grain troy. = 1 pound av. =z 1 long ton, or 2240 lbs. : = 1 short ton, or 2000 lbs. = 22.04621 lbs. av. = 220.4621 lbs. av. = 1.9684 cwt. of 112 lbs. i = 2204.621 lbs. av. 1000^. ... 1 = 0.9842 long ton of 2240 lbs. f = 1.102320 short tons of 2000 lbs. The kilogram is designed to be the exact weight in a vacuum of a cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of 4° of the centigrade thermometer (39.2° Fahrenheit). MEASURES OF LENGTH. 1 millimeter . 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 10 centimeters rr 1 decimeter . 10 decimeters 1 meter , Orn.OOl Orn.Ol . Om.l . . 1m.... 10 meters r= 1 decameter = 10m . . 10 decameters = 1 hectometer' = 100m . 10 hectometers 0.0393708 inch. 0.393708 inch. 3.93708 inches. 39.3708 inches. 9.8427 hands. 3.280899 feet. 32.80899 feet. 328.0899 feet. f = 3280.899 feet. = > "— « = i-H = "SMfci [= 0.621382 mile. 10 kilometers = 1 myriameter = 10000m. = 6.21382 miles. 25.398 millimeters =1 inch. 1.0159 decimeters = 1 hand (4 inches). 3.0479 decimeters = 1 foot (3 hands). 9.1438 decimeters =1 yard (9 hands). 100.58 decimeters =1 half-chain (99 hands). 20.116 meters =1 chain. 1.6093 kilometers =1 mile (80 chains). The meter is designed to be the ten-millionth part of the quadrant of the Earth's meridian. MEASURES OF SURFACE. Ordinary Measures. — The squares of the measures of length. LAND MEASURES. 100 centares 100 ares 1 are = 100 square meters J _ 1076.4 square feet. 119.60 square yards. = 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. MEASURES OF VOLUME. Ordinary Measures. — The cube of the measures of length. 61025.2 cubic inches. 1 cubic meter \ = 35.316 cubic feet. 1.3079 cubic yards. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. '23 1 centistere. 1 decistere. . MEASURES FOR WOOD. .= 0.01 stere r= 0.1 stere . 1 stere = 1 cubic meter . 1 decastere = 10 steres .= .353 cubic feet. = 3.53 cubic feet. = 35.316 cubic feet. = .2759 cord. .= 13.07!) cubic yards. 1 milliliter 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter = O'.Ol 10 centiliters =1 deciliter = O'.l. . 10 deciliters = 1 liter = l 1 . . . 10 liters = 1 decaliter = 10 1 . . 10 decaliters = 1 hectoliter = 100 1 . 10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter =: 1000 1 DRY AND LIQUID MEASURES. 0!.001 : 0.00106 quart, liq. meas. :0.27 fluid dram. : 0.01057 quart, liq. meas. : 0.338 fluid oz. : 0.10567 quart, liq. meas. : 0.845 gill. : 1 cubic decimeter. : 1.0567 quarts, liq. meas. : 0.908 quart, dry meas. : 2.6418 gallons. : 9.08 quarts, dry meas. 2 bushels, 3.35 pecks. 26.417 gallons. : 1 cubic meter. : 264.17 gallons. ALPHABETIC LIST OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS WITH AMERICAN AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS. Weight or Measure Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent achtel Austria 0.872 pk. 7.68681. acre U. S. & G. B. 1. acre. 40.4629 are ady Madras 10.46 in. 0.2657 m. ahm Hamburg 38.147 gal. 144.3988 1. ahnude Portugal 4.369 gal. 16.539 1. almude Spain 0.533 pk. 4.659 1. alqueire Brazil 1.135 bus. 39.996 1. alqueire Lisbon 2.184 gal. 8.269 1. alqueire Portugal 1.534 pk. 13.519 1. anker Hamburg 9.536 gal. 36.099 1. anker Saxony 17.176 gal. 65.017 1. anker U.S. 10. gal. 37.8523 1. archine Russia 28. in. 0.711 m. ardeb Egypt 5.2 bus. 183.2278 1. are Metric 0.0247 acre 1. are arratel Portugal 1.0119 lbs. 458.976 g. arroba Argentina 25.3175 lbs. 11.4413 kg. arroba Brazil 32.3792 lbs. 14.6874 kg. arroba Portugal 32.379 lbs. 14.6874 kg. arroba Spain 25.35 lbs 11.5023 kg. baril Mexico 20. gal. 75.704 1. barleycorn G. B. 0.333 in. 0.0008 m. barrel (beer) barrel (beer) U. S. 31.5 gal. 119.237 1. G. B. 43.212 gaL 163.572 1. becher Austria 0.054 pk. 0.4792 1. berkovitz Russia 360.676 lbs. 163.603 kg. biggah Bombay 0.607 acre 24.577 are bonkal B. India 832. gr. 53.9136 g. botta Portugal 113.611 gal. 430.1272 1. bu Japan 0.1 in. 0.0025 m. bushel (Winchester) U.S. 1. bus. 35.236 1. bushel (Winchester), wheat U.S. 60. lbs. 27.2156 kg. 724 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Weight or Measure Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent bushel (Imperial) G.B. 1.0315 bus. 36.346 1. butt G. B. 129.665 gal. 490.819 1. caban Philippine Islands 133. lbs. 60.329 kg. candy Bombay 560. lbs. 254.032 kg. candy Madras 500. lbs. 226.796 kg. can tar Central America 4.2631 gal. 16.1371 1. cantar Egypt 98.19 lbs. 44.539 kg. carat U. S. 3.2 gr. 20.73 g. earga Mexico 300. lbs. 136. kg. catty Burma 1.111 lbs. 503.993 g. centare Metric 0.00025 acre 0.01 are centigram Metric 0.154 gr. 0.01 g. centiliter Metric 0.1057 qt. 0.01 1. centiliter Metric 0.0011 pk. 0.01 1. centimeter Metric 0.3937 in. 0.01 m. centner Austria 123.461 lbs. 56.002 kg. centner (double) Metric 220.46 lbs. 100. kg. chaldron G. B. 36. bus. 1.3084 kl. chitack Bengal 0.0015 pk. 0.0132 1. covado Portugal 25.984 in. 0.66 m. covid Bengal 18. in. 0.4572 m. covid Java 27. in. .6858 m. cuadra Argentina 4.2 acre 169.9442 are cuartilla Central America. 1.0658 gal. 4.0344 1. cuartilla Central America. 1.5745 pk. 13.8698 1. cubit England 18. in. 0.4572 m. decagram Metric 154.32 gr. 10. g. decaliter Metric 2.6418 gal. 10. 1. decaliter Metric 1.1352 pk. 10. 1. decameter Metric 32.809 ft. 10. m. decigram Metric 1.5432 gr. 0.1 g. deciliter Metric 0.1057 qt. 0.1 1. deciliter Metric 0.0114 pk. 0.1 1. decimeter Metric 3.937 in. 0.1 m. dedo Spain 0.679 in. 0.0177 m. derhem Egypt 47.73 gr. 3.093 g. dessatine Russia 2.6997 acre 119.249 are drachma Russia 57.60 gr. 3.7325 g. drachme Germany 57.53 gr. 3.7279 g. dram U. S. & G. B. 60. gr. 3.888 g. eimer Hamburg 7.6295 gal. 28.88 1. eimer Prussia 18.1464 gal. 68.69 1. ell England 45. in. 1.142 m. elle Austria 30.6775 in. 0.779 m. elle Hamburg 22.54 in. 0.5725 m. elle Russia 26.2586 in. 0.6669 m. estadio Portugal 0.1598 mi. 0.2572 km. fanega Argentina 3.8936 bus. 137.19 1. fanega Spain 1.599 bus. 56.3425 1. fanega Uruguay 7.776 bus. 274. 1. fanegada Spain 1.5871 acre 64.2188 are fass Germany 26.418 gal. 100. 1. fass Hamburg 1.4941 bus. 52.646 1. fass Hungary 52.545 gal. 198.9 1. fass Saxony 100.1737 gal. 379.187 1. fathom G.B. 6. ft. 1.8287 m. feddan Egypt 1.0382 acre 42.0084 are firkin G.B. 10.8054 gal. 40.0166 1. foot U. S. & G. B. 12. in. 0.3048 m. frail Spain 50. lbs. 22.68 kg. frasco Mexico 2.5 qt. 2.3672 1. fuder Austria 478.479 gal. 1811.19 1. fuder Hamburg 228.884 gal. 866.39 1. funte Russia 0.9028 lb. 409.51 g. furlong G. B. 0.125 mi. 0.2011 km. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. . Jo Weight or Measure Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent fuss Austria 12.4456 in. 0.3161 m. fuss Hamburg 11.27 in. 0.2862 m. fuss Saxony 11.148 in. 0.2831 m. gallon (beer) U. S. 1.225 gal. 4.64 1. gallon (Winchester) u. s. 1. gal. 3.7853 1. gallon (imperial) G. B. 1.2006 gal. 4.5435 1. garse Madras 139.508 bus. 4.9157 kl. geira Portugal 1.4287 acre 57.8094 are gill v Winchester) U. S. 0.125 qt. 0.11841. gilt G. B. 0.1501 qt. 0.1421 1. gonghau Japan 0.9547 pk. 8.4 1. grain U. S. & G. B. 1. gr. 0.0648 g. gram Metric 15.432 gr. 1. g- gran Austria 1.13 gr. 0.0732 g. guirbeh Egypt 17.6117 gal. 66.665 1. guz Bengal 36. in. 0.9144 m. hand G. B. 4. in. 0.1016 m. hanth B. India 18. in. 0.4572 m. hectare Metric 2.4714 acre 100. are hectogram Metric 3.527 oz. 100. g. hectoliter Metric 26.418 gal. 100. 1. hectoliter Metric 2.838 bus. 100. 1. hectometer Metric 328.09 ft. 100. m. hogshead U. S. 63. gal. 238.474 1. hogshead G. B. 64.8324 gal. 245.41 1. hundredweight U. S. 100. lbs. 45.36 kg. hundredweight G. B. 112. lbs. 50.80 kg. inc Japan 6.25 ft. 1.9062 m. inch U. S. & G. B. 1. in. 0.0254 m. jaob Bengal 0.25 in. 0.0063 m. joch Austria 1.4223 acre 57.55 are kahoon Bengal 42.44 bus. 1495.42 1. kanne Austria 0.7477 qt. 0.7079 1. kanne Germany 1.0567 qt. 1. 1. kerat Egypt 1.99 gr. 0.1289 g. kette Germany 32.809 ft. 10. m. kilogram Metric 2.2046 lbs. 1000. g. kiloliter Metric 264.18 gal. 1000. 1. kiloliter Metric 28.38 bus. 1000. 1. kilometer Metric 3280.899 ft. 1000. m. kin Japan 1.325 lbs. 601.0226 g. klafter Austria 6.2228 ft. 1.8966 m. klafter Bremen 5.693 ft. 1.7351 m. koku Japan 5.1565 bus. 187.4181 1. korree Russia 3.5 bus. 127.211 1. lana Russia 1.2037 oz. 34.1251 g. last G. B. 82.52 bus. 2907.68 1. last Austria 4938.46 lbs. 2250.085 kg. last Hamburg 89.6433 bus. 3158.68 1. league G. B. 3. mi. 4.8279 km. legua Spain 4.2151 mi. 6.7834 km. libra Spain 1.0143 lbs. 460.90 g. line G. B. 0.0833 in. 0.0021 m. link G. B. 8. in. 0.2032 m. liter Metric 1.0567 qt. 1. 1. liter Metric 1.1135 pk. 1. 1. loth Austria 270.06 gr. 17.5 g. loth Hamburg 233.6 gr. 15.1374 g. loth Russia 197.49 gr. 12.7974 g. malter Prussia 18.7164 bus. 659.492 1. mark Aiistria 9.8768 oz. 280. g. mark Hamburg 8.5431 oz. 242.2 g. 7^> WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Weight or Measure Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent mass Austria 1.4954 qt. 1.4149 1. maund (bazaar) maund (factory) Bengal 82.285 lbs. 37.324 kg. Bengal 74.6667 lbs. 33.869 kg. meile Austria 4.7142 mi. 7.5866 km. meile Prussia 4.6807 mi. 7.5327 km. meter Metric 39.3708 in. 1. m. metze Austria 1.7451 bus. 61.4994 1. metze Prussia 0.3899 pk. 3.4346 1. mile England 1. mi. 1.6093 km. milha Portugal 1.2786 mi. 2.0573 km. millier Metric 2204.621 lbs. 1000. kg. milligram Metric 0.0154 gr. 0.001 g. milliliter Metric 0.001 qt. 0.001 1. millimeter Metric 0.0394 in. 0.001 m. aomme Japan 57.9 gr. 3.75 g. morgeu Hamburg 2.3852 acre 96.5123 are myriagram Metric 22.046 lbs. 10. kg. nail G. B. 2.25 in. 0.0571 m. ioeuzoll Germany 0.3937 in. 0.01 m. nossel Saxony 0.6362 qt. 0.6024 1. ohm Prussia 36.2928 gal. 137.379 1. oitava Portugal 55.34 gr. 3.5857 g. oka Egypt 2.7275 lbs. 1237.2 g. onca Portugal 1.0119 oz. 28.6873 g. once Russia 1.0532 oz. 29.8582 g. onza Spain 1.0143 oz. 28.756 g. ounce (avoirdupois) U. S. & G. B. 1. oz. 28.3495 g. ounce (troy) U. S. & G. B. 1.0971 oz. 31.1035 g. oxhoft Hamburg 57.221 gal. 216.598 1. palm G. B. 3. in. 0.0762 m. pal mo Spain 8.346 in. 0.2120 m. peck (Winchester) U.S. 1. pk. 8.809 1. peck (imperial) G. B. 1.0315 pk. 9.0865 1. pennyweight U. S. & G. B. 24. gr. 1.5552 g. perch G. B. 16.667 ft. 5.0799 m. pfund Austria 1.2346 lbs. 560.012 g. pfund Germany 1.1023 lbs. 500. g. pice Bombay 163.33 gr. 10.5838 g. pie Spain 11.128 in. 0.2826 m. pint (Winchester) U. S. 0.5 qt. 0.4734 1. pint (imperial) G. B. 0.6003 qt. 0.5679 1. pipe U. S. 126. gal. 476.95 1. pipe G. B. 129.665 gal. 490.82 1. pole G. B. 16.667 ft. 5.0799 m. pood Russia 36.114 lbs. 16.38 kg. pound (avoirdupois) U. S. & G. B. 1. lb. 453.5927 g. pound (troy) U. S. & G. B. 0.8229 lb. 373.2419 g. puncheon U.S. 84. gal. 317.965 1. puncheon G. B. 129.665 gal. 490.82 1. quart (Winchester) U.S. 1. qt. 0.9469 1. quart (beer) G. B. 1.2251 qt. 1.16 1. quart (imperial) G. B. 1.2006 qt. 1.1358 1. quarter U.S. 25. lbs. 11.34 kg. quarter G. B. 8.252 bus. 290.8 1. quarter G. B. 28. lbs. 12.7 kg. quartier Hamburg 0.9536 qt. 0.9029 1. quartillo Spain 0.5329 qt. 0.4946 1. quarto Portugal 0.3836 pk. 3.3791 1. quentchen Austria 67.51 gr. 4.375 g. quentchen Hamburg 58.4 gr. 3.7843 g. 100. kg. quintal France 220.46 lbs. quintal Portugal 129.518 lbs. 58.749 kg. quintal Spain 101.433 lbs. 46.09 kg. rod G. B. 16.667 ft. 5.0799 m. rood G. B. 0.25 acre 10.1157 are WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 727 Weight or Meauure Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent rottolo Egypt 0.9819 lb. 445.41 g. runlet U.S. 18. gal. 68.1341 1. ruthe Austria 12.4455 ft. 3.7933 m. ruthe Prussia 12.357 ft. 3.7663 m. sachine Russia 7. ft. 2.1335 m. scheffel Germany 1.419 bus. 50. 1. scheffel Hamburg 2.9881 bus. 105.289 1. schoppen Germany 0.5284 qt. 0.5 1. genua Brunswick 11.235 in. 0.2853 m. scruple U. S. & G. B. 20. gr. 1.296 g. 80 Japan 3.6 ft. 1.097 m. seer Bengal 1.8667 lbs. 846.74 g. seer Bombay 11.2 oz. 317.5222 g. seer Ceylon 1.2 qt. 1.1363 1. seidel Austria 0.3738 qt. 0.3539 1. ser B. India 2.2046 lbs. 1. kg. shaku Japan 10. in. 0.254 m. span G. B. 9. in. 0.2286 m. stab Germany 39.3708 in. 1. m. stab Hungary 62.2278 in. 1.5805 m. staro Austria 2.344 bus. 82.61 1. stone G. B. 14. lbs. 6.3503 kg. strich Germany 0.0394 in. 0.001 m. stubchen Hamburg 3.8147 qt. 3.6121 1. tael China 1.3334 oz. 37.8019 g. tchetverik Russia 2.976 pk. 26.216 1. tchetvert Russia 7. in. 0.1778 m. tchetviert Russia 5.9521 bus. 209.728 1. tierce U. S. 42. gal. 158.98 1. tierce G. B. 43.2216 gal. 163.606 1. to Japan 2.0626 pk. 18.7418 1. tola B. India 180. gr. 11.664 g. ton (long) U. S. & G. B. 2240. lbs. 1016.0475 kg. ton (short) U. S. & G. B. 2000. lbs. 907.185 kg. tonelada Portugal 113.607 gal. 429.998 1. tonelada Portugal 1748.493 lbs. 793.116 kg. tonelada Spain 2028.66 lbs. 921.803 kg. tonne Germany 2204.621 lbs. 1000. kg. tonne Hamburg. 45.7771 gal. 173.279 1. tonneau France 2204.621 lbs. 1000. kg. tun U. S. 252. gal. 953.895 1. tun G. B. 259.33 gal. 981.641 1. unglee Bengal 0.75 in. 0.019 m. unze Austria 1.2346 oz. 35. g. unze Hamburg. 1.0679 oz. 30.282 g. vara Portugal 43.28 in. 1.0993 m. vara Spain 33.384 in. 0.8479 m. vedro Russia 3.249 gal. 12.299 1. verschok Russia 1.75 in. 0.0444 m. verst Russia 0.6628 mi. 1.0666 km. vierling Austria 4.9384 oz. 140.006 g. viertel Austria 1.7451 pk. 15.3724 1. viertel Austria 3.7381 gal. 14.1498 1. viertel Hamburg 1.9074 gal. 7.2208 1. viertel Prussia 1.5597 pk. 13.7394 1. wey G. B. 41.26 bus. 1453.84 1. wispel Hamburg 29.8811 bus. 1052.89 1. yard U. S. & G. B. 3. ft. 0.9144 m. yugada Spain 79.355 acre 3210.941 are zoll Austria 1.0371 in. 0.0263 m. zoll. Hamburg 0.9391 in. 0.0238 m. zolotnik Russia 65.83 gr. 4.2658 g. COINS AND THEIK VALUES. The value given for coins of " silver standard " countries is based upon the market price of the pure silver they contain, and fluctuates with the price of silver. For this table the price of an ounce of pure silver was taken as $0.58313. For " gold standard " countries the value of even the silver coins is reckoned as the given proportionate part of the gold unit. Name of Coin. Country and Standard, g. = gold. e. = silver. Denominations Coined. Equivalent Value in Other Native Coins. • 5 Gold. Silver. •3 Alexander Bulgaria, g. & s.* 1 20 levs $3,859 alphonse Cuba, g. 1 25 pesetas 4.823 anna India, g. — 4; 2 4 pice 0.02 argentine Argentina, g. i; * — 5 pesos 4.824 bani Roumania, g.* — 50 .01 lei 0.002 bolivar Venezuela, g.* 100; 50; 20; 10; 5 5; 2; 1; frac. 20 centavos 0.193 boliviano Bolivia, s. — 1; \\ etc. 100 centavos 0.422 cash China, s. — — .001 tael 0.007 eent Canada, g. — 50; 25; 10;5 .01 dollar 0.01 cent Newfoundland, g. — 50;20; 10; 5 .01 dollar 0.01 cent United States, g. — 50; 25; 10 .01 dollar 0.01 centavo Argentina, g. — 5;10;20;50 .01 peso 0.009 centavo Bolivia, s. — 5; 10; 20;50 .01 bolivar 0.005 centavo Chile, g. — 20; 10; 5 .01 peso 0.004 centavo Mexico, s. — 50;20;10;5 .01 peso 0.004 centavo Venezuela, g.* — 10; 4 ^ bolivar .01 centesimo Italy, g. & s.* — 50; 20 .01 lira 0.002 centesimo Uruguay, g. — 50; 20; 10 .01 peso 0.01 centime L. U.,* g. & s. — 50; 20 .01 franc 0.002 centimo Costa Rica, g. — 50;25;10;5 .01 colon 0.005 centimo Cuba, g. — — .01 peso 0.009 centimo Spain, g.* — 50; 20 .01 peseta 0.002 colon Costa Rica, g. 20; 10; 5; 2 \; etc. 100 centimos 0.465 condor Chile, g. i;i — 10 pesos 7.30 condor Colombia, s. 2;i — 20 pesos 9.647 copeck Russia, g. 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 5 .01 ruble 0.005 crown Austiia-H., g. 10; 20 1;5 100 heller 0.203 crown Denmark, g. 20; 10; 5 2;1; J; etc. 100 ore 0.268 crown Germany, g. 2;1. — 10 marks 2.38 crown Great Brit., g. — i;i 5 shillings 1.216 crown Norway, g. 20; 10; 5 2; 1; frac. 100 ore 0.268 crown Portugal, g. l; }; 1-5; 1-10 — 10 milreis 10.805 crown Sweden, g. 20; 10; 5 2; 1; frac. 100 ore 0.268 decimo Colombia, s. — 2;i;i to peso 10 cents 0.05 dime United States, g. — l 0.10 dinar Servia, g. & s.* 20; 10 5; 2; 1; J 100 paras 0.193 dollar Canada, g. — \ ; \ ; etc. 100 cents 1.00 dollar Mexico. See Peso. dollar Newfoundland, g. 2 — 100 cents 1.014 doUar United States, g. 20 ; 10 ; 5 ; i; *; \ 1-10 100 cents 1.00 doubloon Chile, g. 1 — 10 pesos 3.65 doubloon isabella Cuba, g. & s. 1 — — 5,017 doubloon See Onza. 2 See footnote, p. 730. COINS AND THEIR VALUES. 729 Denominations Coined. S >, Name of Coin. Country and Standard, g. = gold. b. = silver. Equivalent Value in Other Native Coins. .Sc aS Gold. Silver. ?« drachma Greece, g. & s.* 100; 50; 20; 10; 5 5; 2; 1 100 lepta $0,193 ducat Austria-H., g. 1; 4 — — 2.287 eagle United States, g. 2; 1; i;J — 10 dollars 10.00 escudo Chile, g. — 5 pesos 1.825 florin Austria, g. — 1; 2; i 100 kreutzers 0.482 florin Great Brit., g. . l 2 shillings 0.487 florin Netherlands, g. 10 2£;l;frac. 100 cents 0.402 franc ( Belgium, g. & 8.* < France ( Switzerland 100; 50 20; 10; 5 5; 2; 1 *;i-5 100 centimes > 0.193 gourde Hayti, tj. 10;5;2;1 1 ; frac- tions 100 centimes 0.965 guilder Netherlands. See Floein. imperial Russia, g. i; i — 15 rubles 7.718 kran Persia, s. — jV toman 0.078 kreutzer Austria, g. — 20; 10 .01 florin 0.005 lei Roumania, g.* 20; 10 5; 2; 1 lOObani 0.193 lepton Greece, g. & s.* 50; 20 .01 drachma 0.002 lev Bulgaria, g. & s.* 20 5; 2; 1; J 100 stotinki 0.193 liang Korea, s. — 1 — 0.10 libra Peru, g. & s. i; * — 10 soles 4.8665 lira Italy, g. & s.* 100; 50; 20 ; 10 ; 5 5; 2; 1; fractions 100 centesimi 0.193 lira Turkey, g. 5; 2£; 1; i; k 20; 10 — .01 lira 4.396 mark Finland, g.* 2 ; 1 ; frac. 100 penni 0.193 mark Germany, g. 20; 10 5; 2; 1; fractions 100 pfennigs 0.238 milreis Brazil, g. 50 ; 10 ; 5 2; 1; | 1000 reis 0.546 milreia Portugal, g. 10 ; 5 ; 2 ; 1 1 ; frac. 1000 reis 1.08 onza Guatemala, s. i;i — — 15.739 onza Honduras, 8. i; h — — 15.739 onza Nicaragua, s. l\\_ — — 15.739 onza Salvador, s. — — 15.739 ore Denmark, g. 50; 40; 25; 10 .01 or own 0.003 ore Norway, g. — 50; 40; 25; 10 .01 crown 0.003 ore Sweden, g. — 50; 40; 25: 10 .01 crown 0.003 para Servia, g. & s.* — 50 .01 dinar 0.002 para Turkey, g. — 20 ^ piaster 0.001 penni Finland, g.* — 50; 25 .01 mark 0.002 penny Great Britain, g. — 6; 4; 3; 2; 1 1 4 farthings 0.02 peseta Ecuador, g. 20 centavos 0.097 peseta Spain, g.* 100; 50; 25; 20; 10; 5 5; 2; 1; fractions 100 centimos 0.133 peso Argentina, g. — 1 ; h ; 1-10 ; 1-20 100 centavos 0.965 peao Chile, g. — 1; 1-5; etc. 100 centavos 0.365 peso Colombia, s. — 1; 1-5; etc. 10 decimos 0.487 peso Cuba, g. — 1 100 centimos 0.910 peso Guatemala, s. 20; 10; 5; 2;1 20; 10; 5; 2;1 20; 10; 5; 1 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 peso Honduras, s. 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 peso Mexico, s. 1; frac. 100 centavos g0.98 s 0.46 peso Nicaragua, s. 20;10;5;2;1 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 peso Salvador, s. 20;10;5;2;1 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 See footnote, p. "30. 730 COINS AND THEIR VALUES. Name of Coin. Country and Standard, g. = gold, s. = silver. Denominations Coined. Equivalent Value in Other Native Coins. it *s Gold. Silver. ?d peso Uruguay, g. 1 1; i; 1-5; 1-10 100 centesimos 51.034 peso Venezuela. See Venezolano. pfennig Germany, g. — 50 .01 mark 0.002 piaster Egypt, g. 50 20;10;5;2; 1 .01 pound 0.05 piaster Turkey, g. 50; 25 20;10;5;2; frac. .01 lira 0.044 pound Egypt, g. i;i , 100 piasters 4.943 pound Great Brit., g. 5;2;1;£ — 20 shillings 4.8665 real Ecuador, g. — 1 10 centavos 0.05 real Portugal, g. — 500; 200; 100; 50 .001 milreis 0.001 rixdaler Netherlands, g. 2£ florins 1.005 ruble Russia, g. 15; 10; 7*;5 1; frac. 100 copecks 0.515 rupee India, g. — i; b b i 16 annas 0.324 sen Japan, g. — 50; 20; 10 .01 yen 0.005 shilling Great Brit., g. — 5;2£ 12 pence 0.243 sol Peru, g. & s. — 1; frac. 100 centavos 0.487 sovereign Great Britain. See Pound. — stotinki Bulgaria, g. & s.* — — .01 lev 0.002 sucre Ecuador, g. 10 1; frac. 100 centavos 0.487 tael (haikwan) China, s. not coined 1000 cash 0.703 thaler Germany, g. — 1 3 marks 0.714 toman Persia, s. 2;1 — 10 krans 1.704 venezolano Venezuela, g.* 20;10;4;2;1 — 100 centavos 0.965 yen Japan, g. 20; 10; 5 100 sen 0.498 * The Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, France, Greece, standard with the ratio of gold to silver fixed at 1 to 15J, but virtual Italy, Switzerland) has nominally a double ally it has the single gold standard because of the limiting of the silver coinage in 1873. All of these countries have coins of the same weight and fine- ness, but the "franc" and "centime" are called respectively "lira" and "centesimo" in Italy and " drachma " and " lepton " in Greece. This monetary system has also beenadopted in whole or in part by Bulgaria, Finland, Roumania, Servia, Spain, Venezuela, etc. DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. When a word in this vocabulary is printed in small capitals, whether preceded by (compare) or not, it means a reference to the word bo printed. ' See " or " Cf . A, &• Letter used in abbreviations : as, A/C, account current ; A/c, account ; @ for to or at, usually in connection with prices, as 12 c. @ 14 c. (12 to 14 cents) ; 100 lbs. @ 10 c. (100 lbs. at 10 cents). A, alone, may signify Ac- cepted or Audited. A 1. At Lloyd's Register of Shipping = first- class ; A 2, second class, etc. In the U. S. the scale runs fractionally, — A 1, A 1 1-4, etc., A 2, etc. Loosely, A 1 is used in trade simply for " first-rate " of its kind. abandonment. Giving up of insured damaged property to insurers, with claim for total loss. abatement- Deduction from a bill or invoice ; diminution of a nuisance. abeyance. Suspension ; temporary suppression. abrasion. Loss of weight, as in coins, from handling. abstract. A summary or epitome, as of a title, a will. acceptance. Agreement to terms or conditions; engagement of a drawee of a bill or draft to pay it; reception of a thing bought as that agreed upon. acceptor. One who signs in acceptance. accession. Adding property through growth or by labor. accessory. A subordinate aid to another's act (usually in crime). accident insurance. Agreement to pay a speci- fied sum in case of injury or death by accident. accommodation paper. Promissory notes made only for borrowing, not standing for real transactions. accord and satisfaction. Discharge of a con- tract as performed when something else is given or done and accepted therefor. account. Registry of pecuniary transactions ; statement of debits and credits. accountant- One skilled in commercial and financial affairs and their accountings; pro- fessional keeper or examiner of books of ac- count. account current Statement of transactions between two parties, showing the condition of the account to date. account, profit and loss. Statement of own transactions for own information, showing expenses and losses as against gains, for a specified time, account sales. Statement of an agent or broker to a principal, showing dates, quantities of goods sold, rates, prices, expenses, and com- missions, with balance due principal. account Stated. An account rendered, and agreed to by both parties, accrue. To increase ; to come as profit. acknowledgment- Admission, as of payment made or of facts alleged ; sworn admission of one's own signature. a compte. Fr. On account ; a part payment. acquittance. Written release from liability. act. A thing done, or a formal statement of action taken ; as, an act of Congress. action. Law. Civil proceeding commenced as may be prescribed by rules of court. actionnaire. Fr. A shareholder. active partner. One who takes active share in managing a business in which he is part owner. act of bankruptcy. Act which renders the doer liable to be declared bankrupt. act Of God. Damage arising from natural causes, not to be foreseen or prevented ; — used com- monly in BILLS OP LADING. actuary. Company officer skilled in mortality tables, annuities, life probabilities, life insur- ance values, etc. adjustment. Settlement of losses in marine and fire insurance ; agreement upon disputed ac- counts. administer. To manage or conduct; Law, to settle, as an estate. administrator. See executor. admiralty court. One having jurisdiction in maritime cases. ad referendum. Lat. To be further considered ; used in some contracts leaving minor matters for further agreement. ad valorem- Lot. According to value ; as, an ad valorem customs duty, reckoned by a per- centage of value, not by weight, quantity, etc., dist. from specific duty. advance. To increase in value ; to make a pre- payment. — ra., the increase, or the prepay- ment. adventure. A speculative shipment of goods on shipper's own risk, with no liability to vessel. adverse possession- Occupation of real estate in opposition to others' claims. advice, letter Of. Letter informing of things done or to be done, as bills or drafts made, consignments of goods, payment of accounts, etc. affiant. One who makes an affidavit. affidavit. Written declaration made and signed under oath before an authorized officer. affreight To hire, as a ship, for transporta- tion of freight. after date. After the date of the bill, draft, or note in question. after sight. After presentation to and ac- ceptance by the drawee of a bill or draft. agenda- Lat. Things to be done. agent. One employed to act for another. aggravation. Law. Whatever increases crim- inality, or makes an injury heavier. 732 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. agio. Premium or discount on the face value, as on one sort of money exchanged for another. agiotage. Exchange business; also specula- tions in values of stocks and bonds. agrarian. Pertaining to fields or lands. agreement. Concurrence in something to be done or omitted ; mutual contract. alias. Another, or an assumed, name. alien. One of foreign birth, or of foreign allegiance. alimony. Allowance made to a wife by a husband during or after a suit for separation or divorce. aliquot part. That part of a number which divides it without a remainder. aliunde. Lai. Law. From another source ; obtained elsewhere. allegation. Formal assertion or averment. allegiance. Duty owed to one's government, king, or country. allocate. To allot or distribute, commonly shares in a company. — allocation. Act of allotment. allocatur. Lat. Law. It is allowed ; express- ing the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, costs, etc., by a court or judicial officer. allotment. Act of allocating or distributing, as company shares. allow. To grant, give, or yield; to make an abatement. allowance. That which is granted as sufficient for any purpose, as by a court or a negotiator ; a limited or stated quantity of anything, as food or drink ; rations. alloy. Any mixture of metals ; esp. a baser metal mixed with a finer, as in coinage. all rights reserved. A claim of copyright, commonly placed on the back of a book's title-page, to announce reservation of drama- tization, etc. amortize. Law. To convey lands to a cor- poration. Finance. To extinguish, as a debt, usually by a sinking fund. ancestor. Law. One from whom an estate has descended. ancient writings. Phrase denoting docu- ments, as deeds, 30 years old, not requiring proof of execution. annexation. The union of property with a freehold, so as to become a fixture. annuitant. Recipient of an annuity. annuity. Sum of money payable yearly for a certain period or for life. answer. To respond or reply ; to become responsible or liable for. antedate. To date (as a document, check, note) before the day of writing. appeal. To apply for the removal of a cause to a higher court. — n. The application. appellate. Denoting a court that takes cog- nizance of appeals from lower courts. apply. To use for a particular purpose or in a particular case. appraise. To set a value or price upon. appraiser. One employed to put a value upon property ; specif. , a customs officer who values dutiable imports. appreciate. To increase in value. apprentice. One bound by indenture to a master to learn a trade. apprize. Variant of appraise. appropriate. To set apart for a particular use or person ; specif., to vote money for a purpose, as by Congress. appurtenance. An adjunct or appendage to something else, as right of way over land. arbitration. Settlement of a dispute by one or more disinterested parties, legally ap- pointed or by consent of parties concerned. arbitration Of exchange. Calculating money values between two countries through inter- mediate places, to see whether direct or in- direct remittances are the more advantageous. archives. Important public records or docu- ments ; place where these are kept. arrears. Payable accounts standing unpaid. article. A particular commodity or thing ; a distinct part of any writing containing two or more divisions, as a clause in a contract ; pi. , set of regulations, as articles of partnership, of army and navy, of war. assault. Law. A violent attempt to beat another, but without touching him ; if a blow takes effect it is a battery. assay. To test an ore or an alloy for learn- ing its metallic contents, esp. to test for gold or silver. assess. To tax ; to value for taxation ; to fix the amount or share of a common ex- pense to be paid by each. assessment. Tax ; tax valuation ; specific sum levied or assessed. assets. Entire property of a person, associa- tion, or estate, applicable to paying indebted- ness ; opposed to liabilities. assign- To make over money, goods, or other property to another by deed ; esp., to vest in assignees for benefit of creditors. assignat. One of the money notes issued by the French revolutionary government (1790- 1796), " secured " by confiscated property, but never made good. assignee. One to whom property is trans- ferred. assignment. Written transfer of any right or property, either temporarily, as in trust for creditors or for adjustment, or permanently, as by a seller to a buyer ; document of trans- fer. assignor. One who transfers property by written instrument to others. assize. Session of a court for trial of cases; pi., periodical sessions of English superior courts ; time or place of holding an assize. association. Union of persons, as a society or stock company, for some special purpose. assortment. Collection of classified goods of various sorts. assumpsit. Law. An undertaking for a con- sideration ; a suit to recover damages for breach of contract. assurance. Contract to pay a sum of money on occasion of a certain event, as death. Re- cent English usage refers assurance to life, and insurance to property, contingencies. at sight. On demand. attachment. Seizure of property by legal process ; writ by which seizure is made. attest. To bear witness to ; to sign as witness. attorn- To agree to become tenant to one for a tenement previously owned by another. attorney. A legally appointed agent ; a attor- DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 33 ney in fact, a substitute for transaction of busi- ness ; b attorney at law, one legally qualified to act for another in legal proceedings. attorney, power Of. Vested authority to act for another in specified ways. auction Selling of property by competitive bid- ding. auctioneer. A licensed conductor of auctions. audit. Verification of accounts by examination of records, vouchers, etc. auditor. One who audits. authenticate. To give authority to, by legal at- testation. authority. Law. Legal sanction ; a precedent ; previous decision of a court. aver. To declare positively ; to affirm. average. A mean proportion; medial sum or quantity. average, general. Proportionate distribution of marine loss among underwriters or owners. average, particular. Partial loss by damage to ship or a part of cargo, to be borne by owner or insurer, not averaged upon all. average Of payments. Equitable adjustment of a single date for settling payments due at several times. averaging. Stock Exchange. Increasing specu- lative transactions according to price fluctua- tions, so as to maintain profitable margin. avoid. Law. To defeat or evade, as a plea; to become void or vacant. avulsion. Removal of land from one estate to another, as by flood. award. Finding or decision of an arbitration. back bond. Scots Law. An instrument which, with another making absolute disposition, constitutes a trust. backwardation. Stock Exchange. Seller's postponement of delivery on payment of pre- mium to buyer ; also, the premium. bail. One who becomes surety for appearance of another in court ; amount pledged as secur- ity ; act of freeing from custody by bail. Also to deliver, as goods in trust, upon a contract. bailee. One to whom goods are bailed. bailiff. Agent or overseer for another ; a legal officer (Eng.), a sheriff's deputy. bailment. Act of bailing a person or goods. bailor. One who bails money or goods to an- other. balance. Scales for weighing ; equality of two sides of an account; also, difference between the two required to make them equal. balance Of trade. Difference between imports and exports of a country for a specified time. balance Sheet. A paper giving a summary and balance of accounts. bale. A corded bundle of heavy goods. ballast. Heavy material in a vessel's hold to steady it ; in ballast, loaded with ballast, without cargo. banc A bench or court ; in banc, a court sit- ting with full judicial authority. banco. European term, — difference between bank money and depreciated currency. bank- Establishment for custody, loan, ex- change, and issue of money. bankable. Receivable at a bank. bank bill. In U. S., a bank's promissory note, payable on demand, used as currency ; in Eng., a bank's bill of exchange, payable to order, usually at a specified time. bank book. Depositor's pass book, showing the state of his account. banker. One who does a banking business. bank note. See bank bill. bank rate. Eng. Rate at which the Bank of England declares (weekly) it will grant loans or discount bills. bankrupt. Colloquially, one unable to meet his liabilities ; legally, one so adjudicated by au- thority. bar. The legal profession ; a special plea in court sufficiently answering plaintiff's action. bargain. An agreemeut, esp. for purchase and sale ; an advantageous purchase. bargain and sale. A contract to transfer real estate for a consideration. barratry. Marine Insurance. Willful wrong- doing by shipmaster or crew damaging vessel or cargo. Common Law. Encouraging or in- citing litigation. barrister. Brit. Lawyer admitted to plead at English and Irish bars ; in Scotland called ad- vocate. Dist. from solicitor. barter. Exchange of goods for goods. battery. Law. Unlawful beating or touching another's person or clothes. bazaar. In the Orient, a market place, or a shop ; in U. S., usually a fair. beacon. A signal mark or light on shore to guide mariners. beadle. A messenger or crier of a court. bear. Slock Exchange. One who sells what he does not possess, for future delivery, expecting a fall in price. Opposed to bull. bearer. One who holds and presents a check, note, draft, or other order for payment of money to bearer. below par. Market price of stocks, etc., when lower than their nominal value. bench warrant. Process issued by judge or court against one accused or indicted. berth. A ship's station when at anchor or wharf. bid. Offer of a price for an article on sale, as at auction ; offer to take a price as for work to be done or goods to be furnished under con- tract. bill. Law. A written declaration of wrong suf- fered or done. Com. Eng. A written prom- ise to pay a certain sum at specified time, — in U. S. usually termed a note ; also, a written statement of account, as of goods bought or work done, with prices. bill book. Book recording all bills, notes, drafts, etc., payable and receivable by any business concern. bill Of credit Letter requesting for a bearer credit for goods or money on account of the writer. bill Of entry. Account of goods for export or import entered at the Custom House. bill of exchange. Written order for payment of money to another on account of the writer. bill of lading. Written receipt for goods shipped. bill of particulars. Law. Detailed statement of the items of plaintiff's demands or defend- ant's set-off or counterclaim. 734 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERM." 1)111 of sale. Formal instrument for transfer of goods and chattels. bill Of Sight. Custom house entry permitting landing of goods for examination before ac- ceptance. Dill Of Store. Custom house license permitting carriage of ship's stores necessary for a voy- age customs free. bills payable. Outstanding notes or bills, to be paid. bills receivable. Outstanding notes or bills, to be received. bimetallism. Legalized use of two metals, as gold and silver, in a currency at a relative fixed value. blackmail. Extorting money by threats, as of injury to one's reputation. bona fide. Lat. In good faith. bond. A sealed writing binding signer or his legal representatives to pay money or perform contract under pecuniary penalty for failure ; also, an instrument made by a government or a corporation for borrowing money upon stated security. bonded warehouse. A building for storing im- ported goods liable for customs duty, not to be chargeable with duties until taken out for domestic use, and exempted from duty if re- exported. Such goods are said to be in bond, the owners having signed bonds securing the conditions. bondsman. One who becomes under bond se- curity for another's fidelity, honesty, or per- formance. bonus. Lat. good. Extra money paid, or stock given, or profits divided, beyond stated re- quirements. book accounts. Accounts entered in the books. bookkeeping. Act or process of recording business transactions : as, by single entry, carrying each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account ; or by double entry, carry- ing each transaction to the debit of one and the credit of another account, one balancing the other. book value- The worth of a concern, as a bank, as shown by its books, which, owing to good- will or prospective business, may be surpassed by its market value. bottom. A freight-carrying vessel. bottomry bond. A bond pledging the bottom or whole vessel ; as security for necessary stores. bought notes, and sale notes. Contract mem- oranda exchanged between merchants, bro- kers, etc., specifying commodities bought or sold, with prices, terms, etc. bounty. A premium paid by government to encourage production and exportation. bourse. Fr. An exchange ; specif., the Paris Stock Exchange. brand. Orig., a trade-mark made with a hot iron on a packing case for identification of maker or quality; colloquially, the special kind of a class of goods ; as, a certain brand of cigars. breach. A breaking or violation of any obliga- tion ; as, a breach of trust, of contract. breadstuff S. Grain, flour, or meal. breakage. Allowance made for goods broken in transit. break. Law. To separate with violence and felonious intent any part (of a house or its fas- tenings). break bulk. To begin unloading ; to transfer (freight) in detail, as from boat to cars. brief. A summary of a case or of points of a law argument ; a court writ. broker. An agent ; a buyer or seller for others, on commission, — the chief lines of their em- ployment are in bills (negotiable paper), money exchange, insurance, produce, ship- ping (getting ships for freight and freight for ships), stocks and bonds (securities of all kinds). bucket Shop. A place outside the exchanges, where small sums can be bet on prices of stocks, produce, oil, etc. Slang. bull. Stock Exchange. One who buys in expec- tation of or for producing a rise in prices. Opposed to BEAR. bullion. Gold or silver uncoined, or reckoned by weight. burden. Carrying capacity of a vessel ; as, a ship of 600 tons burden. burden Of proof. Law. Obligation of proving a position or assertion in court. burglary. Breaking and entering another's dwelling house by night with felonious intent. buy the refusal. To pay a sum for the privi- lege of buying at a future time at a fixed price. by-law. A private minor regulation made by a society, company, corporation, etc. C. C. Letter used in sundry abbreviations: as, C/A, capital account ; C/B, cashbook ; C. F. I., cost, freight, and insurance ; Cg., centi- gram ; Cr., credit or creditor ; etc. cable. A ship's rope or chain for anchor or mooring ; a metallic wire rope surrounded by insulating material to serve as a submarine telegraph line ; a message sent by submarine cable. cablegram. A telegram by submarine cable. calculate. To reckon by mathematical process; to forecast. call. Privilege to demand delivery of stock or other security at a fixed price within a fixed time, — see option ; also, summons to pay an installment due on company shares. call loan. A loan at fixed interest, repayable on demand. cancel. To annul, as a paid check ; to revoke, as an order to buy or sell. canon. A law or rule, esp. ecclesiastical. Capias. Lat. A writ commanding legal officer to arrest or seize. capital- Money, property, or stock employed in business ; sum invested or lent, as dist . from income or interest. Capital offense. Crime liable to the death pen- alty. capital Stock- Total amount of money or prop- erty in any corporation, as represented by its shares of stock at par value. capitation. Poll tax. caption. Law. The part of a legal instrument showing where, when, and by what authority it was taken, found, or executed. Carat. The unit of weight (3^ grains) by which precious stones are weighed ; a twenty-fourth part, term used in denoting the fineness DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 735 of gold (12 carats being half gold, '24 carats pure gold, etc.). cargo. Load of a vessel ; freight. carriage. Conveyance; the sum charged for it. j carrier, common. One that undertakes for hire the carriage of persons or goods from place to place for any who choose to hire. Persons or corporations owning means of conveyance, as railroads, ships, etc., are included. cartage. Charge for carting goods. carte blanche. Fr. blank paper. Unlimited authority. case. A mercantile box and its contents. Law. j A suit or action, or the matters involved. case Of need- Sometimes indorsed on a bill of exchange : In case of need, apply to A. B. &\ Co.: designating a party who will guarantee payment if not made at maturity. cash. Ready money. cash book. Record of money received and paid out. cash credit. A credit granted on security or confidence. cashier. One who has charge of receipts and disbursements. cassation. Act of annulling. Court of Cassa- tion, the highest French court of appeal, hav- ing power to quash or to reverse lower de- cisions. casting vote. Vote by chairman of a meeting, when ayes and noes are equal. caveat. Law. Notice not to do a certain act until after a hearing in opposition. Caveat emptor. Lot. Let the buyer beware ; i. e., examiue goods and judge for himself. cellarage. Charge for storage in a cellar. certificate. A written, authorized declaration of some fact, as a certificate of deposit in a bank ; a certificate, of stock in a company. cent. One hundred, or one hundredth ; — used to designate a ratio, as ten per cent., ten in a hundred ; also name of sundry coins, as the U. S. rent, the one hundredth part of a dollar. certified Check. One certified as good by the bank on which it is drawn. cestui que trust. One who has the beneficial interest in a property the legal interest in which vests in a trustee. Chamber Of commerce. A voluntary associa- tion of merchants for the promotion of trade interests. charter. A State grant to a municipality or a corporation to transact its own affairs ; the j letting or hiring of a vessel by special contract. | Charter party. A contract letting all or part of a vessel. charts. Maps ; esp. , those showing a projection of water, and usually features of a coast-line, as rocks, shoals, lights, etc., and the depths of soundings within a given range. Chattels. Items of property, except real estate; as : c. personal, movable goods, money, etc. c. real, rights in real estate lesa than owner- ship ; leases, mortgages, etc. Cheap money. Money plentiful, for loans at low rates. Check. A written order on a bank or banker to pay money on account of the drawer. Check book. A book of printed blank checks. Check to bearer. One payable on demand to whoever presents it. Check to order. One payable to the order of the person named, his signature to be in- dorsed upon it before payment. Chose in action. Law. A right enforceable by legal process, as a debt, warrant, mortgage, note, etc. Cipher. A private alphabet or system of secret writing. circular notes. A form of letter of credit for convenience of travelers. Circulating medium. A current medium of exchange, whether coin, government notes, or bank notes. Clear. To enter a vessel at the custom house, fulfill ( .-< nditions, pay dues, and receive per- mission to sail. Of goods, for export, the same. Of banks, to settle mutual accounts. Clearance. Certificate that a vessel has cleared at the custom house. Clearing house. Establishment where banks settle daily mutual accounts by exchange of checks, bills, etc. Client- One who employs a legal adviser. The term has been extended to customers of bankers, brokers, and any professional agents. Coasting trade. That carried on betweeu sea- ports of the same country. C. D- Collect on delivery. Collateral. Persons descended from the same stock, but not from the same parents. Collateral security. A secondary or indirect security, as of stocks or bonds", for a loan, should the principal fail to perform contract. collector. One who collects or receives money for another ; an officer commissioned to re- ceive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. combine, or combination. A union of manu- facturers or merchants to protect their com- mon interest, regulate prices among them- selves, etc. Sometimes applied to trusts. commerce. Traffic on a large scale. commission. Allowance to an agent for trans- acting business. commissioner of deeds. An officer authorized to take affidavits, acknowledgments of deeds, depositions, etc., for use in the State appoint- ing him. commitment. Act of sending to custody or to prison. commodity. Any movable article bought and sold (except animals). common carrier. See cabrieb. common law. The unwritten law : the law arising from immemorial usage and universal reception ; dist. from statutoby law, as enacted by legislation. common Stock. Ordinary capital stock, with- out privileges of preferred stock. commute. Law. To diminish, as a penalty, as death to life imprisonment. Com. To sub- stitute a smaller payment for a greater ; or one form of payment for another, as a larger immediate sum for many smaller fares, as on a railroad. company. A business association of joint stock- holders ; partners in a firm but not named in its title. composition. Adjustment of liabilities by mu- tual agreement, as by payment of a part in- stead of the whole ; also, the amount of com- pensation agreed upon in the adjustment. 736 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. compound interest. Interest on the principal and on unpaid interest. compromise. Adjustment of differences by mutual concessions. concession. Grant of privileges by foreign governments to mining companies, railroads, etc. consideration. Compensation ; value received. Consign. To send to a party in another place, as goods for sale. Consignee. Party to whom goods are consigned. Consignment. Goods sent to another party for sale ; the sending by a consignor. Consols. Securities in the consolidated debt of the English government (now more than half the national debt). In 1903 the rate of inter- est paid was set at 1\ per cent until 1923. Consul. Official commissioned to reside abroad to look after the commerce and seamen of his own country. Consulage. Fees paid to a consul for services. consular invoice. Invoice of exports made and declared before the foreign consul of the country of import. contingent. Denoting events that may or may not occur ; as, a contingent liability, as of an indorser of a bill of exchange. contraband. Prohibited by law or treaty, as smuggled goods. contraband Of war. Goods that international law forbids a neutral to furnish to a belliger- ent. contract. An agreement between two or more persons to do or not do certain things. contractor. One who undertakes to perform work or furnish commodities at a fixed price, — usually for corporations or municipalities. convertible. Easily sold or converted into money ; as, convertible paper currency, securi- ties, etc. conveyance. Transfer of property ; document or deed expressing it ; transportation of per- sons or goods. cooperation. Association of a number of per- sons for their common benefit, as cooperative societies buying for and selling to their mem- bers. copyright. Exclusive right to print and sell a 1 iterary, musical, dramatic, or art work. corner. Control of the price of stocks or prod- uce by buying nearly all supplies. Colloq. corporation. An association of persons in one body, endowed by law with the rights and lia- bilities of an individual, as to transact busi- ness, sue and be sued, etc. Coupon. Interest certificate, attached to a bond or stock certificate, to be cut off and presented for payment when due. Credit. Trust given or received in expectation of future payment ; good mercantile reputa- tion; in Bookkeeping, record of values re- ceived from the party named in the account. creditor. One to whom money is due. Credit sales. Sales to be paid for in future. CUm. Lat. With. Cum dividend. With the dividend that is due or accruing ; in sales of stock so named the buyer takes the next dividend. cumulative preferred stock. Stock upon which if the guaranteed dividend cannot be paid in any year or years, the dividend accumulates till it can be paid, taking precedence of later dividends. curbstone broker. A broker not a member of the stock exchange. Slang. currency. Circulating money of a country ; time between the written and the due date of a bill or rate. current. Now moving, running, active ; as, a current account. custom. Law. Long-established practice con- sidered as unwritten law, authorized by long universal consent. customary. Holding or held by custom ; as, customary tenants, customary practice. customer. A regular purchaser. custom house. Establishment where customs or duties are levied and paid, where vessels are entered and cleared. customs. Duties or tolls on goods imported or exported. customs entry. Presentation of a ship's papers etc. to the custom house for clearing. D. D. Letter used in abbreviations : as, D/B, day- book ; d/d, day's date ; Dft., draft; Dis., discount; Div., dividend; dr., debtor; d/s, days' sight. damage. Injury ; pi., Law. Money reparation for injury sustained. date. Statement of time (month, day, and year) when a paper was executed, or is to mature. day book. Daily record book of transactions. days Of grace. Days (usually three, except where abolished in the U. S., as in New York) allowed for payment of notes or bills after ex- piration of written due date. dead. Law. Legally deprived of rights of a citizen. dead freight. Money paid by shipper who fails to use load-space contracted for. dead hand. One who cannot alienate or convey property, as one civilly dead. See mortmain. dead letter. A letter that fails to reach the person addressed ; a letter or a law that has lost its force by lapse of time. dead light. Iron shutter of a ship's porthole. dead reckoning. Determining ship's position by compass and log-line, showing courses and distances. dead weight. The part of a cargo paying by weight, not measurement. dear money. Money scarce, not to be borrowed but at high rates. debase. To lower in value, as adulterated coinage. debenture. Written acknowledgment of debt; custom house certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a drawback ; in England, municipal and other bonds for money loaned. debit. To charge with debt ; to enter on books as debtor ; — n., a book-charge of debt ; opp. of CREDIT. debt. That which is due. debtor. One who owes ; opp. of creditor. decimal system. That in which weights, meas- ures, money, etc. are reckoned by decimal division — oy tenths, as most coinages except of England, and most European weights and measures. decline. To lessen in value or price. DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 737 deed- Written contract, signed, sealed, and de- livered ; usually conveying real estate. default. Neglect or failure to fulfill obligations, as to pay debts, or, specif., to account duly for entrusted funds or property. default, to suffer a. Law. To fail to answer an action when called. defendant. Law. One required to make an- swer m an action. deferred bonds. Bonds bearing increasing in- terest to a certain rate, and then exchanged for active bonds at a fixed rate. deferred Stock. Stock not entitled to dividends until prior stock shall have been satisfied. deficit. A falling short, esp. of income ; as a deficit in revenue. del credire. Ital. Additional premium paid agent who guarantees customers solvency. deliver. To give over ; yield possession of. demand. To claim. demand draft or note. One payable on pres- entation. demurrage. Charge for detention of a vessel beyond time allowed in charter-party. demurrer. Law. Stop or pause in an action, for judgment as to whether the opposing al- legations, if true, are sufficient to sustain ac- tion or defense. deposit. Bailed goods ; money paid in advance on contract ; money placed with a bank sub- ject to order. depot. A place of deposit or storage ; a military station ; Colloq., a railroad station. depreciation. A lessening of value or price. derelict. A vessel or goods abandoned at sea. deviation. Marine Ins. Divergence of a vessel from the specified course of the voyage. devise. To give real estate by will. devisee. One receiving real estate by will. dies non. Law. A day on which courts are not held. director. One of the managers of a corporation. discharge. To unload, as a ship ; to pay, as a debt ; to set free, as from arrest ; to absolve from liability, as a bankrupt. disclaimer. Law. Renunciation of rights or interest. discount. To deduct, as from a bill of charges: to lend money upon (a note) after deducting the interest. disembark- To unload or land, as from a ship. dissolution. Breaking up of a partnership. distrain. To seize goods as security, esp. for rent. ditto. The same ; the aforesaid ; usually in- dicated by do, or". dividend- Money to be divided, whether from business profits or from a bankrupt estate ; one person's share therein. dockage, dock dues. Charges for use of a dock. docket. A bill or label attached to goods : Law., abridged entry of a judgment or pro- ceedings ; U. S., a calendar of cases ready for hearing. document. An original or official paper. dollar. Silver U. S. coin ; the value of a dol- lar ; the gold dollar, unit of money reckoning in U. S., is no longer coined. See coins, etc., p. 728. domicile. One's place of residence, with in- tention of permanency. double entry. See bookkeeping. draft. A money order ; deduction from gross weight of goods ; first sketch of a writing or document ; depth of water needed to float a ship. draw. To make a draft, in any sense. drawback. Money repaid by government to one who exports goods on which import duties have been paid. drawee. One on whom a money draft is drawn. drawer. One who makes a draft. drayage. Charges for cartage. drug in tie market Unsalable commodity. drummer. A commercial traveler. dry dock. Inclosed dock, from which the water can be drawn, used for repairing ves- sels. dry goods. Com. Name for textile fabrics. due. Owed ; payable. due bill. Brief written acknowledgment of debt, not payable to order. dun. To urge payment. dunnage. Loose stuff for stowing and protect- ing cargo and the vessel's hold. duplicate. An exact copy ; an original docu- ment repeated and valid ; a second article like a first. duress. Constraint ; compulsion to commit an action. duties. Taxes levied by a government on im- portation, exportation, or consumption of goods. E- Letter used in abbreviations : as, E. E. writ- ten on accounts, Errors Excepted ; E. & O. E., Errors and Omissions Excepted ; e. g., for ex- ample ; Ex. d., ex dividend; Ex. cp., ex cou- pon ; Ex. int., ex interest. effects. Goods ; movables ; possessions. ejectment. Expulsion of a tenant ; legal action for recovery of real estate, damages, etc. embargo. Government prohibition of trading- ships to leave home ports. embark. To board a vessel ; to put on ship- board. employers' liability. Legal enactments as to employers' pecuniary liability for injuries to their workmen on duty. emporium. A place of trade ; esp., a city of large commerce. endorse, endorsement. See indorse, etc. endowment. A permanent fund ; also, Life Ins., a fixed sum payable a certain number of years in the future. engrosser. One who raises prices by purchas- ing the whole or large quantities of a com- modity ; a f orestaller ; also a large-hand copy- ist, as of legal documents. Entered at Stationers' Hall. English form of copyright notice. entrepot. In France, a bonded warehouse ; Colloq., a commercial center through which pass many goods. entry. Registry of a vessel or goods at a cus- tom house ; Bookkeeping, a record made ; Law, taking possession of real estate by en- tering ; putting upon record. equity. A system of jurisprudence supplemental to law properly so called, and complemental of it. 738 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. equity of redemption. Law. Advantage al- lowed to a mortgagor to redeem property after legal forfeiture. estate. Aggregate of possessions or interests of any one. estimate. Rough calculation, as of the cost of a building to be erected, value of an estate, etc. estoppel. Law. A bar to one's alleging or deny- ing a fact contrary to his own previous action or statement. ex. Lot. Without ; by virtue of. exchange. Settling accounts at a distance by orders or bills of exchange to correspondents; differences in value between national cur- rencies ; [cap.'] a place where merchants meet for mutual business, as stock exchange, produce exchange. exchange, par Of. Fixed value of coin or stand- ard of one country expressed in that of an- other (as, £1 = $4.86), fluctuation of market value being a matter of demand and supply. exchequer. Eng. The government treasury; hence, Colloq., pecuniary possessions ; as, my exchequer is low. excise. An inland duty or impost levied upon the manufacture, sale, or consumption of commodities within the country. OX coupon- Without the interest coupon. ex dividend. Without the dividend next due. execute. Law. To complete, as a document, by signing, etc. executor. One appointed to administer or carry out the provisions of a will, executrix, fem- inine. executory. Law. To take effect in the future. exequatur- Recognition of a consul by the government to which he is accredited. exhibit. Law. Document or article used for evidence in court. ex Officio. By virtue of office ; officially. export. To send goods to foreign lands in com- merce. express. To send quickly; express company, a company for transmitting goods rapidly from place to place. extension. Writing in the details of an account; extra time allowed a debtor for settling. extra. Beyond what is due, usual, expected or P. F. Letter used in abbreviations : as, F. A. S., free alongside ship ; F. O. B., free on board (vessel or cars) ; f . , franc or francs. face. Amount for which a note, check, etc., is drawn. face value. Nominal par value on the face of bonds, notes, stock certificates, etc. facsimile. An exact copy. factor. Agent who buys or sells for another, but may do it in his own name. factorage. A factor's commission. facture. Invoice or bill of parcels. failure. Being insolvent ; inability to pay debts. fair. Of good average quality, — below excel- lent. fair trade. Eng. Admitting imports from other nations on the same terms they give to British goods. fall. Lowering of prices. false pretenses- Untrue statements made with intent to defraud. fancy goods. Fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc. fare. Price of personal conveyance. favor, or favour. Term used in correspondence denoting a letter received. fee. Payment for services rendered or to be rendered. fee Simple. Law. An estate of inheritance without condition or limits. fiat. Lat. Let it be done ; a command or decree. fiat money. Irredeemable paper currency, de- creed by government. fiduciary- Holding or held in trust ; a trustee. fiduciary loan. Loan without collateral se- curity. finance. Public money ; resources ; science of public revenue. finances. Available funds, public or private. financier. One skilled in financial affairs. fire insurance. Security against loss by fire. firm. A business partnership of two or more persons ; name of the same ; the partners col- lectively. first-hand. Goods from maker, importer, or wholesale dealer. fixed capital. Money invested in land, build- ings, machinery, etc. expected to return an income. fixtures. Permanent appendages to real estate, so as to constitute a part of it. flat. Depressed, dull ; as, a flat stock market. flat value. Stock Exchange. Value without ac- crued interest. floating capital. Money at command for in- vestments or enterprises. floating policy. Policy of insurance on goods in various places. flotsam. Floating goods lost by shipwreck. folio. A sheet of paper once folded ; Bookkeep- ing, a page in an account book ; Law writing, in England, 72 words, in U. S. , 100 words. footing- Sum of a column of figures. foreclosure. Seizure and sale of property under an overdue mortgage. forestall the market. To buy up goods with intent to raise prices. forgery. Fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another. forwarder. One who transmits goods. fractional currency. Small coin or paper note3 in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit (as in U. S., less than a dollar). franking- Privilege of sending mail matter free of postage. fraud. Law. Intentional untruth for obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another. free goods. Goods not liable to customs duties. freehold estate. Real estate held in absolute ownership with power of transmission. free port. A port where no duties are exacted. free trade. Trade carried on without interfer- ence of a customs tariff. freight. Price paid for transportation of goods ; also goods transported. funded. Government loans not payable at fixed times, but consolidated into general interest- bearing securities. See consols. funds. Government debts paying interest ; gov- DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 739 eminent stock and public securities ; avail- able money. futures. Speculation in the future values of merchandise, produce, stocks, etc. G. Q. Letter used in abbreviations : as 6. A. or g. a., general average. garnishee. One in whose hands property or money of another is attached. garnishment Legal warning to one holding another's goods or money, not to deliver to owner but to appear in court with informa- tion. gauge. Instrument for measuring capacity of a cask, barrel, etc. ; a standard measure. gilt-edged securities. Such as are considered absolutely safe. goods. Wares, commodities, personal property. good Will. Habit of customers to resort to an established concern, a valuable asset in busi- ness. grain. The smallest weight measure in Gr. Britain and the U. S. ; the edible seed of any cereal. gross. Twelve dozen ; also, full weight of goods without deduction for package, opp. to net. gronndage. Fees paid by a ship for space oc- cupied in port. ground rent. Rent paid a landlord for right to build upon his ground. guarantee. Warrant or surety for some act, as payment of a debt, by another person ; also, the one to whom the guarantee is made. guarantor. Person guaranteeing another. guaranty. Variant of guarantee. guinea. A former British gold coin, worth 21 shillings. It is still usual to reckon profes- sional fees in guineas, although the coin has not been minted since 1817. gunny-bags. Coarse sacks used for coffee, nuts, etc. H. Letter used in abbreviations: as, Hhd., hogshead; H. P., horse-power; H. P. N., horse power nominal, etc. habendum. Lat. That must be had. The part of a deed determining extent of interest or property granted. hand. Measure equal to hand's breadth, about 4 in., used for horses' height. handsel. Earnest money ; hand money, to bind bargain. harbor. Safe shelter for vessels. harbor dues. Fees for use of a harbor. harbor master. Official in charge of a harbor. haulage. Charges for hauling. haven. Same as harbor. high seas. The open sea, beyond the three- mile coast limit. hire. Wages for service ; price for temporary use. hold. A vessel's below-decks, for cargo. holder. The payee, owner, k or possessor of a bill of exchange, note, etc. home. One's own dwelling place. home, adj. Of or relating to one's dwelling or country ; as home comforts ; the home (not foreign) market ; home consumption, domes- tic use. hong. Chinese name for European business house or factory in China. honor. To accept and pay when due. hnsbandage. Commission or compensation to ship's husband. hypothecate. To pledge or mortgage as security. I. Letter used in abbreviations: as, lb., ibidem, the same, in the same place ; Id., idem, the same ; Inst., instant — of the present month; Int., interest; Inv., invoice. immovables. Real estate and its appurtenances. immunity. Freedom or exemption, as from duty, charge, penalty, etc. import. To bring foreign goods into a country. imports. Imported goods. impost. A tax ; esp., government duty on im- ports. income. Profit from labor or capital ; annual receipts. income tax. Government tax upon incomes. inconvertible paper currency. Paper money not good for cash at its face value. indemnification Securing against or making good a loss. indemnity. Exemption from or compensation for loss ; immunity from penalty. indenture. Mutual written agreement; pi.. contract binding master and apprentice. index. Alphabetical list of names or accounts. indict. To formally charge with crime on pre- sentment of grand jury. indictment, bill Of. Charge of crime passed on by grand jury as a true bill or not. indorse. To write one's name on the back of a bill, note, or draft, for collecting, assigning, or guaranteeing it ; to guarantee or certify. Ingot. A cast bar of gold, silver, steel, or other malleable metal. inheritance tax. A tax imposed on estates re- ceived by inheritance. injunction. Court writ enjoining one to do or refrain from doing a certain thing. inland bill. Money order drawn upon a party in the same jurisdiction. Insolvent. Law. One the aggregate of whose property at a fair valuation is not sufficient in amount to pay his debts. Installment- System of debt payment by parts at different times, usually specified. instant. Of the current month ; as, the sixth instant. insurable interest. A pecuniary interest. insurance or assurance. Contract whereby one party (the insurer) agrees for a stipulated consideration (the premium) to indemnify or guarantee another (the insured) against loss by certain specified risks (as fire, sea peril), or to pay a sum of money on the death of the in- sured or at a specified time. (See assurance, ENDOWMENT.) insurance policy. Contract for insurance ex- ecuted in form. interest. Money paid for the use of money, usually reckoned by percentage ; share in profit and responsibility. internal revenue. Annual yield from domestic taxation. international law. Rules regulating mutual intercourse of nations. 740 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. interpleader. Law. Process by which one of whom the same debt or thing is claimed by two parties may compel them to settle it be- tween themselves before suing him. intestate. Dying without making a will ; not disposed of by will. in transitu. Lai. On the way ; during passage. inventory. A list or catalogue, as of goods. investment. Purchase of property ; money so used, in expectation of profit. invoice. Written detailed account of goods sent to a purchaser, with prices, etc. invoice book. Book for recording invoices sent or received. involved. Entangled ; embarrassed by debts. I. 0. U. I owe you ; a due bill, acknowledging debt, without promise to pay. J. Jetsam. Goods jettisoned ; often specif., when washed on shore. jettison. The throwing overboard of cargo or tackle to lighten a vessel in distress ; goods so treated. jobber. One who buys from importers or pro- ducers and sells again ; a middleman. Job lot. A mixed assortment, usually as sold at a price for the whole. joint account. Account of business transacted by two or more parties with common interest in gains or losses. joint Stock. Stock or capital held in company. joint Stock company. A form of partnership representing interest by transferable shares, the management limited to persons especially authorized. Joint tenancy. Tenure of estate by two or more, in which the survivor takes the whole. journal. A book of account containing condensed and grouped statements of daily transactions, with references to ledger entries. judgment. Law. Act of decision by a court ; court's decision or decree. Judgment debtor. Debtor against whom judg- ment for money may be enforced. judgment note. Promissory note authorizing holder to enter judgment and take execution on default : forbidden by law in some States. jurisdiction. Sphere and extent of authority of a government or a court. Jury. A body of men chosen and sworn to de- clare the truth of matter in evidence before them; grand J., not less than 12 nor more than 23, to examine accusations and present indictments for crime, and to act in other matters, as to public nuisances, etc. ; coro- ner's J., to make inquest into the cause of sudden or violent death ; petit or petty J., 12 men to try, and finally decide upon, facts in civil or criminal cases before the courts. K. kiting. Borrowing money by exchanging checks for » day, or accommodation notes. L. L- Letter used in abbreviations : as, L. c. let- ter of credit ; Led., ledger ; L. S., locus sigilli, place for seal (often written, within a circle, on documents instead of placing a seal) ; Ltd., limited. lac, or lakh. Anglo-Ind. One hundred thou- sand ; Colloq., a great number ; specif., 100,000 rupees. lading. See bill or lading. land. To put cargo ashore ; to disembark. landlord. One who leases real estate to another. larboard. The left side of a vessel to one fac- ing forward ; now usually called port. lascar. A native Hindu sailor. law. Rule of conduct prescribed by govern- mental authority ; the body of such rules ap- plying to special interests; as, commercial law, insurance law ; the whole body of such rules as generally applicable. See common LAW, STATUTE LAW. lay days. Days allowed by charter party for loading or unloading vessel. lazaretto. Public pest hospital ; house or ves- sel for quarantine detention and fumigation. leakage. Allowance for loss by leaking. lease. Contract conveying the use of land or tenement upon consideration for a fixed period or for life. ledger. Final double entry record of a concern's transactions, containing every debit and credit, summarized from all the other books of ac- count. leeward. The direction toward which the wind blows ; opposed to windward. legal tender. An offer to do or pay in perform- ance of a contract according to its terms under the law ; money which a government prescribes as obligatory to be offered or re- ceived in payment of debt. lessee. A tenant under a lease. lessor. One who leases. letter book. Book containing copies of letters sent. letter of advice. See advice, letter of. letter Of credit. A banker's money order on his agent or correspondent in a distant place (or several of them) in favor of a third party, — not negotiable. letter Of license. One by which creditors ex- tend a debtor's time for payment. letter Of marque. Governmental commission to a privateer vessel to prey on an enemy's commerce. letters Of administration. Authorization to administer the estate of an intestate or one having no proper executor. letters patent. Eng. Law. Government au- thorization to a person to do some act or en- joy some right. See patent. letters testamentary. Law. Authorization to an appointed executor to act as such. liabilities. Obligations under contract, includ- ing debts. license. Authorization to do acts or carry on business which without it would be illegal. lien. Legal claim or charge upon property for satisfaction of debt or duty. life. For life ; until death ; as a life annuity, a life estate, a life interest. life insurance. See assurance, insurance. lighterage. Charges for loading or unloading ships by lighters or open barges. limited liability. Corporation law. The liabil- ity of a company in which each shareholder is liable only to the amount of his shares, or to an amount fixed by guarantee. The word DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 741 " Limited " (or Ltd.) is by law to be the last word in such a company's name (unless not organized for gain). line. A supply of goods ; as, a line of shirtings; a fleet of regular trading vessels. liquidation. Adjustment (of debts or damages); payment or settlement of debts ; winding up of a business. Lloyd's- An English marine insurance society, founded by Edward Lloyd, 1688, which regis- ters and publishes specific information as to all British and foreign shipping, grading each vessel by its qualities. See Al. Similar asso- ciations are the Austrian Lloyd in Trieste, and the North German Lloyd in Bremen. loan. That which is lent or borrowed to be re- turned, as money on interest. lock out. Withholding employment from one's employees, for compelling acceptance of terms. Correlative of strike. locum tenens- One who acts as agent or sub- stitute for another. 10CUS Sigilli. See L. (abbr. L. S.). log book. Record of daily events on a voyage — courses, distances, weather, incidents, etc. , kept by ship's master. long. Exchanges. Having goods or securities in anticipation of rising price. long dozen- Thirteen for twelve. longshoreman. Laborer who loads and unloads vessels. lot. A separate portion, as of goods for sale. M. M. Letter used in abbreviations : as, M, 1,000; MS., manuscript; MSS., manuscripts; M/s, month's sight. mala fide. Lot. In bad faith. mandamus. Court writ, or statutory proceed- ing, directing the doing of some public duty. manliest. List of ship's passengers and cargo, specifying marks and contents of each pack- age, etc., for exhibition at custom house. manufactures. Things made from raw ma- terial by hand, machinery, or art. margin. Exchanges. Deposit of money or se- curities with broker to assure him against loss in speculative operation for customer. marine. Pertaining to the sea or to ships, as marine insurance. maritime. Connected with the sea, navigation, commerce, etc. ; as, maritime law. mark. A character, device, label, letter, etc., put on an article to identify maker, quality, etc. Cf. TRADE-MARK. market. A public sales place ; the course of commercial activity, as, a dull market. maturity. Being due ; end of period a note or other obligation has to run. mercantile. Commercial. mercantile agency. Establishment furnishing subscribers information as to resources and credit of business concerns. mercantile paper. Negotiable notes, etc., given by merchants in business. merchant. A trader, usually on a large scale. merchant service. Collective term for vessels engaged in freight or passenger trade. merger. Law. Absorption of one estate or in- terest in another, or of a minor offense in a greater. As to corporations, the vesting oi control of several in a single one, by issuing stock of the controlling one in place of a majority of stock of the others. metric system. See Tables of Weights and Measures. middleman. Intermediate buyer and seller be- tween producers and consumers. mileage. Allowance for travel expenses at a given rate per mile. minimum- Least quantity ; lowest price. mint. Place where money is coined. misfeasance. Doing of a lawful act in an un- lawful manner. mixed fabric. A textile fabric made of two or more kinds of fiber, as poplin. mixed policy. Marine Ins. Combination of a voyage and a time policy. money. Anything customarily used as a medium of exchange or measure of value, as wampum, etc., but usually gold, silver, and copper coin, or their paper representatives. money market. Combined agencies of supply and demand that fix the rate of interest upon loans ; dealings in money. money order. Commonly an order for money deposited at one post-office and payable at an- other ; any order to pay money. monometallism. Legalized use of currency based on one metal, as gold, or as silver ; also, the theory or belief in this practice. Diet. from BIMETALLISM. monopoly. Exclusive right or power of selling or buying a certain commodity in a given market, usually giving control of price. mortgage- Conveyance of property as security for debt, conditioned on release when debt is paid, otherwise, to stand. mortmain. Lat. dead hand; the holding (of real estate) by any corporation likely to be perpetual, as ecclesiastical. mutual life insurance company. One with no shareholders, whose profits are supposed to belong to the insured, divided by payments, reduction of premiums, or enlargement oi policies. movables. Personal belongings, not fixtures. muster. A sample or collection of samples. To pass muster means bulk equal to sample. N. N. Letter used in abbreviations : as, N. B., take notice ; N/e, no effects ; N/f , no funds ; N. G., not good ; No., number. national bank. U. S. A bank under national control, which, besides ordinary banking, may issue circulating notes to amount of U. S. bonds it deposits in U. S. Treasury. necessaries. Law. Such things, as to infants, lunatics, married women, or other dependents, as are needful for suitable support. negotiable paper. Bills, notes, drafts, and checks transferable or assignable in business, — bonds and some forms of stock sometimes included. negotiation. A treating with another for com- ing to common terms. net. Clear, pure, as net wine ; without deduc- tion, as net price; after deductions, as utt profit, net proceeds. net weight. Weight of goods without package, etc. 742 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. UO funds. Sometimes indorsed on checks by bankers when drawer lacks money to meet them. See N. abbr. nominal. In name only ; non-existent or very slight ; as, nominal consideration, price, capital. non-feasance. Law. Omission of what should have been done. non-joinder. Law. Omission of some necessary party or cause of action. notary public. One authorized to take ac- knowledgments, affidavits, protests, etc., and to attest deeds or other legal documents. note Of hand. A promissory note for payment of money. not good- Similar to no funds. See N. (abbr. N/f). nudum pactum. Lat. A contract without consideration of value. o. O. Letter used in abbreviations: as, O/a, on account ; O/d, on demand ; %, per cent ; % , per mille. Obligation. Duty imposed by law, promise, or contract ; a bond with condition and penalty for nonfulfillment. octroi. Fr. Tax on goods brought into a French city. On demand. Payable on presentation. On sale. Placed with another to be sold. open account. One that is current, or not settled. open policy. Marine Ins. One insuring goods not yet fixed in valuation. Option. Choice ; Stock Exchange, privilege of fulfilling a contract of purchase or of sale at a fixed price on a fixed day. Option to buy is termed a call ; to sell, a put. order. A direction, as to buy or to sell ; the direction by which the payee of negotiable paper prescribes to whom payment shall be made, — as, Pay to the order of . ordinary. A ship out of commission is said to be in ordinary. output. Quantity of goods produced, or sales, within a given time. outstanding. Undischarged ; uncollected ; un- paid. over-capitalized. Having a nominal capital so large that the income does not pay interest on it. overdraw. To make drafts in excess of credit. overdue. Delayed (as a ship) or unpaid (as a note) beyond the proper time. evert. Public ; apparent ; manifest. P, p. Letter used in abbreviations : as, P/A, power of attorney ; P. C, price current ; P. c, per cent. ; P. M. or p. m., afternoon ; P. O., postal order; p/c, postal card; Prox., proximo; P. S., postscript. package. A parcel ; a bale, case, etc., in which goods are packed. paction. A contract. paid up. Paid in full, as a debt, capital stock, etc. panic Sudden public alarm in monetary af- fairs ; great fall in prices. paper. Negotiable evidences of debt. paper currency. Paper documents circulating as money. par. Nominal value. par of exchange. See exchange, par of. partner. One of two or more associates in busi- ness for joint profit. See active partner, SILENT PARTNER. partnership. Contract of two or more persons to join capital, labor, or skill in business for their joint profit. part owner. One of several owners in common. pass book. Books passing between a trader or bank and a customer, in which credit pur- chases or deposits and withdrawals are entered. passport. Official permission to enter, traverse, and leave a foreign country. patent. An official writing, securing to an in- ventor exclusive right to make, use, and sell his invention, for seventeen years (England, fourteen years). pawn. To deposit as security for money lent. pawnbroker. One who, as a business, lends money at interest on security of personal property pledged in his keeping. payable. That should or can be paid ; due. payee. One to whom a note, bill, or check is made payable. per annum. By the year. per cent, per centum. Lat. By the hundred. percentage. Rate or allowance per cent, as interest, discount, commission. per contra. Lat. On the other side ; as offset. per diem. Lat. By the day. per mille. Lat. By the thousand ; a broker's charge on foreign drafts, — abbr. % . permit. Custom house. Written permission to land or remove dutiable or excisable goods. personal property, personalty. Things tem- porary or movable ; chattels. petty cash book. Record of small expenses and receipts. plaintiff. Law. Bringer of an action for remedy against wrong suffered. plant. Real estate, machinery, apparatus, etc, used in a trade, manufacturing or industrial business. plea. Law. An allegation in support of a cause ; a defendant's answer. policy. Certificate of insurance. port. Place for arrival and departure of ships ; the left side of a ship (facing forward), for- merly called LARBOARD. port Of entry. Revenue Law. A place, whether nautical or not, where foreign goods may be entered for import, — as Springfield, Mass. post. Bookkeeping. To transfer from day-book or journal to ledger. postdate. To date after the real time, as a check. poste restante. Fr. Phrase written on letters to be left in post-office till called for. post meridian. After mid-day; afternoon. Written P. M., or p. m. post obit bond- A bond to secure a loan, pay- able after the death of some person, from an estate in reversion expected by the maker. power Of attorney. Written authority to act for another. See attorney. precis. Fr. An abstract ; summary. preferred. Having prior right, — as, preferred stock, which receives dividends of profits or DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 743 final assets before common stock ; preferred creditor, one by law or by debtor's choice having advantage in payment. premium. Bounty ; bonus beyond interest, for a loan ; consideration paid for insurance. presentment. Law. Finding of grand jury as to a true bill op indictment ; statement made by grand jury of unlawful facts, without in- dictment. Com. Presentation at the proper time and place of a document requiring ac- ceptance or payment. price current. List of prevailing prices for commodities, etc., issued periodically by deal- ers to customers. prime. Of first or highest quality. prime COSt. Original cost. principal. Chief person in a concern ; em- ployer of an agent; money bearing interest. probate. Official proof of genuineness of a will, establishing correctness of form and testator's capacity, but not validity of provisions. proceeds. Actual sum realized, less all ex- penses. produce. Yield; product of labor ; specif., ag- ricultural products. profit. Excess of returns or income over ex- penditures or investment. profit and loss. See account, profit and loss. pro forma. As a matter of form. promissory note. Written promise to pay at a fixed time a certain sum of money to, or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer. promoter. One who does preliminary work in establishing a business enterprise, company, etc. proof in bankruptcy. Law. Evidence of the existence of debt or liability exacted from every creditor before admission of his claim. pro rata. Lot. In proportion; according to share, interest, or liability of each. protective tariff. Customs duties for protect- ing domestic producers against foreign compe- tition. protest. Attestation by a notary public of fail- ure to pay a note or bill of exchange, notified to indorsers to confirm claim upon them. proviso. A provision or condition in a contract. proximo. The next month. proxy. Authority to act for another ; one so authorized. put Stock Exchange. The right to sell at a given price, at or within a fixed time, specified securities or commodities. See option. Q. quarantine. The time (orig. forty days) during which a ship suspected of infectious disease is restrained from shore intercourse; the re- straint itself ; the place where enforced ; in general, forced stoppage of intercourse by land or sea on account of such disease. quarter. The fourth part of a year, three months. quarter day. Day on which quarterly install- ments of rent are due. quash. Law. To make void ; as, to quash an indictment. quid pro quo. Lat. Something for something ; one thing in place of, or compensation for, another; a mutual concession. quittance. Discharge or release from obliga- tion. quorum. The number of members of an as- sembly that are legally competent to transact business. quotation. Statement of the current price or prices of commodities, securities, etc. ; the prices named. R. R. Letter used in abbreviations : as, Reg., reg- istered ; Rev. A/c, revenue account ; R. R., railroad ; Ry., railway. rack rent. A rent of the full value of a tene- ment, or near it ; excessive rent. rate Of exchange. Amount in currency of one country offered for that of another on a given date, varying, under conditions of supply and demand, from the par op exchange. real estate. Property in house or land. rebate. An allowance or discount, esp. in money already paid. receipt. Written acknowledgment of goods or money received. A receipt is merely pre- sumptive evidence and may be disputed. receiver. Law. One appointed, usually by a court, to receive, hold, and administer in trust property in litigation or that of a bankrupt or concern in dissolution. recourse. Resort (to a person) for the meeting of another's obligation. recoup. To reimburse ; make good one's losses. rectify. To purify or refine (distilled liquors), esp. by redistillation. referee. Law. One (usually an attorney at law) appointed by a court to take evidence and decide on an issue referred to him, with or without consent of the parties concerned. Reference is dist. from arbitration. register. An official record ; customs certificate describing a vessel, its name, ownership, ton- nage, etc. reinsure. To insure again, by an insurer as against loss by orig. insurance. release. Discharge from obligation ; relinquish- ment of a right or claim. re-lease. To grant a new lease of. remittance. Transmittal of money or its repre- sentative to a distant person. renewal. Giving or accepting a new note in place of one unpaid when due. rent. Payment for holding and use of real es- tate. rente. Fr. Annual income ; specif., interest on government consolidated debt, — used also in other European countries. replevin. Return to or recovery by one of his goods wrongfully detained, on security of giv- ing them back if defeated in court. reprisal- Internal. Law. Forceful redress of grievances, as by seizing property, embargo or any retaliatory acts short of war. retail. To sell in small quantities. retainer. Law. Act of engaging the services of a lawyer ; fee for the same. returnable. Law. Required to be returned, de- livered, or rendered, on a certain day, as a writ of court. returns. Proceeds; results. revenue. Income, esp. of a state from duties and taxes. reversion. Right of succession or future pos- session. 744 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. S- Letter used in abbreviations : as, $, dollars ; sc. or scil., scilicet; S. S., steamship ; Stg., sterling; Stk., stock. Sagging. Drooping ; as, a sagging market. salary. Fixed regular periodical pay for serv- ices, as monthly, quarterly, yearly. Cf. WAGES. sale. Transfer of ownership for a considera- tion. Salvage. Saving of ship or cargo from wreck, or house or goods from fire ; articles saved ; compensation to rescuers. sample. A portion taken as evidence of quality of the whole ; a specimen. sans recourse. Without recourse. schedule. A list or inventory. SGllicet. Lat. To wit; namely. scrip. Preliminary certificate ; esp., of stock after allotment and before complete payment and registered issue. sea-letter. A neutral ship's passport in time of war. search warrant. Law. Legal authorization to search for stolen goods, or other things held in violation of law, as gambling imple- ments, smuggled goods, etc. seaworthy. Fit, whether in condition or outfit, to take a voyage ; — said of a vessel. Secured creditor. One holding security cover- ing his claims. security. Something given or pledged to in- sure the performance of a contract, payment of debt, etc. PL, Evidences of debt or of property, as bonds, stock certificates, etc. seisin, or seizin. Occupation or possession of real estate by its owner. sell. To dispose of property for a consideration. sequestration. Law. Placing of disputed prop- erty in the hands of a third party until ques- tion is settled. Internal. Law. Seizing pri- vate property for the State. Set-off. Offset against a debt of a claim in favor of the debtor. settlement. Adjustment, as of accounts ; pay- ment, as of debts. Share. Any of the equal interests into which a property or the capital of a company is di- dded. Ship. Nautically, a square-rigged vessel with a bowsprit and three masts ; colloquially, any large seagoing vessel. Shipment. Act of dispatching goods by a ves- sel or other conveyance ; also, the goods shipped. shipper. One who places goods in shipment. Shipping. Vessels generally ; tonnage. Shipping articles. Articles of agreement be- tween shipmaster and seamen. Ship's husband. An agent on land, represent- ing the owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts. Ship's papers. A ship's certificate of registry, manifest, muster-roll of cargo, charter-party, bills of lading, bill of health, and log-book. Ship's Stores. Necessary provisions of all kinds for a voyage. Short. Exchanges. Not owning what one has sold for future delivery, but hoping to buy it cheaper before it is due. Opposite of long. short hills. Bills of exchange payable in less than ten days. Short Shipment. Outgoing cargo lacking some articles cleared but relanded, delayed, etc. Sight- Demand or presentation (of a bill or draft payable at sight). Signature. One's own name written with one's own hand. Silent partner. One interested by investment but without power in management. Also called dormant or sleeping partner. If his name appears he is liable with the rest ; if not, not, except as to his investment. Cf. ACTIVE PARTNER. Simple interest. Interest paid only on the prin- cipal lent. Cf . compound interest. Sinking fund. Sums set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for extinguishment of a debt by accumulation of interest. smuggling. Importing or exporting goods without paying legal duties. solicitor. Brit. An attorney-at-law, without the right to plead in court. Cf. Barrister. solvency. Ability to meet all obligations. specie. Coin, usually of gold and silver. specification. A written description of partic- ulars. specific duty. A certain impost on a given ar- ticle or quantity of a given kind of article im- ported, without reference to value. speculation. Irregular dealing for profit from probable fluctuations in price, as in securities, real estate, etc. Stamp duty. A tax collected by stamps re- quired to be bought and affixed to specified articles, documents, etc. Standard. A fixed legal measure of quantity, weight, extent, value or quality, esp. the orig. specimen sanctioned by government, — as the standard pound, gallon, yard, meter, etc. Staple. Principal production of a place, or com- modity of traffic in a market. Starboard. The right hand side of a ship, look- ing forward. Statement of account. Periodical rendering of general accounts, with dates and amounts of transactions. Statute law. The law as expressed in statutes; dist. from common law. Statute Of limitations. Law. Statute fixing a period after which a claimant may not en- force his claims by suit ; — in real estate, 20 years ; in personal property, 6 years ; in tort, 2 years. Sterling. Lawful British money. Stock. Shares in a company or corporation capital; unsold goods. Stock broker. One who deals in securities on commission. Stock exchange. Institution for the purchase and sale of stocks and other securities. Stockholder. One who owns shares of stock. Stock taking. Periodical inventory and valua- tion of goods on hand. Stop a Check. To notify the bank on which it is drawn not to pay it till further notice. Stoppage in transitu. Law. The arresting of sold goods after shipment by the seller if buyer i.s insolvent. Storage. Storing goods ; charges therefor. Stowage. Loading a ship ; charges therefor. DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 745 Strike. Quitting work by a body of workmen to enforce demands upon tbeir employer. Cf . LOCKOUT. SUbpOMia. A writ commanding attendance in court, under penalty for failure. subpoena ad testificandum. A writ command- ing attendance in court as a witness. subpoena duces tecum. A writ commanding attendance in court, bringing certain specified documents. subrogation- Law. Substituting one person "*• -other as creditor, the second paying the uebt and assuming the claim. suit. Law. Legal application to a court for justice. sundries. Miscellaneous things. supercargo. One superintending the sale of cargo abroad, procuring other freight for re- turn voyage, etc. surety. One bonded as answerable for the debt or obligation of another. surrender value. Life Ins. The amount a company will pay the insured for surrender- ing his policy and claim. surveyor Of customs. Officer in superintend- ence at a custom house station. Suspense account. A temporary record of un- certain debits or credits pending decision of their proper entry. suspension. Stoppage of payments of debts or obligations. SUttle weight. Light ; weight after deduction of tare. sympathetic strike. A strike by a body of workmen, to aid another strike in which they are not directly interested. T. tale. Reckoning goods by number, not by weight. tale quale (ta'le kwa'le). Lat. Such as [it is]. Phrase used in contracts for goods "to ar- rive." the buyer taking the risk of their be- ing equal to sample. tally. To check off an account. tare. Allowance for weight of box, cask, or packing, tare and tret, allowance for case and for waste ; see tret. tariff. A table of fixed charges ; also, a govern- ment schedule of duties on goods imported. (Gr. Brit, and U. S. have no export duties.) teller. A bank officer, usually one for receiving deposits and one for paying money on checks. tenant. Law. One who holds real estate by any title ; commonly, one who occupies the real estate of another by lease. tender. A sufficient offer of money, service, etc., in pursuance of an obligation; as, the tender of rent due. tenor. Law. An exact copy of a document. tenement. Land or other real property held by one person of another ; also, a dwelling house. tenure. Act, right, or manner of holding real property. term. Time for which a paper or contract is drawn, as a note. testament. Written document directing dis- posal of one's property after death. testator. One who makes a will. testimony. Law. Declaration under oath in affirmation of some fact. time bargain. Contract to buy or sell at a cer- tain time, at a price to be then fixed. toll. A tax on privilege, as for crossing a bridge ; charge for service, as canal tolls. ton. Weight measure =20 cwts. — in Eng., 2,240 lbs. ; in U. S. and Canada, 2,000 lbs. ; unit of cubical capacity for ships = 100 cubic feet ; unit of displacement of ships (esp. war- ships), 35 cubic feet of water. tonnage. Weight of goods carried in a ship ; cubical content of a ship batons (100 cu. ft.) : tax on vessels, or toll on canal-borne goods, per ton ; total shipping of a place or nation estimated by tons. tontine. Life Ins. An annuity shared among a number, the survivors taking benefit of rhe accumulations, the last taking balance. tort. Law. A civil wrong (not breach of con- tract) liable for damages. trade. Buying and selling; commerce; one's business ; a mechanical occupation, as car- penter's trade; those in the same business, as the book trade. trade discount. Deduction to traders in the same line. trade mark. A mark or device of identification which the producer has exclusive legal right to use on goods. trade name. Name used by traders for any article. trade sale. Periodical auction for dealers, as book trade sale. trade-union or trades-union. Association of working people in any trade to further their own interests. traffic Trade, esp. if large ; specif., that of transportation of passengers and goods, as of a railroad. transshipment. Transferring from one convey- ance to another. transportation. Carriage, removal, conveyance, esp. of goods. transit duty. Customs tax on goods passing through a country. traveler. One who travels taking orders, etc., for a commercial house. treasury note. Currency bill issued by the U. S. Treasury, receivable for taxes. tret. Allowance to purchaser, for waste of 4 lbs. in 104 lbs. of suttle weight. trust. Credit given ; committal of property to one for the benefit of another ; a combination of producers or dealers (if of corporations, by putting control of their affairs into the hands of trustees, hence the name) for economical production and lessening of competition. trustee. One to whom property is committed for another's benefit ; also, a gaknishee. trustee process. See garnishment. U. U. Letter used in abbreviations : as, U/a, un- derwriting account {Marine Ins.); Ult. orult., of last month; U. S., United States (or U. S. A. — of America) ; TJ/w, underwriter. ullage. Amount a cask lacks of being full : de- ficiency. Ultimatum. A final proposition. Ultimo. Of the last previous month. umpire. One called to settle disagreement be- i tween arbitrators. 746 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. under protest. Condition of paying money de- manded illegally or in excess. underwriter. An insurer, — sometimes of loans or enterprises, commonly of marine risks. Undervaluation. Custom House. Giving in- voice price below the truth. Unseaworthy. Unfit for voyage, whether as to condition or outfit. Upset price. Lowest fixed price which seller will take, or allow in starting an auction. Usage. Long-continued practice ; custom. Usance. Custom ; practice ; customary time allowed for payment of a foreign bill of ex- change, — as New York upon Europe, 60 days ; on East Indies, 4 months, etc. USUfrnct. Right of using the property of an- other without impairing the substance. usury. Interest in excess of legal rate. V. V. Letter used in abbreviations: as, V. or v., meaning versus, against ; via, by the way of ; videlicet, namely. valid. Law. Legally sufficient ; strong ; bind- ing. valuation. Estimate or statement of worth or price. value. Proper price. value received. Phrase used in promissory notes, bills, etc. , denoting valuable considera- tion. vendee. A purchaser. vendor. A seller. vendue. An auction. venture. Goods shipped for trade. verdict. Law. Decision of a jury on facts sub- mitted in evidence. verify. To confirm the truth or authenticity of, as a signature. Via. LMt. By the way of ; as, via New York. Visa (ve'za), or vise" (ve-za'). Examination and approval, as of a passport by authority, or of any document requiring superior approval. void. Law. Of no force or effect ; null. . voucher. A document in proof of correctness of account, as a receipt, canceled check, etc. voyage. Journey by water to a distant place or country, — time of beginning and ending, as for insurance, depending on agreement. w. W- Letter used in abbreviations : as, W. B., way bill ; W. b., water ballast ; Wt., weight ; W/W., warehouse warrant. warehouse. Place for storing goods for pay. See BONDED WAREHOUSE. warehouse warrant. Receipt for goods on storage. wages. Pay for (usually mechanical or manual) work, commonly by the day or week ; thus dist. from salaky. Warrant. An authorization, — as, a warrant on a city treasurer to pay money ; a court war- rant for arrest. warranty. A guarantee of something, — as of performance of a contract by another, or of title in goods sold. wastage. Loss by use, decay, leakage, hand- ling, etc. waste. Rubbish ; refuse ; wastage. watering of Stock. Colloquial. Issuing com- pany stock without corresponding value re- ceived or representing available capital. waybill. Written description of goods trans- ported by a common carrier on land. wet goods. Liquids in bottles or casks. Wharfage. Charges for use of a wharf. wholesale. Trade by large quantity ; selling to jobbers or retail dealers. Wind up. To end ; to close up, as the affairs of a business concern. Windward- Direction from which the wind blows, — opp. of leeward. Without recourse. Phrase sometimes added to indorsement of negotiable paper, protecting indorser from liability to the indorsee and subsequent holders. See recourse. wreckage. Goods afloat or washed ashore from a wreck. writ. An order of court commanding the do- ing or not doing of a certain act, under pen- alty. X. X. Letter used in abbreviations : as, X. c, ex coupon ; X. d.,ex dfvtbend ; X. in., ex inter- est. Y. year's purchase. Indicating that real estate is worth so many times its annual rental. Zollvereln. Former toll or customs union of German states for duty collected on a com- mon frontier ; superseded by government of the Empire. ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES OR NICKNAMES. NAMES OF MEN. The sounds of the letters in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the Dictionary. Aar'on (Sr'on). [Heb.] Lofty; inspired. Arab. Harun, or Haroun (ha/roon') . Ab'di-el (5b'di-61). [Heb.] The servant of God. An>el(a'bSl). [Heb.] Breath; transitoriness ; vanity. Abi'a-thar (a-bi'a-thar). [Heb.] Father of plenty. A-bi'el (a-bi'gl). [Heb.] Fa- ther of strength. A'W-e'zer (a'bi-e'zer). [Heb.] Father of help. A bi'jah (a-bi'ja). [Heb.] To whom Jehovah is a father. Ab'ner (Sb'ner). [Heb.] Fa- ther of light. A'bra-ham(a'bra-h5m). [Heb.] Arab. Ibrahim (^bra-hem'). —Dim. Abe (ab). A'bram (a^bram). [Heb.] Fa- ther of elevation. — Dim. Abe (ab). AVsa-lom (ab'sa-lom). [Heb.] Father of peace. Ad'am (Xd'am). [Heb.] Man; earth man ; red earth. Scot. Edie (gd'I). A'dl-el (a'dT-gl). [Heb.] Or- nament of God. A'dln (a'dYn), ) [Heb.] Ten- A di'no (a-di'no). ) der ; deli- cate ; soft. A-d0lph' (a-dSlf), ) roo n A-dol'phns (a-d51'fus). ) LUU J Noble wolf ; i. «., noble hero. — Dim. DSl'phus. Ado-ni'ram (Sd'o-ni'ram). [Heb.] Lord of height. Al'an ) (51'an). Variously ex- Allan plained as a hound Allen) [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], and a corruption of Hilary, or of JElianus. Al'a-ric (51'a-rYk). [OG.] All rich ; or, noble ruler. Albert (Sl'bert). [OG.] No- bly bright ; illustrious. Al'bi-on(al'bT-on). See Albion, in the Dictionary. Al'ex-an'der (ai'eks-an'der). [Gr.] A defender of men. — Dim. Al'gck, EMYck, SSn'der, San'dy", Saw'nTe. Al'fred (Sl'frgd). [OG.] Elfin council ; i. e. , good counselor. L. Al-fre'dfis, A'lu-re'dus ; F. Alfred (al'frad') ; It. Sp., Pg. Alfredo (al-f ra'do) .-Dim. Alf . Al'ger-non (51'jer-non). [F.] With whiskers. Al'lan (Sllan), ) The same as Allen (alien). J Alan. A I'm on (51'm5n). [Heb.] Hidden. A-lon'zo (a-lBn'zo"). [OG.] Same as Alphonso. Al'phe-US (Sl'fe-iis; prop. 51- fe'us). [Heb.] Exchange. Al-phon'SO (51-f5n'sft). [OG.] All ready ; willing. Al'vah (Sl'va) ) [Heb.] Iniq- Al'van (al'van). j uity. Al'vin (al'vin), ) [OHG.] Be- Al'win (51'wTn). ) loved by all. AnVa-ri'ah (am'a-ri'a). [Heb.] Whom Jehovah promised. Am'a-sa (5m'a-sa). [Heb.] A burden. Ambrose (am'broz). [Gr.] Immortal; divine. Am'mi (Sm'mi). [Heb.] My people. A'mos (a'mus). [Heb.] Strong; courageous ; or, burden. An'drew (an'dru). [Gr.] Strong; manly. — Dim. An'dy\ Andro-nl'cus (a'n'dro'-ni'kus). [Gr.] A conqueror of men. An'selm (an'sglm), ) [OHG.] An'sel (Sn'sSl). J Protec- tion of God. An'tho-ny (8n't6-njf), ) rT , An'to-ny (Sn'tS-ny). ) Llj J Priceless ; praiseworthy. — Dim. To'nf.—Fem. Antonia. A-poiaos(a-p5ia5s). [Gr.] Of Apollo. A r'C h e-1 a'n S (ar'ke-la'us). [Gr.] Ruler of the people. ArcM-bald(ar'chT-bald). [G.] Extremely bold; or, holy prince. — Dim. Archy (ar'- ch?). A'ri-el(a'rT-el). [Heb.] Lion of God ; valiant for God. Ar'is-tar'chns (aVIs-tar'kua). [Gr.] Good prince. Ar'nold (ar'nold). [OHG.] Strong as an eagle. Ar'te-mas (ar'te-mas). [Gr.] Gift of Artemis, or Diana. AT'thnr (ar'thur). [Celt.] High ; noble. A'sa (a'sa). [Heb.] Healer; physician. A'sa-hel (a'sa-hel). [Heb]. Made of God. A'saph (a'saf ). [Heb.] A col- lector. L. As'a-phus. As'a-re'lah(aVa-re'la). [Heb.] Upright to God. Ash/beKaWbgl). [Heb.] Fire of Bel. Ash'er (Ssh'er). [Heb.] Happy ; fortunate. Ash'ur(5sh'ur). [Heb.] Black; blackness. Ath'a-na'sl-ns (Sth'a-na'zhT- Qfl). [Gr.] Immortal. Ath'el-stan(ath'gl-staji). [AS.] Noble stone. An/brey (a/br?). [OHG.] Ruler of spirits. Au-gUS'tin (a-gus'tTn), ) An-gUS'tine (a-gns'tin), [ [L.] Anstin (aytln). ) Belonging to Augustus. Au-gns'tUS (a-gus'tus). [L.] Exalted ; imperial. — Dim. G&a, Gus'tus. Au-reOl-US (a-rell-us). [L.] Golden. Au'tin (ae'tln). See AuotrsTor. Al'a-ri'an (Sz'i-ri'a). [Heb.] Helped of the Lord. 748 ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. B. Baldwin (bald'wln). [OG.] Bold, courageous friend. Bap'tist (bap'tist). [Gr.] A baptizer ; a purifier. Bar'dolph (bar'dSlf), ) [OG.] Bar'dulph. (bar'dulf). } Distin- guished helper. B a r'n a-b a S (b'ar'na-bas), ) Bar'na-by (bar'na-by)- ' J [Heb.] Son of exhortation or consolation. Bar-tnol'o-mew (bar-th5l'6- mu). [Heb.] Warlike son. — Dim. Bart, B5t. Bar-Zil'lai (bar-zil'la or -la-i). [Heb.] Iron of the Lord; firm ; true. Bas'il(bSz'il). [Gr.] Kingly; royal. Ben'e-dict (ben'e-dikt). [L.] Blessed. B e n'j am i n (bgn'ja-min). [Heb.] Son of the right hand. — Dim. BSn, Ben'njr. Ben-o'ni (bgn-o'ni). [Heb.] Son of grief or trouble. Ee-ri'ah (be-rl'a). [Heb.] In calamity. Ber'nard (ber'nard), ) [OG.] Bar'nard (bar'nard). ) Bold as a bear. — Dim. B'ar'ney\ Bei'tram (ber'tram). [OG.] Bright raven. — Dim. Bert. Be-tbU'el (be-thu'gl). [Heb.] Man of God. Be-zal'e-el (be-zSKe-gl or bgz' a-lel). [Heb.] In the shadow (protection) of God. Bon'i-xace (b5n'I-fas). [L.] Benefactor. Bri'an (bri'an). [Celt.] Strong. Eru'no (bru'nS). [OG.] Brown. Cad-wal'la-der (kSd-wolla- der). [W.] Battle arranger. Gse'sai (se'zar). [L.] Hairy ; or, blue-eyed. Ca'leb (ka'lgb). [Heb.] A dog. Cal'vin (kal'vln). [L.] Bald. Ce'Cil (se'sTl, sisll, or sgs'Tl). [L.] Dim-sighted. Ce'phas (se'fas). [Aram.] A stone. Charles (ch'arlz). [OG.] Strong ; manly ; noble-spir- ited. — Dim. Char'lTe, or Char'ley. Cnris'tian (krfs'chan). [L.] Belonging to Christ ; a be- liever in Christ. — Dim. -Chris'tYe. hi r i s't op h e r (krTs'tS-fer). [G r.] Bearing Christ. — Dim. Kes'ter, Kit, -Chris. Clarence (klar'ens). [L.] Il- lustrious. [L.] Clau'di-US (kla'dl-us). Claude (kiad-). Lame. Clem'ent (klem'gnt). [L.] Mild-tempered ; merciful. Con'rad (kon'rSd). [OHG.] Bold in counsel ; resolute. Constant (kon'stant). [L.] Firm; faithful. Con'Stan-tine (kon'stan-tin). [L.] Resolute ; firm." Cyp'ri-an (sip'ri-an). [Gr.] Of Cyprus. Cyr'il (sTr'Tl). [Gr.] Lordly. Cy'NlS (si'rus). [Per.] The Dan (dan). [Heb.] Judge. Dan'i-el (dah'T-el or dan'ygl). [Heb.] Divine judge. — Dim. DSn. Da-ri'us (da-ri'Qs). [Per.] Preserver. Da'Vid (da'vid). [Heb.] Be- loved. — Dim. Da'vy, Dave (dav). De-me'trl-US (de-me'tri-Qs). [Gr.] Belonging to Demeter or Ceres. Den'is(den'Ts), ) The French Den'nis(deu'nis). J form of DlONYSIUS. Derrick (dgr'rlk). A corrup- tion of Theodoric. Dex'ter (dgks'ter). [L.] The right hand ; fortunate. Di'o-nys'l-us (di'6-msh'T-fis). [Gr . ] Belonging to Dionysos, or Bacchus, the god of wine. Don'ald (d5n'ald). [Celt.] Proud chief. Dun'can (dunk'an). [Celt.] Brown chief. E. Eb'en (gb'gn). [Heb.] Stone. Eb'en-e'zor (gb'gn-e'zer). [Heb.] Stone of help. Ed'gar (gd'gar). [AS.] Javelin (or protector) of property. Ed'mund (gd'mfind). [AS.] Defender of property. — Dim. Ed, Ngd. Ed'ward (gd'ward). [AS.] Guardian of property. — Dim. Ed, Ed'd?, Ngd, Ngd'dv\ Tgd, Tgd'dy\ Ed'win(gd'wtn). [AS.] Gainer of property. — Dim. Ed, Ed'- dy- Eg'bert(gg'bert). [OG.] The sword's brightness ; famous with the sword. El'bert (gl'bert). The same as El'dred (gl'drgd). [AS.] Ter- rible. E'le-a'zer (e'le-a'zer). [Heb.] To whom God is a help. E'li (e'll). [Heb.] A foster son. E-li'ab (e-H'Xb). [Heb.] God is his father. E-li'a-kim (e-11'a-kim). [Heb.] Whom God sets up. E-li'as (e-ll'as). The same ae Elijah. E-li'hu (e-ll'hu). [Heb.] God the Lord. E-li'jah (e-li'ja). [Heb.] Je- hovah is my God. E-liph'a-let (e-iYfa-lgt). [Heb.] God of salvation. E-li'sha (e-ll'sha). [Heb.] God my salvation. E-li'ZUr(e-lI'zur). [Heb.] God is my rock. El'liS (gl'lTs). A variation of Elisha. El'mer (gl'iner). Probably a contraction of AS. Ethelmer or Ethelmar, "noble great- ness." El'na-than. [Heb.] God gave. Em'e-ry (em'e-ry), ) Em'me-ry (em'me-rj), [ [AS.] Em'o-ry (gm'o-ry). ) Powerful; rich. L, Al'me-ri'- cus; It. Amerigo (a-ma-re'go), whence the name America. E m-m a n'u-e 1 (Sm-m5n'u-gl) . [Gr. fr. Heb.] God with us. E-n e'a S (e-n e'a s). [G r.] E'noch (e'nok). [Heb.] Con- secrated. E'nos (e'nos). [Heb.] Man. E'phra-inf(e'fra-iin). [Heb.] Very fruitful. E-ras'muS (e-r5z'mus). [Gr.] Lovely ; lovable. E-ras'tUS (e-rgs'tus). [Gr.] Lovely; amiable. E'ric (e'rik). [AS.] Rich; brave ; powerful. Er'nest (er'ngst), ) ro -, Er-nes'tUS (er-ngs'tus). ) L ' J Earnest. E'sau (e'sa). [Heb.] Covered with hair. E'than (e'than). [Heb.] Firm- ness ; strength. Eu'gene (u'jen or u-jen'). [Gr.] Well-born; noble. Eus'tace (us'tas). [Gr.] Healthy ; standing firm. Ev'an (gv'an). [W.] Young warrior. Ev'er-ard (gv'er-ard). [OHG.] Strong as a wild boar. E-zeti-el (e-ze'kT-el or -k!l). [Heb.] Strength of God. — Dim. Zeke (zek). EzTa (gz'r4). [Heb.] Help. Fe'llX (fe'liks). [L.] Happy; prosperous. Fer'dl-nand (fer'di-n5nd). [OHG.] Brave ; valiant. Fer-nan'dO (fer-n5n'do). Span- ish form of Ferdinand. ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 749 Fes'tUS (fgs'tus). [L.] Joyful ; glad. Fran'cis (frau'sis). [F.] Free. — Dim. FrSnk. Frank (frank) . Same as Fran- cis. Fred'er-ic (frgd'er-Tk), ) F r e d'e r-i c k (f rgd'er-ik). ] [OHG.] Abounding in peace ; or, peaceful ruler. — Dim. Fred, FrSd'dy. G. Ga'bri-el (ga'bri-gl). [Heb.] Man of God. — Dim. Gabe (gab). Ga'iUS (ga'yus). [L.] Re- joiced. Ga-ma'li-el (ga-ma'lT-gl or ga- mal'yel). [Heb.] Recom- pense of God. Gar 'ret (gar'rgt). Another form of Gerald. Geoffrey (jgf'fry). Same as Godfrey. George (j6rj). [Gr.] Land- holder; husbandman. — Dim. Georgie (jSr'ji), Geordie I ,6T'dT). Ger'ald (jgr'ald), ) [OG.] Ger'ard (jgr'ard). j Strong with the spear. Ger'man (jer'man), ) rT -, Ger'maine (jer'man). J l^ - - 1 German. Gefshom (ger'shom). [Heb.] Exile. Gid'e-on (gYd'e-on). [Heb.] Destroyer. Gilbert (giFbert). [OHG.] Yel- low-bright ; famous. — Dim. Gil (gil). Giles (jibs). [Gr.] A kid. God'dard (gSd'dard). [OG.] Pious ; virtuous. God'frey (god'fry). [OHG.] At peace with God. God'win (god'wln). [AS.] Good in war. Greg'o-ry (grgg'6-ry> [G.] Watchful. Griffith (grif fYth).|[W.] Rud- dy (?). GuS-ta'VUS (gus-ta'vus). [Sw.] A warrior ; hero. Guy (gi). [F.] A leader. Han'ni-bal (han'm-bal). [Pu- nic] Grace of Baal. Har'old (har'old). [AS.] A champion ; "general of an army. He'man (he'man). [Heb.] Faithful. Hen'ry (hgn'ry). [OHG.] The head or chief of a house. — Dim. Har'ry (by assimilation of consonant sound), H21, Hen (HawHiin, obs.). Herbert (her'bert). [AS.] Glory of the army. — Dim. Bert. Her'CU-les (her'ku-lez). [Gr.] Lordly fame. Her 'man (her 'man). [OG.] A warrior. Hez'e-ki'ah (hgz'e-kl'a). [Heb.] Strength of the Lord. Hil'a-ry (hil'a-ry). [L.] Cheer- ful ; merry. Hil'lel(hlllgl). [Heb.] Praise. Hfram (hi'rani). [Heb.] Most noble. Ho'mer (ho'mer). [Gr.] A pledge ; security. Hor'ace (hor'as). French form of Horatio. Ho-ra'ti-0 (ho-ra'shi-o or -sho). [L.] (Uncertain.) Ho-se'a(ho-ze'a). [Heb.] Sal- vation. How'ell(how'el). [W.] Sound; whole. Hu'bert (hu'bert). [OHG.] Bright in spirit ; soul-bright. Hugh(hu), )[D.] Mind; Hu'gO (hu'go). I spirit; soul. Humph'rey (hum'fry), ) [AS.] Humph'ry (hum'fr?). J Pro- tector of the home. — Dim. Humph. I. Ich'a-bod (Tk'a-bod). [Heb.] The glory has departed. Ig-na'ti-US (Ig-na'shT-us or -shus). [Gr.] Ardent; fiery. Im-man'u-el (Tm-mSn'u-gi). [Heb.] See Emmanuel. In'crease (Ingres). [E.] i. e. Growth [of faith]. In'gram (Tn'gram). [Teut.] Raven. Ll'i-gO (Tn'i-go). Spanish form of Ignatius. I'ra (I'ra). [Heb.] Watchful. I'saac (I'zak). [Heb.] Laugh- ter. — Dim. Ik (Ik), Ike (Ik). I-sai'ah (I-za'ya). [Heb.] Sal- vation of the Lord. IS'ra-el (Tz'ra-gl). [Heb.] A soldier of God. Ith'i-el (Tthl-gl). [Heb.] God is with me. I-van' (e-van' or e'van). Rus- sian form of John. F vo-ry (l'vo-ry> [E.] Ja'bez (ja'bgz). [Heb.] He will cause pain. Ja'COD(ja'kob). [Heb.] A sup- planter. — Dim. Jake (jak). See James. Ja'i-rus (ja'i-rus). [Heb.] He will enlighten. L. id. James (jamz). Same as Jacob. — Dim. Jeames (jemz), Jgm, Jim, Jgni'my, JTm'my. Ja'pheth (ja'fgth ; colloq. ja'- fet). [Heb.] Enlargement. Ja'red (ja'rgd). [Heb.] De- scent. Ja'SOn (ja'son). [Gr.] A healer. Jas'per (jas'per). [Per.] (Un- certain.) Ja'van (ja'van). [Heb.] Clay ; supple. Jed'e-di'ah (jgd'e--dl'a). [Heb.] Beloved of the Lord. Jeffrey (jgf'fry). Same as Godfrey, Jer'e-mi'ah (jgr'e-mi'a), Jer'e-mfas (jgr'e-mi'as, Jer'e-my (jgr'e-my). [Heb.] Exalted of the Lord. — Dim. Jerry. Jefome (jer'om in England, but in America usually je- rom'). [Gr.] Holy name. Jes'se (jes'se). [Heb.] Wealth, Jo'ab (jo'ab). [Heb.] Jeho- vah is his father. Job (job). [Heb.] Afflicted; presented. Jo'el(jo'gl). [Heb.] The Lord is God. John (j5n). [Heb.] The gra- cious gift of God. — Dim. J5hn'ny, Jack, Jock. — Fern. Joanna, Jane. See Joan. Jo'nah (jo'na), ) [Heb.] A Jo'nas (jo'nas). ) dove. Jon'a-than (jon'a-than). [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. Jo'seph (jo'sgf). [Heb.] He shall add. — Dim. Joe (jo). J0Sh'U-a (josh'u-a). [Heb.] God of salvation. — Dim. Josh. Jo-Sfah (jo-si'a), ) [Heb.] Jo-Si'as (jo-sl'as). ) Given of the Lord. Jo'tham(jo'tham). [Heb.] The Lord is upright. Ju'dah (ju'da). [Heb.] Praised. Jlfli-an (ju'lT-an). [L.] Sprung from, or belonging to, Julius. — Dim. Jule (Jul). Ju'li-US (ju'lT-us). [Gr.] Soft- haired. — Dim. Jule (Jul). JuS'tin (jus'tin). [L.] Just. Jus'tUS (jus'tus). [L.] Just. K. Ken'elm (kgn'elm). [AS.] A defender of his kindred. Ken'neth (kgn'ngth). [Gael.] A leader ; commander. La'ban (la'ban). [Heb.] White. Lanfbert (lam'bert). [OHG.] Illustrious with landed pos- sessions. Lan'ce-lOt (lan'se-lot), ) [It.] A Laun'ce-lot (Ian'-). | little angel; or, a little lance or warrior, or, a servant. Lail'reuce (la/rens), ) |- L ^ Law'rence (la'rgns). <, L " J 750 ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. Crowned with laurel. — Dim. LSr'rJ (LaVkYn, ota.),(Law'- rie, Lau'rTe, Scot., LSr'rf, Jr.). Laz'a-ms (15z'a-ruB). [Heb.] God will help. Le-an'der (le-an'der). [Gr.] Lion man. leo-be'us (leb-be'fis ; colloq. 16b'be-fis). [Heb.] Praise. Lem'u-el (lgin'u-gl). [Heb.] Created by God. Leonard (lgn'ard). [G.] Strong or brave as a lion. Le-03il-das (le-5n'T-das). [Gr.] LionlDse. Le'o-pold (le'o-pold), formerly Igp'old). [OHG.] Bold for 1 the people. Le'vi(le'vi). [Heb.] Adhesion. Lew'is (lob'Is). [OHG.] Bold warrior. — Dim. Lewie (loo'- T), Louie (lboT), Lew (loo), Lou. Li'UUS (H'nus). [Gr.] Flax- en-haiied. Li'O-nel(lFo-nel). [L.] Young lion. Llew-el'lyn (lu-gl'lTn). [Celt.] Lightning. Lo-am'mi (16-am'mI). [Heb.] Not my people. Lo'do-Wic (15'do-wTk). Same as Lewis. Lo-ren'20 (15-rSn'zo). Same as Laurence. Lot (lot). [Heb.] A veil; covering. Louis (lob'Ts). French form of Lewis. Lu1>in (lu'bln). [AS.] Be- loved friend. Lu'cas (lu'kas). See Luke. Lu'Ci-an (lu'shT-an, lu'shan). ) Lu'ci-US (lu'shl-Qs, lu'shtis). j [L.] Born at daybreak. Lu'do-vic (lu'do-vik). Same as Lewis. Luke(luk). [Gr.] Light. Luth'er (lu'ther). [G.] Illus- trious warrior. Ly-CUr'gUS (li-kfir'gGs). [Gr.] Wolf driver. M. Ma'dQC (ma'dok). [W.] Good ; beneficent. Mal'a-CM (mal'a-ki). [Heb.] Messenger of the Lord. Ma- Has' sell (ma-nas'se). [Heb.] Forgetfulnes3. Mar-cel'lus(mar-sgl'lus). [L.] Dim. of Marcus. Mar'cl-HS (maVshT-Qs or -shiis). Same as Marcus. Mar'CUS (mar'kus), ) [L.] A Mark (mark). | h a tu- rner ; otherwise, a male, or, sprung from Mars. Mar'raa-duke (mar'ma-duk). [AS.] A mighty noble. Mar'tin (mar'tln). [L.] Of Mars ; warlike. Matthew ) (mSth'yu). [Heb.] Matthias J (ma-thi'as) Gift of Jehovah. — Dim. Mat. Mau'rice (ma'ns). [L.] Moor- ish ; dark-colored. Max'i-mil'i-an (maks/T-mli'T- an). [L.] The greatest iEmi- lianus. Mer'e-dith (mer'e-dlth). [Celt.] Sea protector. Mi'cah (ini'ka). [Heb.] Who is like Jehovah ? Mi'cha-el (mi'ka-gl or mi'kgl). [Heb.] Who is like God ? — Dim. Mike (mik). Miles (milz). [L.] A soldier. Mor'gan (mQr'gan). [W.] A seaman ; a dweller on the sea. Mo'ses (mo'zgz). [Egypt.] Drawn out of the water. — Dim. Mose (moz). N. Na'a-man (na'a-inan). [Heb.] Pleasantness. Na'hum (na'hum). [Heb.] Consolation. Na-pole-on (na-po'le-on). [Gr.] Lion of the forest dell. Na'than (na'than). [Heb.] Given ; a gift. Na-than/a-el (na-than'a-gl), ) Na-than'i-el (na-th5n'T-gi). [ [Heb.] Gift of God. F. Nathaniel (na / ta 7 ne / al'). Neal (nel), ) [L.] Dark ; swar- Neil (nel). ) thy ; otherwise [Celt.], chief. N e' h e- m i' a h (ne'he-mi'a). [Heb.] Comfort of Jehovah. Nich'0-las (nTk'6-las), \ [Gr.] Nic'0-las (nik'S-las). ] Vic- tory of the people. — Dim. Nick. No'ah (no'a). [Heb.] Rest ; comfort. No'el (no'gl). [L.] Christmas; born on Christmas Day. Nor'man (nSr'man). [G.] A Northman ; a native of Nor- mandy. O'ba-di'ah (o'ba-di'a). [Heb.] Servant of the Lord. L. O'ba- di'as or Ob'a-di'as. O'befi (o'bed). [Heb.] Serv- ing God. 0c-ta'vi-US(5k-ta'vT-us), ) [L.] 0c-ta'VUS(5k-ta'viis). J The eighth born. 01'i-ver (ol'I-ver). [L.] An olive tree. 0-res'tes (o-rgs'tez). [Gr.] A mountaineer. Or-lan'do (6r-15n'd6). Italian form of Roland. Os'car (ob'kar). [Celt.] Bounding warrior. Os'mond (oz'niond), ) [OG.] Os'mund (5z'nfund). { Pro- tection of God. Os'wald (5z'wald), ) [OG.] Os'wold (oz'wold). | Power of God. OWen(o'gn). [Celt.] Lamb; or, young warrior. P. Pat'rick(p5t'rTk). [L.] Noble ; a patrician. — Dim. P3t, PSd'dy. Paul (pal), ) rr , Pau'lus (pa'lfis), Ijjt-vl Pau-li'nus (pa-li'nus). ) LltUe - Pe'leg (pe'lgg). [Heb.] Di- vision. Per'e-griue (pSr'e-grln). [L.] Stranger. Pe'ter (pe'ter). [Gr.] Rock. — Dim. Pete (pet), Pe'ter- kin. Phi-lan'der (fi-l5n'der). [G r .] Lover of men. Phi-le'mon (fi-le'mon). [Gr.] Loving ; friendly. Phil'ip (fil'ip). [Gr.] Lover of horses. — Dim. Phil, Pip. Phin'e-as (fln'e-as). [Heb.] Mouth of brass. Pi'US (pl'us). [L.] Pious; dutiful; filial. PoPy-carp (p51'I-karp). [Gr.] Much fruit. Q. Quin'tin (kwTn'tYn). [L.] Fifth. Scot. Qugn'tYn. R. Ralph (rSlf ; in England often pronounced raf). Same as RODOLPHUS. Ran'dal(rSn'dal). [AS.] House wolf. Raph'a-el (rSf'a-gl). [Heb.] Healing of God. Raymond (ra'mond), ) [OG.] Ray'mund (ra'mund). ) Wise protection. Reg'i-nald (rgj'Y-nald). [OG.] Strong ruler. Reu'ben (ru'bgn). [Heb.] Behold, a son ! Reu'el (rji'gl). [Heb.] Friend of God. ' Reyn'old (rgn'old). Same as Reginald. Rich'ard (rich'ard). [OHG.] Strong like a ruler ; powerful. ROD'ert (rob'ert). [OHG.] Bright in fame. Rod'er-ic (rod'er-Tk), ) [OG.] Rod'er-ick (rBd'er-Ik), ] Rich in fame. Ro'dolph (ro'dBlf), ) R o-d o l'p h u s (r6-d51'f us). ) [OHG.] Famous wolf, or hero. Rog'er (rSj'er). [OHG.] Fa- mous with the spear. ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 751 Ro'land (ro'land). Fr. form of Rowland. Rowland (roland). [OG.] Fame of the land. Ru'dolpb (ru/dolf), ) Va Ru-dol'phus (ru-d51'fus). ] Va " **— '{USES.. Rulus (ru/fus). [L.] Red; red-haired. Ru'pert (ru'pert). Same as Robert. S. Sal'mon (sSl'mon). [Heb.] Shady. Sam'SOn (sXm'son), \ [Heb.] Samp'son (sSmp'son). j Splen- did sun ; i. e., great joy. Sam'U-el (sam'u-gl). [Heb.] Heard of God ; asked for of God. —Dim. Sam, S5m'my\ Saul (sal). [Heb.] Asked for. Se / Da(se'ba). [Heb.] Eminent. Se-baS'tlan (se-Ms'chan). [Gr.] Venerable. Se-re'no(se-re / ii6), I [L.] Se-re'nus (se-re'nus). ) Calm ; peaceful. Setb(sgth). [Heb.] Appointed. Sba'drach (sha'drak). [Heb.] Rejoicing in the way. Sig'is-mund (sTj'Ts-mQnd). [OHG.] Conquering pro- j tection. Silas (silas), ) [L.] ! Sll-va'nus (sil-va'nus). j Liv- i ing in a wood. Sil-ves'ter (sll-vgs'ter) [L.] Country bred ; rustic. — Dim. Vga'ter, Vgst. Sim'e-on (sim'e-on), ) rTTo , -, Si'mon (sl'mon). J L±ieD - J Hearing with acceptance. — Dim. STin. Soi'o-mon (sol'6-mon). [Heb.] Peaceable. F. Salomon (sa'- lo'mto'). — Dim. S51. Ste'phen (.ste'v'n). [Gr.] A crown. — Dim. Steve (stev), Ste'vTe. Switbln (swlth'ln). [AS.] Strong friend. Syl'van (sli'van), )„ TT Syl-va'nus (sll-va'nus). / &I L " VANUS. Syl-ves'ter (sll-vgs'ter). Sil- vester. Thad'de-us (thad'de-us). [Syr.] The wise. The'o-bald(the'o-bald). [OG.] Bold for the people. The'0-dore (the'6-dor). [Gr.] Gift of God. — Dim. The, Dory, Ted, Teddy. The-Od'0-ric (the-5d'6--rlk). [AS.] Powerful among the people. The-opbl-lus (the-ofl-lfo). [Gr.] Lover of God. The' roil (the'ron). [Gr.] Hunter. Thom'as(t5m'as). [Heb.] A twin. — Dim. T5m, T5m'my (t5m'kln, obs.). Tim'o-tby (iim't-thf). [Gr.] Fearing God. — Dim. Tim. To-bi'ab (tS-bi'a), ) [Heb.] To-bi'as (to-bi'as). I D i s tin- guished of Jehovah. — Dim. To'by. TriS'tam (tris'tam), ) [L.] TriS'tram (tris'tram). j Grave; melancholy ; sad. U. U-lys'ses (u-lis'sez). [Gr.] A hater. UrDail (fir'ban). [L.] Of the town ; courteous. U-ri'ah(u-rl'a). [Heb.] Light of Jehovah. U'ri-an (u'ri-an). [Dan.] A husbandman. U'ri-el(u'rl-gl). L ileb.] Light of God. Val'en-tine (vui'gn-tin). [L.] Strong ; healthy. ViCtor (vlk'tor). [L.] Con- queror. Vin'cent (vln'sent). [L.] Con- quering. ViV'i-an(vIvl-an). [L.] Lively. W. Waller (waller). [OHG.] Ruling the host. — Dim. Wat. William (wll'yam). [OHG.] Resolute helmet, or, helmet of resolution ; protector. — Dim. Will, Will?, Bill, Bil'- iy- Win'fred (wTn'frgd). [AS.] Win-peace. Z. ZaVdi-el (z5b'dT-el). [Heb.] Gift of God. Zac-cbe'US (zSk-ke'us; colloq. z3k'ke-us). [Heb.] Inno- cent ; pure. Zacb'a-ri'ah (zSk'a-ri'a), \ Zach'a-ry (zSk'a-ry). j [Heb.] Remembered of Je- hovah. — Dim. Zach (zak). Za'dok (za'dok). [Heb.] Just. Zeb'a-di'ab (zgtya-dl'a), ) Zeb'e-dee (zgb'e-de). ( [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. Z e c b/ a- r i' a b (zek'a-ri'a). [Heb.] Saiurf a3 Zachariah. Zed'e-ki'ab (zed'f-ki'a). [Heb.] Justice of the Lord. Ze-lOles (ze-lo'tez). [Gr.] Zealot. ZCnas (ze'nas). [Gr.] Gift of Jupiter. Z e p b'a- n i' a b (zgf 'a-ni'a) . [Heb.] Hid of Jehovah. NAMES OF WOMEN. The sounds of the letters in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the Dictionary. Abl-gail(Sbl-gal). [Heb.] My father's joy. — Dim. Ab'by, NSb'b?. Acb'sa (Sk'sa). [Heb.] Anklet. A'da (a'da). Same as Edith. Ad'a-line (Sd'a-lm), Ad'e-la (ad'eMa), Ad'e-laide (Sd'e-lad). The same as Adeline. Ad'e-li'na (ad'e-11'na), ) [OG.] Ad'e-line (5d'e--lm). J Of noble birth ; a princess. — Dim. Ad'dy. Ag'a-tba (Sg'a-tha). [Gr.] Good; kind. Ag'nes (Sg'ngs). [Gr.] Chaste; pure. Al-berla (21-ber'ta). Feminine of Albert. Al'e-the'a (al'e-the'a). [Gr.] Truth. Al'ex-an'dra (al'eks-an'dra), ) Al'ex-an-dri'na (-an-dri'na). f [Gr.] Fern, of Alexander. Alice (5118), ) The A-licl-a (a-li shl-a) . ( same aa Adeline. — Dim. Ally, or Al'lle, El'sle. Al'ma (51'ma). [L.] Nourish- ing ; cherishing. Al-ml'ra (Sl-mJ'ra). [Ar.] Lof- ty ; a princess. Al-the'a (Sl-the'a). [Gr.] A healer. Am'a-bel (Sni'a-bel). [L.] Lov- able. A-man'da (a-m5n'da). [L.] 752 ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. Worthy to be loved. — Dim. Man'dy. A-meli-a (a-me'lY-a or a-mel'- ya). [OG.] Busy ; ener- getic. — Cf . Emeline. A'my" (a'my). [L.] Beloved. Angelica (5n-jgi'Y-ka), ) A H'g e-1 i'n a (Sn'je-ll'na). \ [Gr.] Lovely ; angelic. Aim (an), 1 [Heb.] Grace; An'na (3n'na), > — the same Anne (an). ) as Hannah. — Dim. An'nYe, Nah'ny, Nah'<$, Nan, Nina (ne'na). Annette' (Sn-ngt'). French form of Anna. A n't o in e 1 1 e' (an'toi-nSf) . French dim. of Antonia. — Dim. Net, Ngt'ty\ An-tCni-a (an-to'nY-a), ) [L.] An'tO-ni'na (an'to-ni'na). J In- estimable. Ar'a-bella (ar'a-bglla). [L.] A fair altar ; or an Arabian woman. — Dim. Bella, BS1. A'ri-an'a (5'rY-an'a). [Gr.] Corruption of Ariadne. An-gnsta (a-gus'ta). [L.] Fem. of Augustus. Au-reli-a (a-relY-a or a-rel'- ya). [L.] Fem. of Aurelius. An-ro'ra (a-ro'ra). [L.] Morn- ing redness ; freshness. B. BarDa-ra (barHba-ra). [Gr.] Foreign; strange. — Dim. Bab. Be'a-trice (be^a-trYs), ) [L.] Be'a-trlx (be'a-trYks)- J Mak- ing happy. Belinda (be-lYn'da) (Uncert.) Belle (bgl). [F.] Beautiful. Ben'e-dict'a (bgn'S-dTk'ta). [L.] Fem. of Benedict. Ber'tha (bertha). [OG.] Bright ; beautiful. — Dim. Ber'ty. Bessie (bgs'sY"), ) Dim. of Eliz- Betsey (bgt'sy). J abeth. Blanch (blanch), ) [Teut.] Blanche (blanch). ) White. Bridg'et (brTj'gt). [Celt.] Strength.— Dim. B?d'dy\ Ca-milla (ka-mYl'la). [L.] At- tendant at a sacrifice. Car f O-line (kar-6-lin). French fem. of Carolus, Latin of Charles. — Dim. Car'rTe, Cad'dYe. C a s-s a n'd r a (kas-sSn'dra). [Gr . ] She who inflames with love. Cath-a-ri'na (kath-a-ri'na). Cath'a-rine (kath'a-rYn), Catherine (kath'er-Yn). [Gr.] Pure.— Dim. -Ca's^, Kate Ck&t), Katrine (kat'rin), Kit, Kitty. C e-c i l'i-a (s$-sYl'Y-a), ) [L.] CeCi-ly (sgs'Y-ly). } Fem. of Cecil. — Dim. Sisely (sis'- ly), STs, CYs. Ce-les'tine (st-lgs'tYn). [L.] Heavenly. Celi-a (se'lY-a or sel'ya). [L.] Heavenly. Char'i-ty (char'Y-ty). [E.] Charlotte (sharlSt). Fem. of Charles. — Dim. Lottie. 0hl0 / e (klo'e). [Gr.] Green herb ; blooming. Chris'ti an'a (krYs'tY-Sn'a), ) Chris-ti'na (krYs-te'na). } [Gr.] Fem. of Chbistian. — Dim. -GhrYs'sYe, Xina (ze'na). Cic'e-ly (sYs'e-ty). Corruption of Cecilia. Clar'a (klar'a). [L.] Bright; illustrious. — Dim. Clare (klSr). Clarl-hel (kl5r'Y-bgi). [L.] Brightly fair. Clarice (Marls), \ [L.] Cla-ris'sa (kli-rYs'sa). J De- rivatives of Clara. Clau'di-a (klaMY-a). [L.] Fem. of Claudius. Clem'en-ti'na (klgm'gn-te'na), Clem'en-tine (kigm'gn-ten or -tin). [L.] Mild ; gentle. Constance (kSn'stans). [L.] Firm ; constant. Cola (kyra). [Gr.] Maiden. Cordelia (k8r-delY-a or -del'- ya). [L.] Warm-hearted. Corinna (kS-rYn'na) \ [Gr.] Oorinne (ko'ren') ) Maiden. Cor-ne / li-a (k6r-neli-a or -nil' ya). [L.] Fem. of Cornelius. — Dim. Nellie. Cyn'thi-a (sYn'thY-a). [Gr.] Of or from Mt. Cynthus. D. Deb'O-rah (dgV6-ra). [Heb.] A bee. — Dim. Dgb, Dgbltf. Deli-a (de'lY-a or del'ya). [Gr.] Of Delos. Di-an'a (dt-an'a). [L.] God- dess. — Dim. Di, Die. Di-an'tha (dY-an'tha). [Gr.] Flower of Jove ; a pink. Di'nah(dl'na). [Heb.] Judged. Do'ra (do'ra). Dim. of Doro- thea, Eudora, Theodora. Dor'cas (d&Vkas). [Gr.] A gazelle. Do-rin'da (do-rYn'da). Same as Dorothea. D r'O-t h Ca (doV6--the'a), ) Dor'o-thy (dor'6-thy> J [Gr.] Gift of God.— Dim. D51, Dolly (I and r being al- lied sounds). B. E'dith (e'dYth). [AS.] Happi- ness ; rich gift. Ed'na(ed'na). [Heb.] Pleasure. *l El'e-a-nor (gl'e-a-n6r, gil- n6r), El'i-nbr (gll-n6r). Light ; — the same as Helen. — Dim. Ella, NS11, NSllIe, No'ra. E-lls'a-beth (S-lYz'a-bSth), E-liz'a-beth (e-liz'a-bgth) E-li'za (S-li'za). [Heb.] Worshiper of God; consecrated to God. — Dim. Bgss, Bes'sy\ Bgth, BSf sey\ Bgt'ty\ fil'sYe, LYz, Uz'zf, UVbf, Li'sa. Ella (gl'la), Ellen (Sllgn). Dims, of Eleanor. El-Vi'ra(gl-vI'ra). [L.] White. Em'e-line (gm'e-lin), ] [OG.] Em'me-line (-me-lin), ! Ener- Eml-ly (gm'T-iy), f getic; Em/ma (Sm'ma). J indus- trious. — Dim. Emm, Em'- mYe. Er'nes-tine (er'ngs-ten). Fem. and dim. of Ernest. Es'ther (gs'ter). [Per.] A star; good fortune. — Dim. Es'sYe. Eth'el (gth'gl). [AS. Cf. Adb- lina.] Noble. Eth'e-lind (Sthf-lYnd), ) Eth'e-lin'da (-lYn'da). ] [Teut.] Noble snake. Eu-do'ra (u-dota). [Gr.] Good gift. Eu-ge'ni-a (u-je'nY-4). Fem. of Eugene.— Dim. Genie (je'nY). Eu-ge'nle (u-je'nY). French form of Eugenia. Eu-la'li-a (u-15'lY-a). [Gr.] Fair speech. Eu'nice (u'nYs). [Gr.] Hap- py victory. Eu-phe'mi-a(u-fe'mY-a). [Gr.] Of good report. — Dim. Ef '- fYe, Phemie. E'va (e'va), Eve (ev) E-van'ge-line (e-v5n'je-lm or -lYn). [Gr.] Bringing glad news. Ev'e-li'na (gv'e-ii'na), Ev r e- line (gv'S-lin), Ev'e-lyn (gv- e-lYn). It. dim. of Eva. F. Faith (fath). [E.] Faus-ti'na (f as-ti'na). [L.] Lucky. Fe-licl-a (fe-lYsh'Y-a or ft- lYsh'a). [L.] Happiness. Fi-dell-a (fi-de'lY-a or fl-del'- ya). [L.] Faithful. Flo'ra (fto'ra). [L.] Flower. Flor'ence (fl5r'gns). [L.] Blooming; flourishing. Fran'ces (fran'sgs). Fem. of Francis. — Dim, Fan'nJ, Frank. Fred'er-i'ca (f r g d'e r-i'k a). Fem. of Fredeeic. — Dim. Frgd'die. [Heb.] Life. ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 753 Geor'gi-an'a (WjY-an'a), ) Geor-gl'na (jfcr-je'na), ) Fem. of George. Ger'al-dlne (jgr'al-dln). Fern. of Gerald. Geftrude (ger'trud). [OHG.] Spear maiden. — Dim. Ger'- tYe, Tru'dy\ Grace (gras), ) [L.] Gra'ti-a (gra'shl-a). ] Grace ; favor. Gri-ael'da(grT-sa'da). [Teut.] Stone heroine. — Dim. GrYs'- 881. H. Han'nah (hSn'nA). [Heb.] Same as Anna. Har'ri-et (hSr'rl-gt), ) English HarTlot (hSr'rY-5t). J fem. dim. of Henry. — Dim. H5t'- Hel'en (hgl'gn), ) [Gr.] Hel'e-na (hgi'S-na). ] Light. — Dim. NSU, Ngl'ltf. Hen'ri-et'ta (hgn'rY-gfta). French fem. dim. of Henry. — Dim. Et'ta, Hgt'ty, Ngf- tle. Heph'zi-bah(hgf'zY-ba). [Heb.] My delight is in her. Hes'ter (hgs'ter), Hes'ther. Same as Esther. Hi-la'ri-a (hY-la'rY-a). [L.J Fem. of Hilary. Ho-no'ra (ho-no'ra), ) [L.] Ho-no'rl-a (ho-no'rY-a). J Hon- orable. Dim. No'rah, No'ra. Hope (hop). [E.] Hor-ten'si-a (h6r-tgn'shY-a or -aha). [L.] A lady gar- dener. Hul'dah (hul'da). [Heb.] A weasel. I. I'da(i'da). [OG.] Godlike. I'nez (i'ngz). Pg. form of Agnes. Irene' d-ren' or i-re'ne). [Gr.] Peaceful. Is'a-bel (Yz'a-bgl), ) Same as Is'a-bel'la (-bgl'la). \ Eliza- beth. — Dim. Bgl, Bgl'la, Belle. J. James-i'na(jamz-e'na). Femi- nine of James. Jane (jan). Fem. of John. Same as Joan. Ja-nef (ja-ngf or jSn'gt ; in Eng. jSn'gt). Dim. of Jane. Jag/ue-line (j5k'w§-IYu). French fem. of James. Jean (jen), Jeanne (jen), Jean- nette' (je-ngf). Fr. forms of Jane or Joan. Je-mi'ma (je-mi'ma). [Heb.] A dove. Je-TU'sha (je-ru/sha). [Heb.] Possessed ; married. Jes'sie (jgs'sY). [Scotch.] — Dim. Jess. Joan' (j*-*n'), ) [Heb.] Jo-an'na (jo-5n'na), > Fem. of Jo-han'na (-han'na). ) John. Jo-se'pha (jo-se'fa), ) jFem. Jo'seph-lne (jo'zgf-Yn). j of Joseph. — Dim. Jo, Jo'zjr, Phe'ny. Joyce (jois). [L.] Sportive. Ju'dith (ju'dYth^. [Heb.] Praised. — Dim. JuMy. Ju'li-a ( ju'IY-a or jul'ya). [L. ] Fem. of Julius. Ju'11-an'a (ju'lY-an'a). [L.] Fem. of Julian. Juliet (ju'IY-gt). Dim. of Julia. Jus-ti'na (jQs-ti'na). [L.] Fem. of Justin. K. Kate (kat). Dim. of Catharine. Kath'a-rine (kath'a-rYn), ) Thft Kath'er-lne (kath'er-Yn). / ine same as Catharine. Ke-tu'rah (ke-tu'ra). [Heb.] Incense. Ke-zl'ah (kS-zi'a). [Heb.] Cassia. L. Lau'ra (la'ra). [L.] A laurel. Lau-rln'da (la-rYn'da). [L.] Variation of Laura. La-vin'i-a (lS-vYn'Y-a). [L.] Of Latium. Le'na (le'na). Dim. of Helena or Magdalene. Le-o-no'ra (le-ft-no'ra). The same as Eleanor. Le-ti'ti-a (le-tYsh'Y-a or le- tish'a). [L.] Happiness. Leftice (let'tYs). A corruption of Letitia. Lil'l-an (lTl'i-an), 1 fT -, Tilv Lilly (miy> | [L --1 Llly - Lo'ls(lo'Ys). [Gr.] Good; de- sirable. Lo-rin'da (lo-rYn'da). A vari- ation of Laurinda. Lou-i'sa (l6o-e'za), ) Fem. of Lou-ise' (loo-ez'). J Louis. — Dim. Lou, Louie. Lu'ci-a(lu'shY-a). [L.] Italian form of Lucy. Lu-cin'da (lu-sYn'da). [L.] The same as Lucy. Lu'crece (lu'kres), i [L.] Lu-cre'ti-a (lu-kre'- > Gain ; shT-a or -sha). ) or, light. Lu'cy (lu'sy). Feminine of Lucius. Lyd'i-a (lYd'Y-a). [Gr.] A native of Lydia. M. Ma'bel(ma'bgl). [L.] Aeon- traction of Amabel. Mad'e-line (m$d'e-lln). Fr. form ot Magdalene. Mag'da-lene (magMa-len^r^. mSg'da-le'ne). [Heb.] Be- longing to Magdala. — Dim. Maud. Maf-cel'la (inar-sgl'la). [L.] Fem. of Marcellus. Mar'cl-a (miir'shY-a or -sha). [L.] Fem. of Marcius. Mar'ga-ret (mar'ga-rgt ormar'- grgt). [Gr.] A pearl.— Dim. Mar'gYe, Mar'ger-y, MSdge, MSg, MSg'gjf, Mgg, Mgg'g^, Pgg, Pgg'gy\ Me'ta, Grft't^. Ma-ri'a (ma-ri'a). Latin form of Mary. Ma / ri-anne / (ma'ri-aV). A compound of Mary and Anne. Mar'l-on (mSr'I-gn). A French form of Mary. Mar'tha (mar'tha). [Heb] The ruler of the house ; or, sorrowful; melancholy. Dii>>. Mat, Mat'ty. Ma'ry (ma'r^). [Heb.] Bit- ter ; or, their rebellion, or star of the sea. — Dim. May, 11511, M51'l£, P51, P51'ly. M a- 1 h 1 1' d a (ma-til'da), | Ma- til' da (ma-til'da). i [OHG.] Mighty battle maid ; heroine. — Dim. M8t, Mat'ty, Maud, Pat't^, TTl'da. Maud (mad). Contr. of Matil- da or Magdalene. May (ma). The month of May, or a dim. of Mary. Me-het'a-bel (me-hgt'a-bgi), i Me-Wt'a-ble (me-htt'a-bi'). f [Heb.] Benefited of God. Mel'i-cent (mSll-sent). [L.] Sweet singer ; or [Teut.], work ; strength. Me-lis'sa (me-lls'sa). [Gr.] A bee. Mer'cy (mer's?). [EJ Mil'dred (mYl'drgd). [G.] Mild threatener. Mil'i-cent (mll'T-sgnt). See Melicent. Ml-ner'va (mT-ner'va) . ( Rom . Myth.) Goddess of wisdom. Mln'nie (mYn'nl). [Cf. G. Minna.] Remembrance ; love. Frequently used as a nick- name for Mary. Mi-ran'da (mY-ran'da). [L.] Admirable. Mir'i-am (mYr^Y-am). [Heb.] The same as Mary. My'ra (mi'ra). [Gr.] She who weeps or laments. N. Nan'cy (nan's^). A familiar form of Anne. —Dim. NSn, Nange, Nina (ne'na). Nel'lie (nel'lY). Dim. of Ellen, Helen, or Eleanor. 754 ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. Wo'ra (no'ri), \ A contraction Wrah (no'ri). J of Honoea, Lbonora, and Eleanor. Oc-ta'Vi-a (5k-ta'vl-i). [L.] Fem. of Octavius. — Dim. Ta'vy\ Tave. Olive (51tv), \[L.] An O-liv'i-a (S-lIvT-a). f olive. 0-lym'pl-a(6-lTm'pY-a). [Gr.] Heavenly. 0-pheOi-a (S-fe'lY-a or 5-fel'yi). [Gr.] Serpent. P. Pa'tlence (pa'shens). [E.] Paula (pa'la). [L.] Fem. of Paulus, or Paul. Pau-li'na (pa-li'ni), ] [L.] Pan-line' (pa-len'). ) Pem. Of PAULINU8. Pe-nel'o-pe (pe-nSl'6-pe). [Gr.] A weaver. Per'sis(per'sls). [Gr.] A Per- sian woman. Phe'toe (fe'be). The same as PM-lip'pa (fY-lYp'pa). Femi- nine of Philip. PMl'lis (fil'lYs). The same as Phyllis. PhCB'De (fe'be). [Gr.] Shining. Phyl'lis (iYllYs). [Gr.] A green bough. Pol'ly (p51'ly). [E.] A dim. of Maby. Pris-cil'la (prYs-sYlli). [L.] Somewhat old. Pru'dence (pru'dens). [E.] Dim. Prue, Pru'dy\ B. Ka'chel (ra'chSl). [Heb.] A ewe. Re-bec'ca (re-.bek'ki), ) [Heb.] Re-bek'ah (re-bSk'a). ) Of en- chanting beauty. — Dim. BSck'v\ RhO'da (roMa). [Gr.] Arose. Ro'sa (ro'za). [L.] A rose. Ros'a-bel (r5z'a-bSl), ) [L.] A Ros'a bel'la (-belli). ) fair rose. Ro-sa'li-a (rfc-za'tf-i), ) [It. & Ros'a-lle (r5z'a-le). ] F.,fr. L.] Little and blooming rose. Ros'a-lind (r5z'a-lYnd). [L.] Beautiful as a rose. R S'a-m n d (r5z'a-mond). [Teut.] Horse protection, or famous protection. Rox-an'a (roks-Sn'a). [Per.] Dawn of day. F. Roxane (rSk'san'). — Dim. R5x'y\ Rath (ruth). [Heb.] Beauty. S. [L.] Sa-M'na (si-bi'na) Sabine woman. Sa-bri'na(sa-bri'na). [L.] The River Severn. Sa-lome' (sa-lom', properly sa- lo'me). [Heb.] Peaceful. Sal'va (sSl'va). [L.] Safe. L. id. Sa'ra (sa'ri), )[Heb.] A Sa'rah (sa'ra). J princess. — Dim. SSI, SSl'ly (Saw'kYn, obs.). Se-li'na (se-li'na). [Gr.] Pars- ley ; or, moon. Se-re'na (se-re'na). [L.] Fem. of Serenus or Sereno. Sih'yl (sib'Yl), ) [Gr.] A Si-l>yl'la (sY-bYl'la). ] prophet- ess. So-phl'a (so-fi'a). [Gr.] Wis- dom. — Dim. So'phy\ So-phro'ni-a(s6-fi-o'nT-a). [Gr.] Of a sound mind. Stella (stSlla). [L.] A star. Steph'a-na (stgf'a-na). [Gr.] Feminine of Stephen. Sus'an (su'zan), ] Sus-an'na (su-zSn'na), Sus-an'nah (-zXn'na). ' — Dim. Sue, Suke, Su'sle, Su'sy\ Syl'Vi-a(8Tl'vt-a). [L.] Femi nine of Sylvanus. [Heb.] A Uly. Su'kjf, T. [Syr.] TaVi-tha (tSbl-tha). A gazelle. Tem'per-ance (tSm'per-ans). The/0-d0'ra(the/§-do'ra). [Gr.] Fem. of Theodore. — Dim. The / 0-dO / sl-a (the'o-do'zhY-a or -shi). [Gr.] The gift of God. The-re'sa (thg-re'si). [Gr.] Carrying ears of corn. — Dim. TSr'ry\ Tra'cy\ Thom'a-sa (t5m'a-si), ) „. Taom'a-stne (-sen). ) Jfem - of Thomas. — Dim. Tam'zine (tSm'zen). Try-phe'na (tri-fe'ni). [Gr.] Delicate ; luxurious. Try-pho'sa (tri-fo'si). [Gr.] Luxurious; dainty. U. Ul'ri-ca(ul'rl-ki). [OG.] Rich. F. Ulrique (ul'rgk'). U-ra'nl-a (u-ra'nY-i). [Gr.] Heavenly ; the name of one of the Muses. Ur'SU-la(Qr'su-li). [L.] She- bear. V. Va-le'rl-a (va-le'rY-a). [L.] Feminine of Valerius. Vic-toTi-a (vYk-to'rY-a). [L.] Victory. Feminine of Victor. Vi'da (ve'da). [Erse.] Fem- inine of David. Vl'O-la (vi'6-la). [L.] A vio- let. ViT-gin'i-a (vir-jYn'Y-a). [L.] Virgin; pure. Viv'i-an (vYv'Y-an). [L.] Lively. w. Wil hel-mt'na (wYl'hSl-me'na). [OHG.] Feminine of Wil- helm, German of William. — Dim. WYl'mStt, WIl'm5t, Mi'na (me'na), MY-nSl'li. Wln'i-fred (w T u'l-f r S d). [Teut.] A lover of peace. — Dim. WTn'nTe. Ze-nCbi-a (ze-no'bY-i). [Gr.] Having life from Jupiter. L. id. ; F. Zenobie (za'nft'be'). ZoS(zo'e). [Gr.]' Life. CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. When a name is printed in small capitals, a reference to it will give further information. The sounds of Towels in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the main dictionary. Abderos (5b-de'r5s). [Gr.] Armor-bearer of Hercules. Achates (5-ka'tez). [L.] Faithful companion of iEneas in Vergil's JSneid ; hence, a faith- ful friend. Acheron (5k'e-r5n). [Gr.] River of Sorrow ; one of the five rivers of the infernal regions. Achilles (5-kil'lez). [Gr.] Hero of Homer's Iliad. He killed Hector of Troy, and was slain by Paris, who wounded him in his right heel, by which his mother had held him when she dipped him into the river Styx to render him invulnerable. Adonis (S-do'nTs). [Gr.] A beautiful youth loved by Venus. He was slain by a wild boar, and from his blood sprang the flower Adoni- um. iEneas (e-ne'Xs). [L.] Hero of Vergil's JSneid, called the Pouts (dutiful) because he bore his father, Anchises, king of Troy, from the burning city. He wandered far, settled in Latium, Italy, and founded the colony orig inating Rome. wSlneid (e-ne'id). [L.] Vergil's epic poem re- lating the adventures of iEneas. .ffiolus (e'o-lus). Roman god of the winds. .fflschylus (eVkl-lus). The greatest Greek tragic poet. JEsculapiuS (Ss'ku-la'pT-us). Greek god of medicine and healing. iEsop (e'sup). A deformed Phrygian slave, writer of fables. Agamemnon (Sg-a-m6m'n5n). King of Argos, and leader of the Greeks in the siege of Troy. Ajax (a'jgks). Son of Telamon, one of the Greek heroes at the siege of Troy ; valiant but dull, he killed himself from envy of Achil- les. Albion the Giant. The son of Neptune and brother of Hercules, conqueror of the island of Britain, which was named Albion after him. Alcestis (Xl-seVtTs). [Gr.] Wife of Admetus, who offered herself to be killed as substitute for her husband, but was rescued by Hercules. Heroine of Euripides' tragedy bearing her name. ambrosia (am-bro'zhS). The food of the gods, making them immortal. Am'mon. The Libyan Jupiter. Amphitrite(am'fe-trl'te). [Gr.] Wife of Posei- don, and goddess of the sea. Anacreon (3n-2k're-5n). A Greek poet, who wrote chiefly in praise of love and wine. Andromache (5n-dr5m'a-ke). Wife of Hector of Troy, in Homer's Iliad : a lovely woman. Andromeda (5n-dr5m'e-da). Daughter of Cas- siopeia, queen of Ethiopia, who, claiming ri- valry in beauty with the Nereids, was chained to a rock to be eaten by a sea-monster, but was rescued by Perseus. Antigone (Sn-tlg'o-ne). Heroine of Sophocles' tragedy so named, who, disobeying Creon, the tyrant of Thebes, buried the body of her brother Polynices, was immured in a vault, and killed herself. Aphrodite (ai-ro-dl'te). The Greek name for the goddess of love, the Venus of the Romans. Apollo (a-p51'lo). Son of Jupiter and Latona, god of music, poetry, art, eloquence, and med- icine. Arachne (a-r5k'ne). A maiden changed to a spider by Minerva for contending with her in weaving and embroidery. Ares (a'rez). Greek god of war ; the Roman Mars. ArgO (ar'go). The galley of Jason and the Ar- gonauts on the search for the Golden Fleece. ArgUS (ar'gus). The hundred-eyed son of Arestor,killed by Mercury because set by Juno to watch Io. Then Juno put his eyes on the peacock's tail. Ariadne (5-ri-gd'ne). [Gr.] Daughter of Minos, King of Crete, who, loving Theseus, gave him a clew of thread for guiding him out of the labyrinth when he should have slain the monster, Minotaur. He married but deserted her, and she became the wife of Bacchus. Arion (a-ri'Qn). A Greek musician, who, when robbed and thrown overboard by seamen, was rescued by a dolphin that had followed the music of his lyre. Aristides (S-rTs-ti'dez). A Greek statesman named The Just ; banished because the people tired of hearing him so called. Artemis (ar'te-mls). Greek goddess of chas- tity and hunting : same as Diana of the Ro- mans. Atalanta (St-a-lSn'ta). A Greek princess who promised to marry whoever should outrun her, and was defeated and married by Hippomenes. Ate (S'te). Goddess of vengeance and mischief. Athene (S-the'ne). See. Minerva, Pallas. Atlas (at'las). King of Mauretauia, Africa, fabled to support the world on his shoulders. Hence, an Atlas, with maps of the world, so first called by Mercator. Atropos (St'ro-pos). See Clotho. Augean Stables (6-je'an). Stables of Augeus, King of Elis, Greece, where 2000 oxen had been kept for 30 years. To cleanse them Her- cules turned two rivers through them. Aurora (6-ro'ra). Goddess of morning. Bacchus (bSk'kus). Son of Jupiter and Se- me'le, the Roman god of wine, identified with the Greek Dionysu3. (755) 756 CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. Bellona (bSl-lo'na). Roman goddess of war, sister (sometimes called wife) of Mars. Boreas (bo're-Qs). The North Wind, son of Astrseus, a Titan, and Eos or Aurora, the morning. Busiris (bu-si'rTs). A king of Egypt who used to slay all strangers, but was killed by Her- cules. Cadmus (kad'mus). Son of Agenor, King of Phenicia, reputed to have founded Thebes in Boeotia and to have invented letters of the Greek alphabet. Calliope (kSl-li'o-pe). [Gr.] One of the nine muses, — muse of epic or heroic poetry, rep- resented with a tablet and stylus. Calypso (ka-llp'so). In Homer's Odyssey, a sea-nymph who detained Ulysses seven years on her island, Ogygia (o-ge-gl'a). Camilla (ka-niTl'la). In Vergil's iEneid, a vir- gin warrior, queen of the Volsci, who fought ./Eneas when he landed in Italy, and was slain. Cassandra (kXs-san'dra). Daughter of Priam, King of Troy, gifted with prophecy by Apol- lo, who, becoming offended with her, decreed that her prophecies should not be believed. Castor (kaVtur). Son of Jupiter and Led a. He and his twin brother, Pollux, were worshiped as divinities, especially by the Dorians and the Romans, who regarded them as patrons of games and horsemanship. They were called Dioscuri — sons of the god ; and, as Gemini, the twins, are represented in the constellation so-named. Centaurs (sen'torz). A Thessalian people of monsters, half man, half horse, wild hunts- men, savage and lustful. Cerberus (sQr'be-rus). Pluto's three-headed dog, that kept the entrance to the infernal re- gions. Ceres (se'rez). Roman name for Mother-Earth, protectress of agriculture and all fruits. Charon (k&'ron). Ferryman of spirits of the dead across the rivers Styx and Acheron to the under-world. Charybdis (ka"-rtb'dTs). A sea-monster changed by Jupiter into a fierce whirlpool in the Straits of Messina, Sicily, faced on the other side of the Strait by the dangerous rock, Scylla. Chiron (ki'r5n). The Centaur who taught Achilles music and hunting, and medicine to iEsculapius ; represented by the constellation Sagittarius, the Archer. Circe (sur'se). A sorceress, daughter of Helios, who turned the companions of Ulysses into swine. Clio (kli'o). One of the nine Muses, — the muse of History ; represented sitting and holding a roll of papyrus. ClOthO (klo'tho). One of the three Fates. She presided over birth, and spun the thread of life from her distaff ; Lachesis (ISk'e-sTs) spun the fate of life ; Atropos (at'ro-pos), pre- siding over death, cut the thread at the ap- pointed time. Clytemnestra (kli-tem-nes'tra). Unfaithful wife of Agamemnon, whom she and iEgisthus her lover murdered on his return from Troy, for which she was slain by her son Orestes ; treated in iEschylus's tragedy of "Agamem- non." Comus (ko'mus). God of revelry ; represented as a winged youth. Croesus (kre'sus). King of Lydia, a powerful conqueror and immensely wealthy, vanquished by Cyrus and the Persians. Cupid (ku'pid). Roman name (desire) for the son of Mars and Venus, god of love and lov- ers ; represented as a boy, with bow and ar- rows. The Greeks called him Eros. Cyclops (si'klops). A group of giants, each having but one eye, in the middle of the fore- head, who forged iron for Vulcan. Daedalus (ded'a-lus). Builder of the Cretan labyrinth, and inventor of many tools and ap- pliances ; said to have invented for himself wings, — probably the use of sails. Damon and Pythias (da'mon, pith'T-as). Two devoted friends. Pythias, condemned to death, was given time to see his family, Damon of- fering to die in his stead should he not re- turn. He did return, and both were pardoned. Dauaides (da-na'i-dez). The 50 daughters of Danaus, King of Argos, all but one of whom killed their husbands in one night, and were condemned in Hades to draw water in sieves eternally. Daphne (dSfne). A nymph who fled from the embraces of Apollo and was changed into a laurel or bay tree. Daphnis (dSf'nis). A Sicilian shepherd, inven- tor of pastoral poetry. Dejanira (de-jan-I'ra). The wife of Hercules, who killed herself because she had given him the shirt of Nessus, believing it would secure his undying love. To escape the agony of its poison he burnt himself to death on a fu- neral pile. Delphi (del'fl). A town of Phocis, famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. Demeter (de-ine'tflr). Greek goddess, identical with Roman_CEEES. Deucalion (du-cal'yfin) and Pyrrha (plr'ra). The only human pair who survived the great deluge. Obeying the oracle, they threw stones behind them, which sprang up into men and women. Diana (di-an'na). See Artemis. Dido (di'do). Queen of Carthage, who (in Ver- gil's iEneid) fell in love with J£neas, storm- driven upon her shores. When after a while he pursued his voyage, she burnt herself to death on a funeral pile. Diomedes (dl-o-me'dez). King of iEtolia, one of the most famous of the Grecian heroes at the siege of Troy. Dionysus (di-o-ni'sus). See Bacchus. Dioscuri (di-os-cu're). See Castor. Dryad (dri'ad). A nymph who dwelt among and presided over woods and trees. Echo (ek'ko). A nymph, daughter of Tellus (the earth) and Aer (the air), who pined away through unreturned love for Narcissus, until only her voice remained. Electra (e-lek'tra). Daughter of Agamemnon I and Clytemnestra, who incited her brother I Orestes to slay their mother for murdering I their father. CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 75: Elysium (e-lTz'i-um). The Greek Paradiae or Happy Land of the virtuous dead ; placed by Homer on the western edge of the earth. Endymioil (en-dim'i-ou). A beautiful shepherd boy whom Diana (the moon) kissed as he lay asleep on Mount Latmos. Treated of in Keats' poem, " Endymion." Epeus (e-pe'us). A Greek artificer in Homer's Iliad, who invented weapons and made the Trojan horse. Erato (er'a-to). One of the nine Muses, — the muse of lyric and amatory poetry, represented with a lyre. Erebus (er'e-bus). Darkness, son of Chaos. In Homer's Odyssey, Erebus is the dark and cheerless abode of all the dead. Erinyes (g-rln'i-ez). See Furies. Eros (e'rSs). Greek name for Cupid. Euripides (u-rip'T-de'z). Greek tragic poet. Eurydice_(u-rid'T-se>. Wife of Orpheus. Euterpe (u-tgr'pe). One of the nine Muses, — the muse of pastoral music, represented as flower-crowned, holding a flute or surrounded by simple musical instruments. Fates. See Clotho. Faun. A god of fields and shepherds, much re- sembling a satyr, represented as a man above and a goat below the waist, merry and lascivi- ous. Flora (flo'ra). The Roman goddess of flowers and spring. Furies (fu'rez). Three relentless female divini- ties, punishers of wrong-doing, represented as fierce old women : Alecto the implacable, Megaera the jealous,and Tisiphone the avenger. The Romans adopted them from the Greeks, who called them Erinyes, or Eumenides. Ganymede (gSn'I-med). A beautiful shepherd boy of Phrygia, who was carried off to Olym- pus by an eagle, to be cup-bearer to Jupiter. Golden Fleece. The golden skin of the winged ram Chrysomallus, on which Phryxos and his sister Helle (hgl'le) escaped from the perse- cution of Ino, their stepmother, second wife of Ath'amas, king of Thessaly. Helle fell into the sea, but Phryxos was welcomed in Colchis, where he sacrificed his ram to Zeus, and the fleece was hung upon an oak-tree in the garden of Ares (Mars), and later won by Jason, the Argonaut. Gordian knot (gor'dT-un). Gordius was a Phrygian peasant, whom the Lydians made their king because he came riding in an ox- cart, as the oracle had foretold. The yoke and cart, kept in a temple, were united by a knot so intricate that whoever untied it (said the oracle) should be master of Asia. Alex- ander the Great cut it with his sword. Gorgons (gor'gunz). Three hideous daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, named Stheno, Euryale, i and Medusa, with scaly bodies, serpents for j hair, and the power of changing to stone who- ever looked at them. See Perseus. Graces (gra'siz). Three lovely sisters, — Agloea (Sg-le'a), Thalia (thal'T-a), and Euphrosyne (u-froVX-ne), daughters of Hera by Zeus ; for the Greeks they personified grace and beauty. Gyges (gi'gez). King of Lydia, who, entering a cavern, found a brazen horse, in whose belly was a brazen ring that rendered the wearer invisible. Hades (ha'dez). The place of departed spirits, including the Elysian Fields for the blessed and the realms of darkness for the wicked. Also sometimes Pluto, the lord of the lower world. Harpies (har'pez). [Gr.] Three loathsome winged monsters with the heads and breasts of women, bodies of vultures, and claws for hands, personifying whirlwinds to carry off evil-doers to divine retribution. Harpocrates (har-pok'ra-tez). Egyptian god of the morning sun. Hector (hSk'tur). Son of Priam, king of Troy, and his wife Hecuba, chief hero of the Tro- jans in Homer's Iliad, slain by Achilles, who dragged his body behind the chariot thrice around the walls of Troy. Hecuba (hgk'u-ba). Wife of Priam, king 01 Troy, iu Homer's Iliad. Her calamities as his widow are portrayed in Euripides' tragedy bearing her name. Hekate (hgk'a-te). [Gr.] A goddess of the in- fernal regions who presided over all sorceries and witchcraft. Helen (hgl'gn). Wife of Menelaus the Greek, whose elopment with Paris of Troy brought on the Trojan war. Helenus (hgl'e-nus). A son of Priam, king of Troy, gifted with prophetic powers. Helios (he'lT-5s). [Gr.] The sun-god. Helle (hSlle). Daughter of Ath'amas and Neph'ele. She was drowned in the Pontic Sea, thereafter called Hellespont (Sea of Helle). See Golden Fleece. Hera (he'ra). Greek name for Juno. Hercules (hSr'cu-lez). A Greek divinity, adopted also by the Romans, personifying personal strength and indomitable valor. Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Alcmene (alk-me'ne), he per- formed many mighty deeds, especially " the twelve labors," or achievements, winning him immortality. See Dejanira. Hermes (hgr'mez). Greek name for Mercury. Hermione (hgr-mi'o-ne). Daughter of Mene- laus, the Greek, and Helen. Hero (he'ro). The beautiful priestess of Aph- ro-di'te (Venus) at Sestos in Thrace, on the Hellespont. See Leander. Hesiod (he'sT-ud). A famous Greek poet, whose " Theogony" is the source of much knowledge concerning Greek mythology and cosmogony. Hesione (he-si'o-ne). See Laomedon. Hesperides(hes-per'i-dez). [Gr.] Fourmaideu daughters of Hesperus, — iEgle (e'gle), Are- thusa (Sr-e-thu'sa), Erytheia (gr-T-thl'a), and Hesperia (hgs-pe'rT-a) — who guarded the golden apples grown as a wedding gift to Hera (Juno). Hesperus (hgs'pe-rus). Son of Astrseus and Eos (dawn), the evening star. See Phosphorus. Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, a brilliant lyric and satiric Roman poet (G5 b. c-8 a. d.). Hyacinthus (hi-a-sTn'thue). A beautiful Laco- nian prince, killed in jealousy by Apollo, who then from his blood caused the flower hya- cinth to spring up. Hydra (M'dra). A nine-headed monster killed by Hercules ; when he cut off one head two 758 CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. sprang up instead ; hence, hydra -headed mob, that grows more furious as it is resisted. Hygieia (hi-gi-I'a), or Hygeia (hi-ge'a). Greek goddess of health. Hylas (hl'las). A beautiful boy, beloved by Hercules, who was drawn into the depths by the Naiads when he was getting water at a fountain. Hymen (hi'mSn). Greek god of marriage, rep- resented as a youth, usually with a torch, but older than Eros (Cupid). Hyperboreans (hi-per-bo-re'ans). [Gr.] The most northern people (beyond Boreas, the north wind), also the most virtuous and happy, living a tiiousand years in a fruitful land. Hyperion (hi-pe'ri-on). [Gr.] A Titan, father of Helios, the sun-god : later identified with Apollo. Iliad (Tl'T-ad ) . The epic poem by Homer, treat- ing of the siege of Ilium, or Troy, by an army of Greeks, to avenge the carrying off of Helen, wife of Menelaus, by Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy. I0 (T'o). [Gr.] Beautiful daughter of Inachus, king of Argus, whom the jealousy of Hera (Juno) transformed to a white heifer, to be watched by Argus; when Argus was killed she was tormented by a gadfly sent by Hera. The heifer's horns represented the crescent moon, and Argus the many-eyed stars. Iphigenia (Tf-T-ge-ni'a). Daughter of Agamem- non and Clytemnestra, offered by her father as a sacrifice to Artemis, but saved by the god- dess and carried to Tauris as her priestess. Euripides' tragedy, " Iphigenia in Aulis," re- lates her story. Iris (i'ris). Maiden messenger of the gods, per- sonifying the rainbow. Ixion (Iks-I'on). King of the Lapithse, and father of the Centaurs, bound in Tartarus to an endlessly revolving wheel for aspiring to the love of Hera and boasting of his sup- posed success. Janus (ja'nus). [L.] Doorkeeper of heaven, god of doors and gates, watohman of sunrise and sunset, in the latter capacity having two faces — to east and to west. His temple at Rome was closed only in time of peace, and thus was usually open. Jason (ja'sun). [Gr.] Leader of the Argo- nautic expedition, and winner of the Golden pleece by the aid of Medea. Jove (jov). Another name for Jupiter. Juno (ju'no). [L.] Sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, who with her beautiful " ox-eyes " watched over all women, the es- pecial protectress of marriage and childbirth ; identical with the Greek Hera. Jupiter (ju'pT-ter). [Lat. Jovis pater, Father Jove.] Son of Saturn and Ops, the supreme deity of gods and men : identical with the Greek Zeus. He was worshiped in many phases, — as the god of heaven, of light, of at- mospheric changes, of the vintage, of battle, etc., and represented as sitting, in majestic form, his hand armed with thunderbolts, and his bird, the eagle, in attendance. Juvenal (ju've-nal). A famous Roman satiri- cal poet. Labyrinth. A maze of passageways ; — orig. constructed by D^dalus for Minos, King of Crete, in which to keep the Minotaur mon- ster, slain afterwards by Theseus. Laocodn (la-o'ko-on). Son of Priam of Troy, a priest of Apollo, who having offended the god was with his two sons strangled by ser- pents. A famous ancient sculpture, in the Vatican at Rome, presents the dreadful strug- gle. Laomedon (15-5m'e-don). King of Troy, father of Priam, killed by Hercules for refusing to give him two magical horses promised as re- ward for rescuing Laomedon's daughter, He- sione, from a sea-monster. Lares (la'rez). Roman divinities, protectors of family and state. Domestic Lares were rep- resented by little images set near the en- trance of the home ; Public Lares were wor- shiped in temples, and highly honored. Latona (la-to'na). Mother of Apollo and Diana. Leander (le-5n'der). A youth of Aby'dos, who swam nightly across the Hellespont to visit Hero, his lady-love. One night he was drowned, and Hero threw herself into the Hellespont also. Leda (le'da). Wife of the Grecian Tyndarus, mother of Clytemnestra, and (Zeus being father) of Helen and of Castor and Pollux. Lucian (lu'shiin). A famous Greek critic, poet, and satirist. Lucifer (lu'cT-fer). [L.] The light-bring er, the morning star, son of Jupiter and Aurofa. Lupercalia (lu-per-ka'lT-a). An ancient annual Roman festival, perhaps in honor of the wclf (lupus) that suckled Romulus and Remus. Priests and noble youths ran around the city striking with leathern thongs those they met, and women they struck were believed to be redeemed from sterility. See Shakespeare's play of " Julius Caesar." Maecenas (me-se'nas). Caius Cilnius M., Ro- man statesman, writer, and a friend and patron of literary men, esp., of Horace and Vergil. Marsyas. A Phrygian god who with his flute rivaled Apollo's lyre, which so enraged Apollo that he flayed Marsyas alive. Medea (me-de'a). A celebrated sorceress, daughter of JSetes (e-e'tez) king of Colchis. Falling in love with Jason, who came to steal the Golden Fleece, she helped him with magic arts, fled with him to Greece, and pre- vented her pursuing father from overtaking them by strewing the sea with the limbs of her brother. Medusa (me-du'sa). See Gorgon. Meleager (mel-e-a'gSr). One of the Argonauts, a famous hero, who killed the savage Caly- donian boar, sent by Artemis to punish the king of that country for neglecting her sacri- fice. Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne). One of the nine Muses, the muse of tragedy. MenelaiiS (mSn-e-la'us). King of Sparta, broth- er of Agamemnon and husband of Helen. Mentor (men'tQr). The tutor left by Ulysses, when lie went to the Trojan war, to guide his son Telemachus ; name now synonymous with wise and faithful counselor. CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 759 Mercury (in8r'ku-rT). A Latiu god of com- merce and gain, son of Jupiter and Maia, re- garded as identical with the Greek god Hermes, messenger of the gods, conductor of spirits of the dead, god of eloquence, of medicine, and of travelers ; represented with a winged hat, winged feet, and bearing the Caduceus (kS- du'se-us), or official wand, winged at the top and entwined with two serpents, emblematic of wisdom. Minerva (ml-ner'va). Latin goddess of wisdom, having sprung full-formed and fully armed from the brow of her father, Jupiter or Jove. Identical with the Greek Athene. Minotaur (min'o-t6r). A monster half man, half bull, in the Cretan labyrinth, slain by Theseus. Mnemosyne (ne-mSsli-ne). [Gr.] Goddess of memory, mother of the Muses by Zeus. Morpneus (m5r'fe-us). [L.] The god of dreams. Naiad (na'Xd). One of a class of water-nymphs, presiding over lakes, streams, and fountains. Nemesis (nSm'e-sis). The goddess of retribu- tion or divine justice. nepenthe (ne-p§n'the). A drug used by the ancients to relieve pain and give f orgetf ulness of sorrow. Neptune (ngp'tun). Roman god of the waters, especially the sea, bearing a trident (three- pronged fish-spear) as emblem of his sovereign- ty. Same as Poseidon of the Greeks. Nestor (nSs'tSr). A wise, aged Greek warrior and counselor at the Trojan war, celebrated in Homer's Iliad. Niobe (ni'o-be). Daughter of Tantalus and wife of Amphion, who, vaunting her twelve children as compared with Latona's two, aaw them all die at the hands of Apollo and Diana, wept herself to death (" Like Niobe, all tears," Hamlet), and was turned to stone, from which ran water. Odyssey (5d'Ys-se). The poem by Homer, relating the adventures of Odysseus (o'dTs'- us), or, as he is usually called, Ulysses, during his absence at the Trojan war and his later wanderings and return. Orpheus (6r'f e-us) . A Thracian poet, son of the muse Calliope, and husband of Eurtdice, whom he followed to Hades when she died. Pluto released her, if Orpheus would not look back till he reached earth ; but he did, and she returned to the shades. Orpheus' skill with the lyre charmed all animate and inani- mate things. Pallas (paTlas). Pallas Athene, the Grecian goddess of wisdom, identified with Roman Minerva. Pan. [Gr.] God of shepherds, guardian of bees, and patron of fishing and hunting ; rep- resented as half man, half goat, holding the musical wind instrument called Pandean pipes. He personified divine wisdom govern- ing all things (Gr. pan, everything). Pandora (pan-do^ra). A beautiful woman whom Jupiter caused Vulcan to make from clay to punish mankind, because Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven to animate a statue he had made. Jupiter gave her a box containing all the ills of man, which flew out when, she opened the box, Hope only remaining. Paris (pXr'Is). Son of Priam, king of Troy. Visiting Greece, he was hospitably received byMENELAUS, whose wife, Helen, eloped with Paris to Troy, thus occasioning the Trojan war, recounted by Homer in his Iliad. Pegasus (pSg'a-sus). A winged hoi.se, noted for causing, with a blow of his hoof, Hippocrene (hip / po-kren), the inspiring fountain of the Muses, to spring from Mount Helicon. He is thuB associated with ideas of poetic inspira- tion. Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe). Wife of Ulysses (Greek, Oditsseus), hero of Homer's Od\s- sey. She was faithful to him during his twenty years' absence at and after the Trojan war, although importuned by many suitors, promising to choose one as soon as she finished weaving a certain garment, which she wove by day and raveled out by night. Perseus (peVse-iis or peVsus). [Gr.] Son of Jupiter and Danae, the hero who slew the Gorgon, Medusa. Whoever looked upon her face was turned to stone ; but Perseus, being invisible in the helmet of Hades, looked at her in the reflection from his polished shield, seized her snaky locks, and cut off her head. A bronze statue of this, by Benvenuto Cellini, stands in the Loggia facing the great square in Florence, Italy. Philomela (fil-o-me'ld). Daughter of Pandion, King of Athens, who, after suffering violation from Tereus, was changed to a nightingale, with her mournful song, tereu. Phosphorus (f5s'fur-Qs). Light-bringer ; the morning star. PlutO (plu'to). Son of Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter and Neptune, gloomy god of Hades. Plutus (plu'tfis). God of wealth ; represented with a cornucopia, and blind, since his gifts were poorly bestowed. Pomona (po-mo'nd). Latin goddess of fruits and fruit-trees. Poseidon (po-si'd5n). See Neptune. Priam (pri'am). King of Troy, in Homer's Iliad. When the Greeks had gained en- trance by means of the wooden horse, the city was burned, and the aged Priam slain by Pyrrhos, the Bon of Achilles, who had been slain by Priam's son Paris. Procrustes (pro-krus'tez). A famous highway- man of Attica, who bound his victims to an iron bed, either stretching them or cutting off their legs to make them fit it. He was slain by Theseus. Prometheus (pro-me'the-Gs). Son of Japetus, a Titan, who stole fire from heaven and be- stowed it upon mankind. Jupiter, angered, had him chained to a rock on Mt. Caucasus, where a vulture eternally preyed upon his liver. Hercules killed the vulture and re- leased him. Psyche (si'ke). A beautiful maiden, beloved by Cupid, and whom she loved without know- ing his identity. Her curiosity resulted in his leaving her, and her ill-treatment by Ve- nus, his mother. But at last he married her and she was made immortal. Psyche is re- garded as personifying the soul, immortalized by love. 760 CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. Re'mus. Elder brother of Romulus, and slain by him for leaping scornfully over the walls of their new city, Rome. Rhad'a-man'thus. One of the three judges of the infernal regions, famed for his strict jus- tice. RomulUS (rom'u-lus). Son of Mars and Ilia, saved from drowning with his twin brother, Remus ; they were suckled by a she-wolf, and became founders, and Romulus first king, of Rome. rostrum (roVtriim). A pulpit, esp. a public pulpit or platform in the Roman Forum,which was decorated with the rostra (beaks) of war galleys captured in battle. Salve (sSl've). Latin " Hail ! " a word of wel- come often set in mosaic at the entrance of a home. sardonic smile. A laugh (caused, it is sup- posed, by a plant of Sardinia) which was not only painful but fatal, and the grin or contor- tion of the face was like a snarl of contempt ; so used by Homer. Sarpedon (sar-pe'd5n). A favorite of the gods, who aided the Trojans when Troy was besieged by the Greeks. He made great havoc in bat- tle, but was slain by Patroclus. Saturn (saViirn). Latin name for the Greek Kronos (Time), who devoured all his children but Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. Jupiter means air, Neptune water, and Pluto the grave, which Time cannot consume. Sisyphus (sTs'T-fus). A crafty, greedy king of Corinth, who was killed by Theseus, and was condemned in the other world to roll a huge stone to the top of a hill, whence it instantly rolled back again, making his task endless. Socrates- Most original Grecian sage and philo- sophic teacher of conversation (469-399 B. c), whose ideas survive in the writings of his pupils, Plato and Xenophon. Somnus- Son of Erebus (darkness) and Nox (night), the god of sleep. Stentor (stSn'tSr). A Greek herald in the Tro- jan war, whose voice was as loud as those of fifty men combined ; hence the phrase stento- rian (very loud) voice. Sybarite (sTb'd-rft). One of the inhabitants of the city of Sybaris, famed for luxury and self- indulgence. TantaiUS (tan'td-lus). A Phrygian king, pun- ished in Hades by being placed in a lake whose water reached his chin but receded when he tried to drink, while overhead hung fruit- laden branches which also evaded his reach. Tartarus (tar'ta-rus). The part of the infernal regions where the wicked were punished. Telemachus (tSl-em'a-kus). In Homer's Odys- sey, the son of Ulysses and Penelope. He went in search of his father, found him not, but returned in time to help him slay the suitors who had been annoying his mother. Terpsichore (terp-sTk'o-re). One of the nine Muses, — the muse of dancing. Theseus (the'se-us). Son of iEgeus, king of Athens, a hero who rid Attica of the robber Procrustes and other evil-doers ; slew the Minotaur in the Cretan labyrinth; ran off with Ariadne, daughter of King Minos ; con- quered the Amazons and married their queen, Hippolyta, and was variously celebrated. Titans (tl'tanz). Gigantic sons of Coelus (heav- en) and Terra (earth), who, instigated by their mother, deposed their father and liberated from Tartarus the hundred-handed giants and the Cyclops. Triton (tri'ton). Son of Neptune, represented as a man with a fish termination, upright in the water, blowing a conch shell for a horn as Neptune's trumpeter. Ulysses (u-lis'sez). Latin name for Greek Odys- seus, King of Ithaca, a small rocky island of Greece. In Homer's Iliad he is repre- sented as the shrewdest and craftiest strate- gist among the Greeks besieging Troy. After that war he had many strange adventures, wandering about the world, and was absent from his home twenty years, returning at last to his faithful wife, Penelope. See Telema- chus, Mentor. Uranus (u'ra-niis). [Gr.] The sky ; son or husband of Gaia (the earth), and father of Saturn or Kronos (time) and the Titans ; dethroned by Saturn. Venus (ve'nus). The Latin goddess of love and beauty, identical with Aphrodite of the Greeks. Daughter of Jove, wife of Vulcan, mother of Cupid, she was one of the most powerful and popular of the classic gods, and was represented by the poets as intimately interested in the fortunes of men and women, especially as to their love affairs, while she had a good many of her own. Vergil, or Virgil. Publius Vergilius Maro, a world-famous epic and idyllic Roman poet (70- 19 b. c.) Vesta (v6s'ta). [L.] The virgin goddess of the home hearth, the fire upon it, and the family around it ; identical with the Greek Hestia ; widely and fervently worshiped. Vulcan (vul'kan). The Roman god of fire, who presided over the working of metals and forged the weapons of the gods. Wooden Horse. In Homer's Iliad, the co- lossal hollow figure of a horse, in which hid a number of Greeks. The Greek army and fleet then withdrew as if raising the siege, and the Trojans brought into their city the abandoned horse, — the Greeks issuing at night, opening the gates, and admitting their destroying army. Xanthippe (zSn-thip'e). Shrewish wife of Soc- rates. Xanthos (zan'thos). Achilles' horse in the Tro- jan war, that foretold his master's death. Xenophon (zen'o-fSn). Athenian general, pu- pil of Socrates, and author (445?-355? B. c.) Zeus (zus). Gr. The chief of the Olympian gods, father of gods and men, ruler of the sky and upper world ; identical with the Roman Jove or Jupiter. FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. When a name is printed in small capitals, a reference to it will give further information. The sounds of vowels in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page of the main Dictionary. Aaro&- Brother of Moses, first high-priest of Israel. Abaddon. The destroyer; the depth of hell. Milton. Abdul-Hamld II. Sultan of Turkey from 1876 to 1909, when he was deposed. Abelard. Famous French theologian and lover of Heloise (1079-1142). Abraham's bosom. Heavenly resting-place of the good. Academy, The. Plato's school of philosophy at Athens. Academy, French. A society of 40 members, called " the Immortals," founded by Richelieu i (1635) for improving the national language, j They elect a famous author to replace each deceased member, and " crown " literary works they deem worthy. Acadia. Early name of Nova Scotia. Adam's apple. Projection in the male throat, jocosely referred to a piece of the forbidden fruit. Admirable Grichton, The. James Crichton (1560-1583), a remarkably accomplished Scot- tish scholar and adventurer. Agnes, Saint. A Roman virgin and martyr, beheaded during Diocletian's reign. Aidenn. Anglicized form for Arabic name of Eden, Paradise. Alabama. Confederate privateer of English origin, commanded by Raphael Semmes, which preyed on American shipping during the Civil war, and was sunk by the Kearsarge, June 19, 1864. Aladdin's Window. A window in Aladdin's magic palace ("Arabian Nights") left un- finished, which the Sultan's treasury could not complete ; any great work left incomplete and hard to finish by a lesser genius. Albany Regency. A group of Democratic politicians in Albany, N. T., who controlled the party (1820-1854). Albeit Memorial. Colossal bronze statue under stone canopy, erected in London by Queen Victoria in memory of the Prince Consort. Aldine Press. Printing office established by Aldus Manutius in Venice about 1490, source of fine editions of the classics. Alexandria- Famous seaport of Egypt, founded by Alexander, seat of Greek learning, cele- brated for its vast library, which was destroyed b. c. 47 by fire. Alhambra. Moorish citadel and palace (13th cent.) near Granada, Spain. Allah. Arabic. God. Allah akbar, God is great, a Moslem war cry. AMan-a-Dale. One of Robin Hood's men. All Saints' Day. Eccl. Nov. 1. Day kept in honor of all saints. All Souls' Day. Eccl. Nov. 2. Day of prayer for all souls in Purgatory. Almack's. A gaming-club in London, 18th cent. almighty dollar. Supposed object of American idolatry. W. Irving. Alph. Sacred underground river, in Coleridge's " Kubla Khan." Alsatia. Whitefriars district in London, long a sanctuary for insolvent debtors and law- breakers. alto-relievo (51'to-re-lya'vo). High relief; sculpture in which figures stand out high from a background. Amazons. A legendary race of women warriors, who cut off their right breast for freedom with spear and bow. amuck {Malayan, furious). A murderous frenzy common to the Malays, who run amuck, at- tacking all they meet. ampersand. The character &. Anabasis. Xenophon's account of the Greek expedition with Cyrus the Younger agt. the Persians, and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. Anacreontic Poems in praise of love and wine, like those of Anacreon, Greek poet. ancient regime- (Fr. ancien regime, the old order.) The political and social system in France before the Revolution. Angelic Doctor, The. Thomas Aquinas (1225- 1274), great Italian theologian. Angelo, Saint, Castle of. A mausoleum in Rome, built by Emperor Hadrian, remodeled in the Middle Ages for a citadel. Angelus, The. A prayer to the Virgin, morn- ing, noon and night, at the sound of a bell. Annunciation, Feast of the. Also called Lady's Day. Eccl. Commemorating the angelic an- nouncement to the Virgin of the coming birth of Jesus. Annus Mirabilis (Wonderful Year). Poem by Dryden on English victories in the Dutch war, and the London fire, in 1666. anthology (flower gathering). A collection of poems. Anthony, St. An Egyptian abbot (251-356) who performed miracles, esp. in healing an epi- demic of erysipelas, called St. Anthony' 1 s fire. Antonines, Age Of the. Peaceful and prosper- ous reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Au- relius at Rome. Antoninus, Wall Of. Roman bulwark across Britain from Frith of Forth to Frith of Clyde, built in time of Antoninus Pius. Apelles. Famous Greek painter. Apollo Belvide're. Beautiful Greek statue of Apollo in the Vatican, Rome. Appian Way. Paved highway from Rome to 762 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. Brundusium, begun by Appius Claudius, 312 B. O. Apples Of Sodom- Fruit beautiful without but dust and ashes within. Arabesque. Decorative designs of Arabian or Moorish origin. Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Collection of ancient Oriental tales. See Scheherazade. Arcadia. An ideal land of simple delights, as of shepherds and shepherdesses ; name given to divers poems and romances. Arc de Triomphe de L'Etoile (Fr., Arch of Tri- umph of the Star). A splendid monument at head of the Champs Elysees, Paris, where a number of avenues meet and cross. Areop'agUS- An Athenian court for trial of high crimes, on Mars' Hill. argot (ar'go). Thieves' slang. Allans. Theol. Followers of Arius (4th cent.) who held that the divine Son was similar to (not the same as) the Father, and subordinate. Arlington House. Former home of Custis family, and residence of Gen. Robert E. Lee, on the hills across Potomac from Washington. Armada, The Spanish. Great fleet sent by Philip II. of Spain agt. England (1588), de- feated and dispersed. Arnold von Winkelried. Swiss patriot, who at battle of Sempach (1386) made way for his charging comrades by gathering many spears into his own body. Augustan Age. Reign of Augustus, first Ro- man emperor after his uncle Julius Caesar, under whom peace ruled and Latin literature reached its highest point. Auld Reekie (Old Smoky). Edinburgh. AUSterlitZ, Sun Of- The sun that scattered the fog before Napoleon's army, the morning of the battle of Austerlitz. Avalon. The Celtic " Land of the Blessed," whither heroes were borne after death. Ayrshire Bard, The. Robert Bums. Azrael. Hebrew and Mohammedan angel of death, who awaits the departing soul. Baalbec. City of Baal or the Sun-god, in Syria, the extensive ruins of whose splendid temples are famous. Babylon, The Modern. London. Bacon, Delia. American authoress, who in 1857 originated discussion of the theory that Lord Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays. Bad Lands. Desert tracts in northwestern U. S. Balaklava. Crimean seaport, near which sev- eral engagements were fought in Crimean war, esp. the charge of the Heavy Brigade, and the charge of the Light Brigade, of cav- alry. See Srx Hundred. Balmor'al Castle. A British royal residence in Scotland. Bank Of England- Chief British bank and gov- ernment financial agent, in London. Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, born at Stratford- on-Avon. Barleycorn, John. Whiskey. Barmecide Feast. A pleasing illusion ; in " Arabian Nights" a rich Barmecide feasts a beggar on imaginary dishes ; drinking the imaginary wine, the beggar feigns drunken- ness, and is rewarded. basilisk look. Fatal gaze of a fabled lizard ; a look of hatred, basso-relievo (bas'so-re-lya'vo) or bas-relief (ba're-lef). Low relief. Sculpture in which figures stand out but slightly from a back- ground. Bastille. Famous French state prison, destroyed in Revolution July 14,1789. Battery, The. Park at the S. end of Manhattan Island, N. Y., orig. site of a fortification. Battle above the Clouds. Fight at Lookout Mountain, Tenn., Nov. 24, 1863. Battle Of Dorking. Fanciful description of a conquest of England, by Sir G. T. Chesney, 1871. Battle Of the Books. Prose Satire by Dryden on comparative merits of ancient and modern writings. Beacon Street. Boston's aristocratic avenue along the Charles River. Bear Flag Battalion. Company of rangers raised by Fremont in the fight for California. Beauty and the Beast. Old fairy tale of lovely girl promising to marry an ugly beast to save her father, when beast changes to noble prince. Bedlam. Corrupt pron. of the (Hospital of) Bethlehem, Eng., for the insane. Beefeaters. British royal Yeomen of the Guard ; also, one of the warders of the Tower of London. Beefsteak Club. Title of several successive London clubs, for wit and dining. BeeTzebub. Contemptuous Hebrew nickname. " Lord of flies," for Canaanitish Baal, " Lord of the High House." beg the auestion, to. To take for granted what is to be proved. Belgravia. Aristocratic quarter in London. Belisa'rius. Great Byzantine general (505- 565) who in old age was imprisoned, but not a blind beggar as has been told. Belle Alliance (51-lT-aNs'). A farm near Wa- terloo, where fiercest fight was made in that battle. Belle France, La. Beautiful France, poetic name. Belle Jardiniere. Famous painting of Virgin, Child, and infant St. John, by Raphael, in the Louvre. Bell-the-Cat. Archibald Douglas (d. 1514) who dared to act for removal of an obnoxious royal favorite ; — in allusion to fabled fear of mice to put proposed bell on the cat to tell of her approach. bell, the passing. Formerly tolled while one was dying. Beloved Disciple. St. John. Benedick- A confirmed bachelor about to marry, from a character in Shakespeare's " Much Ado about Nothing." Benicia Boy. John C. Heenan, a pugilist born in Benicia, Cal. Beranger (ba-r5N-zha'). Celebrated French lyric poet (1786-1857). Berenga'ria. Wife of Richard Coeur de Lion, in Scott's " Talisman." Bess, Good Queen. Queen Elizabeth. Bettina- Elizabeth von Arnim, a correspond- ent of Goethe. Billingsgate. A London fishmarket ; famed for the foul language of the fishwives. FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 763 Black Bess- Famous mare of Dick Turpin, the highwayman. black death- The plague which ravaged Asia and Europe in 14th century. Blackfriars Theater. Where Shakespeare and his contemporary players acted. Black Friday. Sept. 26, 1869, day of financial panic in New York. Black Hole Of Calcutta. Indian dungeon 18 ft. square where 146 British prisoners were con- fined over night, all but 23 dead from suffoca- tion in the morning. Black Prince. Edward Prince of Wales, son of Edward III., — from his black armor. Black Republicans. Name given by Demo- crats to anti-slavery Republicans, before and during the Civil war. Blavatsky. Madame. Russian traveler, and resident in India, founder of Theosophist So- ciety, theosophical writer (1831-1891). Blarney Stone. Stone in Blarney Castle, Ire- land, said to give power of smooth talk to whoever kisses it. Bloody Mary. Mary, Queen of England (1553- 58), a cruel persecutor of Protestants. Bluebeard- A fictitious killer of seven wives, for their curiosity. Blue Grotto. A beautiful cave in the rocky shore of Capri. Blue Laws- Early rigorous Puritanical laws of Connecticut. Blue Peter. A blue flag with white square in center, ship's signal for sailing. Blue Stocking. Nickname of a feminine liter- ary society in London (1750) ; a pedantic wom- an. Boadice'a. A British warrior queen (62 A. d.) who headed revolt against the Romans. Boer War. That waged by Great Britain against the Transvaal Republic (1899-1902) in South Africa, resulting in the annexation of the Transvaal by Great Britain. Bohemian. An unconventional free liver, artis- tic or literary. Bois de Boulogne (bwa d5 bu-lon'). Celebrated park in Paris. Bond Street Former fashionable promenade in London, now fashionable shopping-place. Book of Hours. Collection of prayers to be said at stated times. Book of Mormon. The sacred book or bible of the Mormons or " Latter Day Saints." Book Of the Dead- Egyptian funeral ritual and collection of prayers, etc., for the soul's final safety. Border States. Former northern tier of slave States — Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ken- tucky, and Missouri. Boston (St. Botolph's town). An English sea- port, after which Boston, Mass., was named. Bourbon. Former French royal family, who clung to old-time usage ; a dull conservative. Bourgeois (boor'zhwa'). Fr. One of the mid- dle or shop-keeping class, as between gentle- men and peasants. Boulevard (bdol'var). In Paris, a broad avenue, orig.along the line of old ramparts or bulwarks. Bourse. In Paris, the Stock Exchange. BOW bells. Chimes of the Church of St. Mary le Bow, Cheapside, London, within whose sound all Cockneys are born. Bowery, The. A former shady road, now a street of cheap, largely foreign, shops in New York. boycott. To refuse to deal with, — from Capt. Boycott, an Irish land-agent, shunned by his neighbors. Breeches Bible. A version (1560) in which Adam and Eve "made themselves breeches " of fig leaves (Gen. iii. 7). Bride of tie Sea. Venice. Bridge of Sighs. High covered passageway be- tween Ducal Palace in Venice (where courts were held) and the state prisons ; similar bridge between criminal court building and city prison, New York. British Museum. Great library and museum in London. Broadway. New York's chief business street. Brobdingnag. Country in Swift's " Gulliver's Travels," where everything was on a gigantic scale. Brook Farm. An unsuccessful communistic ex- periment at West Roxbury, Mass., original of Hawthorne's " Blithedale Romance." Brother Jonathan. The United States, humor- ously personified. Buckingham Palace. The royal residence in London. buncombe, bunkum. Empty talk, for effect, — from a Congressman who insisted on making a useless speech, not for Congress but " for Buncombe," his North Carolina county. Bunker Hill Monument. A granite shaft in Charlestown, Mass., commemorating the fight bet. Americans and British, June 17, 1775. buskin, to wear the. To act in tragedy, as wearing the half-boot typical of it, worn by tragic actors of Greece and Rome. Cf. sock. buzzard dollar. Nickname for U. S. silver dol- lar, with an eagle on it. cache (cash). Fr. A hidden store of provisions, etc., left by explorers for their return needs. cachet (cash-a'), lettres de. (Fr., Sealed let- ters). Warrants for imprisonment, usually in the Bastille, bearing the royal seal of France, but left blank as to name of prisoner — used for private revenges. Caira (sa e-v'if) (It will go). French revolu- tionary song. Camelot Legendary site of King Arthur's court and his famous bound table. Gampagna (ki£m-p3n'ya). A plain surrounding Rome, once inhabited, now empty and mala- rious. Campanile (kain-pa'n-e'le). A bell-tower : a A beautiful one built by Giotto (1334) in Flor- ence, b A stately one in Venice (16th cent.), which collapsed in 1902, but was rebuilt. Carbonari. Secret Italian republican political societies (about 1810-1820). Carmagnole (kar-man-yol'). French revolu- tionary song and dance, rivaling Qa iba. Carnival- Time of merrymaking before Lent ; any gay festival. Cartoons of Raphael. Designs for tapestry, now in South Kensington Museum, London. Casa Guidi (ka-sa gwe'de). House in Florence, where Mrs. Browning lived when writing her poem " Casa Guidi Windows." 764 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. Castle Garden- An old circular fort at the Bat- tery, New York, later used as an opera-house, then as an immigrant station, and now as an aquarium. Catacombs- Underground cemeteries, with passages and chapels, used for burial and for refuge by early Christians. Caudle's Curtain Lectures, Mrs- Humorous take-offs of lectures from wife to husband, after the bed-curtains are drawn, by Douglas Jerrold. Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Christian martyr, of great musical gifts, held as patroness of sacred music. Cenci, Beatrice (ba-a-tre'che chgn'che). Daugh- ter of a vile patrician of Rome whose cruelties and vices incited his wife and children to have him killed. Beatrice and others were hanged. Shelley's " The Cenci " treats of the tragedy. There is a portrait of Beatrice formerly at- tributed to Guido Reni. Central Park. Chief park in New York : length 2J miles ; area 840 acres. Champ de Mars(chax de mar) (Field of Mars). Great plain in Paris for military maneuvers. Champs Elysees (chaN-za-le-za') (Elysian Fields). Splendid avenue in Paris from Place de la Concorde to the Arc de Tkiomphe. Charing Cross. A stone cross in London, one of 13 erected by Edward I. (1291) in memory of Queen Eleanor along the funeral route from where she died in Lincolnshire to Westmin- ster ; now in yards of S. E. Railway Co., who restored it. Charter Oak. Formerly stood in Hartford, Conn., said to be where the Conn, charter was hidden when Gov. Andros demanded it for recall (1688). Chauvinism- Vainglorious patriotism ; — from Chauvin, an absurd devotee of Napoleon. Cheapside. A famous trading street of old London, still a busy thoroughfare. Chevy Chase- Stirring old ballad, recounting a battle resulting from a hunting by English among the Scottish Cheviot Hills. Chiltern Hundreds. A nominal office which a Member of Parliament "accepts," enabling him, as an office-holder, to resign his seat — not otherwise permitted. Cid, The. Don Ruy Diaz de Bivar ; great Span- ish hero in Moorish wars (1040-1099). Cimmerian darkness- Gloom of a foggy region described by Homer. Cincinnati, Society Of the- Benevolent order of Am. Revolutionary officers (1783) who, like Cincinnatus of Rome, left civil for military life. It still survives in several branches of descendants. Citizen King, The. Louis Philippe. City of Brotherly Love. Philadelphia. City Of Churches. Brooklyn, N. Y. City of Magnificent Distances- Washington, D. C. Cockaigne, Land Of. Imaginary land of idle luxury, with houses of cake and rivers of wine. Cockney- One born in London City (East end, " within sound of Bow bells "), showing its habits, dialect, etc. , ignorant of all outside it. Colonne Venddme (von'dom')- Column erected by Napoleon in Place VendQme, Paris, deco- rated with spiral bronze military scenes, made from captured cannon, pulled down by the communists (1871) but reerected. ColoSSUS Of Rhodes. An image 105 ft. high, which stood at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes (about 280 b. c). Commune. French Revolutionary government (1792-94) ; also, French insurrectionary gov- ernment at Paris after German war (1871). Copemlcan System. Theory of Copernicus (Prussia, 1473-1543) that the daily revolutions of the earth accounted for the apparent mo- tions of sun and stars, and that earth and planets circle the sun ; superseding the Ptol- emaic SYSTEM. Copperheads. Northern politicians with South- ern sympathies during the Civil war. Corn -law Rhymer. Ebenezer Elliott (1781- 1849). Corn Laws. English customs duties on im- ported grain, making food dear for the poor. Repealed after violent agitation. Corso. Principal thoroughfare of Rome, the course for carnival processions and races. Covent Garden. A famous London locality, in the 13th cent, the garden of a convent, but for hundreds of years built around with coffee houses, taverns, market, theater, and other popular resorts. Coventry, To send to. To shun, refuse to associate with, cut socially ; origin not known. Crapaud (krS-po'), Johnny (Johnny Frog). Nickname for the French. crocodile tears. Hypocritical weeping, — from the fable of the crocodile's weeping as he eats. CUrfew (cover fire). In the Middle Ages, ringing of a bell at 8 o'clock for fires to be covered and people to stay in doors. Cynic One of the Greek philosophers who held self-control the essence of virtue, and pleasure an evil ; a misanthrope. D. Dago. Prob. corruption of Diego (d'ya'go) a common Spanish name, popularly applied also to Italians and Portuguese. Damocles, Sword Of. Anxiety. Dionysius I., king of Syracuse, envied by the courtier Dam- ocles, invited him to a feast, but over the guest's place hung a sword suspended by a single hair. Dandle Dinmont. A jolly farmer in Scott's 41 Guy Mannering," whose two terriers, Mus- tard and Pepper, began the stock bearing their master's name. Darby and Joan. An old and happy married pair. Dark and Bloody Ground. Early name for Indian-haunted Kentucky. Dartmoor. A vast rocky moor in Devonshire, Eng., containing a military prison. Darwinism. Theory of the origin and perpet- uation of different species of plants and ani- mals from one or a few common ancestors, by natural selection and accumulation of slight differences — evolution instead of creation of species — as propounded by Charles R. Darwin (1859). Davy Jones. To go to Davy Jones's locker is sailor phrase for drowning. DeprofundiS (" Out of the depths have I cried unto thee "), beginning of 130th Psalm. FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 765 Debatable Land. Border-land between England and Scotland, formerly claimed by both, and well " debated " with the sword. Defender of the Faith. Title conferred upon Henry VIII. of England (1521) by Pope Leo X. for a religious treatise. Delphin Classics. A fine edition of Latin works made "in usum Delphini," for the use of the Dauphin, or eldest son of Louis XIV. of France. Dies Ir» (Day of wrath). Beginning of a fa- mous Latin hymn on the Last Judgment, by Thomas de Celano. Directory, The. The five men who ruled revo- lutionary France (the First Republic) from 1795 to 1799. Dixie's Land. Orig., the place of an indulgent New York slaveholder named Dixie ; later, the slave States, south of Mason and Dixon's line, — praised in negro songs, one of which became identified with the Confederate cause in the Civil war. Dizzy. Nickname for Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. doctrinaire. An unpractical theorist ; name applied by extreme French royalists and re- publicans to limited monarchists. Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff in ejectment suits ; John Doe versus Richard Rok. Domesday, or Doomsday, Book. Record of English landed estates under William the Conqueror (1086). Don Juan. A legendary Spanish libertine, killed for his crimes. Hero of Mozart's opera " Don Giovanni," and of divers poems, plays, and romances. Don Quixote (d5n ke-ho'te). Romance by the Spanish author Cervantes, named from its hero, Don Quixote de la Mancha, a half- crazed but noble-spirited knight, who seeks chivalrous adventure but meets comical mis- adventure. Donnyhrook Fair. An annual Irish fair famous for righting and loose conduct ; abolished 1855. Douay Bible. English version from Latin Vul- gate for Roman Catholics. The New Testa- ment was published at Rheims, 1582, the Old, at Douai, France, 1609-10. Downing Street. A London street containing the government offices — treasury, foreign, colo- nial, etc.; hence, popularly, the Administra- tion. Drury Lane. One cf the chief London theaters, from 1663. Dulcinea del To'OOSO Milkmaid, chosen as his lady-love by Don Quixote ; hence, Dulcinea, a sweetheart. Dunciad. Pope's satirical poem on dunces. Dying Gladiator or Gaul. Fine antique marble statue in Capitoline Museum, Rome, E. East, The. Countries E. and S. E. of Europe, as Asiatic Turkey, Egypt, Persia, India ; the Far East, China and Japan. Bcce Homo. "Behold the Man," Pilate's words, title of painting of the thorn-crowned Christ. Ecole des Beaux Arts (bo-zar'). School of the Fine Arts, in Paris, — great training school for painters, sculptors, architects, etc. Ecole Polytechnique. Polytechnic or Engi- neering School in Paris, civil and military. El Dorado (The gilded). An imaginary land of medieval fancy, abounding in gold. Elevation Of the Cross. Famous painting of the Crucifixion by Rubens in Autwerp cathedral. Elgin Marbles. Fragments of Greek statuary, chiefly from the frieze and pediment of the Parthenon, Athens, brought to England by Lord Elgin (1801-3), now in British Museum. Elzevir. A family of famous Dutch printers who published fine editions of Latin and French authors (1580-1712). Escorial. Great Spanish structure near Madrid — palace, monastery, church, and royal mau- soleum. Eternal City, The. Rome. Ettrick Shepherd. James Hogg, Scottish poet. Eureka (I have found it). Triumph at a dis- covery ; attributed to Archimedes, when he learned how to test the gold in King Hiero's crown. ExcalibUT. The sword of King Arthur. Expounder of the Constitution. Daniel Webster. extreme unction. R. C. Ch. Sacrament of anointing with consecrated oil at point of death, in token of remission of sins. Fabian policy. That of delay, as practised by Quintus Fabius, Roman general, who avoided battles and tired his enemy out in skirmishes. Faerie Queene. Allegorical poem of knighthood by Edmund Spenser (1590-96). Fairmount Park. In Philadelphia, with about 2,800 acres. Centennial Exposition of 1876 held there. Faneuil Hall. A Boston market-house, with public assembly hall, famous for patriotic meetings during the Revolution. Farmer George. King George III. of England, — from his favorite pursuit. Farnese (far-na'sa) Bull. Great marble antique group, of Dirce (diir'se) being bound to a bull's horns by sons of An-tl'o-pe, in Nat. Mu- seum, Naples. Fata Morgana. A mirage, esp. one noticed in the Strait of Messina. Father. An originator, protector, or distin- guished exemplar ; as, Father of Angling, Isaak Walton ; of English Poetry, Chaucer ; of His- tory, Herodotus ; of his Country, George Washington ; of Lies, Satan ; of Waters, the Mississippi, etc. Fathers Of the Church. Eccl. Early Christian writers, accepted as authoritative sources of history and doctrine. Faubourg. Orig. a suburb, now a city district ; as, in Paris, Faubourg St. Antoine, the work- ingman's region ; Faubourg St. Germain, the aristocratic residence region. Fenian Brotherhood. Association of Irishmen (N. Y., 1857, but widespread) for freeing Ireland. Field of the Cloth Of Gold. A plain in France where Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France met, with splendid ceremonial. Fifth Avenue. Famous New York residential street, 6£ miles long, the lower half gradu- ally opening to fine stores. Fifth-Monarchy Men. Fanatical English sect, 766 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. during the Commonwealth, who would forci- bly bring in the fifth monarchy, as foretold by prophet Daniel. Fighting Bob. Nickname of Adm. Robley D. Evans. Fighting Joe. Nickname of Gen. Joseph Hooker. Five Nations {The). Indian Iroquois confed- eracy in New York State (16th, 17th, and 18th centuries), — Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, afterwards including Tuscaroras. Five Points- A New York City locality once criminal and dangerous, now given to whole- sale trade. Flagellants. Fanatics of 13th and 14th centu- ries who scourged themselves bloodily to ap- pease divine wrath. Fleet Prison ( The). A former state prison and later debtors' prison in London, demolished 1846, nearly 800 years old. Fleet Street. A busy London thoroughfare con- tinuing the Strand. Flora Temple. An American trotting mare (1845) long holding the world's record of 2.19|. Flowery Kingdom (The). China, so self-named, as being the most civilized nation. Flying Dutchman. A fabled Dutch mariner or his specter ship, doomed to sail stormy seas till judgment-day. Fornarina (The bakeress or baker's daughter). A painting by Raphael, supposed to be portrait of his mistress. FortunatUS. Hero of a medieval tale, who re- ceives a purse never emptied and a cap of in- visibility. Forum. An ancient market-place and center of popular gatherings in Rome. There were four, the largest and most famous being the Forum Romanurn. Fourierism. Cooperative socialism, as proposed by Charles Fourier (1772-1837), to live in pha- lanxes of about 2,000, having all things in common, mutual personal attraction forming the family groups. Francis Of Assisi, St. A pious Italian monk, preacher, and founder of the Franciscan Order (1210). Francis Xavier, St- A great Spanish Jesuit (1506-1552) of high culture, missionary to the East Indies, where he died. Froissart (f rwa'sar), Jean. A French historian, who wrote the " Chronicles of France, Eng- land, Scotland, and Spain," from 1332 to 1400. He died 1410. Funk, Peter. One hired to bid at auctions ; a mock auction. Fusi-yama, or Fugi-san. A conical mountain peak, extinct volcano, 12,365 ft. high, 75 miles from Tokio, Japan, often pictured in Japanese art. G. Gabriel. Name of an archangel represented as ministering to man, — interpreting Daniel's visions, announcing to Mary the birth of Je- sus, dictating the Koran to Mohammed, etc. 9-adshill. A hill near Rochester, Eng., where Falstaff met the " men in buckram," and where Charles Dickens lived and died. Galen. Great Greek physician and philosopher, abt. 130 A. d. Galignani's Messenger. A journal in English published many years in Paris. genre (zhiiNr') painting. Depiction of scenes from every-day life. George, St. A Roman military officer and Christian martyr (303 a. d.) of whose brave ex- ploits there were many tales, esp. of his slaying a fierce dragon. In the 14th century he was chosen as patron saint of England. gerrymander. To divide a region into election or other districts so as to profit one party and damage the other ; — named after Gov. Gerry of Mass., where the trick was first performed. Ghetto. Quarter of a town, esp. in Italy, where the Jews were segregated. Ghibelline. Medieval upholders of the German Empire in Italy. See Gdelph. Ginx's Baby. A notable story by Edward Jen- kins (1870) depicting the evil effects of pau- perism. Girondists. Moderate republicans in the French Revolutionary legislative assembly, 1791. Globe Theater. A summer open-air theater in London, where Shakespeare acted and for which (and Blackfriabs) he wrote his plays. Gobelin tapestry. Made at the Gobelin est. in Paris, founded as a dyehouse (1575) and made a government manufactory by Louis XIV. (1662). Godiva, Lady. Countess of Chester, whose hus- band offered to remove heavy tax if she would ride naked through Coventry, which she did, the people staying indoors — except " Peep- ing Tom," who was stricken blind for it. Gog and Magog. Two colossal wooden statues in the Guildhall, London. Golden Gate- Entrance to San Francisco har- bor, so named by John C. Fremont. Golden Horn- A branch of the Bosporus, di- viding Constantinople into its Turkish and European quarters, and forming the harbor. Golden House. Palace of Nero in ancient Rome. Gordon Riots. Anti-popery mob-rising (1780) in London ; Lord George Gordon was charged with inciting it. See Dickens' " Barnaby Rudge." Gotham. Nickname for New York. Gracchi, The. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, whose mother Cornelia showed them when boys as her " jewels," and who rose to great political distinction. Grand Old Man. Popular name for Wm. E. Gladstone, the famous English statesman. Grand Prix (pre). Race for three-year-olds at Longchamps, France ; prize 20,000 francs. Grand Prix de Rome. Annual prize in the Ecole des Beaux Abts, giving the winner four years of study in Rome. Great Commoner (The). William Pitt, before he was Earl of Chatham. Great Eastern. Known for many years as the largest steamship ever built, 680 ft. long, ton- nage 19,000 ; launched 1858, broken up 1886. But the Lusitania and Mauretania (Cunard line) of 1906 are 790 ft. long, with tonnage 32,500. Great Pyramid, The. NearGhizeh, Egypt, of Cheops, about 3,000 b. c, orig. 482 ft. high, FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 767 estimated to contain 2,300,000 stone blocks averaging 40 cu. ft. each. It occupies about 13 acres. See Pyramid. greenbacks. U. S. Treasury notes, backs printed in green ink. Green Isle, The. Ireland. Green Vault. A museum in the Dresden royal palace, orig. decorated in green. Greenwich. A town 5 miles S. E. St. Paul's, London, famed for its Royal Observatory (from which longitude — "E. or W. from Greenwich " — is measured by English-speak- ing countries), its Hospital, and its Naval School. Greenwood Cemetery, in Brooklyn, N. Y., 400 acres in beautiful maintenance. Gregorian calendar. The one now in general use. as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. (1582). Gretna Green. A hamlet in Scotland, near the English border, formerly known for runaway marriages, wh'ch in 1856 were made legally invalid unless one party was a Scottish resi- dent. Grab Street. A London street once inhabited by petty, needy writers. Guelphs. From 12th to 15th cent, the Church party in Italy, opposed to the rule of the Ger- man Emperor. See Ghibelline. Guildhall. The great city hall of London, built 1411, restored after fire of 1666. Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot to blow up King, Lords, and Commons in Parliament house, London, Nov. 5, 1605. Guy Fawkes was arrested as he was about to fire the train. H. habeas corpus (that you have the body). Any of several writs directing the production of an imprisoned person before a court, for in- quiry into the cause of arrest and other pur- poses, thus enforcing the law of personal lib- erty. Hail Columbia! An unpoetic but patriotic American song, written by Joseph Hopkinson, 1798. Halcyon. Peaceful. The halcyon (kingfisher) was anciently fabled to brood its eggs in a floating nest at sea, and during that time to calm the waves. Hall Moon. The Dutch ship in which Henry Hudson crossed the Atlantic and discovered the Hudson river (1609). handicap. An artificial disadvantage imposed upon a superior contestant to make the con- test more even, — as weight on a faster horse, discounted score to a better billiard player, etc. Hanseatic League- A confederation of free German cities, called Hanse towns, reaching its highest power in 14th and 15th cents., and having affiliations in other lands, for protec- tion of trade and mutual defense against ag- gression. Harlequin. The clown in pantomime, who is depicted as dressed in parti-colored tights, with a sword of lath, and is active and full of amusing trickB. harvest moon. The moon near the full in autumn, about the equinox, when it rises only a few minutes later each night. Heathen Chinee. A shrewd Chinese, in Bret Harte's poem, " Plain Language from Truth- ful James." Hedda Gabler. A selfish, remorseless woman, whose name gives title to one of Henrik Ib- sen's noted plays. Hegi'ra. Flight of Mohammed from Meeca, 622 a. d. ; any sudden departure. Helicon- A mountain supposed by tlie Greeks to be the abode of Apollo and the Muses. hell. As used in the Apostles' Creed 0' He [Christ] descended into hell ''), it means the unseen world, place of departed spirits. hempen collar. The hangman's rope. Heme the Hunter. A wild huntsman famed in the traditions of Windsor Forest. High Bridge. A viaduct and aqueduct at 175th St., New York, bringing Crotou water across Harlem river. Highland Mary. Name applied to two Scottish sweethearts of Robert Burns. high places. In the Old Testament, natural or artificial mounds on which idolatrous wor- ship was offered. hob-nob- To drink cozily together, near the hob (for heating) with the nob (little round table) between; to be friendly or confidential. Hobson's Choice. This or none ; from an inn- keeper who kept many horses for hire, but al- ways made a customer take the one nearest the stable door. hocus P0CUS. Mock Latin words used by con- jurers ; hence, trickery. hoi polloi. Greek words, meaning the many, the multitude, the common people. Hold the fort. Famous phrase signaled by Gen. Sherman to Gen. Corse from Kenesaw Moun- tain in 1864 ; " Hold the fort ; I am coming." Holy Alliance. League of 1816 between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Holy Land, The. For Christians, Palestine : Mohammedans, Mecca ; Buddhists, India ; An- cient Greeks, Elis. Holy Week. The last seven days of Lent ; Pas- sion Week, beginning with Palm Sunday. Honi soit qui mal y pense (o'ne swa ke mal e paNs). Motto of the Order of the Garter, — " Shame to him who thinks shame." At a court ball of Edward III. the Countess of Salisbury's blue ribbon garter slipped off, but the king bound it around his own knee, with the above exclamation, and founded the Order as the highest English honor. honors Of war. Permission to a force surren- dering after a brave fight to keep their arms. horn-book. A child's primer, being a sheet of paper printed with the alphabet, the Lord's Prayer, and the digits, mounted on a thin board (about 6 X 9 in., with handle) and kept clean by a sheet of thin transparent horn. Host, The. Rom. Cath. Ch. The consecrated wafer of the Eucharist, — Host meaning vic- tim. hot cross buns. Orig., the round bun in an- cient Rome, made by the priests, stood for Diana the moon, and the cross, its four quar- ters ; in England the buns are made for Good Friday and the cross is the Christian symbol. | Hotel des Invalides (o-tgl' daz SN-v£-ied'). Re- | treat for infirm and disabled soldiers in Paris. Architecturally fine, with interesting museum,. ' and crypt containing Napoleon's tomb. 768 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. HStel da Ville (o-tgl' de veil. Town or city hall, in France and Belgium. iiouris- Beautiful-eyed nymphs of the Moham- medan paradise — 72 to each true believer. hue and cry. Orig., shouting in pursuit of a thief ; any outcry of alarm. Hundred Days, The. March 20, 1815, when Napoleon reached Paris from Elba, to June 28, date of his abdication. hunter's moon. The moon following the har- vest MOON. Ibsenism. The dramatic purpose in plays of the Swedish Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), who satirizes the hypocrisies of society. icon, ikon. Eastern Ch. An image, statue, or picture of Christ, Virgin, or saint. Iconoclasts. Image-breakers ; eccl. reformers in the 8th and 9th centuries who opposed the worship of icons or ikons, and in the 16th and 17th centuries who destroyed images and pic- tures in the churches. Immaculate Conception. Rom. Cath. Ch. The dogma (1854) that the Virgin Mary was con- ceived without original sin. Immortals- See Academy, The French. Improvisators. Persons (orig. in Italy) who utter verses impromptu. Index, The. Rom. Cath. Ch. Index librorum prohibitorum, list of books, and index expur- gatorius, list of passages in books, that Cath- olics are forbidden to read. India proof. Proof impression of an engraving on India paper — fine, absorbent Chinese or Japanese paper. Indian file. One by one, like N. Am. Indians. infallibility. Of the (Rom. Cath.) Church., correctness of its doctrine ; of the Pope (1870), correctness of his decisions in faith and morals. Inns Of Court. Four London law societies, hav- ing exclusive right to admit to the bar; also t heir buildings, orig. for their students, now for law offices (the Inner Temple, the Middle Tem- ple, Gray's Inn, and Lincoln's Inn). Inquisition. R. C. Ch. A tribunal for discov- ering and punishing heretics, chiefly active (16th and 17th cents.) in Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy. Official title, The Holy Office. Interpreter, The. Personification of the Holy Spirit, in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress." iota. The smallest Greek letter — i; a very little ; the least possible. Iron Duke. The inflexible Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Iron Maiden. A torture-box in Nuremberg, studded with iron spikes within, that clasped the victim. Iron Mask, Man in the. Unknown prisoner in the Bastille, who wore a black velvet mask (d. 1703). Iseult or Isolde. Legendary wife of King Mark of Cornwall, who loved Tristram or Tristan, heroine of romance and of Wagner's opera " Tristan und Isolde." Ithuriel's spear. Lance of the angel Ithuriel, a touch of which exposed deceit. Jack- Nickname for John ; also, any of vari- ous doers of small jobs; as: J.-at-a-pinch, a helper at need ; J. Ketch, the hangman ; J. Tar, a sailor ; J. at-all- Trades, Master- of - None, a general tinker ; etc. Jack. A small flag, in many countries the part of the national standard containing the can- ton : as, American, the blue ground and white stars ; British, the St. George's and St. An- drew's crosses of the United Kingdom. Jack and Jill. A lover and his lass. Jacobins. A society of radical democrats in France (1789). Jacobite. An adherent of James (Jacobus) II. of England after his abdication, or of his de- scendants, the Stuarts, after the revolution (1689). Jacquerie. Bloody insurrections of French peasants (1358) who were told they would be led by Jacques Bonhomme (Johnny Goodman — Fr. slang for no one). Janizaries. A body of Turkish infantry (14th to 19th cent.). Jardln des Plantes (zhar-d&N de plant). Pa- risian botanical and zoological gardens. Jekyll, Dr., and Mr. Hyde. Tale by R. L. Stevenson, showing the good and the evil ten- dencies in each person. Jerusalem Delivered. An epic poem of the Crusades, by Torquato Tasso (1544-95). Jessamy Bride (The). Mary Horneck, beloved by Oliver Goldsmith, married to W. Gwynn. Jew, The Wandering. Legendary servant of Pilate, who struck Jesus to hasten him on the way to Calvary, and to whom Jesus said, " I go quickly, but tarry thou till I come again. ' ' He was supposed to be rejuvenated every 100 years, at the age of 30, and to wander wearily about the world. Jingoism. The spirit of war-brag ; originating in a popular song, when Beaconsfield sent a fleet to Turkish waters to oppose Russia ( 1878). Jinn, or Djin. Arabic name for a kind of de- mon, good and evil. Joan, Pope. A fictitious female pope, between Leo IV. and Benedict III. (about 855). Job. Personification of patience and poverty. Job's Comforter. A pretended sympathizer, who yet declares trouble to be the fault of the sufferer. John Bull. Nickname for England, or the typ- ical Englishman. Johnny Reb. Civil War nickname for the Southerners. Jonathan. Nickname for Americans. See Brother Jonathan. Jordan. Poetical term for death, that sepa- rates Christians from the " Promised Land." Jubilee. Hebrew. Every 50th year among the Jews, when land was restored to those who had lost it, debts were canceled, Hebrew slaves liberated, etc. : the 50th anniversary of any event ; R. C. Ch., every 25th year, when re- mission of penalty for sin is granted. Junius. Anonymous writer of a series of severe political Letters against the British ministry (1768-72). Jury mast. Perh. a corruption of joury = a mast for a day ; a temporary mast. K. Ka me, ka thee. You help me and I '11 help you. FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. '69 Ka'aba, or Ca'atoa. The holiest of Mohamme- dan shrines, at Mecca, containing the sacred black stone said to have fallen from heaven . Kail-yard School. Cabbage- or Kitchen-gar- den School, a group of writers depicting low- ly Scottish life, with much dialect ; as, Ian Maclarin and J. M. Barrie. kamsin, or khamsin. A hot simoom from the Sahara. Kansas, Bleeding. Named from the bloody war between its pro-slavery and free-state settlers. Karma. Buddhistic fate, or inevitable conse- quence of every act. Kendal green. Cloth for foresters, made hi Kendal, England, such as Robin Hood s men wore. Kensington. A suburb of London, containing the famous K. Gardens, the K. Palace, and Holland House, once a great social center. Khorassan, The Veiled Prophet of. An Ara- bic prophet-chief, who, being deformed, veiled his face to shade his followers from the daz- zling splendor of his face ; title of poem by Thomas Moore. Kilkenny cats. Who fought till only their tails were left. King Cotton. Cotton, being chief staple of the South and chief manufacture of England, was deemed, before the Civil War, to dominate the situation. King Log. A quiet king, whom his people [the frogs] thought stupid ; and King Stork, a strenuous king, whom they found to be a ty- rant. King-maker, The . Ear 1 of Warwick ( 1420-7 1 ) who was chief influence in deposing Henry VI. , crowning Edward IV., and restoring Henry, again. King Of YvetOt (ev'to). The ruler of Yvetot, a small French seigniory, was called "King," but spent his worthless time in pleasure ; hence, a little man of large pretensions. King's evil. Scrofula, thought to be curable by royal touch. kiss the gunner's daughter. To be tied to a cannon aboard ship, and flogged. Kit-Cat Club. A famous London club of wits and politicans (1703-33). Knickerbocker, Diedrich. Imaginary author ! of Irving's "History of New York " in the Dutch regime ; hence, families descended from the New York Dutch. Kobold- German. A friendly house-spirit ; i same as Eng. Robin Goodfelloic, Scotch Brownie, etc. Kohinoor (Mountain of Light). A famous dia- mond from India, belonging to the British crown. Koran. The sacred book of Mohammed, revealed to him from heaven, the religious basis of all his followers. kraal (kral). A South African village. Kremlin. The citadel of Moscow, a fortified inclosure, containing palaces, cathedrals, churches, convents, an arsenal, the treasury, , and incalculable riches. Kyrie eleison (Gr. ; Lord have mercy upon us) : the first words of a brief petition used variously in the Eastern, Roman, and Anglican churches. Laconic. Brief and pithy, as the Laconian (Spartan; speech was said to be. Lais. A beautiful Greek courtesan. Lake School. A group of English poets — chief- ly Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey — who lived in the Lake district. Lalla Rookh. Beautiful Oriental heroine of Moore's poem of that name. Land of Beulah. In Banyan's " Pilgrim's Prog- ress," the land of peaceful rest, this side the river of death, where Christians await their summons to the Celestial City. Land Of Cakes. Scotland, with its oatmeal. lang syne. Scotch. Long since : in davs gone by- LaodiceanS- Certain early Christians, censured as lukewarm in their religion. Last Of the Mohicans. The young Indian chief, Uncas, in Cooper's novel of the above title. Last Judgment. Frequent theme of painters, esp. the frescoes of Michael Angelo (1475- 1564) in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, at Rome. Last Supper. Frequent theme of painters, esp. the fresco of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) in the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Milan. Lateran, The. Ancient palace of the Popes in Rome, now a museum. Latin Quarter. Region in Paris, S. of the Seine, near the Sobbonne, for centuries the dwelling- place of students and artists. Laughing Philosopher. Democritusof Abdera. who satirized folly. Laureate. A poet appointed by the British sovereign, as superexcellent in his art, to com- pose odes, hymns, etc., on national occasions. Leaning Tower. There are several, the most famous is at Pisa, Italy, which leans about 14 ft. in 178 ft. of height. leap year. Every year divisible by four, occur- ring every fourth year, in which another day (29th) is added to February. Learned Blacksmith. Elihu Burritt, an Ameri- can linguist (1811-79). Legion Of Honor. A French order of military and civil merit, founded by Napoleon (1802). Lent. Saxon name for spring, because the days lengthen ; Bed. the great spring fast of 40 days preceding the joy of Easter. lex talionis. Law of retaliation ; tit for tat. LiDby Prison. An old tobacco warehouse in Richmond, Va., in the Civil War a military prison. Lilliput. The country of the pygmies, iu Swift's " Gulliver's Travels." Limbo. A medieval notion of a place near Hell where good heathens, unbaptized infants, and others of neutral moral condition were kept : a waste-basket. Lingua Franca. A hybrid dialect used by Latin nations with Greeks, Orientals, etc. Lion and Unicorn. Heraldic supports {lion, England, unicorn. Scotland) of the royal arms since 1003, when the kingdoms were united. lion's Share. Nearly all, — referring to JDsop's fable of the beasts' hunting party, when the lion claimed three quarters of the game aud offered to dispute the other with any. 770 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. Iiittle Corporal, The. Affectionate soldiers' nickname for Bonaparte (he was about 5 ft. 2 in.). little Ellglanders. Those who object to British imperial extension. Little Giant, The. Stephen A. Douglas. Little Peddlington. The village of cant, quack- ery, and egotism, — from a satire by John Poole. Little Phil. Soldiers' nickname for Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. loaves and fishes. Material gain ; political spoil, — from those that followed Jesus for what they could get. Lombard Street. The financial center of Lon- don, corresponding to Wall St., N. Y. Lone Star State. Texas, with one star in its flag. Long Parliament. The English Parliament that convened in 1640, and, with " purging " and changes, continued the war against the king and was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653. Lorelei- A dangerous rock on the Rhine, fabled to be haunted by a siren who lured sailors to destruction. Lothario. A gay libertine. LotUS-eaters. In Greek legend, people who ate the fruit of the lotus-tree and forgot home and country in dreamy content. Louvre. In Paris, an ancient castle, enlarged and beautified as a palace in successive centu- ries, now the most famous museum of art in the world, also containing public offices. loving cup. A cup of wine, passed from hand to hand for friendly comradeship in drinking, — a very ancient custom, Hebraic, Christian, Medieval, barbarian, ecclesiastical, modern; a cup fitted for such custom, with two or more handles, now usually presented as a token of regard. low mass. E. C. Ch. Amass without singing. Loyal Legion. Military Order of the L. L. of the United States, an order the Companions of which served as commissioned officers in the Federal armies during the Civil War ; their eldest sons are now also admitted. Lusiad. Poem by Camoens (1572) relating the conquests of the Lusians or Portuguese in the Indies and elsewhere. lustrum. A period of 5 years, from the period- ical sacrificial purification of the Romans at such intervals. lynch law. Mob-law, — various origins given. lynx-eyed. Having acute sight. M. Mab, Queen. The fairies' mid-wife, who de- livers the human fancy of its dreams, — queen meaning not ruler, but woman. Sometimes called Mistress Mab. macadamize. To build a road of broken stone, — introduced by Sir John L. Macadam. macaronic verse. Made by a jumble of Latin, mock-Latin, and a modern language. Maccabees, The. A family of Jewish pat-riots, named Asmonaeus, who led a revolt against the Syrians (175-164 B. c), one of whom, Judas, was called Maccabeus, the Hammer, and the name clung 'jo the family. Machiavellism. Diplomatic chicanery, — from Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) a famous Italian statesman, whose wily political maxima in his treatise, " The Prince," have identified him with such policies. Madman, The. Of Macedonia, Alexander the Great ; of the North, Charles XII. of Sweden. Madonna (ltal. ; My lady). Term used in Italian, as in other languages, for social cour- tesy, but also esp. applied to the Virgin Mary, — in this sense, the theme of countless paint- ings, the most admired of which are those by Raphael. Maelstrom. A great whirlpool on the coast of Norway. Magna Charta. The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, extorted from King John (1216) at Runnymede. Magnificat. Hymn of the Virgin Mary (" My soul doth magnify the Lord," Luke i. 46). Magog. See Gog. Mahatma. Buddhist adept, who by asceticism has gained knowledge and powers of a higher order than those of other men. Mahdi. Arab. "The well-guided." An ex- pected Mohammedan prophet-leader for world-conquering; title sometimes assumed by fanatical pretenders. Maiden Queen. Elizabeth of England. Maid Marian. Robin Hood's sweetheart. Maid of Orleans. Joan of Arc. Maid Of SaragOSSa. Augustina, distinguished for bravery in defense of Saragossa, Spain (1808-09). Maine law. Prohibitory liquor legislation, be- gun in Maine. Malthus. An English economist (176C-1834) who held that, since population grows faster than means of subsistence, it must be checked by restraint or will be by poverty and suffer- ing. Mammon. Gr. Riches ; hence, the god of cu- pidity. Mammoth Cave. The largest known, near Green River, Ky. Mansard roof. One invented by Mansard, a French architect, which, instead of bringing rafters to a sharp angle, breaks them with an obtuse elbow, giving more height to attics. Man, The. Special or generic term ; as : M. in the street, the average person ; M. in the moon, fanciful human figure in full moon, said to be he who gathered sticks on the Sabbath {Num. xv : 32-36), and Dante says it is Cain ; M. of blood and iron, Bismarck, who gave blood and iron (i. e. war) as solution of problems of his time; 3/. of December, Louis Napoleon, whose presidential election, coup d'etat, and corona- tion all came in that month ; M. of Destiny, Napoleon Bonaparte, who called himself so ; M. of Sorrows, Jesus ; m. of straw, a make- believe, or deceptive appearance ; etc. March hare {Mad as a). March is the hare's rutting time, when he is wild. marigold. Yellow flower named for the Virgin. mariner's compass. The fleur-de-lis on the compass card was designed by Charles, King of Sicily, in the 14th cent. Marseillaise {The). A French patriotic song, written and composed by Capt. Rouget de Lisle for the army at Strasbourg, but popular- ized in Marseilles and sung by the Marseillaise volunteers who marched to Paris and helped FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 771 storm the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792. Now the French national hymn. martinet. A strict disciplinarian, — from Col. the Marquis of Martinet, Mme of Louis XIV. Mason and Dixon's line. Boundary run by C. Mason and J. Dixon (1763-67) between Penn- sylvania on the N. and Maryland and Virginia on the S., dividing the then free and slave States. Mass. -R. C. Ch. The celebration or service of the Holy Communion, the Eucharist. Mu- sic for the different prayers and hymns sung in High Mass has been written by many emi- nent composers. Matterhorn. A magnificent Swiss Alpine peak, rising 3,000 ft. above a glacier line 11,000 ft. high. Mausoleum. Orig., the splendid sepulcher built by Artemisia to her husband Mausolus, King of Caria (353 b. c), one of the "seven wonders of the world ;" later, any great se- pulchral monument. See Angelo, St. Mayfair. A fashionable London quarter. Mayflower {The). The little ship (180 tons) bringing the 102 Pilgrims from Plymouth, Eng., to Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts (1620). meander. To wander, — from a winding river so named, in Phrygia. Medieval- Relating to the Middle Ages, be- ginning with the 6th and ending with the re- vival of letters in the 15th cent. meerschaum (Ger. ; sea- froth). A white, clay- like mineral, orig. thought to be petrified sea- foam, used to make tobacco pipes, etc. Meg Merrilies. A half-crazed gypsy woman in Scott's " Guy Mannering." Merlin. A great legendary medieval enchanter and prophet, who waa spellbound in a wood by a charm he had revealed to his mistress Vivian, as related in Tennyson's " Idylls of the King." mermaid- A fabled sea-nymph, woman above, fish below ; also, a famous tavern of Shake- speare's time. merry an drew. A clown or buffoon, — perh. from Andrew Borde, Henry VEII.'s eccentric physician. Merry England. So called in the early sense of merry — active, famous, gallant. Merry Monarch (The). Charles H. of England. mesmerism. Hypnotism, — from Dr. Anton Mesmer, who brought it to Paris (1778). Messalina- Lascivious wife of Emperor Clau- dius of Rome. mezzanine (mSt'za-nen). A low middle story between two high ones, esp. just above the ground floor. mezzo-relievo [meVzo-re-lya'vo]. Middle re- lief, sculptured figures standing out from background moderately — between alto-re- lievo and BASSO-RELIEVO. miching malecho. Secret mischief, a phrase in Shakespeare's " Hamlet," iii : 2. Middle Ages. See Medieval. Midlothian {The Heart of). The Edinburgh county prison, in Scott's tale of that name . millennium. A thousand years ; the m., the 1 ,000 yrs. when Satan will be bound and Christ reign on earth. Rev. xx : 2, 4. Minnesingers. Ger. Love-singers and poets, who went about in the 12th to 14th cent. Miserere (mTz-e-re / re). Lot. Have mercy. First word of the 50th Psalm ; most famous musical setting, by Allegri (abt. 1635) sung in Holy Week in Sistine Chapel. Mississippi Bubble. French speculative scheme orig. by John Law (1671-1729) based on Louisiana land grants, became immensely popular but collapsed with widespread ruin. Cf . Sooth Sea Bubble. Missouri Compromise. Act admitting Missou- ri as a slave state (1820), provided that there should be no more slave states uorth of lat. 36° 30/. Its repeal in Kausas-Nebraska bill (1854) was one inciting cause of the Civil War. Mistress of the Seas. England. Mistress of the World. Ancient Rome. mollycoddle. A timid man. Molly Maguires. A terrorizing society in Ire- land ; a similar criminal and murderous or- ganization in Pennsylvania mining districts. A number of the members were executed and the society broken up in 1877. Monroe Doctrine ( The) . Declaration issued by Sec. of State John Adams under Pres. Mon- roe (1823) that European aggression or exten- sion on either American continent would be regarded by the U. S. as unfriendly. Mont de Pi6te (Fr. ; Mount of Pity). A pawn- broker's shop, orig. for helping the poor, in Italy, later in other European countries. Monumental City. Baltimore, Md. morganatic marriage. The marriage of a wom- an of inferior position by a man of rank, whose title and place are not taken by her or her children. Mother Carey's chickens. Stormy petrels. Mother Goose. Orig. , a collection of fairy tales, published in France (1697) ; later, a book of " Melodies " or rimes for children, published by Thomas Fleet in Boston, Mass. (1719). Mother of Presidents. Virginia. Mother Shipton. A reputed English prophet- ess, who foretold the death of Cardinal Wol- sey and others. Several books of her " proph- ecies " have been issued. Mount Vernon. Washington's home on the Potomac, in Virginia. Mugwump (Algonquin; a chief). One who thinks and acts independent of party in poli- tics. U. S. slang. muscular Christianity. That which holds a sound body to be a help in sound religion. music Of the spheres. Ethereal harmony, held by Pythagoras and others to be produced by planetary motions. mystery. Orig. , secret rites known only to the initiated; in general, any incomprehensible thing, esp. in religion. N. nabob. An East Indian Mogul provincial gov- ernor ; as they all became vastly wealthy, now any man of great wealth. naked truth. After bathing together, False- hood took Truth's garments; Truth, unwilling to wear those of Falsehood, went without. Nantes, Edict of. Decree of Henri IV. of France (1598) securing religious freedom to Protes- tants ; repealed by Louis XIV. (1685). Nation of Shopkeepers- England, so called by Napoleon. 772 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. Nativity {The). Christmas, celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ. Natty Bumpo. The character Leather-Stocking, who appears also under divers other names in Cooper's Indian novels — Deer-Slayer, Path- finder, Hawk-eye, and the Trapper. Natural Bridge (The). A natural stone arch over Cedar Creek, Va., 200 ft. high. Necklace, The Diamond. Sent (1785) by Cardinal de Rohan to Marie Antoinette through the Countess de Lamotte, who sold it and kept the money. The cardinal refused to pay the jewelers, who sent their bill to the unwitting queen, causing great scandal and a 9-months' lawsuit. Newgate. An ancient gate-tower of London, later used as a prison, the site containing one now. NibelungS. (Ger.) A fabled race of demonic dwarfs, possessors of the Rhine gold and famous ring that brought dissension among the gods. Nibelungenlied (led), the old epic relating the tale. Nicene Creed. Summary of Christian doctrine adopted by the first Ecumenical (general) Council of the Church, at Nice or Nicaea in Asia Minor (325 A. d.). noblesse Oblige (o-blezh'). Noble birth is an obligation to high-minded conduct. Noctes Ambrosianse (Sm-bro-zbl-a'ne). (Lai.) Ambrosian nights, — a record of supposed con- versations between wits at Ambrose's tavern, by John Wilson, under the pen-name Chris- topher North (1822-35). Noel. Christmas Day. Nonconformist. Orig., one who did not con- form to the Church of England, a dissenter ; now, one of any other Protestant denomi- nation. Northeast Passage. A ship way from the Atlantic around the northern coasts of Europe and Asia to the Pacific, — found by Swedish Nordenskjold (1878-79). Northwest Passage. A ship way from Atlantic to Pacific ocean along the northern coast of America, — the accomplishment claimed by several. Notre Dame (notr' d5m'). Our Lady ; the Virgin. Name given to many churches, esp. the famous cathedral in Paris (early 13th cent.). Novum Organum- Lord Bacon's great philo- sophical work, presenting a new method of investigating nature. Oberon- King of the fairies, Titania being his queen. Odin. Chief god of the Scandinavians. Ogres. A fabled race of cannibal giants. Oil on troubled waters. Soothing words to quiet anger, as oil on stormy water films and de- presses wave formation. Old Abe. Affectionate nickname for Lincoln. Old Dominion. Virginia. Old Guard. Napoleon's favorite body of in- fantry — the Imperial Guard ; it met a glori- ous end at Waterloo. Old Hickory. Andrew Jackson. Old Man Eloquent- The Greek orator Iaoc- rates, so called by Milton. Old North State. North Carolina. Old Probabilities. The U. S. Weather Bureau. Old Public Functionary. James Buchanan, from an allusion of his own as to himself. Old Reliable. Gen. George H. Thomas. Old South. A Congregational church in Boston, famed for patriotic meetings during the Revo- lution. Orangeman. An Irish Protestant, esp. of those who in the 17th cent, supported the cause of King William III. (Prince of Orange). The Catholics were Jacobites. orgies. Orig., riotous feasts in honor of Bacchus. Oriilamme. The ancient French red silk ban- ner, of several flamelike points fluttering from a lance ; now, any national flag. original Sin. The evil nature that all sons of Adam are said to inherit. Ormazd. The Zoroastrian supreme being, prin- ciple of good, foe of Ahriman the principle of evil. Ostend Manifesto. Declaration (1857) by U. S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, that " Cuba must belong to the United States." ostracism. Greek banishment of dangerous men by popular vote, with ballots of potsherds or tiles. Owen Meredith. Pen-name of Robert Bui wer Lytton. paean. A triumphal song of praise, orig., to Apollo. pagan. Orig., a villager, continuing idolatry, while the Christian churches were all in the cities ; thus pagan came to mean heathen. palimpsest. Parchment manuscripts with the first writing erased and written over. palindrome. A word or line reading the same, forward or backward. Pall Mall (pel mel). A fine London street, center of club life. Palladium. Orig. a statue of Pallas Athena, on which depended the safety of Troy; hence, any safeguard. Pantheon. An ancient circular temple at Rome , now Church of Sta. Maria Rotonda ; also, a great church in Paris, where distinguished dead are buried. Paradise Lost; P. Regained. Milton's two great poems. Parthenon. Famous Doric temple to Athena on the Acropolis at Athens. See Elgin Marbles. Partington, Mrs. B. P. Shillaber's imaginary old lady, famous for comical misuse of words; also an old woman in Devonshire, Eng., who tried to keep storm waves out of her shore house with a mop. pasha- A Turkish officer of rank, dist. by one, two, or (the highest) three horse-tails on his standard. pasquinade. A political lampoon ; orig., one affixed to a ruined statue near the shop of Pasquino, a Roman tailor with a caustic wit. peeler- A policeman, orig., from Sir Robert Peel, who reconstructed the constabulary. Bobby is another nickname of the same. Peeping Tom. See Godiva. Peninsular War. The war (1808-13) by British, FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 773 Spanish, and Portuguese against the French in Spain and Portugal (Iberian Peninsula). pen-name. A name assumed by an author, sometimes called nom de plume, or nom de guerre (false name, such as French knights assumed for war). People's William. William Ewart Gladstone. Pere la Chaise. The great Parisian cemetery. peri (pe'ri). (Persian.) A gentle, fairylike, be- nevolent spirit. Phidias. The most famous of Greek sculptors (about 500-430 b. c). philippic An invective discourse, — from De- mosthenes' orations agt. Philip of Macedon. Philistine. A material-minded, commonplace person. philosopher's Stone. Substance which alche- mists thought would turn baser metals to gold. In its search were discovered Dresden porcelain, gunpowder, certain powerful acids, properties of gases, and other valuable mat- ters. phylactery. Slip of parchment containing writ- ten Scripture passages, worn by Jews in leathern cases on wrist or forehead. Piccadilly. A famous London street from the Haymarket to Hyde Park Corner, about 1 m. Pied Piper. Whose music drew all living things. Promised reward for ridding Hamelin of rats and mice, and being refused the pay when he had done it, he drew all the children away into the mountain. Piers Plowman. Title of a famous allegorical English poem (1362), author not certain, sat- irizing religious and social evils. Pltti Palace. An impressive stone palace in Florence, Italy, now a famous art gallery. Plato. The greatest Greek philosopher, pupil and reporter of Socrates. Plon-plon. Nickname for Prince Napoleon Jo- seph Charles Bonaparte. Poets' Corner. In Westminster Abbey, where are memorials of Shakespeare, Ben Jon son, Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, and other English poets (also Longfellow), some of whom are there buried. pons asinornm. The asses' bridge. The fifth proposition of Book I. of Euclid's Geometry, difficult for the dull. Poor Richard. Benjamin Franklin, who for years published " Poor Richard's Almanac." Portland Vase. A beautiful antique cinerary urn of blue glass covered with white glass, cameo cut. Found near Rome (1630), it was long owned by the Duke of Portland ; now in the British Museum. Praxiteles. A famous Greek sculptor (end of 5th cent. b. a). Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. A society of prominent English artists and writers (Hunt, Millais, Rossetti, and others) for encouraging fidelity to nature, delicacy of finish, and other alleged traits of artists before Raphael. Ptolemaic System. Theory of Ptolemy (Alex- andria 130 a. d.) that the earth is the center about which the sun and stars revolve, super- seded by the Copebnican System. Pyramids. Enormous stone structures (chiefly in Egypt) with four sides, mounting to a point, containing passages and sepulchral chambers for the kings. See Gbeat Pybamid. Quaker City. Philadelphia, founded by the Quaker, William Penn. Quaker Poet (The). John G. Whittier. Quakers. A religious sect founded by George Fox, in England (1650), orig. called Quakers in derision because Fox's preaching made them tremble. Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. Queer Street. Business slang: to live on Q. St. is to be in doubtful credit. Quietism. Religious mysticism, quiet contem- plation of God, esp. as practiced by the fol- lowers of Molinos, a Spanish priest in Rome (17th cent.). R. Rabelais (Francois). Famous French monk, pastor, physician, and writer of humorous novels (1495-1553). Ragnarok. (Iceland.) Twilight of the gods (same as Ger. Gdtterdammerung, title of one of Wagner's mythologic music-dramas), the final battle between gods and demons in which all are destroyed, and the universe re- created. Railway King. George Hudson, wealthy Eng- lish speculator. rank and file. The private soldiers, who stand- ing abreast make a rank, one behind another a file. ranz des vaches (raNz'-da-vaW) (Song of the cows). Swiss melodies played on the alpen- hom to lead the cattle to and from pasture. Rebellion (The). In America, the secession of Southern States from the Union, seizure of government property (forts, arms, etc.) and the Civil War that followed (1861-65). red-letter day. A lucky or happy day, to be marked, like holidays or saints' days in calen- dars, with red. red tape. Official formality and delay, — from the red tape tying official documents together. Reign Of Terror. Period of anarchy and blood- shed during French Revolution, from spring of 1793 to July 27, 1794, when Robespierre fell. Revolution. A government overthrow and sub- stitution ; as, the English R., William of Or- ange and Mary replacing James as sovereign (1688-89) ; the American R., the American Colonies becoming the United States (1775- 83) ; the French R., overthrowing the Bour- bon and setting up a republic (1789-1804) ; etc. Reynard the POX. Hero of the great Medieval beast-epic thus entitled. RialtO. Marble bridge over the Grand Canal , Venice, lined with shops, the old commercial exchange. Rights (Declaration of). Enumeration of Eng- lish constitutional rights (as, trial by jury, right of petition, free elections, taxes and ar- mies parliamental not royal, etc.) accepted by William and Mary with their sovereignty after the Revolution (1689). Rip Van Winkle. The Dutchman of Irving's legend so named, who slept 20 years in the mountains and returned unknown to his home on the Hudson ; character famed by Joseph Jefferson's dramatic portrayal. 774 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. Robert le Diable (R. the Devil). The bold and cruel 1st Duke of Normandy (1028-35). Robin Goodfellow. A domestic fairy of kindly service but mischievous fun. See Kobold. Robin Hood. Famous English legendary out- law, brave and generous, subject of many bal- lads. Rob Roy. The Robin Hood of Scotland, de- picted in Scott's novel so named. rodomontade. Vainglorious talk, — from Ro- domont, a braggart knight of Medieval ro- mance. Roland (A) for an Oliver. Blow for blow, tit for tat, — from a drawn combat between R. and 0., two paladins of Charlemagne. Roland's born (The blast of). Blown at the dreadful fight in the pass of Roncesvalles, to call the king to aid his little rear guard over- borne by the whole Saracen army. Rosamond (Fair). Beloved by King Henry II. of England, and poisoned by his queen (1177). Roscius- Famous Roman actor. David Gar- rick was called The British R. Rosetta Stone. Basalt tablet found in Egypt, with an inscription in three languages — hier- oglyphic, demotic, and Greek, thus giving the first key to the Egyptian hieroglyphics ; now in Brit. Museum. Rosinante (-nan'te). Don Quixote's sorry nag ; hence, any poor horse. rouge et noir (ruzh a nwar). Fr. Red and black. Card game of chance, on a board marked with red and black diamonds. Rough and Ready. Gen. Zachary Taylor. Roundheads. The Puritans, who cropped their hair. roundrobin. Protest or petition, signed in a circle, none leading. Round Table (The). Circular marble table around which sat King Arthur and his knights ; also, Arthur's knights, collectively. Royal Martyr {The). King Charles I. of Eng- land. royal road to learning. Euclid, asked by King Ptolemy for a brief explanation of his mathe- matics, replied, " There is no r. r. to 1." Royal Society. An English society (inc. 1662) for advancement of science. Rubicon (To pass the). To take an irrevocable step, as when Caesar with his army crossed the R. river, advancing upon Rome. rubric Printed in red, as liturgical directions for eccl. service ; hence, an established rule. Rule Britannia. First words of a patriotic song (1740) by James Thomson, author of "The Seasons." Rump Parliament. Remnant of 60 after 160 members of the Long Parliament had been cleared out by Cromwell for not condemning the king (1648). Sabbath. Rest-day. Ancient Chaldean and Hebraic day of rest from ordinary occupations and of religious service. Sabbath day's journey. In the Hebrew re- strictions upon secular activity, travel was al- lowed for something less than a mile. Sacrament. Eccl. A sacred mystery. R. C. Ch., seven— Baptism, Confirmation,Eucharist, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, Extreme Unc- tion ; Protestant Chs., two — Baptism, Lord's Supper (Eucharist), the others being dropped (1562) as having " not any visible sign or cere- mony ordained of God." Sagas- Scandinavian legends. Sailor King. William IV of England, in the navy, 1779-1827 ; crowned 1830. St. Bartholomew (Massacre of). Killing of French Huguenots in Paris and elsewhere on St. B/s Day, Aug. 24-25, 1572. St. Cloud (sSn klu). Famous royal palace near Paris, destroyed in 1870. St. James (Court of). Court of Gt. Britain — from St. j.'s Palace in London. St. Mark's (Cathedral). Splendid Venetian church. St. Paul's (Cathedral). In London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. St. Peter's. Vast metropolitan church of Rome, designed by Bramante and Michael Angelo (erecting, 1506-90). St. Sophia. Greek metropolitan church at Con- stantinople, since 1453 a Mohammedan mosque. St. Stephen's. British Houses of Parliament, — the Commons formerly met in St. S.'s Chapel. Sakuntala. Hindu drama by Kalidasa. salamander. Fabled lizard that could live in fire. Sancho Panza. The sensible rustic page of Don Quixote. Sangreal or Holy Grail. The lost cup from which the Savior drank at the Last Supper, the quest for which was the great source of adventure for the Knights of the RoundTable, — strikingly employed in Wagner's "Parsi- fal." sans culottes (Fr.; without breeches). Satiric name for French revolutionists, who scorned aristocratic breeches and wore trousers. Santa Croce (kro'cha). Church of the Holy Cross, Florence, Italy, burial place of many great men. Satanic School. Name for Byron and his irre- ligious imitators. Saturnalia. Ancient Roman 7-days' festival to Saturn, a time of licensed fun and disorder. scallop Shell. Used by Holy Land pilgrims for cup, spoon, and dish, and worn in the hat as badge of pilgrimage. Scheherazade (sha-ha/ra-za'de). Sultana of the Indian sultan who strangled a new wife every morning, but this one so amused him with the 1,001 Arabian Nights tales that he spared her. Schoolmen. Medieval theologians, who lectured in Charlemagne's cathedral schools. Scotland Yard. Headquarters of the London police. Scourge Of God. Attila, the Hun. Selah. Heb. Word of unknown meaning often used in the Psalms, prob. a musical direction. September Massacres. Slaughter of 8,000 roy- alist prisoners in French Revolution (Sept. 2, 3, 4, 1792) by order of Danton. septuagint. Greek version of the Old Testa- ment made in Alexandria (270-130 b. c), so called either because made by 70 (really 72) scholars, or as authorized by the Sanhedrim of 70 members. Serenade. Music performed in the serene or open air. FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 775 Seven-hilled City. Rome. Seven Wonders of the World. Pyramids; PharoB (lighthouse) of Alexandria ; walls and hanging gardens of Babylon ; Diana's tem- ple at Ephesus ; statue of Zeus by Phidias; Mausoleum of Artemisia ; Colossus of Rhodes. Seven Years' War. Betw. Frederick the Great (Prussia) and Maria Theresa (Austria) for Silesia (1756-63). Shakers. A religious celibate sect, orig. in England (1747), coming to America (1774), named from their dancing worship. Shamrock. A three-leaved plant, national Irish symbol because said to have been used by St. Patrick to explain the Trinity. Shibboleth. A test-word, — from its use by the Gileadites to discover the fugitive Ephraim- ites, who called it Sibboleth (Judges xii :1-16). Sick Man (The). Name given by Czar Nicholas of Russia to Turkish Empire. Sir Charles Grandlson. Gentlemanly hero of Samuel Richardson's novel of that title (1753). Sir Roger de Coverley- Imaginary just, be- nevolent country gentleman portrayed in Joseph Addison's "Spectator." Six Hundred, Charge of the. Brave but mis- taken charge of 670 British Light Cavalry on Russians at Balaklava. Sleeping Beauty (The). Slept for 100 years in an enchanted castle and was kissed awake by an adventurous prince, who married her. Sleepy Hollow. Scene of Irving's tale of the Headless Horseman, legend of the Hudson. snood. Scotch maiden's hair ribbon ; when married she put on a coif. SOCk- Low shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome ; symbol of comedy. Sock and buskin, comedy and tragedy. Cf . BUSKIN. Sorbonne. Great university in Paris, founded 1252. sortes. Choice or prophecy by lots ; as s. Ver- gilianse, telling fortune by random selection of any passage of Vergil's iEneid ; s. Biblicse, the same, substituting the Bible. South Sea Bubble. English stock-jobbing scheme based on monopoly of South Sea trad- ing, for buying up the national debt with guaranteed interest. £ 100 shares rose to £ 1000, but the bubble burst with widespread ruin (1710-20). Cf. Mississippi Bubble. spa. Medicinal springs, — from such springs at Spa, Belgium. Spanish Main. Northern coast of South America and Caribbean Islands. Sphinx. A fabled monster with lion's body and human head, often shown in ancient sculp- ture ; The S., the vast one near the Great Pyramid in Egypt. Stabat Mater (Dolorosa) (" Stood the Mother sorrowful"). First words of an old Latin hymn on the Crucifixion. Star Chamber. An English civil and criminal court, sitting without jury ; abolished by the Long Parliament (1641). Sterling. Standard of fineness of British coin: silver, .925 ; gold, .916. Strasburg Cathedral. Erecting from llth to 15th cent., with famous open-work tower and spire 468 ft. high. Swedish Nightingale. Jenny Lind (Madame Goldschmidt) (1820-87). symposium. Orig., a drinking party or banquet, with conversation ; now, a discussion by sev- eral. tabard. A sleeveless jacket; the T. Inn, a Lon- don tavern, from which Chaucer started his Canterbury Pilgrims. taboo. Polynesian word. Forbidden (by chief or priest) ; Colloq. Eng. , forbidden by custom or social taste. Tammany Hall. Headquarters of the Tam- many Society, the New York Democratic party-organization ; also, the Society, founded 1789, often used politically for pecuniary bene- fit of its managers. Te Deum. First words of a great church hymn — " We praise thee, O God," attributed to St. Ambrose, but probably much earlier. Temple Bar. A famous stone gateway, formerly marking boundary between London city and Westminster ; removed (1878) to Hertford- shire. tester. A sixpence, — from the head on it. Theosophy. Hindu philosophic doctrine of direct communication with divine and spirit- ual nature through psychic powers in man developed by physical processes, learned and practiced by adepts. Thirty Years' War. Between German Catholics and Protestants, from 1618 to 1648. thistle. Scottish national emblem. Thomas a Kempis. An Augustinian friar of Kempen, Germany, to whom is attributed the great religious classic, "The Imitation of Christ." Thor. Scandinavian god of war. Thoth. Egyptian god of arts, sciences, music, eloquence, and astronomy, similar to Hermes of the Greeks. Three Estates (of the Realm). Nobility, Clergy, and Commonalty. Burke called the Press " the fourth estate, more powerful than you all." Thugs. A member of Hindu religious frater- nity of stranglers, suppressed by the British between 1830 and 1840. Thunderer (The). The London "Times." Tombs, The. Former city prison, New York, built in style of Egyptian sepulchral monu- ments. Tommy Atkins. The British private soldier. Tory. English conservative political party. Tower of London. An ancient palace and cita- del on the Thames, famous in English history, now a national museum. towers Of Silence. Stone structures in Persia and India where the dead are laid, the vul- tures picking clean the bones. Transfiguration. The transformed appearance of Jesus on the Mount, — theme of Raphael's most famous painting, now in the Vatican. tricolor. Three-colored flags or ribbons used as national symbols ; as, France, blue, white, red (horizontally) ; Belgium, black, yellow, red (horizontally) ; Holland, red, white, blue (ver- tically) ; Italy, green, white, red (horizontal- ly) ; United States, red stripes on white ground, white stars on blue ground. Trinity. A threefold deity, such as has been 776 FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. held by almost every systematic mythology or theology, including the Christian. Trinity GhUTCh. An early Episcopalian church in New York, its present building (1846) being a notable Gothic monument on Broadway at the head of Wall St. Triple Alliance- Several successive European combinations, the latest being Germany, Aus- tria-Hungary, and Italy (1883). trolls. Mischievous underground dwarfs of Northern mythology. troubadours. Amatory minstrels (llth-13th cents.) in Southern France and Northern Italy. trouveres. Minstrels of warlike narrative (11th -13th cents.) in Northern France. Tulleries. French royal palace in Paris, con- nected by wings with the Louvre. Burned by the Commune in 1871. tulip mania {The). A craze for speculating in Holland tulip-bulbs, that spread over Europe, esp. in 1634-37. Tyburn. A brook running through London, on which, near the present Marble Arch, was a public gallows, until 1783. The region is now a fashionable quarter, called Tyburnia. U. Uffizi. One of the two famous art galleries of Florence, connected by a covered gallery with the other, the Pitti, across the river Arno. Ultramontanes. Beyond the mountains. French name for Catholics who were identified with the Italian or High-Church party; used also in Germany for the party opposing anti-papal legislation. Underground Railroad. Secret ways of helping fugitive slaves to escape from the South, before the Civil War. Undine (-den). A water nymph in German ro- mance, born without a soul, which she gained by loving a mortal. Unkno lown, The Great. Sir Walter Scott, whose authorship of the Waverley Novels was long anonymous. Unter den Linden. A beautiful street in Berlin, lined with linden or lime trees. upas tree. A Javanese tree yielding a poison- ous juice used for arrow-points, formerly fa- bled to destroy any living thing coming near it. Upper Ten Thousand, or Upper Ten. Phrase used of the New York fashionables by N. P. Willis. Utopia. (Gr.) Nowhere. An imaginary island described by Sir Thomas Moore, where all is perfect ; hence Utopian, visionary. V. Valentine, Saint. Patron of sweethearts and lovers. Valhalla. The Scandinavian paradise of slain heroes. Valkyries. Handmaids of Odin, choosers of the slain, who point out in battle the heroes to die. vampire. Superstition of a blood-sucking ghost who drains the veins of sleepers ; hence, an extortioner. Vanessa. Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a loving friend of Dean Swift, who so called her. Vanity Fair. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Prog- ress," a fair in the town of Vanity, tempting buyers with the foolish pleasures of life. Vatican. The Papal palace at Rome, a gather- ing of buildings, with art galleries, library, chapels, museums, etc. Term often used for the Papacy. Vedas. The four sacred books of the Hindus. Venus de Medici- A beautiful undraped antique Greek statue, in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Venus de Melos, or Milo. A splendid antique Greek statue in the Louvre, Paris. The arms are missing and the lower limbs draped ; its effect is majestic. Veronica, Saint (Handkerchief of). A relic in St. Peter's at Rome, said to be the kerchief the maiden offered to Jesus to wipe his brow, on the way to Calvary, now bearing the im- press of his features. Versailles. Town near Paris, with a splendid palace, famous in French history, now a na- tional museum. Vespers, Sicilian. A massacre of French op- pressors in Sicily (March 30, 1282), at the sig- nal of the vesper bell. Via Dolorosa. The Sorrowful Way. Christian name for road of Jesus from Mount of Olives to Golgotha. Virgin Queen (The). Elizabeth of England. W. Wacht am Rhein (Ger. ; The Watch on the Rhine). A song that had great popularity dur- ing the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, and was adopted as national by the Germans. Wahnfried. (Ger.) Ideal peace. Richard Wag- ner's villa at Bayreuth. Wall Street. Financial center, New York; term used for the money market in general. Walpurgis Night. May-day eve, when witches hold revel on broomsticks and goats. Walton, Isaak. English author (1593-1683), esp. of " The Complete Angler." Ward, Artemus. Pen-name of Charles F. Browne, humorous American author (1834-67). War Of the Roses- A 30-year civil war in Eng- land (1455-85) between the royal houses of York (badge, a white rose) and Lancaster (red rose). wassail (Sax. Wses hseil, Be thou well). "Your good health"— a salutation in drinking; hence a carouse. Ways and Means (Committee of). Parliamen- tary and Congressional committee for revenue legislation. welsher. One who does not pay lost bets on races. werewolf. Ger. superstition of a man in wolf- form and nature. Westminster Abbey. In London, the most fa- mous English church, chiefly built in 13th cent., of esp. historical interest as the burial place of many great men. Whig. In England formerly the political party of progress (now called Liberal) as opp. to Tory ; in America, a former political party favoring a protective tariff (now called Re- publican). Whistle, too dear for the. Proverb, from Frank- lin's story of the boy who paid four times its worth for a whistle that he soon tired of. White Elephant. Something requiring much FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 777 expense with little profit, a burdensome pos- session. white feather (to show the). To betray cow- ardice, no true game-cock having white feath- ers. Whitehall. A former palace in London, stand- ing to the north of Westminster Abbey, dating from 13th cent., scene of many historic events; in front of its banqueting hall (all that re- mains) Charles I. was beheaded. White House. The U. S. presidential residence at Washington. White's. A well-known gaming club in Lon- don, established 1698. wide-awake hats. Said to be so called because felt has no nap. willow pattern. A blue and white decorative design in Chinese table ware, brought to Eng- land 1775. windmills, to fight. To fight imaginary evils, as Don Quixote attacked the windmills for giants. Windsor Castle. Chief royal residence, near London, castle, palace, and park, of great ex- tent and magnificence. witchcraft. Supposed supernatural power gained by compact with the Devil ; a supersti- tion costing innumerable lives of innocent ac- cused persons, not only in the European Dark Ages but in the 17th cent, in American Mas sachusetts. Woolsack, The. Seat of the Lord Chancellor of England in the House of Lords, a square, red-covered cushion of wool. Worms, Diet Of. A famous Council at Worms, Germany (1521), the object of which was to check the Reformation, and which condemned Luther as a heretic. Xavier, Saint Francis. A great Spanish Jesuit missionary (1506-52) who labored and died in the Ea6t Indies. Zimenes, Francisco. Famous Spanish cardi- nal, statesman, and scholar (1430-1517). Yahoo. In Swift's " Gulliver's Travels," vi- cious brutes in the form of men, contrasted with Houyhnhnms or horses gifted with rea- son ; hence, a brutal rowdy. Yankee. Iu general, an American (Indian cor- ruption of English) ; specif, a New Englander. Yankee Doodle. A comical popular American song, arising during the Revolution. Yellow Jack. Yellow fever ; the yellow quar- antine flag. Yorkshire pudding. A batter pudding baked under meat. Yosemite Valley (yo-semf-ta). A famous cleft in Sierra Nevada mountains, in Mariposa Co. , Cal., 6 m. long, from \ m. to 2 m. wide, with walls 3,000 to 5,000 ft. high. Ysolde. See Iseult. Yule. Christmas; Yule log, the great log backing the Christmas hearth-fire. Z. Zadkiel. Pen-name of Lieut. R. J. Morrison in his astrological prophetic almanac (from 1830). He died 1874. Zend Avesta. Sacred writings of the Zoroas- trian (Persian) religion. Zodiac Imaginary belt in the heavens divided into 12 parts, each with its constellation sign, 6 north and 6 south of the equator. PUNCTUATION KULES. Punctuation should be used as an aid to clearness, and not directly for rhetorical purposes. Practical rules cannot be made so specific as to meet every matter of detail, and the application of many rules is properly subject to variation according to personal opinion as to differences in the subject-matter punctuated. Most of those here given, however, are generally accepted as in- violable. COMMA. General Principle. A comma marks the slightest interruptions in grammatical construction that demand punctuation, and should not be used when no such interruption is present unless by its use added clearness can be secured. Rule I. Insert a comma after the first of two words, phrases, or short clauses when they are in the same construction and not connected by a conjunction. We are fearfully, wonderfully made. Rule II. Insert a comma after each except the last of two or more words, phrases, or clauses in the same construction but with no conjunction except before the last member of the series. The world, the flesh, and the devil. It is neither good, bad, nor indifferent. Rule III. A comma is needed before and after a word or a group of words which is inserted in- dependently, or so that the rest of the sentence would be grammatically complete without them, but which is not sufficiently independent to require the use of marks of parenthesis. Punctuation, like other matters, should be governed by common sense. Commas, therefore, should not be used without reason. Authors, not printers, should punctuate their writing. All printers, however, should know how to punctuate. The most vigorous thinkers and writers are, in fact, self-taught. Rule IV. A comma is needed before a conjunction introducing an antithesis, or a clause in op- position to one preceding, or introducing an opposite assertion. False delicacy is affectation, not politeness. Though learned and methodical, the teacher was not a pedant. Rule V. A word or group of words standing independently at the beginning or end of a sentence should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Awkward in his person, James was ill qualified to command respect. Antonio, light my lamp. Referring to your note of the 10th inst., I would say, etc. He was a scoundrelly rascal, with all due respect to his learning. Rule VI. A comma precedes a relative clause that adds an explanation, but not a clause that re- stricts the application of an antecedent. Behold the emblem of thy state in flowers, which bloom and die. Every teacher must like a boy who is attentive and docile. SEMICOLON. Rule I. Each clause, or part of a sentence, that is itself divisible into parts marked off by com- mas should have a semicolon after it ; also each clause in a sentence that contains any such part with commas. Our schoolbooks used to tell us that at the period we should stop long enough to count four ; at the colon, three ; at the semicolon, two ; at the comma, one. Stones grow; vegetables grow and live; animals grow, live, and feel. Rule II. Two or more clauses in a series in the same construction, when the conjunction is omitted, should be separated by semicolons. Occasionally commas are sufficient in such cases. (See Comma, Rule I.) . Philosophers assert that Nature is unlimited in her operations; that she has inexhaustible treasures in reserve; that knowledge will always be progressive; and that all future generations will continue to make discoveries of which we have not the slightest idea. COLON. Rule. A colon should be used after a word or clause introductory to a speech, a letter, a state- ment of particulars, or a quotation of a long sentence or a number of sentences, and before a short quotation if that is made a separate paragraph. The colon is very little used as a mark of punctuation within the sentence, but may be so used as intermediate between the semicolon and the period. (778) USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 779 PERIOD. Rule L Every sentence that is not interrogatory or exclamatory is ended with a period. Rule II. An abbreviation, as distinguished from a contraction or a mere short form, has a period after it. Wm. for William is an abbreviation ; dep'tfor department is a contraction ; Will for William is a short form. Rule HI. A decimal number is written with a period before it. INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION. Rule. A question should always end with an interrogation point, and a mere exclamation, or a strongly exclamatory sentence, with an exclamation mark. PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS. Rule. Parenthesis marks and brackets (often called square brackets) inclose words that are not necessary parts of the sentences in which they are used. Brackets are commonly restricted to the inclosing of corrections, notes, directions, editor's comment, etc. DASH. Rule. The dash is used to denote a sudden change in the construction, a suspension of the sense, an unexpected transition in the sentiment, a sudden interruption, or hesitation in speaking. Dashes are sometimes used instead of parentheses. APOSTROPHE. Rule I. When letters are omitted from within a word, use an apostrophe in place of them, also at beginning or end of a word when the omission is to be shown. Rule II. In the possessive case singular (as man's), and in that of irregular plurals (as men's), use an apostrophe and s ; in regular plural possessives (as boys'), use the apostrophe alone. Rule IIL The plural of a single letter or figure is formed by adding apostrophe and s (as o's, d's, 3's, etc.), but the apostrophe is not needed with figures (as 8s, 9s, etc.). QUOTATION MARKS. Rule. Quotations are marked by two inverted commas at the beginning and two apostrophes at the end. A quotation within a quotation has single marks. In British usage the use of the single inverted comma and single apostrophe for full quotations is more usual, with double marks em- ployed within. USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. Rule I. Begin every sentence with a capital. Rule II. Begin every line of poetry with a capital. Rule HI. Begin every proper name, as of a person or a place, with a capital. Rule IV. Begin with a capital the name of a day, month, historical period, etc. Rule V. Use a capital in words made from the name of a person or a place, except in the few common words like china, boycott, etc., and names of substances, forces, etc., in the sciences, as gadolinile, galvanism, etc. Rule VI. Appellatives of God should always have capitals. Rule VH. Use a capital in every official title put before a person's name or in place of his name. Rule Vm. Begin the name of a political party, a religious sect or denomination, etc., with a capital. Rule IX. Begin with a capital the name of a point of the compass ; and adjectives derived from them when referring to conventionally recognized divisions or sections of the United States, or other countries or parts of the world ; as, the North, the South, the East, the West, Northern, Southern, etc. Rule X. Capitalize each word in the title of a book, except the articles, prepositions, and con- junctions. Rule XI. The pronoun / and the interjection are always capitals. RULES FOR SPELLING DERIVATIVES, PLURALS, ETC. Rule 1. (a) The final consonant of a primitive word is doubled in derivatives formed by adding a termination beginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented on the last syl- lable when these words end in a single consonant (except h and x) preceded by a single vowel. Examples : clan, clannish ; infer, inferred ; squat, squatter, squatting. Exceptions : derivatives of gas (except gassing, gassy) ; cabal, cabalism ; prefer, preference ; refer, reference; defer, def- erence, and other words in which the accent of the derivative varies from that of the primitive. (b) The final consonant is not doubled in derivatives formed by addition of a termination beginning with a vowel when the final consonant of the primitive is preceded by a diphthong, a vowel digraph (as in brier) or by another consonant, or if the accent of the primitive falls on any syllable except the last. Examples: act, acting; ebb, ebbing ; daub, daubed; need, needy ; travel, traveler. Exceptions : humbug, humbugged ; periwig, periwigged, where a final hard g before e or i is doubled to prevent its being pronounced as j. Variations op Usage. Some authors double the final consonant in derivatives of the following words, although they are not preferably so written : apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, cancel, car- buret and similar words ending in uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchel, im- peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, marshal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, *wivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Aule 2. (a) Final silent "e " of primitives is generally retained in derivatives formed by adding a termination beginning with a consonant. Examples : pale, paleness ; hate, hateful. Ex- ceptions : where the final e is preceded by some vowel other than e, it is often dropped from the derivative : as, woe, woful (or woeful) ; due, duly ; true, truly. Also wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, acknowledgment, lodgment, judgment. (b) Final Silent " e " Of primitives is omitted in derivatives formed by adding a termination beginning with a vowel. Examples: bride, bridal ; plume, plumage, etc. Exceptions: hoeing, shoeing, toeing, dyeing, singeing, springeing, swingeing, tingeing, mileage, peaceable, noticeable, manageable, changeable, advantageous, outrageous, mortgageor. Rule 3. (a) Final "y" preceded by a consonant of primitives becomes "1" in deriv- atives formed by adding any termination except one beginning with i. Examples : icy, iciest, icily; mercy, merciless ; modify, modifies; pity, pitiful. Exceptions: monosyllabic adjectives usually retain the y ; as, shy, shyer, shyness ; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly (but drier, driest), etc. De- rivatives ending in -ship, -like, and those formed from baby and lady retain the y. The y is also retained in the possessive case of nouns formed by adding '$. (b) Final "y" preceded by a vowel of primitives is retained unchanged in deriva- tives. Examples : gay, gayety, gayly (sometimes gaiety, gaily) ; play, player, plays ; joy, joyful, etc. Exceptions : daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid, and their compounds ; dewiness. Derivatives from words ending in -uy, as colloquies, are not exceptions, as the u may be regarded a6 a consonant. Rule 4. (a) Plurals of nouns are regularly formed by adding " s." For Exceptions, see b and Rule 5 below and the individual word in the Vocabulary. (b) Plurals are formed by adding "-es" where the singular form ends with such a sound (as that of ch in much, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s cannot unite with it in pronunci- ation but must form a separate syllable. If one of these letters is followed by silent e, s only is adde d, but the silent e with the added s forms a separate syllable. Rule 5. Plurals of nouns ending in " y " preceded by a consonant are formed by adding -es and changing y to i: as, mercy, mercies ; lady, ladies; colloquy, colloquies (u here, being pro- nounced as w, is considered a consonant); Mary, Maries (often Marys). S only is added if the singular ends in y preceded by a vowel; as, day, days; money, moneys; guy, guys. (780) 1 FORMS OF ADDRESS. Ambassadors or Ministers of the United States in Foreign Countries Address. His Excellency, Honorable .Am- bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary [En- voy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary] at the Court of [French Capital]. Begin. Your Excellency ; or Sir. Ambassadors or Ministers from Foreign Countries Address. His Excellency, His Britannic Maj- 1 esty's [The German Emperor's] [The French] ! [The Spanish] Ambassador [Minister] at ; or His Excellency, The Honorable , Envoy Extraordinary from . Begin. Personal title, Your Excellency; or Sir. Archbishop (Bng.) Address. His Grace the Lord Arch- bishop of . Begin. My Lord Archbishop. (TJ. S.) Address. The Most Reverend the Archbishop of . Army Officers. Address. The Commander in Chief, Army of the United States ; or Lieutenant General , Commanding Officer Army of the United States. [Colonel , U. S. A.] [Mr. , Lieutenant, U. S. A.] Begin. Sir. $ST* Use highest rank. In case of retired officers, omit U. S. A. Assistant Secretaries, i. «., Assistants to Cabinet Officers- See Honorable. Attorney General. See Cabinet Officers. Auditor of Treasury. See Honorable. Baron. Address. The Right Honorable Lord [_or The Baron] . Begin. My Lord. Baronet. Address. Sir John , Bart. [Lady ]. Begin. Sir [Madam]. Bishop. (Bng.) Address. The Right Reverend the j Lord Bishop of [or The Lord Bishop of ] • ! Begin. My Lord Bishop. (U. S. A.) Address. The Right Reverend Bishop of ; [or The Right Reverend John , Bishop of ]. | Begin. Right Reverend Sir ; or Right Rever- end and Dear Sir. (Meth.) Address. The Reverend . I Begin. Dear Sir. Cabinet Officers. Address. The Honorable the Secretary of ; I The Honorable the Postmaster General ; etc. [or The Honorable , Secretary of State] . Begin. Sir. Cardinal. Address. His Eminence Cardinal ; [or I His Eminence John, Cardinal H ] . Begin. Eminence [Most Eminent] [Most Emi- nent and Most Reverend Sir] . Clergymen. Address. The Reverend John [Rev. and Mrs. J. ]. Clerk of Senate or House- See Honorable. Commissioners Of Bureaus ; as, U. S. Com- missioner of Education. See Honorable. Common Forms. (Male.) Mister. Address. Mr. A C . Begin. Dear Sir ; My dear Mr. C ; Dear Mr. C ; etc., according to intimacy. PL Address. Messrs. A B. C , and D D. F . Begin. Dear Sirs : or Gentlemen. (Female.) Mistress. Address. Mrs. Albert B. Clark. Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Mrs. Clark; PL Address. Mms. A B. C and D E. F . Begin. Mesdames. Miss. Address. Miss Clark (eldest daughter). Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Miss Clark ; etc. Address. Miss Anne Clark (younger daugh- ter). Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Miss Anne ; PI. The Misses Clark. Comptroller of Treasury. See Honorable. Congressman. See Honorable. Countess. See Earl. Dean. Address. The Very Reverend the Dean of Begin. Very Reverend Sir. Doctor of Laws, Medicine, Divinity, etc Address. A B , Ph. D. [LL. D.] [M. D.] [D. D.]; or Dr. A B ; Rev. A B . D. D. ; or Rev. Dr. B [Dr. and Mrs. B ]. Begin. Dear Sir. Duke. Address. (1.) His [or Her] Grace the Duke [Duchess] of . Begin. My Lord Duke [Madam]. (2.) See Prince. Duke's daughter. Address. The Right Honorable Lady [Chris- tian name and surname : if married use her hus- band's surname]. Begin. Madam. Duke'S eldest son. Use father's second title. Duke's or Marquis's younger sons. Address. The Right Honorable Lord John ; or The Lord John . Begin. My Lord. Duke — Wives of younger sons. Address. The Right Honorable Lady John ; or The Lady John . Begin. Madam. Earl or Countess. Address. The Right Honorable the Earl [Countess] of . Begin. My Lord [Madam]. Earl's daughter. Like Duke's daughter. Earl's eldest son. Use father's second title. Earl's younger sons, or Viscount's and Baron's sons. Address. The Honorable George H . Begin. Dear Sir. (781) 782 FORMS OF ADDRESS. Earl— Wives of sons. Address. The Honorable Mrs. . Begin. Madam. Earl's younger daughters. Address. The Honorable Mary . Begin. Madam. Governors. Address. (In Mass. and by courtesy in some other States) His Excellency, The Governor of ; otherwise The Governor of ; or Hon. John , Governor of . Begin. Sir ; or Dear Sir. Governor, Lieutenant. Address. The Honorable , Lieutenant Governor of . Begin. Sir ; or Dear Sir. Honorable. Used with Christian name and surname of various Officials in the United States, Senators, Representatives, Assistants to Cabinet Officers, Commissioners of Bur- eaus, Members of State Legislatures, Heads of State Departments, Judges, Mayors of Cities, thus : — Address. Honorable , United States Commissioner of Education [Hon. and Mrs. Begin. Sir ; or Dear Sir. Junior. Added to a son's name to distinguish him from his father with the same name, , Jr. ; or , Jr., Ph. D. King or Queen. Address. The King's [or Queen's] Most Ex- cellent [or Gracious] Majesty. Begin. Sire [or Madam] ; or May it please your Majesty. Knight. Address. Sir John B [initials of his or- der, if any, as K. C. B.] [Lady B ]. Begin. Sir [Madam]. Lawyers. Address. , Esq. Lieutenant Governor. See Governor, Lieu- tenant. Marquis. Address. The Most Honorable [or Noble] The Marquis [Marchioness] of . Begin. My Lord Marquis [fern, simply Madam] . Marquis's children. Like Duke's children. Mayors. See Honorable. Mister. See Common Forms. Monsignor. Address. The Right Reverend Monsignor . Begin. Right Reverend Sir. Navy Officers. Address. The Admiral of the Navy of the United States ; or Admiral , Commanding United States Navy; Captain , U. S. N. Begin. Sir. (In the Navy the name, title, and place are at the end of the letter. ) Pope. Address. His Holiness, the Pope; or Our Most Holy Father, Pope . Begin. Most Holy Father. Postmaster General. See Cabinet Officers. President. Address. The President, White House ; or The President of the United States, White House; or His Excellency, The President of the United States. Begin. Mr. President ; or Sir. President of State Senate. Address. The Honorable , President of the Senate of . Begin. Sir. Prince or Royal Duke. Address. His Royal Highness Prince Charles [or the Duke of ]. Begin. Sir. Princess or Royal Duchess. Address. Her Royal Highness the Princess (Christian name) [or the Duchess of ]. Begin. Madam. Professor. Address. PrOf. [D. D., LL. D.]. Begin. Sir ; Dear Sir ; Dear Prof. . Queen. See Kino. Representatives. See Honorable. Secretary of Agriculture, State, War, etc. See Cabinet Officers. Senate, Officers of. See Honorable. Senate, President of. Address. The Honorable, The President of the Senate of the United States ; or The Honor- able , President of the Senate. Begin. Sir. Senator, Federal or State. See Honorable. Speaker of the House. Address. The Honorable, The Speaker of the House of Representatives. Begin. Sir ; or Mr. Speaker. Supreme Court : Chief Justice. Address. The Chief Justice of the United States; or The Honorable , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Begin. Mr. Chief Justice ; or Sir ; or May it Please Your Honor. Supreme Court : Associate Justices. Address. Honorable , Associate Jus- tice of the Supreme Court. Begin. Mr. Justice ; or Sir ; or Tour Honor. Vice President. Address. The Vice President ; or The Honor- able, The Vice President of the United States ; or The Hon. , Vice President of the United States. Begin. Mr. Vice President ; or Sir. Viceroys. Address. His Excellency, The Lord Lieuten- ant of Ireland [The Viceroy of India] [The Gov- ernor General of Canada]. Viscount. Address. The Right Honorable the Lord Vis- count ; or The Lord Viscount . Begin. My Lord. Viscountess. Address. The Right Honorable the Viscount- ess ; or The Viscountess . Begin. Madam. PARLIAMENTARY ORDER IN PUBLIC MEETINGS. Eveey assembly, whether casual and temporary or under formal organization, is gathered to agree upon some action. Evidently, then, to get at " the sense of the meeting," it is necessary that fair reason, good nature, and above all good order should prevail. The British Parliament first reduced the application of these principles to rules, and, although their practice has been freely modified to fit other conditions, the system of rules and precedents by which deliberative bodies govern their procedure is called parliamentary. A brief sketch like the present will not be looked to for detailed rules governing regular as- semblies, such as conventions and legislatures, which, besides the general, have also their own special rules ; but, for the occasional meeting, whether large or small, an order of procedure is as necessary as tracks for a railway, if any practical result is to be arrived at. Organization. In the case of regular bodies, each one decides upon its own members, accord- ing to the law of its creation ; but members of a public meeting are those who have responded to its call. The first necessity of life being organization of forces, a meeting must be opened by being requested to " Come to order," by some one of those who have issued the call, or one recog- nized as identified with the occasion. He then nominates, or asks the meeting to nominate, a candidate or candidates for presiding officer, and puts to vote the names in order of their naming, unless the first one is chosen. The presiding officer is usually called the Chairman ; in religious assemblies, the Moderator ; and in permanent societies, the President. Being chosen, the Chairman takes the chair, with brief thanks for the honor, and guides a similar election of a Secretary (or Clerk, or Scribe), and of a Treasurer, if needed. He then calls on the Secretary or some one familiar with the matter to read the call or state the object of the meeting, and asks, " In view of this, what is your pleasure ? " This usually results in the offering and seconding of a resolution or motion expressive of action desired by one or more, and the matter is open for discussion. Chairman. It is the Chairman's duty to preside and conduct the meeting ; if it is an adjourned or a successive meeting, first to have the Secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting for approval or amendment ; to keep order ; to recognize, and if practicable name, each member who addresses the chair [as, "Mr. Chairman," " Mr. Jones"] ; to receive, present, and keep clearly in mind and in view of the meeting every motion and each amendment, not allowing debate to wander from the question ; to decide points of order ; to accept and put to vote appeals from his own decisions ; while he ha* the right, not often to exercise it, of joining in debate, asking some member meanwhile to take the chair ; to treat every member as his own equal, and to do all with quiet, kindly, courteous, but firm decision. He must sign any issued expression of the assembly's action, and throughout, conduct himself as the chief agent in learning and formulating the will of the meeting. While in the chair he may not join in debate, except to give information, decide points of order, etc. He may vote when voting is by ballot, but the only other vote allowed him is in case of a tie vote, when he may by a" casting vote " give his judgment and decide the question. The Chair should always be spoken of in the third person, whether by himself or by any other person ; as, " The Chair has decided," etc., never " I (or you) have decided," etc. ; nor should one say, " Mr. Chairman, I move yon that," etc., but simply, " Mr. Chairman, I move that," etc. Any motion which concerns the Chairman personally must be put to vote by the Secretary. Secretary. It is the Secretary's duty to keep a temporary record of the meeting for current information ; to read aloud whatever the meeting or the Chairman requests ; to reduce to writing and read aloud any motion or amendment so demanded ; if committees are appointed, to notify the Chairman of their members, and to supply them with whatever documents the meeting has committed to their consideration ; to make final records of every action or vote taken by the meeting, and either before final adjournment or at a succeeding meeting read it aloud for approval or amendment ; and to keep safely all papers that have been a part of the proceedings. The Secretary may join in discussion or vote, but not to the detriment of his duties as Secretary. Business. To bring any matter before a meeting, a member must address the Chair by title : •• Mr. Chairman ? " and the Chairman responds with the member's name : " Mr. Jones."' Every (783) 784 PARLIAMENTARY ORDER IN PUBLIC MEETINGS. proposition for action must be in form of a motion, as above expressed : even a resolution ; as, " I move the following Resolution." Every motion must be seconded by another member, before it can be laid before the meeting. Then the Chairman may say, " It is moved and seconded that," etc. : " Are there any remarks? " or, " The question is on the adoption of the resolution ; what is your pleasure?" etc. Thereupon "the question," as it has now become, is open for debate, amendment, and vote. Motions. Every motion, and every amendment, except the very simplest, should be written. Amendments to a motion before the meeting may be by striking out words, or iuserting words, or both ; every amendment is debatable if the original motion is ; and an amendment to an amendment is allowable, — but no further amendments. These connected motions must of course be acted on in reverse order, since each one changes the form of the one preceding. An amend- ment may be accepted by the mover of the motion, with consent of the meeting, but not without. If no objection is offered, consent may be assumed. There are some motions, not directly concerned with the merits of a question but with indirect ways of checking or defeating it, which are privileged to intervene in its discussion. In naming them, these letterings will signify : a, amendable ; d, debatable ; na, non-amendable ; nd, non- debatable. In their order of rank, they are : 1. Shall this question be considered ? na, nd ; — a motion which must be put, if at all, before debate, but which is rarely known in public meetings, since they are usually called to consider the very question at issue. 2. To lay on the table, na, nd ; a way of putting the question aside until called up by a majority vote. 3. To commit to a committee, a, d ; sometimes advisable when a meeting feels the need of more careful inquiry be- fore action. 4. To postpone to a specified time, d, a. 5. To postpone indefinitely, d, na ; which is practical defeat. 6. To demand the previous question, nd, na; an awkward expression, mean- ing to stop debate and call for a vote. It is serviceable when discussion has gone far enough or too far; but in public meetings is rarely heard in form, being practically put and voted by calls of " Question ! Question ! " when the debaters, seeing the feeling of many, subside, and the Chair puts the question — be it an amendment to an amendment, an amendment, or on original motion. 7. To amend, d, a ; the motion most frequently offered, but which may be shut off by any of the foregoing. There are also some motions privileged before any of these, such as concern the assembly rather than any question. These may intervene at any time : 1. lo adjourn, nd, na ; 2. To fix the time to which adjournment shall be, d, a ; 3. To take a recess, d, a ; 4. Questions of privilege : (a) as to the meeting, (6) as to the mover ; take priority of all others (except as to adjournment) until acted upon. As such a question may even interrupt a member's speech, it is the Chairman's duty, after its statement, to decide (subject to appeal) whether the matter is one of privilege, or not. Reconsideration. A motion to reconsider a vote taken can be made only by one who voted with the majority in the matter ; its motive should be, either correction of error or willingness to fur- ther consider by reason of new light. But it is not allowable after action has been taken under the vote in question, as by commitment to a committee, or when involving an affirmative vote to adjourn, to lay on the table, or any such radical action. It is debatable when the question to be reconsidered was so. Rescinding. When it is too late for reconsideration, a motion may be made to rescind a for- mer action, d, a ; a motion which stands as a new proposition, even though it open up afresh the original matter. Discussion. When a motion is debatable any member may arise, address the Chair, and on be- ing recognized address the meeting through the Chair. If several arise at once it is the Chair- man's duty to recognize one, and maintain order. If any member violate the rules of courtesy, or if any undue procedure is in progress, any one may address the Chair : " Mr. Chairman, I arise to a point of order " ; and it will be the Chairman's duty to interrupt the proceedings, hear and decide upon the point of order, and, if his decision is appealed from, put it to vote to the meeting. Ordinarily, no member should speak more than twice, unless called upon or to give somedetail of information, and in the absence of rules the length of speeches is likely to be regulated by the temper of the audience. Voting. All questions are decided, affirmatively or negatively, by a majority vote, except the following, — of which, however, only the last three are likely to arise in any ordinary public meet- ing : To amend or suspend the rules ; to make a special order ; to take up a question out of its proper order ; to object to the consideration of a question ; to extend the limits of debate ; to close or limit debate ; the previous question. All of these require a two-thirds vote for adoption, since they impose limitation upon the meeting itself, which a mere majority should not be able to do. WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 785 Voting may be either by the Chairman's putting the question, as, " All in favor of this will say Aye ; all those opposed will say A>>," and deciding by the sound ; or, if the result be doubtful, any member may demand or the Chair may call for a rising vote, those rising on each side in turn to be counted ; or, in a regular organization, with a roll of members, the roll may be called by the Secretary, and the individual Ayes and Noes be thus ascertained. In either case, the Chairman decides (unless tellers have been appointed for counting) and announces, " The motion is carried,'' or "lost." Conclusion Finally, all concerned should bear in mind that mutual consideration and good sense will go far to insure harmony in ascertaining the will of an assembly. Those who have a point to carry can best do it by courtesy and reasonableness : the old proverb contrasting honey and vinegar in catching flies is nowhere more applicable than in a public debate. People can be led where they refuse to be driven. Light is a better guide than heat. And let those who love discussion remember that " brevity is the soul of wit." NATIONAL FLOWEES. England Rose France Fleur-de-lis Germany Cornflower India Lotus Italy Lily Ireland Shamrock Japan Chrysanthemum Mexico Cactus Scotland Thistle Spain Pomegranate United States Goldenrod* Wales Leek Though not formally adopted a growing sentiment exists in favor of this flower. BIRTH STONES. January Garnet February Amethyst March Bloodstone April Diamond May Emerald June Pearl July Ruby August Sardonyx September Sapphire October Opal November Topaz December Turquoise WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 1st, paper ; 2d, straw; 3d, candy; 4th, leather; 5th, wooden; 7th, floral ; 10th, tin; 12th, linen; 15th, crystal; 20th, china; 25th, silver; 30th, pearl ; 35th, coral; 40th, emerald; 45th, ruby ; 50th, gold ; 75th, sometimes 60th, diamond. Those in italics are the ones most frequently celebrated. ANTIDOTES TO COMMON POISONS. Call physician at once. Give the antidote in good quantity. Except in case of corrosive acids or alkalies, cause vomiting by tickling throat or by an emetic. Good bmbtics are : mustard (2 to 4 teaspoonfuls in cup of warm water) ; salt (2 or more teaspoonfuls in cup of water) ; tepid wa- ter freely ; zinc sulphate (20 to 30 grains in a little water), demulcents : olive oil, gelatin, glyc- erin, honey, starch, white of egg. Acids, Corrosive (as, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, sulphuric or oil of vitriol, etc., when strong). Magnesia, white of egg, soap ; demulcents ; stimulants. Alcohol- Heat extremities ; cool head ; artificial respiration. Alkalies (as ammonia, caustic potash, lye, lime, etc.). Dilute acids (lemon juice, vinegar), milk, oil ; stimulants. Antimony compounds- Tannin ; demulcents. Arsenic compounds (e. g., Paris green). Dialyzed iron (drug store) ; demulcents ; stimulants. Carbolic acid (phenol) and creosote. Epsom salts ; demulcents ; stimulants. Do not give fats or oils. Copper compounds. Artificial heat ; demulcents ; stimulants. Do not give fats Or oils. Corrosive sublimate. Artificial heat ; white of egg ; stimulants. Do not give salt. Cyanides. Same as for Prussic Acid. Food (fish, mushrooms, etc.). Tannin acid ; castor oil ; stimulants; artificial heat. Gas, Ether, Chloral, Chloroform. Fresh air ; artificial respiration ; stimulants. Lead compounds. Same as for Carbolic Acid. Opium (morphine, laudanum). Tannin; stimulants; coffee; artificial respiration ; keep patient Oxalic acid. Lime, magnesia ; demulcents ; stimulants. Phosphorus (matches). Gum arabic mucilage ; Epsom salts. Do not give fats OT Oils. Prussic acid, or Hydrocyanic acid. Cold douches ; ammonia inhaled ; artificial respiration ; stimulants. Rat poison usually contains arsenic or phosphorus. Strychnine, Nicotine, Brucine, etc. Tannin, charcoal, white of egg; watch circulation and respiration. Tin compounds. Tannin, white of egg, soap, mucilage, milk. Unknown poisons. Chalk and water, eggs beaten with milk, whisky. (786) PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. President- race President. Born. Died. Residence. Adminis- tration. Party. l George Washington John Adams 1732 1799 Virginia 1789-1797 Fed 1735 1826 Massachusetts 1789-1797 Fed. 2 ! John Adams 1735 1826 Massachusetts 1797-1801 Fed Thomas Jefferson 1743 1826 Virginia 1797-1801 Rep.* 3 Thomas Jefferson 1743 1826 Virginia 1801-1809 Rep* 1 Aaron Burr 175G 1836 New York 1801-1805 Rep* 2 George Clinton 1739 1812 New York 1805-1813 Rep* 4 | James Madison 1751 1836 Virginia 1809-1817 Rep* 1 George ClintonX 1739 1812 New York 1805 Rep* 2 Elbridge GerryX 1744 1814 Massachusetts 1813 Rep* 5 James Monroe 1758 1831 Virginia 1817-1825 Rep* Daniel D. Tompkins 1774 1825 New York 1817-1825 Rep* 6 John Q Adams 1767 1848 Massachusetts 1825-1829 Rep* John C. Calhoun 1782 1850 South Carolina 1825-1833 Rep.* 7 ! Andrew Jackson 1767 1845 Tennessee 1829-1837 Dem 1 Joh?i C. Calhoun 1782 1850 South Carolina 1825-1833 Dem. 2 Martin Van Buren 1782 1862 New York 1833-1837 Dem. 8 : Martin Van Buren 1782 1862 New York 1837-1841 Dem. Richard M. Johnson 1780 1850 Kentucky 1837-1841 Dem. 9 : William H. Harrison; 1773 1841 Ohio 1841 Whig John Tyler 1790 1S62 Virginia 1841 Whig 10 John Tyler n | James E. Polk 1790 1862 Virginia 1841-1845 Whig 1795 1849 Tennessee 1845-1849 Dem. George 31. Dallas 1792 1864 Pennsylvania 1845-1849 Den,. 12 j Zachary Taylor* 1784 1850 Louisiana 1849-1850 Whig Millard Fillmore 1800 1874 New York 1849-1850 Whiq 13 Millard Fillmore 1800 1874 New York 1850-1853 Whig 14 Franklin Pierce 1804 1869 New Hampshire 1853-1857 Dem. William R. King\\ 1786 1853 Alabama 1853 Dem . 15 1 James Buchanan 1791 1868 Pennsylvania 1857-1861 Dem. John C. Breckinridge 1821 1875 Kentucky 1857-1861 Dem . 16 1 Abraham Lincoln§ 1809 1865 Illinois 1861-1865 Rep. 1 Hannibal Hamlin 1809 1891 Maine 1861-1SG5 Rep. 2 Andrew Johnson 1808 1875 Tennessee 1865 Rep ..t 1 7 ; Andrew Johnson 1808 1875 Tennessee 1865-1869 Rep t 18 : Ulysses S. Grant 1822 1885 Illinois 1869-1S77 Rep. 1 Schuyler Colfax 1823 1885 Indiana 1869-1873 Rep. 2 Henry Wilsont 1812 1875 Massachusetts 1873 Rep. 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 1822 1893 Ohio 1877-1881 Rep William A. Wheeler 1819 1887 New York 1877-1881 Rep. 20 ! James A. Garfield§ 1831 1881 Ohio 1881 Rep. Chester A. Arthur 1830 1886 Aew York 1881 Rep. 21 ! Chester A. Arthur 1830 1886 New York 1881-1885 Rep. 22 j Grover Cleveland 1837 1908 New York 1885-1889 Dem. Thomas A. Hendrickst 1819 1885 Indiana 1885 Dem . 23 Benjamin Harrison 1833 1901 Indiana 1889-1893 Rep Levi P. Morton 1824 — New York 1889-1893 Rep. 24 Grover Cleveland 1837 1908 New York 1893-1897 Dem. Adlai E. Stevenson 1835 — Illinois 1893-1897 Dem . 25 i William McEinley§ 1843 1901 Ohio 1897-1901 Rep 1 Garrett A. Hobart% 1844 1899 New Jersey 1897-1899 Rep. 2 Theodore Roosevelt 1858 New York 1901 Rep. 26 | Theodore Roosevelt 1858 New York 1901-1909 Rep. Charles W. Fairbanks 1852 Indiana 1905-1909 Rep. 27 j William H. Taft 1857 Ohio 1909 Rep. James S. Sherman 1855 — Neiv York 1909 Rep. ' Previous to 1828, the term " Republican " was applied to a party which arose in opposition to the Fed- eralists, and which was the progenitor of the present Democratic party. t Although elected by the Republican party, and a strong supporter of the Union, Mr. Johnson was pri- marily a Democrat and was in 1868 a prominent candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. t Died while in office. S Assassinated while in office. I Took oath of office at Havana, but never served as Vice President. (787) UNITED STATES POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS. DOMESTIC POSTAGE. Including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, Tutuila, the Canal Zone, and Shanghai, China. WW See Notes at foot of page. First-class Matter. 1. First-class proper : Written matter, sealed or unsealed, 1 2 and all matter sealed or otherwise closed against inspection, 3 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof . Must have at least 2 cents prepaid, except letters from U. S. soldiers, sailors, or marines. Weight limit, 4 pounds unless fully prepaid. 2. Postal cards, 1 cent each. 3. Drop letters, where there is no free delivery, 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof. Second-Class Matter. Newspapers and other periodicals, conforming to certain regulations : for publishers and news agents only, 1 cent a pound ; for the general public, 1 cent for 4 ounces or / fraction thereof. Weight limit, 4 pounds. Postage must be fully prepaid. Third- Class Matter. Printed matter not included in second class, wrapped to permit inspec- tion. 1 2 4 Includes books, circulars, music, engravings, etc., 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof. Postage must be fully prepaid. Weight limit, except for single books, 4 pounds. Fourth- class Matter (merchandise). All mailable matter not included in above classes, 1 * wrapped to permit inspection. 3 Includes blank books, playing cards, electrotypes, flowers, gen- eral merchandise, etc. 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof. Postage must be fully prepaid. Weight limit, 4 pounds. Unmailable. Poisons, explosives, inflammables, live animals (except bees), substances that are ill-smelling or liable to injure postal employes, immoral matter, and all matter not complying with above regulations as to weight, prepayment, etc., or insufficiently addressed. Immediate delivery (within certain hours and distances) is secured for any piece of mail mat- ter at any office by attaching a special 10-cent stamp or ten cents' worth of ordinary stamps, with the words " Special Delivery " written on the envelope in addition to regular postage. Registration of any letter or package costs 8 cents in addition to regular postage. Forwarding. First-class matter is forwarded and returned without extra charge ; on that of other classes postage must be paid for each journey. Withdrawing Mail. Matter once mailed can be withdrawn if sender can prove identity. Mixed Classes. Matter of different classes in the same package goes at the highest rate chargeable for any portion. Permissible Additions to Original Matter. The words " personal" or " to be called for," and other directions as to delivery, and requests for forwarding or return upon prepayment of new postage, are permissible as part of the address on second, third, or fourth-class matter. Books Of Postage Stamps. One and two cent postage stamps bound in book form are on sale at post-offices at an advance of 1 cent per book over the postage value. International Reply-Coupons are sold at 6 cents each, for use in sending abroad for return post- age. Reply-coupons issued by other countries are redeemable at United States post-offices in postage stamps to the value of 5 cents for each reply-coupon. Postal Money Orders. Money can be sent without danger of loss at low rates to all parts of the United States and its possessions as well as to foreign countries by means of Postal Money Orders. i "Writing such as name and address of sender, simple dedication in a book, etc., is allowed on third and fourth-class matter. 2 MS. accompanied by printed proof may be sent third-class, but ordinary typewritten matter, and also that printed on a mimeograph, hektograph, etc. (unless 20 or more copies are sent), belong to first-class. 3 Certain proprietary articles, as pills, tobacco, etc., are allowed to go sealed in fourth-class. * Photographs, and seeds, bulbs, roots, etc., may be sent at third-class rates, but printed material other than paper and pads, etc., on which blank space exceeds printed matter, must go fourth-class. (788) POSTAGE RATES FOR ALL CLASSES OF MATTER. •89 FOREIGN POSTAGE. Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, letters for England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and New- foundland, and letters for Germany by steamers sailing for Germany direct. Same as do- mestic, except: 1. Sealed packages evidently not letters are unmailable. 2. Letters to Cuba not prepaid will be transmitted and deficiency collected of addressee. 3. For Canada and Mexico, commercial papers and trade samples take Postal Union rates (see below). 4. Merchandise not classed as samples may be sent to Mexico by parcel post. 5- Seeds and plants for Canada must pay 1 cent an ounce. Other Countries. Postal Union rates hold, with unimportant exceptions, and even in these cases the mail will be transmitted and any additional charge collected. Postal Union Rates. 1. Letters, 5 cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof. 3 cents for each additional ounce or fraction thereof. 2. Post cards, 2 cents each. 3. Printed matter (including periodicals), 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof. 4- Commercial or business papers, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, with a mini- mum charge of 5 cents. 5- Samples of merchandise, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, with a minimum of 2 cents. Unmailable. Same as domestic, and also, to certain countries, such articles as coins, jewelry, tobacco, etc., about which the local postmaster should be consulted. Articles liable to duty will generally be transmitted and charges collected at destination. Registration costs 8 cents additional, as for domestic mail. Prepayment- Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada, Mexico, or the City of Shanghai, China) will be forwarded even if no postage is paid. All other matter must be pre- paid at least partially. Parcel post. In operation with the principal countries of Europe, most of the Central and South American Republics, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Japan. Inquire of post- master. Postage must he fully prepaid. Rate, 12 cents a pound or fraction thereof. POSTAGE RATES FOR ALL CLASSES OF MATTER. Domestic first-class, including Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and Panama, also letters for England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Newfoundland, and letters for Germany by steamers sailing for Germany direct Letters for other foreign countries. See also Domestic FIRST-CLASS Domestic fourth-Class and " drop letters " not delivered Domestic third-Class and foreign printed matter Foreign merchandise samples, including Canada and Mexico, not Cuba Foreign commercial papers, including Canada and Mexico, not Cuba Domestic second-class, for general public Publishers' (Second-Class), not shown above. first ounce 2 cents first ounce 5 cents first ounce 1 cent first 2 ounces 1 cent each additional ounce 2 cents each additional ounce 3 cents each additional ounce 1 cent each additional 2 ounces 1 cent first 4 ounces each additional 2 cents 2 ounces 1 cent Weight limit 12 ouuces first 10 ounces 5 cents first 4 ounces 1 cent each additional 2 ounces 1 cent each additional 4 ounces 1 cent 1 cent per pound HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. Jan. 1. New Year's Day. —All but Mass., Miss., N. H. Jail. 8. Anxriv. of Battle of New Orleans. — La. Jan. 19. Lee's Birthday. —Ala., Fla., Ga., N. C, S. C, Va. Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday). —Ala., La. (in New Orleans). Feb. 12. Lincoln's Birthday. —Conn., Del., 111., Minn., N. J., N. Y., N. D., Pa., Wash., Wyo. Feb. (3d Tuesday). State election. — Pa. Feb. 22. Washington's Birthday. — All but Miss., N. M. March 2. Anniv. of Texan Independence. — Tex. March 4 (or 5). Inauguration Day. — Dist. of Colum. Good Friday. — Ala., Del., La., Md., Pa., Tenn., Conn. April 19. Patriots' Day (anniv. of Battle of Lexington). — Mass. April 21. Anniv. of Battle of San Jacinto. —Tex. April 26. Confederate Memorial Day. — Ala., Fla., Ga., Miss. May 10. " " " — N. C, S. C. May (2d Friday). Confederate Day. —Tenn. May 20. Anniv. of Mecklenburg Dec'n of Independence. — N. C. May 30. Decoration, or Memorial, Day. — All but Ala., Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, Tex. June (1st Mon., even years). State Election Day. — Ore. June 3. Jefferson Davis' Birthday. — Ala., Fla., Ga., La. . July 4. Independence Day. — All. July 24. Pioneers' Day. — Utah. Aug. (1st Thurs.) State Election Day. —Tenn. Aug. 16. Bennington Battle Day. — Vt. Sept. (1st Monday). Labor Day. —All but Ariz., Miss., Nev., N. D., La. It i3 observed in New Orleans. Sept. 9. Admission Day. — Calif. Sept. 12. Defender's Day. — Md. NOV. 1. All Saints' Day. —La. NOV. (1st Tues. after 1st Mon.). General Election Day. —All but Ala., Ark., Conn., D. C, Fla., Ga., HI., Me., Mass., Mich., Miss., Neb., N. C, Utah, Vt., Va. ; when election is general over State (in Ore., only at Presidential elections; see June). NOV. (usually 4th Thursday). Thanksgiving Day. — All. Dec. 25. Christmas Day. — All. STANDARD TIME. In 1883 the railroads of the United States and Canada adopted the present system of standard time. It comprises five standards : Intercolonial, or Brown ; Eastern, or Red ; Central, or Blue; Mountain, or Green ; and Pacific, or Yellow. These are, respectively, the mean times of the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west of Greenwich, and consequently differ by intervals of exactly one hour. Changes from one standard to another are made at prominent stations, as at Detroit, Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Augusta, from eastern to central time and vice versa. Intercolo- nial time is used by Halifax and a few adjacent cities, but the railroads have found it more con- venient to extend the eastern standard to that region, leaving only four kinds of railroad time. RELATIVE TIME OF DIFFERENT CITIES. When it is noon at Washington, D. C, it is, by solar time, 12.12 p. m. at New York ; 12.24 p. m. at Boston ; 12.54 p. m. at Halifax ; 4.31 p. m. at Lisbon ; 5.08 p. M. at London ; 5.17 p. m. at Paris ; 5-58 p. m. at Rome ; 6.02 p. m. at Berlin ; 7.13 p. m. at Cairo ; 10.00 p. m. at Bombay ; 11.01 p. m. at Calcutta; 12.41 a. m. at Canton ; 12.46 a. m. at Hongkong; 1.12 A. m. at Manila ; 2.26 A. m. at Yokohama ; 2.48 A. M. at Melbourne ; 6.37 A. m. at Honolulu ; 8.58 A. m. at San Francisco ; 9.40 A. m. at Salt Lake City ; 10.08 a. m. at Denver ; 10.44 a. m. at Omaha ; 11.07 a. m. at St. Louie ; 11.17 A. m. at Chicago ; 11.30 A. m. at Cincinnati ; 11.38 A. M. at Havana ; 11.41 A. M. at Cleveland ; 11.50 a. m. at Panama ; 11.52 a. m. at Buffalo. (790) NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 1192. Aug. 3. Columbus sailed on first voyage. Oct. 12. Columbus landed on San Salvador. 1493. Columbus made second voyage. 1497. June 24. Cabots discovered Labrador. 1498. Columbus made third voyage. 1499. Vespucci reached American continent. 1502. Columbus made fourth voyage. 1506. May 20. Columbus died, Valladolid, Spain. 1511. Spaniards conquered Cuba. 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 1521 Cortes took Mexico. 1541. De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 1565. St. Augustine, Fla., founded (first per- manent European settlement). 1602. May. Gosnold landed on and named Cape Cod. 1607. Jamestown, Va., founded (first perma- nent English settlement). 1608. Champlain planted colony at Quebec (first permanent French settlement). 1609. Henry Hudson discovered Hudson River. 1614. Capt. John Smith explored New England coast. Dutch settled New Amsterdam (New York). 1615. Tobacco first planted in Virginia. 1619. July 30. First colonial assembly in America ; at Jamestown, Va. Dutch vessel brought 20 negroes to Virginia ; sold as slaves. 1620. Dec. 21. Plymouth colony (Mass.) found- ed by English Pilgrims, coming in the May. flower (first English settlement in New Eng.). 1630. First house built in Boston. 1633. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 1633-36. Connecticut settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. 1634- Maryland settled by English Roman Catholics. 1636. Harvard College founded. Providence Plantation (R. I.) founded. 1638- New Haven Colony (Conn.) founded. Swedes settled in Delaware. 1643. May 29. Union of New England colo- nies. 1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon, Monk, and others. Albemarle colony (N. C.) settled. 1664. New Netherland conquered by English, and named New York. 1675. King Philip's war. 1676- Bacon's rebellion ; Jamestown, Va., burned. 1680. Charleston, S. C, founded. 1681. Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. 1683. Philadelphia founded. 1689. King William's war with France begun. 1692. Salem witchcraft. 1697- Peace of Ryswick, King William's war ended. 1701. Yale College founded. 1703. Independent legislature in Del. Queen Anne's war began. 1704. April 24. Boston " News Letter" estab- lished (first regular journal in the U. S.). 1710. Port Royal, N. S., captured by English ; named Annapolis. Parliament ordered Colonial post office. 1713. April 11. Queen Anne's war ended. 1733. Feb. 12. Savannah settled by English. 1754. June. Colonial Congress met at Albany. 1755. June-Nov. French expelled from Acadia. July 9. Braddock defeated and killed at Mo- nongahela. Sept. 8. British victory at Lake George. 1756. May 17. England declared war against France. 1759. Sept. 13. Defeat of French at Battle of the Plains of Abraham, above Quebec ; Mont- calm and Wolfe killed. 1760. Sept. 8. Montreal surrendered to Eng- lish. 1763. Feb. 10. Peace of Paris signed. 1765. March 8. Stamp Act passed. Oct. 7. Colonial Congress met in New York. 1766. March 18. Stamp Act repealed. 1767. June 29. Tax imposed on tea, glass, pa- per, etc. 1770. March 5. Boston Massacre by British troops. April 12. All duties repealed except on tea. 1773. Dec. 16. Cargo of tea destroyed at Bos- ton. 1774. Sept. 5. First " Continental Congress," at Philadelphia. 1775. April 19. British repulsed at Lexington and Concord. June 17. Battle of Bunker Hill. July 3. Washington took command of army. 1776. March 17. Boston evacuated by British. July 4. Declaration of Independence. Aug. 27. Battle of Long Island (British vict.). Sept. 15. British troops entered New York. Nov. -Dec. Washington retreated through New Jersey. Dec. 26. Battle of Trenton (American vict.) 1777. Jan. 3. Battle of Princeton ( " " ) Aug. 16. Battle of Bennington ( " " ) Sept. 11. Battle of Brandywine (British vict.) Sept. 19. Battle (1st) of Saratoga (indecisive) Sept. 26. Philadelphia taken by Howe. Oct. 7. Battle (2d) of Saratoga (American vict.). Oct. 17. Burgoyne surrendered to Gates at Saratoga. Nov. 15. Articles of Confederation of the TJ. S. adopted by Congress. 1778. Feb. 6. Independence of the U. S. recog- nized by France ; treaty of alliance. June 18. Philadelphia evacuated by British. June 28. Battle of Monmouth (American vict.). July 3. Indian massacre at Wyoming. July 10. France declared war on England. 1779. Sept. 23. John Paul Jones's naval victory. 1780. May 19. The "Dark Day" in New Eng- land. (791) 792 NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 1780. Oct. 2. Major Andre" executed. Oct. 7. Battle of King's Mountain (Am. vict.). 1781. Jan. 17. Battle of the Cowpens (Am. vict.). Jan.-Feb. Greene's masterly retreat. Oct. 19. Cornwallis surrendered to Washing- ton. 1782. Nov. 30. Preliminaries of peace signed at Paris. 1783. Sept. 3. Treaty of peace signed at Paris. Nov. 25. British evacuated New York. 1785. June 1. John Adams, first U. S. ambas- sador to England, received by George III. 1786-87. Shays' Rebellion in Mass. 1787. Sept. 17. Constitution of the United States adopted in convention. Congress prohibited slavery in the Northwest- ern Territory. 1789. March 4. First Congress met at New York. 1790. June 1. First U. S. census ; population, 3,927,872. 1791. Jan. 1. National debt, $75,463,476. 1794. Whisky Insurrection in Penn. 1796. Sept. Washington's Farewell Address. 1800. June 1. Second U. S. census ; population, 5,305,952. Sept. 30. Treaty with France. Capital established at Washington. 1801. June 10. U. S. declared war on Tripoli. 1803. April 30. Louisiana bought from France for $15,000,000. 1804. Feb. 15. Lieut. Decatur destroyed frigate Philadelphia in Tripoli harbor. July 11. Hamilton killed by Burr in duel. 1805. June 3. Treaty of peace with Tripoli. 1806. Aaron Burr's treason. 1807. Sept. 14. Fulton ascended the Hudson by steam. Dec. 22. Embargo on American ships. 1809. Sept. First railroad in America in Dela- ware Co., Pa. 1810. June 1. Third U. S. census ; population, 7,239,814. 1811. Nov. 7. Harrison defeated Tecumseh at Tippecanoe. 1812. June 19. United States declared war against England. July 12. Canada invaded. Aug. 19. The British frigate Guerriere cap- tured byU. S. frigate Constitution. 1813. June 1. U. S. frigate Chesapeake cap- tured by British ship Shannon. Sept. 10. Perry's (Am.) victory on Lake Erie. 1814. July 25. Battle of Lundy's Lane (Am. vict.). Aug. 24. City of Washington captured and burned by British. Dec. 24. Treaty of peace between Great Bri- tain and the U. S. signed at Ghent. 1815. Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans (Am. vie). War with Algiers. 1816. Jan. 1. National debt $127,334,933 (larg- est amount before 1862). 1819. Feb. 22. Florida ceded to U. S. by Spain. 1820. March 3. Missouri Compromise passed by Congress. June 1. Fourth U. S. census; population, 9,638,131. In 1820. Immigration for the year, 8,385. 1825. Oct. 6. Erie Canal completed. 1828. July 4. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad be- gun. Noah Webster published his "American Dic- tionary of the English Language." 1829. First locomotive in America imported from England. 1830. June 1. Fifth U. S. census ; population, 12,866,920. " Book of Mormon " published. 1832. Black Hawk war. Nov. 19. Nullification in South Carolina. 1835. Jan. 1. National debt, $37,513 (lowest point to which it was ever reduced). Dec. 16, 17. Great fire in New York, with loss of $20,000,000. Dec. 28. S. Colt patented revolving firearms. 1837. S. F. B. Morse filed caveat for patent of electro-magnetic telegraph. 1838. Great Western and Sirius cross Atlantic, using steam power alone. 1840. June 1. Sixth U. S. census ; popula- tion, 17,063,353. 1841. March 4. Wm. Henry Harrison inaugu- rated President. April 4. Harrison died ; John Tyler became President. 1842. Aug. 9. Maine boundary settled. 1844. May 24. Magnetic telegraph used be- tween Baltimore and Washington. Horace Wells first employed nitrous oxide gas in dentistry. June 15. Goodyear patented process for vul- canizing India rubber. 1845. June 4. Mexico declared war on U. S. 1846. May 8. Battle of Palo Alto ; Taylor de- feated Mexicans. May 11. Congress declared war against Mexi- co. Aug. 23. Santa F6 taken ; New Mexico an- nexed to U. S. Sept. 10. Howe patented sewing machine. 1847. Feb. 22, 23. Battle of Buena Vista (Am. victory). July 24. Salt Lake City founded by Mormons. Sept. 14. City of Mexico taken by Scott. 1848. Jan. Gold discovered in California. Feb. 2. Treaty of peace with Mexico. May 19. Cession of California and New Mex- ico ratified between Mexico and U. S. 1849. Gold seekers rush to California. March 5. Zachary Taylor inaugurated Presi- dent. 1850. June 1. Seventh U. S. census ; popula- tion, 23,191,876. July 9. Taylor died ; Fillmore became Presi- dent. In 1850. Immigration, 369,980. 1851. Aug. 22. Schooner yacht America won £500 English prize cup in race off Isle of Wight, beating 18 competitors by 7 miles. Cup given N. Y. Yacht Club for international competition. 1854. March. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan. 3fay 31. Kansas-Nebraska bill passed. In 1854. Immigration, 427,833 (greatest be- fore 1873). 1857. Aug. 24. Great financial panic (5,123 bankruptcies in the U. S. and Canada, liabili- ties $299,800,000). 1858. Aug. 20. First message by Atlantic ca- NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 793 ble, from Queen Victoria to President Bu chanan ; cable ceased to work Sept. 1. 1859. Oct. 16. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. • First oil well sunk on Oil Creek, Pa. Silver found in Nevada. 1860. June 1. Eighth U. S. census; popula tion, 31,279,835. Nov. Abraham Lincoln elected President, < Hannibal Hamlin Vice President. Dec. 20. South Carolina seceded from Union. I 1861. Jan. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana seceded (Texas in Feb- ruary). Feb. 4. Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery. March 4. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated Pres- ident. April 13. Ft. Sumter surrendered by Maj. Anderson. April 15. Pree. Lincoln called for 75,000 vol- unteers. June 15. Confederate States recognized as belligerents by Gt. Britain and France. July 20. Confed. Congress met at Richmond. July 21. Battle of Bull Run (Confed. vict.). Nov. 8. Mason and Slidell seized on steamer Trent. Nov. 30. Jefferson Davis elected President of Confederate States ; A. H. Stephens Vice President. Dec. 31. Suspension of specie payment by U. S. 1862. March 9. Battle of Monitor and Merri- mac. April 6. Battle of Pittsburg Landing or Shiloh (Confed. vict.). April 7. Battle of Shiloh renewed (Union vict.). April 28. New Orleans captured (Union vict,). June 3. Gen. R. E. Lee took command of Con- fed. amiies. June 25-July 1. Sevpn Days' battles (Mechan- icsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, Frazier's Farm. Confed. advantages). July 1. Battle of Malvern Hill ; end of Seven Days' retreat (Confed. check). National debt, $524,170,412. July 29. The Alabama sailed from Liverpool. Aug. 29. Second battle of Bull Run (Confed. vict.). Sept. 14. Battle of South Mountain (Union vict.). Sept. 17. Battle of Antietam (Union vict.). Sept. 24. Habeas corpus suspended. Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg (Confed. vict.). In 1862. Gold : lowest price, 100 ; highest, 137. 1863. Jan. 1. Emancipation proclaimed by Lincoln. May 2, 3. Battle of Chancellorsville (Confed. vict.). July 1. National debt, 81,119,772,138. July 1-3. Battle of Gettysburg (Union vict.). July 4. Vicksburg surrendered. (" " ). July 13-16. Draft riots in New York. Sept. 19, 20. Battle of Chickamauga (Confed. vict.). Nov. 24, 25. Battle at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge (Union vict.). In 1803. Gold : lowest, 122^ ; highest, 172£. 1864. June 19. Kearsarge sank the Alabama (Union vict.). July 1. National debt, $1,815,784,370. July 20, 22, 28. Battles before Atlanta (Union vict.). July 30. Chamberaburg, Pa., burned by Con- federates. Aug. 5. Farragut entered Mobile Bay (Union success). Sept. 2. Atlanta taken (Union vict.). Nov. 16. Sherman left Atlanta on " March to the Sea." In 1864. Gold: lowest, 151$; highest, 285 (highest ever). 1865. Feb. 1. Sherman marched northward from Savannah. April 3. Capture of Petersburg and Richmond. April 9. Lee'a army surrendered. April 14. President Lincoln assassinated at Washington. April 26. Johnston's army surrendered. May 11. Jefferson Davis captured. May. Proclamation of amnesty. July 1. National debt, $2,680,647,869. Dec. 18. XHIth amendment to Constitution (abolishing slavery) adopted. In 1865. Immigration, 247,453. In 1865. Gold : lowest. 128| ; highest, 234£. 1866. July 1. National debt, $2,773,236,173 (highest point reached). 1867. March 30. Alaska bought from Russia ; $7,200,000. French withdrew from Mexico at demand of U. S. Maximilian executed by Mexicans. 1868- June 24. Representatives admitted to Congress from Ark., Ala., Fla., Ga., La., N. C.andS. C. July 28. XlVth amendment to Constitution (equal civil rights) adopted. 1869. May 7. Pacific railroad completed. 1870. March 30. XVth amendment to Consti- tution (extending right of suffrage) adopted. June 1. Ninth U. S. census ; population, 38,- 558,371. July 1. National debt, $2,480,672,427. In 1870. Immigration, 387,203. 1870-1872. Overthrow of " Tweed Ring " in New York. 1871. Oct. 8-10. Great fire in Chicago (loss $200,000,000). 1872. Sept. 14. Alabama arbitration award (giving U. S. $15,500,000). Nov. 9, 10. Great fire in Boston (loss $70,000,000). 1873. Sept. 18. Jay Cooke & Co., Phila., failed ; financial panic. In 1873. Immigration, 459,803 (greatest be- fore 1881). 1876. May-Nov. Centennial Exhibition at Phil. 1877. Telephone invented by A. Graham Bell and Elisha Gray. 1878. Feb. 21. Congress remonetized silver. Dec. 1 7. Gold at par in New York (first time since January, 1862). 1879. Jan. 1. Resumption of specie payments. 1880. June 1. Tenth U. S. census ; population, 50,155,783. July 1. National debt, $2,128,791,055. In 1880. Immigration, 457,257. 1881- March 4. James A. Garfield inaugurated President. 794 NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 1881. July 2. Pres. Garfield assassinated. Sept. 19. Garfield died ; Chester A. Arthur became President. 1882. March 22. Congress prohibited polyga- my in Utah. In 1882. Immigration, 788,992. 1883. Feb. 20. First civil service commission, appointed by President Arthur. May 24. Brooklyn Bridge opened. Sept. 8. Northern Pacific R. R. opened for traffic. 1884. June 2. Newspaper postage reduced to 1 c. for 4 oz. 1885. March 4. Letter postage reduced to 2 cents per oz. Grover Cleveland inaugurated President. 1886- Jan. 19. Act determining succession of Cabinet officers to duties of presidential office, on death or disability of President and Vice President. May 4. Anarchist riots in Chicago : 7 police- men killed, 83 persons hurt. Aug. 20. Seven Chicago anarchists convicted of murder. Aug. 31. Severe earthquake along Atlantic seaboard. Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of " Liberty En- lightening the World," gift of the French people, unveiled in N. T. harbor. 1887. Jan. 21. Interstate commerce act (regu- lating railroad charges, etc.). 1888. Sept. 7. Congress prohibited Chinese im- migration. In 1888. Immigration, 546,889 (10,271,373 since 1855). 1889. March 4. Benjamin Harrison inaugu- rated 23d President. May 31. A broken dam flooded Johnstown, Pa., and destroyed 2,295 lives. Oct. 2. Congress of North, Central, and South American states at Washington. Nov. North and South Dakota, Montana, and Washington Territories became States. 1890. June 1. Eleventh U. S. census ; popula- tion, 62,622,250 (gain of 12,466,467 since 1880). July. Idaho and Wyoming Territories became States. Aug. 6. First execution by electricity, at Auburn, N. Y. Oct. 1. McKinley Tariff Bill approved. Oct. 8. New Orleans chief -of -police murdered by Italians. Dec. 1. National debt, $1,549,206,126. In 1890. Immigration, 455,302. Imports, $789,222,228. Exports, $857,824,834. 1891. Feb. 18. International Copyright bill passed. June 30. Immigrants into the U. S., from 1820 to 1890, numbered 15,641,688, coming chiefly from Germany 4,551.719 Ireland 3,501,683 England 2,460,034 British N. America 1,029,083 Norway and Sweden 943,330 Austria-Hungary 464,435 Italy 414,513 Russia and Poland 396,353 France 370,162 Scotland 329,192 China 292,578 Switzerland ........ 174,333 Denmark 146,237 July 1. International Copyright law went into effect. Dec. 1. National debt, $1,546,961,695 (reduc- tion of $1,226,274,579 since 1866). 1893. Feb. 1. U. S. protectorate declared over Hawaii : ended April 13. March 4. Grover Cleveland inaugurated 24th President. May 1. World's Columbian Exposition opened at Chicago, continued till October 30. Total attendance, 27,539,041. Aug. 24. Cyclone along Atlantic coast : 1,000 lives lost about Charleston and Savannah. Oct. 7-13. American yacht Vigilant defeated English Valkyrie in races for America's cup. 1894. Jan. 1. World's Fair opened at San Francisco, Cal. June 25. Boycott of Pullman Palace Car Co. by Am. Railway Union resulted in strike stop- ping traffic in much of the West, affecting 50,000 miles of railroads. Government troops called out. Strike ended practically July 14, officially Aug. 3. Aug. 7. Gold reserve reached $52,189,500, low- est since resumption of specie payments Jan. 1, 1879. Aug. 8. Hawaiian Republic officially recog- nized by the U. S. Aug. 27. Senate Tariff Bill including Income Tax became a law without President Cleve- land's signature, which he refused. 1895. March 5. Steamship Allianca fired on by Spanish cruiser. Satisfaction demanded by the U. S. and given by Spain. May 20. Income Tax declared unconstitu- tional by U. S. Supreme Court : vote, 5 to 4. Sept. 7-13. Defender-Valkyrie III. yacht races for America's cup. Defender (Am.) won. Dec. 17. President sent Congress a message concerning application of Monroe Doctrine to Venezuela and Great Britain boundary dis- pute. 1896. Jan. 1. President named commission of 5 on Venezuelan boundary. Jan. 4. Utah Ter. became State. April 22. International Arbitration Congress met at Washington. May 6. Civil Service extended by President Cleveland to 30,000 additional government po- sitions ; places on Classified Lists 85,000. May 27. Cyclone wrecked part of St. Louis, Mo., and East St. Louis, killing 500 persons, and destroying $25,000,000 property. July 30. President issued proclamation warn- ing against violation of U. S. neutrality laws, with respect to Cuban insurrection. Aug. 4-15. Very hot weather in Eastern States. 650 persons died from sunstroke. Oct. 20-22. 150th anniversary of College of New Jersey. Name changed to Princeton University. Nov. 12. Venezuelan Boundary Treaty signed by U. S. and Great Britain. 1897. Jan. 11. General Arbitration Treaty be- tween Great Britain and the U. S. submitted to Senate ; rejected May 5, 1897. March 4. William McKinley inaugurated 25th President. May 5. Greater New York charter signed by governor, to go into effect Jan. 1, 1898, incor- NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 795 porating into one municipality population of 3,400,000 and area of 360 square miles. May 20. Senate recognized Cuban belliger- ency. June 16. Treaty for annexation of Hawaii signed. July 17. Arrival at Seattle of $2,000,000 from Klondike gold fields made public discovery of rich mines. July 19-24. Dingley Tariff Bill passed. Nov. 2. First city election in Greater New York. Robert A. Van Wyck (Democrat) elected mayor over Seth Low (Citizens' Union) and Benjamin P. Tracy (Republican). 1898- Feb. 15. U. S. battleship Maine blown up in Havana harbor ; over 250 lives lost. March 10. Congress empowered President to spend $50,000,000 for national defense. March 28. Court of Inquiry reported on Maine disaster, attributing it to submarine mine. April 19. Congress resolved that the U. S. in- tervene to enforce independence of Cuba. April 20. Spanish minister left Washington. April 21. Spanish government dismissed U. S. Minister Woodford. Adm. Sampson'sfleet sailed to blockade Cuban ports. April 23. Pres't called for 125,000 volunteers. May 1. Commodore Dewey, with Pacific fleet, destroyed Spanish fleet of ten at Manila, losing only a few wounded. May 25. Pres't called for 75,000 more volun- teers. Com. Schley's fleet blockaded Santiago, preventing exit of Adm. Cervera's fleet. 2,500 soldiers sent from San Francisco to support Com. Dewey at Manila. June 10. Invasion of Cuba by the Americans. June 22. Fifth Army Corps, 16,000 men, under Brig. -Gen. Shatter debarked at Daiquiri and Siboney, near Santiago. July 1-2. Outer defenses of Santiago carried by Shafter ; loss in killed, wounded, and miss- ing, 1,593. July 3. Cervera's fleet of six, escaping from Santiago, was destroyed by American fleet under Sampson and Schley. Spanish loss, be- side ships, 350 men killed, 165 wounded, and 1,700 prisoners. Gen. Shafter demanded surrender of Santiago. Island of Guam, one of the Ladrones, seized by American warship Charleston. July 7. Joint resolution for annexation of Ha- waii signed by President. July 8. Congress adjourned : total appropria- tion for war till Jan. 1, 1899, $361,788,095. July 1 7. Spanish General Toral, in command of Santiago, capitulated, surrendering 20,000 troops and the eastern portion of Cuba. July 23. Spain inquired through M. Cambon French ambassador to the U. S M on what terms the U. S. would cease hostilities. July 25. Gen. Nelson A. Miles landed with an army at Guanica, Porto Rico. July 30. Pres't McKinley gave terms for peace. Aug. 12. Protocol, signed at Washington by the Am. Sec. of State for the U. S., and the French Ambassador for Spain, suspended hos- tilities. Aug. 7 9. Manila surrendered to Gen. Merritt and A A.n. Dewey after combined attack. Aug. 13. Joint High Commission on differ- ences between the U. S. and Canada met at Quebec. Oct. 18. U. S. flag raised over Porto Rico. Nov. 1. National debt $1,964,837,130, an in- crease of $156,059,487 within the year. 1899. Feb. 4. Filipino army tried to capture Manila ; repulsed with heavy loss. Feb. 10. Pres't signed treaty of Paris between the U. S. and Spain, latter relinquishing sov- ereignty over Cuba, and ceding to the U. S., Porto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands, receiving from the U. S. $20,000,000. Aug. 8. Hurricane in Porto Rico ; 2,000 killed, $75,000,000 lost. Oct. 3-20. Am. Yacht Columbia defeated Shamrock in races for America's cup. In 1899. Philippine warfare against U. S. forces continued, largely desultory and in favor of the Americans. 1900. Jan. 12. Chicago drainage canal opened. Jan. 16. Samoan treaty with Germany rati- fied, the U. S. securing Tutuila and its harbor Pago-Pago. Jan. 25. Brigham H. Roberts, representative from Utah, excluded from House, as polyga- mist. Feb. 5. Hague Treaty providing International Board of Arbitration ratified by Senate. March 14. Gold Standard Bill making the gold dollar the standard unit of value in the U. S. signed by President. June. Philippine Civil Commission reached Manila, to aid in establishing civil govern- ment. June 1. Twelfth U. S. census ; population, 76,303,387 (gain of 13,681,137 since 1890). June 18. Troops ordered from Manila to China to protect U. S. citizens. June 30. Fire at Hoboken, N. J., destroyed three steamships, piers, 200 lives and $5,000- 000 in property. Aug. 2. North Carolina constitutional amend- ment, limiting suffrage by educational quali- fication. Sept. 8. Galveston and many Gulf towns dam- aged by hurricane and flood. 6,000 lives, $30,000,000 destroyed. Oct. 29. Names chosen for the " Hall of Fame for Great Americans," N. Y. University. Other names to be added at intervals up to 150 in the year 2000. Those chosen are Washington. Lincoln, Daniel Webster, Franklin, Grant, John Marshall, Jeffer- son, R. W. Emerson, Longfellow, Fulton, Irving, Edwards, Morse, Farragut, Clay, Hawthorne, Pea- body, R. E. Lee, Peter Cooper, Eli Whitney, Audu- bon, Mann, Beecher, James Kent, Story, John Adams, Channing, Gilbert Stuart, Asa Gray. Nov. 1. National debt, $2,132,373,031, increase of $39,687,007 within the year. Nov. 6. In Presidential elections, William McKinley as President and Theodore Roose- velt as Vice President chosen by very large majorities. In 1900. Condition of Cuba quiet. Sept. 15, delegates to Constitutional Convention elected. Trial by jury inaugurated Oct. 9. In 1900. Immigration, 448,572. Total immi- gration from 1820 to 1900, 19,765,155. 1901. Jan. 16. Reapportionment bill approved, increasing Representatives from 357 to 386. 796 NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 1901. Feb. 25. United States Steel Corporation ("billion dollar trust") organized; capital $1,100,000,000. March 4. 56th Congress adjourned. Appropri- ations, $1,440,062,545.95 ("billion dollar Con- gress"). March 4. William McKinley inaugurated for second term. Theodore Roosevelt, Vice Pres- ident. May 1-Nov. 2. Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. Attendance, 8,350,000. May 9. Great panic in Wall Street over North- ern Pacific Railroad stock which touched 1,000. July 5. Jacob Rogers bequeathed $5,000,000 to N. T. Metropolitan Museum of Art. July 25. Free trade with Porto Rico pro- claimed. Aug. 16. Wireless telegram rec'd at Nantucket, from steamship Lucania. Sept. 6. President McKinley shot by an anar- chist, at Buffalo. He died September 14 ; Theo- dore Roosevelt became President. Sept. 28,Oct. 3, Oct. 4. Am. Columbia defeated Shamrock II in races for Americans cup. Nov. 5. Seth Low, anti-Tammany, elected Mayor of New York ; 30,000 plurality. Dec. 14. Receipt at St. John's, Newfound- land, of wireless signals from Cornwall, Eng., 1,700 miles. Dec. 16. Isthmian canal treaty with England providing that the U. S. shall have exclusive right to make and regulate the canal. In 1901. In Hawaii, first Territorial legisla- ture met February 20. In 1901. In Philippines, civil government es- tablished in many provinces, and forces re- duced from about 70,000 to less than 50,000. Special attention was paid to education, several hundred teachers being taken from the United States. Civil government established in Manila, May 3. July 4, W. H. Taft inaugurated civil gov- ernor. 1902. Jan. 4. Carnegie Institution incorpo- rated with D. C. Gilman as first president ; en- dowment, $10,000,000 contributed by Andrew Carnegie. March 7. Permanent Census Bureau act. March 14. Hague Peace Conference treaty, as to usage in war, ratified by Senate. April 29. Chinese exclusion bill approved, re- enacting former law. May 12. Coal strike. See below. May 31. Army reduced from 77,287 to 66,497. June 9-11. Centennial of West Point Military Academy. June 1 7. Irrigation bill approved by the Pres't. It provided that in certain Western States funds from sale of public land in excess of money de- voted to education should be reserved for irriga- tion. June 28. Isthmian canal bill approved, giving President duty of determining route, and au- thorizing purchase of Panama Canal Co.'s works and rights for $40,000,000. July 1. Sealing dispute with Russia decided in favor of the U. S. by Dr. Asser of the Neth- erlands Council of State. In July. New treaty with Spain. Oct. 1. International Mercantile Marine Co., " the shipping combine," formed. Capital $120,000,000; controlled 114 steamers with tonnage of 840,000. Oct. 14. Hague Arbitration Court gave first decision in the case of the U. S. (for the R. C. Archbishop of California) against Mexico. Mexico to pay $1,420,682.67 back annuities and henceforth annually $43,059.99. Nov. 29. Hague tribunal awarded the U. S. damages for Russia's seizure of Am. sealers. Dec. 21. First complete wireless telegraph message sent from Cornwall, Eng., to Nova Scotia. In 1902. May 12. Strike of 145,000 anthra- cite coal miners on refusal of mining and rail- road companies to grant higher wages, shorter hours, and better conditions. Coal famine resulted. State troops ordered to Shenandoah and to Laekawanna Co. Sept. 30, coal sold at $25 a ton, in New York, and wood at $16 a cord. After conferences, on Oct. 13, a proposition was made by operators to refer troubles to a com- mission, strikers to work pending decision : ac- cepted by miners, Oct. 21. Coal scarcity and high ? rices continued through the winter. n 1902. In Porto Rico, school children in- creased from 22,000 to 44,000. In 1902. In Philippines, aside from some outbreaks, the year comparatively quiet mak- ing civil progress. 1903. Jan. 1. Hawaiian cable completed. Jan. 14. Coal duties suspended for one year. Jan. 20. Wireless telegrams between the Pres- ident and King Edward VII. Jan. 22. Panama canal treaty signed, but re- jected by Colombia, Nov. 3. Jan. 24. Treaty for commission on Alaskan boundary. Feb. 14. Dep't. of Commerce and Labor est'd. G. B. Cortelyou first Secretary. March 14. Anthracite Coal Commission re- port. It provided a 9-hour day to miners and 8 hours to engineers ; 10 % increase in wages with addi- tional 1 % for each 5 cents added to price of coal in New York ; no limit to output ; no discrimination because of " union " membership or reverse ; a permanent board of conciliation, three members to be appointed by mine workers, three by operators, to settle disputes, but no suspension of work pend- ing settlement ; agreement to last till March 31, March 19. Cuban reciprocity treaty ratified. March 20. Missouri Supreme Court fined meat-packing houses for violation of the anti- trust law. July 4. First message to Philippines over Pa- cific cable. Message around the world took 12 minutes. Aug. 15. General Staff of the Army organized. Aug. 22, 25, Sept. 3. Am. Reliance defeated Shamrock III in races for America's cup. Aug. 26. Samuel J. Parks, walking delegate of Housesmith's Union, N. Y., convicted of extortion and sentenced to Sing Sing, Nov. 6, for two years. Sept. 28. 100th anniversary of founding of Chicago. Sept. 28. Depression in stocks reached low- est point. Quotations on 200 railroad and indus- trial shares show average decrease of 33% from 1902. Oct. 8. Commercial treaty with China signed ; ratified, Dec. 18. Oct. 20. Tribunal on Alaskan boundary gave decision. Canada debarred from access to sea north of Portland Channel. Dec. 30. Fire and panic in Iroquois Theater, Chicago, kills nearly 600 persons. \ NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 797 1903. Immigration, 857,046. Imports, $1,025,- 719,237. Exports, $1,420,141,679. In 1903. Serious labor troubles occurred in N. T. building trades, and general cessation of building. Employers united in refusing ex- treme demands of labor unions. In 1903. In the Philippines, new currency went into circulation July 20. 1904. Jan. 4. U. S. Supreme Court decided Porto Ricans not aliens. Jan. 9. Commercial treaty between China and U. S. ratified by Chinese Emperor. Jan. 18. U. S. Supreme Court decided ne- groes not debarred from grand juries in cases involving negro criminals. Feb. 7-8. Fire in Baltimore destroyed $80,- 000,000. Feb. 8. The U. S. invited England, Germany, and France to suggest to Russia and Japan restriction of hostilities in their war to a small area, and neutralization of China. April 15. Andrew Carnegie created fund of $5,000,000, income to be used " for the dependents of those losing their lives in heroic efforts to save their fellow men, or for the heroes themselves if they are merely injured." April 30. Louisiana Purchase Exposition , opened at St. Louis. June 15. Steamer General Slocum burned in East River. More than 1,000 lives lost. July 12. 50,000 meat packing employees of [ Middle West struck. Sept. 8, strike ended . July 25. Greatest textile strike began in Fall j River, Mass. It involved 26,000 men and 70 mills, causing weekly loss of $150,000. Caused ! by \2\ % wage reduction after previous cut of 10%. Manufacturers refused to arbitrate, Dec. 30. Oct. 27. Part of New York rapid transit sub- way opened to the public. Nov. 8. Theodore Roosevelt elected President and Chaa. W. Fairbanks Vice President : a ma- jority in electoral college 196 ; popular plural- ity, 2,542,062. Nov. 19. Statue of Frederick the Great, pre- sented to U. S. by Emperor William of Ger- many, unveiled at Washington. In 1904. Serious labor troubles in Colorado mining districts through the year, aggravated by explosion of infernal machine at Cripple Creek, June 6, and subsequent action of au- thorities. In 1904. In the Philippines, further progress. 1905. Jan. 18. Fall River strike ended. Jan. 19. Assurance received from Russia and Japan that they would not extend territorial possessions in China at end of war. Feb. 17. Parcels post treaty with Great Brit- ain. March 4. Messrs. Roosevelt and Fairbanks in- augurated President and Vice President. March 29. All members of Panama Canal Com- mission resigned. April 3, new Commission ap- pointed. Nov. 18, consulting engineers voted for I sea-level canal. Year devoted to improving health I conditions and ordering supplies and machinery. April 12. American Board of Foreign Missions accepted Rockefeller gift of $100,000. April 27. Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000 as pension fund for college professors in U. S. , Canada, and Newfoundland. June 8. President Roosevelt took first step in bringing about Portsmouth Conference, re- sulting, Sept. 5, in treaty of peace between Russia and Japan. June 30. John D. Rockefeller gave $10,000,- 000 to promote higher education in U. S. July 19. Elihu Root of N. Y. became Sec. of State, succeeding the late John Hay. July 22. Yellow fever in New Orleans ; lasted into October ; more than 3,000 cases and about 400 deaths Aug. 7. $2,000,000 fire at D. L. & W. terminal, Hoboken, N. J. Oct. 9. James Russell Lowell, John Greenleaf Whittier, and William Tecumseh Sherman chosen for Hall of Fame. (See October 29, 1900.) Nov'. 1. National debt, $2,293,846,382.34. Nov. 7. Fall elections indicating general re- volt against bossism. Especially noticeable in Ohio and Penn. In N. Y., William Travers Je- rome reelected district attorney, and George B. McClellan, mayor. Dec. 4. First session of 59th Congress. In 1905. Following the Equitable Life Assur- ance Co., N. Y., investigation, begun in April, came that of other large companies, notably the Mutual and New York Life. Evidence showed exorbitant salaries and commis- sions, loose financial management for the benefit of managers, political contributions, and vast expen- ditures presumably for legislative favors. Public opinion forced resignation of presidents and lead- ing directors, mostly of national prominence. In 1905. Marked by reaction against political corruption, financial dishonesty, and prevent- able warfare. The year was one of great na- tional prosperity. In 1905. In the Philippines the year was comparatively quiet. March 16, Sec. Taft de- clared the administration policy to be indef- inite retention, with independence in abey- ance. In 1905. Chinese boycott of American goods because of Am. exclusion of Chinese laborers. 1906. Jan. 2. Strike of Typographical Union against many printers, for an 8-hour day ; con- tinued through the year. Jan. 25. House passed bill admitting Okla- homa and Indian Territory jointly and Ari- zona and New Mexico jointly to statehood. Feb. 19. U. S. Supreme Court decided that a common carrier cannot sell the commodities that it carries, as coal from its own mines. (See May 3, 1909.) President recommended a lock canal to be constructed at Panama. March 11. Andrew Carnegie donated $15,000 a year to aid propaganda of simplified spelling. April 2. United Mine Workers of America ordered suspension of work by about 200,000 men in anthracite and bituminous coal mines. April 16. Supreme Court decided divorce not valid outside State where obtained unless court had jurisdiction over both parties. April 18. Severe earthquake shocks in cen- tral coast region of California. Shocks and resulting fire destroyed three quarters of San Francisco, the husiness section and all pub- lic buildings except the Mint. 425 lives lost ; direct financial loss about $ 350,000,000 ; insurance, $235,- 000,000. Towns north and south much damaged, esp. San Jose and Santa Rosa. Buildings of Stan- ford Univ. partly destroyed. Congress appro- priated $2,500,000 for relief. Vast sums contributed generally. 798 NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 1906. May 6. United Mine Worker3 came to agreement with anthracite operators ; 160,000 miners returned to work, award of 1902 com- mission to rule until March 31, 1909. Esti- mated strike loss in wages, $10,000,000. June 21. Senate voted for lock canal at Pana- ma. House so voted on 27th. June 23-29. Railroad Rate Act, giving Inter- state Commerce Commission power to fix rates. June 26. Cable opened to Japan via Guam. June 29. Pure Food Act as to harmful adulter- ations and compulsory descriptive labels. Also, Meat inspection Act. July 13. Strike of bituminous coal miners ended ; 40,000 men resumed at former wages. Aug. 24. President Roosevelt accepted spelling of 300 words recommended by Simplified Spell- ing Board, and ordered their use in his official documents. (See Dec. 13.) Sept. 19. President issued order extending 8- hour labor law to government work. Oct. 17. N. Y. Central and Hudson River R. R. fined $100,000 for giving rebates. Oct. 25. Japanese Ambassador Aoki protested against exclusion of Japanese from San Fran- cisco public schools. Nov. 2. Lieut. Commander Robert E. Peary reported reaching "Farthest North "at 87° 6', — 203 miles from the Pole. Nov. 6. Arizona voted against accepting state- hood jointly with New Mexico. President dismissed from the army " without honor " three companies of 25th (negro) regi- ment, some of whose members were accused of making a murderous night attack upon Brownsville, Texas, Aug. 13. Nov. 11. Mrs. E. S. Damon, last pensioner on account of Revolutionary "War, died. Dec. 10. Nobel peace prize of about $40,000 awarded by Norwegian Storthing to Pres. Roosevelt for services in ending of Russo- Japanese war. President founded with it a permanent Industrial Peace Commission at Washington to deal with labor troubles. Dec. 13. Because of opposition in Congress, the President withdrew his " simplified spell- ing " order. In 1906. The year was one of unequaled gen- eral prosperity. A marked feature was un- covering many abuses by corporations New laws, Federal and State, passed compelling better methods on the part of insurance com- panies, railroads, meat-packers, and others. Many indictments secured, and some convic- tions against powerful companies. In 1906. In the Philippines mostly unevent- ful. Islands continued to suffer from un- settled conditions, but ladronism was almost extinguished, and school attendance increased greatly. 1907. Jan. 24. Salaries of Senators and Repre- sentatives increased to $7,500, and of Vice President, Speaker of House, and members of Cabinet to $12,000. The U. S. entered suits in San Francisco to test right of California authorities to exclude Japanese from public schools. Feb. 7. John D. Rockefeller gave $32,000,000 to General Education Board. Feb 26. Army Engineer Corps put in charge of Panama canal construction. Major G. W. Goethals, chief engineer. March 4. 17,400,000 acres in Northwestern States added to national forest reserves. March 12. Mrs. Russell Sage endowed " Sage Foundation" for investigation of distress among poor with $10,000,000. March 16. Commission appointed to examine plans for extending and improving internal commercial waterways. March 22. Census shows wealth of U. S. ex- ceeds $107,000,000,000. April 14. First national Arbitration and Peace Congress, in New York. April 26. Jamestown Exposition opened. May 22. New York Legislature established Public Utilities Commission to control public service corporations. June- July- Aug. Sharp conflict between Fed- eral and State courts and authorities in North Carolina arising out of State legislation on rail- road rates. Yielding by railroads prevented decision. Aug. 3. Judge K. M. Landis, in the U. S. Dis- trict Court, Chicago, fined Standard Oil Co. of Indiana $29,240,000 on its conviction of accept- ing rebates on 1,463 counts. See July 22, '08. Aug. 9. Strike of telegraph operators; ex- tended to many large cities. Oct. 18. Directors of Mercantile National Bank, New York, resigned on account of scan- dals connecting some of them with a copper brokerage company. Investigations of other banks and trust compa- nies precipitated a run on several, and a financial panic followed. Oct. 19 the Knickerbocker Trust Company and many small banks suspended. Prices of stocks and bonde fell low, and severe general money stringency followed. Oct. 20. End of telegraph operators' strike. Nov. 17. New union railroad station in Wash- ington, D. C, costing more than $4,000,000, opened to traffic. Dec. 16. Fleet of 16 first-class battleships, Rear-Adm. R. D. Evans commanding, sailed from Hampton Roads for Pacific coast on prac- tice cruise. In 1907. Immigration 1,285,349 ; imports $1,434,421,425 ; exports $1,880,851,078. In 1907. The year was one of general pros- perity for first 9 months, although securities declined. The October (see Oct. 18) New York panic was reflected throughout the country. The basic prosperity, however, aided in restor- ing confidence. Several States passed radical rate legislation. In 1907. The year in the Philippines marked chiefly by the first Filipino Assembly. 1908. Jan. 4. Subway tunnel under the East River from Manhattan to Brooklyn opened to traffic. Jan. 15. Joint resolution, to remit to China about $13,000,000 of indemnity for Boxer out- rages. Feb 3. Supreme Court declared a trade-union boycott against a manufacturer doing an inter- state business to be an illegal combination in restraint of trade. Feb. 10. Arbitration treaty with France signed. Feb. 25. First tunnel under the Hudson River, between Hoboken and New York, opened. NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 799 1908. April 11. Treaty with Great Britain concerning Canadian boundary and one for further regulation of fisheries on the Great Lakes signed at Washington. April 25. Centenary celebration of Catholic Church in New York began. June 8. National Commission appointed to in- quire into conservation of national resources, especially forests and water power. June 11. Bill making public betting at race tracks a misdemeanor passed N. Y. legislature. June 23. Bill making gambling at race tracks illegal passed Louisiana legislature. June 24. Grover Cleveland, ex-President of the United States, died at Princeton, N. J. July 6. Commander Robert E. Peary sailed from New York for the North Pole. July 9. Diplomatic relations with Venezuela broken off. The Lusitania crossed the Atlantic at aver- age speed of 25.01 knots, best day's run being 643 miles. July 22. U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals at Chicago reversed conviction of Standard Oil Co. of Indiana. (See Aug. 3, '07.) Aug. 9. Pres*t appointed commission to inves- tigate social conditions of farming classes. Aug. 14 & 15. Race riots in Springfield, Illi- nois. Sept. 5. Forest fires in Minn., Wis., and Mich., throughout Sept. and Oct. did enormous dam- age. Several small towns destroyed. Sept. 7. Miss Annie S. Peck, American, reached summit of Mt. Huascaran, Peruvian Andes, height estimated about 24,000 ft. Sept. 10 & 12. Orville Wright broke all rec- ords for heavier-than-air flying machines, re- maining in air 1 h. 14 min. Sept. 17 the ma- chine fell in flight, killing Lieut. Thomas E. Selfridge and breaking Wright's leg. Oct. 1. Two-cent letter postage between the U. S. and Great Britain went into effect. Oct. 2. Battleship fleet, continuing voyage, arrived at Manila,& Oct.17., Yokohama, Japan ; official and popular reception extraordinary. Nov. 3. William H. Taft elected President and James S. Sherman Vice President, with 321 votes in the Electoral College to 162 for Wil- liam J. Bryan, of Nebraska. Popular vote : Taft, Rep. 7,637.676 ; Bryan, Dem. 6,393,182 ; Debs, Soc. 448.453 ; Chafin, Pro. 241,252 ; Hisgen, Ind. 83.183 ; Watson, Pop. £3,871 ; Gillhaus, Soe. Lab. 15.421. Taft's plurality over Brvan, 1,233,494. Taft's majority, 411,314. Nov. 4. Resignation of Charles W. Eliot as President of Harvard University. Nov. 22. Chinese gov't expressed thanks for return of part of indemnity paid for Boxer outrages in 1900. Nov. 30. Mutual declaration of policies of the U. S. and Japan in the Far East proclaimed in Washington and Tokyo. Dec. 23. Samuel Gompers, Pres't Am. Feder- ation of Labor, John Mitchell, a Vice-Pres't, and Frank Morrison, Sec, sentenced in Su- preme Court, District of Columbia, to im- prisonment for 1 year, 9 months, and 6 months, respectively, for contempt in violating injunc- tion against boycott of a stove company. No- tice of appeal. In 1908. The year in the Philippines, one of steady progress. Railway building pushed. An Agricultural Bank founded. 1909. Jan. 1. Two-cent letter postage between the U. S. and Germany went into effect upon letters sent by sea direct. Jan. 4. Congress appropriated $800,000 for relief of earthquake sufferers in Italy & Sicily. Jan. 8. House of Reps, passed resolutions lay- ing on the table passages in Pres. Roosevelt's message relating to action of Congress in lim- iting employment of secret service men. The resolutions declared statements in these pas- sages insulting to the Congress and without justification in fact. Jan. 13. Abbott Lawrence Lowell chosen to succeed Charles W. Eliot as President of Harvard University. Feb. 4. California Assembly passed bill bar- ring Japanese children from public schools ; President Roosevelt protested to Governor. March 4. William H. Taft inaugurated Presi- dent and James S. Sherman Vice President of the United States. March 10. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana ac- quitted in Federal Court, and fine of $29,240- 000 imposed by Judge Landis (Aug. 3, '07) re- mitted. March 15. Congress met in extra session as called by Pres. Taft, chiefly to revise tariff law. March 23. Pres. Taft appointed committee of cabinet officers to examine estimates for Gov- ernment expenses in the several departments, to harmonize budget. April 9. House of Representatives passed Payne tariff bill. April 10. Senate passed bill for Census 1910. April 28. Pres. Taft recognized new Sultan of Turkey, Mehmed V., following Revolution of Young Turkey. April 29. Agreement between anthracite oper- ators and mine-workers continuing present terms for three years, to Mar. 31, 1912. May 3. U. S. Supreme Court decided that common carrier may own stock in a produc- ing company and transport the company's product. (See Feb. 19, '06.) May 10. James H. Boyle, for kidnaping Willie Whitla, Sharon, O., sentenced to peni- tentiary, for life ; his wife also, for 25 years. June. William Darrah, automobile chauffeur, sentenced to not less than 7 nor more than 20 years imprisonment, for fatally running over a boy and then absconding. HISTORICAL AND POPULATION STATISTICS OF THE STATES, States. Delaware Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts Maryland South Carolina New Hampshire . . . Virginia New York North Carolina Rhode Island Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Indiana Mississippi Illinois Alabama Maine Missouri Arkansas Michigan Florida Texas Iowa Wisconsin California Minnesota Oregon Kansas West Virginia Nevada Nebraska Colorado || North Dakota. . . . || South Dakota || Montana || Washington || Idaho II Wyoming IT Utah **Oklahoma District of Columbia Totals m 1638 1683 1664 1733 1633 1620 1634 1670 1623 1607 1614 1663 1636 1724 1774 1768 1788 1718 1702 1699 1693 1702 1625 1715 1685 1701 1565 1685 1833 1745 1769 1838 1811 1854 1848 1858 1859 1809 1845 1842 1867 1847 1889 By whom Settled. Swedes English ... English . . . English ... English . . . English ... English . . . English ... English ... English . . . Dutch English . . . English ... English . . . English ... English ... Americans French . . . French . . . French ... French.. .. French .... English . . . French .... French .... French Spaniards . Spaniards . French French .... Spaniards . Americans . Americans . Americans . Americans . Mormons . . Americans Americans. Americans . Americans . Americans . Americans. French Americans. Mormons . . Americans. English . . . Capitals. Dover Harrisburg Trenton Atlanta Hartford Boston Annapolis Columbia Concord Richmond Albany Raleigh Providence Montpelier Frankfort Nashville Columbus Baton Rouge.. Indianapolis — Jackson Springfield Montgomery. .. Augusta Jefferson City . Little Rock Lansing Tallahassee Austin , Des Moines Madison Sacramento St. Paul Salem Topeka Charleston Carson City Lincoln Denver Bismarck Pierre Helena Olympia Boise City Cheyenne Salt Lake City. Guthrie Washington ■g.2 « « as 1791 1792 1796 1802 1812 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1836 1837 1845 1845 1846 1848 1850 1858 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1876 II II 1907 1800 Territories and Possessions. Organ- ized. New Mexico Arizona Alaska Hawaiian Islands 1582 1783 1820 1509 1565 Spaniards Spaniards Russians Americans Spaniards Spaniards Santa Fe" Phoenix Juneau Honolulu 1850 1863 tt 1900 Philippine Islands . . . Manila Totals Totals in the United States * States admitted before 1800 ranked on census of 1790. All others, by census preceding admission, ex- || Four States— N. and S. Dakota, Montana, and Washington — were admitted by Act of Congress ap- stated above — being in excess of the United States census of 1880 — was determined by special census or ** Oklahoma proclaimed a State, Nov. 1(1, 1907, comprising the Territory of Oklahoma and Indian Terri- is that of both Territories combined. tt Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867, is not tt Territorial delegates have no vote in Congress and have been counted only in the totals followed a The Census of 1900 enumerates also 91,219 persons in the U. S. service, stationed abroad. Including total population of the United States and her possessions in 1900 was 85,344,291. (800) TERRITORIES, AND POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Rank by Population when admitted.* ° 1 a o • Oh .2 <=S e op SI" STA.TE8. 15 59,098 184,735 l 16,242 347 Delaware. 3 434,373 6,302,115 32 1,044,101 10,330 Pennsylvania. 9 184,139 1,883,669 10 438,736 2,257 New Jersey. 12 82,548 2,216,331 11 378,978 5,652 Georgia. 8 237,946 908,420 5 162,162 1,024 Connecticut. 2 475,327 2,805,346 14 566,403 2,119 Massachusetts. 6 319,728 1,188,044 6 145,654 1,376 Maryland. 7 249,073 1,340,316 7 189,167 2,818 South Carolina. 10 141,885 411,588 2 35,058 1,239 New Hampshire. 1 748,308 1,854,184 10 198,204 3,779 Virginia. 5 340,120 7,268,894 37 1,271,041 8,121 New York. 4 393,751 1,893,810 10 275,863 3,831 North Carolina. 14 69,110 428,556 2 83,050 212 Rhode Island. 11 85,416 343,641 2 11,219 1,012 Vermont. 13 73,077 2,147,174 11 288,539 3,060 Kentucky. 16 30,791 2,020,616 10 253,098 3,137 Tennessee. 17 45,365 4,157,545 21 485,229 8,807 Ohio. 17 76,556 1,381,625 7 263,038 2,824 Louisiana. 20 147,178 2,516,462 13 324,058 6,470 Indiana. 19 75,448 1,551,270 8 261,670 2,920 Mississippi. 22 55,211 4,821,550 25 995,199 11,003 Illinois. 19t 127,901 1,828,697 9 315,680 4,226 Alabama. 12 298,335 694,466 4 33,380 1,915 Maine. 23 66,586 3,106,665 16 427,481 6,875 Missouri. 27 97,574 1,311,564 7 183,385 3,360 Arkansas. 26 212,267 2,420,982 12 327,093 8,195 Michigan. 27 87,445 528,542 3 137,120 3,299 Florida. m 212,592 3,048,710 16 813,187 9,886 Texas. 28 192,214 2,231,853 11 319,957 9,185 Iowa. 29 305,391 2,069,042 11 382,162 6,531 Wisconsin. 29 92,597 1,485,053 8 276,923 5,751 California. 30 172,793 1,751,394 9 449,568 6,943 Minnesota. 32 52,566 413,536 2 99,769 1,724 Oregon. 33§ 107,206 1,470,495 8 43,399 8,719 Kansas. 27 376,688 958,800 5 196,006 2,228 West Virginia. 37 42,491 42,335 1 dec. 3,426 909 Nevada. 36 122,993 1,066,300 6 7,390 5,685 Nebraska. 38 39,864 539,700 3 127,502 4,587 Colorado. 415,610 319,146 2 136,427 2,731 North Dakota. 568,477 401,570 2 72,762 2,850 South Dakota. 175,000 243,329 1 111,170 3,010 Montana. 143,669 518,103 3 168,713 2,914 Washington. 113,777 161,772 1 77,387 1,261 Idaho. 100,000 92,531 1 31,826 1,229 Wyoming. 40 207,905 276,749 1 68,844 1,547 Utah. 29 1,414,042 790,391 5 548,375 2,151 Oklahoma. 18 14,093 278,718 48,326 32 Dist. of Columbia. 75,676,334 391 13,087,115 190,081 Pop. when Territories and organized. Possessions. 61,547 195,310 ltt 41,717 1,753 New Mexico. 9,658 122,931 U + 63,311 1,512 Arizona. 29,097 154,001 63,592 154,001 31,540 64,011 22 Alaska. "i'tt" 71 Hawaiian Isls. [953,243 Not [8,000,000 Not included in Totals] in Totals] Porto Rico. included Philippine Isls. 535,834 3» 200,579 3,358 76,212,168 a 394 Xt 13,287,694 193,439 t By census of 1820. + By census of 1850. i ; Idaho July 4, and Wyoming July 10. 1890. The ' § By census of 1870. population when admitted." as cept as noted. proved February official estimate. f Utah proclaimed a State, Jan. 4, tory. The " population when admitted " is that determined by a special census. The " population in 1900 " organized as a territory. by this sign. these, and also Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam (pop. 8,061), Tutuila (4,000), Sulu Islands (75,000), the (801) ONE HUNDRED LARGEST CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1900.* 3§tS 1623 1830 1683 1764 1630 1682 1796 1801 1776 1788 1754 1718 1701 1835 1791 1666 1802 1778 1849 1636 1819 1830 1838 1810 1858 1832 1788 1812 1713 1787 1638 1792 1803 1846 1854 1780 1820 1844 1826t 1614 1630 1845 1845 1833 1796 1737 1779 1852 1635 1748 1732 33,131 in 1790 4,479 " 1840 42,520 " 1790 1,600 " 1810 18,038 " 1790 13,503 " 1790 547 " 1810 1,508 " 1810 500 " 1840 750 " 1800 1.565 " 1800 5,500 " 1790 770 " 1810 1,700 " 1840 3,210 " 1800 6,507 "1820 3,072 " 1840 200 " 1790 13,066 "1870 6,380 " 1790 75 " 1820 4,418 " 1860 1,112 " 1850 1,502 "1820 4,759 " 1870 1,222 " 1840 1,839 1,450 2,095 1,814 4,049 7,596 6,738 19,565 ' 1,883 " 1860 1,610 " 1850 3,360 " 1840 3,000 " 1853 6,474 " 1830 3,498 " 1790 2,115 " 1790 2,874 " 1860 2,572 " 1850 1,000 " 1840 383 " 1810 3,761 " 1790 5.566 " 1830 1,107 " 1870 3,955 " 1810 2,385 " 1800 5,268 «« 1820 1,987 " 1830 3,003 " 1810 1840 1820 1800 1820 1800 1840 1840 1870 ■g-s Cities. New York, N. Y Chicago, 111 Philadelphia, Pa St. Louis, Mo Boston, Mass Baltimore, Md Cleveland, Ohio Buffalo,N. Y San Francisco, Cal Cincinnati, Ohio Pittsburg, Pa New Orleans, La Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Washington, D. C Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J Louisville, Ky Minneapolis, Minn Providence, R. I Indianapolis, Ind Kansas City, Mo St. Paul, Minn Rochester, N. Y Denver, Col Toledo, Ohio Alleghany, Pa Columbus, Ohio Worcester, Mass Syracuse, N. Y New Haven, Conn Paterson, N.J Fall River, Mass St. Joseph, Mo Omaha, Neb Los Angeles, Cal Memphis, Tenn Scranton, Pa Lowell, Mass Albany, N. Y Cambridge, Mass Portland, Ore Atlanta, Ga Grand Rapids, Mich Dayton, Ohio Richmond, Va Nashville, Tenn Seattle, Wash Hartford, Conn Reading, Pa Wilmington, Del Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J 3,437,202 1,698,575 1,293,697 575,238 560,892 508,957 381,768 352,387 342,782 325,902 321,616 287,104 285,704 285,315 278,718 246,070 206,433 204,731 202,718 175,597 169,164 163,752 163,065 162,608 133,859 131,822 129,896 125,560 118,421 108,374 108,027 105,171 104,863 102,979 102,555 102,479 102,320 102,026 94,969 94,151 91,886 90,426 89,872 87,565 85,333 85,050 80,865 80,671 79,850 78,961 76,508 75,935 73,307 * According to the preliminary returns of the 1900 Census, town. % Decrease. t Date of separation from an older city or LARGEST CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 803 fa Cities. £ . 1639 1629 1852 1822 1787* 1846 1636 1842* 1752 16— 1817 1730 1758 1819 1680 1733 1847* 1714 1869 1795 1772 1664 1886* 1726 1632 1788 1705 1667 1850* 1794 1800 1836 1815 1825 1843 1847 1718 1867 1874J 1787 1735 1655 1849 1774 1702 1871 1819 110 9,367 1,543 1,699 3,947 502 2,767 3,540 3,895 2,668 250 615 2,972 5,095 16,359 5,166 8,282 3,488 2,943 3,412 2,732 2,500 4,093 1,472 2,244 17,269 8,478 3,256 3,245 4,282 2,759 2,396 745 1,665 1,500 2,854 6,663 2,441 1,953 12,962 4,000 1,459 3,591 914 1,500 3,086 2,167 in 1790 '1840 'I860 'I860 ' 1820 '1850 '1810 '1850 '1810 '1850 '1840 '1810 '1820 '1850 '1790 '1800 '1850 '1850 '1870 '1840 '1850 '1840 '1870 '1800 '1790 '1875 '1820 '1800 '1850 '1850 'I860 '1850 '1830 '1840 '1870 '1870 '1840 '1870 '1830 '1870 '1830 '1830 'I860 '1810 '1820 '1880 '1850 Bridgeport, Conn Lynn, Mass Oakland, Cal Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass. . Des Moines, la Springfield, Mass Somerville, Mass. — Troy, N. Y Hoboken, N. J Evansville, Ind Manchester, N. H Utica, N. Y Peoria, 111 Charleston, S. C Savannah, Ga Salt Lake City, Utah San Antonio, Texas . . Duluth, Minn Erie, Pa Elizabeth, N. J Wilkesbarre, Pa Kansas City, Kan Harrisburg, Pa Portland, Me Yonkers, N. Y Norfolk, Va Waterbury, Conn Holyoke, Mass Fort Wayne, Ind Youngstown, Ohio... Houston, Texas Covington, Ky Akron, Ohio Dallas, Texas Saginaw, Mich Lancaster, Pa Lincoln, Neb Brockton, Mass Binghamton, N. Y Augusta, Ga Pawtucket, R. I Altoona, Pa "Wheeling, W. Va Mobile, Ala Birmingham, Ala Little Rock, Ark 70,996 22,130 68,513 12,786 66,960 18,278 62,559 17,905 62,442 21,709 62,139 12,046 62,059 17,880 61,643 21,491 60,651 30of 59,364 15,716 59,007 8,251 56,987 12,861 56,383 12,376 56,100 15,076 55,807 852 54,244 11,055 53,531 8,688 53,321 15,648 52,969 19,854 52,733 12,099 52,130 14,366 51,721 14,003 51,418 13,102 50,167 10,782 50.145 13,720 47,931 15,898 46,624 11,753 45,859 17,213 45,712 10,075 45,115 9,722 44,885 11,665 44,633 17,076 42,938 5,567 42,728 15,127 42,638 4,571 42,345 3,977t 41,459 9,448 40,169 14,285f 40,063 12,769 39,647 4,642 39,441 6,141 39,231 11,598 38,973 8,636 38,878 4,356 38,469 7,393 38,415 12,237 38,307 12,433 * Date of separation from an older city or town. Bridgewater. t Decrease. J Incorporated ; former name North INFORMATION AS TO PATENTS. AS IN EFFECT JULY 1, 1909. I. What Is a Patent? A patent, like a copyright, is a document putting into legal effect this provision of the Con- stitution of the United States : "The Congress shall have power ... to promote the progress of Science and Useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclu- sive right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." It is a document issued by the Gov- ernment, granting to an inventor or discoverer for a term of years the exclusive right to make, use, and sell his invention in United States territory. The word is also used to denote the right so granted. II. By Whom and for What may It he Secured ? Any person (citizen of the United States or alien) who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter (as of chemicals or drugs), or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by others in this country before his invention or discovery thereof, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country before his invention or discovery or more than two years before his appli- cation for a patent, may obtain a patent therefor. This applies also to any new, original, and ornamental Designs for an article of manufacture (as, of watch cases) not known or used in this country and not patented or described in public print anywhere before the invention of it, or for more than two years before the application for a patent. But even a foreign patent does not debar a United States patent, unless the foreign application was filed more than twelve months — in the case of Designs, more than four months — prior to the filing of the application in this country. This liberal treatment of inventors, together with the small fees demanded, in comparison with those in other lands, have so encouraged ingenuity that America surpasses all other countries in advancement in the useful arts. m. How, and at What Cost, may it be Secured? Applications for letters patent must be made to the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. (J., and must be signed by the inventor, if alive ; if he is dead, by his executor ; if insane, by his legal administrator. The application comprises (1) A Petition: a, requesting patent ; b, giv- ing name, residence, and post-office address of petitioner ; c, designating the invention or discov- ery by a title ; d, referring to the specification for full description ; and e, applicant's signature. (2) "Whenever the nature of the case permits, a Drawing or drawings of the invention. Models need not be furnished, nor, in case of compositions of matter, Specimens of the composition and of its ingredients, unless upon examination the Commissioner of Patents finds them necessary, and requires them to be sent later. Engraved and printed copies of all drawings are made by the Patent Office for its records and publications, and may be had upon application, at regular fixed rates. (3) A Specification, giving : a, name and residence of applicant and title of inven- tion ; b, general statement of object and nature of invention ; c, brief description of drawings or model ; d, detailed description of invention, exact enough to enable any one skilled in the mat- ters to which it relates to make, construct, compound, and use the same, with statement of dis- tinction from other similar inventions ; e, claim or claims of originality ; /, signature of inven- tor, executor, or administrator, with two witnesses. (4) An Oath to the inventor's belief in his own originality as to the matter, and in its fulfilling all the prescribed conditions as to prior invention, use, patenting, etc. (5) The first fee, of fifteen dollars ($15). After receipt of the application, the Patent Office examines into its merits. If it appears not to conflict or interfere with former patents along the same line, it is admitted ; if it does so inter- fere, it is denied ; and in either case notice is sent to the applicant, with reasons if it is rejected. Appeals and renewed applications are allowed, under conditions to be learned from the Office. Every patent will bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time the application was passed and allowed by the Office on examination and notice thereof mailed to the applicant, if within that period the final fee of twenty dollars ($20) be paid to the Commissioner; otherwise, the patent will be withheld. (804) INFORMATION AS TO PATENTS. 805 Every patent contains a short title of the invention or discovery, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs and assigns, for the term of seventeen (17) years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and vend the thing patented throughout the United States and the Territories thereof. The patents for Designs are for the term of three years and six. months (final fee, $10), or seven years ($15), or fourteen years ($30). The patent stands, whether the invention is put into practical operation or not ; but it is not renewable ; the first term is the whole. IV. Caveats. A Caveat is a notice given to the Patent Office of the caveator's claim as inventor of something for which he desires further time to mature or complete it. The Patent Office accepts and files in its confidential archives such a caveat on the payment of ten dollars ($10), and it operates to protect the caveator against the granting of a patent to any other claimant without notice to the caveator for the term of one year. 1% may be renewed year by year upon written request and payment of the same fee each year. Unlike patents (which are letters open to the public) the caveat is kept in secrecy, even when not renewed. It need not be as precise as an application for a patent, but should be clear enough to enable the Office to judge whether a subsequent application by another person is likely to be an interference with the principle or invention claimed, in which case notice of the new applica- tion is sent to the caveator, who may appear in opposition. V. Correctness. Since every communication with the Patent Office must be in writing or printing with perma- nent ink, to secure unquestionable records for the infinite variety of matters discussed, it is evi- dent that all statements, definitions, drawings, models, etc., should be precisely truthful and exact. Intentional false statements are punished ; unintentional errors may be corrected, but always at the expense of money and important time. An applicant may prosecute his own case with the Patent Office ; but, since the value of patents depends largely upon the skillful prepa- ration of the specifications and claims, it is always advisable to employ an attorney who is famil- iar with such matters. It saves money and time. The pamphlet, " Rules of Practice in the United States Patent Office" may be had on application, and gives detailed instructions, models of forms, fees for various services, legal conditions, etc. It may be well for an applicant to have this ; but to act on it without skilled advice is unwise. VI. Miscellaneous. A patent is property, although not subject to taxation. It may be assigned, mortgaged, sold, or given away, in legal form ; and this in toto, or for limited terms of time or special territory, under specific license for operation, or in any other way desired ; but every such assignment, to be valid, and protected by the law, must be recorded at the Patent Office within three months from the date, or it will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valu- able consideration without notice. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent : neither of them alone can obtain a patent for a joint invention. If one man furnishes the invention and another the capital, they may obtain a joint patent, or the patent may issue to the capitalist, but only on the request of the inventor, and under his assignment in whole or in part, which shall have been recorded in the Office not later than the date of the payment of the final fee — or, if later, then with exact reference to the date, serial number, etc., of the original application. It is the design of the law to protect In- ventors in enjoyment of the results of their own ingenuity as to things not formerly available to the public. But after seventeen years the benefits of their inventions are open to the public ; and this serves as a stimulus to further improvements on their earlier invention, which in their turn are patentable. Thus private interest and public benefit work together for the common advancement. INFORMATION AS TO COPYRIGHT. ACT GOING INTO EFFECT JULY 1, 1909. I. What is Copyright? Copyright is the legally conferred right to copy — that is, to print, reprint, publish, copy, and sell — one's own literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. It applies to (a) Books (including composite and cyclopedic works) ; (h) Periodicals and news- papers ; (c) Lectures, sermons, and addresses ; (d) Dramatic, or Dramatico-musical compositions ; (6) Maps ; (f ) Works of art, or models or designs for them ; (g) Reproductions of a work of art ; (h) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character; (i) Photographs ; (J) Prints and pictorial illustrations : and it protects also translations of such copyrighted works, dramatiza- tion as of a novel, novelization as of a drama, arrangements or adaptations of musical works, reproductions of works of art, and completion of copyrighted artistic designs. It also covers public delivery or performance or exhibition of any of such works, in any way, and the law pro- vides for specific royalties to be paid for the mechanical reproduction of musical works as manu- factured. Necessarily, it provides also for injunctions, assessment of legal damages in case of the infringement of rights given by the law, etc. The conditions admitting such a work to copyright are that : In case of a book or periodical, the same shall be printed in the United States from type set, or plates made from type set, in the United States, or from process-reproduction plates made in the United States ; it shall also be bound in this country. The same condition applies to illustrations, except as to reproductions of scientific or artistic originals located in a foreign country. Books for the blind, those in foreign languages, and those in English seeking preliminary protection under the Act, are excepted as to this manufacturing condition. n. How Long does it stand? The first term of the copyright is twenty-eight years. At the end of that time it expires, unless, within one year prior to the date limit, due application is made for its renewal, in which case it is renewed for twenty-eight years further, — fifty-six years, in all. III. Who may Secure it? Any citizen of the United States who is the author, or (as assignee of the author) the proprietor, of any such work as above noted, or, in case of a work produced for hire, the employer, may have it copyrighted ; also, any alien author or proprietor when domiciled within the United States at the time of the first publication of his work ; or any citizen or subject of a foreign government which grants to citizens of the United States the benefit of copyright on the same basis as to its own citizens, or is a party to an international copyright agreement into which the United States may be admitted. Renewal for the second term may be secured by the author if living ; or by the widow, widower, or children of the author if they be living ; or by his executor, or, in the absence of a will, by his next of kin. This privilege is also extended to the proprietor of a composite work (as a cyclope- dia or dictionary) who holds the original copyright. IV. How may it be Secured ? The simplest way is to write to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. , asking for the regularly prepared blanks to be filled by the applicant. These are sent gratis, and need only to be followed with care. It is well to know beforehand that a printed copy of the title of the work, or a description of it if a work of art, a model or design, should be mailed to the Librarian of Congress with the form applying for copyright. Type-written matter will be accepted as " printed." V. What will it Cost? The fee for registration of a copyright in Washington is one dollar ($1-00) ; this includes a cer- tificate. The fee for photographs, not including a certificate, is 50 cents ; a certificate requires INFORMATION AS TO COPYRIGHT. 807 60 cents more. There are various sums demanded for different services — as, recording and certifying an assignment, extension or renewal, search for recorded facts, etc. — but for such information it will be well to write to the Copyright Office, Washington, D. C, for a copy of the statute, which is very clear and explicit. VI. Notice of Copyright. Every copyrighted work shall bear a notice of the fact of copyright, consisting of the word " Copyright " or the abbreviation " Copr." with the name of the proprietor (if an assignee of the original proprietor, the assignment having been duly recorded, the assignee's name is permitted) ; and if it be a printed literary, musical, or dramatic work, the notice shall include also the year in which the copyright was secured. In the case of classes (e) to (J) (as above) the notice may con- sist of the letter C enclosed in a circle, C C \ with the initials, monogram, mark, or symbol of the proprietor, provided that his name shall appear on some part of the work. Without such notice, protection is not secured. If a printed publication, notice must be on the title-page or on the page immediately following ; one notice of copyright in each volume of a work or in each number of a periodical or newspaper will suffice. In the case of publications already under copyright be- fore July 1, 1909, the forms of notice previously authorized and in use may be retained. VII. Completion of Copyright After copyright has been secured by publication of the work with due notice thereof, as above, there must be deposited in the Copyright Office, or in the mail addressed to the Register of Copy- rights, Washington, D. C. , two complete copies of the best edition then published ; or, if the work is not published for sale, one copy, print, or other identifying reproduction. Without this, copy- right is not complete, and no action for infringement can be maintained. No limit is set for time of publication after obtaining copyright; but "date of publication" means the earliest date when copies of the first authorized edition were placed on sale, sold, or publicly distributed by the proprietor. VIII. Ad interim Protection. A book in English, published abroad, may be protected under an ad interim copyright for thirty days, after being deposited in the Copyright Office (within thirty days of its publication abroad) with a request for reservation of copyright and statement of the name and nationality of author, of proprietor, and of date of original publication. Any authorized republication of it in the United States within the ad interim thirty days may be regularly copyrighted in due form. IX. False Statements. False notices of copyright, or false statements or affidavits as to United States manufacture or other conditions demanded by the law, are punishable with fines. X. Miscellaneous. A copyright is property, and may be sold, assigned, mortgaged, or bequeathed by will. As- signments made in foreign countries must be acknowledged before a United States consular offi- cer or secretary of legation authorized by law for notarial acts. The above statements cover all ordinary cases. For special conditions, infringements, impor- tations, etc., knowledge should be sought in the law itself. . The copyright law does not apply to patents, trade-marks, names of associations or companies, labels or illustrations for manufactures, or to anything other than the classes named under sec- tion I., above. For such other matters information should be sought of the Commissioners of Patents, Washington, D. C. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Thursday, July 4, 1776. The various Colonies having established separate State organizations, and being represented in the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, on June 7, 1776, a Resolution was moved in Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia " that these united Colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved." Seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts, the Resolution was passed July 2, and a committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robt. R. Livingston, was appointed to draw up a Declaration embodying the same. The draft was made by Jefferson, and, with few changes, was passed on July 4. It was afterwards engrossed on parchment and signed by 56 delegates, headed by John Hancock, President of the Congress. The original document is preserved in Washington. Its text follows. THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. When, in the course of human events, it be- comes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are en- dowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any form of gov- ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all ex- perience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is thnir right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- ment, and to provide new guards for their fu- ture security. Such has been the patient suf- ferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the ac- commodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of rep- resentation in the Legislature ; a right inesti- mable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses re- peatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dis- solutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihila- tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of jus- tice by refusing his assent to laws for establish- ing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and (808) DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 809 sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military inde- pendent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the bene- fits of trial by jury . For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- solute rule into these Colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and de- claring themselves invested with power to legis- late for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declar- ing us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of | death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, . with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy : scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, j and totally unworthy the head of a civilized ! nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken ! captive on the high seas, to bear arms against j their country, to become the executioners of | their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabit- ants of our frontiers the mercUess Indian sav- ages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis- tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and j conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; j our repeated petitions have been answered only ; by repeated injury. A prince whose character j is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. , Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts made by their legisla- ture to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cir- cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- rupt our connection and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent Stales, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alli- ances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And, for the support of this Declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The Signers were as follows : — JOHN HANCOCK. Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Samuel Hun- tington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. Delaware — Cesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Eean. Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. Maryland — Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carroll- ton. Massachusetts Bay — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. New Jersey — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopktnson, John Hart, Abraham Clare. New York — William Floyd, Philip Living- ston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. North Carolina — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. Pennsylvania — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor^ James Wilson, George Ross. Rhode Island — Stephen Hopkins, Wdlliam Ellery. South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton. Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. The original Articles of Confederation which united the thirteen States from 1779 to 1789 were found to be too loose and too indefinite, giving the central Government — the Congress — very little power to act for the interests common to all. Therefore a Convention was assembled in Philadelphia to formulate a Federal Government to which should be granted specific powers and duties in the common interest, all powers not granted to remain with the several States ; yet all State legislation was to conform to the general Constitution, which should be the supreme law of the Union. The Convention met May 14, 1787, with George Washington as its President, and adjourned Sept. 17, 1789, having harmonized the conflicting State interests, and completed the Constitution. Within two years all the States had ratified it. With its several amendments passed later, it stands as the most wonderful and successful document of government ever yet framed. THE CONSTITUTION. We, the people op the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish jus- tice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the goneral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and es- tablish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Sec. 1. All Legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifica- tions requisite for electors of the most numer- ous branch of the State legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- portioned among the several States which may be included within this Union according to their numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meet- ing of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Mas- sachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence * See XlVth amendment, Sec. 2. Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first-class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second-class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third-class, at the expira- tion of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies hap- pen by resignation, or otherwise, during the re- cess of the legislature of any State, the execu- tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- ant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall also be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments ; when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief- Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of (810) CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 811 honor, trust or profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representa- tives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regula- tions, except as to the places of choosing Sena- tors. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be au- thorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such pen- alties, as each House may provide. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- ceedings and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judg- ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the decire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sit- ting. Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person, holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall orig- inate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objec- tions, to that House in which it shall have orig- inated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour- nal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been pre- sented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Con- gress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives may be necessary (except on a ques- tion of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House oi Repre- sentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec 8. The Congress shall have power : To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and ex- cises shall be uniform throughout the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United States ; to regulate commerce with for- eign nations and among the several States and with the Indian tribes ; to establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; to coin money, regulate the value there- of, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; to provide for the pun- ishment of counterfeiting the securities and cur- rent coin of the United States ; to establish post- offices and post-roads ; to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; to declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concern- ing captures on laud and water ; to raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; to provide and maintain a navy ; to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel inva- sions ; to provide for organizing, arming and dis- ciplining the militia and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respec- tively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) at may, by cession of particular States, and the ac- ceptance of Congress, become the seat of govern- ment of the United States, and to exercise lika 812 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. authority over all places purchased by the con- sent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or offi- cer thereof. Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebel- lion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumera- tion hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- ported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another, nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law, and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contract or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Con- gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or ex- ports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the C ongress. No State shall , without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with an- other State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im- minent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Sec 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.* The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person, except a natural born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have at- tained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United In case of the removal of the President from office,, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said of- fice, the same shall devolve on the Vice Presi- dent, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inabil- ity, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my abil- ity, preserve, protect and defend the Constitu- tion of the United States." Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in- chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- cur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall ap- point ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose ap- pointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but * Here followed a prescription of how the electors should choose President and Vice President ; but in 1804 it was superseded by the XHth Amendment. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 813 the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary occasions convene both Houses, or either of them, and in cases of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad- journ them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commis- sion all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States shall be re- moved from office on impeachment for, and con- viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE IH. Sec. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Con- stitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassa- dors, other public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claim- ing lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and for- eign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regula- tions as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- mitted within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two wit- nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- feiture except during the life of the person at- tainted. ARTICLE IV. Sec 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and ju- dicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and pro- ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec 2. The citizens of each State shall be en- titled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from jus- tice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re- moved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- tion of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legisla- tures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations re- specting the territory or other property belong- ing to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to preju- dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sec 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the leg- islature, or of the Executive (when the legis- lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legis- latures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the 814 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be de- prived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance there- of, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything i in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before men- tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- cers, both of the United States and of the sev- eral States, shall be bound by oath or affirma- tion to support this Constitution ; but no reli- gious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so rati- fying the same. Done in Convention, by the unanimous con- sent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. AMENDMENTS. Articles in addition to and amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legis- latures of the several States pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an es- tablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or the right of the peo- ple peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- fringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- tered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against un- reasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the personB or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capi- tal or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, ex- cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be com- pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and dis- trict wherein the crime shall have been commit- ted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-ex- amined in any Court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of cer- tain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States re- spectively, or to the people. [Amendments I to X were ratified by December 15, 1791.] ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 815 equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. [Ratified January 8, 1798.] ARTICLE XII. The Electors Bhall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- son voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate 6hall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex- ceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this pur- pose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice Presi- dent of the United States. [Ratified September 25, 1804.] ARTICLE Xin. Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary ser- vitude, except as a punishment for crime, where- of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Rati- fied December 18, 1865.] ARTICLE XIV. Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdic- tion thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their re- spective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Lidians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- tion for the choice of Electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representa- tives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legis- lature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in re- bellion or other crime, the basis of the represen- tation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator, or Rep- resentative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of th=: United States, or as a member of any State legis- lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re- bellion against the same, or given aid or com- fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States, nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipa- tion of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec 5. The Congress shall have power to en- force, by appropriate legislation, the provi- sions of this article. [July 28, 18G8.] ARTICLE XV. Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to en- force this article by appropriate legislation. [Ratified March 30, 1870.] SIMPLIFIED SPELLING. Principles of amended spelling, based on Noah Webster's original work, have gradually simpli- fied much of the orthography of certain English words, — as by the dropping of « from such words as honour, labowr, etc., by using final -er instead of -re in such words as centre, theatre, etc. For more than twenty-five years past the Philological Societies of England and America have been active in advancing the movement, recommending further changes enlarging its scope, yet stop- ping short of so " simplifying " a word as to destroy its identity and the indications of its origin. The Simplified Spelling Board, an association in New York, financed by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, has recently gone further, aiming to reduce the spelling of English more nearly to a phonetic basis. It has issued sundry circulars, giving rules for simplification, and several lists of words simplified accordingly. The first list, known as " The Three Hundred Words," was published March 21, 1906, and others have followed to the number (up to March 6, 1909) of about 3,300, — that is, in round numbers, 1,100 separate words simplified in the root, and 2,200 inflected forms (as preterites, etc., ending in -ed simplified to -d or 4). On Aug. 24, 1906, President Roosevelt ordered that the simplified spelling of " The Three Hundred Words " be used by the Government Printing Office in his official documents ; but on the following Dec. 13, owing to public and Con- gressional opposition, he withdrew the order. It seems unnecessary to give these extended " alfabetic lists," but below are given the Board's condensed form of the " rules under which the simplifications are groupt " — the word rule here meaning the Board's " recommendation that applies to a number of words having the same irregu- larity of spelling." The word " RULE " is printed in capitals when the recommendation applies to all words containing the letters named. " Ex." precedes examples, making clear the appli- cation. Several hundred of the simplifications recommended have long been in common use, especially in America under Webster's influence ; some others seem to be growing in popular favor ; others seem to be considered objectionable or unfeasible, either from their unfamiliar look or because they obscure the etymology of the words. RULES FOR SIMPLIFICATION. 1- ae, ae or e, not final. RULE : Choose e. Ex. : Anesthetic, chimera, era, esthetic, ether, medieval, paleontology, etc. 2. -bt, with b silent. RULE : Omit b. Ex. : Bet, deitor, dout, indetted, redout, redouted, redout- able. 3. ea pronounced as short e. RULE : Drop a. Ex. : Hed, spred, sted, ired, thret, helth, welth, dreml, meni, plesant, etc. 4. ea pronounced as S, before r. RULE : Drop e. Harken, hart, harth. 5. -ed or 'd pronounced -d. RULE : Use simple d in all cases (reducing a double consonant). Ex. : Airnd, armd, burnd, deemd, dimd, feld, fild, hangd, raind, slird, veild, etc. 6. -ed or -t, the preceding single consonant being doubled before -ed {-pped, -ssed) and left single before -t {-pt, -st). RULE : Choose -t in all cases. Ex. : Dipt, dript, dropt, stept, slopt, blest, prest, mist, blusht, washt, wisht, lockt, packt, etc. 7. -ence or -ense (Latin -ensa). Rule: Choose -ense. Ex. : Defense, offense, pretense. Also li- cense (Latin -entia). 8. -ette or -et. RULE : Choose -et. Ex. : Coquet, epaulet, etiquet, omelet, quartet, quintet, septet, sextet, etc. 9. gh or f. Rule : Choose f . Ex. : Draft, not draught. 10. -gh silent : (1) -ougb or -0W (pronounced au). Rule : Choose -0W. Ex. : Plow. (2) -ough or -0 (pronounced 5 or o). Rule : Choose -0. Ex. : Altho,iho, thoro, boro,-boro (in place-names) furlo. (3) ough or -o (pronounced fi) : Through, thro\ thro. Rule : Choose thro, but advance it now to thru. 11. -ice unstrest, pronounced -is. RULE : Spell -is. Ex. : Artifis, coppis, cornis, crevis, edi- Jis,jtistis, notis, servis, etc. 12. -ile unstrest, pronounced -il. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Agil, futil, servil, etc. Retain -ile when the i is not pronounced short. 13. -Sue unstrest, pronounced -in. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Determin, doclrin, engin, ex- amin, genuin, imagin, pristin, etc. Retain -ine when the i is not pronounced short. (816) SIMPLIFIED SPELLING 817 14. -is© unstrest, pronounced -Is. RULE: Omit e. Ex.: Anis, mortis, practis, premis, promts, treatis. 15. -lse or -ize (from Greek), suffix of verbs. RULE : Choose -izt. Ex. : Civilize, criticize, exorcize, legalize, organize, etc. 16. -lte unstrest, pronounced -it. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Apposit, definit, infinit, opposit, preterit, requisit, etc. Retain -ite when the i is not pronounced short. 17. -ive unstrest, pronounced -iv. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Acliv, adjectiv, detectiv, executiv, motiv, naiiv, progressiv, etc. 18. -11 or -1 (-ill or -il). RULE : Choose -1. Ex. : Distil, fulfil, instil ; like until, compel, impel, etc. 19. -11- or -1- (-ill- or -11-, -till- or -ill-) before -ful or -ness. RULE : Choose -1. Ex. : Skilful, wilful, dulness, fulness. 20. -mb with b silent. Rule : Omit b. Ex. : Crum, dum, lam, Urn, num, thum. 21. -Bin with n silent. Rule : Omit n. Ex. : Autum, colum, solem. 22. 06, (B, or e, not final. RULE: Choose e. Ex.: Ecumenical, esophagus, phenix, subpena, etc. ; like economy, solecism, etc. 23. -om or -or. RULE : Choose -or. Ex. : Ardor, candor, clamor, color, favor, flavor, honor, humor, labor, rumor, tumor, valor, vigor, etc. ; also, arbor, harbor, neighbor, etc. 24. ph or f . Rule: Choose i. Ex.: Fantasm, fantasy, fantom, sulfate, sulfur; like fancy, frantic, frenzy, coffer, coffin, etc., which originally had ph. 25. ph pronounced f. Rule: Use 1. Ex.: Camfor, cifer ; alfabet, diafram, pamflet ; autograf, bibliografy, biografy, fonograf, fotograf, paragraf, telegraf, telefone. 26. -IT or -r. RULE : Choose r. Ex. : Bur, pur ; like cur, fur, blur, slur, spur, car, far, fir, ttir, etc. 27. -re or -9T- RULE : Choose -er. Ex. : Accouter, center, fiber, meter, miter, niter, salt- peter, scepter, sepulcher, somber, specter, theater, etc. ; like diameter, number, etc. 28. s or z (in the root). Rule : Choose z. Ex. : Apprize, assize, comprize, enterprize, raze, surprize, teazel. (See also Rule 15.) 29. s medial, silent. Rule : Drop s. Ex. : Aile, He, ilet, Hand. 30. -ne silent, after -g. Rule : Omit -ne. Ex.: Catalog, decalog, demagog, pedagog, prolog, colleag, leag, harang, tung. 31. -ve after 1 or r. RULE : Omit -e. Ex. : Delv, shelv, twelv, selvs, carv, curv, nerv, serv, deserv, reserv, starv, etc. OCT 12 1909 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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