/^ ^^0^ C' 0^ -o C^' :^^ ^0-^^ ^^~- > 'o , k * A. ^^ •"°o A ^ "'V -^0^ O O ,jp51L,...t— ^ r .r>C.-' ■■' A^ ... % <^ V o ** c ^ ,•0' , • ', .,* -^_ A a'^ <'. ' * • ■" ^'^^ 't^ s '2 ^ ,^ - '*'' -- ' • ^ ... -x o * , . . ' ^,0 o :^'7- ^'^^^ "■>. -^^0^ '^. ■^. ,v -v^ \^ "^P. C> -0.0- . y •X- A ■^-^..x^ a'^ s^"\ -^.^0^ ,.\ .0 ,0 ^. oV^ servations on parts of the Munsee skele- ton other than the skull 106 II. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA IN GENERAL General observations 110 Cranial index 114 Height of skull 116 Size of skull 117 Facial measurements 119 Height of the face 119 Breadth of the face 119 Orbits ' 120 Nasal index 121 Palate 122 Prognathism 122 APPENDIX Iroquois anr 1 >f ;e )- )r ^, f, 7 y e IS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE I ANTHROPOLOGICAL MAP OF THE INDIAN POPULATION OF EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA ACCORDING TO PRESENT KNOWLEDGE BY ALES HRDLICKA 1915 THE ALGONQUIAN-IROQUOIS DOLICHOCEPHALIC TYPE THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN BRACHYCEPHALS ft HoenG CaBjIiiBiore PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE OR DELA WARES, AND OF THE EAST- ERN INDIANS IN GENERAL I. SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE MUNSEE Introduction IN 1902, in piirsuaiicfi of a study of the antiquity of certain skeletal remains found in the vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey, the ^\^•iter collected and described all the crania of the Lenape or Delaware Indians which at that time were preserved in our museums.* From that time until 1914 no further anthropological discoveries of consequence were made in the region over which the tribe once extended; but during the spring of the latter year careful archeo- logical exploration was conducted in the upper Delaware River valley in behalf of the Museum of the American Indian in New York, by Mr. George G. Heye, with the assistance of Mr, George H. Pepper, in the course of which were found the remains of no fewer than 57 Indian skeletons.^ The bones were not in the best state of preser- vation, but they were collected with scrupulous care, and shortly after the field work was completed they were presented by Mr. Heye to the United States National Museum. This skek^tal material forms an important addition to the previously limited collections n^pre- senting the Liuuipe Imhans. whos(^ ])hysical identity it is highly de- sirable to establish. The remains came from a cemet(U'v in the form of a low mound on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River, opposite Minisink Island, 3 miles below Montague, in the northwestern corner of Sussex County, New Jersey. The accompanying map (fig. 1 ) shows the site of the cemetery, which lay in the heart of the region once occupied by the Munsee branch of the Lenape Indians. ' Hrdlidka, The Crania of Trenton, New Jersey, and their Bearing upon the Antiquity of Man in that Region, Bull. A mcr. Muneum of Natural History, xvi, art. 311, New York, 1902, pp. 2:3-ti2, 22 pi., 4 fig. "- For details and archeological results, see (Jeorge C. Heye and George H. Pepper, E.xploralion of a Mun- see Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation), ii, pt. 1, New York, 191.'). The Heye Expedition reports some additional burials, but the skeletal remains therefrom were in a very defective condition. 11 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Fig. 1.— Map showing the location of the Munsee cemetery. HUDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLO(;Y OF THE I.ENAPE 13 On (ho arrival of white settlers, the entire region afterward known as New Jersey b(>longod to the Lenape or Delawares/ whose sottlct- ments extended "from the Mohicannituck [Hudson River] to beyond the Potomac," and "from the heads of the great rivers 'Susque- hannah' and 'Delaware' to the Atlantic Ocean" (Hecke welder). The neighboring tribes to the north (Mohegan, Narraganset, Pequot, and others), as well as those on the south (Nanticoke, the Powhatan confederacy, and others), all acknowledged relationship with the Delawares, with whom, there is no doubt, they were affiliated lin- guistically. The Lenape were divided into three large groups, or, as Brinton calls them, "sub-tribes," namely, the Munsee or Minsi (the Wolf), the Unami (the Turtle), and the Unalachtigo (the Turke}^).^ These subtribes, it seems, were subdivided into numerous smaller groups with distinctive names.^ The thi'ee branches of the tribe occupied special regions, but it has not been reported whether their boundaries were stable and definite. The Minsi, according to Heckewelder,* ' Captain John Smifh's Works, 1608-1631, Arber ed., Birmingham, ISS-i; William Penn's Letters, 1683; (J. Tlaomas, History of New Jersey, London, 1698; Thomas Campaniiis Holm, Short Description of New Sweden, Stockholm, 1702, transl. by Dnponceau in Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, ra, Phila., 1834; T. Acrelius, Historj' of New Sweden, Stockholm, 1759, transl. in Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, XI, IS'A; Samuel Sniitii, History of the Colony of Nova Cesarea or Neir Jersey, Hm- lington, 1765; Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, Loudon, 1770-71; G. H. Loskiel, History of the Missionofthe United Brethren among the Indians in North America, London, 1794; Geo. Chalmers, Political Annalsof the Present United Colonies, etc., 1780, New York Historical Society Collections, ISGS; John G. E. Heckewelder, History, Maimers and Customs of the Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States, Phila., 1819, Mem. Hist. Soc. Penn., xii, 1876; also MSS.; James Grahame, History of the Rise and Progress of the United States of North America, I>ondon, 1827 (new ed.. 1836, 1845); Thos. F. Gordon, History of New Jersey, Trenton, 1834; J. Curt's i']a,y. Annals rjf the Swedes on the Detaware, Phila., 1835; Yates and Moulton, New York, N. Y., 1824; Isaac Mickle, Reminiscences of Old Gloucester, Phila., 1845, Camden, 1877; A. Gilford, Aborigines of New Jersey, Proc. N. J. Hist. Soc, rv, Newark, 18,59, pp. 163-198; D. G. Brinton, The Lenape and their Legends, Phila., 1885; Handbook of American Indians, Bull. 30, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1907-1910. ' These designations are not translations of the terms given in parentheses, but "refer to the location of these sub-tribes on the Delaware River," Minsi (kom mint,hin,io be scattered, and achsin, stone), meaning "people of the stony country" or "mountaineers"; Unami (from nahen, down-stream) means "people down the river"; and Unalachtigo (from wunalawat, to go towards, and t'kow ort'kou, wave) means "people who live near the ocean." Wolf, Turtle, and Turkey are the totemic designations of the three sub-tribes. (Brinton, op. cit., p. 34.) 3 From the above tribes, in coiirse of time, sprang many others "who, having for their own conveniency, chosen distant spots to settle on, and increasing in numbers, gave themselves names or received them from others." (Heckewelder, Hist. Indian Nations, p. 53; see also ibid., p. 51.) * Heckewelder, Hist. Ind. Nations, p. .52. Brinton (op. cit. , p. 37) is of the opinion, but on what groimds is not stated, that the extent of the territory of the Miuisee as given here is too great. In his words, "that at any time, as Heckewelder asserts, their [the Munsee] territory extended up to the Hudson as far as tide-water, and westward 'far beyond the Susquehamiah ' is surely incorrect. Only after the beginning of the eighteenth century, when they had been long subject to the Irocpiois, have we any historic evidence that they had a settlement on the last named river." It seems, however, that even if the presence of the Munsee on or beyond the Susquehannah may be open to contention, their presence along the Hudson is well established. Gillord (Aborigines of New Jersey, p. 180) states that "the Minsi tribe extended as far on the west banks of the Hudson as Tappan." Yates and Moulton (History of New York, i, p. 225) place the Minsi even farther east, "from Long Island to and beyond Min- nisink." According to Ruttenber ( Hisforu of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, p. 50) the Munsee terri- tory "extended from the Katskill mountains to the headwaters of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and was bomided on the east by the Hudson; their council-fire was lighted at Minisink [about 10 miles south of Maghackemek, New Jersej-]. " The Unami joined the Mimsee on the south, somewhere about Stony Point. Going farther than this, Ruttenber gives (p. 93 et seq.) the various subdivisions of the Munsee along the Hudson and their location: the Waoroneck, about Dans-kammer; the \Varranawonkong, from Dans-kammer to Saugerties; the Mamekoting west of Shawangunk mountains; the \N'awarsink, in the district which still bears their name; the Katskills, north of Saugerties. 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 had "chosen tcv hve back of the two other tribes and formed a kind of a ))idwark for their protection. . , . They extended their set- tlements from the Minnisink, a place named after them, where they had their council seat and fire, quite up to the Hudson on the east, and to the west or southwest far beyond the 'Susquehannah'; their northern boundaries were supposed originally to be the heads of the great rivers Susquehannah and Delaware, and their southern bounda- ries that ridge of hills known in New Jersey by the name of Musca- necun, and in Pennsylvania, by those of Lehigh, Cohnewago, etc." * This is evidently one of the rare instances in which it is possible to make a clear tribal identification of older skeletal remains in eastern North America, and it is also an instance in which the con- tents of graves enable a fairly close estimate of the age of the site. The artifacts found with the various burials include a number of objects introduced by early settlers, a fact that shows the cemetery to be of historic date. Furthermore, one of the skeletons is that of a tall wliite man of Scandinavian or Nordic type, possibly one of the Dutch, English, or Swedes who reached the upper valley after 1614. As the remainder of the skeletons do not indicate any trace of ad- mixture of white blood, the cemetery may be regarded as dating from the period of the earlier contact of the Indian and Caucasian races, or probably from the latter part of the seventeenth or the beginning of the eighteenth century. It was surely earlier than 1740, for in that year the main body of the Munsee was forced to move from the Delaware, settling first on the Susquehanna and soon after on the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania, where some of them had gone as early as 1724. An event of anthropological importance in comiection with the Munsee before their removal from the Delaware is noted by Rutten- ber.2 In the latter part of the seventeenth century, at the outbreak of hostilities between the Five Nations and the French^ the advance of the Iroquois in the south was being contested by the Shawnee, who at that time were also engaged in war with the Cherokee. "In the latter they [the Shawnee] suffered severely, and but for the timely aid of the Mahicans would have been destroyed. The Lena/pes [Delawares] invited them to remove to their country; the invitation being ac- cepted, the Minsis brought the matter to the attention of the govern- ment of New York, in September, 1692, on an apphcation to permit their settlement in the Minnisink country. The council gave its assent on condition that they should first make peace with the Five Nations.^ This was soon effected, and the messengers departed, ac- 1 Quoted from IIrdli6ka, The Crania of Trenton, op. cit., pp. 32-33. 2 Ruttenber, History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, p. 178. 3 "River Indians returned from a residence with the Shawanoes, brought with them some Shawanoes hudliCka] physical ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 15 compaiiied by Arnout Vielle, an interpreter, and three Christians, to visit the country of the Shawanoes and consummate the transfer. . . . Captain Arent Schuyler visited the MinnisinJcs in February, and there learned that the Shawanoes were expected early in the ensuing summer. This expectation was realized." From this it appears tliat l)etween 40 and 50 years before their removal from the Delaware, the Munsee were joined by some Shaw- nee, which fact may explain certain peculiar conditions shown by the skeletal remains that will be considered in the following pages. The mound or cemetery explored by the Museum of the American Indian was known for many years, and some human bones had been removed from it, especially ])y Doctor Dalrymplc, who exhumed at least' 15 skeletons, but unfortunately these have been lost to science. CONDITION OF THE COLLECTION General As already stat(>d, tiic collection from the Museum of the American Indian consists of 57 Indian skeletons, which range from nearly com- plete to such as are repres(Mitcd l)y only a few bones. Notwithstand- ing the fact that the condition of the material leaves much to be desired, many of the bones arc sufficiently well preserved to afford fairly good data for stutly. The ])ones show neither vestiges of green- ness nor traces of mineralization. There is no post-mortem deforma- tion, except in a few detached bones of the skulls of infants. The color of the l)ones is })redominantly brownish yellow, shading in some specimens to light dirty yellowish and in others to a darker brownish hue. Age. AND Sex Of the 57 individuals, 34 were adults and 23 (40 per cent) were adolescents or children. Among the adults the estimated ages of the individuals range from 24 to 70 years, and nearly half were 50 years or more. Young infants (first year) and fetuses are absent, having either been buried separately, or, more likely, had turned to dust, while the older, more substantial bones resisted disintegration. The cemetery was obviously one that served during a limited period as the communal burial place of a sedentary group of moderate popula- tion. The determination of the sex was facilitated by the good development of the sexual characteristics in the skulls, and by the presence of the pelvic and other bones of the skeleton. The results who intended to settle with the Minnisinks, asking permission to that end. Council directed that the Shawanoes must first make peace with the Five Nations.— CoztrecH Minutes, Sept. 14, 1692." 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 show that the 34 adults were divided equally hetween the sexes, as might be expected in the case of the remains of adults in the cemetery of a peaceful population.' Artificial Deformation A fact of considerable interest is the presence of artificial deforma- tion in more than half of all the skulls preserved. In the majority of cases this appears to be a smiple occipital, cradle-board flattening, but there are three or foui* instances in which there are plain traces of bilateral frontal compression, which indicates intentional deforma- tion and suggests that all the posteriorly flattened skulls may possibly be of this variety, though the applied pressure failed in most cases to leave a distinct mark on the frontal bone.- The result of no such practice has been observed in any other part of the northern or middle Atlantic States, but deformation of exactly this type was common in Arkansas and Louisiana, as well as in the area to the northeast- ward.^ Among the crania of the earlier and somewhat more easterly Lenape reported by the waiter* to the number of 25, only two (both females) showed slight occipital flattening. These facts are signifi- cant and point either to some difference in derivation between the ^lunsee and other Lenape and eastern Algonquian tribes, or, if of common derivation, to a connection between the Munsee and some people from the Trans-Appalachian region to the southwestward. It is in this connection that the historic accession to the Munsee of some Shawnee is suggestive, for the latter, or a part of them, lived in Kentucky and Tennessee, where the practice of fronto-occipital deformation was not uncommon, and in some parts of that area, indeed, was quite general. Pathology The bones in the collection are exceptionally free from the effects of injury and disease. The skulls exhibit no scars or injuries, and no disease, with the exception of a case of perforating mastoiditis in one of the children (no. 285,348). There is, however, as wiU be shown later, a considerable proportion of dental caries, with some indica- tions of pyorrhea alveolaris. 1 Had the cemetery, prior to its disturbance, contained the remains of as many as 200 bodies of all ages, including infants, with a yearly mortality in the tribe of 35 per thousand, it could have been in use only about 60 years by a population of 100, and proportionately less, of course, for a larger group. 2 As happened frequently on the coast of Peru, for instance, where the same type of deformation was practiced. No board was used in these instances, the frontal compression being effected by means of pads. ■> Report on a Collection of Crania from Arkansas, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., xm, 558-563, Phila., 1908; Report on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Louisiana, ibid., xiv, 1909, pp. 173-240, 9 figs.; Report on Skeletal Remains from a Mound on Haley Place, near Red River, Miller County, Ark., ibid., xiv, 1912, pp. 639-640; Report on a Collection of Crania and Bones from Sorrel Bayou, Iberville Parish, La., ibid., xvi, 1913, pp. 95-100- * The Crania of Trenton, op. eit., 1902. „o. r-f? 3 ^^ ~ 1*. ^'"^mQI - „o,G 4 o ■^ =-•. <. ^• ^ ''^ m lO .. ;^^^ ==^1 -^ ,o.£/ ^ [^■--~,.^,ff 'lO hs. c\l in 1 „0 02 -L_ "^^^ ^ ..o,£Z t ^ ^ lO ^^a ^ ..o.sr o _ .o'*^ 2! '^ "^ ^ t CK 'q ^'^4 K V ^^ ,0.05 p* *^^^ S ,o.0S \ V \ '=J, ^ 5^' ^ "^ ^ !« o ^^ O^ § IS. ^ '^•' „o,Co . ,.o.Co L, to W .o,QS. HRDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 17 111 the remaining bones of the skeletons the only marks of injury or disease are as follow: Humeri (total nmnber present, adults/ 5G) : Left bone of no. 285,307: Old surface injury mvolving lower fourth of external border, with formation of some callus and a peculiar foramen (pi. 23). Right bone of no. 285,303: Complete ankylosis with idna, at right angle, possibly as a result of an early fracture of the olecranon (pi. 24). Both humeri of no. 285,320: Some periostitis on distal third. Both humeri of no. 285,306: Osteoperiostitis, distal half. Radii (total number, adults, 45): Both bones of no. 285,320: Some osteoperiostitis over distal half. TJlnse, (total number, adults, 44): Left bone of no. 285,306: Moderate osteoperiostitis, lower bone (right healthy). Femora (total number, adults, 60): Pair, no. 285,306: Moderate osteoperiostitis, distal half. Right bone of no. 285,336: Some osteoperiostitis, distal half (left healthy). Right bono of no. 285,320: Moderate osteoperiostitis, distal half (left healthy). Right ])one of no. 285,313: Marked "mushroom head" (arthritis deformans) ; left healthy. Left bone of no. 285,321: Moderate "mushroom head." Tibise (total number, adults, 58): Right bone of no. 285,301: Trace of periostitis at middle (left healthy). Right bone of no. 285,303: Slight osteoperiostitis on external surface, middle third (left healthy). Right bone of no. 285,306: Osteoperiostitis, proximal half (left healthy). Left bone of no. 285,313: Moderate localized osteoperiostitis, middle (right healthy). Right bone of no. 285,336: Moderate osteoperiostitis, middle tliree-fifths (left healthy). Left bone of no. 285,309: Trace of periostitis (right healthy). Pair of no. 285,320: Osteoperiostitis. Left bone of no. 285,321 : Slight arthritis, upper articular surface (right healthy). Fihulx (number present, adults, 51): Pair, no. 285,320: Osteoperiostitis. 1 The bones of the children show nothing pathological. 17135°— Bull. 62—16 2 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Clavicles (present, 44): Pair, no, 285,305: Moderate osteoperiostitis. Eight, no. 285,320: Osteoperiostitis. Sternum (present, 14): Moderate arthritic changes in nos. 285,305, 285,309, and 285,314. Scapulx (present, 25) : Nothing pathological. Rihs (present, 420): No. 285,305: Two long ribs fractured, weU healed. No. 285,309 : One long rib fractured. In addition, most of the ribs of nos. 285,305 and 285,333 show traces of arthritis. Sjyine (of 25 individuals, mostly complete) : No. 285,305 : Some marginal exostoses (arthritic) in the cervical and lumbar regions. No. 285,306: Moderate arthritic exostoses, lumbar region. No. 285,333: Advanced spondylitis deformans, involving parts of dorsal and whole lumbar region with sacrum, synostosis. No. 285,319: Moderate artlu"itic exostoses on nearly all. No. 285,311: Moderate arthritic exostoses. No. 285,320: Moderate arthritic exostoses. No. 285,328: Moderate arthritic exostoses in cervical and lumbar regions. Pelvic hones (of 20 individuals) : No. 285,321, right: Some marks of artliiitis about acetabulum. Bones of the hand (number, 774): No. 285,303: Carpal bones of right all damaged, crushed, and fused with third metacarpal. No. 285,320: One of the carpals cnished in life. Bones oj the feet: Os calcis (number, 61): Nothing pathological. Astragalus (number, 58): Nothing pathological. Other bones (number, 537): No. 285,321 : Right scaphoid, artlu-itis (left hcidthy). No, 285,326: First right metacarpal diminutive (may have been injured in early life), Patellx (number, 38) : Pair of no. 285,329: Slight artlii'itis. A summary of the above details shows that there are only six, pos- sibly seven, instances of more noteworthy injury, and of these tliree pertain to ribs (two in one person) and two to the wrist. These are very moderate proportions of traumatism, and show plainly that the people represented by the remains led unusually peaceful lives. As to disease, there is evidence of oidy four conditions, namely: Periostitis, osteoperiostitis, arthritis, and arthritis deformans; and of BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 4 ,'^. i.^^^*^-. 5 np?«ih,".*it«ivy r:-^: '^^ TWO TYPICAL MUNSEE BURIALS IN MODERATELY CONTRACTED POSITION HRDLK'KAJ PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE • 19 these four the first two and again tlie last two are closely related, being really only degrees or varieties of the same processes. It is quite possible that all four conditions are merely differing manifesta- tions of artlu'itis. There is no well-founded suspicion of tlic^ existence of syphilis in the tribe, and there is no trace of either rachitis, tubercu- losis, or tumors of the bones, (Dental caries will be referred to under Teeth.) We may now approach the more strictly anthropological ob- servations. THE (mANIA General Observations: Differences in Type Although the remains comprise seventeen adult males and the same number of females, some of the skulls are so defective that measurements and notes of value could be made only on those of ten males and thirteen females. In examining and arranging these specimens, the first realization of importance is that, while the majority clearly belong to one type, there are a few that must be classed apart. The main type, as will be noted later and more plainly from the measurements, is that characterized by dolichocephaly to mesocephaly, and agrees with that prevalent among other Lenape as well as other Eastern tribes. The additional type is brachycephalic. Among the twenty-five skulls of adults there are four of the brachycephalic type, all females. A few additional examples existed evidently among the children; and several of the remaining skidls may be transitional as a result of admixture. The brachycephaly is so marked that it can not be due to normal individual variation within the series, and if we exclude this possibility the only remaining conclusion is that the broad-heads could not have been Lenape, except by adoption. The individuals represented by these skulls might have come from western Pennsyl- vania, where brachycephaly seems to have prevailed at least in some districts; or from farther southwestward, from a region to which points the intentional deformation among the "Munsee" crania. These possibly represent the Shawnee, who came from that section and who, according to growing indications, while speaking Algonquian were of a different type physically. The admixture of this type existed evidently also among other branches of the Lenape, and to a more limited extent among various other tribes of the Atlantic states. The writer called attention to this mixture in 1902,^ and wiU return to the subject in the second part of this memoir, which deals with Eastern skulls in general. 1 Crania of Trenton, op. cit. 20 BUREAU OF AMEKICAX ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Chief Descriptive Features The skidls are of good size, but otherwise are characterized by moderate development. There is no massiveness, no heavy supra- orbital arches or crests, no heavy jaws. It is plain that they did not belong to a tribe of great huntsmen or warriors. The frontal region, though prevalently somewhat low in the females, in a large majority of the cases is well arched; the zygomae are not excessively broad, the malar bones not heavy. The nose is rather short, the face only mildly prognathic. The dental arches, as in the majority of Indians, are very regular, and the same applies to the medium-sized teeth. The vault of the skull from above is either ovoid (58 per cent) or elliptical (42 per cent), while the outhne of the norma posterior approaches more or less the pentagonal. In addition there may be mentioned an unusual scarcit}^ of Wormian bones and an equal sparsity of marked anomalies. These and other features are treated in detail in another part of this paper. (See pp. 35, 47.) Measurements The measm'ements ^ offer many points of interest, although, so far as the vault is concerned, they are considerably interfered with by artificial deformation in some of the specimens. As in certain former reports by the writer, they will be dealt with in order accord- ing to their significance. FORM OF the vault The measurements relating to tlie form of the vault comprise the maximum length and breadth, and the basion-bregma height, with the resultant percentage-relations or indexes. The details are given in the accompanying table. Although the number of undeformed specimens in good condition is small, it will be seen (a) that there is an absence of extremes in the several dimensions, (b) that the crania range in type from doUchocephalic to mesocephalic, and (c) that they show good height. As a result of the latter, both the height-length and the height-breadth indices are high, though corre- sponding well with those of many other Indian tribes and those of numerous other branches of the yeUow-brown race. Comparisons will be found in the second part of this report, which deals with the Eastern Indians in general. 1 All measurements presented in this report were taken personally by the writer, with proved instruments and due care. Unless otherwise noted, the methods follow strictly the international agreements of Monaco and (ieneva. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 5 v^/*^'^:!-"'^'"^'''- .-'-Vv TWO BURIALS IN EXTENDED POSITION The lowLT burial is of special interef-t as showing how much of a skeleton may be decayed or scattered without disturbance of the remainder HRPr.irKAl PHYSICAL ANTHEOPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 21 I. MUNSKE CRANIA: MEASUREMKNTS RELATING TO THE FORM OF THE VAULT * MALES Cat. No., U.S.N.M. I^eforniation Length, maxi- nuuu (a) Breadth maxi- miuu 0') Height (hasion- hregma) (c) Ceiihalic index bxioo Height- length index ex 100 Height- breadth index cxioo a a b 285,303 285 308 (Slight asymmetry) cm. IS. 9 19. S 18.7 IS. S (17.7) (IT.S) (17.0) cm. 13. :i 14. r. 11 11. i (13.7) (l.^).l) (14. r,) cm . 11.2 13. S 11 13.7 (14.4) (14.6) (13.7) 70.4 73.7 74.9 76.6 75. 1 69.7 74.9 72.9 106. 8 94 5 285 306 100 28.5,313 95 1 28.5,326 Slight occipital flattening Moderate occipital flattening. do 285,301 1 285,305 1 Averages of unde- (4) 19.05 (4) 14.1 (4) 13.9 (4) 73.9 (4) \ (4) 73 1 QR 285,309. 285,327. 285,307. 285,320. 285,347. 2S5,.302. 285„304 . 285,310. 285,321 . Trace of fronto-occipital flat- tening t Moderate occipital flattening ....do do Marked occipital with slight frontal flattening Averages of imde- formed IS. 2 17.6 16.9 17.4 IS (16.0) (16.6) (16.9) (16.4) (■<) 17.6 13. 3 13.1 13 13.4 14 (14.1) (14.3) (14.4) 13.1 12.4 12.9 13 13 (13.2) (14.2) (14.2) (14. ,5) (14.2) (•■i) 13.4 12.9 73. 1 74.4 (•5) 75.8 72 71). 5 76. 3 74.7 72.2 (•^>) 73.1 98. 5 94.7 99.2 97 92.9 (5) 96.4 * Arranged on the basis of the cephalic index. fNot sufficient to vitiate the measurements. Attontion may he called to the lower value of the average cephalic mdex and the higher value of the average height-breadth index in the males than in the females. These conditions, due to the rela- tively greater length and also to the relatively greater height of the male skull, are not exceptional and will later be found to be quite general among Eastern Indians. The identical value of the average heiglit-length index in the two sexes is of no special significance and is probably incidental. In the deformed skulls we see the usual effect of the flattening b}^ the lessening of the length and a compensatory increase in both breadth and height. 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 SIZE OF THE SKULL The principal determinations relating to the size of the vault are the cranial module or mean diameter, the capacity, the circum- ference, and the antero-posterior arc, all of which are given in the next table, where also is shown the thickness of the skull, which is of importance as a corrective to the external dimensions. n. MUNSEE CRANIA: MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO THE SIZE OF THE VAULT* MALES Number 285,320. 285,306. 285,303. 285,301. 285,305. 285,313. 285,308. Averages. Capacity f c. c. 1,470 1^505 1, 515 1,515 1,530 1,550 L720 (7) 1,544 Cranial Module L+B + H cm. 15. 27 15.57 15.47 15.83 15.10 15.63 16.07 15.56 Circum- ference maximum (above supra- orbital ridges) cm. 49.3 51.5 51.7 51 49.4 51.3 55 Nasion- opisthion arc (7) cm. 36.2 36.6 38.3 36.9 35.2 37.1 39.5 (7) Thickness of left parietal (1 cm. above and along squamous suture) 4 4.5 5.5 6.5 5.0 5.5 4 (7) 285,327. 28,1,307. 285,347. 285,320. 28.5,304. 285,302. 285,309. 28,5,321. 285,310. Averages. 1,225 14.37 1,240 14.27 1,265 15.0 1,280 14.60 1,275 15.03 1,295 14.43 1,300 14.87 1,310 15.03 1,375 1.5. 17 (9) (9) . 1,285 14.75 (9) 48.5 34.9 47.6 33.9 50.2 35.1 48.2 35.0 48.7 33.3 47.9 33.8 50.1 36.3 48.7 34.0 49.3 3.5.0 ) (9) 48.8 34.6 3.5 3.5 5.5 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 (9) ♦Arranged on the basis of capacity. t Measured with dry mustard-seed and by the writer's method described in Science, xvii, 1903, pp. 1011-1014. It will be noted that the measurements of the Munsee skulls, par- ticularly those of the males, show fair capacity as weU as external size of the vault, and also that only a few of the crania are thick-walled. An interesting feature is the unusual superiority of the measurements of the males over those of the females. This in a measure is due to the occurrence among the males of one skull of extraordinary size (1,720 c. c); but even if we exclude this, the difference between the two sexes is somewhat greater than among other Indians. In the following table are given a few comparative data on this point. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 6 MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,303, U.S.N. M. (FRONT VIEW; hrdlu'ka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 23 in. RELATION OF AVERAGES OF MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO SIZE OF VAULT IN MALES AND FEMALES (Males=100) Group Number of speci- mens Capacity Module Circum- ference Nasion- opisthioa arc Thick- Males Females 19 12 6 14 9 86.5 89.5 85. 96 96 95.5 96 97 96 96. .5 98 94.5 92.5 88 Munsee (excepting no. 285,308) . . 88 * From A. HrcUi6ka, Report on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Loui- siana, Jour. Acad. Kat. Sci. Phila., xiv, 1909, pp. 171-249. These data are of interest in a number of additional particulars. In the first place, it is seen that, barring capacity, a striking similarity exists in the relation of female to male measurements in the different groups of Indians. There are reasons to believe that such resem- blances are not confined to these tribes alone or even to Indians generally, but extend, with a limited range of variation, to all races. Another remarkable fact is that the external measurements of the skuU, especially the mean diameter or module, and the circumference show practically identical percental relations in the two sexes, aver- aging each about 96 for the female to 100 for the male ; while in capac- ity the difference is decidecUy greater (less than 90 to 100) in favor of the male, notwithstanding the fact that the thickness of the female skulls averages smaller. In other words, a female skull only nine- tenths as thick as that of a male and which gives external measure- ments that compare with those of the male cranium in a ratio of 96 to 100, will stand in respect to its internal capacity toward the male skull as only 88 or 89 to 100. The cause of this must be attributed to the unequal build, in the two sexes, of those parts of the skull which are not reached by the ordinary external measurements, and the narrower and especially the lower frontal region in the female plays probably a large part in this connection. RELATION OF SIZE OF SKULL TO STATURE The size of the head, as is well known, increases with stature. This increase is not uniform, but progresses in a diminishing ratio. The fact holds true in all races, though the exact values of the ratio with the different racial elements have not as yet been determined definitely. In the case of skeletal remains, in which it is not possible to learn the exact stature, the most suitable manner of obtaining light on the subject is to compare the length of the femur with the cranial capacity, by wliich means we ascertain the number of cubic centimeters of the capacity that correspond to each centimeter of the length of the femur. The following data give the results of such 24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 a comparison among the Munsee and on Indian skeletal remains from Arkansas and Louisiana. ^ IV. MUNSEE CRANIA: RELATION OF SKULL CAPACITY TO STATURE * MALE.S Number Bicondylar lenfith of right femur Skull capacity Femoro- cranial index (=c.c. of skull capacity per 1.0 cm. of femoral length) 285 305 cm. 43.4 44.2 4.5.1 45.1 45.3 46.6 48.1 c. c. 1,530 1,515 1,720 1,515 1,550 1,470 1,505 3.5.3 285,301 34.3 285,308 38. 1 285,303 33.6 285,313 34.2 285,326 31.5 285,306 31.3 (45.4) 45.4 (1,544) 1,514 (34. 0) Exclusive of 285,308 33.3 1,295 1, 225 1,2S0 1,300 1,375 1,310 1,275 1,240 (S) 1,288 32.8 30.4 30.5 30.7 32.0 30.1 29.1 27.7 (S) COMP.-VRATIVE D.\TA MALE.S 45.1 44.4 1,446 1, 434 32.1 •32.3 FEMALES Louisiana (5) 41.7 1,330 31.9 * Arranged on the basis of stature (i. e., length of femur). The results presented in the table show considerable individual variation in the femoro-cranial index, by reason of vt^hich there is some irregularity of alignment of the cases. This is especially true in regard to the ca[)acity, which in this small series shows little ' Published by the writer in his Report on an Additional Collection, etc., op. cit., 1909, pp. 179, iss. HRDLi(^KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 25 reg^ularity or evidence of conformity with the aforementioned general rule of increase of the size of the head with statm-e. The tallest of the eight females had one of the smallest heads, and the man with the largest brain was not even of average height. However, there is no doubt that if the series of skulls was considerably larger, the usual progression, showing gradual increase in the size of the brain with the height of the body, would be apparent. The femoro-cranial index progresses much more regularly than the capacity, and shows another weU-known fact, also common to all human races, namely, that while the absolute size of the l)rain enlarges in proportion to the stature, its relative dimensions with reference to stature diminish as the latter increases; so that while the tall man or woman may be expected to have an absolutely larger brain than the average of his group, relatively to his stature he will have less brain matter than the short individuals of the same group. The averages in the preceding table are interesting in another particular — i. e., the difference in the value of the femoro-cranial index in the two sexes. Both the former records of the Louisiana crania and those of the Munsee now presented show these indexes to be perceptibly lower in the females than in the males. The superiority in this respect among the male crania is seen not only in the averages, but practically tlu'oughout the records, seven of the eight indexes in the females being below the minimum of the indexes in the males. It seems evident that among the Indians the brain substance in the . females is not only absolutely smaller than in the males, but is also somewhat smaller for each centimeter of stature, so that men of the same height as the women would still show an advantage in this particular. This advantage is not necessarily connected with men- tality, but may be due to the greater muscularity of the males. As to the value of the femoro-cranial index in different tribes, we can as yet say nothing positive. The indications arc that if differ- ences exist, they are not of a very pronounced character. SIZE AN1> SHAPE OF THE FACE The measurements chosen, as in the writer's work previously cited, are only the most essential. They include the total and upper length of face, and the three breadth measm-ements — the smallest breadth of the forehead, the greatest facial breadth in the plane of the zygomatic arches, and the breadth at the angles of the lower jaw. As to the total facial length (chin-nasion), wherever the teeth were worn due allowance for the wear was made on the basis of measure- ments on well-preserved teeth of the same sex and in the same group. The results, presented in the next table, show that among the Munsee the face was of only fair height and that its other dimensions were rather subdued for Indians. 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY rBULI,. 02 V. MUNSEE CRANIA: MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE FACE * MALES Number 285,303. 285,300. 285,326. 285,313. 285,308. 285,305. 285,301 . Averages. Total length efface (chin- nasion)t (X) cm. 11. S 12.2 12.1 12.0 12.6 12.1 12.3 12.15 Upper length (pros- thion- nasion) (y) cm,. 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.6 Breadth of face (diam. bizyg. max.) (z) cm. 13.7 13.9 13.6 14.0 14.2 13.6 14.2 Facial index total XX 100 86.1 87. S 89.0 89.0 86.6 (~) 7.15 (7) 13.9 (") 87.6 Facial index upper yxioo 49.6 50.4 50.7 51.4 52.2 52.9 .53. 5 Cephalic index of the skull (for com- parison) 70.4 74.9 (t) 76.6 73.7 (§) (§) Diameter frontal minimum (") 51.5 cm. 9.3 9.5 8.7 9.0 10.1 9.6 9.5 Diameter bigonial (J) cm. 11 11.9 10.6 9.5 11.1 9.5 9.3 (") 10.4 285,310. 285,327. 285,302. 285,307. 285,304. Averages. 11.9 7.0 13.6 87.5 51.5 (§) 9.8 11.2 6.6 12.4 90.3 53.2 74.4 8.4 11.9 7.0 12.8 93.0 54.7 (§) 9.3 (?) 6.S 12.4 54.8 76.9 8.5 11.8 7.3 12.9 91. 5 56.5 (§) 9.4 W (5) (5) (4) (5) 11.7 6.9 12.8 90.5 54.1 9.1 10.3 8.7 9.8 9.6 * Arranged on the basis of the Upper Facial Index. t Where teeth were worn off, due allowance was made for the defect, the normal enameled portion of median incisors in apposition being taken as 19 mni. high, in the men. t Slightly deformed. § Deformed. The bizygomatic breadth, though not really small, is below the average in many other tribes of Indians, while the frontal breadth and that of the lower jaw are also somewhat below the medium. These results bear out the statement made under "General Observa- tions" (p. 20) relative to the moderate proportions of the face of the Munsee, Comparative data given in the second part of this report indicate that in some of these respects, especially in the height of the face, the Munsee were somewhat exceptional among the Eastern tribes. The facial indexes indicate mild chamoeprosopy to mild lepto- prosopy. Both the total and the upper indexes are perceptibly higher in the females, which on analysis of the measurements is seen to be due to the relatively greater narrowness of the face in the female, which, in turn, is doubtless connected with a relatively smaller devel- opment of the temporal muscles, the main muscles of mastication. The same condition was noticeable in the crania from Ai-kansas and Louisiana previously reported by the writer, and is probably c|uite general among Indians. Some of the foreheads and some of the lower jaws among the Munsee, as will be seen from the details, were rela- tively quite narrow. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,303, U.S.N.M. (VIEW FROM ABOVE), SHOWING TYPICAL FEATURES hrdlk'^ka] PHYSTCAI. ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 27 ORBITS. NOSE With respect to the orbits, the writer follows his invariable custom of making measurements on both sides and recording the mean, wliich, in turn, gives rise to a mean index. This procedure is necessary in view of (lie fact that in only a minority of cas(^s are the two orbits of equal dimensions and that sometimes they differ considerably. ^ Among the series of Lenape crania which the writer reported on in 1902," there were several specimens in which the orbits, were unusu- ally low. At that time it seemed as if this feature might be almost characteristic of these Indians; but evidently such is not the case, for low orbits are quite rare among the Munsee. As will be seen from the following figures, in only one instance (male, no. 285,313) are the orbits decidedly low and broad, giving the microseme ^ index of 78.1. Of the remaining cases four males and two females (43 per cent) are mesoseme, while two of the males and five of the females (50 per cent) are mega- seme. The extensive fluctuation of the orbital index in both sexes of the Munsee tribe is very striking, but much tlie same variation was observed in the Arkansas and Louisiana crania previously mentioned, and is present among the Eastern tribes in general. VI. MUNSEE CRANIA: ORBITS,* NOSE f Orbits Nose Number Mean height (a) Mean breadth (b) Mean index bxiOO a Number Height Breadth Index BxlOO H 285,313 cm. 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.35 3.3 3.6 cm. -1.1 3. 95 3.9 4.0.') 3. 75 3.6 - 3.9 78.1 86.1 87.2 87.2 89.3 91.7 92.9 285, 303 285, 326 285, 301 28.5,305 285,308 2&5,306 28.5,313 5.0 .5.0 ,5. 45 5.0 5.3 .5.0 ,5. 15 cm. 2.2 2.35 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.0 44.0 285,308 47.0 285,303 47.7 285,305 50.0 285,306 52.8 285,326 58 285,301 58. 3 (7) 3.4 3.9 87.5 5.1 (T) 2.6 (7) 51.1 * Arranged on the basis of the Orbital Index. t Arranged on the basis of the Nasal Index. ' It seems advisable to mention at this point the exact method used by the writer in the measurement of the orbits, for there appears to be not a little discrepancy in this respect among dilTerent workers. The measurements are those of Broca: The breadth is from dacryoii (the point of intersection of the lachrymo- frontal suture and the sharp free orbital border of the lachrymal canal) to the most distal part of the lateral boundary of the orbit, below the malo-frontal .suture; while the height is the maximum height, from about the center of the lower border of Ihe orbit. Both dimensions can be taken with fair accuracy by either a graduated rod or by the two sharp points of the compas glissihre. The main point is that the mea-surements should not comprise any part of the borders of the orbits, particularly the outer one, which differs considerably in thickn&ss and breadth, and part of which seems not uifrequenlly to be included by those who lake these measurement.s. - Crania of Trenton, etc., op. cit. ^ Broca'scla-ssificalion. 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 VI. MUNSEE CRANIA: ORBITS, NOSE— Continued FEMALES Nose Number 28.5,321 . . 285,310... 285,307 . . 285,309... 285,327... 285,304... 285,302... Averages Mean height (a) cm. 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.55 (7) 3.4 Mean breadth (b) cm. 3.8 3.85 3.8.5 3.65 3.6 3.7 3.65 (7) 3.72 Mean index bXlOO Number 86.8 88.3 90.3 90.4 94.4 94.6 97.9 285, 304 285,302 285,347 285,309 285,310 285,327 28.5,320 285, 307 285,321 (7) 91.7 Height 5.3 4.9 5.0 4.9 .5.0 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.2 (9) 5.0 Breadth 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 3 (9) 2.65 Index BXlOO H 47.7 49 50 .53.1 54 54.2 55.1 .56.3 (9) 52.9 The average orbital index in the female Aliinsee is higher than that in the males, as is generally the case, a fact directly due to the heavier development of the supraorbital region in the males. The nose in many of the individual Munsee, in conformity with the rest of the upper face, was rather short, but occasionall}^ it was quite, broad. The indexes, according to Broca's classification, give four instances (25 per cent; 3 m., 1 f.) of leptorhinic, four cases (25 per cent; 2 m., 2 f.) of mesorhinic, and eight cases (50 per cent; 3 m., 5 f.) of moderately platyrhinic nasal aperture, the averages falling both in mesorliiny. The usual accompaniments of platyrhiny in the negro nose, however, are invariably absent, the inferior borders of the aperture being moderately sharp and the bridge showing generally a fan development. PROGNATHISM Measurements relating to prognathism include tln-ee basal diam- eters, namely, from basion to prosthion, the subnasal point and nasion ; and the subnasal (alveolar) height, with the heights from prosthion and the subnasal point to nasion. These lines connected give us, in skulls in which the facial parts are well preserved, the angle of the face as a whole and also the alveolar angle, which it is important to measure separately. An extended and meritorious report on the naso-alveolo-basilar angle such as here described was published m 1909 and 1910 by Dr. P. Rivet,^ who commenced its determination independently by the i L 'Anthropologic, xx, 1909, pp. 35 et seq., 175 et seq.; 1910, pp. 505, 637. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 9 MALE SKULL, NO. 99-6669, A.M.N.H., FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND (FRONT VIEW) huuliCka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE VII. MUNSEE CRANIA: PROGNATHISM, FACIAL AND ALVEOLAR* MALES 29 Number Basion- proslhion line (a) Basion subnasal jjoint t (6) Basion- nasion (c) Prosthion- nasion height id) Prosthion- subnasal point height (c) Facial angle (angle be- tween a and d) Alveolar angle (angle be- tween a and f) 285,306 cm. 10.5 10.2 10 9.4 9.9 9.5 cm. 9.7 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.9 8.7 cm. 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.0 10.3 10.2 cm. 7 7.4 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.8 cm. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 70 70 72 74 74 62 28.5,308 58 2S.-),301 54 2SJ,30o 64 285,326 56 285,303 61 (6) 9.9 («) 9.0 (6) 10.3 (6) 7.15 (6) 2.1 (6) 73 (6) 59 2,S5,,307 28.5,327 28.5,302 10.4 9.4 9.0 10 9.4 9.2 8.4 8.0 9.0 8.4 10.1 9.7 9.6 10.5 10.2 6.8 6.6 7.0 7.3 7 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 69 74 74 74 76 52 55 58 285,304 58 28,5,310 58 Averages (5) 9.6 (5) 8.6 (5) 10 (5) 6.9 (5) 2.1 (5) 74 (5) 57 * Arrangement of cases based on Facial Angle. t The "subnasal point" of the wTiter is the lowest point on the mferior border of the nasal aperture on the loft side: it is tlie point from which llie height of the nose is measured. same method as that of the present writer and ahnost simultaneously with him; but no comparisons are as yet available in regard to the alveolar angle. It appears from Rivet's data that among modern white adults the average of the facial angle, as herein defined, ranges in round numbers from 70.5° to 73°; ^ among the negroes, the mean of Rivet's series gives 68.5°; among several groups of American Indians it was 68° to 71.5°. Rivet calculated his indexes mathemat- ically and with the help of an " abaque," while the writer obtained his results by the direct (graphic) method, which, for small series of calculations and used with precision, seems to him preferable, although the results are probably quite comparable. By this method the writer obtamed on the Arkansas and Louisiana crania, previously reported, averages ranging for the facial index from 70° to 74° for the males, and 68° to 70° for the females; while the alveolar angle gave the average of 55° to 60° in the males, and 51° to 53° in the females. The Munsee crania give the rather high average of 73° for the males and 74° for the females, with respect to the facial angle, and 59° in the males with 57° in the females for the alveolar angle. These 1 An exceptional group of Wends reached 76,5°. 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY f boll. 62 figures indicate that both the facial and the alveolar protrusion in the Munsee was exceedingly moderate for a group of Indians, although in a measure the height of the indexes is due to the shortness of the face. PALATE It was possible to obtain satisfactory measurements of the palate (or, more strictly speaking, the upper alveolar arch) in 13 instances, which, in view of the usually frequent defects of the arch, is a good proportion of the cases. The measurements and indexes follow Turner's method, which is quite satisfactory.^ The greatest length recorded by Turner in 20 European male and 8 European female skulls was 6 cm., the smallest 4.7 cm.; the greatest breadth 6.9 cm., the smallest 5.6 cm. The same measurements among the Munsee range, if we take both sexes together, from 5.1 cm. to 6 cm. for length and 5.9 cm. to 7.2 cm. for breadth, showing both dimensions, though more especially the breadth, to be slightly superior in these Indians to what they are in whites. The palatal or "uranic" index averaged, in Turner's whites, 116.2 in the males and 115.6 in the females: in the Munsee the averages are 120.7 for the former and 120.5 for the latter sex, showing the palate in these Indians to be more ''brachy-uranic, " or relatively broader. The sexual differences in both Turner's and th(^ present series are so small as to be practically negligible. In the different groups of Arkansas and I^ouisiana crania, reported in 1909 by the writer, the average palatal index ranged from 116 to 122 in the males and from 115 to 122 in the females — conditions very similar to those shown in the present observations. It may here be pointed out that the whole subject of the dimensions of the palate or aveolar arch in the different races, and especially in the different types of skull, needs investigation. As it is, the variety in the dimensions and shape of these structures, and especially their correlation with the rest of the face and skull, are only imperfectly understood. ■ Length: "From the alveolar point to a line drawn across the hinder borders of the maxillary bones. Breadth: Maximum external just above the molar teeth." HRDLKKA I PHYSICAL anthropolo(;y op the jjcnapk 31 VIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: PALATE;* LOWER JAW;** FORAMEN MAONUM MALES Palate Lower jaw Foramen magnum Number Length Breadth Index BXlOO L Nimiber Height at svm- physist Thick- ness at 2d left molart Diam- eter bigon- ial Mini- mum breadth of ramus Angle (mcan)§ Number Mean diam- eter L-f- B 2 cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. o cm. 285,316 5.8 6.7 11.5.5 28.5,316 3.4 1.5 3.7 2S.5, 301 3.3 28.5,301 5.8 6.9 119 285,303 3.6 (H) 11 3 120 28.5,305 3.3 285,306 5.7 6.8 119.3 285, 305 3.6 1.3 9.5 3.5 117 285, 303 .3.5 285,315 6 7. 2 120 285,313 3.6 1.4 9.5 3.6 116 28.5,306 :5.5 285,326 5. 5 6.6 120 285, 301 3.7 1.3 9.3 3.6 116 285,308 .3.6 285,305 .5.3 6.4 120.8 285,306 3.8 1.3 9.5 3.5 117 285, 326 3.6 2a5,30S .5.7 7.0 122.8 28.5,326 3.8 1.3 10.6 3.2 116 285,313 .3.8 285, 303 .5.1 6.6 129.4 285,308 28.5,315 3.9 3.9 1.6 1.'8 11.1 10.9 3.4 4.0 121 121 (8) (8) (8) (9) (8) (8) (9) (8) (") Averages . . 5.6 6.8 120.7 3.7 1.5 10.5 3.5 118 3 5 285,327 285,307 28.5, .301 285, 302 285,310 5. 1 .5.6 .5.2 5.2 .5.2 ,5.9 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.6 11.5.7 117.9 119.2 123.1 126.9 28.5,324 28,5,307 285,310 285,321 285,347 285,302 285, 320 285,309 3.2 3.2 3.4 .3.5 lit. 5 3.7 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.65 1.6 1.5 9.6 8.7 10.3 9.8 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 2.8 3.1 128 127 131 128 140 123 130 285, 309 285,327 28.5,304 285,310 285,302 2&5,320 28,5,347 285,307 3.1 3.1 3.2 ,3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3 4 Averages. . (5) 5.25 6.35 (5) 120.5 (6) 3.4 (fi) 1.5 9.6 (6) 3.2 130 (8) 3 2 * Arranged on the basis of the Palatal Index. ** An-anged on the basis of the height at symphysis. t The vertical height in median line. t Measured with the com.pas glisHhre in such manner that the center of the second molar or of its aveolus corresponds to the middle of the rod of the compass between the two branches which are applied to the ramus. § Measured with Broca's goniometer. H Moderate. FORAMEN MAGNUM In respect to the foramen magnum, there is so much irregularity and so little special significance in the ratio between the two main diameters, length and breadth, that the writer prefers to use the mean measurement, (i^) , which stands in some relation to stature and probably to muscular development, and which may have more than passing interest in the study of racial and other groups. The average in the Munsee is, as usual, perceptibly higher in the males 32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Fbull. 62 than in tlie females. It is almost identical in both sexes with that of the Indian skeletal remains from the Louisiana mounds (Munsee, 7 males, 3.5; 8 females, 3.2: Louisiana, 10 males, 3.45; 14 females, 3.18 cm.), which were nearly alike in stature, but it is slightly superior to that of the Indians from Arkansas, who were also of practically the same height (Arkansas, 22 males, 3.3; 16 females, 3.14 cm.). LOWER JAW The measurements of the lower jaw show only moderate dimensions throughout. The angle (mean of the two sides, which usually differ somewhat in this respect) averages decidedly higher in the females (130°), which is not always the case in American crania. Thus among the Arkansas and Louisiana mound crania it averaged 118.5° in the males, or practically the same as in the Munsee; while it was only 122° in the females, or eight points lower than in the Munsee of the same sex. Detailed Observations on the Crania In visual examination of a series of crania or other bones of more than passing importance, general impressions are not sufficiently accurate or reliable; consequently, the writer habitually makes detailed notes of the principal features of each specimen in accordance with a definite though simple scheme. Such notes can be tabulated and analyzed almost as readily as measurements. In choosing the points for observation, the only rule that can be formulated is to include everything of consequence, and to cover the whole specimen, which is not so easily accomplished as at first might seem. Some of the points touched upon in such a procedure will, of course, be of much less weight than others, but they serve to com- plete the picture and will doubtless be of some interest and value in future comparisons; while purely individual characteristics that might be included by some authors may be passed entirely. The results of the detailed examination of the Munsee crania are as follow : the vault: forehead The conditions found in respect to the frontal region will be clearly seen from the accompanying table. As general among Indians, this region in the Munsee skulls shows high development only in exceptional cases. In the males there is frequently more or less of a slope; in the females, where slope is rare, low foreheads prevail. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 3ULLETIN 62 PLATE 11 MALE SKULL, NO. 99-6669, A.M.N.H., FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND (VIEW FROM ABOVE), SHOWING LONG OVOID OUTLINE HHDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE IX. MUNSEE ORANIA: FRONTAL REGION 33 9 males 11 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Exceptionally fjood dovelopnipnt 1 4 5 1 9 Medium ,. 5 1 3 56 11 33 36 45 Slight to moderately sloping 9 SAGITTAL KEGION The Yaiili of the skull among Indians is frequently more or less arched or keeled, indicating strong development of the temporal muscles. This characteristic is of course much more frequent and pronomiced in the males than hi the females. The Munsee, it will be seen, show no exception m this respect. The elevation of the sagittal region is present in nearly all the males, although it is seldom pronounced. Among the females nearly half are without sagittal elevation, while in the remainder this feature is only slightly de- veloped. X. MUNSEE CRANIA: SAGITTAL REGION Oval or nearly so Slightly elevated or keeled Moderately keeled Markedly keeled 9 males Cases Per cent 12 females Cases Per cent TEMPORO-PARIETAL KEGION The temporo-parietal region differs in convexity with the type of the skull, being usually quite flat in pronounced dilochocephaly and decidedly convex in marked bracln-cephaly. Besides this, it is also subject to individual and groupal variations. In the series at hand, in two-thirds of both the male and the female skulls the region is of about mecUum convexity. Among the remainder of the speci- mens it is rather interesting to note that while in a third of the ctises in the males the region is flat and in no case bulging, these conditions are practicaUy reversed in the females. The temporo- parietal region of the brain tended evidently to a greater relative development in the females of this series than in the males. 17135°— Bull. 62—16 3 34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY XI. MUNSEE CRANIA: TEMPUKOrAKIETAL REGION [BULL. C2 9 males 12 females Cases I'er cent Cases I'er cent 3 8 1 25 6 3 67 33 67 Rather flat 8 OCCIPUT When we eliminate all the cases that show any trace of artificial flattenmg of the back of the skull, there remain only a few specimens for observation. Among these, three-fourths show medium con- vexity of the occiput, while in one-fourth the region is protruding. There is no difference in this respect in tlie two sexes. The external occipital protuberance and the occipital ridges do not show especially strong development in any case, and barrmg a single instance of the occurrence of an Inca bone, which will be spoken of in another con- nection, there are no anomalies of this region to be recorded. XII. MUNSEE CRANIA: OCCirUT (IN THE UNDEFORMED) Medium prominence Protruding Slightly as3'mmetric 4 males 4 females Cases Percent 75 25 (25) Cases Per cent 25 (25) SUTURES : SERRATION The serration of the cranial sutures is of interest for the reason that m the skulls of whites and m superior skulls generally the knit- ting is often, though not invariably, quite complex, while in the major- ity of the skulls among the retarded races it is more or less simple and may occasionally l)e nearly absent. For the sake of smiplicity in recording the nature of the sutures the writer refers to the serration as '^medimn," or about as it averages in whites; ''submedium, " which is sclf-ex])lanatory; and "poor," or such as approaches a simple wavy Ime. Among the Indians the sutures range mostly from submedium to more simple, and the Mmisee skulls form no exception. As seen from the actual data not one case reaches the standard of medium complexity m all the sutures, while m a large proportion of the si)ecimons the serration of most, if not all, is de- cidedly uiferior. Xo special difference exists in this respect between the skulls of different sizes. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 12 MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,308, U.S.N.M. (FRONT VIEW) iiKDLirKA] niVSICAL ANTHKOPOUXiV OF THE LKNAPE XIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: SEKHATION OF SUTURES 35 7 males 1 1 females Cases Per cent C-ases Per cent • All sutures of the vault submediuni 2 2 I 29 29 29 14 5 5 1 45 45 9 Coronal (luilc simple, sa^ittul and lambdoid nearly medium OCCLUSION OF SUTURES In none of the specimens at hand can he detected aii}' ])reniatiu'e occlusion, though in this resjiect it is im])ossible to be certam as to the teni])oro-occij)ital articuhitions. Unfortunately, there is no pos- si])Llity of givmg the exact relation of age to the occlusion in any of the sutiu'es; all that it is possible to determine is their relative involve- ment. The order among the males is S-C-TO-L ; ^ that m the females, TO-S-C-L. It is plain that occlusions m the coronal and tem- poro-occipital sutures are almost as early and frequent as those in the sagittal, while those in the lambdoid are decidedly later. As to locahty, the coronal sutm'e occludes first below the temporal ridges; in the sagittal the commencement is most frequent, as usual, about ol)elion; in the lambdoid it is irregular; whUe in the temi)oro-occipitals in the Mmisee it advances generally from the anterior or basal extremity of these sutures backward and upward. XIV. MUNSEE CRANIA: OCCLUSION OF SUTURES (EXTERNALLY, ALL GRADES) Coronal Sagittal , . . Lambdoid Tcmporo-occ ip ital 9 males Cases Percent of skulls 12 females Cases Per cent of skulls WORMIAN BONES The frequency of Wormian bones in any given series of skulls, while a factor of no great importance, is always of some interest. It is certain that in this respect there is a wide difference even in different groups of the same people, such as the Indians. Among the Munsee, as already mentioned, we find a remarkable scarcity of these ossicles, especially in the males. Not only are the Wormian ' S=sagittal; C=coronal; rO= temporo-occipital; i=lambdoid. 36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 bones scarce in this series, hut they are also invariably small. This scarcity may in all probability be regarded as a sign of the absence of all disturbances, developmental as well as pathological. XV. MUNSEE CRANIA: WORMIAN BONES; BREGMA AND "INCA" BONES 8 males 12 females According to sutures 8 males 12 females Total number present Cases c^ent ^^^^ Per cent Cases Per cent Cases Per cent None. 3 3 1 38 38 12 4 1 1 5 1 33 8 S 42 8 Coronal 1 12 One. Sagittal Two . . Lambdoid 4 50 6 6 2 50 More than two . Temporo - occipital. . 50 Temporo - p a rietal (squamo-mastoid angle). 2 25 17 Bregma (fontanel) 1 12 bone. BREGMA AND INCA BONES Among the 20 crania in which conditions with respect to these facts could be ascertained, there was found one bregma or fontanel bone (3x3.1 cm.), and one of the so-called Inca ^ bones (diameter, 8.3x3.5 cm.). There is nothing especially noteworthy in these occurrences, both of which, particularly the Inca bone, are of the nature of developmental anomalies. Pterions. — Among the 19 Munsee skulls in which the pterions could be determined there was no case of temporo-frontal contact. In all instances the pterion was of the H type, predominantly narrow in the males and predominantly medium to broad in the females. XVI. MUN-SEE CRANIA: PTERIONS Temporo-frontal contact. H type, narrow IT type, medium II type, broad 7 males Cases Per cent 12 females Cases Per cent PARIETAL FORAMINA These are represented quite poorly. In almost half the skulls there are no paric^tal foramina at all, while in most of the remainder they range from very minute to medium size, of which latter there ' The term is used merely for convenience. UJ > UJ 9 CO 3 111 ULl CO z 3 HIiDLI(''KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 37 is i\ single instance, and in only one case are there two canals of medium size. The exact significance of this showdng is not cliuirly understood. When present these canals transmit, as is well kno\\^l, a small arteriole and an emissary vein which connects the venous systems within and without the wall of the skull XVII. MITNSEE CRANIA: PARIETAL FORAMINA 9 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent None 3 3' 2 1 33 33 22 11 1 4 50 1 or 2 minut p j< 1 medium 33 2 medium 1 medium on right, 2 minute on left 1 g RfiTROMASTOIT) FORAMINA Tlie retromastoid ("mastoid") foramina are most often two in number — a larger and a smaller — one of which transmits a vein from the trans veree sinus within to the cutaneous occipital vein on the outside of the skull wall, and the other a smaller branch of the occipital artery. Like the parietal foramina, they show considerable individual and groupal variation in both number and size. It is not uncommon in some Indian crania to find one of these canals to be of very appreciable diameter (up to 4 mm.). While in the Munsee skulls they appear almost generally two on each side, they are in no instance above moderate size, and in several cases are quite minute. Tlius in these specimens the retromastoid foramina stand in har- monious rather than compensatory relation with the small or even absent parietal foramina. XVIII. MT'NSEE CRANIA: RETROMASTOID FORAMINA 8 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent 2, moderate size, eqeh side 1 12 , 42 2, small to minute, each side 33 1, moderate size, each side a 2, small to minute, each side 1 12 33 2, medium, right side; 2 small, left side 8 MASTOIDS The mastoid ])rocesses are mainly of importance as sexual cliarac- teristics. Their value in this resjx'ct, however, diffei-s coiisideraldy 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOOY [BDTJ.. 62 from racial g;i'()n]) to group, and oven within a single st<>ni of people, such as the Indians. On the whole, however, it maybe said that in the Indian female the mastoid is somewhat more developed than it is in the averag(> white woman. Occasionally it is considerably more de- veloped, reaching the subaverage or even the average dimensions of that of the males in the same tribe. The grade of development of the process is of course related to the strength and activity of the sterno- cleido-mastoid muscle, to which it gives attachment. Among the Mmisee the size of the mastoids on the whole is only moderate; yet even in this series they rise in one of the: female skulls to male-like proportions. XIX. MUNSEE CRANIA: MASTOIDS 10 males 12 females Cases Per cent. Cases Per cent Large (masculine) 1 6 3 10 60 30 Medium (masculine) . . 1 U 8 Submedium (feminine) 92 In one of the females (no. 285,309) the apex of the left mastoid is bifid. Well developed cases of this anomaly are rare; there are only tlu-ee or four other Indian crania in the large collections of the United States National Museum in which it is well represented. In another female specimen (no. 285,304) the right mastoid shows a peculiar, marked indentation in the middle of its dorsal surface, with a groove extending therefrom upward and backward and down- ward and backward. SUPRAORBITAL RIDGES These ridges, as is well known, are sexual characteristics in the main; phylogenetically they are the remains of the pronounced supraorbital arches of man's anthropoid ancestors and of early man. Like the mastoids they show also considerable individual variation in each sex among the Indians, owing to which they occasionally fail to afford aid in the determination of the sex of the specimen. As a rule they are limited in Indians to the median half to two-thirds of the supraorbital space. In the Munsee skuUs at hand they are markedly developed m only one of the males; in two of the male skulls they are small, feminine like, while in two of the female skuUs they are so developed as to approximate the supraorbital ridges of the averajje male. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 14 MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,308, U.S.N. M. (VIEW FROM ABOVE) iiuni.KKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE XX. MUNSEE CRANIA: SUrRAORBTTAL RIDGES 39 8 males 12 females Cases Per cent. Cases Per cent 1 5 2 12 25 2 s 2 17 Small (feminine) 67 Yerv small 17 NASION DEPRESSION The depression at the ridge of the nose is generally ^veU marked in male Indian crania, but is mostly shallow in the female specimens. The depression is never narrow, like a deep line, as in some of the negroes; and in the females it is usually quite wide from above down- ward. The skulls of the series under consideration show nothing very exceptional in this respect. XXI. MUNSEE CRANI.V: NASION DEPRESSION 7 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent 1 1 14 71 14 Medium 2 5 5 17 Shallow 42 None or scarcely anv 42 NASAL BRIDGE The development of the nasal bridge differs among the Indians more or less from tribe to tribe, hence it would be erroneous to assume that all Indians, or even a majority in some of the tribes, had high noses. On the other hand, the nasal bridge is never flat and short as in the negro. In the females, as among the whites, the bridge is generally lower than in the mah^s. The observations on the Munsee, among 17 cases in which the britlge is preserved, show 10 of medium height and 7 submedium to low. XXII. MUNSEE CRANIA: NASAL BRIDGE males 10 female Cases Per cent Cases I'er cent Medium height Submedium hoi>,'ht. 1 iOW 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BDLL. 62 NASAL BONES The chief feature of the nasal bones to which the student usually directs attention is their breadth. There is on this continent a fre- quency of especially narrow nasals among the Eskimo. Among the Indians, narrow nasal bones occur only exceptionally; more com- monly they are rather broad, though the breadth is not excessive. In the present series we find them fairly broad in all the males and in two of the females; narrow (not excessively) in only two of the females. XXni. MUNSEE CRANIA: NASAL BONES 7 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Broad 7 100 2 8 2 17 Medium 67 Narrow 17 NASAL APERTURE The features of chief interest with respect to the nasal aperture are the fulness or sharpness of the inferior borders, the presence or absence of subnasal fossae or simian gutters, and pronounced asym- metry. Among the 19 Munsee skulls in which these features can be studied, there are only one instance of moderate grooves and three cases of moderate asymmetry. The lower borders are fairly sharp, more so than the average in many other Indians. XXIV. MUNSEE CRANIA: LOWER BORDERS OF NASAL APERTURE 7 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Normal, fairlv sharp. . . . 4 57 11 92 Dull Asymmetric 2 1 29 14 1 8 Simian grooves NASAL SPINE On the whole the nasal spine reaches its most pronounced develop- ment, especially in height, in the modern whites. It is rudimentary or absent in the anthropoid apes, and seldom reaches marked devel- opment in the yellow-brown and black races. Among Indians it ranges from rudimentary or very low to fairly well developed. In the Munsee, as shown by the accompanying figures, it was mostly very low to submedium. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 17 J LARGE MALE SKULL, NO- 2010-4423 A M^rjLH fj'°,"„^"*'^^*'^^*" ISLAND, SHOWING FINE ELLIPTICAL UU l I-Unc BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 15 UNDEFORMED TYPICAL FEMALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,309, U.S.N.M. (VIEW FROM ABOVE) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 16 MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,306, U.S.N.M., SHOWING FINE OVOID OUTLINE HRDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE XXV. MUNSEK CRANLV: NASAL SPINE 41 7 males 11 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent 1 i 2 14 57 29 3 6 2 27 Submedium 55 Very low IS ORBITS In the majority of skulls iindor consideration, the orbits offer noth- ing special morphologically; in a number of instances, however, there is an exceptional confonnation, the details of which are shown in the table which follows. The data accentuate the fact, already shown by the measurements, of the considerable range of fluctuation in these features, which, however, seems in this case to have little if any anthropological significance, although it may be due in part to admixture with other people. XXVI. MUNSEE CRANIA: ORBITS No special features Lateral axis of each nearly horizontal. . . Lateral axis of each decidedly oblique. . Strikingly large Strikingly small Exceptionally high Exceptionally low Right lower and more oblique than left. ' males Cases Per cent 12 females (^ases Per cent SUBORBITAL P^OSS/E These depressions in the upper maxilla^, which, strictly speaking, have only indirect relation to the canine teeth and do not deserve the old name of "canine fossae," are generally less well marked or hollowed out in the Indian than in whites, although there is consider- able individual variation. In the Munsee, in more than haU' the skulls, they are shallow to very shallow. XXVII. MUNSEE CRANIA: SUBORBITAL (CANINE) FOSS^ 7 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Deeply hollowed Medium 3 1 ■13 43 14 6 6 50 Shallow 50 Only a trace of depression 42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 These fossfe arc of evolutionary significance. In the anthropoid apes they are either entirely wanting or very nearly so, the region being in fact often moderately convex; and the same is true, so far as the evidence is available, of early man to the latter part of the Neanderthal period. MALAR BONES. ZYGOMA The malai"s among the Munsee are of moderate development throughout, and none of the bones shows any complete or even appre- ciable partial division or other anomaly. The zygomatic processes are rather su})medium in strength as compared with those of other Indians, particularly m the males. In one of the male skulls (no. 285,313) the right zygoma is repre- sented only by a pointed but otherwise unaltered base, the rest of the bone, up to the malar suture, bemg absent. In all ]:)robal)ility this condition is the result of an old fractm*e, after wliich the larger part of the zygoma was lost or remamed separated. XXVIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: THE MALARS; ZYGOMA 9 males 11 females ZVGOM.E 7 males 11 females MALARS Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Heavy or protrud- Very broad ing. Medium develop- ment. Submedium de- 9 100 10 1 91 9 Medium 3 4 4:3 57 10 1 91 Submedium (for the sex and race). 9 velopment. UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH The main featm'e for observation of the upper dental arch is its slant or prognathism, and conditions in this respect have already- been shown in the main by the measurements. The inspection con- firms the fact that in three of the female skulls the arch must be described as markedly slantmg. In two cases, in both of which the vault of the skull is artificially deformed, the arch is asymmetric; in one of these, however, the asj^mmetry is evidently due to early loss of some of the teeth. In no case is there any special massiveness of the arch. XXIX. MUNSEE CRANIA: UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH 8 males 11 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Medium slant s 100 s :i 1 7.3 Marked slant 27 Asymmetric 1 (12) (9) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 3ULLETIN 62 PLATE 1! ADULT MALE SKULL FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND, NO. 99-6667, A.M.N.H., SHOWING AN EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH AND NARROW FACE HRDLI(''KA I PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 43 LOWER JAW In 17 oi the 20 Miinsee skulls in which the lower jaw is present, tlie latter is of ordinar}^ (Indian) dimensions and form; in one male and in one female it shows strong development. In a single mstance only is the chm square; in the others it is moderately rounded. The prommence of the chin in aU cases may be described as approximately mediunu XXX. MUNSEE CRANIA: LOWER JAW 'J males 11 females Cases I'er cent Cases Per cent Ordinary Indian funii and niddoraf e development Square ohin 1 1 7x n 11 1(1 91 Jaw very strong 1 9 PALATE The shape of the palate is determined by that of the upper dental arch. Of the skidls at hand, in 1 1 of the 22 cases the outlines of both the arch and the palate are elliptic, in 7 ovoid, and in 4 parabolic. The tendency toward the parabolic form is more marked ui the fem,ales than m the males. The height of the palate shows nothmg exceptional, and there is no torus worthy of notice. XXXI. MUNSEE CRANIA: PALATE 10 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Ovold . . 3 6 1 :!0 GO 10 4 5 3 33 Elliptic 42 Parabolic 25 Torus BASE OF THE SKULL Glenoid fossse. — In general the glenoid fossae of the Indian skulls resemble those among the whites, but there is considerable mdividual variation, particularly in spaciousness of the hollows. Among tlic 22 Munsee crania, in 14 the fossa; are of ordinary form and of a])()ut medium dimensions; in one they are narrow antero-posteriorly, in 4 wide; in 1 case their axis is decidedly ol)li(|ue, and in 2 the fossae differ in depth on tlie two sides. The wide fossa3 are more fre(j[uent in the females. 44 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY XXXII. MUNSEE CRANIA: GLENOID FOSS^ [bull. 62 Ordinary form and dimensions. Narrow (antero-posteriorly) Wide (antero-posteriorly) Decidedly oblique (laterally). . . Left shallow, right medium 10 males Cases Per cent Cases Per cent 2.5 - 8 17 Floor of auditory meatus. — Among the Indians, and particularly in the young, there are frequently found more or less pronounced defects or deliiscences (Hyrtl) in the floor of the auditory meatus. The frequency of these defects differs from locality to locality and probably from tribe to tribe. They are rather scarce in the Munsee, two-thirds of the crania showing no defect whatever, while of the remainder in only one instance was the perforation large. There seems to be a predominance of this condition in the females. XXXIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: DEFECTS IN FLOOR OF AUDITORY MEATUS None Slight, each side Moderate, each side . Large, each side Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Styloid processes. — Among the Indians the styloid processes seldom reach good development, although there is some difference in this respect among the tribes. In a great majority of Indian crania the styloid processes are more or less diminutive, and not seldom they are quite rudimentary or even absent, in the latter case usually only small bases being discernible. In the Munsee only four of the twenty- two skulls show styloids which approach the medium or average in whites; in seven the processes are decidedly submedium; and in eleven they are rudimentary. XXXIV. MUNSEE CRANIA: STYLOID PROCESSES Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Medium (about average in whites) Submedium Rudimentary BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 19 BRACHYCEPHALIC EXTRANEOUS FEMALE SKULL, NO. 285,311, U.S.N. M. (VIEW FROM ABOVE), FOUND WITH THE MUNSEE INDIANS hrdliCka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 45 Middle lacerated foramina. Posterior lacerated foramina. — As repeatedly pointed out by the writer on former occasions, the middle lacerated foramina are structures of some importance. They are very small in the anthropoid apes, generally small in negro skulls, submedium to medium in the yellow-brown races and in loss devel- op(^d whites, and reach their maximum spaciousness in civilized modern whit(^ men. These differences are connected with the increase in the size of the brain. A growing brain not accompanied with a proportionate or equally rapid increase in the bony structures of the base of the skull (which seems to be most frequently the case) will cause a spreading and bulging of the basal parts, one result of which will be the increased size of th(^ middle lacerated foramina. In the Munsee, in only two of the nineteen skulls in which the basal region is sufficiently well preserved for examination, the foramina about equal in size the average in whites ; in nearly half of the remain- ing skulls they are submedium, and in slightly more than half they are small. XXXV. MUNSEE CRANLV: MIDDLE LACERATED FORAMINA; POSTERIOR LACERATED FORAMINA 7 males 12 females 7 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Medium (about as av- erage in whitas) 1 5 1 U 71 H 1 3 8 8 25 67 Of equal size 1 5 1 11 71 14 1 8 3 8 67 25 Small The posterior lacerated or jugular foramina are of interest chiefly because of their frequent and often marked inequality in size, which signifies inequality in the size of the lateral sinuses and especially of the internal jugular veins. The right foramen is frequently larger than the left, a phenomenon which has beeii associated with the prevailing right-handedness in man. In the ninete(Mi Munsee skulls in which the foramina could be examined, they are of about equal size in only two instances; the right is larger in thirteen, or in two-thirds of the cases, while the left is the larger in oiffy four in- stances. As the proportion of left-handed persons among the Indians averages only about tliree per cent, it is evident that in some instances the relation between a larger jugular canal and habitual great(^r use of the arm of the same side would not maintain; besides, we know the motor centers for the right arm and hand to b(>. on the left side of the brain. Possi})ly greater blood pressure on the right side in right-handed persons, due directly and mechanically to the 46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull, f.2 greater muscular activity on that sitlc^, would be a more satisfactory explanation. Depressions of the pefro}(s jwrfions. — In examining the petrous parts in the usual way, with the skull turned base upward, it is ol)served that in modern men of all races, in the majority of cases, these parts are more or less depressed below the niveau of the surrounduig parts. In reality, of course, the surrounding parts have been pressed out- ward by the developing brain, wliile the prismatic and resistant pet- rous parts remained behind. The grade of depression of the petrous parts stands generally in close correlation with the size of the middle lacerated foramina and is of parallel significance.^ Among the anthro- poid apes even a slight depression of the petrous portions is very rare, and most frequently, especially in the orang, these portions rise slightly above the surrounding structures. In the African negro, and occasionally in individual skulls of other inferior races, they are level with the surrounding parts. In better developed negro skulls, as in the majority of those of other primitive peoples, they are slightly to moderately depressed. In white men, and in superior skulls in gen- eral, the depression is frequently pronounced, especially, it seems, in the brachycephals. The Indian stands in a practically intermediate position between superior whites and the negroes, and the Munsee are no exception. In two of the skuUs the depression is well marked; in three males and seven females it is less than the average in whites; and in two males and five females it is only slight. The females, it will be noted, make a poorer showing in this respect than the males. XXXVI. MUNSEE CRANIA: DEPRESSION OF PETROUS PORTIONS 7 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent Medium (about as average in whites) 2 3 2 29 43 29 Siihmp.dinm. . . 7 5 58 None or almost none 42 Pterygo-hasal foramina. Posterior condylic foramina. — Interesting features of the base of the skull, to which Gruber and (in this country) Harrison Allen have called attention, are the foramina found occasion- ally at the base (or proximal part) of the external pterygoid plates. These foramina are seldom complete. They may be single, double, or even triple. They are formed by a process or by processes of bone which proceed upward and backward, and in some cases more or less outward, from the border of the external pterygoid plate. According to the insertion of these processes, the foramina to which 1 See Hrdlidka, Certain Racial Characteristics of the Base of the Skull, Science, 1901, p. 309; Proc. Assoc. Amer. Anatomists, loth Sess., in Atncr. Jour, of Anatomy, i, 1901-2, pp. 508-9. lllilH.lrKAj PHYSICAL ANTHROrOLOCV OF THE LENAPE 47 tlicy give rise can be divided into two classes, namely, the more frequent pteiygo-spinous and the rarer pterygo-sphenoidal. Their significance is not yet so clearly understood as is desirable. They are of some antlii'opological interest and occur quite frequently among Indians, especially in certain locaUties. Among the Munsee they were rather scarce, particularly in the females. XXXVn. MUNSEE CRANIA: PTERYGO-BASAL FORAMINA; POSTERIOR CONDYLIC FORAMINA 7 males 12 females 5 males 12 females Cases Per cent Cases Per cent ( 'ases Per cent Cases Per cent None or only a trace.. Ptcrvf,'o-spinous com- 3 1 1 1 1 43 14 14 14 14 11 92 Two, normal I-eft absent 3 1 1 fiO 20 12 100 plete on left, four- fifths on right Right, diminutive . . . I'tervgo-spmous in- 1 8 complete, both sides Incomplete pterygo- sphenoidal, left side. Complete pterygo- sphenoidal on left (absent on right) . . . Posterior condylic foramina. — These are canals which transmit the posterior condylic vein and are of interest only because of their more or less frequent absence from one or both sides in different racial groups. In the Munsee they are exceptionally normal, as will be seen from the preceding figures. MISCELLANEOUS ANOMALIES In addition to the peculiarities shown in the preceding para- graphs, the Munsee skuUs present a number of anomalous condi- tions which desei^e to be mentioned. In male skull no. 285,306 the right occipital condyle is flat, the left being nonnal; there was no injury or arthi'itis. In male skuU no. 285,326 there is an accessory facet posteriorly to the l(>ft condyle. hi female skull no. 285,311 there are two moderate pivcondylar tubercles. In mtJe skuU no. 285,313 and female skull no. 285,312 there is a moderate medio-basilar ("pharyngeal") fossa. In female skull no. 285,320 the carotid canals in the ])etrous parts arc usually large, measuring 7 mm. in major diameter. In female skull no. 285,311 a canal, 6 by 4.5 mm., is present just posteriorly to the right angular process, in the frontal bone and the spheno-frontal suture. 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Finally, there is a series of anomalies relating to the spinous and oval foramina. They are as follows: Male skull no. 285,303: The median wall of the left foramina spinosum and ovale is deficient. Female skull no. 285,310: Median wall of right spinous foramen deficient. Female skull no. 285,347: Median wall of left sphious foramen deficient. Female skull no. 285,320: Median wall of each sphious foramen deficient. Female skull no. 285,323: Right foramina sphiosuni and ovale connected, and the median wall of both deficient. Female skull no. 285,311: The left foramen ovale is unusually large, 8.5 by 4.5 mm., while the right is enormous, 10 by 8 nnn. (pi. 21). The Teeth Dentition. — Of the 22 skulls of Munsee adults at hand it is possible to ascertain the state of dentition in 14. In 11 of these cases there were 32 teeth in each, while in three there were 31. The congenital deficiency consisted in one case of the third left upper molar; in the second, the third left upper molar is completely absent, while the right corresponding tooth is rudimentary; and in the third there is a congenital absence of the left lower lateral incisor, while on the right side we find the very rare condition of a complete fusion of the lower lateral incisor and the canine (pi. 22). Loss and decay. — Teeth lost through caries and the presence of decay are common in this series, more so than in other Indian groups. Among the males, 13 per cent of all the teeth were lost in life, while 12 per cent of those still present show more or less decay; among the females 21 per cent were lost in life and 16 per cent of those present show caries — this notwithstanding the fact that the average age of the female skulls was less than that of the males. The teeth lost or affected were mostly the molars, especially those in the lower jaw. Wear. — In every instance the remaining teeth show more or less pronounced effects of wear. Where the wear is advanced, it is generally also irregular. The detailed notes show that the wear is slight in eight, moderate in five, and advanced in nine of the 22 specimens. Size, quality, sJiovel-shaped incisors. — In size the Munsee teeth in all cases are medium. Where not decayed or worn ofi^ they show invariably regular and normal development. The upper incisors present in every case the cingulimi which gives their lingual surface a more or less pronounced shovel-shaped character, common to and characteristic of all Indians, with rare individual exceptions. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 21 BASE OF FEMALE SKULL NO. 285,311, U.S.N.M. (BRAGHYCE- PHALIC EXTRANEOUS\ FOUND AMONG THE MUNSEE BURIALS, SHOWING EXCESSIVE SIZE OF THE FORAMINA OVALE, ESPE- CIALLY ON THE RIGHT SIDE HEDLlC'KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 49 Anomalies. — The anomalies of the teeth are always of considerable interest, being mainly either reversive or degenerative (progressively) in character. The skulls observed indicate the following conditions : Male no. 285,301 : A small supernumerary tooth between and on the labial side of the left lower second and third molars. The lateral upper incisors in this skull arc somewhat abnormal lingually, their surface appearing as if rolled together from side to side, so that the tooth is cylindrical in form and its shovel-like hollow has become almost a cavity. In male no. 285,303 : The third right upper molar is diminutive. In male no. 285,305: The third lower right molar is impacted, its vertical axis tending foi*w"ard and upward. In male no. 285,326: The third right upper molar is diminutive. In female no. 285,305 is present the aforementioned fusion of the right lower lateral incisor and canine. The resultant tooth :ippears like a broad stout incisor (pi. 22). In female no. 285,310: The crown of the right lower third molar is unusually large (13.5 mm. long by 12 mm. broad) and looks like that of a fused double tooth, but both first and second molars are present. The opposite tooth is also larger than ordinary, but the upper con'esponding teeth are normal. Finally, in no. 285,311 the third right upper molar is rudimentary. Cuspids. — Many of the molars present were so worn that a deter- mination of their cuspid formula? was impossible. The better pre- served teeth showed the interesting conditions detailed in the fol- lowing table: XXXVIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: MOLARS; CUSPIDARY FORMULA Upper Molars MALES First molar Seeond molar Third molar Number of Cusps teeth examined Per cent Cusps Number of teetli examined Per cent Cusps Number of teeth examined Per cent 4 15 100 4 *3 1/2 •3 2 3/2 4 1 1 30 54 8 8 3 2/2 2 2/2 2 1/2 t Pursed 1 3 1 4 11 33 11 44 * l/2=one small cusp; 2/2= two small (or half) cusps, etc. t Appearing like the mouth of a tightly drawn tobacco-pouch or purse. 17135°— BuU. 62—16 4 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 XXXVIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: MOLARS; CUSPIDARY FORMULA— Continued Upper Molars— Continued FEMALES First molar Second molar Third molar Cusps Number of teeth examined Per cent Cusps Number of teeth examined Per cent Cusps Number of teeth examined Per cent 4 14 100 3 1/2 13 100 3 2 3/2 2 2/2 Pursed 2 1 1 9 15 8 8 69 Lower Molars MALES 4 1/2 4 5 4 2/2 4 1/2 4 Pursed It will be observed that the 29 first upper molars have all four regular cusps, while all the first lower molars have five. The second upper molai*s vary in the males, but show all tliree ordmary and one small cusp (the posterior lingual) in the females. The wisdom teeth fluctuate considerably in both sexes, both as to size and to form. Summary of Measuhements and Observations on the Crania A summary of the results of the examination and measurements of the Munsee skulls includes the following points of interest: A number of the specimens show traces of intentional froiito- occipital deformation, which is completely absent among other Indian tribes of the northeastern and Middle Atlantic States; and several of the skulls are of distinctly extraneous type. Both of these conditions point to admixture, which in all probabihty came from the southwestward and may have been due to Shawnee influence during the last few decades of the occupancy by the Munsee of the upper Delaware. The crania that can be safely accepted as belonging to the Munsee themselves, and which are not deformed, are characterized by mod- erate dolichocephaly to mesocephaly and a high vault. They are not thick-walled and show fair capacity. HRDLR'KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 51 The face is of moderate dimensions and lacks prognathism. The facial index ranges from mild chamoeprosopy to mild leptoprosopy. The orhits are very variable, but the majority are mesoseme. The nose is rather short, ))ut fairly broad; the average index is mesorhinic. The palate is of only moderate length, bnt fairly broad; its index m both sexes is brachyuranic. The lower jaw is of moderate dimensions throughout. The teeth are medium in size. Descriptive features. — The forehead is chiefly of medium develop- ment in the males, in the females frequently somewhat low. The sagittal region shows more or less arching, in no case extreme; the temporo-parietal region and the occiput present mostly medium forms. Serration of cranial sutures is submedium to very submedium. Wormian and other intercalated bones are scarce. The order of occlusion of sutures among the males was S-C-TO-L; among the females TO-S-C-L (see page 35). The pterions are all of the H type, with tendency to narrow in males, medium to broad in females. Parietal foramina are few in number and small, retromastoid fora- muia moderate to small. The mastoid processes and the supraorbital ridges present ordi- nary development and variation; no excess. The nasion depression is well marked in the males, mostly shallow in the females; nasal bridge is medium to submedium, nasal bones of fair breadth; lower bordere of the nasal aperture are mostly fairly sharp, and with one exception there are no simian grooves or subnasal fossae; nasal spine ranges from very low to submedium. The orbits show exceptional variation ui form, as they do m meas- urements; suborbital (canine) fossae are shallow to medium; malar bones are of but moderate development, without anomalies; zygomse average somewhat submedimn as compared with those of other Indians. The upper alveolar arch is mostly of very moderate slant and free from abnormahties. The lower jaw is of ordmary form, without anomahes. The palate in half the cases is elhptio, in two-thirds of the remauider ovoid, and in one-third parabolic; it is in no case exceptionally low or very high, ajid there is no torus. Base. — The glenoid fossae in a majority of the crania show usual form and medium dimensions, but tend to wideness in a number of the females; deliiscences in the floor of the auditory meatus arc, for Indians, scarce. Tlie styloid processes reach medium development in l)ut few instances, and they are frequently rudimentary. 52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 The middle lacerated foramina are mostly submedium to smaU; depression of petrous portions prevalently submedium to slight. The posterior lacerated or jugular foramina are, as usual, in a majority of the cases larger on the right side. Pterygo-basal foramina are scarce. Anomalies observed on the skulls pertain mostly to the basal structures, particularly the condyles and the sphenoidal foramina. Teeth. — Dentition was remarkably regular, but decay and loss of teeth in life were relatively more frequent than in other Indians; upper incisors, especially the middle, are shovel-shaped lingually, as usual in Indians. More or less wear of the teeth in the adults is present in every instance. Dental anomalies, while few m number, comprise a case of special interest: a perfect fusion of canine and incisor. . THE BONES By reason of the care with which the bones were collected from the Minisink cemetery, those of the different adult skeletons were kept apart as found and are thus perfectly identifiable as to individuals. Excluding those of adolescents and children, there are present the bones of 32 adult skeletons, and in the majority of cases these are almost complete. Of these 32 individuals, 17 were male and 15 female, thus affording a fair series for comparison. llie Ijones in general are practically normal and almost free from important anomalies. They indicate people of medium to somewhat above medium statiu*e, and of good though not excessive muscular development. In their morphological features they approximate in many respects the bones of whites, yet differ in numerous interesting particulars. Although a number of the subjects represented by the skeletal remains were old people, there is an absence of light bones or of other evidences of senility. The proportion of such bones in modern whites is in fact much larger than among any of the Indians, either prehistoric or modern, a fact of considerable physiological importance. Humerus general observations There are present 46 adult humeri, mostly perfect and almost all paired. The prmcipal measm-ements of these are given in the follow- ing table : hrdlickaJ PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 53 XXXLX. MUNSKK: HUMERI MALES Right Left Number of adult humeri Length, maxi- mum Diameters at middle* Index of shaft (bXlOO) Number of adult humeri Length, maxi- mum Diameters at middle* Index of shaft Major (a) Minor (6) Major (a) Minor (6) (bXlOO) a a Average: Paired (13)... Total present (14) cm. 32.5 32.5 31.1 34.4 cm. 2.24 2.25 1.9 2.6 cm. 1.65 L65 1.5 1.S.5 73.6 73.4 65.2 81. 6 Average: Paired (13) . . Total pre- sent (13) . . . Minimum: Total pre- sent (13)... Maximum: Total pre- sent (13)... cm. 32.6 32. 6 31.- 34.7 cm. 2.2 2.2 1.85 2.55 cm. L64 L64 1.4 1.95 74.6 74.6 Minimum: Total present (14) 65. 2 Maximum: Total present (14) 81.4 Average: Paired (12)... Total present (15) Minimum: Total present (15) Maximum: Total present (15) 30.6 2.09 1.43 68.4 30.7 2.08 1.41 67.7 2.S. 5 1.9 1.2 01.9 32.3 2.3 1.7 77.3 Average: Paired (12) . . Total pre- sent (12)... Minimum: Total pre- sent (12)... Maximum: Total pre- sent (12) ... 30.2 2.01 L4 30.2 2.01 1.4 28.5 1. 75 1.25 31.9 2.2 1.7 69.8 09. 8 03.6 * Diameter major= parallel to the flat anterior surface; diameter minor=at a right angle to the pre- ceding. Tlie averages are in no way exceptional. Reference to the writer's report on the Indian skeletal remains from Ai'kansas and Louisiana^ will show that the hmneri of that collection had practically the same dimensions. Tlie relation of the average of paired female humeri to that of paired male himieri is as 94.2 to 100, which is somewhat higher than existed among the Arkansas and Louisiana Indians (91.34 for 86 humeri), among Indians in general (91.2 for 602 humeri), and also among whites (91.8 for 2,700 humeri), l)ut is lower than in the iVmerican negro (94.6 for 164 heft S)ipci- mens Per cent Speci- mens Per cent Speci- mens Per cent Speci- mens Per cent pc — plano-convex 3 6 1 2 2 21 43 14 14 2 (> 2 3 15 46 15 23 2 9 2 2 13.3 01) 13.3 13.3 3 5 3 2 23 1— ordinary prismatic or near 2 — lateral prismatic 39 4 — quadrilateral Various intermediate 23 15 The most frequent shape is the ordinary prismatic; the next in frequency is the plano-convex; the lateral prismatic is the least com- mon. The significance of these conditions must be left for future consideration, when our data, especially on the American Indians, are more extensive. Perforation of the septum. — The septum between the olecranon and coronoid fossae in Indians often shows a smaller or & larger perfo- ration. The frequency of this developmental anomaly or condition differs from tribe to tribe, and it diffei-s also between the sexes, being as a rule more common in females. In the Munsee male humeri only six instances of such perforation exist, three in right and three in left bones, the total amounting to 22 per cent of the bones. In only one instance is the opening large; in three it is medium; in one small, and in one of pin-point size. In the 29 female humeri which could be examined for this feature the conditions are quite different, the perforation being present in no fewer than 17 cases, or nearly 59 per cent of the bones. Eight of the 17 are right (47 per cent), nine left (53 per cent). As to size of the perforation, one is pin-point, eight small, and eight medium; none is large. ' HrdliSka, Typical Forms of Shaft of Long Bones, Proceedings of the Association of American Anatomists, 14th Sess., Dec. 1900, pp. 55-60, figs. 1-2, Washington, 1901. 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Sapra condyloid process. — Tliis process, which in a more or less rudi- mentary form, and especially in the form of a ridge, is not rare in whites, is very uncommon in the Indians, though even in this race in the majority of humeri some roughness, or even a slight ridge, can be detected in its position. Among the Munsee humeri no specimen shows more than a trace of the anomaly. The rarity of this process in the Indian is of additional interest from the fact that it seems to be shared by other branches of the yellow-brown race, and also by the blacks; moreover, the process appears to be absent, or nearly so, in the humeri of all known apes. The problem as to why a feature of this nature, which appears clearly to be reversive, should be more common in modern whites than in the more primitive races and even in the anthropoid apes and the lower primates, offers a fruitful field for investigation. Radius The total number of radii in condition to be measured is 41, 19 male and 22 female. Taking the paired bones in the males, we fuid that their length is equal on the two sides, as was very nearly the case with the humeri; in the females the right radius averages slightly longer than the left, again as in the arm bones of this sex. Tlie arms as a whole were therefore of very nearly the same length on the two sides in the males, but the right was generally slightly longer than the left in the females, a condition which in aU probability was connected with the relatively greater use of the right hand and arm in the latter sex. Tlie percental relation between the length of the radius and that of the humerus approximates 79 on both sides in the males and 78 in the females, Indians of other localities show much the same condition, the index approxunating in the males 78 on both sides and in the females 77 on both sides. In whites the same index is only 73.6 in the males and 72.8 in the females; while the American negro gave to the writer 77.4 for the male and 76.8 for the female sex. Tliis means that the forearm in tlie Munsee and in Indians generally is relatively long; it is decidedly longer in relation to the humerus than in the whites, and so far as the Munsee are concerned it is even slightly longer than in the average American negi'o ; and in all the groups it is to a slight extent relatively longer in the males than in the females. In strength, curvature, and other features the Munsee radii show nothing exceptional. In fact, this bone is of secondary importance in the anthropology of modern races except in its relative proportions. hrdliCka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 57 Number of hone'; XLIL MUNSEE: RADIUS MALES Average: Paired (9) Total present (U) Minimum, total present (11) Maximum, total present (11) Right Length, maxi- mum cm. 25.7 2.5. ().j 24.6 26.6 Num- ber of ca.ses (10) (10) (10) Radio- humeral index RXlOO H 78.8 78.9 71.9 82. .5 Left Num- Length, Num- ber of maxi- ber of bones mum cases cm. (9) 25.7 (S) (9) 2,-1. 7 i^) (9) 21. () (><) (9) 211.1 {^> Radio- humeral index RXlOO H 78.8 78.8 76.1 82.1 Average: Paired (10) Total present (11) Minimum, total present (11). Maximum, total present (11) 23.7 (10) 77.5 (10) 23.45 (10) 23. 66 (10) 77, r, (12) 23. .', 1 (11) 22 (10) 74.8 (12) 21.6 (11) 24.7 (10) 80.1 (12) 24.6 (11) 74.7 80.1 Ulna Like the radius, the Munsee uhia shows nothing speciiilly note- worthy as regards its form, llie curvature is moderate, as a rule, and so is the strengtli of the l)one. TJie dimensions ai-e presented in tahle XLin. As witli the other two long-bones of the upper liml), the length of the ulna is praetictilly tlie same on the two sides in the males, and slightly sliorter on the left than on the riglit in the females. XLIIl. MTTNSEE: ULNA Males Females Right Left Right Left Number of bones Length, maxi- mum Num- ber of bones Length, maxi- mum Numl)er of bones Length, maxi- mum Num- ber of bones Length, maxi- mum .Average: Paired 6 8 8 8 cm. 27.6 27.5 26.6 28.6 ti 9 9 9 cm. 27.5 27.7 20.1 29.3 10 11 U 11 cm.. 25.5 2.i. 1.5 23.7 211. 5 10 11 11 11 ■ cm. 25.2 Total present 2:5. 3 23.4 Maximum ■ 26 5 58 DUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BDLL. 62 Femur general observations The total number of adult femora in condition for measurement is 60 — 33 males, 27 females. The bones, as a rule, are normally developed and with one exception free from anomalies. The exception is the left femur of male subject no. 285,301, which shows a large spinous process on the mesial border of the bone above the internal condyle (jjroc. sujjracondyloideus femoris), as exliibited in plate 23. The linea-aspera, wliile mostly well developed, is in no case exceptionally high. The curvature and torsion show nothing exceptional. MEASUREMENTS As this is the most important of the long-bones, a number of measurements besides the length were taken, as indicated below. The mean bicondylar length of the Munsee femora, taking both sides together, is 45.5 cm. in the males and 42 cm. in the females. Judging from observations on whites and on other Indians, these lengths correspond to the average stature of approximately 167 cm. in the male and 156 cm. in the female Munsee. These figures are very close to those obtained by the help of the well-known Manouvrier and Rochet tables, and may therefore be safely accepted. They show that the Munsee were somewhat above the medimn, but not really tall in stature. XhTV. MUNSEE: FEMORA Average: Paired Total present.. Minimum Maximum Average: Paired Total present.. Minimum Maximum Right cm. 45.2 45.26 43.4 48.1 cm. 45.8 45.8 43.8 48.7 oo 71.8 72.1 69.6 76.3 cm. 2.92 2.91 2.5 3.3 cm. 2.55 2.53 2.2 2.95 87.1 87.1 73.5 100 Diameters at upper flattening cm 3.23 3.22 2.9 3.7; cm. 2.37 2.35 2 2.7 73.3 73.1 64.6 90 Left 45.4 45.9 8 71.7 16 2.9 2.61 89.9 15 3.33 2.38 45. 82 43.7 46.3 44 9 9 71.3 67.7 16 2. 5 2.25 75 15 2.9 2.1 49.2 50 9 16 3.3 2.9 107.7 15 3.7 2.7 71.6 59.5 93.7 * Maximum. t Linea aspera midway between the two branches of the compass. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 24 FUSION OF HUMERUS AND ULNA; MALE MUNSEE SKELETON, NO. 285,303, U.S.N.M. hrdlu'kaI PHYSICAL ANTHROPOI-OnV OF THE T^ENAPR 59 XLIV. MUNSEE: FEMORA— Continued FEMAI,ES Right 5 o S Q 3 iz; ■a c s 3 a s g "S a 03 2 ® a a 3 1 a 3 2 3 II* (-"3 |a 03 5 '3 .a 0^03 i "o a 3 2; Diameters at upper flattening •0 a 3 a 3 Average: Paired 13 14 14 14 cm. 42.1 cm. 42.65 10 12 12 12 72.6 72.7 70.6 74.4 13 14 14 14 cm. 2.58 2.56 2.3 2.95 cm. . 2.35 2.37 2 2.6 91.2 91.6 82.1 106.2 12 14 14 14 cm, 2.88 2.89 2.5 3. 25 cm. 2.17 75.5 Total present . . 2. 14 74 39.4 44.7 40 45.1 1.85 .56.9 Maximnm 2. 45 84. 5 Left Average: Paired 13' 41.9 42.6 10 71.65 13 2.48 2.38 93.1 12 3.03 2.17 71.7 Minimum Maximum 13 13 .39.5 44..-) 40 4.5.4 10 10 69.4 73.2 13 13 2. 25 3 2 2. 65 83.3 113 12 12 2.6 3.35 1.8 2.45 56.1 87.7 * Maximum. t Liuea aspera midway between tho two branches of the compass. The two lengths of the femur, the hicondyhir and the maximum, differ somewhat as a rule in favor of the latter. The difference is due and proportional to the inclination of the axis of the shaft and the development of the internal condyle, and ranges in different individuals from 0.5 mm. to 15 mm. In whites in all the groups studied it is moderate, not reaching 4 mm. in the average. In the American negro (who often has some white blood), the disjDropor- tion between the two lengths is sUghtly higher than in the whites, but additional observations are needed. Among Indians, however, the difference is perceptibly higher than among the whites, and is espe- cially pronounced among the Munsee, where it reaches the average of nearly 5 mm. in the males (taking the mean of the two sides) and 6 mm. in the females. As the Munsee bones are perfectly normal, the explanation of this peculiarity must be sought either in an unusual breadth of the pelvis or in a somewhat greater length of the neck of the femur, and may be connected with some functional characteristic of these people, such as possibly a more than usual j)revalence of the habit of squatting. 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 62 XLV. MUNSEE AND OTHER FEMORA: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BICONDYLAR AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF THE BONES Munsee Other Indians United States whites Italians American negro M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Number of paired bones. . . 12 5.35 4.2 12 5.6 6.45 55 4 4.2 22 3.8 3^2 100 3.05 2.55 50 3.78 3.8 31 3 2.58 8 2.6 2.1 12 4 3.25 8 Average excess of the maximum o\er the bicondjiar length: Right, cm. 3.2 Left, cm... . . 3.5 The difference between the maxinmm and bicondylar length of the femur in some racial groups averages greater in the females than in the males, while in others the condition is reversed. Among the Munsee the females show the greater difference (6 mm. to shghtly less than 5 mm. in the males) ; but this peculiarity is not shared by other Indian groups. A condition similar to that of the Munsee exists in this respect among the United States whites, where the difference between the two lengths averages 3.8 mm. in the females and only 2.8 mm. in the males; while among the Italians, and to a less extent the negroes, the disjDroportion is greater in the males (Italians: m. 2.8, f. 2.35 mm; negroes: m. 3.6, f. 3.35 mm.). The excess of the difference in males in these groups was unexpected, the usual impres- sion being that the axis of the female femur is generally more oblique than that of the male; and the more oblique the axis, the greater should be the difference between the bicondylar and maximimi length of the bone. As to the two sides of the body, in the majority of the groups whose femora were studied, greater average differences were fomid between the two lengths of the l)one on the right than on the left; in a few groups, however, such as the Munsee, the United States whites, and the United States negro females, the condition was reversed. These interesting conditions and exceptions make it probable that an extended special study of the relations of the two femoral lengths would be well repaid by the results. The relation in bicondylar length of the Munsee female to the male femora is as 92.7 to 100, and practically the same result was obtained in other Indians (92.65 to 100). In United States whites the proportion is as 93 to 100; in American negroes, as 93.1 to 100. These are striking similarities in })eople so far apart racially. hkuliCka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 61 HUMERO-FEMORAL INDEX The percentiil relation in length of the femur to the humerus in the Mmisee, the Immcro-femoral incted, of course, with the peculiarities of the length of the Indian humerus as weU as the femur, outluied in other chapters. XLVI. HUMERO-FEMORAL INDEX IN THE MUNSEE AND IN OTHER RACIAL GROUPS Male Female Subjects Right Left Subjects Right Left Munsee s 100 200 22 86 39 53 25 71. s 72.3 72.2 72. t) 72. S 72.5 73.9 71.7 71.7 7L6 71.7 71.9 72 72.3 73 71. 5 10 til tVi 35 21 11 15 13 72.fi 71. S 71.7 72.4 72. r, 72. 9 70. 3 71.7 71. S 70 9 Irish 70. f) Germans 71.3 72 other whites 71.3 United States negroes 70.2 THE SHAFT The measurements taken at the middle of the shaft in the Munsee femora indicate generally a moderate development. The mean diameter is smaller in both sexes than it is in ordinary American whites and negroes ' of the same stature. The same condition, though in a somewhat lesser degree, was observable in the Arkansas and Louisiana Indian femora, and there are reasons to believe that it is common to other Indian tribes, if not general in the race. The whites and negroes used here for comparison are of course those of the workuig classes, or such as find their way into dissecting rooms. As to the strength of the femur on tlie two sides of the body, the difference in the IMunsee, as well as in other Indians and racial groups, is very smaU. However, in the males a slightly higher aver- age mean diameter is seen in the left femur, while in the females the 1 Males: Munsee, 2.74; United States whites, 2.9; United States negroes, 2.91 cm. Females: Munsee, 2.54; United States whites, 2.69; United States negroes, 2.6 cm. 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 condition is reversed. Curiously the same slight excess in strength of the left femur in the male and of the right in the female is exhibited also by the United States whites, while in the UnitedStates negroes, in both sexes, the bones of the two sides are exactly equal, as is shown in the following table: XLVII. STRENGTH OF THE FEMUR ON THE TWO SIDES OF THE BODY MEAN DIAMETEB .A^T THE MIDDLE OF THE SHAFT Mimsee United States whites United Siates negroes Male: Right em. 2.73 2.75 2.46 2.43 cm. 2.89 2.91 2.74 2.64 cm. 2.91 Left 2.91 Female: Right. 2.60 Left 2.60 Taking the antero-posterior and lateral diameters at tlie middle of the shaft separately, we find several more interesting points. The antero-posterior diameter in the Munsee (and the same is true of the United States whites and United States negroes, as will be seen by the following table) is practically equivalent in the right and left femora in the males; but except in the whites it is perceptibly smaller on the left side in the females of aU groups. On the other hand, the lateral diameter, excepting in the probably too small male negro series, is invariably larger on the left than on the right side in both males and females. Thus it may be said that the left femur is almost invariably slightly broader on the average than the right, and this especialh'^ in the females of probably all racial groups. These interestmg conditions are most clearly shown by the shaft index (aiaSf^lSSSrr). which in both sexeJ and in aU the racial subdivisions is higher on the left side. The index in tlie Munsee femora is noteworthy in another respect: It is decidedly smaller in both sexes of this group than it is in the American negro and especially in the United States whites. Judging from data on other Indians in the writer's possession, it seems very probable that the characteristic shown by the Munsee in this regard is common to Indians in general. As may be seen by reference to the figures in the following table, the low shaft index in the Munsee is due entirely to smaller breadth; the Munsee femur is relatively narrower than that of both whites and negroes. nUI'LU'KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 63 XLVin. COMPARISON OF THE PROPORTIONS AND INDEX OF THE SHAFT OF THE FEMUR AT MIDDLE, IN MUNSEE, WHITES, AND NEGROES. PAIRED BONES Right Diameter antero- posterior Diameter lateral I>eft Diameter antero- posterior Diameter lateral Index Munsce: Specimens Average United States whites: Specimens Average United States negroes Specimens Average cm. (16) 2.92 (fir,) 2. 9.5 ( characteristics of the Munsee femora, special attention was paid to the linea aspera, the shape of the shaft at middle, and the presence and development of the third trochanter. 17135°— Bull. (52—16 5 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Linea aspera. — The linea aspera was found to be generally well developed, but seldom high and in no case excessively rough, mdi- cating well but not exceptionally developed musculature. SJiape of the shaft. — As to the shape of the shaft at middle, in a fourth of the males and in nearly half the females this was found to be more or less prismatic, and in 9 per cent of the males and 7.5 per cent of the females, plano-convex; the remainder of the bones showing, with one exception, mtermediary or not well-defined shapes. None of the femora present the cylindrical (juvenile) type, or type 4 (anterior surface divided in two by a long vertical ridge), and in but one bone is the shape clearly elliptical. Among the whites the last named (elliptical) form is much more common, while the plano- convex type is less frequent than in the Indians.^ Tliird trochanter. — Respecting the third trochanter, this presents itself as a more or less marked ridge, or an oblong tuberosity, or a round tuberosity; and in any of these forms it may be slight, medium, or pronounced. In some instances there will be found a depression, instead of an elevation, in the bone at or near this locahty. Tliese different forms have no separate morphological significance. They aU serve for or are due to the attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle, and merge into each other by transitional stages. In the Munsee, conditions in regard to the third trochanter were as foUows: L. MUNSEE AND WHITE FEMORA: THIRD TROCHANTER OR GLUTEAL TUBER- OSITY Subjects Third trochanter absent Ridge Oblong tuberosity Round tuberosity Moder- ate Pro- nounced Moder- ate Pro- nounced Moder- ate Pro- nounced Munsee: Male (17) (14) (200) (120) Pir cent 30 32 43 45 Per cent 40 36 32 31 Per cent 4.5 5 Per cent 26 22 9 12. .5 Per cent Per cent 6 3.5 3.5 5 Per ceat Female 3.5 5 1.7 3.5 Whites: Male 3 Female It is here seen that the third trochanter is strictly absent in less than a tliird of the male as well as of the female bones of the Munsee ; a smaU to pronounced oblong tuberosity exists in 26 per cent of the males, and practically the same proportion (25.5 per cent) of the fe- males, while a rounded tuberosity is found in 6 per cent of the males and in 7 per cent of the females. Among the previously reported Arkansas and Louisiana Indian femora, the frequency of the third trochanter in most of its forms was somewhat greater. Among the ordinary American whites, it wiU be observed from the above figures, there is in both sexes a more frequent complete absence of the third ' Compare Arkansas and Louisiana Femora, op. cit., p. 217. hrdlitka] PHYSICAL ANTHROrOLOOV OF THE LENAPE 67 trochanter in any form than in the Munsee; there is less frequency of the moderate ridge and mod(>rate oblong tuberosity; and a greater frequency of pronounced grades of both ridge and oblong tuberosity, while the occurrence of roinul tuberosity is about even in the two groups. Subtrochanteric fossa in place of or beside a prominence was observed in Munsee adidts in five cases — four males and one female. In adolescents it was more frequent. Tibia The results of the several measurements obtained on the Munsee tibiie are shown below. The mean length of the bone, takmg the two sides together, is 38.5 cm. in the males and 35.3 cm. in the females. The length of the female bone stands to that of the male as 91.7 to 100, which is lower than was obtained on the tibiae from Louisiana, where the propor- tion was 93.7, or than that prevailing among whites, where it is even slightly higher (94.6 in miscellaneous New York whites). The Mun- see female tibise are therefore relatively somewhat short, paralleling to some extent what was found with r(>for(>nce to the radius. Lesser differences of the same nature is found in probably all larger racial groups. Why the feature should be more pronounced in the Munsee than in other Indians is difficult of explanation; but, as will be seen later, this is not the only peculiarity of the female Munsee tibiae. LI. MUNSEK: TIBL^ MALES Average: Paired Total present. Minimum Maximum Right Number ol bones Average: Paired Total present. Minimiun Maximum (12) (12) (12) Length ' ctn. 38.3 38. 5 36 10. .3 Num- ber of cases (11) (14) (H) (H) Diam- eter t antero- posterior at middle (a) cm. 3.28 3.2,S 3. ().') 3. 55 Diam- eter J lateral at middle (b) cm. 2.14 2. H 1.9.1 2.4 Index of shaft at middle b X 100 65.4 05.4 56. 3 (■)9. 7 Num- ber of cases (19) (10) (10) (10) Tibio- femoral index TXlOO F Left (11) 38.6 (11) 3.25 2.16 66.6 (9) (12) 3S.8 do) 3.23 2.16 67.1 (11) (12) 36.7 (15) 2.8 1.95 54. 9 (11) (12) 40.9 (15) 3. 55 2.4 80.4 (11) 84.4 84.6 81.1 86.9 84.5 84.9 79.4 90.0 * On Broca's planche oxteometrique, with the spine in the opening o f the vertical portion of the instru- ment and the condyles applied to the board on both sides of the opening, the rest of the bone lying im- mobile on the horizontal board. t Maximum. t With anterior border of the bone midway between the two branches of the compass that are applied to the sides of the bone. 68 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 LI. MUNSEE: TIBIiE— Continued FEMALES Right Number of bones Length Num- ber of cases Diam- eter antero- posterior at middle (a) Diam- eter lateral at middle (b) Index of shaft at middle bXlOO a Num- ber of cases Tibio- femoral index TxlOO F Average: Paii'ed Total prftsent Minimum Maximum Average: Paired Total present Minimum Maximum (13) (14) (13) (13) cm. 35.3 35.3 32. 1 37.1 (13) (13) (13) (13) cm. 2.6 2.6 2.25 2. K5 cm. L98 1.98 1.65 2.3 76.1 76.1 70.2 86. 7 (12) (12) (12) (12) 83.7 83.7 81.4 87.7 Left (13) 35.2 (13) 2.6 1.93 74.5 (12) (14) 35.2 (14) 2. 64 1.96 71. 6 (12) (14) 32.4 (14) 2.25 1.5 68. 8 (12) (14) 36.7 (14) 2.8 2.35 82.2 (12) 83.7 83.7 81.5 86.1 As to the two sides, the Munsce left tibia averages somewhat longer in the males than, the riglit, which on the whole in slight measure is also the condition among the whites, but to which indi- vidual and even group exceptions are not infrequent. In the Muiisee females, on the other hand, the average length of the left tibia is slightly less (by 1 mm.) than that of the right. The percental relation of the length of the til)ia with the bicondylar length of the femur, or the tibio-femoral index, averages in whites approximately 82 in the males and slightly less in the females. In the Miinsee it is somewhat more elevated in both sexes. As in the whites and other racial groups, a moderate excess of the male over the female index is present on both sides, mdicating the slightly greater relative shortness of the female leg bones aforementioned. Judging from the available data on the tibio-femoral index among other Indians,' that in the Munsee comes very near to the average of the race. The strength of the Mmisee tibia (and the same is probably true of many other Indian tribes) is surprising, being nearer that of the whites than is the case with either the humerus or the femur. The antero-posterior diameter of the Indian tibia is, in fact, in almost all the Indian groups somewhat greater than in the whites. The index of the shaft is invariably and quite perceptibly lower in the Indians 1 Compare S. Belle y Rodriguez, Le femur et le tibia, chez I'homme et les anthropoldes , Thhse, Paris, 1909, T). 109. hrdlk'tca] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 69 than in the whites, excepting the Muusee females, in whom, curiously enough, the mdex is relatively (juite high, exceeding lioth that of the other Indians available for comparison and of the whites. No satisfactory explanation of this and other exceptional features of the Munsee tibia can be given. The condition can scarcely be regarded as accidental, for on examining the individual shaft indexes it is observed that in but one of tlie female bones is the mdex below 60, giving thus a pronounced platycnemy; in five it is between 60 and 70; in ten between 70 and 80, and in no fewer tlian eleven it rises to 80 or over. Among the twenty-nine male Munsee tibiae then* is but one tlvat gives a shaft index of slightly al)ov(^ 80. MI. MK.\N DIMENSIONS OF THE TIBI.V (THE TWO SIDES BEIN(i TAKEN TOGETHER) IN THE MUNSEE AND OTHER INDIANS. AND IN WHITES Males: Munsee Arkansas Louisiana Whiles (miscellaneous) Females: Munsee Arkansas Louisiana Whites (miscellaneous) Mean diameter Mean Index of antero- diameter shaft at Length posterior lateral at Module t middle at mid- middle * bXllK) dle* (b) a (a) cm. cm. cm. cm. ■.is. 45 3.27 2.15 2.71 60 38.4 3.35 2.18 2. 76 65. 15 :{". 1 3. 3 2.2 2.75 6.S. 47 :i(i. 5 3. 14 2.22 2. (i.s 71.1 ;i5. 25 2.ti 1. 9(3 2.2.S 75. 3 ;i:i. L5 2.S 1.9.S 2. 39 69.25 34. 75 2.9 l.NS 2. 39 64.2 34. 56 2. tJ5 1. 9ti 2.3 71.9 Tibio- femoral index TxlOO F S4. 45 K2.35 84.25 82 83. 7 82.35 as. 9 8L6 ♦Right -(-left t Diameter an tero-posterior-h diameter lateral, right and left. The Munsee tibiae, barring a few moderate inflammaf orv Lesions referred to in another section, are normal throughout and fr(M». from anomalies. Tlu^ inclination of the head is in no case especially marked. As to the shape of the: shaft- at middle, conditions were found as follows : LIII. MUNSEE TIBI^: SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE* 1 2 3 4 5 (i I Males Per rent 11 44 Per cent 13. 5 11 Per cent 7 Per cent 24 15 J'tr cent 3. 5 3.5 Per cent J'tr cent 41 Females 20 *l=ordinary prismatic; 2=lateral prismatic; 3=external surface concave; 4= posterior surface divided into two by vertical ridge; 5=interior border indistinct, posterior lialf of bone oval; 6= piano-con vex; 1= indefinite. 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. C2 It is interesting to note that in the female Munsee tibia, type 1 is decidedly frequent and much more common than in the males; type 3, which is usually associated with considerably developed leg muscles, is absent in the females; type 4 is relatively frequent iii both sexes; type 6 is wholly absent. In the next table are shown for comparison the proportions of the different types found by the author in different racial groups. For the purpose of elucidating these' data, both sexes are taken together. It is seen that well-differentiated type 1 is most common in the In- dians; that type 2 is relatively scarce in the negro; type 3, most common in the white (laboring class), was not met with in a pro- nounced form in th(^ negro ; type 4 is decidedly more common in the Indian than in the other two races; and type 6, absent in the Indians and rare in the whites, is fairly frequent in the negro. These differ- erences show that the shap(^ of the shaft of the tibia, as that of the femur, humerus, and other l^onc^s, lias a considerable racial signifi- cance, which, as our data are increased, will doubtless become accentuated. LIV. COMl'ARISON or MUNSEE AND. OTHER INDIAN WITH WHITE AND NEr.RO TIBI7E WITH REFERENCE TO SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE* Types 1 2 3 4 5 I Munsee (all— 56) Per cent 27 Per cent 12 Per cent 3.5 Per cent 20 Per cent 3.5 Per cent Per cent 34 Arkansas and Louisiana Miscellaneous whites (1975) United States negroes (55) 18 20 15 9 9 5 5 •2 11 45 45 * For the significance of the denominations see the note to the preceding table. Fibula WMle of secondary importance, the fibula often presents interesting features which make it worthy of closer attention than it usually receives. One of these features concerns its length on the two sides of the body, which, in some Indians at least, is more uniform than that of its companion bone, the tibia. It was found so by the writer in the skeletal collections from Arkansas and Louisian.a mounds, and the feature appears again in the Munsee. The slight differences presented by the Munsee fibula? in tliis particular harmonize with those of the tibife. The percental relation of the female to the male fibula averages 93.5 (the male bone= 100), while in the tibia it was only as 91.7 to 100.^ This anomaly is diu^ to the unexplained relative shortness of the female Munsee tibiae. 1 Taking only cases where all four bones of one body are available for measurement, we obtain 92 for the relation of female to male tibiae and 94.6 for that of the fibulae, numbers which stand to each other very much as do those above given. HRDLlrivAl PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 71 As to tho sliajKi of the shaft, which in the libiiUi cUffors more tlian in any other bone, tlie preYalent tendency, as in the Arkansas and Louisiana specimens, is toward type 2, or the lateral prismatic; a good many of the ])ones, however, show also a more or less marked fluting of one or two ot the surfaces. The details are given in the following table: LV. MUNSEE FIBULA: LENGTH Males Females Kight Left Right Left Number ot bone.s Length, maxi- mum Number of bones I^engtb, maxi- mum Number of bones T^ength, maxi- mum Number of bones Length, maxi- mum. Average: cm. 36.9 37.1 35.3 30 ('■') cm. 37 37.1 35. S 3S.8 (-1) (9) (9) (9) cm. 34.9 31.7 32 30. 8 (i) cm. 34.8 All 34.7 31.8 36.9 LVI. MUNSEE AND OTHER INDLVN FIBULA— SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE* Males Females Types 1 1 2 and 2a 3 5 6 4 1 2 3 5 6 4 P.ct. 4 27 P.ct. 48 40 P.ct. 4 9 P.ct. 15 9 P.ct. 11 3 P. ct. IS 12 P. ct. 5 17 P.ct. 32 42 P.ct. 18 4 P.ct. 5 4 P.ct. 14 17 P.ct. 27 Arkansas and I^oiiisiana 17 *1= Ordinary quadrilateral, approaching prismatic; anterior surface nearly absent to moderate; pos- terior surface facing directly Vjackward or nearly so. 2= Lateral prismatic; posterior surface facing back- ward and inward; medial surface much less in area than lateral; anterior surface narrow to broad. 2a= Relation lietween medial and lateral surface reversed, the lacter being the narrower. 3= Medial sur- face fluted. 4= Lateral surface dilTerentiated into two surfaces. 5= Lateral surface fluted. f)=Both medial and lateral surfaces fluted. CLAVICLE The Munsee clavicle, in paired bones and in average, measures 15.3 cm. in length on the right and 15.25 cm. on the left in the males, and 1.3.7 cm. on the right with 13.9 cm. on the left in the females. This gives the ratio of 90.4 (female) to 100 (male), which is lower than that in any of the long-bones and indicates a relative shortness of the clavicle in the Munsee females. The right clavicle is very slightly longer than the left .in the male, but is perceptibly shorter than the left in the female skeletons. One pair of the male and a pair of the female bones show pronounced curves; otherwise there is nothing special. The strength of the bones is moderate to medium; none is massive. 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 LVII. MUNSEE CLAVICLE: LENGTH Males Females Right Left Right Left Number of bones Length, maxi- mum Number of bones Length, maxi- mum Number of bones Length, maxi- mum Number of bones Length, maxi- mum Average: Paired (S) (9) (9) (9) cm. 15.35 15.4 14.4 16.5 (8) (10) (10) (10) cm. 15.3 15.3 14.2 lfi.3 (9) (11) (11) (11) cm. 13.7 13.8 12.7 14.9 (9) cm. 13 9 All Minima (9) f9) 12 9 Maxima l.j 6 Sternum The total number of sterna present is 14, 8 males and 6 females. In 13 of these specimens the manubrium is completely detached, which in general is the most usual condition, while in the 14th there is partial attachment. Much the same condition was found by the wi-iter in the Indian sterna from Arkansas and Louisiana. The measurements of the sternum, given in the next table, are foimd to be moderate throughout. Unfortunately there are few available measurements of the sternum in other races for comparison. LVIII. MUNSEE STERNUM: DIMENSIONS MALES Number of bones Total length (less .xiphoid%jad epi- sternals)* (a) Greatest breadth of l)od}' (b) Sternal Index 4)X100 a Maximum thickness of body Average: (6) cm. 15.7 15.7 14.0 17.5 cm. 3.7 3.7 3. \ 4.2 23.8 23. S 21.1 25. 8 1.2 All 1.2 Maxima All All 1 Maxima 1.3 Average: Paired... Average . Minima Maxima (C) All. All. All. 13.8 13.8 12.8 Itj. 2 3.5 3.5 2.8 3.9 25.7 25.7 21.5 30.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 1 * Where present and attached to upper sternal tubercle (three instances). As to the rib facets, two of the 1 1 sterna in which the notches can be counted show seven on each side; in female skeleton no. 285,307, with normal number of ribs, there are seven notches on the right and but six on the left; in female no. 285,311, with 24 regular ribs HRDLicKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOOY OF THE LENAPE 73 and ii right cervical, there are six facets on the right and seven on the left, and all the facets on the right side are> situated perceptibly higher than those on the opposite side of the bone: in four histances there are six facets on each side; in two (male no. 285,301 and female no. 285,330, the former with the normal number of ribs and the latter uncertain) the sternum shows six facets on the right and but five on the left side; linallv, in female no. 285,310, wdth 24 ribs, we find but five sternal facets on each side — this subject, however, was not fully adult. Tliese details show that there are considerable irregularities in the sternal facets among the Munsee, even in the presence of the normal number of ribs. The antero-posterior curvature of the Munsee sternum ranges from sUght to moderate. The xiphoid appendix is attaclicd to the body of the sternmn in only one instance — a male. In one male (no. 285,314) the left clavicular facet is considerabl}^ larger than tlic right. Three of the male and one female sterna show on one or botli sides attached episternal tubercles. In three of the cases the anomaly is unilateral — twice left and once right — while in one of the males it is bilateral, but the tubercle is more pronounced on the left. The breadth-length index of the sternum shows considerable individual variation in both sexes, but on the average it is higher in the females, the bone in this sex being relatively shorter. Scapula general features Tliis is one of the most interesting bones of the body, and although it has been reported on by a number of observers, it presents a variety of features that deserve further study. It is a bone which in all particulars shows great individual variation, but on close scrutiny it is found that these variations differ more or less from group to group and are tlierefore of antliropological importance, and that tliey are subject to certain laws which evidently are universal to human kind. In collections derived from graves, such as those of the Munsee, the scapuliP, on account of their fr.'iilness, are often damaged, so that relatively few specimens are available for examination. There are nevertheless in the Munsee collection five male and nme female bones in fair condition, and their study gives some satisfactory results. To contrast tliese results properly tlie writer presents m the following table data not only of the Munse(^, ])ut also those on several other Indian groups as Wi'll as on the whites and the United States negroes. u BUREAU OP AMERICAK ETHNOLOGY LIX. MUNSEE SCAPULAE: COMPARISON [bull, 62 MALES Munsee Southern Utah cliff-dwellers Pima and Pueblo Various Mexican Indians Indians, Peru Indians, Peru ( Livou) ' United States whites (various nationali ties) Whites ( Livon) ' United States negroes FEMALES Munsee Southern Utah cliff-dwellers Pima and Pueblo Various Mexican Indians Mexican Indians 2 (Livon) 1 Indians, Peru Indians, Peru (Livon) ' United States whites (various nationali- ties) Whites (Livon) 1 United States negroes Speci- mens (IS) (■'i) (9) (55) (17) (VO) (V3) (46) (9) (10) (5) (12) (2) (:w) (ti) (44) i(51) (IS) Total height cm. 15. 2 15.1 15. 5 15. S 15. Si 15.1 1G.4 16. S 16. 25 1:?. 9 13. T 13. 8 13. 75 13. 17 13. 7S 13. 5 14.4 (13.5) 14.2 Infra- spinous height cm. 11.2 11.6 12 12 12 11.3 12. 25 12.4 11.6 10.4 10. 25 10. 25 10. 25 10. 16 10.47 10 10.9 (10.25) 10.2 Breadth cm. 10.6 10.15 11. 05 10.4 10.17 10 10.7 10.6 10.9 9.9 9.7 9.95 9.75 10.17 9.17 9 9.6 (9.1) 9.25 Scapular index 69.5 67.4 71 65.5 64.2 63.8 65.3 63 66.8 70.7 70.6 72 70.7 77.2 66.5 67 66.7 67.5 65 Infra- spinous index 94.2 87.7 93 86.6 84.8 85.6 87.3 85.5 92.1 95.3 94.2 97 94.9 100 87.5 88.4 88.4 88.8 90.7 " M. Livon, Be Vomoplate, etc., Tlthsr. Paris, 1879, pp. 41-42. 2 One suljject. s The averages of the measurements are exceptionally small in this series. The above data show that the Indian scapula is on the whole some- what smaller than that of either the whites or the American negroes, except in the females, where the bone, while shorter, is slightly broader than that in the other two races. The Munsee scapulae compare fairly well with those of other Indian tribes, the apparent differences being doubtless due in a measure to the small number of specimens. • The scapular index in the Munsee is high, indicating that the short- ness of the bone is both absolute and relative. The different Indian tribes offer considerable variation in this respect, but, as will be noted, except in the Peruvians, the index in all is above that of the whites and in the majority of cases even above that of the negroes. These high scapular indexes in the Indian approximate those of the anthro- poid apes, but it remains to be determined if the phenomenon in the two genera is homologous. In the female Munsee the scapular index is perceptibly higher than in the males, and this characteristic, owing to a relatively greater breadth of this bone in the females, is common to all the other given groups, excepting the negro. miDMricA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 75 The iiifraspinous index is also high in the ^lunsee as compared with other Indians, the whites, and even the negroes. This is par- ticularly the case in the males, in whom the infraspinous lieight is exceptionally low. The female index again exceeds that of the males in the Munsee and in all other Indian groups, as w(41 as in the whites, owing to the relatively greater breadth of the female scapula. The nt^groes show here once more an exception to the rule, and it would be interesting to trace how far this peculiarity may be prevalent in tluit race. High indexes, such as those of the Indians, have been i-eported by Livon, Broca, Ranke, and others,^ among some of the African negroes, the Melanesians, the Malays, the Guanches, and tlie Egyptians. DESCRIPTIVE FEATURES The principal points for visual observation to which attention has been given in this instanc<> wer(^ (a) the shape of the scapula as a whole, wth the development of (he teres major region; (b) the fonn of tlie superior border of the bone; and (c) the development of the notch in the superior border. Type of hody. — The scapula as a whole may be more or less neatly triangular or wedge-shaped, which fonn will be designated as type 1. Again, it may be more acutely wedge-shaped, with both its axillary and vertebral border markedly concave, a type which the author classes as 3.^ It may be quadrilateral, type 4, with the axillary bor- der augmented by a sliorter but well-marked inferior border, due to a development of a process or angle by the influence of the teres major muscle. It may be pentagonal, when the preceding type is augmented by a distinct angle in the axiUaiy border at or above the spine, which divides it into two well-marked borders — type 5. Fi- nally, we may have a shape resembling that in many lower mammals and characterized by marked convexity of the axillary border, which will be referred to as typo 6. Among the 19 Munsee scapulae, a large majority show types 4 and 5, the few remaining specimens approaching type 1. There is no in- stance of the relatively rare type 3, nor of type 6, which is cpite com- mon in other Indians, particularly the males. The following table gives several series of records for comparison, including that of 1 For literature, see R. Martin, Lchrbuch der AntJiropologie, 1914; also A. V. Sohiick, Das Schulterblatt des Menscheii und der Anthropoiden, Millcil. A nthr. Grs. Wicn, XL, 1910. The tew published reports on Indian scapula? gi\e scapular and infraspinous indexes as follows: Matiegka (Santa Rosa, Cal., Indians), 64.9; 90.8; Dorsey (Northwest Coast), 05.1; s:i.2 (?); Martin (Fuegians), 65.4; 90.8; Martin (Peruvians), 66.6; 89; Matthews (Ancient Pueblos of Arizona), 71.1. In the anthropoid apes the scapular inde.x averages between 69 and 76 (Livon); but U>e infraspinous index is enormous, ranging from slightly over 100 in the orang to 1.56 in the chimpanzee. 2 This form and various approaches to it have been referred to as "scaphoid" by Graves {Jour. Amer. Med. Asso., 1910, p. 12), and wrongly attributed to faulty development of the body. 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull? 62 United States whites. Analysis of the data shows some marked sexual «ts well as racial differences, the full value of which can not, however, be detennined in the absence of more ample records. It is very plain, however, that type 1, or a close approach to it, and types 3 and 5 are, on the whole, more common in the females than in the males; while type 6 is decidedly more frequent in the males. Type 3 is relatively frequent in the whites, type 5 relatively scarce. In all probability the Indians differ considerably among themselves with respect to the shape of the scapulae, as shown by the Munsee and Peruvian males, though the two series of specimens are very unequal in numbers. Minor differences in records of this nature can not be given any weiglit, for naturally the matter of classification of the different shapes is less perfect than that of accurate measure- ments. LX. THE FORM OF THE SCAPULA: MUNSEE AND COMPARATIVE MALES People Speci- mens Indefi- nite Type lor near 1 Types Type 4* Types near 5 Type 6 near 6 Mimsee (8) (57) (KiS) (-10) Per ct: 10. T) ■t.s Per cl. 12 21 2S 22. .5 Perct. a. 5 9..', Per ct. ■.is 9.5 17. r, Per ct. 50 17.9 ;i2 Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Peruvian Indians United States whites (miscel- laneous) 2.5 37 14.3 15 17.5 S 3 United States negroes 5 Munsee Peruvian Indians United States whites (miscel- laneous) United States negroes (11) (38) 27 29 5 27 5 27 39 IS 11 •> (118) 1.7 32.2 13. f. 15.2 1(>. 1 8.5 ,S. 5 (16) 25 19 37. 5 rc^lative frequency of these forms the author has reason to believe will ho found to difi"er iu the race and sex, but as a rule it is the same on both sides. In the Munsee the shapes found were as follows: LXIV. MUNSEE: SHAPE OF RIBS Subjox'ts Tvpe 1 or near 1 Type 2 or near 2 Type 3 or near 3 Males (10) (12) Per cent 70 75 Per cent 20 25 Per cent 10 Females 1 Or 8 in 1,000. Among the whites, dissecting-room material, in a total of 16,300 ribs examined, the author found fractures in the first rib in the proportion of 4 in 1,000; in the second rib, 20 in 1,000; and in the ribs below the second, 49.3 in 1,000. 80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 The biangular form, which is fairly frequent in whites, is nearly absent in the Munsee, the one pair in the males presenting merely an approach to the form. Spine The entire number of vertebrae of 21 skeletons has been preserved, thus affording an excellent opportunity for studying the numerical relations of the bones, as well as other particulars. The bones are entirely normal, with the exception of the frequent slightly to moderately developed marginal exostoses (which, unless premature or excessive, the author regards more and more as the usual manifestations of age rather than of disease), and one case of advanced spondylitis deformans, resulting in fusion of the lower half of the spine and the sacrum. The bones show moderate to medium development and are free from gross anomalies. As to numbers, the cervical vertebrae show but one exception to the normal — namely, in male skeleton no. 285,326, in which only six vertebrae are present in this region. The locus of the (congenitally) missing one is between the third and the sixth, its exact identity being difficult to determine. In one of the females (no. 285,311) the seventh cervical, as already mentioned, gives attachment on the right to a w^ell developed cervical rib (pi. 25, a). The vertebrae of the dorsal region are also normal in number in all cases but one, which has been mentioned in connection with the ribs; it is no. 285,321, female, and presents a congenital absence of the twelfth vertebra. The numbers of the lumbar vertebrae show frequent variation. In two of the ten males and two of the eleven females there are but four lumbars, while in one female there are six. In detail we find the following abnormalities : In male skeleton no. 285,316, the fifth lumbar shows a transitional, sacral form, though not attached to the sacrum, and it also presents a detachment of the posterior part of its neural arch. In male no. 285,326, one of the lumbar vertebrae between the second and fifth is absent congenitally. In female no. 285,310, one of the lumbar vertebrae is missing con- genitally; the last lumbar in this case is in form like the fifth; the upper segment of the sacrum is somewhat lumbar-like, but the bone possesses only five segments and a normal curvature. In female no. 285,311, with four lumbar vertebrae, the fifth, some- what modified, is attached to the sacrum (pi. 27). In female no. 285,326, where we have six lumbar vertebrae, the last, like the lowest lumbar in male no. 285,316, shows a separation of the posterior portion of the neural arch. In male no. 285,308, the twelfth dorsal and the first lumbar show complete and evidently early non-pathological fusion. ff!^ ■-^., y^ -r^-l^^r--^;! hrdliCka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 81 Sacrxjm general observations and measurements The total number of serviceable specimens of sacra is 17, only 13 of which, however (six males and seven females), are five-segment bones and sufficiently well preserved to afford the necessary measure- ments. The results show that, as usual, the male sacrum, whili\ in breadth nearly equal to that of the female, is perceptil)ly hij^her, in consequence of which the sacral index, or percental relation of breadth to height, is lower in the males. A comparison of the Munsee sacra with those of other Indians and United States whites shows marked agreement both in size and in the relative proportions of the bone in the males, but less in tlic females. As will be seen by the next table, the ^lunsee female sacrum is some- what lower than that of any of the other series.^ LXV. MUNSEE SACRUM: DIMENSIONS Average Average (including damaged speci- mens) Minimum (including damaged speci- mens) Maximum (including damaged speci- mens) Males Females Number of speci- mens (•■') All Height* cm. 10.7 All 9. 9 All Breadth, maxi- mum cm. 11.6 Index B X 100 H 11.3 Number of speci- mens (7) (11) (11) (11) Height cm. 9.9 Breadth, Index maxi- , B X 100 cm. 11.7 mum H 126.0 ♦Sacra of five segments only included; height measured with slidir^ compass, points of instrument applied to middle of promontory and to middle of anterior inferior b^ ,:r of V sacral vertebra. Emmons, who a few years ago, with the wi^iter's assistance, con- ducted an examination of 217 Indian female pelves,- obtained as a total average of his specunens (which however include also sacra of more than five segments), for the height 10 cm., breadth 11.5 cm., and index 115.8 — figures which stand in close accord with the above. In the Negro race and in the Australians the sacrum, as is well known, is relatively narrower; and in much larger degree this is also the case in the anthropoid apes. The relatively broad and short sacrum of the whites and the Indians may therefore be regarded as a feature of an advanced evolutionary character. 1 The sacra from the Arkansas and Louisiana mounds, of which a small series was reported i>reviously by the writer (Remains from, Aruansas and Louisiana, op. cit.), appeared unusually high; in the iiuich larger series here presented, however, they are soon to form no exception in this respect to those of other Indians. '^ A. B. Emmons, A Study of the Variations in the Female Pelvis, Based on observalions made on 271 Specimens of the American Indian Squaw, Biomrtrika, ix, 191.3, pp. 34-57. 17135°— Bull. 62—16 6 82 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY LXVI. SACRUM: COMPARATIVE DATA [BULL. 62 Males Females Teople Number of speci- mens* Height Breadth Index Number of speci- mens Height Breadth Index (6) (IS) (22) (15) t (56) cm. 10.7 10.95 10. S 10.7 10. 62 cm. 11.6 12.2 11.55 11.36 11.67 10S.2 111.6 106.9 106.2 109.9 (") (22) (10) (18) (25) cm. 9.9 10.2 10. 1 10. -t 10.18 cm. 11.7 11.96 11.33 11.5 11.75 118. 5 Arkansas and Louisiana 117.2 Southern I'tah clilT- 112.2 Southwest and Mexico. . . I'nited Stales whiles ( various nationalities)t. 110. 6 115.4 * Five-segment sacra only. t There were two separate series which gave remarl^ably similar results: (a) Males: (26) ir. 10.6, B. 11.7, Ind. 115; females: (12) II. 10.2, B. 11.73, Ind. 115. (b) Males: (30) II. 10.63, B. 11.64, Ind. 115.S; females: (13) 11. 10.16, B. 11.77, Ind. 115.8. t Forty-six additional live-segment adult sacra, T)oth sexes together, gave the WTiter— height 10.4 , breadth 11.76, index 113. SEGMENTS ^Vinong the (Ught male Munsee sacra in which determination of the niunber of segments is feasible, six show five and two show six ver- tebrae, while among the 12 female bones there are 10 with five and two uith six segments. We have thus four six-segmented sacra in 20, or 20 per cent. Emmons, in 217 female Indian pelves, found six segments in 19.8 per cent of the cases. Among additional specimens examinefl by the writer, in 53 sacra of the southern Utah cliff-dwellers, five vertebrae were present in 37, or 70 per cent; six in 15, or 28 per cent: and seven in one, or 2 per cent. Of 42 sacra of Southwestern and Mexican Indians, 31, or 74 per cent, showed five; 10, or 24 per cent, six; and one, or 2 per cent , seven segments. As to whites, among 503 sacra of miscellaneous Americans of both sexes, five segments were present in only 66.4 per cent of the bones; six segments in 31 per cent; seven segments in 2 per cent, and eight in 0.4 per cent, while the whole coccyx was attached, non-pathologically, m one mstance. The frequency of more than five vertebrae in the sacrum is therefore slightly to decidedly less in probably aU the tribes of Indians than in the United States whites. CURVATURE Tlie curvature of the sacrum in the Munsee can be described in 18 of the 20 specimens as medium, while in two (one male and one female) it is submedium. This agrees closely with the author's observations on this feature in other Indians. In the United States whites the proportion of regular and medium forms is smaller, while nt)t infrequently there exists m the sacrum of whites a pronounced BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY yi.■■'-,^^^■ i^^i! ^f^-^imkf^ BULLETIN 62 PLATE 27 FEMALE MUNSEE SACRUM SHOWING UNILATERAL ARTICULATION WITH THE LAST FIFTH LUMBAR HKPLK-KAJ PHYSICAL ANTIIROPOLOO V OF THE LENAPE 83 curvature, which is very rare in the Indian. Among 115 Indian sacra from Arkansas, Louisiana, the Southwest, and Mexico, the wi'iter found moderate or medium curvature in 75, or 65 per cent; submedium to slight in 24, or 21 per cent; and pronomiced (though never excessively) in 16, or 14 per cent. Among the 217 specimens examined by Emmons, moderate or medium curvature was present in 148, or a little more than 67 per cent; submedium in 52, or 24 per cent; and pronouncinl in 18, or 8 per cent. llie curve of the sacrum begins in the Munsec (and the same is true of other Indians) in a majority of cases with the first or U])per- most segment, but i]i numerous instances with the second vertebra. More in detad, among the 20 Munsee sacra, in 13, or 65 per <'cnt, the curve began with the first; in six, or 30 per cent, with the second; and in one, or 5 per cent of the cases, with the third vertebra. Among 113 sacra of both sexes from Arkansas, Louisiana, the South- west, and Mexico, examined by the writer, the curve began in 52, or 46 per cent of the cases, with the first; in 42, or 37 per cent, with the second; in 14, or 12 per cent, with the third; and in five, or 4 per cent, with the fourth vertebra. In the female series studied by Emmons, the curve began in 41.5 per cent of the cases with the first; in 27 per cent with the second; in 22.5 per cent with the third; in 7.4 per cent with the fourth; aiid in L8 per cent with the fifth seg- ment. Among whites, in 224 sacra of five segments examined })y the writer, the curve began with the first vertebra in 87 per cent; with the second in 5.4 per cent; and with the third in 7.6 per cent of the cases. It is therefore evident that the anterior curve of the sacrum begins more frequently higher up in the whites than in the Indians. This peculiarity is probably connected with a somewhat greater curvature, even on the average, in the sacrum of whites. OssA Innominata and Pelvis THE OSSA IXXOMINATA The total number of adult innomijiate bones of the Munsee, avail- able for examination and measurement, is 37, ami in general the bones are remarkable for their regular development, with complete free- dom from pathological conditions and from th(^ more important anom- alies. They are also of medium dimensions and weight througliout. The measurements of the bones show that in the paired specimens, in both sexes, they are of nearly the same dimensions on the two sides. The male bones exceed those of the female in both height and breadth, and especially in the former, but relatively to its height the female innominate is broader than that of the male, as a result of which the innominate height-breadth index is higher in the females. 84 BUEEAU OF AMEKICAN ETHNOLOGY [BLLL. G2 LXVII. MUNSEE: INNOMINATE BONES MALES Right Left 1 o o 1 Height maximum (ischio-iliac) (a) o B a If la » O "o a Ix o 1 (S 2 1 o u Si a 1 a is s be 3 o a 2; la o a •§ a •Sx ae o C 53 Average: Pairs.. - All (") (") (7) cm. 21.2 21.2 20.8 22.2 (5) (6) (6) (6) cm. 15.6 15.6 15.1 16.2 (5) (6) (6) (6) 73 73. S (5) (6) (6) (6) 21.2 21.3 20.8 21.8 (o) (5) (5) cm. 15.6 15.6 15.2 IG (••5) 73.2 Minimum. . Maximum.. 70. 75. 7 1 70.7 74.5 Average: Pairs.., All Minimum (all) Maximum (all) (11) 20.1 (5) 14.95 (5) 75.6 (11) 20.1 ('>) U.9 (5) (11) 20.1 (S) 15.2 (S) 75.9 (13) 20 (10) 14.75 (10) (11) 18.5 (8) 13.6 (S) 72 (13) 18.5 (10) 13. 5 (10) (11) 20.7 (8) 16 (S) 78.9 (13) 20.8 (10) 15. 8 (10) 75.1 74.5 69.5 78 Comparative data on the innominate bones are given in the next table. The Arkansas and Louisiana specimens, as well as those of other Indians, agree closely with those of the Munsee. The innomi- nate of the whites, on the other hand, is both higher and especially broader, hence it shows a higher index in both sexes, Emmons, from his 217 Indian female pelves, obtained as an average height of the innominate 19.3 cm., and as the breadth 14.5 cm., with a mean index of 74.8. These results agree closely with those of the writer and strengthen the evidence that the innominate bones in the Indians average somewhat smaller in ])oth dimensions, and are also somewhat narrower relatively than those in the whites. LXVIII. COMPARISON OF THE MUNSEE OSSA INNOMINATA WITH THOSE OF OTHER INDIANS AND OF WHITES Right Left • Group Speci- mens (pairs) Height maxi- mum (ischio- iliac) Breadth maxi- mum Innomi- nate index Height maxi- mum (ischio- iliac) Breadth maxi- mum Innomi- nate iud M.3 U.6 15. 73 75. i; 75. 7 75. i 7(1. 6 77.9 cm. 20.1 19. 95 19.1 19.2 20.1 cm. M. 9 15.1 14.2 1-4. 75 15. 7 Arkansas and Louisiana Southern Utah clitT-dwellers Southwest and Mexico United States wiiitos ( .). 1 71). 1 71.fi 7(1. S 7S.1 THE PELVIS AS A WHOLE The Munsee pelves available for measurement comprise those of sLx males and ten females. They are free from all deformation, and present the usual sexual characteristics with regard to massiveness, the flare of the ilia, the subpubic angle, and the width of the great sciatic notch. The articulated pelves, with a slight space left for the pubic carti- lage, gave measurements shown in the table below. The male pelvis, it is seen, is somewhat larger than the female in both of its mean external dimensions, and is also somewhat higher relatively, as a result of which it shows a higher h(>iglit-breadth index. LXIX. MUNSEE: I'ELVIS AS A WHOLE MALE Number Mean height of ossa iniiom- inata Breadth maximum of pelvis I'elvie index* Superior Strait Broadtii maximum (0) Diameter t anlero- pasterior (6) Brim index b X 100 a Average.. 00 ('■') (fi) cm. 21. 2 20. S 21.5 cm. 20. 7 24.4 2*<. 2 7S.9 76.6 .S.5. 9 cm. 12.1 11.6 12. S cm. 10.6 9.6 11.2 N7..S Minimum. . . . "s. 7 Maximum 9s. :< Average. .. Minimum. Maxunum. (10) (10) (10) 19. 95 is. .-. 20.7 25.9 24.1 27. S 77.0 13.0 12.3 13. S 11.0 9.1 12. 5 *Mean height of innominate bone s X 100 maximum breadth of pelvis t Promontory of sacrum, to nearest point on tlie inner lip of piibic l>onfts. 84.5 70.7 94.4 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 The pelvic cavity at the superior strait or brim is more spacious, both antero-posteriorly and hxterally, in the Munsee female than in the male, and it is also somewhat broader relatively to its depth, as a result of which it gives a somewhat lower depth-breadth index. On comparison with the pelves of the mound-building Indians of the Arkansas and Louisiana mounds, those of the Southwest and Mexico, and those of United States whites, it is seen that the Munsee pelvis, as a whole, is of moderate dunensions, especially in its breadth, which is slightly smaller than that in any of the other groups in the males and in most of the females. Because of this fact, the height- breadth index of the pelvis in the Munsee is relatively high — higher than that of any of the other Indians. It is exceeded in this respect only by the pelvis of the white males. An even more marked peculiarity of the Munsee pelvis applies to its inlet or brim. As will be seen by a glance at the figures, this is rela- tively narrow and deep in both sexes; the lateral diameter, with a single minor exception, is the lowest, and the diameter antero-posterior the highest of all the groups. As a result of this condition, the brim index of the Munsee in both males and females is exceptionally high. LXX. COMPARISON OF THE MUNSEE PELVIS WITH THAT OF OTHER INDIANS AND OF WHITES Group Speci- mens (pairs) Mean height of ossa in- nominata Greatest breadth of pelvis (between outer lips of crests)* Pelvic index Diameter lateral maximum of brim Diameter antero- posterior maximum of brim Brim index (0) (23) (23) (15) (32) cm. 21.2 21. 55 20.6 20.6 22. 06 cm. 26.7 2S. 1 26.85 27 27.1 78.9 76.7 76.7 76. 2 81.4 cm. 12.1 L? 12.4 12. 3 12.7 cm. 10. 6 10.4 10 9.7 9.64 87.8 Arkansas and Louisiana Southern Utah cliff- dwellers 79.8 80.6 Southwest and Mexico. . United States whites. . . 78. 7 75. 9 Munsee Arkansas and Louisiana Southern Utah clilT- dwellers Southwest and Mexico. . United States whites... (10) 19. 95 25.9 77.0 13 11 (12) 19.7 26.8 73.5 13. 33 10. 74 (7) 19. 05 25.4 74. 5 13.1 10. 1 (12) 19. 15 25.7 74.4 12.9 10.75 (20) 20. 16 27.05 74. 5 13. 35 10. 73 84.5 81.4 77.4 83.1 80.4 *The pelvis being held in articulation. The brim index in general shows unexpected irregularity from group to group and between the two sexes. In the Munsee and the HRDLI^KA] PHYSICAL ANTTIROPOLOOY OF THE LRNAPF, 87 southoni Utah clifr-dwcllors it is hiijhor in the males; in the other Iiuliaiis and in the whites it is higher in the fenuUes; and the range of its groupal as well as individual variation is consideral)le. As all the specimens were measured by tlie autlior with tlie same instru- ments, by the same method, and with equal care, the difTerences can not be attributed to error, hence the only reasonable conclusion is that even under normal conditions (for these series contain no deformed or pathological pelves) the absolute^ as well as the relative dimensions of the superior strait arc capal)le of not a little fluctua- tion, attributable, it seems, in some measure at legist, to an early unequal development of the soft parts })oth within and without the pelvic cavity. In order to satisfy himself further on this point, tlie writer extracted a number of the hirger series of ])elvic measurements from iMumons's data, and from the next table it will be seen that, although they relate to females oidy, the groupal variation is also marked. Yet these differences among the Indians rarely if ever fall ladow what may be considered normal limits, or such a limit as would in the female still permit of safe childbirth under otluu- normal conditions. They are tlierefore what may be called infunctional or transfiinctional fluctuations. LXXI. FKMAT.E INDIAN PELVIS: SUPERIOR STRAIT* Northwest coast . California Sioux Tennessee Kentucky New Mexico .... Arizona Mexico Peru (Jroup Diameter Specimens antero- posterior (31) (10) (12) ((i) (8) (10) (57) (15) (13) cm. 12.99 i;?.2 13. 03 13. 32 13.09 13. 26 12. S7 12.71 12.71 Diameter lateral cm. 10.7 10. 56 10. 9H 10. 93 10. 66 10. 43 9.52 10. 93 10.12 Index H2.39 HO S4.26 S2. 01 81.42 7H.65 71.01 M. 55 79. ."kS * E m mons 's ser ies . Short and Other Boxes PATELLA The patella, the largest of the sesamoid bones, ofTei-s tinee (limensions for measurements, namely, the maximum lieight, the maximum breadth, and the maximum thickness; and the mean of these diametei-s, the patellar module, is a convenient unit for comparing tlic size of the l)one. The 30 patella present in the Munsee collection give iH-ojJortious which are tabulated below. The male bone is ja-rccptibly larger in aU dimensions than the female. There are l)ut small dilb-iciiccs us 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 to side, and tliey are probably due in a measure, if not entii^ely, to the small number of specimens. The mean diameter or module is practically the same on both sides in both the male and the female. The breadth-height mdex averages slightly over 100 and offers noth- ing definitely distinctive either as to sex or to side. It varies in males from 91.7 to 107.4, in the females from 93.8 to 107.9. LXXII. MUNSEE: PATELLA Pair All Minimum (all). Maximum (all) Average: Pairs AU Minimum (all) Maximum (all) Right Num- ber (I) (0) (") () 4.02 i») L73 (•^) (9) 3.93 (9) 3.97 (11) 1.75 (9) (9) 3.7 (9) 3.7 (11) 1.5 (9) (9) 4.1 (9) 4.3 (11) 1.9 (9) Left Breadth- height index 102.3 100.4 93.8 107.9 3.93 {r>) 4.05 (•S) 1.76 ('>) 3.95 (•^) 4.05 («) 1.76 i'^) 3.8 (5) 3. 8.5 (S) 1.5 (r>) 4. 05 (r)) 4.1 (8) 1.95 ('') 103.1 103. 1 96.2 107. 9 Module (mean diameter)— Males: right, 3.74; left, 3.75; females: right, 3.23; left, 3.25. A comparison of the Munsee patella with that of whites shows that the latter is slighbly larger in both sexes and on both sides; its relative proportions, however, are very much the same, except that the bono in white males on both sides appears to be relatively HKDLI('''KA] PHYSICAL ANTITROPOLOr.Y OF TTFE I.ENAPE 89 slightly higher than hi the females, wiiich, while also true of the Miinsee on the right side, does not hold true for the left. LXXni. PATELL.^E: AfUNSEE AND WHITES MALES Speci- mens (pairs) Right Left Group Height Breadth Thifk- nesg Breadth- height inde.x Height Breadth Thirk- lioss Breadth- height index Miinsee (N) *(2()n) cm. 4.5 4.56 cm. . 4.6 4. 64 cm. 2.11 2. If, 102. S 101.7 cm. 4.6 4. .'•.2 cm. 4. ."io 4. 66 cm. 2.1 2.17 9S.9 im. 2 United States whites. Module (mean diameter)— Males: Mnnsee, right, 3.74; left, 3.75; whites, right, 3.78; left, 3.78. FEMALES Munsee United States whites. (10) *(100) :{. 9:f 4.02 4. 02 4. Oii 1.7:i 1.9 102.3 100. 2 3. ftS 3. 97 4.05 4.08 1.76 1.9 103. 1 102. 7 Module— Female.s: Munsee, right, 3.23; left, 3.25; whites, right, 3.32; left, 3.32. * Males: 100 right, 100 left; females: 50 right, 50 left patelhe. The Munsee patella, while in general slightly smaller than tluit of the whites, will be seen from the comparative data in the accompany- ing ta))le to average somewhat larger than that of other Indians avail- able for comparison. The larger size in all dimensions of the white man's patella than that of the Indian is doubtless due to the greater muscularity of the white subjects from which the bones were derived and who belonged almost exchisivel};- to the laboring classes. Of the 30 Munsee pateUte, 15 show a moderate to well developed semilunar notch in the lateral border of the bone, for the vastm latd-alis (pi. 28, h). The patellae of female skeleton no. 285,811 are de- cidedly obhque, especially that on the left side; and the patelhe of female no. 285321 show each an exceptionally long a])ex. LXXIV. THE MODULE OR ME.VN DL\METER OF THE PATELLA IN THE MUNSEE .\ND OTHER GROUPS Male Femalr Grou[ Right cm. 3.74 3.54 .3.61 3.49 3.7S Left cm. 3.75 3. 50 3. 5.S 3.49 3.78 Right Left cm. 3. 2.3 3.17 3 cm. W. 25 Arkansas and Louisiana 3. 17 3.32 :i. .vs 90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 BONES OF THE HAND While the total number of bones of the hands in the Munsee ma- terial aggregate nesirly 700, there are very few complete sets. It is nevertheless possible to ascertain that in general the hand of the Munsee was of moderate to mediinn development, and remarkedly normal in conformation. Among the females, some of the bones are quite small. The only anomaly worthy of mention is the presence of rudimentary hamuli on both unciforms in one of the male subjects (no. 285,808).' The proportional length of the hand can be judged from tlie measurements of the first metacarpal, and from the relation of this length to that of the humerus on the same side. The following table gives these dimensions. It is seen that the length of the first meta- carpal in the male exceeds somewhat that of the female, aud also that the length of the right bone exceeds slightly that of the left. The metacarpo-humeral index is somewhat higher on the right in the males, indicating a somewhat greater length of the hand on the right side in that sex. In the females the small number of speci- mens makes the result in this respect uncertain. LXXV. MUNSEE: FIRST METACARPAL Right Left Number of specimens I.engtli, maximum *Metaearpo- humeral index mcXlOO H Number of specimens Length, maximum Metacarpo- liumeral index Average: (•■">) (8) cm. 4.6 4.7 4.2 5.1 14.5 14.5 12.9 1(>. 2 (r.) (•'') (5) (5) cm. 4.5 4.5 4. 25 4.8 14 1 Total present 14.1 Minimum (total present) Maximum (total present) 12.9 15 Average: Pairs Total present Minimum (total present). Maximum (total present). • (5) 4.3 14 (f') 4.3 m 4.4 14.3 i (7) 4.2 («) 3. 9 13. 2 (7) 3. 75 (8) 4. S 15.3 (7) 4.8 14.3 13.9 12.8 15. 8 * Maximum lengtli of first metaca rpal XI 00 Maximum length of humerus. A comparison of the first metacarpal in the Munsee and in the United States whites shows that this bone in the Munsee on both sides (and in both sexes) is somewhat shorter, indicating a smaller BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 23 U.S.N.M., U.S.N.M., INTERNAL CUNEIFORM OF MALE MUNbbt ^r^tL... , u,; '^^^-285,301, USNM SHOWING EACH A DOUBLE METATARSAL FACET PAIROFFEMALE MUNSEE SCAPHOIDS SHOWING UNUSUAL BROAD TALUS FACET AND PECULIAR TUBEROSITY a PATELLA OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,311, SHOWING MARKED OBLIQUITY h PATELL/E OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,309, SHOWING PRONOUNCED VASTUS NOTCH CUNEIFORM OF MALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO HIiDLlrKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPR 91 hand. This is also apparent in tho meta( arpo-hnmoral index, w^ich on both sides in the whites is higher than in tlie ^hnisee. 'Hie abso- lute and rehitive snndhiess of tl)e Indimi hand, pjirticnhirly in the males and on the right side, is doubtless due to its lesser use. LXXVr. FIRST METACARPAL IN MUNSEE AND IN WHITES Both sexes Specimens Lenpth, maximum Metaoarpo- humoral index Specimens Length, maximum Metacarpo- Inimcral index (16) (94) cm. i. 5.-) L()9 14.4 14.9 (12) (Co) cm. 4.35 4.13 14 14 3 BONES OF THE FEET Owing to their lai'ger size and greater difTerentiatioii, a ninnbcT of the bones of the feet, ptu"ticularly of tlic tiu-sus, yield material for measurement and specisil observation, and have received rather extended attention by anatomists and anthropologists,* but as yet tliere is no perfect uniformity in the methods of measurement or of description. Tlie wi'iter's object in selecting his measurements and ]ioints for description was to employ only those that jippear to be the most sensible and significant, the most readily standardized, and involving no details, save in cases that may be of special importance. First Metatarsal As the first metacarpal serves in a measure as an index of the size of the hand, so the lii-st metatarsal gives an indication of that of the foot. The proportional length of the foot can further be judged from the percental relation of the fii-st metatarsal to the f(unur. The relatitm between the size of the feet and that of tlie hands is expressed by tlie pollex-liallux index, or perceiitid relation between the first metacarpal and the first metatarsal. There are in all 36 first metatai-sals among the Munsee bones, the measurements and relations of which are given in the above tal)le. It will be seen that the length of the bone is, on the average, greater in the males than in the females, but it does not differ perceptibly on tlie two sides of the Ixxly in either sex. The hallux-femm- index is practically equal on the two sides ((hffering oidy in centesimals), and is larger in the nudes tlian in the females, showing that tlie foot of the Munsee male was not only somewhat larger than that of the femah^ but was also larger ■ S P Lazaras, Zur Morphologic des Fufsskelettes, Morphol. Jahrb., xxiv. H. L repr., s% LoipziK, isac; W Pfitzner Ileitrigo zur Kenntniss des menschlichen Exlremiliitenskelels, Morphol. Arbcilev, i, U 1, Jena 1S91- Tli Volkov Variations Kquehtliqucs du pied chez If s primaUs ,t danUts ractiihumame.v Thise docto'rale de la Facultr des Sciences, Paris, 1905; ('has. Fraipont, L'Astragalc de Vhommv Mouslfrun etc., 8° Bnixelles 1912; M. Reicher, Leitrag zur AnUiropoIcgie des Calcaneus, ^rcAiv/urvl n/Aro/Woj/.f, ^.I•., xil, II. 2, 1913; S. Poniatowski, Badania Antropologiczne nad K6scia Skokowa (Anthropological Studies of the Talus), Prace Towarzystwa Naukorvego Warxzawskiego, 1913. 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 in that sex in relation to the length of the femur and the stature. This relative excess of the foot is more marked than was that of the hand, and in alF probability is a result of greater functional activity, the male Indians being excessive walkers and rmuiers. A comparison of the first metatarsal in the Munsee and in the United States whites shows that in the latter, in both sexes, the bone is longer, indicating, on the average, a longer foot. The difference is especially marked on the left side and is probably both racial and functional. As a residt of the greater length of the })one in the Ignited States whites, whose average stature is very nearly that of the Munsee, we find that their hallux-femur index is decidedly higher than that of the Munsee, especially on the left side. The white man's foot is therefore not only longer absolutely, but also relatively as compared with the femur and, indirectly, the stature. The foot of the whites is also somewhat longer relatively to the hand, than that of the Munsee, and especially on the left side, which gives us a lower pollex-hallux index for the whites. LXXVII. MUNSEE: FIRST METATARSAL MALES Hisht Left P * X .g a 0/ c a p. a a 1 o .1 3 o o1 ft o a I y. 03 a "o B y, _2 03 O 2 o gx xT y. i'" '• ^'' y S a bD a Oj a 1 1 a g ti a i5 ;z; ^ •a (^ » s ^ ^^ 'A HI z a Average: cm. cm. (6) (11) 6.5 (-1) (S) 70.4 (5) 14.7 (!)) 6.5 (^) (4) 69.2 (5) 14 7 Total present. 6.5 72.4 (9) 14.5 (8) 6.48 69.2 (') 14.2 Minimum (total present) (11) 6.1 (8) 65. 1 (9) 13.8 (8) 6.3 W 65. 4 (7) 12.9 Maximum (total present) (11) 6.8 (8) 76.6 (9) 15. 1 (8) 6.8 W 71.1 (7) 15. 2 Average: Pairs Total present Minimum (total present) Maximum (total present (7) 6.0 (4) 73.2 (6) 14.2 (7) 6.0 (^) 73.9 CO (8) 5.97 (7) 72.2 (7) 14.1 (9) 5.91 (0) 72.4 (7) (8) 5. 5 (7) 70.9 (7) 1:3.5 (9) 5.45 («) 67 (7) (8) 6. 45 (7) 75. 4 (7) 15. 1 (9) 6.4 (li) 77.4 (7) 14.2 14.1 13. 5 15. 2 ♦ Maximum length of first metacarpal X 100 Ma.>cimum length of first metatarsal. t Maxim u m length o f first m etata rsal X 100 Bicondylar length of femur. miDLK-KA] PHYSICAL AXTII ROPOI.OCV OF THK LENAPK 93 LXXVIII. THE FIRST METATARSAL, IN THE MUNSEE AND 1\ UNITED STATES WHITES Right Left Both sexes Speci- mens I.enplh, maxi- mum Halhix- fenuir index Pollex- hallux inde.x Speci- mens Length, maxi- mum Hallux- femur inde.K Pnllex- hallux iude-ic (li)) (51) cw. (>.3 ().6 14.3 l.-i.:5 72. 3 71.1 (17) CVl. 6.2 6.7 14. 15 15.5 United Stales while;*.... ()G. 1 * The indexes in whites are close approximations. Os Colds Being tho largost hone of the tarsus, and the most iinpoiiant functionally, the os calcis, or calcaneus, seems to deserve closer attention by antlii'opologists than it usmiUy receives. The hone presents three different and fairly easily ascertainable dimensions: (1) the greatest length of the whole bone; (2) the minimum breadth or thickness of the body; and (3) the height of the body jit its greatest constriction. It further offers several inter- esting pomts for visual observation. The total number of calctuiei in tlie JSIunsee material is 51, which gives a fair male and female series. The following ttible sliows tht^ measurements on 40 of those that are paired and licnce most suit- able for comparison. L.XXIX. .MUNSEE BONES: OS CALCIS MALES Specimens (pairs) .\ verage •. \ Minimum J Maximum .Vveragc Minimum Maximum \ I>ength, maximum S. 1 8.05 7.7 7.5 .S.5 8.5 Breadth, minimum of body * Height of body t cm. 2.74 2.72 2.5 2. 45 3 3 cm. 4.07 4.07 3.7 3.8 4.5 4.5 Breadth- lengl h index 3;j.9 33.87 30.1 28.1 37.7 37.3 Breadth- height index 7.35 7.3 6.7 7.7 2.4 2.38 2 1. 95 2.65 2. 65 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.9 32.9 33.1 28.2 28. 7 34. 7 .34.3 67.4 6().9 61.6 62.2 72.5 73.7 (Hi. 9 66.4 (K).6 59 71.6 70.4 * Branches oUompa, gimiirc applied to the si.les of the bone in the region of minimum thickne.ss of the body. , ■ , , , , t Maximum lieight at greatest coastrict ion of body, obtained by moving ti.e b-ne from side to side between the points of the branches of the compos glissiire. 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 It will be observed that, as is usual with other j^arts of the skeleton, the male bone is somewhat larger than the female; also that the right OS calcis averages very slightly larger than the left in length and breadth, but is equal in both sexes to that of the left side in height. Reducing the three average measurements to a mean diam- eter, or module, we obtain for the males on the right, 4.97 cm.; on the left, 4.95 cm.; for the females, right, 4.45 cm.; left, 4.43 cm. showing that the difference in the mass of the bones on the two sides is very small. The three measurements of the os calcis give rise to two indexes: one expressing the percental relation between its breadth and length, the other showing a similar relation between its breadth and height. The breadth-length index is somewhat higher in the males than in the females, but in the paired bones does not differ very appreciably on the two sides. Taking all the bones, as in the next table, we see that the index in the males predominates slightly over that in the females, which, judging from the constancy of the condition in the several series of specimens used for comparison, is probably also the true condition in the Munsee. It indicates a tendency in the males toward not only absolutely but also relatively slightly thicker calca- neus. The breadth-height index, like the breadth-length proportion, is also slightly higher on both sides in the males than in the females, and in both sexes on the right than on the left side. As the height is the same on the two sides, this shows exactly the slightly greater relative thickness of the bone in the males than in the females, and on the right than on the left side. The phenomenon is doubtless con- nected with difference of stress to which the bone is subjected in the two sexes and on the two sides of the body. The comparative data given in the following table show that, as with many other bones of the body, the os calcis in the Munsee and in other Indians in both sexes, and especially in the males, is smtxller in aU dimensions than it is in the whites. The relative proportions of the bone are quite alike in the different racial groups of males, but differ in an interesting way in the females, in which, among the whites, the bones show lower indexes than in the other groups. The white female os calcis is longer and higher, but equal in slenderness to that of the Indian. iiiiULirivA] PHYSICAL AN'J IlKOl'OLOCV OF TliK LliNAPE LXXX. OS C ALCIS: COMPARISON MALES 95 Ciroup Number of speei- mens (29) (3t) (50) (16) (.55) Length, maxi- mum Breadth, mini- mum of body Height, mini- mum of body Modulo Breadth- length index Breadth- height index Mimsee cm. S. 07 s 7.72 7.S5 8.33 cm. 2.77 2.75 2. SI 2.67 2.S5 cm. 1. 04 3.97 4.05 4.01 4.20 cm. 4.76 4.91 4. S6 4.S4 5.13 34.1 34.5 36. 4 34 34.1 67.9 69.3 69.4 66.5 67.7 Arkansas and Louisiana Southern Utah elilT-dwellers Southwest and Mexico United States whites Mimsee Arkansas and Louisiana Southern Utah elilT-dwellers. Southwest and Mexico United States whites (22) 7.3 2.4 3.6 4.43 32.6 (12) 7.3 2.45 3.5 4.42 33.7 (30) 6.92 2.43 3.56 4.30 35.1 (13) 7.1 2.4 3.43 4.31 33.8 (30) 7.87 2.43 3.81 4.71 30.9 66.2 70.3 6S. 3 70.1 63.7 Articular Facets for Astragahis As to visual obsprvations on the os calcis, the gn^itest intorost attaches probably to the number and conformation of the articular facets for the astragalus. These facets may be two in number, ante- rior and posterior. But the anterior facet may be divided into two by a ridge; or it may be replaced by two facets, anterior and median, completely separated by a narrow to moderately broad groove or space; or, finally, in place of the single oblong anterior facet there may be a small to rudimentary anterior and a medium sized median facet, separated ])y a broad and deep notch. The percental distribution of these facets among the Munsee, the Arkansas and Louisiana mound Indians, and the United States whites, is given below. There is a remarkable similarity in the frequency of occurrence of the two main forms (two and three facets) in all three groups among the males, but the females show slight irregularity. LXXXL OS CALCIS: MUNSEE AND COMPARATIVE: ARTICULAR FACETS FOR ASTRAO ALUS Group Munsee Arkansas and liouisiana United States whites — Male Speci- mens (31) (39) (55) Two facets P(r cfiil 26 26 25.5 Three facets Pnts, tlie maximum length, breadth, and height, from which in turn we obtain the module or mean diameter, useful in comparing the size of the bone, and the breadth-length and breadth-height indexes, which shoW' its shape. There are 60 astragali in the ^Munsee material, and the measure- ments of 52 paired bones are given below. They show the bone in the male to be absolutely larger in every dimension than in the female. As to the side, there is practically no difference among the males, but among the females the average measurements of the left astragalus are all slightly higher than those of the right bone. The mo(hde is practically identical on \\\o two sides in the males, and slightly higher LXXXIIL MUXSEE: ASTRAGALUS Right Speci- men.s (pairs) Length, maxi- mum* cm. Average (12)1 5.7 Minimum i 5. 3 Maximum ! fi. 2 Breadth, maxi- mum t an. 4.27 4.1 4.6 Height, maxi- mum t cm. 3.27 3.05 3.5 Modulo cm. 4.41 4.41 4.41 Breadth- length index 74.9 70.7 X3.3 Height- length index 57. 4 54.7 62.5 Left Length, maximum Breadth, maximum Height, maximum Module (mean di- ameter) Breadth- length index Heigh t- lencth index Average cm. 5.7 5.3 6.3 cm. 4.28 4.05 4.7 cm. 3.25 3.05 3.5 cm, 4.41 7.5.1 72.3 79.2 57.1 Minimum . . .13.8 60.7 Right Speci- mens (pairs) Length, maxi- mum* Breadth, maxi- mum t Height, maxi- mum i Modulo Breadth- Icnu'ili index 75 70.5 83.7 Height- Icnu'lli index (14) cm. .5.19 4.7 .1.7 cm. 3.9 3.5 4.1 cm. 3 2.7 3.3 cm. 4.02 4.02 4.02 57.8 54.4 62.3 , _ * stem of calipers applied to lowe-st (most prominent) parts on medial surface of the bone. t Distal Ijranch of calipers applied to lowe-st (most prominent) partes on medial .surface of the bone. t On osteometric plane ( Broca), all three lowest poinisof inferiorsurface of the bone touching (he vertical board while the square is applied to the most prominent part of the bone from the opposite direction. 17135°— Bull. 62—16^7 98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 LXXXIII. MUNSEE: ASTRAGALUS— Continued FEMALES Left Length, maximum Breadth, maximum Height, maximum Module (mean di- ameter) Breadth- length index Height- length index cm. 5.22 4_S cm. 3.93 3.6 4. 15 cm. 3.03 2.7 3.4 cm. 4.06 75.2 69.9 83.7 58 52.8 61.5 Oil the left in the females. As to the relative proportions, there is great similarity between the two sexes, as well as on the two sides of the body. The results presented in this table would not be wholly satisfactory without the possibility of comparing them with similar observations, obtained by the same methods, on the bones of the wliites. Such comparative data, furnished in the next table, show a number of points of considerable interest. In the first place, as with the calca- neus and other parts of the skeleton, the Munsee bones are seen throughout to be of more moderate dimensions than the bones of the whites. The module in the latter is very perceptibly higher. Tliere are, however, also notable differences in the relative propor- tions of the bones in the two races. Among the whites in both sexes the astragalus is relatively longer and also higher than it is among the Indians, as a result of wliich both of the indices of the bone in the whites are lower. The differences in this respect are too large and regular to be accidental. LXXXIV. ASTRAGALUS IN THE MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES AVHITES MALES Group Specimens Length, maximum Breadth, maximum . Height, maximum Module Breadth- length index Height- length index (24) (50) cm. 5.7 6.29 cm. 4.28 4.48 cm. 3.26 3.32 cm. 4.42 4.7 75.0 71.2 57.2 United States whites 52.8 FEMALES Munsee (28) (33) 5.2 5.75 3.91 4.02 3 3.11 4.04 4.29 75.1 69.8 57.9 United States whites 54 In the examination of the os calcis, special attention was directed to its facets, especially the middle and anterior, for the astragalus. Inspection of the corresponding facets on the astragalus shows that these do not harmonize fuUy with those of the os calcis. They are less differentiated and more frequently coiuiected or fused. Thus we have among 60 Munsee astragali, 28, or approximately 47 per cent Hiu.Li<-KAj PHYSICAL AXTllROPOLOCY OF THE LEKAl'K 99 wliicli show only one facet convspoiulmg to the aiUrrior mul middU', facets of the calcaneus, without any dividmg line; 29, or 48 p(>r cent, with one facet divided more or less completely by a ridge ; and only thi-ee specimens, or 5 per cent, in wliich there arc two disti'nct facets, though in but on(^ of these are they separated by a moderate space'. In the astragalus of the whites the proportions of tliese difl'erent forms are by no means the same as in the Munsce. 'rinis among 82 bones there are but 24, or 29 per cent, with one facet not divichnl by'Imy ridge ; 35, or 43 per cent, witli one facet divided by a ridge ; and no fewer than 23, or 28 per cent, of those in which there are two disthict facets, in 19 of which they are completely separated by a narrow to moderate space. The frequency of two fac(>ts well separated is therefore nuicli greater among the whites than among the Mmisee, which is another interesting distinction in tlie astragalus of tliese two groups and possibly of the two races which they represent. Tliis is the more remarkable as no coiTesponding difference has been found in the facets on the os calcis. Scaphoid There are three additional bones of the tarsus whicli des(M-ve somewhat detailed scrutiny, namely, the scaphoid or navicular, the cuboid, and the internal cuneiform. ^Uthough irregular in shape, each one of these bones yields to three measurements, which differ in the two sexes as well as racially, and each presents a number of points for observation. The measun^mentrS taken by the writer on the scaphoid as well as on the other tarsal bones are, it may be repeated, the most practicable ones, and relate as closely as possible to the three principal dimen- sions of the specimens. In the case of the scaphoid they ui'e the greatest breadth, height, and stoutness. The results of the measurements of the scaphoid in the Munsee appear in the next table. The bone in the male is very perceptibly larger than that in the female, and that of the right foot is in both sexes and in all dimensions somewhat larger than tliat of tlic left. These conditions are shoAvn nicely by the module or mean diiuu(>ter of the bone. The three measurements give rise to two indexes, whicli inchcate the relative proportions oi the scaphoid. The height-breadth index is somewhat larg(>r on both sides in the females tliaii in the males, which, as will readily be seen by reference to the actual dimensions, is due to the relatively greater breadth of the Munsee scaphoid in the males. No special difference is observable on tlie two sich's of the body in the males, but in the females the right bojie is relatively higher than the left. The stoutness-breadth index offei-s no special differences either on the two sides or in the two sexes. 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 LXXXV. MUNSEK: SCAPHOID MALES Right Number of speci- mens, pairs Breadth,* maxi- mum Height.t maxi- mum Stout- ness,}: maxi- mum Module (mean diame- ter) Height- breadth index Stout- ness- breadth index (6) cm. 4.20 3.9 4. .5.5 cm. 2.11 1.9 2.2 cm. 2.61 2. .5 2. S.5 cm. 2.98 2.66 3.2 50.2 4S.4 55. 4 62.3 Mininmm . 62.2 Maximum 64.1 Left Number of speci- mens Breadth Height Stout- ness Aiodule (mean diame- ter) Height- breadth index Stout- ness- breadth index (6) cm. 4.05 3.65 cm. 2.04 1.7 2.25 cm. 2.55 2.45 2.75 cm. 2. S8 2.6 3.16 50.4 46.6 5:3.7 63 60.5 4.5 67.1 Right Number of speci- mens, pairs Breadth,* maxi- mum Height,t maxi- mum Stout- ness,J maxi- mum Module (mean diame- ter) Height- breadth index Stout- ness- breadth index Average (6) cm. 3.75 3.5 4.05 cm. 1.96 1.75 2.15 cm. 2.35 2.25 2.5 cm. 2.69 2.5'^ 2.85 52.2 48.1 56.1 62.7 60 Maximum 66.7 Left Number of speci- mens Breadth Height Stout- ness Module (mean diame- ter) Height- breadth index Stout- ness- breadth index cm. (fi) cm. 3.72 3.4 4.05 cm. cm. 1. S9 2. 31 [• m . 2.64 2.43 2.97 50. 8 45.7 55.4 62.2 1.7 2.05 2.15 2.45 50. S 68 * From the extremity of the tuberosity ad maximum. t Use calipers with broad branches; hold instrument vertical; lay bone on movable branch on talus facet and raise the branch until the bone touches the under surface of the immovable branch. % Same instrument as for last; lay bone on movable branch on its dorsal or superior surface; let it assume a natural position and raise the branch until the most prominent part of the plantar surface of the bone touches the under surface of the movable branch. HRDLi.'KA] PHYSICAL ANTTIROPOLOOY OF THE T.ENAPF, 101 A comparison of the measurements of the Munsoe scaplioi.l with those obtained on the United States whites shows a number of inter- esting conditions. The bono in the whites is agahi in ])oth sexes and hi all (Hjnensions somewliat hirg(>r than in the Indian. The heiglit- breadtli mdex is identical m the females of the two races, but is niore elevated, owing to a relatively greater height of the bono, in the white than in tlie Munsee males. Tlie stoutness-breadtli mdex is decidedly higlier ui both sexes in the whites, though more particularly so in tlie males. It may therefore be stated that the scaphoid hi the United States whites is, in both sexes, not only absolutely but also relatively stouter, and in the males also relatively somewhat higher, tlian that hi the Munsee Indians. LXXXVI. SCAl'IIOIl) IN MTTNSEE AND IN TTNITE1> STATES WHITES MAI.KS Nunil)er of si)ecimeiis Hrf:ullh HeiKht Stout- ness Mo9 2.9f. cm. 2. 9:! 3.17 62 8 liuited Statos wliit.o.s 68.5 Munsee United States wliites. (19) 3.75 1.94 2.35 2.68 51.7 (.■5.i) 3.94 2.03 2.54 2. S4 51. 6 62.7 64.3 An uispection of the Munsee scaphoid shows a number of interest- ing particulars. A facet for the cuboid is present hi only 23.5 per cent of the cases (15 per cent males and 30 per cent females); among the United States whites its frequency is nearly twice as great, or 39 per cent (40 per cent males and 37 per cent females), and Maimers Smith reported an even higher proportion hi England.' The facet for the talus differs quite markedly as to shape in the Munsee and the whites. In the whites, and particularly hi the females, it is predominantly more or less pyriform, and only seldom quadrilat(>ral or nearly so; while in the Munsee conditions arc re- versed and a more or less (quadrilateral facet is present in a large majority of the cases, especially in the males, while tlie pyriform type is scarce. The tuberosity of the scaphoid differs also somewhat in the two races. In general, it may be more or less pomted, or deci(k'dly l)lunt, or squarish; the first two forms are common among the whites, while » Quoted l>y Cunningham, Anatomy, 3d ed., p. 245. 102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOOY rBrT.I.. 62 the squarish or angular, rare in the whites, is not infrequent m the Indians. (See pi. 28, (Z.) The processus plantaris is found generally to be quite pronounced in the Munsee, more frequently so than in the United States whites; and occasionally there exists in the Indian scaphoid an additional tuberosity, separated from the regular one by a groove continuous with that situated between the processus plantaris and the tuberosity. Cuboid The cuboid bone, though so irregular, can be fairly conveniently measured as to its maximum length, breadth, and thickness. The method of taking the dimensions is explained in the next table. There are 19 pairs of cuboids m the Munsee material — 9 male and 10 female. Their measurements show the usual predominance of the male bone over the female on both sides and in aU dimensions; as to sides, however, the differences are very small, the mean diameter being, in fact, equal on the right and left in both sexes. LXXXVII. MUNSEE: CUBOID MALES Right Number of spec- imens (pairs) Length , maximum* Breadth, maximum f Thickness, maximum j Module (mean diam- eter) Breadth- length index Thick- ness- length index Average (9) cm. 3.77 3. 55 4 cm. 2. 85 2.7 3.15 cm. 2.5 2.3 2.65 cm. 3.04 2.88 3.18 75.7 70 79.7 66.5 62 69 4 Left Number of spec- imens (pairs) Length, maximum Breadth, maximum Thickness, maximum • Module (mean diam- eter) Breadth- length index Thick- ness- length index Average Minimum . (9) cm. 3.74 3.55 3.95 cm. 2.85 2. 75 3 cm. 2.53 2.3 2.65 cm, 3.04 2.86 3.13 76.2 71.8 80 67.7 62 8 Maximum 74 3 * Between the most prominent points on the superior and inferior borders of the distal or metatarsal facet of the bones and the point of the bone at the inferior medial angle ("calcanean process"). t Ma.ximum breadth, with the cuboid resting on its medial surface in such position as it naturally assumes. This and the measurement given in the next note are obtained readily by the compas glissihre with broad branches. X Maximum thickness, with the cuboid resting on its anterior surface in si'ph position as it naturally assumes. nRDi.irK.vi PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPF, 103 LXXXVIT.-MrNSEE: CUBOID— rontinue.l FEMALES Right Number of spec- imens (pairs) Length, maximum Breadth, maximum Thickness, maximum Module (mean diam- eter) Breadth- length index Thick- ness- length index (10) cm. 3.54 3. 25 3. S5 cm. 2.66 2.3 2. 95 cm. 2. 26 2.1 2.4 cm . 2.82 2. 58 3.03 75.1 67. 6 8L 5 64 .59. 5 67.7 Minimum Maximum Lett Number of spec- imens Length , maximum Breadth, maximum Thickness, maximum Module (mean diam- eter) Breadlh- length index Tuick- ness- length index (10) cm. 3. 55 3.25 4.8 cm . 2. 65 2. 35 2. 95 cm. 2.26 2.1 2.5 fro. 2.82 2.65 3. 03 67. 1 r,c,. 7 As in the case of the scaphoid, the three measurements of the cuboid give rise to two indexes which express the rehitive proportion of the bone. Both of these indexes, as seen })y the table, are higher in the males than in the females, especially on the left side, showing that the male bone is relatively broader as well as thicker. The indexes also show slight differences on the two sides, but these are not parallel in the two sexes; in the males both are slightly higher on the right side, while in the females the condition is reversed owuig to the fact that while in the males the length of the bone is slightly less on the left, in the females it is slightly greater on that side than on the right. The Munsee cuboid contrasted with that of the United States whites is, as in all the other bones of the tarsus, sUghtly smaller in every dimension, and it differs also from the latter to a moderate degree in its relative proportions; but these differences, as seen in the following table, are somewhat irregular and can not be regarded as establislied before a larger series of specimens is examined. 104 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 LXXXVIII. THE CUBOID IN MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES MALES Number of specimens Length Breadth Thick- ness Module Breadth- lengtli index Thickness- length index M'nnspp. (22) (48) cm. 3.75 3.96 cm,. 2.85 3.02 cm. 2.52 2.59 cm. 3.04 3.19 75.8 76.3 67 1 United States whites 65.5 females' Mnnspp (24) (36) X r,i 2.63 2.67 2.26 2.37 2.80 2.89 75 73.7 64 3 United States whites 3.62 65.5 As to points for observation, some interest attaches to the cunei- form and taUis facets. In the United States whites the facet for the external cuneiform is single in 70 per cent of the cases, divided by a well-marked ridge in 23 per cent, and double, though mostly con- nected, in 7 per cent of the specimens. In the Munsee, in 45 bones, a single facet is present in 42, or 93 per cent; and one with a ridge in three, or approximately 7 per cent, while two facets occur in no instance. In the United States whites a facet for the talus was found by the writer in four specimens out of the 82 examined, or approximately 5 per cent. Among 44 cuboids of the Munsee it occurred in only one instance (2.3 per cent), and m this case it was small. The anterior or metatarsal facet of the cuboid is on the average flatter in the whites than in the Munsee, especially from side to side and in the bones of the males. Internal Cuneiform The internal cuneiform is the largest of the cuneiforms and yields two measurements — the greatest height and smallest breadth — which with their indexes are suitable for comparison. There are 45 of these bones in the Munsee material. The results of the measurements, given in the next table, show the bone in the males to be as usual somewhat larger than in the females. With respect to the sides, the left bone is as high as and very slightly broader than the right in the males (in pahed bones); but in the females the left internal cuneiform is very slightly lower and more perceptibly narrower than the right. The breadth-height index on both sides is higher in the females, which shows that in this sex the bone is not only absolutely but also relatively lower than in the males. hrdlii?ka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 105 LXXXIX. MUNSEE: INTERNAL CINEIFORM MALES Right Number of speeimens Average: Pairs (8). All (9). Minimum (all) (9). Maximum (all) (9). Height, maxi- Bread tilt mum* cm. 3.2 3.17 2.9 3.35 cm. 2.27 2.24 2. 05 2.4 Breadth- height index 70.8 70.7 Lett Number of speeimen.s (H) (12) (12) (12) Height, maxi- mum cm. 3.2 Breadth 3.17 3 3. 35 cm. 2.29 2.3 2. 15 2.55 Breadth- height index 71.6 72.7 t)5. 2 79.7 Average (11). Minimum (11). Maximum (U). 1 2.86 2.11 73.8 1 2. SO 2.11 73.8 2.t) 1. 95 tW.9 3. 05 2.4 80 (11) 2.84 2.06 (13) 2.8ti 2. 08 (13) 2.*) 1.9 (13) 3 2.3 72.6 73 70 78. ti * Lower (proximal) branch of the calipers applied to the most prominent parts of the inferior surface of the bone. t Breadth minimum, in middle of lx)ne, upper branch of calipers resting on both lips of the scaphoid facet: the only practical)Ie breadth in all .specimens. A comparison of the internal cuneiform in the Munsee and in tlie United States whites shows the bone in both sexes of the latter to be greater in height as well as in breadth. But, as indicated by the indexes, this bone m the whites is in general also relatively higher than in the Indians, as the result of which we have a lower index in the whites in both sexes. This reveals another mteresting difference in the osteology of the two groups, which may prove to be of definite racial significance. Tlie relatively greater narrowness of the mternal cuneifoiin in the female than in the nnde is eciually well pronounced in the whites ttiid in the Munsee, and is probably a universal characteristic. XC. THE INTERNAL CUNEIFORM IN THE MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES Males Females Speci- mens Height Breadth Breadth- height index Speci- mens Height Breadth Breadth- heiLlit index (21) (50) cm. 3.17 3.48 cm. 2.28 2.43 71.8 69.9 (24) (37) cm. 2.8«S 3.10 cm. 2.10 2.21 ,.1. 1 71. 1 In descriptive features the internal cuneiform of the Munxc «>ircrs only minor differences from that of the whites. Tliere seems to be present in the Indians, however, a somewhat greater tendency towaid the occurrence of a double anterior or metatarsal facet. Two (hstmct 106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 facets are present in five of the 45 Munsee bones (11 per cent), as against only one in the 87 bones of thewliites (1.1 percent). On the other hand, an approach to two facets (hour-glass shape, or a division of the one facet by a ridge) occurs in the Munsee in a little more than 13 per cent of the specimens, and in the wliites in a little more than 10 per cent. External and Middle Cuneiforni The external and middle cuneiform bones in the Munsee resemble closely those of the whites, but average slightly smaller in size. Among 35 external cuneiforms, 10, or approximately 30 per cent, show absence of the facet for the fourth metatarsal, and one an ab- sence of both facets for the second metatarsal. As to the middle cuneiform, the central ligamentous depression on its medial surface, and especially the canal ruim^ing downward from this, are characteristic features of the Indian bone and are more pro- nounced in both sexes than is the average in whites. Summary of Measurements and Observations on Parts of the Munsee Skeleton other than the Skull The bones of the Munsee skeleton agree closely, in a general way, with those of other Eastern Indians. Contrasted with those of whites they present many close resemblances, but also certain marked differ- ences, one of which being that they are less stout. Humerus. — The mean length of the humerus is in no way excep- tional. In the female this bone is relatively long. Tlie right and left humeri are of the same length in males, but the left is slightly shorter than the right in females. The shaft is flatter than in whites, in consec[uence of which the shaft index is lower. The ])readth or antero-posterior diameter of the shaft of the right bone is greater than that of the left, while the thickness is practically the same. Tlie shape of the shaft is frec|uently plano-convex (juvenile). Perforation of the septum exists in 22 per cent of the males and in 59 per cent of the females. Of the supracondyloid process there are only slight traces. Radius. — The radius is decidedly long in the Munsee in relation to the humerus in both sexes, the result of which is a high radio-humeral index. The right and left radii are of equal length in males, but, as with the humerus, the left radius averages slightly shorter in the females. JJlna. — The ulna presents nothing exceptional; it is shorter on the right in females, as in the case of the radius. FeTYiur. — The form of the femur is generally ordinary. The length corresponds to the average statui'e of 167 cm. in males and 156 cm. in females. Hur.i.iLKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE ]()7 The excess pf maximum oYcr bicoiulylar length is greater than in whites, huheating greater obhquity of axis. The rehition in length of the female femur to that of the male is very neai'ly the same as in whites; and the same applies to the relation of the femoral to hum(>ral length. At the middle of its shaft the femur is slightly l)roader on the riflit side than on the left, in consequence of which the shaft index is hiirJior on the left. This index is decidedly smaller in both sexes of the Munsee than in whites, owing to the lesser breadth of the shaft in the Indian. The subtrochanteric flattening is quite pronounced, giving a pla- tymeric index considerably below that of the whites, but agreeinf' with that in other Indians. Tlie index is lower on tlie l(>ft side than on the right, and slightly higher in females than in males. The shape of the shid't is most frequently the ordinary prismatic. The elliptic type is rare. Cylmdrical and four-surface types are ubsent. The third trochanter in some form and degree exists in more tlian two-thirds of the bones, but is rarely pronounced. Tibia. — The female Munsee tibia is not only absolutely Init also relatively shorter than that of males; nevertheless, in both sexes tlie bone is relatively longer than in whites, in consequence of which the tibio-femoral index is high. Platycnem}" is infrequent ; in the females the shaft is stout in many instances. In the shape of the shaft there is a frequency of the four- surface type. Fibula. — The shape of the (ibula is most frequently lati'ral j)ris- matic or fluted. Clavicles. — The clavich^ in tlu^ female is relatively short. The right clavicle is slightly longer than the left in the males, shorter in the females. Sternum. — Tlie manu})rium is generally detached; tlu* bone is of moderat(^ dimensions; frequent minor asymmetries; rib facets irr(>gu- lar in number. Curvature and measurements moderate; sternum of female rc^latively shorter. Scapula.— r[\Q scapula Is smaller than that of ordinary whites, especially in height. Scapular index high, showing the bone to be relatively broad, particularly in tlie femides. Infraspinous index jdso high, even by comparison with that in otlier Indians. The shape of the body is mostly quadrilateral or pentagonal. 'Hie superior border is frequently semilunar. The scapular notch in the males is often deep or converted into a foramen. 7?^j,i.!rKAl PlIVSICAh AXTIIK,OPOLO(;V of THE LKNAPfcl IH examination and ivnieasurenient of some of the same specimens, tlic sexual identification, as well as the measurements, were too faulty to warrant their use in this report. During the same year there appeared .1 List of the Specimens in the Anatomical Collections of the United States Army Medical Museum, by Dr. George A. Otis, wliieh gav(> measurements of lumdreds of American crania, inchuhng a num- ber from the Eastern states; but these measurements also in many in- stances were made imperfectly, so that the records can not })e ]irof- itably utihzed. Flower's Catalogue gives the measurements of one Mohawk skull. Mrchow, in his Crania Ethnca Amencana, includes no specimen from the central or northern states })ordering on the Atlantic. In 1899 Dr. Frank Russell' published some o])servati()ns and measurements on Inthan crania, among which were incluiled a numlier from the New England states, more particularly from Massa- chusetts: and finalh', in 1902, the writer published his Crania of Trenton,- wliich gave m(>asurements of all the Lenape skulls, as well as those of some other Eastern Indians, then known. =* All the specimens described by the American authors above men- tioned and that could still be located (which was possil^le in a large majority of the cases), were reexamined, consequently the following records are based solely on the measurements and o])servations by the present A\Titer. Important adtUtional Huron material, which it was found impracticable to include in these studies, exists in the museum of Laval University at Quebec and in the Provincial Museum at Toronto. The 283 crania here included are not distributed evenh' over the Atlantic states. There are fairly representative series from eastern Canada, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia, but only a few specimens from Connecticut, and very few from Dehxware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The climatic conditions and the soil of the more southerly of these states are not favorable to tlie preser- vation of skeletal remains, wliich, moreover, were probably ]u>ver very abundant. Furthermore, many of the specimens avaihibl(< for examination were found more or less damaged, so that iu)t all the important measurements could be obtained. Owing to thes<' con- ditions the present study must necessarily leave many points for future corroboration or correction; however, the results obtaiiunl ' AmeTican Naluralisl, 1899, p. 33. * BuUetin Amer. yfuxeum of Natural History, xvi, pp. 23-62. 3 Just as this memoir is about to ^o to the printer, there appears a study, by Marian Vera Knight, on The Craniometry of Southern \ew England Indian.'' ( Yalo Univ. I'ress. 1915, iv, pp. l-3ii, 9 pi.;, eonstituting areport on approximately 90 skulls, many of them imperfect, from Massachusetts and Uhode Island. A majority of the specimens are those that ha ve already been studied by Can- and Russell , and more esiH'cial ly by the present writer. The results agree closely with those shown in tliis report . ulthouph Miss Knight includes some specimens that may safely Im? regarded as extraneous, and has not been entirely fortunate in the matter of some of her measuremeats and comparisons. 112 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 shed much light on the physical characteristics and relations of the Eastern Indians. As above noted, the collections included cover the territory from southeastern Canada to Virginia, and, roughly speaking, from the easternmost lakes and the Appalachian mountains to the Atlantic. From northward and northwestward of this region skeletal material is scarce, and the same is true of the Southern states until we reach Florida: while to the westward the conditions are more complex and will best form part of a separate discussion. The entire region covered by the collections, with a single exception, is characterized by a complete absence of both intentional and cradle- board deformation of the skull; the exception applies to the Munsee, among whom prevailed to a moderate extent the practice of frontal (fronto-occipital) compression. As this practice was very general to the southward and southwestward of the section here involved and was completely absent elsewhere beyond its boundaries, its occurrence among the Munsee, oven to a limited extent, indicates that this tribe had some close connection in those directions, in which respect it differs from the rest of the Lenape. The well-known accession to the tribe, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, of some Shawnee, whose home was to the southwestward as far as Kentucky and Tennessee, may, as already suggested, explain this occurrence. A consequential result of the study of the Eastern crania here included is that they all belong to one and the same fundamental type, which we now know in the northeast as that of the Algonquian and Iroquois, in the west as the Shoshonean, farther south as the Piman- Aztec, and in South America as the Andean, ''Lagoa Santa," or Pampas type. However, in the territory under consideration, as elsewhere, this type is far from being homogeneous, differing some- times in an important way almost from tribe to tribe. The differences are evidently due partly to intermixture with the other or brachy- cephalic Americaii type and partly to locally developed or per- petuated variations. In the several series of skulls here dealt with there is plain evidence of admixture in the majority of the groups, which, though mostly shght, increased from the north to the south. This admixture con- sists uniformly of brachycephalic elements, in some localities males, in others females, which doubtless were derived from farther west, southwest, and south. There are only four groups from which such admixture is absent, namely, those from Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Long Island. The conditions in this respect are pre- sented in the following table: HRDLK-KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 113 XCr. PRESENCE OF BRACITiTEPHALIC IXDIVIDrALS AMONG EASTERN TRIBES Males Females Tribe or district Skulls examined Brachyceph- alsin the group Skulls examined Braohyceph- alsin the group Huroiis of southeastern Canada 15 6 2 5 g Maine New Hampshire 1 ■'■") Massachusetts 14 i 10 3 7 6 10 11 6 30 Rhode Island 1 <• 1 Connecticut New York: 18 3 Manhattan Island 1 Long Island 5 3 13 2:5 4 32 Staten Island 2 Munsee Other Lenapc 3 2 4 3 Maryland Virginia 4 Total 138 *15 145 tlo ' 10.9 per cent. 1 10.3 per cent. Ill all those casos the ])rachycephaly, and frcqiuuitly other fixtures of the skidls, \vcrc such that thoy coukl not possibly be attributable to a mer(; fluctuation of the prevalent type. Tlio individuals whom such spccmiens rcj^rcscnt were probably recent accretions by the tril)es throujjjh marriage or adoption. Other increments of similar natui'e doubtless occurred in the past, and, blending more or less thorouglily with the tribes, modified the physi- cal ty])es of these to a grc^ater or less extent. It is evidently due to this influence; that, as will be showii later, the more southerly tribes of the region under consideration —those which were nearest the more westerly, southwesterly, and southerly brachyccj^hals — show a higher cranial index than the more northerly anil purer tril)es. The principal numerical results of the measurements derived from the Eastern Indian crania are given at the end of tliis sec- tion. These may be summarized briefly: The type is charac- terized by marked to moderate doUchocephaly in the males, and by moderate dolichocephaly to mesocephaly in the; females: ])y medium to high vault, with occasionally a low forehead: by good size of the skull as a whole, and lack of unusual thickness of its bones; by moderately high to high face, the latter esjiecially fre- quent in the males; by moderate, seldom great, breadth of face; by considerably varying orbital dimensions and index, witli a pre- dominance of mesoseme forms, but reaching, even in the averages, from microseme to megaseme; by the frequency of moderate size in the nasal aperture; by variable nasal mdex, with a largo prodomi- 17135°— Bull. 62—16 8 114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 nanco, however, of the mesorhiiiic form; by a rather short palate in many instances; and by a moderate degree of facial as well as of alveolar prognathism. Cranial Index The distribution of the most important characteristic of the skulls, the cranial index, will be more clearly apparent from the next table. Owing to the paucity of crania in some of the series, there are irregularities between the males and females of the same group, and the position of the different groups in the line is probably not in every case correct. Nevertheless, certain conditions are clearly brought out. It is seen on the whole that the doUchocephaly decreases in a slight ratio from the north to the south; but its lower extreme is found on Long Island, Staten Island, and Manhattan Island, New York. The crania from these three localities show striking resem- blances, and though there are also certain differences, the conclusion seems to be justified that they belong to one group. It has been suggested ^ that the Indians of Staten Island were a branch of the Lenape, but the evidence offered by the skeletal remains gives no corroboration of this. There may have been Lenape women, or even some Lenape admixture, in the Staten Island tribe, but the crania of the men show almost uniformly distinct features which identify them clearly with the Indians of Manhattan Island and Long Island. XCII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: CRANIAL INDEX Long Island Manhattan Island Staten Island Connecticut Maine Massachusetts Southeastern Canada New York State Maryland Rhode Island New Jersey (Heye collection) New Jersey (earlier) Virginia Males Number of specimens (7) (2) W (4) (6) (14) (14) (19) (4) (6) (4) (6) (27) Index 71). 7 71.7 71.7 72.4 72.7 72.8 73.4 73.5 73.6 73.7 73.9 74. (i 75.5 Females Number of specimens (5) (1) (3) (4) (6) (25) (5) (15) (4) (5) (5) (19) (28) 74. 3 71.8 75.4 74.6 74.7 74.7 76.9 74.8 74.0 75.6 75.8 75.1 76.3 There is remarkable similarity in the average index of the crania of all the more northerly states as far as New Jersey. The Indians of both sexes from Maine and Massachusetts are particularly close in • See A. Skinner in The Indians of Greater New York and the I>ower Hudson, edited by Clark Wissler, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, la, 1909. hrduOka] physical ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LKNAPE 115 this respect, and, as will be seen later, these two groups, wWdv not entirely homogeneous, show many other close similarities. The most important result is that shoAvn by the crania from south- eastern Canada, which are ahnost entirely Huron or Iroquois; and by the specimens from New York State, which also are largely of Iroquois derivation. The Iroquois, as is well knowm, are regarded as a Unguis- tic stock distinct from the Algonquian, though there are some lexical resemblances in the two languages. But the measurements of the skulls of representatives of the two stocks show no such distinction. In fact, the Iroquois occupy, with reference to nearly all important cra- nial featm-es, more or less of a median position among the Algonquian groups, and there is no basis on which they can legitumitely be segregated as belonging to any different physical group of In(Hans. It is quite possil)le that some of the Iroquois tribes may have been derived, in smaller or larger part, from other peoples of the westward or the southwestward, or that in course of time they became mixed with such; but the greater proportion of the Iroquois can henceforth be no more separated in physical anthropology from the Algonquians than can any of the subgroups of the latter. Another important result of tliesc studies reflates to the LcTuipe. The Munsee and other D(>laware Indian skulls, while nearing (and in the case of females slightly surpassing) the upper limits of dolic-ho- cephaly, are nevertheless sufTicic^ntly closely related to the crania from the neighboring states to show that the Munsee, and the Lenape as a whole, were in all probability only subdivisions of the eastern Algonquians. Resemblances in other important features of the skull, as well as of the skeleton, make tliis conclusion quite delhiite, thus ehminating the theory of the migration of the Lenape from beyond the Mississippi, for if such were the case, they could scarcely fit so precisely into the anthropological position they occupy Ix^tween the neighboring tribes. Yet, as previously mentioned, there is some evi- dence, especially that afTord(>d by the Munsee, that the Leiuijx' liad some comiection, prol)abl3' earlier as well as n^cent, with trib(>s living southwestward from the Appalachian mountains. From the limited Pennsylvania material it appears tiiat the eastern lowlands were occupied by Indians of the ^Ugoniiuian or Lenap(> type, while in the more westerly parts i)rachycephaly was frecpient if not common. As to the Virginia Algon(piians, they sliow the highest cranial in- dexes of all the groups here considered, and had doubtless considera- ble foreign blood, derived from the west or the south. It would be interesting to compare tlie ^'irginia Indians with the Siouan tribes, to which they seem to bear close affinity. 116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 Height of Skull Next to the cranial index, the most important feature of the vault of the skuU is its height, and the Eastern crania, as already stated, are characterized by good to pronounced development in this direction. The averages of the measurements, and those of the ordi- nary height-length and height-breadth indexes, will be found in the final tables, but none of these are very satisfactory for showing the true value of this dimension, which on the one hand is proportionate to the size of the skull, and on the other stands in a more or less com- pensatory relation with both the length and breadth of the vault. It has long been felt by the writer that some expression of the real relative value of the height measurement was required, and this need led him ultimately to compare it not with the very variable length or breadth of the skull, but with the mean of these two measurements. The resultant index, which may be called simply the height index of the vault, gives us a new means of comparison and classification of the skull and promises to prove much more satisfactory than the two older indexes. In the Eastern crania here described, it ranges from 83 to ahnost 90, and the arrangement of the various tribes on its basis is harmonious and of considerable interest. The main points brought out by the index are as follow : In the northernmost tribes the height of the skull is on the whole relatively lower than in those farther south. The Munsee and other Lenape crania agree with those of the more northerly groups, but differ somewhat from each other, the skulls in the Heye collection being in both sexes perceptibly lower than those of the other Lenape. The Staten Island, Manhattan Island, and Long Island skidls are again grouped, so far as the more important male skulls are con- cerned, antl are all high. Of the Virginia collections, the first series, from various eastern locaHties, shows a medium height or slightly above; but the Valentine collection, from a more westerly part of the state, ^ gives in both sexes the highest index of all the groups, showing the greatest relative height and indicating that this group had been subjected to influences which did not affect equally the Indian population of other parts of the state. • For details concerning this collection, see Report of the Exploration of the Hayes Creek Mound, Rockbridge County, Virginia, Puhl. Valentine Museum, Richmond (ca. 1S92). HROLicKA] PHYSICAL AXTHROPOLOGV OF THE LENAPE XCIII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: HEIGHT INDEX* ir Maine New Jersey (Heye collection) . . New York Southeastern Canada Massachusetts Rhode Island , New Jersey (earlier) Virginia (miscellaneous) Connecticut Staten Island Manhattan Island Long Island Virginia (Valentine collection). Number of specimens (6) (■») (19) (14) (14) (6) (6) (12) (4) W (2) (V) (15) ES 1 1 \i \ - Index .s;3 Number of specimens (ll as other Lenape skulls, stand with those of Rhode Island at the lower end of the scale, showing tlie smallest heads, although the Indians of these localities were not tribes of smaller stature than most of the other Eastern Indians. The more northerly Algonquians (with the exception of (hose of Rhode Island) and the Iroquois, occupy a median position. In the Virginia tribes the size of the skull ranges from medium to slightly above in the more easterly, but slightly below medium in the moiv^ westerly tribes. The crania from Manhattan, Long Island, and Staten Island are again grouped and occupy the highest position in the series, showing the largest heads; but they were also among th(> tallest, if not the tallest, of the Eastern Indians. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY XCIV. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: CRANIAL MODULE [boll, 62 Males Nupiber of specimens Cranial module Females Number of specimens Cranial module Rhode Island New Jersey (earlier) New Jersey (Heye collection). Virginia (Valentine collection) Southeastern Canada Maine Connecticut Massachusetts Virginia (miscellaneous) New York State Manhattan Island Long Island Staten Island (6) C-t) (-) (11) (14) (6) (2) (12) (6) (17) (2) (5) W cm. 15.22 15. 33 15. 44 15.46 15. 48 15. 55 15. 55 15.56 15.58 15.62 15.67 15.71 16.04 W (14) (9) (13) (5) (5) (3) (22) (2) (U) (1) (5) (3) cm. 14. 84 14.64 14.75 15.0 14.77 14.92 14.84 14.72 14.74 14.71 14.93 14.91 14.73 XCV. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: VAULT* MALES Group Num- ber of speci- mens Length Breadth Height Cra- nial mod- ule Cra- nial index Height- lent; th index Height- lireadth index Cra- nial capac- ity Thick- ness left pari- etal Southeastern Can- ada (14) (6) (14) (6) W (19) (2) (") (^) (fi) (7) (1) (-t) (12) (1.^) cm. 18. 84 19.1 18.93 18.43 18. 65 19 19. 05 19.1 19. 5 18. 5 19. 05 (19) 19.2 18.6 18.2 cm. 13.82 13.9 13.78 13. 58 13.5 13.97 13. 65 13.5 14 1.3.8 14.1 (14) 14. 15 14 13. 75 cm. 13.78 13.7 13.94 1.3.65 13.9 13.92 14.3 14. 3f) 14. 66 1.3.9 1.3.9 cm. 15. 48 1.5. 55 1.5. 56 15. 22 15. 55 15. 62 15. 67 15. 71 16. 04 1.5. 33 15. 44 7.3.4 72.7 72.8 73.7 72.4 73.5 71.7 70.7 71.7 74.6 73.9 (-3. 7) 73.6 73.1 71.9 73.5 74.1 73.5 73.6 75.1 74.9 t.5.2 75. 8 73.1 99.7 98.8 101 100.5 100.4 99.5 104.8 105. 7 104.9 101. 2 98.9 c. c. mvi. Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York State Manhattan Island. . Long Island Staten Island New Jersey (earlier) New Jersey (Heye collection) 1.544 5 Maryland (13.6) 14.1 14.35 (1.5. .57) 15..5,S 1.5. 46 (71.6) 76.2 79 (96.5) 99.3 Virginia (miscella- Virginia (Valentino collection) 103.2 ♦Measurements in parentheses are derived from a single specimen. HRDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LRNAPE 119 XCV. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: V.VULT-Continued FEMALES Group Num- ber of speci- mens Length Breadth Height Cra- nial mod- ule Cra- nial index Height- length index l)readth index ('r;i- nial capac- ity Thick- ness left pari- etal Southeastern Can- ada (5) (6) (1) (25) (5) (1.5) (1) (5) (3) (21) (9) (4) {') (21) cm. 17. 55 18.1 (17.8) 17.7 17.8 17.85 17.8 (18.1) 18.1 17.7 17.6 17.6 18.1 17.7 17.75 cm. 13.5 13.5 (12.6) 13.2 13. 45 13.3 13.3 (13) 13.45 13.4 1.3.2 13.4 13.4 13. 5 13.6 cm. 13.3 13.2 cm. 14.77 14.92 76.9 74.7 (70. 8) 74.7 7.5.6 74.6 74.8 (71. 8) 74.3 75.4 7.5.1 75.8 74 76 76.4 75.7 73.4 98.3 97.8 c. c. mm. Maine New Hampshire. . . Massachusetts 13.3 13.5 13.3 13 (13. 7) 13. 25 13. 1 13.1 12.9 1.3.3 1.3.6 14.72 14.84 14.84 14.71 (14.93) 14.91 14.73 14.64 14.75 (14.87) 14.74 15 75. 5 76.6 74.9 72.5 (75.7) 73.2 73.9 74.9 73.1 (70.1) 75 76.9 100.9 Rhode Island 100.2 98.8 96.6 (105. 4) 98.0 98 97 96.4 (97) UK). 7 90 Connecticut New York State Manhattan Island. . Long Island Staten Island New Jersey (earlier) New Jersey (Heye collection) Maryland 1326 128.5 4.3 Virginia (miscella- neous) Virginia (\'alentine collection) Facial Measurements HEIGHT OF THE FACE The height of the face stands largely, though not absolutely, in correlation with the length of the head, a f(niture Avhich becomes apparent also in our series. The collections from more westerly Vir- ginia and the Lenape groups, all of which show rather short (Tania, give also the shortest faces. Maine and Massachusetts follow, ^v^th Rhode Island and New York. The Indians of Staten Island, Long Island, and Manhattan Island, so far as the males are concerned, all find a place in the upper half of the series, with long faces, and the same is true of the few more easterly Virginia specimens in which the face could be measured, and of the males of southeastern Canada. The latter, with those of Manhattan Island, occupy the up|>er limit of the scale. The females throughout show more uniformity than the males in their measurements. HKKADTH OF THE FACE The breadth of the face, as measured by the diameter l)izygomatic ma.ximum, stands in a measure in correlation with tlie breadth of tlie head, but as it depends very largely on tlie degree of development of the temporal muscles and as a pronounced development of these muscles, while broadening the zygomatic arches, tends at the same 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 time to restrict the development of the skull in breadth, there are many irregularities in this correlation. In our series, Rhode Island, Maine, Massachusetts, and Connecticut occupy the lowest positions in the scale, showing faces that for Indians are decidedly narrow. Among the Lenape the faces are about medium, and the same is true of the more westerly Virginians. On Manhattan Island and Staten Island the f.ace was well above the medium in breadth, but not so on Long Island, although the somewhat exceptional position of the Long Island Indians in this respect may be accidental. The Indians of southeastern Canada and New York State, as well as some of the Virginia Indians, had faces decidedly broader than the averages of those of the northeastern states bordering on the Atlantic. Comparing the average facial breadth with facial height, it is seen that in most of the tribes noted the two measurements occupy a similar position in the scale, the narrow faces being also short, and vice versa; but there are several exceptions. XCVI. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE Prosthion-nasion height Group New Jersey (Heye col- lection) New Jersey (earlier) . . Virginia (Valentine collection) Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York State Staten Island Virginia (miscellane- ous) Long Island Southeastern Canada. Manhattan Island Males Num- ber of speci- mens (7) (-1) (3) (8) (3) (10) (3) (2) (■I) (7) (2) P.-N 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4. 7.4 7. 45 7.5 7.8 7.95 Females Num- ber of speci- mens (5) (11) (5) (4) (15) W (2) (11) (2) (4) P.-N. 6.9 6.8 6.9 6.8 7 7.1 6.85 6.9 6.5 7 6.75 Diameter bizygomatic maximum Group Rliode Island Maine Massachusetts Connecticut Long Island Virginian (Valentine collection) New Jersey (earlier). . New Jersey (Heye col- lection) New York State Eastern Canada Manhattan Island Staten Island Virguiia (miscellane- ous) Males Num- ber of speci- mens (0) (2) (') (2) W W (7) (13) (9) (1) (3) (2) D. biz. max. cm. 13.35 13.45 13.7 13.8 13. 85 13.9 14.05 14.1 14.3 14.7 14.7 Females Num- ber of speci- mens (3) W (S) (2) (-1) (0) (9) («) (9) (•^) (2) D. biz. max. cm. 13 12.95 12.7 12.3 12. 95 13.1 12.7 12. S 13.1 12.6 Orbits While describing, in 1902, the skulls of the more easterly Lenape, the writer was impressed by the occasional appearance of very low orbits, and considered at the time the possibility of this feature being characteristic of the tribe. The present examuiation shows, hbdli^kaJ PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOOY OF THE LENAPE 121 however, that remarkably low orbits were frequent amouo; sojuo of the tribes of the eastern Algonquians, and that tlie Munsee and Lenape skulls occupy, with respect to the average or})it{il index, only a median position. The lowest orbits in the mean were found among the males of Long Island and of the Nortli Atlantic states. Maine and Massachusetts again stand exc(MHliiigly close together, with fairly low indexes, while Maidiattan Island and Stat en Island are about medium. The females of Staten Island show in this, as in other respects, a lack of harmony with the males, with lowiu- index. The highest orbits are found in the skidls from south- eastern Canada and Rhode Island, and in both of the series from Virginia. On the whole, the extensive variation of tlie absolute and relative dimensions of the orbits among the eastern Algonquians (and Iroquois) is very remarkable. Its chief cause in the males is the unequal development of the supraorbital ridges; in tlie females, excepting in two or three groups, the proportions and indexes are more nearly alike. XCVII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE Group Long Island Connecticut Maine Ma.ssachusetts New York State Manhattan Island New Jersey (earlier).. New Jersey (Heye col- lection) Staten Island Southeastern Canada. X'irginia (Valentine collection) Virginia (miscellane- ous) Rhode Island Orliital index Males Num- ber of speci- mens (5) (2) W (10) (l(i) (2) (7) (3) (10) (10) (6) O.I. 82.6 84.6 80.2 86.3 86.8 87.4 Females Num- ber of speci- mens O.I. 87.5 87.6 87.8 88.9 90 (.->) 87.4 (3) 92.1 (-1) 86.2 (2) 88.8 (13) 88.6 (1) 87.8 (13) 87.2 (7) 91.7 (3) 83 (5) 89. .5 (G) m C2) 8.-).0 (5) 89 Group Manhattan Island Maine Long Island Coiuiecticut Southeastern Canada. Massachusetts Virginia (miscellane- ous) New Jersey (earlier) . . New Jersey (Heye collection) New York State Rhode Island Staten Island Virginia (Valentine collection) Nasal index Males Num- ber of speci- mens (2) (■1) (•^') (2) (S) (10) (3) (IS) (6) (3) (8) N.L 44.9 4.^ 6 46.7 49 49.1 49.7 r,i. 1 51.8 52. 5 5.!. 1 Females Num- ber of .speci- mens N.I. (1) (■^) (2) (-<) (20) (1) (13) (9) (13) (•■■') (3) .50 49 .54. 7 .53. 4 19.5 52 51.5 52. 9 53.2 52.1 .54.4 Nasal Index Among the Eastern Indians, the nose, as already mciitionctl, is in general relatively small, and the aperture i)res(!nts often fairly sharp bonlers, an exceptional feature among Indians of most other parts of the continent. The nasal aperture, or moiv prop Long Island (2) 116.5 117.3 120.7 74 Southeastern Canada. . (3) (5) (2) 115. 8 120.5 121.2 71 New Jersey (Ileye col- Virginia (Valentine 74 (3) 76 Prognathism Facial prognathism did not differ very greatly in the different groups, yet there is a p('rcepti])le tendency toward a greater orthog- nathy among Indians of tlie northeastern states and Canada, and to somewhat greater protrusion among those of Long Island and Staten Island, the Munsee, and the Virginians of the Valentine collection. Alveolar prognathism (see table for details) was most HRDLir'KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 123 proiioimced on Manhattan Island, Long Island, and Staton Island; east among the New York Indians and among thoso of soulli- eastern Canada, ^faine, and Massachusetts. It is evident from the data presented above, that the eastern Algonquian (and Iroquois) Indians, while essentially of one type, approached purity of type nmch more in the northeastern Atlantic states and in southeastern Canada than farther south. It is further plain that the stock presented junnerous and occasionally marked localized or tribal as well as individual variations, and that in several of the states, and possibly even in Rhode Island, it was modified more or less by admixture with individuals of both sexes from across the Appalachians or the south. A locally differentiated group wliich in many respects already stood more or less a])art from the neighboring tribes and was also characterized especially by more than average development, is the cluster of tribes of Maidiattan Island, Long Island, and Staten Island. The Munsee and other Lenape stand in close relation in many important respects, though they exhibit also some differences; and both of them, as already shown, agree with the rest of the eastern Algonquians, more especially with their immediate neighbors to the north and south. The tables of detail measurements of the Eastern Indian ci-ania foUow. XCIX. EASTERN INDLVN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS) MALES Group Soutlioiistern Canada Maine Massachusetts lihode Island Connecticut New York State Manhattan Island I^ong Island Staten Island New Jersey (Heye collection) Maryland Virginia (niiscellaneous) Virginia (Valentine collec- tion) Number of speci- mens (") (3) (S) (3) (2) (10) (2) W (3) (7) (2) w Upper height Facial breadth cm. 11.1 13. 4") 13.7 13. 3.") 13.8 14.05 (l-i.3) 13.8.1 14.7 13.9 13. Ki Facial index, upper 51. (54. 54 50. 51. Number of speci- men.s (10) (1) (10) (ti) (2) (16) (2) (0) (3) (") (1) (7) (10) Height Breadth Index cm. 3.47 3. 3H 3.43 3. 5 3. 2.^1 .3.4 3.47 3. 3 3. 4S 3.4 (3.48) 3. .'>.■> cm. 3. ;m 3.9 3.90 3.9 3.S 3.9 3.97 4 4 3.9 (3.9H) 4 87.8 80.2 80.3 90 84.6 86. S 87.4 82.6 87.6 87. 5 (87.4) KS.9 124 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 62 XCIX. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS)— Continued FEMALES Group Southeastern Canada Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York State Manhattan Island Long Island Staten Island New Jersey (earlier) New Jersey (Heye collec- tion) Virginia (miscellaneous) Virginia (Valentine collec- tion) •. Number of speci- mens Upper height (5) (■1) (15) (4) (2) (11) (4) (2) (11) (5) cm. 6.75 6.8 7 7.1 6.85 6.9 (5) 7 6.5 6.8 6.9 Facial breadth cm. 12.6 12.95 12.7 13 12.3 13.1 12.95 12.65 12.7 Facial index, upper 52.9 52.7 56.2 55.2 55.7 52.9 53.1 (51.6) 53 Number of speci- mens Orbits Height Breadth Cm. cm. (5) 3.38 3.78 (4) 3.28 3.81 (21) 3.36 3.79 (5) 3.45 3.87 (3) 3.32 3.6 (13) 3.35 3.8 (1) (3. 25) (3.7) (5) 3.26 3.73 (3) 3.19 3.84 (13) 3.38 3.87 (7) 3.4 3.72 (2) 3.2 3.8 (fi) 3.31 3.72 89.5 86.2 88.8 89 92.1 88.6 (87. 8) 87.4 83 87.2 91.7 85.6 C. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS) MALES Number of speci- mens Nose Index Number of speci- mens Palate Group Height Breadth Height Breadth Index Southeastern Canada Maine (4) (10) (ft) (2) (15) (2) (5) (3) (V) (1) (3) (9) cm. 5.46 5.1 5.2 5 5 5.3 5.9 5.3 5.1 5.1 (5.4) 5.4 5. 23 cm. 2.7 2.3 49.1 45. 6 (4) (3) (5) (1) cm. 5. 8 5.8 5. 75 CO cvi. 6.8' 6. (1 6. 5 (7.3) 117.3 113. S Massachusetts 2.6 49.7 113.2 Rhode Island 2. 65 2.45 2.75 2. ()5 ,52.5 49 51. 8 44.9 (121.7) New York State (2) (2) 5. 95 6.05 6. 9 6. 85 116 Manhattan Island 113. 2 2.47 46.7 2. 7 1 53. 1 Stateh Island . . . (2) 5. 75 5.6 6.7 6.8 116.5 New Jersey (ITeye collection) . 2.;. 4 49. 5 .52.1 54. 7 53. 2 49 .54.4 51.5 52.9 (.52) 54.3 (3) (4) (8) (•i) cm. 5.3 5.6 5.5 5. 6 cm. 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.5 llo.S U.5.8 . 11.5.4 116.1 Maine Rhode Island Connecticut New York State (1) (5.5) (7) (127.3) Long Island Staten Island New Jersey (earlier) (2) (5) 5.2 5.25 6.3 6.35 joi 2 New Jersey ( Heyc collect ion) . Virginia (miscellaneous) 120.5 Virginia (\'alentinecollcction) (6) (5) 5.5 6. 4 116.4 CI. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS) MALES (Jroup Southeastern Canada.. Manic Miissachusctts Rhode Island Connecticut New York State Manhattan Island Long Island Staten Island New Jersey (Ileyc col- lection) Maryland Virginia (miscellane- ous) Virginia (Valentine col- lection) Number of speci- mens (H) (6) (12) (6) (4) (16) (2) (1) (2) (S) (2) (12) (14) Diameter frontal min- imum cm. 9.7 9.35 9.5 9.6 9.1 9.5 9.5 (9.3) 9.2 9.4 9.9 9.5 9.7 Number of speci- mens Basion- pros- thion cm. 10.6 (10.4) 10.4 10.5 10. 5 (11) lit. 3 10. 7 9.9 Basion subnasal point cm. 9.3 (9.1) 9.2 9.1 9.4 (10.2) 9.5 9..S (10.2) 9.6 (10.2) 9.2 Basion nasion cm. in. 7 111.8 10. 7 10.3 10.3 10.6 11.2 10. s 11.2 10. 3 (10.8) 10.6 10.6 Angle of facial prog- nathism (75) 73 69 .\ngl(> of alveolar jirdt;- nathism 71 (72. ,5) 74 (74) (71) 53 (551 5^ 5s. o 54 (64) 64 62 (54) 126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 CI. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS)— Continued FEMALE.S Group Number of speci- mens Southeastern Canada Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York State Long Island Staten Island New Jersey (earlier) New Jersey (Heye collec- tion) Maryland Virginia (miscellaneous)... Virginia (Valentine collec- tion) W (0) (23) (4) (3) (13) (ry) (3) (7) (9) (3) («) (IS) Diameter frontal min- imum cm. 9.2 9.3 9 9.4 8.9 8.95 9 9.2 9.2 9 9.1 9.1 Number of speci- mens (3) (3) (10) (2) (2) (11) (3) (1) (-1) (5) (5) Basion pros- thion cm. 9.6 9.9 II). 1 10.1 10. 2 9.9 10 (9.2) 9.8 Basion sub- nasal point cm. 8.9 9.1 9 8.7 (S..5) 9 (9) {X. 8) .6 (9.4) 8.9 Basion nasion cm. 9.9 10.2 10 10.2 9.8 10.1 10 9.9 9.9 10 (10. 1) (10.3) 10. 25 Angle of facial progna- thism 72 72 71 73 68 72. t 71 (75) 70 Angle of alveolar progna- thism 56 57 56.5 50 (51) 57.5 (59) 54 APPENDIX One of the most important conclusions reached in connection ^vith the studies dealt with in these pages is that of the physical identity of the Iroquois with the eastern Mgonquian tril)es. To test this con- clusion the writer subsequently examined the valua})le collection of Iroquois skeletal material in possession of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences/ consisting of 34 male and 22 female adult skidls, well identified and in good condition. The results of this additional study are given in the following tables and need little comment except that the conclusions presented in the body of this report as to the ph3'sical identity of the Iroquois and east(u-n iUgonquian peoples are fully verified. In every respect the measurements and indexes of tlie new series fit closely among those of the other Eastern tribes, and in not a single feature do they drop out of line or even equal tlie extremes of variation in the skeletal remains of the ti-ilx^s previously studied. In view of these facts the essential identity of the physical characters of the Iroquois and Algonquians, as determined by their skeletal remams, may, it seems, be regarded as definitely established. IJIOQUOLS AXl) MUST NEARLY RELATED EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA Male (\)nnecti<'ut (4) Maine (6) >rassachusetts (14) Iroquois (-34) Southeastern Canada (14) 73. 4 New York State (19) 73. 5 Marj-land (4) 73.6 Rhode Island (6) 73.7 Delaware (1) 73.7 New Jersey (Mnnsee) (4) 73. 9 CRANIAL INDKX Female 72.4 Connecticut (4) 72.7 Maine («) 72.8 Massachusetts (25) 7.tl Iroquois m Southeastern Canada New York State (15). Maryland (1). Long Island (5). Delaware 74.6 74.7 74.7 74.0 ■4.8 ■4.0 4. 3 Lenape (19). 75.1 HKIGHT-LEN'GTH INDEX Male Southeastern Canada (14) 73.1 Southeastern Canada (5) 75.7 Massachusetts (12) Connecticut (2) New York State (17) Iroquois m Rhode Island (6) New Jersey (7) Long Island (5) Staten Island (4) 73. 1 73. 5 73. 5 73. 6 74. 74. 1 74. 2 74. 9 75. 2 Female Massachusetts Connecticut New York State Iroquois Rhode Island New Jersey Long Island Staten Island (24). (3). (14). in). (20). (51 (3j. 75. 5 74.9 72.5 74.4 74.4 73. 2 73.9 1 Grateful acknowledgment for courtesies in this connection are e.xtended to Mr. Henry R. Howland, superintendent of the museum of this Society. 127 128 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 HEIGHT-BREADTH INDEX Male Female Southeastern Canada (14).. . . . 99. 7 Southeastern Canada (5).... . . 98. 3 Connecticut (2).. ... 100.4 Connecticut (3).... . . 98. 8 Rhode Lsland (0).. ... 100.5 Rhode Island (4).... .. 100.2 Iroquois (.y„>).. ... 101.0 Iroquois (£1).... . . 100. 5 Massachusetts (12).. ... 101.0 Massachusetts (22)... .. 100.9 New Jersey (earlier) (3) .. ... 101.2 New Jersey (earlier) (14).... . . 97. Virginia (all) (17).. ... 101.8 HEIGHT Virginia (all) INDEX (15).... . . 99. 2 (Hrdlidka) (H+B).^2 L Ilale Female Maine (6).. . . . 72. 3 Maine (5).... . . 74. 1 Long Island (5).. . . . 72. 8 Long Island (5).... . . 74. 1 Connecticut (2).. . . . 73. Connecticut (3).... . . 74. 7 Massachusetts (12).. . . . 73. 2 Massachusetts (22).... . . 75. 1 Southeastern Canada (14).. . . 73. 3 Southeastern Canada (5).... . . 76. 3 Manhattan Island (2).. ... 73.4 Manhattan Island (1)-... . . 73. 7 Staten Island (4).. . . . 73. 5 Staten Island (3).... . . 74. 6 New York State (17).. . . . 73. 6 New York State (14)... . . 73. 7 Iroquois (32) . . . . . 73. 6 Iroquois (21)... . . 74.2 Delaware (1).. (6).. . . 73. 7 . . . 73. 9 Delaware Rhode Island Rhode Island (4).... . . 76. 1 New Jersey (all) (17).. . . 74. 3 CRANIAL New Jersey (all) MODULE (20)... . . 74. 8 Male Female Rhode Island (6).. .. 15.22 Rhode Island (4)... .. 14.84 New Jersey (miscel.) (4).. .. 15.33 New Jersey (14)... .. 14.64 Iroquois (■«)-- .. 15.41 Iroquois (21)... .. 14. SO New Jersey (Munsee) (7).. .. 15.44 New Jersey (9)... . . 14. 75 Virginia (Valentine coll.) (11). . .. 15.46 Virginia (Valentine coll )(13)... .. 15.00 Southeastern Canada (14).. .. 15.48 Southeastern Canada (5)... .. 14.77 Maine (6).. .. 15.55 Maine (5)... .. 14.92 Connecticut (2).. .. 15.55 Connecticut (3).-. .. 14.84 Massachusetts (12).. .. 15.56 Massachusetts (22)... .. 14.72 face: nasion-prosthion height Male Massachusetts Rhode Island New York State Staten Island Iroquois Virginia (miscel.) Long Island Southeastern Canada (8) 7.4 (3) 7.4 (10) 7.4 (3) 7.45 (:.'.>) 7.45 (2) 7.5 (4) 7.5 (7) 7.8 Female Massachusetts Rhode Island New York State Staten Island Iroquois Virginia (miscel.) Long Island Southeastern Canada (15) 7.0 (4) 7.1 (11) 6.9 (2) 6.5 (1^) ''-0 (4) 7.0 (5) 6.75 HRDLlfKAj PHYSICAL AXTHKOl'OLOtJV OF TllK LF.XAPF. 129 Male Rhode Island (0) Maine (2) Massachusetts (7) Iroquois (24) Connecticut (2) Long Island (4) Virginia (Valentino coll.) {4). DlAMl-.TKH lUZYGOMATIC MAXIMLM 13. ?,:} 13. 45 13.7 1.3. 7.5 13.8 13.85 13.85 Female !lho.l." Island (3) Maine (4) Ma.-<-. 40. 7 50.6 51. 1 .:/. 7 51. 8 52. 5 53. 1 Female Massachusetts (20). Virginia (miscel. ) (1). New Jersey (Munsee) (9). Iroquois (17). New York State (13) . Rhode Island (5) . Staten Island (3). DENTAL AKCH ('' PAL.\TAL ") INDKX Male Virginia (Valentine coll.) (3j 114. 1 New York State (2 » 116. Iroquois {14^ 116. I Staten Island (2) 116.5 Sotitheastern Canada (4 ) 117.3 Female Virginia (Valentine coll.) (5). New York State Iroquois (l-^)'- Staten Island Soutbea.stern <'anada (3). 86. 2 SS.8 S8.fi cS\s". .5 87. S K\. S!t. 5 Sit. 4!"!. 5 52.0 52.9 51.9 53.2 52. I 51.4 116.4 ll.\8 ANGLE OK FACIAL PROGN.\THISM MaU Rhode Island (3).... . . 69° Rhode Lsland (2^ New York State (7).... .. 71 New York State (in Iroquois {17).... . . 72 Iroquois {i:, Massachusetts (4).... .. 73 Ma.ssachusettfi ('■'■ Long Lsland (4).... .. 74 Long l.sland (■' Female 17135°— Bull. 62—16- 130 BFEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOUV rBui.i.. C2 The preceding statements must not, of course, be regarded as implying any lessening of our interest in the Iroquois group. Tliis large and important body of Indians was a complex of tribes, some of wliich, as yet, are represented but poorly in our collections, so far as their skeletal rQmains are concerned. It is possible that more abundant material will exhibit some differences between these tribes, o^\'ing to their varied earlier associations and perhaps to other agen- cies. In any event, the Iroquois are well worthy of further study, even though there may not be strong probability that the chief con- clusion reached in this work, namely, their close physical relation with the Algonquians, can be seriously modified. Much also remains to be done with respect to the Algonquians. The Canadian tribes have scarcely been touched as yet; there are numer- ous gaps in the skeletal collections from our Eastern states; and data on skeletal parts other than the skuU in the principal tribes are very deficient. o '7 V .0 ,0 o > 1-* -^ \\ '^^ -^ •^ \\ ^^ V o 3' u- ~v. *'-• . ,^^ o„ .^ a' ,v "»^_ v^' />?^i:^S:^ '\. ,\^' -^ ... % •■■ ,%* o .-^ S^ , o « c , ^•Cjv _ // t>r ■^^ ..-^ 'o ^^ •-^.. ^^ r / DOCSS BROS. jJV LiaCARV SINOINC ST. AUGUSTINE /^^^ FLA. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1 1 III III 11 II I mil mil 010 546 555 5