GIass_ : 
 
 Book _^ 
 
 Lt\ 
 
d* 
 
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 A. 
 
 G A Z E T T E E R 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW-YORK: 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 
 rS TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, MINERALOGICAL RESOURCES, CIVIL DIVL 
 SIONS, CANALS, RAILROADS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH GENERAL STATISTICS : 
 
 THE WHOLE ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 
 ALSO, 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES, 
 INCLUDING TjftE CENSUS OF 1840? 
 
 AND 
 
 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 
 
 COMPILED BY J. DISTURNELL. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 ALBANY : 
 PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN & CO. 
 
 1843, 
 
Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1842, by John Distcrnell, in 
 the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New- York. 
 
 By 
 5 JelW* 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 In collecting information for a new Gazetteer of the State of 
 New-York, it has been the leading aim, as well as the earnest 
 desire of the publisher, to make it as accurate and useful as pos- 
 sible. For this purpose, he has not only resorted to the most au- 
 thentic sources, including similar works heretofore published, but 
 he has also availed himself of the assistance of several competent 
 persons, on whose accuracy and judgment he could fully rely ; and 
 he has spared no pains or expense to render this publication in 
 every respect deserving of general patronage. 
 
 The United States Census, taken in 1840, although not publish- 
 ed entire until January, 1S42, has furnished a greater mass of sta- 
 tistical information than usual. It exhibits a very remarkable in- 
 crease of population in this state, and a vast amount of agricultu- 
 ral and manufactured productions, as the fruits of the skill, enter- 
 prise and capital of its inhabitants. 
 
 The State Geologists, appointed pursuant to an act of the Le- 
 gislature of 1836, have also greatly aided in disclosing the mineral 
 wealth, and other natural resources of the state. They have made 
 extensive researches, discovered many new localities of these re- 
 sources, given names to Mountains, Lakes and Rivers, heretofore 
 unnamed, and almost unknown ; and have thus, altogether, fur- 
 nished a very large amount of most valuable, interesting and cor- 
 rect information, much of which is embodied in this Gazetteer. 
 
 Though her admirable system of Internal Improvements has 
 doubtless been the chief means of the remarkably rapid growth 
 of New-York, now, for many years, the most populous, wealthy 
 and enterprising state in the Union ; yet, after all, her geographical 
 position, features and relations, must be regarded both as the origi- 
 nal groundwork of her permanent greatness, and as the true expla- 
 nation of the extraordinary productiveness of her public works. 
 
Having on her seaboard one of the finest harbors of the globe, 
 accessible not only by a short and direct approach from the ocean, 
 but also by an arm of the sea stretching eastward more than a hun- 
 dred miles, and protected by a grand island barrier, constituting 
 an exceedingly important portion of her territory, — with the noble 
 Hudson reaching northward through a fertile, populous and inte- 
 resting district, more than one hundred and fifty miles, as if con- 
 sciously seeking to become connected, by means of the Erie and 
 Champlain canals, with the great northern and western lakes, and 
 through them, with the vast and fertile regions beyond — well 
 may her people congratulate themselves on their natural and arti- 
 ficial advantages, and look forward to a long and splendid career, 
 distinguished alike by that prosperity which springs from the suc- 
 cessful prosecution of agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and 
 the mechanic arts, and by that still higher prosperity which is de- 
 noted by the general diffusion of useful knowledge, an improving 
 legislation, and the consequent progress of society and of true 
 civilization. 
 
 The leading features and more important statistical details which 
 belong to such a community ; a description of the towns, villages 
 and cities, in which its population is distributed ; the occupations 
 in which they are engaged ; their various public institutions, and 
 their actual social and political condition, as indicated by such 
 facts, — with brief descriptions ot the mountains, lakes, rivers, ca- 
 nals, rail-roads and other works, in which the state abounds, all 
 alphabetically arranged, — constitute the subject matter of this 
 Gazetteer, and it is accompanied by a Map exhibiting the civil 
 divisions of the state, which it is believed will be found accurate, 
 interesting and useful. 
 
 With many thanks for the ready and efficient assistance confer- 
 red by numerous individuals in various parts of the state, this 
 work is respectfully submitted to the public. 
 
 Albany, March, 1842. 
 
GAZETTEER OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. 
 
 The State of New- York lies between 40° 30' and 45° north lati- 
 tude, and between 5° 05' east, and 2° 55' west longitude from the 
 City of Washington. Its extreme length, east and west, including 
 Long Island, is 408 miles. Leaving Long Island out of view, it is only 
 340 miles. Its greatest breadth north and south, is 310 miles. The 
 area of the whole surface, excepting the waters of the great lakes, is 
 estimated at 29,220,936 acres, or 45,658 square miles ; the entire area 
 being 46,200 square miles. The State is bounded south-east by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, south by New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; west by 
 Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and Niagara river ; north-west by Lake Onta- 
 rio and St. Lawrence river ; north by the British possessions in Cana- 
 da, and east by Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
 
 NATURAL DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 The State of New-York is divided into three unequal parts, by two 
 o-reat valleys. The first, and the one which is of the greatest length, is 
 the valley of the Hudson, which may with propriety be considered as 
 extending the whole length of the state, from north to south : it there- 
 fore includes the depression in which Lake Champlain is situated ; it 
 is properly, then, the valley of the Hudson and Champlain united. 
 The second is the valley of the Mohawk, which terminates on the east, 
 rather to the north of the central portion of the valley of the Hudson 
 river : it may be considered as extending west to the valley of the great 
 lakes, by the depression which contains Oneida lake and Oswego river. 
 The state, then, according to these natural divisions, may be consid- 
 ered topographically, under three great divisions, as has been stated 
 above, — the Eastern, Northern, and Southern Divisions. 
 
 The Eastern Division, is a long narrow belt extending from the 
 Highlands in the county of Putnam to the head of Lake Champlain. 
 Its eastern limits are the borders of Connecticut, Massachusetts and 
 Vermont. It slopes from those borders towards the Hudson, with a 
 good degree of regularity, but is traversed longitudinally by rather 
 long, narrow valleys, whose ridges or boundaries have uniformly a di- 
 rection to the north — a direction parallel to the main chain of the Green 
 
6 NATURAL DIVISIONS 
 
 mountains of Vermont. This division of the state comprehends the 
 western slope of the Taghkanic mountains. This range forms the 
 water shed, which separates the waters flowing west into the Hudson, 
 from those which flow south into Long Island Sound. 
 
 The Northern Division, or that division of the state north of the 
 Mohawk valley, presents a combination of features, which contrast re- 
 markably with the preceding, or that of the western slope of the Tagh- 
 kanic mountains. In giving the details of the topography of this por- 
 tion of the state, it will simplify the subject to consider it as traversed 
 by one great range of mountains and highlands. This range begins at 
 Little Falls, in the valley of the Mohawk, and pursues a north-east 
 course across the country to Trembleau point, on Lake Champlain : it 
 may be regarded as a great uplift, a portion of which has acquired the 
 greatest altitude in the neighborhood of Mount Marcy, and from which 
 the uplift declines to the great valleys which border this part of the 
 state. This view is not, however, strictly correct in point of fact ; for 
 we may distinguish several parallel ranges, by leaving out of view nu- 
 merous intermediate spurs. These ranges will now be described, com- 
 mencing with the most easterly. 
 
 The first range may be considered as rising in the north part of Sara- 
 toga county, in°the vicinity of Wilton ; it pursues a north-east course 
 through that tongue of land which separates Lake George from Lake 
 Champlain, and terminates on the lake shore south of Ticonderoga. 
 It does not become rugged and steep, till after it is broken through by 
 the Hudson, in the vicinity of Moreau. As it becomes confined be- 
 tween the two lakes, it is then precipitous on both sides, and the whole 
 country appears rough and broken. It is called the Palmertown range, 
 though the portion between the lakes is sometimes called Black moun- 
 tains, or the Tongue mountains. 
 
 The second range rises in the north-east part of Montgomery county, 
 and pursues a course parallel with the former, running through Lu- 
 zerne, and along the western side of Lake George, and terminates at 
 Ticonderoga. Its width is about six miles, and its length not far from 
 sixty. The French mountain, which is not enumerated here, lies be- 
 tween the two preceding ranges ; it is only about six miles in length. 
 The second range is usually called the Kayaderosseras, and sometimes 
 the Luzerne mountains. It is broken through by the Hudson, on the 
 line of Warren and Saratoga counties ; it also compels the Sacandaga 
 river to take a north-east course around its base to form a junction with 
 the Hudson at Hadley. 
 
 The third range rises in Mayfield, or in that section of country north 
 of Johnstown ; it passes through the eastern part of Hope, Athol, 
 Chester and Schroon, and terminates on Lake Champlain near Crown 
 Point and Port Henry. Crane's mountain in Athol, and Pharaoh's in 
 Schroon, are remarkable eminences in this range. 
 
 The fourth range rises from the Mohawk valley near or at Palatine, 
 and pursues a direction parallel with the preceding, passing through the 
 west part of Hope, or between Hope and Lake Pleasant, thence on- 
 ward through the west parts of Schroon and Moriah, and finally termi- 
 nates on the lake at Willsborough. It is a lofty and imposing range. 
 Its most elevated portion is to the west of Pondsville in the town of 
 Moriah. Dix's peak is a little farther north, and is best seen from 
 Johnson's, at Clear pond ; it is the highest point in this range. 
 
AND TOPOGRAPHY. 7 
 
 The fifth and most considerable of the mountain ranges north of the 
 Mohawk, may be called the Clinton range, and has already been spo- 
 ken of as rising at Little Tails, and terminating at Trembleau Point. 
 Where it attains its greatest elevation, there are numerous lofty peaks, 
 which form a remarkable group of mountains. They have been called 
 the Adirondack group. Mounts Marty, Mclntyre, McMartin and 
 Santanoni, are the highest in this group. The Clinton range is the true 
 water shed of this division of the state. It divides the waters of the 
 Hudson, or those that flow to the south into the Atlantic, from those 
 that flow into the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 To the west of the Clinton chain, there is still another, but it is less 
 distinct, less regular in its course, and less perfectly defined. It ranges 
 along the western or the St. Lawrence slope, especially the southern 
 and middle portions. The northern is distinguished by insulated peaks, 
 or groups of mountains. Its termination is a few miles north of the 
 Provincial line, and occupies the northern slope, comprehending the 
 hills of Ellenburgh and Chateaugay. The levels of Lower Canada 
 succeed on the north. From this northern slope, this level and per- 
 fectly flat country is in full view, on that portion lying between the So- 
 rel and St. Lawrence. The principal mountains of the northern portion 
 of this range are Mt. Seward, White face, and Lyon Mountain. The 
 former is the highest portion of a distinct cluster, which forms the most 
 remarkable object in sailing down Long lake. The southern portion 
 of this important range is remarkable for its transverse valley in which 
 are situated the Fulton chain of lakes, and which opens a convenient 
 route for a road from the valley of the Black river, to the table land 
 of Racket and Long lakes, and thence to Lake Champlain. 
 
 We may now pass to the consideration of the Southern Division of 
 the state, situated between Lake Ontario and Pennsylvania. Leaving 
 out of view minor irregularities, and the undulations and swells of the 
 surface, the whole of the territory between the lake and the line of the 
 state, may be considered as rising with a gradual ascent till it reaches 
 its maximum height in the southern tier of counties. We can speak of 
 no range or chain of highlands traversing this section of the state. 
 The depressions of the surface are entirely caused by abrasion in the 
 soft and decomposable shales and sandstones ; or in .other words, the 
 valleys which hold these numerous lakes, and through which the rivers 
 flow, are valleys of excavation, the majority of which open to the 
 north. The east and west roads, or those transverse to the valleys, are 
 therefore hilly, and often steep, imparting to the country a mountainous 
 aspect. Turning our attention to the south-eastern part of this division 
 of the state, we find the character of the topography very different from 
 Western New- York. Here we may clearly distinguish three mountain 
 ranges, — the highlands of Orange and Putnam counties, with a devia- 
 tion to the north-east ; the Shawangunk, with a regular ridge, pursuing 
 also a north-east course, and skirting the valley of the Rondout ; and 
 the Catskills, whose direction is to the north-west or towards the Mo- 
 hawk valley, passing in their course through the counties of Albany 
 and Schoharie, and forming in this prolongation the Helderberg moun- 
 tains, which, as a whole, forms one of the most interesting topograph- 
 ical features in the state. 
 
 • It will be perceived from this account, though it is brief and imper 
 feet in its details, that there are three distinct mountain systems travers 
 
8 GEOLOGY . 
 
 ing the state, — 1st, the north-east system of both southern and northern 
 New-York ; 2d, the north system of the eastern ; and 3d, the north- 
 west system, that of the Catskill mountains. The mountain system 1 / 
 have not as yet, however, received that attention which they deserW 
 and we cannot speak confidently on this, interesting- subject. Of th 
 north and north-east systems, there is but little doubt ; and taking - ; 
 general view of the direction of the Catskill, the north-west system, 
 we can see very little reason for doubting- the fact we have stated. 
 The subject requires farther investigation ; it is a field rich in phenom- 
 ena of the most interesting kind, and in which few have labored in this 
 country. For the height of the principal mountain peaks, see Alti- 
 tudes and Elevations. r 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 PRIMARY ROCKS. 
 
 In giving a sketch of the Geology of the state of New-York, nothing 
 more will be attempted than a general outline of the main facts. This 
 will comprise a description of the Primitive and Transition rocks, the^.r 
 extent and general features, and the natural groups into which th y 
 may be separated. The members of each group will require only brief 
 descriptions. 
 
 There are two Primary regions in the state, separated from each 
 other by the intervention of a narrow belt of sedimentary rocks, one in 
 the northern, the other in the southern part ol the state. The southern 
 termination of the primary of the northern section is at Little Falls. 
 From this place the boundary extends east to Johnstown, then it pur- 
 sues a north-easterly couse to Northville, thence north to Wells ; pass- 
 ing from Wells to the Fish House, it encloses a narrow tongue of,' .the 
 lower transition rocks. From the Fish House the line extends north- 
 east, until it reaches the Hudson River a little above Sandy Hill, passing 
 east as far as Granville, thence northerly to Whitehall. From White- 
 hall the eastern boundary is formed by Lake Champlain as far north as 
 Ticonderoga ; from this place the primitive recedes from the shore, 
 sending out spurs only, which reach the lake at Port Henry, Westport, 
 Willsborough, and lastly at Trembleau Point, leaving basins, extend- 
 ing in some instances several miles from the lake, which are occupied 
 by the transition and tertiary rocks. From Trembleau Point, the line 
 of the Primary takes a west course to Clintonville, thence north through 
 the western part of Peru and Saranac, into the south-western corner 
 of Ellenburgh ; thence it passes south-west through the southern part of 
 Chateaugay, Malone, Brandon, Dickinson, the southern part of Hopkin- 
 ton, Parishville, Potsdam and Canton ; thence passing down the eastern 
 shore of Black lake, from the southern termination of which it passes 
 through Rossie, the north-eastern corner of Antwerp, to the Natural 
 Bridge, then turns south to Carthage ; from Carthage the course of the 
 boundary line is generally south-east, passing through Watson, Greig, 
 the north-east corner of Boonville, the northern part of Russia and 
 Ohio, to Little Falls. This general boundary includes the primitive 
 district of the north, exhibiting nearly a circular form. The rocks 
 comprising it are hypersthene rock, granite, serpentine, primitive 
 limestone, gneiss and sienite. It is enclosed on all sides by transition 
 rocks. The southern primitive region of the state of New-York, is 
 comparatively of small extent. It embraces the south-eastern part of 
 
GEOLOGY. 9 
 
 Orange county, including the towns as far north as Windsor, where the 
 boundary crosses the Hudson river, and extends east as far as Beek- 
 ,/an, thence it passes north in a line parallel to the Hudson river, 
 through Stamford, Pine Plains, Hillsdale, Austerlitz, Berlin and Pe- 
 Vrsburgh. The rocks comprising it are the same as those mentioned 
 eg occurring in the northern section, with the addition of mica and 
 talcose slates. 
 
 HYPERSTHENE ROCK. 
 
 The lofty group of mountains described in the Geological reports as 
 the Adirondack group, and which are the highest in the state, are 
 formed of a peculiar kind of granite. It is a dark colored and coarsely 
 crystaline rock, exhibiting no marks of stratification, but is traversed 
 by natural joints similar to the common granite. This rock has been 
 called Hypersthene rock, from the fact that this mineral constitutes one 
 of its elements ; some varieties are of a light color being sometimes 
 nearly white, others are smoke gray and quite dark. The hypersthene 
 rock is not widely extended, being mostly confined to the county of 
 Fssex. Its northern termination is at Trembleau Point, on Lake 
 C^amplain. From this point the eastern boundary line extends a little 
 west of south, through the western part of Essex, and about half way 
 between Westport and Elizabeth through Moriah, embracing the north- 
 west corner of Schroon, passing through Minerva, the north-east corner 
 of Hamilton, and the south-east corner of Franklin county, passing 
 north-east through Wilmington, and east to Trembleau point. It is 
 only the mountains within this boundary that belong to the Adirondack 
 group, for it has been thought proper to include only those which are 
 coi lposed of this rock. This region is mostly in a state of nature, and 
 is i ot so interesting to the geologist as the transition, but the sublime 
 orocping of its mountains and rugged precipices whose summits are 
 Tost in clouds, its placid lakes reflecting the dark, unbroken forest with 
 all the strength of a polished mirror, produce a combination of grand 
 and beautiful scenery which cannot but be admired by every lover of 
 nature. 
 
 GRANITE. 
 
 Granite occurs in this region of the ordinary form, and of various 
 colors ; it constitutes, however, a very unimportant part of the primary 
 district, occurring only in limited areas, and scarcely ever of a quality 
 suitable for building! It is found at Gouverneur, Rossie, Edwards, 
 and at numerous different points throughout the whole region. ^ It is 
 usually associated with primitive limestone, and is often mechanically 
 mixed with it. The granite of the southern district presents all varie- 
 ties of texture, from a coarse grained to a perfectly compact rock ; 
 its common mode of occurrence is in beds interstratified with gneiss ; 
 it is found abundant in New -York, Putnam, Westchester and Orange 
 counties. Numerous qusrries have been opened in these counties, 
 which are found to furnish a material equal to the Massachusetts or 
 Maine granite, and to possess an advantage over them in the greater 
 facilities for transportation to market. 
 
 SERPENTINE. 
 
 Serpentine occurs at numerous places in both the primary regions of 
 the state. At Port Henry, on Lake Charaplain, it is incorporated with 
 
10 GEOLOGY. 
 
 the primitive limestone; in Edwards, in St. Lawrence county, and Ant- 
 werp, in Jefferson county, it is found associated with iron ore. Beau- 
 tiful varieties also occur at Pitcairn and near Butterfield lake. Several 
 localities in New-York, Westchester, and Putnam counties, furnish it, 
 though it has never been observed to occupy an area exceeding 100 
 acres. It occurs at New Rochelle, associated with Hornblende rock 
 and limestone ; at Phillipstown in Putnam county, and Pine pond. 
 
 PRIMITIVE LIMESTONE. 
 
 The Primitive limestone is considered by some geologists as a meta- 
 morphic rock, but a careful examination of the different phenomena 
 it exhibits, affords conclusive evidence of its Plutonic origin. It is 
 coarsely chrystalline, and shows no mark of stratification. It is gene- 
 rally white, but sometimes inclines to a reddish tinge, and even a deep 
 red. It crumbles and disintegrates rapidly on exposure to the atmo- 
 sphere ; it never exhibits the compact or close structure so common in 
 the sedimentary limestones, and is often so loosely aggregated as to be 
 unfit for even the ordinary purposes of" marble. The primitive lime- 
 stone is invariably found in connection with gneiss or granite, more 
 commonly however with the latter. Gneiss and granite frequently rest 
 upon the limestone, and veins of limestone are sometimes injected into 
 them. A great variety of minerals are found incorporated with the 
 limestone, among which are brown tourmaline, spinelle, serpentine, 
 augite, phosphate of lime, brucite, &c. It occurs at Port Henry, hav- 
 ing dis eminated through its mass, green serpentine, furnishing a ma- 
 terial susceptible of a high polish, producing a beautiful variegated 
 marble. The limestone continues south from Port Henry some dis- 
 tance, losing however its serpentine. It may be considered as a wide 
 vein running north and south. It occurs in Minerva and in Schroon, 
 and at several different places along the western shore of Lake Cham- 
 plain. But its most extensive development is in St. Lawrence county, 
 occurin? in the towns of Edwards, Fowler, Antwerp, Rossie, Gouver- 
 neur, Hermon, De Kalb, Canton and De Peyster. One fact goes far to 
 prove the igneous origin of this limestone, the remarkable incorporation 
 of various minerals with it ; thus, plumbago is very commonly dis- 
 seminated in thin scales through the mass ; serpentine, as at Port Hen- 
 ry ; quartz and mica, also, sometimes form a constituent portion, as at 
 Paradox lake in Schroon ; augite, in Keene, at Long pond and at 
 Ticonderoga. 
 
 GNEISS, OR THE GNEISS SYSTEM. 
 
 Gneiss is the predominant rock in both the northern and southern 
 primary districts of the state ; it varies greatly in external appearance 
 and composition, in different localities. Much of the gneiss in the 
 Highlands of the southern primitive counties, is a hornblendic gneiss, 
 or more properly called sienite, in which the mica is wholly or in part 
 replac -d by hornblende. In other respects it possesses the usual char- 
 acteristic: of gneiss, and therefore needs no description. As a system 
 of rocks, it embraces gneiss, sienite, mica slate, hornblende, talcose 
 slate, and other rocks which may occur in it, in stratified beds. All 
 these locks are interlaminated with each other, or rather in alternating 
 strata, in a manner which entirely prevents us from determining then* 
 relative ages. Of the rocks of this system, mica and talcose slates are 
 entirely wanting in the northern primary district. 
 
GEOLOGY. 11 
 
 Upon the eastern border of New-York, adjacent to Vermont, Mas- 
 sachusetts and Connecticut, is the prolongation of the Appalachian 
 chain of mountains. This portion of the chain is known as the 7'aghka- 
 nic range ; it rises to an elevation of from 1200 to 2000 feet, and pre- 
 sents a tolerably regular outline throughout its whole extent. Its eco- 
 logical relations are interesting - , particularly so, as many of the phe- 
 nomina, in connexion with these rocks bear upon the doctrine of Me- 
 tamorphism, and probably there is no better field for proving - or dispro- 
 ving - the doctrine, than the one under consideration. The rocks of 
 course, are situated between the gneiss of Hoosick mountain on the 
 east, and the slates of the transition on the west. They occupy, there- 
 fore, geographically as well as geologically, an intermediate position ; 
 the rocks on the one hand bearing a very close resemblance to the pri- 
 mary on the east, and on the other, a great similarity to the transition 
 slates on the west. Still, as a whole, the rocks of the Taghkanic rano-e 
 may generally be distinguished from those on either side, their general 
 character being derived from the presence of a large proportion of 
 magnesia, which imparts to the rocks a softer feeland a peculiar 
 greenish color. It is not proposed in this plan to separate these rocks 
 from the primary, but to consider them as belonging to the upper por- 
 tion, and to speak of them as the Taghkanic rocks, or perhaps as the 
 Taghkanic system. There may be many objections to this proposition; 
 this is not, however, the place to consider them, but we may inquire 
 whether it may not, upon the whole, be expedient to consider them under 
 a distincthead ; and is it not true, that so long as they are merged in the 
 great mass of the primary, or as a portion of the gneiss system, less will 
 be known of them, and less interest he entertained for them. Considerino - 
 them for the present as belonging to the upper portion of the primary^ 
 the Taghkanic rocks will be composed first, of a peculiar talcose slate, 
 or a magnesian slate in part ; in other parts it is plumbaginous, which 
 strongly soils the fingers. Its associated minerals are milk-white 
 quartz, in which we frequently find the carbonate, oxide and sulphuret 
 of iron, in a decomposing state, and chlorite in masses of various 
 sizes, sometimes distinct, at other times diffused and coloring the slate 
 of a peculiar green. Second, of white, gray and clouded limestone, 
 varying in texture from fine to coarse granular, often interlaminated 
 with slate, the latter often merely coloring the limestone, so as to im- 
 part that clouded appearance. Serperitine is never connected with this 
 variety of limestone. Third, of granular quartz, or a sandstone gene- 
 rally silicious and of a brown color. Some limited beds of beautiful 
 white quartz, in a disintegrating state, occur occasionally. The agran- 
 ular quartz is the lowest of the masses. Silicious slates form beds in the 
 rock, which may be considered as passage beds into the slate, and we 
 often meet with masses of limestone, so silicious that it is difficult to 
 say whether they are to he regarded as rocks of sandstone or limestone. 
 There are two or three facts connected with the subject which require 
 to be stated in this place, inasmuch as they bear on the question of the 
 propriety of separating the Taghkanic rocks, from the gneiss system. 
 The granular quartz, and one of the varieties of the slate, and also the 
 limestone, contain minerals, in a few instances, belonging to primary 
 rocks: thus, feldspar occurs in the first, needle-form schorl in the sec- 
 ond, and brown tourmalin in the third. Again, there are masses of the 
 granular quartz, which appear like conglomerates, and the whole Tagh- 
 
12 GEOLOGY. 
 
 kanic system is clearly stratified, and is wholly unconnected with 
 gneiss, serpentine, granite, sienite, steatite or hornblende. Mica slate, 
 with garnets, however, do occur in masses among the rocks of the 
 Taghkanic system, and this may be considered as a strong argument 
 against the separation of the rocks, as proposed. Thetalcose rocks are, 
 however, clearly different from those of the gneiss system, or those east 
 of the Hoosick mountain, and the mica slate may come up among the 
 Tao-hkanic rocks, and yet on a careful observation be found to be dis- 
 tinct from them. We believe this will be found to be the fact. On the 
 whole, in regard to those rocks we have denominated " Taghkanic," 
 we believe they ought to be separated from those on the east, being, as 
 a whole, clearly distinct from them. 
 
 NEW-YORK TRANSITION SYSTEM. 
 
 Having given very briefly the character, extent and position of the 
 primary masses, we are prepared to enter upon the consideration of a 
 class of rocks quite different in their origin, presenting phenomena 
 which contrast remarkably with those described in the preceding 
 pao-es. The name for these rocks which we have preferred and still 
 prefer, is Transition ; but for reasons unnecessary to state here, we 
 shall propose the name New- York Transition System, including in this 
 designation all the rocks below the old red sandstone. It is perhaps 
 proper to remark that the division of the strata composing the surface 
 of the earth into primary, transition, secondary and tertiary, has been 
 very o-enerally adopted both in this country and in Europe. The sec- 
 ondary rocks are entirely wanting in this state. But the transition have 
 a more perfect development than in any other section of country of 
 which we have an account. No correct knowledge of the geology of 
 the state, had been acquired, upon which to found a correct classifica- 
 tion of the New-York rocks, until the geological survey was under 
 taken. After a toUr of five years, and a thorough examination of the 
 rocks by the State Geologists, they have been able to determine the 
 relations and position of the masses which compose the transition sys- 
 tem, and to ascertain with some degree of exactness, the subordinate 
 o-roups into which this system may be divided. It has however been a 
 matter attended with some difficulty to establish clearly and satisfacto- 
 rily a mode of grouping which should be in all instances conformable 
 to nature. The difficulty arises in part from certain changes which 
 occur in the rocks themselves ; thus it is ascertained that a mass which 
 is thick and important in the eastern part of the state, becomes thin and 
 unimportant at the west, or perhaps disappears entirely. By this 
 change, rocks which are separated by thick masses at the east, come 
 in contact at the west. Our limits will not permit us to enter into de- 
 tails of this nature in this place. We need only refer the reader to the 
 Geological reports and the various essays which have appeared in the 
 scientific journals during the last five years. With these preliminary 
 remarks we shall present a tabular view of the rocks composing the 
 New-York Transition System. 
 
GEOLOGY. 
 
 13 
 
 / 
 
 SEW YORK TRANSITION SYSTEM. 
 
 Sandstone and shales of Chemung and 
 
 Erie Group,. 
 
 Helderbergh Series, 
 
 \Ontario Group, 
 
 Champlain Group, 
 
 S 
 
 Ithaca. 
 Moscow and Ludlowville shales. 
 
 1. Onondaga Limestone. 
 
 2. Schoharie Grit. 
 
 3. Brown Shales Sandstone. 
 
 4. Encrinal Limestone. 
 
 5. Oriskany Sandstone. 
 
 6. Greenish shaly Limestone. 
 
 7. Pentamerus Limestone. 
 
 1. Onondaga Salt and Plaster rocks. 
 
 2. Rochester Shales and Limestone. 
 
 3. Argillaceous Iron ore. 
 
 4. Medina Sandstone. 
 
 1. Gray Sandstone and Conglomerate 
 
 2. Lorrain Shales. 
 \3. Utica Slate. 
 
 J4. Trenton Limestone. 
 \5. Birdseye. 
 i6. Chazy Limestone. 
 '7. Calciferous. 
 
 8. Potsdam Sandstone. 
 
 It is proper to remark in relation to the above grouping, that it ap- 
 pears to be sufficiently exact for all the purposes of the geologist 
 Where rocks are perfectly conformable as those of New-York, it will 
 never be possible to draw clear lines of distinction between the under- 
 lyino- or overlying masses. So also it is difficult to determine whether 
 certain beds/even those of considerable thickness ought to be placed 
 in a -iven group, as they often partake of the characters of two or 
 more -roups, and for this reason geologists may very honestly differ. 
 For this reason geographical names are admissible, and perhaps have 
 the preference overlhose which are descriptive, inasmuch as the latter 
 are rarelv applicable to the same mass at different localities, while the 
 former lead the inquirer to those localities where the masses are best 
 developed and the best characterized. The general characters and 
 boundaries of the groups and series of rocks which constitute the New 
 York Transition System, will now be given. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN GROUP. 
 
 We commence with the lowest, which is composed of sandstone in the 
 lowest portion : the lowest layers are generally a conglomerate, pass- 
 ing into a fine-grained sandstone, of which there : are two varieties; 
 he' sharp angular, a sub-crystalline sandstone, as at Whitehall Keese- 
 ville and numerous other places, in the north-eastern part of the state, 
 and the granular variety, which is more or less porous, as at Potsdam; 
 Malone, Gouverneur, &c. ; the color varies from brown to white. The 
 limestones of this -roup are the calciferous, Chazy, birdseye, and Tren- 
 ton Shales and thin bedded sandstones, terminating in a thick mass of 
 the latter, next succeed the limestones. A bed of conglomerate occurs in 
 this mass as at Utica. The limestones, all of them in different por- 
 
14 GEOLOGY. 
 
 tions, furnish marble and lime of an excellent quality. The sandstone 
 is always a durable building stone, and in many parts of St. Lawrence 
 and Franklin counties, furnishes a fine material for building-, for the 
 manufacture of glass, sand paper, and for polishing hard bodies. The 
 gray, thick bedded sandstone, forming the highest portion of this 
 group, furnishes a fine, even-grained and sharp-gritted stone, suitable 
 for grindstones. This, on the eastern border, is a more refractory 
 rock, less even-grained, and more indurated. In Quebec, however, it 
 is the principal material for the construction of walls and buildings. 
 This group surrounds the primary north of the Mohawk valley, being 
 well developed on the sides, as along Lake Champlain and in the Mo- 
 hawk valley, and extending up as far as Rutland, in Jefferson county. 
 Along the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, below French creek and 
 the north Provincial line, we find only the lowest part of this group, as 
 the Potsdam sandstone and calciferous sand rock. This group also 
 extends south along both sides of the Hudson to the Highlands. Its 
 south-western border extends to Coeymahs, onwards, and through 
 the Mohawk valley to Lake Ontario. On the eastern border of the 
 state it rests upon the Taghkanic system already described. It pre- 
 serves the same relation through Vermont and Lower Canada. The dip 
 of the upper portion of this group in the eastern counties, is to the 
 east, which appears to have been produced by uplifts extending from 
 the southern Highlands through the eastern counties of New-York into 
 Vermont and Lower Canada. Another uplift accompanied with a frac- 
 ture, runs north-west one and a half miles west of Cocymans Landing, 
 parallel to the Helderberg, into the Mohawk valley. The north-west- 
 ern portion is but little disturbed ; the shales, limestones and sand- 
 stone having only a slight inclination to the south or south-west. Our 
 limits will not permit us to notice the fossils of this or the succeeding 
 groups. I may remark however, that those of the lower portion of the 
 Champlain group are mostly undescribed. 
 
 ONTARIO GROUP. 
 
 This group consists of three distinct portions : First, a marly sand- 
 stone, which is red, brown, green and variegated, or spotted. A large 
 proportion is soft, and disintegrates rapidly, by exposure to the weather. 
 The upper mass is called the gray band, but is only four feet thick, 
 and is hard. Second, a series of soft green shales, with a single layer 
 of argillaceous oxide of iron, succeeding to which are numerous beds 
 of argillaceous and silicious limestones in thin beds, and which alter- 
 nate with each other, the whole terminating in a limestone remarkably 
 geodiferous, at Rochester and Lockport, and hence called the geodife- 
 rous lime rock, but from its development on the Niagara river, has 
 been changed to Niagara limestone. Third, the gypsum and salt 
 rocks, consisting of 1st, a red shale ; 2d, gypsum more or less shaly; 
 3d, a porous rock, denominated vermicular lime rock ; 4th, limestone, 
 with needleform cavities, or rather columns, with the impression of 
 needleform crystals. The third mass has been called the Onondaga 
 salt group. The Ontario group is bounded on the north by Lake On- 
 tario. It extends east to Oswego county, where it meets the Cham- 
 plain group. It is found a little south of Manlius and Onondaga, in 
 which direction it continues till it reaches Niagara river, by which the 
 lower mass is cut through and exposed. It occupies, therefore, a very 
 
GEOLOGY. 15 
 
 distinct belt, nearly equal in length to Lake Ontario, and about twenty 
 miles wide. This group dips to the south about one foot in eighty- 
 seven ; its development is the most perfect in the central part of the 
 state. The whole thickness of the group cannot exceed one thousand 
 feet. The upper part is most important, as it contains the plaster and 
 salt, and beds of water limestone. 
 
 HELDGRBERG SERIES. 
 
 In enumerating the rocks composing this series, we commence with 
 the pentamerus lime rock, resting, at the foot of the Helderberg, upon 
 the Manlius water lime. The pentamerus rock is a rough, gray and 
 rather irregular thick bedded limestone. Above this is a dingy green 
 shaly limestone, with tough layers of a dark green color, some portion 
 entirely shaly and decomposable. The next mass is the Oriskany 
 sandstone, but only one foot thick ; in some places it is a perfect horn- 
 stone, in others it contains lime. Succeeding to this is a thin mass of 
 encrinal limestone, above which is the remarkable brown shaly sand 
 stone, with feathery appearances in the upper part, considered by some 
 as fucoidal impressions. The rock has been denominated cocktail 
 grit. The middle portion is a dark shaly sandstone, breaking into 
 short pieces. A calcareous sandstone, about four feet thick, appears 
 above the latter, and is remarkable for the abundance of fossils. The 
 Helderberg limestone completes the series. It is a gray, rather thick 
 bedded rock, and contains many cyathophilli syringapores, &c. The 
 upper, is cherty, and is often black, or much darker and more irreg- 
 ular than the lower mass. This series of rocks are more perfectly de- 
 veloped in Albany and Schoharie counties, than in other parts of the 
 state. The pentamerus, shaly limestone, and the shaly sandstone, 
 thin out in their progress westward. The fossils of this series are At- 
 rypa, affinis and concentrica, delthyris, pachyoptera, pentamerus, ga- 
 leatus, and several genera belonging to the Crustacea, as Calymene, 
 Asaphus, Crypheris, Selemenus, and Cyathophylli. Encrinites also 
 abound in the series. 
 
 ERIE GROUP. 
 
 This group is divisible into two portions ; the lower consists of 
 shales upon thin beds of limestone, most of them quite decomposable, 
 and abounding in septaria ; the upper, of thin even beds of gray sand- 
 stone, with intervening shales, though much less than in the preceding. 
 The first have received the name of Ludlowville shales, the latter Che- 
 mung group. The northern boundary of the shales may be considered 
 as extending to York, on the Genesee river ; an east and west line 
 through the northern part of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and directly 
 west to Lake Erie, eight or nine miles south of Buffalo, would mark the 
 boundary in question. They occupy a belt nearly twenty miles wide, 
 through the middle of the state. The upper part of the group, con- 
 sisting in part of a black shale and thin beds of limestone, but mostly 
 of gray, thin-bedded sandstones, occupy the whole of the southern tier 
 of counties. They form beds of passage into the old red sandstone. 
 
 The regular succession of these groups constitute a remarkable fea- 
 ture in the geology of New-York. They have a slight dip to the south 
 and south-west ; they are scarcely disturbed by uplifts, and succeed 
 each other towards the south until they are lost beneath the old red 
 sandstone. The fossils of this group are very numerous and beautiful; 
 
16 GEOLOGY. 
 
 they belong to the genera, Orthis, Delthyris, Leptaena, Avicula, Pteri- 
 nea, Pecten, &c. 
 
 OLD RED SANDSTONE, OR OLD RED SYSTEM. 
 
 As a system, it consists of gritty, micaceous shales, and thick and 
 thin bedded micaceous sandstones, mostly of a deep red color. In addi- 
 tion to these, are conglomerates, brown slaty grits, soft red and green 
 shales. The area'occupied by the old red sandstone is confined mostly 
 to the Catskill mountains ; which, being traced downwards in the di- 
 rection of Schoharie and Albany counties, terminates in the flagging 
 stones of the Chemung rocks. All the upper portion of the Catskills 
 are occupied by the red sandstone, which, around the base, are beds of 
 passage from the transition to the old red system. This system is finely 
 developed in part in ascending from Catskill creek to the Mountain 
 House, in a series of terraces which expose the out cropping edges, as 
 they rise one above the other. Their lithological characters have been 
 already given, and very few fossils, if any, have been found in the 
 rocks of the Catskill mountains. The same rock, however, contains 
 the scales and bones of sauroid fish, one of which is the holoptychus 
 nobilissimu9. To the west the old red sandstone disappears, extending 
 in this slate no farther than the county of Allegany, unless it should be 
 proved, and that is very probable, that the conglomerate which occu- 
 pies some of the highest parts of Cattaraugus and Chautauque counties, 
 is a portion of that rock. 
 
 GREENSTONE, TRAP AND PORPHYRY. 
 
 In the preceding account of the New-York rocks, we have omitted 
 an interesting class which occur with far less regularity than those 
 which have formed the subjects of remark. We refer to the class de- 
 nominated trap, or greenstone trap, and porphyry. This class occurs 
 in New-York under two forms. The first, which is the most imposing, 
 and perhaps also the most important, is in the form of columnar masses, 
 as the Palisades on the west side of the Hudson, a few miles above 
 New- York city, on the boundary line between New-York and New- 
 Jersey : second, in narrow veins with parallel sides, and frequently 
 projecting above the rock they traverse; hence they were denominated 
 dykes or walls in Scotland. The forms and varieties we have men- 
 tioned differ very little in mineral character ; thus they are usually of a 
 dark green, or grayish, or reddish perhaps upon the outside, in conse- 
 quence of the weather, and generally extremely tough and difficult to 
 break. In the mass they usually present a columnar structure ; in the 
 first variety the columns are perpendicular, standing upon and parallel 
 to each other ; in the latter, the columns are disposed horizontally, or 
 from one side of the vein to the other. Trap rocks, whether in colum- 
 nar form, as the Palisades, or in veins, or stony dikes, are now consid- 
 ered by all geologists as of igneous origin; that is, as having been in a 
 melted state, and injected while fluid into fissures, or as having been 
 poured out upon the bottom of a sea, or upon the surface of other 
 rocks, and there cooled under great pressure, which gives the compact 
 structure, and in which respect they differ from lavas. Trap dykes are 
 extremely abundant in the northern section of the state ; scarcely a 
 mine of iron exists without being traversed by a dyke, which some- 
 times deranges the direction of the vein. One remarkable dyke, eighty 
 
GEOLOGY. 17 
 
 feet wide, cuts through almost entirely Mount McMartin, at Avalanche 
 lake, a mountain more than 4000 feet high. This dyke possesses more 
 the character of sienite than the ordinary greenstone. Trap and green- 
 stone are placed among the unstralified rocks. A careful inspection 
 of this stratum will generally convince the most sceptical that it has 
 been a molten mass ; and further, that it is impossible that it should 
 have been deposited from a fluid in a mode similar to the sandstones 
 and limestones. One remark seems worthy of particular attention, 
 viz : that greenstone is rarely a rock which bears the valuable metals, 
 though that form called trap dykes are the most constant associates of 
 the iron veins of the north and south. The earthy minerals, some of 
 which are of great beauty, are very frequently associated with it, as 
 prehnite, stilbite, chabasie, laumonite, &c. ; some of the varieties of 
 quartz, as amethyst, chalcedony, and silicious sinter. Porphyry is a 
 rock which consists of a compact feldspar, in which crystals or small 
 masses of the same substance, occur imbedded. Any massive mineral 
 or rock, however, in which crystals are disseminated, is frequently 
 called porphyry. This rock is of the smallest extent, probably, of any 
 in the state ; the only distinct locality is between the village of Essex 
 and Split Rock on Lake Champlain. It is a compact mass in the slate, 
 of a reddish color, and columnar structure, in which small white crys- 
 tals of feldspar are imbedded. A beautiful dendritic variety occurs 
 here, which make fine cabinet specimens. The porphyry at this local- 
 ity extends over thirty or forty acres ; it appears also to extend up the 
 lake about four miles, where it occurs, forming a bold, interesting 
 bluff. 
 
 POST TERTIARY. CLAYS, SANDS, GRAVELS AND BOULDERS. 
 
 Our Geological sketches, thus far, of the New-York system of 
 rocks, have been confined to the indurated or solid masses ; it would, 
 however, be left incomplete if we stopped here, for the most superficial 
 observer cannot fail to observe something remarkable in the softer ma- 
 terials, which are spread without order in many instances, over all 
 other formations, without regard to age. These softer materials are 
 composed of clay, sand, gravel, and large loose rounded stones or 
 rocks. They may be divided into three classes, — 1st, clays and sands 
 belonging to a formation called Post Tertiary; 2d, the gravels and 
 stones of the Boulder formation ; 3d, clays and sands of the Alluvial. 
 The first, or Post Tertiary, comprehend the clays and sands which 
 skirt the shores of the River St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain and the 
 Hudson. This formation is divided into three parts, the stiff blue clay- 
 beneath, the yellowish brown clay in the middle, and the sands of the 
 upper part of the formation. It differs essentially from the beds of 
 clay of the alluvial, as it is strictly an ancient marine deposit. This 
 becomes evident from the presence of marine shells along the shores of 
 the St. Lawrence and Champlain. The following species may be enu- 
 merated : Mya arenaria, Mya truncata, Tellina calcarea, Balanus 
 miser. These and several other species are the present inhabitants of 
 the Atlantic. Compared with the Tertiary of Europe, this formation 
 is recent, as the coloring matter of the shells remains. Second, the 
 Boulder formation or Diluvial ; it may be described as a coating of 
 sand, gravel and boulders, large and small, and rounded by attrition, 
 which have been spread unevenly over the surface, and which in many 
 2 
 
18 GEOLOGY. 
 
 places have been heaped up into conical or round hills \ the materials 
 composing them mixed without order or regularity. It was originally 
 formed by powerful currents of water, which swept over the surface in 
 a northerly and southerly direction, carrying along the loose materials, 
 and spreading them far and wide. No fossils are found in this stratum ; 
 sometimes we may observe stratification, but it appears to be due to a 
 subsequent operation. The third class of loose materials termed dilu- 
 vial, are the gravel, sand, &c. now collecting by the various agencies 
 of nature. The beds accumulating at the mouths of rivers, or in low 
 grounds, and the matters washed up by the sea, all belong to this class. 
 Of course the most extensive and important are found along the sea 
 coast ; islands, in fact, are often formed by these agencies , but it is 
 important to know also that the same agents which form the alluvial, 
 are also destroying many parts of the same coasts. To illustrate some- 
 what in detail, the agents now at work in the formation of the alluvial, 
 we present the following brief account of the geology of Long Island, 
 reserved for this place, as it may be considered as composed mostly of 
 materials collected by diluvial and alluvial agencies. This sea-girt 
 portion of the state, although not presenting as much interest and va- 
 riety to the geologist as some other parts, yet there is probably enough 
 known to warrant the belief of its gradual formation by natural cau- 
 ses, and that a greater part of the island, if not the whole, has been 
 reclaimed from the ocean. It is abundantly demonstrated that very 
 extensive alterations have taken place and are still in progress upon 
 the shores, and within the bays and harbors, by the inroads which the 
 sea is incessantly making in some places, and the large accretions to 
 the land in other localities ; frequently new inlets are formed on the 
 south side of the island, by the action of the waters during storms, 
 communicating with the bays and marshes, and as often fills up other 
 channels. 
 
 There is a range of hills running from east to west, nearly through 
 the centre of the Island, extending from New Utrecht to Montauk 
 Point, varying from 100 to 300 feet in height ; the highest point is 
 Harbor Hill, in the town of North Hempstead. To the north of this 
 range, erratic rocks and boulders are observed on the surface, and im- 
 bedded in a series of strata forming the hills ; on the south they are 
 rarely if ever found, the soil being mostly composed of fine pebbles, 
 gravel and sand. " It would seem," remarks a late scientific traveller, 
 " a natural conclusion that the great body of this island, or perhaps 
 more properly the materials of which it is composed, were at some 
 former period covered by the ocean ; and that by some cause which 
 cannot now be discovered, were thrown up into their present form. 
 That Long Island was once united with the main land, towards its west- 
 ern end, has been believed by a great multitude of persons, from a 
 bare inspection of the scenery. The narrowness and winding of the 
 straits in many places, the multitude of intervening rocks and islands, 
 the projection and course of the points between this island and the 
 counties of New-York and Westchester, and the general aspect of both 
 shores, have produced this opinion in minds which have been formed 
 to very different modes of thinking." For a further and full descrip- 
 tion of this part of the state, see " History of Long Island," by 
 B. F. Thompson, Esq. 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 19 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 In speaking of the economical geology of the state, our plan will 
 be to consider the valuable productions of each formation separately, 
 beginning - with those of the primitive rocks. 
 
 IRON ORE. 
 
 The most important, and at the same time the most abundant of the 
 valuable minerals found in the primary rocks, is iron ore. Of this 
 there are (wo varieties or species, the Magnetic and Specular Oxides. 
 
 The Magnetic Oxide occurs generally in beds or veins, in granite or 
 gneiss. The specular oxide, which is distinguished from the magnetic 
 oxide, by its red powder, and feeble action upon the needle, is 
 found in the primary, and also sometimes in connection with the Pots- 
 dam sandstone above, and gneiss below, as at the Kearney and Parrish 
 ore beds in St. Lawrence county. The magnetic oxide is the species 
 so abundant in the counties of Essex, Clinton, Warren and Franklin. 
 Extensive deposits of it are also found in St. Lawrence county, but the 
 specular oxide is the most abundant in this county, so far as observa- 
 tion extends. It also occurs in enormous quantities in the gneiss of 
 the Highlands, in Orange county. A full description of the different 
 veins and beds would occupy more space than we have at our disposal; 
 we give merely a notice of the localities of the principal deposits, and 
 when we have sufficient data, the amount of iron made from them. 
 The development of the magnetic oxide of iron in Essex county, and 
 the south-western part of Clinton county, surpasses that of any other 
 counties in the state, or perhaps of any other district in the world of 
 the same area. There are three mining districts in these counties ; 
 one in Moriah and Schroon, another in Adirondack, and another in the 
 valley of the Au Sable, besides numerous minor deposites. 
 Mines in the Valley of the Jlu Sable. 
 
 The best ore, or that which has acquired the highest reputation, both 
 from the bloomers and in market, is that known as the Arnold ore. 
 There are three veins furnishing this ore, separated from each other by 
 only a few feet of rock running parallel to each north and south. 
 One known as the black ore, is from four to eleven feet wide ; another, 
 of a light blue color, is about S feet wide ; the other, called the gray 
 ore, is about the same width, but not so rich, owing to an admixture 
 of rock in the ore. Although some slight difference exists in appear- 
 ance, between these veins, yet they each produce iron of the same 
 quality, which is remarkable for toughness and softness. About three 
 miles west from the Arnold veins is a large and important vein, known 
 as the Palmer ore bed. It is about thirty-five feet wide, but is not so 
 rich in the vein as the Arnold ore. It furnishes a valuable, though 
 somewhat harder iron, than the Arnold ore, and is consequently prefer- 
 able, for some purposes, to that ore. Another vein about three miles 
 north-west from Clintonville, known as the Cook ore bed, is a rich ore, 
 though not so pure as to admit of smelting without washing ; it reduces 
 to a very valuable iron. The main vein is about thirteen feet 
 wide, besides which there are two or three smaller ones running paral- 
 lel to it. The Battie vein is considered as a continuation of the Cook 
 vein, and is about the same width, more or less mixed with white 
 quartz and Hornblende ; it produces an iron similar to the Cook vein. 
 
20 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Besides those mentioned, there are two or three other veins, of inferior 
 importance however. An aggregate of all the workable veins of the 
 Au Sable district, furnishes a width of 136 feet ; they all occur within 
 eight miles of Clintonville. Some idea may be formed of the en- 
 terprise and success with which mining operations are carried on in 
 this district, when we state that 6,000 tons of malleable iron are annu 
 ally manufactured in the valley of the Au Sable. 
 
 Ores of the Adirondack District. 
 The veins of iron in this region are produced as the mountains, upon 
 a grand scale; there are several enormous veins. The Sandford mine 
 is full 500 feet wide, and has been traced 1,600 feet in length, that is, 
 of exposed ore. It is the purest ore of any yet discovered, with the 
 exception of the Arnold ore, and produces an iron equal in quality to 
 any of the Clintonville district. Another vein occurs on the site o&the 
 village of Adirondack : it is coarser grained than the Sandford ore, 
 and produces an iron only second to the Russia. This vein is 700 
 feet wide, and has been traced three quarters of a mile in length. An- 
 other vein, about eighty rods east from the last mentioned, having a 
 width of 150 feet, has been traced in the direction of its length over a 
 mile. Several other veins have been discovered in this vicinity, which 
 would be considered of great importance in other localities; but occur- 
 ring by the side, as they do, of the enormous, inexhaustible deposites 
 which have just been noticed, these have not received the attention 
 which they would demand in other places. These veins have not been 
 worked to any considerable extent, owing to adverse circumstances, 
 which the proprietors have had to encounter. But when the increasing 
 demand shall require an increase of the supply in market, the beds of 
 this region will furnish a resource, which will be inexhaustible for 
 a°"es. There are ten or twelve separate veins of iron ore in Moriah. 
 The Sandford mine, situated six miles west from Port Henry, is an im- 
 portant mine, and has been worked quite extensively. The Cheever, 
 Hall, and Everest mines, are each of considerable extent, besides 
 some others which are of minor importance ; these are better for cast- 
 ing than for bar iron. The veins of Moriah, as a whole, are wider, 
 and are capable of furnishing more ore than (hose of Clintonville. 
 The amount of iron manufactured is considerable, though it is not def- 
 initely known. The Penfield vein occurs at Crownpoint ; it is about 
 forty feet wide, and produces an excellent quality of iron. Some 
 veins of minor importance occur in Schroon. The magnetic oxide 
 is found in Warren county, though not of any great extent. In Frank- 
 lin county there are extensive deposites of this ore. A vein in the vi- 
 cinity of Malone, has been worked to a considerable extent, and fur- 
 nishes a very excellent iron. In the vicinity of Duane there are seve- 
 ral veins, which have been also worked, though for a few years past 
 the business has not been prosecuted. It is probable that when the 
 southern part of this county comes to be settled, it will prove to be 
 rich in iron ore. The south-eastern part of St. Lawrence county, fur- 
 nishes some very extensive beds of the magnetic oxide, but they occur 
 in the unsettled portions of the county, and their value and extent is 
 not well determined. Several important deposites of the magnetic ox- 
 ide occur in Putnam county. One known as the Philips vein varies 
 from three to thirty feet in width, and has been traced for the distance 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 21 
 
 of eio-ht miles. There is also (he Denny mine, about three-fourths of a 
 mile south-west from the preceding, which furnishes annually, accord- 
 ing to Mather, 600 tons of ore. Several other veins have been worked 
 to°a greater or less extent in this county. Orange county possesses an 
 abundant supply of magnetic oxide, especially in the towns of Mon- 
 roe, Warwick and Cornwall. A notice of all the separate veins 
 would require too much space : suffice it to say that there are sixteen 
 mines, all of them important, and some of them remarkably extensive. 
 The Specular Oxide of Iron, is the most predominant ore of iron in 
 St. Lawrence county. There are several veins, the most valuable of 
 which are the Kearney and Parrish ore beds. They each furnish a large 
 amount of ore for the works at Rossie. It is principally used for cast- 
 ings, which have obtained a high repute in market. 
 
 ORES OF LEAD, ZINC AND COPPER. 
 
 No deposites of these ores have as yet been discovered in this state, 
 which have proved of any great value, or that have become profitable 
 to the proprietors, with the exception of the mines of Rossie ; though 
 in almost every county in the state, veins of these minerals have been 
 discovered, but only in quantities sufficient to raise expectation, and 
 lead to a useless expense ; and it is doubtful whether the proprietors of 
 the Rossie lead mine have experienced much profit from their mining 
 operations, although the vein averaged a foot in width, and the quantity 
 raised has been large. In consequence of the enormous cost of the 
 lease for only a limited period, the original capital invested has been 
 expended. Sulphuret of zinc has not been found in quantities suffi- 
 cient to be of any importance. The same may be said in relation to 
 the sulphuret of copper, though from indications in Canton, St. Law- 
 rence county, where several hundred weight has been obtained in de- 
 tached masses in the rock, we are led to believe that this ore may yet 
 be found in sufficient quantities to render it of some importance among 
 the useful minerals of the state. 
 
 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE TRANSITION ROCKS. 
 
 SALT. 
 
 In the transition rocks, Salt ranks highest in importance. Springs 
 having in solution chloride of sodium, or common salt, exist in abun- 
 dance°in the western part of the state. In Wayne and Cayuga coun- 
 ties the manufacture of salt has been carried on to some considerable 
 extent ; but the most celebrated salt works are those of Onondaga. 
 Salt was made in Salina at a very early period, in a small way, the 
 amount manufactured having increased with the demand, until it is 
 stated that there are employed in the town of Salina not less than 6,000 
 kettles, of a capacity of nearly half a million of gallons. In 1797, 
 there were manufactured 7,540 bushels ; in the year 1839, 2,864,718 
 bushels, yielding to the state a clear revenue of $134,348.54. The 
 greater part of the state of New-York, Vermont, Canada, and a por- 
 tion of the western states, receive their supply from this great man- 
 ufactory. The salt manufactured here is as good and pure, generally, 
 as that obtained from any other source ; and it appears from recent 
 discoveries that the manufacture and profits may be indefinitely in- 
 creased, and that there is a probability that the salt revenue will become 
 still more important. The base of the Ontario group is the lowest po- 
 
22 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 sition in which brine springs have been obtained. The red shale which 
 forms the base of the Onondaga salt rock, is the lowest mass in which, 
 along the Erie canal, salt springs have been found. Some of the most 
 important salt wells are entirely disconnected with the rocks beneath 
 and adjacent to them, the reservoir being formed of the thick gravelly 
 alluvion. Examples of those wells exist at Salina. 
 
 In addition to salt, the Ontario group furnishes all the plaster beds 
 which occur in the state. They appear to be co-extensive with this 
 formation, and there is ground for belief that this important material 
 may be obtained to any extent which may be desired. The water lime 
 is also a part of the same group, in fact forming a large proportion of 
 the formation. The waterlime may in fact be considered as extend- 
 ing from the Hudson to Lake Erie. 
 
 In the lower part of the Ontario group there occurs that remarkable 
 layer of argillaceous oxide of iron. The thickness of this layer varies 
 from one to three feet. It is supposed that there are two distinct strata 
 running parallel with each other, and about twenty-five feet apart ; if 
 so, they are not equally persistent as they would appear at the falls 
 of the Genesee. This iron is used for castings, and contains sufficient 
 lime and argillaceous matter to form a flux without addition. It yields 
 thirty per cent, of iron. It may also be employed for the manufacture 
 of Spanish brown. It is a valuable deposite to the part of the state in 
 which it occurs, and can be wrought to an indefinite extent. 
 
 USEFUL PRODUCTS OF THE TAGHKAKIC SYSTEM. 
 
 They consist first of a durable sandstone, but rarely to be obtained 
 except in angular blocks and sharp cornered pieces, a state which is 
 evidently determined by crystalization. The white sand produced by 
 disintegration of this rock, is employed for making glass, polishing 
 marble, &c. It is in this system that the beautiful white, gray and 
 clouded marbles occur. These are more durable, and less liable to de- 
 composition than the unstratified limestone in connection with granite. 
 It is scarcely necessary to add that the best of lime is made from this 
 rock. There are in Westchester about 210,000 cubic feet of marble 
 annually quarried, which vary in price from one to four dollars per cu- 
 bic foot. But an equally important mineral with the limestone appears 
 to belong to this system, viz. the hemutitic iron ore, or limonite. It 
 occurs, it is true, in a diluvion, or rather in the debris of various rocks; 
 still, from observations which we have made, it appears that the ori- 
 ginal or parent bed is a talcose limestone belonging to this system. 
 The mode of its occurrence establishes the general fact, that the form- 
 ation in which it is usually obtained, is not the original place of de- 
 posit or occurrence. Observation proves that the present deposite of 
 this ore is along the borders of the Taghkanic system, and the lower 
 primary, or else in the midst of this system, and hence the great prob- 
 ability that it is furnished by disintegration and decomposition of the 
 magnesian rocks of this system. It is quite possible to confound the 
 limestone of this system with the unstratified beds in the gneiss system, 
 or those even associated with granite. 
 
 VALUABLE MINERALS OF THE CHAMPLAIN GROUP. 
 
 The base of this group being a siliceous sandstone, it forms of itself 
 a durable rock for building. At Potsdam the mass is remarkable for 
 the evenness and beauty in its stratification ; it therefore furnishes a 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 23 
 
 material better adapted for the construction of edifices than any other 
 rock in the state ; it is usually of a light yellowish brown or red, and 
 may be wrought into any form, or obtained of most any size. The same 
 rock furnishes a material for glass making, either in the form of sand 
 or rock, which by burning may be converted into sand ; for this pur- 
 pose it is used at Redford, Clinton county. It forms, too, good hearth 
 furnaces. The sharp, gritty varieties will make good sand paper, and 
 a material for polishing hard bodies. The middle of this group fur- 
 nishes the black marble so much esteemed for mantel pieces ; it is 
 wrought at Glen's Falls. The stratum lies between the birdseye and 
 Trenton. The rock denominated calciferous sand rock embraces from 
 G to 12 feet of a drab-colored limestone, which has been employed as 
 a water lime. In the upper part of this group, we have the roofing 
 slates; it is the only mass which furnishes slate sufficiently strong to 
 be employed in this* wav, and it is only on the eastern section of the 
 state, adjacent to the primary, that we find the slate sufficiently indu- 
 rated to stand the weather. All the slate in market is furnished by the 
 Hoosic quarries. The Birdseye, and some portions of the calciferous 
 and Trenton limestones furnish a good lime for architecture, husbandry 
 and glass making. The Bald mountain lime is made from a grayish 
 limestone in the upper part of this group, but it is developed only along 
 the eastern border of the state. The fossils of the Champlain group 
 are Lingula, Atrypas, Leptama, Orthis, Isotelus, Calymene, Orthoce- 
 ra, Bellerophon, Pterinea, &c. 
 
 MINERALS OF THE ERIE GROUP. 
 
 The shales of this group are subject to decomposition, or disintegra- 
 tion ; in the arts, therefore, or in building, they cannot be employed. 
 The upper part of this group — the Chemung rocks — furnish excellent 
 flag stones, which are readily wrought and cut out of the quarries, of 
 any desirable size. Some of the layers are suitable for grindstones and 
 whetstones of a good quality. Neither the upper nor lower portion 
 contains imbedded minerals. They lie between the Helderberg se- 
 ries and the old red system, in which it terminates. 
 
 OLD RED SANDSTONE. 
 
 This rock, in some parts of the earth, furnishes copper ; in this 
 state, it is extensively quarried as a flagging stone. 
 
 It will be perceived from the foregoing account of the useful mine- 
 ral productions of New-York, that they are by no means sparingly dif- 
 fused. AH the great formations which have been noticed as groups or 
 series of rocks, furnish some of the most indispensable materials for 
 the use of man in a state of civilization. In the primary unstratified 
 rocks, what an abundance of iron ores of the first quality, in beds and 
 veins, varying from 2 to 600 feet in width. In the gneiss system, the 
 ore is mostly in veins of moderate width, yet sufficiently thick to be 
 wrought to advantage. The north and the south is supplied with the 
 ore of those rocks. In the county of St. Lawrence, again, the specu- 
 lar ore occurs in a great abundance ; this furnishes the supply for this 
 portion of the state. The counties bordering upon Connecticut and 
 Massachusetts, are supplied with ore, as has been suggested, from the 
 Taghkanic system, in that variety which is called the hematitic ore ; 
 and it is one' of an excellent quality, and is extensively employed for 
 
24 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 some of the most important purposes. Again, the counties on the 
 south shore of Lake Ontario, are provided with the argillaceous iron 
 ore, an ore, though not adapted for the manufacture of bar iron, yet it 
 is easily converted into cast iron, and therefore becomes a very useful 
 product to all the counties from Oneida to Niagara. The bog ores 
 which have not been paiticularly noticed, also occur at numerous pla- 
 ces in the state, and are wrought to good advantage. Salt and plaster 
 are confined to the more central portions of the state ; we do not at- 
 tempt to estimate their importance and value. Most of the great 
 groups furnish many varieties of marble ; but the Taghkanic system, 
 and Champlain group of the Transition, furnish by far a greater pro- 
 portion of this article than others at the present time. Still the Helder- 
 berg limestone is susceptible of a fine polish, and may be employed 
 for furnishing marbles of a good quality. 
 
 Of the quarries of marble in New-York, there are few, if any, so 
 valuable as those at Glen's Falls. They are situated on both sides of 
 the river, which at this place presents several precipices of from 60 to 
 70 feet. The beds are disposed nearly horizontally in those precipices, 
 by which arrangement it is comparatively easy to reach the most valu- 
 able layers of the marble. At these quarries there are several varie- 
 ties ; that which is the most esteemed, is the jet black, without white 
 spots. The varieties which are mottled, and in which those spots oc- 
 cur, are, notwithstanding, beautiful and ornamental for mantel pieces. 
 The quarries are owned and wrought principally by two companies, 
 who have shown much enterprize in the prosecution of this business. 
 In 1838 the Glen's Falls company prepared and sent to market 352,500 
 pounds of marble. This company run 16 gang of saws, and are able 
 to supply to order almost any amount of stone. In addition to the 
 marble business, lime making is carried on extensively, which, from 
 its excellent qualities, meets with a ready sale. In the marble quar- 
 ries, in the water power, and in the manufacture of lime, the enterpri- 
 zing people of this place have great and important facilities for busi- 
 ness, which they have turned to good account, and which is shown by 
 the bustle in the streets and along the canal, and the beautiful and sub- 
 stantial dwellings which have been erected within a few years. Few 
 country villages show more prosperity than Glen's Falls. The Geolo- 
 gical position of the limestone forming the black marble, is immedi- 
 ately below the Trenton rock : it is a mass which is quite persistent in 
 the Champlain group, though not always present. It is the same as 
 that at Isle La Mott, which is also celebrated as a black marble, and 
 the same as that called at Watertown the seven foot tier. 
 
 In addition to the preceding list of useful materials, each of which 
 is restricted to certain regions, we find others more generally dissemi- 
 nated, as peat and marl, each of which are abundant in all sections of 
 the state. To agriculture they are especially to be considered as im- 
 portant gifts, by which the soil that has long been cultivated, may be 
 renewed and made to yield anew its early products. The localities are 
 too numerous to be mentioned in this place, but reference may be made 
 to the annual reports of the State Geologists for information relating 
 to them . 
 
 All the groups abound in stones and flags for building, and the vari- 
 ous purposes which the wants of civilized life have created. The flags 
 of the old red sandstone, of the Chemung rocks, of the Ontario and 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 25 
 
 Cham plain groups, abound in those which can be adapted to all the 
 purposes of life. x\ judicious examination before selection is often re- 
 quired, in order to select those which will remain unchanged by the 
 nction of the weather, in a changeable climate like ours. Observation 
 of the same character may be made as it regards lime. All the groups 
 except the last, abound in this material. It is not intended, however, 
 to go into a computation of the value to the inhabitants of this state, 
 of all these products ; it is sufficient to say that the value of the pro- 
 ducts beneath the surface, are probably equal to those which can be 
 produced by culture upon it. To a state like New-York, whose public 
 works extend from North to South, and from East to West, these con- 
 siderations are really important ; her products and her means of trans- 
 portation will ever preserve to her the title of Empire State if only 
 her means are put in requisition. 
 
 Tabular View of the Rocks of New-York. 
 
 Arranged in Systems and Groups. 
 I Alluvia], 
 
 I. Post Tertiary, < Diluvial, 
 
 t Clays and Sands of the Post Tertiary. 
 
 II. Old red System.— Old red Sandstone. 
 
 Erie Group. \ Chemung Sandstones and Flags, 
 I Ludlowvule Shales. 
 Helderberg Limestone, 
 i Schoharie Grit. 
 Helderberg J Brown argillaceous Sandstone, 
 Series. "\Encrinal Limestone, 
 | Oriskany Sandstone, 
 Green Shaly Limestone, 
 Pentamerus Limestone. 
 Onondaga Salt and Gypseous rocks, 
 m. N. Y. Trans- / Ontario ) Limestone and Green Shales, 
 ition System. N ^ < Argillaceous Iron ore, 
 
 \ k Soft red, green and variegated Sandstone, or 
 
 ' Medina Sandstone. 
 
 !Gray Sandstone and bed of Conglomerate, 
 Lorraine Shales and Roofing Slates, 
 Utica Slate, 
 Trenton Lmestone, 
 Birdseye, 
 Chazy Limestone, 
 Calciferous Sandrock, 
 Potsdam Sandstone. 
 
 ( Light green Slates, sometimes dark and plumbaginous, 
 rV. Taghkanic System. ] Gray and clouded Limestone, 
 ( Brown Sandstone. 
 
 ,._,.„. ( Gneiss, Hornblende and Mica Slate, 
 
 V. Gneiss System. J Ta i cose Slate and Steatite. 
 
 VI. Superincumbent Rock. \ g™^ e « Trap ' 
 
 r Granite, 
 
 V Hypersthene Rock, 
 
 VII. Unstratified Rocks. < Primary Limestone, 
 
 f Serpentine, Rensselaerite, 
 v Magnetic iron ore. 
 
26 CIVIL DIVISIONS. 
 
 CIVIL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE. 
 
 The State is divided into 59 counties, which are subdivided into 
 835 towns, 145 incorporated villages, and 9 cities containing 64 wards. 
 These are the municipal divisions, and they are civil corporations, with 
 powers more or less extensive according to their charters, as granted 
 and modified from time to time by the Legislature. 
 
 There are other divisions more properly termed political. These are 
 the S Senate Districts ; the counties, considered in relation to their rep- 
 resentation in the 2nd branch of the Legislature ; and the Congression 
 al Districts. 
 
 The Senate Districts are arranged, every ten years, by the Legisla- 
 ture, acting under a provision for that purpose in the State Constitution, 
 on the basis of a census taken under the same authority ; and at the 
 same time and under the same authority, the Members of Assembly 
 are apportioned among the counties. The necessity of these decennial 
 readjustments, arises from the Constitutional limitation of the whole 
 number of the State Senate to 32 members, and of the Assembly, to 
 128 members. 
 
 The counties respectively comprised in the several Senate Districts 
 are as follow, in the numerical order of the Districts. 
 
 1st S. D. — New-York, Kings and Richmond. 
 
 2nd S. D. — Queens, Sutfolk, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rock- 
 land, Orange, Sullivan and Ulster. 
 
 3rd S. D. — Columbia, Rensselaer, Greene, Albany, Schenectady, 
 Schoharie and Delaware. 
 
 4th S. D. — Saratoga, Washington, Warren, Essex, Clinton, Frank 
 lin, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, Montgomery, Fulton and Hamilton. 
 
 5th S. J). — Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, Oneida, Madison and Otsego. 
 
 6th S. D. — Chenango, Broome, Tioga, Tompkins, Chemung, Steu- 
 ben, Livingston, Allegany and Cattaraugus. 
 
 1th S. D. — Onondaga, Cortland, Cayuga, Seneca, Wayne, Ontario 
 and Yates. 
 
 8lh S. D. — Monroe, Orleans, Genesee, Wyoming, Niagara, Erie 
 and Chautauque. 
 
 These Senate Districts, each represented by four Senators, one of 
 whom is elected every year, are intended by the Constitution to be as 
 nearly equal in the number of souls as may be, without dividing coun- 
 ties, in order that the people may be represented as equally as possible 
 in the State Senate; and for the same reason the apportionment of 
 Members of Assemby among the counties, is made on a uniform ratio 
 of the number of souls to each Member. The number of Members of 
 Assembly to which each county is entitled under the existing appor- 
 tionment, is as follows : 
 
 Albany, 3 Delaware, 2 Lewis, 1 
 
 Allegany, 2 Dutchess, 3 Livingston, 2 
 
 Broome, 1 Erie, 3 Madison, 3 
 
 Cattaraugus, 2 Essex, 1 Monroe, 3 
 
 Cayuga, 3 Franklin, 1 Montgomery, 2 
 
 Chautauque, 3 Fulton and Hamilton,.. 1 New-York, 13 
 
 Chemung, 1 Genesee, 2 Niagara, 2 
 
 Chenango, 3 Greene, 2 Oneida, 4 
 
 Clinton, 1 Herkimer, 2 Onondaga, 4 
 
 Columbia, 3 Jefferson, 3 Ontario, 3 
 
 Cortland, 2 Kings, 2 Orange, 3 
 
POPULATION. 27 
 
 Orleans, 1 Saratoga, 2 Ulster, 2 
 
 Oswego, 2 Schenectady, 1 Warren, 1 
 
 Otsego, 3 Schoharie, 2 Washington, 2 
 
 Putnam, 1 Seneca, 1 Wayne, 2 
 
 Queens, > 1 Sleuben, 3 Westchester, 2 
 
 Rensselaer, 3 Suffolk, 2 Wyoming, 2 
 
 Richmond, 1 Sullivan, 1 Yates, J 
 
 Rockland, 1 Tioga, 1 — 
 
 St. Lawrence, 2 Tompkins, 2 Total, 128 
 
 The Senate Districts, moreover, respectively constitute the regular 
 bounds of the several jurisdictions of the Circuit Judges, as do the 
 counties the jurisdictions of the Courts of Common Pleas and General 
 Sessions of the Peace. 
 
 The Congressional Districts, by which the representatives of the 
 State in the Congress of the United States are elected every two years, 
 are arranged every ten years, according to the apportionments of the 
 national representatives among the states, made by Congress on the ba- 
 sis of the national census. The arrangements of these districts have 
 thus far been made by the State Legislature, under a clause of the 
 U. S. Constitution, which, while it permits this to be so done, contains 
 also an express provision giving this power to Congress, whenever that 
 body shall see fit (o exercise it. [See Congressional Districts in the 
 Jflphabetical arrangement.] 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The increase of the population of this state, especially of the west- 
 ern portion, has been so rapid as to attract the attention of intelligent 
 men throughout Christendom. Sixty years ago, the whole section of 
 the state from Utica to Buffalo was all a wilderness, occupied only by 
 tribes of roving Indians. It now embraces twenty-eight counties and 
 more than a million of inhabitants, enjoying all the comforts and many 
 of the elegancies of civilized life, distinguished for general intelli- 
 gence and enterprize, and rapidly advancing in numbers, wealth, and 
 all the elements of social prosperity and power. 
 
 On comparing the results of the several enumerations which have 
 been made during the fifty years from 1790 to 1840 inclusive, it is 
 found that the population of this state has nearly doubled in every six- 
 teen years, while that of the whole Union has doubled only in periods 
 of about twenty-four years. The ratio of increase in both cases, how- 
 ever, is gradually diminishing, as the successive masses from which the 
 ratio is drawn become larger, while, at the same time, the positive 
 increase for any given period may not decline. 
 
 By the U. S. census of 1840, it will be seen, moreover, that the 
 white population of New-York exceeds one-sixth of the total white 
 population, and is about one-seventh of the aggregate mixed population, 
 of the whole Union. Or, in other words, making the comparison with 
 the other states in groups as usually arranged, New-York may be sta- 
 ted, in round numbers, as about equal in population, to the six New- 
 England states — or to the other four middle states — or to the four south- 
 ern Atlantic states — or to the six south-western states — and is exceeded 
 only by the five western slates. 
 
 The territory of the state is nearly as large as that of all England ; 
 it is about half as larsre as that of Great Britain and Ireland ; about 
 one-third as large as France, and larger than Holland, Belgium, Han- 
 
28 EDUCATION. 
 
 over and Saxony united. All these countries comprise a population of 
 about sixty-six millions, on a territory in the aggregate about six 
 times as large. When this State shall be as densely peopled as those 
 countries, the same ratio of population to surface will give eleven mill- 
 ions of inhabitants to the state, instead of the two and a half millions 
 at present included within its borders. 
 
 [For interesting details connected with the population, occupations, 
 and productions of the state, see the tables in the latter part of this 
 work.] 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The principal institutions of this state, as recognized by the laws, 
 for educational purposes, are 2 Universities, 4 Colleges, 3 Medical 
 schools, 140 Academies, 1 school for the Deaf and Dumb, 1 for the 
 Blind, and the Common Schools. 
 
 1. The Slate University. — This institution has no direct connection 
 with the business of instruction. Its functions are chiefly directive, 
 supervisory and visitorial. It was created by an act of the Legis- 
 lature, passed May 1, 17S4, under the corporate style of " The Re- 
 gents of the University of the State of New-York." The Regents 
 are twenty-one in number, nineteen of whom are appointed by the Le- 
 gislature, the other two being the Governor and Lt. Governor, who are 
 Regents by virtue of their offices. The officers of the Board are a 
 Chancellor, a Vice-Chancellor, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who are 
 all elected by their associates, by ballot and a plurality of votes. The 
 regular meetings of the Board are held in the chamber of the Senate, 
 the 2d Thursday in January being the day of the stated annual meet- 
 ing ; but special meetings may be held elsewhere, on notice. Eight 
 members form a quorum for business. In the exercise of their visito- 
 rial power, the Regents are bound annually to ascertain and report to 
 the Legislature the methods of education and discipline in the several 
 colleges and academies within their jurisdiction, including the numbers 
 of their pupils, their courses of study, and the text-books used, 
 their libraries and apparatus of every kind, the names and pay of the 
 instructors, their funds, revenues and debts, the amount and application 
 of the public moneys they receive, and in short, the entire condition 
 and management of the respective institutions subject to their care and 
 oversight. They are also authorized to make ordinances for all pur- 
 poses within their jurisdiction ; to confer degrees above that of Master 
 of Arts ; to fill vacancies in the offices of Presidents of Colleges, and 
 Principals of Academies, when left vacant by the Trustees for one year 
 without good cause shown ; to apportion the annual income of the Lit- 
 erature Fund among the eight Senate Districts, and in each District 
 among the seminaries therein, according to the number of their pupils 
 respectively, who have, for four months in the preceding year, pursued 
 classical studies, or the higher branches of English education, or both; 
 the Literature Fund being designed to foster those studies which do not 
 fall within the range of instruction in the Common schools, with which 
 the Regents have no legal connection. The Regents, moreover, have 
 power to incorporate academies. Their annual Reports embody a 
 great many valuable facts and a large amount of useful information of 
 the most practical kind, relative to the actual condition and progress of 
 the higher seminaries. 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 2d 
 
 2. The University of the City of New- Fork. — This institution was 
 incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed April 18, 1831. It 
 is authorized to hold property, the annual income of which shall not 
 exceed §20,000, and it is subject to the visitation of the Regent9. Its 
 general affairs are managed by a Council of thirty-two members, who 
 are elected by the corporators from their own body, and one-fourth of 
 whom are renewed annually. The Mayor and four members of the 
 Common Council of the City of New-York, are ex officio members of 
 the Council ; and no one religious sect is ever to have a majority there- 
 in. The Council fills its own vacancies occurring between the annual 
 elections ; appoints its own officers, and the members of the Faculty of 
 the institution, and possesses all the usual powers to make by-laws, 
 and to confer degrees. Eleven Councillors form a quorum for ordinary 
 business, but the votes of seventeen are necessary to convey real estate 
 and to appoint officers. The course of study embraces not only all the 
 branches of learning usually cultivated at colleges, but also the whole 
 circle of the sciences, and the liberal and useful arts. The institution 
 was opened for pupils in 1832. Its edifice is superb. 
 
 3. The Colleges in the state are as follow :— Columbia College, in 
 the City of New-York ; Union College, in Schenectady ; Hamilton 
 College, in Clinton, Oneida county; and Geneva College, in Geneva, 
 Ontario county ; all of which are" on the usual model of such institu- 
 tions, and are severally noticed under the head of the city or village 
 in which each is located. 
 
 4. The three Medical Schools are the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, in the city of New-York ; the Albany Medical College, in the 
 city of Albany ; and the Medical Department of Geneva College, in 
 the village of Geneva : each is noticed separately under the head of the 
 place where it is located. 
 
 5. The Academies are noticed in like manner. The subjoined list, 
 taken from the last annual report of the Regents, dated March 1, 1841, 
 shows the names and places of the Academies then existing, as distri- 
 buted through the eight Senate Districts. 
 
 Names of Academies. 
 
 First District. 
 Erasmus Hall, 
 
 Grammar School of Columbia 
 College, 
 
 Grammar School of the Univer- 
 siiy of the city of New- York, 
 
 N. Y. Institution for the Deaf 
 and Dumb, 
 
 Rutger's Female Institute,. • 
 
 Second District. 
 Amenia Seminary, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Dutchess County, 
 
 Farmer's Hall, 
 
 Hempstead Seminary, . 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Mour.t Pleasant, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Flatbush, 
 
 New- York city, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 Amenia, 
 
 Easthampton, 
 Poughkeepsie, 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Hempstead, • . 
 Kingston, 
 Montgomery,. 
 Mt. Pleasant,. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Kings, 
 
 New- York, . 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 Dutchess,. •• 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Dutchess,... 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Orange, 
 Westchester, 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 85 
 
 272 
 
 155 
 
 152 
 467 
 
 1,131 
 
 243 
 25 
 78 
 65 
 89 
 65 
 60 
 80 
 
 Amount 
 Lit. Fund. 
 
 $437 10 
 
 1,266 04 
 
 1,124 66 
 
 976 85 
 1,195 35 
 
 $ 5,000 00 
 
 $776 09 
 35 84 
 512 93 
 240 85 
 454 95 
 245 31 
 334 52 
 223 01 
 
30 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Names of Academies. 
 
 Newburgh, 
 
 New-Paltz, 
 
 North Salem, 
 
 Peekskill, 
 
 Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, 
 
 Redhook, 
 
 Rhinebeck, 
 
 Ridgebury, 
 
 Union Hall, 
 
 West Town, 
 
 Third District.. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Albany Female Academy, 
 
 Albany Female Seminary, 
 
 Claverack, 
 
 Coxsackie, 
 
 Delaware, • 
 
 Delaware Literary Institute,. • . 
 Greenbush and Schodack, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kinderhook, 
 
 Lansingburgh, 
 
 Schenectady Lyceum and Aca- 
 demy, 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Troy, 
 
 Troy Female Seminary,. • • • • • 
 
 Fourth District. 
 
 Ames, • • 
 
 Amsterdam Female Seminary, 
 
 Cambridge Washington, 
 
 Canajoharie, 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Essex County, 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Fort Covington, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Galway, 
 
 Gouverneur Wesleyan Sem'ry 
 
 Granville, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Johnstown, 
 
 Keeseville, 
 
 Kingsborough, 
 
 Moriah, 
 
 Ogdensburgh, 
 
 Pittsburgh, 
 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Schuylerville, 
 
 Stillwater, 
 
 Union Village, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Waterford, 
 
 Newburgh, 
 
 New-Paltz, 
 
 North Salem,. .. 
 Peekskill, ...... 
 
 Poughkeepsie, ■ . 
 Upper Redhook 
 Rhinebeck, 
 
 Ridgebury 
 
 Jamaica, 
 
 West Town, . . , 
 
 Albany city, 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Claverack, 
 
 Coxsackie, 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Greenbush, 
 
 Hudson city, . . . 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kinderhook,.. . . 
 
 Lansingburgh, . . 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Westchester 
 
 do. 
 Dutchess,. 
 
 do. . 
 
 do. . 
 Orange, • • 
 Queens, . . 
 Orange, . . 
 
 Schenectady city 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Troy city, 
 
 do 
 
 Ames, 
 
 Amsterdam,. . .. 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Canajoharie,.... 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Westport, 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 Fort Covington,. 
 
 Malone, 
 
 Galway, 
 
 Gouverneur, 
 
 North Granville, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Johnstown, 
 
 Keeseville, 
 
 Kingsborough,.. 
 
 Moriah, 
 
 Ogdensburgh, - . 
 
 Plattsburgh, 
 
 Potsdam, 
 
 Schuylerville,. . . 
 
 Stillwater 
 
 Union Village, • . 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Waterford, 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Albany, • • 
 do. ... 
 do. .. 
 Columbia, 
 Greene, • • 
 Delaware, 
 
 do. 
 Rensselaer. 
 Columbia, 
 Schoharie, 
 Columbia, 
 Rensselaer, 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Schoharie, • • 
 
 Rensselaer,. 
 
 do. 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 do. 
 Washington,. 
 Montgomery, 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Herkimer, . . . 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Sara f oga, 
 St. Lawrence 
 Washington,. 
 Herkimer, . . . 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 Saratoga, 
 
 do 
 
 Washington,. 
 
 do. 
 Saratoga, 
 
 53 
 
 47 
 36 
 33 
 
 110 
 26 
 61 
 42 
 
 137 
 60 
 
 1,310 
 
 185 
 264 
 40 
 51 
 39 
 122 
 115 
 35 
 64 
 74 
 115 
 107 
 
 136 
 50 
 41 
 
 199 
 
 1.637 
 
 28 
 115 
 72 
 62 
 94 
 5' 
 
 150 
 25 
 40 
 55 
 77 
 67 
 85 
 25 
 43 
 59 
 30 
 92 
 71 
 150 
 45 
 63 
 65 
 55 
 3D 
 
 Amount 
 Lit. Fund. 
 
 $280 99 
 240 85 
 240 85 
 151 64 
 365 74 
 75 82 
 138 20 
 165 02 
 330 06 
 187 33 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 §505 68 
 
 847 27 
 
 120 56 
 
 170 79 
 
 80 37 
 
 592 75 
 
 525 77 
 
 90 42 
 
 93 84 
 
 73 75 
 
 318 14 
 
 207 63 
 
 381 76 
 66 98 
 66 98 
 
 857 31 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 $187 49 
 239 57 
 170 12 
 215 27 
 170 12 
 142 35 
 3G4 53 
 45 33 
 145 8-2 
 347 22 
 281 21 
 249 99 
 118 04 
 83 32 
 52 28 
 62 56 
 107 63 
 114 57 
 253 46 
 611 00 
 104 10 
 291 65 
 222 21 
 319 43 
 100 68 
 
 1,655 $5,000 00 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 31 
 
 Names of Academies. 
 
 Fifth District. 
 Black River Literary and Reli 
 
 gious Institute, ■ 
 
 Cherry Valley, 
 
 Clinton Grammar School, 
 
 Clinton Liberal Institute, 
 
 De Ruyter Institute, 
 
 Fulton Female Seminary, .... 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Hobart Hall Institute, 
 
 Lowville, 
 
 Oneida Conference Seminary, 
 
 Oneida Institute, 
 
 Rensselaer Oswego, 
 
 Utica, 
 
 Utica Female Academy, 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Whitesboro, 
 
 Sixth District. 
 
 Avon, 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, 
 
 Groton, 
 
 Ithaca, 
 
 Livingston co. High School,.. 
 
 Oxford, 7 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Sherburne Union, 
 
 Seventh District. 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Auburn Female Seminary, ... 
 
 Canandaigua, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Cortland, , 
 
 East Bloomfield, , 
 
 Fayetteville, 
 
 Manlius, 
 
 Moravia Institute, 
 
 Munro, , 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 Ontario Female Seminary, 
 
 Ovid, 
 
 Pompey, 
 
 Seneca Falls, 
 
 Syracuse, . 
 
 Eighth District. 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Alexander Classical School, . . 
 
 Aurora, 
 
 Batavia Female Academy, 
 Buffalo Literary and Scientific 
 
 Academy , 
 
 Clarkson, 
 
 Fredonia, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Watertown, 
 Cherry Valley,. . 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 do 
 
 De Ruyter, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Holland Patent,. 
 
 Lowville, 
 
 Cazenovia, 
 
 Whitesboro,. . • . 
 
 Mexico, 
 
 Utica city, 
 
 do 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Whitesboro, 
 
 Avon, 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Prattsburgh, 
 
 Lima, 
 
 Groton, 
 
 Ithaca, 
 
 Geneseo, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 do. , 
 
 Canandaigua, . . 
 
 Aurora, 
 
 Homer, 
 
 East Bloomfield 
 
 Fayetteville, 
 
 Manlius, 
 
 Moravia, 
 
 Elbridge, 
 
 Onond'a Hollow 
 Canandaigua, . . 
 
 Ovid 
 
 Pompey, 
 
 Seneca Falls, . . . 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Alexander, 
 
 Aurora, 
 
 Batavia, 
 
 Buffalo city,.... 
 
 Clarkson, 
 
 Fredonia, 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Jefferson, 
 Otsego,.. 
 Oneida, . 
 do. . 
 Madison, 
 Oswego,. 
 Madison, 
 Oneida, . 
 Lewis, .. 
 Madison, 
 Oneida, . 
 Oswego,. 
 Oneida,.. 
 
 do. .. 
 
 do. .. 
 
 do. .. 
 
 Livingston, 
 Chemung, . 
 Steuben,... 
 Livingston, 
 Tompkins,, 
 do. . 
 Livingston, 
 Chenango,. 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Chenango,. 
 
 Cayuga, . . 
 
 do. 
 Ontario, . . 
 Cayuga, . . 
 Cortland, . 
 Ontario, . . 
 Onondaga. 
 
 do. 
 
 Cayuga, . . 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 do. 
 Ontario, . . 
 Seneca,. .. 
 Onondaga, 
 Seneca,... 
 Onondaga, 
 
 Orleans, . . . 
 Genesee,... 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Genesee,... 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Monroe,... 
 Chautauque : 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 225 
 55 
 28 
 84 
 74 
 76 
 117 
 74 
 88 
 136 
 92 
 100 
 115 
 165 
 87 
 77 
 
 1,593 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 103 
 200 
 
 35 
 150 
 101 
 104 
 156 
 
 60 
 
 995 
 
 85 
 108 
 135 
 52 
 143 
 95 
 138 
 105 
 75 
 82 
 75 
 113 
 71 
 49 
 84 
 108 
 
 1,518 
 
 75 
 70 
 72 
 40 
 
 60 
 55 
 123 
 
 Amount 
 Lit. Fund. 
 
 $557 02 
 17 97 
 101 87 
 371 54 
 170 79 
 233 71 
 329 40 
 248 69 
 236 70 
 590 08 
 170 79 
 437 46 
 458 44 
 644 08 
 182 77 
 248 69 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 $129 25 
 148 32 
 339 70 
 
 1,464 11 
 468 89 
 622 01 
 301 43 
 799 04 
 368 41 
 358 84 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 $308 32 
 196 00 
 629 15 
 174 99 
 579 14 
 266 65 
 183 39 
 316 65 
 258 32 
 512 48 
 258 32 
 358 31 
 237 49 
 220 82 
 212 49 
 289 48 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 $104 26 
 149 29 
 312 49 
 163 18 
 
 156 24 
 104 26 
 670 12 
 
32 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Names of Academies. 
 
 Gaines, 
 
 Jamestown, 
 
 Le Roy Female Seminary, 
 
 Lewiston, 
 
 Mayville, 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 Millville 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Rochester Collegiate Institute,- . 
 Rochester Female Academy, . . 
 
 Seward Female Seminary, 
 
 Sprinsville, 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Gaines, Orleans, 
 
 Jamestown, Chautauque, 
 
 Le Roy, Genesee, 
 
 Lewiston, Niagara,.... 
 
 Mayville, Chautauque, 
 
 Mendon, Monroe,. . . . 
 
 Middlebury,. . . .Genesee,.. . . 
 
 Millville, Orleans 
 
 Henrietta, . . Monroe,. . . . 
 
 Rochester city,., do 
 
 do. .. do 
 
 do. .. do 
 
 Springville, Erie, 
 
 Westfield, Chautauque, 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 75 
 
 38 
 
 160 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 115 
 
 130 
 
 106 
 
 40 
 
 230 
 
 65 
 
 45 
 
 23 
 
 40 
 
 Amount 
 Lit. Fund. 
 
 $399 30 
 177 08 
 434 02 
 177 08 
 83 32 
 124 99 
 361 10 
 163 18 
 166 66 
 552 07 
 166 66 
 204 85 
 156 24 
 173 61 
 
 1,638 $5,000 00 
 
 6. Common Schools. — The general organization of the Common 
 School System may be compendiously described as follows : 
 
 The head and centre of the system is the Secretary of State, who is, 
 by virtue of his office, Superintendent of Common Schools. 
 
 The other permanent agents directly connected with the legal admin- 
 istration of the system, are the Clerks and Treasurers of counties ; the 
 School Commissioners, Inspectors, Supervisors, District Trustees, Col- 
 lectors, and Clerks of Towns ; all of whom are elected by the people, 
 except the County Treasurers, who are appointed by the Boards of Su- 
 pervisors. The Comptroller and Treasurer of the State are also inci- 
 dentally associated with the financial action of the system. 
 
 In the year next following each census of the state, whether taken 
 under the authority of the State, or of the United States, that is, once 
 in every five years, it is the duty of the Superintendent to apportion 
 the moneys arising from the Common School Fund, among the coun- 
 ties, and the quota of each county among the towns and cities therein, 
 according to the ratio of the population in each, compared with that of 
 the whole state. He then certifies such apportionment to the Comp- 
 troller, and sends notice thereof to each County Clerk, stating the day 
 on which the moneys will be payable. That day is the 1st of February 
 in eech year, and the moneys are paid by the State Treasurer, on the 
 warrants of the Comptroller, to the several County Treasurers, who 
 pay over the town quotas to the School Commissioners of the respective 
 towns, to be distributed among the school districts. 
 
 Each county Clerk, on receiving from the superintendent, notice of 
 the apportionment, must give notice thereof to the clerk of the Super- 
 visors, to be laid before their Board at their next meeting, and they 
 must thereupon assess an equal amount upon the toAvns, to be collected 
 by the town collector, with his legal fees, as he collects other town 
 taxes. The levy of this sum is the statutory condition on which the 
 School Fund money is distributed to the districts. 
 
 These School Commissioners are three in number, elected an- 
 nually in each town, and they are constituted by statute a corporation 
 so far as to enable them to hold property for the use of the schools in 
 the town, and to sue and be sued in their official capacity. They also 
 set off, arrange, and modify the school districts ; and it is their duty 
 
EDUCATION. 33 
 
 annually, in July, lo report in writing to the County Clerk, the number 
 of districts in their town ; the time during which the schools have been 
 kept therein by qualified teachers ; the amount of School Fund money 
 received, as well as the amount received from the Town Collector ; 
 the whole number of pupils actually attending school, distinguishing 
 the number over five and under sixteen years of age ; and in short 
 every thing relating to'their duties, and the general legal condition of 
 the schools. 
 
 The two Inspectors in each town, together with the Commissioners, 
 constitute a Board for ascertaining, by examination, the qualifications 
 of teachers. Any two of the Board make a quorum, and their certifi- 
 cate of qualification i6 necessary to entitle a district to the actual re- 
 ceipt of its quota of the School Fund money. It is their duty also to 
 visit the schools. 
 
 The Trustees of the Districts are also a corporation ?o far as to ena- 
 ble them to hold property for the use of the District. They take charge 
 of the school houses, their erection, and repair ; they make the con- 
 tracts with the teachers ; provide fuel for the school ; call meetings of 
 the taxable inhabitants of the district, for levying whatever assessment 
 may be necessary for district purposes, and apportion such assess- 
 ments ; direct the manner in which the rate bills for teachers' wages 
 shall be made up, with authority to say who shall be exempted, for 
 poverty ; in short, they have charge of all the pecuniary concerns of 
 the district, and they must make report annually to the school Commis- 
 sioners, who, as already stated, report to the County Clerk, and he to 
 the Superintendent, thus making the chain of accountability complete. 
 Such is an outline of the general organization of the Common School 
 system of this state, as it has existed for many years, and as applied to 
 the towns. The cities, and many of the incorporated villages, are 
 accommodated with various modifications, adapted to their peculiar 
 circumstances. Some additions and improvements have been recently 
 engrafted on the system, but without making any essential changes in 
 its machinery. Among these additions is the appointment of a Gene- 
 ral Deputy Superintendent, who may perform all the duties of the Su- 
 perintendent, in case of his absence or of a vacancy in his office. By 
 a law of 1841, also, the Board of Supervisors, in each county, is di- 
 rected to appoint one, and if the number of school districts exceeds 
 200, two, Deputy Superintendents for the county, who hold their office 
 for two years, and whose duty it is to visit the schools in their several 
 jurisdictions, and examine into all matters relating to the government, 
 instruction, course of study, text-books, discipline, and the entire 
 economy and management of the schools, school-houses, and districts; 
 to examine the teachers employed, and give, or annul, certificates of 
 qualification ; and by every means in their power to promote sound 
 education and elevate the character of the schools. They are, also, to 
 make annual reports to the Superintendent on all the above named 
 topics. These Deputy Superintendents are paid two dollars per day, 
 for each day of actual service, with the proviso that their entire pay for 
 any one year shall not exceed $500 to each. 
 
 But by far the most important improvement of the system, is the 
 
 establishment of District School Libraries, by acts passed in 1838 and 
 
 1839. Those acts authorize each school district to raise by tax, twenty 
 
 dollars, in the first instance, and in each subsequent year, ten dollars, 
 
 3 
 
34 EDUCATION. 
 
 to be exclusively applied to the purchase and augmentation of a library 
 for the use of the school. The district Clerk, or other person to be 
 appointed at the annual meeting- of the District, is to be the Librarian, 
 and accountable for the safe keeping of the books, the property in 
 which is vested in the District Trustees. To aid these libraries, the 
 sum of $55,000, being part of the proceeds of the U. S. Deposit 
 Fund, is to be annually distributed, in like manner as the other school 
 moneys, with the proviso that at the end of three years this sum may 
 be applied in support of the library, or to the payment of teachers' wa- 
 ges, at the option of the District. The regulations for the manage- 
 ment of the libraries, are to be furnished by the Superintendent of 
 Common Schools, who is also authorized to select the library books, 
 when so requested by the Trustees of a district, in pursuance of a vote 
 of a District meeting. 
 
 By the last Annual Report of the Superintendent, dated January 5th, 
 1842, it appears that the number of School Districts in ihe State, taking 
 Districts and parts of Districts, was, on the 1st of July, 1841, equal to 
 10,886 full Districts ; and the number of these from which, on the 1st 
 January, 18(11, reports had been received, was 10,58S , in which, 
 schools had* -been kept open for an average of eight months, in the pre- 
 ceding year. The whole number of pupils instructed, including the 
 city of New-York, was 603,5S3. The whole number, excluding New- 
 York, residing in the districts, and between the ages of rive and six- 
 teen years, was, on the 31st of December, 1840, 583,347 ; and of these 
 the whole number under instruction was 562,198, giving an average of 
 about fifty-five to each district. 
 
 COMMON SCHOOL FUND. 
 
 The total productive capital of this Fund is $2,036,625.68 
 
 The total revenue of this Fund for the year ending on 
 the 30th Sept. 1841, was .... 96,073.85 
 
 The appropriation from the income of the U. S. De- 
 posit Fund, for benefit of schools, for same year, 165,000.00 
 
 7. New- York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. — This institution 
 is pleasantly situated on Manhattan Island, s/unewhat aloof from the 
 more compact and bustling parts of the city of New-York. Its first 
 annual report to the Legislature, as required by law, was made in 1819. 
 Its corporate Board consists of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a 
 Treasurer, a Secretary and twenty Directors. The officers charged 
 with the instruction and discipline of the school, are the Principal, six 
 Professors and two Monitors. There are, besides, a Physician, a Mat- 
 ron and a Steward. Manual labor and handicraft employments are 
 also associated with the other pursuits of the pupils. The occupations 
 of this class, at present pursued, are cabinet-making, book-binding, 
 shoemaking, tailoring and gardening, each under the direction of a 
 competent master workman. The large majority of the pupils are 
 placed and supported there by the State ; but pupils are also received 
 at the charge of private friends, and different local authorities, while 
 some are the immediate beneficiaries of the institution. The State 
 beneficiaries are designated in just proportion from the several coun- 
 ties, by the Superintendent of Common Schools, who visits the institu- 
 tion and holds an annual examination in July. The whole number of 
 pupils for the year ending on the 31st December, 1841, was 162, being 
 
EDUCATION. 35 
 
 an increase often beyond (hat of the preceding year, nnd, with but one 
 exception, a greater number than in any previous year. Of the 162 
 pupils for 1841, 123, (62 males and 61 females,) were supported by the 
 State; 9, (3 males and 6 females.) by the Institution ; 12, (6 of each 
 sex,) by the N. Y. city corporation ; 6, (5 males and 1 female,) by 
 the State of New-Jersey : 11, (7 males and 4 females,) by private 
 friends; and 1 (female,) by the Supervisors of Dutchess co. — making 
 in all S3 males and 79 females. The annual charge for a pupil is $130, 
 which includes board, and every thing except clothing and travelling 
 expenses. Clothing is furnished, if desired, for $30 per year. No 
 applicants under 12 or over 25 years of age are received, unless in spe- 
 cial cases, and at the discretion of the Board. 
 
 The last annual report of the institution presents a very interesting 
 and important view of the number of deaf and dumb in the several 
 great sections of the United States, as well as in this State, and the 
 ratio they bear to the whole population, as drawn from different enum&- 
 rattons of the people, and other sources. It appears that in this state 
 the whole number of Deaf Mutes is at least 1,308, or a ratio of 1 to 
 1,820 souls, which is stated to be a lower ratio than in any of the °reat 
 sections of the Union, except the north-western, where the ratio is 
 stated to be 1 to every 2,197. 
 
 8. Institution for the Blind. — This institution was incorporated, 
 May 21, 1831, under the name of " The New-York Institution for the 
 Blind," with power to hold property, the annual income of which shall 
 not exceed $10,000. Its general affairs are managed by a Board, con- 
 sisting of a President, a Vice-President, Treasurer, Cor respond i no- 
 Secretary, Recording Secretary, and twenty Managers. The Faculty , 
 having charge of the internal concerns, and the education of the pu- 
 pils, consists of a Superintendent, a principal teacher of the several 
 branches of a good English education, and of the elements of Latin, a 
 teacher of instrumental music, a teacher of vocal music, a matron, a 
 teacher of basket making, and another of band-box making. These 
 two handicraft employments are the only ones at present introduced. 
 There is, also, a female visiting committee. At the close of 1840, the 
 whole number of pupils was 72, being 46 males and 26 females. The 
 branches of learning taught were spelling, reading, writing, arithme- 
 tic, English grammar, geography, Latin Grammar, logic, algebra, and 
 geometry. Moral philosophy was also taught during 1840, but chem- 
 istry has been substituted for it. The alphabet, spelling and reading, 
 are taught by means of embossed or raised letters, the knowledge of 
 which is obtained by the touch. All kinds of instrumental music, as 
 well as singing, are taught ; and it is a general fact, derived from ex 
 perience, that the blind are peculiarly fond of music, and make re- 
 markably rapid proficiency in its acquisition. 
 
 The expenses of this institution, for all ordinary purposes, in the 
 year 1840, amounted to $13,111.52 ; and the receipts for the same 
 year, to $11,739.59. The cost of the edifice was $28,647.00. The 
 institution is well managed, and has been eminently successful. 
 
 9. State Lunatic Asylum. — This is the legal name of an institution 
 which originated in an act of the State Legislature, passed on the 3Gth 
 of March, 1836. Under that act, Commissioners, to be appointed by 
 the Governor and Senate, were directed to select the site and purchase 
 
 
36 • EDUCATION. 
 
 the land for the necessary edifices, determine their plan and dimen- 
 sions, and take charge of their erection. The site is within the corpo- 
 rate limits of Utica, a little westward from the more compact parts of 
 the city, on a fine swell of ground overlooking that city, the village of 
 Whitesbcrough, the manufacturing village of York Mills, the Erie 
 canal, and the Syracuse and Utica railroad, and commanding a very 
 extensive view of Mohawk valley and of the hill-country beyond, 
 while, at the same time, it is smooth and easy of access, and permits 
 the establishment to be enlarged, with the utmost convenience, to any 
 extent which the wants of the institution can ever require. The quan- 
 tity of land appertaining to the institution is about 200 acres, present- 
 ing a variety of soil, with a gently undulating surface, most of it 
 cleared and cultivated, but bordered on the western skirt with a fine 
 piece of woodland. In the district thus overlooked, the branches of 
 husbandry pursued being chiefly grazing and the dairy, the landscape 
 is principally made up of meadows, pastures, orchards, woodlands, 
 and sloping hill-sides, enlivened by flocks and herds, and the pleasant 
 aspect of comfortable farm houses and their various appendages. The 
 whole expression of the scenery is, therefore, eminently cheerful and 
 congenial with the purposes and discipline of the institution. 
 
 The architectural plan of the Asylum presents a quadrangle of four 
 edifices, each 52S feet long, with three stories above the basement, and 
 having their ends, at the inner angles, connected by latticed verandahs, 
 thus forming an octagon of the enclosed area. The exterior of each 
 edifice consists of five sections ; the centre, or principal section, 120 
 feet in front by 46 deep, with a curtain, or middle wing on each side, 
 160 feet in front by 46 feet deep, but falling a little back of the front 
 line of the centre section, with a wing at each end 44 feet in front, by 
 55 feet deep, and brought forward to the front line of the centre sec- 
 tion, which, in the principal edifice has a 4th story, in which is a Cha- 
 pel 93 by 36 feet, and the front is embellished by a Doric portico, with 
 six columns, supporting a pediment of the same base and elevation as 
 the roof. 
 
 The front, or principal edifice, is finished and ready for occupation 
 as soon as the internal economy of the institution can be organized for 
 the reception of patients. A Board of Trustees, appointed under an 
 act of 1841, has reported to the Legislature a plan with a system of 
 regulations for the superintendence and management of the Asylum, 
 which is intended first and chiefly for the insane poor and the criminal 
 lunatics of the different counties. This report has been drawn up from 
 materials obtained during the year, both by much personal examina- 
 nation and inquiry, and by a very extensive correspondence with the 
 managers of such institutions in other states, as well as a very thorough 
 investigation of the history and condition of similar asylums in Europe; 
 and it is a well digested and deeply interesting document, from which 
 it appears, among other things, that the whole number of lunatics in 
 this state must be considerably over 1,000, probably nearer 1,250, be- 
 sides idiots to the number of about 1,500 ; and of the number of luna- 
 tics mentioned, not more than one quarter can be properly accommo 
 ted in the edifice already erected. The urgent need for the completion 
 of the other three edifices, and the suitable arrangement of the grounds, 
 is, therefore, very apparent. 
 
PRISONS. 37 
 
 STATE PRISONS. 
 
 Of (hese there are two ; one at Auburn, Cayuga county, and the 
 other at Sing- Sing, in Westchester county. 
 
 1. uiubum State Prison. — This prison originated in an act of the 
 Legislature, in 1816 ; and after several experiments and modifications, 
 it was organized on its present plan of discipline and management, in 
 1823. The general affairs of the establishment are in the charge of a 
 Board of Inspectors ; and the Internal economy of the Prison, and the 
 management of the prisoners, are committed to an officer styled the 
 Jlgent, with subordinates. The convicts are each lodged in a separate 
 cell, at night ; and in the day time they work in company, in the work- 
 shops, but in silence, not a word being allowed to be spoken. Many 
 handicraft and mechanical employments are plied in the prison ; and 
 those who are without any trade, when committed, are taught some 
 useful occupation. The avails of the labor of the convicts, accruing 
 for the most part on contracts made by the Agent with different citizens, 
 for the articles made in the prison, are applied to defray the expenses 
 of the establishment. In the last annual report of the Inspectors to the 
 Legislature, dated January 8, 1842, the total earnings of convict labor, 
 for the fiscal year ending on the 30th September, 1841, are stated at 
 $64,886.45, and the total expenditure for the ordinary purposes of the 
 prison, at $(47,809.69; showing $17,076.76 of earnings beyond ex- 
 penses. 
 
 The number of convicts in this prison on the 31st December, 1840, 
 was 695 ; the number received during the year 1841, was 234 ; the 
 number discharged during same year, by expiration of sentence, was 
 168 ; by habeas corpus, 1 ; by pardon, 35 ; by removal to House of 
 Refuge in the city of New-York, (youths) 4 ; to Lunatic Asylum, in 
 same city, 2 ; to Sing Sing State Prison, (females) 3 ; died, 9; ma- 
 king 222 discharged ; and leaving in prison, on the 31st December, 
 1841, 707. 
 
 The trades plied in the Prison are coopering, cotton weaving, shoe- 
 making, machine making, tailoring, tool making, carpet weaving, 
 stone cutting, spinning, comb making, cabinet making, hame making, 
 carpentry, and silk making. 
 
 The manufacture of silk in this piison, was commenced in May, 
 1841 ; and the experiment, so far, has proved very successful. The 
 Prison is now a market for cocoons and reeled silk, and the supply 
 comes from various and distant points, both in and out of this state 
 The article at present made for sale is sewing silk, and it is said to be 
 of excellent quality. With the progress of time, the manufacture of 
 other fabrics will be introduced ; and the business promises to become 
 extensive and very important. 
 
 2. Mount Pleasant State Prison. — This Prison is in Sing Sing vil- 
 lage, in Westchester county, ^n the eastern shore of the Hudson River, 
 and thirty-five miles from the city of New-York. It was opened for the 
 reception of convicts in 1827. It is modelled on the plan of the Au- 
 burn Prison, having a Board of five Inspectors for the care of its gen- 
 eral affairs, and an Agent, with his assistants, to whom are entrusted 
 the internal economy of the prison, and the management of the con 
 victs. The principal practical difference between the two establish- 
 ments is in the great amount of labor bestowed by the Mount Pleasant 
 
58 FUNDS OF THE STATE. 
 
 convicts on the marble quarries at the site of the Prison and its imme- 
 diate vicinity, which are very extensive. The avails of convict labor, 
 here as at Auburn, are applied to defray the expenses of the institution, 
 to which they are more than equal. The annual report of the Inspect- 
 ors of this Prison, for the year 1841, had not appeared when this article 
 was prepared, but from the annual Report of 1840, it appears that the 
 total value of convict labor, for that year, was $83,504.14 ; and the 
 expenditures, $77,460.00; showing a balance in favor of the Prison, 
 of #6,044 14. 
 
 During the year 1840, also, as appears by the same report, there were 
 received" into this prison 218 males, and 36 females, making, with the 
 805 in, at the beginning of the year, the number of 1,059, of both 
 sexes. During the same year there were discharged, by expiration of 
 sentence, 178 males and 14 females ; by pardon, 18 males and 4 fe- 
 males ; by death, 16 males and 1 female ; and 1 male was removed to 
 the Lunatic Asylum in New-York ; making the whole number of 232 
 discharged during the year 1840, and leaving in Prison, at the end of 
 that year, 827, of whom 767 were males, and 60 were females.. 
 
 Connected with the Mount Pleasant Prison, is an admirably arranged 
 department for female convicts, in which all the convicts of that sex 
 are to be placed ; but the annual Report of the Inspectors for the year 
 1841, not having been made when this article was prepared, no accu 
 rate details can be furnished. 
 
 In both of these Prisons, Chaplains are regularly employed, and by 
 their personal labors, and the distribution of good books, great efforts 
 are made to improve the moral condition of the convicts ; and the re 
 suits are highly gratifying. 
 
 FUNDS OF THE STATE. 
 
 1. General Fund. — This fund consists of the following principal 
 items, viz-: Auction duties, deducting $33,000 annually paid to cer- 
 tain charities in the city of New-York ; salt duties ; fees received in 
 the various offices of the clerks and registers connected with the courts 
 of law and equity, from other state offices, and from licenses to hawk- 
 ers and pedlars, &c. and a permanent appropriation of $200,000 from 
 the surplus revenue of the Erie and Champlain Canal Fund. The reve- 
 nue from the above sources is applicable to the ordinary expenses of 
 the state government, and the amount, for the fiscal year ending on the 
 30th Sept. 1841, was as follows : 
 
 Auction duties, $206,702.11 
 
 Salt do 130,439.34 
 
 Fees from legal proceedings, &c 54,311 .05 
 
 Miscellaneous, 19,754. 16 
 
 From Erie and Champlain Canal Fund, 200,000.00 
 
 Total amount from the above sources, $611,206 .66 
 
 The ordinary annual expenses of the state government amount to 
 about $500,000, leaving for contingent expenses and special appropri- 
 ations, about $100,000. 
 
 2. Common School Fund. — This fund consists of bonds for lands ; 
 bonds for moneys of the fund loaned to counties, towns, &c. ; State 
 stocks issued for moneys of the fund so invested ; stocks in banks ; 
 
FUNDS OF THE STATE 39 
 
 moneys of the fund in the Treasury not invested ; and $165,000 set 
 over to it from the income of the United Slates Deposit Fund. The 
 revenue from the above sources, for the last fiscal year, ending on the 
 30th September, 1841, was as follows : 
 
 Balance on hand, Sept. 30, 1840, $114,104.28 
 
 Interest on bonds for lands, 57,697.90 
 
 Interest on loans and dividends on stocks, 38,375.11 
 
 From income of U. S. Deposit Fund 165,000.00 
 
 Total revenue for year ending Sept. 30, 1841, $375,177.29 
 
 To this fund also belong - nearly all the unsold wild lands of the State, 
 amounting to more than 300,000 acres, worth, taken tog-ether, proba- 
 bly not far from 30 cents an acre ; and as they are sold, from time to 
 time, the moneys paid, and the bonds given for them, will contribute 
 to the augmentation of the fund. 
 
 3. Literature Fund. — This fund is set apart chiefly for the benefit 
 of the academies in the State. Its capital consists of State stocks, in- 
 surance and bank stocks, and a small quantity of public lands. The 
 whole amount of productive capital is $268,092.87, exclusive of 
 $879.70 in cash not invested, and unsold lands valued at $4,845.80. 
 The income from this fund, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1841, was 
 $66,919.50. 
 
 4. Bank Fund. — This Fund, commonly called the Safety Fund, 
 was established, by law, in 1829, to be made up by contributions from 
 such banks as then had their charters renewed, and such as should 
 thereafter be incorporated. The policy of the law and the object of 
 the fund, were to make provision for the payment of the debts, inclu- 
 ding the circulating notes, of the contributing, or Safety Fund Banks, 
 in case of failure of any of them ; the Fund not to be drawn upon, 
 however, till the assets of a failing bank should have been all applied 
 ami found insufficient for the purpose. The contributions, as they ac- 
 cumulate, are, by law, invested, by the Comptroller, in public stocks, 
 and in bond'; and mortgages, the interest on which accrues to the ben- 
 efit of the Fund. The capital of this Fund, on the 30th Sept. 1840, 
 amounted to $556,486.76, and the increase, from contributions and 
 from interest, amounted, on the 30th Sept. 1841, to $113,068.23; ma- 
 king together the sum of $669,554.99. But during the same year the 
 drafts upon the Fund amounted to $184,067.00. leaving, on the 30th 
 Sept. 1S41, the sum of $485,487.99. 
 
 5. United States Deposit Fund. — This fund consists of moneys de- 
 posited with this State by the United States. The entire quota origin- 
 ally apportioned to the State was $5,352,694.28, to be paid in four in- 
 stalments. Onlv three of the instalments were actually paid, amount- 
 ing to $4,014,520.71. The apportionment of these moneys among the 
 several counties of the State, was made, however, on the basis of the 
 entire quola ; and to make up the deficit, the sum of $1,159,836.18 
 was advanced from the Canal Fund, and from the Treasury the further 
 sum of $168,718.49, in the expectation that the fourth instalment 
 would be paid to the State ; and the entire amount of the original ap- 
 portionment was remitted to the Loan Commissioners and loaned in 
 the several counties. But as the abovementioned deficit is not to be 
 made up by the United States, the moneys advanced from the Canal 
 Fund, and the Treasury, are to be reimbursed, under laws passed for 
 
40 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 the purpose. Large sums hare already been repaid, on account of 
 these advances, and when they shall have been fully replaced, this De- 
 posit Fund will stand permanently at the amount actually received 
 from the United States, and such augmentations as may arise from its 
 proceeds. 
 
 6. Mariner's Fund. — This fund is derived from the surplus avails, 
 after paying hospital expenses, of the moneys collected from masters 
 of vessels, seamen and passengers, arriving at the port of New-York. 
 It consists of $22,000 in State stocks ; a mortgage from the Trustees 
 of the American Seamen's Fund Society, for $10,000 ; and cash not 
 invested $24,347.89. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The public works of the State, complete and incomplete, for the pro- 
 motion of trade and intercourse, consist solely of canals and their navi- 
 gable appendages, and are as follows, with their length in miles. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Erie canal, 363 m. Feeders, 8 m. Albany Basin, 1 m 372 
 
 Champlain do. 64 m. Glen's Falls Feeder, 12 m. Pond above 
 
 Troy dam, 3 m 79 
 
 Chenango do 97 
 
 Oswego do 38 
 
 Cayuga and Seneca do 23 
 
 Chemung do. 23 m. Feeder 16 m 39 
 
 Crooked Lake do 8 
 
 Genesee Valley do. (41 m. complete, 1841, and Branch to Dans- 
 
 ville, 11m.) 121 i 
 
 Oneida Lake do. and Feeder, 6 
 
 Black River do. (no part complete,) including slack water of 
 
 river, 85 
 
 Total length, complete and incomplete, in 1841 , 8685 
 
 Deduct miles not complete, in 1841, of Black River Canal,. 85 
 do. do. Genesee Valley Canal, not complete in 1841,. 69^-154* 
 
 Leaves, of completed and navigated miles, 714 
 
 REVENUE FROM CANALS. 
 
 The whole amount ot revenue, consisting almost wholly of tolls, but 
 including a small sum from penalties, and fees for certified copies of 
 boat clearances, collected from all the canals during the season of 
 navigation in 1841 , was as follows : 
 
 Erie Canal, $1,813,650.58 
 
 Champlaindo 117,841.14 
 
 Chenango do 18,815 . 48 
 
 Oswego do . t 38,344.22 
 
 Cayuga and Seneca do 23,583 . 37 
 
 Chemungdo 9,396.42 
 
 Crooked Lake do 2,017.32 
 
 Genesee Valley do 9,927. 69 
 
 Oneida Lake do 462.02 
 
 Seneca River Towing path, 844.58 
 
 Total Canal Revenue of 1841, $2,034,882.82 
 
STATE DEBT. 41 
 
 The Erie Canal was begun on the 4th day of July, 1817, and it was 
 opened for navigation through its whole extent in October, 1825. The 
 very next year the tolls exceeded the annual expenses upon it. At the 
 close of 1S26, the whole Erie and Champlain Canal debt, excluding 
 the interest of that year, was stated at $10,272,316.75 ; and in 1838, 
 the revenue, after having paid all expenses, had regularly paid the in- 
 terest, and reduced the principal of the debt to $8,459,069.17. 
 
 For details connected with the above named works, see each work 
 under its own head in the alphabetical arrangement ; and for a table of 
 distances on the canals, as also the rates of tolls, see appendix. 
 
 STATE DEBT. 
 The entire debt of this state, as set forth in the Comptroller's annual 
 Report, dated January 7th, 1842, and as it stood at the end of the fiscal 
 year, Sept. 30th, 1841, was as follows : 
 Canal stocks on long loans for all the State canals,. . . $16,306,374.48 
 
 General Fund Debt, 1,255,193.43 
 
 Temporary loans for canals, 1,855,000.00 
 
 $19,416,567.91 
 Deduct for original Erie and Champlain debt, due in 
 
 1845, for which funds have been set apart, 2,021,037.25 
 
 Amount of actual debt, Sept. 30, 1841, $17,395,530.66 
 
 Add for stocks loaned to railroads, on which interest 
 
 was not paid, as follows, viz : 
 Whole stock loaned to Champlain and Catskill R. R. $200,000.00 
 do. do. Ithaca and Owego Railroad,. 315,700.00 
 
 Making total to be added to debt, $515,700.00 
 
 Making the whole debt, in this form, $17,911,230.66 
 
 The gross amount of annual interest on this debt, in- 
 cluding long stocks and temporary loans, $919,704.36 
 
 The foregoing statement shows the total amount of what may be 
 termed the positive debt of the State. The other liabilities of the 
 State are contingent merely, and consist of stocks loaned by the State 
 to various railroad companies, to aid them in executing their works. 
 The total amount of these contingent liabilities, at the close of the last 
 
 fiscal year, viz : on the 30th Sept. 1841, was $4,235,700.00 
 
 Deduct amount of Stocks loaned to Canajo- 
 harie and Catskill railroad co. because in- 
 cluded in positive state debt, $200,000.00 
 
 Deduct, for same reason, the amount loaned 
 
 to Ithaca and Owego railroad Company,.. 315,700.00—515,700.00 
 
 Leaves total actual contingent ilebt, $3,720,000.00 
 
 The total amount of reverwe for the last fiscal year, 
 
 ending Sept. 30, 1841, was $2,128,960.35 
 
 Deduct payment of interest for same year, on all State 
 stocks, both positive and contingent, and all ordinary 
 expenses of government, and all extraordinary spe- 
 cial payments for same year, 1,323,209.29 
 
42 MILITIA— GOVERNORS, &c. 
 
 Leaves nett proceeds of revenues for same year, $805,751.06 
 
 From this nett balance deduct the further sum paid over 
 
 to the Treasury for expenses of State government, . . 200,000, 00 
 
 Leaves clear nett balance, beyond all claims of the year, $605,751 .06 
 This last named clear nett balance would, in private affairs, be con- 
 sidered as profits ; and it is applicable either directly to the further 
 prosecution of the public works, or to the payment of interest on new 
 loans for the more rapid execution of those works, or to any other pur- 
 pose to which the Legislature may see fit to apply it. Or, if the whole 
 of its contingent liabilities were at once to be assumed by the State, 
 this nett balance, with the other portions of revenue included in the 
 foregoing exhibit, would pay the entire interest on the whole aggre- 
 gate debt, both positive and contingent, and still leave more than 
 $400,000 of clear income. 
 
 MILITIA. 
 The military force of this state consists of the subjoined number of 
 
 men in each arm of the Militia, as at present organized, and as stated 
 
 in the last annual report of the Adjutant General. 
 
 Cavalry, 5,885 
 
 Artillery, . 8,978 
 
 Infantry, including light companies and Riflemen, 164,862 
 
 Companies of Cavalry and Artillery permanently attached 
 
 to Infantry Brigades. 2,433 
 
 Total force, 182,158 
 
 LIST OF GOVERNORS AND 
 
 OF THE STATE 
 
 governors. Elected. 
 
 George Clinton, 1777 
 
 1780 — 1783— 1786,— 1789,— 1792 
 
 John Jay 1795 
 
 " " 1798 
 
 George Clinton, 1801 
 
 Morgan Lewis, 1804 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins,* 1807 
 
 1810 
 
 1813 
 
 «' " 1816 
 
 De Witt Clinton, 1817 
 
 '• 1820 
 
 Joseph C Yates,t 1822 
 
 De Witt Clinton,* 1824 
 
 1826 
 
 Marrin Van Buren,$ 1828 
 
 Enos T. Throop 1830 
 
 William L. Marcy, 1832 
 
 " 1834 
 
 « « 1836 
 
 William H. Seward, 1838 
 
 1840 
 
 LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS 
 OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 LIEUT. GOVERNORS. Elected. 
 
 Pierre Van Cortlandt, 1777 
 
 1780,-1 783— 1786,— 1789— 1792 
 
 Stephen Van Rensselaer, 1795 
 
 1798 
 
 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, 1801 
 
 John Broome, 1804 
 
 1807 
 
 1810 
 
 De Witt Clinton, (special election,) 1811 
 
 John Taylor, 1813 
 
 1816 
 
 1820 
 
 Erastus Root, • 1822 
 
 James Tnllmadge, 1824 
 
 Nathaniel Pitcher, 1826 
 
 Enos T. Throop, 1828 
 
 Edward P. Livingston, 1830 
 
 John Tracy, 1832 
 
 " 1834 
 
 f 1836 
 
 rBradish, 1838 
 
 1840 
 
 Luther Dradish,. 
 
 *Resipned in 1S17, being chosen Vice President of the United States. 
 fElected under the amended Constitution, which went into operation 1st Jan. 1823. 
 IDied, while in office, Feb. II, 1S28. ; 
 
 ^Resigned in March, 1829, being appointed Secretary of State of the United States. 
 
REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE AND TAXES. 
 
 43 
 
 STATEMENT 
 
 Of the aggregate valuations of Real and Personal Estate in the several counties in this 
 state : also the amount of Town and County taxes, and the corrected aggregate 
 valuations for the year 1S41. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Ass'd val- 
 ue of real 
 estate. 
 
 Ass'd va 
 ue of per- 
 sonal est 
 
 Corrected 
 aggregate 
 valuation. 
 
 Amount of 
 
 county 
 taxes. 
 
 Amount oj. 
 town tax- 
 es. 
 
 Total 
 taxation. 
 
 Allegany, 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus,- 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chautauque,- 
 Chemung,--- • 
 Chenango, ••■ 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Columbia, ••• 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Delaware, ••• 
 
 Dutchess, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Franklin, •■•• 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Herkimer, ••• • 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, •• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery, ■ 
 New York, • • ■ 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Onondaga, •■• 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rensselaer, •• 
 Richmond, •■• 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schenectady,- 
 Schoharie, ••• 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Steuben, •••• ■ 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Tompkins, ••• 
 
 !'lster, . 
 
 '. ( .*arren, 
 
 Washington, • 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 H r estchester, .. 
 
 Wyomin?, 
 
 Yates, 
 
 $5,275,614 
 11,0H7, 141 
 1,979,196 
 6,463,083 
 11,372,670 
 4,211,771 
 2, 599, 795 
 4, 035, 678 
 1 , 570, 000 
 6, 484, 202 
 3,165,800 
 2,112,085 
 15,218.937 
 12,481,996 
 2,001,000 
 1,480,966 
 1,166,361 
 7,410,620 
 2,672,903 
 609, 500 
 6,190,385 
 7,178,295 
 27,943,434 
 1,591,046 
 9,635,696 
 6,437,246 
 15,661,769 
 3,428.967 
 1S7, 350,948 
 5,146,133 
 9,872,618 
 15,015,827 
 12,053,419 
 9, 462, 784 
 5,530, 
 5, 977, 085 
 4, 904, 642 
 2, 601 , 27o 
 7,789,050 
 8,286,143 
 1,(86,411 
 1,839,792 
 3,120,760 
 6,024,606 
 2,181,933 
 2,004,900 
 5, 644, 256 
 4,615,165 
 6, 153, 800 
 2^61 1,956 
 1,614,209 
 3,394,000 
 4, 457, 240 
 1,035.476 
 5, 234, 730 
 7,5S7,47l 
 7,770,979 
 4,866,769 
 6,332.486 
 
 $234, 636 
 
 4,858,290 
 250,021 
 174, 597 
 
 1,617,358 
 354,017 
 379,984 
 568,318 
 299, 629 
 
 2,526,118 
 258, 635 
 367, 252 
 
 4,950,547 
 775,048 
 5S,943 
 174,239 
 240, 2S7 
 461,253 
 548, 205 
 2,216 
 923,704 
 094,71b 
 
 3,660,794 
 211,454 
 751,007 
 902 , 797 
 
 1,481,675 
 
 438,092 
 
 64,843,972 
 
 159,974 
 
 2, 351,- ',67 
 
 2, 067, 359 
 
 2,043,298 
 
 2,057,033 
 320.969 
 617,917 
 971,142 
 485,797 
 
 3,323,650 
 
 3,970,315 
 
 1S5, 914 
 
 448,368 
 
 S6, 173 
 
 1,112,628 
 611,952 
 167,731 
 632, 462 
 
 1,139,270 
 315,352 
 77, 144 
 326,362 
 854, 687 
 881,636 
 40,4176 
 
 1.004j837 
 474, 592 
 
 2,963,115 
 247, life 
 324,812 
 
 $5,510,400 
 
 15,945,431 
 
 2,229,217 
 
 6,627,660 
 
 12,990,028 
 
 4, 565 
 
 2,979,779 
 
 4, 603, 996 
 
 1,869,629 
 
 9,010,320 
 
 2, 370, 720 
 
 3, 533, 052 
 
 20,169,484 
 
 13,257,044 
 
 2, 069, 943 
 
 1,655,204 
 
 1,406,648 
 
 7,871,879 
 
 3. 121, 106 
 
 611,716 
 
 6, 114,0S9 
 
 7,873,013 
 
 31,610,228 
 
 1,802,500 
 
 10,3S6,703 
 
 7,340,043 
 
 17,143,444 
 
 3,867,059 
 
 252,194,920 
 
 5,306,107 
 
 12,224,083 
 
 17,083, 1S6 
 
 14,090,717 
 
 11,519,817 
 
 5,851,861 
 
 6,595,002 
 
 6,875,7S4 
 
 3, 087, 07i 
 
 11,112,700 
 
 12,256,458 
 
 1,272,326 
 
 2,268,160 
 
 3,215,933 
 
 7,137,234 
 
 2, 823, SS5 
 
 2,172,63! 
 
 6,276,718 
 
 5,754,435 
 
 6,474,152 
 
 2, 689, 100 
 
 1,940,571 
 
 4,248,687 
 
 5,33S,876 
 
 1,075,552 
 
 6, 289, 067 
 
 8,062,053 
 
 10,739,094 
 
 5,113,925 
 
 6,687,296 
 
 $10,634 91 
 49, 154 43 
 7,717 34 
 11,074 68 
 29,279 23 
 14,007 33 
 8, 100 00 
 8,676 36 
 12,432 27 
 21,391 67 
 7,112 84] 
 8,395 27 
 32,644 68 
 29,915 34 
 6, 179 86 
 7,000 00 
 5, 762 
 
 14.997 38 
 
 16.998 86 
 2,349 00 
 
 17,950 63 
 18,702 41 
 30,000 00 
 
 4,616 25 
 11,036 36 
 
 8,007 6S 
 32, 195 94 
 20,297 00 
 
 21,261 40 
 
 39,049 34 
 
 26,055 21 
 
 15,500 00 
 
 27,000 00 
 
 9,722 79 
 
 16,000 00 
 
 17,695 67 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 6,762 67 
 
 26,368 82 
 
 6,661 68 
 
 3,199 58 
 
 17,516 70 
 
 16,470 55 
 
 12,955 74 
 
 6,363 66 
 
 10,768 16 
 
 7,704 21 
 
 13,816 00 
 
 4,510 53 
 
 8,147 46 
 
 8,467 99 
 
 19, 130 40 
 
 4,837 03 
 
 16,524 95 
 
 13,500 00 
 
 24,293 23 
 
 6,726 46 
 
 6,862 93 
 
 $15,952 41 
 79,900 01 
 
 5,678 73 
 15,651 95 
 12,353 47 
 16,008 81 
 
 6,468 13 
 11,731 8. 
 12,000 69 
 17, 130 94 
 
 5,945 09 
 
 9,305 75 
 27,960 76 
 
 6,490 22 
 
 S,S09 45 
 11,393 07 
 
 7,552 11 
 10, 554 09 
 
 8,800 45 
 
 4,926 38 
 
 12,043 02 
 
 20,946 53 
 
 116,375 45 
 
 8,920 7S 
 12,595 77 
 11,296 17 
 20,423 33 
 11,235 68 
 394,136 65 
 
 9,734 84 
 24,340 S3 
 27, 897 27 
 14,844 27 
 17,251 94 
 
 8,429 62 
 20,793 00 
 14,693 14 
 
 4,728 43 
 12,025 4S 
 18,022 06 
 
 1,606 64 
 
 5,557 07 
 23,393 66 
 14,992 45 
 10, 168 40 
 10,721 63 
 
 7,631 66 
 13,573 49 
 15,5S7 69 
 
 7,882 60 
 
 6,407 63 
 11,197 60 
 21,847 33 
 6, 106 59 
 15,816 30 
 11,233 35 
 25.097 01 
 10,533 54 
 0,136 74 
 
 '531, 987. 8861 '.-??. 311 ,644 'fio 5, 299, 5.30 374 , 513 31 2,293,642 66 3,173,355 97 
 
 $26,587 32 
 129,064 44 
 13,396 07 
 26,626 63 
 41,632 70 
 30,016 14 
 14,568 13 
 2C30S 18 
 24,432 96 
 38,522 61 
 13,057 93 
 17,701 02 
 60,605 44 
 45,405 56 
 14,989 30 
 
 18,593 07 
 13,334 86 
 25,551 47 
 25.799 30 
 
 7,275 38 
 29,993 55 
 39, 648 94 
 146,375 45 
 13,537 03 
 23,632 13 
 19,303 65 
 52,619 27 
 31,632 68 
 1,394,136 65 
 30,996 24 
 63,390 17 
 53,952 48 
 30,344 27 
 44,251 94 
 18,152 61 
 36,793 00 
 32.3S8 71 
 
 9, 728 43 
 18,788 05 
 44, 390 88 
 
 7,268 62 
 
 8,756 65 
 40,910 35 
 31,463 00 
 23,124 14 
 17,065 29 
 18,400 02 
 21,277 70 
 29,403 89 
 12,393 13 
 14,655 09 
 19,665 49 
 40,977 73 
 10,945 62 
 ?'?,341 25 
 24,733 35 
 49,390 24 
 17,260 00 
 11,989 67 
 
 Note. — The average rate of county and town tax on $1 of valuation is 4-9-10 mills. 
 
44 
 
 COUNTIES, COUNTY SEATS &c. 
 
 COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS, 
 In the State of New- York, together with the population of each in 1840. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 County Seats. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, ■ 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chautauquc, 
 
 Chemung, 
 
 Chenango, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Delaware, •' 
 
 Dutchess, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, (estimated,) •'•• 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 New- York, 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 OnPida, 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Orange, ■ 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rensselaer, 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schenectady, •• 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Tompkins, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Westchester, 
 
 Wyoming, (estimated,)- 
 Yates, 
 
 10 
 30 
 11 
 26 
 22 
 24 
 10 
 19 
 10 
 19 
 11 
 IS 
 18 
 21 
 15 
 14 
 
 9 
 12 
 11 
 
 7 
 19 
 20 
 
 6 
 12 
 10 
 14 
 19 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 6 
 6 
 
 14 
 4 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 63, 593 
 40, 975 
 22, 338 
 28, 372 
 50, 338 
 47,975 
 20,732 
 40,785 
 28, 157 
 43,252 
 24, 607 
 3.i, 396 
 52, 395 
 62, 466 
 23, 634 
 16,518 
 18,049 
 29, 964 
 30,446 
 1,907 
 37,477 
 60,984 
 47,613 
 17,830 
 35,140 
 40, 008 
 64, 902 
 35,818 
 312,710 
 31,132 
 
 85,310 
 
 67,911 
 
 43,501 
 
 50, 739 
 
 Total Towns, • 
 
 43,619 
 
 49, 628 
 12,825 
 80, 324 
 60, 259 
 10,965 
 11,965 
 56,706 
 40, 553 
 17,387 
 32, 35S 
 
 24,874 
 
 46, 138 
 32, 469 
 15,629 
 20, 527 
 37,948 
 45, 822 
 13,422 
 
 41,160 
 
 42,057 
 
 48, 687 
 
 29, 663 
 20,437 
 
 2, 428, 921 1 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Angelica, 
 
 Binghamton, ••• 
 Ellicottville, ••• 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Mayville, 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Pittsburgh, ••• 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 Poughkeepsie, •• 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Elizabeth, 
 
 Malone, 
 
 Johnstown, • •■• 
 
 Batavia, 
 
 Catskill, 
 
 Lake Pleasant,- 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Watertown, •••• 
 
 Brooklyn, 
 
 Martinsburgh,-- 
 
 Geneseo, 
 
 Morrisville, •••• 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 Fonda, 
 
 New-York, 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 Rome, ) ■ 
 
 Whitesboro', S ■ 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Canandaigua, •• 
 Goshen, > ••• 
 Newburgh, ] ••■ 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Oswego, ) 
 
 "i, S 
 
 Pulaski 
 Cooperstown, 
 
 Carmel, 
 
 Hempstead C. H. ■ 
 
 Troy, 
 
 Richmond, ■ 
 
 New-City, 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Ballston Spa, — 
 Schenectady,- ••• ■ 
 
 Schoharie, ■ 
 
 Ovid, ) 
 
 Waterloo, } 
 
 Bath, 
 
 River Head, 
 
 Monticello, 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Ithaca, ' 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Caldwell, 
 
 Sandy Hill, ) •••• 
 Salem, J •••• 
 
 Lyons, 
 
 Bedford, )•■ 
 
 White Plains, ]•■ 
 
 Warsaw, 
 
 renn-Yan 
 
CHARTERED CITIES AND INCORPORATED VILLAGES. 45 
 
 CHARTERED CITIES. 
 With the date of Charter, or Incorporation ; number of ivards, coun- 
 ties and towns in which they are heated, and the population in 1840. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Albany, , 
 
 Brooklyn,'. . 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Hudson, . . . 
 New- York.. . 
 Rochester, . 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Troy, 
 
 Utica, 
 
 Char. Ward: 
 
 1686 
 1834 
 1832 
 1785 
 1680 
 1S34 
 1798 
 1816 
 1832 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Albany,. . . 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Columbia,. . 
 New- York,. 
 Monroe. . . . 
 Schenectady 
 Rensselaer, 
 Oneida, 
 
 Pop. 1840 
 
 33, 721 
 
 36, 233 
 
 18,213 
 
 5,672 
 
 312,710 
 
 20, 191 
 
 6,784 
 
 19, 334 
 
 12,782 
 
 INCORPORATED VILLAGES, 
 
 Are the whole or parts of Towns, having Charters granted by the 
 Legislature, similar in some respects to Cities. There were in 1841 
 145 incorporated Villages in the State, besides numerous other Un- 
 incorporated Villages. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Alexander, 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 Angelica, 
 
 Arcadia, 
 
 Argyle, 
 
 Astoria, 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Attica, 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Aurora, 
 
 Auroraviile, 
 
 Bainbridge, 
 
 Ballston Spa, 
 
 Batavia, 
 
 Bath, 
 
 Binghamton, 
 
 Black Rock 
 
 Bloomingburgh, . . . . 
 
 Bridgewater, 
 
 Brockport, 
 
 Brownville, 
 
 Camden, 
 
 Canajoharie, 
 
 Canandaigua, 
 
 Canastota. 
 
 Carthage, 
 
 Castleton, 
 
 Catskill, 
 
 Cazenovia 
 
 Cherry Valley, 
 
 Clarkville, 
 
 Clintonville, 
 
 1828 
 1834 
 1830 
 1835 
 1839 
 1838 
 1839 
 1805 
 1837 
 1815 
 1837 
 1836 
 1829 
 1807 
 1823 
 1816 
 1813 
 1837 
 1833 
 1825 
 1829 
 1828 
 1834 
 1829 
 1815 
 1835 
 1841 
 1827 
 1806 
 1810 
 1812 
 1834 
 1825 
 
 Barre, Orleans 
 
 Alexander, Genesee, 
 
 Amsterdam, Montgomery,. 
 
 Angelica, Allegany, 
 
 Arcadia, . . Wayne, 
 
 Argyle, Washington, . 
 
 Newtown, Queens 
 
 Athens, Greene, 
 
 Attica, Wyoming,. . . . 
 
 Auburn Cayuga, 
 
 Ledyard Cayuga, 
 
 Aurora, Erie, 
 
 Bainbridge, Chenango,... 
 
 Milton, Saratoga, 
 
 Baiavia, Genesee, 
 
 Bath, Steuben, 
 
 Chenango, Broome, 
 
 Black Rock, Erie. 
 
 Mamakating, Sullivan,. 
 
 Bridgewater Oneida, 
 
 Sweden, Monroe, 
 
 Brownville, Jefferson, 
 
 Camden, Oneida, 
 
 Canajoharie, Montgomery.. 
 
 Canandaigua, Ontario, 
 
 Lenox, .»...' IMadison, .... 
 
 Wilna, | Jefferson. . . ,. 
 
 Schodack, Rensselaer, .. 
 
 Catskill, Greene, 
 
 Cazenovia, Madison, .... 
 
 Cherry Valley, Otsego, 
 
 Brookfield, Madison, 
 
 Au Sable, Jciinton, 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 1400 
 
 500 
 
 1700 
 
 900 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 1300 
 
 800 
 
 5626 
 
 500 
 
 800 
 
 500 
 
 1500 
 
 2000 
 
 1400 
 
 2800 
 
 1800 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 
 2000 
 
 1000 
 
 700 
 
 1300 
 
 2700 
 
 750 
 
 600 
 
 350 
 
 2800 
 
 1600 
 
 1100 
 
 450 
 
 750 
 
46 
 
 INCORPORATED VILLAGES. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Clyde, 
 
 Columbiaville,. . 
 
 Constantia, 
 
 Cooperstown, . . 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 De Ruyter, 
 
 Dunkirk, 
 
 Ellicottville, 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Esperance, 
 
 Fairport, 
 
 Flushing, 
 
 Fort Ann 
 
 Fort Plain, 
 
 Fredonia, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Gaines, 
 
 Galway, 
 
 Geddes, 
 
 Geneseo, 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 Glen's Falls, ... 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Greenbush, 
 Greenport, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Havana, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Homer, 
 
 Hoosick Falls,. . 
 Honeoye Falls,. 
 
 Ithaca, 
 
 Jamaica, 
 
 Jamestown, 
 
 Johnstown, 
 
 Jordan, 
 
 Kinderhook,. . . 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Knowlesville,. . 
 Lansingburgh,. 
 
 Laurens, 
 
 Le Roy, 
 
 Lewiston, 
 
 Little Falls, 
 
 Liverpool, 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 Lyons, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Manlius, 
 
 Mayville, 
 
 Medina, 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 Monticello, 
 
 Montgomery,. . 
 
 Moravia, 
 
 Morrisville, . . . 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1835 
 1812 
 1836 
 1812 
 182] 
 1833 
 1837 
 1837 
 1815 
 1818 
 1837 
 1837 
 1820 
 1832 
 1829 
 1835 
 1832 
 1838 
 1832 
 1832 
 1812 
 1839 
 1809 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Galen, 
 
 Stockport, 
 
 Constantia, . . . 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 De Ruyter. 
 
 Pomfret, 
 
 Ellicottville,... 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Flushing, 
 
 Fort Ann, 
 
 Minden 
 
 Pomfret, 
 
 Volney, 
 
 Gaines, 
 
 Galway, 
 
 Salina, , 
 
 Geneseo, 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Queensbury, . 
 Goshen, 
 
 lSlS^Greenbush, 
 
 1838 
 
 1816 
 
 1836 
 
 1807 
 
 1835 
 
 1827 
 
 1838 
 
 1821 
 
 1814 
 
 1827 
 
 1808 
 
 1835 
 
 1838 
 
 1805 
 
 1836 
 
 1801 
 
 1834 
 
 1834 
 
 1822 
 
 1811 
 
 1830 
 
 1829 
 
 1831 
 
 1816 
 
 1813 
 
 1830 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 
 1830 
 
 1810 
 
 1837 
 
 1819 
 
 Southold 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Catherine and Catlin 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Homer, 
 
 Hoosick, 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 Ithaca, 
 
 Jamaica, 
 
 Ellicott,' 
 
 Johnstown, 
 
 Elbridge, 
 
 Kinderhook, 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Ridgeway, 
 
 Lansingburgh. 
 
 Laurens, 
 
 Le Roy, 
 
 Lewiston, 
 
 Little Falls, 
 
 Salina, 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 Lyons, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Manlius, 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 Ridgeway, 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 Thompson 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Moravia, 
 
 Eaton, 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Pop 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Columbia, . . . 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Delaware, . . . 
 Madison, 
 Chautauque, . 
 Cattaraugus, . 
 Chemung,. .. . 
 Schoharie, . . . 
 
 Chemung, 
 
 Queens 
 
 Washington, . 
 Montgomery,. 
 Chautauque, . 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 Onondaga, . . . 
 Livingston, . . 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Orange, , 
 
 Rensselaer, . . 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Madison, 
 Chemung,. ... 
 Herkimer, . . , 
 Cortland, 
 Rensselaer, . 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Tompkins, . . . 
 
 Queens, . 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Onondaga, . . 
 Columbia, . . 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Rensselaer, . 
 Otsego, 
 
 Genesee, 1500 
 
 Niagara 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 Niagara. 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Madison 
 
INCORPORATED VILLAGES. 
 
 47 
 
 Names. 
 
 Mount Morris,. ., 
 
 Nassau, , 
 
 New-Berlin, 
 
 Newburgh. 
 
 Norwich, , 
 
 Ogdensburs;h, . . 
 Oneida Castle,. . 
 
 Oswego, , 
 
 Ovid, 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Palmyra, 
 
 Peekskill. 
 
 Penn-Yan, 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pittsford, 
 
 Pittsburgh, 
 
 Pleasant Valley,. 
 
 Port Byron, 
 
 Port Chester,.. .. 
 
 Port Ontario, 
 
 Potsdam, 
 
 Poughkeepsie,. .. 
 Pulaski, 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1835 
 1819 
 
 1816 
 1800 
 1816 
 1817 
 1841 
 1797 
 1816 
 1827 
 1808 
 1819 
 1827 
 1833 
 1830 
 1827 
 1815 
 1814 
 1837 
 1823 
 1837 
 183 1 
 1801 
 1832 
 Rhinebeck, 11834 
 
 Rome, 
 
 Sackett's Harbor,.. 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Salina, 
 
 Sandy Hill, 
 
 Saratoga Springs,. . 
 
 Schuylerville, 
 
 Seneca Falls, 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 Sing-Sing, 
 
 Skanealeles, 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 Springville, 
 
 Stillwater, 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Tompkinsville, 
 
 Trenton, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Unadilla, 
 
 Union Village, 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Waddington, 
 
 Waterford, 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 Weedsport, 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 West Troy, 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 Whitesborough, ... 
 Williamsburgh,. . .. 
 
 1819 
 1814 
 1803 
 1824 
 1810 
 1826 
 1831 
 1831 
 1830 
 1813 
 1833 
 1834 
 1834 
 1816 
 1825 
 1823 
 1819 
 1831 
 1827 
 1809 
 1827 
 1839 
 1805 
 1824 
 1816 
 1831 
 1833 
 1836 
 1806 
 1813 
 1827 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Mount Morris, .... 
 
 Nassau, 
 
 New-Berlin, 
 
 Newburgh, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Oswegatchie, 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Ovid 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Palmyra, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Benton and Milo,.. 
 
 Perry, 
 
 Pittsford, 
 
 Plattsburgh, 
 
 Pleasant Valley,. . . 
 
 Mentz, 
 
 Rye, 
 
 Richland 
 
 Potsdam, 
 
 Poughkeepsie, 
 
 Richland, 
 
 Rhinebeck, 
 
 Rome, 
 
 Houndsfield, 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Salina 
 
 Kingsbury, 
 
 Saratoga Springs,.., 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Seneca Falls, 
 
 Sherburne, , 
 
 Mount Pleasant,. . . 
 
 Skaneateles, 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 Concord, 
 
 Stillwater, 
 
 Salina, 
 
 Castleton,. 
 
 Trenton, 
 
 Saugerties, 
 
 Unadilla, , 
 
 Easton & Greenwich 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Madrid, , 
 
 Waterford, , 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 Watertown, , 
 
 Brutus, 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 Watervliet, 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 Whitestown, , 
 
 Williamsburgh , 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Livingston, . . 
 Rensselaer, . . 
 Chenango, . . . 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Chenango. . . . 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Chenango, . . . 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Westchester, . 
 
 Yates 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Dutchess, .... 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Westchester, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Dutchess, . 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Dutchess, .... 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Jefferson, . 
 
 Washington, . 
 Onondaga, . . . 
 Washington, . 
 Saratoga, .... 
 Saratoga, .... 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Chenango, 
 Westchester, . 
 Onondaga, 
 Chenango, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Saratoga, . 
 
 Onondaga, 
 Richmond, 
 
 Oneida, , 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Otsego , 
 
 Washington. . , 
 
 Oneida 
 
 St. Lawrence. . 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chautauque, . . 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Washington, . , 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 I Pop. 
 
 1200 
 
 400 
 
 700 
 6000 
 1500 
 2600 
 
 400 
 4500 
 
 700 
 1800 
 1300 
 2000 
 2000 
 1800 
 1200 
 
 700 
 2600 
 
 650 
 1000 
 
 800 
 
 300 
 
 800 
 8000 
 
 700 
 1200 
 2500 
 2000 
 
 700 
 2600 
 1000 
 2500 
 
 600 
 3000 
 
 600 
 2500 
 1400 
 
 400 
 1000 
 
 450 
 6500 
 1400 
 
 400 
 2300 
 
 500 
 1300 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 1500 
 2600 
 4000 
 
 800 
 1000 
 5000 
 2400 
 1800 
 5000 
 
48 
 
 CANALS AND RAILROADS. 
 
 CANALS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, 
 
 FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS — 1841. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Miles 
 
 Black River Canal,* 
 
 Feeder do 
 
 Cayuga and Seneca, 
 
 Rome, 
 
 Boonville, 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 Junction, 
 
 Hudson River, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Fairport, 
 
 Utica, 
 
 Penn-Yan, 
 
 Eddyville. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Rochester, 
 Shakers' Sett. 
 Erie Canal, 
 Syracuse, 
 
 High Falls, 
 
 Williamsville, 
 
 Montezuma, 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 Champlain Can<tl, 
 
 Elmira, 
 
 Corning, 
 
 Binghamton, 
 
 Dresden, 
 
 Honesdale, Penn. 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Olean, 
 Dansville, 
 Oneida Lake, 
 Oswego, 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 64 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 97 
 
 8 
 
 108 
 
 363 
 
 9 
 
 107J 
 
 11 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 Glen's Falls Feeder 
 
 
 
 
 Crooked Lake, 
 
 Delaware and Hudson, t 
 
 Erie 
 
 Navigable Feeders, 
 
 Genesee Valley,* 
 
 
 
 
 Total miles,. 
 
 .930J 
 
 PRINCIPAL RAILROADS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS 1841. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 From 
 
 Albany & West Stockbridge, 
 
 Auburn and Rochester 
 
 Auburn and Syracuse, 
 
 Buffalo and Black Rock, .. . 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls, . 
 Catskill and Canajoharie,* , 
 Corning and Blossburg,f .. . 
 
 Hudson and Berkshire, 
 
 Ithaca and Owego, 
 
 Lockport and Niagara Falls, 1 
 
 Long Island, * I 
 
 Mohawk and Hudson, ' 
 
 New-York and Erie,* 
 
 New-York and Harlem, j 
 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga... M 
 
 Rochester, i 
 
 Saratoga and Schenectady 
 Schenectady and Troy,*. . 
 
 Skaneateles, 
 
 Syracuse and Utica, 
 
 Tonawanda.* 
 
 Utica and Schenectady, . . . 
 
 Greenbush, 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Catskill, 
 
 Corning, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Ithaca. 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 Brooklyn, . 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Piermont, 
 
 New- York, 
 
 Troy, 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Auburn & S. R 
 Utica, 
 Rochester, 
 Schenectady, 
 
 . R 
 
 To 
 
 Mass. State Line, 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Black Rock, 
 
 Niagara Falls, 
 
 Canajoharie, 
 
 Blossburg. Pa. 
 
 Mass. State Line, 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Niagara Falls, 
 
 Greenport, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Dunkirk, 
 
 White Plains, 
 
 Ballston Spa, 
 
 Carthage, 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Skaneateles, 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Attica, 
 
 Utica. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 38 
 79 
 26 
 
 3 
 23 
 78 
 40 
 33 
 29 
 24 
 93 
 16 
 446 
 28 
 23J 
 
 3 
 21J 
 20 
 
 5 
 53 
 42 
 77 
 
 Total miles, 1,181 
 
 • For a particular account of the above unfinished Canals and Railroads, 
 see description in the alphabetical arrangement. 
 t A part of the above works extend into the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
GAZETTEER 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW-YORK 
 
 Abbreviations Jind Explanation. 
 
 Co. ton County; t. for Town; v. for Village ; p. o. for Post-Office; 1. for Lake; 
 r. for River; Mt. for Mountain. 
 
 Every County, Town, Village, Post-Office, Canal, Rail-Road, Creek, River, Lake, 
 Bay, Island, Mountain, &c. is arranged in strictly alphabetical order. The distance 
 from County Seats is given centrally ; and the distance from Albany, by the usual 
 mail route, except when otherwise mentioned. 
 
 Accord, po^t-officc, town of 
 Rochester, Ulster county, is situat- 
 ed on the Rondout creek ; at this 
 place is a settlement containing 1 
 butch Reformed church, 1 tavern, 
 2 stores, and 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 Acra, p. o. Cairo, Greene co.; 
 here are located 1 Baptist church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 tannery, and 12 
 or 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Adams, town, Jefferson co.; 
 situated 12 miles south of Water- 
 town, and distant 162 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2.,996 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and the soil sandy loam 
 of excellent quality; it is watered 
 by Sandy and Stony creeks. The 
 names of the post offices in the 
 town are Adams, Adams Centre, 
 Appling, North Adams and Smithy 
 vifle. 
 
 Adams, village and post-office, 
 Adams, Jefferson co. situated on 
 both sides of Sandy creek, where 
 there is a fall of about 15 feet, af- 
 fording a good water power. It 
 
 contains about 750 inhabitants, 120 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
 1 Methodist church; a seminary for 
 young ladies; 2 taverns, 6 stores, 
 1 llouring mill, 2 saw mills, 1 cloth- 
 ier's works and a chair factory, 
 besides many other mechanical es- 
 tablishments. 
 
 Adams Basin, p. o. Ogden, 
 Monroe co. situated on the Erie ca- 
 nal; here are located 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 1 store, 2 saw mills and 25 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Adams Centre, p. o. Adams, 
 Jefferson co. here are located 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 10 
 or 12 dwelling houses. 
 
 Adam sport, v. Jasper, Steu- 
 ben co. situated on the Tuscarora 
 creek; it contains about 125 inha- 
 bitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 tav- 
 ern, 2 stores, 2 saw mills, and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 Adamsville, p. o. Kingsbury, 
 Washington county. 
 
 Addison, t. Steuben co.; situ- 
 ated 18 miles south of the village 
 
50 
 
 ADDISON— ADIRONDACK. 
 
 of Bath, and 225 miles from Alba- 
 ny; contained in 1340, 1,920 in- 
 habitants. The surface is uneven 
 and most of the soil of indifferent 
 quality, though well timbered; it 
 is watered by the Canisteo river 
 and Tuscarora creek. The names 
 of the post-offices in the town are 
 Addision, Rathbunville and West 
 Addison. 
 
 Addison, v. and p. o. Addison, 
 Steuben co.; on the north side of 
 the Canisteo river, on the line of 
 the New-York and Erie rail-road, 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 80 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 3 taverns, 10 stores and 1 
 saw mill. 
 
 Adirondack Mountains, 
 is the name given by the State Ge- 
 ologists, to the cluster of mountains 
 in the neighborhood of the upper 
 Hudson and Au Sable rivers. This 
 group, taken as a whole, is more 
 lofty than the White Hills of New- 
 Hampshire, although the main, sum- 
 mit, Mt. Washington, exceeds Mt. 
 Marcy by 767 feet ; yet there re- 
 main unmeasured, many peaks 
 which will exceed or come up to 
 5,000 feet. These mountains are 
 strictly Alpine in their essential fea- 
 tures ; but in fact, when absolute 
 height is considered, only so in 
 miniature. In an extended view, 
 the eastern division of this range, 
 commences within a few miles of 
 Lake Champlain, and extends to 
 near the valley of the St. Law- 
 rence, in a southern direction from 
 Clinton co. through Franklin and 
 Essex, into Warren and Hamil- 
 ton counties. In the co. of Essex, 
 this chain attains its greatest eleva- 
 tion, there being several peaks 
 5,000 feet above tide waters ; Mt. 
 Marcy is the highest as yet mea- 
 sured, being elevated 5,467 feet 
 above tide water of the Hud 
 son. There are probably few pla- 
 ces in North America, where na- 
 ture is invested with more magni- 
 ficence and solitude, than on these 
 
 lofty mountains. The western divi- 
 sion of this elevated tract presents 
 a surface diversified with plains and 
 hills, doited with numerous lakes 
 and ponds. "In addition to the 
 height and Alpine appearance of 
 these mountain peaks, there are 
 other circumstances worthy of at- 
 tention, such as deep gorges and 
 high precipices ; and this leads us 
 to speak of a pass or notch five 
 miles from the Iron Works in the 
 town of Newcomb. It is just at 
 the source of the north branch of 
 the Hudson and Au Sable rivers. 
 The precipice which we measured, 
 and over which we looked, is from 
 one station, 1,200 feet high; ta- 
 king its height from another station 
 it is 1,000 feet. This precipice ex- 
 tends about a mile, though it does 
 not preserve this great elevation 
 the whole distance ; at the bottom 
 it is passable for its whole distance. 
 This is probably the greatest natural 
 curiosity in the state if we except, 
 the Falls of Niagara, and well wor- 
 thy of a visit by the lovers of mag- 
 nificent scenery. The fragments of 
 rock lying in the notch are wonder- 
 ful for size ; one, which was mea- 
 sured is 43 feet long and 41 wide, 
 and 35 high; it was of a quadrangu- 
 lar form and weighed about 
 10,000,000 pounds or 5,000 tons; 
 this is only one among hundreds 
 of about the same size. It is from 
 facts like these, that we learn what 
 mighty forces have operated in 
 former times." It has been pro- 
 posed to call the above notch the 
 '," Great Adirondack Pass." The 
 following are the reasons assigned 
 for giving the above name to this 
 range of mountains, of which un- 
 til recently, but little was known as 
 to their heighth and true character. 
 " It appears from historical re- 
 cords that the Adirondacks or Al- 
 gonguins, in early times, held all 
 the vast country over which this 
 range extends, as their beaver 
 hunting grounds ; but were fi- 
 
ADIRONDACK. 
 
 ol 
 
 nally expelled by the superior 
 force of the Agoneseah, or Five 
 Nations. Whether this is lite- 
 rally true or not, it is well known 
 that the Adirondack s resided in and 
 occupied a part of this northern 
 section of the stale, and hence the 
 name may be considered just and 
 very appropriate." 
 
 Adirondack Rivur, is the 
 name given to one of the head 
 branches of the Hudson, rising in 
 the x\dirondack Mountains of Es- 
 sex co. It may be considered 
 about 20 miles in length, flowing 
 through Lakes Henderson and San- 
 ford, winch are elevated 1900 feet 
 above the Atlantic ocean, surround- 
 ed by Alpine scenery and inex- 
 haustible beds of iron ore. 
 
 Adirondack, v. Newcomb, 
 Essex co., is situated at the head 
 of the valley on the middle (now 
 named the Adirondack,) branch 
 of the Hudson river, within five 
 miles of its source, and is about 
 1800 feet above the level of the 
 ocean. This place has lately be- 
 come much celebrated, from the 
 discovery in its immediate vicini- 
 ty, of a number of veins of extra- 
 ordinary size and extent of the 
 richest and purest magnetic oxide 
 iron ores, as particularly described 
 in the State Geological Reports. 
 Such vast deposites of this valuable 
 material, coming up to the surface 
 of the ground, and only required 
 to be wrought out as stone is from 
 a quarry, bavins' water power to 
 any desired extent, and dense fo- 
 rests to furnish an ample supply of 
 fuel for the reduction of the ores, 
 induced the proprietors, (Archi- 
 bald Mclntyre of Albany, David 
 Henderson of Jersey City, and Ar- 
 chibald Robertson of Philadel- 
 phia,) to open up that wilderness, 
 and to make a settlement here, 
 with a view to prepare it for the 
 establishment of extensive iron 
 works. A clearing has been made 
 of about 300 acres, where there is 
 
 a forge with two fires and a trip 
 hammer, a saw-mill, a store, five 
 dwelling-houses and various other 
 buildings. The iron made from 
 these ores has been tested and pro- 
 ved, and found to be of the very 
 best description. The Geological 
 Report for 1S40, says, ''probably 
 no portion of the world can vie 
 with Adirondack in its ores of 
 iron; even the far-famed Iron 
 Mountains of Missouri, are eclips- 
 ed by the rich ores of this region 
 of the state." As to the extent of 
 the coarse grained black ore vein 
 at the village, the Report says, 
 "with our present knowledge, it 
 is impossible to assign definite 
 boundaries to this vein. On a line 
 measured east and west, and com- 
 mencing at the supposed eastern 
 limit of the vein, and terminating 
 at excavations near the western li 
 mit of the cleared fields on the 
 west, it gives a width of more than 
 700 feet. By measurement, on a 
 line running nearly north and south 
 or in the, direction of its strike, it 
 is found to extend 3,168 feet." 
 And of another, the Lake Sanford 
 vein, (about two links south of the 
 village,) the following is a descrip- 
 tion : — " This vein is situated upon 
 a hill which rises G or 700 feet 
 above the lake; the distance of the 
 middle portion of the vein from the 
 lake is about SO rods. The ore 
 occupies the western face of the 
 hill, down which the slope is so 
 equal, that an inclined plane might 
 be constructed from the mine to 
 the lake. The color of the ore is 
 black, and is moderately coarse 
 grained. In regard to the dimen- 
 sions of this vein, the width of the 
 ore in the main line of excavation, 
 is 514 feet, and the length, along a 
 line nearly in the centre of the 
 vein, is 1,667 feet; it then passes 
 beneath tabular masses of rock. 
 That it is not then discontinued, is 
 proved by excavations at numerous 
 places, at the northern and south- 
 
52 ADRIANCE— ALBANY. 
 
 em extremities where the ore may Dutchess co. is situated in a settle 
 be seen passing beneath masses of ment called Hopewell. 
 hyperslhene rock." There arc ma- Akhox, v. arid p. o. Newstead, 
 ny other veins in the neighborhood, Erie co. ; situated on Muddy cr. 
 one of which, of great extent, runs contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
 along the face of the hill within 50 dwelling houses, 2 chuches, 1 tav- 
 rods of the village, and contains a era, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 rich, small grained ore. The le- mill and 1 clothier's works, 
 gislature granted a charter in Alabama, t. Genesee co.; si- 
 1839, to a company called " The tuated 12 miles north-west from 
 Adirondack Iron and Steel Compa- the village of Batavia, and 257 
 ny," with a capital of .$1,000,000, miles from Albany; contained in 
 but the proprietors have not yet 1840, 1,79S inhabitants. The soil 
 acted upon it. There is also a is mostly clay and gravelly loam, 
 charter obtained for a rail-road to well adapted to the growth of 
 the Schroon state road, a distance wheat; it is watered by the To- 
 ol' about 26 miles. The distance nawanda creek, from whence 
 from Adirondack to lake Cham- there is in the north-west part of 
 plain, is about 40 miles. A good ihis town a feeder of the Erie ca- 
 route, it is said, can be had for a nal, near which, on the creek, 
 rail-road, running to the above are falls of about 30 feet. The 
 lake on the east. Adirondack em- Tonawanda Reservation is in part 
 braces so many natural advantages situated in this town, where is an 
 that it must sooner or later, possess Indian settlement containing about 
 a large population, and its manu- 300 inhabitants. Alabama p. o. is 
 factures become of great impor- situated in this town, where is a 
 tance to the country. : settlement consisting of 12 or 15 
 
 Adriaxce, p. o. Fiskhill, dwelling houses. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY, organized in 1683, centrally distant 150 
 miles north from the city of New-York, is bounded on the east by the 
 Hudson river, which divides it from Rensselaer county; on the north 
 by Saratoga and Schenectady counties; on the west by the county of 
 Schoharie, and on the south by the county of Greene. The surface is 
 uneven, and in the southwestern pail hilly and mountainous. The soil 
 in the vicinity of the Hudson river is good and much of it highly cul- 
 tivated ; but sandy and rather unproductive in the interior. The most 
 important mineral productions are bog iron ore, which is found in va- 
 rious places ; marl and water limestone is found in the town of Beth- 
 lehem, and in the city of Albany is a mineral spring which evolves 
 carbonic acid, and contains ingredients similar to tl^se found in the 
 celebrated springs of Ballston Spa and Saratoga. There are, also, se- 
 veral sulphur springs in this county, but none of them have acquired 
 much celebrity. In the limestone of the Helderberg hills are several 
 extensive caverns, in which are found crystals and stalactites of vari- 
 ous beauty. This county is tolerably well watered ; the most impor- 
 tant streams which belong to it, in addition to the Mohawk, which 
 bounds it in part on the north, and the Hudson, which bounds it on the 
 east, may be named Normanskill, Vlamanskill, Haivnnkrauskill, and 
 Coeymans creek, emptyinginto the Hudson river, and Fox creek, which 
 empties into Schoharie creek on the west. The area of Albany co. 
 is about 515 square miles, or 325,590 acres. The Erie and Champlain 
 canals form a junctwn in the north-east part of this county; the uni 
 
ALBANY. 
 
 53 
 
 ted canals then run through the town of Watervliet, passing the village 
 of West Troy, where are two side cuts communicating with the Hud 
 son river, thence to the city of Albany ; where the above great works 
 terminate in a capacious basin. The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 
 traverses this county in its route from Albany to Schenectady, where it 
 unites with the Saratoga and I'tica line of railroads. A railroad is also 
 constructing to extend from West Troy, opposite the city of Troy, to 
 Schenectady, running through the towns of Watervliet and Niskayuna. 
 The following are the names of the towns in the county of Albany, 
 with the population in 1S40. 
 
 Albany City, 33,721 
 
 Berne, 3,740 
 
 Bethlehem, 3,23S 
 
 Coeymans, 3,107 
 
 Guilderland, 2,790 
 
 Knox, 2,143 
 
 Albany City, the capital of 
 the state,o .ieol theoldestcitiesinthe 
 Union, is elegibly situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson river, 145 
 miles north of the city of New- 
 York,and in 42° 39' 3" N. Lat. and 
 3° 12' E. Loa. from Washington. 
 It was originally called " Beaver 
 Wyck" (i. e. Beaver town,) and 
 afterward " Williamstadt." It re- 
 ceived its present name in 1664, in 
 honor of James, duke of York and 
 Albany, afterwards James II., in 
 whose reign the original city char- 
 ter was granted by Governor Don- 
 gan, July 22, 1686, and the gov- 
 ernment vested in " The Mayor, 
 Aldermen and Commonalty of the 
 City of Albany," consisting of the 
 Mayor, Recorder, ten Aldermen 
 and ten Assistants. The charter 
 has been materially altered by re- 
 cent enactments of the Legisla- 
 ture; the assistant aldermen are 
 merged in ten aldermen, but the 
 corporate name is still preserved. 
 It is now divided into 10 wards; 
 in 1840, its population was 33,721. 
 
 It is indebted for its prosperity 
 to the enterprise of its inhabitants, 
 and the impulse given to its trade 
 by the Erie and Champlain canals, 
 which enter the Hudson river at 
 the north end of the city. A basin 
 has been formed in front of the 
 city, protected from the river by a 
 
 New-Scotland, 2,912 
 
 Rensselaerville, 3,705 
 
 Watervliet, 10,141 
 
 Westerlo, 3,096 
 
 Total inhabitants, 68,593 
 
 pier one mile and a quarter in 
 length, furnishing a safe harbor, 
 for vessels of all descriptions, and 
 securing them from injury by the 
 ice, which in the spring freshets, 
 comes down the river in immense 
 quantities, sometimes causing great 
 damage. The city is commanding 
 in its situation, and appears to great 
 advantage from the river. There are 
 three ravines running from east to 
 west, known as the Foxes Kill, the 
 Rutten Kill, and the Beaver Kill, 
 on cither side of which the land is 
 high, being at an elevation of from 
 140 to 160 feet above, and gradu- 
 ally ascending, from the river. — 
 The view from either of the heights 
 is picturesque in the highest de- 
 gree. To the north may be seen 
 the city of Troy and the adjacent 
 villages, and in the distance the 
 hills of Vermont. To the east the 
 beautiful extent of country lying 
 beyond the Hudson river, and to the 
 south the Helderbergs, and Catskill 
 mountains, with the river gliding 
 at their base. The public build- 
 ings are of the most beautiful and 
 tasteful character. The Capitol, 
 occupied by the Legislature and 
 the state courts ; the State Hall, just 
 completed, for the accommodation 
 of the public offices; the City Hall, 
 occupied for city and county pur- 
 poses, and by the United States 
 
54 
 
 ALBANY. 
 
 Courts; and also the Albany Aca- 
 demy, having 400 pupils ; face 
 the public squares at the head of 
 State-street. This square is form- 
 ed by the Capitol and Academy 
 Parks, which are enclosed with 
 substantial iron fences, erected on 
 stone copings, and are laid out with 
 walks lined with ornamental trees 
 of the choicest species. A more de- 
 lightful spot in summer, is not to 
 be found in any inland city in the 
 Union. A few rods south of the 
 square, on Eagle-street, is the 
 County Jail and the Medical Col- 
 lege. This college was incorpo- 
 rated in 1839, and occupies a build- 
 ing granted to it by the corporation 
 of the city, admirably adapted for 
 the purposes of its design. The 
 College already possesses one of 
 the most valuable museums in the 
 country, which has recently been 
 greatly enlarged and enriched, by 
 specimens imported direct from 
 Germany and France. In addition 
 to the Academy spoken of, there is 
 a Female Academy, which has an- 
 nually from 300 to 350 pupils. — 
 This institution ranks high, and 
 occupies a handsome and conve- 
 nient edifice, in North Pearl-street. 
 Connected with it is the Albany 
 Library, numbering 9000 volumes. 
 There is also the Female Semina- 
 ry, an excellent institution, though 
 not large, in Division-street. The 
 Albany Exchange, situated at the 
 foot of State-street, is a large and 
 commodious building, constructed 
 of granite. It is occupied for stores, 
 and the post office. The Young 
 Men's Association, established for 
 " Mutual Improvement," also oc- 
 occiipies rooms in this building ; it 
 was the pioneer institution of its 
 kind in the state, and embraces all 
 ranks and professions, now number- 
 ing 1500 members. It has an exten- 
 sive reading room, supplied with 
 the leading newspapers of this 
 country and England ; also a 
 room, furnished with the most 
 
 popular and standard periodicals 
 and reviews, native and foreign ; 
 an excellent library of about 3200 
 volumes, and a lecture room capa- 
 ble of seating 500 persons, in which 
 two lectures a week are delivered, 
 from the first of December to the 
 first of March. Strangers have free 
 access to all except the lecture 
 room and library. 
 
 The Poor House is located one 
 mile from the river on the south line 
 of the city, and consists of four ex- 
 tensive and convenient buildings, 
 forming a square, and has connect- 
 ed with it a farm of 150 acres cul- 
 tivated by the inmates ; there is a 
 hospital and insane department con- 
 nected with this establishment. 
 One mile west of the City Hall is 
 the Albany Orphan Asylum, a pri- 
 vate incorporated institution under 
 the government of a board of ma- 
 nagers, which contains generally 
 between 80 and 90 male and fe- 
 male children, who enjoy the be- 
 nefits of education, and moral and 
 religious instruction ; it is depend- 
 ent on the benevolent for its sup- 
 port. Connected with St. Mary's 
 church, is St. Joseph's Orphan Asy- 
 lum, a Catholic institution, for fe- 
 males only, which contains about 
 40 inmates, and is under the charge 
 of Sisters of Charity. It is expect- 
 ed that a similar institution for boys 
 will soon be established. In addi- 
 tion to the above, Albany contains 
 11 public squares, 24 public build- 
 ings owned by the city, viz. 3 Mar- 
 kets, 10 District School Buildings 
 with dwellings attached for teach- 
 ers, 11 engine houses, all built of 
 brick in a substantial manner and 
 convenient in their arrangement. 
 There are 4 Presbyterian, 1 Asso- 
 ciate do. 3 Dutch Reformed, 4 
 Methodist Episcopal, 1 African do. 
 
 2 Baptist, 1 colored do. 2 Lutheran, 
 
 3 Episcopalian, 1 Universalist, 2 
 Roman Catholic, and 1 Independent 
 church, 1 Mission House, 2 Jew- 
 ish Synagogues, 1 Bethel and 1 
 
ALBANY. 
 
 55 
 
 Friend's Meeting' House. The old 
 State Hall, recently occupied for 
 state offices, is to be conveited into 
 a museum for (he reception of the 
 geological cabinet formed under 
 the direction of the state geologi- 
 cal surveyoi s : and when completed, 
 will he an attractive and highly in- 
 teresting and in tractive place of 
 resort. Anion;;- the public institu- 
 tions whose meetings are held at 
 Albany, -are the New-York State 
 Temperance Society, the State Ag- 
 ricultural Society, and the State 
 Medical Society. There are also, 
 in addition to those mentioned, in 
 the city various benevolent, reli- 
 gious and scientific institutions; 
 among them the Albany Institute, 
 with a valuable library and exten- 
 sive museum, occupying a room in 
 the Albany Academy. In addition 
 to the public buildings, are the Mu- 
 seum, Stamvix Hall, Knickerback- 
 erHall, the Atheneum, the Com- 
 mercial Buildings, and the Douw 
 Buildings, the latter recently erect- 
 ed at the corner of State and Mar- 
 ket-streets, chiefly occupied for 
 stores and offices, which have con- 
 nected with them spacious halls for 
 the accommodation of public as- 
 semblages. The ball room in Stan- 
 wix Hall is one of the largest in 
 America, and is lighted by a dome 
 60 feet in hcighth, supported by 4 
 columns and 8 antes. The ceiling 
 and wall-! of Knickerbaeker Hall 
 are tastefully ornamented in the 
 Italian manner. 
 
 That the trade, commerce and 
 manufactures of Albany may be 
 known, we subjoin the following 
 statement, gathered from the most 
 authentic sources, which may be 
 relied on, viz.: There are 53 < om- 
 mission houses; 137 wholesale hou- 
 ses; 35 importers; 440 retail dry 
 goods and other stores ; 612 groce- 
 ries and provision stores, not includ- 
 ed in the above; 30 lumber yards; 
 40 hotels and taverns, several of the 
 highest reputation; 8 banks, with 
 
 a capital of $2,751,000; 4 insu- 
 rance companies, with a capital of 
 $700,000; 10 printing and publish- 
 ing offices, from which issue 17 
 dady and other newspapers and pe- 
 riodicals; 20 hat, cap and fur ma- 
 nufactories, producing annually 
 over §'900,000 worth of manufac- 
 tured articles; 4 extensive and se- 
 veial minor tobacco factories; 2 
 morocco factories; 5 ropewalks ; 
 15 soap and candle factories; 1 
 sperm and whale oil and sperm 
 candle factory; 5 musical instru- 
 ment manufactories; 15 carriage 
 manufactories, one of which is as 
 large as any in the Union; 9 brew- 
 eries; 1 .bell foundery; 33 black- 
 smith's shops; 2 comb manufacto- 
 ries; 20 copper, tin and sheet iron 
 manufactories ; 2 die cutters ; 3 
 engraving establishments ; 2 type 
 foundries, and 1 stereotype foun- 
 dery ; 4 gun manufactories ; 1 
 grate and fender factory; 5 jew- 
 elry manufactories; 1 organ build- 
 er; 2 oil cloth manufactories; 
 S stove manufactories; 15 brass 
 foundries; 2 brush manufactories; 
 1 Burr mill stone do.; 4 carpet do.; 
 3 dye wood mills; 10 furnaces; 2 
 file cutters; 2 fire brick manufac- 
 tories ; 2 glue do.; 3 steam sawing 
 and planing machines; 2 lamp ma- 
 nufactories; 4 plaster mills; 4 
 plane manufactories; 6 steam en- 
 gine do.; 1 philosophical instru- 
 ment do.; 2 coach lace manufacto- 
 ries ; 3 malting houses; 10 con- 
 fectioners; 29 merchant tailors; 3 
 locking glass manufactories, be- 
 sides many other kinds of mechanic 
 establishments. In addition to the 
 manufactories enumerated in the 
 city, the Troy and Albany Nail 
 Factories, the most extensive 
 works of the kind in America, are 
 principally owned by citizens of 
 Albany, and also an extensive sati- 
 net factoiy, situate on the Patroon's 
 creek. In the year 1840, 27 steam 
 boats and 51 tow boats plied regu- 
 larly between Albany and New- 
 
56 
 
 ALBANY. 
 
 York and the intermediate places 
 on the Hudson river. In the same 
 year, 166 schooners, 202 sloops, 
 and 1 brig arrived at Albany, 
 the total tonnage of which was 39,- 
 016 tons. The Mohawk and Hud- 
 son Rail Road, among the first 
 roads built in the country, and con- 
 nected with the Utica and Sche- 
 nectady and Saratoga and Sche- 
 nectady Rail Roads, terminates at 
 Albany. An arrangement is about 
 to be made by which the inclined 
 planes, which form so great an ob- 
 jection to this road, are to be dis- 
 pensed with. The Albany and West 
 Stockbridge Rail Road connects 
 with the Western Rail Road at the 
 state line between Massachusetts 
 and N. York, forming a continuous 
 line of rail roads from Albany to 
 Boston. In addition to the rail road 
 and steamboat lines, there are 18 
 lines of stages running from Al- 
 bany to different places. It is 
 estimated that 1100 passengers ar- 
 rive and depart daily. In 1840, 
 1,355,603 barrels of "flour arrived 
 at Albany by the canal, and 26,147 
 by the rail road; 310,752 tons of 
 freight were cleared at the collec- 
 tor's office. The termination of the 
 canals and railroads at Albany, ren- 
 ders it the centre of trade and tran- 
 shipment, and lias opened to the 
 enterprise of her merchants and ar- 
 tisans an extent of country unsur- 
 passed in its wealth and resources. 
 
 Distances from Albany to Bos- 
 ton, by Railroad route. 
 To West Stockbridge, 
 State Line to Pittsfield, 
 Springfield, Westemr.r. 
 Worcester, do. 
 Boston and Worcester r. r 
 
 .Distances from Albany to the 
 City of Washington, by steam- 
 boat and rail-road route. Milet. 
 New-York, by steam-boat, 145 
 Philadelphia, by Rail-road, 86 231 
 Baltimore, " 96 327 
 Washington, " 38 365 
 
 Distances from Albany to Buf- 
 falo, by rail-road route; finished 
 to Batavia. 
 
 Miles. 
 Mohawk and Hudson R. R. 16 
 Utica and Schenectady, "77 93 
 Syracuse and Utica, " 53 146 
 Auburn and Syracuse, " 26 172 
 Auburn and Rochester, " 79 251 
 Tonawanda, (Batavia,) " 32 283 
 Proposed route to Buffalo, 35 318 
 
 Distances from Albany to Mon- 
 treal, via. Saratoga Springs and 
 Lake Champlain. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 To Troy, by stage, 6 
 
 Ballston Spa, by rail-road, 24 30 
 
 Saratoga Springs, " 7 37 
 
 Whitehall, by stage, 39 76 
 
 St. John's, Can. steamboat, 150 226 
 
 La Prairie, by rail-road, 16 242 
 
 Montreal, by steamboat, 9 251 
 
 Distances from Albany, the Ca- 
 pitol of the state, to the several 
 county seats, by the usual mail 
 route, except when otherwise men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Miles. Miles. 
 
 Albion, 257[Malone, 212 
 
 Angelica, 256 Mayville, 33G 
 
 Auburn, by r. ».• 172JMartinsburgh, -• 142 
 
 Ballston Spa, •• ■ 30 
 
 Batavia, by r. r. 233 
 
 Hath, 210 
 
 Bedford, 130 
 
 Binghamlon, ••• • 14.5 
 
 frooklyn, 146 
 
 Buffalo, by r. f 
 
 route, 313 
 
 Caldwell, 
 
 Canandaigua, by 
 
 rail-road, •••• 233 
 
 Canton, 206 
 
 Carmel, 106 
 
 Oatskilf, 3 
 
 Cooperstown, •• 66 
 
 Cortland, 140 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 Elizabeth, •• 
 Kllicottville 
 
 Klmira, 198 
 
 Fonda, by r. r. •• 42 
 
 Geneseo, 23S 
 
 Gosheqj 105 
 
 Herkimer, r. r.- 80 
 
 Hudson, 29 
 
 Ithaca, 170 
 
 Johnstown, 45 
 
 Kingston, 58 
 
 Lockport, 300 
 
 Lyons, 181 
 
 Moniicello, 
 
 Morrisv^ille, 101 
 
 Newburgh, 85 
 
 New City, 122 
 
 New- York, 145 
 
 N'th Hempstead, 167 
 
 Norwich, 110 
 
 Oswego, 167 
 
 Ovid, 197 
 
 Owego, 167 
 
 Penn-Yan, 212 
 
 Piseco, 72 
 
 Pittsburgh, 162 
 
 Poughkeepsie, •• 73 
 
 Pulaski, 153 
 
 Richmond, 158 
 
 Riverhead, Q34 
 
 Rochester, r. r.- 251 
 Salem, 46 
 
 Sandy Hill, 
 
 Schenectady, •• ■ 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Syracuse, r. r.> 
 
 Troy, 
 
 Utica, r. r. 
 
 Warsaw, 
 
 Waterloo, r. r.- 
 Watertown, •••■ 
 White Plains,- •• 
 Whitesboro, r. r 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 146 
 
 6 
 
 93 
 
 303 
 
 191 
 
 160 
 
 131 
 
 97 
 
ALBANY— ALEXANDER. 
 
 57 
 
 Albany and West Stock- 
 bridge Rail Road, extends 
 from Greenbush, opposite the city 
 of Albany, to the state line in the 
 town of Canaan, Columbia county, 
 connecting with ihe " Western' ' 
 and "Housatonic" railroads, which 
 terminates at the state line in the 
 town of West Stockbridge, Mass. 
 It is 3S miles in length, running 
 through the towns of Greenbush, 
 Schodack, Kinderhook, Chatham 
 and Canaan, and is graded for two 
 tracks to Chatham, 23 miles, 
 where it joins the Hudson and Berk- 
 shire railroad ; from thence a fa- 
 vorable route has been surveyed for 
 its prolongation to the city of New- 
 York. The remaining 15 miles 
 from Chatham to the state line, is 
 graded for one track, excepting 
 the rock cuts and a tunnel 600 feet 
 long, which are excavated for two 
 tracks. The maximum grade is 
 40 feet to the mile ; the grade with 
 one exception ascends toward the 
 east ; the point of crossing the state 
 line, being 895 feet above high wa- 
 ter in the Hudson river at Albany. 
 The superstructure is of the most 
 approved and permanent character. 
 The estimated cost of the whole 
 road is si, 412. 000, being about 
 §37,000 per mile. This road, 
 (which is just finished, January, 
 1S42,) connects the city of Alba- 
 ny with the city oi Bo -ton, by one 
 continuous line of railroads. The 
 following are the distances from 
 place to place, on the above road : 
 Albany to Schodack, ..miles, 7i 
 
 Kinderhook, 7k 15 
 
 Chatham, S" 23 
 
 Canaan, 10 33 
 
 State Line, 5 38 
 
 Albion, t. Oswego co.. situated 
 25 miles east of the village of 
 Oswego, and distant 147 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,503 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating and the soil good, producing 
 white pine, hemlock, maple and 
 beech timber ; it is watered by 
 
 Salmon river on the north, and 
 Salmon creek on the south. Sal- 
 mon river, Sand Bank and Spruce 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Albion, v. and p. o. Barre, 
 Orleans co., is handsomely situa- 
 ted on the Erie canal 257 miles 
 west of the city o f Albany ; it 
 was incorporated in 1829, and now 
 contains about 1,400 inhabitants 
 200 dwelling; houses, a court-house 
 jail and county clerk's office ; 2 
 banking houses ; an incorporated 
 academy and Phipp's female se- 
 minary, both in a flourishing con- 
 dition, lo each of which is attach- 
 ed large brick edifices ; 1 Presby- 
 terian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; 3 taverns, 18 stores and 
 groceries, 7 warehouses and 1 
 flouring mill. Here is a collec- 
 tor's office and a convenient land- 
 ing for canal boats. 
 
 Alden, t. Erie co. situated IS 
 miles east of the city of Buffalo, 
 and distant 272 miles from Alba- 
 ny ; contained in 1840, 1,9S4 in- 
 habitants ; the surface is undula- 
 ting, and the soil adapted to grass, 
 and with proper cultivation to dif- 
 ferent kinds of grain. Through 
 this town passes the proposed route 
 of the Buffalo and Batavia rail- 
 road ; it is watered by the Cayuga 
 and Ellicott's creek. The names 
 of the post offices in the town, are 
 Alden and Reservation. 
 
 Alden, v. and p. o. Alden, 
 Erie co. contains about 200 inhab- 
 itants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian church, 2 taverns, 2 
 stores, 1 tannery, and 1 ashery. 
 
 Alder Creek, p. o. Boon- 
 ville, Oneida co. 
 
 Alexander, t. Genesee co. 
 situated 8 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Batavia, and distant 247 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,242 inhabitants; the surface is a 
 little uneven and the soil mostly 
 clay loam, producing large crops 
 of grain and grass. The Tona- 
 wanda creek flows through the cen- 
 
58 
 
 ALEXANDER— ALLEGANY. 
 
 tre of the town, nearly north and 
 south ; the names of the post offi- 
 ces are Alexander and Brook ville. 
 
 Alexander, v. and p. o. Alex- 
 ander, Genesee co. is situated on 
 the Tonawanda creek; it was in- 
 corporated in 1834, and now con- 
 tains about 500 inhabitants, SO 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
 1 Universalist church, an incorpo- 
 rated classical school in a flourish- 
 ing- condition, 1 bank, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 clothier's 
 works and 1 tannery. 
 
 Alexandria, t. Jefferson co. 
 situated on the St. Lawrence ri- 
 ver, 20 miles north of the village of 
 Watertown, and distant 190 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,475 inhabitants ; in 1S41 this town 
 was divided by an act of the legis- 
 lature, and a new town formed of 
 the eastern portion, called Theresa. 
 The surface is gently undulating, 
 and the soil clay and marly loam; 
 belonging to this town are several 
 islands in the St. Lawrence, com- 
 prising a part of the "Thousand 
 Islands." Alexandria, Plesis and 
 Redwood are names of post offices 
 in this town, on the east boundary 
 of which lies Clear, Crystal and 
 Butterfield lakes. 
 
 Alexandria, v. and p. o. A- 
 lexandria, Jefferson co. is situated 
 on the east side of the St. Lawrence 
 river; it is a port of entry and a 
 convenient steamboat landing, con- 
 taining: about 150 inhabitants, 25 
 
 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 3 store-houses and 1 ashery. 
 
 Alexandria, v. Ticondero- 
 ga, Essex co. is situated on the 
 outlet of Lake George, at the up- 
 per falls, one mile below the steam- 
 boat landing, and three miles above 
 the landing on Lake Champlain; it 
 contains about 350 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 5 saw mills, and 1 trip hammer 
 works. This place is chiefly own 
 ed by Edward Ellis, Esq. of the 
 city of London; it was formerly a 
 flourishing place of business, but 
 like most places owned by foreign 
 ers, it has been suffered to go to de- 
 cay and now presents a dilapidated 
 appearance. Here is a water pow- 
 er, mostly unoccupied, probably 
 unsurpassed by any in the state, 
 there being within the distance of 
 a mile, a fall of upwards of 200 ft., 
 affording a supply of water in the 
 dryest seasons of 400 cubic feet per 
 second. 
 
 Alfred, t. Allegany co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles south-east of Angeli- 
 ca, and distant 244 miles from Al- 
 bany; contained in 1S40, 1,630 in- 
 habitants. The surface is uneven 
 and hilly, and the soil well adapt- 
 ed for grazing. Through this town 
 runs the line of the New-York and 
 Erie rail road ; it is watered by se- 
 veral small streams, and contains 
 Alfred and Vandermark post offi- 
 ces. Baker's Bridge is the name 
 of a settlement. 
 
 ALLEGANY COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1S06, is centrally 
 distant 250 miles from the city of Albany; it is one of the southern tier 
 of counties, being bounded on the south by the Pennsylvania state line; 
 on the west by Cattaraugus county; on the north by the counties of Ge- 
 nesee and Livingston, and on the ea t by the county of Steuben. This 
 county embraces two distinct ranges of high table land, running north 
 and south; one in the eastern, the other in the western part of the coun- 
 ty; these ridges are elevated from 1,500 to 2,500 feet above the tide 
 waters of the Hudson river; the valley of the Genesee, which lies be- 
 tween these ridges, embraces much iine and cultivated land. The soil 
 of the uplands is also of a good quality, well adapted to grazing. The 
 principal streams that belong to this county, in addition to the Genesee 
 liver, which flows nearly through the centre, may be named Black 
 
ALLEGANY— ALLEN'S CREEK. 
 
 59 
 
 creek, Dike creek, East and West Koy creeks, Cold creek, Caneadea 
 creek, and Campen's creek, all of which run into the Genesee river. The 
 mineral productions of this county of value, are but few ; it contains, 
 however, several beds of bog- iron ore, and the Oil Spring-, on the west 
 line of the county, belonging- to the Seneca tribe of Indians, yields 
 large quantities of Seneca oil, and is an object of considerable interest. 
 The area of Allegany co. is about 1,185 square miles, or 758, 3S0 acres. 
 The Genesee river, which ri^es in Pennsylvania, flows through the cen- 
 tre of this county from south to north. The Genesee Valley Canal also 
 passes through it, terminating at Olean, Cattaraugus county, where it 
 intersects the Allegany river; and when completed the New- Fork and 
 Erie. Rail Road will extend across the county from east to west. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Allegany county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 Alfred, 1,630 Genesee, 5*i 
 
 Allen, 867 
 
 Almond, 1,434 
 
 Amity, 1,354 
 
 Andover, 848 
 
 Axcelica, 1,257 
 
 Belfast, 1,646 
 
 Birdsall, 328 
 
 Bolivar, 408 
 
 Burns, 867 
 
 Caneadea, 1,633 
 
 Centreville, 1,513 
 
 Clarksville, 326 
 
 Cuba, 1,768 
 
 Eagle, 1,187 
 
 Friendship, 1,244 
 
 Allegany City, v. Olean, 
 Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
 north side of the Allegany river, 3 
 miles below the village of Olean. 
 This is a newly projected place, 
 and derives its importance from its 
 being on the line of the New-York 
 and Erie rail road, where it first 
 approaches the Allegany river; it 
 now contains 1 tavern, 1 steam saw 
 mill and a few dwellings. The site 
 of this place is owned by capita- 
 lists, who intend to makeextonsive 
 improvements on the completion of 
 the rail road. 
 
 Allegany Rivrr, rises in 
 Pennsylvania and enters the state 
 of New-York near the south-east 
 angle of the county of Cattaraugus 
 through which it runs in a circuit- 
 
 Granger, 1,064 
 
 Grove, 623 
 
 Hume, 2,303 
 
 Independence, 1,440 
 
 New Hudson, 1,502 
 
 Nunda, 2,637 
 
 Osian, 938 
 
 Pike, 2,176 
 
 Portage 4,721 
 
 Rushford, 1,512 
 
 Scio, 1,156 
 
 West Almond, 808 
 
 Wirt, 1,207 
 
 Total inhabitants, 40,975 
 
 tying its waters into the Ohio river, 
 at Pittsburg. This stream is navi- 
 gable for boat-; of small draft of wa- 
 ter, from the village of Olean, the 
 terminating point of the Genesee 
 Valley Canal, to Pittsburg in Penn- 
 sylvania, a distance of 230 miles, by 
 water. The United States govern 
 ment have recently made surveys, 
 preparatory to improving its navi- 
 gation for boats of a larger class, 
 which, when finished, will afford 
 uninterrupted navigation for steam- 
 boat:; from Olean to New-Orleans, 
 during high water. The whole 
 length of the river is 300 miles, and 
 by it i union with the Monongahela 
 at Pittsburg forms the Ohio. 
 
 Allen's creek, rises in Wy- 
 
 oming co., and flows through the 
 tons route about 45 miles, when it J eastern part of Genesee into Monro© 
 again re-enters Pennsylvania, emp- [ county, where it empties into the 
 
60 
 
 ALLEN— ALTITUDES. 
 
 Genesee river; this is an important 
 mill stream, on the banks of which 
 are situated a great number of fac- 
 tories and mills, and several flou- 
 rishing villages. 
 
 Allen's Hill, p. o., Rich- 
 mond, Ontario co. Here are lo- 
 cated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 and 12 dwellings. 
 
 Allen, t. Allegany co. situate 
 7 miles north of Angelica, and dis- 
 tant 2G1 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1S40, 867 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating" and the soil 
 clay and sandy loam ; it is drained 
 by several small streams. Allen 
 and Allan Centre, are names of 
 post offices ; at both of which there 
 are small settlements. 
 
 Alloway, v. and p. o. Lyons, 
 Wayne co., is situated on the east 
 side of the Canandaigua outlet, 3 
 miles south of the village of Ly- 
 ons; it contains about 300 inhabi- 
 tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 flouring mills, 
 2 saw mills, 2 distilleries, and 2 
 cloth dressing works. 
 
 Alluvial Way, or Ridge 
 Road, is a work of nature, ex- 
 tending from the Genesee river, 
 near Rochester, to the Niagara 
 river, near Lewisfon ; it presents 
 the appearance of a ridge compos- 
 ed of beach sand and gravel stones, 
 apparently worn smooth by the ac- 
 tion of water. Its general width 
 is from 6 to 8 rods, and raised in 
 the middle ; on the top of which is 
 located an excellent road, called 
 the "Ridge Road," extending a 
 distance of upwards of 80 miles, 
 being from 6 to 10 miles south of 
 the present shore of Lake Ontario, 
 whose boundary it once no doubt 
 formed . 
 
 Almond, t. Allegany co. sit- 
 uated 14 miles east of Angelica, 
 and distant 240 miles from Alba- 
 ny; contained in 1840, 1434 inha- 
 bitants ; the surface is somewhat 
 hilly, being broken by several 
 streams, which water this town, 
 
 forming the head branches of the 
 Canisteo river; the soil is mostly 
 clay loam, of good quality. The 
 names of the post offices in the 
 town are Almond, Centre Almond, 
 and North Almond. 
 
 Almond, v. and p.o. Almond, 
 Allegany co. is situated on the line 
 of the New-York and Erie rail 
 road ; it contains about 400 inhabi 
 tanfs, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian and one Baptist church, 2 
 taverns, 6 stores of different kinds, 1 
 grist mill, 2 sawmills, & 1 tannery. 
 
 Alps, v. and p. o. Nassau, 
 Rensselaer co., is situated on the 
 Sandlake turnpike, 14 miles east 
 of the city of Albany ; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 2 taverns and 1 store. 
 
 Altitudes & Elevations, 
 above the Atlantic Ocean and the 
 tides of the Hudson river. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Harbor Hill, Long Island, 319 
 
 Richmond Hill, Staten Island, 307 
 
 Fort Washington, N. York Island, 238 
 
 Palisades, highest part of the range, 650 
 Anthony's Nose, lower entrance of 
 
 the "Highlands.". 1,128 
 
 Fort Putnam, near West Point, 500 
 
 Butter Hill, of the " Highlands," •• 1,520 
 Breakneck Hill, or upper Anthony's 
 
 Nose, "Highlands,". 1,1S7 
 
 New Beacon, or Grand Sachem, do. 1,685 
 
 Shawangunk Mountain, l,S0u 
 
 Catskill Mountains, Round Top,- •• 3,804 
 
 Ho. High Peak,- ••• 3,71S 
 
 Do. Pine Orchard,- 3,000 
 
 Capitol, at Albany,. 130 
 
 Mount Defiance, near Ticonderoga, 720 
 
 Mount Seward, 4,800 
 
 Mount Marcy,. 6,467 
 
 Mount M'lntyre, 5,183 
 
 Dial Mountain, or Nipple Top, 4,900 
 
 Whiteface, N. part of Essex co.- 4,855 
 
 Adirondack Ironworks, 1,889 
 
 Highest source of the Hudson and 
 
 Au Sable rivers, on Mt. Marcy, •• 4,747 
 
 Avalanche Lake, of Essex co. 2,900 
 
 Lake Colden,. 2,850 
 
 Ilacket Lake, of Hamilton co. 1,731 
 
 Lake Champlain,. 93 
 
 Lake George, orHoricon,. 243 
 
 Otsego Lake,. 1,189 
 
 Cayuga Lake, 407 
 
 Seneca Lake,. 447 
 
 Crooked Lake, 718 
 
 Canandaigua Lake, 668 
 
 Chautauqiie Lake, 1,291 
 
 Lake Erie, 565 
 
 Lake Ontario, 231 
 
 Lakes Huron and Michigan, fiP5 
 
 Lake Superior, 048 
 
ALTON— AMITY. 
 
 (31 
 
 Alton, v. & p.o. Sodus, Wayne 
 co. is situated on the Ridge Road; 
 it contains about 150 inhabitants, 
 25 dwelling houses, 2 taverns, 1 
 store, 3 saw mills and 1 tannery. 
 
 Amber, v. andp. o. Otisco, On- 
 ondaga co. is situated near Otisco 
 lake; it contains about 100 inhabi- 
 tants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Amboy, t. Oswego co. situated 
 30 miles east of the village of Os- 
 wego, and distant 137 miles from 
 Albany, contained in 1840, 1070 
 inhabitants; the surface is level and 
 the soil rich loam, producing grass 
 and grain in abundance. It con- 
 tains several small lakes, and is 
 drained by Salmon and Scriba 
 creeks. Jfmboy is the name of a 
 post office, where is situated a small 
 settlement. 
 
 A.mboy,v. Camillus, Onondaga 
 co. is situated on Nine Mile Creek ; 
 it contains about 200 inhabitants, 
 30 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 
 1 plaster mill, 1 lathe machine, 
 and 2 tanneries. 
 
 Amegansett, v. and p. o Ea?t 
 Hampton, Suffolk co. This is the 
 most eastern settlement on Long 
 Island; it contains about 35 dwel- 
 lings ; the inhabitants are mostly 
 engaged in farming and fishing. 
 
 Amenta, t. Dutchess co. situat- 
 ed 20 miles north-east of Pouglv- 
 keepsie, and distant 70 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2179 in- 
 habitants. The surface of this town 
 is very much diversified ; on the 
 east extends the Taghknnic Moun- 
 tains, and on the southwest it is 
 pierced by the Fishkill range ; 
 through the intervening valley flow 
 the Wassaic and Ten Mile creeks, 
 tributaries of the Housatonic river. 
 On the north there are two ponds 
 of considerable size, and in the 
 town is found marble of good qua- 
 lity, magnetic iron ore, and some 
 mineral springs. Amenia, Ame- 
 nia Union, City, Leeds ville, and 
 
 South Amenia, are names of post 
 offices. Ameniaville is the name 
 of a village. 
 
 Am en i a Union, p. o. Ame- 
 nia, Dutchess co. Here is a settle- 
 ment called Hitchcock's Corners, 
 containing 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen 
 factory, 1 saw mill, and about 35 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Amema ville, v. Amenia, 
 Dutchess co. is situated on the 
 Poughkeepsie and Sharon turnpike, 
 twenty-five miles from the former 
 place; it contains about 200 inha- 
 bitants, -10 dwelling houses, an in- 
 corporated academy, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 plaster 
 mill. One or two miles north of 
 this place is situated the ponds 
 which are the sources of Was aic 
 creek; in the vicinity is also a bed 
 of iron ore, and extensive iron 
 works, giving employment to about 
 100 workmen. 
 
 Aiviesville, v. Cahajoharie, 
 Montgomery co., contains about 
 175 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
 2 churches, an academy, 1 tavern, 
 1 store, 1 grist mill, and the Ames 
 post office. 
 
 Amherst, t. Erie co. situated 
 10 miles north-east from the city of 
 Buffalo, and distant 283 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 2451 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating and the soil of rather indif- 
 ferent quality. The Tonawanda 
 \ creek flows on the north boundary 
 of this town, and Ellicott's creek 
 ' runs nearly through the centre. — 
 Williamsville village and post of- 
 i fice is situated on the stage road 
 from Buffalo to Batavia. 
 
 Amity, t. Allegany co. situat- 
 ed 6 miles south of Angelica, and 
 distant 255 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1354 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is high and 
 rolling on the east and west boun- 
 daries ; nearly through the centre 
 
62 
 
 AMITY— ANCRAM IRON WORKS. 
 
 flcAvs the Genesee river in a north- 
 erly direction; the soil is various; 
 the uplands are adapted to grazing, 
 while on the river are tortile Hats, 
 producing grass and grain in abun- 
 dance. The names of the post of- 
 fices in the town are Genesee val- 
 ley, Hobbieville and Pliillipsvillc. 
 
 Amity, v. and p. o. Warwick, 
 Orange co. contains about 100 in- 
 habitants, 15 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian church, a select 
 school, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Amsterdam, t. Montgomery 
 co. situated on Mohawk river, 31 
 miles west of the city of Albany, 
 and 11 miles east of the village of 
 Fonda ; it contained in 1840, 5,333 
 inhabitants. The surface is une- 
 ven, and the soil clay loam and 
 rich mould ; the latter, mostly con- 
 fined to the valley of the Mohawk, 
 is very productive and easily tilled; 
 besides being watered by the Mo- 
 hawk on the south, several small 
 streams flow through the town in a 
 southerly direction, the principal 
 of which is the Chuctanunda creek. 
 In this vicinity are extensive stone 
 quarries, where are quarried in 
 large quantities a fine quality of 
 building stone; it is also used 
 in the construction of locks and 
 culverts, on the enlarged Erie ca- 
 nal, which passes on the opposite 
 side of the river. The names of 
 the post offices in this town, are 
 Amsterdam, Cranes ville, Haga- 
 man's Mills, and Tribes Hill. 
 
 Amsterdam, v. and p. o. Am- 
 sterdam, Montgomery co. is situ- 
 ated on the north side of the Mo- 
 hawk river, 31 miles west of Al- 
 bany, where is a substantial toll 
 bridge, connecting it with Port 
 Jackson on the Erie Canal. It 
 was incorporated in 1830, and now 
 contains about 1700 inhabitants, 
 250 dwelling houses, 1 banking 
 house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist, and 1 Universalist 
 church ; an incorporated academy 
 in a flourishing condition, and a 
 
 female seminary ; 5 hotels and ta 
 verns, 14 stores and groceries, 2 
 grist mills, 1 scythe factory, 1 car- 
 pet factory, 2 furnaces, 2 plaster 
 mills, 1 planing machine, I ma- 
 chine shop and 1 printing office, 
 besides many other mechanical 
 establishments. The Utica and 
 Schenectady railroad passes thro' 
 this place, where is a conve 
 venient depot ; stages also leave 
 here, for the Fish House and other 
 places in Fulton county. One or 
 two miles west of the village, on 
 the turnpike road, are situated two 
 of the stone mansions of the John- 
 son family, who figured in the ear- 
 ly history of this part of the coun- 
 try. Some rude paintings of hu- 
 man figures upon the rocks in this 
 vicinity, are said to have existed 
 when first settled by the whites. 
 
 Analysis of Mineral Wa- 
 ters. See Avon, Ballston 
 Spa, Saratoga Springs, Lebanon 
 Springs, Chittcnango, Rosmdale 
 and Sharon. 
 
 Ancram, t. Columbia co. situ- 
 ated in the extreme south east part 
 of the county, 21 miles from the 
 city of Hudson, and distant 51 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1770 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, the soil gravelly 
 loam and clay, underlaid by slate 
 and limestone; it is watered by 
 Ancram and Punch creeks, on the 
 former of which are extensive iron 
 works; galena, or ore of lead, is 
 found in several places in this 
 town. The names of the post of- 
 fices are Ancram and Ancram 
 Lead Mines. 
 
 Ancram Iron Works, An- 
 cram, Columbia co. is situated on 
 Ancram creek ; here are located 1 
 furnace and 2 forges, which manu- 
 facture wrought iron of every de- 
 scription, but principally iron for 
 the manufacture of gun barrels ; a 
 store and some 30 or 40 dwelling 
 houses. The ore which is used in 
 the above works is principally 
 
ANCRAM— ANNSVILLE. 
 
 63 
 
 brought from the Copake iron mine 
 and some from Salisbury, Conn. 
 which yields a superior quality of 
 iron, highly esteemed for its 
 strength and purity.. 
 
 A arc ram Lead Mines, p. o. 
 Ancram, Columbia co. is situated 
 on Punch Creek ; here are located 
 a public house, a store, and some 
 few duelling houses. The lead ore 
 found in this vicinity is of a rich 
 quality, although the mine has not 
 been worked for the last few 
 years. 
 
 Ancram, or Roelopf Jan- 
 sen's Creek, rises in Hillsdale, 
 Columbia co. and flows in a cir- 
 cuitous direction into the Hudson 
 river, S miles below the city of 
 Hudson ; this is a good mill stream . 
 
 Andes, t. Delaware co. situated 
 10 miles south-east of the village of 
 Delhi, and distant 87 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840,2,176 
 inhabitants. The surface- is hilly, 
 and the soil adapted to grazing; it 
 is timbered with beech, maple and 
 hemlock. Through this town flows 
 the Papacton branch of the Dela- 
 ware river and Temper's kill; the 
 names of the post offices are An- 
 des, Cabin Hill and Shavertown; 
 at the former there is a small set- 
 tlement, consisting of 2 churches, 
 
 1 tavern, 1 store, and IS or 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Ando ver, t. Allegany co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Angelica, and distant 266 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 848 inhabitants. The surface 
 is uneven, and the soil clay loam; 
 Dyke creek, a tributary of the Ge- 
 nesee river, passes through this 
 town ; also the line of the New- 
 York and Erie rail road. 
 
 Andover, v. and p. o. Anuo- 
 ver, Allegany co. is situated on the 
 line of the New-York and Erie 
 railroad ; it contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
 
 2 taverns and 2 stores; near by 
 
 there are several saw mills on Dyke 
 creek. 
 
 Angelica Creek, rises in 
 West Almond, Allegany co. and 
 flows west through the town of An- 
 gelica, where it empties into the 
 Genesee river. 
 
 Angelica, t. Allegany co. 
 contains the county buildings, situ- 
 ated in the village of the same 
 name, which is centrally located; 
 it contained in 1S40, 1257 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is rolling, de- 
 clining west towards the Genesee 
 river, which crosses the south-west 
 angle, into which flows Angelica 
 creek; soil, clay loam, and sandy 
 alluvion, mostly very productive. 
 
 Angelica, v. and p. o. Ange- 
 lica, Allegany co. is situated on 
 Angelica creek, 250 miles west of 
 the city of Albany. It was incor- 
 porated in 1835, and now contains 
 about 900 inhabitants, 120 dwel- 
 ling houses, a court house, jail, and 
 county clerk's office, 1 banking 
 house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal and 1 Methodist church, 3 ta- 
 verns, 8 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
 2 flouring mills, 1 saw mill, and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 Angola, p. o. Collins, Erieco. 
 
 Annaquascook, p. o. Jack- 
 son, Washington co. 
 
 Annsville, t. Oneida co. situ- 
 ated 25 miles north-west of the city 
 of Utica, and distant 118 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1765 inhabitants ; the surface is 
 undulating, the soil gravelly loam 
 and sandy; it is well watered by 
 Fish creek and. its tributaries, and 
 contains post offices named Anns- 
 ville and Taberg. 
 
 Annsville, v. Cortlandtown, 
 Westchester co. is situated on the 
 east side of the Hudson river, at 
 the mouth of the Peekskill, one 
 mile north of the village of the same 
 name. Here are situated an exten- 
 sive snufF factory and a wire facto- 
 ry, both propelled by water power, 
 also about 20 dwellings. 
 
64 
 
 ANTHONY'S NOSE— ARGYLE. 
 
 Anthony's Nose, or the 
 " Nose," as commonly called, on 
 the north bank of the Mohawk ri- 
 ver, in the west pail of Montgome- 
 ry county, is on the extreme point 
 of the hill or mountain called the 
 " Klips;" sloping down toward the 
 river; from an elevation of about 
 500 feet, is a good imitation of a 
 ri/ose, some 3 or 400 feet in length. 
 
 Anthony's or St. Antho- 
 ny's Nose, situated on the south 
 side of Breakneck Hill in the town 
 of Philipstown, on the east bank of 
 the Hudson. Its name is derived 
 from a resemblance to a huge hu- 
 man face, as seen from the river, 
 at the north entrance of the High- 
 lands. There is also another, though 
 less remarkable, promontory of the 
 same name, opposite the site of old 
 Fort Montgomery, below West 
 Point, near the south entrance of 
 the Highlands. 
 
 Antwerp, t. Jefferson co. si- 
 tuated 20 miles north-east of the 
 village of Watertown, and distant 
 164 miles from Albanv; contained 
 in 1S40, 3,109 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil, clay loam of 
 good quality and well suited for 
 grass; it is watered by Indian river 
 on the south, and the Oswegatchie 
 on the north, which here takes a 
 turn called the "Oxbow." Ant- 
 werp and Oxbow are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Antwerp, v. and p. o. Ant- 
 werp, Jefferson co. is situated on 
 Indian river; it contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's works, 
 1 scythe factory and 1 pocket fur- 
 nace. 
 
 Apalachin, p. o. Owego, Ti- 
 oga co. 
 
 Appling, p. o. Adams, Jeffer- 
 son co. 
 
 Apulia, p. o. Fabius, Ononda- 
 ga co. 
 
 AquEBOGUE, v. and p. o., Ri- 
 
 verhead, Suffolk co. contains 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and about 
 15 dwellings. 
 
 Arcade, v. and p. o. China, 
 Wyoming co. is situated at the 
 junction of Clear and Cattaraugus 
 creeks, where is a valuable water 
 power; it contains about 300 inha- 
 bitants, 50 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 clothier's works and 
 several saw mills. The post office 
 is called China. 
 
 Arcadia, t. Wayne co. situat- 
 ed 5 miles west of the village of 
 Lvons, and distant 190 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1S40, 4,980 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, sandy and calcareous loam; 
 gypsum is found in this town and 
 extensively quarried, thro' which 
 also parses Mud creek. The names 
 of the post offices are Fairville and 
 Newark. 
 
 Arcadia, v. Arcadia, Wayne 
 co. is situated on the Erie canal; 
 it was incorporated in 1S39, and 
 now contains about 500 inhabi- 
 tants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, be- 
 sides several groceries, 1 flouring 
 mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 Argyle, t. Washington co. si- 
 tuated equi-distant between Salem 
 and Sandy Hill, and distant 46 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 3,111 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is uneven but generally ara- 
 ble; soil, gravelly loam and san- 
 dy, underlaid by lime and slate. 
 In the south part are situated two 
 ponds, the largest of which is call- 
 ed Long Pond, and through the 
 centre of the town Hows the Moses- 
 kill. The names of the post offices 
 are Argyle, North Argyle, and 
 South Argyle. 
 
 Argyle, v. and p. o. Argyle, 
 Washington co. is situated on Mo- 
 seskill; it was incorporated in 183S, 
 and now contains about 500 inha- 
 bitants, 80 dwelling houses, a coun- 
 ty clerk's office, 1 Scotch Presby- 
 
ARIETTA— ATHENS 
 
 65 
 
 terian, 1 Cameronian and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 fulling 
 mill and carding machine. 
 
 Arietta, t. Hamilton county, 
 is situated 8 miles west of the 
 village of Lake Pleasant, and dis- 
 tant 72 miles trom Albany; the 
 town contained in 1840, 209 inha- 
 bitants. This is a large town in 
 extent, as yet but partly settled on 
 the south, while the north remains 
 a wilderness; it contains several 
 lakes, and is drained by numerous 
 small streams. Piseco is the name 
 of a lake and a post office. 
 
 Arkport, v. and p. o. Hor- 
 nellsville, Steuben co. is situated 
 on the Canisteo river at the head 
 of ark navigation; it contains about 
 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Arkville, p. o. Middletown, 
 Delaware co. 
 
 Arkwright, t. Chautauque 
 co. situated 16 miles north-east of 
 the village of Mayville, and dis- 
 tant 346 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,418 inhabitants. 
 The surface is high and hilly, ly- 
 ing on a dividing ridge, sending its 
 waters east, west, north and south; 
 soil, gravelly loam, suitable for 
 grass or grain. Arkwright is the 
 name of a post office centrally si- 
 tuated in the town. 
 
 Arnold Hill Mine. See 
 Clintonville. 
 
 Arsenals and Canton- 
 ments, U. States. See Buffalo, 
 Fort Hamilton, Governor's Is- 
 land, Pluttsburgh, Rome, Oswego, 
 Sackett's Harbor, Watervliet or 
 West Troy and West Point. 
 
 Arsenals and Magazines, 
 State. See Albany, Batavia, Ca- 
 nandaigua, Flizabethtown, Port 
 Richmond, Staten Is., 3 f alone, 
 New- York, Russell and Water- 
 town. 
 
 Arthursbuhgh, p. o. La 
 Grange, Dutchess co. 
 
 Ashford, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 5 
 
 situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Ellicottville, and distant 
 300 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,469 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, clay 
 loam ; it is drained by Cattaraugus 
 creek and its tributaries. 
 
 Ashford, v. and p. o. Ashford, 
 Cattaraugus co. contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Ashville, v. Harmony, Chau- 
 tauque co. is situated on Goose 
 creek, near Chautauque lake; it 
 contains about 200 inhabitants, 35 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill and 1 tannery. Here is a post 
 office called Harmony. 
 
 Astoria, v. and p. o. New- 
 town, Queens co. is situated on the 
 East river, near Hell Gate, 6 miles 
 from the city of New-York; it 
 was incorporated in 1839, and now 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
 ed, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 1 
 Roman Catholic church, a female 
 seminary called the Astoria Fe- 
 male Institute, which is in a flou- 
 rishing condition; 2 taverns, 2 
 stores, 1 large turpentine factory, 
 1 carpet factory, 1 extensive hat 
 factory, 1 oil factory, and the As- 
 toria Botanic Garden, consisting 
 of four acres, and a lange of green- 
 houses 200 feet in length. Here 
 are situated a number of delightful 
 country residences, overlooking 
 the river, and in full view of New- 
 York island, with which it is con- 
 nected by a steam ferry; a steam 
 boat also runs from this place to 
 the city of New- York several times 
 daily, and stages run to and from 
 the city hourly. 
 
 Athens, borough, Bradford 
 co. Penn. is situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Chemung river with 
 the Susquehannah, formerly called 
 Tioga Point. It contains about 
 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hous- 
 
66 
 
 ATHENS— ATTICA 
 
 es, 1 Presbyterian church, an in- 
 corporated academy in a flourish- 
 ing condition, 2 taverns and 11 
 stores of different kinds. At this 
 point terminates the North Branch 
 canal of Pennsylvania, which ren- 
 ders it, in connection with a branch 
 railroad to be constructed to inter- 
 sect the New-York and Erie rail- 
 road, a distance of 4 miles, a place 
 of considerable importance, and in 
 its trade is closely allied with the 
 interests of the state of New-York, 
 as will be seen by a reference to 
 the map. The mail stage from 
 Owego to Elmira passes daily thro' 
 this place; stages also leave here 
 for the interior of the state of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Athens, t. Greene co. situated 
 5 miles north of the village of Cats- 
 kill, and distant 29 miles from Al- 
 bany; contained in 1840, 2,387 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly on 
 the west, but more level as you ap- 
 proach the Hudson river; soil, a 
 mixture of clay, sand and loam, 
 generally fertile when well culti- 
 vated. In the interior of the town 
 are some high ridges of gray wacke 
 slate, from which large quantities 
 of flagging stones are obtained and 
 carried to market. 
 
 Athens, v. and p. o. Athens, 
 Greene co. is situated on the west 
 bank of the Hudson river, directly 
 opposite the city of Hudson, with 
 which it is connected by a steam 
 ferry; it was incorporated in 1805, 
 and now contains about 1,300 in- 
 habitants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 
 Lutheran and 1 Baptist church, and 
 a Friends' meeting house, 2 ta- 
 verns, 18 stores of different kinds 
 and 9 warehouses; 1 extensive stone 
 and earthenware, portable furnace 
 and fire brick manufactory; 1 glue 
 factory, where is manufactured 25 
 tons of glue annually; 10 large 
 brick yards; 3 dry docks and ship 
 yards for building and repairing 
 vessels; 5 lime kilns, 4 hay press- 
 
 es and scales and 1 tannery. There 
 is owned and sails from this place 
 from 20 to 25 sloops, which annu- 
 ally carry to the New-York mar- 
 ket a large amount of produce and 
 manufactured products. 
 
 Atiiol, t. Warren co. situated 
 12 miles west of the village of 
 Caldwell, and distant 71 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,210 
 inhabitants. This is a large town, 
 bi.it partially settled on the east on 
 the border of the Hudson river, 
 while on the west extends a sterile 
 tract of country, mostly valuable 
 for its timber. It is watered by 
 the Hudson and some of its tribu- 
 taries, jlthol is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Atlantic Basin. See City 
 of Brooklyn. 
 
 Atlantic Ocean; this im- 
 mense body of water extends along 
 the coast of Long Island on the 
 south, running into Long Island 
 Sound, thence into the East river or 
 arm of the above ocean, communi- 
 cating with its own waters again 
 through the "Narrows" and the 
 lower bay of New-York, thus form- 
 ing Long Island, which may be 
 considered a breakwater for the 
 noble harbor of New- York. 
 
 Attica, t. Wyoming co. situat- 
 ed 8 miles north-west of the village 
 of Warsaw, distant 250 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,710 
 inhabitants. The surface is roll- 
 ing; soil, clay loam, producing 
 grain and grass in great quantities. 
 It is watered by Tonawanda creek 
 and its tributaries. The names of 
 the post offices are Attica, Attica 
 Centre and Vernal. 
 
 Attica, v. and p. o. Attica, 
 Wyoming eo* is situated on the To- 
 nawanda creek; it was incorporat- 
 ed in 1837, and now contains about 
 800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, a female seminary, 1 bank, 
 2 taverns, 8 stores and groceries, 2 
 grist mills, 1 tannery and 1 clo- 
 
ATTLEBBURY— AUBURN. 
 
 67 
 
 thier's works. It is contemplated 
 to extend the railroad from Bata- 
 via to this place, thence to Buffalo. 
 
 Attlebuey, p. o. Stanford, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Attwater's Falls. See 
 Norfolk village. 
 
 Aubukx, t. Cayuga co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 distant 172 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1S40, 5,626 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is somewhat 
 uneven; soil, clay loam and very 
 fertile, underlaid with limestone, 
 much of which is quarried and af- 
 fords a valuable building material. 
 The whole town is included in the 
 chartered limits of the village, 
 through which flows the outlet of 
 Owasco lake, affording a great 
 amount of hydraulic power. 
 
 Auburn, v. and p. o. Auburn, 
 Cayuga co. is situated on the out- 
 let of Owasco lake, 172 miles west 
 of the city of Albany, and S miles 
 south of the line of the Erie canal. 
 It was incorporated in 1815, and 
 contained in 1840, 5626 inhabitants, 
 800 dwelling houses, a court house, 
 jail, and county clerk's office. — 
 The Auburn State Prison, located 
 on the north side of the Owasco 
 outlet, is a splendid edifice of the 
 kind; it was founded in 1816, and 
 cost over half a million of dollars; 
 here is inclo-ed 10 acres of land, 
 surrounded by a solid stone wall, 
 from 16 to 40 feet in height and 3 
 feet thick. The main building, 
 facing the east, is 3 stories in 
 height, besides the basement, sur- 
 mounted by a turrelted cupola, in 
 which is an alarm bell; the wings 
 are two stories, the whole front be- 
 ing 276 feet long, and the wings 
 242 deep by 45 feet wide, enclosing 
 on three sides a court in the rear, 
 of about 190 feet square. The 
 cells in the interior are built with- 
 in the exterior front and are 5 sto- 
 ries in height, surrounded by gal- 
 leries ; in all they amount to 770 
 
 separate cells, each cell being 7 
 feet long by 3j feet wide, and 1\ 
 feet high, calculated to accommo- 
 date one prisoner during his relax- 
 ation from labor. In addition to 
 the cells, the main building con- 
 tains a chapel, a hospital, dining- 
 room for the prisoners, cooking 
 apartments, and store rooms; be- 
 sides apartments which are in the 
 main front building, used for offi- 
 ces for the clerk and agent, and 
 the residence of the principal 
 keeper. Here are now confined 
 about 700 convicts, mostly engag- 
 ed in different kinds of mechanical 
 pursuits, which is carried on in 
 workshops and under large sheds 
 within the outside prison walls. 
 Of these convicts, 570 are natives 
 of the U. States, and 130 foreigners. 
 The Auburn Theological Se- 
 minary, is a large stone edifice, 
 4 stories in height, above the 
 basement, and will be 200 feet 
 front, when fully completed as de- 
 signed; there is now, 1841, a front 
 of 160 feet finished and occupied, 
 under the charge of four professors; 
 here arc now about 80 students. 
 It was chartered in 1820, and first 
 went into operation in 1821. In 
 addition to the above, the Auburn 
 Academy and the Auburn Female 
 Seminary are incorporated institu- 
 tions; here also is a town hall, and 
 market, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Ro- 
 man Catholic, and 1 Universalist 
 church; a museum, 2 banking 
 houses, 7 hotels and taverns, 80 
 stores and groceries, 1 large cot- 
 ton factory 4 flouring mills, 3 saw 
 mills, 1 French burr mill stone 
 factory, 1 card factory, 1 tobacco 
 factory, 1 sash factory, 1 planing 
 machine, 1 distillery, 1 brewery, 
 1 plaster mill, 3 iron foundries, 1 
 machine shop, 2 large tanneries, 1 
 morocco factory, 3 carriage manu- 
 factories, 2 extensive cabinet ware 
 factories, and 4 printing offices, 
 besides most every other kind of 
 
68 
 
 AUBURN— AUGUST A. 
 
 mechanical pursuit, many of which 
 employ water power. The outlet 
 of Owasco lake is a large and du- 
 rable stream; within the limits of 
 the village, there is a fall of about 
 100 feet, affording hydraulic power 
 of great magnitude, much of which 
 is as yet unoccupied. The Jin- 
 burn and Syracuse railroad, ter- 
 minates at this place, and extends 
 to the village of Syracuse, a dis- 
 tance of 26 miles; the s/uburn 
 and Rochester railroad commen- 
 ces at the termination of the above 
 road and nans to the city of Roch- 
 ester, in rather a circuitous line, a 
 distance of 79 miles. Stages also 
 leave Auburn for the villages of 
 Ithaca and Cortland on the south 
 and Oswego on the north, all of 
 which connect with other lines of 
 travel, running to different places. 
 Auburn justly stands pre-eminent, 
 as one of the finest inland villages 
 in the state ; its public and private 
 buildings are generally constructed 
 in the most finished style of archi- 
 tecture, combining elegance and 
 durability, and is altogether a very 
 desirable place of residence. 
 
 Auburn and Rochester 
 Railroad, extends from the vil- 
 lage of Auburn, west, to the city 
 of Rochester ; passing through the 
 towns of Aurelius, Seneca Falte, 
 Waterloo, Seneca, Phelps, Man- 
 chester, Hopewell, Canandaigua, 
 Farmington, Victor, Pittsfbrd, and 
 Brighton, thence crosses the Gene- 
 see river, and enters Rochester. 
 It also crosses the foot of Cayuga 
 lake, by a new and substantial 
 bridge, upwards of one mile in 
 length. This road was incorpo- 
 rated in 1836, with a capital of 
 $2,000,000, and completed in 
 1841, at a cost of about $-1,250,000. 
 The following are the distances 
 from Auburn : 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Cayuga Bridge, 10 
 
 Seneca Falls, 5 15 
 
 Waterloo, 4 19 
 
 Geneva, 8 27 
 
 Oak's Corners, 5 32 
 
 East Vienna, 3 35 
 
 West Vienna, 1 36 
 
 Clifton Springs, 3 39 
 
 Shores Mills, 5 44 
 
 Chapinsville, 3 47 
 
 Canandaigua, 3 50 
 
 Victor, 9 59 
 
 Pittsford, 12 71 
 
 Brighton, 4 75 
 
 Rochester, 4 79 
 
 Auburn and Syracuse 
 Railroad, extends from the vil- 
 lage of Syracuse, west, to the vil- 
 lage of Auburn ; passing through 
 the towns of Salina, Camillus, El- 
 bridge and Sennet, thence into Au- 
 burn. This road was incorporated 
 in 1834, with a capital of #400,- 
 000, about which sum it cost to con- 
 struct it. A branch railroad ex- 
 tends from this road, a distance of 
 5 miles south to the village of Ska- 
 neateles. The following are the 
 distances from Syracuse : 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Camillus, 8 
 
 Nine Mile Creek, 3 11 
 
 Elbridge, 5 16 
 
 Skaneateles Junction,. . . 1 17 
 
 Sennet, 4 21 
 
 Auburn, 5 26 
 
 Augusta, t. Oneida co. situat- 
 ed 18 miles south-west of the city 
 of Utica, and distant 110 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2175 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, medium quality; it 
 is drained by Oneida creek and its 
 tributaries on the west, and the 
 Oriskany creek flows through the 
 south-east angle, where is a fall of 
 about 30 feet, affording a fine wa- 
 ter power; the Chenango canal al- 
 so runs parallel to the creek, thro' 
 the village of Oriskany Falls. — 
 The names of the post offices are 
 Augusta and Oriskany Falls, both 
 of which are villages. 
 
 Augusta, v. and p. o. Oneida 
 co. is situated on Skanandoa 
 creek; it contains about 350 inha- 
 
AURELIUS— AU SABLE RIVER 
 
 69 
 
 bitants, 50 dwelling- houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, an academy, 1 tavern, 
 2 stores and 1 grist mill. 
 
 Aurelius, t. Cayuga co. situ- 
 ated 5 miles west of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 178 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,645 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, clay loam of a good 
 quality; the Owasco outlet flows 
 through the north-west angle of 
 the town, and several streams run 
 west into Cayuga lake and its out- 
 let, which bounds it on the west. 
 The names of the post offices are 
 jfurelius, Cayuga, and Fostervilh; 
 also a village called Clarksville. 
 At the former there is a small set- 
 tlement. 
 
 Auriesville, p. o. Glen, 
 Montgomery co. 
 
 Aurora, t. Erie co. situated 
 15 miles south-east of the city of 
 Buffalo, and distant 276 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840 > 2,908 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam ; it is drained by Seneca and 
 Cazenove creeks. Griffin's Mills 
 and Willink are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Aurora, v. and p. o. Ledyard, 
 Cayuga co. is delightfully situated 
 on the east bank of Cayuga lake; it 
 was incorporated in 1837, and now 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, SO 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist church, 
 the Cayuga Academy, a chartered 
 flourishing institution, 2 public 
 houses, 4 stores and 2 large ware- 
 houses, for the transhipment of 
 grain and other produce ; a boat 
 yard where are built lake craft and 
 canal boats; 1 carriage manufacto- 
 ry, 1 tannery and an extensive 
 nursery, abounding in fruit and 
 shade trees. No place probably 
 in western New-York, exceeds this 
 village in beauty of location; the 
 ground rises gradually from the 
 water, and is seen to great advan- 
 
 tage from the lake. Steamboats 
 stop several times daily, at the 
 landing at this place, on their 
 route between Ithaca and Cayuga 
 Bridge. 
 
 Aurouaville, y. Aurora, 
 Erie co. is situated on a branch of 
 the Seneca or Buffalo creek ; it 
 was incorporated in 1836, and now 
 contains about 800 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, an 
 incorporated academy, in a flou- 
 rishing condition, 4 taverns, 6 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 
 clothier's works, 2 asheries, 1 tan- 
 nery, 1 furnace and 1 pottery. 
 
 Au Sable, t. Clinton co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles south of the village 
 of Plattsburgh, and distant 140 
 miles from Albanv ; contained in 
 1840, 3,222 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating on the east, and 
 hilly on the west ; the soil is sandy 
 and clay loam ; it is drained by 
 the Great and Little Au Sable ri- 
 vers, the former of which streams 
 bound it on the south. The names 
 of the post offices are Clintonville 
 and New-Sweden. 
 
 Au Sable, p. o. Jay, Essex 
 county. 
 
 Au Sable Forks, v. and p. 
 o. Jay, Essex co. is situated at the 
 junction of the east and west 
 branch of the Au Sable River; it 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, 70 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 5 stores, 1 extensive forge, 
 1 rolling mill, 1 nail factory, 2 saw 
 mills and an establishment for the 
 manufacture of nail kegs. In this 
 vicinity are extensive and valuable 
 iron ore beds , from which iron is 
 manufactured to a great extent in 
 the valley of the Au Sable. 
 
 Au Sable River, sometimes 
 called the Great Au Sable, rises in 
 Essex county, uear the head wa- 
 ters of the Hudson, and empties 
 into Lake Champlain in the south 
 part of Clinton county; it has two 
 main branches, which unite at the 
 village of Au Sable Forks; the 
 
70 
 
 AU SABLE RIVER— AVON. 
 
 united stream then passes through 
 the manufacturing villages of Clin- 
 tonville, Keesville and Birming- 
 ham, affording hydraulic power to 
 an immense extent. At Birming- 
 ham, two miles below Keeseville, 
 are a succession of picturesque 
 falls, in all of about 150 feet de- 
 scent; immediately below the low- 
 er falls the river enters a deep ra- 
 vine of singular and romantic beau- 
 ty; through the chasm thus formed 
 by the wearing of the waters, or 
 some convulsion of nature, the 
 rocks rise from 75 to 150 feet, al- 
 most perpendicular, for a distance 
 of about 2 miles, averaging about 
 50 feet in width, altogether form- 
 ing a great natural curiosity. In 
 addition to the above, there are 
 other ravines in this vicinity of 
 singular formation. 
 
 Au Sable River, Little, 
 rises in Clinton county, and flows 
 into Lake Champlain a few miles 
 north of the Great Au Sable. 
 
 Austerlitz, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 14 miles north-east of the 
 city of Hudson, and distant 30 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,091 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken, and in 
 some places mountainous ; soil, 
 gravelly and clay loam ; it. is wa- 
 tered by several small streams. 
 The names of the post offices are 
 Austerlitz, and Spencertown. At 
 the former are located 1 church, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, and about 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Ava, p. o. Boonville, Oneida 
 county. 
 
 Avalanche Lake, is a small 
 bodv of water, lying in the town 
 of Newcomb Essex co. situated 
 between Mts. Mclntyre and Mc- 
 Martin. This is by far the highest 
 body of water in the state, that de- 
 serves the name of a lake ; being 
 elevated 2,900 feet above the tide 
 waters of the Hudson, and is one 
 of its tributaries. It takes its name 
 from an avalanche that must havo 
 
 occurred many years since, on the 
 west side of Mt. McMartin. 
 
 Avoca, v. and p. o. Bath, Steu- 
 ben co. is situated on the Conhoc- 
 ton river ; it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 flouring mill % 2 sawmills 
 
 Avon, t. Livingston co. situat- 
 ed 8 miles north of the village of 
 Geneseo, and distant 220 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,999 inhabitants. The surface on 
 the west is hilly, rising from the 
 Genesee valley, but on the east 
 more level ; soil, sandy, clay and 
 loam of a rich quality ; the allu- 
 vial fiats on the borders of the 
 streams are very fertile, producing 
 grass and grain in great abun- 
 dance. In this town there are se- 
 veral mineral springs, which de- 
 serve a particular description ; it 
 is watered by the Genesee river, 
 the outlet of Conesus lake and 
 other small streams. The names 
 of the post offices are Avon, East 
 Avon and South Avon. 
 
 Avon, v. and p. o. Livingston 
 co. is delightfully situated about 
 half a mile east of the light bank 
 of the Genesee river, on an elevat- 
 ed terrace about one hundred feet 
 above the river, commanding an 
 extensive prospect of the Genesee 
 valley and surrounding country. 
 Connected with the village, on the 
 south-west, are the justly famed 
 medicinal springs, giving celebrity 
 to this place, which contains about 
 COO inhabitants, 90 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church, an incorporated 
 anil flourishing academy, 3 hotels 
 and taverns, 3 public boarding 
 houses and 3 bathing houses situat- 
 ed near the springs for the accom- 
 modation of visitors, 4 stores and 
 a number of mechanic shops. The 
 mineral springs are distinguished 
 as the Upper and Lower Springs, 
 distant from each other sixty or 
 eighty rods, possessing similar pro- 
 
AVON— BAKER'S BRIDGE. 
 
 71 
 
 perties, differing only in the rela- 
 tive quantities of the same mineral 
 affinities. Analysis and experi- 
 ence have fully tested the sanative 
 properties of these watei s; they are 
 found peculiarly efficacious in dis- 
 orders of the digestive organs, 
 rheumatic complaints and "'out, and 
 in many of the most formidable cu- 
 taneous affections. The accommo- 
 dations for bathing - are extensive 
 and handsomely arranged, afford- 
 ing- altogether, for the invalid and 
 seekers of pleasure, unrivalled at- 
 tractions. 
 
 The water, on analysis, is found 
 to contain the following- properties: 
 Upper Spring, 
 
 As analyzed by Professor James 
 Hadley, of Fairfield. One gallon 
 contains, 
 
 Carbonate of lime, S grs. 
 
 Sulphate of lime, 84 " 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia, 10 " 
 
 Sulphate of soda, 16 " 
 
 Muriate of soda, 18-4 " 
 
 Am't of saline ingredients, •• 136-4 grs. 
 
 Per volume, sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen gas, 12 cub.in. 
 
 Carbonic acid do. 5-6 " 
 
 Lower Spring, 
 As analyzed by Samuel Salisbu- 
 ry, Jr., M. D., of Avon. One gal- 
 lon contains, 
 
 Carbonate of lime, 29-33 grs. 
 
 Chloride of calcium, S-41 " 
 
 Sulphate of lime, 57-44 " 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia, 49-61 " 
 
 Sulphate of soda, 13-73 " 
 
 Am't of saline ingredients, •• • 158-52 
 Carbonic acid, 3-92 cubic inches. 
 
 Per volume, sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen gas, 10- 02 cub. in. 
 
 Nitrogen do., 5-42 " 
 
 Oxygen do., 56 " 
 
 The temperature of these waters 
 is 45 degrees, Fahrenheit; specific 
 gravity, 10.018; quantity of water 
 discharged, 54 gallons per minute. 
 There are within a circumference 
 of one. square mile, ten olher 
 springs, sime of which are more 
 highly charged with sulphuretted 
 hydrogen gas than the two above 
 analyzed. 
 
 Axeville, p. o. Connewango, 
 Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Babylon, v. and p. o. Hun- 
 tington, Suffolk co. is situated be- 
 tween Sampawan's and Babylon 
 creeks, near Great South Bay; it 
 contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 3 taverns, 4 stores and 4 
 mills. This is a very desirable 
 place of resort during the summer 
 months, for those fond of fishing 
 and fowling. 
 
 Baileytown, v. Romulus, 
 Seneca co. situated on east side of 
 Seneca lake, is a small settlement, 
 containing 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 
 warehouse and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 A steam ferry boat plies across the 
 lake from this place to Dresden. 
 
 Bainbridge, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 16 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 110 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,324 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, soil of good quality 
 lor grass or grain ; it is watered by 
 the Susquehannah river and some 
 of its tributaries. The names of 
 the post offices are Bainbridge, 
 Bainbridge Centre, North Bain- 
 bridge and South Bainbridge. 
 
 Bainbridge, v. and p. o. Bain- 
 bridge, Chenango co. is situated 
 on the west side of the Susquehan- 
 nah river; it was incorporated in 
 1829, and now contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill and 
 
 2 tanneries. 
 
 Bainbridge Centre, p. o. 
 Bainbridge, Chenango co. 
 
 Baiting Hollow, p. o. Ri- 
 verhead, Suffolk co. 
 
 Baker's Bridge, v. Alfred, 
 Allegany co. is situated on the Ca- 
 nisteo river, on the line of the New- 
 York and Erie railroad; it containg 
 about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 
 
 3 stores, 2 grist mills and 1 sawmill. 
 
72 
 
 BALD MOUNTAIN— BALLSTON SPA. 
 
 Bald Mountain, is a high 
 range of hills in Petersburgh, 
 Rensselaer co. extending into the 
 towns of Hoosick on the north and 
 Berlin on the south. 
 
 Baldwin, p. o. Elmira, Che- 
 mung CO. 
 
 Baldwin's Creek, rises in 
 the town of Erin, Chemung co. and 
 flows south into the Chemung ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Baldwinsville, v. and p. o. 
 Lysander, Onondaga co. is situated 
 on the north side of Seneca river; 
 it contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
 150 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
 taverns, 8 stores, 1 large woollen 
 factory; 3 flouring mills, one of 
 which is very extensive; 3 saw 
 mills, 1 iron foundery, 2 machine 
 shops, 1 sash factory, 1 veneering 
 machine, 3 turning establishments, 
 besides vaiious other kinds of me- 
 chanics' shops, many using water 
 power, which is here afforded in 
 great abundance. Canal naviga- 
 tion is extended to this place by 
 means of a towing path on the bank 
 of the river, running into the Oswe- 
 go canal. Here are located the 
 Baldwinsville Seminary, a flourish- 
 ing school for males and females, 
 and the Onondaga Mutual Insu- 
 rance Company. 
 
 Ballston, t. Saratoga co. si- 
 tuated 4 miles south of the village 
 ot Ballston Spa, and distant 26 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,044 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, chiefly 
 strong gravelly loam; it is watered 
 by several small streams ; on its 
 east boundary, lies Ballston or 
 Long lake, a body of water about 
 4 miles long, on the west of which 
 runs the Schenectady and Saratoga 
 railroad. Ballston Centre, Burnt 
 Hills and East Line are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Ballston Centre, p. o. 
 Ballston, Saratoga co.; here is situ- 
 ated an agricultural settlement, con 
 sisting of 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 
 tavern, 1 store and 10 or 12 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Ballston, or Long Lake, 
 situated in the town of Ballston, Sa- 
 ratoga co. is about 4 miles long 
 and half a mile wide; it abounds 
 in pickerel, perch and other fish. 
 
 Ballston Spa, v. and p. o. 
 Milton, Saratoga co. is situated in 
 a valley near the Kayaderosseras 
 creek, 30 miles north of the city of 
 Albany, by railroad; it was incor- 
 porated in 1807, and now contains 
 about 1,500 inhabitants, 200 dwell- 
 ing houses, a court house and jail 
 constructed of brick, and a county 
 clerk's office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 1 banking house, se- 
 veral select schools, 6 hotels and ta- 
 verns, and several private boarding 
 houses, which accommodate visi- 
 tors during the summer months ; 20 
 stores of different kinds; 1 printing 
 office, besides a number of mecha- 
 nic shops; 2 flouring mills, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 iron foundery, 1 machine 
 shop, 1 distillery and 2 tanneries. 
 The Sans Souci Hotel, erected by 
 the late Nicholas Low, Esq., in 
 1803, is an old and popular board- 
 ing house, delightfully situated 
 near the centre of the village; it 
 is thronged during the warm wea- 
 ther with visitors from every sec- 
 tion of the Union and Europe. 
 This place has long been justly ce- 
 lebrated for the mineral springs, 
 which here flow to the surface, 
 through several channels. The 
 oldest and still the most esteemed 
 fountain is known as the "Public 
 Well," on the flat west of the Sans 
 Souci. It is said to have been first 
 discovered by the whites, in 1769, 
 during the survey and partition of 
 the Kayaderosseras patent; it is- 
 sues from a bed of stiff blue clay 
 and gravel, nearly on a level with 
 the brook which runs through the 
 village. Besides the above spring, 
 there is the new Washington 
 Spring, and some five or six other 
 
BALLSTON SPA— BARCELONA. 
 
 73 
 
 mineral fountains, possessing pro- 
 perties of a similar character. — 
 During the summer of 1S17, a new 
 spring was discovered in the chan- 
 nel of the brook, below the Public 
 Well, which for a time bid fair to 
 eclipse all the other springs in this 
 vicinity; it issued from a circular 
 opening of several feet in diame- 
 ter, affording an immense quantity 
 of water and carbonic acid gas, 
 attended with all the characteristics 
 of strong mineral impregnation. 
 This singular fountain continued 
 about two years, the wonder and 
 admiration of all who saw and 
 drank of its waters; at length, how- 
 ever, the abundant carbonic acid 
 seemed to be exhausted, and its 
 other mineral qualities diminished, 
 or to have taken some other course, 
 and all attempts to reclaim it have 
 proved fruitless, although there is 
 still an abundant supply of water. 
 This was called the Washington 
 Spri7ig. After the losing of the 
 above valuable spring, attempts 
 were made by boring to obtain a 
 further supply of mineral waters in 
 this place, which has been attend- 
 ed with partial success ; of which 
 the New Washington Spring and 
 the Park Spring are the most 
 noted. All these waters evidently 
 belong to the same class with those 
 of Saratoga Springs; and if they 
 do not contain quite so large a pro- 
 portion of the saline properties as 
 some of the fountains at the latter 
 place, which is very manifest both 
 from the taste and the effects, they 
 are unquestionably entitled to rank 
 among the best acidulous chaly- 
 beate waters, which this or any 
 other country affords. 
 
 The following is the late Dr 
 Steel's analysis of the New Wash- 
 ington Spring. One gallon con- 
 tains the following articles, viz. 
 
 Chloride of sodium, 89.83 
 
 Bi-carbonate of soda, 18.057 
 
 Bi-carbonate of magnesia, 42.042 
 Carbonate of lime, 41 .51 
 
 Hydriodate of soda, 0.7 
 
 Carbonate of iron, 3.71 
 
 Silex and alumine, 1.25 
 
 Solid contents in gall. grs. 197.099 
 
 The gas which it emits in great 
 abundance is purely carbonic acid, 
 probably combined with a small 
 quantity of atmospheric air. 
 
 The Rensselaer and Saratoga 
 Railroad, which extends from the 
 city of Troy, terminates at Ballston 
 Spa; and the Schenectady and Sa- 
 ratoga Railroad passes through 
 the village, uniting with the above 
 road, and continues its route to Sa- 
 ratoga Springs, a further distance 
 of 7 miles. Two depots are locat- 
 ed here, to accommodate travellers 
 and for merchandise. 
 
 Bangall, v. Stanford, Dutch- 
 ess co. situated on the east side of 
 Wappinger's creek; contains 1 
 Baptist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 15 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Bangor, t. Franklin co. situat- 
 ed 6 miles west of the village of 
 Malone, and distant 220 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,289 
 inhabitants. The surface is level; 
 soil, sandy loam, producing good 
 crops of grass and grain ; it is un- 
 derlaid with rock and limestone, 
 both affording excellent material 
 for building, and is watered by Lit- 
 tle Salmon river and some of the 
 tributaries of Salmon river, which 
 flow through Malone on the east. 
 The name of the post office is Ban- 
 gor, where is a small agricultural 
 settlement, surrounded by a rich 
 farming country. 
 
 Barboursville, p. o. Tomp- 
 kins, Delaware co. 
 
 Barcelona, v. and p. o. West- 
 field, Chautauque co. situated on 
 Lake Erie, is the westernmost vil- 
 lage in the state, 51 miles south- 
 west of the city of Buffalo. It con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 2 taverns and 10 
 stores and storehouses. This is a 
 
74 
 
 BARE MOUNTAIN— BARTON. 
 
 port of entry, and is much resorted 
 to by steamboats and large vessels 
 navigating the lake; it is suscepti- 
 ble of being made a good and se- 
 cure harbor; a large amount of 
 agricultural products is exported 
 from this place. Here is situated 
 a lighthouse, which is lighted by 
 inflammable gas; it escapes from 
 the bed of a creek about a mile dis- 
 tant, and is carried in pipes to the 
 lighthouse. 
 
 Bare Mountain, is one of 
 the western peaks of the " High- 
 lands," lying in the towns of Corn- 
 wall and Monroe, Orange co. 
 
 Barker, t. Broome co. situated 
 12 miles north of the village of 
 Binghamton, and distant 135 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,259 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating and billy ; soil, well 
 adapted to grazing; it is watered 
 by the Tioughnioga and some of 
 its tributaries. The names of post 
 offices in the town are Chenango 
 Forks and Hyde Settlement. 
 
 Barnegat, v. Poughkeepsie, 
 Dutchess co. is situated on the east 
 side of the Hudson river, 4 miles 
 south of the village of Poughkeep- 
 sie; it contains about 180 inhabi- 
 tants, 1 tavern, 1 store and 25 or 
 30 dwellings. Here are several ex- 
 tensive lime kilns, producing a 
 large amount of lime, which is 
 sent to market by sloops engaged 
 in that trade. 
 
 Barrhart's Island, lies in 
 the St. Lawrence river, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Massena, St. 
 Lawrence co.; being the most 
 northern island in the above river 
 belonging to the U. States. 
 
 Barn Island, Great, lies in 
 the East river, on the north side of 
 "Hell Gate," in the county of 
 New-York, 7 miles from the City 
 Hall. It is about 2 miles in cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Barn Island, Little, lies 
 immediately north-east of the a- 
 bove, separated by a narrow chan- 
 
 nel called "Little Hell Gate," and 
 at the junction of Harlem and East 
 rivers. 
 
 Barre, t. Orleans co. contains 
 the county buildings, situated in 
 the village of Albion, and is distant 
 257 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 5,539 inhabitants. Sur- 
 face undulating; soil loam, well 
 adapted to grass and grain. Thro' 
 this town passes the Erie canal; 
 it is also watered by several small 
 streams. The names of the post 
 offices are Barre, Barre Centre, 
 Albion, Farmington and South 
 Barre. 
 
 Barre Centre, p. o. Barre, 
 Orleans co.; here are situated 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 steam 
 flouring mill and about 20 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Barren Island, attached to 
 Flatlands, Kings co. lies at the 
 mouth of Jamaica Bay, between 
 Plumb Inlet and Rockaway Inlet. 
 
 Barring ton, t. Yates co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles south of Penn-Yan, 
 and distant 193 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,868 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating; 
 soil mostly gravelly loam of good 
 quality, well adapted to grass and 
 grain. It lies on the east of Crook- 
 ed Lake, and is drained by several 
 small streams. Harrington and 
 East Barrington are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Barrytown, p. o, Redhook, 
 Dutchess co , commonly called 
 Redhook Lower Landing, is situat- 
 ed on the east side of the Hudson 
 river, 94 miles north of the city of 
 New-York; here is located a con- 
 venient landing, 1 tavern, 2 stores 
 and several dwellings. In this vi- 
 cinity are a number of splendid 
 country residences, overlooking the 
 river and surrounding country. 
 
 Barry vi lle, p. o. Forrest- 
 burs:!), Sullivan co. 
 
 Barton, t. Tioga co. situated 
 15 miles west of the village of 
 Owego, and distant 181 miles from 
 
BATAVIA— BATH HOUSE. 
 
 75 
 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,324 
 inhabitants. The surface hilly; the 
 uplands are rather sterile, while the 
 valleys are very fertile. It lies in 
 part between the Susquehannahand 
 Chemung- rivers, which form a 
 junction a few miles below, at Ti- 
 oga Point, in Penn.; the Cayuta 
 creek also runs along- near its west 
 boundary. Barton, Factoryville 
 and North Barton are the names of 
 post offices. At the former there 
 are situated 1 Methodist church, 2 
 taverns, 3 stores and 15 or 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Batavia, t Genesee co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 in the village of the fame name, 
 and is distant 244 miles from Al- 
 bany; it contained in 1840, 4,219 
 inhabitants. The surface is level; 
 soil sandy and calcareous loam of 
 a good quality. The Tonawanda 
 creek flows through the town in its 
 circuitous route towards the west. 
 
 Batavia, v. and p.o. Batavia, 
 Genesee co. is pleasantly situated 
 on a plain, through which flows the 
 Tonawanda creek, 283 miles west 
 of the city of Albany, by railroad. 
 Jt was incorporated in 1823, and 
 now contains about 2,000 inhabi- 
 tants, 300 dwelling houses, a court 
 house, jail and county clerk's of- 
 fice, a state arsenal, the general 
 land office of the Holland Land 
 Company; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
 copal, 2" Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church; a female seminary, in a 
 flourishing condition; 2 banking 
 houses; 7 hotels and taverns; 30 
 stores, shops and groceries; 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 2 furnaces, 1 tannery and 
 3 printing offices ; besides seve- 
 ral other kind of mechanics' shops. 
 The Tonawanda Railroad, which 
 now extends a distance of 32 miles 
 from Rochester, terminates at this 
 place; a continuous railroad will 
 no doubt soon be constructed from 
 this point to Buffalo, a distance 
 in a straight line of 35 mile-. 
 There now being a continuous rail- 
 
 road from Albany to Batavia, the 
 public convenience requires an 
 early completion of this road, 
 which is the last link to complete 
 a chain of railroads from the city 
 of Boston to Buffalo. Stages run 
 from Batavia to Buffalo, west; 
 Lockport and Albion, north ; and 
 Warsaw, on the south. 
 
 Bath, t. Steuben co. contains 
 the county buildings, situated in the 
 village of the same name ; it con- 
 tained in 1S40, 4,915 inhabitants. 
 The surface although hilly and bro- 
 ken, embraces much good arable 
 land, especially in the valleys ; the 
 soil is mostly clay loam ; it is well 
 watered by the Conhocton river 
 and some of its tributaries. The 
 names of the post offices are Avo- 
 ca, Bath, Campbell's Creek, Ken- 
 nedyville, Mud Creek, and Pine- 
 ville. 
 
 Bath, v. and p. o. Bath, Steu- 
 ben co. is handsomely situated on 
 the north-east side of the Conhoc- 
 ton river, 216 miles west of the 
 city of Albany. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1S36, and now contains 
 about 1400 inhabitants, 200 dwel- 
 ling houses, a court house, jail, 
 and county clerk's office, 2 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Metho- 
 dist, and 1 African church, a fe- 
 male seminary, 1 banking house, 
 4 hotels and taverns, 16 stores of 
 different kinds, 2 printing offices, 
 1 flouring mill, 1 clothier's works, 
 1 tannery, 1 plaster mill, 1 oil mill, 
 and 1 furnace. 
 
 Bath, v. Grcenbush, Rensse- 
 laer co. is situated on the east side 
 of the Hudson river, opposite the 
 north part of the city of Albany, 
 with which it is connected by" a 
 ferry ; it contains about 125 inha- 
 bitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store and 1 tannery. Near 
 this place is located a sulphur 
 spring of some celebrity. 
 
 Bath House, New-Utrecht, 
 Kings co. is situated on the west 
 end of Long Island, facing; the 
 
76 
 
 BATTEN KILL— BEDFORD. 
 
 lower bay of New-York, distant 
 10 miles south of the city. This 
 is a convenient and fashionable 
 place of resort during the summer 
 months, for those wishing to enjoy 
 the luxuries of bathing, and the 
 pure sea breeze ; which can here 
 be enjoyed in great perfection. 
 Here is a well kept house, called 
 the " Bath House," besides seve- 
 ral others of less note in the vi- 
 cinity. Stages during warm wea- 
 ther, run several times daily be- 
 tween this place and Brooklyn. 
 
 Batten Kill, a good mill 
 stream, that rises in Vermont and 
 flows westerly through Washing- 
 ton county, into the Hudson river, 
 1 j miles below Fort Miller bridge. 
 
 Battenville, v. and p. o. 
 Greenwich, Washington co. is situ- 
 ated on Batten kill ; it contains 
 about 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Dutch Reformed church; 
 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 cotton factory, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and a car- 
 riage manufactory. 
 
 Beacon Hill, commonly cal- 
 led the Old Beacon, one of the 
 highest of the Highlands of the 
 Hudson, is situated near the sou- 
 thern boundary of the town of 
 Fishkill ; it rises close on the bor- 
 ders of the Hudson, above which 
 its summit is elevated 1,471 feet. 
 
 Beacon, New, or Grand Sa- 
 cltem, an adjoining hill, half a mile 
 south, the highest point of the 
 Highlands or Matteawan moun- 
 tains, is elevated 1,685 ft. above the 
 tide waters of the Hudson. From 
 the summit of this mountain, the 
 river may be seen from West Point 
 to Tappan bay on the south, and 
 on the north for an extent of 50 
 miles; the surrounding country, 
 lying as a map before the observer, 
 affording a grand panoramic view, 
 embracing a rich and highly culti- 
 vated region, chequered with vil- 
 lages and every thing that gives in- 
 terest to a landscape so extensive 
 and diversified. 
 
 Bear Creek, the outlet of 
 Bear Lake, rises in Stockton, 
 Chautauque co. and flows south in- 
 to Cassadaga creek. 
 
 Bearen Island, lying in the 
 Hudson river opposite the town of 
 Coeymans in Albany county ; lay 
 on the south bounds of the old co- 
 lony of Rensselaerwyck, and was 
 fortified and garrisoned by one of 
 the early Patroons, in 1644. All 
 foreign traders were here obliged 
 to come to, and learn the terms on 
 which the port of the colony might 
 be entered. 
 
 Bear Lake, is a small body 
 of water in Chautauque county, 
 lying partly in the town of Pom- 
 fret, and partly in Stockton. 
 
 Beaverkill, p. o. Rockland, 
 Sullivan county. 
 
 Beaverkill, a mill stream 
 that rises in Ulster county, and 
 flows through Sullivan into Dela- 
 ware co. where it empties into the 
 Papacton branch of the Delaware. 
 
 Beaver Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in Hamilton 
 county, emptying into Moose river. 
 
 Beaver River, rises in Ha- 
 milton co. runs west into Lewis co. 
 where it empties into Black river. 
 
 Bedford, t. Westchester co. 
 is a half shire town with White 
 Plains, which is situated 15 miles 
 south ; the county buildings are in 
 the village of the same name. The 
 surface is hilly and broken, yet 
 with little waste land; soil, light 
 loam, stony, yet productive when 
 well cultivated, producing good 
 crops of grain and grass. It is 
 drained by Croton river on the 
 south-west, and several other small 
 streams. Bedford, Cantato and 
 Whitlocksville, are post offices. 
 
 Bedford, v. and p.o. Bedford, 
 Westchester co. is a half shire vil- 
 lage, 130 miles south of the city 
 of Albany. It contains a court 
 house, 2 churches, a female semi- 
 nary; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 40 dwel- 
 lings, and about 250 inhabitants. 
 
BEDLOW'S ISLAND— BELLVALE. 
 
 77 
 
 Bedlow's Island, in the bay i 
 of New-York, is fortified and be- I 
 longs to the United States govern- 
 ment; it is situated near Ellis' Is- j 
 land, 2,946 yards south-west from ! 
 the Battery. Here is located Fort 
 Wood, a strong fortification, which 
 with the works on Governor's Is- J 
 land, form the inner defence to the i 
 harbor of New-York. J 
 
 Beekmax, t. Dutchess co. ' 
 situated 14 miles south-east of the ' 
 village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- | 
 tant 87 miles from Albany; con-' 
 tained in 1840, 1,400 inhabitants. | 
 The surface is mostly hilly; soii, 
 generally rich gravelly loam ; it is I 
 drained by the Fishkill and several 
 other small streams. Beekman \ 
 and Poughquag are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Beekmantown, t. Clinton co. 
 situated 8 miles north of the village 
 of Plattsburgh, distant 170 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,769 inhabitants. This town ex- 
 tends across the county, a distance 
 of 37 miles; on the east it is level 
 or undulating, and on the west 
 hilly and mountainous ; the soil is 
 diversified; Chazy and Chateaugay 
 lakes both lie on the west, while 
 several small streams flow through 
 the eastern part. Beekmantown 
 and Farrel Place, are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Beekmantowx, v. Mount 
 Pleasant, Westchester co. is situ- 
 ated on the east bank of the Hud- 
 son river, adjoining the village of 
 Tarrytown; it contains about 450 
 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses; 
 the Irving Institute, a school of 
 much celebrity ; 1 church, 1 ta- 
 vern and 3 stores. Half a mile 
 north of this place is situated an 
 old and venerable Dutch Reforned 
 church, erected about the middle 
 of the 17th century. 
 
 Beekmaiyvtlle, v. Beekman, 
 Dutchess co. situated on the Fish- 
 kill ; contains the Beekman post 
 office, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 
 1 grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 20 dwel- 
 lings and about 125 inhabitants. 
 
 Beerkill, rises in Sullivan 
 county and flows east into Ulster 
 county, where it empties into the 
 Rondout creek. 
 
 Belfast, t. Allegany co. situ- 
 ated 6 miles west of the village of 
 Angelica, and distant 262 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,646 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, sandy loam; it is 
 watered by the Genesee river and 
 some of its tributaries. The Ge- 
 nesee Valley Canal here leaves the 
 river and passes in a south-west di- 
 rection up the valley of the Black 
 Creek. Belfast, Rockville and 
 Summer Valley, are post offices. 
 
 Belfort, p. o. Croghan, Lewis 
 county. 
 
 Belgium, v. Clay, Onondaga 
 county, is situated on Seneca river; 
 i t contains about 350 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 
 taverns, 5 stores, and the Clay post 
 office. 
 
 Belle Isle, p. o. Camillus, 
 Onondaga co. is situated on the 
 Erie Canal; here are located 2 ta- 
 verns, 1 store, and about 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Belleville, v. and p. o. El- 
 lisburgh, Jefferson co. is situated 
 on Sandy Creek ; it contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
 ses, an incorporated academy, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 1 clothier's works 
 and 1 ashery. 
 
 Bellevue, See N. York city. 
 Bellona, v. Benton, Yates 
 co. contains about 150 inhabitants, 
 30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
 2 stores and some mills; also the 
 Benton post office. 
 
 Bes.lport, p. o. Brookhaven, 
 Suffolk co. is situated near Fire- 
 place Bay; here is a small settle- 
 ment of some 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 Bellvale, v. Warwick, Or- 
 ange co. contains about 100 inha- 
 
78 
 
 BELMONT— BERLIN. 
 
 bitants, 16 dwelling houses, 1 
 store, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 mill, and 1 saw mill. Here is an 
 abundant supply of water power, 
 afforded by Longhouse creek ; on- 
 ly a small part is as yet occupied 
 tor manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Belmont, t. Franklin co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Malone, and distant 202 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 472 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous ; 
 soil, clay and sandy loam; it con- 
 tains several small lakes, and is 
 watered by Chateaugay and Trout 
 rivers. Belmont, is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Bemus' Heights, p. o. Still- 
 water, Saratoga co. ; near Ibis of- 
 fice is the ground on which Gen. 
 Burgoyne was defeated by the 
 American army under Gen. Gates, 
 in 1777. The battle ground is one 
 or two miles west of the Hudson 
 river. Burgoyne surrendered Oct. 
 17, 1777, at Fort Hardy, now 
 Schuylerville, 8 miles north. 
 
 Bennett's Corners, p. o. 
 Lenox, Madison co. 
 
 Bennett's Creek, rises in 
 the south part of Steuben co. and 
 flows north into the Canisteo river. 
 Bennington, t. Wyoming co. 
 situated 15 miles north-west of the 
 village of Warsaw, and distant 
 256 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,368 inhabitants. Sur- 
 face rolling and deeply indented 
 by the streams; soil, moist clay, 
 fruitful in grass and summer crops; 
 it is drained by the Cayuga and 
 Tonawanda creeks. Bennington 
 and Cowlesville are names of post 
 offices; at the former there are lo- 
 cated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 saw mill, 
 and 8 or 10 dwellings. 
 
 Benson, p. o. Hope, Hamilton 
 county. 
 
 Bensonville, p. o. Groton, 
 Tompkins county. 
 
 Benton, t. Yates co. situated 
 4 miles north of the village of 
 
 Penn-Yan, and distant 207 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,911 inhabitants. The surface 
 consists of gentle swells, and large 
 plains; soil, clay, sandy and gra- 
 velly loam, underlaid witli slate 
 and limestone, containing but few 
 small streams. Benton, Benton 
 Centre, Cashong, and Dresden, are 
 names of post offices; the former 
 is located in the village of Bellona. 
 Benton Centre, p. o. Ben- 
 ton, Yates co.; here are located 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 
 some 30 or 40 dwellings, being 
 a scattered agricultural settlement. 
 Bergen, t. Genesee co. situat- 
 ed 14 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Batavia, and distant 241 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,832 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level ; soil, clay and cal- 
 careous loam; watered by Black 
 creek. The Tonawanda railroad 
 runs through the town. Bergen, 
 North Bergen, and Stone Church 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Bergen, v. and p. o. Bergen, 
 Genesee co. contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 3 taverns and 5 stores. 
 
 Berkshire, t. Tioga co. situ- 
 ated 13 miles north of the village 
 of Owego, and distant 168 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 956 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, but mostly arable; soil, gra- 
 velly loam, and very productive in 
 the valleys ; it is drained by East 
 and West Owego creeks. 
 
 Berkshire, v. and p. o. Berk- 
 shire, Tioga co. is situated on East 
 Owego creek ; it contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 45 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, an academy, 2 stores, 
 1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 tannerv, and a large 
 chair and cabinet factory. 
 
 Berlin, t. Rensselaer co. situ- 
 ated 18 miles east of the city of 
 Troy, and distant 24 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,794 
 
BERLIN— BETHPAGE . 
 
 79 
 
 inhabitants. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, a blanch of the Taghkanic 
 mountain covers the east and the 
 Peterborough the western portions ; 
 the great valley thus formed has a 
 good soil and is well cultivated ; 
 it is drained by Little Hoo.-ick 
 creek on the north, and by the 
 Kinderhook creek and Poestenkill 
 on the south and east. Berlin and 
 Berlin Centre are post offices. 
 
 Berlin, v. and p. o. Berlin, 
 Renssehi-jr co. is situated on Little 
 Hoosick creek; it contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 stores 
 and 2 mills. 
 
 Berlin Centre, p. o. Ber- 
 lin, Rensselaer co. ; here is an old 
 settlement first made by some Ger- 
 man families in 1764 ; it now con- 
 tains 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 aud about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Berne, t. Albany co. situated 
 16 miles west of the city of Alba- 
 ny, contained in 1840, 3,740 inha- 
 bitants. The surface is in part co- 
 vered by the Helderberg hills, 
 composed of calcareous rocks, 
 which rise precipitously from 100 
 to 500 feet, in which are a number 
 of curious natural caverns. The 
 valleys have a fine soil of calca- 
 reous loam, and are very produc- 
 tive. The lands are holden by the 
 Van Rensselacrs, and are leased at 
 tbe rent of from 10 to 15 bushels 
 of wheat the 100 acres. There 
 are two large ponds on the east, 
 and on the west it is watered by 
 Foxes creek, which flows into 
 Schoharie creek. Berne, East 
 Berne, and Reads ville, are names 
 of post offices; Bern ville is the 
 name of a village. 
 
 Bernville, v. Albany coun- 
 ty, is situated on Foxes creek ; 
 it contains about 300 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling; houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed and 1 Lutheran church, 2 
 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 clothier's works and 
 fulling mill, 1 tannery and 1 axe 
 
 factory. The Berne post office is 
 situated in this place. 
 
 Bethany, t. Genesee co. situ- 
 ated 6 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Batavia, and distant 241 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2/2S6 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, sandy loam 
 and clay; it is drained by Little 
 Tonawanda and Black creeks. 
 The names of the post offices are 
 Bethany, East Bethany and Lin- 
 den; it also contains the county 
 poor hoi^e. 
 
 Bethany, v. and p. o. Betha- 
 ny, Genesee co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, and 2 
 stores ; surrounded by a fine agri- 
 cultural region of country. 
 
 Bethel, t. Sullivan co. situat- 
 ed 8 miles west of the village of 
 Monticello, and distant 121 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,483 inhabitant's. The surface is 
 hilly; soil gravelly loam, resting 
 on slate ; in this town are several 
 small lakes ; it i-s drained by 
 the Mongoup river and several 
 other small streams, all of which 
 flow into the Delaware river. 
 Bethel and White Lake are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Bethel, v. Gorham, Ontario 
 co. is situated on Flint creek ; it 
 contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tar 
 verns, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill and 
 1 saw mill. 
 
 Bethlehem, t. Albany co. 
 situated 5 miles south of the city 
 of Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,238 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified; soil, various; along the 
 Hudson river are some extensive 
 alluvial flats; it is watered by Nor- 
 manskill, Vlamanskill and Coey- 
 mans creek. Bethlehem and Cedar 
 Hill are names of post offices. 
 
 Bethpage, Oyster Bay, Queens 
 co. is an agricultural settlement, 
 containing a Quaker meeting house 
 and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
80 
 
 BETHUNEVILLE— BIRD ISLAND. 
 
 Bethuneville, Morehouse, 
 Hamilton co. is an agricultural 
 settlement situated on the east 
 branch of the West Canada creek, 
 where there is a good water privi- 
 lege for manufacturing purposes ; 
 here are now erected some 10 or 
 12 dwellings and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Betts' Corkers, Lysander, 
 Onondaga co. is a thriving agricul- 
 tural settlement ; it contains 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 1 store, 30 or 
 35 dwellings and the Lysander 
 post office. 
 
 Big Brook, p. o. Western, 
 Oneida co. 
 
 Big Flats, t. Chemung co. si- 
 tuated 5 miles west of the village 
 of Elmira, and distant 203 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,375 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly hilly, with the exception of 
 extensive flats on the Chemung ri- 
 ver, which gives the name to the 
 town ; soil on the uplands general- 
 ly loam, the valleys fertile alluvi- 
 on ; it is watered by the Chemung 
 river and some of its tributaries. 
 The navigable feeder of the Che- 
 mung canal and the New-York and 
 Erie railroad both pass through this 
 town. Big Flats and North Big 
 Flats are names of post offices. 
 
 Big Flats, v. and p. o. Big 
 Flats, Chemung co. is an agricul- 
 tural settlement, situated on the 
 north side of the Chemung river; 
 it contains about 200 inliabitants, 
 30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and I Episcopal church, 1 tavern 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Big Hollow, p.o. Windham, 
 Greene co. 
 
 Big Stream Point, p. o. 
 Stark ey, Yates co. 
 
 Binghamton, v. and p. o. 
 Chenango, Broome co. lies at the 
 junction of the Chenango river 
 with the Susquehannah, 145 miles 
 south-west of the city of Albany, 
 and 180 miles north-west of the city 
 of New-York; it was incorporated 
 in 1813, and now contains about 
 
 2,800 inhabitants, 450 dwelling 
 houses, a court house and jail and 
 county clerk's office; a new incor- 
 porated academy; 1 Presbyterian, 
 
 1 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Bap'ist, 2 Methodist, 1 Roman Ca- 
 tholic and 2 African churches; 1 
 banking house, 5 hotels and ta- 
 verns, 45 stores of different kinds, 
 4 warehouses, 2 flouring mills, 4 
 saw mills, a boat yard and dry 
 dock, 1 extensive steam furnace, 1 
 steam stave factory, 1 steam turn- 
 ing establishment, 2 plaster mills, 
 
 2 tanneries, 1 lath manufactory, 1 
 extensive plough factory, 1 gun 
 and rifle factory, 2 cloth dressing 
 establishments, 2 printing offices ; 
 besides almost every other kind of 
 mechanic work shops. Here ter- 
 minates the Chenango canal, which 
 runs northerly and unites with the 
 Erie canal at Utica; the New- 
 York and Erie railroad, which is 
 now building, will pass directly 
 through this place, where is now 
 erecting a commodious depot and 
 machine shop for the use of the 
 railroad company. Stages leave 
 this village daily, running oast, 
 west, north and south, which tends 
 to make it a great thoroughfare for 
 travellers. Binghamton is sur- 
 rounded by a rich agricultural and 
 grazing country; lumber and other 
 products here rind a ready market, 
 which is mostly re-shipped by canal 
 to the Hudson river, and by the 
 Susquehannah river to Philadelphia 
 and Baltimore. No place in the 
 state probably exceeds this village 
 in rapid and permanent growth, 
 and it bids fair to become a large 
 and important inland town. It was 
 named Binghamton after the late 
 Wm. Bingham, Esq. of Philadel- 
 phia. A bridge here crosses the 
 Susquehannah, and another the 
 Chenango river, both of which are 
 toll bridges and constructed of 
 wood. 
 
 Bird Island, a small rocky 
 island at the foot of Lake Erie, op- 
 
BIRDSALL-BLACK RIVER. 
 
 81 
 
 posite the city of Buffalo; here 
 commences the great Black Rock 
 Pier, which extends to Squaw Isl- 
 and, opposite Black Rock, a dis- 
 tance of 2 miles, affording an in- 
 exhaustible feeder for the Erie ca- 
 nal, and hydraulic power to an im- 
 mense extent. 
 
 Birdsall, t. Allegany co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Angelica, and distant 260 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 32S inhabitants. The surface 
 is undulating; soil, clay loam; it 
 is drained by Black creek and 
 some other small streams. Bird- 
 sail is the name of a post office ; 
 around it is a small settlement. 
 
 Birmingham, v. Au Sable 
 and Chesterfield, Clinton and Essex 
 cos. is situated on both sides of the 
 Au Sable river; this is a manufac- 
 turing place, containing about 200 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern; 1 extensive forge, contain- 
 ing four fires; 1 woollen factory, 1 
 paper mill and 1 saw mill. Here 
 are a succession of falls in the ri- 
 ver, of about 150 feet, affording 
 hydraulic power to a great extent, 
 but little of which is as yet occu- 
 pied for manufacturing purposes. 
 The Au Sable river, immediately 
 below the lower falls at this place, 
 which is two miles below Keese- 
 ville, runs through a ledge of rocks, 
 forming a chasm for about 2 miles, 
 averaging from 75 to 150 feet in 
 depth and about 50 feet wide, with 
 perpendicular sides, forming alto- 
 gether a great natural curiosity. 
 
 Black Brook, t. Clinton co. 
 situated 20 miles south west of the 
 village of Plattsburgh, and distant 
 154 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1340, 1,064 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 mostly covered with forests, and 
 abounds with iron; it contains se- 
 veral small lakes, and is drained 
 by the Saranac river on the north, 
 and the Au Sable river and Black 
 brook on the south, and the Little 
 
 Au Sable on the east. Black Brook 
 and Union Falls are names of post 
 offices ; at the former are situated 
 2 forges, with 4 fires each; 2 saw 
 mills^ 1 store and about 15 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Black Creek, p. o. New 
 Hudson, Allegany co.; here are si- 
 tuated 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store 
 and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Black Creek, rises in the 
 town of New Hudson, Allegany 
 co. and runs north-east into the 
 Genesee river; the Genesee Valley 
 canal for a considerable distance 
 follows the valley of this creek, 
 after diverging from the Genesee 
 river. 
 
 Black Creek, a good mill 
 stream, rises in Genesee county, 
 and flows into Monroe co., where 
 it empties into the Genesee river. 
 
 Black Lake, lies in St. Law- 
 rence co. nearly parallel with the 
 St. Lawrence river; this lake, which 
 is about 20 miles in length, and 
 from 1 to 2j miles wide, seems a 
 mere expansion of Indian river, 
 which flows into it from the south. 
 Its outlet enters the Oswegatchie 
 river, after running 2 or 3 miles. 
 
 Black River, so called from 
 the color of its water, is the third 
 in magnitude that has its whole 
 course in the state of New-York. 
 It rises in Herkimer co. while some 
 of its tributaries extend into Ha- 
 milton co. and interlock with the 
 head waters of the Hudson. Its 
 whole course is about 120 miles, 
 and is navigable from the High 
 Falls in Leyden, where it has a fall 
 of 63 feet, to the Long Falls at 
 Carthage, a distance of 40 miles; 
 thence, by a succession of rapids 
 and falls, it continues a circuitous 
 route, until it empties into Black 
 River Bay, near the foot of Lake 
 Ontario. It is a deep sluggish 
 stream, but the navigation is much 
 obstructed by falls; affording, how- 
 ever, fine water power. The land 
 on the borders of the lower part of 
 
82 
 
 BLACK RIVER— BLACK ROCK. 
 
 the river is very fertile and thickly 
 settled. 
 
 Black River, p. o. Rutland, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Black River Bay, is an ex- 
 pansion of Black river at its mouth ; 
 it is 5 miles long- by about one mile 
 wide, communicating- with Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 Black River Canal, and E- 
 rie Canal Feeder, was com- 
 menced during the summer of 1836, 
 in conformity to a law passed April 
 19, of the same year, instructing 
 the canal commissioners to pro- 
 ceed, with all reasonable diligence, 
 to construct and complete a navi- 
 gable canal, from or near the foot 
 of the High Falls on the Black ri- 
 ver, in Lewis county, by the most 
 advantageous route, to the Erie 
 canal at Rome, in Oneida county; 
 and also a navigable feeder from 
 the Black river to the summit level 
 near the village of Boonville. The 
 Black river is to be improved from 
 the High Falls to the village of 
 Carthage, in Jefferson county, so 
 as to be navigable for steamboats 
 drawing 4 feet of water. The 
 length of the canal will be 34 miles, 
 of the navigable feeder 11 miles, 
 and of the improvement in the na- 
 vigation of the Black river, 40 
 miles, making a total of S5 mdes 
 of canal and steamboat navigation. 
 The estimated cost of this canal and 
 feeder exclusive of the river im- 
 provement is $2,287,374.80. The 
 amount of work put under contract 
 is $1,626,701 .00, and on which for 
 work performed, there has been 
 paid up to the close of the fiscal 
 year ending September 30th, 1841, 
 $1,591,076.90. This canal is in 
 such a state of forwardness, as to 
 justify the expectation that the Erie 
 canal may receive through it a 
 supply of water, at Rome, from the 
 Black river, during 1842; and that 
 at least some 15 or 20 miles of the 
 canal will be opened for naviga- 
 tion. A large part of the expense 
 
 of this canai is involved in the con- 
 struction of locks, there being no 
 less than 108 locks on the line oi 
 the main canal. The locks are to 
 be constructed of stone. The ele- 
 vation from the Erie canal to the 
 summit level, is 696 feet, and the 
 descent to the Black river, is 3S7 
 feet, making in the whole 1083 
 feet to be overcome by lockage. 
 This work when completed, will 
 furnish a safe mode of transporta- 
 tion for the products of the nor- 
 thern part of Oneida co Lewis, Jef- 
 ferson and part of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Black Rock, t. Erie co. ex- 
 tends on three sides of the ci- 
 ty of Buffalo, from which it 
 is centrally distant 3 miles ; in 
 1840, it contained 3,625 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is mostly un- 
 dulating, with an alluvial soil, 
 mingled with clay; it is watered 
 by Buffalo creek and other small 
 streams which flow into the Niagara 
 river. Squaw and Strawberry isl- 
 ands, each containing about 100 
 acres, belong to this town, which 
 is bounded on the west by the di- 
 viding line between the United 
 States and Canada. Black Rock 
 and Eleysville are the names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Black Rock, v. and p. o. 
 Black Rock, Erie co. is advanta- 
 geously situated on the east side of 
 the Niagara river, near the foot of 
 Lake Erie, 2j miles below the city 
 of Buffalo, with which it is con- 
 nected by a rail-road ; and is dis- 
 tant from Albany by the nearest 
 route, 287 miles, and by the Erie 
 canal 316 miles. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1837, and now contains 
 about 1S00 inhabitants, 300 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 church, 5 taverns, 
 10 stores and groceries, 5 ware- 
 houses, 4 flouring mills with 25 run 
 of stones; 2 saw mills, 2 oil mills, 
 2 distilleries, 1 iron foundery and 
 forge, 1 machine shop, 1 plaster 
 I mill, 1 stove manufactory, several 
 ! large cooperage establishments, 1 
 
BLACKWELL'S ISLAND— BLOOMINGDALE. 
 
 83 
 
 ship yard, a marine floating dock 
 of "Thomas' Patent/' 1 rope 
 walk, 1 clothier's works and card- 
 ing machine and 2 turning shop-;, 
 together with various other manu- 
 facturing-establishments. The wa- 
 ter power at this place, which is fur- 
 nished b} r means of the Slate Pier, 
 is immense. In a business point 
 of view, Black Rock is more pro- 
 perly a continuation of the city of 
 Buffalo, of which it forms an inte- 
 gral part; being connected by two 
 railroads, and having a spacious 
 and commodious harbor on the 
 Niagara, and possessing an almost 
 unlimited water power, which is 
 drawn through the harbor directly 
 from Lake Erie; it is capable of an 
 indefinite application to milling 
 and manufacturing purposes. The 
 inner harbor is formed by a sub- 
 stantial stone pier or mole, con- 1 
 structed by the State of New-York, 
 for the double purpose of creating 
 a safe and convenient basin for the 
 transaction of the lake and canal 
 commerce, and securing to the 
 Erie canal an abundant supply of 
 water, eastward to Montezuma, 
 nearly half its entire length. This 
 pier is built in the channel of the 
 river upwards of a mile in length, 
 and is an average width of 50 feet 
 at its base, and 30 feet on the sur- 
 face ; erected at an expense of 
 $300,000. It can be approached 
 on either side by steam and sail 
 vessels and canal boats. A steam 
 ferry boat here plies across the 
 Niagara, to AVaterloo, Canada. 
 The Buffalo and Niagara Falls rail- 
 road also passes through this place. 
 Blackwei,l's Island, lies 
 in the East river, distant 4 miles 
 from the City Hall, and belongs to 
 the city of New- York; it is 13-4 
 miles long, and quite narrow. On 
 it are situated the City Peniten- 
 tiary and the Lunatic Asylum, two 
 massive stone buildings; the latter 
 constructed in a most beautiful 
 style of architecture. 
 
 Blauveltville, p. o. O- 
 
 rangetown, Rockland co. 
 
 Bleecker, t. Fulton co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Johnstown, and distant 55 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 346 inhabitants. Surface 
 hilly and mountainous, mostly co- 
 vered with timber of a large 
 growth; it contains Fish and Caro- 
 ga lakes, and some ismaller bodies 
 of water, and is drained by Caroga 
 creek and some tributaries of the 
 Sacondaga river. Bleecker is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Blenheim, t. Schoharieco. si- 
 tuated 18 miles south-east of the 
 village of Schoharie, and distant 
 53 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1S40, 2,725 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 Mineral Hill, a mass of red sand 
 stone, some hundred feet thick, 
 and the Bear's Ladder, composed 
 of globular masses of graywacke, 
 are geological curiosities. The 
 rock supplies an excellent materi- 
 al for grindstones and hones; there 
 is here also, an extensive slate 
 quarry; it is drained by Schoharie 
 creek and some of its tributaries. 
 Blenheim and North Blenheim are 
 names of post offices. At the for- 
 mer are situated 2 churches, 2 ta- 
 verns, 2 stores and 20 or 25 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Bloody Pond. See Caldwell. 
 
 Bloomfield Centre, p. o. 
 West Bloomfield, Ontario co. 
 
 Bloominghurgh, v. and p. 
 o. Mamakating, Sullivan co. is si 
 tuated on the Newburgh and Co- 
 checton turnpike, 23| miles west of 
 Newburgh; it was incorporated in 
 1833, and now contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed and 1 Associate 
 Reformed church, an incorporated 
 academy, 4 taverns, 5 stores and 1 
 tannery. This is a pleasant vil- 
 lage, surrounded by a rich agricul- 
 tural region of country. 
 
 Bloomingdale, situated on 
 
84 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE— BOREAS RIVER. 
 
 New- York Island, 5 miles north 
 of the City Hall, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on the east bank of the Hud- 
 son. Here is located the Orphan 
 Asylum, a beautiful building, sur- 
 rounded by cultivated grounds : 
 also, a number of splendid coun- 
 try residences. 
 
 Blooming Grove, t. Orange 
 co. situated 1*2 miles from the vil- 
 lage of Nevvburgh, and distant 100 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,396 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating and in part hilly, 
 the Scunnemunk mountain, part of 
 the "Highlands," covering the 
 south-eastern parts ; soil mostly 
 clay and sandy loam, and highly 
 productive; it is watered by Mur- 
 derer's creek and its tributaries. 
 Blooming Grove, Craigville and 
 Salisbury Mills are names of post 
 offices: the former is situated in 
 the village of Washington ville. 
 
 Bloomville, v. and p. o. 
 Kortright, Delaware co. is situated 
 on the west branch of the Dela- 
 ware river; it contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
 1 ashery. 
 
 Bluff Island, lies in the St. 
 Lawrence river, and is attached to 
 the town of Hammond, St. Law- 
 rence co. 
 
 Bluff Point. See Crooked 
 Lake. 
 
 Bolivar, t. Allegany co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Angelica, and distant 275 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 408 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and undulating; soil, 
 sandy loam ; it is drained by seve- 
 ral small creeks. Bolivar is the 
 name of a post office, where is si- 
 tuated a small settlement. 
 
 Bolton, t. Warren co. situated 
 10 miles north of the village of 
 Caldwell, and distant 72 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 937 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly 
 
 and mountainous, and the soil of 
 indifferent quality, but heavily tim- 
 bered. It is bounded on the east 
 by Lake George; there are also se- 
 veral small lakes in the inte- 
 rior, abounding in fine trout and 
 other fish ; it is watered by the 
 Schroon branch of the Hudson ri- 
 ver on the west. Bolton is the 
 name of a post office, where is a 
 small settlement. 
 
 Bombay, t. Franklin co. situat- 
 ed 15 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Malone, and distant 226 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,446 inhabitants. Surface 
 mostly level, and is watered by the 
 Little Salmon and the St. Regis ri- 
 vers. In this town is a reservation 
 for the St. Regis Indians, and an 
 Indian settlement on the north 
 boundary, which extends to the St. 
 Lawrence and the Canada line. 
 Bombay and Hogansburgh are the 
 names of post offices; at the for- 
 mer there is a settlement consisting 
 of 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores and 
 20 or 30 dwellings. 
 
 Boonville, t. Oneida co. situ- 
 ated 23 miles north of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 110 from Alba- 
 ny; contained in 1840, 5,516 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly, 
 mostly susceptible of cultivation; 
 soil, clay loam, on lime ; it is drain- 
 ed by Black river and the head 
 waters of the Mohawk. Boonville 
 and Alder Creek are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Boonville, v. and p.o. Boon- 
 ville, Oneida co. is situated on the 
 line of the Black River canal, 31 
 miles north of the city of Utica; it 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 80 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 ta- 
 verns, 5 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 tannery and a clothier's 
 works, situated on Mill creek, 
 which empties into Black river 
 three miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage. 
 
 Boheas River, rises in Essex 
 co. and flows south into the Hud- 
 
BORODINA— BRANCH BROOK 
 
 85 
 
 son river; this being one of its 
 head branches. 
 
 Borodina, p. o. Spafford, On- 
 ondaga CO. 
 
 Boston, t. Erie co. situated IS 
 miles south-east of the city of Buf- 
 falo, and distant 239 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 1,745 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, clav and gravelly loam 
 of good quality; it is drained by 
 Cauquaga creek and some other 
 small streams. Boston and North 
 Boston are names of post offices. 
 
 Boston, v. and p. o. is situated 
 on Cauquaga creek; it contains 
 about 500 inhabitants, 75 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 
 grist mills, 2 saw mills and 1 card- 
 ing and clothing mill. 
 
 Bouckville, p. o. Madison, 
 Madison co.; here is situated 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and a few 
 dwellings. 
 
 Bouquet, v. Essex, Essex co. 
 is situated on both sides of the 
 Bouquet river, 2\ miles west of the 
 village of Essex; it contains about 
 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 1 iron rolling mill and nail 
 factory, 1 stone grist mill and 1 saw 
 mill. 
 
 Bouquet Rtver, rises in the 
 town of Keene, Essex co. and 
 flows easterly into Lake Cham- 
 plain; length, 45 miles, affording 
 many fine mill privileges. 
 
 Bovina, t. Delaware co. situat- 
 ed 10 miles east of the village of 
 Delhi, and distant 69 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,403 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil sandy loam, suitable for graz- 
 ing ; it is drained by Little Dela- 
 ware river. Bovina, Bovina Cen- 
 tre and Fish Lake are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Bovina Centre, p. o. Bovi- 
 na, Delaware co. 
 
 Bowman's Creek, rises in 
 Schoharie county, and flows north 
 
 into the Mohawk river, near the 
 village of Canajoharie. 
 
 Boydsville, p. o. Kent, Put- 
 nam co. 
 
 Boylston, t. Oswego co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles north-east from the 
 village of Pulaski, and distant 140 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 481 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
 and in parts stony ; soil, sandy 
 and gravelly loam and productive; 
 drained by Little Sandy and Trout 
 creeks. Boylston is the name of 
 a post office. 
 
 Bozakill, rises in Schenecta- 
 dy co. and flows east into Albany 
 co. where it falls into the Nor- 
 man's Kill. 
 
 Brackabeen, p. o. Fulton, 
 Schoharie co. Here are located 1 
 Dutch Reformed church, 1 tavern, 
 3 stores, 2 gri«t mills, 1 saw mill, 
 1 tannery, and 12 or 15 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Braddock's Bay, situated in 
 the county of Monroe, is a small 
 body of water communicating with 
 Lake Ontario. 
 
 Bradford, t. Steuben co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles east of the village 
 of Bath, and distant 204 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,547 
 inhabitants. The surface is une- 
 ven, yet having much arable land of 
 good quality ; it is drained by Mud 
 creek and its tributaries. Jersey 
 is the name of a post office, where 
 is a settlement of some size. 
 
 Brainahd's Bridge, v. Nas- 
 sau, Rensselaer co. is situated on 
 Kinderhook creek ; it contains 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 1 
 store, 1 cotton factory, 40 dwelling 
 houses, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Braman's Corners, p. o. 
 Duanesburgh, Schenectady co. 
 
 Branch, v. Smithtown, Suffolk 
 co. is situated on the north post 
 road; it contains 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 12 
 or 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Branch Brook, rises in the 
 town of Smithtown, Suffolk co. and 
 
86 
 
 BRANCHPORT— BRIDGE VILLE . 
 
 runs west for 4 or 5 miles ; it then 
 turns towards the north and empties 
 into Nesaquake river, or Smith- 
 town harbor. The tide flows up 
 the latter stream for several miles. 
 
 Bhanchport, v. and p. o. Je- 
 rusalem, Yates co. is situated on 
 the west branch of Crooked Lake ; 
 it contains about 125 inhabitants, 
 25 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Baptist church, 1 tavern, 3 
 stores, 2 warehouses, and 1 ashery. 
 
 Brandon, t. Franklin co. is 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Malone, and distant 215 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 531 inhabitants. This is a 
 large town, rough, wild and thinly 
 inhabited ; covered with almost 
 unexplored forests, and dotted with 
 numerous lakes on the southern 
 extremity ; it is drained by the 
 Saranac river on the east, and by 
 the St. Regis and Racket rivers on 
 the west. Brandon is the name 
 of the post office, where is a small 
 settlement. 
 
 Brandt, t. Erie co. situated 
 20 miles south of the city of Buffa- 
 lo, and distant 300 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,088 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, moist clay and gravelly loam, 
 producing good crops of grass and 
 grain. On the west it is bounded 
 by Lake Erie, and on the south in 
 part by Cattaraugus creek. Brandt 
 is the name of a post office. 
 
 Brant Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of Hori- 
 con, Warren county ; it is sur- 
 rounded by wild and romantic 
 scenery, and abounds in fine trout ; 
 emptying its waters into the 
 Schroon branch of the Hudson. 
 Deer and other wild game are 
 found on its borders, beinsf sur- 
 rounded by a large growth of pine, 
 hemlock and spruce. 
 
 Brantingham, p. o. Greig, 
 Lewis county. 
 
 Brasher, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 30 miles north-east of the 
 
 village of Canton, and distant 250 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,118 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling ; soil, sandy loam, 
 but much of it swampy, abounding 
 with bog ore, and a large growth 
 of timber. It is watered by the 
 St. Regis and Deer rivers. Helena 
 is the name of a post office, where 
 is a settlement, possessing fine wa- 
 ter power. 
 
 Brasher's Falls Iron 
 Works, Brasher, St. Lawrence 
 co. are situated on Deer river, 
 where there are falls and rapids, 
 which afford a great hydraulic 
 power ; here is located a small 
 manufacturing settlement. 
 
 Breackneck Hill, a high 
 precipitous eminence close on the 
 margin of the Hudson, at its north 
 entrance into ihe " Highlands," on 
 the east side of the river ; it is re- 
 markable as containing the rock 
 called the upper Anthony's Nose. 
 Its altitude is 1,187 feet. 
 
 Brewerton, v. and p. o. Ci- 
 cero, Onondaga county ; contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 taverns and 1 store ; here 
 is a toll bridge over the Oneida 
 river, on the opposite side of which 
 is an old French fort, the remains 
 of which are still visible. 
 
 Bridgeha3ipton, v. and p. 
 o. Southampton, Suffolk co. is an 
 agricultural settlement ; consisting 
 of 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 
 windmills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Bridgeport, p. o. Sullivan, 
 Madison county. 
 
 Bridgeport, v. Seneca Falls, 
 Seneca co. is situated on Cayuga 
 Lake, at the west end of Cayuga 
 Bridge ; it contains 2 taverns, 1 
 store and some 20 or 30 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Bridgeville, v. and p. o. 
 Thompson, Sullivan co. is situated 
 on the Neversink river ; it contains 
 about 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
 houses, 1 tavern, 1 store and 1 ex- 
 tensive tannery. 
 
BRIDEGF. WATER— BROOKFIELD. 
 
 87 
 
 Bridgewater, t. Oneida co. 
 situated 15 miles south of the city 
 of Utica, and distant 81 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 1,418 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
 and on the west much broken, yet 
 furnishing excellent pasturage, and 
 some parts good grain land ; it is 
 drained by the Unadilla river, 
 which rises in this town. 
 
 Bridgewater, v. and p. o. 
 Bridgewater, Oneida co. is situated 
 on the Cherry Valley turnpike, and 
 on the west branch of the Unadilla 
 river; it contains about 350 inha- 
 bitants, 50 dwelling houses, 3 
 churches, 2 taverns and 4 stores. 
 Two lines of daily stages, running 
 north and south, and east and west, 
 pass through this place. 
 
 Brighton, t. Monroe co. situ- 
 ated 3 miles east of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 216 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,336 inhabitants. The surface is 
 gently undulating ; soil, on the 
 north sandy and gravelly loam, 
 and on the south clay loam ; it is 
 watered by the Genesee river and 
 a few small streams which flow in- 
 to Irondequot bay. 
 
 Brichtos, v. and p. o. Brigh- 
 ton, Monroe co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal; it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns and 1 store. 
 
 Bristol, t. Ontario co. situat- 
 ed 9 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Canandaigua, and distant 
 203 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,953 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly ridgy, underlaid 
 with lime ; soil various, in part 
 very productive ; it is watered by 
 Mud creek. Bristol, Bristol Cen- 
 tre, and South Bristol, are names 
 of post offices. At the former 
 there is a small settlement. 
 
 Bristol Centre, p. o. Bris- 
 tol, Ontario co.; here is a small set- 
 tlement, and an inflammable spring. 
 
 Bristol Glass Works, 
 Woodstock, Ulster co. ; here is 
 
 situated, on the Sawkill, a cylin- 
 der glass works, an old and exten- 
 sive establishment; 1 grist mill, 
 and about 20 dwellings. 
 Bristol Landing, see Maiden. 
 
 Broadalbik, t. Fulton co. 
 situated 15 miles east of the vil- 
 lage of Johnstown, and distant 
 from Albany 47 miles; contained 
 in IS 10, 2,738 inhabitants. The 
 surface is gently undulating ; soil, 
 stiff gravelly loam; better adapted 
 to grass than grain ; it is drained 
 by several small streams. Broad- 
 albin, Fonda's Bush, Mill's Cor- 
 ners, South Broadalbin, Union 
 Mills, and West Galway Church, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Brockett's Bridge, p. 0. 
 Oppenheim, Fulton co. 
 
 Brockport, v. and p. o. Swe • 
 den, Monroe co. is handsomely 
 situated on the Erie canal ; it was 
 incorporated in 1829, and now con- 
 tains about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist church; 
 a college building now used as an 
 academy; 3 taverns, 17 stores and 
 groceries ; 1 flouring mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 furnace, 1 carding machine 
 and a chair and cabinet factory, 
 all propelled by steam power; 
 also, 2 tanneries, 1 distillery and a 
 carriage manufactory. 
 
 Bronx, p. o. Eastchester, West- 
 chester county. 
 
 Bronx River, rises in West- 
 chester county, and empties into 
 the East river opposite Flushing 
 bay ; it is 55 miles long. 
 
 Brookfield, t. Madison co. 
 situated 20 miles south-east of 
 Moni-ville, and distant 83 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,695 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, calcareous loam ; it is 
 watered by the Unadilla river and 
 some of its tributaries. Brook- 
 field, Leonardsville, and North 
 Brookfield, are names of post of- 
 fices. The former is situated in 
 the village of Clarkeville. 
 
 
BROOKFIELD— BROOKLYN. 
 
 Brookfield, v. Minisink, 
 Orange co. contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 tannery. 
 Slatehill post office is located in 
 this village. 
 
 Brookhaven, t. Suffolk co. 
 situated 15 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Riverhead, and 70 east 
 of the city of New-York, is dis- 
 tant from Albany 215 miles, and 
 contained in 1840, 7,050 inhabi- 
 tants. This is one of the largest 
 towns in the state, comprehending 
 the islands opposite it in South 
 Bay, and extending across the 
 main island to Long Island sound. 
 It is mostly level and in some parts 
 sandy; the soil varies from a stiff 
 black mould to a pure white sand; 
 it is drained by Connecticut brook 
 and some other small streams, 
 while numerous bays and indenta- 
 tions water it on the north and 
 south, abounding with fish and fowl 
 of great variety. Bellport, Corun, 
 Fireplace, Middle Island, Miller's 
 Place, Moriches, New Village, 
 Patchogue, Port Jefferson, Setau- 
 ket and Stony Brook, are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Brooklyn City, Kings co. 
 is advantageously situated on the 
 west end of Long Island, opposite 
 the city of New-York, 146 miles 
 south of the city of Albany. It 
 was chartered in 1S34, and is di- 
 vided into 9 wards ; being govern- 
 ed by a mayor and common coun- 
 cil, who are elected annually by 
 the people. In 1840, it contained 
 36,233 inhabitants, being next in 
 size in the state, to the city of 
 New-York, with which it is close- 
 ly allied in trade, commerce, and 
 social life ; this being the favorite 
 residence of many transacting bu- 
 siness in the above city, with which 
 it is connected by four steam fer- 
 ries, on which commodious boats 
 are constantly plying, day and 
 nigrht. Here is about being erect- 
 
 ed a new city hall of marble, of 
 the most durable and beautiful 
 style of architecture ; a jail, con- 
 structed of free stone in the Gothic 
 style ; a county clerk's office ; the 
 city buildings, now used for city 
 courts and public offices ; a lyce 
 um building, elegantly constructed 
 of granite, in which are deposited 
 the Apprentices' Library, City Li- 
 brary, and Hamilton Library ; 4 
 public markets; 7 Presbyterian, 7 
 Episcopal, 3 Reformed Dutch, 2 
 Baptist, 7 Methodist, 2 Roman Ca- 
 tholic, and 2 Unitarian churches, 
 and 1 Friends' meeting house; 3 
 banking houses and 1 Savings 
 Bank ; 2 insurance offices ; 15 ho- 
 tels and taverns ; 4 or 500 stores 
 of different kinds ; besides a large 
 number of warehouses ; 2 incor- 
 porated white lead companies, ma- 
 nufacturing about 3,000 tons of 
 white lead annually; 5 extensive 
 distilleries, capable of using 600,- 
 
 000 bushels of" grain annually ; 5 
 rectifying distilleries ; 1 brewery, 
 3 steam engine manufactories, one 
 of which is very extensive; 2 ma- 
 chine shops, 1 iron railing manu- 
 factory ; 2 iron foundries, 2 
 steam planing and sawing mills, 1 
 ship yard, 2 tide grist mills, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 bone mill, 2 floor 
 cloth manufactories, 3 rope walks, 
 
 1 tannery, 3 turpentine distilleries, 
 1 lime factory, 1 vinegar manufac- 
 tory, 1 fur dressing establishment, 
 1 galvanizing works, which ren- 
 ders tin and iron impervious to air 
 and water; 4 lumber yards, 5 coal 
 yards, 6 stone cutting yards, 2 
 marble yards ; and 2 fresh water 
 tanks, or extensive wells, with re- 
 servoirs, for supplying shipping in 
 the harbor of New-York with pure 
 water. Here is being constructed, 
 by the "Atlantic Dock Company," 
 an extensive basin, called the At- 
 lantic Basin ; the outside pier is 
 to be 3,000 feet front, facing But- 
 termilk channel, and is calculated 
 to be of sufficient depth, by exca 
 
BROOKLYN. 
 
 89 
 
 vation, (o accommodate the largest 
 class of steam ships and merchant 
 vessels ; large warehouses are also 
 to be erected, for the accom- 
 modation of the commerce of the 
 port of New-York. The Colonade 
 Garden, on Brooklyn Heights, is 
 a fashionable and delightful place 
 of resort, overlooking the harbor 
 and city of New-York ; which, 
 from this point, presents one of the 
 most interesting views of the kind 
 to be seen in this or any other 
 country. The Long Island rail- 
 road, which is finished for a dis- 
 tance of 47 miles, and is calcula- 
 ted to extend to Greenport, a 
 further distance of 46 miles, com- 
 mences at the south ferry, in 
 Brooklyn. In addition to rail- 
 road cars, stages also leave daily 
 for several places on Long Island. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery, located in 
 the eighth ward of Brooklyn, is 
 under the direction of an incorpo- 
 rated trust company, who have 
 appropriated 200 acres of land for 
 a rural cemetery, under the above 
 name ; and they have already com- 
 menced improving and embellish- 
 ing the grounds in the most 
 appropriate manner. Its situation 
 is admirably selected among the 
 hills and valleys, in the rear of 
 Gowanus ; from the most elevated 
 parts the view is grand and sub- 
 lime, overlooking the cities of 
 Brooklyn and New-York, the bay 
 of New-York, and the Atlantic 
 ocean. 
 
 The United States Navy Yard, 
 situated in Brooklyn, on the Wal- ( 
 labout Bay, covers about 40 acres j 
 of land, enclosed by a brick wall, 
 on the land side ; it was purchased 
 by the United States government 
 in 1801, and now contains 2 larg-e j 
 ship houses, in which are two fri- | 
 gates of the first class ; 7 extensive; 
 timber sheds, constructed of brick, 
 for the preservation of timber; se- j 
 veral workshops used for making j 
 sails, rigging, blocks, gun car- 1 
 
 riages, spars, boats, &c; offices 
 for the heads of departments, and a 
 number of extensive store houses. 
 The United States Naval Ly- 
 ceum, a flourishing 1 institution, 
 founded in 1833, by officers of the 
 navy, is also located here ; it con- 
 tains a valuable library, and a 
 choice museum, formed principally 
 by donations from its members, 
 among whom are many distin 
 guished naval and military officers 
 and civilians of distinction, both 
 Americans and foreigners. With- 
 in half a mile of the Navy Yard, 
 on the east, stands the Naval Hos- 
 pital, on a commanding eminence, 
 surrounded by cultivated grounds, 
 consisting of 33 acres. There is" 
 also in the vicinity temporary bar- 
 
 ] racks, used by the marine corps. 
 
 I There are generally lying at the 
 
 ! Navy Yard dock, vessels of war 
 
 j of different classes, in ordinary or 
 repairing, from the largest line of 
 battle ship to the smaller class. 
 The New r -York Navy Yard and 
 
 I Station, is at present commanded 
 
 | by Commodore M. C. Perry, at- 
 tached to which are other officers, 
 
 j sailors, marines, and mechanics. 
 
 ! A new Dry Dock will be com- 
 menced soon at the Navy Yard, 
 and probably completed within five 
 years, at an estimated expenditure 
 of twelve hundred thousand dollars. 
 At the Wallabcut, near the Na- 
 vy Yard, are interred the remains 
 of about eleven thousand American 
 citizens and soldiers, who perished 
 in the English Prison Ships, 
 
 ( stationed in the bay, during the re- 
 volutionary war; owing to badpro- 
 
 j visions, bad water and confined 
 apartments, without medical at- 
 tendance, disease reigned unre- 
 lieved, and hundreds died from 
 pestilence, or were starved on 
 board these floating prisons. This 
 town also had a full share of mili- 
 tary operations during the revolu- 
 tion ; it is covered with the remains 
 of fortifications, which were thrown 
 
90 
 
 BROOK'S GROVE— BROTHER'S ISLANDS. 
 
 up by the Americans and English, 
 for their defence against each 
 other. On the 27th of August, 1776, 
 here occurred one of the most san- 
 guinary battles and disastrous de- 
 feats of the Americans on record ; 
 on their retreat, in attempting to 
 ford the tide mill pond at Gowanus, 
 nearly the whole of a regiment 
 
 from Maryland, were met by a su- 
 perior British force, and cut off, 
 nearly all of whom lost their lives. 
 
 Brook's Grove, p. o. Mount 
 Morris, Livingston county. 
 
 Brookville, p. o. Alexander, 
 Genesee, co.; here is a small set- 
 tlement, situated on the Tonawanda 
 creek. 
 
 BROOME COUNTY, taken from Tioga in 1806, is centrally distant 
 140 miles southwest from the city of Albany ; and 180 miles north- 
 west of the city of New-York ; it is bounded on the south by the Penn- 
 sylvania State line, west by Tioga county, north by Cortland and 
 Chenango counties, and on the east by Delaware county. The surface 
 of this county, although broken and hilly, is mostly susceptible of cul- 
 tivation. The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than the 
 raising of grain; the valleys, however, bordering the numerous streams 
 are extensive and fertile. The mineralogical productions are very limited; 
 several sulphur springs, and one or two salt springs, make up the entire 
 catalogue. Nanticoke creek is the principal stream that belongs to this 
 county, in addition to the Susquehannah river, Chenango river and 
 Tioughnioga river, allot which flow through it. The Susquehannah river 
 which ri-es in Otsego county, runs through the eastern part of this county, 
 thence into Pennsylvania, and forms the "Great Bend;" it then re- 
 enters the county about ten miles west, and unites with the Chenango 
 river at the village of Binghamton ; thence the united streams flow 
 westerly into Tioga county. The whole of this section of the river is 
 boatable ; large quantities of lumber being annually floated to the 
 Chesapeake bay from this vicinity. The county contains an area of 
 627 square miles, or 401,400 acres. The Chenango canal, which con- 
 nects with the Erie canal at Utica, terminates at Binghamton, and the 
 New-York and Erie railroad pases through this county from east to 
 west. The county buildings are located in the village of Binghamton, 
 in the town of Chenango. The following are the names of towns in 
 Broome county, with the population in 1840 : 
 
 Barker, 1,259 
 
 Chenango, 5,465 
 
 Colesville, 2,528 
 
 Conklin, 1,475 
 
 Lisle, 1,560 
 
 Nanticoke, 400 
 
 Sandford, 1,173 
 
 Broome, t. Schoharie co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles south of the village of 
 Schoharie, and distant 3S miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,404 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous, timbered 
 with white pine and hemlock ; 
 soil, light sandy loam, but rich in 
 the valleys ; it is drained on tlie 
 west by the Scholia rie creek, and 
 
 Triangle, 1,692 
 
 Union, 3,165 
 
 Vestal, 1,253 
 
 Windsor, 2,368 
 
 Total inhabitants, 22,338 
 
 its tributaries ; and on the east by 
 the Catskill creek. Gilboa, Li- 
 vingstonville and Smithton are the 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Brother's Islands, north 
 and south, are situated in the East 
 river, at the lower end of Long 
 Island Sound, and are attached to 
 the town of Newtown, Queens 
 county. 
 
BROWKVILLE— BUFFALO. 
 
 91 
 
 Brownville, t. Jefferson co. 
 situated 5 miles north-west of the 
 village of Watertown, and distant 
 164 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,968 inhabitants. The 
 surface is level ; soil, marly loam, 
 on limestone, of excellent quality 
 and highly cultivated, producing 
 large crops of wheat and other 
 kinds of grain ; it is watered by 
 Black and Perch rivers ; it borders 
 on Lake Ontario, and lies partly 
 between Black river and Chaumont 
 bay. This town was settled by the 
 late Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown, in 
 1799, from whom it takes its name. 
 Brownville, Dexter, Limerick, 
 Perch River" and Point, are the 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Brownville, v. and p. o. 
 Brownville, Jefferson co. is advan- 
 tageously situated on the north bank 
 of Black river, 4 miles below Wa- 
 tertown ; it was incorporated in 
 1829, and now contains about 1000 
 inhabitants, 125 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church, 3 public houses, 
 8 stores, 1 cotton factory, 2 sati- 
 net factories, 2 grist mills, 1 saw 
 mill, 2 iron foundries, 2 machine 
 shops, 1 white lead manufactory, 
 1 oil mill, 1 distillery, 1 pot ashery 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Bruxswick, t. Rensselaer 
 county, situated 4 miles east of 
 the city of Troy, and distant 10 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,051 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil various, and 
 mostly well cultivated; it is drain- 
 ed by the Poestenkill and its tribu- 
 taries. Millville is the name of a 
 settlement. 
 
 Brusmville, p. o. Mount 
 Morris, Livingston count)'. 
 
 Brushville, v. Jamaica, 
 Queens co. this is a small settle- 
 ment situated on the line of the 
 Long Island railroad ; here are 
 situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 and a few dwellings. 
 
 Brutus, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 
 7 miles north of the village of Au- 
 burn, and distant 153 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,044 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, clay and sandy loam, gene- 
 rally well cultivated ; it is drained 
 by Branch creek and Cold Spring 
 creek, flowing into Seneca river 
 on the north ; the Erie canal passes 
 through this town. Weedsport is 
 the name of a post office and a vil- 
 lage of some importance, situated 
 on the canal. 
 
 Bruynswick, p. o. Shawan- 
 gunk, Ulster county. 
 
 Buckram, v. and p. o. Oyster 
 Bay, Queens co. ; here is a thickly 
 settled agricultural settlement, con- 
 taining a Friends' meeting house, 
 a public house, 2 stores, 2 grist 
 mills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Bucksbridge, p. o. Potsdam, 
 St. Lawrence county. 
 
 Bucktooth, p. o. Little Val- 
 ley, Cattaraugus county. 
 
 Buffalo City, Erie co. pos- 
 sessing commanding advantages, 
 is distant from Albany 284 miles 
 by nearest route ; 31S miles by 
 railroad, and 363 miles by the 
 Erie canal. It is situated at the 
 head of Niagara liver, the outlet 
 of Lake Erie, and at the foot of 
 the great chain of western lakes, 
 and is the point where the vast 
 trade of these inland seas are con- 
 centrated. The site of the city is 
 one of much beauty, having a gen- 
 tle southern inclination towards the 
 lake. The harbor, formed of Buf- 
 falo creek, lies nearly east and 
 west across the southern part of the 
 city, and is separated from Lake 
 Erie by a peninsula between the 
 creek and lake. This harbor is a 
 very secure one, and is of such ca- 
 pacity that, although steam boats, 
 ships and other lake craft, and ca- 
 nal boats, to the number, in all, of 
 from two to three hundred, have 
 some times been assembled there, 
 for the transaction of the business 
 of the lakes; yet, not one-fourth 
 
92 
 
 BUFFALO. 
 
 part of the harbor has ever yet 
 been occupied by the vast business 
 of the great and growing- west. 
 Facilities, however, have been 
 wanting for bringing together the 
 lake and canal craft, in the eastern 
 part of the harbor; and to furnish 
 these, the canal commissioners, 
 under a special law of the state, 
 are now engaged in extending the 
 Erie canal a mile or more, east of its 
 original termination, across the 
 eastern part of the city, and paral- 
 lel to the harbor; by which work, 
 and cross cuts therefrom, canal 
 boats will reach every part of the 
 harbor with equal facility. The 
 territory of the city is divided north 
 and south, by Main street, into two 
 nearly equal surfaces ; but by far 
 the greater portion of its inhabitants 
 occupy the eastern half of the 
 city. Buffalo was first settled by 
 the whites in 1801. In 1814 it was 
 all burned by the British, except 
 three buildings. In 1832 it was 
 chartered as a city, and divided 
 into 5 wards ; being governed by 
 a mayor, recorder and board of 
 aldermen. Its population in 1840, 
 according to the United States cen- 
 sus, was 18,213. In 1818 the first 
 steam boat was built upon Lake 
 Erie ; and the total number of sail 
 craft upon these w r aters, at that 
 time, was 30. There are now, 1841, 
 between 50 and 60 steamboats, 
 with 300 schooners and other sail 
 craft, navigating Erie and the upper 
 lakes, and carrying on an extensive 
 commerce from Buffalo westward, 
 twelve hundred miles, through this 
 chain of inland seas. In 1825, 
 there were but 200 arrivals and 
 clearances of steamboats and other 
 vessels at Buffalo, during the sea- 
 son of navigation. In 1840, there 
 were 4,061 of these ! In 1826, the 
 amount of property sent east, upon 
 the Erie canal from Buffalo., was 
 5,134 tons ; in 1840, the property 
 so sent amounted to 177,607 tons. 
 In 1826,the tolls upon the Erie canal 
 
 received at Buffalo, amounted to 
 but $19,528 ; in 1840, the sum so 
 received was $376,417 ! At this 
 astonishing rate of increase is the 
 great west pouring her rich pro- 
 ducts to the Atlantic markets, 
 through the medium of Buffalo har- 
 bor and the Erie canal. By means 
 of the Erie canal and the Hudson 
 river, Buffalo is now connected 
 with Albany and New-York; while 
 by a chain of railroads, now nearly 
 completed, she will soon be as di 
 redly connected by land through 
 these, with Albany and Boston, 
 Massachusetts. The streets in the 
 most compact portions of the city, 
 are paved ; and the buildings, par- 
 ticularly those for business, are of 
 the most durable construction, and 
 modern style. The sale of goods 
 here, bears a due proportion to the 
 amount of western lake commerce, 
 and of course is very great. Many 
 of the wholesale dealers are direct 
 importers from Europe, on their 
 own account. By an act of the 
 legislature, the common schools 
 of Buffalo have been taken out of 
 the operation of the state school 
 law, and erected into Free 
 Schools, under the control of 
 the common council, for the edu- 
 cation of all classes of youth, 
 without charge for tuition, the ex 
 penses being defrayed by the city 
 authorities. A farther valuable aid 
 to intellectual culture is here found 
 in the " Young Men's Associa- 
 tion," an incorporated body, hav 
 ing 450 members. It is out of 
 debt, and owns a library of 3,500 
 volumes, purchased at a cash cost 
 of $5,000, and containing a great 
 number of choice and rare works. 
 The city has a court house, jail 
 and county clerk's office; 2 public 
 markets, one with the city offices 
 in the 2nd story ; 3 Presbyterian, 2 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 2 Roman Ca- 
 tholic, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universalist, 
 3 German Protestant, 1 Bethel, 1 
 Methodist and 2 African churches ; 
 
BUFFALO— BUFFALO CREEK. 
 
 93 
 
 1 theatre, 1 orphan asylum, 2 bank- 
 ing houses, 1 fire and marine in- 
 surance company, a number of 
 well kept hotels and taverns; 13 
 forwarding houses, besides a great 
 number of wholesale and retail 
 stores of different kinds; 1 flouring 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 2 extensive tan- 
 neries, 1 morocco factory, 1 steam 
 engine manufactory, 3 carriage 
 manufactories, 1 woollen blanket 
 manufactory, 14 breweries, 5 soap 
 and candle factories, 4 tobacco 
 factories, 1 steam planing ma- 
 chine, 2 iron foundries, 2 brass 
 do., 2 lock factories, 2 silver 
 platers, 1 Britannia ware, 1 Burr 
 millstone, 1 lead pipe, 1 starch, 1 
 salaeratus, 1 stone ware manufac- 
 tory ; 2 chemical laboratories, 1 
 ship yard with marine railway at- 
 tached; an United States barracks 
 constructed of brick; 1 type and 
 stereotype foundery, 8 printing offi- 
 ces, 2 book publishing establish- 
 ments, and 2 book-binderies,besides 
 most every other kind of mechanic 
 establishments. Here is a pier 
 or mole constructed of wood and 
 stone by the United States govern- 
 ment, extending 1,500 feet on the 
 south side of the mouth of the 
 creek, or harbor. Upon the head 
 of this pier, is a light house 46 feet 
 high and 20 feet in diameter at 
 its base, a beautiful and durable 
 structure, erected in 1S32 — 3. The 
 Buffalo and Black Rock, and Buf- 
 falo and Niagara Falls railroads, 
 both commence at this place. 
 
 In regard to the commerce of 
 the " Far West," which centres in 
 Buffalo, a writer justly remarks : — 
 " Few men have duly estimated 
 the value of our 1,500 miles unin- 
 terrupted lake navigation. A coast 
 of 3,000 miles, connecting with nu- 
 merous canals and railroads, whose 
 aggregate length, when they shall 
 be completed, will greatly exceed 
 the length of all our inland seas, 
 must create an amount of com- 
 merce far greater than has ever 
 
 yet been witnessed on the waters 
 of the Mediterranean. Our vast 
 western world is still almost en- 
 tirely either an unbroken forest or 
 open prairie. But there is no peo- 
 ple on the globe more enterprising 
 and industrious than ours, nor is 
 there another country where labor 
 is equally rewarded. The new 
 state of Michigan produced 3,000,- 
 000 of bushels of wheat last season, 
 and her crop this year is said to be 
 increased 20 per cent. Wisconsin 
 is a large territory, and equally if 
 not better adapted to the growth of 
 this important staple. The fertility 
 of northern Pennsylvania, Ohio, In- 
 diana and Illinois, is well known. 
 The early completion of the Wa- 
 bash and Erie, and the Illinois and 
 Michigan canals, is now reduced 
 to a certainty. This will create a 
 new era in the amount of goods to 
 be sent west, and of agricultural 
 products to be sent, east through 
 this great northern channel of 
 trade." 
 
 Buffalo and Black Rock 
 Railroad, extends from the ci- 
 ty of Buffalo to the village of Black 
 Rock, a distance of three miles. 
 This road is constructed of wood, 
 except the rails, and cost about 
 ,5'7,500. The cars are propelled 
 by horse power. 
 
 Buffalo axd Niagara 
 Falls Railroad, extends from 
 the city of Buffalo to the vil- 
 lage of Niagara Falls, a distance 
 of 23 miles ; it passes along the 
 line of the Erie canal from Buffalo 
 to Black Rock, thence it diverges 
 a little to the east, for three or four 
 miles ; it then crosses the Tona- 
 wanda creek, and resumes its 
 northern direction along the east 
 bank of the Niagara river, until it 
 reaches the Grand Falls of Nia- 
 gara, where it unites with the 
 Lockport and Niagara railroad. 
 The company was incorporated in 
 1834, with a capital of $110,000. . 
 
 Buffalo Creek, is formed 
 
94 
 
 BULL HILL— BURNS. 
 
 by the junction of Cayuga and Se- 
 neca creeks, in the county of Erie ; 
 it then runs a distance of S miles 
 until it empties into Lake Erie, at 
 the city of Buffalo, receiving Ca- 
 zenove creek 6 miles above. This 
 stream is navigable for steam boats 
 and vessels of the largest class for 
 some distance from its mouth, and 
 forms the harbor of Buffalo, which 
 by means of a pier and light house 
 is rendered secure, and easily ap- 
 proached from the lake at all sea- 
 sons, except when closed by ice 
 during the winter months. 
 
 Bull Hill, a high peak of 
 the "Highlands," is situated on the 
 east side of the Hudson, in the 
 town of Philipstown. 
 
 Bullville, p. o. Crawford, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Bulwagga Bay, lies on the 
 west side of Lake Champlain, be- 
 tween Cedar Point and Crown 
 Point, in Essex county. 
 
 Burdette, v. and p. o. Hec- 
 tor, Tompkins co. is situated on 
 Hector Falls creek; it contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 oil mill, 1 clover mill, 
 
 1 furnace, 1 tannery, 1 ashery, and 
 
 2 carriage manufactories. 
 Burling ham, v. Mamakat- 
 
 ing, Sullivan co. contains about 
 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 
 2 stores and 1 tannery. 
 
 Burlington, t. Otsego co. 
 situated 12 miles west of Coopers- 
 town, and distant 72 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,154 
 inhabitants. The surface is rolling ; 
 soil, sandy loam and productive ; 
 it is drained by Butternut and 
 Wharton creeks. Burlington, and 
 Burlington Flats are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 settlement, containing 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, and 15 or 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Burlington, t. and p. o. 
 Chittenden co. Vermont, is de- 
 lightfully situated on the east shore 
 of Lake Champlain, 70 miles north 
 of Whitehall. This is the most 
 important place in the state, lying 
 on an indentation of the lake, call- 
 ed Burlington bay; it possesses a 
 convenient and safe harbor for 
 steamboats and lake craft. The 
 U. States government have here 
 erected a breakwater, which pro- 
 tects the shipping from westerly 
 winds, and is a great addition to the 
 security of the harbor. In 1840, it 
 contained a population of 4,721 
 inhabitants, about 600 dwelling 
 houses ; the University of Vermont, 
 consisting of 4 spacious edifices; 
 the Episcopal Institute; a court 
 house and jail; 7 churches of dif- 
 ferent denominations, an academy 
 and 2 female seminaries, 2 banking 
 houses, several well kept hotels, 
 and a number of stores of different 
 kinds; besides several factories 
 and mills, and most every kind of 
 mechanic establishments. This vil- 
 lage overlooking the lake, with its 
 bays, islands, and adjacent scene- 
 ry — the passing steamboats and 
 other vessels; possesses a beauty 
 of location probably unsurpassed 
 by any other place in the Union. 
 In trade and commerce it is close- 
 ly allied with the interests of the 
 state of New-York. Steamboats 
 stop here daily on their route from 
 Whitehall to St. Johns, Canada ; a 
 steamboat also plies from this place 
 to Port Kent, on the opposite side 
 of the lake, a distance of 10 miles, 
 thence to Plattsburgh, a further 
 distance of 12 miles. 
 
 Burlington Flats, p. o. 
 Burlington, Otsego co.; here is 
 situated on Wharton creek, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 and 25 or 30 dwellings. 
 
 Burns, t. Allegany co. situated 
 15 miles north-east of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 237 miles 
 
BURNT HILLS— BUTTERMILK FALLS. 
 
 95 
 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 S67 inhabitants. The surface is 
 broken; soil, clay loam of good 
 quality; it is drained by Canasera- 
 ga creek. De Witt's Valley and 
 Whitney's Valley are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Burnt Hills, p. o. Ballston, 
 Saratoga co.; here are situated 1 
 Baptist church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Burkville, p. o. Waterlown, 
 Jefferson co.; here is situated on 
 the north branch of Sandy creek, 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 (lour- 
 ing mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 Burton, t. Cattaraugus co. si- 
 tuated 15 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 300 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 530 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat broken; soil, va- 
 rious, blended with clay, sand and 
 gravel. It is watered by the Al- 
 legany river and some of its tribu- 
 taries. The New-York and Erie 
 railroad passes through this town. 
 Burton is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Burtonville, p. o. Charles- 
 ton, Montgomery co. 
 
 Bushkell's Basin, p. o. 
 Perrinton, Monroe co.; here is 
 situated on the Erie canal, 1 Pres- 
 byterian church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Bushwick, t. Kings co. situa- 
 ted 3 miles east of Ihe city of 
 Brooklyn, and distant 14S miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,295 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and somewhat broken; the 
 soil is tolerably good, and well cul- 
 tivated: it is drained by Newtown 
 creek. 
 
 Buskirk's Bridge, v. and 
 p. o. Cambridge, Washington co. 
 is situated on the Hoosick river ; 
 it contains about 200 inhabitants, 
 30 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed church, 1 tavern, and 2 
 stores. Here is a free bridge across 
 the Hoosick river. 
 
 Busti, t. Chautauque co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Mayville, and distant 324 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,S94 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken; the soil 
 of good quality. It is drained by 
 several small streams which flow 
 into Chautauque lake and its out- 
 let, which bound it on the north. 
 Busti is the name of a post office. 
 
 Butler, t. Wayne co. situated 
 13 miles north-ea>,t of the village 
 of Lyons, and distant 170 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,271 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling, and the soil gravelly loam; 
 it is drained by some small streams, 
 {lowing into Lake Ontario. Butler 
 and South Butler are the names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Butterfield Lake, is one 
 of a small cluster of lakes, lying in 
 the town of Alexandria, Jefferson 
 county. 
 
 Butterfly, p. o. New-Ha- 
 ven, Oswego county. 
 
 Butter Hill, is a high and 
 steep eminence on the west of the 
 Hudson river, opposite Breakneck 
 Hill, at the north entrance of the 
 ' ' Highl and s , " or Mattea wan Moun- 
 tains. These are the northern 
 hills of this range on the river, and 
 the view of the upper country opens 
 at once, on ascending the noble 
 Hudson; after passing these hills, 
 the villages of Cornwall, New- 
 Windsor, Newburgh and Fishkill, 
 together with the diversities of 
 surface and the highly improved 
 farms in view, present a charming 
 (though not more interesting,) 
 contrast to the rude and romantic 
 scenery just passed. 
 
 Buttermilk Channel, is 
 the name given to the channel be- 
 tween Governor's Island and Long 
 Island, opposite trie city of Brook- 
 lyn. 
 
 Buttermilk Falls, is the 
 name of a picturesque and ro- 
 mantic cascade, situated on the 
 
96 
 
 BUTTERNUTS-CALDWILL'S LANDING. 
 
 west bank of the Hudson, 2 miles 
 below West Point. 
 
 Butternuts, t. Otsego co. 
 situated 25 miles south-west of 
 Cooperstown, and distant 90 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840 
 4,057 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly hilly; soil, red shale, on 
 slate and sand stone. It is drained 
 by Butternut creek and the Una- 
 dilla river, which bounds it on the 
 west. Butternuts and Gilberts- 
 ville are the names of post offices. 
 
 Butternut Creek, rises in 
 the town of Burlington, Otsego co. 
 and empties into the Unadilla ri- 
 ver ; this is a good mill stream, on 
 which are situated a number of 
 factories and mills. 
 
 Byersville, p. o. Sparta, Li- 
 vingston county. 
 
 By ram River, a stream that 
 rises in Westchester county, and 
 runs south into Long Island Sound; 
 forming for a short distance, the 
 boundary line between the states 
 of Connecticut and New-York. Its 
 whole length is 18 miles. 
 
 Byrnvilj.e, p. o. Fulton, 
 Schoharie co.; here are situated 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and 12 or 15 
 dwellings. 
 
 Byron, t. Genesee co. situated 
 10 miles north-east of the village 
 of Batavia, and distant 247 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,907 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level; soil, clay and calcareous 
 loam, mostly well cultivated and 
 producti ve . It is drained by Black 
 creek. In this town are several 
 sulphur springs. Byron and South 
 Byron are names of post offices. 
 
 Byron, v. and p. o. Byron, 
 Genesee co. contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 8 stores, 1 
 flouring mill andgi saw mill, situa- 
 ted on Black creek. 
 
 Cabin Hill, p. o. Andes, De- 
 laware co. 
 
 Cadiz, v. Franklinville, Catta- 
 
 raugus co. is situated on the Ischua 
 creek; it contains about 300 inha- 
 bitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 Cadose Creek, rises in the 
 town of Tompkins, Delaware co. 
 and flows south into the Papacton 
 branch of the Delaware river. 
 
 Cadyville, p.o. Plattsburgh, 
 Clinton co. Here are situated on the 
 Saranac river, several manufactur- 
 ing establishments, and 15 or 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Cadysville, v. Cuba, Alle- 
 gany co. situated at the outlet of a 
 small lake; contains 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 
 and about 25 dwellings. 
 
 Cairo, t. Greene co. situated 
 10 miles west of Catskill, and dis- 
 tant 44 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,S62 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and mountain- 
 ous on the west; the soil is g«od 
 in the valleys, and the uplands are 
 mostly under cultivation. It is 
 watered by the Catskill creek and 
 some of its tributaries. Acra, 
 Cairo and South Cairo are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Cairo, v. and p. o. Cairo, 
 Green co. is situated on the Sus- 
 quehannah turnpike, 10 miles west 
 of the village of Catskill; it con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
 thodist church ; 4 public houses, 
 6 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 1 
 hat factory ; here is situated the 
 county poor house, to which is at- 
 tached a farm of 100 acres. 
 
 Caldwill's Landing, Ha- 
 verstraw, Rockland co. is situated 
 on the west side of the Hudson 
 river, at the south entrance of the 
 "Highlands," directly opposite 
 the village of Peekskill, with which 
 it is connected by a ferry. This 
 is a convenient steam boat landing, 
 45 miles north of New-York. 
 
CALDWELL— CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 97 
 
 Caldwell, t. Warren co. con- 
 tains the county buildings situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 distant 62 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1S40, 693 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and mountain- 
 ous, the Palmertown ridge lying 
 upon the south-east; it is drained by 
 several small streams flowing into 
 Lake George, which bounds it in 
 part on the east. This is a wild 
 and romantic region of country, 
 connected with stirring events 
 during the revolutionary and old 
 French wars, which makes it al- 
 most classic ground ; it is much 
 resorted to by the lovers of the 
 marvellous, the tourist, the sports- 
 man and the angler. 
 
 Caldwell, v. and p. o. Cald- 
 well, Warren co. is delightfully si- 
 tuated on the south-west end of 
 Lake George, 62 miles north of the 
 city of Albany; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
 houses, a court house and jail, a 
 county clerk's office, 1 church, 4 
 hotels and taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and a plaster mill, 
 situated on Mill brook. In the vi- 
 cinity of this place, on the south 
 end of Lake George, is situated the 
 site of old Fort fVilliam Henry, 
 and a short distance beyond, the 
 ruins of Fort George ; still further 
 south is situated the ruins of Fort 
 Gage ; all of which are associated 
 with the early history of this part 
 of the country, during the old 
 French and revolutionary wars. 
 The Lake House at this place is 
 much resorted to, during the sum- 
 mer months, by parties of pleasure 
 and travellers. A steamboat plies 
 regularly between Caldwell and 
 the outlet of the lake at Ticonde- 
 roga, a distance of 36 miles; stages 
 then transport passengers a dis- 
 tance of 4 miles from the landing 
 on Lake George, to the steam boat 
 landing on Lake Champlain; af- 
 fording one of the most picturesque 
 and romantic excursions imagina- 
 7 
 
 ble. Stages also run daily during 
 the summer months, between Sara- 
 toga Springs and this place, a dis- 
 tance of 27 miles. A short distance 
 south-east of this village, on the 
 stage road to Glen's Falls, is situa- 
 ted the " Bloody Pond," near 
 which in September, 1775, was 
 killed about 1000 English and 
 French, and their bodies thrown in- 
 to this pond, which now presents 
 a wild and gloomy appearance. 
 
 Caledonia, t. Livingston co. 
 situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Geneseo, and distant 228 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,987 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, calcareous 
 loam. It is watered by the Gene- 
 see river on the east, and on the 
 west is a spring which sends forth 
 an efficient mill stream. 
 
 Caledonia, v. and p. o. Cale- 
 donia, Livingston co., contains 
 about 450 inhabitants, 70 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 
 and 1 brewery. 
 
 Callicooiv Creek, rises in 
 the town of Liberty, Sullivan co. 
 and runs through Cochecton, emp- 
 tying into the Delaware river. 
 
 Cambria, t. Niagara co. situa- 
 ted 7 miles west of the village of 
 Lockport, and distant 283 miles 
 from Albany; contained, in 1840, 
 2,099 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level; soil, sandy and cal- 
 careous loam, underlaid by lime 
 and sandstone; it is drained by 
 several small streams. Cambria 
 and Mount Cambria are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Cambridge, t.Washington co. 
 situated 12 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Salem, and distant 34 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2005 inhabitants. Th^ surface is 
 mostly level; soil, gravelly loam, 
 clay and sandy loam ; it is watered 
 on the south by the Hoosick ri- 
 ver and its tributaries. Buskirk's 
 Bridge, Cambridge and Cam- 
 
CAMBRIDGE— CANAAN. 
 
 bridge Centre are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Cambridge, v. and p. o. Cam- 
 bridge, Washington co. is situated 
 on the northern turnpike; it con- 
 tains, including Stevenson's cor- 
 ners, about "700 inhabitants, 190 
 dwelling houses, 2 Scotch Presby- 
 terian churches; an incorporated 
 academy, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 tannery and 2 wagon and 
 carriage manufactories. 
 
 Camden, t. Oneida co. situated 
 35 miles north-west of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 127 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S-10, 2,331 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 hilly, but arable; soil, sandy loam, 
 easy of tillage and very fertile on 
 the flats ; it is drained by Fish 
 creek and its tributaries. Camden 
 and West Camden are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Camdex, v. and p.o. Camden, 
 Oneida co. is situated on the west 
 branch of Fish Creek; it was in- 
 corporated in 1S34, and now con- 
 tains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 1 
 town house, 3 taverns, several 
 stores and groceries, besides many 
 kinds of mechanic workshops; 2 
 flouring mills and several saw mills 
 in the village and vicinity. 
 
 Camden and Amboy Rail- 
 road, being one of the connect- 
 ing links of travel between the 
 cities of New-York and Philadel- 
 phia, a description of it is here in- 
 serted. This road commences at 
 Camden, opposite Philadelphia , and 
 runs on the east side of the Dela- 
 ware river to the village of Bor- 
 dentown, thence northerly across 
 the state of New-Jersey to South 
 Amboy, on the Raritan bay; a 
 total distance of 61 miles. From 
 South Amboy a steamboat, for the 
 conveyance of passengers and mer- 
 chandise, runs direct to the city 
 of New-York, a furfJier distance of 
 25 miles. 
 
 Cameron, t. Steuben co. situ 
 ated 7 miles south of the village of 
 Bath, and distant 221 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 1359 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, calcareous loam and clay, 
 generally of good quality; it is 
 watered by the Canisteo and seve- 
 ral oilier small streams. Cameron 
 and South Cameron are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Camillus, t. Onondaga co. sit- 
 uated 7 miles west of Syracuse, 
 and distant 141 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 3957 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is rolling; soil, 
 calcareous loam; it is drained by 
 Nine Mile Creek. Belisle, Cam- 
 illus, Wellington and Winilfall are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Camillus, v. and p. o. Camil- 
 lus, Onondaga co. is situated on 
 the line of the Auburn and Syra- 
 cuse railroad ; it contains about 
 600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 4 stores 
 and 1 large flouring mill, situated 
 on Nine Mile Creek. 
 
 Campbell, t. Steuben co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 209 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 852 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, clay and marly loam; it 
 is watered by the Conhocton river, 
 Mead's creek and several other 
 small streams. Cumpbelitoicn and 
 Hammond's Mills are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Campbell Creek, p.o. Bath, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Campen's Creek, rises in 
 the town of Wirt, Allegany coun- 
 ly, and runs north-east into the 
 Genesee river ; through the valley 
 of this creek, for a considerable 
 distance, runs the line of the New- 
 York and Erie railroad, after leav- 
 ing the valley of the Genesee. 
 
 Campville p. o. Owego, Tio- 
 ga CO. 
 
 Canaan, t. Columbia co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles north-east of the city 
 
CANAAN CENTRE— CANALS. 
 
 99 
 
 of Hudson, and distant 24 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,957 inhabitants ; the surface is 
 hilly and mountainous; in the valley 
 the soil is light and arable, underlaid 
 by slate and lime. Several varieties 
 of minerals are found in this town, 
 among which are bog iron ore and 
 limestone ; it is watered by some 
 tributaries of Kinderhook creek. 
 The Hudson, and Berkshire, and 
 Albany and West Stockbridge rail- 
 roads both pass through this town. 
 Canaan, Canaan Centre, Canaan 
 Four Corners and Red Rock are 
 names of post offices; at the former 
 there is a small agricultural settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Canaan Centre, p. o. Ca- 
 naan, Columbia co. here is situat- 
 ed 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 
 a flourishing academy. 
 
 Canaan Four Corners, p. o. 
 Canaan, Columbia co.; here is an 
 agricultural settlement consisting 
 of 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 
 some 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Canadawa Creek, rises in 
 the town of Arkwright, Chautau- 
 que county, and runs north-west 
 into Lake Erie ; this is a tine mill 
 stream, on which are located seve- 
 ral thriving villages and manufac- 
 turing establishments. 
 
 Canaderaga or Schuy- 
 ler's Lake, lies in the north 
 part of Otsego county; it is 5 miles 
 long and I5 miles average width, 
 surrounded by hills. Its waters 
 abound with fish, common to fresh 
 water lakes in this part of the state. 
 Canaderaga Springs, Rich- 
 field, Otsego co. here are situated, 
 near the Cherry Valley turnpike, 
 about one mile north of Canadera- 
 ga lake, some sulphur sprngs, 
 which are much frequented by in- 
 valid- ; there are good accommoda- 
 tions for visitors. 
 
 Canadice, t. Ontario co. situ 
 ated 18 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Canandaigua, and distant 
 216 miles from Albany; contained 
 
 in 1840, 1,341 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly, rising into high 
 ridges between the Honeoye, Can- 
 adice and Hemlock lakes ; soil, 
 clay, loam and sand, portions of 
 which are productive. Canadice 
 is the name of the post office. 
 
 Canadice Lake, lying in the 
 town of Canadice, is 3 miles long 
 and half a mile wide. 
 
 Can a j on arieJ. Montgomery 
 co. situated 10 miles west of the 
 village of Fonda, and distant 55 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 5,146 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, yet generally arable ; 
 soil, strong, calcareous and sandy 
 loam ; it is drained by Bowman's 
 and Otsquake creeks, which flows 
 into the Mohawk river, and 
 bounds it on the north. Ames, 
 Canajoharie, Central Canajoharie 
 and Frey's Bush are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Canajoharie, v. and p. o 
 Canajoharie, Montgomery co. is 
 situated on the south side of the 
 Mohawk river ; it was incorporat- 
 ed in 1829, and now contains about 
 1300 inhabitants, 175 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch 
 Reformed, 1 Lutheran and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; an incorporated aca- 
 demy, 4 taverns, 10 stores and 
 groceries, 2 grist mills, 2 distille- 
 ries, 1 brewery, 1 furnace, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 plaster mill and an exten- 
 sive stone quarry, where are quar- 
 ried a fine quality of building 
 stone, which are also used in the 
 construction of locks on the en- 
 larged Erie Canal, which passes 
 through the centre of the village; 
 here also is the proposed termina- 
 tion of the Cattskill and Canajo- 
 harie Railroad, which is in 'part 
 finished and in operation; a stage 
 now leaves here for Catskill, a dis- 
 tance of 78 miles. 
 
 Canal, p. o. Van Buren, Onon- 
 daga co. See Canton Village. 
 
 Canals. See Black River, 
 Cayuga and Seneca, Champlain, 
 
 ... If ' 
 
100 
 
 CANANDAIGUA— CANDOR. 
 
 Chemung, Chenango, Crooked 
 Lake, Croton Aqueduct, Delaware 
 and Hudson, Delaware and Rari- 
 ton, Erie, Genesee Valley, Morris, 
 Oswego, and fVelland canals. 
 
 Canandaigua, t. Ontario co. 
 contains the county buildings, si- 
 tuated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant from Albany 
 195 miles. The surface is diversi- 
 fied with beautiful plains and gen- 
 tly rising hills; soil fertile, and 
 generally under a high state of 
 cultivation, producing large crops 
 of grain and other produce in 
 abundance. It is watered by Can- 
 andaigua lake, and several streams 
 which flow into it from the west. 
 Canandaigua, Centerfield and 
 Cheshire are the names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Canandaigua, v. and p. o. 
 Canandaigua, Ontario co. is de- 
 lightfully situated at the foot of 
 Canandaigua lake, 222 miles west 
 of Albany by railroad. It was in- 
 corporated in 1815, and now 
 contains about 2,700 inhabitants, 
 350 dwelling houses, a court hous«, 
 jail, surrogate's office, county 
 clerk's office and town house; 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Methodist, and 1 African 
 church, 2 banking houses, and a 
 savings bank; an incorporated 
 academy in a flourishing condition, 
 a female seminary, and 2 select 
 schools, 7 hotels and taverns, 25 
 dry goods, grocery and other 
 stores, 2 printing offices, 1 steam 
 flouring mill, and 1 saw mill. No 
 place in the state probably exceeds 
 this village as a desirable place of 
 residence; being surrounded by 
 one of the richest agricultural dis- 
 tricts in the state, abounding in 
 almost every luxury for which 
 Western New- York is so justly ce- 
 lebrated. On the south, at a short 
 distance, lies Canandaigua lake, 
 which with its cultivated shores, 
 is in full view of this abode of taste 
 and opulence. 
 
 Canandaigua Lake, is a 
 
 most beautiful sheet of water, 14 
 miles long, and from 1 to li miles 
 wide, lying mostly in the county 
 of Ontario, and a small part in 
 Yates county; it is surrounded by 
 highly cultivated lands, justly ce- 
 lebrated for their fertility, diver- 
 sified by charming scenery. Its 
 waters, which are deep and clear, 
 abound with fish of different kinds, 
 and are elevated 670 feet above 
 the Atlantic ocean. Canandaigua 
 Outlet flows north-east into Flint 
 creek, thence into Clyde and Se- 
 neca river; all of which are im- 
 portant mill streams. 
 
 CANASEnAGA CltEEK, rises 
 
 in Allegany co. and flows north 
 through a part of Livingston coun- 
 ty into the Genesee river. This is 
 an important mill stream, on which 
 is situated several thriving village-s 
 and manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Canasewacta Creek, rises 
 in the town of Otselic, Chenango 
 co. and empties into the Chenango 
 river, at the village of Norwich. 
 This is a tolerable good mill 
 stream, and is noted as abounding 
 in fine trout. 
 
 Canastota, v. and p. o. Le- 
 nox, Madison co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal, near the line of the 
 Syracuse and Utica railroad; it 
 was incorporated in 1835, and 
 now contains about 800 inhabi- 
 tants, 120 dwelling houses, 3 
 churches, 4 taverns, 8 stores, and 
 several forwarding houses, besides 
 many kinds of mechanic work- 
 shops. This is a thriving and 
 aclive place of business. 
 
 Candor, t. Tioga co. situated 
 S miles north of the village of 
 Owego, and distant 177 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,370 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, generally loam of good qua- 
 lity; drained by Cattotong and 
 West Owego creeks. Candor, 
 West Candor and Willseyville, are 
 the names of post offices. 
 
CANDOR— CANTON. 
 
 101 
 
 Candor, v. and p. o. Candor, 
 Tioga co. contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 3 large saw 
 mills, and 1 clothier's works 
 
 Caseadea, t. Allegany co. 
 situated 10 miles north-west of the 
 village of Angelica, and distant 
 267 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1S40, 1,033 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly in the east and west, 
 declining towards the Genesee ri- 
 ver, which flows nearly through 
 the centre, receiving several small 
 streams ; soil, clay and sandy 
 loam. Caneadaa, is the name of 
 a post office, where is situated on 
 the valley of the Genesee river, a 
 settlement containing 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling mill, 
 and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Caneadea Creek, rises in 
 Chautauque co. and flows east into 
 the Genesee river. This stream 
 has a number of tributaries, most 
 of which are good mill streams. 
 
 Canfield's Corners, p. o. 
 Nichols, Tioga co. 
 
 Canisteo, t. Steuben co. situa- 
 ted 14 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 241 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 941 inhabitants. The surface is 
 much broken ; soil, clay and calca- 
 reous loam, well adapted to grass & 
 grain ; the hills are well timbered 
 with a large growth of pine. It is 
 well watered by the Canisteo river 
 and some of its tributaries. In the 
 valley of the Canisteo, are rich al- 
 luvial flats. Canisteo and East 
 Canisteo are names of post offices. 
 
 Canisteo River, rises in Al- 
 legany county, and flows eastward 
 into Steuben county, where it 
 empties into the Tioga river, 5 
 miles above the village of Painted 
 Post. This is a good and durable 
 mill stream ; its length is 50 miles; 
 for about 40 miles it is boatable. 
 
 Canning ville, v. Marshall, 
 
 Oneida co. contains about 175 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 forge for making 
 bar iron, 1 blast furnace and 1 saw 
 mill. 
 
 Cannonsville, p. o. Tomp- 
 kins, Delaware co.; here are lo- 
 cated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
 1 saw mill and 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Canoga, v. and p. o. Fayette, 
 Seneca co. is situated about 1 mile 
 west of Cayuga Lake, near which 
 rises the somewhat celebrated 
 Canoga Springs, affording water 
 power sufficient for milling pur- 
 poses. The village contains a- 
 bout 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Cantatoe, p. o. Bedford, 
 Westchester co. 
 
 Canterbury, v. and p. o. 
 Cornwall, Orange co. is situated 
 
 1 mile west of Cornwall Landing ; 
 it contains about 500 inhabitants, 
 80 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 1 Ortho- 
 dox and 1 Hicksite meeting house, 
 
 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory and 2 tanneries. 
 
 Canton, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 contains the county buildings, si- 
 tuated in the village of the same 
 name, distant 206 miles from Al- 
 bany. The surface is level or 
 gently undulating; soil, clay loam, 
 strong and durable . White marble, 
 susceptible of a fine polish, is qua- 
 ried in this town; a large bed of 
 sulphate of iron, lies near the High 
 Falls, on Grass river, where cop- 
 peras and alum are extensively 
 manufactured ; lead ore is also said 
 to exist in this vicinity, which is 
 rich in minerals. It is watered by 
 Grass river and the Oswegatchie, 
 which enters it on the north-west 
 angle ; here a natural canal, ex- 
 tending a distance of 5 miles, unites 
 the above streams. Canton, Mor- 
 ley and South Canton are names of 
 post offices. 
 
102 
 
 CANTON— CARMEL. 
 
 Canton, v. and p. o. Canton, 
 St. Lawrence co. is situated on 
 Grass river, 206 miles north-west 
 of the city of Albany; it contains 
 about 800 inhabitants, 125 dwel- 
 ling- houses, a court house, jail and 
 clerk's office, constructed of white 
 free stone; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Me- 
 thodist, and 1 church called the 
 Union church ; an incorporated 
 academy in a flourishing - condition, 
 3 public houses, 6 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, 1 clo- 
 thier's works, 1 pocket furnace, 1 
 tannery, and a marble yard and 
 mill for sawing- marble. Here is 
 a fine bridge across Grass river, 
 with stone piers and a wooden su- 
 perstructure. 
 
 Canton, v. Van Buren, Onon- 
 daga co. is situated on the Erie 
 canal ; it contains 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, about 20 dwelling's, and the 
 Canal post office. 
 
 Cape Vincent, formerly cal- 
 led Gravelly Point, is a broad 
 sandy or gravelly cape, lying in 
 the town of Lyme, Jefferson coun- 
 ty, between the St. Lawrence river 
 and Chaumont bay ; it terminates 
 in a broad rounded point at the 
 foot of Lake Ontario, opposite 
 which are Fox and Grenadier Is- 
 lands. 
 
 Cape Vincent, v. and p. o. 
 Lyme, Jefferson co. is situated on 
 Ihe south-east side of the St. Law- 
 rence river; it contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 80 dwelling- houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
 church, 4 taverns, 5 stores, 2 ware 
 houses; 1 steam flouring mill, and 
 1 saw mill; 1 furnace and axe fac- 
 tory; 1 tannery, 1 ashery, and 1 
 ship yard. This is a port of entry 
 and a convenient steamboat land- 
 ing*. A ferry boat and stage con- 
 nects this place with Kingston, 
 Canada. 
 
 Cardiff, v. and p. o. La 
 Fayette, Onondaga co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
 
 flouring mill, 1 tannery and 1 dis- 
 tillery. 
 
 Carleton Island, lying- in 
 the St. Lawrence river, is attached 
 to the town of Lyme, Jefferson co. 
 This is an important island, as it 
 commands both channels of the 
 river, at this point, which is here 
 about 2 miles wide; being situated 
 equi-distant between Grand Island 
 and the American shore. It com- 
 prises 1,240 acres of excellent 
 land, and contains the site of an 
 old fort erected by the British in 
 1777, which was then an important 
 military position, as it is now in 
 case of need. It was also the scene 
 of some military operations during 
 the last war with Great Britain ; 
 having- then, for the first time, 
 been taken forcible possession of 
 by the Americans. 
 
 Carlisle, t. Schoharie co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles north-west of the 
 village of Schoharie, and distant 
 36 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,S50 inhabitants. The 
 surface is uneven and hilly ; soil, 
 sandy loam, underlaid with lime- 
 stone. In this vicinity are nume- 
 rous caverns ; sulphate of barytes 
 and aragonite are found here in 
 large quantities. Carlisle is the 
 name of a p:ist office, where is si- 
 tuated on the Cherry Valley turn- 
 pike, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, and 20 dwellings. 
 
 Carlton, t. Orleans co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles north of the village of 
 Albion, and distant 259 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,275 
 inhabitants. The surface is level ; 
 sod, sandy and gravelly loam ; it 
 is drained northerly by Oak Or- 
 chard creek, flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north. Carlton, East Carlton and 
 West Carlton are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Carmel, t. Putnam co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and distant from Albany 106 miles. 
 
CARMEL— CASSADAGA CREEK. 
 
 103 
 
 The surface is hilly ; soil, clay and 
 sandy loam, and very productive. 
 In this town and vicinity are seve- 
 ral beautiful small lakes, from 
 which flow the head waters of the 
 Croton river in a southern direction, 
 abounding with fish of different 
 kinds. Carmel and Red Mills- 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Carmel, v. and p. o. Carmel, 
 Putnam co. is handsomely situated 
 on the east side of a small lake, 
 106 miles south of the city of Al- 
 bany ; it contains a court house 
 and jail, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; an academy, 2 public 
 house-!, 3 stores, 40 dwellings, and 
 about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Caroline, t. Tompkins co. 
 situated 12 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ithaca, and distant 156 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,457 inhabitants. The surface 
 is hilly; soil, gravelly and calca- 
 reous loam ; drained by West Owe- 
 go and Six Mile creeks, the former 
 emptying into the Susquehannah 
 river, and the latter into Cayuga 
 lake, thence into Lake Ontario. 
 Caroline, Caroline Centre, Mott's 
 Corners, Slate rville and Speeds- 
 ville are names of post offices. 
 
 Carroll, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 25 miles south-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 336 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,649 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly ; soil, sand and 
 sandy loam ; deeply indented by 
 the "Connewango and Stillwater 
 creeks, the former of which flows 
 in a southern direction nearly thro' 
 the centre of the town. Carroll 
 and Frewsbunrh are post offices. 
 
 Carthage. See Rochester. 
 
 Carthage, v. and p. o. Wil- 
 na, Jefferson co. is situated on the 
 east side of the Black river, where 
 are two free bridges ; it was in- 
 corporated in 1841, and now con- 
 tains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses; 1 Methodist, and 
 1 Roman Catholic church ; an aca- 
 
 demy; 2 taverns, 10 stores of dif- 
 ferent kinds ; 1 blast furnace, 2 
 forges, 1 rolling mill, 1 nail facto- 
 ry, 1 axe factory, 1 flouring mill, & 
 2 saw mills. At this place com- 
 mences the " Long Falls," afford- 
 ing hydraulic power to a very great 
 extent ; above which, the river is 
 navigable 40 miles, to the " High 
 Falls." On the opposite side 
 of the river, in addition to the 
 above works, are located 1 blast 
 furnace, 1 axe factory and 1 oil 
 mill. 
 
 Carthage, or Low Point 
 Landing, Fishkill, Dutchess co. 
 is situated on the east side of the 
 Hudson river ; it contains 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and store house, 
 together with some 15 or 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Caryville, v. Elba, Genesee 
 co. contains about 200 inhabitants, 
 35 dwelling houses, 2 churches, a 
 college building, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
 and the Oakficld post office. 
 
 Cascadilla Creek, rises in 
 the town of Dryden, Tompkins 
 county, and flows west through 
 Ithaca into the head of Cayuga 
 lake. 
 
 Caseville, p. o. Olive, Ulster 
 co. ; here are located 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery, and 
 a few scattered dwellings. 
 
 Cashaque Creek, rises in 
 Allegan)- county, and flows north 
 through a part of Livingston 
 county, where it falls into Ge- 
 nesee river near Mount Morris. 
 
 Casiiong, p. o. Benton, Yates 
 co. 
 
 Cashong Creek, rises in 
 the town of Benton, Yates coun- 
 ty, and flows east into Seneca 
 lake. 
 
 Cassadaga, p. o. Pomfret, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Cassadaga Creek, rises 
 in Cassadaga lake, Chautauque 
 county, and flows in a southern di- 
 rection into Connewango creek ; 
 this is a fine mill stream, receiving 
 
104 
 
 C ASSAD AG A— CATO. 
 
 in its course several tributaries, 
 most of which afford water power 
 sufficient for mill sites. 
 
 Cassadaga Lake, is a small 
 body of water, lying partly in the 
 towns of Pomfret and Stockton, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Cassville, v. and p. o. Paris, 
 Oneida co. is situated on Sauquoit 
 creek. It contains about 250 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 
 
 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 
 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 2 fulling 
 mills and 1 distillery. 
 
 Castile, t. Wyoming co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles south-east of the 
 village of Warsaw, and distant 244 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,833 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling ; soil, gravelly loam, 
 adapted to grass and grain ; Silver 
 lake lies partly in the north of 
 this town, and it is bounded on the 
 east by the Genesee river. Castile 
 and Silver Lake are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 settlement, consisting of 2 taverns, 
 
 3 stores, 1 grist mill, several saw 
 mills and 25 dwellings. 
 
 Castleton, t Richmond co. 
 situated on the north end of Staten 
 Island, 5 miles north-east of the 
 village of Richmond, and distant 
 155 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 4,275 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and broken, but 
 mostly productive when well tilled. 
 It is bounded on the north by " Kill 
 Van Kull," a continuation of Sta- 
 ten Island Sound. North Shore 
 and Tompkinsville are names of 
 post offices. Factoryville and 
 New Brighton are names of vil- 
 lages. 
 
 Castleton v. and p. o. Scho- 
 dack, Rensselaer co. is situated on 
 the east bank of the Hudson river, 
 8 miles south of the city of Alba- 
 ny; it was incorporated in 1827, 
 and now contains about 350 inhab- 
 itants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 5 
 stores, 3 storehouses and 6 brick 
 
 yards. Here are owned 5 sloops, 
 principally engaged in transport- 
 ing produce and merchandise 
 to and from the city of New- 
 York. 
 
 Castle Williams. SeeGouer- 
 nor's Island. 
 
 Catharines, t. Chemung co. 
 situated 16 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Elmira, and distant 184 
 miles from Albany; contained, in 
 1840, 2,424 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is Hilly ; soil, clay, loam and 
 gravelly; it is drained on the north 
 by Catharine's creek, the inlet of 
 Seneca lake, and on the east by 
 Cayuta creek, which flows into the 
 Susquehanna river. Catharines 
 and Havana are names of post of- 
 fices. At the former there are s>tu- 
 aled 1 Episcopal and 1 Methodist 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 tan- 
 nery, 1 ashery and about 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Catharine's Creek, the in- 
 let of Seneca lake, rises in Che- 
 mung county, and flows northerly 
 into the lake at the village of Jef- 
 ferson. The water power afforded 
 by this stream is very great, there 
 being a descent of 400 feet in a 
 distance of 15 miles. 
 
 Catltn, t. Chemung co. situat- 
 ed 10 miles north of the village of 
 Elmira, and distant 190 miles from 
 Albany; contained, in 1840,1,119 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, gravelly loam; it is drained 
 on the north by Catharine's creek, 
 and on the south by some of the 
 tributaries of the Chemung river. 
 Martin's Hill and West Catlin are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Cato, t. Cavuga co. situated 13 
 miles north of the village of Au- 
 burn, and distant 155 miles from 
 Albany; contained, in 1840, 2,380 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, sandy loam of good 
 quality, but containing some 
 swamps and small lakes; Cross 
 lake receives Seneca river, which 
 flows across the southern boundary 
 
CATO FOUR CORNERS— CATSKILL CREEK. 
 
 105 
 
 of this town. Cato and Cato Four 
 Comers, arc names of post offices. 
 At the former is situated 1 church, 
 
 2 taverns, 2 stores and about 30 
 dwellings. 
 
 Cato Four Corners, p. o. 
 Cato, Cayuga co.; here is situated 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 
 about 25 dwellings. 
 
 Caton, t. Steuben co. situated 25 
 miles south-east of the village of 
 Bath, and distant 216 miles from 
 Albany; contained, in 1340, 797 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, gravelly loam ; it is watered 
 by several small streams flowing 
 into the Tioga or Chemung river. 
 Wormleyisthe nameofapostoffice. 
 
 Catskill, t. Greene co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant 34 miles from Alba- 
 ny; it contained in 1840, 5,339 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous on the west, but 
 comparatively level as you ap- 
 proach the Hudson river; soil, 
 clay, sand and loam, underlaid 
 with slate, limestone and gray- 
 wacke; it is drained by the Cats- 
 kill and some of its tributaries. 
 Catskill, Irvingsville and Leeds 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Catskill, v. and p. o. Cats- 
 kill, Greene co. is situated on both 
 sides of the Catskill creek, near its 
 junction with the Hudson river ; 
 the principle street being about 
 half a mile west of the steamboat 
 landing. It was incorporated in 
 1806, and now contains about 2,800 
 inhabitants, 400 dwelling houses, a 
 court house and jail, 2 banking 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Reform- 
 ed Dutch, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist 
 and 1 Methodist church; 12 I otels 
 and taverns, 12 dry goods stores, 
 4 hardware do., 4 druggists, 2 
 bookstores, 3 merchant tailors, 20 
 groceries, 3 milliners, 3 shoe stores, 
 
 3 saddlers, 3 hat stores and 2 print- 
 ing offices, together with most 
 every other branch of mechanical 
 
 pursuit; 2 brick kilns, 2 furnaces, 
 1 lumber yard, 1 brewery and malt 
 house, 1 steam planing machine, 
 1 large slaughtering establishment 
 and two extensive freighting hous- 
 es. Here is owned a steamboat 
 and 4 barges, besides several sloops 
 employed in transporting produce 
 and merchandise to and from the 
 city of New-York and different 
 places on the river. A ferry boat 
 plies across the river from the land 
 ing at this place, to Oak Hill, Co- 
 lumbia county. The Catskill and 
 Canajoharie Railroad commences 
 at this village, and is now finished 
 a distance of 26 miles, on which 
 cars run daily, to Cooksburgh in 
 Albany county. A daily line of 
 stages leave Catskill for Delhi, 
 Delaware county, and two tri- 
 weekly lines leave each, for Ithaca 
 and Spraker's Basin in Montgome- 
 ry county; the latter uniting with 
 the Erie Canal and western rail- 
 roads; a stas;e also runs from this 
 place to Hudson, via Athens, 
 twice daily, and a stage runs semi- 
 weekly to Prattsville, via Hunter 
 and Lexington. 
 
 Catskill and Canajoha- 
 rie Railroad, commences at 
 the village of Catskill, Greene 
 county, and is finished to Cooks- 
 burgh, in Albany county, a dis- 
 tance of 26 miles; from thence the 
 line of the road extends in a north- 
 west direction, through the county 
 of Schoharie into Montgomery; 
 terminating at the village of Cana- 
 joharie, situated on the Mohawk 
 river and on the line of the Erie 
 Canal. Total distance 78 miles. 
 This company was incorporated in 
 1S30, with a capital of $600,000. 
 
 Catskill Creek, rises in 
 Schoharie co. and flows through 
 the south-west angle of Albany 
 county, thence through Greene in- 
 to the Hudson liver at the village 
 of Catskill. This is a good mill 
 stream, having a descent of upwards 
 of 1000 feet in 35 miles. 
 
106 CATSKILL MOUNTAINS— CATTARAUGUS. 
 
 Catskill, Mountains, or 
 "Kaatsbeug," extend from 
 Ulster county through Greene, to 
 the southern part of Schoharie 
 county; distant from 6 to 10 miles 
 west of the Hudson river, above 
 whose waters they rise at their 
 highest elevation, to a height of 
 3,800 feet. The peaks are cover- 
 ed with snow from one to two 
 months longer than the low lands, 
 and on the eastern front are, in 
 many places, very precipitous; 
 
 upon the west, the declivity is 
 comparatively gentle. In these 
 mountains, the bear, the wolf, the 
 wild cat and the deer are still to be 
 found. The Pine Orchard, where 
 is erected a commodious hotel, 
 called the " Mountain House," is 
 situated on the brow of the moun- 
 tain, 2,212 feet above the Hudson, 
 in the extreme south-west part of 
 the town of Catskill, distant 12 
 miles from the village, and is dis- 
 tinctly visible from the river. 
 
 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY, taken from Genesee, in 1808, is cen- 
 trally distant 290 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the 
 north by the counties of Erie and Genesee, west by Chautauque, east 
 by Allegany and south by the state of Pennsylvania. Through the 
 centre of this county, from east to west, are situated high grounds 
 which divide the waters flowing north and south, and which enter the 
 ocean some thousand miles distant. The Allegany river rises in Penn- 
 sylvania, flows through the southern part of this county in its circuitous 
 route, to the Ohio, which stream empties its waters into the Mississippi, 
 thence into the Gulf of Mexico; while Cattaraugus creek and its tribu- 
 taries flow into Lake Erie, thence into the Gulf of St. Lawrence; in 
 addition to the above streams, Great Valley creek and Oil creek both 
 empty into the Allegany river. Although mostly elevated, the soil is 
 good and well adapted to grazing; it is well timbered and exports large 
 quantities of lumber and live stock; no region of this state, and proba- 
 bly none of any other in the Union, was originally covered with an 
 equal amount of valuable timber, as this anil The neighboring counties. 
 Hitherto the lands having upon them groves of timber, and contiguous 
 to mill-sites, have been more valued for the lumber they furnished, than 
 for the crops they might have been made to produce. By a recent geologi- 
 cal survey of this county, it is found to contain peat, marl, bog iron ore 
 and manganese. Saline and sulphur springs are occasionally met with; 
 there is also an oil spring in the town of Freedom, in many respects, 
 like that of Cuba, in Allegany county. Its area is about 1,232 square 
 miles, or 7S8,305 acres. 
 
 The Genesee Valley Canal, which commences at Rochester, termi- 
 nates at Olean, in this county; forming a water communication between 
 the Erie Canal and the Allegany river. The New- York and Erie rail- 
 road will also pass through this county when completed, running 
 through the valley of the Allegany. The portion of this county south 
 of the Allegany river, is at present unsettled, chiefly owing to the In- 
 dian Reservation, which extends for half a mile on both sides of the 
 river for a distance of about 30 miles; thus cutting off communication for 
 the want of bridges to connect it with the northen part of the county. 
 The rapid settlement of this section of country will follow the comple- 
 tion of the New-York and Erie railroad, which passes through the Al- 
 legany Valley, between Olean and Cold Spring, part of the way on the 
 south side of the river; in the above valley there will undoubtedly 
 spring up large and thriving villages, in connection with railroad de- 
 pots, and other natural advantages. 
 
CATTARAUGUS CREEK— CAYUGA COUNTY. 
 
 107 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in the county of Catta- 
 raugus, with the population in 1840. 
 
 Ashford, 1 
 
 Burton, 
 
 Cold Spring, 
 
 Conewango, 1 
 
 Dayton, 
 
 Ellicottville, 1 
 
 Farmersville, 1 
 
 Franklinville, 
 Freedom,... . 
 Great Valley, 
 Hinsdale,. . . . 
 Humphrey, . . 
 
 Leon, 
 
 Little Valley, 
 
 ,469 
 530 
 673 
 ,317 
 946 
 ,084 
 ,294 
 ,293 
 ,S31 
 852 
 ,937 
 444 
 ,326 
 700 
 
 Lyndon, 628 
 
 Machias, 1,085 
 
 Mansfield, 942 
 
 Napoli, 1,145 
 
 New-Albion, 1,016 
 
 Olean, 638 
 
 Otto, 2,133 
 
 Perrysburgh, 1,660 
 
 Persia, 892 
 
 Portville, 462 
 
 Randolph, 1,283 
 
 Yorkshire, 1,292 
 
 Total inhabitants, 28,872 
 
 opposite the village of Fulton, 
 with which it is connected by a toll 
 bridge; it contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed church, built of 
 stone and erected in 1766; 2 tav- 
 erns and 2 stores. 
 
 Cavekks, the principal caverns 
 that are known and have been ex- 
 plored, are situated in the Peters- 
 burgh mountain in Rensselaer co., 
 the Helderberg hills in Albany co., 
 the northern part of the Catskill 
 mountains in Schoharie co. and in 
 the vacinity of Watertown, Jeffer- 
 son co. 
 
 Cayudutta Creek, rises 
 in Fulton co. and flows south 
 through a part of Montgomery co. 
 where it empties into the Mohawk 
 river, near the village of Fonda. 
 
 CAYUGA COUNTY, formed from Onondaga in 1799, but has since 
 been reduced, is centrally distant 156 miles from the city of Albany; it 
 is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, east by the counties of Os 
 wego, Onondaga and Cortland, south by Tompkins county, and on the 
 west by the counties of Seneca and Wayne. This county is favorably 
 located and the soil is productive and well watered; producing wheat, 
 corn, rve and oats in great abundance. Gypsum is found in this vicin- 
 ity, and the brine springs of ihis county were formerly worked to a 
 considerable extent, and in importance they are second only to those 
 of Onondaga. In addition to these there are several important sulphur 
 springs, and a chalybeate spring occurs in the town of Sennet. Owas- 
 co lake lies in the centre of the county, Cayuga lake lies on the west- 
 ern border and Skaneatel s hike on the eastern; Little Sodusbay on the 
 north, unites with Lake Ontario; this county is also watered by Seneca 
 
 Cattaraugus Creek, rises 
 partly in Cattaraugus county and 
 partly in Genessee, and flows 
 westerly into Lake Erie, forming, 
 for the most part, the dividing line 
 between the counties of Erie and 
 Cattaraugus; it is a large and noble 
 mill stream, affording hydraulic 
 power to a great extent, having a 
 descent of 800 feet in about 50 
 miles. 
 
 Cattotong Creek, rises in 
 Tompkins co. and flows south 
 through a part of Tioga county, 
 where, it empties into Owego creek, 
 a short distance above the entrance 
 of the latter stream into the Sus- 
 quehanna river. 
 
 Caughnawaga, v. Mohawk, 
 Montgomery co. is situated on the 
 north side of the Mohawk river, 
 
108 
 
 CAYUGA— CAYUGA AND SENECA CANAL. 
 
 river which flows across it. The area of the county is about 648 square 
 miles, or 414,678 acres. 
 
 Cayuga lake is connected with Seneca lake by means of the Cayuga 
 and Seneca canal, which unites with the Erie canal near Montezuma. 
 The great line of railroad which will connect the cities of Albany and 
 Buffalo, pass through the village of Auburn, which is situated about 
 cqui-distant between the above places. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Cayuga county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Auburn, 5,626 
 
 Aurelius , 2,645 
 
 Brutus, 2,044 
 
 Cato, 2,3S0 
 
 Conquest, 1,911 
 
 Fleming', 1,317 
 
 Genoa, '. 2,593 
 
 Ira, 2.2S3 
 
 Ledvard, 2JU3 
 
 Locke, 1,654 
 
 Mentz, 4,215 
 
 Moravia, 2,010 Total inhabitants, 50,338 
 
 Cayuga, v. and p. o. Aurelius, I gated by steamboats from Cayuga 
 Cayuga co. is situated on the east j Bridge to the village of Ithaca, 
 
 Niles, 2,234 
 
 Owasco, 1,319 
 
 Scipio, 2,255 
 
 Sempronius, 1,304 
 
 Sennet, 2,060 
 
 Springport, 1,890 
 
 Sterling, 2,533 
 
 Summer Hill, 1,446 
 
 Venice, 2,105 
 
 Victory, 2,371 
 
 bank of Cayuga Lake; it contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 2 taverns and 3 
 stores. Here the celebrated "Cay- 
 uga Bridge" crosses the lake, 
 which is upwards of a mile wide; 
 a new bridge has also been here 
 erected for the railroad, still longer. 
 A steamboat runs from this place 
 to Ithaca, a distance of 40 miles. 
 
 Cayuga Creek, a northen 
 branch of Buffalo creek, rises in 
 Genesee and Wyoming counties, 
 and flows in a western direction 
 into Erie county, where it unites 
 with Seneca creek, which united 
 streams then take the name of Buf- 
 falo creek. 
 
 Cayuga Island, lies in the 
 Niagara river, opposite Grand Is- 
 land; it is one mile in length and 
 a quarter of a mile in width. 
 
 Cayuga Lake, which consti- 
 tutes one of the central lakes of 
 
 stopping at the intermediate land- 
 ings. It is a most beautiful sheet 
 of water, surrounded by highly 
 cultivated farms and thriving villa- 
 ges ; abounding in salmon trout, 
 white fish, pike, pickerel, perch 
 and catfish. On several of the in- 
 lets to this lake, towards the south, 
 are most beautiful and picturesque 
 water falls, well worthy the atten- 
 tion of the lovers of natural scene 
 ry. The outlet flows north into 
 Seneca river; near where it is 
 crossed by two bridges, each up- 
 wards of a mile in length; one be- 
 ing a toll bridge, known as the 
 Cayuga Bridge, and the other a 
 new bridge erected by the Auburn 
 and Rochester railroad company. 
 
 Cayuga and Seneca Ca- 
 nal, connects the Seneca and 
 Cayuga lakes with the Erie Canal 
 at Montezuma in Cayuga county. 
 It is 23 miles in length; passing 
 
 New-York, is 40 miles long and through the villages of Seneca Falls 
 from 1 to 3! miles wide; it lies be- and Waterloo, to the foot of Sene- 
 tween the counties of Cayuga and ca lake, at the village of Geneva, 
 Seneca, extending some 10 or 12 where it terminates. There are on 
 miles into Tompkins county. This this canal 12 locks, 8 lock-houses, 
 lake, which is very deep, is navi- 4 waste-weirs, 14 road bridges, 44 
 
CAUQUAGA— CENTRAL BRIDGE. 
 
 109 
 
 towing path bridges and 6 dams ; 
 descent 73 feet. It was commenced 
 in 1827, and completed in 1829; cost 
 $214,000. This canal has also a 
 lateral branch to Cayuga village on 
 Cayuga lake,openinga lake naviga- 
 tion altogether of about 100 miles. 
 
 Cauquaga Creek, rises in 
 Erie co. and Mows west into Lake 
 Erie, 15 miles south of Buffalo. 
 
 Cayuta, t. Chemung co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Elmira, and distant 188 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 835 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken ; the hills 
 covered with hemlock and pine. 
 It is drained by Cayuta creek and 
 some of its tributaries. Cayuta, 
 Van Etonville and West Cayuta 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Cayuta Creek, flows from 
 the Cayuta Lake, in Chemung 
 county, in a southerly direction, 
 forming a part of the division line 
 between the counties of Chemung 
 and Tioga; then it runs into the 
 Susquehannah river, a short dis- 
 tance below the State line. This 
 rapid stream affords numerous mill 
 sites, some of which are already 
 occupied ; trout are also taken in 
 abundance in its waters of large size. 
 
 Cayuta Lake, lies in the 
 northern part of Chemung county, 
 on the confines of Tompkins; this 
 is a small body of water abounding 
 in trout and other fish of a fine flavor. 
 
 Cazeivove Creek, rises in 
 Erie co. and flows into Buffalo 
 creek a few miles above its mouth. 
 This is a large and fine mill stream, 
 on which are erected a number of 
 factories and mills. 
 
 Cazenovia, t. Madison co. 
 situated 10 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Morrisville, and distant 118 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 4,153 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and undulating ; soil, 
 rich gravelly loam, suitable for 
 grass or grain. It is watered by 
 Cazenovia lake and Chittenango 
 creek, which flows north into Onei- 
 
 da lake. Cazenovia & New Wood- 
 stock are Dames of post offices. 
 
 Cazenovia, v. and p. o. Ca- 
 zenovia, Madison co. is situated on 
 the Cherry Valley turnpike. It 
 was incorporated in 1810, and now 
 contains about 1,600 inhabitants, 
 250 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 
 and 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 
 10 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 machine shop 
 and iron foundry, and 1 distillery. 
 Here is situated the Oneida semi- 
 nary, a theological institution 
 sustained by the_ Methodist per- 
 suasion of this and the neighboring 
 states. 
 
 Cazenovia Lake. This is a 
 small but beautiful sheet of water, 
 situated in the town of the same 
 name. It is 4 miles long by 1 mile 
 in width, abounding with different 
 kinds of fish. 
 
 Cedar Hill, p. o. Bethlehem, 
 Albany co. 
 
 Cedar Point, Moriah, Essex 
 co. is situated on the west side of 
 Lake Charoplain, on Bulwagga 
 Bay, opposite Crown Point. This 
 is a great lumber depot, from which 
 are annually sent large quantities 
 of sawed pine lumber and spars. 
 Here is situated a store, and a few 
 dwellings, about 1 mile south of 
 Port Henry. A ferry boat plies 
 across Lake Champlain from this 
 place to Chimney Point, in Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 Cedar Swamp, p. o. Oyster 
 Bay, Queens co. 
 
 Cedarville, p. o. Litchfield, 
 Herkimer co. Here are situated 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
 tannery, and a number of dwellings. 
 
 Centerville, v. Painted 
 Post, Steuben co. is situated on 
 the north side of the Chemung ri- 
 ver, between the villages of Cor- 
 ning and Painted Post. It contains 
 about 250 inhabitants and 30 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Central Bridge, p.o. Scho- 
 harie, Schoharie co. 
 
110 
 
 CENTRAL CANAJOHARIE— CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 Central, Canajoharie, p. 
 o. Canajoharie, Montgomery co. 
 
 Central Square, p. o Has- 
 tings, Oswego co. 
 
 Centre Almond, p. o. Al- 
 mond, Allegany, co. 
 
 Centre Berlin, p. o. Berlin, 
 Rensselaer co. 
 
 Centre Cambridge, p. o. 
 Cambridge, Washington co. 
 
 Centrefield, p. o. Canan- 
 daigua, Ontario co. Here are 
 located 1 Presbyterian and 1 
 Episcopal church ; 1 tavern, 1 
 store, and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Centre Gorham, p. o. Gor- 
 ham, Ontario co. 
 
 Centre Independence, p. 
 o. Independence, Allegany co. 
 
 Centre Lisle, p. o. Lisle, 
 Broome co. 
 
 Centreport, p. o. Hunting- 
 ton, Suffolk co. Here are situated 
 on Great Cow Harbor, 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 mill and 15 or 
 20 dwellings. 
 
 Centreport, v. Brutus, Cay- 
 uga co. is situated on the Erie ca- 
 nal; it contains 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 and about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Centre Sherman, p. o. 
 Sherman, Chautauque co. 
 
 Centreville, t. Allegany 
 co. situated 16 miles north-west of 
 the village of Angelica, and distant 
 264 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,513 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, argil- 
 laceous mould, adapted to grass or 
 grain. It is drained by several 
 small streams. Centreville is the 
 name of a post office, where is a 
 small settlement. 
 
 Centreville, v. Portland, 
 Chautauque co. contains 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 paper mill, 1 
 clothier's works, and about 35 
 dwellings. 
 
 Centreville, v. Westford, 
 Otsego co. is situated on Elk creek; 
 it contains about 200 inhabitants, 
 30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
 
 thodist church; 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ful- 
 ling mill. 
 
 Centre White Creek, p. 
 o. White Creek, Washington co. 
 Here are located 1 Baptist church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and a scattered 
 settlement, consisting of 25 or 30 
 dwellings. 
 
 Chalmers, p. o. Niagara, 
 Niagara co. 
 
 Cha]mberlainville,v. Great 
 Valley, Cattaraugus co. is situated 
 on the Great Valley creek ; it con- 
 tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 store, 2 saw 
 mills, and 1 tannery. 
 
 Champion, t. Jefferson co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles east of the village 
 of Watertown, and distant 14S 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,206 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, but mostly arable ; 
 soil, rich sandy and marly loam. 
 It is watered by Black river and 
 some of its tributaries. Champion 
 and Great Bend are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Champion, v. and p. o. Cham- 
 pion, Jefferson co. is an agricul- 
 tural settlement. It contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, an 
 academy, 1 tavern and 3 stores. 
 
 Champion South Roads, p. 
 o. Champion, Jefferson co. 
 
 Champlain, t. Clinton co. si- 
 tuated 15 miles north of the village 
 of Plattsburgh, and distant 188 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,632 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face on the east is level, on the 
 west hilly ; soil, clay loam, mostly 
 fertile and well cultivated. This 
 town is bounded on the north by 
 Canada, on the east by Lake Cham- 
 plain, and is drained by Chazy river, 
 which flows in a circuitous route 
 nearly through the centre. Cham- 
 plain, Perrysville and Rouse's 
 Point are names of post offices. 
 
 Champlain, v. and p. o. Cham- 
 plain, Clinton co. is situated on the 
 
CHAMPLAIN LAKE AND CANAL. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Chazy river 5 miles west of Lake 
 Champlain, and between 1 and 2 
 miles south of the Canada line. It 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
 and 1 Methodist church ; an aca- 
 demy building, newly erected; 7 
 stores of different kinds, 1 tavern, 
 1 grist mill, 6 saw mills, 1 cloth 
 dressing and carding machine, and 
 1 tannery. The Chazy river is na- 
 vigable to this place during 3 or 4 
 months in the year ; for the remain- 
 der of the season to within 1 mile. 
 Champlain, Lake, lies be- 
 tween the states of New-York and 
 Vermont, through which runs the 
 boundary line from near Whitehall 
 to lat. 45°, being a distance of 136 
 miles ; it may be said to extend 4 
 miles further into Canada, making 
 the whole length of the lake 140 
 miles; varying from half a mile or 
 less, to 10 miles in width. Its 
 direction is nearly north and 
 south, and it is a long, narrow and 
 deep body of water, dotted with a 
 number of islands, the largest of 
 which belong to Vermont. From 
 Whitehall to Crown Point, the lake 
 is quite narrow, but here it begins 
 to expand, and soon becomes 3 
 miles wide, still increasing north- 
 ward, until near Burlington, where 
 it spreads to its greatest width. 
 Steamboats of the first class, and 
 sloops of from 50 to 100 tons bur- 
 then navigate this lake its whole 
 length, thence down the Sorelle, or 
 Richelieu river, its outlet, to St. 
 Johns, Canada, where steamboat 
 navigation ceases ; a total distance 
 of about 150 miles. This lake is 
 also connected with the navigable 
 waters of the Hudson, by means of 
 the Champlain canal, which ex- 
 tends south, a distance of 63 miles. 
 As you approach near the centre 
 of Lake Champlain, a large body 
 of water presents itself to view, 
 bordered by scenery of the most 
 picturesque description ; the head- 
 lands which are seen to great ad- 
 vantage, and the vast ranges of 
 
 mountains on either side, is truly 
 grand and romantic. The highest 
 peak of the Green Mountains, cal- 
 led the " Camel's Hump," is seen 
 on the east, while the high ranges 
 of the mountains of Essex county, 
 are seen on the west. This latter 
 range of mountain peaks, contain 
 the highest land in the state of 
 New-York, rising in some places 
 to the height of 5,000 feet and 
 upwards, abounding with iron ore 
 and timber of lanre growth. Some 
 of the streams which flow into this 
 lake, abound with waterfalls of the 
 greatest beauty. It also abounds 
 with numerous indentations and 
 bays of singular beauty, which 
 only need to be seen to be admired. 
 Its waters are well stored with 
 salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, 
 pickerel and other fish. 
 
 Champlain Canal,, com- 
 mences at the junction with the 
 Erie canal, 9 miles north of the 
 city of Albany, and extends through 
 Saratoga county, along the west 
 bank of the Hudson river, to Fort 
 Miller bridge ; then crosses the 
 river and pursues a north course to 
 the village of Whitehall, in Wash- 
 ington co. where it terminates; 
 connecting Lake Champlain with 
 the navigable waters of the Hud- 
 son river. It has a lateral cut, 
 communicating with the Hudson 
 at Waterford, 10 miles above Al- 
 bany, by means of 3 locks. Here 
 is a capacious basin formed by a 
 state dam across the river at the 
 upper part of the city of Troy, 
 where is situated a sloop lock. 
 There is also a navigable feeder 
 extending from above Glen's Falls 
 to the summit level, a distance of 
 11 miles. Length of main canal 
 64 miles. It is 40 feet wide at 
 top, 28 feet at bottom, and 4 feet 
 deep ; 21 locks, each 14 by 90 feet. 
 Rise 134 feet ; fall 54 feet; total 
 lockage, or rise and fall, 
 188 feet. Commenced in 1816 ; 
 completed in 1819. Cost $1,- 
 079,872. 
 
112 
 
 CHAPELLSBURGH— CHATEAUGAY. 
 
 Chapellsburgh, p. o. 
 Humphrey, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Chapinville, p. o. Hope- 
 well, Ontario co. 
 
 Charleston, t. Montgomery 
 co. situated 10 miles south of the 
 village of Fonda, and distant 43 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,103 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly but mostly arable; 
 soil, clay, sand ana gravelly loam. 
 It is drained by several small 
 streams that flow north into the 
 Mohawk river. Charleston, Char- 
 leston Four Corners, and Burton- 
 ville, are names of post offices. 
 
 Charlotte, t. Chautauque 
 co. situated 13 miles east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 320 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,428 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, moist 
 clay loam, adapted to grass and 
 grain. It is drained by Cassadaga 
 creek and its tributaries. Charlotte 
 Centre, Gerry, Holdensville, Pu- 
 laski and Sinclairville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Charlotte, v.&p.o. Greece, 
 Monroe co. is situated at the mouth 
 of the Genesee river, 7 miles below 
 the city of Rochester ; it is some- 
 times called Port Genesee. Here 
 is a convenient steamboat landing, 
 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 forwarding 
 house, and some 20 or 30 dwel- 
 lings. The regular line of steam- 
 boats running between Oswego and 
 Lewiston stop at this place ; also, a 
 passage boat runs from here to King, 
 ston, Canada. A small steamboat 
 runs up the Genesee, to the landing 
 at Carthage ; and stages also run 
 direct to the city of Rochester, 
 several times daily on the de- 
 parture and arrival of the passage 
 boats. 
 
 Charlotte Centre, p. o. 
 Charlotte, Chautauque co. 
 
 Charlotte Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in the town of 
 Gallatin, Columbia co. 
 
 Charlotte River, rises in 
 
 Scnonane county, and flows wes- 
 terly a distance of 30 miles through 
 a part of Delaware, into the Sus- 
 quehannah river, in Otsego county. 
 
 Charlotteville, p. o. 
 Summit, Schoharie co. 
 
 Charlton, t. Saratoga co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles west of the village 
 of Ballston Spa, and distant 24 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1340, 1,933 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, clay, loam 
 and sandy loam, generally well 
 cultivated and productive. It is 
 drained on the south by Aelplas? 
 creek, which flows into the Mo- 
 hawk river. Charlton and West 
 Charlton are names of post offices. 
 Charlton, v. and p. o. 
 Charlton, Saratoga co. contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Methodist and 1 Universalist 
 church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, and a 
 machine shop; in the immediate 
 vicinity are 2 grist mills, 2 saw 
 mills, and 2 tanneries. 
 
 Chateaugay, t. Franklin co. 
 situated 10 miles north-east of the 
 village of Malone, and distant 200 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,824 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly ; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam ; it is drained by 
 Chateaugay river and its tributa- 
 ries, flowing north into Canada, 
 which bounds it on the north. 
 Chateaugay and West Chateaugay 
 are names of post offices. At the 
 former there is a small agricultural 
 settlement, on the post, road be- 
 tween the villages of Plattsburgh 
 and Ogdensburgh. 
 
 Chateaugay Lake, lies in 
 the town of Beekmantown, Clinton 
 county, on the confines of Franklin; 
 it is 4 miles long and 2 miles wide, 
 abounding in fish, and surrounded 
 by a thinly settled region of coun- 
 try; elevated 1,400 feet above the 
 tide waters of the Hudson. 
 
 Chateaugay Mountains, 
 or range of hills, commence in Ca- 
 
CHATEAUGAY RIVER-CHAUTAUQUE. 
 
 113 
 
 nada, and extend soulh through 
 the north-west part of Clinton 
 county into Franklin. Some of 
 the highest peaks are in Franklin 
 county, near Chateaugay lake. 
 
 Chateaugay River, rises 
 in Clinton and Franklin counties, 
 and flows northerly through the 
 latter county into Canada, where it 
 falls into the St. Lawrence river. 
 
 Chatham, t. Columbia co. si- 
 tuated 16 miles north-east of the 
 city of Hudson, and distant 22 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 3,662 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, various and 
 generally well cultivated. It is 
 watered by Kinderhook creek. 
 Chatham, Chatham Centre, Chat- 
 ham Four Corners, Maiden Bridge, 
 New Concord and North Chatham 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Chatham, v. and p. o. Chat- 
 ham, Columbia co. contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 iron 
 foundery, and an extensive wag- 
 on manufactory. 
 
 Chatham Centre, p. o. 
 Chatham, Columbia co.; here is 
 situated a small agricultural settle- 
 ment, consisting of some 10 or 12 
 dwellings. 
 
 Chatham Four Corners, 
 p. o. Chatham, Columbia co.; here 
 are situated 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 
 
 about 25 dwellings. The Hudson 
 and Berkshire, and the Albany 
 and West Stockbridge railroads 
 here form a junction, which tends 
 to make this point a place of con- 
 siderable importance. 
 
 Chaumont, v. and p. o. Lyme, 
 Jefferson co. is situated at the head 
 of Chaumont Bay ; it contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, open to all de- 
 nominations ; 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 2 saw mills, and 1 tan- 
 nery. This village unites the ad- 
 vantages of water power and 
 navigation, possessing a fine har- 
 bor of easy access from Lake 
 Ontario. It is celebrated for its 
 fisheries, and its fine blue lime- 
 stone. The latter is extensively 
 used for buildings and for public 
 works. 
 
 Chaumont Bay, lies in the 
 town of Lyme, Jefferson county, 
 near the foot of Lake Ontario; it 
 is of an irregular shape, about 7 
 miles long by 2 miles wide; into 
 which on the north flows Chau- 
 mont river. This bay abounds in 
 different kinds of lake fish, which 
 are here taken in great abun- 
 dance. 
 
 Chaumont River, rises in 
 Jefferson county, and flows in a 
 southern direction into Chaumont 
 bay, thence into Lake Ontario. It 
 is 15 miles lonjr. 
 
 CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1808, is cen- 
 trally distant 330 miles from the city of Albany. It is the westernmost 
 county in the state, being bounded north-west by Lake Erie, east by 
 Cattaraugus county, and south and west by the state of Pennsylvania. 
 This county borders on Lake Erie for a distance of about 30 miles, and 
 includes several good harbors, for steamboats and other large ves- 
 sels, which navigate the great western lakes. An elevated ridge run- 
 ning from five to eight miles from the lake divide the waters flowing 
 north and south, which ridge in some places is elevated from 1,000 to 
 1,400 feet. The general smface though hilly, is not mountainous; 
 the highest hills are susceptible of cultivation to their summits. The 
 6oil along the shore of Lake Erie, and on the margins of the principal 
 streams, is a rich alluvion, and is very productive, producing large 
 quantities of grain of different kinds ; the uplands are well adapted to 
 grazing. Fruit is also abundant, such as apples, pears and plums. 
 The most interesting object in this county connected with mineralogy, 
 
114 
 
 CHAUTAUQUE— CHAUTAUQUE LAKE. 
 
 is the carburetted hydrogen gas, which is here evolved in large quan- 
 tities. The most remarkable localities are those of Fredonia, Westfield 
 and Van Buren Harbor; these are commonly called gas springs, pos- 
 sessing an illuminating power equal to that of the purest coal or oil gas, 
 and is advantageously used in many places. Equally common are 
 springs charged with sulphuretted hydrogen. There are also several 
 localities of bog iron ore ; shell marl is abundant on the banks of Cas- 
 sadaga lake, and alum and copperas are spontaneously formed in the 
 town of Sheridan. Chautauque lake, Cassadaga lake and Bear lake, 
 all lie in this county ; the former is navigable for steamboats. In ad- 
 dition to the above lakes, may be named Chautauque creek, French 
 creek, Canadawa creek, Silver creek, Cassadaga creek, Conewango 
 creek, and the outlet to Chautauque lake. The New- Fork and Erie 
 railroad, when completed, will run through the northern part of this 
 county, terminating at Dunkirk Harbor. A railroad route has been 
 surveyed, extending from Buffalo, through Dunkirk, to the west line 
 of the state of New-York, there to connect with other lines of railroads 
 extending along the shore of Lake Erie to its western extremity, 
 thence to the Mississippi river; which, when finished, will form in 
 connection with the eastern railroads, a continuous railroad communi- 
 cation from Boston, New-York and the Far West. Its area is about 
 1,017 square miles, or 650,620 acres. 
 
 The county buildings are located in the village of Mavville, in the 
 town of Chautauque. The following are the names of the towns in the 
 county, with the population in 1840 : 
 
 Arkwright, 1,418 
 
 Busti, 1,894 
 
 Carroll, 1,649 
 
 Charlotte, 1,428 
 
 Chautauque, 2,980 
 
 Cherry -Creek, 1,141 
 
 Clvmer, 909 
 
 El'lery, 2,242 
 
 Ellicott, 2,571 
 
 Ellington, 1,725 
 
 French Creek, 621 
 
 Gerry, 1,288 
 
 Hanover, ... 3,998 
 
 Chautauque, t. Chautauque 
 co. contains the county buildings 
 situated in the village of Mavville, 
 distant 336 miles from Albanv ; 
 it contained in 1840, 2,980 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is high and 
 rolling, being situated on the divi 
 din"' ridge; a part of its waers 
 running east into Chautauque lake, 
 while a portion runs west into Lake 
 Erie ; soil, argillaceous loam of 
 good quality, producing abundant 
 crops of grass and grain. Chau- 
 tauque lake lies on its eastern bor- 
 
 Harmonv, 3,340 
 
 Mina, .." 871 
 
 Poland, 1,087 
 
 Pom fret, 4,566 
 
 Portland, 2,135 
 
 Riplev, 2,197 
 
 Sheridan, 1,883 
 
 Sherman, 1,099 
 
 Stockton, 2,078 
 
 Villenova, 1,655 
 
 Westfield, 3,199 
 
 Total inhabitants, 47,975 
 
 der, into which flows several 
 streams ; Chautauque creek and its 
 tributaries drain it on the west. 
 Do Wittville, Magnolia and May- 
 ville, are names of post offices. 
 
 Chautauque Lake, lying 
 entirely in the county of Chautau- 
 que, is a most beautiful sheet of 
 water ; it is 18 miles in length, and 
 in breadth varying from 1 to 3 
 miles, except near the middle, 
 where it contracts to a few rods. 
 It is navigable for steamboats from 
 Mayville to the foot of the lake, 
 
CHAUTAUQUE CREEK— CHEMUNG. 
 
 116 
 
 thence by its outlet to the Conne- 
 wango creek ; and is elevated 726 
 feet above the surface of Lake 
 Erie, and 1,291 feet above the At- 
 lantic Ocean ; being the highest bo- 
 dy of water in the Union on which 
 a steamboat floats. 
 
 Chautauijue Creek, rises 
 in Chautauque co. and flows nor- 
 therly into Lake Erie, descending 
 through a deep dell, or ravine; 
 this is a good mill stream, on 
 which are already erected a num- 
 ber of factories and mills. 
 
 Chazy, t. Clinton co. situated 
 10 miles north of the village of 
 Plattsburgh, and distant 176 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,584 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level on (he east and hilly on the 
 west; soil mostly of good quality, 
 and some of it verj r productive; it 
 is bounded on the east by Lake 
 Champlain, and drained by Chazy 
 and Little Chazy rivers. Chazy 
 and West Chazy are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Chazy, v. and p. o. Chazy, 
 Clinton co. is situated on the Little 
 Chazy river, 3 miles west of Lake 
 Champlain; it contains about 250 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
 1 Congregational and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 gri>t 
 mills, 3 saw nulls, 1 trip hammer 
 
 works and 2 tanneries. Blue lime 
 stone or marble, is found in abun- 
 dance in this vicinity. It is usually 
 of a black color, takes a good po- 
 lish, and is often quite equal in 
 beauty to the celebrated Irish mar- 
 ble. 
 
 Chazy Landing, Chazy, 
 Clinton co. is situated on the west 
 side of Lake Champlain, 9 miles 
 south of the Canada line; here are 
 situated, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 store 
 houses and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Chazy Lake, lies in the town 
 of Beekmantown, Clinton county; 
 it is 4 miles long by an average 
 width of 1 mile. 
 
 Chazy River, rises by sever- 
 al branches in the western part of 
 Clinton county and flows easterly 
 in a very circuitous route into Lake 
 Champlain, in the town of Cham- 
 plain. Its whole length is about 
 40 miles; affording many fine mill 
 privileges. 
 
 Chazy River, Little, rises 
 in Clinton county, and flows in an 
 easterly direction through the town 
 of Chazy into Lake Champlain. Its 
 length is about 20 miles. 
 
 Chelsea, p. o. Fredonia, Cat- 
 taraugus co. 
 
 Chelsea, v. Northfield, Rich- 
 mond co. is a small settlement sit- 
 uated on Staten Island Sound. 
 
 CHEMUNG COUNTY, taken from Tioga in 1836, is distant 190 
 miles from the city of Albany; bounded on the west by Steuben county, 
 north by Tompkins, east by Tioga and on the south by the state of 
 Pennsylvania. The surface of this county, although broken and hilly, 
 contains much good land; the flats along the streams are rich and ex- 
 tensive; the uplands are pleasant and productive, abounding in a large 
 growth of timber, and when cleared, well adapted to grazing. The 
 mineralogical productions of this county are supposed to be very limit- 
 ed It is watered on the south by the Chemung river, on the north b) 
 the inlet of Seneca lake, and on the east by the Cayuta creek; New 
 town creek flows south into the Chemung river. Its area is about 530 
 square miles, or 336,000 acres. 
 
 The Chemung Canal connects Seneca lake with the Chemung river 
 at Elmira; a navigable feeder also extends from Fairport to the village 
 of Corning, in Steuben county. This canal affords a water communi- 
 cation between the Erie Canal and the Susquehanna river, which emp- 
 ties its waters into the Chesapeake bay, in the state of Maryland. The 
 New- York and Erie Railroad, also passes through this county, afford- 
 
116 
 
 CHEMUNG— CHENANGO. 
 
 ing altogether facilities of immense importance to this region of coun- 
 try, which is rich in lumber and agricultural products. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Chemung county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Big Flats, 1,375 
 
 Catharines, 2,424 
 
 Catlin, 1,119 
 
 Cayuta, 835 
 
 Chemung, 2,377 
 
 Dix, 1,990 
 
 Chemung, t. Chemung co. sit- 
 uated 10 miles south-east of the 
 village of Elmira, and distant 198 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,377 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken, with fine 
 alluvial flats in the valley of the 
 Chemung, which flows near its 
 southern boundary; soil on the up- 
 lands, gravelly loam, covered with 
 hemlock, pine, maple and beech. 
 In the south-east part of this town 
 is situated a singular eminence 
 called " Spanish Hill," elevated 
 110 feet above the plain, and near 
 the bank of the river ; upon its 
 summit are vestiges of fortifica- 
 tions, displaying much skill in the 
 art of defence, having regular in- 
 trenchments, which perfectly com- 
 mand the bend of the river. Che- 
 mung is the name of a post of- 
 fice, where is a small settlement. 
 
 Chemung Canal, extends 
 from the head of Seneca Lake to 
 the Chemung river, terminating at 
 the village of Elmira, Chemung co. 
 Length 23 miles; with a navigable 
 feeder from the summit level at 
 Fairport, to the village of Corning, 
 a distance of 16 miies, where is a 
 
 Elmira, 4,791 
 
 Erin, 1,441 
 
 Southport, 2,101 
 
 Veteran, 2,279 
 
 Total inhabitants, 20,732 
 capacious basin formed in the Che- 
 mung river ; to this point extends 
 the Corning and Blossburg railroad, 
 thus affording great facilities for 
 the transhipment of coal and other 
 heavy commodities. The Che- 
 mung Canal and feeder are togeth- 
 er, 39 miles in length ; 53 locks, 
 overcoming an ascent and descent 
 of 516 feet; 8 waste-weirs, 21 
 road bridges, 3 towing path bridges, 
 11 farm bridges and 3 aqueducts. 
 Commenced in 1830; completed in 
 1833. Cost, $344,000. 
 
 Chemung River, which is 
 formed by the junction of the Con- 
 hocton with the Tioga river, com 
 mences in Steuben county, and 
 flows in a south-east direction 
 through the county of Chemung; 
 thence into the state of Pennsylva- 
 nia, where it empties into the Sus- 
 quehanna at the village of Athens; 
 its whole length is 40 miles. This 
 is a large and important stream; 
 during freshets it is used in floating 
 lumber and produce to market, 
 and affords a number of desirable 
 mill sites, many of which are still 
 unoccupied. It is also used as the 
 
 main feeder of the Chemung canal. 
 CHENANGO COUNTY, formed from Herkimer and Tioga in 1798, 
 is centrally distant 120 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on 
 the west by Broome and Cortland counties, north by Madison county, 
 east by Otsego and Delaware counties, and on the south by Broome 
 county. The surface is broken and hilly, though not mountainous; its 
 valleys are extensive and fertile, producing large crops of grain, while 
 the uplands are well adapted to grazing. Live stock, grain and lumber 
 are the principal exports. This county is well watered; the Chenango 
 river flows through the centre, while the Unadilla bounds it on the east, 
 both flowing into the Susquehanna river, which runs across the south- 
 east angle; in addition to the above the Canasawacta and Geneganslette 
 creek, flowing into the Chenango and the Otselic river runs through the 
 
CHENANGO— CHENANGO RIVER. 
 
 u: 
 
 north-west part of the county. There are two or three sulphur springs 
 in this county, which are frequented by those who are afflicted with cu- 
 taneous diseases. The Chenango canal runs through the valley of the 
 Chenango river, connecting the Erie canal with the boatable waters of 
 the Susquehanna river, at the village of Binghamton. The area of this 
 county is about S00 square miles, or 514,800 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Chenango county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Bainbridge, 3,324 i Oxford, 3,179 
 
 Columbus, 1,561 
 
 Coventry, 1,681 
 
 German, 965 
 
 Green, 3,462 
 
 Guilford, 2,827 
 
 Lincklean, 1,249 
 
 Macdonough, 1 ,369 
 
 New-Berlin, 3,086 
 
 Norwich, ... 4,145 
 
 Otselic, 1,621 
 
 Chb&'ango, t. Broome co. 
 contains the county buildings, si- 
 tuated in the village of Bingham- 
 ton, and is distant from Albany 
 145 miles; contained in 1840, 
 5,465 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hiliy, but arable and productive ; 
 the Chenango and Susquehanna 
 rivers both flow through this town, 
 forming a junction at the village of 
 Binghamton; the valleys and flats 
 from one to two miles wide, are 
 rich alluvial, producing grass and 
 grain in abundance. Binghamton 
 is the name of a post office. 
 
 Chenango Canal, leaves the 
 Erie canal at Utica, and proceeds 
 in a south-west direction to the vil- 
 lage of Clinton, where it intersects 
 the valley of Oriskany creek, 
 then up said valley into Madison 
 county, where it attains its sum- 
 mit, thence down the valley of the 
 Chenango to the Susquehanna ri- 
 ver, terminating at the village of 
 Binghamton, in Broome county. 
 Elevation from the Erie canal "to 
 its summit level, 706 feet; descent 
 from thence to the Susquehanna, 
 303 feet. Length 97 miles. The 
 structures on this canal are as fol- 
 lows ; 114 composite and 2 stone 
 lilt-locks; 1 guard lock; 19 aque- 
 
 Pharsalia, 1,213 
 
 Pitcher, 1,562 
 
 Plymouth, 1,625 
 
 Preston, 1,117 
 
 Sherbourne, 2,791 
 
 Smithville, 1,762 
 
 Smyrna , 2,246 
 
 Total inhabitants, 
 
 40,7S5 
 
 ducts ; 52 culverts; 21 waste-weirs; 
 56 road bridges ; 106 farm bridges; 
 53 feeder bridges ; 12 dams and 
 11 lock houses. To obtain the re- 
 quisite supply of water for this 
 canal, 17j miles of feeders and 7 
 reservoirs, have been constructed. 
 Commenced in 1833 ; completed in 
 1837. Cost, $1,737,703. 
 
 Chenango Forks, v. and p. 
 o. Barker and Chenango, Broome 
 co. is situated at the junction of 
 the Tioughnioga river with the 
 Chenango, on the line of the Che- 
 nango canal. It contains about 
 500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's 
 works, 1 tannery and a boat yard, 
 where canal boats are built and re- 
 paired. 
 
 Chenango River, rises in 
 Madison and Oneida counties, and 
 flows through the counties of Che- 
 nango and Broome, where it emp- 
 ties into the Susquehanna at the 
 village of Binghamton. It is 75 
 miles long, running in a southerly 
 direction through the Chenango 
 valley; on its banks are several 
 beautiful and thriving villages. 
 This stream is navigable for boats 
 and rafts 50 miles above its mouth. 
 
118 
 
 CHERRY CREEK— CHESTERVILLE 
 
 and is used to a considerable ex- 
 tent to feed the Chenango canal, 
 which i uns parallel to it through its 
 whole course. 
 
 Cherry Creek, t. Chautau- 
 que co. situated 20 miles east of 
 the village of Mayville, and dis- 
 tant 320 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,141 inhabitants. 
 The surface is rolling; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam; drained by Cone- 
 wango creek and some of its tri- 
 butaries. 
 
 Cherry Creek, v. and p. o. 
 CherryCreek,Chautauqueco. con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
 erns, 2 stores and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Cherry Valley, t. Otsego 
 co. situated 11 miles north-east of 
 Cooperstown and distant 52 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,923 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly but mostly arable; soil, cal- 
 careous mould; it is drained by 
 Cherry Valley creek and some 
 other small streams. 
 
 Cherry Valley, v. and p. 
 o. Cherry Valley, Otsego co. is 
 situated on the Great Western turn- 
 pike, 52 miles west of the city of 
 Albany; it was incorporated in 
 1812, and now contains about 1 ,100 
 inhabitants, 180 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church, 1 banking house, 
 5 public houses, 15 stores, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 carding and cloth dres- 
 sing establishment. The Cherry 
 Valley Academy, is a chartered 
 institution in a flourishing condi- 
 tion. 
 
 Cheery Valley Creek, 
 vises in the town of Cherry Valley 
 and flows into the Susquehanna 
 river in the county of Otsego. 
 
 Cheshire, p. o. Canandaigua, 
 Ontario co. here are located 1 tav- 
 ern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills and 12 or 15 dwellings, on a 
 tributary of Canandaigua lake. 
 
 Ciiesnut Ridge, p.o. Dover, 
 Dutche s co. 
 
 Chester, t. Warren co. situa- 
 ted 18 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Caldwell, and distant 80 
 miles lrom Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,633 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
 sandy loam and productive in the 
 valleys; it is watered by the Hud- 
 son river and some of its tributa- 
 ries. Schroon lake lies on the 
 north-east boundary; there are also 
 two other small lakes in this town, 
 all of which abound in trout and 
 other fish of a fine flavor. Ches- 
 tertown and Pottersville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Chester, v. and p. o. Goshen, 
 Orange co. is an agricultural set- 
 tlement on the line of the New- 
 York and Erie railroad; it contains 
 1 church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill and about 30 
 dwellings. This is a great mart 
 for the sale of live stock of differ- 
 ent kinds. 
 
 Chesterfield, t. Essex co. 
 situated 20 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Elizabeth, and distant 150 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,716 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
 sandy loam, with some clay. In 
 this town are several small lakes or 
 ponds, the principal of which are 
 Auger and Butternut; it is drained 
 by the Au Sable river, which flows 
 on the north boundary and empties 
 into Lake Champlain, lying on the 
 east. Highland, Keeseville, Port 
 Kent and Port Kendall are names 
 of post offices; Port Douglass is 
 the name of a landing on the west 
 side of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Chestertows, v. and p. o. 
 Chester, Warren co. contains about 
 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 6 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 tannery and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Chester vi lle,v. Westerloo, 
 Albany co. contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 
CHICTAWAGA— CICERO. 
 
 J 19 
 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
 2 taverns, 1 store and 1 tannery. 
 
 Chictawaga, t. Erie co. sit- 
 uated 6 miles east of Buffalo, and 
 distant 27S miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,137 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating 
 and the soil productive; it is wa- 
 tered by Cayuga and Cazenove 
 creeks, the head branches of Buf- 
 falo creek. The southern part of 
 this town is embraced in the Buffa- 
 lo Creek Reservation, and inhabit- 
 ed by the Seneca tribe of Indians. 
 
 Chili, t. Monroe co situated 
 10 miles south-west of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 230 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,174 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, clay loam and 
 very fertile; it is drained by Black 
 creek flowing into the Genesee 
 river, which bounds it on the 
 east.' Chili, North Chili, O'Con- 
 nellsville and South Chili are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 China, t. Wyoming co. situat- 
 ed 20 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage ot Wyoming, and distant 271 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,437 inhabitants. The surface on 
 the south is gently undulating and 
 rolling on the north; soil, clay 
 loam, well adapted to grass; it is 
 drained by Clear creek, one of the 
 head branches of Cattaraugus 
 creek. China, and East China are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Chippewa Bay, on the east 
 side of the St. Lawrence river, op- 
 posite the town of Hammond, St. 
 Lawrence co. contains a por- 
 tion of the " Thousand Islands." 
 
 Chittenango, v. and p. o. 
 Sullivan, Madison co. is situated 
 one mile south of the Erie Canal, 
 with which it is connected hv a 
 side cut; it contains about 1,000 
 inhabitants, 180 dwelling houses, 
 3 churches, 3 taverns. 10 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill 
 and 2 large factories for the manu- 
 facture of water lime, which is 
 
 found in this vicinity and is exten- 
 sively used on the different public 
 works of the state and other pur- 
 poses. The Syracuse and Utica 
 railroad passes near the village, 
 where is a depot. Ther3 is a sul- 
 phur spring one mile south of the 
 village of Chittenango, of which 
 the following is an analysis, by 
 Dr. Lewis C. Beck. 
 
 Temperature 49° F.; specific 
 gravity 1.00341. 
 
 The following is the composi- 
 tion in a pint of the water : 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Carbonate of lime, 0.88 
 
 Sulphate of Soda, 1 . 66 
 
 Sulphate of lime and mag.. 12.75 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, 0-14 
 
 Orjranic matter, traces. 
 
 15.43 
 
 Besides Sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 the water contains a small portion 
 of carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Chittenango Creek, rises 
 in the town of Nelson, Madison co. 
 and flows north into the Oneida 
 Lake. 
 
 Chrystler's Island, lies 
 in the St. Lawrence river, and is 
 attached to the town of Louisville, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Chuctamjnda Creek, ri- 
 ses in Fulton and Saratoga coun- 
 ties, and flows south into Montgo- 
 mery co. where it empties into the 
 Mohawk river at the village of 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Churchtown, v. Claverack, 
 Columbia co. is a small settlement 
 containing a Lutheran church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and 8 or 10 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Church vi lle, v. and p. o. 
 Riga, Monroe co. is situated on 
 the line of the Tonawanda rail- 
 road ; it contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 
 a woollen factory propelled by 
 steam power. 
 
 Cicero, t. Onondasra co. situ- 
 
120 
 
 CICERO— CLARKSTOWN. 
 
 ated 10 miles north-east of Syra- 
 cuse, and distant 143 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,464 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level and much of the soil of good 
 quality; Oneida lake lies on the 
 north-east boundary, and on the 
 east flows the Chittenango creek. 
 Cicero and Brewerton are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Cicero, v. and p. o. Cicero, 
 Onondaga co. contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns and 4 stores. 
 
 Cincinnatus, t. Cortland co. 
 situated 15 miles south-east of the 
 village of Cortland, and distant 
 131 miles from Albany, contained 
 in 1840, 1,301 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly, and soil produc- 
 tive; it is drained by the Otselic 
 creek and its tributaries. 
 
 Cincinnatus, v. and p. o. 
 Cincinnatus, Cortland co. is situat- 
 ed on the Otselic creek; it con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 
 6 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 2 tanneries. 
 
 Cities. See Albany, Brook- 
 lyn, Buffalo, Hudson, New- York, 
 Rochester, Schenectady, Troy and 
 Utica. 
 
 City, p.o. Amenia, Dutchess co. 
 
 City Island, lies in the East 
 river and is attached to the town 
 of Pelham, Westchester county; 
 it is 2 miles long by 1 mile wide. 
 
 Clarence, t. Erie co. situat- 
 ed 16 miles north-east of the city 
 of Buffalo and distant 265 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 2,271 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, clay, sandy and 
 calcareous loam, dry and suitable 
 for grain; drained by Ransom's 
 creek and the Tonawanda, which 
 flows on the north boundary. Clar- 
 ence and North Clarence are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Clarendon, t. Orleans co. 
 situated 10 miles south east of the 
 Tillage of Albion, and distant 248 
 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,251 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and somewhat broken, 
 but mostly arable; soil, calcare- 
 ous loam; it is drained by two 
 small creeks. 
 
 Clarendon, v. and p. o. Cla- 
 rendon, Orleans co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores 
 and 1 flouring mill. 
 
 Clarkesville, t. Allegany co. 
 situated 15 miles south-west of the 
 village of Angelica and distant 278 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 326 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and undulating, most- 
 ly covered with a dense forest of 
 valuable pine timber; it is drained 
 by Dodge's creek and some other 
 small streams. Clarkesville is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Clarkesville, v. Aurelius, 
 Cayuga co. situated on the Owas- 
 co outlet, a short distance below 
 the village of Auburn, and may be 
 considered as forming part of the 
 suburbs of the latter place. Here 
 are located 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 paper mill, 1 fulling mill, 
 
 1 scythe factory, 1 tannery, 1 tav- 
 ern and 40 or 50 dwellings. 
 
 Clarkson, t. Monroe co. situ- 
 ated 16 miles north-west of the 
 city of Rochester, and distant 233 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,486 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level; soil, sandy 
 and gravelly loam; drained by 
 Sandy and Little Salmon creeks, 
 flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
 bounds it on the north. 
 
 Clarkson, v. and p. o. Clark- 
 son, Monroe co. is situated on the 
 Ridge road; it contains about 700 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian church, an academy, 
 
 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 flouring mill, 
 2 saw mills, 2 wool carding and 
 cloth dressing works and 1 carriage 
 manufactory. 
 
 Clarkstown, t. Rockland 
 co. contains the county buildings 
 situated in the village of New- 
 
CLAKKSYILLE— CLERMONT. 
 
 121 
 
 City, and is distant from Albany 
 122 miles; it contained in 1840, 
 2,533 inhabitants. The surface is 
 generally hilly and the soil produc- 
 tive in the valleys; it is bounded 
 on the east by the Hudson river, 
 and contains a small lake, the out- 
 let of which flows south into the 
 Hackensack river. Clarkstown 
 and Nyack Turnpike are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Clarksville, v. Brookfield, 
 Madison co. was incorporated in 
 1834, and now contains about 450 
 inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 iron 
 foundery, 1 fulling mill, 2 tanne- 
 ries, 3 carriage manufactories and 
 2 large cabinet ware factories. 
 
 Clarksville, v. Middlefield, 
 Otsego co. is situated on Cherry 
 Valley creek; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling 
 mill, 2 tanneries and 1 distillery. 
 
 Clarksville, p. o. New- 
 Scotland, Albany co. here are situ- 
 ated 2 taverns, 1 store and 12 or 
 15 dwellings. 
 
 Claverack, t. Columbia co. si- 
 tuated 4 miles east of Hudson, and 
 distant 34 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 3,056 inhabitants. 
 The surface is diversified, being 
 somewhat hilly ; soil, gravel, clay 
 & loam, generally of a good quality. 
 It is watered by Claverack creek. 
 Claverack, Harlemville, Hoffman's 
 Gate, Mellenville and Smoky Hol- 
 low, are names of post offices. 
 
 Claverack, v. and p. o. Cla- 
 verack, Columbia co. is situated 4 
 miles east of the city of Hudson ; 
 it contains about 300 inhabitants. 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 2 stores, and an incorporated 
 academy for males and females, in 
 a flourishing condition. 
 
 Claverack Creek, rises in 
 Columbia county, and runs into 
 
 and its tributaries are a number of 
 factories and mills. 
 
 Clay, t. Onondaga co. situated 
 10 miles north of Syracuse, and 
 distant 151 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1810, 2,852 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating; 
 soil, generally productive, resting 
 on saliferous sandstone. It is wa- 
 tered by the Oneida and Seneca 
 rivers, which here unite, form- 
 ing the Oswego river, flowing 
 thence into Lake Ontario. Clay 
 and Euclid are names of post 
 offices. The former is situated in 
 the village of Belgium. 
 
 Clayton, t. Jefferson co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles north of the village 
 of Watcrtown, and distant 172 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,990 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy and 
 clay loam of good quality. It is 
 drained by Chaumont river and 
 French creek, and the St. Law- 
 rence river bounds it on the north- 
 west. Clayton, Cornelia and De- 
 pauville are post offices. 
 
 Clear Creek, v. and p. o. 
 Ellington, Chautauque co. is situ- 
 ated on Clear creek ; it contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Clear Creek, rises in Chau- 
 tauque county, and empties into 
 the Conewango creek in Cattarau- 
 gus county. 
 
 Clear Lake, is one of a small 
 cluster of lakes, lying in the town 
 of Alexandria, Jefferson co. 
 
 Clermont, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 13 miles south of Hudson, 
 and distant 43 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 1,231 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating ; 
 soil, clay and gravelly loam, gene- 
 rally fertile. It is watered by An- 
 cram or Roeliff Jansen's creek. 
 
 Clermont, v. and p. o. Cler- 
 mont, Columbia co. is situated on 
 the post road between New-York 
 
 Kinderhook creek; on this stream and Albany ; it contains 150 inha 
 
122 
 
 CLEVELAND— CLINTON. 
 
 bitants, 25 dwelling- houses, 1 
 church, an incorporated academy, 
 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Cleveland, v. and p. o. Con- 
 stantia, Oswego co. is situated on 
 the north side of Oneida lake ; it 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 45 
 dwelling' houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores, 1 glass manufac- 
 tory, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 
 tannery, 1 clothier's works and 2 
 machine shops. 
 
 Clifton Park, t. Saratoga 
 co. situated 10 miles south of the 
 village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 22 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 2,719 inhabitants. The 
 
 surface is undulating ; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam, productive when 
 well cultivated. It is drained by 
 several small creeks, and is 
 bounded on the south by the Mo- 
 hawk river. Clifton Park, Jones- 
 ville and Rexford Flats, are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Clifton Springs, Manches- 
 ter, Ontario co.; here are situated 
 on the line of the Auburn tnd Ro- 
 chester railroad, some sulphur 
 springs, to which have recently 
 been given the above name ; they 
 are resorted to for their medicinal 
 properties, and have become some- 
 what celebrated. 
 
 CLTNTON COUNTY, formed from Albany in 17S8, since changed, is 
 centrally distant 1(30 miles from the city of Albany ; it is situated on the 
 northern boundary of the state; bein<r bounded on the north by Canada, 
 east by Lake Champlaihj south by Essex county, and on the west by 
 Franklin county. The southern parts are elevated and hilly ; the nor- 
 thern and eastern are more level and better cultivated. The soil is of 
 various qualities, interspersed with much good farming land. The 
 forests are covered with heavy timber, producing large quantities of 
 valuable lumber. Iron ore of a superior quality is found in the 
 southern and western parts, from which large quantities of iron are an- 
 nually manufactured. The magnetic iron ores of this region, are 
 among the best in the state, and the iron obtained from them is highly 
 esteemed. Bog iron ore is also found on the head waters of the Saranac. 
 Marble is found near Pittsburgh, and in the northern part of the county; 
 it is usually of a black color and takes a good polish. Peat is also found 
 here in great abundance, and a sulphur spring, and a carbonated spring 
 is located in the town of Beekmantown. The Saranac river, which rises in 
 the county of Franklin, flows through the centre of this county, empty- 
 ing its waters into Lake Champlain ; while the Cliazy runs through the 
 northern part, the Great and Little Au Sable rivers water it on the 
 south. These with other streams afford fine water power, which is 
 found of great value in propelling iron works and mills of different 
 kinds. On the above streams there are to be found several picturesque 
 waterfalls, surrounded by beautiful scenery. This county was also the 
 scene of many sanguinary and hard fought battles during the late war 
 with Great Britain. The area of Clinton county is about 932 square 
 miles, o r 596,800 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Clinton county, with 
 the population in 1840 : 
 
 Au Sable, 3,222 
 
 Beekmantown, 2,769 
 
 Black Brook, 1,064 
 
 Champlain, 3,632 
 
 Chazv, 3,584 
 
 Ellenburgh, 1,171 
 
 Mooers, 1,703 
 
 Peru, 3,134 
 
 Plattsburgh, 6,416 
 
 Saranac, 1,462 
 
 Total inhabitants, 28,157 
 
CLINTON— CLINTONVILLE. 
 
 123 
 
 Clinton, t. Dutchess co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles north of the village 
 of Poughkeepsie, and distant 75 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,S30 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and in places much 
 broken ; soil, gravelly loam, most- 
 ly well cultivated. It is drained 
 by two or three small streams. 
 Clinton Hollow, Pleasant Plains 
 and Shultzville, are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Clinton, v. and p. o. Kirk- 
 land, Ondda co. is handsomely si- 
 tuated on both sides of the Oris- 
 kany creek, on the line of the 
 Chenango canal, 9 miles south- 
 west of Utica. It contains about 
 800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist and 1 Universalist 
 church; the Clinton Liberal Insti- 
 tute, a flourishing chartered insti- 
 tution, and the Clinton Grammar 
 School, also chartered ; the Do- 
 mestic Seminary, a private female 
 boarding school of some celebrity, 
 3 public houses and 8 stores of dif- 
 ferent kinds. In the immediate 
 vicinity are 1 large cotton factorv, 
 1 woollen factorv, 2 flouring mills, 
 3 saw mills and 1 scythe factorv. 
 Hamilton College, is conspicuously* 
 situated on an eminence about 1 
 mile west of the village of Clinton, 
 commanding an extensive and 
 charming prospect of the surround- 
 ing country. It was founded in 
 1812, and is now under the charge 
 of a president, and 5 professors, viz: 
 Law, History, Civil Polity and 
 Political Economy; Natural His- 
 tory and Chemistry; Mathematics 
 and Astronomy; Clas ical Litera- 
 ture, Moral Science and Belles 
 Lettres, and a tutor. The number 
 of students in 1841, was 92. The 
 college edifices consist principally 
 of 3 stone buildings 4 stories each, 
 and a chapel, all of which are con- 
 structed in <rood taste. The latter 
 is a fine specimen of architecture. 
 Attached to the above are colkge 
 
 grounds, consisting of 41 acres of 
 land. 
 
 Clinton Hollow, p. o. Clin- 
 ton, Dutchess co. 
 
 Clinton Mountains, is the 
 name sometimes given to the nor 
 them range of mountains in this 
 state. See Adirondack Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Clintonville, v. and p. o. Au 
 Sable, Clinton co. is situated on 
 the north side of the Au Sable river, 
 6 miles above Keeseville, and 10 
 miles west of Port Kent, on Lake 
 Champlain. It was incorporated 
 in 1825, and now contains about 
 750 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 1 tavern, and 8 stores 
 and groceries. The Peru Iron 
 Company here have a largo and 
 extensive manufacturing establish- 
 ment. The companv is chartered 
 with a capital of $200,000, of 
 which §130,000 is paid in Their 
 works consist of a forge of 18 fires, 
 where they manufacture 1,600 tons 
 of iron annually; the ore being prin- 
 cipally obtained in the vicinity, 
 from the Arnold and Palmer ndnes, 
 which are situated from 3 to 5 
 miles from this place. A rolling 
 mill in which is rolled annually 
 about 1.800 tons market iron and 
 nail plate; they have also a nail 
 factory, in which is manufactured 
 1,200 tons nails per annum. A 
 chain cable factory, a pocket fur- 
 nace, a machine shop, a grist mill 
 and saw mill, all belong to this es- 
 tablishment, giving employment to 
 about 150 mechanics and laborers. 
 The Arnold Hill Mine, as it is 
 called, in which is found the finest 
 quality of iron ore, may be descri- 
 bed as one of (lie many localities 
 of iron that exist in this vicinity. 
 " On this hill there are four veins 
 running- parallel or side by side ; 
 their width varies from 3 to 11 feet. 
 One of these, the old blue vein, has 
 been worked to the depth of 200 
 feet, and in length 100 rods 
 
124 
 
 CLOCKVILLE— COCHECTON 
 
 Throughout this extent, it preserves 
 an uniformity of width, which is on 
 an average 4 or 5 feet ; in some 
 portions of the vein it is only 2, in 
 others 8 feet. It dips to the west 
 at an angle of about 75°; it has 
 regular side walls, though less 
 perfect on the west side than on 
 the east." 
 
 Clockville, v. Lenox, Ma- 
 dison co. contains about 250 inha- 
 bitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 1 store, 2 grist 
 mills and 2 plaster mills. 
 
 Closter Mountains, or 
 Palisade range, enters Rock- 
 land comity from New-Jersey, on 
 the margin of the Hudson river, 
 and extends norlh to Verdrieteje's 
 hook in Clark stown. The ridge 
 known as Nyack hills, contains 
 excellent brown and red sand stone, 
 which is extensively quarried and 
 sent to market. The highest point 
 of this range, rises about 1,000 feet 
 above the Hudson, and the Pa- 
 lisades are remarkable for their 
 perpendicular and picturesque ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Clove, p. o. Union Vale, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Clove Kill, rises in Union 
 Vale, Dutchess co. and flows south- 
 west ; it is one of the principal 
 sources of the Fishkill, into which 
 it empties in the town of Beek- 
 man. 
 
 Clovesville, p. o. Middle- 
 town, Deleware co. 
 
 Clyde, v. & p. o. Galen, Wayne 
 co. is situated on Clyde river and 
 on the line of the Erie canal ; it was 
 incorporated in 1835, and now con- 
 tains about 1,000 inhabitants, 130 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; an academy or high 
 school ; 3 taverns, 16 stores of dif- 
 ferent kinds ; 4 flouring mills, 1 
 saw mill, 2 glass manufactories, 
 1 furnace and 1 tannery, besides 
 many other kinds of mechanic 
 shops. 
 
 Clyde River, is formed by 
 ihe junction of Flint and Mud 
 creeks, in the county of Wayne, 
 and flows easterly a distance of 20 
 miles, when it falls into Seneca 
 river. 
 
 Clymer, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 15 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Mayville, and distant 353 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 909 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, moist sandy 
 loam, well adapted to grass; drain- 
 ed towards the south by Broken 
 Straw creek and its tributaries. 
 Chjmer, Clymer Centre and North 
 Clymer are names of post offices. 
 At the former there is a settlement 
 consisting of 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 12 or 15 
 dwellings. 
 
 Cobleskill, t. Schoharie co. 
 situated 10 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Schoharie, and distant 45 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,533 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly with fertile 
 valleys; it contains a small lake, 
 and is drained by the Cobleskill, 
 having on its banks fine alluvial 
 soil. In this town is a mill stream 
 which issues from a natural well, 
 the depth of which has never been 
 ascertained; it then enters a sub- 
 terraneous passage and disappears 
 for a distance of 7 miles, when it 
 re-appears. Cobleskill, Cobleskill 
 Centre, Lawyersville, Punchkill 
 and Richmondville are names of 
 post offices. At the former there 
 is a settlement, consisting of 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 saw mill and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Cochecton, t. Sullivan co. 
 situated 16 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Monticello, and distant 
 134 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 622 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; 
 drained by the Collicoon and Ten 
 Mile creeks, both of which flow 
 into the Delaware river, which 
 bounds this town on the west. 
 
COCHECTON— COHOES FALLS. 
 
 125 
 
 Cochecton and Fosterdale are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Cochecton, v. and p. o. 
 Cochecton, Sullivan co. is situated 
 on the east side of the Delaware 
 river; it contains about 125 in- 
 habitants, 20 dwelling 1 houses, 1 
 tavern and 1 store. Here termi- 
 nates the Newburgh and Cochec- 
 ton turnpike, which runs between 
 the above places, a distance of 60 
 miles. 
 
 Coeymans, t. Albany co. sit- 
 uated 12 miles from the city of 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,107 
 inhabitants. The surface is brok- 
 en; soil, various; it is drained by 
 Coeyman's creek and some other 
 streams flowing into the Hud- 
 son river, which bounds it on the 
 east. Coeymans and Coeymans 
 Hollow are names of post offices. 
 
 Coeymans, v. and p. o. Alba- 
 ny co. is situated on the west side 
 of the Hudson river, 12 miles be- 
 low the city of Albany; it contains 
 ab; ( ut 700' inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 Dutch Reformed and 
 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 10 
 stores of different kinds; 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 axe factory, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 cloth dressing and 
 fulling mill, and several extensive 
 brick yards. This is a convenient 
 steamboat landing, from which sail 
 a number of sloops, mostly trad- 
 ing with the New-York market. 
 
 Coeymans Creek, rises in 
 the town of New-Scotland, Alba- 
 ny co. and flows into the Hudson 
 river in the town of Coeymans. 
 
 Coeymans Hollow, p. o. 
 Coeymans, Albany co. 
 
 Cohoes, v. and p. o. Water- 
 vliet, Albany co. is situated on the 
 south-west bank of the Mohawk 
 river, a short distance below the 
 Cohoes Falls and near the junction 
 of the Erie and Champlain canals. 
 Here is afforded by means of the 
 Mohawk, an immense amount of 
 hydraulic power; if found neces- 
 sary the whole volume of water in 
 
 the river can be used for propelling 
 machinery to almost any extent, 
 having a total fall of about 140 
 feet. During the lowest stages of 
 water, it is estimated that there 
 is sufficient to propel at least 1 ,000,- 
 000 of spindles with all the neces- 
 sary apparatus. H°re is now 
 erected an extensive cotton facto- 
 ry, owned by " The Harmony 
 Company," calculated for 7,000 
 spindles and 220 looms; a large 
 axe and edge tool manufactory; a 
 manufactory of drawers, wrappers 
 and hosiery, the knitting frames 
 being - driven by water power; 2 
 machine shops; 1 iron and brass 
 foundery, 1 paint mill, 1 flouring 
 mill, and 3 saw mills, two of which 
 are employed in sawing veneers 
 for cabinet work ; 200 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 
 Dutch Reformed and 1 Universa- 
 list church, 1 hotel and 12 stores; 
 containing a population of about 
 2,000 inhabitants, mostly engaged 
 in the above manufactories. The 
 peculiar advantages of this place 
 for hydraulic purposes was first ful- 
 ly appreciated by the late celebra- 
 ted civil engineer Canvass White, 
 Esq., during the progress of cut- 
 ting the Erie canal, on which great 
 work he was engaged. With the 
 co-operation of sundry individuals, 
 a liberal charter was obtained b^ 
 a company, from the legislature ot 
 the state, with a capital of $250,- 
 000, for the purpose of improve- 
 ment on a large scale, commensu- 
 rate with its natural advantages, 
 but by reason of continued en- 
 largement of its plan, the capital 
 was subsequently increased to 
 $500,000. Stages pas through 
 this village several times daily, 
 running between Albany and 
 Waterford, a distance of 10 miles. 
 Cohoes Falls, situated in 
 the immediate vicinity of Cohoes 
 village, is an object of great at- 
 traction, being much resorted to 
 
126 
 
 COLCHESTER— COLD SPRING. 
 
 during the summer months, by 
 visitors from all parts of the Un- 
 ion; the water of the Mohawk here 
 has a perpendicular fall of 70 feet, 
 besides a rapid descent above and 
 below; the banks of the river pre- 
 sent a grand and romantic appear- 
 ance, varying in almost perpendic- 
 ular heighth of from 50 to 120 feet, 
 for the distance of half a mile be- 
 low the falls, where is erected a 
 substantial bridge, the length of 
 which is about 800 feet across the 
 stream. 
 
 Colchester, t. Delaware co. 
 situated 20 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Delhi, and distant 101 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,567 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
 adapted to grass; it is drained by 
 the Papacton branch of the Dela- 
 ware river, which flows through a 
 valley of the same name. Col- 
 chester and Papacton are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Coldbrook, v. and p. o. Rus- 
 sia, Herkimer co. is situated on a 
 stream of the same name; it con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
 erns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills and one plaster mill. 
 
 Cold Creek, p. o. Hume, Al- 
 legany co. 
 
 Cold Creek, rises in the town 
 of Centreville, Allegany county, 
 and flows east into the Genesee 
 river; on this stream are a num- 
 ber of good mill sites. 
 
 Colden, t. Erie co. situated 
 20 miles south-east of Buffalo, and 
 distant 287 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,08S inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
 clay, mostly wet and ccld, but 
 adapted to grass; it is drained by 
 Cazenove creek and some other 
 small streams. Colden is the 
 name of a post office, where is a 
 small settlement and some mills. 
 
 Coldenham, p. o. Newburgh, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Colden Lake, lies in the 
 town of Newcomb, Essex co. a 
 short distance below Avalanche 
 Lake, whose waters it receives 
 after a descent of about 50 feet; it 
 is 1 mile in length and half a mile 
 wide. This is a romantic sheet of 
 water, lying 2,850 feet above the 
 tide waters of the Hudson, sur- 
 rounded by high and lofty moun- 
 tain peaks. 
 
 Cold Spring, t. Cattaraugus 
 co. situated 16 miles south-west of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and 
 distant 308 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 673 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly with extensive 
 valleys; Cold Spring creek empties 
 into "the Allegany river, which 
 flows nearly through the centre of 
 the town in a south-west direction. 
 This town contains an Indian vil- 
 lage and constitutes part of an In- 
 dian reservation. 
 
 Cold Spring, v. Cold Spring, 
 Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
 north side of the Allegany river, 
 on the line of the New -York and 
 Erie railroad. This is an old In- 
 I dian settlement and has recently 
 become a place of considerable 
 importance from its favorable lo- 
 cation as a depot for lumber, from 
 whence there is now a large amount 
 annually sent down the Allegany 
 river. The completion of the 
 New-York and Erie railroad will 
 add much to its future prospects. 
 Cold Spring, v. and p. o. 
 Phillipstown, Putnam co. is ro- 
 manticly situated in the Highlands, 
 on the east side of the Hudson 
 river, about one mile north of 
 West Point. It contains about 1,200 
 inhabitants, 170 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Cath- 
 olic church, 3 public houses, 10 
 stores and a very extensive iron 
 foundery and machine shop, which 
 constantly employs about 300 
 workmen, engaged in different 
 mechanical branches. This foun- 
 
COLD SPRING HARBOR— COLUMBIA. 
 
 127 
 
 dery is supposed to be the most ex- 
 tensive of any in the Union; here 
 the ore is manufactured into iron, 
 and used in the construction of the 
 largest kind of machinery, and 
 warlike implements, steamboat and 
 other machinery. It is generally 
 known as West Point Foundery. 
 
 Cold String Harbor, is a 
 deep indentation of Long* Island 
 Sound, lying- between the counties 
 of Queens and Suffolk on the north, 
 being- a continuation of Oyster 
 Bay. 
 
 Cold String Harbor, v. 
 and p. o. Oyster Bay and Hunting- 
 ton, Queens and Suffolk counties, 
 is situated at the head and on both 
 sides of Cold Spring Harbor; it 
 containes about 500 inhabitants, 
 80 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal 
 church, 3 taverns and stores; 2 
 woollen factories and 1 gri.-t mill. 
 Here are owned several ships em- 
 ployed in ths whaling business, be- 
 sides several vessels employed in 
 the coasting trade. This is a very 
 desirable place of residence and is 
 much resorted to by strangers, 
 during the summer months. 
 
 Colesville, t. Broome co. 
 situated 12 miles east of Bingham- 
 ton, and distant 127 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840,2,528 
 inhabitants. The surface is most- 
 ly hilly, through which passes the 
 Susquehanna river, and in the val- 
 leys are rich alluvial flats. Coles- 
 ville, Dora, Harpersville, Osborn's 
 Hollow, New-Ohio, Ninevah, Sus- 
 quehanna and Val Ionia Springs are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 CoLLEBKRG. See CrolOTl. 
 
 CoLLEBERGH MOUNTAIN 01" 
 
 Hills, lie in the t>wn of Cort- 
 land, Westchester co. south of the 
 •' Highlands." 
 
 Colleges. See Columbia Col- 
 lege, New -York; University of 
 the city of New- York ; Union 
 College, Schenectady; Hamilton 
 College, Clinton, Oneida county; 
 Geneva College, Geneva. 
 
 Colleges, Medical. See 
 Albany Medical College ; College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, New- 
 York, and Geneva Medical Col- 
 lege. 
 
 College Point, p. o. Flush- 
 ing, Queens co.; here is situated 
 St. Paul's College, a celebrated 
 and flourishing institution of learn- 
 ing, overlooking Long Island 
 Sound. 
 
 COLLIERSVILLE, p. O. Mil- 
 
 ford, Otsego co. 
 
 Collins, t. Erie co. situated 
 24 miles south of Buffalo, and dis- 
 tant 295 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 4,257 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating and 
 somewhat hilly; soil various; it is 
 drained by numerous small streams 
 and Cattaraugus creek, which 
 bounds it on the south. Collins, 
 Collins Centre and Angola are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Collinsville, v. and p. o. 
 West Turin, Lewis co. contains 
 about 130 inhabitants; 20 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, an academy, 2 
 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
 Colosse, v. and p. o. Mexico, 
 Oswego co.; this is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing 1 church, 2 
 
 taverns, 2 stores and 25 dwellings. 
 COLUMBIA COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1786, is centrally dis- 
 tant 30 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the north by Rens- 
 selaer county, east by the Massachusetts state line, south by Dutchess 
 county and on the west by the Hudson river. The surface of this county 
 is uneven and hilly on the eastern boundary, but more level as you ap- 
 proach the Hudson. In the soil there is much variety, part being rich 
 and highly cultivated, while other portions are less productive. The 
 mineral productions of this region are numerous and highly valuable; 
 among those which are considered the most useful, may be enume- 
 rated hematic and bog iron ores, important deposites of which exist in 
 
12S 
 
 COLUMBIA— COLUMBIAVILLE. 
 
 various parts of this county. Of galena, or the common ore of lead, 
 there are also several localities, the most noted of which is that in the 
 town of Ancram; sulphuret of copper, &c. is also found in company 
 with the lead ore. The oxide of manganese, peat and marl, are to be 
 included among the useful products of this county; there also exists 
 beds of marble in the towns of Hillsdale and Copake of a fine quality. 
 Columbia county contains several sulphur and chalybeate springs; the 
 Lebanon springs in particular possess great interest in consequence 
 of evolving nitrogen gas, and is greatly resorted to by invalids on ac- 
 count of its medicinal qualities. This county possesses several valua- 
 ble mill streams. Kinderhook creek and its tributaries water it on the 
 north; Claverack and Copake in the centre, and Ancram or Rocliff 
 Jansen's creeks flow on the south, in addition to the Hudson river, 
 which bounds it on the west. Here are located several extensive cot- 
 ton factories, mills and forges, which annually produce large quantities 
 of manufactured goods. Its area is about 624 square miles, or 399,500 
 acres. 
 
 The Hudson and Berkshire railroad, commences at the city of 
 Hudson and extends to the Massachusetts state line, where it unites 
 with the Western Railroad of Massachusetts at West Stockbridge; 
 the Albany and West Stockbridge railroad also passes through the 
 north-east angle of this county. The New- York and Albany railroad, 
 when completed, will extend through the interior. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Columbia county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Ancram, 1,770 
 
 Austerlitz, 2,091 
 
 Canaan, 1,957 
 
 Chatham, 3,662 
 
 Claverack, 3,056 
 
 Clermont, 1,231 
 
 Copake, 1,505 
 
 Gallatin, 1,644 
 
 Germantown, 969 
 
 Ghent, 2,558 
 
 Greenport, 1,161 
 
 Columbia, t. Herkimer co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Herkimer, and distant 75 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,129 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, calcareous and 
 sandy loam; it is drained by some 
 of the head waters of the Unadilla 
 and Susquehanna rivers, while 
 other streams flow north into the 
 Mohawk river. Columbia, and 
 South Columbia are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Columbia College. See 
 New- York City. 
 
 COLUMBIAVILLE, V. Stock- 
 
 Hillsdale, 2,470 
 
 Hudson City, 5,672 
 
 Kinderhook, 3,512 
 
 Livingston, 2,190 
 
 New-Lebanon, 2,536 
 
 Stockport, 1,815 
 
 Stuyvesant, 1,779 
 
 Taghkanic, 1,674 
 
 Total inhabitants, 43,252 
 
 port, Columbia co. is situated 
 about half a mile east of the Hud- 
 son river, near the confluence of 
 the Claverack and Kinderhook 
 creeks. It was incorporated in 
 1812, and now contains about 600 
 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 2 
 taverns and 2 stores. Here are 
 located 2 large cotton factories, 
 containing about 5,000 spindles, 
 manufacturing annually large 
 quantities of sheetings ; giving 
 employment to about 100 mecha- 
 nics and operatives. 
 
 Columbiaville, v. Madrid, 
 St. Lawrence co. is situated on 
 
COLUMBUS— CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 129 
 
 Grass river; it contains about 250 i Conesus Lake, is a small 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 ] body ot' water lying in Livingston 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 county; it is 9 miles long by 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw | in width. This lake, it is said, ex- 
 mill and 2 machine shops. The ceeds 300 feet in depth ; its waters 
 
 Madrid post office is situated in 
 this place. 
 
 Columbus, t. Chenango co. sit- 
 uated 14 miles north-east of the 
 village of Norwich, and distant 83 
 
 are pure and cold, and well stock- 
 ed with fish. 
 
 Cosesville, t. Schoharie co. 
 situated 20 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Schoharie, and distant 42 
 
 miles from Albany; contained in I miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,561 inhabitants. The sur- | 1840, 1,621 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat broken; face is hilly; soil, sandy loam. It 
 soil, clay and sandy loam; it is j is watered by the Manor -Kill, 
 watered by the Unadilla river and (which flows into Schoharie creek 
 some of its tributaries. Columbus on the west. Conesville is the 
 and Columbus Corners are names name of a post office, 
 of post offices At the former there Coney Island, forms a part 
 are situated 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 j of the town of Gravesend, Kings 
 
 stores, 1 tannery and about 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Columbus Point. See Kings- 
 ton Landing. 
 
 Comac, p. o. Smithtown, Suf- 
 folk co.; a small settlement is here 
 situated on the middle post road, 
 running between Brooklyn and 
 Riverhead. 
 
 Comstock's Landing, p. o. 
 Fort Ann, Washington co. 
 
 Concord, t. Erie co. situated 
 25 miles south-east of Buffalo, and 
 
 co.; it is 4j miles long, averaging 
 half a mile in width, and faces the 
 Atlantic ocean, being divided from 
 the main land by a narrow channel 
 or inlet, which is crossed by a toll 
 bridge. Here are two commo- 
 dious hotels for the accommodation 
 of visiters, the beach being much 
 resorted to for sea air and bathing. 
 No place in the vicinity of the city 
 of New-York, exceeds this island 
 as a convenient and desirable wa- 
 tering place. During the summer 
 distant 282 miles from Albany ; I months great numbers resort here 
 
 contained in 1840, 3,021 inhabi 
 tants. The surface is hilly, high 
 ridges dividing the streams; soil, 
 clay loam, well adapted for grass; 
 drained by several small streams 
 and Cattaraugus creek, which 
 
 Stages leave Brooklyn several 
 times daily in the summer season 
 for this island, and the Bath House 
 situated 3 miles north. 
 
 Congressional Districts. 
 The state is divided into 33 Con- 
 
 bounds it on the south. Con cord j gressional districts, and sends 40 
 Centre, Springville and Waterville j members to the United States Con- 
 
 Corners are post offices 
 
 Conesus, t. Livingston co. sit- 
 uated 10 miles south-east of the 
 village of Geneseo, and distant 221 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,654 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and the soil of rather 
 an indifferent quality ; lying be- 
 tween Conesus and Hemlock lakes, 
 which are surrounded by high and 
 precipitous grounds. Conesus and 
 West-^Wiesus are post offices. 
 9 
 
 gress, according to the apportion- 
 ment of the census of 1S30, being 
 in a ratio of one representative for 
 every 47,700 persons in each state, 
 computed according to the rule 
 prescribed by the Constitution of 
 the United States. The third dis- 
 trict, comprising the city of New- 
 York, is entitled to four members; 
 the eighth, seventeenth, twenty- 
 second and twenty-third, are each 
 entitled to two members; the re- 
 
130 
 
 CONHOCTON— CONST ANTIA. 
 
 maining districts send one member 
 each. The total number of repre- 
 sentatives to Congress in the 
 Union, according - to the above ap- 
 portionment, is 242 members. The 
 territories are each entitled to one 
 delegate. 
 
 Conhocton, t. Steuben co. 
 situated 18 miles north-west of the 
 village of Bath, and distant 225 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,965 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; the soil, moist clay 
 loam, well adapted to grass. It is 
 drained by the Conhocton river and 
 some of its head streams. Con- 
 hocton, North Conhocton and 
 Patchin's Mills, are names of post 
 offices. Liberty is the name of a 
 settlement. 
 
 Conhocton River, rises in 
 Steuben co. and unites with the 
 Tioga river near the village of 
 Painted Post, when the united 
 streams take the name of Chemung. 
 On the Conhocton and its tributa- 
 ries are a number of fine mill sites ; 
 this stream is navigable for rafts 
 and arks from the village of Bath 
 to its mouth during high water. Its 
 length is 55 miles. 
 
 Conklin, t. Broome co. situa- 
 ted 5 miles south-east of Bingham- 
 ton, and distant 152 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,475 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly, with a deep valley and 
 flats, through which flows the Sus- 
 quehannah river. Cmklin and 
 Corbettsville are names of p. offices. 
 
 Connecticut Creek, ri-es 
 in Brookhaven, Suffolk co. and 
 runs south into Fireplace bay. 
 
 Connewango, t. Cattaraugus 
 co. situated 15 miles west of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 302 miles from Albany: contained 
 in 1840, 1,317 inhabitants. Sur- 
 face high and rolling; some pla- 
 ces deeply indented by the streams ; 
 soil, good quality. It is drained 
 by Conewango and Little Con- 
 newango creeks. Connewango, 
 
 Axeville and Clear creek, are 
 names of post offices. Rutledge is 
 the name of a village. 
 
 Connewango Creek, rises 
 in Chautauque and Cattaraugus 
 counties, and flows south into the 
 Allegany river, receiving the outlet 
 of Chautauque lake and a number 
 of other tributaries. This stream 
 affords a pretty good boat naviga- 
 tion during high water; multitudes 
 of rafts also descend during certain 
 seasons of the year. 
 
 Conquest, t. Cayuga co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles north of the village 
 of Auburn, and distant 162 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 1,911 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, clay and sandy loam; 
 it contains Duck lake, and is 
 bounded on the north by Seneca 
 river, which here separates and 
 forms an island, called Howland's 
 island, lying in the south-west an- 
 gle of the town. 
 
 Conquest, v. and p. o. Con- 
 quest, Cayuga co. contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, I church, 2 taverns and 2 
 stores. 
 
 Constable, t. Franklin co. 
 situated 6 miles north of the village 
 of Malone, and distant 218 miles 
 from Albany, is bounded on the 
 north by Canada. In 1840, it con- 
 tained i, 122 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level; soil, sandy loam ; 
 drained by Trout river, which flows 
 north into Canada. East Constable 
 and West Constable are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Constabt-evile, v. and p. o. 
 West Turin, Lewis co. contains 
 about 130 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 saw 
 mill. 
 
 CONSTANTTA, t. OsWegO CO. 
 
 situated 30 miles east of the village 
 of Oswejro, and distant 140 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,476 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level; soil, sand and sandy loam. 
 
CONST ANTIA— CORBEAU. 
 
 131 
 
 It is drained by Scriba's creek and 
 other small streams which flow into 
 Oneida lake, bounding- it on 
 the south. Coiistantia and Cleve- 
 land are names of post offices. 
 
 Cor'stantia, v. and p. o. 
 Constantia, Oswego co. situated on 
 the north side of Oneida lake ; it 
 was incorporated in 1838, and now 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 45 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores, 1 iron foundery and 
 1 saw mill. 
 
 Constitution Island, lies 
 in the Hudson river, opposite West 
 Point, on which, during the revo- 
 lutionary war, were erected some 
 fortifiations. 
 
 Cooksbi'bch, v. and p. o. 
 Rensselaerville, Albany co. ; here 
 are situated 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 
 tanneries, and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 This is the present termination of 
 the Catskill and Canajoharie rail- 
 road, distant 26 miles from Cats- 
 kill. 
 
 Coonsville, v. Manchester, 
 Ontario co. is situated on the Can- 
 andaigua outlet; it contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
 1 saw mill, and a cloth dressing 
 establishment. 
 
 Cooperstown, v. and p. o. 
 Otsego, Otsego co. is delightfully 
 situated on a plain at the outlet of 
 Otsego lake, 66 miles west of the 
 city of Albany. It was incorporat- 
 ed in 1812, and now contains about 
 1,400 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
 houses; a court house, jail, and 
 county clerk's office; 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Me- 
 thodist and 1 Universalist church; 
 1 banking house; an academy in a 
 flourishing condition, besides seve- 
 ral good select schools; 7 hotels 
 and taverns; 2 bookstores, one of 
 which does a large publishing busi- 
 ness, and 20 stores of different 
 kinds ; an extensive flouring mill 
 and 1 saw mill. No inland village 
 in the state, probably exceeds this 
 
 place in elegance of situation and 
 beauty of surrounding scenery. 
 Otsego lake in the immediate vici- 
 nity, is a most beautiful sheet of 
 water, abounding in trout and bass, 
 celebrated for their peculiar fla- 
 vor. 
 
 Copake. t. Columbia co. situa 
 ted 17 miles south-east of Hudson, 
 and distant 47 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,505 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface on the east is 
 mountainous ; on the west is a 
 broad valley in which are several 
 small lakes, and through which 
 flows Ancram creek ; the soil is 
 various, being rich and productive 
 in the valleys. Copake is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Copake Ckeek, rises in Co- 
 lumbia county, and runs into Cla- 
 verack creek ; on this stream are 
 a number of factories and mills. 
 
 Copake Lake, lying in the 
 town of Copake, covers about 600 
 acres. Its waters are very clear, 
 and its bottom composed of white 
 sand or gravel ; its shores are of 
 gentle declivity, and highly culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Copenhagen, v. and p. o. 
 Denmark, Lewis co. is situated on 
 Deer river; it contains about 250 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 oil mill, and 1 
 rope walk. About half a mile below 
 this place on Deer river, is a fall 
 of 270 feet, being nearly perpen- 
 dicular; the banks for some dis- 
 tance below are high and rugged, 
 projecting over the stream, alto- 
 gether forming a great natural 
 curiosity. 
 
 Coram, v. and p. o. Brookha- 
 ven, Suffolk co. is centrally situa- 
 ted on the post road from Smith- 
 town to Riverhead ; it contains 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and 12 
 or fifteen dwellings. 
 
 Corbeau, v. Champlain, Clin- 
 ton co. is situated On the Chazy 
 river, 1| miles west of Lake 
 
132 
 
 CORBEAU CREEK— CORNING. 
 
 Champlain. Here are situated 
 
 1 Roman Catholic church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 
 
 2 saw mills and a few dwelling- 
 houses. 
 
 Corbkau Creek, rises in Cha- 
 zy, Clinton co. and runs north-east 
 into the town of Champlain, where 
 it empties in the Chazy river, at 
 tlie village of Corbeau. 
 
 CORBETTSVILLE, p. O. CoilK- 
 
 lin, Broome co. 
 
 Corfu, p. o. Pembroke, Gene- 
 see co. 
 
 Corinth, t. Saratoga co. situ- 
 ated 16 miles north of (he village 
 of Ballston Spa, and distant 49 
 miles from Albanv ; contained in 
 1840, 1,365 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling ; soil, »and and sandy 
 loam ; it is drained by several small 
 streams, and is bounded on the 
 east by the Hudson river. Co- 
 rinth and South Corinth are names 
 of post offices. The former is si- 
 tuated at Jessup's Landing. 
 
 Cornelia, v. and p. o. Clay- 
 ton, Jefferson co. is situated on the 
 St. Lawrence river, near the mouth 
 of French creek, by which name 
 it was formerly known. It con- 
 tains about 450 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 ta- 
 verns, 6 stores, 3 warehouses, 1 
 ship yard and 1 tannery. This is 
 a port of entry, and a convenient 
 steamboat landing, being a place 
 of considerable trade. The lumber 
 business alone here is very great, 
 giving employment to several 
 vessels, and a large number of 
 persons. 
 
 Corning, v. and p. o. Painted 
 Post, Steuben co. is advantageous- 
 ly situated on the south side of the 
 Chemung river, on the line of the 
 New-York and Erie railroad, 280 
 miles westerly of the city of New- 
 York. It contains about 800 in- 
 habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church; 1 banking 
 house, 1 hotel, 14 stores of different 
 
 kinds, and 1 warehouse ; 1 woollen 
 factory, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 iron foundery, 1 railroad 
 car factory, 1 machine shop, 1 
 boat yard lor building and repair 
 ing canal boats ; 1 axe factory, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 brick yard, and 1 
 lime kiln, where is used bitumi- 
 nous coal ; 1 carriage manufacto- 
 ry, 1 printing office, besides many 
 other kind of mechanic work 
 shops. The natural and artificial 
 advantages of this place are very 
 great. The Corning and Bhss- 
 burg railroad, which extends a 
 distance of 40 miles, into the bitu- 
 minous coal regions of Pennsylva- 
 nia, here terminates. The New- 
 York and Erie railroad passes 
 directly through the village, cross- 
 ing the Chemung river by a 
 substantial and elegant bridge, 
 near which is to be located a depot 
 for the use of the railroad company. 
 Here also commences the naviga- 
 ble feeder of the Chemung canal, 
 which unites with the Erie canal 
 by means of Seneca lake and Cay- 
 uga and Seneca canal. Here is 
 formed a capacious basin, by 
 means of a dam in the river, which 
 favorably unites water navigation 
 with the most important lines of 
 railroads and boatable waters. 
 The amount of coal and lumber 
 sent from this place to the eastern 
 markets is immense, giving em- 
 ployment to a great number of 
 canal boats and workmen of diffe- 
 rent kinds. The present year, 
 1841, about 50,000 tons of coal 
 alone, has been shipped from and 
 deposited at this place ; and it is 
 expected this amount will at least 
 be doubled another season. In 
 addition to the railroad cars for 
 Blos'sburg, stages leave Corning 
 daily for different places east, west 
 an 1 north. A mail is transmitted 
 over the above railroad, which is 
 carried in a train that is devoted 
 exclusively to passengers and mer- 
 chandise; connecting at Bloss- 
 
CORNING AND BLOSSBURG RAILROAD— CORTLAND. 133 
 
 burg; with a line of travel, extend- 
 ing- to Philadelphia. 
 
 Corning and Blossburg 
 Railroad, now in successful 
 operation, extends from the village 
 of Corning', Steuben county, to 
 Blossburg, Tioga county, Penn- 
 sylvania, a di tance of 40 miles. 
 This railroad reaches the bitumi- 
 nous coal and iron mines located 
 at the latter place ; it is furnished 
 with 5 first class locomotives and 
 passsenger cars, and about 200 
 cars for the transportation of coal 
 and other products. The estimated 
 amount of coal passing over the 
 road in 1S41, was forty thousand 
 tons; of pine sawed lumber, six 
 millions of feet. The chartered 
 name of the company, under whose 
 direction this work was commen- 
 ced, is the "Tioga Navigation 
 Company." 
 
 Cornwall, t. Orange co. si- 
 tuated 6 miles south of the village! 
 of Newburgh, and distant 100 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 
 hilly and in part mountainous; 
 having on its eastern border Butter 
 Hill and Crow's Nest, two celebra- 
 ted peaks of the "Highlands." 
 This is a romantic region of coun- 
 try, and contains besides West 
 Point, an United States military 
 station, for the education of cadets 
 preparatory to entering the army ; 
 the sites of old Forts Putnam, Clin 
 ton and Montgomery, the latter si 
 tuated on an eminence near the 
 Hudson river, in the south part of 
 the town, while the two former are 
 situated at West Point. Canterbury 
 and West Point are post offices. 
 
 Cornwall, v. Orange co. is 
 situated on the west side of the Hud- 
 son river, at the northern termina- 
 tion of the Highlands; it. contains 
 about 12o inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
 houses, 2 taverns, 4 stores, and 3 
 store houses ; 3 brick yards, 
 and 2 potteries. 
 
 Corn wallville, p. o. Dur- 
 ham, Greene co.; here are situated 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 12 
 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 3,925 inhabitants. The surface is 
 
 CORTLAND COUNTY, taken from Onondaga in 1808, is cen- 
 trally distant 140 miles from the city of Albany, and is situated near the 
 geographical centre of the state; it is bounded on the north by Onon- 
 daga county, east by Chenango, south by the counties of Broome and 
 Tioga, and on the west by Tompkins and Cayuga. The surface of this 
 county is elevated, with gradually sloping hills and broad valleys; the 
 soil is generally rich and productive, producing large crops of most 
 kinds of grain, and is well adapted to grazing. The only mineral pro- 
 ductions are those of iron ore, which occur in small quantities; one or 
 two sulphur springs, a brine spring, and some beds of marl. Several 
 streams flow through the county, the principal of which are the Tiough- 
 nioga, and Otselic rivers, affording much available water power. The 
 area of this county is about 500 square miles, or 320,000 acres. The 
 county buildings are located in the village of Cortland, in the town 
 of Cortlandville. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Cortland county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Cincinnattus, 1 ,301 
 
 Cortlandville, 3,799 
 
 Freetown, 950 
 
 Homer, 3,572 
 
 Marathon, 1,063 
 
 Preble, 1,247 
 
 Scott, 1,332 
 
 Solon, 2,311 
 
 Truxton, 3,658 
 
 Virgil, 4,502 
 
 Willett, 872 
 
 Total inhabitants, 24,607 
 
134 
 
 CORTLAND— COVINGTON. 
 
 Cortland, t. Westchester co. 
 situated 16 miles north-west of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 110 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 5,592 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and on the 
 north-west mountainous, where is 
 situated the lower Anthony's Nose, 
 a somewhat celebrated peak of the 
 " Highlands." Soil, sand and 
 gravelly loam; it is watered by 
 the Croton river and several small 
 streams flowing into the Hud- 
 son river, which bounds it on the 
 west. In this town is situated the 
 site of old Continental village, 
 Peekskill, Verplank's Point and 
 Teller's Point, all celebrated dur- 
 ing the revolutionary war, this vi- 
 cinity being the scene of many 
 stirring events. Cortlandtown, 
 Peekskill and Verplank's Point 
 are names of post offices. Croton 
 and Annsville are names of settle- 
 ments. 
 
 Cortland, v. and p. o. Cort- 
 landville, Cortland co. is situated 
 on the Tioughnioga river, 140 
 miles west of the city of Albany; 
 it contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 
 200 dwelling houses, a court house, 
 jail, and county clerk's office; 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho- 
 dist and 1 Universalist church, 3 
 public houses, 12 stores of differ- 
 ent kinds, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 1 paper mill and 2 tanneries. This 
 village is handsomly situated in a 
 delightful valley, and contains a 
 number of elegant private resi- 
 dences, surrounded by highly cul- 
 tivated grounds. 
 
 Cortlandtown, p. o. Cort- 
 land, Westchester co. is located in 
 Croton village. 
 
 Cortlandville, t. Cortland 
 co. contains the county buildings, 
 situated in the village of Cortland, 
 and is distant 140 miles from Al- 
 bany; it contained in 1840, 3,799 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, argillaceous mould, 
 and very productive; it is drained 
 
 by the Tioughnioga river and some 
 of its branches. Cortland, Mc- 
 Grawville and South Cortland are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Counties. See Alphabetical 
 arrangement. 
 
 County Line, p. o. Somerset, 
 Niagara co. 
 
 County Seats, Distances 
 from. See Albany city. 
 
 Coventry, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 16 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 117 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,681 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat broken; 
 soil, sandy loam, well adapted to 
 grass; it is drained by Harper's 
 and Kelsey's creeks which flow 
 into the Susquehanna river. Co- 
 ventry and Coventry ville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Coventry, v. and p. o. Co 
 ventry, Chenango co. contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 
 2 stores. 
 
 CoVENTRYVILLE, p. O. Co 
 
 ventry, Chenango co. ; here is a 
 settlement containing 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 2 
 saw mills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Covert, t. Seneca co. situated 
 •25 miles south of the village of 
 Waterloo, and distant 177 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,6S1 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and level, and soil of good 
 quality; it is drained by several 
 small creeks flowing into Cay- 
 uga lake, which bounds it on the 
 east. Covert is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Coveville,p.o. Northumber- 
 land, Saratoga co. 
 
 Covington, t. Wyoming co. 
 situated 9 miles north-east of the 
 village of Warsaw, and distant 241 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,43S inhabitants. This town 
 was divided on the erection of the 
 new county of Wyoming in 1841 ; 
 the northern part is still attached 
 
COW BAY— CRANBERRY LAKE. 
 
 135 
 
 to Genesee county, under (he name 
 of Pavilion. The surface is rol- 
 ling; soil, clay loam and very pro- 
 ductive, yielding large crops of 
 wheat and other grain. It is water- 
 ed by Allen's creek. Covington 
 and La Grange are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 settlement containing 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and 15 or 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Cow Bay, situated in the town 
 of North Hempstead, Queens co. 
 is an arm of Long Island Sound, 
 extending inland about 5 miles. It 
 is surrounded in part by highly 
 cultivated farms and country resi- 
 dences, and is navigable for steam- 
 boats. 
 
 Cow Harbor, Great and 
 Little, are situated in the north 
 part of Huntington, Suffolk co. 
 communicating with Huntington 
 Bay on the west; being separated 
 from Long Island Sound by Eaton's 
 Neck. 
 
 Cow Neck, situated on the 
 north side of Long Island, in the 
 town of North Hempstead, Queens 
 co. lies between Cow Bay on the 
 west, and Hempstead Harbor on 
 the east; it is about 6 miles long 
 and 2£ miles wide. Sand's Point 
 is on the north. 
 
 Cowlesville, p. o. Benning- 
 ton. Wyoming co. 
 
 Coxsackje, t. Greene co. sit- 
 uated 12 miles north of the village 
 of Catskill, and distant 22 miles 
 from the city of Albany; contain- 
 ed in 1840, 3,539 inhabitants. The 
 surface on the east is level, and on 
 the west hilly and somewhat bro- 
 ken; soil, clay and sandy loam; it 
 is drained by several small streams 
 flowing into the Hudson river, 
 which bounds it on the east. 
 
 Coxsackie, v. and p. o. Cox- 
 sackie, Greene co. is situated one 
 mile west of the landing on the 
 Hudson river; it contains about 
 500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling hous- 
 se, 1 Dutch Reformed church, 2 
 
 taverns, 15 stores of different kinds 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Coxsackie Creek, rises m 
 Greene co. and flows north-east 
 into the Hudson river, in the town 
 of New-Baltimore. 
 
 Coxsackie Landing, v. 
 Greene co. is situated on the west 
 side of the Hudson river, 22 miles 
 below the city of Albany; here 
 are three separate landings within 
 the distance of a mile, altogether 
 containing about 1,200 inhabitants, 
 150 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church; an academy, 4 public 
 houses, 16 stores of different kinds 
 and 15 warehouses; 1 steam plas- 
 ter mill and 1 furnace; 1 ship yard 
 and 2 dry docks for building and 
 repairing vessels; 19 extensive 
 brickyards where are manufactur- 
 ed yearly about 30 millions of 
 bricks. Here are owned and 
 sails from this place 1 steam- 
 boat, 2 freight barges and 19 
 sloops, carrying a large amount of 
 produce and manufactured pro- 
 ducts to the New-York market. 
 This is also a convenient steamboat 
 landing, where passengers are lan- 
 ded several times daily, during the 
 season of navigation. 
 
 Crab, or Hospital, Island, 
 lies in LakeChamplain, near Cum- 
 berland Head, and is attached to 
 the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton 
 county. 
 
 Crab Meadows, p. o. Hunt 
 ington, Suffolk co. 
 
 Craigville, p. o. Blooming 
 Grove, Orange co. here are situated 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 paper mill, 1 
 grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 saw 
 mill and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Crain's Corners, p. o. War- 
 ren, Herkimer co. 
 
 Cranberry Creek, p. o. 
 Mayfiejd, Fulton co. 
 
 Cranberry Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in the south 
 part of the town of Parishville, St. 
 Lawrence co., through which flows 
 
136 
 
 CRANE NECK— CROTON AQUEDUCT. 
 
 the east branch of the Oswegatchie 
 river. 
 
 Crane Neck, is a broad pe- 
 ninsula in the town of Brookhaven, 
 Suffolk co. extending into Long 
 Island Sound. 
 
 Cranesville, p. o. Amster- 
 dam, Montgomery co. 
 
 Crawford, t. Orange co. sit- 
 uated 18 miles west of Newburgh, 
 and distant 94 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 2,075 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
 clay and sandy loam, underlaid by 
 slate; it is drained by Shawangunk 
 river, which bounds it on the north- 
 west. Crawford and Bullville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Cseekville, p. o. Unadilla, 
 Otsego co. 
 
 Ckoghas, t. Lewis co. situat- 
 ed 12 miles north of the village of 
 Martinsburgh, and distant 141 
 miles from Albany. This is a 
 new town taken from Watson and 
 Diana in 1S41. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous; soil, vari- 
 ous, but of good quality in the val- 
 leys. Belforl is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Crooked Lake, by the In- 
 dians called Kcuka, lies partly in 
 the county of Steuben and partly 
 in Yates; it is 22 miles in length, 
 averaging l\ miles in width, run- 
 ning nearly north and south. The 
 waters of this lake are 270 feet 
 above Seneca lake, with which it 
 is connected by an outlet and ca- 
 nal. It abounds in salmon trout, 
 white fish, pickerel, perch, sun- 
 fish, bass and catfish; its waters 
 are cool and transparent, and from 
 3 to 500 feet in depth. At Bluff 
 Point, 9 miles north of the head of 
 the lake, it is divided by a high 
 promontory, extending on the east 
 to near the village of Penn-Yan, 
 a further distance of 13 miles, 
 while the northern branch extends 
 9 miles to Branchport. A steam- 
 boat for the conveyance of passen- 
 gers and towing, plies daily, from 
 
 Hammondsport to Penn-Yan, af- 
 fording a fine view of the lake and 
 adjacent country. 
 
 Crooked Lake Canal, ex- 
 tends from the Crooked lake, near 
 the village of Penn-Yan, to Dres- 
 den on Seneca lake, all in the 
 county of Yates. Length 8 miles, 
 and has 2S locks, 14 road bridges, 
 5 waste-weirs, 2 culverts and 1 
 feeder. Descent from Crooked 
 lake to Seneca lake 269 feet. Com- 
 menced inl830; completed in 1833. 
 Cost,$137,000. 
 
 Cross Creek or River, rises 
 in Westchester co. and runs east 
 into the Croton river in the town 
 of Lewisboroush. 
 
 Cross Lake, lies between the 
 counties of Cayuga and Onondaga; 
 it is 4 miles long by half a mile 
 wide, through which flows the 
 Seneca river. 
 
 Cross River, p. o. Lewisbo- 
 rough, Westchester co. 
 
 Crotched Lake, lies in the 
 north part of Hamilton county, be- 
 tween Racket and Long Lake; it 
 is an irregular body of water, as 
 its name implies. The Indian 
 name is said to be Pahmechin- 
 baguck, — water right across us. 
 
 Croton, v. Cortland, West- 
 shester co. is situated on the north 
 side of the Croton River, near its 
 entrance into Tappan Bay; it con- 
 tains 1 tavern, 2 stores and 12 or 
 15 dwellings. Here is a conven- 
 ient landing, known as Collabergh 
 Landing, from whence steamboats 
 and sloops ply to the city of New- 
 York and other places on the Hud- 
 son river. Here is also situated the 
 Cortlandtown post office. 
 
 Croton Aqueduct, or Wa- 
 ter Works, is the most impor- 
 tant and extensive work of the 
 kind ever undertaken in this coun- 
 try; of its magnitude and utility, 
 (here is but little conception, even 
 by the great mass of the citizens 
 of the city of New-York. The 
 simple matter of a tunnel, of solid 
 
CROTON AQUEDUCT. 
 
 137 
 
 mason work, seven and a half feet 
 in width, nine feet high and 40 
 miles long, is far from comprising 
 the whole of tins immense under- 
 taking; the great dam in the Cro- 
 ton, the magnificent stone aque- 
 duct at Sing Sing, the bridge 
 across Harlem river and the main 
 reservoir in the cily, are all costly 
 and stupendous works. 
 
 The dam across the Croton is 
 placed where the river enters be- 
 tween the hills, after having passed 
 for several miles through a more 
 level country. The hill on the 
 south side is solid rock, and on the 
 north excellent earth for construct- 
 ing the dam. The dam itself, as 
 might be conjectured from its po- 
 sition, is not of great length, but 
 is one of the most ingenious works 
 of substantial masonry any where 
 to be found. The highest point of 
 the structure is rather more than 
 fifty feet above the natural bed of 
 the Croton. The water will be 
 thrown back by this elevation more 
 than three miles, forming a beauti- 
 ful lake of four hundred acres; the 
 whole margin of which is to be 
 excavated, so that the water will 
 be no where less than three feet 
 deep; thus forming the great foun 
 
 a deep ravine, so that, from the 
 apex of the arch to the bottom of 
 the ravine, must be a hundred feet. 
 This vast arch was so firmly laid in 
 its abutments, and so securely built 
 in its superstructure, that since the 
 uprights were removed from be- 
 neath the arch, it has settled but 
 one inch. So little settling in such 
 a work, we are told, has never be- 
 fore occurred. The whole quanti- 
 ty of land which the Water Com- 
 missioners have been compelled to 
 buy on the forty miles of the works, 
 amount to nine hundred acres ; and 
 the average price has been nearly 
 five hundred dollars per acre. 
 
 The bridge across Harlem river, 
 will be 1,420 feet in length, al- 
 though the stream is but 620 feet 
 wide where it crosses; the great 
 length is owing to the inclination 
 of its banks. There will be 16 
 piers, built of stone ; of these six 
 will be in the river and 10 on the 
 land. The land piers are less than 
 those in the water, and their height 
 varies according to the slope of the 
 banks of the river. The main re 
 servoir, situated near Blooming 
 dale, covers 35 acres of ground, 
 divided into two sections; the north 
 section to have 20 feet of water 
 
 tain head, which will contain about j when full, and the south 25 feet ; 
 100,000,000 of gallons, for each j both will contain about 160.000,000 
 
 foot in depth from the surface. 
 The water is drawn into the aque- 
 duct by means of a tunnel cut into 
 the rock which constitutes the hill 
 on the south side. At distances of 
 one mile a circular hollow tower is 
 erected over the aqueduct, for the 
 purpose of ventilation; these being 
 composed of white marble, pro- 
 duce a very pretty effect. Every 
 three miles is an apparatus for 
 drawing off the water in case any 
 internal repairs should be necessa- 
 ry; but the most imposing struc- 
 ture of the whole work is the great 
 bridge at Sing Sing. It is com- 
 posed chiefly of one grand arch of 
 eighty-eight feet span, thrown over 
 
 of gallons of water. From this 
 reservoir the water is conveyed 
 through the Fifth Avenue, to the 
 distributing basin at Murray Hill, 
 covering about 5 acres, and hold- 
 ing 20,000,000 gallons. From 
 thence the water will be conveyed 
 to the dwellings in the city, by the 
 ordinary distributing iron pipes. 
 The descent from the dam in the 
 Croton river to Murray Hill, is 
 about 46 feet, being a fraction less 
 than 14 inches to the mile. This 
 gigantic work will probably be 
 fully completed in 1843, although 
 the water may be conveyed to the 
 city some time in 1842, by means 
 of a temporary conduit pipe of 
 
138 
 
 CROTON RIVER— CUBA. 
 
 suitable dimensions, extending 
 across the Harlem river, as soon 
 as the works will admit of their 
 being laid ; by which means the 
 citizens may have the benefit of 
 " pure and wholesome water," one 
 or two years before a supply could 
 be had by the Harlem aqueduct 
 bridge. The estimated cost of the 
 whole will exceed $10,000,000. 
 
 Croton River, rises in 
 Dutchess and Putnam counties, 
 flowing in a southern direction 
 through a part of the county of 
 Westchester and empties into the 
 Hudson about two miles above 
 the village of Sing Sing; length 
 45 miles. This is a pure and im- 
 portant stream, taking its rise from 
 several beautiful lakes. It will 
 feed the Croton Aqueduct, which 
 is now nearly completed, with pure 
 and wholesome water. 
 
 Crow Islands, are a cluster 
 of small islands situated in the 
 Great South Bay of Long Island, 
 opposite the town of Huntington. 
 
 Crow's Nest, is a high peak 
 of the " Highlands," situated on 
 the west side of the Hudson, in the 
 town of Cornwall, Orange county. 
 Crown Point, t. Essex co. sit- 
 uated 12 miles south-east of the 
 village of Elizabeth, and distant 
 105 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1841, 2,212 inhabitants. The 
 surface on the east on the borders 
 of Lake Champlain is level, while 
 on the west it is mountainous; soil, 
 mostly clay loam; it is drained by 
 Putnam's creek and some other 
 small streams. This town, border- 
 ing on the lake, was the scene of 
 important military operations dur- 
 ing the old French and Revolution- 
 ary wars. The ruins of the old 
 fort of Crown Point, are situated on 
 a neck of land, running into Lake 
 Champlain, in the north-east angle 
 of the town, and presents an inter- 
 esting appearance from the water, 
 in connection with the surrounding 
 scenery. 
 
 Crown Point, v. and p. o. 
 Crown Point, Essex co.; here are 
 situated 1 chuich, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 plaster 
 mill and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Crum Elbow, p. o. Hyde 
 Park, Dutchess co. 
 
 Crum Elbow, or Crom El- 
 bow, is a point at a short turn of 
 the Hudson river, 4 miles above 
 Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Crum Elbow Creek, rises 
 in the towns of Clinton and Rhine- 
 beck, Dutchess county, and flows 
 through Hydcpark into the Hudson 
 river ; this is a tolerable good mill 
 stream, on which are situated a 
 number of mills and manufactur- 
 ing establishments. 
 
 Crumiiorn Mountain, is a 
 wild and barren eminence, situat- 
 ed in the town of Maryland, Otse- 
 go co. 
 
 Cryder's Creek, rises in the 
 town of Independence, Allegany 
 co. and flows south-west into the 
 state of Pennsylvania, where it 
 empties into the Genesee river. 
 
 Crystal Lake, is one of a 
 small cluster of lakes lying in the 
 town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. 
 
 Cuba, t. Allegany co. situated 
 12 miles south-west of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 274 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,768 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and undulating on the east, 
 dividing the waters that flow into 
 the Allegany and Genesee valleys; 
 the soil is generally warm and pro- 
 ductive; in the north part of the 
 town there is a small lake, and 
 near the west boundary is situated 
 the Oil Spring Reservation. — 
 Through this town runs the Gene- 
 see Valley canal, and the line of 
 the New-York and Erie railroad. 
 Cadyville is the name of a settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Cuba, v. and p. o. Cuba, Alle- 
 gany co. is situated on the line of 
 the Genesee Valley canal, and of 
 the New-York and Erie railroad; 
 
CUCHOGUE— DASHVILLE. 
 
 139 
 
 it contains about S00 inhabitants, 
 100 dwelling- houses, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian and 1 Baptist church; 3 tav- 
 erns, 10 stores, 1 flouring- mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 clothier's works and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 Cuchogue, p. o. Southold, 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 CUDDEBACKVILLE, p. O. 
 
 Deerpaik, Orange co. 
 
 Cumberland Bay, lies on 
 the west side of Lake Champlain 
 in front of the village of Platts- 
 burgh; it is formed by Cumberland 
 Head, a peninsula stretching into 
 the lake 4 miles. In this bay Mac- 
 Donough gained his memorable 
 naval victory, over the British fleet 
 under the command of Com. Dow- 
 nie, on the llih of Sept. 1814. 
 
 Cuyler, p. o. Truxton, Cort- 
 land co. 
 
 Dan by, t. Tompkins co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles south of the village of 
 Ithaca, and distant 172 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,570 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, gravelly loam; drained by 
 Cattotong creek and its tributaries. 
 Danby and South Danby are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Danby, v. and p. o. Danby, 
 Tompkins co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing about 500 
 inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
 Dansville, t. Steuben co. 
 situated 20 miles north-west of the 
 village of Bath, and distant 234 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,725 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, gravelly 
 loam and clay; it is drained south 
 by tributaries of the Canisteo river 
 and north by Canaseraga creek. 
 Doty's Corners and South Dansville 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Dansville, v. and p. o. Spar 
 ta, Livingston co. is situated on the 
 Canaseraga creek; it contains 
 about 1,600 inhabitants, 250 dwel- 
 ling houses, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Me- 
 
 thodist and 1 Lutheran church, 1 
 banking house, 2 hotels, 25 stores 
 of different kinds, 4 extensive pa- 
 per mills, 2 large flouring mills, 2 
 furnaces and 1 tannery. Here are 
 a succession of falls of about 60 
 feet descent within the distance of 
 one and a half miles, affording a 
 great amount of hydraulic power, 
 a part of which is still unoccupied. 
 The Dansville Branch of the Gen- 
 esee Valley canal commences at 
 this place and unites with the 
 main canal near the village of 
 Mount Morris, a distance of about 
 11 miles. 
 
 Danube, t. Herkimer co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles east of the village of 
 Herkimer, and distant 70 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,960 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy and calca- 
 reous loam, being very fertile in 
 the valley of the Mohawk; it is 
 drained by Nowadaga creek flow- 
 ing north into the Mohawk river, 
 which bounds it on the north. — 
 Danube and Newville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Darien, t. Genesee co. situat- 
 ed 12 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Batavia, and distant 256 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,406 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, clay and calca- 
 reous loam; drained north-west by 
 Ellicott's creek. Darien and Da- 
 rien Centre are names of post of- 
 fices. 
 
 Darien, v. and p. o. Darien, 
 Genesee co. contains about 175 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
 Darien Centre, p. o. Dari- 
 en, Genesee co. 
 
 Dashville, v. New-Paltz, 
 Ulster co. is situated on the Wall- 
 kill; it contains about 200 inhabi- 
 tants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 woollen facto- 
 ry, 1 cotton factory, 1 grist mill 
 and 1 saw mill. The water power 
 at this place is extensive ; the 
 
140 
 
 DAVENPORT— DEFRIESTVILLE. 
 
 Wallkill here having- a fall of 
 about 50 feet. 
 
 Da VEA"PoRT,t. Delaware co. sit- 
 uated 14 miles north of the village of 
 Delhi, and distant 63 miles from Al- 
 bany; contained in 1840, 2,052 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
 argillaceous loam; it is drained by 
 Charlotte river and some of its 
 tributaries. Davenport, Daven- 
 port Centre, and West Davenport 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Day, t. Saratoga co. situated 25 
 miles north of the village of Ball- 
 ston Spa, and distant 55 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 942 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous, the Kayaderos- 
 seras Mountain extending across 
 it; the most arable of the lands are 
 situated in the valley of the Sacan- 
 d;»ga river, which Hows through 
 the town. Day is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Dayassville, v. and p. o. 
 Watson, Lewis co. situated on 
 Crystal creek, contains about 125 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores and 3 saw mills. 
 
 Dayton, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 situated 20 miles north-west of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 302 miles from Albanv; contained 
 in 1840, 946 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, clay and 
 gravelly loam, adapted to grain 
 and grass; drained by Connewan- 
 go creek and some of its tributa- 
 ries. Dayton and Sociality are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Dean's Corners, p. o. Sara- 
 toga, Saratoga co. 
 
 Dfansville, v. and p. o. 
 Marshall, Oneida co. is situated on 
 the Chenango canal; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 3 taverns, 2 stores 
 and 2 warehouses. 
 
 Decatur, t. Otsego co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles south-east of Coopers- 
 town, and distant 64 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,071 
 inhabitants. The surface is high 
 
 and hilly; soil, sandy loam; drain- 
 ed by Elk creek and some other 
 small streams. Decatur is the 
 name of a post office; where are 
 situated 1 Methodist church, 2 
 stores and 20 dwellings. 
 
 Deer Creek, rises in the 
 west part of Lewis co. and flows in 
 a north-east direction into Black 
 river. 
 
 DEERFiELD,t. Oneida co. situ 
 ated 4 miles north of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 94 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,120 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly; soil, on the north, clay 
 loam, on the south, in the valley 
 of the Mohawk, alluvion of great 
 fertility. It is watered by the Mo- 
 hawk river and some small streams. 
 North Gage is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Deerpark, t. Orange co. sit- 
 uated 38 miles west of Newburgh 
 and distant 10S miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,607 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface on the east is 
 hilly and mountainous, on the west 
 towards the Delaware quite level; 
 soil, gravelly loam and alluvial 
 sand and vegetable mould, which 
 with proper culture is very fertile; 
 it is watered by the Delaware river 
 on the south-west, and by the 
 Neversink river and Bash's kill 
 which flows into it. The Dela- 
 ware and Hudson canal, and the 
 New-York and Erie railroad both 
 run through this town. Cudde- 
 backville, Honesville, Hugonot 
 and Port Jervis are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Deer River, rises in Frank- 
 lin co. and flows north-west into 
 St. Lawrence, where it empties in- 
 to the St. Regis river. 
 
 Deer River Falls, p. o. 
 Duane, Franklin co. 
 
 Defriestville, p. o. Green- 
 bush, Rensselaer co.; here are sit- 
 uated 1 Dutch Reformed church, 1 
 tavern, 1 store and about 15 dwel- 
 lings 
 
DE KALB— DELAWARE RIVER. 
 
 141 
 
 De Kalb, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Canton, and distant 193 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840,1,531 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and soil rather indif- 
 ferent; marble and iron ore are 
 found in this town; it is watered 
 by the Oswegatehie river and some 
 of its tributaries. De Kalb and 
 
 Richville are names of post offices, 
 De Kalb, v. and p.o. De Kalb, 
 St. Lawrence co. is situated on the 
 east side of the Oswegatehie river; 
 it contains about 150 inhabitants, 
 30 dwelling' houses, 2 taverns and 
 1 store. At the falls near the vil- 
 lage there is a grist mill and a saw 
 mill; the Oswegatchie is navigable 
 from this place to Ogdensburgh. 
 
 DELAWARE COUNTY, formed from Ulster and Otsego in 1797, is 
 centrally distant SO miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on 
 the north by the counties of Otsego and Schoharie, easterly by Schoha- 
 rie and Greene, southerly by Ulster and Sullivan, and westerly by 
 Chenango and Broome counties and the Pennsylvania state line. The 
 surface is srenerally rough and hilly, abounding with extensive forests. 
 Ranges of hills extend through the county from north-east to south- 
 west, between the several streams which flow in the same direction. 
 Much of the land, particularly in the valleys, is of excellent quality, 
 affording rich pastures for cattle, with which this county abounds. The 
 soil on the uplands is various, most of it when cleared being well 
 adapted for grazing. The exports are mostly live stock and lumber; 
 the latter is floated down the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, both of 
 which streams have their source in this region; in addition to the 
 above, Charlotte river and Beaverkill are important streams. This 
 county is not considered rich in minerals; there however exists some 
 deposites of bog iron ore, and copper ore is very generally diffused 
 though in small quantities. There are moreover several mineral springs. 
 The New-York and Erie railroad, when completed, will extend through 
 the south-west part of this county. Its area is about 400 square miles, 
 or 933,500 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Delaware county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Andes 2,176 | Masonville, 1,420 
 
 Bovina, 1,403 ! Meredith, 1,640 
 
 Colchester, 1,567 
 
 Davenport, 2,052 
 
 Delhi, 2,554 
 
 Franklin, 3,025 
 
 Hamden, 1,469 
 
 Hancock, 1,026 
 
 Harpersfield, 1 ,708 
 
 Kortright, 2,441 Total inhabitants, 35,369 
 
 Delaware Rtver, rises in ; and Pennsylvania; it then contin- 
 Delaware co. being formed by two 
 
 Middletown, ... 2,608 
 
 Roxbury, 3,013 
 
 Sidney, 1,732 
 
 Stamford, 1,681 
 
 Tompkins, 2,035 
 
 Walton, 1,846 
 
 branches, one called the Mohawks 
 or West Branch, and the other the 
 Papacton branch of the Delaware; 
 which streams unite in the town of 
 Hancock, where this river for some 
 distance forms the dividing line 
 between the states of New-York 
 
 ues in a southern direction, form- 
 ing the division line between the 
 state cf Pennsylvania and New- 
 Jersey; emptying into the Dela 
 ware Bay, thence into the Atlan- 
 tic ocean. Its whole length is 310 
 miles and is navigable from the 
 citv of Trenton, N.J. to its mouth. 
 
142 DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL— DENMARK. 
 
 Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal, extends from the Hudson 
 river, near the village of Rondout. 
 Ulster county, to Honesdale, in 
 Pennsylvania, a distance of 108 
 miles; a railroad then extends a 
 further distance of 16^ miles to the 
 coal mines at Carbondale; total 
 length from the Hudson to Carbon- 
 dale, 124^ miles. This canal runs 
 through Ulster county, in the valley 
 of the Rondout creek, then through 
 a part of Sullivan and Orange 
 counties, until it reaches the valley 
 of the Delaware, thence in a north- 
 west course up this stream, along 
 its left bank to a dam near the 
 mouth of the Lackawaxen creek, 
 in Pennsylvania ; here the canal 
 crosses the Delaware and pursues 
 the valley of the above creek to 
 Honesdale ; the New-York section 
 being 83 miles ; the Pennsylvania 
 section 25 miles. The above works 
 were originally constructed by two 
 distinct companies; the "Hudson 
 and Delaware Canal Company." 
 of New-York, and the " Lacka- 
 waxen Canal Company," of Penn- 
 sylvania. These corporations are 
 now united, forming one interest. 
 The work was commenced in 
 1825, and completed in 1829, at a 
 total cost of $1,875,000. 
 
 Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal, commences at Borden- 
 town, on the Delaware river, and 
 runs to Trenton, parallel with the 
 river ; it then diverges towards the 
 north-east, and extends to the city 
 of New-Brunswick, where it ter- 
 minates ; connecting with the na- 
 vigable waters of the Raritan river. 
 Length 42 miles. This canal af- 
 fords a water communication be- 
 tween the cities of New-York and 
 Philadelphia, for yessels of a large 
 class; it being 75 feet wide, and 
 7 feet deep. 
 
 Delavan, p. o. Yorkshire, 
 Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Delhi, t. Delaware co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant from Albany 77 
 miles ; it contained in 1840, 2,554 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what broken by the different 
 branches of the Delaware river, 
 which here unite, and form the 
 Mohawks, or west branch of the 
 above river ; the soil is fertile in 
 the valleys. 
 
 Delhi, v. and p. o. Delhi, De- 
 laware co. is pleasantly situated on 
 a plain on the right bank of the west 
 branch of the Deleware river; it 
 contains about 800 inhabitants, 125 
 dwellings, a fine court house and 
 jail ; an incorporated academy ; 3 
 churches, 3 hotels, 13 stores, 2 
 printing offices ; an extensive and 
 flourishing woollen factory ; 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, besides a number 
 of different kinds of mechanic work 
 shops. Delhi is situated 70 miles 
 westerly from Catskill, and about 
 the same distance from Kingston, 
 Ulster county ; stages run daily to 
 both of the above places. 
 
 Delia Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of New- 
 comb, Essex co. being one of the 
 head tributaries of the Hudson li- 
 ver. 
 
 Delphi, v. and p. o. Pompey, 
 Onondaga co. contains about 250 
 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern and 3 stores. 
 
 Delta, v. and p. o. Lee, Onei- 
 da co. contains about 350 inhabi- 
 tants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 large flouring 
 mill, 1 fulling mill, 1 furnace and 
 1 distillery. 
 
 Denmark, t. Lewis co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles north of the village of 
 Martinsburgh, and distant 141 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,388 inhabitants. Surface in part 
 hilly ; soil, rich loam, underlaid 
 with limestone. It is watered by 
 Deer creek, and bounded on the 
 nokth-east by Black river. Den- 
 mark and Copenhagen are names 
 of post offices. 
 
DENMARK— DEXTER. 
 
 143 
 
 Denmark, v. and p. o. Den- 
 mark, Lewis co. contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, an academy, 2 ta- 
 verns and 3 stores 
 
 Depauville, v. and p. o. 
 Clayton, Jefferson co. is situated at 
 the falls on Catfish creek ; it con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling's, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 De Peyster, t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 12 miles west of the 
 village of Canton, and distant ISO 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,074 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is diversified with gentle undu- 
 lations ; soil, of a good quality, 
 light and easily tilled. It is bound- 
 ed on the west by Black lake, and 
 drained by the Oswegatchie river 
 and some of its tributaries on the 
 east and north. De Peyster is the 
 name of a post office, where there 
 is a small settlement. 
 
 Deposit, v. and p. o. Tomp- 
 kins, Delaware county, is situated 
 on the north side of the Delaware 
 river ; it contains about 600 inha- 
 bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church;* 
 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist mill and 
 2 saw mills. The New-York and 
 Erie railroad will pass through this 
 place when completed, and it is 
 now a great deposit for lumber, 
 which is floated down the Dela- 
 ware to market. 
 
 De Ruyter, t. Madison co. 
 situated 14 miles south-west of the 
 village of Morrisville, and distant 
 122 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,799 inhabitants. 
 The surface is high and hilly ; 
 soil, clay and sandy loam ; drained 
 by the east branch of the Tiough- 
 nioga river. 
 
 De Ruyter, v. and p. o De 
 Ruyter, Madison co. was incorpo- 
 rated in 1833, and now contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church ; an incorporated aca- 
 
 demy in a flourishing condition; 2 
 taverns, 4 stores and 1 tannery. 
 
 Devil's Hole, a frightful dell 
 or gulf on the Niagara river, about 
 lj miles below the falls. 
 
 De Witt, t. Onondaga co. si- 
 tuated 5 miles east of Syracuse, 
 and distant 142 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 2,802 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is somewhat 
 uneven ; in this vicinity are inex- 
 haustible quarries of water lime, 
 large quantities of which are ex- 
 ported. There is also in this town 
 a cavern of considerable extent; it 
 has been explored for about 100 
 rods. De Witt and Jamesville 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 De Witt's Valley, v. and 
 p. o. Burns, Allegany co. is an 
 agricultural settlement, containing 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 tavern, 1 store and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 De Wittville, p. o. Chatau- 
 que, Chautauque co. 
 
 Dexter, v. and p. o. Brown- 
 ville, Jefferson co. is situated on 
 the north side of the Black river at 
 its mouth, where is afforded water 
 power and uninterrupted navigation 
 through Black river bay, with Lake 
 Ontario and the St. Lawrence ri- 
 ver. Piers for improving the harbor 
 are being constructed by the United 
 States government, and several 
 vessels ply regularly between this 
 place and Oswego, and other ports. 
 Very little was done to improve 
 the natural advantages of this vil- 
 lage till 1836; it now contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 1 Episcopal 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, an ex- 
 tensive warehouse and wharf; 1 
 woollen factory, built of stone of 
 the first class, turning out about 
 200 yards of broadcloth per day ; 
 1 clothier's shop, 1 flouring mill, 
 4 double saw mills, 1 planing ma- 
 chine, 1 oil mill, 1 plaster mill, 
 1 iron foundery, and 1 axe manu- 
 factory; besides many other kinds 
 of mechanic work shops. 
 
144 
 
 DEXTERV1LLE— DOVER. 
 
 Dextervillb, v. Ellicott, 
 Chautauque co. is situated on the 
 north shore of the outlet of Chau- 
 tauque lake ; this is a new place 
 possessing great water privileges. 
 Here is annually manufactured 
 about two millions feet of pine 
 boards, besides large quantities of 
 lath and shingles. There is also a 
 celebrated edge tool manufactory. 
 
 Dial Mountain, or Nip- 
 ple Top, situated in the town of 
 Keene, Essex co. is one of the 
 Adirondack range of mountain 
 peaks; it is elevated 4,900 feet 
 above the tide waters of the Hud- 
 son, and presents a very singular 
 appearance, as the name by which 
 it is sometimes called implies. It 
 is also called the Noon Mark, by 
 those living in the vicinity. 
 
 Diamond Island. See Lake 
 George. 
 
 Diana, t. Lewis county, situa- 
 ted 25 miles north of the village of 
 Marti nsburgh, and distant 154 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 883 inhabitants. A part of 
 this town, on the south, was at- 
 tached in 1841, to the new town 
 of Croghan; it is hilly ; soil, sandy 
 and gravelly loam, adapted to 
 grass. It is drained by the Oswe- 
 gatchie and Indian rivers. Harris- 
 ville and Louisburgh are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Dickinson, t. Franklin co. si- 
 tuated 15 miles south-west of the 
 village of Malone, and distant 225 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,005 inhabitants. This is 
 a large town, extending about 40 
 miles in length. It is principally 
 settled on the north, while the 
 southern part is a wilderness, a- 
 bounding with lakes and a large 
 growth of timber. It is drained by 
 the head waters of the Racket and 
 St. Regis rivers. The soil is of 
 various qualities. Dickinson is 
 the name of a post office, where is 
 a small settlement. 
 Dike Creek, rises in Steuben 
 
 county, and flows west through a 
 part of Allegany county, into the 
 Genesee river ; through the valley 
 of this creek for a considerable 
 distance, extends the line of the 
 New-York and Erie railroad, until 
 it reaches the Genesee valley. 
 
 Distances from Albany 
 to the several county 
 Seats. See Albany City. 
 
 Districts. See Congression- 
 al, Senatorial and United States 
 Revenue Districts. 
 
 Dix, t. Chemung co. situated 
 16 miles north of the village of El- 
 mira, and distant 1S5 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1S40, 1,990 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, gravelly loam ; drained by 
 Catharine's creek on the east. 
 Morland, Salubria and Townsend 
 are names of post offices. Jeffer- 
 son is the name of a village. 
 
 Dix Hills, p. o. Huntington, 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 Doansburgh, p. o. South- 
 east, Putnam co. 
 
 Dobb's Ferry, p. o. Green- 
 burgh, Westchester co. ; here is 
 situated a convenient steamboat 
 landing, on the Hudson river, 22 
 miles north of the city of New- 
 York ; 2 churches, 1 tavern, 1 
 store, and about 30 dwellings. 
 This was an important point during 
 the revolutionary war. A ferry 
 communicates with the opposite 
 side of the river. 
 
 Dolsentown, p. o. Minisink, 
 Orange co. is an agricultural settle- 
 ment; it contains about 100 inha- 
 bitants, 20 dwellings, 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, and 1 distillery. 
 
 Dora, p. o. Colesville, Broome 
 co. 
 
 Doty's Corners, p. o. Dans- 
 ville, Steuben co. 
 
 Dover, t. Dutchess co. situated 
 20 miles east of Poughkeepsie, and 
 distant 93 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1S40, 2,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface in part is 
 mountainous, with a valley nearly 
 
DOVER PLAINS— DUANE. 
 
 145 
 
 in the centre, through which flows 
 a branch of Ten Mile creek ; the 
 soil is sandy and gravelly loam, 
 most of it fertile and well cultiva- 
 ted. In this town are extensive 
 quarries of white and colored mar- 
 ble ; there are also beds of iron 
 ore in the hills. Dover, Chesnut 
 Ridge and South Dover, are names 
 of post offices. The former is si- 
 tuated in the village of Dover 
 Plains. 
 
 Dover Plains, v. Dover, 
 Dutchess co. is situated on a beau- 
 tiful and fertile plain ; it contains 
 about 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Free 
 church ; an academy ; 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 tannery. 
 The Dover post office is located in 
 this village. 
 
 Dresden, t. Washington co. 
 situated 28 miles north of Sandy 
 Hill, and distant 78 miles from Al- 
 bany ; contained in 1840, 679 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous ; it lies between 
 Lakes George and Champlain, over 
 which region of country extends 
 the Palmertown mountain, in some 
 places rising 1,200 feet above the 
 level of Lake Champlain ; it is 
 mostly covered with forests and 
 unfit for cultivation, abounding in 
 bears, deer, wolves and other wild 
 game. Dresden is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Dresden, v. Benton, Yates co. 
 is situated on the west side of Se- 
 neca lake, at the mouth of the out- 
 let of Crooked lake, and the termi- 
 nation of the Crooked lake canal. 
 It contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 70 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 
 taverns, 3 stores, 4 warehouses, 2 
 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 clo- 
 thier's works, 1 tannery, and a 
 boat yard for building and repair- 
 ing canal boats. This is a very 
 convenient steamboat landing, 12 
 miles south of the village of Gene- 
 va. A steam ferry boat here plies 
 across the lake, in addition to pas- 
 10 
 
 sage boats that pass and repass 
 daily. 
 
 Drowned Lands, is the 
 name given to a large tract of land 
 in the valley of the Wallkill, most- 
 ly situated in the town of War- 
 wick, Orange county, near the 
 New-Jersey state line ; it is esti- 
 mated to contain 50,000 acres. 
 Through this marsh the stream 
 flows with a current scarcely per- 
 ceptible, and the spring freshets 
 annually submerge it. No effort 
 has yet been successful to wholly 
 drain this swamp, although thera 
 are some elevated spots, or islands, 
 consisting of fertile land ; the 
 larger portion of this unclaimed 
 marsh, or drowned lands, is used 
 as pasturage for cattle ; on the sub- 
 siding of the spring freshets, and 
 for the remainder of the year is a 
 desolate waste. 
 
 Dryden, t. Tompkins co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles east of Ithaca, and 
 distant 160 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 5,446 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating, 
 rising on the south into high ridges; 
 soil, gravelly loam of good quality, 
 and well cultivated ; drained by 
 Fall creek, and some other small 
 streams. Dryden, Etna, Varna 
 and West Diyden are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Dryden, v. and p. o. Dryden, 
 Tompkins co. is situated on Virgil 
 creek ; it contains about 500 inha- 
 bitants, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
 thodist church ; a high school in a 
 flourishing condition ; 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 2 
 tanneries and 1 clothier's works. 
 About half a mile west of this 
 place is situated a mineral spring 
 of some celebrity ; it is much re- 
 sorted to by invalids laboring 
 under rheumatic and cutaneous 
 diseases. 
 
 Duane, t. Franklin co. situated 
 15 miles south of the village of 
 Malone, and distant 200 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 324 
 
146 
 
 DUANESBURGH— DUNKIRK. 
 
 inhabitants. This town was divi- 
 ded in 1841, and the name of Har- 
 rietstown given to the south part. 
 It is as yet almost a wilderness ; 
 containing several small lakes. 
 The settlements are principally 
 confined to the north part. The 
 surface is uneven and hilly ; soil, 
 sandy loam of good quality. This 
 town has become celebrated for 
 its superior iron ore. There is lo- 
 cated in the north part, the newly 
 discovered 'native steel ore,' as it is 
 called; which is susceptible of 
 being cast from the ore into the 
 finest edged tools, probably not 
 surpassed by any other mine in the 
 known world. The following de- 
 scription of the Duane steel ore, is 
 contained in the Geological Re- 
 port for 1841 : — "It is a mixture 
 of partly fin© and partly coarse ore, 
 rather more of the coarse than fine ; 
 it is characterized by containing 
 more hypersthene than usual, ex- 
 hibiting the lustre of bronze ; it is 
 also somewhat irridescent Some 
 small particles of sulphurate of iron 
 appear in it, but not enough to in- 
 jure it; also, masses of granular 
 feldspar, and minute reddish gar- 
 nets. The castings from the " steel 
 ore," as it is termed, have of late 
 acquired considerable celebrity, in 
 consequence of their having been 
 employed for edge tools ; and I 
 cannot now perceive," remarks 
 Mr. Emmons, one of the state geo- 
 logists, from experiments, " any 
 reason why, for many kinds of 
 edge tools, the material is not like- 
 ly to come into extensive use ; no 
 instance of failure has come to my 
 knowledge, when the tool had been 
 properly tempered." Duane and 
 Deer River Falls are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 blast furnace and forge; 1 scythe 
 factory, 2 saw mills, 1 tavern, 1 
 store, and some 20 or 25 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Duanesburgh, t. Schenecta- 
 dy co. situated 12 miles south-wes! 
 
 of the city of Schenectady, and dis- 
 tant 21 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1841, 3,357 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and elevated ; 
 soil, clay loam. It is drained by 
 Schoharie creek, and several other 
 small streams. Duanesburgh, Ma- 
 riaville and Quaker Street, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Dublin, v. Junius, Seneca co. 
 contains 1 tavern, 1 store and some 
 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 Duck Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of Con- 
 quest, Cayuga co. 
 
 Dundee, v. and p. o. Starkie, 
 Yates co. is pleasantly situated on 
 Big Stream creek ; it contains a- 
 bout 800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist and 1 Free church; 3 
 taverns, 7 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
 
 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 4 saw 
 mills, 2 tanneries, 2 iron founde- 
 ries, 2 plough factories, 1 ashery, 
 
 2 brick yards, and a manufactory 
 of threshing machines. In this 
 place is a newly discovered salt 
 spring, which bids fair to become 
 productive. 
 
 DUNDERBERG MoUNTAIX, 
 
 or Hi J. lb, are situated in the 
 town of Haverstraw, Rockland 
 county, constituting the south part 
 of the "Highlands." 
 
 Dunkirk, v. and p. o. Pom- 
 fret, Chautauque county, is situa- 
 ted on Lake Erie, about 40 miles 
 south-west of the city of Buffalo. 
 The harbor of Dunkirk has been 
 much improved by recent United 
 States expenditures, and affords a 
 depth of about 12 feetof water over 
 the bar. As an anchorage, this 
 harbor is extremely valuable as a 
 port of refuge, and is much resorted 
 to for that purpose by steamboats 
 and sail vessels. The village was 
 incorporated in 1837, and now 
 contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
 175 dwelling houses, 1 Presbvte- 
 rian church, and a Methodist 
 congregation, who worship in the 
 
DUN NSVILLE-DUTCHESS. 
 
 147 
 
 broken; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam. It is drained by the Cats- 
 kill and some of its tributaries. 
 Durham, Cornvvallville, Oakhill, 
 East Durham and South Durham 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Durham, v. and p. o. Dur- 
 ham, Greene co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns and 1 
 store. 
 
 Durhamville^ v. and p. 0. 
 Verona, Oneida co. is situated on 
 both sides of Oneida creek ; it 
 contains about 200 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
 saw mills and 1 extensive tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Dunkirk academy ; 2 public hou- 
 ses, 10 stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 
 saw mill. This point has been se- 
 lected as the western termination 
 of the New- York and Erie rail- 
 road ; the completion of which 
 great work, will at once cause 
 Dunkirk to rank among the chief 
 places on Lake Erie. The distance 
 from Dunkirk to the city of New- 
 York, by the line of the railroad, 
 is about 470 miles. 
 
 Dumtsville, p. o. Guilder- 
 land, Albany co. 
 
 Durham, t. Greene co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles north-west of Catskill, 
 and distant 34 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 2,813 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly and 
 
 DUTCHESS COUNTY, first organized in 1083, is centrally distant 
 75 miles from the city of Albany ; it is situated equi-distant between 
 the cities of New-York and Albany, and bounded on the north by Co- 
 lumbia county, east by the Connecticut state line, south by Putnam 
 county, and on the west by the Hudson river. This is a rich and thri- 
 ving agricultural county, annually sending a large amount of produce 
 and live stock to the New-York market. The surface is somewhat un- 
 even, and on the east hilly; the soil, however, is mostly good and 
 highly cultivated. The products of this region of country, whether of 
 grain or live stock, are of the first quality ; most of the inhabitants are 
 farmers, many of them in affluent circumstances. The advantages of 
 water communication, which the Hudson river affords, is of great im- 
 portance to the citizens of this county. The mineral productions are also 
 important items of wealth. There are but few parts of the state in which 
 iron ore is more abundant, or more advantageously wrought, or of 
 better quality. The marble quarries are numerous, and the quantity 
 of this useful material is inexhaustible ; the most important location is 
 in the town of Dover. Veins of lead ore also are found, similar to those 
 of Columbia county. Peat and marl exist in abundance ; and to this 
 list of useful minerals must be added black lead, several tons of which 
 have recently been obtained and sent to market, from a mine located 
 in the town of Fishkill. One or two mineral springs are also considered 
 worthy of notice, from one of which sulphuretted hydrogen is evolved, 
 and from another arises an inflammable gas. The factories and mills 
 on the Fishkill and Wappinger's creek, both of which streams rise in 
 and flow through this county, are numerous and many of them very ex- 
 tensive, producing large quantities of manufactured products. Ten 
 Mile creek rises in the east part of the county, and runs south-east into 
 the Housatonic river in Connecticut. Its area is about 765 square 
 miles, or 489,700 acres. 
 
 The following are the names oi the towns in Dutchess county, with 
 the population in 1840 : 
 
148 
 
 EAGLE— EASTCHESTER. 
 
 Amenia, 2,179 
 
 Beekman, 1,400 
 
 Clinton, 1,830 
 
 Dover, 2,000 
 
 Fishkill, 10,437 
 
 Hyde Park, 2,364 
 
 La Grange, 1 ,851 
 
 Milan, 1,725 
 
 Northeast, 1,385 
 
 Pawlings, 1,571 
 
 Eagle, t. Allegany co. situated 
 24 miles north-west of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 264 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1841, 
 1,187 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, argillaceous loam, 
 well adapted to grass or grain, and 
 mostly heavily timbered; drained 
 by Caneadea and Wiskoy creeks. 
 Eagle is the name of a post office, 
 where is a small settlement. 
 
 Eagle Harbor, p. o. Gaines, 
 Orleans co. is situated on the Erie 
 canal. Here are located 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 3 
 warehouses, 1 flouring mill, and 15 
 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Earlsville, v. and p. o. Ha- 
 milton, Madison county, is situated 
 on the Chenango river; it contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 7 
 stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 saw 
 mill. The Chenango canal passes 
 through this place. 
 
 East Avon, v. and p.o. Avon, 
 Livingston co. is situated 2 miles 
 east from Avon Springs; it con- 
 tains about 250 inhabitants, 35 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
 1 Baptist church ; 2 public houses 
 and 2 stores. It is surrounded by 
 a rich and highly cultivated farm- 
 ing country, and commands a view 
 of the extensive valley of the Ge- 
 nesee. 
 
 East Barrington, p. o. 
 Barrington, Yates co. 
 
 East Bay, is the name given 
 to the east part of the Great South 
 Bay, of Long Island. 
 
 East Berne, p.o. Berne, Al- 
 
 Fine Plains, 1,334 
 
 Pleasant Valley, 2,219 
 
 Poughkeepsie, 10,006 
 
 Redhook, 2,829 
 
 Rhinebeck, 2,659 
 
 Stanford, 2,278 
 
 Union Vale, 1,498 
 
 Washington, 2,833 
 
 Total inhabitants, 52,398 
 
 bany co. Here are situated 1 ta 
 vern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 East Bethany, p. o. Betha- 
 ny, Genesee co. 
 
 East Bloomfield, t. Ontario 
 co. situated 8 miles west of the 
 village of Canandaigua, and dis- 
 tant 203 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,986 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating; soil, 
 clay and sandy loam of a good 
 quality. It is drained by Mud creek 
 and several other small streams. 
 
 East Bloomfield, v. and p. 
 o. East Bloomfield, Ontario co. is 
 an agricultural settlement, contain- 
 ing about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Congregational church ; 2 
 taverns, 4 stores, 1 tannery and 1 
 furnace. 
 
 East Branch, p. o. Han- 
 cock, Delaware co. 
 
 East Canada Creek, rises 
 in Hamilton co. and flows south. 
 This is a rapid stream, and for a 
 considerable distance divides the 
 counties of Fulton and Montgomery 
 on the east, from Herkimer county 
 on the west, when it falls into 
 the Mohawk river, affording in its 
 course many good mill privileges. 
 
 East Canisteo, p. o. Canis- 
 teo, Steuben co. 
 
 East Carlton, p. o. Carlton. 
 Orleans co. 
 
 Eastchester, t. Westches- 
 ter co. situated 10 miles south of 
 the village of White Plains, and 
 distant 140 miles from the city of 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,502 
 
EASTCHESTER— EAST HUNTER. 
 
 J 49 
 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
 and somewhat stony; soil, mostly 
 fertile loam. The Bronx river 
 bounds it on the west, and Hutch- 
 inson's creek on the east, emptying 
 into an estuary of the sound called 
 Eastchester bay. Eastchester and 
 Bronx are names of post offices. 
 
 Eastchester, v. and p. o. 
 Eastchester, Westchester co. lies 
 on the west side of Eastchester 
 creek, 15 miles from the city of 
 New-York; it contains about 350 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling; houses, 1 
 Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
 3 taverns, 4 stores, and 1 grist mill. 
 Here is a convenient landing - , from 
 whence sail several sloops trading; 
 with the New-York market. 
 
 East China, p. o. China, Wy- 
 oming co. 
 
 East Constable, p. o. Con- 
 stable, Franklin co. 
 
 East Creek, p. o. Manheim, 
 Herkimer co. 
 
 East Durham, p. o. Durham, 
 Greene co. 
 
 East Evans, p. o. Evans, Erie 
 co. 
 
 East Florence, p. o. Flo- 
 rence, Oneida co. 
 
 East Franklin, p. o. Frank- 
 lin, Delaware co. 
 
 East Gainesville, p. o. 
 Gainesville, Wyoming; co. 
 
 East Genoa, p. o. Genoa, 
 Cayuga co. 
 
 East Glenville, p. o. Glen- 
 ville, Schenectady co. 
 
 East Greenbush, p. o. 
 Greenbush, Rensselaer co. Here 
 are situated 1 church, an incorpo- 
 rated academy; 1 tavern, 1 store 
 and 15 dwellings. 
 
 East Greene, p. o. Greene, 
 Chenango co. 
 
 East Greenwich, p. o. 
 Greenwich, Washington co. 
 
 East Grove, p. o. Grove, Al- 
 legany co. 
 
 East Groveland, p. o. 
 Groveland, Livingston co. 
 
 East Guilford, p. o. Guil- 
 
 ford, Chenango co. Here are situa- 
 ted 1 gristmill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster 
 mill, 1 clothier's works, 1 tavern, 
 1 store, and about 15 dwellings. 
 
 East Hamburgh, p.o. Ham- 
 burgh, Erie co. 
 
 East Hamilton, p. o. Hamil 
 ton, Madison co. 
 
 Easthampton, t. Suffolk co. 
 situated 30 miles east of the village 
 of Riverhead, and distant 265 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,076 inhabitants. This town is 
 situated on the east end of Long 
 Island, and includes Montauk 
 Point, Gardiner's and some smaller 
 islands. On the north are several 
 indentations and bays. It is most- 
 ly a sandy alluvion, level, and in 
 some places the soil is very pro- 
 ductive. Here reside a few In 
 dians, the remnant of the Montauk 
 tribe, whose ancestors about 170 
 years ago, sold this part of the 
 island to the whites ; they now re- 
 side on a tract of 1000 acres, which 
 they hold by a lease. On the ex- 
 treme end of Montauk Point is a 
 light house, erected in 1796, at a 
 cost of about $23,000. Its site is 
 elevated 40 feet above the main 
 building, which is 100 feet in 
 height ; the light can be seen for 
 upwards of 30 miles at sea, and is 
 hailed with delight by the mariner, 
 as it is often the first appearance 
 of land seen on approaching the 
 coast of America. Easthampton 
 and Amergansett are names of po&t 
 offices. 
 
 Easthampton, v. and p. o. 
 Easthampton, Suffolk co. is con- 
 fined to a single street; it contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church; the 
 Clinton Academy; 1 windmill, 2 
 taverns, and some stores. 
 
 East Hill, p. o. Nunda, Al- 
 legany co. 
 
 East Hunter, p. o. Hunter, 
 Greene co. Here are located 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store, an extensive tannery, 
 and about 15 dwellings. 
 
150 
 
 EAST JAVA— EAST SALEM. 
 
 East Java, p. o. Java, Gene- 
 see CO. 
 
 East Kill, p. o, Hunter, 
 Greene co. 
 
 East Koy, p. o. Pike, Alle- 
 gany CO. 
 
 East Koy Creek, rises in 
 Genesee county, and flows south 
 into Allegany county; where it 
 unites with the West Koy; and 
 then continues in an easterly direc- 
 tion until it falls into the Gene- 
 see river; affording* many fine mill 
 privileges. 
 
 East Lexington, p. o. Lex- 
 ington, Greene co. 
 
 East Line, p. o. Ballston, Sa- 
 ratoga co. 
 
 East McDonough, p. o. Mc- 
 Donough, Chenango co. 
 
 East Nassau, v. and p. o. 
 Nassau, Rensselaer co. is situated 
 on the Boston turnpike, 17 miles 
 east of the city of Albany; it con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores; 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, and 1 tannery situated on 
 Kinderhook creek. 
 
 East New-York, v. and p. 
 o. Flatbush, Kings county, is si- 
 tuated on the line of the Long Is- 
 land railroad, and Brooklyn and 
 Jamaica turnpike, 5^ miles east of 
 the city of Brooklyn. It contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 2 Dutch Reformed church- 
 es, 3 taverns, 3 stores, 1 large 
 clock manufactory propelled by 
 steam, a suspender and boot web 
 manufactory ; besides several other 
 kinds of mechanic work shops. 
 
 E aston, t. Washington co. si- 
 tuated 15 miles south-west of the 
 village of Salem, and distant 26 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,988 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat uneven ; soil, 
 mostly loam, combined with clay 
 and sand, generally well cultivated. 
 Limestone and water lime abound 
 here of superior quality. It is 
 drained by the Battenkill on the 
 
 north, flowing into the Hudson ri- 
 ver, which bounds it on the west. 
 Easton, North Easton and South 
 Easton are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Easton, v. and p. o. Easton, 
 Washington co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing about 300 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed and 1 Methodist 
 church, and 1 Friends' meeting 
 house ; 2 taverns, and 3 stores. 
 
 East Orangeville, p. o. 
 Orangeville, Wyoming co. 
 
 East Otto, p. o. Otto, Catta- 
 raugus co. 
 
 East Painted Post, p. o. 
 Painted Post, Steuben co. 
 
 East Palmyra, p. o. Palmy- 
 ra, Wayne co. 
 
 East Pembroke, p. o. Pem- 
 broke, Genesee co. 
 
 East Pharsalia, p.o. Phar- 
 salia, Chenango co. 
 
 East Pierrepont, p. o. 
 Pierrepont, St. Lawrence co. is si- 
 tuated on Racket river. Here are 
 located 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 clothier's works, 1 machine shop, 
 and about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 East Pike, p. o. Pike, Alle- 
 gany co. 
 
 East Richfield, p. o. Rich 
 field, Otsego co. 
 
 East River, so called, is an 
 arm of the sea, or a continuation of 
 Long Island Sound ; it divides the 
 island of New-York and a part of 
 Westchester county from Long 
 Island; communicating with the 
 harbor of New-York, the Hudson 
 river and the Atlantic ocean, 
 through the " Narrows." It may 
 be considered about 15 miles in 
 length, and is navigable for vessels 
 of a large class. The celebrated 
 pass called " Hell Gate," is situa- 
 ted opposite Great Barn island, 7 
 miles from the city of New- 
 York ; it also contains several 
 important islands. 
 
 East Salem, p. o. Salem 
 Washington co 
 
EAST SANDLAKE— EDINBURGH. 
 
 151 
 
 East Sandlake, p. o. Sand- 1 
 lake, Rensselaer co. 
 
 East Schuyler, p. o. Schuy- 
 ler, Herkimer co. 
 
 East Sheridan, p. o. Sheri- 
 dan, Chautauque co. 
 
 East Solon, p. o. Solon, 
 Cortland co. 
 
 East Springfield, p. o. 
 Springfield, Otsego co. 
 
 East Worcester, v. and p. 
 o. Worcester, Otsego co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses ; a Baptist and a Methodist 
 church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 fulling mill. 
 
 Eaton, t. Madison co. contains 
 the county buildings situated in 
 the village of Morrisville, and is 
 distant 100 miles from the city of 
 Albany ; it contained in 1840, 
 3,409 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling ; soil, gravelly loam and 
 clay, fertile and well adapted to 
 grass ; drained south by the head 
 waters of the Chenango river. 
 Eaton, Morrisville and Pratt's Hol- 
 low are names of post offices. 
 
 Eaton, v. and p. o. Eaton, 
 Madison co. contains about 600 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
 church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 1 cotton factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 1 distillery, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 tannery and 1 scythe fac- 
 tory. 
 
 Eaton's Neck, is a bold pro- 
 montory, lying in the town of 
 Huntington, on the north side of 
 Long Island, on which there is a 
 light-house. 
 
 Eckford Chain of Lakes, 
 so called, comprise three beautiful 
 lakes, lying east of Racket lake, 
 in Hamilton county; the twn prin- 
 ciple of which are named Ecixjord 
 lake and Genet lake. 
 
 Eddytown, v. Starkie, Yates 
 co. is an agricultural settlement, 
 containing about 150 inhabitants, 
 30 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 Eddyville, v. Kingston, Ul- 
 ster co. is situated on the north 
 side of the Rondout river, at the 
 head of tide water, two miles a- 
 bove the village of Rondout ; it 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores, and 3 freighting 
 establishments ; I cotton factory, 
 2 hydraulic cement mills, 1 grist 
 mill, and 1 dye wood mill, leaving 
 an extensive water power still un- 
 occupied. Here are owned 20 
 sloops, engaged in transporting 
 lumber, hydraulic cement, produce 
 and merchandise, most of which 
 pass through the Delaware and 
 Hudson canal, which terminates 
 at this place. The deposit of the 
 Lackawanna coal, belonging to the 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- 
 pany, is located at the village of 
 Rondout, where they have exten- 
 sive coal yards. 
 
 Eden, t. Erie co. situated 14 
 miles south of the city of Buffalo, 
 and distant 287 miles from Alba- 
 ny; contained in 1840, 2,174 in- 
 habitants. The surface is undula- 
 ting; soil, gravelly loam and clay, 
 well adapted to grain, grass and 
 fruit; drained by the Cauquaga and. 
 Big Two Sisters creek, which flow 
 into Lake Erie. Eden and Zoar 
 are the names of post offices. 
 
 Edenville, v. and p. o. War- 
 wick, Orange co. contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hous 
 es, 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Edgecomb Corners, p. o. 
 Galway, Saratoga co. 
 
 Edinburgh, t. Saratoga co. 
 situated 20 miles north-west of the 
 village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 50 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,458 inhabitants. The 
 surface on the west undulating, and 
 on the east hilly and mountainous, 
 the Kayaderosseras or Greenfield 
 mountain running across it; the 
 soil is good on the west, especially 
 along the alluvial flats of the Sa- 
 condaga river. Edinburgh is the 
 
152 
 
 EDMESTON— ELIZABETHTOWN. 
 
 name of a post office, where is sit- 
 uated a small settlement. 
 
 Edmeston, t. Otsego co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles west of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 77 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,907 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, sandy loam; 
 drained by Wharton's creek and 
 the Unadilla river, by which it is 
 bounded on the west. Edmeston 
 and Edmeston Manor are names 
 of post offices. At the former there 
 are situated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill and 8 or 10 dwellings. 
 
 Edivam, v. Poughkeepsie, 
 Dutchess co. is situated on the 
 west side of Wappinger's creek; 
 it contains the site of a large cot- 
 ton factory, that was recently des- 
 troyed by a freshet, and about 30 
 dwelling houses. It is closely con- 
 nected with a small settlement on 
 the opposite side of the creek of 
 about die same size, where is a 
 church, a tavern, a store and a post 
 office. 
 
 Edwards, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 24 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 194 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 956 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is uneven; soil, clay loam, 
 well adapted to grass; it is drained 
 by the Oswegatchie river, whose 
 east and west branches here unite. 
 Edwards, Edwardsvitte and South 
 Edwards are names of post offices. 
 
 Egypt, p. o. Perrington, Mon- 
 roe co. 
 
 Eighteen Mile Creek, rises 
 in Niagara co. and flows in a north- 
 erly direction into Lake Ontario. 
 
 Elba, t. Genesee co. situated 7 
 miles north of the village of Bata- 
 via, and distant 250 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,161 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, sandy and gravelly 
 loam, on limestone; drained by 
 Oak Orchard creek. Elba, Oak- 
 field and Transit are names of post 
 offices; Pine Hill is the name of a 
 settlement. 
 
 I Elbridge, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 13 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Syracuse, and distant 149 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 4,647 inhabitants. The sur 
 face is somewhat uneven and soil 
 of good quality; drained by the 
 outlet of Skaneateles lake, which 
 flows north into Seneca river. In 
 this town are remains of Indian an- 
 tiquities of considerable interest; 
 it is said that stones have been 
 found here, having writing upon 
 them in an unknown character. 
 Elbridge, Jack's Reef and Jor- 
 dan are names of post offices. 
 
 Elbridge, v. and p. o. El- 
 bridge, Onondaga co. contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church, an incorporated acade- 
 my, 3 taverns, 3 stores, 1 gristmill 
 and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Elevations. See Altitudes 
 and Elevations. 
 
 Elgin, p. o. Lyndon, Cattarau- 
 gus co. 
 
 Elizabethtown, t. Essex 
 co. contains the county buildings 
 situated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 126 miles 
 from Albany. The surface is moun- 
 tainous ; the Clinton range run- 
 ning through it from south to 
 north ; some of the peaks are ele- 
 vated from 12 to 1500 feet above 
 the level of the plains. Iron ore 
 of the best quality abounds in this 
 vicinity. It is drained by the 
 Boquet river and some of its tribu- 
 taries. 
 
 Elizabethtown, v. and p. 
 o. Elizabethtown, Essex co. is sit- 
 uated 8 miles west of Lake Cham 
 plain on a branch of the Boquet 
 river; it contains about 300 inhab- 
 itants, 45 dwelling houses, a court 
 house, jail and county clerk's of- 
 fice, a state arsenal, 1 church, 4 
 taverns and 5 stores. This village 
 is situated in a beautiful valley, 
 surrounded by mountains on three 
 sides — the scenery being exceed- 
 ingly grand and picturesoue 
 
ELIZAVILLE— ELLINGTON. 
 
 153 
 
 Elizaville, p. o. Columbia 
 
 CO. 
 
 Ellenburgh, t. Clinton co. 
 situated 25 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Plattsburgh, and distant 
 188 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,171 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly but mostly suscep- 
 tible of profitable cultivation; it is 
 drained by English river and some 
 other streams which flow north into 
 Canada. Ellenburgh is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Ellenville, v. and p. o. 
 Wawarsing, Ulster co. is situated 
 on the Delaware and Hudson canal, 
 at the junction of the Sandbar 
 creek and Good Beerskill; it con- 
 tains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
 taverns, 6 stores, 1 extensive glass 
 bottle and demijohn factory, 4 saw 
 mills, and an iron foundery and 
 manufactory of edge tools. There 
 is situated within half a mile 
 of this village a lead mine, 
 said to be the oldest mineral lo- 
 cality worked in this region, and 
 probably one of the first places at 
 which mining operations, with a 
 view to obtain lead ore, were car- 
 ried on in this state. 
 
 Ei-lery, t. Chautauque co. sit- 
 uated 8 miles east of the village of 
 Mayville, and distant 342 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,2*2 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy and gravel- 
 ly loam of good quality, much of 
 it heavilly timbered; it is drained 
 by several small creeks flow- 
 ing into Chautauque lake, which 
 bounds it on the south-west. El- 
 lery and Union Ellery are names 
 of post offices. At the former 
 there are situated 1 church, 1 ta- 
 2 stores and 15 or 20 dwel- 
 lings. : 
 Ellicott, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 18 miles south-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 330 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1S40, 2,571 inhabitants. The 
 
 surface is undulating, declining 
 south towards Chautauque lake; 
 soil, sandy and gravelly loam; it is 
 watered by Cassadaga creek and 
 the outlet to Chautauque lake. 
 Fluvanna, Jamestown and Levant 
 are names of post offices, and 
 Dexterville is the name of a new 
 settlement. 
 
 Ellicott's Creek, rises in 
 Genesee co. and flows westerly 
 across Erie county, into Niagara 
 river, near the mouth of Tona- 
 wanda creek. This is a good 
 mill stream, on which are situ- 
 ated a number of factories and 
 mills. 
 
 Ellicottville, t. Cattarau- 
 gus co. contains the county build- 
 ings situated in the village of the 
 same name, and is distant 292 
 i miles from Albanv; it contained 
 I in 1840, 1,084 inhabitants. The 
 i surface is mostly undulating, ex- 
 I cept along Great Valley creek, 
 | where is a deep valley; soil, sandy 
 I and gravelly loam, good for grass 
 I or grain; it is drained by Great 
 i Valley creek and some of its tri- 
 J butaries. Ellicottville and Plato 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Ellicottville, v. and p. o. 
 Ellicottville, Cattaraugus co. is 
 situated on Great Valley creek, 
 290 miles west of the city of Al- 
 bany. It was incorporated in 1837 
 and now contains about 600 inhab- 
 itants, 80 dwelling houses, a court 
 house, jail and county clerk's of- 
 fice, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 4 stores, 
 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. This 
 place is the location of two exten- 
 sive land offices, which adds much 
 to its importance. 
 
 Ellington, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 20 miles east of the vil- 
 lage of Mayville, and distant 320 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,725 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy and 
 gravelly loam; drained by Clear 
 creek. Ellington and Clear creek 
 are names of post offices. 
 
154 
 
 ELLISBURGH— ENFIELD. 
 
 Ellisburgh, t. Jefferson co. 
 situated 20 miles south-west of the 
 village of Watertown and distant 
 166 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 5,349 inhabitants. The 
 surface is level ; soil, sandy loam 
 of a rich quality; drained by the 
 north and south branches of Sandy 
 creek, which flows into Lake On- 
 tario, affording' fine water power. 
 Ellisburgh, Bellville, Mannsville 
 and Woodville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Ellisburgh, v. and p. o. El- 
 lisburgh, Jefferson co. is situated 
 on Sandy creek; it contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 tav- 
 erns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 oil mill and 1 carding and 
 fulling mill. 
 
 Ellis' Island, on which is 
 situated Fort Gibson, lies opposite 
 the city of New-York at the mouth 
 of the Hudson river, and belongs 
 to the United States government. 
 This island is sometimes called 
 Gibbet Island, from the fact of 
 here being usually executed pi- 
 rates, and others who are condemn- 
 ed to suffer death under the laws 
 of the United States. 
 
 Elmira, t. Chemung co. con- 
 tains the county buildings situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant 198 miles from Al- 
 bany; -it contained in 1S40, 4,791 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly; soil in the valleys and 
 flats rich and productive; it is 
 drained by Newton's creek 
 flowing into the Chemung ri- 
 ver, which bounds it on the 
 south-west. Elmira, Baldwin and 
 Fairport are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Elmira , v. and p.o. Elmira, Che- 
 mung co. is pleasantly situated on 
 the north side of the Chemung 
 river, 198 miles south of west from 
 Albany; it was incorporated in 
 1828, and now contains about 2,300 
 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, 
 
 a court house and jail, and county 
 clerk's office; an incorporated aca- 
 demy and a female seminary, 1 
 banking house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
 dist church; a mechanic's hall, to 
 which is attached a flourishing as- 
 sociation of mechanics and a pub- 
 lic library; 5 hotels and taverns; 
 40 stores of different kinds, 3 store 
 houses, 3 large flouring mills, 3 ex- 
 tensive steam furnaces, 3 plaister 
 mills, 1 tannery and a boat yard 
 for building and repairing canal 
 boats. The water power at this 
 place, which is very great, is de- 
 rived from the river and Newton's 
 creek, which empties into it at this 
 point; only a part of the hydraulic 
 power is now used for manufactur- 
 ing purposes. The Chemung ca- 
 nal terminates at Elmira, where 
 are two extensive basins, on which 
 are located storehouses and lumber 
 yards; the amount of lumber alone 
 exported from this place to eastern 
 markets is estimated at 10,000,000 
 feet of marketable planks and 
 boards. In addition to the above, 
 large quantities of lumber of va- 
 rious kinds, salt and plaister are 
 floated down the Chemung and 
 Susquehanna rivers on rafts and 
 in arks to the states of Pennsylva- 
 nia and Maryland. The New- 
 York and Erie railroad, which is 
 in a rapid state of construction, 
 passes through this village, which 
 is about equi-distant between Pier- 
 mont and Dunkirk. A central de- 
 pot is located here for the use of 
 the company; this is also the ter- 
 minating point of the Williams- 
 port and Elmira railroad, 25 miles 
 of which is completed and in ope- 
 ration. A toll bridge, constructed 
 of wood, 700 feet in length, cross- 
 es the Chemung river at this place; 
 a railroad bridge is also construct- 
 ed a short distance above the toll 
 bridge. 
 
 Enfield, t. Tompkins co. sit- 
 uated 5 miles west of the village of 
 
ENGLISH RIVER— ERIE. 
 
 155 
 
 Ithaca, and distant 175 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,340 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, gravelly loam of a 
 good quality ; it is drained by two 
 or three small streams. Enfield 
 and West Enfield are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 English River, rises in the 
 north-west part of Clinton co. and 
 flows north into Canada, where it 
 empties its waters into the Cha- 
 teaugay river; its length is about 
 30 miles. 
 
 Enlarged Erie Canal. 
 See Erie Canal. 
 
 Ephratah, t. Fulton co. si- 
 tuated 6 miles west of the village 
 of Johnstown, and distant 51 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,009 inhabitants. The surface is 
 uneven; soil, sandy loam. It is 
 drained by Garoga and Zim- 
 merman's creek. Ephratah, Ga- 
 roga, Lassellville and Pleasant 
 Valley, are names of post offices. 
 
 Ephratah, v. and p. o. E- 
 phratah, Fulton co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 3 saw mills, and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 ERIE COUNTY, taken from Niagara in 1821, is centrally distant 
 280 miles from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the north by Ni- 
 agara county, east by Genesee and Wyoming, south by Cattaraugus, 
 and west by Lake Erie. The surface is diversified, being level 
 or undulating on the north, and somewhat hilly and broken by nume- 
 rous streams, on the south. The soil is mostly good; on the north it 
 is warm, sandy and gravelly loam, with some clay, well adapted to 
 most kinds of grain; on the south clay predominates, which is very 
 productive in grass; all parts yielding abundance of fruit of various 
 kinds. It is underlaid by slate and limestone; the latter is extensive- 
 ly quarried in the vicinity of Lake Erie and the Niagara river. This 
 county cannot boast much of its mineral wealth; iron pyrites, which is 
 of but little value occurs in great abundance at Eighteen Mile creek, 
 and elsewhere ; small quantities of some of the ores of copper have 
 been observed near the village of Black Rock, and water limestone 
 has been found on Grand Island. There is a sulphur spring of some 
 character four miles from Buffalo, and a spring on Grand Island is of 
 some interest, in consequence of its containing free sulphuric acid, al- 
 though in a very dilute state. In addition to Lake Erie and the Nia- 
 gara river, which water this county on the west, it is drained by 
 Buffalo creek, Cayuga creek, Cazenove creek, Seneca creek, Ellicott's 
 creek, Cauquaga creek, and Tonawanda creek on the north, and Cat- 
 taraugus creek on the south boundary. This county contains several 
 Indian Reservations ; a part of the Tonawanda Reservation on the 
 north-east, the Buffalo Reservation near the centre of the county, and 
 a part of the Cattaraugus Reservation on the south ; mostly inhabited 
 by the Seneca tribe of Indians. The Erie canal here communicates 
 with Lake Erie by means of a capacious basin, formed by the pier at 
 Black Rock, while a branch canal extends into the city of Buffalo, 
 where the state is about foiming extensive basins to communicate with 
 the navigable waters of Buffalo creek, and harbor of Buffalo. The Buffa- 
 lo and Niagara Falls railroad extends from the city of Buffalo in a 
 northern direction to the village of Niagara Falls, and the Buffalo 
 and Black Rock railroad extends a distance of 3 miles; a railroad is 
 also contemplated to extend from Buffalo to Batavia, which, when 
 finished, will form one continued line of railroad from Boston to Lake 
 
156 
 
 ERIE CANAL. 
 
 Erie. The area of this county is about 876 square miles, or 561,000 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Erie county, with the 
 population in lb40. 
 
 Alden, 1,984 
 
 Amherst, 2,451 
 
 Aurora, 2,908 
 
 Black Rock, 3,625 
 
 Boston, 1,745 
 
 Brandt, 1,088 
 
 Buffalo City, 18,213 
 
 Chictawaga, 1,137 
 
 Clarence, 2,271 
 
 Colden, 1,088 
 
 Collins, 4,257 
 
 Concord, 3,021 
 
 Erie Canal. This great work, 
 by far the most important canal in 
 the United States, extends from 
 the tide waters of the Hudson river 
 at the city of Albany, to Lake 
 Erie, terminating at the city of 
 Buffalo. Its general course from 
 Albany is a little north of west, 
 
 Eassing up the valley of the Mo- 
 awk river, which it crosses at the 
 lower aqueduct, then follows the 
 left or north bank of the Mohawk 
 for 13 miles, when it re-crosses at 
 the upper aqueduct; thence pur- 
 sues the south bank of the above 
 river, through the counties of Sche- 
 nectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, 
 Herkimer and Oneida, where it 
 leaves the Mohawk valley, and 
 continues west through the counties 
 of Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, 
 the north-east angle of Seneca, 
 Wayne, touching Ontario on the 
 north at Port Gibson, Monroe, Or- 
 leans, Niagara and Erie, where it 
 terminates. Its whole length, in- 
 cluding the basin at Albany, is 364 
 miles ; passing through several 
 flourishing cities and villages, 
 many of which have sprung into 
 existence since its completition. 
 It is intersected by several lateral 
 canals of much importance, 
 all of them communicating with 
 other navigable waters. At the 
 
 Eden, 2,174 
 
 Evans, 1,807 
 
 Hamburgh, 3,727 
 
 Holland, 1,2 12 
 
 Lancaster, 2,083 
 
 Newstead, 2,653 
 
 Sardinia, 1,743 
 
 Tonawanda, 1,261 
 
 Wales, 1,987 
 
 Total inhabitants, 62,465 
 
 Cohoes, in the town of Watervliet, 
 it forms a junction with the Cham- 
 plain canal. At Utica it connects 
 with the Chenango canal; at the 
 village of Rome, with the JBlack 
 River canal and Feeder; in the 
 town of Vernon, with the Oneida 
 Lake canal ; at the village of Sy- 
 racuse, with the Oswego canal ; at 
 the village of Montezuma, with the 
 Cayuga and Seneca canal; and at 
 the city of Rochester, with the 
 Genesee Valley canal. From Al- 
 bany west there are a succession 
 of locks, until what is termed the 
 "long level" is reached, in the 
 town of Frankfort, Herkimer 
 county, elevated 425 feet above the 
 Hudson, extending to Syracuse, a 
 distance of 69$ miles, without any 
 intervening lock ; from thence the 
 line descends, and then re-ascends 
 until it reaches Rochester, elevated 
 506 feet, where there is another 
 continued level of 64 miles; when 
 at Lockport the Canal ascends the 
 mountain ridge, by five double 
 combined locks, each 12.4 feet 
 rise; nine miles west of Lockport 
 the canal enters the Tonawanda 
 creek, with which for a distance 
 of about 10 miles it is identfied; 
 at a further distance of 12 miles 
 this magnificent work unites with 
 Lake Erie. Total rise from the 
 
ERIE CANAL— ERIE, LAKE. 
 
 157 
 
 Hudson river to Lake Erie, 560 
 feet ; rise and fall, 692 feet. It 
 was commenced in 1817, and 
 finished in 1825, at a total cost of 
 $10,731,595. 
 
 By an act of the legislature in 
 relation to the Erie canal, passed 
 May 11, 1835, directing the canal 
 commissioners, to enlarge and im- 
 prove the Erie canal, the project 
 of enlarging this before great work, 
 was adopted ; the want of addition- 
 al facilities for conducting the 
 increased trade flowing through 
 this channel having become appa- 
 rent. Considerable progress has 
 now been made on this stupendous 
 undertaking, which, when finished, 
 will command the admiration of 
 the civilized world. There was 
 put under contract prior to January 
 1839, over 100 miles of the en- 
 larged canal, including the heavy 
 rock cutting at Lockport, with all 
 the mechanical structures there- 
 on, comprising more than 50 dou- 
 ble and single locks, besides the 
 five double combined locks at 
 Lockport; the aqueduct over the 
 Genesee river at Rochester; the 
 two aqueducts over the Mohawk 
 river ; one over the Schoharie 
 creek, and many other over smaller 
 streams, including culverts, bridg- 
 es, &c. The estimated cost of all 
 the work for the enlargement of 
 the Erie canal, is $'23,284,931, of 
 which there was put under contract 
 up to 1841, £11,021,932, on which 
 there has been paid $10,011,146 ; 
 leaving a further expenditure of 
 $ 13,273,784 to be provided for. 
 The size of the Enlarged Erie Ca- 
 nal, is to be 7 feet deep, and 70 feet 
 wide on the surface, with aslope; 
 of 2 feet to 1 in the banks, leaving 
 a width at the bottom of 42 feet ; 
 with double locks 18 feet wide, 
 and 110 feet long. The present 
 width of the old Erie canal is 40 
 feet on the surface, and 28 on the 
 bottom, and 4 feet deep; the locks 
 15 feet wide, and 80 feet long. 
 
 Erie, Lake, lying between 
 the United States and the British 
 possessions in Canada, through the 
 centre of which passes the bounda- 
 ry line, is about 265 miles in 
 length, and from 30 to 50 miles 
 in breadth. Its surface is elevated 
 565 feet above the tide waters of 
 the Hudson river at Albany, and 
 334 feet above Lake Ontario. The 
 greatest depth which has been ob- 
 tained in sounding this lake, is 270 
 feet. It receives the surplus wa- 
 ters of Lakes Superior, Michigan 
 and Huron, through the river St. 
 Clair, which extends a distance of 
 35 miles, when it empties into a 
 lake of the same name, of a circu- 
 lar form, about 30 miles in diame- 
 ter ; from whence the river Detroit 
 having a course of 29 miles, flows 
 into Lake Erie. The communica- 
 tion between the two latter lakes is 
 navigable for vessels of a large 
 class ; while with the former, the 
 navigation is interrupted by the 
 falls of St. Mary's. It communi- 
 cates with Lake Ontario, by its 
 outlet, the Niagara river, through 
 which the boundary line is conti- 
 nued. Lake Erie is said to be the 
 only one of the chain, in which 
 there is any perceptible current, a 
 circumstance which may, perhaps, 
 be occasioned by its smaller depth 
 of water. Its bottom is rocky, and 
 the shallowness of its water, also 
 renders it more easily and more 
 permanently affected by frost, its 
 navigation being generally ob- 
 structed by ice for some weeks 
 every spring, after that of all the 
 other lakes are open and unim- 
 peded. For about 60 miles this 
 lake bounds the state of New-York 
 on the north-west, receiving seve- 
 ral large streams from Chautauque 
 and Erie counties, which lie on its 
 border, and possess some good har- 
 bors, the most important of which 
 are Dunkirk and Buffalo harbors; 
 the latter is situated at its east end, 
 where commences the great Erie 
 
158 
 
 ERIE LAKE— ERWIN. 
 
 canal, communicating' with the 
 navigable waters of the Hudson, 
 which is fed for near half its length 
 of 363 miles by the waters 
 of Lake Erie, which are obtained 
 by means of the state pier at Black 
 Rock. This lake is also connected 
 with Lake Ontario, by means of 
 the Welland canal in Canada. In 
 a commercial point of view this is 
 the most important of all the great 
 western lakes, or inland seas, now 
 being navigated by several hundred 
 steamboats and lake craft, many 
 of them of a large size; transport- 
 ing annually an immense amount 
 of produce, the growth of the " Far 
 West," and manufactured products 
 to and from the eastern markets on 
 the Atlantic seaboard. When it is 
 considered that Lake Huron is 240 
 miles in length, and Lake Michi- 
 gan 300, in addition to Erie and its 
 Connecting waters, without inclu- 
 ding Lake Superior, the largest 
 body of fresh water on the globe, 
 well may we use the language of 
 an eminent English writer : " How 
 little are they aware in Europe, of 
 the vastness and extent of com- 
 merce carried on in these inland 
 seas, whose coasts are now lined 
 with flourishing towns and cities, 
 whose waters are ploughed with 
 magnificent steamboats, and hun- 
 dreds of vessels with merchandise. 
 Even the Americans themselves 
 are not fully aware of the rising 
 importance of these lakes, as con, 
 nected with the west." The dis- 
 tance from Buffalo to Chicago by 
 the nearest route, is 992 miles, viz: 
 from Buffalo to Dunkirk 45 miles; 
 Dunkirk to Portland, 16 ; Portland 
 to Erie, 30 ; Erie to Conneaut, 30; 
 Conneaut to Ashtabula, 14; Ashta- 
 bula to Grand river, 30 ; Grand 
 river to Cleveland, 30; Cleveland 
 to Black river, 27; Black river 
 to Huron, 20 ; Huron to Sandusky, 
 10 ; Sandusky to Detroit, 75 ; De- 
 troit to Fort Gratiot, 72; Fort 
 Gratiot to Point au Barques, 75 ; 
 
 Point au Barques to Thunder Bay 
 Island, 75; Thunder Bay Island 
 to Presque Isle, 80 ; Presque Isle 
 to Mackinac, 65 ; Mackinac to 
 Manitou Island, 103 ; Manitou to 
 Milwaukie, 150 ; Milwaukie to 
 Southport, 13 ; Southport to Chi- 
 cago, 57. This is by the nearest 
 route ; the steamboats in going be- 
 tween the two points have to run 
 eleven hundred miles, being more 
 than one-third the distance across 
 the Atlantic ocean. Lake Erie, in 
 common with the other large lakes, 
 abounds with a great variety of 
 fish, such as sturgeon, muskalon- 
 gin, or muskanunge, as called by 
 the Indians, pike, pickerel, cat- 
 fish, Buffalo-fish, white-fish, bass, 
 perch, &c. 
 
 The following is the amount of 
 tonnage enrolled at the several dis- 
 tricts on Lake Erie, in 1840 : 
 
 Ports Tons 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 4,916 
 
 Detroit, Mich 11,432 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, 9,514 
 
 Sandusky, do 2,643 
 
 Miama, do 2,232 
 
 Presque Isle, Penn 3,369 
 
 Total tons, 34,106 
 
 Including upwards of 300 vessels, 
 consisting of ships, brigs, steam- 
 boats, schooners and sloops. 
 
 Erikville, v. and p. o. Nel- 
 son, Madison co. contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns and I 
 store. 
 
 Erin, t. Chemung co. situated 
 8 miles east of the village of Elmi- 
 ra, and distant 190 trom Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 1,441 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly and 
 broken ; soil, gravelly loam of in- 
 different quality; it is drained by 
 the Cayuta creek and several other 
 small streams. Erin is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Erwin, t. Steuben co. situated 
 20 miles south-east of the village 
 
ESOPUS— ESSEX. 
 
 159 
 
 of Bath, and distant 210 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 785 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, clay loam; drained by 
 the Conhocton and Tioga rivers, 
 which here unite and form the Che- 
 mung river. Erwin and Painted 
 Post are names of post offices. 
 
 Esopus, t. Ulster co. situated 7 
 miles south of the village of Kings- 
 ton, and distant 68 miles from Al- 
 bany; contained in 1840, 1,939 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly and broken ; soil, sandy, 
 clay and gravelly loam; it is wa- 
 tered by the Wallkill and Rondout 
 rivers on the west, and by the Hud- 
 son river on the east. Esopus is 
 the name of a post office. Rifton 
 is the name of a settlement. The 
 former is situated about a mile west 
 of the landing on the Hudson river, 
 where are located 1 church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store and about 20 dwel- 
 
 lings. About two miles west of 
 this settlement is situated a sulphur 
 spring of some celebrity, near 
 which is a boarding house, for the 
 accommodation of visiters. 
 
 Esopus Creek, rises in the 
 north-west part of Ulster co. and 
 flows south-east for a considerable 
 distance, when it turns in the town 
 of Marbletown, and thence flows 
 north-east into the Hudson river at 
 the village of Ulster. On this 
 stream are a number of fine mill 
 privileges, many of which are still 
 unoccupied. 
 
 Esperance, v. and p. o. Scho- 
 harie, Schoharie co. situated on the 
 Cherry Valley turnpike; it was in- 
 corporated in 1818, and now con- 
 tains about 450 inhabitants, 75 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 3 taverns, 4 stores, 1 paper 
 mill, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, and 
 1 clothier's works. 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY, taken from Clinton in 1799, is centrally distant 
 125 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Clin- 
 ton county, east by Lake Champlain, south by Warren county, and on 
 the west by the counties of Franklin and Hamilton. The surface of 
 this county is hilly on the east, and mountainous on the west ; more so 
 than any other in the state, having the highest peaks by some thousand 
 feet. The soil is good bordering on Lake Champlain, but sterile in the 
 interior; in the county there are several small lakes, and it is drained by 
 the Au Sable and Saranac rivers on the north, and by the head waters 
 of the Hudson on the south-west. In addition to which, there is the 
 Boquet river, and several other smaller streams, emptying into Lake 
 Champlain. In mineral productions this county is probably richer than 
 any other in the state, possessing immense resources in this particular. 
 Enough is already known to warrant this assertion, but many years must 
 elapse before a correct estimate can be formed in regard to their real 
 extent and value. To say that there are here numerous beds of magnet 
 ic iron ore, would scarcely convey a true idea of the enormous depo- 
 sits of that mineral which are found in various parts of the county. In 
 the towns of Moriah, Keene and Newcomb, there are immense veins 
 already discovered of the purest iron ore. In the latter town, near the 
 settlement of Adirondack, the Sandford vein, as it is called, has been 
 ascertained to be 514 feet wide and 1,667 feet long, when it disappears 
 under tabular masses of rock. In addition to these deposits of magnet- 
 ic iron ore, there are also beds of the specular ore, which are used at 
 Crown Point, &c. Several localities of graphite also occur in this 
 count) r ; one of these situated near Ticonderoga, has long been celebra- 
 ted. Among the useful minerals of Essex, may also be mentioned 
 marble of the verd antique variety, a valuable bed of which is found 
 near Cedar Point. To the mineralogist this county presents one of the 
 
160 
 
 ESSEX— EXETER. 
 
 most interesting fields of research ; although it has been but partially 
 explored, many rare and beautiful minerals have already been disco- 
 vered in addition to those enumerated, for a further description of 
 which, the reader is referred to the several geological reports of the 
 State Geologists. Mount Matey, which lies in the town of Keene, is 
 elevated 5,467 feet ahove the ocean, which is by far the highest moun- 
 tain peak in the state. The area of this county is about' 1,779 square 
 miles, or 1,138,500 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Essex county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Chesterfield, 2,716 
 
 Crown Point, 2,212 
 
 Elizabethtown, .... 1,061 
 
 Essex, 1,681 
 
 Jay, 2,258 
 
 Keene, 730 
 
 Lewis, 1,505 
 
 Minerva, 455 
 
 Moriah, 2,595 
 
 Essex, t. Essex co. situated 10 
 miles north-east of the village of 
 Elizabethtown, and distant 135 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,681 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, on the east is 
 good and well cultivated, but ste- 
 rile on the west ; it is watered by 
 the Boquet river flowing into Lake 
 Champlain, which bounds it on the 
 east. Essex, Split Rock and Wes- 
 sex are names of post offices. 
 
 Essex, v. and p. o. Essex, Es- 
 sex co. is advantageously situated 
 on the west side of Lake Cham- 
 plain: it contains about 600 inha- 
 bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Congregational, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodic church ; 2 taverns, 6 
 stores, 2 extensive store houses, 1 
 tannery, and a ship yard for build- 
 ing and repairing lake craft. A 
 horse ferry boat here plies across 
 Lake Champlain to Charlotte, Ver- 
 mont, a distance of 2% miles. 
 Here is also a good steamboat land- 
 ing and two wharves. 
 
 Etna, v. and p. o. Dryden, 
 Tompkins co. is situated on Fall 
 creek ; it contains about 200 inha- 
 bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 1 saw mill, 2 distil- 
 
 Newcomb, 74 
 
 Schroon, 1,660 
 
 Ticonderoga, 2,169 
 
 Westport, 1,932 
 
 Willsborough, 1,658 
 
 Wilmington, 928 
 
 Total inhabitants, 23,634 
 
 leries, and 1 cloth dressing es- 
 tablishment. 
 
 Euclid, p. o. Clay, Onondaga 
 co. 
 
 Evans, t. Erie co. situated 16 
 miles south o! the city of Buffalo, 
 and distant 293 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,807 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly, being 
 on the western slope of the dividing 
 ridge ; soil, gravelly loam and 
 clay, producing most kinds of 
 grain, grass and fruit in abun- 
 dance ; drained by the Little and 
 Big Sister creeks, and some other 
 streams flowing into Lake Erie, 
 by which it is bounded on the' 
 west. Evans and East Evans are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Evans' Mills, v. and p. o. 
 Le Ray, Jefferson co. is situated 
 on Pleasant creek, which empties 
 into the Indian river, about half a 
 mile below ; it contains about 350 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
 thodist church ; an academy ; 3 
 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 machine shop, 1 tan- 
 nery, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
 and 1 ashery. 
 
 Exeter, t. Otsego co. situated 
 10 miles north-west of the village 
 
FABIFS— FAIRPORT. 
 
 161 
 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 78 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,423 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and hilly ; soil, cal- 
 careous mould, well adapted to 
 grazing; it is drained by several 
 small stream? flowing into Cana- 
 deraga lake ; also by Butternut 
 and Wharton's creeks, both of 
 which ri-e in this town. Exeter 
 and West Exeter are names of post 
 offices. At the former there are si- 
 tuated 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Fabius, t. Onondaga co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Syracuse, and distant 121 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,562 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat broken ; 
 soil, well adapted to grass ; it is 
 drained by the head waters of the 
 Tioughnioga river. Here are 
 found remains of ancient fortifica- 
 tions, and beneath the earth human 
 bones. Fabius and Apulia are 
 names of post offices. Franklin is 
 the name of a village. The for- 
 mer is situated in the latter vil- 
 lage. 
 
 Factoryville, v. Castleton, 
 Richmond co. is situated on the 
 north shore of Staten Island ; it 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal cha- 
 pel, 4 taverns, 5 stores; 1 grist 
 mill and the New-York dying and 
 printing establishment, one of the 
 largest works of the kind in the 
 Union; it is owned by a chartered 
 company, with a capital of $200,- 
 000 — giving employment to about 
 300 workmen. The North Shore 
 post office is located in this place. 
 Factoryville, v. and p. o. 
 Barton, Tioga co. is situated on 
 theCayuta creek; it contains about 
 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
 3 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and an extensive 
 furnace. 
 
 Fairfield, t. Herkimer co. 
 11 
 
 situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Herkimer, and distant 81 
 miles from Albany ; contained ia 
 1840, 1,836 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat rocky ; 
 soil, clay loam, fertile and well 
 cultivated, adapted to grass, this 
 vicinity being somewhat celebrated 
 for its dairies ; it is drained on the 
 west by West Canada creek. Fair- 
 field and Middleville are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Fairfield, v. and p. o. Fair- 
 field, Herkimer co. lies 8 miles 
 north of Little Falls; it is a plea- 
 sant, rural village, and is the loca- 
 tion of the well known Fairfield 
 Academy, which is one of the 
 oldest academies in the state, and 
 is in a very flourishing condition ; 
 it is also the site of the Western 
 College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, at which, in 25 years pre- 
 vious to 1840, more than 2,000 
 medical students were educated. 
 The village contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, and has 3 churches, 1 
 tavern, 3 stores, 1 tannery, and an 
 ashery. 
 
 Fairhaven, v. Gaines, Or- 
 leans co. contains 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 1 store, and 15 or 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Fairport, v. and p. o. El- 
 mira, Chemung co. is situated on 
 the Chemung canal at the junction 
 of the feeder, 6 miles above the 
 village of Elmira ; it was incorpo- 
 rated in 1837, and now contains 
 about 500 inhabitants, 90 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
 thodist church, 4 taverns, 8 stores 
 and 6 warehouses ; 1 grist mill, 1 
 turning establishment and 2 tan- 
 neries. This place was formerly 
 called Horse Heads, from the cir- 
 cumstance of Gen. Sullivan on his 
 return from his Indian expedition 
 to the Genesee Valley in 1779, 
 having here killed some 70 or 80 
 of his pack horses, to prevent their 
 falling into the hands of the In- 
 dians. 
 
162 
 
 FAIRPORT— FARMINGTON. 
 
 Fairport, v. Perrington, 
 Monroe co. is situated on the Erie 
 canal ; it contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling' houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 
 warehouses, and an ashery. 
 
 Fairview, p. o. Farmersville, 
 Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Fairville, v. and p. o. Ar- 
 cadia, Wayne co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing about 125 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, and 2 
 stores. 
 
 Fall Creek, rises in Cayuga 
 co. and flows through a part of 
 Tompkins into the head of Cayuga 
 lake, near the village of Ithaca; 
 this is a valuable and romantic 
 stream, there being several highly 
 picturesque falls, affording fine wa- 
 ter power. The falls near Ithaca 
 are peculiarly interesting ; here has 
 been constructed an artificial tun- 
 nel, through which there is a pas- 
 sage for visiters, affording one of 
 the most beautiful views of the 
 kind imaginable. It is much re- 
 sorted to by the admirers of natural 
 scenery. 
 
 Fall Creek, p. o. Groton, 
 Tompkins co. ; here is located on 
 Fall creek a settlement, consisting 
 of 1 church, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
 1 saw mill, and 15 or 20 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Fallsburgh, t. Sullivan co. 
 situated 8 miles north of the village 
 of Monticello,and distant 108 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,782 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, gravelly loan., underlaid 
 mostly by slate; it is drained by the 
 Neversink river and some of the 
 head branches of the Rondout 
 creek. Fallsburgh, Sandburgh 
 and Woodbourne are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Fallsburgh, v. and p. o. Sul- 
 livan co. is situated on the Never- 
 sink river, where is a fine natural 
 fall, affording hydraulic power to 
 a large extent; it contains about 
 
 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 extensive 
 tannery, 1 grist mill and 3 saw 
 mills. 
 
 Falls of Niagara. See 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 Falls of West Canada 
 Creek. See Trenton Falls. 
 
 Farmer's Mills, p. o. Kent, 
 Putnam co. 
 
 Farmersville, t. Cattarau- 
 gus co. situated 16 miles north-east 
 of the village of Ellicottville, and 
 distant 274 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,294 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is high and 
 hilly; being situated on the divid- 
 ing ridge; it is drained by several 
 head stream-;, flowing north-west 
 into Lake Erie, east into Genesee 
 river and south into the Allegany 
 river. Farmersville and Fairview 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Farmersville, v. and p. o. 
 Farmersville, Cattaraugus co. is 
 an agricultural settlement situated 
 on high ground; it contains about 
 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 churches, 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Farmer vi lle, v. and p. o. 
 Ovid, Seneca co. is situated on el- 
 evated ground ; it contains about 
 450 inhabitants, 70 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 churches, 3 taverns and 4 or 
 5 stores. 
 
 Farmingham, p. o. Barre, 
 Orleans co. 
 
 Farmington, t. Ontario co. 
 situated 7 miles north of the village 
 of Canandaigua, and distant 205 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2.122 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level; soil, mostly stiff clay 
 and difficult to cultivate, but pro- 
 ductive when well tilled. It is 
 drained by Mud creek on the west 
 and by a small stream that flows 
 into Canandaigua outlet on the east; 
 the Auburn and Rochester railroad 
 runs through the south-west angle 
 of this town. Farmington and 
 West Farmington are names of 
 post offices. 
 
FAR ROCKA WAY— PISH CREEK. 
 
 163 
 
 Far Rockaway, v. and p.o. 
 Hempstead, Queens co. is situated 
 between Jamaica bay and the At- 
 lantic ocean; here are located 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern and 20 
 or 25 dwellings. About one mile 
 west of the above office is situated 
 the Marine Pavilion and Rock 
 Hall, both well kept summer 
 boarding houses ; the former, de- 
 lightfully situated near the beach, 
 is one of the most fashionable 
 Watering Places in the vicinity of 
 the city of New- York. In addi- 
 tion to the above, there are several 
 other houses where visiters are en- 
 tertained during the summer 
 months. 
 
 Fayette, t. Seneca co. situa- 
 ted immediately south of t he vil- 
 lage of Waterloo, and distant 178 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,731 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level; soil of a good quali- 
 ty and very productive when well 
 tilled; it is bounded on the east by 
 Cayuga lake, on the west by Sene- 
 ca lake and in part on the north by 
 Seneca river, into which flow seve- 
 ral small streams. Fayette, Cano- 
 gaand West Fayette are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Fayette, v. Hanover, Chau- 
 tauque co. is situated on Lake 
 Erie at the mouth of Silver creek; 
 it contains about 600 inhabitants, 
 90 dwelling houses, 1 church, 3 
 taverns, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 1 clothier's works and 1 distillery. 
 This is a port of entry and a good 
 steamboat landing. 
 
 Fayette, v. Guilford, Che- 
 nango co. contains about 275 in- 
 habitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 Episcopal and 1 Methodist church, 
 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
 saw mills, 2 tanneries and a cloth 
 dressing establishment. 
 
 Fayetteville, v. and p. o. 
 Manlius, Onondoga co. situated 
 near the Erie canal, with which it 
 is connected by a feeder, contains 
 about 800 inhabitants, 120 dwel- 
 
 ling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
 tist and 1 Methodist church, an in- 
 corporated academy, 4 taverns, 6 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw mills 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Federal Store, p.o. North- 
 east, Dutchess co. 
 
 Felt's Mills, p. o. Rutland, 
 Jefferson co. here are situated on 
 Black river, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 3 saw mills, 1 tannery, 1 
 carding and fulling mill and about 
 15 dwellings. 
 
 Fexxeu, t. Madison co. situat- 
 ed 8 miles north-west of the village 
 of Morrisville, and distant 115 
 miles from Albanv; contained in 
 1840, 1,997 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, clay and 
 gravelly loam, mostly underlaid 
 by lime stnneand is of a good qual- 
 ity; it is drained north by the Chit- 
 tenango and Canaseraga creeks. 
 Vernier and Perryville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 FiivcHviLLE,p. o.MountHope, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Finley's Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in the town of 
 Mina, Chautauque co. 
 
 Fire Islands, are a cluster 
 of small islands in the Great South 
 bay of Long Island, opposite the 
 town of Islip. 
 
 Fireplace, p.o. Brookhavcn, 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 Fireplace Bay, is the name 
 given to an indentation of the 
 Great South bay of Long Island, 
 lying in the town of Brookhaven, 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 Fish Creek, rises in Lewis 
 co. and empties into Wood creek, 
 in Oneida county; this is an im- 
 portant stream on which are locat- 
 ed a number of mills of different 
 kinds. It is also navigable for 
 boats for a few miles above its 
 entrance into the above creek, 
 which forms a part of the Oneida 
 Lake canal. 
 
 Fish Creek, Saratoga co. is 
 the outlet of Saratoga lake, and 
 
164 
 
 FISH HOUSE— FISH KILL. 
 
 empties its waters into the Hudson 
 river, at the village of Schuyler- 
 ville, where there are located seve- 
 ral factories and mills. 
 
 Fish House, v. Northampton, 
 Fulton co. is situated on the Sacan- 
 daga river, a branch of the Hud- 
 son; it contains about 250 inhabi- 
 tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 1 tavern and 7 stores. This place 
 is situated on a beautiful plain and 
 takes its name from the circum- 
 stance of Sir William Johnson 
 having here erected a house for the 
 purpose of fishing and trading with 
 the Indians. 
 Fisher's Island, the extreme 
 eastern portion of Suffolk co. and 
 the state, lies in Long Island 
 Sound, near the Connecticut shore; 
 137 miles east of the city of New- 
 York, and distant 14 miles from 
 the nearest point of Long Island. 
 It is 8 miles in length and averages 
 about 1 mile in width ; it is owned by 
 one proprietor, and rendered high- 
 ly valuable by judicious cultiva- 
 tion, and has upon it a very produc- 
 tive dairy. 
 
 Fishkill, t. Dutchess co. sit- 
 uated 10 miles south of the village 
 of Poughkeepsie, and distant 88 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 10,437 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous 
 on the south, on the north undulat- 
 ing, and the soil very rich and 
 productive; there are in this town 
 several localities of iron ore, mar- 
 ble and graphite or black lead, 
 rendering it rich in mineral as well 
 as agricultural products; it is wa- 
 tered by Wappinger's creek on the 
 north-west, and the Fishkill flows 
 through the centre, emptying 
 into the Hudson river, which 
 bounds it on the west, where are 
 several convenient landings and 
 thriving villages. This is one of 
 the largest and wealthiest inland 
 towns in the state; Fishkill, Fish- 
 kill Landing, Fishkill Plains, Ad- 
 riance, Glenham, Hackensack, 
 
 Johnsville, Peeksville, Shannado- 
 ah and Stormville are names of 
 post offices; Carthage, Franklin- 
 dale, Hughsonville and Matteawan 
 are names of villages or settle- 
 ments. 
 
 Fishkill, v. and p. o. Fish- 
 kill, Dutchess co. is pleasantly sit- 
 uated on Fishkill creek, 5 miles 
 east from Fishkill Landing; it con 
 tains about 800 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 pub- 
 lic houses and 8 stores. The Fish- 
 kill academy, located here, is a 
 chartered institution; the interior 
 is a half circle, arranged so as to 
 have each scholar separate, while 
 at the same time he is under the 
 eye of the teacher. During the 
 Revolutionary war, this village was 
 for a period the head quarters of 
 the American army; the church is 
 still standing here, in which Enoch 
 Crosby, the spy of revolutionary 
 memory, was confined for a time. 
 This region of country is justly 
 celebrated for its salubrity of cli- 
 mate and picturesque mountain 
 scenery. Here travellers and visi- 
 ters will find a quiet and retired re- 
 treat during the summer months. 
 
 Fishkill Landing, v. and 
 p. o. Fishkill, Dutchess co. is situ- 
 ated on the east side of the Hud- 
 son river, directly opposite the vil- 
 lage of Newburgh, with which it 
 is connected by a steam ferry ; 
 it contains about 900 inhabitants, 
 120 dwellings, 1 Dutch Reformed, 
 1 Episcopal and 1 Methodist 
 church; 4 public houses, 10 stores, 
 1 iron foundery and 1 gri t mill 
 and machine shop, at the mouth of 
 the Fishkill. The river and moun- 
 tain scenery, from the high grounds 
 in this vicinity, are remarkably 
 grand and picturesque, probably 
 unsurpassed by any other spot on 
 the Hudson. 
 
 Fish Kill, or Matteawan 
 Creek, rises in the centre of the 
 county of Dutchess; this is an im- 
 portant mill stream, on which are 
 
FISH KILL— FLEMING. 
 
 165 
 
 situated a number of extensive 
 woollen and cotton factories and 
 mills of different descriptions; it 
 extends through the town of Fish- 
 kill and falls into the Hudson riv- 
 er opposite the village of New- 
 burgh. On this stream are located 
 the important manufacturing vil- 
 lages of Glenheim and Matteawan. 
 
 Fishkill, or Matteawan 
 Mountains, situated in the south 
 part of Dutchess county, are a 
 continuation of the " Highlands," 
 through which passes the Hudson 
 river; this range, under different 
 names, extends north, until it inter- 
 sects the Green Mountains of Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 Fishktll Plains, p. o. Fish- 
 kill, Dutchess co. 
 
 Fish Lake, situated in Fulton 
 county, is about 2 miles long and 
 1 mile wide; it abounds in salmon 
 and brook trout, the former of a 
 large size, and both of a delicious 
 flavor. The water of this lake is 
 clear and deep, being surrounded 
 by high hills, covered with a large 
 growth of primitive forest trees. 
 
 Fish Lake, p. o. Bovina, 
 Delaware co. 
 
 Fish Lake, lies in the town 
 of Granby, Oswego co.; west of 
 the Oswego river. It is about 2 
 miles long and 1 mile wide ; this is 
 a small but handsome sheet of 
 water. 
 
 Five Corners, p. o. Genoa, 
 Cayuga co. 
 
 Five Mile Run, v. Burton, 
 Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
 north side of the Allegany river, 
 at the junction of the Five Mile 
 Run creek. A small settlement 
 now exists at this point, through 
 which passes the New-York and 
 Erie railroad. 
 
 Five Mile Run Creek, 
 rises in Hinsdale, Cattaraugus co. 
 and flows south into the Allegany 
 river. 
 
 Flanders, p. o. Southampton 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 Flatbcsh, t. Kings co. situa- 
 ted 4 miles south-east of the city 
 of Brooklyn, and distant 149 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,099 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part hilly, the most however, 
 level; soil, light loam and sand, 
 very productive when properly cul- 
 tivated. Flatbush and East New- 
 York are names of post offices. 
 
 Flatbush, v. and p. o. Flat- 
 bush, Kings co. is delightfully sit- 
 uated on the turnpike 4 miles 
 south-east of the city of Brooklyn; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed and 1 Episcopal church; 
 Erasmus Hall academy, an old and 
 flourishing incorporated institution; 
 2 taverns and 2 stores. Near the 
 north-west boundary of this town, 
 is the spot on which the unfortu- 
 nate battle between the English and 
 American armies was fought, in 
 August, 1776, commoidy called 
 the battle of Long Island, in which 
 the Americans were defeated with 
 great loss in killed and wounded. 
 
 Flatlands, t. Kings co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles south-east of the city 
 of Brooklyn, and distant 153 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 810 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level; soil, sandy loam and sand, 
 rendered productive by good til- 
 lage. To this town is attached 
 Barren Island and some other low, 
 marshy islands, yielding an abun- 
 dance of salt hay. 
 
 Flatlands, v. Flatlands, 
 Kings co. contains about 100 in- 
 habitants, 20 dwelling houses; a 
 Dutch Reformed church, original- 
 ly built in 1661; 1 tavern and 2 
 stores. 
 
 Fleming, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
 ted 4 miles south of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 •1,317 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, clay loar», v/ell 
 cultivated and productive; it is 
 drained by Crane brook on the 
 
166 
 
 FLEMING— FLUSHING BAY. 
 
 south, and by some small streams 
 running into Owasco lake, which 
 bounds it on the east. 
 
 Fleming, v. and p. o. Flem- 
 ing, Cayuga co. contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns and 1 store. 
 
 Flemikgsville, p. o. Owego, 
 Tioga co. 
 
 Flint Creek, p. o. Seneca, 
 Ontario co. 
 
 Flint Creek, rises in Yates 
 co. and flows south into Ontario, 
 where it empties into the Canan- 
 daigua outlet. 
 
 Florence, t. Oneida co. sit- 
 uated 33 miles north-west of the 
 city of Utica, and distant 127 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,259 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating; soil, 
 sandy loam; drained by tributaries 
 of Fish creek. Florence and East 
 Florence are names of post of- 
 fices. 
 
 Florida, t. Montgomery co. 
 situated 8 miles south-east of the 
 village of Fonda, and distant 34 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 5,214 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, strong 
 clay loam, producing large crops 
 of wheat; it is drained by Schoha- 
 rie creek on the west, and the Mo- 
 hawk river on the north. Fort 
 Hunter, Minaville and Port Jack- 
 son are names of post offices. 
 
 Florida, v. and p. o. War- 
 wick, Orange co. contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 
 2 grist mills and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Floyd, t. Oneida co. situated 
 8 miles north of the city of Utica, 
 and distant 100 miles from Albany , 
 contained in 1840, 1,724 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is rolling; soil, 
 clay marl well adapted to grass ; 
 along the Mohawk, which bounds 
 it ou the south, are rich alluvial 
 flats; H m e Mile creek drains it on 
 the eastern border. Floyd is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Flushing, t. Queens co. situa- 
 ted 6 miles west of North Hemp- 
 stead court house, and distant 156 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 4,124 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level, except on the 
 south, where there is a stony ridge; 
 soil, sandy loam, with some clay, 
 generally well cultivated and pro- 
 ductive. This town is bounded on 
 the north by Long Island Sound ; 
 Flushing bay on the west, and 
 Little Neck bay on the east, are 
 considerable indentations, into 
 which flow small streams. 
 
 Flushing, v. and p.o. Queens 
 co. is situated at the head of Flush- 
 ing bay, 9 miles from the city of 
 New-York; it was incorporated in 
 1837, and now contains about 2,000 
 inhabitants, 175 dwelling houses, 
 1 Episcopal, 2 Methodist and 1 
 Roman Catholic church, and 1 
 Orthodox and 1 Hicksite meeting 
 house; the St. Thomas' Hall is an 
 extensive institution for the educa- 
 tion of males, and St. Ann's Hall 
 is an institution for the education 
 of females, both of which are in a 
 very flourishing condition; there is 
 also a Friend's female boarding 
 school and several select schools 
 in this place; 5 hotels and taverns, 
 and 12 stores of different kinds. 
 The Linnaum Botanic Garden and 
 Nursery, is a place of great at- 
 traction. This village is much 
 frequented, and is a fashionable 
 resort for strangers during the sum- 
 mer months, being justly celebra- 
 ted for its schools and nursery; it 
 has rapidly improved since its in- 
 corporation, and is still progress- 
 ing. There is a communication 
 between Flushing and the city of 
 Ne.v-York, by steamboats and 
 stages, several times daily. St. 
 Paul's College, situated about 2 
 miles north of this place, on Col- 
 lege Point, is a celebrated and 
 flourishing institution of learning, 
 for the education of young men. 
 
 Flushing Bat, lies on the 
 
FLUVANNA— FORT ANN. 
 
 167 
 
 south of Long Island Sound, or 
 East river, with which it commu- 
 nicates ; it is 3 miles long and 
 about 1 mile wide, and navigable 
 for steamboats to the village of 
 Flushing. 
 
 Fluvanna, p. o. Ellicott, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Fonda, v. and p. o. Mohawk, 
 Montgomery co. is situated on the 
 north side of the Mohawk river; it 
 is the county seat of Montgomery 
 county, and contains about 350 in- 
 habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 court house and jail, 4 hotels and 
 taverns, 5 stores, 1 flouring mill 
 with 4 run of stone, 1 saw mill, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 carding machine 
 and 1 manufactory for making 
 threshing machines. The Utica 
 and Schenectady railroad passes 
 through this village, and a daily 
 line of stages run to Johnstown 
 and other places in Fulton county. 
 The Fonda Hotel is a spacious 
 and well kept public house, to 
 which is connected a recess for the 
 accommodation of railroad pas- 
 sengers. 
 
 Fonda's Bush, v. Broadalbin, 
 Fulton co. is situated on Fonda's 
 Bu-h creek; it contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, and 1 
 saw mill. 
 
 Fordham, v. Westchester co. 
 is situated on the line of the Har- 
 lem railroad, where is a depot, 12| 
 miles north of the City Hall; here 
 are located 1 Presbyterian church, 
 an academy, 3 taverns, 2 stores 
 and 30 or 40 dwelling houses. — 
 St. John's College, a Roman Catho- 
 lic institution, is situated near this 
 place, on an eminence called Rose 
 Hill; enjoying all the advantages 
 peculiar to the country, — its pure 
 invigorating air, its retirement and 
 peaceful quiet, so favorable to the 
 formation and growth of studious 
 habits ; while at the same time its 
 proximity to the city by means of 
 the railroad, is a great conven- 
 
 ience. This institution, the only 
 one of its kind in the state, was 
 first opened for the reception of 
 students on the 24th of June, 1841 
 The following is an extract from 
 their rules and regulations: " The 
 system of government will be mild 
 and paternal — yet firm in enforc- 
 ing the observance of established 
 discipline. The utmost attention 
 will be paid not only to the intel- 
 lectual, but also to the moral edu- 
 cation of the pupils. As to their 
 domestic comfort, every thing 
 which parental affection can de- 
 sire will be found and supplied in 
 the assiduous attention and skilful 
 management of the Sisters of 
 Charity, to whom the charge of 
 this important and highly respon- 
 sible department is mainly confid- 
 ed." The College edifice is large, 
 elegant and commodious ; the 
 grounds are extensive and in a 
 state of high improvement. The 
 collegiate year commences on the 
 first Monday of September. 
 
 Forrestburgh, t. Sullivan CO. 
 situated 8 miles south of the village 
 of Monticello, and distant 127 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 433 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, gravelly loam, 
 producing a large growth of yel- 
 low and white pine ; it is drained 
 by Neversink river and some other 
 small streams. Forrestburgh and 
 Barry ville are names of post offices. 
 
 Forrestburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Sullivan co. contains about 90 in- 
 habitants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 plas- 
 ter mill and 4 saw mills. 
 
 Forrestville, v. and p. o. 
 Hanover, Chautauque co. contains 
 about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 
 1 clothier's works and 1 distillery. 
 
 Fort Ann, t. Washington co. 
 situated 12 miles north of Sandv 
 Hill, and distant 60 miles from Al- 
 bany; contained in 1840, 3,559 in- 
 
FORT ANN— FORT EDWARD. 
 
 nabitants. The surface is in part 
 hilly and mountainous, diversified 
 with valleys and plains; soil, vari- 
 ous, sand, clay, alluvion and bare 
 rock; it is drained by Wood creek, 
 and in part bounded by Lake 
 George on the west. The Cham- 
 plain canal passes through this 
 town, where is its summit level. 
 Fort Ann, Comstock's Landing, 
 Griswold's Mills, Mount Hope Fur- 
 nace and Patten's Mills are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Fort Ann, v. and p. o. Fort 
 Ann, Washington co. is situated on 
 the line of the Cham plain canal, 
 where are three locks. It was in- 
 corporated in 1820, and now con- 
 tains about 500 inhabitants, 70 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist and 1 Methodist church, 2 
 taverns, 6 stores, 2 tanneries and 1 
 brick yard. In this place is the 
 site of Fort Ann, erected during 
 the old French war, in 1756 ; two 
 miles south may be seen vestiges 
 of a road made by Gen. Burgoyne, 
 during the revolution, for the tran- 
 sport of his cannon and baggage, 
 when on his route to Saratoga. 
 
 Fort Clinton. See West 
 Point and Fort Montgomery. 
 
 Fort Columbus. See Go- 
 vernor's Island. 
 
 Fort Covington, t. Frank- 
 lin co. situated 14 miles north-west 
 of the village of Malone, and dis- 
 tant 223 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,094 inhabitants. 
 The surface is level; soil, sand and 
 clay loam of good quality; drain- 
 ed north by Salmon and Little Sal- 
 mon rivers. This town is bounded 
 on the north by the Canada line. 
 
 Fort Covington, v. and p. o. 
 Fort CoTington, Franklin co. is 
 situated on Salmon river, which is 
 navigable from this place to the St. 
 Lawrence river, 5 miles below; it 
 contains about 800 inhabitants, 120 
 dwelling houses, 4 churches, an 
 incorporated academy ; 3 taverns, 
 7 stores, 2 extensive woollen fac- 
 
 tories, 3 grist mills, 1 plaster mill 
 and 3 saw mills. This was an im- 
 portant military position during the 
 late war with Great Britain, known 
 as the French Mills. 
 
 Fort Edward, t. Washing- 
 ton co. situated 4 miles south of the 
 village of Sandy Hill, and distant 
 47 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,726 inhabitants. The 
 surface is gently undulating; soil, 
 sand, clay and loam of- goo/1 qual- 
 ity; it is drained by Moseskill and 
 some small streams flowing into 
 the Hudson river, which bounds it 
 on the west. Fort Edward, Fort 
 Edward Centre and Fort Miller are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Fort Edward, v. and p. o. 
 Fort Edward, Washington co. is 
 situated on the east side of the 
 Hudson river and on the line of the 
 Champlain canal ; it contains about 
 500 inhabitants,80 dwelling houses, 
 1 church, 2 taverns, 6 stores and 
 groceries, and 1 grist mill. This 
 village contains the site of old 
 Fort Edward, erected in 1755, and 
 is celebrated as being the place 
 where Miss Jane McCrea was 
 murdered by Indians during the 
 revolutionary war. This vicinity 
 having been celebrated during the 
 old French and Revolutionary wars, 
 as the theatre of military exploits 
 and savage murder, we subjoin the 
 following extract: — " The remains 
 of Fort Edward are still to be 
 seen in the very centre of the ro- 
 mantic little village which now 
 bears its name. At a short dis- 
 tance north, the place is shown 
 where Miss McCrea was murdered 
 by the Indians. Tradition has ac- 
 curately preserved the location of 
 that most bloody and most melan- 
 choly deed. She was on her way 
 to join an officer in the British 
 army to whom she was to be mar- 
 ried. She committed herself, 
 against the remonstrance of her 
 friends, to a party of Indians as 
 the safest escort in those times 
 
FORT EDWARD CENTRE— FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 169 
 
 They met another party at this 
 place, sent by the anxious and ex- 
 pecting bridegroom, and an alter- 
 cation ensued in reference to the 
 promised reward; in the midst of 
 which they were attacked by a 
 party of whites. When the con- 
 flict was over she was found toma- 
 kawked and scalped. Her lover 
 was overwhelmed with grief, and 
 survived but a short time." 
 
 Fort Edward Ckktre, p. 
 o. Fort Edward, Washington co. 
 
 Fort George. See Cald- 
 well. 
 
 Fort Gibson. See Ellis' Is- 
 land. 
 
 Fort Hamilton, v. and p. o. 
 New-Utrecht, Kings co. ; here is an 
 extensive and strong fortification, 
 situated on the extreme western 
 end of Long Island, adjoining the 
 "Narrows," through which is the 
 main entrance from the ocean to the 
 harbor of New-York, and which at 
 this place is about one mile wide. 
 The position of the fort is well 
 adapted, in cooperation with Fort 
 La Fayette in the channel and Fort 
 Richmond upon the opposite shore 
 of Staten Island, to constitute a 
 complete defence of the passage. 
 Fort Hamilton is constructed of 
 solid granite walls of great thick- 
 ness, and pierced for about 75 
 guns of 24 and 32 lbs. caliber; 
 and which from their position are 
 designed for defence as well on 
 the land as the sea-side of the fort. 
 A redoubt is also constructed about 
 200 yards in advance of the fort, 
 on the land side, so as to prevent 
 an enemy landing upon the beach, 
 between the fort and Coney Island. 
 It is completely defiled from the 
 neighboring hills, which might 
 otherwise be occupied by an ene- 
 my. Fort La Fayette, (or Fort 
 Diamond,) is situated in the stream 
 about 250 yards from Fort Hamil- 
 ton and is a necessary appendage 
 thereof. It is built of solid free- 
 stone masonry and mounts about 
 
 70 guns, 42, 32 and 24 pounders. 
 These erections were planned by 
 the eminent French Engineer, 
 Gen. Bernard, and are well calcu- 
 lated for the purpose of harbor de- 
 fence. They have been greatly 
 neglected for several years and are 
 consequently much less effective 
 than before — but are now under- 
 going repairs, and are at present 
 occupied by a small military force. 
 Congress having lately made am- 
 ple appropriations for the purpose. 
 An effective garrison would require 
 nearly 2,000 men, a small part of 
 that number only are now there. 
 The settlement at this place con- 
 sists of some 15 or 20 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 2 stores, 1 tav- 
 ern and a boarding house for sum- 
 mer entertainment only; it is plea- 
 santly situated and commands a 
 full view of the Lower bay and the 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 Fort Hunter, p. o. Florida, 
 Montgomery co. Here are. still vi- 
 sible the remains of Fort Hunter, 
 distinguished in Colonial history. 
 
 Fortifications; there are 
 now several fortifications erecting 
 and repairing, for the defence of 
 the city of New-York and other 
 exposed situations in the state, by 
 the United States government. 
 The defence of the Commercial 
 Emporium being of the first impor- 
 tance, Congress has recently made 
 appropriations for completing Fort 
 Schuyler on Throg's Point; which 
 when finished, in connection with 
 a battery on the Long Island shore, 
 will completely defend that en- 
 trance from the approach of an 
 enemy by water. The works at 
 the " Narrows" are also now so 
 far advanced and fortified as to 
 render a pass at this point very 
 hazardous to an invading fleet; and 
 if they should effect a landing be- 
 yond these fortifications, they would 
 have to traverse some 15 or 20 
 miles before they could reach the 
 citv which delay would afford am* 
 
170 
 
 FORT LA FAYETTE— FORT NIAGARA. 
 
 pie time to prepare for defence, if 
 ever such an event should occur. 
 Owing to a want of the above defen- 
 ces, the city was captured by the Bri- 
 tish during- the Revolutionary war, 
 after a sanguinary conflict on Long 
 Island, in 1776, when the Americans 
 were defeated. An outer defence or 
 water battery, is projected to be 
 erected on the east bank and middle 
 ground, near Sandy Hook, for the 
 protection of the Lower bay of 
 New- York; which it is supposed, 
 when finished, will afford ample 
 defence in connection with works 
 already in progress and finished. 
 Fort Ontario, situated at the mouth 
 of the Oswego river, has recently 
 undergone extensive repairs &been 
 put in complete defence, and is a 
 safeguard to the harbor and village 
 of Oswego. It is also proposed to 
 erect extensive works at or near 
 the city of Buffalo, for the protec- 
 tion of that importont inland depot 
 of commerce and trade. 
 
 Fort La Fayette. See Fort 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Fort Miller, v. and p. o. 
 Fort Edward, Washington co. is 
 situated on the east side of the 
 Hudson river, where is a fall of 
 about 20 feet, and a state dam of 
 8 feet in heighth, the water here 
 being taken out of the river to feed 
 the Champlain canal, which pas- 
 ses through this place; it contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 5 
 stores and groceries, 1 gristmill, 1 
 saw mill and 1 fulling mill and 
 carding machine. 
 
 Fort Montgomery, and 
 old Fort Clinton, of revolutiona- 
 ry memory, stood on the west side 
 of the Hudson river, 6 miles be- 
 low West Point ; they were situat- 
 ed on elevated ground overlooking 
 the river, and were separated by a 
 creek and ravine, which is now the 
 dividing line between the towns of 
 Cornwall and Monroe. These forts 
 were deemed almost impregnable, 
 
 being erected for the defence of 
 the river pass at this point, which 
 was also obstructed by chevaux-de- 
 frise, boom and chains. On the 
 6th of Oct. 1777, they were attack- 
 ed by a superior British force under 
 Sir Henry Clinton, and captured 
 after a sharp resistance; the gar- 
 rison of 600 men being overpower- 
 ed by a disiplined army of 3,000 
 men. The works were resolutely 
 defended until dark, when the ene- 
 my effected an entrance at several 
 places, there not being a sufficient 
 number of soldiers in the fort to 
 man the lines. 
 
 Fort Niagara, lies in the 
 town of Porter, Niagara county, 
 at the entrance of Niagara river 
 into Lake Ontario, and directly 
 opposite Fort George in Canada. 
 In 1679, M. De Salle, the explorer 
 of the Mississippi, in the service 
 of France, enclosed by pallisades 
 the spot on which the fort was here 
 built in 1725. In 1759 it was ta- 
 ken by the British under Sir Wm. 
 Johnson, in whose hands it remain- 
 ed until 1796, when it was evacua- 
 ted and given up to the United 
 States. On the 19th of December, 
 1813, it was again taken by the 
 British by surprise; and in March, 
 1815, again surrendered to the 
 Americans. This old fort is as 
 much noted for its being the thea- 
 tre of tyranny and crime as for the 
 scene of military exploits. While 
 in the hands of the French, there 
 is no doubt of its having been at 
 times used as a prison ; in its close 
 and impregnable dungeons, where 
 light was not admitted, for many 
 years there remained clear traces 
 of the ready instruments for execu- 
 tion or for murder. During the war 
 of the revolution it was the head 
 quarters of all that was barbarous, 
 unrelenting and cruel ; this being 
 the chief rendezvous of a savage 
 horde that carried death and de- 
 struction into the remote American 
 settlements. Of late years, the 
 
FORT PLAIN— FORT TICONDEROGA. 
 
 171 
 
 abduction of Win. Morgan, who 
 was taken from the jail in Canan- 
 daigua, and conveyed for more 
 than 100 miles, through a populous 
 country and lodged in the maga- 
 zine at Fort Niagara; where he 
 was kept for 3 or 4 days, and then 
 supposed to have been inhumanly 
 murdered, has justly tended to con- 
 tinue its reputation for being the 
 scene of tyranny and murder. 
 
 Fort Plain, v. and p. o. Min- 
 den, Montgomery co. is situated 
 on the south side of the Mohawk 
 river, on the line of the Erie canal; 
 it was incorporated in 1834, and 
 now contains about 1,400 inhabi- 
 tants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 bank- 
 ing house, 1 Reformed Dutch and 
 1 Univcrsalist church, 3 taverns, 
 16 stores and groceries, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 
 furnace, 1 distillery and a stone 
 quarry, from which are quarried 
 large quantities of stone used in 
 constructing locks for the Erie ca- 
 nal, for building and other pur- 
 poses. A daily line of stages run 
 from this place to Cherry Valley, 
 Cooperstown and Sharon Springs, 
 in Schoharie county. 
 
 Fort Putnam. See West 
 Point. 
 
 Fort Richmond. See Sto- 
 len Island. 
 
 Fort Schuyler. See TVtrog's 
 Point and Ulica. 
 
 Fort Stanwix. See village 
 of Rome. 
 
 Fortsville, p. o. Moreau, 
 Saratoga co. 
 
 Fort Ticonderoga; the 
 ruins of this old fortification are 
 situated in the town of Ticondero- 
 ga, Essex co. on the west side of 
 Lake Champlain, at the entrance 
 of the outlet of Lake George. 
 This place was originally called 
 Che-on-der-o-ga by the Indians, 
 signifying, in their language, noise; 
 its name was afterwards slightly 
 changed by the French into its pre- 
 sent appellation, which it has borne 
 
 ever since it was first occupied and 
 fortified by them in 1756; the fort 
 was at first named Fort Carillon, 
 but afterwards called Fort Ticon 
 deroga, by the English and Ame- 
 ricans. This fortification cost the 
 French government a large sum of 
 money, and was considered very 
 strong both by nature and art; it 
 stands on a point of land, elevated 
 70 feet above the waters of Lake 
 Champlain, being surrounded on 
 three sides by water, and on the 
 north-west it was defended by 
 strong breast works. Mount In- 
 dependence, on the opposite or east 
 side of the lake, was also fortified, 
 and some of the intrenchments are 
 still visible, elevated 110 feet above 
 the lake, and overlooks the penin- 
 sula of Ticonderoga. After seve- 
 ral sanguinary conflicts in this vi- 
 cinity and under the very walls of 
 the fort, in which combats, several 
 thousand lives were sacrificed; this 
 important military position was 
 tamely evacuated by the French in 
 1759, and given up to the British 
 army under Lord Amherst; who 
 retained possession until it was 
 taken by surprise by Col. Ethan 
 Allen, of the American army, in 
 1775. He entered the fort through 
 a subterraneous passage from the 
 south, extending to the lake; sur- 
 prising the commandant in his bed 
 before he was aware of his danger, 
 and in his characteristic way re- 
 quired the officer to surrender. He 
 asked to whom ? " Why, to Je- 
 hovah and the Continental Con- 
 gress, to be sure;" was his laconic 
 reply. In 1777, the British army, 
 under Gen. Burgoyne,on their route 
 to Saratoga, appeared in array be- 
 fore Ticonderoga, when Gen. St. 
 Clair, the American commander, 
 was forced to evacuate, the enemy 
 having erected a battery on Mount 
 Defiance, in the rear, elevated 720 
 feet above the lake, which over- 
 looked and completely commanded 
 this fortification, which was before 
 
172 
 
 FORT TOMPKINS— FRANKLIN. 
 
 
 considered almost impregnable; it | situated 22 miles south of the vil- 
 
 then remained in the hands of the 
 
 British until the close of the war. 
 
 Since that time it has been suffered 
 
 to go to decay, and now presents 
 
 one of the most interesting ruins 
 
 of the kind in this country, and is 
 
 annually visited by a great number 
 
 of travellers. Near by, on the 
 
 lake shore, is situated a well kept 
 
 hotel for the accommodation of 
 
 visiters, where steamboats, during 
 
 the season of navigation, daily 
 
 land and receive passengers. 
 
 Fort Tompkins. See Staten 
 Island. 
 
 Fort Washington, the site 
 of which is situated on elevated 
 ground on New-York Island, 10 
 miles north of the City Hall, and 
 nearly opposite Fort Lee, in New- 
 Jersey; was taken by the British in 
 1776, after the capture of the city 
 of New-York. It was attacked by 
 an overpowering force and carried 
 at the point of the bayonet ; the re- 
 treat of the Americans being cut 
 off in every direction, they were 
 slaughtered in great numbers by 
 foreign mercenaries, the " Hes- 
 sians," or held in captivity during 
 the war, on board the noted prison 
 ships, stationed in the Wallabout 
 bay ; where hundreds died of star- 
 vation and pestilence. 
 
 Fort William Henry. See 
 Caldwell. 
 
 Fort Wood. See Bedlow's 
 Island. 
 
 Fosterdale, p. o. Cochecton, 
 Sullivan co. 
 
 Fosterville, p. o. Aurelius, 
 Cayuga co. 
 
 Fowler, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 
 lage of Canton, and distant 186 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,752 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat uneven ; soil, 
 chiefly clay and sandy loam, of 
 good quality, and heavily timbered ; 
 drained by the Oswegatchie river 
 and some of its tributaries. Fow- 
 ler, Fullersville and Shingle Creek 
 are names of post offices. Little 
 York is the name of a village. 
 
 Fowlersville, p. o. York, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 Fox Creek, rises in Albany 
 co. and flows west into Schoharie, 
 where it empties into the Schoha- 
 rie creek. 
 
 Fox Island, lies at the foot 
 of Lake OntariOj and is attached 
 to the town of Lyme, Jefferson 
 co. 
 
 Frankfort, t. Herkimer co. 
 situated 7 miles west of the village 
 of Herkimer, and distant S7 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,096 inhabitants. The surface on 
 the south is hilly and broken; upon 
 the north in the valley of the Mo- 
 hawk are fertile flats. Frankfort, 
 Frankfort Bridge and Frank- 
 fort Hill, are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Frankfort, v. and p. o. 
 Frankfort, Herkimer co. is situa- 
 ted on the south side of the Mo- 
 hawk river, on the line of the Erie 
 canal; it contains about 500 inha- 
 bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed and 1 Baptist 
 church ; 2 taverns, 8 stores and 
 groceries, 1 woollen factory, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 distillery 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY, taken from Clinton in 1808, is centrally 
 distant 160 miles from Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Lower 
 Canada, east by Clinton county, south by Essex and Hamilton counties, 
 and on the west by St. Lawrence county. The surface of this county 
 on the south and in the middle parts is hilly and mountainous ; on the 
 north either quite level, or gently undulating. The soil is various, 
 much of it sandy loam, and very productive. In the southern part, the 
 hills and mountains are barren, or covered with dwarf shrubbery ; but 
 like the highlands of Essex and Clinton, known as the Adirondack 
 
FRANKLIN— FRANKLINVILLE. 
 
 173 
 
 Mountains, abound in the purest and most superior quality of iron ore. 
 The forests are covered with a heavy growth of beech, maple, elm, 
 cedar, hemlock and a large growth of pine. In this county are nume- 
 rous lakes and ponds ; the most important are the Upper and Lower 
 Saranac lakes, from which flow a number of streams, mostly into the 
 St. Lawrence river, which touches its north-west corner. Chateau- 
 gay, Salmon, Trout, Deer, St. Regis and Racket rivers, all run north 
 anil north-west into the St. Lawrence ; while the Saranac river rises in 
 (his county, and runs north-east into Lake Champlain. Its area is about 
 1,527 square miles, or 977, 3S8 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Franklin county, and 
 (he population in 1840, with the exception of Harrietstown, which was 
 taken from Duane in 1841. 
 
 Bangor, 1,2S9 
 
 Belmont, 472 
 
 Bombay, 1,446 
 
 Brandon, 531 
 
 Chateaugay, 2,S24 
 
 Constable, 1,122 
 
 Dickinson, 1 ,005 
 
 Duane, 324 
 
 Franklin, t. Franklin co. si- 
 tuated 25 miles south-east of the 
 village of Malone, and distant 187 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 192 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
 various ; it contains several small 
 lakes, and is drained by the Sara- 
 nac river and its tributaries on the 
 east, and by Salmon river on the 
 north. Merrillsville is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Franklin, t. Delaware co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles west of the village 
 of Delhi, and distant 93 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,025 
 inhabitants. The surface is bro 
 
 Fort Covington, 2,094 
 
 Franklin, 192 
 
 Malone, 3,229 
 
 Moira, 962 
 
 Westville, 1,028 
 
 Total inhabitants, 16,518 
 
 Franklin, v. Kirkland, Onei- 
 da co. is situated on the Oriskany 
 creek, and on the line of the Che- 
 nango canal ; it contains about 
 180 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 tavern, 2 stores and some 
 mills. 
 
 Franklin, v. Fabius, Onon- 
 daga co. contains about 300 inha- 
 bitants, 50 dwelling houses, '2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 
 1 extensive tannery. 
 
 Franklindalk, v. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. is situated on Wap- 
 pinger's creek, about one mile from 
 the Hudson river ; it contains 1 
 church, 1 calico print factory, 1 
 
 ken by Oleout creek and its comb factory, and 1 large flouring 
 
 branches; soil, reddish loam, fer- 
 tile and well timbered. Franklin, 
 East Franklin and North Franklin 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Franklin, v. & p. o. Franklin, 
 Delaware co. contains about 700 in- 
 habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist &1 Metho- 
 dist church; an incorporated acade- 
 my called the Franklin Institute; 2 
 taverns and 6 stores; in the vicinity 
 are 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 ful- 
 ling: mill and carding machine. 
 
 mill, together with some 30 or 40 
 dwellings. 
 
 Franklintown, p. o. Mid- 
 dleburgh, Schoharie co. 
 
 Frank lin ville, t. Cattarau- 
 gus co. situated 8 miles east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 279 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,293 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, clay, 
 sandy and gravelly loam, very fer- 
 tile; it is drained by Ischua and 
 Great Valley creeks. 
 
174 
 
 FRANKLINVILLE— FRIENDSHIP 
 
 Frankuwille, v. and p. o. 
 Franklinville, Cattaraugus co. con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church ; 2 taverns, 4 stores, and 
 2 saw mills located on Ischua 
 creek. 
 
 Fredonia, v. and p. o. Pom- 
 fret, Chautauque co. is situated 
 about 2 miles east of Lake Erie ; it 
 was incorporated in 1829, and now 
 contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
 150 dwelling houses, 5 churches ; 
 an incorporated academy in a nou- 
 rishing condition ; 4 taverns, 6 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 
 2 saw mills, 1 clothier's works, 
 and 1 furnace. Here is situated an 
 inflammable spring, near the bed 
 of the Canadoway creek ; the gas 
 which escapes from the same in 
 great quantities, is used for lighting 
 the streets, and for domestic pur- 
 poses. The flame is large, but not 
 so strong or brilliant as that from 
 gas in our cities; it is, however, in 
 high favor with the inhabitants. 
 The gas is carburetted hydrogen, 
 and is supposed to come from beds 
 of bituminous coal ; the only rock 
 visible, however, here, and to a 
 great extent along the southern 
 shore of the lake, is foetid lime- 
 stone. 
 
 Freedom, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 situated 20 miles north-east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 269 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,831 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level ; soil, gra- 
 velly loam of a good quality, well 
 adapted to grass; it contains 3 or 
 4 small lakes, and is drained by 
 Clear creek and some other tribu- 
 taries of Cattaraugus creek. Free- 
 dom, Chelsea and Sandusky are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Freehold, v. and p. o. Green- 
 ville, Greene county , contains about 
 120 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 tannery, and 1 clo- 
 thier's works. 
 
 Freetown, t. Cortland co. 
 situated 10 miles south-east of the 
 village of Cortland, and distant 140 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 950 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy 
 loam and fertile ; it is drained by 
 some tributaries of the Tioughnio- 
 ga and Otselic rivers. Freetown 
 and Freetown Corners are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 French Creek, t. Chautau 
 que co. situated 18 miles south- 
 west of the village of Mayville, 
 and distant 355 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 621 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and formed 
 into ridges by the creek of the 
 same name, which passes through 
 it, receiving several small tributa- 
 ries; soil, moist sandy loam, well 
 adapted to grass, and is heavily 
 timbered. French Creek is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 French Creek, rises in the 
 town of Sherman, Chautauque co. 
 and flows south into the state of 
 Pennsylvania, where it empties 
 into the Allegany river, after a 
 course of near 100 miles, and is 
 for upwards of half the distance 
 boatable. 
 
 French Mills. See Fort 
 Covington. 
 
 Frewsburgh, p. o. Carroll, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Freysbush, p. o. Canajoha- 
 rie, Montgomery co. 
 
 Friendship, t. Allegany co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Angelica, and distant 
 266 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,244 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, argil- 
 laceous mould, well adapted to 
 grass and heavily timbered ; drain- 
 ed on the east by Campan's creek, 
 which flows into the Genesee ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Friendship, v. and p. o. 
 Friendship, Allegany county, is si- 
 tuated on the line of the New-York 
 and Erie railroad ; it contains 
 
FRIEND'S LAKE— FULTON CHAIN OF LAKES. 
 
 175 
 
 about 700 inhabitants, 90 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 8 
 stores, and 1 grist mill 
 
 Friexd's Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in Chester, 
 Warren co. 
 
 Fullersville, v. and p. o. 
 
 Fowler, St. Lawrence co. contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 blast furnace, 2 forges, 1 
 grist mill, and 1 saw mill, situated 
 on the west branch of the Oswe- 
 satchie river. 
 
 Oppenheim, 2,169 
 
 Perth, 737 
 
 Stratford, 500 
 
 Total inhabitants, . 
 
 18,049 
 
 FULTON COUNTY, taken from Montgomery in 1838, centrally 
 distant 50 miles from the city of Albany, is bounded on the north by 
 Hamilton county, east by Saratoga, south by Montgomery, and on the 
 west by Herkimer county. The surface of this county is hilly, with 
 some ranges of a mountainous character on the north, and the range 
 extends southward, terminating in the valley of the Mohawk, at what 
 is called the " Nose." This ridge, is generally called the " Klips," or 
 Mayfield mountain-;, and may be considered as a continuation of the Clin- 
 ton or Adirondack range. The valleys and uplands have a strong soil, 
 and are very productive when well tilled. As to the mineral produc- 
 tions of this county but little is as yet known; there are several small 
 lakes, and it is drained by the Sacandaga river on its north-east angle; 
 numerous streams also flow south into the Mohawk river, and west into 
 East Canada creek. The area is about 500 square miles, or 320,500 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Fulton county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Bleecker, 346 
 
 Broadalbin, 2,738 
 
 Ephratah, 2,009 
 
 Johsstows, 5,409 
 
 Mayfield, 2,615 
 
 Northampton, 1,526 
 
 Fulton, t. Schoharie co. situa- 
 ted 9 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Schoharie, and distant 42 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,147 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly, overlaid 
 with graywacke, from which 
 grindstones are made ; the soil is 
 fertile in the valleys ; drained by 
 Schoharie creek, and some of its 
 tributaries, on one of which there 
 is a perpendicular fall of 100 feet. 
 Brackabeen, Byrnville and Ful- 
 tonham, are names of post offices. 
 At the latter, situated on the 
 Schoharie creek, there is a set- 
 tlement, containing 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 grist mill, and 12 or 15 
 dwellings. 
 
 Fulton, v. and p. o. Volney, 
 Oswego co. is a thriving place, si- 
 tuated on the east side of the Os- 
 
 wego river ; it was incorporated in 
 1835, and now contains about 1,600 
 inhabitants, 250 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Me- 
 thodist and 1 Universalist church, 
 3 public houses, 12 stores and gro- 
 ceries, besides a number of me- 
 chanic shops ; 3 flouring - mills, 8 
 saw mills, 1 extensive tannery, 
 and 1 boat yard; also, a number 
 of manufacturing establishments 
 using water power, which is 
 very great at this place, here 
 being a fall in the river of about 
 20 feet. 
 
 Fulton Chain op Lakes, 
 is the name given to an important 
 chain of eight small lakes, lying 
 partly in Herkimer county and 
 partly in Hamilton county; they 
 are connected by navigable outlets, 
 forming the head Branches of 
 
1T6 
 
 FULTON VILLE— GAL WAY. 
 
 Moose river, which empties into 
 Black river in Lewis county. 
 
 Fultonville, v. and p. o. 
 Glen, Montgomery county, is situ- 
 ated on the south side of the Mo- 
 hawk river on the line of the Erie 
 canal ; it contains about 400 inha- 
 bitants, 60 dwelling- houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed church, 3 taverns, 
 4 stores and 2 groceries. Here are 
 situated a dry dock and boat yard 
 for building and repairing canal 
 boats, and a manufactory for dress- 
 ing deer-skins, which are made 
 into gloves and mittens. A large 
 quantity of staves and sawed lum- 
 ber are annually brought to this 
 place from the north for market, 
 via the Erie canal. A bridge 
 crosses the river at this point, con- 
 necting it with the villages of 
 Caughnawaga and Fonda. 
 
 Gaines, t. Orleans co. situated 
 3 miles north of the village of Al- 
 bion, and distant 254 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,26S 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level ; soil, sandy and clay loam 
 of good quality ; drained north- 
 ward by some small streams run- 
 ning into Oak Orchard creek. 
 Gaines, Eagle Harbor and West 
 Gaines are names of post offices. 
 Fairhaven is the name of a vil- 
 lage. 
 
 Gaines, v. and p. o. Gaines, 
 Orleans co. is situated on the Ridge 
 road ; it was incorporated in 1832, 
 and now contains about 600 inabi- 
 tants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian and 1 Methodist church; 
 an incorporated academy ; 2 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores, 1 tannery and 1 
 ashery. 
 
 Gaines' Basin, Gaines, Or- 
 leans co. situated on the Erie ca- 
 nal ; contains 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 
 warehouses, and 15 or 20 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Gainesville, t. Wyoming 
 co. situated 7 miles south of the 
 village of Warsaw, and distant 248 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 
 1840, 2,367 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling and somewhat hilly; 
 soil, good quality well adapted for 
 grass; it is drained on the north by 
 Allen's creek, and on the south by 
 a tributary of the Genesee river. 
 Gainesville and East Gainesville 
 are names of post offices. At the 
 former there is a settlement con- 
 taining 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
 25 or 30 dwellings. 
 
 Galen, t. Wayne co. situated 
 5 miles east of the village of Ly- 
 ons, and distant 172 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 4,234 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, sandy and gravelly loam of 
 good quality; drained by Clyde 
 river. The Erie canal passes 
 through this town. Clyde, Locke 
 Berlin and Marengo are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Gales, p. o. Thompson, Sulli 
 van co. 
 
 Galesville, p. o. Greenwich, 
 Washington co. 
 
 Gallatin, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 15 miles south-east of the 
 city of Hudson, and distant 44 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,644 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly and the soil 
 various; on the north lies Charlotte 
 lake from which flows Dove creek. 
 Roeliff Jansen's creek drains it on 
 the south. Gallatinville is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Gallop Island, lies near the 
 foot of Lake Ontario, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Henderson, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Gallupsville, p. o. Schoha- 
 rie, Schoharie co. 
 
 Galway, t. Saratoga co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles west of the village 
 of Ballston Spa, and distant 36 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,412 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating and hilly; soil, 
 clay loam, mostly under a high 
 state of cultivation; it is drained on 
 the east by a tributary of the Kay- 
 
GAL WAY— GENEGANSLETTE CREEK. 
 
 177 
 
 aderosseras creek, and on the 
 south by the Chuctenunda creek. 
 Galway, Edgecomb's Corners and 
 North Galway are names of post 
 offices. Stimpson's Corners is the 
 name given to a settlement. 
 
 Galway, v. and p. o. Galway, 
 Saratoga county, was incorporated 
 in 1833; it now contains a popula- 
 tion of about 500 inhabitants, 75 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
 stores, 2 public houses, and a flou- 
 rishing chartered academy; this 
 institution is divided into two dis- 
 tinct departments, one for the edu- 
 cation of males, the other for fe- 
 males. This village is delightfully 
 situated, and surrounded by a rich 
 agricultural settlement; no place 
 probably exceeds it as a desirable 
 location for a seminary of learn- 
 ing for young ladies and gentle- 
 men. 
 
 Gansevoort, p. o. Northum- 
 berland, Saratoga co. 
 
 Gardiner's Bay, is a large 
 expanse of water, lying at the 
 eastern extremity of Long Island ; 
 it forms an irregular circle, and is 
 about 8 miles in diameter. 
 
 Gardiner's Island, lies east 
 of Long Island, being distant tome 
 3 or 4 miles ; it is 4 miles long 
 and 2 miles wide, and forms the 
 eastern boundary of Gardiner's 
 Bay. There is a long neck of 
 land projecting north, which is 
 called Gardiner's Point. This 
 island was settled as early as 1639, 
 by Lyon Gardiner, a Scotchman, 
 who had served as a lieutenant in 
 the British army. His descendants 
 still own and occupy this island, 
 which is highly cultivated ; on it 
 is an extensive dairy and large 
 flocks of sheep, producing wool of 
 a fine quality. 
 
 Gardnersville, p. o. Sew- 
 ard, Schoharie co. 
 
 Garoga, p. o. Ephratah, Ful- 
 ton co. 
 
 Garoga Creek, rises in the 
 town of Bleecker, Fulton county, 
 12 
 
 and flows south into Montgomery 
 county, where it empties into the 
 Mohawk river, at the village of 
 Palatine. 
 
 Garoga Lake, situated in 
 Bleecker, Fulton county, is about 
 3 miles long and half a mile wide; 
 it abounds in salmon and brook 
 trout, and is surrounded by a wild 
 and picturesque range of hills, 
 heavily timbered with forest trees 
 of a large growth. 
 
 Garrattsville, p. o. New- 
 Lisbon, Otsego co. 
 
 Gasport, v. Royalton, Nia- 
 gara co. is situated on the Erie 
 canal ; it contains about 100 inha- 
 bitants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 2 for- 
 warding houses. Here are several 
 mineral burning springs of some 
 celebrity, from which this place 
 takes its name ; the gas which es- 
 capes from them, is used for do- 
 mestic purposes- 
 
 Gates, t. Monroe co. situated 
 3 miles west of the city of Roches- 
 ter, and distant 220 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,728 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, sandy and gravelly, 
 with some clay loam. Gates is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Gay Head, p. o. Greenville, 
 Greene co. 
 
 Geddes, v. and p. o.^ Salina, 
 Onondaga county, is situated on 
 the Erie canal, two miles west of 
 Syracuse ; it was incorporated in 
 1832, and now contains about 700 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
 1 church, 4 taverns, and 6 stores. 
 Here was manufactured in 1840, 
 187,064 bushels of salt from the 
 saline springs belonging to the 
 state, situated in this village. 
 
 Gedney's Channel. See 
 New- York Lower Bay. 
 
 Geneganslette, p. o. 
 Greene, Chenango co. 
 
 Geneganslette Creek, 
 rises in the town of Pharsalia, and 
 empties into the Chenango river 
 
178 
 
 GENESEE— GENESEE RIVER. 
 
 near the village of Greene, all in I trout, are situated many mill pri 
 the county of Chenango. On this vileges, only a part of which are 
 stream, which abounds with fine | as yet occupied. 
 
 GENESEE COUNTY, erected from Ontario in 1802, centrally dis- 
 tant 250 miles from the city of Albany, is bounded on the north by 
 Orleans county, on the east by the counties of Monroe and Livingston, 
 on the south by Wyoming county, and on the west by Erie county. 
 The surface of this county is gently undulating, and the soil is mostly 
 sandy or gravelly loam, well adapted to the growth of grass and dif- 
 ferent kinds of grain ; it has long been celebrated for producing large 
 crops of wheat. It is drained by Allen's, Black and Tonawanda 
 creeks. Of its mineral resources but little can be said, its chief wealth 
 consisting in a productive soil ; it is justly ranked as one of the richest 
 agricultural counties of Western New-York. It was divided in 1841, 
 and the southern part formed into a new county, by the name of Wy- 
 oming. Tonawanda railroad running from the city of Rochester, en- 
 ters this county in the town of Bergen, and passes through the towns of 
 Byron and Stratford, into the village of Batavia. A survey for the con- 
 tinuation of this road to the village of Attica has been completed, and 
 some progress made in the construction of the work. Another survey 
 has also been made for a railroad from Batavia to the city of Buffalo, 
 in a direct course, and also another road is projected to extend from 
 Batavia to Lockport, there to connect with the Lockport and Niagara 
 Falls railroad. The Tonawanda Indian Reservation is principally in 
 this county, lying in the towns of Alabama and Pembroke, on both sides 
 of the Tonawanda creek. Its area is about 473 square miles, or 302,720 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Genesee county, with 
 the population in 1840 ; estimating one-half of the inhabitants of Co- 
 vington to be included in the new town of Pavilion. 
 
 Alabama, 1,798 
 
 Alexander, 2,242 
 
 Batavia, 4,219 
 
 Bergen, 1,832 
 
 Bethany,'. 2,286 
 
 Byron, 1,907 
 
 Darien, 2,406 
 
 Genesee, t. Allegany co. si- 
 tuated 20 miles south-west of the 
 village of Angelica, and distant 
 280 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 578 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and broken ; soil, 
 sandy loam ; drained south-west 
 by Little Genesee and Swan creeks. 
 Little Genesee and West Genesee 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Genesee Falls. See Gene- 
 see River. 
 
 Genesee Port. See Char- 
 lotte 
 
 Elba, 3,161 
 
 Le Roy, 4,323 
 
 Pavilion, estimated, 1,219 
 
 Pembroke, 1,970 
 
 Stafford, 2,561 
 
 Total inhabitants, 29,924 
 
 Genesee River, rises in Pot- 
 ter co. Penn. on the great table 
 land of Western Pennsylvania, in- 
 terlocking with some of the head 
 sources of the Allegany and west 
 branch of the Susquehanna river; 
 it then pursues a north course to 
 the New-York state line, thence 
 through the county of Allegany, 
 the south-east angle of Wyoming 
 into Livingston county; then by 
 many short turnings through the 
 rich and fertile valley of the Gene- 
 see, which extends through Monroe 
 
GENESEE RIVER— GENESEE VALLEY CANAL. 
 
 179 
 
 county, where it falls into Lake 
 Ontario. Its whole course is about 
 145 miles, of which 125 miles is in 
 this state. Near its mouth, within the 
 present city limits of Rochester, 
 are two or three important falls, 
 known as the Genesee Falls ; with- 
 in the distance of three miles there 
 being an estimated descent of 226 
 feet; the great tails at Rochester 
 is 96 teet, at Carthage 75, an in- 
 termediate one of 20, and the rest, 
 rapids or small falls; altogether 
 affording an immense amount of 
 hydraulic power, which is used to 
 a great extent, particularly at the 
 upper falls, in propelling flouring 
 mills, and different kinds of manu- 
 facturing establishments. From 
 the landing at Carthage, which 
 constitutes a part of the city of 
 Rochester, there is a steamboat 
 navigation to Charlotte, or Port 
 Genesee, a distance of 4 miles; 
 where is a good harbor communi- 
 cating with Lake Ontario. From 
 the head of the rapids above Ro- 
 chester it is navigable during high 
 water for a considerable distance, 
 passing through a rich and interest- 
 ing region of country, celebrated 
 for its fertility. This stream now 
 constitutes the main feeder of the 
 Genesee Valley canal, which runs 
 parallel to it for the greater part of 
 its length through the state. There 
 are also important falls on this ri- 
 ver, both in Allegany and Living- 
 ston counties, where are to be found 
 some of its most interesting fea- 
 tures. In the town ot Portage, 
 Allegany co. " there are three 
 distinct falls on the river, re- 
 spectively sixty, ninety, and one 
 hundred and ten feet, within 
 the space of two miles, each differ- 
 ing in character, and each having 
 peculiar beauties. Although the 
 cascades are highly admirable, 
 they are almost disregarded in the 
 wonder and fear caused by the 
 stupendous, perpendicular walls of 
 the river, rising to four hundred 
 
 feel in heighth, and extending along 
 the stream for three miles,, with al- 
 most as much regularity as if con- 
 structed by art. To * this great 
 depth, the river has worn its bed in 
 the solid rock, in turns as short and 
 graceful as if winding through the 
 softest meadow." 
 
 Genesee Valley, p. o. Ami- 
 ty, Allegany co. 
 
 Genesee Valley Canal, 
 extends from the Erie Canal in the 
 city of Rochester, to the Allegany 
 river, at Olean, a distance of 108$ 
 miles, with a branch 4j miles south 
 of Mount Morris extending to the 
 village of Dansville, a distance of 
 11 miles; there are also navigable 
 feeders of 2 miles, making a. total 
 length of 121 5 miles of navigable 
 canal; of which there was finished 
 in 1841, 52 miles, including the 
 branch to Dansville. From the 
 junction of the Dansville branch at 
 the Shaker settlement, to Por- 
 tageville, a distance of about 17 
 miles, the most difficult and ex- 
 pensive portions of the canal are 
 encountered. It includes deep 
 cuttings, a tunnel, heavy rock ex- 
 cavation, and the aqueduct over 
 the Genesee river. Nearly all 
 this work has been commenced, 
 and more than one-half finished ; 
 from Portageville to the Genesee 
 river feeder the work is in progress. 
 The division of the canal from the 
 Genesee river feeder, thence to 
 Olean, a distance of about 30 miles, 
 must be supplied with water main- 
 ly from artificial reservoirs, the 
 main supply being drawn from the 
 Ischua creek. The estimated cost 
 of this canal is $4,688,050, of 
 which there has been put under 
 contract, work amounting to $3,- 
 177,412, and paid on the same, 
 $•2,548,419 ; leaving the sum of 
 $2,139,631 to be provided for. 
 
 The following is a description of 
 the tunnel alluded to above : "The 
 trunk of the tunnel is to be 27 feet 
 wide, 20 feet high and 1,180 feet in 
 
180 
 
 GENESEO— GENEVA. 
 
 length ; the entire excavation of this 
 tunnel, including the gallery, shaft, 
 & lateral drifts, will amount to more 
 than 25,000 cubic yards, for which 
 the price paid is four dollars per 
 yard. This, however, will not, by 
 a great amount, cover the entire 
 cost of the tunnel ; for since the 
 excavation has been commenced, 
 such is the character of the rock 
 thrown together apparently by na- 
 ture in loose masses and blocks, 
 that it now appears that the entire 
 roof and sides of the tunnel will 
 require arching with solid mason 
 work. Indeed, temporary arches 
 of wood have been found necessary 
 during the progress of almost every 
 successive yard of the work. It is 
 by far the greatest undertaking 
 of the kind that has been at- 
 tempted in our country." The 
 whole region through which the 
 canal here passes, also possesses 
 great interest ; the tunnel running 
 near by and parallel to the Genesee 
 river, which here has a perpendi- 
 cular bank of about 400 feet. 
 
 Geneseo, t. Livingston co. 
 contains the county buildings, si- 
 tuated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 226 miles 
 from Albany. In 1840 it contain- 
 ed 2,892 inhabitants. The surface 
 is divided into elevated terraces 
 and valleys ; the soil is of a good 
 quality, particularly in the valley 
 of the Genesee, which stands unri- 
 valled for its richness and fertility. 
 It is watered by some small streams 
 which flow into the Genesee river 
 on the west. 
 
 Geneseo, v. and p. o. Gene- 
 seo, Livingston co. is situated on 
 elevated table land about half a 
 mile east of the Genesee river; it 
 was incorporated in 1832, and now 
 contains about 900 inhabitants, 120 
 dwelling houses, a court house, 
 iail, and fire proof county clerk's 
 office; 1 banking house; 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 Me- 
 thodist church; an incorporated 
 
 school, called the Livingston Coun- 
 ty High School, attached to which 
 is a large three story brick build- 
 ing, and a boarding house for pu- 
 pils; 4 public houses, and 8 or 10 
 stores of different kinds. Geneseo 
 is delightfully situated, overlooking 
 the rich valley of the Genesee for 
 a number of miles, through which 
 passes the Genesee Valley canal. 
 
 Genet Lake, forms one of the 
 Eckford chain of lakes in Hamil- 
 ton county; it lies west of Mount 
 Emmons, and contains several 
 beautiful small islands, surrounded 
 by a wild and romantic region of 
 country. This lake is erroneously 
 called Lake Emmons on the county 
 maps, and is much too large, while 
 Eckford lake in the vicinity, is by 
 far too small. 
 
 Geneva, v. and p. o. Seneca, 
 Ontario county, is beautifully si- 
 tuated near the foot, or northern 
 extremity of Seneca lake, on the 
 western side. The principal part 
 of the village, which is devoted to 
 the residences of the inhabitants, 
 lies upon a ridge along the banks 
 of the lake, and elevated about 100 
 feet above its surface, while the 
 business part extends to the plain 
 which lies at the foot of the lake, 
 and but little elevated above it. 
 The land west of the village is pe- 
 culiarly formed, consisting of a 
 succession of ridges parallel to the 
 lake, and rising higher and higher 
 each for some distance, command- 
 ing a view of its beautiful waters, 
 as if formed for choice residences 
 in this region of beauty. The vil- 
 lage was incorporated in 1812, and 
 now contains about 3,600 inhabi- 
 tants, and 500 dwelling houses. 
 The Geneva College, attached to 
 which are three buildings, and the 
 Geneva Lyceum, are located here; 
 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Dutch Reformed, 1 Associate Re- 
 formed, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 
 African Baptist, 1 Roman Catho- 
 lic and 1 Universalist church; 2 
 
GENEVA COLLEGE— LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 J$] 
 
 banks, 6 hotels and taverns; abou! 
 50 stores, 2 printing offices, 1 steam 
 flour mill, 1 saw mill, 2 furnaces, 
 2 carriage manufactories, 2 brew- 
 eries, and many other kind of me- 
 chanic establishments. Two steam- 
 boats ply regularly on the lake, 
 running daily up and down between 
 Geneva and the village of Jefferson 
 at the head of the lake. One of 
 these is a beautiful passenger and 
 mail boat, and connects with sta- 
 ges to Elmira and Corning ; and at 
 the latter place with the railroad to 
 Blossburg, in Pennsylvania. The 
 other boat is employed in towing 
 canal boats, which come to Geneva 
 by the Cayuga and Seneca canal, a 
 branch of the Erie canal, and 
 thence to the villages on the lake, 
 and to the canal which connects 
 this lake with Crooked Lake, and 
 the Chemung canal, leading from 
 Jefferson to the Chemung river at 
 Elmira, and by the feeder to Corn- 
 ing 1 . By the Blossburg railroad 
 and the canal just mentioned, a 
 large quantity of coal from the 
 Blossburg mines, passes through 
 this village on its way to market. 
 Near the canal basin at the north- 
 ern part of the village, passes the 
 Auburn and Rochester railroad ; 
 and probably ere many years the 
 intercourse now not difficult by the 
 canals, stages and the Blossburg 
 railroad, with the system of canals 
 and railroads in Pennsylvania, will 
 open through the Seneca lake, 
 which is never frozen, an easy and 
 direct communication with the 
 south. The meridian of the capi- 
 tal at Washington passes through 
 the lake about half a mile east of 
 Geneva. Geneva College, received 
 its charter in 1825. The college 
 buildings, three in number, are 
 beautifully situated on Main street 
 in the village of Geneva, overlook- 
 ing the lake. A large and hand- 
 some building is about being 
 erected on the same street, for the 
 use of the medical department. 
 
 The officers of the college are a 
 president, five professors and a tu- 
 tor, in the academical department ; 
 and six professors and a demon- 
 strator of anatomy in the medical 
 department. The pre ent number 
 of undergraduate students is about 
 70 ; and of medical about 130. 
 The number in each department has 
 rapidly increased within a few years, 
 and the college, situated as it is in a 
 beautiful region, in the centre of the 
 most fertile part of the state, and 
 destined to become in a few years 
 one of the wealthiest, and will un- 
 doubtedly be one of the most nu- 
 merous literary bodies in the 
 country. It has a college and two 
 handsome society libraries, philo- 
 sophical apparatus, and cabinet of 
 minerals, and a cabinet of natural 
 history, the property of a natural 
 history society; in the medical de- 
 partment, a library of medical 
 works, an ample chemical appara- 
 tus, and a musem of anatomy. 
 
 Genoa, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 18 miles south of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 159 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,593 
 inhabitants. The surface is rolling; 
 soil, clay loam, highly cidtivated 
 and fertile; drained south by Big 
 and Little Salmon creeks, flowing 
 into Cayuga lake. Genoa, East 
 Genoa, Five Corners and King's 
 Ferry, are names of post offices. 
 
 Genoa, v. and p. o. Genoa, 
 Cayuga county, is situated on Big 
 Salmon creek ; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Univer- 
 salist church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
 1 iron foundery, 2 grist mills and 
 1 ashery. 
 
 George, Lake, or Hori- 
 con, lies mostly in the county of 
 Warren, and for some distance 
 forms the dividing line between 
 the above county and Washington, 
 and is elevated 243 feet above the 
 tide waters of the Hudson. This 
 justly celebrated lake is 36 tnile3 
 
182 
 
 GEORGETOWN— GERMAN FLATS. 
 
 long, running nearly north and 
 south, and from 2 to 3 miles wide, 
 surrounded by high and picturesque 
 hills, sometimes rising to mountain 
 height ; it is dotted with numerous 
 islands, said to count as many 
 as there are days in the year ; 
 some of considerable size, and cul- 
 tivated ; while others are only a 
 barren rock, rising majestically 
 out of the surrounding waters. 
 Diamond Island, near the village 
 of Caldwell, is celebrated for its 
 beautiful quartz crystals, which in 
 shape and brilliancy resemble pure 
 diamonds. The wild and romantic 
 scenery. of this lake is unrivalled 
 in the United States, and stands 
 pre-eminent for its charming beau- 
 ties. A tourist makes the follow- 
 ing remarks : — "Time would fail 
 us to enumerate the points of at- 
 traction on the way. The remains 
 of Fort George and Fort William 
 Henry at the head of the lake, must 
 not be passed without a visit. Nei- 
 ther must you leave the Lake 
 House, till in the quiet hour of 
 twilight, the old rusty gun has 
 been fired, and you have heard the 
 echo, which is sent back from one 
 mountain top to another, till the 
 sound seems to have died away, and 
 then have it revive and reverberate 
 again as though another explosion 
 had suddenly taken place. Every 
 foot of ground along the shores, 
 and even the water itself possesses 
 vast interest. The bed of the lake 
 is a handsome yellowish sand, and 
 the water is so pure and transpa- 
 rent, as to render the bottom visi- 
 ble from 30 to 40 feet. Here the 
 delicious salmon trout, that weigh 
 from 12 to 20 pounds, are seen in 
 their frolicksome mood, sporting 
 with each other, and inviting the 
 bait of the angler. " Silver trout, 
 brook trout, pike, pickerel, perch, 
 and several other kinds of fresh 
 water fish, are here taken in abun- 
 dance. Travellers on the tour from 
 the Springs to Canada, should not 
 
 fail to visit Lake George, or as it 
 is sometimes more romantically 
 called, Horicon ; by the French 
 called Lac Sacrament, on account 
 of the purity of its waters. The 
 road passes through the village of 
 Glen's Falls, a place of much in- 
 terest to every lover of natural 
 scenery; thence by a good stage 
 road to the Lake House, at the 
 village of Caldwell. A new steam- 
 er, called the "William Caldwell," 
 runs from the landing at this place 
 to the foot of the lake, where sta 
 ges are in readiness to convey pas- 
 sengers to the steamboat landing 
 at Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake 
 Champlain, where commodious 
 passage boats on their route from 
 Whitehall to Burlington and St. 
 Johns, stop daily, during the sea- 
 son of navigation. 
 
 Georgetown, t. Madison co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Morrisville, and distant 
 108 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,130 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil, clay loam, 
 well adapted for grass; drained 
 south by the head branches of the 
 Otselic river. 
 
 Georgetown, v. and p. o 
 Georgetown, Madison county, con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses; 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Baptist church; 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, and 
 1 tannery. 
 
 German, t. Chenango county, 
 situated 16 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 126 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 965 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and the soil well 
 adapted to grass. German is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 German Flats, t. Herkimer 
 co. situated 3 miles south of the 
 village of Herkimer, and distant 83 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,245 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating, rising from the 
 Mohawk river on the north, while 
 
GERMANTOWN— GLENHAM. 
 
 183 
 
 on the river are extensive alluvion 
 flats giving name to the town, 
 having been early settled by Ger- 
 mans. The Erie canal passes 
 through this town. Mohawk and 
 Paine 's Hollow are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Gebmaktown, t. Columbia 
 co. situated 10 miles south of the 
 city of Hudson, and distant 39 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 969 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating; soil, 
 clay loam, well cultivated. Get- 
 mantown is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Gerry, t. Chautauque co. si- 
 tuated 13 miles east of the village 
 of Mayville, and distant 326 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,288 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, gravelly loam ; 
 drained by Cassadaga creek and 
 its tributaries. Gerry and Ver- 
 mont are names of post offices. 
 
 Ghent, t. Columbia co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles north-east of the city 
 of Hudson, and distant 26 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,558 inhabitants. The surface 'is 
 somewhat broken ; soil, gravelly 
 loam, generally well cultivated ; 
 drained by Claverack creek. 
 
 Ghent, v. and p. o. Ghent, 
 Columbia co. contains about 100 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed church, 1 tavern 
 and 1 store. 
 
 Giant of the Valley, is 
 the name sometimes given to one 
 of the high mountain peaks of Es- 
 sex county. See Adirondack 
 Mountains. 
 
 Gibbet Island. See Ellis'' 
 Island. 
 
 Gibsonville, p. o. Leicester, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 Gilbertsville, v. and p. o. 
 Butternuts, Otsego co. contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; 1 tavern, 5 stores, 1 oil 
 
 mill, 1 tannery and an ashery. 
 Here is located an academy in a 
 flourishing condition. 
 
 Gilboa, v. and p. o. Broome, 
 Schoharie co. situated on the Scho- 
 harie creek ; contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 1 furnace and 2 tanneries. 
 Gilman, t. Hamiltonco. situated 
 6 miles east of the village of Lake 
 Pleasant, and distant 68 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 98 
 inhabitants. The surface of this 
 town is diversified, most of it being 
 a wilderness of which but little is 
 known ; it contains several small 
 lakes, and on the north is an emi- 
 nence called Mount Emmons. 
 
 Girl's Flats, p. o. Tioga, 
 Tioga co. 
 
 Glasco, v. and p. o. Sauger- 
 ties, Ulster co. is situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson river, two 
 miles below the village of Ulster ; 
 here is a convenient landing, 3 
 stores, 3 extensive brick yards, 
 and about 50 dwelling houses. 
 
 Glenco, Livingston, Colum- 
 bia county, is situated on Copake 
 creek ; this is a small manufac- 
 turing settlement, containing 1 
 cotton factory, 1 store, and a few 
 dwellings. 
 
 Glenham, v. and p. o. Fish- 
 kill, Dutchess co. is situated on 
 the Fishkill, 3 miles east of the 
 Hudson river. This is a flourish- 
 ing manufacturing village, con- 
 taining about 500 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 1 
 public house and 2 stores. The 
 Glenham manufactory is a woollen 
 establishment, manufacturing an- 
 nually upwards of 200,000 pounds 
 of the finest wool of this country in- 
 to broadcloaths and cassimeres. 
 These works are celebrated for the 
 production of fine fabrics of a su- 
 perior finish and color. They give 
 employment to about 100 work- 
 men, many of whom are old in- 
 
184 
 
 GLENN— GLOVERSVILLE. 
 
 habitants, and occupy their own 
 dwellings. 
 
 Glenn, t. Montgomery co. si- 
 tuated 3 miles south of the village 
 of Fonda, and distant 44 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,678 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
 but mostly tillable ; soil, loam 
 blended with clay; it is drained by 
 Schoharie creek on the east, which 
 flows into the Mohawk river. 
 The Erie canal passes through 
 this town along the valley of 
 the Mohawk. Glenn, Auriesville, 
 Fultonville and Voorheesville, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Glen Cove, v. and p. o. Oys- 
 ter Bay, Queens co. is situated on 
 the east side of Hempstead Har- 
 bor; it contains about 260 inhabi- 
 tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Episcopal church; an academy; 
 2 hotels, several stores, and 1 grist 
 mill. This village is pleasantly 
 situated, and is much resorted to 
 during the summer months by 
 strangers ; it generally has com- 
 munication with New-York, by 
 steamboat, in addition to stages 
 and the Long Island railroad. 
 
 Glen's Falls, v. and p. o. 
 Queensbury, Warren co. is advan- 
 tageously situated on the north side 
 of the Hudson river, 53 miles 
 north of the city of Albany. It 
 was incorporated, in 1839, and now 
 contains about 1,800 inhabitants, 
 225 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist 
 church; an incorporated academy 
 and a female seminary; 4 hotels 
 and taverns, and 30 stores and 
 groceries. Here are located 1 
 grist mill, 4 extensive saw mills, 
 including 3 gang mills of 25 saws 
 each, and 4 English mills; 4 mar- 
 ble mills, containing 275 saws ; 1 
 plaster mill, 1 furnace, 3 machine 
 shops, 1 marble polishing and 
 chimney piece manufactory, 2 tan- 
 neries, and 3 extensive establish- 
 ments for the manufactory of lime. 
 On both sides of the river at this 
 
 place are extensivebeds of black 
 marble, which for beauty of color 
 and brilliancy of polish, are not 
 exceeded in this country ; from 
 this marble is also manufactured 
 lime of a superior quality. Below 
 the falls, nature has exposed the 
 strata in such a way that the whole 
 thickness of the marble or lime- 
 stone can be examined to the depth 
 of at least 70 feet. The falls on 
 the Hudson river at this point, 
 which have a total descent of about 
 50 feet, are varied and picturesque, 
 affording hydraulic power to a vast 
 extent, which is as yet but partial- 
 ly used for manufacturing purpo- 
 ses. A new and substantial bridge 
 is now erecting on the site of the 
 old bridge at the falls, of about 500 
 feet in length. This is a free 
 bridge, and affords a favorable 
 view of the falls and river. The 
 Champlain canal feeder passes on 
 the north side of the river at this 
 place, receiving its waters from 
 the Hudson, 2 miles above the vil- 
 lage, and unites with the Champlain 
 canal a few miles east, affording 
 a navigable communication with 
 Lake Champlain, and the tide wa- 
 ters of the Hudson river. 
 
 Glen's Falls Feeder. See 
 Champlain Canal. 
 
 Glenville, t. Schenectady 
 county, situated 4 miles west of the 
 city of Sehenectady, and distant 
 19 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,068 inhabitants. The 
 surface is somewhat hilly; soil, 
 sandy loam. Aelplass creek runs 
 near the east boundary, emptying 
 into the Mohawk river near the city 
 of Schenectady. Glenville, East 
 Glenville, Hoffman's Ferry and 
 Scotia, are names of post offices. 
 At the former are located 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, and some 12 or 
 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Glen Wild, p. o. Thompson, 
 Sullivan co. 
 
 Gloversville, v. and p. o. 
 Johnstown, Fulton county, contains 
 
GOAT, OR IRIS ISLAND— GOSHEN. 
 
 185 
 
 about 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling; 
 houses, 2 churches, 1 temperance 
 house, 2 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 
 saw mill. Here are manufactured 
 large quantities of buckskin mit- 
 tens, gloves and moccasins. 
 
 Goat, or Iris Island, lies 
 in the Niagara river at the Great 
 Falls, dividing the waters that de- 
 scend over this mighty cataract, 
 into two unequal parts, the western- 
 most constituting by far the great- 
 est volume of water, and is 
 generally denominated the Canada 
 or Horse Shoe Fall, while the 
 lesser stream is called the Ameri- 
 can Fall. This island is approach- 
 ed from the American side by a 
 safe and substantial bridge. Its 
 natural beauties must be seen to 
 be fully appreciated. It contains 
 between 60 and 70 acres, and is 
 very fertile, in part still covered 
 with a large growth of forest trees; 
 in circumference it is about 1 mile. 
 At the upper end commence the 
 terrific rapids that lead on to the 
 falls. The lower end of the island 
 is a perpendicular bank of from 
 80 to 100 feet, thence to the water's 
 edge below the falls a sloping de- 
 scent of about 100 feet more. 
 From points on this part of the 
 island, both of the falls are seen to 
 great advantage. Here has been 
 erected a tower called Prospect 
 Tower, with an observatory on the 
 top, and a stair case near by, to 
 descend to the water's edge. 
 
 Goff's Mills, p. o. Howard, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Golden's Bridge, p. o. 
 Lewisborough, Westchester co. 
 
 Good Ground, p. o. South- 
 ampton, Suffolk co. 
 
 Goose Creek, rises in the 
 town of Harmony, Chautauque co. 
 and runs north-east into Chautau- 
 que lake. 
 
 Goose Neck Island, lies in 
 the St. Lawrence river, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Louisville, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Goriiam, t. Ontario co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles south-east of the village 
 of Canandaigua, and distant 187 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1810, 2,779 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating; soil, 
 fertile and well cultivated. It is 
 drained by Flint creek, and some 
 small streams running into Canan- 
 daigua lake. Gorham, Centre 
 Gorham and Reed's Corners, are 
 names of post offices. Bethel is 
 the name of a settlement. 
 
 Goshen, t. Orange county, 
 contains the county buildings lo- 
 cated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 104 miles 
 from Albany ; in 1840, it contained 
 3,889 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part hilly, with some extensive 
 flats ; soil, loam, underlaid with 
 slate and limestone, well adapted 
 to grass. Great quantities of but- 
 ter is made in this and the neigh- 
 boring towns, which is justly 
 celebrated for its superior quality. 
 It is drained by two or three small 
 streams, and to the west lie the 
 "Drowned Lands," on the Wall- 
 kill. Goshen, Chester and Sugar 
 Loaf are names of post offices. 
 
 Goshen, v. and p. o. Goshen, 
 Orange county, is situated on a 
 plain 104 miles south of the city 
 of Albany ; it is surrounded by a 
 rich grazing and agricultural re- 
 gion of countiy, and is justly cele- 
 brated for the product of its dairies. 
 It was incorporated in 1809, and 
 contains about 900 inhabitants, 150 
 dwelling houses, a court house and 
 jail, and county clerk's office, 
 this being a half shire town with 
 Newburgh ; 1 banking house, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
 church ; 5 hotels and taverns, 15 
 stores of different kinds ; 1 tan- 
 nery, and 1 soap and candle facto- 
 ry. The Farmers' Hall Academy 
 in this place is a flourishing char- 
 tered institution, connected with 
 which, is a female seminary. 
 The New-York and Erie, railroad 
 
136 
 
 GOUVERNEUR-GRAND ISLAND. 
 
 passes through this village, which 
 is distant 45 miles north-west from 
 Piermont, on the Hudson river, 
 and 20 miles west of Newburgh. 
 Here is a depot for the accommo- 
 dation of passengers and merchan- 
 dise, near which is a commodious 
 public house. 
 
 Gouverneur, t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 18 miles south-west of 
 the village of Canton, and distant 
 180 miles from Albany ; contained j 
 in 1840, 2,538 inhabitants. The j 
 surface is mostly level; soil, va- 
 rious, but generally of a good qua- 
 lity; it is watered by the Oswe- 
 gatchie river, which here takes a 
 great bend, extending into the bor- 
 der of Jefferson county. 
 
 Gouverneur, v. and p. o. Gou- 
 verneur, St. Lawrence county, is 
 situated on the Oswegatchie river; 
 it contains about 450 inhabitants, 
 GO dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 
 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, and 
 1 saw mill. Here is situated the 
 Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, a 
 chartered institution in a flourish- 
 ing condition. 
 
 Governor's Island, New- 
 York, is situated at the confluence 
 of the East and Hudson rivers, and 
 belongs to the United States go- 
 vernment; it is admirably situated 
 for the defence of the city of New- 
 York, should ever an enemy pass 
 the outer strong fortifications situa- 
 ted at the " Narrows." On this 
 island are already erected Fort 
 Columbus, Castle Williams and 
 the South Battery; altogether con- 
 taining upwards of 200 heavy 
 pieces of armament. The former 
 work, which is in the centre of the 
 island, is the most important; it 
 alone contained in 1840, 105 guns 
 of a large calibre. When fully 
 garrisoned the above fortifications 
 require 800 men. 
 
 Gowanus, Brooklyn, Kings 
 co. is a scattered settlement situa- 
 ted on and near Gowanus bay. In 
 this vicinity are located Greenwood 
 
 Cemetery, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 
 1 store, and 30 or 40 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Grafton, t. Rensselaer co. 
 situated 14 miles east of the 
 city of Troy, and distant 20 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,019 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, clay loam, 
 and much of it heavily timbered; 
 it is drained by the Poesten Kill, 
 and two or three other small 
 streams. Grafton is the name of 
 a post office. 
 
 Graham, p. o. Minisink, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Grahamsville, p. o. Never- 
 sink, Sullivan co. 
 
 Granby, t. Oswego co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles south of the village of 
 Oswego, and distant 158 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,385 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, sandy loam, and 
 much of it heavily timbered with 
 pine, oak, maple, beech, ash and 
 hemlock. It is watered by the 
 Oswego river and some other small 
 streams. Granby and Six Mile 
 creek are names of post offices. 
 
 Grand Island, comprising a 
 part of Tonawanda, Erie county, 
 is situated in the Niagara river, 
 commencing three miles below 
 Black Rock, and extending to 
 within the same distance of Niaga- 
 ra Falls. It is 9 miles long, and 
 in the broadest part 6 miles wide. 
 It is an excellent body of land 
 either for grain or grass; level, 
 and easy of cultivation, and prin- 
 cipally timbered with valuable 
 white "oak, beech, maple, hickory, 
 elm, ash, black oak, &c. There 
 are 12 or 1500 acres of cultivated 
 land in different localities. The 
 Niagara along its shores is deep, 
 and affords a good navigation, ren- 
 dering accessible all parts of the 
 island. It contains, according to 
 the State survey, 17,381 acres. 
 The village of Whitehaven is loca- 
 ted on its eastern bank, opposite 
 
GRAND SACHEM— GREAT HOG NECK. 
 
 J87 
 
 Tonawanda. The position of the 
 island is exceedingly advanta- 
 geous, and much of its scenery 
 stretching along the river eminent- 
 ly beautiful. This island was se- 
 lected some years since by M. M. 
 Noah,Esq. on which to build a city, 
 and establish a colony of Jews, 
 wiih the view of making it the 
 Ararat, or resting place of that 
 dispersed people. It is said the 
 European Rabbi did not sanction 
 the scheme, and it was abandoned. 
 A monument is still standing, 
 erected by the projector in Septem- 
 ber, 1825 ; it is about 15 feet in 
 height, with suitable inscriptions, 
 expressive of the undertaking. 
 
 Grand Sachem of the 
 Highlands. See Beacon, New. 
 
 Granger, t. Allegany co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles north of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 250 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,064 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy and clay 
 loam ; it is drained by the Genesee 
 river and several small streams 
 that flow into it from the east. 
 Hickory, Swale and Short Tract, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Grangersville, p. o. Sara- 
 toga, Saratoga co. 
 
 Granville, t. Washington 
 co. situated 16 miles north of the 
 village of Salem, and distant 63 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,846 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is diversified, being somewhat 
 broken and uneven ; soil, clay 
 loam of good quality ; it is drained 
 by the Paulet river, which flows 
 north into Lake Champlain. 
 Granville, Middle Granville and 
 North Granville, are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Granville, v. and p.o. Gran- 
 ville, Washington county, is situa- 
 ted near the Vermont state line ; it 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, 90 
 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal, and 
 1 methodist church, and a Friends' 
 meeting house ; 2 taverns, 6 stores, 
 
 1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill and 
 1 tannery. 
 
 Grass Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of Ham- 
 mond, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Grass River, rises in the 
 south-east part of St. Lawrence 
 co. and flows in a northern direc- 
 tion into the St. Lawrence river, 
 opposite Cornwall Island, Canada, 
 its mouth being at the north bounds 
 of the state. 
 
 Grassy Point, p. o. Haver- 
 straw, Rockland co. ; here is a 
 convenient steamboat landing on 
 the west side of the Hudson river ; 
 a large hotel, 1 store, an extensive 
 brick yard, and some 12 or 15 
 dwellings. 
 
 Gravesend, t. Kings co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles south of the city of 
 Brooklyn, and distant 153 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 799 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level, much of it consisting 
 of a salt marsh ; near the sea shore 
 are some barren sand hills. Coney 
 Island, which forms a part of this 
 town, lies fronting the Atlantic 
 ocean ; is much resorted to during 
 the summer months, by those fond 
 of sea bathing and fishing. 
 
 Gravesend Bay, is formed 
 by Coney Island, and a curve on the 
 west end of Long Island, extend- 
 ing to Fort Hamilton. On this 
 bay is situated ihe well known 
 Bath House, which is much re- 
 sorted to during the summer 
 months. 
 
 Great Barn Island. See 
 Barn Island. 
 
 Great Bend, p. o. Champion, 
 Jetferson co. ; here are situated on 
 Black river, a large flouring mill, 
 1 saw mill, 1 distillery, 1 carding 
 and cloth dressing works, 1 tavern, 
 1 store, and about 25 dwellings ; 
 a free bridge extends across the 
 river at this place. 
 
 Great Hog Neck, lies in the 
 town of Southampton, Suffolk co. 
 between Gardiner's bay and Great 
 
188 
 
 GREAT ISLAND— GREENBURGH. 
 
 Peconic bay ; it is almost separa- 
 ted from the main land, being con- 
 nected to Long Island by an 
 isthmus. 
 
 Great Island. See Hemp- 
 stead. 
 
 Great Kills, lie on the 
 south-east side of Staten Island ; 
 they extend for some distance in- 
 land, and receive two or three 
 small streams, which are naviga- 
 ble for small craft. 
 
 Great Neck, lies in North 
 Hempstead, Queens co. between 
 Cow bay and Little Neck bay; it 
 is about 4 miles long and 2 miles 
 wide. On the north end is Hew- 
 lett's Point. 
 
 Great Peconic Bay. See 
 Peconic Bay. 
 
 Great South Bay, lying on 
 the south side of Long Island, 
 commences at the New Inlet, 25 
 miles east of the city of New-York ; 
 it is a large and navigable body of 
 water extending from Hempstead 
 bay in an easterly direction, a dis- 
 tance of 50 miles ; being from 1 
 to 5 miles wide. Its waters abound 
 with almost every variety of shell 
 and scale fish, which can never be 
 exhausted. Wild water fowl of 
 many kinds are also found here in 
 countless numbers, affording a 
 pleasant recreation to the sports- 
 man, and a source of profitable 
 employment to many hundreds of 
 persons, who send large quantities 
 offish and wild fowl to the New- 
 York market. 
 
 Great South Beach, lies 
 on the outer side of the Great 
 South bay, it is about 40 miles long 
 and half a mile wide ; on the west 
 end is a light-house, called the 
 Fire Island light, the Fire Islands 
 lying near by in the bay. 
 
 Great Valley, t. Cattarau- 
 gus co. situated 6 miles south of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 299 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 852 inhabitants. 
 The surface is somewhat broken, 
 
 descending to the valley of the Al- 
 legany; soil, various. Rock City, 
 as it is called, in the north-west part 
 of this town, is a great natural cu- 
 riosity ; it is watered by Great Val- 
 ley creek flowing into Allegany 
 liver from the north, and by the 
 Tunangwant creek from the south. 
 The New-York and Erie railroad 
 passes through this town on the 
 north side of the Allegany. Great 
 Valley and Killbuck are names of 
 post offices. Chamberlainville is 
 the name of a village. 
 
 Great Valley Creek, ri- 
 ses in Cattaraugus co. and flows 
 south into the Allegany river. 
 
 Greece, t. Monroe co. situated 
 6 miles north of the city of Roch- 
 ester, and distant 225 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,669 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu 
 lating; soil, mostly sandy and gra- 
 velly, with some clay loam ; it is 
 drained by several small streams 
 running into Lake Ontario. Greece, 
 Charlotte, Handford's Landing and 
 North Greece are post offices. 
 Green, orTiBBETT'sIsLAND, 
 lies in the Hudson river, opposite 
 the city of Troy, and is attached to 
 the town of Watervliet, Albany co. 
 It is about 2 miles long and half a 
 mile wide ; on this island runs the 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad, 
 and it is connected with Troy and 
 West Troy by a bridge. 
 
 Greenburgh, t. Westchester 
 co. situated 5 miles west of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 130 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 3,361 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly ; soil, gravelly, 
 clay and sandy loam, mostly under 
 good cultivation ; drained south by 
 the Bronx and Saw Mill rivers; the 
 Hudson river lies on its west boun- 
 dary, where are located numerous 
 delightful country residences. — 
 Dobb's Ferry and Tarrytown are 
 names of post offices. Hastings 
 and Irving are names of settle- 
 ments. 
 
GREENBUSH— GREENE. 
 
 Gbeekbush, t. Rensselaer co. , incorporated in 1815, and now con- 
 
 tains about 900 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 
 9 stores and groceries, 2 flouring- 
 mills, 1 distillery, 1 spirit gas man 
 ufactory, 1 tannery and a shipyard 
 for building and repairing river 
 craft. The Albany and West 
 Stockbridge railroad commences 
 in the north part of this Tillage, 
 directly opposite the city of Alba- 
 ny ; this road affords an uninterrup- 
 ted communication with the city 
 of Boston by railroad, and is one 
 of the great links between the east- 
 ern and western states. 
 
 situated 6 miles south of the city 
 ot Troy, and distant 1 mile from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,701 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 the upland is mostly clay loam, 
 mixed with gravel and sand ; along 
 the Hudson river there are some 
 fertile flats. Greenbush, Defriest- 
 ville, East Greenbush and Winants- 
 kill are names of post offices; Bath 
 is thj name of a village. 
 
 Greenbush, v. and p. o. 
 Greenbush, Rensselaer co. is situa- 
 ted on the east side of the Hudson 
 river, opposite the south part of the 
 city of Albany, with which it is 
 connected by a steam ferry; it was 
 
 GREENE COUNTY, erected from Albany and Ulster in 1800, is 
 centrally distant 30 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
 the north by Albany county, east by the Hudson river, south by Ulster 
 and on the west by Delaware and Schoharie counties. The surface of 
 this county is diversified, being hilly and mountainous on the south and 
 west while it is more level on the north-east. The Catskill mountains 
 here attain their greatest height, the " Round Top," the highest peak, 
 being elevated 3,804 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson ; there 
 are also other peaks of the same range of nearly the same altitude. 
 The soil is various ; while the mountains are sterile, the uplands and 
 vallies are rich and productive. Here are manufactured large quanti- 
 ties of leather, for the production of which this county is celebrated, 
 more so than any other county in the state. The mineral productions 
 of this region are not so valuable, as might be supposed from its geolo- 
 o-ical formation; it contains, however, some useful mineral productions. 
 Some interesting crystaline forms of calcareous spar occur, and there 
 Lave also been found fine crystals of quartz in cavities in the slate rock, 
 near Catskill. The streams worthy of note, are the Catskill and Cox- 
 sackie creeks, which flow easterly into the Hudson river, and the head 
 branches of Schoharie creek, which run north-west into the Mohawk. 
 The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is finished from this place to 
 Cooksburgh, in the county of Albany, a distance of 26 miles. Its 
 area is about 583 square miles, or 372,933 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Greene county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Athens, 2,387 
 
 Cairo, 2,862 
 
 Catskill, 5,339 
 
 Coxsackie, 3,539 
 
 Durham, 2,813 
 
 Greenville, 2,338 
 
 Hunter, 2,019 
 
 Lexington, 2,813 
 
 New-Baltimore, 2,306 
 
 Prattsville, 1,613 
 
 Windham, 2,417 
 
 Total inhabitants, 30,446 
 
190 
 
 GREENE— GREENVILLE. 
 
 Greene, t. Chenango co. situ- 
 ated 20 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 126 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,462 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken ; soil, 
 however, mostly good and heavily 
 timbered ; it is drained by the 
 Chenango river and some of its 
 tributaries. Greene, East Greene 
 and Geneganslette are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Greene, v. and p. o. Greene, 
 Chenango co. is situated on the 
 west bank of the Chenango river, 
 and on the line of the Chenango 
 canal ; it contains about 750 inhab- 
 itants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist 
 and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
 12 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 cloth- 
 ier's works, 1 plaster mill, 1 saw 
 mill and 2 tanneries. Stages pass 
 through this village running from 
 Utica to Binghamton, and from 
 Ithaca to Catskill. 
 
 Greenfield, t. Saratoga co. 
 situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 40 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,803 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous; 
 on the west are ridges of the Kay- 
 aderosseras, and on the north-east 
 the Palmertown mountains ; the 
 intervening valley is drained by 
 the Kayaderosseras creek; it is 
 productive and generally well cul- 
 tivated. Greenfield Centre, Por- 
 ter's Corners and West Greenfield 
 are names of post offices ; James- 
 ville is the name of a settlement. 
 
 Green Lake, in the town of 
 Manlius, Onondaga co. lies within 
 a few rods of the Erie canal; it is 
 a small sheet of water, about three- 
 fourths of a mile long by a quarter 
 of a mile wide. This is probably 
 the most beautiful little lake in the 
 state It is clear and transparent, 
 so much so, that fish can plainly be 
 seen, with the naked eye, at the 
 depth of fifty feet. There is no I 
 
 outlet and but a small inlet to this 
 lake. Its depth is 176 feet. In 
 several places within five feet of 
 the shore the water is 60 feet deep. 
 There are several kinds of excel- 
 lent fish in this lake. About 20 
 rods above this is a small circular 
 lake whose depth has never been 
 ascertained. 
 
 Greenport, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 2 miles from the city of 
 Hudson, surrounding it on three 
 sides, and is centrally distant from 
 Albany 30 miles. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, gravel, clay and loam; 
 watered by the Hudson river, which 
 bounds it in part on the west. 
 
 Greenport, v. and p. o. South- 
 old, Suffolk co. is situated near the 
 north-east end of Long Island; it 
 was incorporated in 183S, and now 
 contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling - houses, 2 churches, a 
 large hotel and several stores. This 
 place is advantageously situated at 
 the head of Southold harbor. Here 
 are owned several whale ships, be- 
 sides brigs, schooners and smaller 
 vessels employed in the coasting 
 trade ; there have here been recent- 
 ly built wharves and railways for 
 the accommodation of vessels, the 
 water being of sufficient depth for 
 the largest ships ; well sheltered 
 from storms, and rarely, if ever, 
 obstructed with ice. The Long 
 Island railroad, when finished, will 
 extend from Brooklyn to this place, 
 a distance of 93 miles; thence to 
 Stonington, Conn, it is 24 miles by 
 water. 
 
 Green River, rises in Aus- 
 terlitz, Columbia co. and flows 
 south-east into Massachusetts, 
 where it empties into the Housa- 
 tonic river. 
 
 Green River, p.o. Hillsdale, 
 Columbia co. 
 
 Greenville, t. Greene co. 
 situated 15 miles north-west of the 
 village of Catskill, and distant 26 
 miles fr^m Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,338 inhabitants. The sur- 
 
GREENVILLE— GROVELAND 
 
 191 
 
 face is broken and hilly; soil, clay 
 loam, well adapted to grass; it is 
 drained by Provost and Catskill 
 creeks. Greenville, Freehold and 
 Gay Head are names of po-t offices. 
 
 Greenville, v. and p. o. 
 Greenville, Greene co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling' 
 houses, 1 church, an incorporated 
 academy, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Greenwich, t. Washington 
 co. situated 10 miles west of the 
 village of Salem, and distant 35 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,332 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly; soil, gra- 
 velly loam, productive and mostly 
 well cultivated; the Battenkill 
 flows along the south boundary, 
 emptying into the Hudson river, 
 which bounds it on the west. — 
 Greenwich, East Greenwich, North 
 Greenwich, Battenville, Lake and 
 Union Village are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Greenwood, t. Steuben co. 
 situated 30 miles south-west of the 
 village of Bath, and distant 251 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,138 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil of good quality 
 for grass; drained north by Ben- 
 nett's creek. Greenwood is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery. 
 See Brooklyn. 
 
 Greig, t. Lewis co. situated 12 
 miles south-east of the village of 
 Martinsburgh, and distant 123 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 592 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and broken ; soil, various and 
 heavily timbered ; it is drained by 
 Otter creek, Fish creek and Moose 
 river, all of which run into Black 
 river. Greig and Lyonsdalr are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Greigsville,p.o. York, Liv- 
 ingston co. 
 
 Grenadier Island, lies near 
 the foot of Lake Ontario, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Lyme, Jef- 
 ferson co. 
 
 Griffen's Mills, p. o. Au- 
 rora, Erie co. here are situated, on 
 Cazenove creek, 1 grist mill, 2 
 saw mills, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Grindstone Island, lies in 
 the St. Lawrence river, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Clayton, Jef- 
 ferson co. ; it is five miles long and 
 2 miles wide, being one of the 
 largest of the " Thousand Is- 
 lands." 
 
 Griswold's Mills, p. o. 
 Fort Ann, Washington co. 
 
 Groton, t. Tompkins co. situ- 
 ated 13 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Ithaca, and distant 160 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,61S inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, gravelly 
 loam, underlaid with slate, of good 
 quality and mostly well cultivated ; 
 drained by Fall creek and some 
 other small streams. Groton, Ben- 
 sonville, Fall creek, McLean, Pe- 
 ruville and West Groton are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Groton, v. and p. o. Groton, 
 Tompkins co. is situated on the inlet 
 to Owasco Lake ; it contains about 
 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church, a flourishing incorporated 
 academy, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
 and 1 carriage manufactory. 
 
 Grove, t. Allegany co. situat- 
 ed 13 miles north of the village of 
 Angelica, and distant 257 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 623 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, mostly sandy 
 loam ; drained south by Cashaque 
 and Canaseraga creeks. Grove 
 and East Grove are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Groveland, t. Livingston co. 
 situated 6 miles south of the village 
 of Geneseo, and distant 232 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,000 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and ridgy ; soil, various, 
 
192 
 
 GUILDERLAND— HALLETT'S COVE. 
 
 mostly sand and clay loam ; it is 
 drained south by Canaseraga creek, 
 and on the north-east angle lies 
 Conesuslake. Groveland, Grove- 
 land Centre and East Groveland 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Guilder land, t. Albany co. 
 situated 10 miles west of the city 
 of Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,790 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, sandy and of an 
 inferior quality ; drained east by 
 Norman's kill. Guilderland, Guil- 
 derland Centre, Dunnsville and 
 West Guilderland are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Guilford, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 10 miles south-east of the 
 village of Norwich, and distant 
 105 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 2,872 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and broken; soil, 
 generally of good quality ; water- 
 ed by the Unadilla, which flows 
 along its east boundary. Guilford, 
 East Guilford and Mount Upton 
 are names of post offices ; Fayette 
 is the name of a settlement. 
 
 Guilford, v. and p. o. Guil- 
 ford, Chenango co. is an agricul- 
 tural village, containing about 200 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and a 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Gull Island, Great and 
 Little, are attached to the town of 
 Southold, Suffolk co.; they are 
 situated in what is called the Race, 
 on account of the swiftness of the 
 current, and must have long since 
 disappeared but from their being- 
 composed of solid rock. 
 
 Hackejxsack, p. o. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. ; here is a settlement 
 containing 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 
 store and a few dwellings. 
 
 Hadley, t. Saratoga co. situa- 
 ted 26 miles north of the village of 
 Ballston Spa, and distant 56 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 865 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous, being in 
 
 part covered by the Kayaderosse- 
 ras mountain; the lumber trade 
 forms the chief employments of its 
 inhabitants. The Sacandaga river 
 here forms a junction with the 
 Hudson, which latter stream bounds 
 it on the east. Hadley is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Hadley's Falls, lying in the 
 Hudson river between the towns of 
 Hadley and Luzerne, are just 
 above the mouth of the Sacandaga 
 river, while on the county maps 
 of the state they are located seve- 
 ral miles below. 
 
 Hagerman's Mills, p. o. 
 Amsterdam, Montgomery county; 
 here are situated 1 church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 carpet factory, 1 turning 
 machine, and about 25 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Hague, t. Warren co. situated 
 28 miles north of the village of 
 Caldwell, and distant 90 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1S40, 610 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous, being in part co- 
 vered by the Kayaderosseras range 
 of mountains ; on the east it is 
 watered by Lake George. Hague 
 is the name of a post office. 
 
 Haivnakraus Kill, rises in 
 Albany county, and flows east into 
 the Hudson river, near the village 
 of Coeymans. 
 
 Halcottsville, p. o. Mid- 
 dletown, Delaware co. 
 
 Halfmoon, t. Saratoga co. 
 situated 15 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 18 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 2,631 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level; soil, sand, 
 sandy loam and some clay, gene- 
 rally productive. It is watered by 
 the Hudson river on the east. The 
 Champlain canal and Rensselaer 
 and Saratoga railroad both run 
 through this town. Halfmoon is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Hallktt's Cove. See As- 
 toria, 
 
HALL'S CORNERS— HAMILTON. 
 
 193 
 
 Hall's Corners, p. o. Sene- 
 ca, Ontario co. 
 
 Hall's Mills, p. o. Rensse- 
 laerville, Albany co. Here are 
 situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
 about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Hallsville, p. o. Minden, 
 Montgomery co. 
 
 Hamburgh, t. Erie co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles south of the city of 
 Buffalo, and distant 281 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,727 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, clay, sand and cal- 
 careous loam, warm and fertile, 
 well adapted to grass, grain and 
 fruit ; drained by Smokes creek, 
 Rush creek and Cauquaga creek, 
 all flowing into Lake Erie, which 
 bounds it on the west. Ham- 
 burgh, Hamburgh on the Lake, 
 
 East Hamburgh, and Water Val 
 ley are names of post offices. 
 At the former there are situated 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 tan- 
 neries, and about 30 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Hamden, t. Delaware county, 
 situated 7 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Delhi, and distant 85 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,469 inhabitants. The surface is 
 broken and mountainous ; soil, va- 
 rious; drained by the west branch 
 of the Delaware river. 
 
 Ha 3i den, v. and p. o. Hamden, 
 Delaware co. is situated on the 
 right bank of the west branch of 
 the Delaware river; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill and 1 small woollen factory. 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, was provisionally erected in 1816, but not 
 organized until January, 1838 ; it is centrally distant 95 miles from 
 the city of Albany, and is bounded on the north by the counties of St. 
 Lawrence and Franklin, on the east by Essex and Warren, on the 
 south by Fulton, and on the west by Herkimer county. The surface 
 of this county is elevated, and in part hilly and mountainous, abounding 
 with numerous lakes and ponds, sending forth streams east, west, north 
 and south, which are the sources of several rivers ; Indian river and 
 Sacandaga river, the west branches of the Hudson, Moose river and the 
 Racket river, are the most important. The principal lakes are Indian 
 lake, Long lake, Racket lake, Piseco lake and Lake Pleasant, all abound- 
 ing with trout and other fish of a delicious flavor ; it has become a 
 great resort for the sportsman and angler. There are some tracts of 
 fine arable land, along the margin of the lakes and streams, mostly 
 covered with a heavy growth of timber; the whole middle and northern 
 section, being as yet' a vast wilderness. As to its mineral resources 
 but little is as yet known, although there is no doubt of the existence 
 of iron ore, and many other useful and valuable minerals. This whole 
 region of country has of late attracted much attention ; new roads are 
 about being constructed, and the settlements are increasing. Its area is 
 about 1,061 square miles, or 680,866 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Hamilton county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Arietta, 209 
 
 Oilman, 98 
 
 Hope, 711 
 
 Lake Pleasant, 296 
 
 Long Lake, 59 
 
 Hamilton, t. Madison co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles south-east of the 
 13 
 
 Morehouse, 169 
 
 Wells, 365 
 
 Total inhabitants, 1,907 
 
 village of Morrisville, and distant 
 96 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 
194 
 
 HAMILTON— HAMPTONBURGH. 
 
 1840, 3,738 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly ; soil, calca- 
 reous loam of good quality, and 
 mostly highly cultivated; it is drain- 
 ed by the head branches of the Che- 
 nango river. Hamilton, Earlville & 
 Poolsville are names of post offices. 
 
 Hamilton, v. and p. o. Hamil- 
 ton, Madison county, is situated on 
 the Chenango river ; it was incor- 
 porated in 1816, and now contains 
 about 1,500 inhabitants, 400 dwel- 
 ling houses, 2 college buildings, 
 and an incorporated academy in a 
 flourishing condition ; 3 churches, 
 3 public houses, 20 stores and gro- 
 ceries, 1 flouring mill, and 1 
 tannery. Here is located the 
 Hamilton Literary and Theologi- 
 cal Institution, sustained by the 
 Baptist denomination of this and 
 the adjoining states. The college 
 buildings consist of two edifices 
 built of stone, four stories high, 
 besides the basement, and 100 feet 
 long by 60 wide ; they stand on 
 an eminence half a mile south of 
 the centre of the village, overlook- 
 ing the surrounding country. It 
 was chartered in 1818, and is now 
 under the immediate government of 
 a president and 7 professors ; the 
 number of students in 1841, was 238. 
 
 Hamilton College. See 
 Clinton Village. 
 
 Hammertown, Pine Plains, 
 Dutchess co. is a small manufac- 
 turing settlement, situated on Chi- 
 comeco creek ; it contains a large 
 scythe factory, 1 tannery and 8 or 
 10 dwellings. 
 
 Hammond, t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 26 miles south-west of 
 the village of Canton, and distant 
 184 miles trom Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,845 inhabitants. The 
 surface is level; soil, sand and 
 clay, very fertile, well adapted to 
 grass or grain. The St. Lawrence 
 river bounds it on the west, and it is 
 watered on the east by Black lake. 
 Hammond and South Hammond 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Hammond, v. and p. o. Ham- 
 mond, St. Lawrence co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
 dist church; 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Hammond's Mills, p. o. 
 Campbell, Steuben co. 
 
 Hammondsport, v. and p. o. 
 Urbana, Steuben co. is situated at 
 the south end of Crooked lake. 8 
 miles north-east of the village of 
 Bath ; it contains about 700 inha- 
 bitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
 church ; 2 tfiverns, 12 stores, 3 
 warehouses, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 plaster mill and 1 tannery. 
 This is a convenient steamboat 
 landing. A passage boat runs 
 daily between this place and the 
 village of Penn-Yan, a distance of 
 22 miles ; from thence the Crooked 
 Lake canal communicates with 
 Seneca lake, a further distance of 
 S miles. 
 
 Hampton, t. Washington co. 
 situated 26 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Salem, and distant 73 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 972 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly, with fertile val- 
 lies; drained on the north by the 
 Pouftney river, which divides it 
 from the state of Vermont. Hamp- 
 ton and Low Hampton are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Hampton, v. Westmoreland, 
 Oneida county, is situated on a 
 branch of the Oriskany creek; it 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 
 4 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw 
 mill and an ashery. About half a 
 mile north of (his place is situated 
 a mineral spring of some cele- 
 brity. 
 
 Hamptoneurgh, t. Orange 
 co. situated 4 miles north-east of 
 (lie village of Goshen, and distant 
 100 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,379 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, clay 
 
HANCOCK— HARLEM RIVER. 
 
 195 
 
 and loam, well adapted to grass 
 and grain, and highly productive ; 
 drained by Murderer's creek east, 
 and by the VVallkill which bounds 
 it on the west, Hamptonburgh, 
 Horace and Little Britain, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Hancock, t. Delaware county, 
 situated 24 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Delhi, and distant 129 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840,1,026 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is broken, and mountainous. 
 This is a large town, chiefly settled 
 along the Papacton branch of the 
 Delaware river, and on the main 
 stream of the Delaware, which wa- 
 ters it on the south-west Hancock, 
 East Branch and Partridge. Island 
 are names of post offices. Paulinia 
 is the name of a settlement. 
 
 Hanford's Landing, p. o. 
 Greece, Monroe co. 
 
 Hannibal, t. Oswego co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles south of the village 
 of Oswego, and distant 168 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,269 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulatiug ; soil, sandy loam and 
 fertile ; drained north by several 
 small creeks flowing into Lake 
 Ontario. Hannibal, Hall's Cor- 
 ners and Kinney's Four Corners 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Hannibalville, v. Hanni- 
 bal, Oswego co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing 2 church- 
 es, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 
 1 saw mill, an ashery, and about 
 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Hanover, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 26 miles north-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 315 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,998 inhabitants. The 
 surface is high and hilly, declining 
 north towards Cattaraugus creek 
 and Lake Erie ; along the lake 
 shore and upon the intervals of the 
 streams, are rich alluvial soils. In 
 this vicinity are to be found some 
 of the largest growth of forest trees 
 in the state; in 1822, a black wal- 
 
 nut tree was blown down, stand- 
 ing near Black Walnut creek, in 
 this town, which measured 36 feet 
 in circumference at its base, gra- 
 dually tapering 80 feet to the first 
 limb ; its total heighth was about 
 150 feei, and was estimated to con- 
 tain 100 cords of wood. In addi- 
 tion to the streams named, Silver 
 creek flows nearly through the 
 centre of this town. Hanover, 
 Irving, Nashville, Silver Creek 
 and Smith's Mills are names of 
 post offices. Fayette, Forrestville 
 and La Grange are names of vil- 
 lages. 
 
 Harbor Hill, is the highest 
 point of land on Long Island, lying 
 in the town of North Hempstead, 
 Queens co. It is elevated 319 feet 
 above the Atlantic ocean, and is 
 visible for 25 miles at sea. 
 
 Harbor of New-York 
 See Neio-York Bay. 
 
 Harford, p. o. Virgil, Cort- 
 land co. 
 
 Harlem, v. and p. o. New- 
 York city and county, is situated 
 7i miles north of the City Hall, on 
 the Harlem river. It contains 
 about 1,400 inhabitants, 175 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 Episcopal, 1 Re- 
 formed Dutch, 1 Methodist and 1 
 Roman Catholic church ; 1 public 
 market; 10 hotels and taverns, 10 
 stores, 1 extensive railroad car 
 and coach manufactory, and 2 car- 
 riage and wagon factories, 1 carpet 
 manufactory, 1 lumber yard, and 
 2 coal and wood yards. Here is 
 a toll bridge and railroad bridge 
 across the Harlem river; there is 
 also a convenient steamboat land- 
 ing and wharves for loading and 
 unloading vessels. 
 
 Harle^ Railroad. See 
 New-York and Harlem Railroad. 
 
 Harlem River, as it is call- 
 ed, extends from the East river to 
 the Hudson river, or Spuyten Duy- 
 val creek, the name given to the 
 western termination of this chan- 
 nel ; it divides the county of New- 
 
196 
 
 HARLEMVILLE— HARTFORD. 
 
 York from Westchester county. 
 Although navigable, it has several 
 bridges built across it with draws, 
 to admit vessels through ; the Har- 
 lem bridge, the rail -road bridge, 
 McComb's bridge, King's bridge, 
 and the Croton aqueduct bridge, 
 all cross this stream, which is 8 or 
 10 miles in length. 
 
 Harlemville, p. o. Clave- 
 rack, Columbia co. 
 
 Harmony, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Mayville, and distant 338 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,340 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, sandy and 
 gravelly loam, with some clay ; it 
 is drained by Goose creek and 
 some other streams, flowing north- 
 east into Chautauque lake, and by 
 Little Broken Straw creek running 
 south into Pennsylvania. Harmo- 
 ny and Panama are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Harpersfikld, t. Delaware 
 CO. situated 18 miles north-east of 
 the village of Delhi, and distant 
 62 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,708 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and broken ; soil, 
 chocolate colored loam, fertile and 
 well cultivated ; drained by Char- 
 lotte and Delaware rivers. Har- 
 persfield, North Harpersfield and 
 West Harpersfield, are names of 
 post offices. # 
 
 Harpersfield, v. and p. o. 
 Harpersfield, Delaware county ; 
 contains about 200 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns 
 and 4 stores. 
 
 Harpersville, v. and p. o. 
 Colesville, Broome co. is situated 
 a short distance east of the Susque- 
 hanna river ; it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 Episcopal church, 1 tavern, 1 
 store and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Harrietstown, t. Franklin 
 co. situated 35 miles south of the 
 village of Malone, and distant 190 
 
 miles from Albany. This is a new 
 town taken from Duane in 1841, 
 and is an almost perfect wilderness ; 
 it contains Lower Saranac lake, and 
 several other small lakes and ponds, 
 being the head waters of the Rack- 
 et and Saranac rivers. 
 
 Harrisburgh, t. Lewis co. 
 situated 12 miles north-west of the 
 village of Martinsburgh, and dis- 
 tant 140 miles from Albany; con 
 tained in 1840, 850 inhabitants. 
 The surface inclines to the east; 
 soil, brown loam of good quality, 
 underlaid with limestone. It is 
 drained north by Deer creek. 
 Harrisburgh is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Harrison, t. Westchester co. 
 situated 3 miles east of the village 
 of White Plains, and distant 134 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,139 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level ; soil, loam, 
 fertile and well cultivated ; drained 
 by Blind brook and Mamaroneck 
 creek, running south into Long 
 Island Sound. The Purchase is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Harrisville, p. o. Diana, 
 Lewis co. 
 
 Hartfield, v. Chautauque, 
 Chautauque co. is situated on a 
 stream one mile north of Chautau- 
 que lake ; it contains about 180 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Hartford, t. Washington co. 
 situated 14 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Salem, and distant 56 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,164 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly hilly; soil, sandy and clay 
 loam ; drained north by two or 
 three small streams, tributaries of 
 Wood creek. Hartford and South 
 Hartford are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Hartford, v. and p. o. Hart- 
 ford, Washington co. is situat d on 
 the northern post road ; it contains 
 
HARTLAND— HAVERSTRAW. 
 
 197 
 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Universalist 
 church ; 1 tavern and 3 stores. 
 
 Hartland, t. Niagara co. 
 situated 8 miles north-east of the 
 village of Lockport, and distant 
 272 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1S40, 2,350 inhabitants. The 
 surface is level ; soil, sandy and 
 calcareous loam, on lime and slate ; 
 drained northerly by Johnson's 
 and Eighteen mile creek, both of 
 which run into Lake Ontario. 
 Hartland and Johnson's Creek are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Hart's Island, lies in Long 
 Island Sound, and is attached to 
 the town of Pelham, Westchester 
 co 
 
 Hart's Village, p. o. Wash- 
 ington, Dutchess co. 
 
 Hartsa'ille, p. o. Manlius, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Hartwick,!. Otsego co. situ- 
 ated 5 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
 75 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1S40, 2,490 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly but mostly arable ; 
 soil, sandy loam, fertile and very 
 productive in the valleys; drained 
 south by the Otego creek and Sus- 
 quehanna river. Hartwick and 
 Hartwick Seminary are names of 
 post offices ; Toddsville is the name 
 of a village. 
 
 Hartwick, v. and p. o. Hart- 
 wick, Otsego co. is situated in the 
 valley of the Otego creek, it con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 70 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; 7 
 stores, 2 public houses, an iron 
 foundery, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 a clothier's works, an oil mill, 1 
 tannery, 3 asheries and a brick- 
 kiln. 
 
 Hartwick Seminary, p. o. 
 Hartwick, Otsego co. is situated 
 on the Susquehanna river. Here 
 is located the Hartwick Seminary, 
 a chartered institution, originally 
 endowed with a fund amounting to 
 
 £S0,000, by John Christopher 
 Hartwick ; also a Lutheran church 
 and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Hart wood, p. o.Forrestburg. 
 Sullivan co. 
 
 Hassencleaver Moun- 
 tain, is the name given to a 
 range of hills, extending through 
 a part of Herkimer and Oneida 
 counties ; they lie to the north of 
 the Mohawk valley, and are eleva- 
 ted from 1,000 to 1,200 feet, with 
 a rolling surface. 
 
 Hastings, t. Oswego co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Oswego, and distant 150 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 1,983 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level; soil, mostly sandy 
 loam, well adapted to grass; it is 
 drained by Salmon creek on the 
 north, and several small streams 
 running into Oneida lake on the 
 south. Hastings and Central 
 Square are names of post offices. 
 
 Hastings, v. Yonkers, West- 
 chester co. here is a convenient 
 landing on the east side of the 
 Hudson river, 20 miles north of 
 the city of New-York; it contains 
 1 hotel, 1 store, 1 button factory 
 and some 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Havana, v. and p. o. Cathe- 
 rines, Chemung co. is situated on 
 the line of the Chemung canal ; it 
 was incorporated in 1836, and now 
 contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church; 3 taverns, 
 9 stores and 1 warehouse, 1 cotton 
 factory, 2 flouring mills, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 oil mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 
 furnace, 1 tannery and 2 boat 
 yards, all situated on the inlet of 
 Seneca Lake, which is 3 miles 
 north of the village. 
 
 Haver's Island, lies at the 
 mouth of the Mohawk river and is 
 attached to the town of Watervliet, 
 Albany co. 
 
 Haverstraw, t. Rockland 
 co. situated 7 miles north of New- 
 City, and distant 116 miles from 
 
198 
 
 HAVERSTRAW— HELL GATE. 
 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,449 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous, being covered 
 by the Dunderberg mountain ; 
 there are some fertile valleys, con- 
 sisting mostly of clay loam ; it is 
 watered by two or three small 
 streams flowing into the Hudson 
 river, which bounds it on the east, 
 where are several convenient land- 
 ings, also Stony Point, which was 
 an important military position dur- 
 ing the revolutionary war. Haver- 
 straw and Grassy Point are names 
 of post offices; Caldwell's Landing 
 and Sampsondale are settlements. 
 
 Haverstraw, or Warren, 
 v. and p. o. Haverstraw, Rockland 
 co. is situated on the west side of 
 the Hudson river; it contains about 
 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 churches, an academy, 3 
 taverns, 6 stores, 2 extensive brick 
 yards and 1 shipyard. Here are 
 owned a steamboat and 3 or 4 
 sloops, trading with New- York 
 market. 
 
 Haverstraw Bay, is an ex- 
 pansion of the Hudson river, lying 
 opposite the town of Haverstraw, 
 Rockland co. it extends from Tel- 
 ler's Point to Verplank's Point, a 
 distance of 6 miles, and is from 2 
 to 3 miles wide. 
 
 Haviland's Hollow, p. o. 
 Patterson, Putnam co. 
 
 Haysburgh, p. o. Horicon, 
 Warren co. 
 
 Hebron, t. Washington co. 
 situated 8 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Salem, and distant 52 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,498 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, sandy loam, mostly 
 feitile in grass and grain ; drained 
 south-west by Black creek. He- 
 bron and West Hebron are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Hector, t. Tompkins co. situ- 
 ated 14 miles west of the village 
 of Ithaca, and distant 186 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 5,652 inhabitants. The surface is 
 
 high and undulating ; soil; well 
 adapted to grass; it is drained by 
 several creeks, some running east 
 into Cayuga lake, and others flow- 
 ing into Seneca lake, which bounds 
 it on the west. Hector, Burdette, 
 Mecklenburgh, North Hector, 
 Reynoldsville and Searsburgh are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Helderberg Hills, or 
 Mountains, extend through the 
 west part of Albany county into 
 Schoharie, uniting with the Cats- 
 kill range on the south; it is a 
 mass of compact limestone, rising 
 from a basis rock of graywacke 
 and graywacke slate, rising from 
 400 to 500 feet above the level of 
 the adjoining country, very pre- 
 cipitous and of pretty uniform ele- 
 vation. This group embraces a 
 series of limestones, varied in 
 mineralogical character, in chemi- 
 cal composition, and which 
 abounds in fossil remains and cav- 
 erns ; some of the latter are very 
 extensive and of singular beauty, 
 containing stalactites and stalag- 
 mites, together with many inter- 
 esting animal remains and mine- 
 rals. 
 
 Helena, v. and p. o. Brasher, 
 St. Lawrence co. is situated on St. 
 Regis river; it contains about 100 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Hell Gate, or Helle Gatt, 
 was the original name given to a 
 narrow and dangerous pass in the 
 East river, betweet Great Barn Is- 
 land and Long Island; distant 7 
 miles north-east from the city of 
 New -York. " Modern fastidious- 
 ness, which often strains at a gnat 
 and swallows a camel, has endea- 
 vored to impress us with a belief 
 that our Dutch ancestors were too 
 puritanical to give such a name as 
 " Hell Gate" to a natural whirl- 
 pool, as the one found in the East 
 river. The Teutonic nation from 
 which the Dutch descended, were 
 
HEMLOCK ISLAND— HEMPSTEAD. 
 
 199 
 
 possessed of a wild and powerful 
 imagination, and gave poetic terms 
 to every natural phenomenon. It 
 was in character for the early set- 
 tlers to indulge their imagination 
 in giving a name to this dangerous 
 pass. When first discovered, it 
 was a wonder, as it is now. He 
 was a brave man who first ventured 
 to examine Hell Gate, and pass 
 through its agitated waters." — 
 Spafford, in his very clever Gazet- 
 teer, says: — " Horll Gatt, Hurl 
 Gate, or Hell Gate, is a narrow and 
 difficult strait in the East river, 
 formed by projecting rocks, that 
 confine the water to a narrow 
 and crooked channel, occasioning 
 strong eddy currents." It is now 
 during slack water with a fair wind 
 and a skilful pilot, passed by fri- 
 gates and merchantmen of the 
 largest class; steamboats and small 
 vessels with a commanding breeze, 
 pass at all times with the tide. 
 Vessels, however, are frequently 
 wrecked in this strait. During the 
 Revolutionary war the English 
 frigate Huzza, in attempting to 
 pass out to sea through Hell Gate, 
 struck the rocks and was so much 
 injured that after sailing a few 
 miles she sunk in deep water, 
 where her hull still remains. 
 
 Hemlock Island, lies in the 
 St. Lawrence river, and is attach- 
 ed to the town of Clayton, St. 
 Lawrence co. 
 
 Hemlock Lake, lies on the 
 east border of Livingston co. ex- 
 tending into Ontario; it is 6 miles 
 long and 1 mile wide, and dischar- 
 ges its waters northward, the outlet 
 Mowing into the outlet of Honcoye 
 lake, after running 6 miles. 
 
 Hemlock Lake, p. o. Livo- 
 nia, Livingston co. 
 
 Hempstead, t. Queens co. sit- 
 uated 21 miles east of the city of 
 Brooklyn, and distant 167 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 7,609 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level ; soil, sand and sandy loam, 
 
 much of it rendered highly pro- 
 ductive by proper cultivation, while 
 a large extent is uncultivated 
 plains, known as the " Hempstead 
 Plains." It is drained by several 
 streams running into Jamaica bay 
 and Hempstead bay on the south. 
 There are several islands belong- 
 ing to this town, of which Great 
 Island and Hog Island are the lar- 
 gest; Rockaway beach and Long 
 beach, front the Atlantic ocean, 
 and are much resorted to during 
 the summer months by those fond 
 of sea bathing and sporting; while 
 during the prevalence of storms 
 and in cold weather, there have 
 here been many fearful shipwrecks, 
 attended often with great loss of 
 fife. Hempstead, Far Rocka- 
 way, Foster's Meadow and Jeru- 
 salem South are names of post offi- 
 ces ; Jerusalem, Near Rockaway 
 and Raynortown are names of set- 
 tlements. 
 
 Hempstead, v. and p. o. 
 Hempstead, Queens co. is delight- 
 fully situated on the southern mar- 
 gin of the great "Hempstead 
 Plains;" it contains about 1,400 
 inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church ; the Hempstead 
 Seminary is an incorporated insti- 
 tution for the instruction of males 
 and females, and is in a flourishing 
 condition; 1 insurance company, 
 5 hotels and taverns, 16 stores of 
 different kinds; 1 tannery, 1 print- 
 ing office, besides various other 
 kinds of mechanic shops. No 
 place on Long Island, although 
 abounding in pleasant villages, 
 probably exceeds this spot as a de- 
 sirable place of residence ; the air 
 is tempered by the sea breeze, 
 and the salubrity of this vicinity has 
 long been proverbial, distant but a 
 few miles from the ocean. A branch 
 railroad extends from this place to 
 the Long Island railroad, a distance 
 of 2 miles, where is a small village 
 called Hempstead Branch; from 
 
200 
 
 HEMPSTEAD BAY— HENRIETTA. 
 
 thence to Brooklyn South Ferry, is 
 21 miles by railroad. A turnpike 
 also runs through Hempstead, ex- 
 tending on the west to Jamaica and 
 Fulton-street ferry, Brooklyn, a 
 distance of 21 miles ; this road 
 also extends easterly to Babylon, a 
 distance of 18 miles. 
 
 Hempstead Bay, lies in the 
 town of Hempstead, Queens CO., 
 being separated from (he Atlantic 
 ocean by Long beach; it is 6 miles 
 long and from 1 to 2 miles wide, 
 abounding with shell and scale 
 fish of almost every variety, and 
 wild water foul in great quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 Hempstead Harbor, is a 
 deep indentation of Long Island 
 Sound, in the town of North 
 Hempstead, Queens co., it is 5 
 miles long and from half a mile to 
 one mile wide. 
 
 Hempstead Harbor, v. and 
 p. o. North Hempstead, Queens co. 
 is situated at the Head of Hemp- 
 stead Harbor, on the north side of 
 Long Island; it coniains about 300 
 inhabitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 3 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 paper mill, a factory for cutting 
 glass and a carding and fulling 
 mill. Several sloops are owned 
 here, plying to and from the city 
 of New-York. 
 
 Hempstead Plains, is an 
 immense heath or barren of more 
 than 15,000 acres, lying in a state 
 of nature, and constitute only a 
 common pasturage for the town of 
 Hempstead — several thousand cat- 
 tle and sheep are annually fed upon 
 it, and it is the site of old New- 
 market race course, where in years 
 long passed, thousands of persons 
 have assembled to witness the sports 
 of the turf, and where countless 
 sums of money have been lost and 
 won. The soil of these plains is of 
 a good quality and capable of be- 
 ing rendered highly productive, but 
 prejudice and custom have hither- 
 
 to prevented their division and cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 Henderson, t. Jefferson co. 
 situated 15 miles south-west of the 
 village of Watertown, and distant 
 162 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,480 inhabitants. The 
 surface is level; soil, sandy loam, 
 rich and easily tilled : drained by 
 Stony and Little Stony creeks, 
 flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
 bounds it on the west. Stony, Gal- 
 lop 'and Little Gallop islands be- 
 long to this town. Henderson and 
 Henderson Harbor are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Henderson, v. and p.o. Hen- 
 derson, Jefferson co. sometimes 
 called Salisbury Mills, contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Universa- 
 list church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 
 grist mill and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Henderson Harbor, v. and 
 p. o. Henderson, Jefferson co. is 
 situated on Lake Ontario; this is a 
 port of entry and is a good harbor; 
 it contains 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
 storehouse and about 15 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Henderson Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in the town of 
 Newcomb, Essex co. near the 
 Adirondack Iron Works ; this is 
 one of the head sources of the 
 Hudson river, and is elevated 
 1,936 feet above its tide waters. 
 
 Henrietta, t. Monroe co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the city 
 of Rochester, and distant 228 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,085 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling ; soil of an excellent quali- 
 ty; watered by the Genesee river 
 on the west. Henrietta and West 
 Henrietta are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Henrietta, v. and p. o. Hen- 
 rietta, Monroe co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
 church, a high school, 1 tavern and 
 1 store. 
 
HERKIMER. 
 
 201 
 
 HERKIMER COUNTY, was originally organized in 1791, but has 
 since been enlarged ; it is centrally distant 105 miles from Albany, 
 and is bounded on the north by St. Lawrence county ; on the east by 
 Hamilton, Fulton and Montgomery counties ; on the south by Otsego 
 county, and on the west by the counties of Oneida and Lewis. The 
 surface is greatly diversified and broken by hills and mountains. The 
 Adirondack range enters it on the east from Hamilton county, and the 
 ridge extends to the valley of the Mohawk, being broken through by 
 the river at Little Falls. The soil is various; most of the county south 
 of the Mohawk valley, and for several miles to the north of it, is un- 
 der cultivation and productive, but the greater part is better adapted to 
 grass than grain, this county being celebrated for its live stock and 
 dairies. In the valley of the Mohawk are some of the richest lands in 
 the state, producing grain in abundance ; the northern part of the coun 
 ty is elevated and broken, and covered with extensive forests. In min 
 oral productions it is supposed to be rich ; iron ore has been discover 
 ed in the town of Salisbury ; gypsum has been obtained in the town of 
 Starks, and specimens of lead ore have been found in this county, 
 which has long been known to mineralogists in consequence of its 
 numerous localities of rock crystal, or false diamonds, found in the vi 
 cinity of Little Falls and a few miles north, where those crystals are 
 found more numerous and more beautiful than in any other part of the 
 Union, or probably in the world. They are of various sizes, and often 
 exhibit new and interesting crystalline forms. In the north part of this 
 county are numerous lakes and ponds, from which flow many streams ; 
 the principal of which are the Black river, Moose river, Independence 
 river and Beaver river, flowing into Lake Ontario, and West Canada 
 creek, which flows into the Mohawk river, the latter running through the 
 southern part of the county from west to east. The Erie canal and the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad both pass through this county. Its area 
 is about 1,370 square miles, or S87,000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in the county of Herki- 
 mer, with the population in 1840. 
 
 Columbia, 2,129 
 
 Danube 1,960 
 
 Fairfield, 1,836 
 
 Frankfort 3,096 
 
 German Flats, 3,245 
 
 Herkimer, 2,369 
 
 Litchfield, 1,672 
 
 Little Falls, 3,881 
 
 Manheim, 2,995 
 
 Newport, 2,020 
 
 Norway, 1,046 
 
 Herkimer, t. Herkimer co. 
 contains the county buildings, sit- 
 uated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 80 miles from 
 Albany; it contained in 1840, 2,369 
 inhabitants. The surface is level 
 on the south, and rises into hills on 
 the north ; soil, rich and unusually 
 
 Ohio, 692 
 
 Russia, 2,298 
 
 Salisbury, 1,859 
 
 Schuyler, 1,798 
 
 Starks, 1,766 
 
 Warren, 2,003 
 
 Wilmurt, 60 
 
 Winfield, 1,652 
 
 Total inhabitants, 37,477 
 
 productive on the alluvial flats 
 along the valley of the Mohawk ; 
 it is watered by West Canada creek 
 and the Mohawk river, which 
 bounds it on the south. 
 
 Herkimer, v. and p. o. Herki- 
 mer, Herkimer co. is handsomely 
 situated in the valley of the Mo- 
 
202 
 
 HERMITAGE— HIGHLANDS. 
 
 hawk, on the north side of the 
 river, 80 miles west of the cily of 
 Albany ; it was incorporated in 
 1807, and now contains about 800 
 inhabitants, 120 dwelling houses, a 
 new brick court house, and stone 
 jail, built on an improved model, 
 combining security and comfort to 
 the prisoners ; a fireproof clerk's 
 office; an incorporated academy in 
 a flourishing condition, 1 banking 
 house, 1 German Reformed and 1 
 Methodist church, 6 hotels and tav- | 
 erns, 10 stores and groceries, and 
 1 printing office; here is a flour- 
 ing mill containing 4 run of stone, 
 situated on a hydraulic canal, which 
 is fed by the waters of the West 
 Canada creek; it is about three 
 miles in length and has two falls, 
 one of 22 feet, and another of 15 
 feet, affording water power suffi- 
 cient to propel upwards of 100 
 run of stone, most of which is still 
 unoccupied, and is one of the most 
 durable and available water powers 
 in the state. 
 
 Hermitage, p. o. Wethers- 
 field, Wyoming co. 
 
 He km on, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 15 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 199 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,271 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, clay loam, 
 well adapted to grass ; drained by 
 two or three small streams. Her- 
 mon is the name of a post office. 
 
 Heuvelton, v. and p o. Oswe- 
 gatchie, St. Lawrence co. contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 clothier's works, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. It 
 is situated on the Oswegatcbie riv- 
 er, 7 miles from Ogdensburgh. 
 
 Hickory Corkers, p. o. Lock- 
 port, Niagara co. 
 
 Hickory Swale, p. o. Gran- 
 ger, Allegany co. 
 
 Hicksville, v. Oyster Bay, 
 Queens co. is situated on the line 
 of the Long Island railroad, where 
 
 is a depot, 1 tavern, 1 store and a 
 few dwellings. 
 
 High Falls, on the Black 
 river, in Lewis co. are so called in 
 contrast with the Long Falls in 
 Jefferson county, 40 miles below ; 
 the river being navigable between 
 them. The High Falls, have a 
 descent of between 60 and 70 feet, 
 and are well worthy of a visit by the 
 lovers of natural scenery. Imme- 
 diately below these falls, the Black 
 River canal enters the river. 
 
 High Falls, p. o. Marble- 
 town, Ulster co. is situated on the 
 Rondout creek, along which pas- 
 ses the Delaware and Hudson ca- 
 nal ; here is situated an extensive 
 natural water fall, near which are 
 localed 1 hydraulic cement mill 
 and 2 extensive flouring mills; the 
 settlement consists of 4 stores, 2 
 taverns and about 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses. About half a mile below the 
 falls is situated a sulphur spring of 
 considerable celebrity. 
 
 Highland, p. o. Chesterfield, 
 Essex co. 
 
 Highland Mills, p. o. Mon- 
 roe, Orange co. here are situated 1 
 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 tannery and about 25 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Highlands, or Matteawan 
 Mountains; some times called 
 the Fishkill Mountains. They 
 are now best known by the former 
 name ; Matteawan was the name 
 given to them by the aborigines, 
 meaning the country of Good Fur, 
 being very significant, and perhaps 
 the most appropriate name tor the 
 range. These mountains extend 
 in a north-east and south-west direc- 
 tion through the counties of Rock- 
 land and Oranjre, across the Hud- 
 son river, into Westchester, Putnam 
 and Dutchess, occupying a space 
 of from 15 to 20 miles in width. 
 " They seem to be connected with 
 the Allegany mountains of Penn- 
 sylvania, to the south-west, for the 
 range is of the same geological 
 
HILLSDALE— HOBART. 
 
 203 
 
 character, and the ridges more or 
 less continuous ; but their connec- 
 tion with the Catskill range, of 
 Greene county, is rather equivocal. 
 They are composed principally of 
 granite and gneiss, imbedding 
 loo^e nodules and fixed veins of 
 magnetic iron ores, with other 
 minerals of the same class. It is 
 unequivocally a primitive chain, 
 and in the early ages must have 
 opposed a barrier to the passage 
 of the waters, and caused a vast 
 lake, covering the present valley 
 of the Hudson ; extending north- 
 ward to, or including Lake Cham- 
 plain ; eastward to the Taghkanic 
 mountains and the Highlands, 
 along the west border of Massa- 
 chusetts ; westward to the Kayade- 
 rosseras mountains, and the Klips; 
 to the Helderbergs, the Catskill 
 and the Shawangunk mountains. 
 Such must have been, in former 
 days, the Ancient Bake of the Up- 
 per Valley of the Hudson, indica- 
 ted by the levels and surveys of the 
 present day, and by an examina- 
 tion of the geological structure 
 and alluvial formations of this fer- 
 tile valley." The altitudes of the 
 " Highlands" of the Hudson, are 
 from 1,000 to 1,6S5 feet above the 
 level of the Atlantic or tide wa- 
 ters. See Beacon Hill; New 
 Beacon, or Grand Sachem ; 
 Breakneck Hill, Bull Hill, But- 
 ter Hill, Crow's Nest, Anthony's 
 Nose and Bare Mountain. 
 
 Hillsdale, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 13 miles east of the city 
 of Hudson, and distant 43 miles 
 from the city of Albanv ; contain- 
 ed in 1840, 2,470 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 being in part covered by the Tagh- 
 kanic mountain ; soil, gravelly 
 loam and clay, underlaid with 
 lime, slate and granite ; drained 
 by the Ancramand Copake creeks. 
 Hilhdale and Green River are 
 names of post offices. At the 
 former, sometimes called the 
 
 " Turnpike," there are located 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
 1 tannery and 15 or 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Hindsburgh, p. o. Murray, 
 Orleans co. 
 
 Hinsdale, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 situated 15 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 281 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,937 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and somewhat 
 broken; soil well adapted to grass; 
 it contains a small lake, called the 
 Reservoir, and is drained by Ischua 
 and Olean creeks. The line of the 
 New-York and Erie railroad passes 
 through this town. Hinsdale and 
 West Hinsdale are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Hinsdale, v. and p. o. Hins- 
 dale, Cattaraugus co. is situated on 
 the Genesee valley canal, and on 
 the line of the New-York and Erie 
 railroad ; it contains about 600 in- 
 habitants, SO dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, an academy, 2 taverns, 
 6 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills 
 and 1 tannery; The state is con- 
 structing a large basin here, and 
 the Erie railroad company have 
 established here a depot for the 
 trade of Cattaraugus county. This 
 village is destined to be an impor- 
 tant point, as this is the place 
 where the Erie and Cattaraugus 
 railroad is to connect Buffalo with 
 the New-York and Erie railroad. 
 This is also the western termina- 
 tion of the long level of the Gene- 
 see Valley canal, and here it re- 
 ceives its main feeder from the 
 valley of the Ischua creek. 
 
 Hitchcock's Corners. See 
 Amenia Union. 
 
 Hoag's Corners, p. o. Nas- 
 sau, Rensselaer co. 
 
 Hobart, v. and p.o. Stamford, 
 Delaware co. is situated on the 
 head waters of the Delaware river; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 50, dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal 
 church, 1 tavern, 6 stores, 1 grist 
 
204 
 
 HOBOKEN— HOMER 
 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace and a 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Hobokkjv, v. Bergen, Hudson, 
 co. N. J. is delightfully situated on 
 the west bank of the Hudson river, 
 directly opposite the city of New- 
 York, with which it is connected 
 by three steam ferries ; this place 
 has long and deservedly been a 
 fashionable place of resort, for the 
 citizens of the city of New-York, 
 during the summer months. — 
 Here are located several public 
 houses and places of retreat, 1 
 Episcopal church and some 40 or 
 50 dwellings. "On reaching the 
 shore at Hoboken, you rise a gen- 
 tle ascent to a lawn, in front of one 
 of the principal public houses ; 
 walks then extend along the bank 
 of the river for about one mile, 
 when you reach the Elysian Fields, 
 and have a beautiful view of Wee- 
 hawken, the noble Hudson and the 
 opposite shore of New-York is- 
 land," altogether forming great 
 attractions to the invalid and 
 seekers of pleasure, who resort 
 to this charming place of re- 
 treat in great numbers. 
 
 Hoffman's Ferry, p. o. 
 Glennville, Schenectady co. 
 
 Hoffman's Gate, p. o. Cla- 
 verack, Columbia co. 
 
 Hogansburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Bombay, Franklin co. is situated 
 on the St. Regis river, which is 
 navigable for steamboats from this 
 place to the St. Lawrence river, a 
 distance of two miles. It contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 public hous- 
 es, 6 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 
 fulling mill, 1 grist mill and 2 saw 
 mills. 
 
 Hog Island, lies in Hemp- 
 stead bay, Queens co. 
 
 Hog Island, or Neck, lies in 
 Oyster bay, Queens co.; it is con- 
 nected to the main land by Oak 
 Neck. 
 
 Hog Neck. See Great Hog 
 Neck 
 
 Holdensville, p. o. Char- 
 lotte, Chautauque co. 
 
 Holland, t. Erie co. situated 
 24 miles south-east of the city of 
 Buffalo, and distant 281 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,242 
 inhabitants. The surface is high 
 and rolling; soil, moist clay and 
 sandy loam; drained by Seneca 
 and Cazenove creeks. Holland is 
 the name of a post office, where 
 is located a small settlement, con- 
 sisting of some 15 or 20 dwell- 
 ing houses. 
 
 Holland Patent, v. and p. 
 o. Trenton, Oneida co. is situated 
 12 miles north of Utica ; it con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches and 
 2 taverns. Here is located Hobart 
 Hall Institute, a chartered acade- 
 my, in a flourishing condition. 
 
 Holley, v. and p. o. Murray, 
 Orleans county, is situated on the 
 Erie canal; it contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 3 
 warehouses, 1 flouring mill, a card- 
 ing machine, and 2 saw mills. 
 Sandy creek flows through this 
 place, over which extends the Erie 
 canal, by means of an embank- 
 ment 75 feet above the bed of the 
 stream. 
 
 Homer, t. Cortland co. situated 
 5 miles north of the village of 
 Cortland, and distant 141 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,572 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level; soil, sandy and clay loam, 
 very productive ; drained south by 
 Tioughnioga river and its tributa- 
 ries. Homer and Little York are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Homer, v. and p. o. Homer, 
 Cortland co. is handsomely situated 
 on the west branch of the Tiough- 
 nioga river; it was incorporated 
 in 1835, and now contains about 
 1,300 inhabitants, 225 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist, and 1 Universalist 
 church; an incorporated academy 
 
HONEO YE— HOPEWELL. 
 
 205 
 
 in a flourishing 1 condition; 3 ta- 
 verns, 10 stores of different kinds, 
 
 1 large woollen factory, 2 grist 
 mills, 2 saw mills, 1 oil factory, 1 
 nail factory and 1 tannery. 
 
 Honeoye, v. and p. o. Rich- 
 mond, Ontario co. is situated at 
 the foot of Honeoye lake ; it con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling's, 1 church, 1 tavern, 
 5 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 
 grist null, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Honeoye Creek, is formed 
 by the outlets of Honeoye, Cana- 
 dice and Hemlock lakes. This is 
 a. durable and important mill 
 stream, flowing south-west into 
 Monroe county, where it empties 
 into the Genesee river. 
 
 Honeoye Falls, v. and p. o. 
 Mendon, Monroe county, is situa- 
 ted on Honeoye creek ; it was 
 incorporated in 1837, and now 
 contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
 180 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist 
 and 1 Unitarian church; 2 taverns, 
 10 stores and groceries ; 2 large 
 flouring mills, 2 woollen factories, 
 
 2 furnaces, 1 axe factory, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 stave factory, 1 machine 
 shop, 1 cabinet and chair factory; 
 all being propelled by water power, 
 which is here very great, there 
 being a perpendicular tall of 30 
 feet in trie centre of the village, 
 besides a succession of falls within 
 the distance of two miles of 100 
 feet more, much of which is still 
 unoccupied. Here is also an ex- 
 tensive stone quarry, yielding a 
 building stone of a superior quality. 
 
 Honeoye Lake, lies mostly 
 in the town of Richmond, Ontario 
 co. This is a beautiful sheet of 
 water, 5 miles long and 1 mile 
 wide, abounding in fish peculiar to 
 the central lakes of Western New- 
 York. 
 
 Honesville, p. o. Deerpark, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Hoosick, t. Rensselaer county, 
 
 situated 22 miles north-east of the 
 city of Troy, and distant 28 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,539 inhabitants. Surface hilly; 
 soil, clay, sand or loam, with some 
 gravel, well adapted for grazing; 
 drained by Hoosick river and some 
 of its tributaries. Hoosick and 
 Hoosick Falls are names of post 
 offices. North Hoosick and Stark- 
 ville are names of settlements. 
 
 Hoosick Falls, v. and p. o. 
 Hoosick, Rensselaer co. is situated 
 on both sides of the Hoosick 
 river, where is a fall of 40 feet ; 
 it was incorporated in 1827, and 
 now contains about 500 inhabitants, 
 80 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Baptist and 1 Episcopal church ; 
 1 hotel, 5 stores, 2 extensive cot- 
 ton factories, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 cloth dressing and fulling 
 mill, and 1 machine shop, where 
 are manufactured Parson's patent 
 shears for dressing cloth. 
 
 Hoosick River, rises in Mas- 
 sachusetts and Vermont, and flows 
 east through the county of Rensse- 
 laer, into the Hudson river ; this is 
 a large, rapid and important mill 
 stream; on its banks are a number 
 of thriving villages and numerous 
 manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Hope, t. Hamilton co. situated 15 
 miles south-east of the village of 
 Lake Pleasant, and distant 60 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 711 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly ; soil, rather indif- 
 ferent quality, except the portion 
 lying in the vicinity of the Sacanda- 
 ga river, which is more productive. 
 Hope, Hope Centre and Benson 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Hopewell, t. Ontario co. 
 situated 5 miles east of the village 
 of Canandaigua, and distant 190 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,976 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling:; soil, clay loam, 
 underlaid with lime ; drained north 
 by the outlet of Canandaigua lake 
 and some of its tributaries. — 
 
206 
 
 HOPEWELL— HOUS ATONIC RAILROAD. 
 
 Hopewell, Chapinsville and Lar- 
 ned's Corners are post offices. 
 
 Hopewell, Fishkill, Dutchess 
 co. See Adriance. 
 
 Hopkins, p. o. Lyndon, Cat- 
 taraugus CO. 
 
 Hopkinton, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 25 miles east of the village 
 of Canton, and distant 234 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,147 inhabitants. The surface 
 and soil are much diversified; on 
 the south it is hilly and sterile, and 
 on the north level, with much good 
 soil ; having a heavy growth of 
 timber of various kinds peculiar to 
 this section of country. It is wa- 
 tered by the Racket and St. Regis 
 rivers. Hopkinton and Nichols- 
 ville are names of post offices. 
 Port Jackson is names of a village. 
 At the former there is a settlement 
 containing 2 churches, 2 taverns, 
 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 25 or 30 dwellings. 
 
 Horace, p. o. Hamptonburgh, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Horicon, t. Warren co. situa- 
 ted 28 miles north of the village of 
 Caldwell, and distant 90 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 659 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous, being most- 
 ly as yet an unreclaimed wilder- 
 ness ; it contains several small 
 lakes, the principal of which is 
 Brant lake. Schroon lake also lies 
 mostly in the northern part of this 
 town. The Hudson river bounds 
 it on the west, which is here a 
 small stream. This whole region 
 of country is wild and romantic, 
 abounding in game of different 
 kinds. Horicon and Haysburgh 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Horicon, Lake. See George, 
 Lake. 
 
 Hornby, t. Steuben co. situated 
 18 miles south-east of the village 
 of Bath, and distant 196 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,048 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, of good quality for grazing ; 
 
 drained south by Mead's creek and 
 some smaller streams. Hornby is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Hornellsville, t. Steuben 
 co. situated 20 miles west of the 
 village of Bath, and distant 236 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,121 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken along the 
 streams, but mostly arable; drain- 
 ed east by the Canisteo river and 
 its tributaries. Hornellsville, Ark- 
 port and Purdy's Creek are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Hornellsville, v. and p. o. 
 Hornellsville, Steuben co. is situa- 
 ted on the Canisteo river, on the 
 line of the New-York and Erie 
 railroad; it contains about 500 in- 
 habitants, SO dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church ; 3 taverns, 6 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 3 saw mills, and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Horse Heads. See Fair- 
 port. 
 
 Horse Race, is the name gi- 
 ven to that part of the Hudson 
 river, just before it leaves the 
 "Highlands," at its lower en- 
 trance. The river here takes a 
 sudden turn to the east for about 
 one mile, then resumes its southern 
 course at Caldwill's Landing, un- 
 til its entrance into the Atlantic 
 ocean. 
 
 Houndsfield, t. Jefferson co. 
 situated 6 miles west of the village 
 of Watertown, and distant 160 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 4,146 inhabitants; The sur- 
 face is level, or gently undulating; 
 soil, sandy loam and clay ; water- 
 ed by Black river, which bounds it 
 on the north, and by Lake Ontario 
 on the west. Sackett's Harbor is 
 the name of a post office, and 
 a place of considerable impor- 
 tance. 
 
 Housatonic Railroad, ex 
 tends from Bridgeport, Connecti 
 cut, north up the valley of the 
 Housatonic river, a distance of 74 
 
HOUSEVILLE— HUDSON CITY. 
 
 207 
 
 miles, to the Mass. state line ; 
 from thence to West Stoekbridge, 
 20 miles, it is intended to extend 
 the Berkshire railroad, connect- 
 ing with the dittany and West 
 Stoekbridge railroad. Thus fur- 
 nishing a continued steamboat and 
 railroad route from the city of 
 New-York, through the state of 
 Connecticut and a part of Massa- 
 chusetts, to the city of Albany ; a 
 total distance of 194 miles. 
 
 Houseville, p. o. Turin, 
 Lewis co. 
 
 Howard, t. Steuben co. situa- 
 ted 10 miles west of the village of 
 Bath, and distant 223 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 3,247 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, clay loam of good 
 quality, producing large crops of 
 grain and grass ; drained by seve- 
 ral small streams running into the 
 Canisteo and Conhocton rivers. 
 Howard, Goff's Mills, Neil's 
 Creek and Fowlersville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Howard, v. and p. o. Howard, 
 Steuben co. contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Baptist and 1 Methodist church, a 
 high school, 3 taverns and 3 
 stores. 
 
 Howland's Island, or Su- 
 perior, is formed by the dividing 
 branches of the Seneca river; it is ' 
 nearly circular, and is attached 
 to the town of Conquest, Cayuga 
 county. 
 
 Howlett Hill, p. o. Onon- j 
 daga, Onondaga co. 
 
 Hudson, City, Columbia ! 
 county, is situated on the east side 
 of the Hudson river, 116 miles j 
 north of the city of New-York, and j 
 29 miles south of Albany. This 
 place is at the head of ship navi- 
 gation on the river, and was for- 
 merly celebrated for being largely 
 engaged in the West India trade, 
 and more recently in the whale 
 fishery. At present here are owned 
 some 7 or 8 whale ships, 4 steam- 
 
 boats, with freight barges, besides 
 several sloops, employed in the 
 transportation of produce and mer- 
 chandise to and from different pla- 
 ces ; a steam ferry boat also plies 
 regularly between Hudson and 
 Athens, on the opposite side of the 
 river. Hudson was first settled in 
 1783, by Thomas Jenkins and 
 others, most of whom were Qua- 
 kers, from Massachusetts and 
 Rhode Island. The city was char- 
 tered in 1785, and is divided into 
 2 wards; in 1S40, it contained 
 5,670 inhabitants, about 800 dwel- 
 ling houses, a courthouse and jail, 
 with a beautiful white marble front, 
 surmounted by a dome ; 8 church- 
 es of different denominations, in- 
 cluding 2 Friends' meeting houses; 
 2 banks, 2 public markets, 5 ho- 
 tels, 30 dry goods stores, 60 gro- 
 ceries, 2 bookstores, 11 hardware 
 stores, 10 apothecaries' shops, 4 
 leather stores, 8 hat stores, 10 shoe 
 stores, 13 milliners, 12 tailors' 
 shops, 4 jewellers, S blacksmiths' 
 shops, 3 coopers, 1 rope-walk, 1 
 extensive sperm oil and candle fac- 
 tory, 1 brewery, 1 iron foundery, 
 2 machine shops, 3 coach and car- 
 riage manufactories, 3 printing 
 offices and 1 bindery, besides a 
 number of other mechanic estab- 
 lishments. The Hudson Academy 
 is an old chartered institution, and 
 the Hudson Female Seminary is a 
 new and flourishing boarding 
 school for young ladies; besides 
 which there are a number of select 
 schools, both male and female. 
 The Franklin Library Association 
 is a young and popular institution, 
 to which is attached a large libra- 
 ry and philosophical apparatus. 
 The Hudson Lunatic Asylum is 
 situated on State street, on the 
 north side of the city, facing 
 the court house on the south. This 
 useful and flourishing institution, 
 under the control of the proprie- 
 tors, Drs. S. and G. H. White, 
 contains at present about 40 pa- 
 
203 HUDSON & BERKSHIRE RAILROAD— HUDSON RIVER. 
 
 tients. Since the opening of this 
 institution, up to January 1, 1S41, 
 a period of ten years and a half, 
 503 patients have been admitted, 
 most of whom have been perman- 
 ently cured, or greatly benefited. 
 The city is supplied with pure and 
 wholesome water by a chartered 
 aqueduct company, who bring the 
 water in iron pipes from a spring 
 about 2 miles distant. The Hud- 
 son and Berkshire railroad com- 
 mences at this place, and extends 
 to West Stockbridge, Mass. a dis- 
 tance of 34 miles; the New- York 
 and Albany steamboats land and 
 receive passengers several times 
 daily, during the season of naviga- 
 tion, in addition to passage and 
 freight boats, which run to and 
 from New-York direct, thus afford- 
 ing a speedy communication be- 
 tween the cities of New York and 
 Boston, a total distance by this 
 route of about 300 miles, extending 
 through an interesting country. 
 
 Hudson and Berkshire 
 Railroad, extends from the city 
 of Hudson to the village of West 
 Stockbridge, Berkshire county, 
 Mass. a distance of 34 miles ; run- 
 ning through the towns of Clave- 
 rack, Ghent, Chatham and Canaan, 
 thence to West Stockbridge; where 
 it intersects with the western rail- 
 road that extends to Boston, and 
 with the Housatonic railroad that 
 runs to Bridgeport, Conn. The 
 above road was incorporated in 
 1832, with a capital of $350,000. 
 That portion of the road which 
 lies in Massachusetts, 2| miles, i 
 was constructed by another com- j 
 pany called the West Stockbridge J 
 Railroad Company; the interests 
 of the two were some time since 
 merged into one, now known 
 by the name of the Hudson and 
 Berkshire Railroad Company. This 
 road was first opened for public 
 use, Sept. 29, 1838. It runs with- 
 in 7 miles of Lebanon Springs, and 
 connects with a line of stages run- 
 
 ning to the above fashionable wa- 
 tering place. 
 
 Hudson Print Works, 
 Stockport, Columbia county, is a 
 manufacturing settlement, situated 
 about 2 miles east of the Hudson 
 river, on Claverack creek. Here 
 are located 12 factory buildings of 
 sufficient capacity to print 3,000 
 pieces of cloth per week, of 30 
 yards each. These works are par- 
 ticularly celebrated for the printing 
 and glazing of furniture chintzes ; 
 which, when in full operation, 
 give employment to about 200 
 workmen. In this vicinity are 
 located 2 churches, 2 public- 
 houses, 1 store and about 50 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Hudson River, bears the 
 name of one of the early navigators, 
 who united invincible fortitude to 
 unwearied assiduity, and who is 
 identified with its history. "This 
 noble river was first discovered by 
 Henry Hudson, in 1609, while 
 in the employ of the Dutch East 
 India Company. By some it is 
 believed that he sailed up the river 
 as far as the present site of the city 
 of Albany, in a small vessel called 
 the 'Half Moon;' but, it is doubt- 
 ful if any visions of futurity pre- 
 sented to his mind the present 
 importance and celebrity of this 
 beautiful stream, bearing his own 
 name." It rises from numerous 
 sources in the Adirondack moun- 
 tain region of Essex and Hamilton 
 counties, west of Lakes George and 
 Champlain. Its principal head 
 branches are the Adirondack river, 
 Boreas river, Indian river, Schroon 
 river and the Sacandaga river ; the 
 Hoosick river flows into it from 
 the east in the county of Rensselaer, 
 and the Mohawk river empties into 
 it between the counties of Albany 
 and Saratoga ; from this point it is 
 navigable to its mouth, a distance 
 of 160 miles. Its whole length is 
 320 miles; the tide flowing up for 
 about half that distance. On the 
 
HUGHSONVILLE— HUNTER. 
 
 209 
 
 upper pari of this river, justly ce- 
 lebrated for its varied and romantic 
 beauties, are several picturesque 
 falls, of which Baker's Falls and 
 Glen's Falls are the most noted. 
 The region of country where 
 it takes it-; rise, was but little known 
 until of late. In 1836, the stale 
 Geologisls, under an act to provide 
 for a geological survey of the state 
 of New-York, commenced their 
 operations ; since then this vast 
 wilderness has been fully explored, 
 new localities discovered, and new 
 names given ; thus furnishing a 
 great mass of information in regard 
 to the sources of this river, and the 
 mountain region from whence it 
 takes its rise. Here are mountain 
 peaks of Alpine appearance, con- 
 taining vast deposits of iron ore 
 and other minerals, well worthy a 
 visit by the scientific admirers 
 of wild and romantic scenery. In 
 the head waters of the Hudson, are 
 to be found trout, and other fish 
 of fine flavor, in great abundance; 
 and in its tide waters are taken an- 
 nually large quantities of shad, her- 
 ring, bass, sturgeon and many other 
 kinds of fish. From its mouth to the 
 city of Hudson, a distance of 116 
 miles, it is navigable for ships of a 
 large burthen, and to Albany and 
 Troy, for steamboats of a large class. 
 When we reflect that this important 
 river receives the tributary waters 
 of the great western and northern 
 lakes, by means of the Erie and 
 Champlain canals, and then com- 
 mingles with the Atlantic ocean, 
 after passing the " Highlands,'' 
 the Palisades, and through the se- 
 cure and spacious bay of New- 
 York, well may we give it the 
 appellation of the noble hud- 
 son. For a further description, 
 see Picturesque Beauties of the 
 Hudson River, by Samuel L. 
 Knapp, Esq. 
 
 Hughsonville, Fishkill, 
 Dutchess county, is an agricultural 
 settlement; it contains 1 church, 2 
 14 
 
 public houses, 3 stores and about 
 30 dwellings. 
 
 Huguenot, p. o. Deerpark, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Hulbekton, v. and p. o. Mur- 
 ray, Orleans co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal ; it contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Hull's Corners, p. o. Han- 
 nibal, Oswego co. 
 
 Hull's Mills, p. o. Stanford, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Hume. t. Allegany co. situated 
 14 miles north of the village of 
 Angelica, and distant 261 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,303 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, clay loam of 
 good quality, yielding large crops 
 of grass and grain ; drained by the 
 Genesee river, and some of its tri- 
 butaries. Hume, Cold Creek 
 and Mixville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Humphrey, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 situated 8 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 300 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 444 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating; soil, 
 well adapted to grass ; drained by 
 Five Mile Run and Great Valley 
 creek. Chapellsburgh is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Hungry Bay, lies near the 
 foot of Lake Ontario, in Jefferson 
 county. It is a large expanse of 
 water, into which empties Black 
 river and Chaumont river, through* 
 bays of the same name. 
 
 Hunter, t. Greene co. situated 
 18 miles west of the village of 
 Catskill, and distant 55 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,019 
 inhabitants. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, being covered with the 
 principal range of the Catskill 
 mountains. Here is the highest 
 peak called Round Top, elevated 
 3,804 feet above the Hudson. The 
 soil is sterile, except on the imme- 
 diate borders of some of the 
 
210 
 
 HUNTER— HYDE PARK 
 
 streams. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly employed in getting out 
 wood and timber, and furnishing' 
 bark to the numerous tanneries 
 in this vicinity. It is drained 
 west by several head branches of 
 the Schoharie creek. Hunter, 
 East Hunter, East Kill and Tan- 
 nersville, are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Hunter, v. and p. o. Hunter, 
 Greene county, is situated on the 
 Schoharie Kill, 20 miles west of 
 Catskill; it contains about 350 in- 
 habitants, 50 dwelling' houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 grist mill, 5 saw 
 mills and 2 extensive tanneries. 
 
 Hunter's Island, lies in 
 Long Island Sound, and is attached 
 to the town of Pelham, Westches- 
 ter co. 
 
 Huntersland, p. o. Middle- 
 burgh, Schoharie co. 
 
 Huntington, t. Suffolk co. 
 situated 35 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Riverhead, and distant 198 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 6,562 inhabitants. This is a 
 large town extending across Long 
 Island, in its widest part, and in- 
 cludes Oak Island Beach, which 
 here separates Great South Bay 
 from the ocean. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly on the north, and 
 level on the south; the soil is va- 
 rious; it is deeply indented by se- 
 veral bays on the north, and on the 
 south it is drained by a number of 
 •small streams flowing into the 
 Great South Bay. Huntington, 
 Babylon, Cold Spring, Centreport, 
 Dix Hills and West Hills are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Huntington, v. and p. o. 
 Huntington, Suffolk co. is situated 
 at the head of Huntington harbor, 
 a continuation of Huntington Bay; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling houses, I Presbyterian. 
 
 1 Episcopal and 1 Universalist 
 church, an incorporated academy, 
 
 2 taverns, several stores and a 
 
 wind mill. This is the most an- 
 cient arid important village in tho 
 town, and has a fine harbor. 
 
 Huntington Bay, is a large 
 expanse of wfit^r, situated on the 
 north side of Long - Island, between 
 Enlon's and Lloyd's Neck, in the 
 town of Huntington, Suffolk coun- 
 ty. It is a safe harbor and abounds 
 with wild fowl, scale and shell 
 fish. 
 
 Hunt's Hollow, p. o. Por- 
 tage, Allegany county. Here are 
 situated 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian and 1 Methodist church ; 1 
 tavern, 1 store, and 30 or 35 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Hurley, t. Ulster co. situated 
 6 miles west of the village of Kings- 
 ton, and distant 60 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,201 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, fertile loam, underlaid with 
 lime-tone ; drained by Esopus 
 creek. Hurley and Rosendale are 
 names of post offices. At the for- 
 mer is an agricultural settlement 
 on Esopus creek; where are situated 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 carding machine, to- 
 gether with about 30 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Huron, t. Wayne co. situated 
 14 miles north of the village of 
 Lvons, and distant 195 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,943 
 inhabitants. The surface is level; 
 soil, gravelly and sandy loam. East 
 Bay, Port Bay and Sodus Bay, all 
 lie in whole or part in this town, 
 which is bounded on the noWh 
 by Lake Ontario. Huron and 
 Port Glasgow are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Hyde Park, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 6 miles north of the village 
 of Poughkeepsie, and distant 68 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,364 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly ; soil, gra- 
 velly loam and clay underlaid by 
 slate, which breaks through the 
 surface in some places, forming 
 
HYDE PARK— INDIAN LAKE. 
 
 211 
 
 high and ruggid ridges. In this 
 town is much good land, along the 
 bank of the Hudson, Which bounds 
 it on the west, where are situated 
 a number of delightful residences, 
 overlooking the river. It is drain- 
 ed by Crum Elbow creek and 
 one or two other small streams. 
 Hyde Park, Crum Elbow and 
 Staatsburgh are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Hyde Park, v. and p. o. is 
 handsomely situated on the east 
 side of the Hudson river, 80 miles 
 north of the city of New- York; it 
 extends from the landing to the 
 post road running between New- 
 York and Albany, and contains 
 about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 Dutch Kelbrmed, 1 
 Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 warehouse 
 and freighting establishment ; 1 
 grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 edge 
 tool manufactory, where are ma- 
 nufactured a superior article of 
 edge tools; 1 cocoa or chocolate 
 factory, and a manufactory of 
 threshing machines, and other 
 agricultural implements. Here 
 are two convenient steamboat land- 
 ings, from one of which a steam 
 freight barge runs to and from 
 the New-York market. A horse 
 ferry boat alio plies across the 
 river from this place. 
 
 Hyde's Settlement, p. o. 
 Barker, Broome co. 
 
 Hysdsville, p. o. Seward, 
 Schoharie co. 
 
 Independence, t. Allegany 
 co. situated 20 miles south-east of 
 the village of Angelica, and distant 
 258 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,440 inhabitants. The 
 surface is high and rolling; soil, 
 clay loam ; drained by Ciyder's 
 and Independence creeks. Inde- 
 pcndcnca, Centre Independence, 
 Spring Mill and Whitesville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Independence River, rises 
 in Hamilton county, and flows west 
 
 into Lewis county, where it emp 
 ties into the Black river. 
 
 Indian Antiquities. There 
 are a number of forts and mounds 
 in western parts of the state of 
 New- York, of great interest to the 
 antiquarian; they generally are 
 located so as to command the ad- 
 jacent country. Near most of the 
 fortifications, are mounds of earth 
 raised for cemeteries, in which 
 human bones are found, in various 
 states of decay. The most remark- 
 able of these remains are in the 
 range of counties extending from 
 the loot of Lake Ontario to Niaga- 
 ra river, thence in the vicinity of 
 Lake Erie, including a large por- 
 tion of the western counties. 
 
 Indian Fields, is the name 
 still retained by a part of the penin- 
 sula of Montauk, the extreme east 
 end of Long Island. A remnant 
 of the Montauk tribe of Indians 
 still reside here, and have an in- 
 terest in a portion of the land ; the 
 surface is rough and in some places 
 precipitous, yet the soil is general- 
 ly good, affording fine pasture, for 
 which it is mostly used. 
 
 Indian Hut Island, lies in 
 the St. Lawrence river, in the vi- 
 cinity of the " Thousand Islands," 
 and belongs to the town of Ham- 
 mond, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Indian Lake, lies in Hamil- 
 ton co. surrounded by a wild and 
 mountainous region of country. 
 " The mountain peaks here attain 
 an elevation of from fifteen hundred 
 to two thousand feet above the 
 surrounding country. The scenery 
 is fine, and such as characterizes a 
 northern region ; as forests of deep 
 green pines and spruce, intermixed 
 with the lighter hues of the white 
 birch and poplar ; these, when 
 contrasted with the purple skies, 
 and reflected from the bosom of 
 the lake, create a scene of unrival- 
 led beauty." It is 4 miles long 
 and 1 mile wide, abounding in 
 fish of various kinds. 
 
212 
 
 INDIAN RESERVATIONS— ISCHUA CREEK. 
 
 Indian Reservations. — 
 There are still several large tracts 
 of land in the state in possession of 
 the aborigines, although many of 
 them have sold out their interests 
 within the last few years, and re- 
 moved, or are about to remove, 
 westward, to lands allotted them 
 by the United States government. 
 The principal Indian reservations 
 and settlements are in Franklin 
 Oneida, Onondaga, Genesee, Nia- 
 gara, Erie, Cattaraugus and Chau- 
 taque counties. 
 
 Indian River, is the outlet 
 of Indian lake ; it flows north-east 
 into Essex county, where it emp- 
 ties into the Hudson river. 
 
 Indian River, is the name of 
 another important stream rising 
 in Lewis county, and running- 
 north-west into Jefferson, then into 
 St. Lawrence county, where it 
 empties into Black lake, the outlet 
 of which flows into the Oswegatch- 
 ie river, which latter stream emp- 
 ties its waters into the St. Lawrence 
 river, at the village of Ogdens- 
 burgh. 
 
 Indian River, p. o. Watson, 
 Lewis co. 
 
 Inlet of Cayuga Lake. 
 For one mile south of the lake it 
 has been improved by the canal 
 commissioners, and the obstruction 
 to navigation removed. There is 
 now a charge made for one 
 mile, as on the Cayuga and 
 Seneca canal, for all boats pas- 
 sing and repassing to the village 
 of Ithaca. 
 
 Ira, t. Cayuga co. situated 20 
 miles north of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,283 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, sandy loam, 
 mostly productive and well culti- 
 vated; it is drained by some small 
 streams. 
 
 Ira, v. and p. o. Iva, Cayuga 
 county, contains about 150 inhabi- 
 tants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 
 byterian church, 1 tavern and 2 
 
 stores. 
 
 Irondequoit, t. Monros 
 county, situated 5 miles north 
 of the city of Rochester, and dis- 
 tant 220 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,252 inhabitants. 
 The surface is mostly level; soil, 
 sandy and gravelly loam. This 
 town is bounded on the east by 
 Irondequoit bay, west by the Ge- 
 nesee river, and on the north by 
 Lake Ontario. Irondequoit is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Irondequoit Bay, lies in 
 Monroe co. communicating with 
 Lake Ontario on the north ; it is 6 
 miles long and about 1 mile wide. 
 It abounds with different kinds of 
 fish peculiar to Lake Ontario, and 
 is much resorted to by anglers and 
 sportsmen. 
 
 Irondequoit Creek, rises 
 in Ontario and Monroe counties, 
 and flows north into the head of 
 Irondequoit bay. It receives in its 
 course several tributaries, and is a 
 good mill stream. 
 
 Irving, v. and p. o. Hanover, 
 Chautauque county, is situated on 
 Lake Erie at the mouth of Catta- 
 raugus creek ; this is a port of 
 entry, which the United States go- 
 vernment has commenced improv- 
 ing; it contains a good landing, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 storehouse and 
 some 8 or 10 dwellings. 
 
 Irving, v. Greenburgh, West- 
 chester co. is situated on the east 
 bank of the Hudson river, 26 miles 
 north of the city of New-York. 
 Here is a convenient landing, and 
 about 20 dwellings, delightfully 
 situated, overlooking Tappan 
 bay; the Palisades can be seen 
 on the south, and the " High- 
 lands" on the north, to great ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Irvingsville, p. o. Catskill, 
 Greene co. 
 
 Ischua Creek, rises in Cat- 
 taraugus co. and flows south into 
 Oil creek, which united streams 
 
ISLE AU CHATS— ITHACA. 
 
 213 
 
 empty into the Allegany river at 
 the village of Olean. 
 
 Isle au Chats, is the name 
 given to two islands lying' in the 
 St. Lawrence river; between these 
 islands runs the boundary line which 
 divides the United Slates from Ca- 
 nada. The easternmost one is at- 
 tached to the town of Louisville, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Isle au Gallop, lies in the 
 St. Lawrence river, and is attached 
 to the town of Lisbon, St. Lawrence 
 co. 
 
 Isle au Rapid, lies in the St. 
 Lawrence river, and is atlached to 
 the town of Madrid, St. Lawrence 
 co. 
 
 Islip, t. Suffolk co. situated 28 
 miles west of the village of River- 
 head, and distant 197 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,909 
 inhabitants. The surface is level ; 
 soil, light and sandy. In this vici- 
 nity are (bund wild game and dif- 
 ferent kinds of fish in great abun- 
 dance ; it is bounded on the south 
 by the Atlantic ocean. Islip and 
 Sayville are names of post offices. 
 At the former there is a scattered 
 settlement and 2 churches. 
 
 Italy, t. Yates co. situated 15 
 miles west of the village of Penn- 
 Yan, and distant 198 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,634 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly ; soil, clay loam under- 
 laid with slate; it is watered on the 
 north-west by Canandaigua Lake, 
 and drained north by Flint creek. 
 Italy and Italy Hill are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Ithaca, t. Tompkins co. con- 
 tains the county buildings situated 
 in the village of the same name ; 
 it is distant 170 miles from A Ibany, 
 and contained in 1840, 5,650 inha- 
 bitants. The surface is somewhat 
 hilly, but includes an extensive al- 
 luvial flat at the head of Cayuga 
 lake, on a part of which is situated 
 the village of Ithaca ; the soil is 
 good and highly cultivated, pro- 
 
 ducing grass, grain and fruit in 
 great abundance. It is watered by 
 Fall, Cascadilla and Six Mile 
 creeks, and the Cayuga inlet and 
 lake, which latter extends about 2 
 miles into this town. In this vici- 
 nity are a number of picluresque 
 water-falls of great beauty, on 
 which are located a number of 
 extensive manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Ithaca, v. and p. o. Ithaca, 
 Tompkins county, is situated on a 
 flat 1| miles above the head of 
 Cayuga lake, with which it is con- 
 nected by the Cayuga inlet, navi- 
 gable for steamboats to the village; 
 it is 170 miles west from Albany, 
 and distant 205 miles north-west 
 from the city of New-York. This 
 village was incorporated in 1821, 
 having been founded about 1800, 
 by the late Simeon De Witt, sur- 
 veyor-general of the state. It now 
 contains about 4,000 inhabitants, 
 600 dwelling houses, a court house 
 and jail, and a county clerk's 
 office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch 
 Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist and 1 African church; 
 an incorporated academy, with 
 spacious buildings for the instruc- 
 tion of both males and females, and 
 a Lancastrian school, with several 
 select schools, all in a flourishing 
 condition ; three banking houses, 
 with an agregate capital of $650,- 
 000 ; 9 hotels and taverns, 46 stores 
 and groceries; numerous>.iillinary 
 and clothing shops, and 70 different 
 mechanical establishments. With- 
 in the chartered limits of the village 
 is found hydraulic power equal to 
 any in the state, for extent and fa- 
 cility of application. The water 
 power on Fall creek alone is capa- 
 ble of operating 133,000 cotton 
 spindles at all seasons of the year; 
 and that on Cascadilla and Six 
 Mile creeks is very extensive. 
 There are at present on these 
 streams, 2 flouring mills, with 12 
 run of stones ; 2 plaster mills, 1 
 
214 
 
 ITHACA— JACKSONBORO' 
 
 tannery, 1 brewery, 1 paper mill, 
 3 furnaces, 2 machine shops, 1 
 carding and cloth dressing estab- 
 lishment; 1 oil mill, 1 sash fac- 
 tory, a number of turning shops, 2 
 tobacco factories, and 1 cotton 
 factory, with 50 looms. Besides 
 which there has been recently es- 
 tablished 1 woollen factory, with 
 $100,000 capital, and 7 sets of 
 machinery; and anew company 
 has been organized for the manu- 
 facture of cotton. Here are also 
 several boat yards for building 
 and repairing canal boats, and a 
 a rope walk. The site of the vil- 
 lage is very beautiful ; a portion 
 of it lies upon the hill, commanding 
 a fine view of the lake and the val- 
 ley of the inlet, with the surrounding 
 country, which is highly cultiva- 
 ted. The houses are tastefully and 
 neatly built ; and the streets, which 
 cross each other at right angles, 
 and are lined with choice shade 
 trees, form vistas opening upon 
 charming views of the adjacent 
 hills. The location of this village 
 with reference to trade, is equally 
 advantageous. By means of Cayu- 
 ga lake, and the Cayuga and Se- 
 neca canal, it communicates with 
 the Erie canal ; and by the Ithaca 
 and Owego railroad with the Sus- 
 quehanna river, and New-York and 
 Erie railroad. Thus, while enjoy- 
 ing equal advantages with other 
 western villages for intercourse with 
 the cities on the Hudson, it par- 
 takes in the growing trade in 
 plaster, salt, lime, flour and mer- 
 chandize, carried into Pennsylva- 
 nia in exchange for coal and iron. 
 The completion of the New-York 
 and Erie railroad will open to this 
 place still further advantages by 
 furnishing an avenue for winter 
 trade with the sea board, while it 
 will present at all seasons a cheap- 
 er and more expeditious route for 
 travel, than that by way of Albany. 
 The lumber trade of this place 
 alone is immense, giving employ- 
 
 ment to a large amount of capital, 
 and a great number of men, most of 
 which lumber finds a market in the 
 cities of Albany, Troy and New- 
 York. A beautiful steamboat for 
 the conveyance of passengers, and 
 one used in towing canal boats, 
 runs daily between Ithaca and 
 Cayuga Bridge, a distance of 42 
 miles; daily lines of stages also 
 leave here for Geneva, Auburn, 
 Newburgh and the city of New- 
 York; besides tri-weekly stages, 
 running east, west, north and 
 south, to different places. 
 
 Ithaca and Owego Rail- 
 road, extends from the village 
 of Ithaca at the head of Cayuga 
 lake, to the village of Owego on 
 the Susquehanna river, in Tioga 
 county, a distance of 29 miles ; 
 where it intersects the line of the 
 New-York and Erie railroad. 
 This road has two inclined planes; 
 one 1,733 feet in length, has a 
 grade of 1 to 28, and the other 1 to 
 21 is 2,225 feet long. Stationary 
 steam power is used on the first, 
 which rises to the summit 607 feet, 
 and horse power on the other. A 
 locomotive with passenger cars 
 runs on the remainder of the road. 
 This company was incorporated in 
 1828, with a capital of $300,000 ; 
 to which amount it has had the aid 
 of the state. 
 
 Ivesville, p. o. Poland, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Jackson, t. Washington co. 
 situated 5 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Salem, and distant 42 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1 ,730 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified with hills and plains, 
 the lands mostly arable; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam. Jackson and An- 
 naquascook are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Jacksonboro', v. and p. o. 
 Maryland, Otsego co. contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 2 
 
JACKSON'S CORNERS— JAMESTOWN. 
 
 215 
 
 clothier's works, 1 extensive tan- 
 nery, 1 gun factoiy and 2 fulling 1 
 mills. 
 
 Jackson's Corners, p. o. 
 Milan, Dutchess co. 
 
 Jacksonville, v. Laurens, 
 Otsego co. contains about 100 in- 
 habitants, "20 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
 a woollen factory. Here is loca- 
 ted Hie Mount Vision post office. 
 
 Jacksonville, v. and p. o. 
 Ulysses, Tompkins co. is an agri- 
 cultural settlement containing 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Methodist church, 2 ta- 
 verns and 1 store. 
 
 Jacksonville, v. Lysander, 
 Onondaga co. contains 2 churches, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and about 30 
 dwellings. 
 
 Jack's Reef, p. o. Elbridge, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Jamaica, t. Queens co. situated 
 12 miles east of the city of Brook- 
 lyn, and distant 158 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,781 
 inhabitants. The surface is level, 
 except the hills on the north, which 
 extend through Long Island from 
 east to west; the soil is mostly 
 sandy loam and very productive 
 when sufficiently manured and 
 properly tilled ; on the south there 
 are extensive salt meadows, pro- 
 ducing large crops of grass. The 
 largest part of Jamaica bay lies in 
 this town, on the south, into which 
 flow several small streams. The 
 Union Race Course, is situated in 
 the west part, 8 miles from Brook- 
 lyn. Brushville and Springfield 
 are names of settlements. 
 
 Jamaica, v. and p o. Jamaica, 
 Queens co. is handsomely situated 
 on the turnpike leading from 
 Brooklyn to Hempstead, through 
 which also passes the Long' Island 
 railroad; being distant 12 miles 
 from the city of Brooklyn. It was 
 incorporated in 1814, and now con- 
 tains About 1,500 inhabitants, 200 
 
 dwelling houses; the county clerk's 
 and surrogate's office; 1 Episcopal, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch Reformed, 
 1 Methodist and 1 African church; 
 Union Hall Academy, an old and 
 flourishing chartered institution; 1 
 female seminary, besides several 
 select schools ; 6 hotels and tav- 
 erns, 12 stores of different kinds; 
 1 wind mill, 1 piano forte manu- 
 factory, 3 carriage factories, 1 
 locksmith, 2 printing offices, be- 
 sides most every other kind of me- 
 chanic establishments. Here is an 
 extensive depot belonging to the 
 Long Island railroad company, to 
 which are attached buildings for 
 the construction and repairing of 
 locomotives, cars and - other ma- 
 chinery connected with the rail- 
 road. Stages leave this place dai- 
 ly for Brooklyn, Rockaway, Hemp- 
 stead and other places on Long 
 Island. 
 
 Jamaica Bay, situated on the 
 south side of Long Island, is a 
 considerable body of water, com- 
 municating with the Atlantic ocean 
 by several inlets. It contains 
 several low marshy islands and is 
 navigable for vessels of small draft 
 of water; it abounds with wild 
 fowl, scale fish, clams and oysters. 
 
 Jamestown, v. and p. o. El- 
 licott, Chautauquc co. is situated on 
 the north side of the outlet of Chau- 
 tauque lake. This village is the 
 most populous in the county ; it 
 was incorporated in 1826, and now 
 contains a population of about 
 1,500 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Congre- 
 gational, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church; 1 banking house; an 
 incorporated academy in a flourish- 
 ing condition ; 2 hotels, 15 stores 
 of different kinds; 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 1 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 
 1 sash and lath factory, 1 pail and 
 tub factory, 1 scythe snath facto- 
 ry, 1 chair factory, 1 cabinet fac- 
 tory, 1 leather factory, 1 iron foun- 
 dery and plough factory and 1 card- 
 
216 
 
 JAMESVILLE— JEFFERSON. 
 
 ing and cloth dressing works. The 
 above manufacturing establish- 
 ments are in whole or part propel- 
 led by water power which is here 
 afforded in great abundance. A 
 steamboat runs daily from this 
 place through Chautauque lake to 
 the village of Mayville, a distance 
 of 21 miles ; thence by land to Bar- 
 celona on Lake Erie, it is a further 
 distance of 8 miles. 
 
 Jamesvii.le, v. and p. o. De 
 Witt, Onondaga co. contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
 es, 4 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
 2 flouring mills, 2 plaster mills, 1 
 tannery, 1 fulling mill and 1 saw 
 mill. 
 
 Jamesville, v. Greenfield, 
 Saratoga co. is situated on the 
 Kayaderosseras creek ; it contains 
 1 church, 1 bank, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 1 paper mill, 1 grist mill, 1 fur- 
 nace and a few dwelling houses. 
 
 Jasper, t. Steuben co. situated 
 18 miles south-west of the village 
 of Bath, and distant 240 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,187 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, clay and gravel- 
 ly loam, well adapted for grazing; 
 drained by Bennett's and Tuscaro- 
 ra creeks. Jasper is the name of 
 a post office. 
 Java, t. Wyoming co. situated 15 
 miles south-west of the village of 
 
 Warsaw, and distant 263 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,331 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, clay loam, well 
 adapted for grazing ; drained by 
 Seneca creek and the head waters 
 of Cattaraugus creek. Java, East 
 Java and Java Village are names 
 of post offices. At the latter there 
 is a small settlement. 
 
 Java, v. and p. o. Java, Wyo- 
 ming co. situated on Seneca creek; 
 contains 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 clothier's works and 20 dwellings. 
 
 Jay, t. Essex co. situated 18 
 miles north of the village of Eliza- 
 beth, and distant 153 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 2,258 
 inhabitants. The surface is moun- 
 tainous ; through this town extends 
 the Adirondack range, also the 
 east branch of the Au Sable river, 
 along which there are some exten- 
 sive and fertile fiats, rich soil and 
 well cultivated. Jay, Au Sable 
 and Au Sable Forks are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Jay, v. and p. o. Jay, Essex co. 
 is situated on the east branch of 
 the Au Sable river; it contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 forge, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 
 clothier's works. 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY, taken from Oneida in 1805, is centrally 
 distant from the city of Albany 160 miles; it is bounded on the north 
 by St. Lawrence county ; on the east by Lewis county ; on the south 
 by Oswego county, and on the west by Lake Ontario and the St. Law- 
 rence river. This is a large and important county; the surface is 
 mostly level, or gently undulating, with some few ridges or hills ; the 
 soil is generally a sandy loam, rich and very productive, with some 
 gravel and clay, yielding large crops of grass and grain. The forest 
 trees are numerous and of luxuriant growth, — maple, birch, oak, 
 beech, walnut, ash, elm, hemlock and large groves of pine are found 
 in abundance. In mineral productions it is undoubtedly one of the 
 richest in the state; the ores of iron are of the most important, which is 
 found in great quantities. Small quantities of lead and copper ore have 
 been found in various parts. To the mineralogist this and the adjoin- 
 ing county of St. Lawrence, are of great interest in consequence of 
 the crystaline forms which many of its minerals assume ; quartz, crys- 
 tals, feldspar and other varieties are found in various locatities. This 
 
JEFFERSON— JERSEY CITY. 
 
 217 
 
 county is also well watered and well situated, both for commerce and 
 manufacturing purposes ; in addition to a river and a lake coast of 
 about 100 miles, its streams, some of which are navigable for a short 
 distance, afford hydraulic power to an immense extent. Black river 
 flows nearly through the centre of the county, while Indian river, 
 Chaumont river and Perch river drain it on the north; Stony and Sandy 
 creeks run into Lake Ontario on the south-west. In addition to nume- 
 rous islands and bays, there are several small lakes in this county. Its 
 area is about 1,125 square miles, or 720,000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Jefferson county, with 
 the population in 1840. In 1841, Alexandria was divided and a new 
 town formed, named Tlieresa. 
 
 Adams, 2,966 
 
 Alexandria, 3,475 
 
 Antwerp, 3,109 
 
 Brownville, 3,968 
 
 Champion, 2,206 
 
 Clayton, 3,990 
 
 Ellisburgh, 5,349 
 
 Henderson, 2,480 
 
 Houndsfield, 4,1 16 
 
 Le Ray, 3,721 
 
 Lorraine, 1,699 
 
 Jefferson, t. Schoharie co. 
 situated 20 miles south-west of the 
 village of Schoharie, and distant 
 57 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,033 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous; 
 soil, mostly poor sandy loam, ex- 
 cept in the valleys ; drained west 
 by some of the head branches of 
 the Delaware river, and east by the 
 tributaries of the Schoharie creek ; 
 the high hills forming the water 
 6hed between the waters that flow 
 into the Delaware from those run- 
 ning into the Hudson river. Jef- 
 ferson is the name of a post of- 
 fice. 
 
 Jefferson, v. Dix, Chemung 
 co. is situated at the south end of 
 Seneca Lake ; this is a convenient 
 steamboat landing and contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Episcopal church, 3 tav- 
 erns, 3 stores and three ware hous- 
 es, 1 flouring mill, I steam saw 
 mill, 1 plaster mill and 1 ashery. 
 Steamboats run daily from this 
 place to Geneva, a distance of 40 
 miles, affording one of the most 
 
 Lyme, 5,472 
 
 Orleans, 3,001 
 
 Pamelia, 2,104 
 
 Philadelphia, 1,888 
 
 Rodman, 1 ,702 
 
 Rutland, 2,090 
 
 Watertown, 5,027 
 
 Wilna, 2,591 
 
 Total inhabitants, 60,984 
 
 beautiful views to be seen in West- 
 ern New-York. The waters of 
 this lake never freeze so but it can 
 be navigated the whole year 
 round. 
 
 Jericho, v. and p. o. Oyster 
 Bay, Queens co. is situated near 
 the centre of the town 2 miles 
 north of the Long Island railroad ; 
 it contains about 250 inhabitants, 
 40 dwellings, 1 Friends' Meeting 
 house, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Jersey, v. and p. o. Bradford, 
 Steuben co. is situated on Mud 
 creek; it contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling nouses, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill, 
 2 saw mills and 1 distillery. 
 
 Jersey City, Hudson co. N. 
 J. is advantageously situated on the 
 west bank of the Hudson river, 
 where it is one mile in width and 
 directly opposite the city of New- 
 York, with which it is intimately 
 connected by two steam ferries, 
 running five commodious boats. 
 It was first incorporated as a city 
 in 1820, and is governed by a 
 
218 
 
 JERUSALEM— JOHNSON'S CREEK. 
 
 Mayor and board of aldermen; it 
 now contains 3,250 inhabitants, 
 450 dwelling houses, a lyceum 
 building in which are holden the 
 county courts, (this county having 
 been recently erected and the site 
 of the permanent county buildings 
 not having yet been decided on ;) 
 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Methodist, 1 Congregational and 1 
 Roman Catholic church ; 1 class- 
 ical school and 1 female seminary; 
 1 banking house, 5 hotels and tav- 
 erns, 40 stores of different kinds ; 
 
 1 extensive glass house, where is 
 manufactured every description of 
 flint glass ware, 1 pottery, where 
 is made white and printed earthen- 
 ware similar to the English, and a 
 beautiful kind of fancy stone ware 
 in large quantities ; an oil and 
 sperm candle manufactory ; an ex- 
 tensive manufactory of fire works; 
 
 2 iron founderies and machine 
 shops, where are manufactured 
 locomotive engines and other ma- 
 chinery, and 1 railroad car manu- 
 factory. The Morris canal termi- 
 nates at this place in a commodi- 
 ous basin; also, the New-Jersey 
 railroad, and the Patterson and 
 Hudson River railroad, both ter- 
 minate at this point, having sepa- 
 rate depots for the accommodation 
 of passengers and conveyance of 
 merchandise. This city, although 
 small, is well laid out, with wide 
 and airy streets, well paved, run- 
 ning at right angles. From its lo- 
 cation and the magnitude of the 
 public works terminating at this 
 point, Jersey City must fast in- 
 crease in importance and numbers, 
 being closely allied to the pros- 
 perity of the city of New-York. 
 
 Jerusalem, t. Yates co. situ- 
 ated 5 miles west of the village of 
 Penn-Yan, and distant 192 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,935 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly, including Bluff 
 Point; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam of good quality, and weil 
 
 cultivated ; it is watered by Crook- 
 ed Lake and a small stream run- 
 ning into its west branch. Jerusa- 
 lem and Branchport are names of 
 post offices. This town is celebra- 
 ted for having been the favorite 
 residence and death place of Je- 
 mima Wilkinson, the founder of a 
 religious sect, which have now be- 
 come nearly extinct. 
 
 Jesup's Landing, v. Corinth, 
 Saratoga co. is situated on the 
 Hudson river; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 2 tanneries and the 
 Corinth post office. 
 
 Jerusalem, v. Hempstead, 
 Queens Co.; this is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing a Friends' 
 meeting house, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 1 lannery and about 20 scattered 
 dwellings, mostly inhabited by 
 Quakers. 
 
 Jerusalem, South, p. o. 
 Hempstead, Queens co. 
 
 Jesup's, or Indian River, 
 rises in Hamilton co. and flows 
 north-east into Indian Lake, form- 
 ing its principal inlet. 
 
 Johnsburgh, t. Warren co. 
 situated 23 miles north-west of the 
 village of Caldwell and distant 85 
 miles from Albany, contained in 
 1840, 1,139 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, be- 
 ing in part covered by the Adiron- 
 dack range; soil, mostly light 
 sandy loam ; well watered by the 
 Hudson river and some of its tri- 
 butaries, which penetrate the 
 mountain ridges. Johnsburg is 
 the name of a post office, where is 
 a settlement containing 1 Baptist 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 grist 
 mills, 3 saw mills and about 25 
 dwellings. 
 
 Johnsonburgh, p. o. Orange- 
 ville, Wyoming co. 
 
 Johnson's Creek, rises in 
 Niagara co. and flows north-east 
 into Orleans county, where it emp- 
 ties into Lake Ontario. 
 
JOHNSTOWN— KAY ADEROSSERAS CREEK. 
 
 219 
 
 Johnstown, t. Fulton co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant 45 miles from Alba- 
 ny; it contained in 1840, 5,409 in- 
 habitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, argillaceous loam ; drained 
 south by the Garoga and Cayudut- 
 ta creeks. Johnstown, Glovers- 
 ville and Kingsboro' are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Johnstown, v. and p. o. 
 Johnstown, Fulton co. is situated 
 on elevated ground, 4 miles north 
 of the Mohawk river; it was in- 
 corporated in 1808, and now con- 
 tains about 1,000 inhabitants, 150 
 dwelling houses, a court house and 
 jail built in 1772, supposed to be 
 the only colonial building of a 
 similar character now standing in 
 the state of New-York ; a county 
 clerk's office, an incorporated aca- 
 demy, 1 banking house, 1 Luthe- 
 ran, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 6 hotels and taverns, 
 15 stores and groceries, 2 grist 
 mills, 1 tannery, 1 gun and rifle 
 factory, 1 extensive carriage man- 
 ufactory, 2 printing offices, besides 
 most every other kind of mecha- 
 nic work shops. A sulphur spring, 
 which bids fair to become celebra- 
 ted, has recently been discovered 
 in the vicinity of this village, 
 which was originally founded by 
 Sir William Johnson, whose resi- 
 dence is still standing in good re- 
 pair about one mile west of this 
 place ; his remains are interred 
 under the Episcopal church, which 
 was originally built by him about 
 the same time the court house and 
 jail were erected. A daily line of 
 stages run from Johnstowr to the 
 village of Fonda, intersecting the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad. 
 
 Johnstown, v. Livingston, 
 Columbia co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores and about 30 dwel- 
 ling: houses. 
 
 Johnsville, p. o. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Jonesville, p. o.Clifton Park, 
 Saratoga co. 
 
 Jordan, v. and p. o. Elbridge, 
 Onondaga co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal ; it was incorporated in 
 1S35, and now contains about 1,200 
 inhabitants, 175 dwelling houses, 3 
 churches, 5 taverns, 10 stores, 3 
 flouring mills, 3 saw mills, 1 pump 
 factory, 1 wooden ware factory, 1 
 sash factory, 1 clothier's works 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Joslin's Corners, p. o. Sul- 
 livan, Madison co. 
 
 Junction, p. o. Schaghticoke, 
 Rensselaer co. 
 
 Junction of Erie and 
 Champlain Canals. See Co- 
 hoes village. 
 
 Junius, t. Seneca co. situated 
 8 miles north of the village of 
 Waterloo, and distant 173 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,594 inhabitants. The surface is 
 varied; soil, of different qualities, 
 some of it very fertile. Junius 
 is the name of a post office. 
 
 Kaaterskill, rises among 
 the Catskill mountains, in Hunter, 
 Greene co. and flows north-east in- 
 to the town of Catskill, where it 
 empties into the creek of the same 
 name. On this stream, near the 
 Mountain House, on Pine Orchard, 
 are a succession of beautiful and 
 romantic water falls : the water 
 first falls perpendicularly 175 feet, 
 then pausing, momentarily, upon 
 the ledge of a rock, precipitate 
 themselves 85 feet more, making 
 the whole descent 260 feet. From 
 this point, the water rushes into a 
 dark ravine, through which it finds 
 the valley of the Catskill. At the 
 head of this cieek, are two small 
 lakes of considerable interest, each 
 about a mile and a half in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Kaatsberg Mountains. Sec 
 Catskill Mountains. 
 
 Kayaderosseras Creek 
 
220 KAYADEROSSERAS MOUNTAINS— KENNEDYVILLE. 
 
 rises in Saratoga county, among: 
 the mountains of the same name, 
 and (lows south-east into Sara- 
 toga lake. This is a large and du- 
 rable mill stream, on which are sit- 
 uated a number of manufacturing; 
 establishments. 
 
 Kayaderosseras Moun- 
 tains, extend in a south-west di- 
 rection through a part of (he coun- 
 ties of Warren, Saratoga and Ful- 
 ton, a distance of about 60 miles. 
 Between the Schroon branch of the 
 Hudson and Lake George, the 
 height of this range is from 8 to 
 1200 feet ; in Saratoga co. from 5 
 to 800. As it approaches the Mo- 
 hawk valley it gradually subsides. 
 
 Keene, t. Essex co. situated 
 12 miles west of the village of Eliz- 
 abeth, and distant 138 mile3 from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 730 
 inhabitants. This is a large town, 
 in extent of territory, covered in 
 part with the highest peaks of the 
 Adirondack range of mountains. 
 Mount Marcy, on the south-west, 
 is elevated 5467 feet above the tide 
 waters of the Hudson ; besides 
 which there are several other lofty 
 summits, abounding with iron ore, 
 in inexhaustible quantities. On the 
 north border lies Lake Placid ; 
 there are also several other lakes of 
 less note. The east and west 
 branches of the Au Sable river, 
 both flow through this town in a 
 northerly direction, affording hy- 
 draulic power to almost any extent. 
 In some of the lakes and streams 
 are found trout of a very large size. 
 Keene is the name of a post-office, 
 where is a small settlement. 
 
 Keeseville, v. and p. o. Au 
 Sable and Chesterfield, Clinton and 
 Essex counties, is situated on both 
 sides of the Au Sable river, 4 miles 
 west of' Port Kent. It contains 
 about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
 ing houses, 1 Congregational, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman 
 Catholic church, an incorporated 
 academy, 1 banking house, 2 tav- 
 
 erns, and 18 stores and groceries. 
 The water power at this place is 
 very great, and advantageously 
 used by several manufacturing es- 
 tablishments. The "Keeseville 
 Manufacturing Company" is char- 
 tered, with a paid capital of 
 ,^40,000 : they own, on the north 
 side of the river, an extensive wa- 
 ter power, on which is situated a 
 forge with three fires, a rolling mill 
 and nail factory, which manufac- 
 ture into roll iron and nails about 
 1000 tons of iron annually. The 
 " Keeseville Woollen and Cotton 
 Company" is also chartered, with 
 a paid capital of .$'30,000 : they 
 own on the south side a large fac- 
 tory building, to which is attached 
 a drying house and a dye house, all 
 built of stone in the most substan- 
 tial manner. There are also 2 flour- 
 ing mills, 4 extensive saw mills, 
 which make annually about half a 
 million of market boards ; 1 fur- 
 nace and a machine shop, 1 plas- 
 ter mill, 1 brewery, 1 large wheel- 
 wright shop, 1 tannery and 1 print- 
 ing office. together with most every 
 other kind of mechanic work shops. 
 
 Kellocgsville, v. and p. o. 
 Niles. Cayuga co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Kendall, t. Orleans co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Albion, and distant 250 
 miles from Albany, contained in 
 1840, 1692 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level, gently rising 
 on the south from Lake Ontario ; 
 soil sandy and gravelly loam. 
 Kendall is the name of a post office. 
 
 Kennedy's Mills, p. o. Po- 
 land, Chautauque co. 
 
 Kennedyville, v. and p. o. 
 Bath, Steuben county, is situated 
 on the Conhocton river; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Chris- 
 tian church; 3 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
 woollen factory and 1 saw mill. 
 
KENT— KINGS. 
 
 221 
 
 Kent, t. Putnam co. situated 4 
 miles north of the village of Car- 
 mel, and distant 101 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,830 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly and 
 mountainous; the soil is well a- 
 dapted for gra*.s on the hill sides 
 and valleys ; drained south by the 
 Croton river. Kent, Boydsville, 
 and Farmer's Mills are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Ketchum's Corners, p. o. 
 Stillwater, Saratoga co. 
 
 Kili.buck, p. o. Great Valley, 
 Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Kill Van Kull, is the name 
 of the channel that lies between 
 Staten Island and the New-Jersey 
 shore on the north ; it extends from 
 the bay of New-York to Newark 
 bay, a distance of 4 or 5 miles, and 
 may be considered as a continua- 
 tion of Staten Island Sound. 
 
 Kinderhook, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 12 miles north of the city 
 of Hudson, and distant 18 miles 
 from Albany, contained in 1840 
 3512 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified ; soil, sandy loam and 
 clay, srenerally fertile and well cul- 
 tivated ; drained by Kinderhook 
 creek. Kinderhook and Valatia 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Kinderhook, v. and p. o. 
 Kinderhook, Columbia co. is de- 
 lightfully situated on a plain, 5 
 miles east of the Hudson river, on 
 the post road between New-York 
 and Albany, being 20 miles south 
 of the latter place. This village 
 was incorporated in 1838, and now 
 contains a population of about 1400 
 inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 
 an incorporated academy, in a 
 flourishing condition, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed and 1 Baptist church, 2 
 public houses, 1 bank, 14 stores, 
 2 extensive coach manufactories, 
 2 hat factories, 1 morocco factory 
 
 number of other mechanic shops. 
 No place in the vicinity of the 
 Hudson exceeds this village for its 
 beautiful location, and the salubri- 
 ty of its Climate. This is the birth 
 place and residence of ex-president 
 Van Buren, whose country seat is 
 located about two miles south of 
 the village. 
 
 Kinderhook Creek rises in 
 the east part of Rensselaer county, 
 and flows in a south-west direction 
 through a part of Columbia county, 
 where it empties into the Hudson 
 river near the village of Columbia- 
 ville. This is a large and impor- 
 tant mill stream, on which are lo- 
 cated several extensive manufac- 
 turing establishments. 
 
 Kinderhook Landing. See 
 Stuyvesimt. 
 
 Kingsboro, v. and p. o. Johns 
 town, Fulton co. is pleasantly situ- 
 ated 5 miles north of the village of. 
 Johnstown. It contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 high school, 2 taverns 
 and 2 stores. Here are manufac- 
 tured large quantities of buckskin 
 mittens, gloves and moccasins. 
 
 King's Bridge p. o. West- 
 chester, Westchester co. 
 
 Kingsbury t. Washing-ton co 
 situated 55 miles north of the city 
 of Albany, is a half shire town 
 with Salem, the county buildings 
 being situated in the village of San- 
 dy Hill. It contained in 1840, 
 2773 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, sand, clay, and 
 sandy loam, generally well cultiva- 
 ted and productive ; drained on the 
 north by a tributary of Wood 
 creek, and watered or. the south- 
 west angle by the Hudson river. 
 Kingsbury, Adamsville and Sandy 
 Hill, are names of post offices. At 
 the former is a settlement contain- 
 ing 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 and 15 or 20 dwelling's. 
 
 and 1 printing office, besides 
 
 KINGS COUNTY, organized by the colonial assembly in 1683, is 
 centrally distant 150 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
 the north by the East river and harbor of New- York ; on the east by 
 
222 
 
 KING'S FERRY— KINGSTON. 
 
 Queens county ; on the south by the Atlantic ocean, and on the west by 
 the Bay of New-York and the "Narrows." The surface is mostly 
 level, with some hills running- nearly through the centre from east to 
 west. The soil is principally light and sandy, warm, and when well 
 manured and tilled, very productive, and well adapted to horticulture. 
 The streams are few and of small size, but on the south there are sev- 
 eral indentations and bays of some size ; Gravesend bay and Jamaica 
 bay are the principal. Coney island is a great resort for sea bathing. 
 Of the mineral productions but little can be said. The Long Island 
 Railroad crosses this county, commencing at the city of Brooklyn. 
 Its area is about 76 square miles, or 48,800 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in the county of Kings, 
 with the population in 1840. 
 
 Brooklyn City, 36,233 I New-Utrecht, 1,283 
 
 Bushwick, 1,295 Williamsburg, 5,094 
 
 Flatbush, 2,099 
 
 Flatlands, 810 Total inhabitants, 47,613 
 
 Gravesend, 799 I 
 
 King's Ferry p. o. Genoa, 
 Cayuga co. Here are located 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 steam 
 grist mill, 1 ashery, and about 30 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 King's Settlement, p. o. 
 Norwich, Chenango co. 
 
 Kingston, t. Ulster co. con- 
 tains the county buildings, situated 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant from Albany 58 
 miles : it contained in 1840, 5824 
 inhabitants. The surface is rolling; 
 soil, sandy loam, underlaid with 
 lime and slate, in many places very 
 rich and easily tilled, producing 
 large crops of grass, grain and In- 
 dian corn : it is watered by Esopus 
 creek and the Hudson river, which 
 bounds it on the east. Kingston 
 and Rondout are names of post of- 
 fices ; Eddyville and Wilbur are 
 villages. 
 
 Kingston, v. and p. o. Kings- 
 ton, Ulster co. is delightfully situ- 
 ated on a plain, through which 
 flows the Esopus creek, three miles 
 west of the landing on the Hud- 
 son river. It was incorporated in 
 1805, and now contains about 
 2,300 inhabitants, 300 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Reformed Dutch, 1 Epis- 
 copal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; a court house and jail, 2 
 
 banking houses, an incorporated 
 academy, in a flourishing condi- 
 tion, and a female seminary ; 5 
 hotels and taverns ; 40 stores and 
 groceries, 2 printing offices, 1 iron 
 foundery, 2 tobacco factories, 2 
 carriage factories and 3 leather 
 factories, together with most every 
 other kind of mechanic work 
 shops. Stages leave this place 
 three times a week for Delhi, Del- 
 aware county ; a tri-weekly line 
 also leaves for Ellenville, and ac- 
 commodation stages are in con- 
 stant attendance, and run to the 
 several steamboats that land and 
 receive passengers at Rondout and 
 Kingston Landing. Kingston, an- 
 ciently called Esopus, was early 
 settled by the Dutch, many of 
 whose descendants now reside in 
 this vicinity. In April, 1777. the 
 first convention of the Representa- 
 tives of the state of New-York met 
 in the village of Kingston, and 
 formed the old constitution of the 
 state, and on the 16th day of Octo- 
 ber following, it was taken and 
 burnt by the British army, under 
 the command of Gen. Vaughan, 
 while marching to the relief of 
 Gen. Burgoyne, who was obliged 
 to surrender to the American army 
 on the following day at Bemus' 
 
KINGSTON LANDING— LA FARGEVILLE. 
 
 223 
 
 Heights. Immediately after de- 
 stroying the village, the British 
 troops "precipitately retreated to 
 their Vessels Wing in the Hudson 
 river, and returned to the city of 
 New-York. Some of the ruins of 
 the stone buildings were standing 
 as late as 1836, when the last of the 
 walls were taken down, and the 
 Kingston banking house erected on 
 the same spot. 
 
 Kingston Landing, Kings- 
 ton, Ulster co. is situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson River, 90 
 miles north of the city of Ne.y- 
 York ; this landing was formerly 
 called Columbus Point. Here is 
 a convenient landing, 2 taverns, 
 and about 10 dwelling houses. A 
 steam ferrv boat plies across the 
 river from "this point toRhinebeck, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Kinney's Four Corner's 
 p. o. Hannibal, Oswego co. 
 
 Kip's Bay is a small indenta- 
 tion of the East river, on the east 
 side of the Island of New-York, 
 opposite the mouth of Newtown 
 c re e k . 
 
 Kirklakd t. Oneida co. situa- 
 ted 10 miles south-west of the city 
 of Utica, and distant 105 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2984 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified with hills and fertile val- 
 leys ; soil, rich calcareous loam ; 
 drained by Oriskany creek. Kirk- 
 land and Clinton are names of post 
 offices ; Franklin and Manchester 
 are villages. 
 
 Kirksville, v.andp.o. Man- 
 lius, Onondago co. is situated on 
 the Erie canal ; it contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 taverns and 2 stores. 
 
 Klip's Him. is a spur of the 
 Mayfield mountain, at its southern 
 termination. Where it intersects 
 the Mohawk valley, in the county 
 of Montgomery, it is sometimes 
 called Anthony's Nose; in the 
 rocky cliffs of which, near the 
 river, is a somewhat remarkable 
 
 cavern, said to have been first dis- 
 covered and explored in 1821, when 
 the name of Mitchell's cave was 
 o-iven to it. Several apartments 
 have been visited ; the ceilings are 
 ornamented with stalactites, and 
 the walls with incrustations. 
 
 Knowlesville, v. and p. o. 
 Ridgeway, Orleans co. is situated 
 on the Erie canal . It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1836, and now contains 
 about 450 inhabitants, 70 dwelling 
 houses, 3 churches, 2 taverns, 7 
 stores and groceries, 6 warehouses, 
 1 tannery and 1 ashery. 
 
 Knox, t. Albany co. situated 18 
 miles west of the city of Albany, 
 contained in 1S40, 2143 inhabit- 
 ants. The surface is rough and 
 hilly, being in part covered by the 
 Helderberg limestone ridge, in 
 which there is a cavern of consid- 
 erable extent. The soil is mostly 
 of good quality ; drained by the 
 Bozakill and a tributary of Foxes 
 creek. Knox is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Knoxville v. Knox, Albany 
 co. contains about 150 inhabitants, 
 25 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, an academy, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores and 1 tannery. 
 
 Knoxville p. o. Stockbridge, 
 Madison co. 
 Knoxville. See Port Barton. 
 Kort wright, t. Delaware co. 
 situated 15 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Delhi, and distant 68 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2441 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous ; soil, fertile 
 loam, well adapted to grass ; 
 drained by the Delaware river and 
 its tributaries. Kortwright, South 
 Kortwright and Bloomville, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Kyserike, p. o. Rochester, 
 Ulster co. 
 Kyserville,p.o. Sparta,Liv- 
 
 insrston co. 
 
 Lackawack, p. o. Wawar- 
 sing, Ulster co. 
 
 La Fargeville, v. and p. o 
 
224 
 
 LAFAYETTE— LANCASTER. 
 
 Orleans, Jefferson co. is situated on 
 Chaumont river. It contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 La Fayette, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Syracuse, and distant 134 
 miles from Albany, contained in 
 1840, 2,600 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, clay loam ; 
 drained north by Onondaga creek. 
 La Fayette and Cardiff are names 
 of posjt offices. 
 
 La Fayette, v. and p. o. La 
 Fayette, Onondaga co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 La Grange, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 7 miles east of the village 
 of Poughkeepsie, and distant 80 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1851 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling and somewhat hilly 
 on the east; soil, gravelly loam, 
 fertile and well cultivated; drained 
 by Sprout and Wappinger's creeks. 
 Arthursburgh, Freedom Plain, and 
 Sprout Creek, are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 La Grange, p. o. Covington, 
 Wyoming co. 
 
 Lairdsville, p.o. Westmore- 
 land, Oneida co. 
 
 Lake, p. o. Greenwich, Wash- 
 ington co. 
 
 Lake Chajiplain. See 
 Champlain, Lake. 
 
 Lake Erie. See Erie, Lake. 
 
 Lake George. SeeGeorge, 
 Lake. 
 
 Lake Hilt., p. o. Woodstock, 
 Ulster co. 
 
 Lake Ontario. See Ontario, 
 Lake. 
 
 Lake Pleasant, t. Hamilton 
 co. contains the county buildings, 
 situated in the village of the same 
 name ; distant 72 miles from Al- 
 bany. It contained in 1840, 296 
 inhabitants. This is a large town 
 in extent of territory ; running north 
 
 and south about 50 miles. The 
 surface is diversified, covered with 
 hills, mountains, valleys and lakes; 
 being as yet an almost untrodden 
 wilderness. It is becoming a fa- 
 vorite resort for the angler and 
 huntsman — the streams abounding 
 in trout and other fish of large 
 size, and the forests in wild game 
 of different species. The names of 
 the principal lakes are Lake Em- 
 mons, Round lake and Lake Pleas- 
 ant, the latter of which gives the 
 name to the town ; it is drained by 
 the Sacandaga river, Indian river, 
 and other tributaries of the Hudson. 
 
 Lake Pleasant v. and p. o. 
 Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. is sit- 
 uated on the west side of Lake 
 Pleasant, near Round Lake. It 
 contains a court house and county 
 clerk's office, both recently erect- 
 ed, the former of wood and the 
 latter of brick ; 1 church, 1 tav- 
 ern, 1 store and some 10 or 12 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Lake Ridge, p. o. Tompkins 
 co. 
 
 Lakes, Mountains, &c. See 
 Altitudes and Elevations. 
 
 Lakeville, p. o. Livonia, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 Lakeville, North Hemp- 
 stead, Queens co. is pleasantly sit- 
 uated on a body of water called 
 Success Pond. This has long been 
 a place much resorted to by lovers 
 of natural scenery. Here are 
 located an hotel and several private 
 dwellings, delightfully situated on 
 the margin of the above lake, 
 which abounds in perch, originally 
 deposited by the late Dr. Samuel 
 L. Mitchell. 
 
 Lancaster, t. Erie co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles east of the city of 
 Buffalo, and distant 272 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,083 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, clay and calcareous 
 loam, producing large crops of 
 grass and grain; drained west by 
 Ellicott's, Cayuga and Seneca 
 
LANCASTER— LAURENS. 
 
 225 
 
 creeks. Lancaster and Town Line 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Lancaster, v. and p. o. Lan- 
 caster, Erie co. is situated on the 
 Cayuga creek ; it contains about 
 600 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, 1 
 Lutheran and 1 Catholic church ; 
 3 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
 saw mills, 1 clothier's works, 1 
 tannery and 1 ashery. 
 
 Lansing, t. Tompkins co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles north of the village 
 of Ithaca, and distant 166 from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,672 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, gravelly loam of good quality, 
 and mostly well cultivated ; drain- 
 ed by Salmon creek and its tribu- 
 taries. Lansingville, Ludlowville, 
 North Lansing and South Lansing 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Lansingburgh, t. Rensselaer 
 county, situated 3 miles north of 
 the city of Troy, and distant 9 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,330 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly on the east, with an 
 extensive plain lying on the bank 
 of the Hudson on the west; soil, 
 gravelly and clay loam, most of it 
 productive when well tilled. 
 
 Lansingburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Lansingburgh, Rensselaer county, 
 is situated on the east side of the 
 Hudson river, at the head of sloop 
 navigation, 154 miles north of the 
 city of New-York. It was organ- 
 ized as a village in 1771, and in- 
 corporated in 1787 ; it now contains 
 about 3,000 inhabitants, 450 dwel- 
 lings; 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
 1 Baptist, 2 Methodist and 1 Uni- 
 versalist church; 1 public market, 
 8 hotels and taverns ; 1 banking 
 house, 1 mutual insurance com- 
 pany, 9 dry goods stores, S produce 
 stores, 20 grocery stores, besides 
 several shoe stores, hat stores, &c; 
 1 copper and iron foundery and 
 scale manufactory, 4 copper, tin 
 and sheet iron factories, 2 large 
 oil floor cloth factories, 3 brush 
 15 
 
 factories, 1 plaster mill, 1 flouring 
 mill, 5 cooperages, 2 gun and rifle 
 factories, 1 large slaughtering es- 
 tablishment, 1 soap and candle 
 factory, 6 malt houses, 2 printing 
 offices, besides many other kinds of 
 mechanic work shops. Several 
 sloop and tow boats are also 
 owned here. The Lansingburgh 
 academy having a male and female 
 department, is an old and flourish- 
 ing chartered institution. Lansing- 
 burgh is one of the oldest, if not 
 the oldest, chartered village in 
 the state. During the revolution- 
 ary war it was a place of consider- 
 able importance, having but slowly 
 increased since, owing to difficul- 
 ties in navigating the river. By 
 means of a state dam and lock at 
 the upper part of the city of Troy, 
 a capacious basin of water is here 
 formed, extending to the Union 
 bridge, which unites Lansingburgh 
 with the village of Waterford. 
 About one mile east of this place 
 is situated on a range of hills, the 
 Diamond Hock, abounding with 
 crystalized quartz of the first or- 
 der, from which spot there is a de- 
 lightful prospect of the Hudson and 
 Mohawk rivers, and the surround- 
 ing country. 
 
 Lansingville, v. and p. o. 
 Lansing, Tompkins county, is an 
 agricultural settlement, containing 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Laona. v. Pomfret, Chautauque 
 county, contains about 400 inhabi- 
 tants, 60 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 2 clothier's works and 1 oil 
 mill. 
 
 Larned's Corners, p. o. 
 Hopewell, Ontario co. 
 
 Lassellville, p. o. Ephra- 
 tah, Fulton co. 
 
 Laurens, t. Otsego co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
 
226 
 
 LAURENSVTLLE— LENOX. 
 
 84 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,173 inhabitants. The 
 surface is high and hilly; soil, fer- 
 tile sandy loam, and well cultiva- 
 ted ; drained south by Otego creek. 
 Laurens and Mount Vision are 
 names of post offices. Jacksonville 
 and Laurensville are villages. 
 
 Laueensville, v. Laurens, 
 Otsego county, is situated in a 
 pleasant valley on the Otego creek; 
 it was incorporated in 1834, and 
 now contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 70 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 
 taverns, 7 stores, 1 iron foundery, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 leather 
 factory, and a clothier's works. 
 
 Lawrence, t. St. Lawrence 
 county, situated 25 miles north- 
 east of the village of Canton, and 
 distant 230 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,815 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is uneven; 
 soil, clay loam of good quality; 
 drained by Deer and St. Regis ri- 
 vers. Lawrenceville and Nicol- 
 ville are names of post offices. At 
 the former there is a small settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Lawyersville, v. and p. o. 
 Cobleskill, Schoharie county, con- 
 tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
 ed and 1 Universalist church; 2 
 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 
 saw mills, 1 carding and 1 cloth 
 dressing works. 
 
 Lebanon, t. Madison co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles south of the village 
 of Morris ville, and distant 103 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,794 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, clay loam; drained 
 south by the Chenango river and 
 its tributaries. Lebanon is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Ledyard, t. Cayuga co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles south-west of the 
 village of Auburn, and distant 16S 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,143 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, clay loam and 
 marl and very productive ; drained 
 
 by several small streams flowing 
 into Cayuga lake, which bounds it 
 on the west. Ledyard, Aurora 
 and Levanna are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Lee, t. Oneida co. situated 22 
 miles north-west of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 115 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1S10, 2,936 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, clay and sandy loam; 
 drained by Canada and Fish 
 creeks. Lee, Delta and Stokes 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Lee, v. and p. o. Lee, Oneida 
 county, contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Leeds, v. and p. o. Catskill, 
 Greene county, is situated 4 miles 
 west of the village of Catskill, on 
 the Catskill creek ; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 
 stores, 2 flouring mills and 1 fur- 
 nace. 
 
 Leedsville, p. o. Amenia, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Leesville, v. and p. o. 
 Sharon, Schoharie co. contains 1 
 Universalist church, 2 taverns, 
 3 stores, and 20 or 25 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Leicester, t. Livingston co. 
 situated 5 miles west of the village 
 of Geneseo, and distant 232 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,415 inhabitants. The surface is 
 divided into terraces, declining to- 
 wards the Genesee river, which 
 bounds it on the east; soil, of good 
 quality. Gibsonville and Moscow 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Lenox, t. Madison co. situated 
 12 miles north of the village of 
 Morrisville, and distant 125 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 5,440 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating, or level ; soil, various, 
 but mostly of good quality, well 
 adapted to wheat, and highly pro- 
 ductive; drained by Cowasalon 
 and Oneida creeks, and is bounded 
 
LENOX BASIN— LEWIS. 
 
 227 
 
 in part on the north by Oneida lake. 
 Lenox, Bennett's Coiners, Canas- 
 tota, Clockville, Oneida Lake, 
 State Bridge and Wempsville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Lenox Basin, Lenox, Madi- 
 son co. is situated on the Erie 
 canal; here are located 1 tavern, 
 o stores, and about 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Leon, t. Cattaraugus co. situa- 
 ted 18 miles west of the village of 
 Ellicottville, and distant 310 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 1,326 inhabitant*. The surface is 
 high but mostly level ; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam of good quality; 
 drained south by the Connewango 
 creek and its tributaries. Leon 
 and Leon Mills arc names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Leonardsville, v. and p. o. 
 Brookfield, Madison co. is situated 
 on the Unadilla river; it contains 
 about 250 inhabitants ; 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill 
 and a hoe manufactory. 
 
 Le Ray, t. Jefferson county, 
 situated 8 miles north-east of the 
 village of Watertown, and distant. 
 158 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,721 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam, easily tilled and 
 very fertile; watered by Black 
 river on the south, and Indian river 
 on the north. Evan's Mills, Le 
 Raysville and We 4 Le Ray are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Le Raysville, v. and p. o. 
 
 I Le Ray, Jefferson co. contains 
 ! about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 i houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 1 
 ! store and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Le Roy, t. Genesee co. situa 
 ted 10 miles east of the village of 
 Batavia, and distant 234 mile 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840 
 4,323 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, sandy and gra- 
 velly loam, easily tilled, and pro- 
 ducing large crops of wheat and 
 other grain ; drained by Allen's 
 creek. Le Roy and South Le 
 Roy are names of post offices. 
 
 Le Roy, v. and p. o. Le Roy, 
 Genesee county, is situated on Al- 
 len's creek; it was incorporated in 
 1834, and now contains about 1,500 
 inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 
 bank, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church; 
 a female seminary in a flourishing 
 condition ; 3 taverns, 15 stores 
 and groceries, 2 flouring mills and 
 1 extensive tannery. 
 
 Le Roy, v. Exeter, Otsego co. 
 is situated at the outlet of Canade- 
 raga lake ; it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 
 grist mill. 
 
 Levanna, v. Ledyard, Cayu- 
 ga co. is situated on the east side 
 of Cayuga lake, where is a steam- 
 boat landing ; it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 2 
 warehouses for the transhipment of 
 grain and other produce, and 1 
 steam flouring mill. 
 
 LEWIS COUNTY, taken from Oneida in 1805, is centrally distant 
 130 miles from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the north by 
 Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties, east by Herkimer, south by 
 Oneida, and on the west by Oswego and Jefferson. The surface of this 
 county is rather hilly and broken; the soil various, mostly susceptible 
 of productive cultivation. The valley of the Black river extends in a 
 northerly direction through this county; the alluvial flats along the 
 stream are extensive and very fertile. The country east of this valley 
 is a wild and unsettled region, covered with extensive forests of hem 
 lock, pine, spruce, maple, beech, elm, ash and some oak and walnut 
 " The two sides of the Black river strongly contrast with each other 
 
LEWIS— LEWISTON. 
 
 as to rocks, soil, vegetation and population. The surface of the east 
 side or primary division, consists, with few exceptions, of an almost 
 unbroken range of forest, spread upon an uneven surface. The western 
 side of the river on the contrary is well settled, and exhibits those steps 
 or terraces common to the horizontal rocks, or undisturbed mechanical 
 deposits, presenting; an almost unbroken outline. Thus it is obvious 
 that the county is naturally divided into two geological divisions, the 
 eastern formed of primary masses, and the western those of transition 
 class." It is supposed to be rich in mineral productions ; the 
 cursory examinations which have been made, have resulted in the 
 discovery of many valuable specimens ; there are beds of iron ore in 
 the town of Watson ; in the vicinity of Martinsburgh and Lowville, 
 veins of galena exist, which have been worked to some extent. In 
 addition to Black river which flows nearly through the centre of 
 this county, it receives Beaver, Independence and Moose rivers 
 on the east, besides several large creeks, also several important 
 streams on the west ; on the south-west rises Salmon river ; Salmon 
 creek and Fish creek running into Lake Ontario, while on the north-east 
 it is drained by Indian and Oswegalchie rivers. The Black River Canal, 
 when finished, will unite with the Black river below the Hijjh Falls, in 
 this county. Its area is about 1,122 square miles, or 718,265 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Lewis county, with 
 the population in 1S40. In 1S41, a new town was erected from parts 
 of Diana and Watson, and named Croghan. 
 
 Denmark, 2,3S3 
 
 Diana, 883 
 
 Greig, 592 
 
 Harrisburgh, 850 
 
 Leyden, 2,438 
 
 Lowville, 2,047 
 
 Martinsburgh, 2,272 
 
 Lewis, t. Essex co. situated 10 
 miles north of the village of Eliza- 
 beth, and distant 141 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,505 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 hilly and mountainous ; on the east 
 it is more level, with a medium 
 quality of soil ; drained by the 
 Bouquet river and its tributa- 
 ries. Lewis is the name ot a post 
 office. 
 
 Lewisborough, t. Westches- 
 ter co. situated 18 miles north of 
 the village of White Plains, and 
 distant 119 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,619 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is somewhat 
 broken; soil, clay and sandy loam ; 
 it is drained on the west by the 
 Croton river and some of its tribu- 
 taries. Cross River, Golden's 
 
 Pinkney, 907 
 
 Turin, 1,704 
 
 Watson, 1,707 
 
 West Turin, 2,042 
 
 Total inhabitants, 17,830 
 
 Bridge, South Salem and Vista are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Lewis Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of Lake 
 Pleasant, Hamilton county. 
 
 Lewiston, t. Niagara county, 
 situated 15 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Lockport, and distant 295 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 2,533 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is divided into two plains, by 
 a high ridge which extends east 
 and west; soil, calcareous and 
 sandy loam of good quality; wa- 
 tered on the west by Niagara river. 
 The Tuscarora Indians have a 
 ! settlement in this town. Lewis- 
 ton and Pekin are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Lewiston, v. and p. o. Lewis- 
 ton, Niagara co. is situated on the 
 
LEXINGTON— LIMA. 
 
 229 
 
 oast side of the Niagara river, at 
 the head of steamboat navigation, 
 7 miles from Lake Ontario ; it was 
 incorporated in 1S22, and now 
 contains about 900 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Uni- 
 versalis! church; an incorporated 
 academy in a flourishing condition ; 
 5 hotels and taverns, 10 stores and 
 groceries, 1 grist mill and 1 distil- 
 lery. Here is a convenient steam- 
 boat landing from which boats ply 
 to various places on Lake Ontario ; 
 a commodious horse ferry boat also 
 plies across the Niagara river to 
 Queenston, Canada. A branch 
 railroad extends from Queenston a 
 distance of 3 miles to its junction 
 with the Lotkport and Niagara 
 Falls railroad, affording a speedy 
 communication with Lockport, 
 Niagara Falls and Buffalo. The 
 railroad, steamboat and canal 
 packet boat route from Buffalo to 
 Albany, via. Niagara Falls, Lewis- 
 ton, Oswego and Syracuse, is a 
 desirable, cheap and speedy mode 
 of conveyance during the summer 
 months. 
 
 Lexington, t. Greene co. si- 
 tuated 28 miles west of the village 
 of Catskill, and distant 50 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,813 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mountainous, the Catskill moun- 
 tains extending through this part 
 of the county ; drained north by 
 the Schoharie creek and some of 
 its head branches. Lexington, 
 Lexington Heights, East Lexing- 
 ton, Sportsville and Westkill are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Lexington, v. and p. o. Lex- 
 ington, Greene county, commonly 
 known as Lexington Flats, is a 
 scattered settlement containing 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 ex- 
 tensive tannery and about 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Lexington Heights, p o. 
 Lexington, Greene county; here 
 are situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
 
 stores and about 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Leyden, t. Lewis co. situated 
 15 miles south of the village of 
 Martinsburgh, and distant 116 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,438 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, sandy loam of 
 good quality; drained by Moose 
 and Black rivers. Leyden and 
 West Leyden are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Liberty, t. Sullivan co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles north-west from the 
 village of Monticello, and distant 
 123 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1S40, 1,569 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mountainous; soil, prin- 
 cipally gravelly loam; drained by 
 Callicoon and other small streams 
 flowing into the Delaware river, 
 which in part bounds it on the 
 west. 
 
 Liberty, v. and p. o. Sullivan 
 co. is a small agricultural settle- 
 ment, containing about 75 inhabi- 
 tants, 15 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian and 1 Episcopal church, 
 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Liberty, v. Conhocton, Steu- 
 ben county, is situated on the 
 Conhocton river; it contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
 thodist church, 2 taverns and 3 
 stores. 
 
 LlBERTYVILLE, p. O. New 
 
 Palt*z, Ulster co. Here are situa- 
 ted 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 
 1 fulling mill and carding machine, 
 located on the bank of the Wall- 
 kill. 
 
 Lima, t. Livingston co. situated 
 12 miles north-east of the village 
 of Geneseo, and distant 213 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2176 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, clay and calcareous 
 loam, fertile and well cultivated, 
 drained by Honeoye creek and one 
 of its tributaries. 
 
 Lima, v. and p. o. Lima, Liv- 
 ingston co. is a long, scattered set- 
 
230 
 
 LIME LAKE— LITTLE FALLS. 
 
 tlement, containing 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church; the Gen- 
 esee Wesleyan seminary, an incor- 
 porated institution ; 3 taverns, 4 
 stores, 100 dwelling houses, and 
 about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Lime Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of Ma- 
 chias, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Limerick, v. and p. o. Brown- 
 ville, Jefferson co. is situated on 
 Perch river : it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Lindley, t. Steuben co- situa- 
 ted 25 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 221 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 638 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay and sandy loam ; 
 drained north by Tioga river. The 
 Corning and Blossburg railroad 
 runs through this town, which is 
 bounded on the south by (he Penn- 
 sylvania state line. Lindleylown 
 and Erwin Centre are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Linklean, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 18 miles north-west of (he 
 village of Norwich, and distant 110 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,249 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; soil, argilla- 
 ceous loam ; drained by some 
 branches of the Otselic river. 
 Linklean and West Linklean are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Lisbon, t. St Lawrence co. sit- 
 uated 10 miles north-west of the 
 village of Canton, and distant 211 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1S40, 3,508 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; soil, rich loam, 
 heavily timbered with oak, pine 
 and hemlock; drained by Grass 
 river on the east an°;le, and by sev- 
 eral small streams flowing into St. 
 Lawrence river, which bounds it 
 on the north -west. Isle au Gal- 
 lope, lying in the St. Lawrence, is 
 attached to this town. Lisbon is 
 the name of a post office situated 
 at Red Mills. 
 
 Lisle, t. Broome co. situated 
 18 miles north of the village of 
 Binghamton, and distant 140 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,560 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, clay and sandy 
 loam, well adapted for grazing; 
 drained by the Tioughnioga river, 
 and some of its tributaries. Lisle, 
 Centre Lisle, and Union village, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Litchfield, t. Herkimer co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Herkimer, and distant 
 83 miles from Albany, contained 
 in 1840, 1,672 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, calcareous loam; 
 drained south by one of the head 
 branches of the Unadilla river, and 
 north by two or three small streams 
 flowing into the Mohawk river. 
 Litchfield and Cedarville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Lithgow, p. o. Washington, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Little Au Sable River. 
 See Au Sable. 
 
 Little Britain, p. o. Hamp- 
 tonhurgh, Orange co. 
 
 Little Chazy River. See 
 Chazy. 
 
 Little Delaware Rivjcr, 
 rises in the town of Bovina, Dela- 
 ware co. and flows west, emptying 
 into the Mohawks or west branch 
 of the Delaware river. 
 
 Little Falls, t. Herkimer 
 co. situated 6 miles east of the vil- 
 lage of Herkimer, and distant 73 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,881 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and in some places 
 mountainous ; soil, sandy and ar- 
 gillaceous loam, based on lime- 
 stone and granite, abounding with 
 beautifiil specimens of crystalized 
 quartz. It is watered by the Mo- 
 hawk river, on the south side of 
 which runs the Erie canal, while 
 on the north extends the line of the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad. 
 Little Falls and Eatonvile are 
 names of post offices. 
 
LITTLE FALLS— LITTLE SODUS BAY. 
 
 231 
 
 Little Falls, v. and p. o. 
 Little Falls, Herkimer co. is situa- 
 ted on both sides of the Mohawk 
 river, 73 miles west of the city of 
 Albany. It was first incorporated 
 in 1811, and amended in 1827 ; it 
 now contains about 2,500 inhabi- 
 tants, 300 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic 
 church, a large and beautiful aca- 
 demy building - , a banking - house, 
 5 hotels and taverns, 30 stores and 
 groceries, 2 printing offices, to- 
 gether with almost every other kind 
 of mechanic work shops ; and the 
 village is rapidly improving in 
 population and business. The Mo- 
 hawk river here falls, in the dis- 
 tance of half a mile, about 42 feet, 
 affording hydraulic power to a large 
 extent, only a small portion of 
 which is at present occupied for 
 manufacturing purposes. There 
 are now erected and in operation, 
 1 extensive woollen factory, with 
 new and improved machinery, 3 
 paper mills, 3 flouring mills, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 plaster mill, 1 trip ham- 
 mer works, 4 furnaces, 1 machine 
 shop, 1 distillery, 1 brewery, 1 
 sash factory and 1 fulling mill. 
 This place and vicinity is justly 
 celebrated for its wild and roman- 
 tic scenery, and is much resorted 
 to by the admirers of nature and 
 art. The gap between the moun- 
 tains, through which the river lias 
 apparently worn for itself a pas- 
 sage, though apparently confined, 
 is still of breadth sufficient to af- 
 ford room for a large town. The 
 rock at the river bed is primitive 
 granitic gneiss, very hard, but is 
 readily quarried and broken into 
 building stones. Above this, on the 
 mountain sides, lies the and rock, 
 and still higher, at the top, are ex- 
 tensive beds of blue limestone; 
 great quantities of which have been 
 used in constructing the locks, and 
 for purposes of building, for co- 
 ping and for flagging. Through 
 
 this valley passes the Erie canal, 
 on the south side of the river; and 
 the Utica and Schenectady rail- 
 road and the Mohawk turnpike on 
 the north; and it constitutes the av- 
 enue through which the products 
 and travel of the great west must 
 from necessity pass to reach tide 
 water. An aqueduct crosses the 
 Mohawk at this place, communi- 
 cating with a feeder on the north 
 side of the river, which is a fine 
 specimen of masonry. A daily 
 line of stages runs between Little 
 Falls and Trenton Falls, and seve- 
 ral mail routes north and south 
 branch off at this place. 
 
 Little Genesee, p. o. Gen 
 esee, Allegany co. 
 
 Little Genesee Creek, ri- 
 ses in Allegany co. and flows 
 south-west into Cattaraugus co. 
 where it empties into the Allegany 
 river. 
 
 Little Hoosick Cheek, 
 rises in the town of Berlin, Rens- 
 selaer co. and flows north into the 
 Hoosick river. 
 
 Little Lakes, v. Warren, 
 Herkimer co. is the name of an 
 agricultural settlement, containing 
 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 25 or 
 30 dwellings, and the Warren post 
 office. 
 
 Little Neck, lies in the town 
 of Huntington, Suffolk co. having 
 Great Cow Harbor on the east, and 
 Little Cow Harbor on the west. 
 
 Little Neck Bay, lies on 
 the north side of Long Island, 
 mostly in the town of Flushing, 
 Queens co. It is about 3 miles 
 long, and 1 mile wide, surrounded 
 in part by highly cultivated farms, 
 and country residences. 
 
 Little Sonus, p. o. Sterling, 
 Cayuga co. Here is a small set- 
 tlement on the Little Sodus bay. 
 
 Little Sonus Bay, lies in 
 the town of Sterling, Cayuga co. 
 and communicates with Lake On- 
 tario on the north. It is about 2 
 miles long and 1 mile wide. This 
 
232 
 
 LITTLE VALLEY— LIVINGSTON. 
 
 is a deep body of water, but is ob- 
 structed by a bar at its mouth ; into 
 it flows the Sodus creek. 
 
 Little Valley, t. Cattarau- 
 gus co. situated 10 miles south- 
 west of the village of Ellicottville, 
 and distant 299 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840,700 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and somewhat 
 broken; soil, various. It is drained 
 by Little Valley creek on the 
 north, and several streams on the 
 south, all flowing into the Allegany 
 river, which runs east and west 
 nearly through the centre of the 
 town, and on which is situated the 
 Allegany Indian Reservation. Lit- 
 tle Falley and Bucktooth are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Litt Seville, v. Avon, Liv- 
 ingston co. is situated on the out- 
 let of the Conesus Lake. It pos- 
 sesses valuable hydraulic privile- 
 ges, and contains about 100 inhab- 
 
 itants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 Con- 
 gregational church, 1 store, 2 grist 
 mills, 2 saw mills and 1 turning- 
 machine. 
 
 Little York, p. o. Homer, 
 Cortland co. 
 
 Little York, v. Fowler, St. 
 Lawrence co. contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, and 2 stores. 
 
 Liverpool, v. and p. o. Sali- 
 na, Onondaga co. is situated on 
 Onondaga lake, 5 miles north-west 
 of Syracase. It was incorporated 
 in 1830, and now contains about 
 1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 church, 3 taverns and 10 
 stores. In 1840, here were manu- 
 factured 802,954 bushels of fine 
 salt, from the saline springs, situa- 
 ted in the village, which belong to 
 the state. The Oswego canal passes 
 through this place, also the stage 
 road from Syracuse to Oswego. 
 
 LIVINGSTON COUNTY, erected from Ontario and Genesee coun- 
 ties in 1821, is centrally distant from the city of Albany, 224 miles. It 
 is bounded on the north by Monroe county, on the east by Ontario, on 
 the south by the counties of Allegany and Steuben, and on the west by 
 Genesee and Wyoming. The surface of this county is much diversi- 
 fied — in some parts hilly, in others undulating or quite level. The soil 
 is mostly good and very productive ; rich alluvion flats border the 
 Genesee river ; on the upland, a gravelly loam predominates. Wheat 
 and other grain of the best quality, is here raised in large quantities ; 
 considerable attention is also given to grazing, and fruit is produced in 
 abundance. Gypsum and bog iron ore are the most important mine- 
 als which are known to exist in large quantities in this county ; a brine 
 spring has been found near York, although not of sufficient strength for 
 any useful purpose. The Sulphur Springs of Avon have long been cele- 
 brated, and their value tested by thousands of invalids ; they deserve 
 to be ranked among the most important springs of this class in the Uni- 
 ted States. For an analysis, see Avon. Conesus lake lies nearly in 
 the centre of this county, and Hemlock lake on the eastern extremity. 
 The Genesee liver flows through the north-west part, and receives Can- 
 aseraga creek and the outlet of Conesus lake. The outlet of Hemlock 
 lake joins the outlet of Honeoye, and flows along the eastern boundary 
 into Monroe county, where it empties into the Genesee. The Genesee 
 Valley Canal enters this county on the west side of the Genesee river, 
 and extends to near Mount Morris, where it crosses the river, running 
 up the valley of the Cashaqua creek, while a branch canal extends 
 from the Shaker settlement to the village of Dansville, in the town of 
 Sparta. Its area is about 509 square miles, or 325,760 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Livingston county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
LIVINGSTON— LOCKPORT. 
 
 233 
 
 Avon, 2,999 
 
 Caledonia, 1,987 
 
 Conesus, 1,654 
 
 Gejveseo, 2,892 
 
 Groveland, 2,000 
 
 Leicester, 2,415 
 
 Lima 2,176 
 
 Livingston, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the city 
 of Hudson, and distant 3S miles 
 froth Albany, contained in 1840, 
 •2190 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified ; soil, clay, loam and 
 gravel, underlaid by lime and slate; 
 drained by Ancram or Roeliff Jan- 
 sen's creek, flowing into the Hud- 
 son river, which bounds it on the 
 west. Livingston is the name of 
 a post office 
 
 Livingstonville, v. and p. 
 o. Broome, Schoharie co. contains 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodi-t 
 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 saw 
 mill, and 15 or 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Livonia, t. Livingston co. 
 situated 8 miles east of the village 
 of Geneseo, and distant 217 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,719 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, of good quality, un- 
 derlaid with limestone ; drained 
 by the outlet of Hemlock lake, and 
 some small streams flowing west 
 intoConesus lake. Livonia, Lake- 
 ville, Hemlock Lake and South Li- 
 vonia are names of post offices. 
 
 Lloyd's Neck, lies on the 
 north side of Long Island, in the 
 town of Oyster Bay, Queens coun- 
 ty. It is almost entirely surround- 
 ed by water, having Long Island 
 Sound on the north, Huntington 
 bay on the east, and Oyster bay on 
 the west, with a deep indentation 
 from Huntington bay on the south, 
 called Lloyd's Harbor. 
 
 Locke, t. Cayuga county, si- 
 tuated 20 miles south of the village 
 of Auburn, and distant 153 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,654 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, gravelly loam, under- 
 laid with slate; drained north by 
 
 Livonia, 2,719 
 
 Mount Morris, 4,576 
 
 Sparta, 5,841 
 
 Springwater, 2,832 
 
 York, 3,049 
 
 Total inhabitants, 35,140 
 
 the Owasco inlet. Locke is the 
 name of a post office situated in 
 the village of Milan. 
 
 Locke Berlin, p. o. Galen, 
 Wayne co. 
 
 Lockport, t. Niagara county, 
 contains the county buildings si- 
 tuated in the village of the same 
 name; it is distant 277 miles from 
 Albany, and contained in 1840, 
 9,125 "inhabitants. The surface is 
 about equally divided by a terrace, 
 or range of hills, declining north 
 towards the shore of Lake Ontario; 
 soil, calcareous and sandy loam ; 
 watered on the south by Tonawan- 
 da creek, and drained north by a 
 tributary of Eighteen Mile creek. 
 There is in this town several qua- 
 riesof fine building stone, exten- 
 sively used in the construction of 
 canal locks and aqueducts. Lock- 
 port and Hickory Corners are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Lockport, v. and p. o. Lock- 
 port, Niagara county, is situated 
 on the Erie canal, 31 miles north- 
 east of Buffalo, and distant from 
 Albany by canal route, 333 miles. 
 It was incoporated in 1827, and 
 now contains about 6,500 inhabi- 
 tants, 800 dwelling houses, a court 
 house, jail and county clerk's 
 office, 2 Presbyterian, 1 congre- 
 gational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Methodist, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 
 Lutheran and 1 African church; 
 besides an Orthodox and Hicksite 
 meeting house ; 2 banking houses, 
 16 hotels and taverns, 80 stores 
 and groceries, 2 female seminaries, 
 4 large flouring mills, 1 grist mill, 
 an extensive cotton factory con- 
 taining 2,100 spindles, 2 woollen 
 factories, 9 saw mills, one of 
 which is a large gang mill used 
 
234 LOCKPORT AND NIAGARA FALLS R. R.— LONG FALLS. 
 
 extensively for sawing ship plank ; 
 2 plough factories, 2 plaster mills, 
 
 1 sash factory, 2 furnaces, 1 ma- 
 chine shop where is constructed 
 steamboat and railroad machinery, 
 besides other machine shops ; 4 
 cloth dressing establishments, 1 
 manufactory of fanning mills, and 
 
 2 for threshing machines, 2 car- 
 riage factories and 2 tanneries. 
 The hydraulic power derived from 
 the surplus waters of the Erie ca- 
 nal at this place is immense, afford- 
 ing sufficient water power to 
 propel at least 300 run of mill 
 stones, and is admirably located 
 for an extensive manufacturing 
 town. In addition to the Erie ca- 
 nal which passes through the cen- 
 tre of the village, the Lockporl and 
 Niagara Falls railroad commences 
 at this place, and runs to Niagara 
 Falls, a distance of 24 miles ; the 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad 
 extends a further distance of 22 
 miles to the city of Buffalo, afford- 
 ing a speedy communication for 
 travellers visiting ihe Falls and 
 Buffalo. Here are now re-building 
 ten combined locks, to be construc- 
 ted of lime rock in the most 
 finished style of masonry, to ac- 
 commodate the Enlarged Erie 
 canal. Lockport has sprung up 
 and become one of our largest in- 
 land villages since the completion 
 of the above canal, deriving its 
 name from the above locks. Here 
 is the first fall of water between 
 this place and Lake Erie, there 
 being a descent of about 60 feet. 
 A daily line of stages run from this 
 place to Batavia, and to Rochester 
 by the ridge road, in addition to 
 daily lines of canal packet boats 
 running east and west. 
 
 Lockport and Niagara 
 Falls Railroad, extends from 
 Lockport to the village of Niagara 
 Falls, a distance of 24 miles; pas- 
 ing through the towns of Cambria 
 and Lewiston, (where is a branch 
 road of 3 miles> running to the vil- 
 
 lage of Lewiston,) thence to the 
 Falls, where it terminates. The 
 company was incorporated in 
 1834, with a capital of $175,000. 
 It is contemplated to extend the 
 above road from its termination in 
 Lockport, to Batavia or Rochester; 
 thus uniting with the great line of 
 railroads extending from Albany 
 to Buffalo. 
 
 Lodi, t. Seneca county, situated 
 20 miles south of the village of 
 Waterloo, and distant 175 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,236 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, clay loam, underlaid 
 by slate and lime; drained by some 
 small stream flowing into Cayuga 
 and Seneca lakes ; the latter bounds 
 it on the west. Lodi, Ingersoll and 
 Townsendsville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Lodi, v. and p. o. Lodi, Seneca 
 county, is situated on elevated 
 ground ; it contain- about 400 in- 
 habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns and 4 stores. 
 
 Lodi, v. Persia and Collins, 
 Cattaraugus and Erie counties, lies 
 on Cattaraugus creek ; it contains 
 about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
 thodist church, 4 taverns. 9 stores 
 and groceries, 2 woollen factories, 
 1 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 pail factory, 1 shingle fac- 
 tory, 1 chair factory, and 1 turning 
 shop, all using water power, which 
 is here very abundant, being only 
 in part occupied ; also 1 tannery 
 and 1 ashery. Here is situated the 
 Persia post office. 
 
 Logan, p. o. Hector, Tomp- 
 kins CO. 
 
 Long Falls, of Black River, 
 commences at the village of Car- 
 thage, Jefferson county, where is 
 a descent of about 60 feet in the 
 first half mile, below which the 
 river is navigable for 4 miles ; it 
 then descends about 100 feet in 2 
 miles, thence navigable 4 miles to 
 the Great Bend, between Cham- 
 
LONG ISLAND— LONG ISLAND SOUND. 
 
 235 
 
 pion and Le Ray ; then a succes- 
 sion of rapids, with few exceptions, 
 continue to the villages of Water- 
 town and Brownville, from whence 
 there are rapids, improved by locks 
 and dams, navigable to the head 
 of Black River Bay, which com- 
 municates with Lake Ontario. See 
 High Falls. 
 
 Long Island, including the 
 counties of Kings, Queens and 
 Suffolk, contained in 1840,110,406 
 inhabitants, and may be described 
 as the south-easterly portion of the 
 State of New-York; it extends 
 from Fort Hamilton at, the " Nar- 
 rows," to Montauk Point, a dis- 
 tance of about 140 miles. Its 
 breadth as far east as Peconic 
 Bay, varies from 12 to 20 miles, in 
 a distance of 90 miles. This bay 
 is an irregular sheet of water, ex- 
 panding in width as it proceeds 
 eastward, until it communicates 
 with Gardiner's Bay, being separa- 
 ted by Shelter Island, which forms 
 a town in Suffolk county. The 
 northerly branch of Long Island 
 thus formed, terminates at Oyster 
 Pond Point, and the southerly 
 branch at Montauk ; the latter 
 branch being the longest of the 
 two by about 20 miles. It is 
 bounded on the north by Long 
 Island Sound, and on the south by 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Estimated 
 area of the whole, 1,500 square 
 miles, or 960,000 acres. A chain 
 of hills or ridge, more or less ele- 
 vated, commences on the west and 
 extends east to near Oyster Pond 
 Point ; the surface north of the 
 ridge is in general rough and bro- 
 ken, excepting some of the necks 
 and points that stretch into the 
 Sound, which are, for the most 
 nart, level ; while the surface south 
 of the ridge is almost a perfect 
 plain, declining south towards the 
 Atlantic, destitute not only of 
 rocks, but even of stones exceed- 
 ing in weight a few ounces. On 
 both sides *>t the island are nume- 
 
 rous streams, emptying into bays 
 and harbors, affording convenient 
 sites for various manufacturing 
 establishments ; while the bays 
 themselves are navigable and 
 abound in almost every variety of 
 shell and scale fish, which are here 
 taken in great abundance. Some 
 of the bays also embrace islands 
 and extensive tracts of salt marsh, 
 furnishing an immense quantity of 
 grass annually. Wild fowl of 
 many kinds in countless numbers 
 are found here, affording a plea- 
 sant recreation to sportsmen, and 
 a source of profitable employment 
 to many hundreds of individuals, 
 who pursue it as matter of emolu- 
 ment ; finding a ready sale for all 
 they can procure in the New-York 
 markets. 
 
 Long Island Railroad, 
 commences at the south ferry in 
 the city of Brooklyn, and runs 
 through East New-York and Ja- 
 maica to Hicksville, a distance of 
 27 miles; from Hicksville eastward, 
 the road is under construction, 
 and the division extending to near 
 Ronkonkoma Pond in the town of 
 Smithtown, a further distance of 
 20 miles, is finished. The grading 
 of a part of the remaining distance 
 of 46 miles to Greenport, the final 
 termination, is under contract ; 
 length of road in operation January, 
 1842, 47 miles. This road is in- 
 tended to form a line of travel to 
 Boston, by means of a ferry across 
 Long Island Sound to Stonington, 
 a distance of 24 miles, and about 
 30 miles to Norwich, Conn.; which 
 road, when finished, will connect 
 with railroads running from both 
 of the above places. 
 
 Long Island Sound, is a 
 large and important body of water, 
 lying between the state of Con- 
 necticut and Long Island; it 
 is about 100 miles long and from 
 10 to 20 miles wide. Several ri- 
 vers flow into it from the north ; it 
 communicates with the Atlantic 
 
230 
 
 LONG LAKE— LOWER REDHOOK. 
 
 ocean on the east, and on the west 
 unites with the bay of New-York, 
 through the East river, which 
 separates Long Island from 
 New-York and Westchester coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Long Lake, t. Hamilton co. 
 situated 35 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Lake Pleasant, and distant 
 100 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 59 inhabitants. This is a 
 large town in extent of territory, 
 extending across the county from 
 east to west; it is almost an entire 
 wilderness, abounding in lakes and 
 numerous streams. This region 
 of country, though it can have no 
 particular claim to fertility or even- 
 ness of surface, yet it is heavily 
 timbered, and wherever it is clear- 
 ed, produces the most luxuriant 
 crops of grass and rooted vegeta- 
 bles. 
 
 Long Lake, lies in the northern 
 part of the county of Hamilton, sur- 
 rounded by a wild and unsettled re- 
 gion of the state ; it is IS miles long 
 and from 1 to 2 miles wide. This 
 lake is one of the largest of the clus- 
 ter of lakes in this vicinity, empty- 
 ing its waters north into the Racket 
 river ; though there is said to be so 
 little difference of level at its ex- 
 tremities, that it might be made 
 to flow southward into the Hud- 
 son. The Indian name for this 
 body of water, is W eechobadcko- 
 nee-puss, — lake abounding in bass 
 wood . 
 
 Long Rapids, p. o. Canton, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Long Sault Island, Lower, 
 lies in the St. Lawrence river, and 
 is attached to the town of Massena, 
 St. Lawrence county ; it is 5 miles 
 long and about 1 mile wide. Here 
 are situated the Long Sault Ra- 
 pids, being 12 miles long, with a 
 descent of 80 feet ; around which, 
 on the Canada side of the river, 
 is a canal, in whole or part fin- 
 ished. 
 
 Long Sault Island, Upper, 
 
 lies in the St. Lawrence river, and 
 is attached to the town of Louis- 
 ville, St. Lawrence county ; it is 
 3 miles long and from 1 to lj miles 
 wide. 
 
 Loon Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in Chester, Warren 
 co. 
 
 Lorraine, t. Jefferson county, 
 situated 15 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Watertown, and distant 145 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,699 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, clay and sandy 
 loam ; drained west by Sandy 
 creek and its tributaries. Lor- 
 raine is the name of a post of 
 fice. 
 
 Louisburgh, v. Diana, Lew- 
 is co. is situated on Indian river; 
 it contains a large furnace, and 
 some 20 or 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Louisville, t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 20 miles north of the 
 village of Canton, and distant 231 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,693 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, rich loam, 
 underlaid by limestone ; watered 
 by Grass river and the St. Law- 
 rence river, which bound it on the 
 north-west. Several islands lying 
 in the St. Lawrence river, are at- 
 tached to this town. Louisville is 
 the name of a post office, where 
 is a small settlement on Grass 
 river. 
 
 Louisville, v. Butternuts, 
 Otsego county, is situated on But- 
 ternut creek ; it contains about 350 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling honses, an 
 Episcopal church, 3 taverns, 7 
 stores, 2 extensive cotton factories, 
 1 grist mill and 3 tanneries. 
 
 Louisville Landing, Louis- 
 ville, St. Lawrence county, is si- 
 tuated on the east side of the St. 
 Lawrence, 34 miles below Ogdens 
 burgh. Here are situated a public 
 house, 2 stores, and some 8 or 10 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Lower Redhook. See Red- 
 ttook. 
 
LOWER SARANAC LAKE— LYNDON. 
 
 237 
 
 Lower Sarakac Lake. 
 See Sara?iac Lake. 
 
 Low Hampton, p. o. Hamp- 
 ton, Washington co. 
 
 Low Point Landing. See 
 Carthage, Dutchess co. 
 
 Lowville, t. Lewis co. situa- 
 ted 7 miles north of the village of 
 Martinsburgh, and distant 132 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,047 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, on the uplands 
 of good quality, and very rich and 
 productive on the lowlands border- 
 ing Black river, which bounds it 
 on the east. Lowville, Stow's 
 Square and West Lowville are 
 names of post offices 
 
 Lowville, v. and p. o. Low- 
 ville, Lewis co. contains about 
 G50 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 
 
 1 Methodist church; 2 taverns; 
 an incorporated academy; 1 bank, 
 7 stores, 1 flouring mill and 1 saw 
 mill. 
 
 Ludlowville, v. and p. o. 
 Lansing, Tompkins county, is si- 
 tuated on Salmon creek, where is 
 a fall of near 100 feet ; it contains 
 about 450 inhabitants, 90 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Me- 
 thodist church ; 1 tavern, 4 stores, 
 
 2 flouring mills, 1 saw mill, 1 oil 
 mill, 1 clothier's works and 1 tan 
 nery. 
 
 LUMBERLAND, t. Sullivan CO. 
 
 situated 12 miles south-west of the 
 village of Monticello, and distant 
 125 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1S40, 1,205 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly ; soil, gravelly 
 loam, heavily timbered with oak, 
 and different kinds of pine ; drain- 
 ed by Mongoup river, and several 
 other small streams flowing into 
 the Deleware river, which bounds 
 it on the south-west. Lumberland 
 and Narrowsburgh are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Lunatic Asylums. See 
 New- York City, Hudson and 
 Utica. 
 
 Luzeune, t. Warren co. situa- 
 ted 6 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Caldwell, and distant 55 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1S40, 1284 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, with the exception of 
 the valley of the Hudson, which 
 forms the west boundary ; the Pal- 
 mertown range of hills covers the 
 east. Through this town extends 
 a chain of small lakes, connecting 
 Lake George with the Hudson riv- 
 er, at the village of Luzerne. 
 
 Luzerne, v. and p. o. Luzerne, 
 Warren co. is situated on the east 
 side of the Hudson river; it con- 
 tains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
 erns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, and a cloth dressing estab- 
 lishment. 
 
 Lyme, t. Jefferson co. situated 
 12 miles west of the village of Wa- 
 tertown, and distant 172 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 5,472 inhabitants. The surface is 
 gently undulating ; soil, sandy and 
 marly loam of excellent quality ; 
 watered by Chaumont liver on the 
 east, and on the west by the St. 
 Lawrence, being bounded on the 
 south by Lake Ontario, in which 
 are situated Grenadier and Fox 
 Islands, belonging to this town. 
 Cape Vincent, Chaumont, Miller's 
 Bay, Peninsula and Thre^ 1 Mile Bay 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Lyndon, t. Cattaraugus co. sit- 
 uated 18 miles east of the village 
 of Ellicottville, and distant 274 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 628 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; soil, sandy, 
 clay and gravelly loam ; drained 
 by Ischua and Oil creeks. Hop- 
 kins is the name of a post office. 
 
 Lyndon v. Yates, Orleans co. 
 is situated on Johnson's creek ; it 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 tav- 
 erns, 3 stores, 1 tannery, 1 large 
 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 
 furnace. 
 
LYONS— MAC HI AS. 
 
 Lyons, t. Wayne co. contains 
 the county buildings, situated in 
 the village of the same name, and 
 is distant from Albany 181 miles ; 
 it contained in 1840, 4,302 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly ; soil, 
 sandy and calcareous loam of good 
 quality ; drained east by Mud 
 creek and the Canandaigua outlet, 
 which here unite, forming Clyde 
 river. Lyons and Alloway are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Lyons, v. and p. o. Lyons, 
 Wayne co. is eligibly situated on 
 the Erie canal, 181 miles west of 
 the city of Albany. It was incor- 
 porated in 1S31, and now contains 
 about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
 ing houses, a court house and jail, 
 county clerk's and surrogate's of- 
 fice; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist and 1 Lu- 
 theran church ; 1 banking house, 
 4 hotels and taverns, 20 stores of 
 different kinds, 2 ware houses, 2 
 flouring mills and 1 saw mill using 
 water power ; 1 steam furnace 
 and 1 saw mill, 2 tanneries, 1 ash- 
 ery, 2 extensive fanning mill man- 
 ufactories, and 2 carriage manu- 
 factories. Stages leave Lyons 
 daily, for Geneva, Rochester, So- 
 dus Point and Syracuse, in addi- 
 tion to commodious canal packets 
 which pass and repass twice daily. 
 
 Lyonsdale, p. o.Greig, Lew- 
 is co. 
 
 Lysander, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 15 miles northwest of the 
 village of Syracuse, and distant 
 158 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 4,306 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level; soil of good 
 quality ; watered by Seneca river, 
 which bounds it on the south. Ly- 
 sander, Baldwinsville and Plain- 
 ville are names of post offices. The 
 former is situated at Bett's corners. 
 
 Mabbittsville, p. o. Wash- 
 ington, Dutchess co. 
 
 McConnellsville, p. o. Vi- 
 enna, Oneida co. 
 
 MacDonough, t. Chenango 
 
 co. situated 12 miles west of the 
 village of Norwich, and distant 
 128 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,369 inhabitants. The 
 surface is divided into ridges ; soil, 
 clay loam, productive in grass; 
 drained south by Bowman's and 
 Geneganslette creeks. McDo- 
 nough and East McDonough are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 McDonough, v. and p. o. Mc- 
 Donough, Chenango co. situated 
 on the Geneganslette creek, con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 
 1 paper mill. 
 
 Macedon, t. Wayne co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles west of the village of 
 Lyons, and distant 201 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,396 
 inhabitants. The surface is roll- 
 ing ; soil, clay and gravelly loam, 
 underlaid by lime; drained east by 
 Mud Creek. Macedon and Macedon 
 Centre are names of post offices. 
 
 MacGrawville, p. o. Cort- 
 landville, Cortland co. Here are 
 situated 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist 
 and 1 Methodist church; 1 tavern, 
 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 tannery, and a number of dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Machias, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 situated lo miles north-east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 283 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,085 inhabitants. The 
 surface is high and level ; soil, fer- 
 tile, clay and gravelly loam; drain- 
 ed south by the Ischua creek, 
 while the outlet of Lime lake flows 
 north into Cattaraugus creek. It 
 has, however, been proposed* to 
 turn its waters into Ischua creek, 
 for the purpose of feeding the Gen- 
 esee Valley canal. 
 
 Machias, v. and p. o. Machias, 
 Cattaraugus co. contains about 250 
 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. 
 
McLEAN— MADISON. 
 
 239 
 
 McLean, v. and p. o. Groton, village of Canto^, and distant 184 
 Tompkins co. is situated on Fall miles from AlbanV is a new town, 
 creek, where is afforded a great formed from the rVwns of Gover- 
 amount of hydraulic power. It neurand Monistow^, in 1841. The 
 contains about 350 inhabitants, 50 surface is mostly le\M ; soil, gen- 
 dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 j erally good; it is -watered by 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 4 j Black lake on the west, and drained 
 stores, 1 extensive flouring mill, 4 north by Beaver creek, a tributary 
 saw mills, 1 iron foundery and j of the Oswegatchie river. Lead 
 trip hammer works, 1 plaster mill, I mines are found in this town and 
 1 tannery and 1 clothing works. I vicinity, producing ore of a good 
 
 Macomb, t. St. Lawrence co. quality. Washburnvilleis the nam^ 
 situated 20 miles south-west of the | of a post office. 
 
 MADISON COUNTY, taken from Chenango in 1S06, is centrally 
 distant 10S miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
 north by Oneida county, east by Oneida and Otsego counties, south 
 by Chenango, and west by Onondaga county. The surface is muchi 
 diversified; the elevated ridge which separates the waters flowingnW 
 north from the tributary waters of the Susquehannah river, crosses thed\*\ 
 
 southern part of this county. The middle and southern towns are unehe 
 ven and hilly, while the northern portion is more level. The soil idy 
 generally fertile, and very productive in the valleys, which are exterae, 
 sive. It is drained on the south by the head branches of the Chenangc'a- 
 Unadilla, Otselic and Tioughnioga rivers, and on the north by severar, 
 small streams, most of which fall into Oneida lake, lying upon its- 
 northern boundary. Two very important mineral productions, gypsum 
 and water lime stone, were at an early period discovered in this county 
 in great abundance, and have been a source of wealth to its citizens ; 
 they are located near the Erie canal, affording facilities not often pos- 
 sessed, for transporting the surplus to distant markets. Marl is found 
 in abundance, and bog iron ore has been found in various parts of the 
 county, though not in large quantities. There are two important sul- 
 phur springs near the village of Chittenango ; they are highly charged 
 with gas, and rank next to the Avon springs. The Erie Canal and the 
 Syracuse and Uticu Railroad, both cross the northern part of this 
 county. The county buildings are located in the village of Morrisville, 
 in the town of Eaton. Its area is about 582 square miles, or 372,000 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Madison county, with 
 the population in 1840 . 
 
 Lenox, 5,440 
 
 
 as 
 
 Brookfield, 3,695 
 
 Cazenovia, 4,153 
 
 De Ruyter, 1.799 
 
 Eaton, 3,409 
 
 Fenner, 1,997 
 
 Georgetown, 1 ,130 
 
 Hamilton, 3,738 
 
 Lebanon, 1 ,794 
 
 Madison, t. Madison co. situ- 
 ated 8 miles east of the village of 
 Morristown, and distant 95 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 
 Madison 2,344 
 
 Nelson, 2,100 
 
 Smithfield, 1,699 
 
 Stockbridge, 2,320 
 
 Sullivan, 4,390 
 
 Total inhabitants, 40,008 
 
 2,344 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and rolling ; soil, clay and 
 Sfravelly loam ; drained by the 
 head waters of the Chenango river 
 
240 
 
 MADISON— MALONE. 
 
 south, and by the^Jriskany creek 
 north, which entities into the Mo- 
 hawk river ; her r is the summit of 
 the Chenango clnal, which passes 
 through this to;-U north and south. 
 Madison and ; />uckville are names 
 of post off ces. 
 
 Madjon, v. and p. o. Madi- 
 son, Madison co. is situated on the 
 Cher.y Valley turnpike. It was 
 incorporated in 1816, and now con- 
 tarns about 500 inhabitants, 90 
 d .veiling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Universalist church, 2 taverns and 
 2, stores. 
 , Madison Barracks. See Sack- 
 vlt's Harbor. 
 
 Madrid, t. St. Lawrence co 
 situated 12 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 227 
 m les from Albany; contained in 
 18-10, 4,511 inhabitants. Surface 
 ge'ntly undulating ; soil, rich loam ; 
 drained by Grass river and several 
 sr'nall streams flowing into the St. 
 [Lawrence river, which bounds it 
 on the north-west. The Isle au 
 Rapid Plat and several lesser 
 islands belong to this town. Mad- 
 rid, Ruthersville and Waddington 
 are names of post offices. The 
 former is situated in the village of 
 Columbiaville. 
 
 Magnolia, p. o. Chautauque, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Mahopack Lake, is a beau- 
 tiful sheet of water lying in the 
 town of Carmel, Putnam co.; it is 
 about I mile in diameter, in which 
 are embosomed two or three small 
 islands. The waters abound with 
 various kinds offish of fine flavor, 
 which are taken in great quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 Maine, v. and p. o. Union, 
 Broome county, contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwellins: hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
 church; an incorporated acade- 
 my; 1 tavern, 2 stores and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Malden, v. and p. o. Sauger- 
 ties, Ulster county, is situated on 
 
 the west bank of the Hudson river, 
 1 12 miles north of the city of New- 
 York; it contains 1 church, 1 ta 
 vern and 2 stores. This is a regu- 
 lar steamboat landing, from which 
 are also shipped large quantities of 
 leather, and flagging stones. — 
 This place is some times called 
 Bristol. 
 
 Malden Bridge, v. and p. 
 o. Chatham, Columbia county, is 
 an agricultural settlement, situated 
 on Kinderhook creek; it contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 3 stores, 1 pub- 
 lic house, 1 flouring mill, 1 exten- 
 sive cabinet, manufactory, and 1 
 tannery and harness making estab- 
 lishment. 
 
 Malone, t. Franklin county, 
 contains the county buildings situa- 
 ted in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant from Albany 212 
 miles; it contained in 1840, 3,229 
 inhabitants. The surface is level ; 
 soil, sandy loam of good quality; 
 drained by Salmon and Trout ri- 
 vers, both of which flow into Ca- 
 nada, which bounds it on the 
 north. 
 
 Malone, v. and p. o. Malone, 
 Franklin county, is situated on 
 both sides of Salmon river, where 
 is erected a substantial stone 
 bridge of one arch, 80 feet wide, 
 and 65 above the surface of the 
 stream. It contains about 750 in- 
 habitants, 100 dwelling houses; a 
 court house, jail and county clerk's 
 office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist 
 and 1 Methodist church; the 
 Franklin Academy ; a state arse- 
 nal; 3 public houses, 8 stores of 
 different kinds, 1 extensive cotton 
 factory, containing 5,000 spindles 
 and 80 looms; 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 pail factory, 1 scythe fac- 
 tory, 1 fulling mill, 2 pocket fur- 
 naces, 1 distillery and 2 large tan- 
 neries. This village is abundantly 
 supplied with water power, and 
 is surrounded by a fertile country, 
 where is also to be found iron ore 
 
MALTA— MANCHESTER. 
 
 241 
 
 in great quantities, of the finest 
 quality. 
 
 Malta, t. Saratoga county, 
 situated 6 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 24 miles from the city of Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 1,457 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating; 
 soil, clay loam and light sand ; 
 Saratoga lake lies on the north- 
 east, and Round lake on the south- 
 east part of the town; it is drained 
 east by the outlet of Ballsion or 
 Long lake and Anthony's Kill, the 
 outlet of Round lake. Malta and 
 Maltaville are names of post offi- 
 ces. At the former there is a small 
 settlement, called Dunning Street, 
 where are located 2 taverns, 1 
 store, and some 12 or 15 scattered 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Maltaville, v. and p. o. 
 Malta, Saratoga county, is situated 
 near the Round lake ; it contains 
 1 church ; 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, and 
 about 15 or 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Mamakating, t. Sullivan co. 
 situated 12 miles east of the village 
 of Monticello, and distant 101 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,418 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, 
 having the Shawangunk mountain 
 on the east, and a high ridge on 
 the west; through the intervening 
 valley flows Bashe's Kill, and the 
 Delaware and Hudson canal. 
 Bloomingburgb, Burlingham, Phil- 
 lipsport, Westbrookville and 
 Wurtzboro' are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Mamaroneck, t. Westchester 
 county, situated 7 miles south of 
 the village of White Plains, and 
 distant 138 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,416 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly ; soil, 
 sandy loam and clay, mostly well 
 cultivated ; drained south by Ma- 
 maroneck creek flowing into Long 
 Island Sound, which bounds it on 
 the south. 
 
 16 
 
 Mamaroneck, v. and p. o. 
 is situated on the north side, of 
 Long Island Sound ; it contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 and 1 manufactory of salamander 
 safes. Here are owned 2 or 3 
 sloops plying to and from the New- 
 York market. 
 
 Mamaroneck Creek, rises 
 in the town of White Plains, West- 
 chester county, and runs south into 
 Long- Island Sound, at the village 
 of Mamaroneck. 
 
 Manchester, t. Ontario co. 
 situated 8 miles north-east of the 
 village of Canandaigua, and distant 
 201 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1S40, 2,912 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, sandy 
 loam and clay, underlaid by lime, 
 and very fertile ; drained by Ca- 
 nandaigua outlet. Manchester, 
 Manchester Centre and Port Gib- 
 son are names of post offices. At 
 Clifton Springs, on the east part of 
 this town, is a sulphur spring of 
 some celebrity. 
 
 Manchester, v. and p. o. 
 Manchester, Ontario county, is si- 
 tuated on the outlet of Canandaigua 
 lake ; it contains about 200 inha- 
 bitants, 25 dwelling houses, 
 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, and 1 furnace ; 
 and in the vicinity are an extensive 
 flouring mill, a paper mill and a 
 distillery. 
 
 Manchester, v. Kirkland, 
 Oneida county, is situated on Oris- 
 kany creek ; it contains about 350 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 large 
 cotton factory, 1 flouring mill and 
 1 grist mill. 
 
 Manchester, v. Poughkeep- 
 sie, Dutchess county, is a small 
 manufacturing village, situated on 
 Wappinger's creek. Here is a cot- 
 ton factory, containing 2,000 spin- 
 dles, and 66 power looms, giving 
 employment to upwards of 100 
 
242 
 
 MANCHESTER CENTRE— MARBLETOWN. 
 
 operatives; some 20 or 30 dwelling 
 houses, and about 250 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Manchester Centre, p. 
 o. Manchester, Ontario co. 
 
 Mandana, p. o. Skaneateles, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Manhasset, r. and p. o. 
 North Hempstead, Queens co. is 
 situated at the head of Cow Neck ; 
 it contains 1 Dutch Reformed, and 
 1 Episcopal church, and 1 Friend's 
 meeting- house ; an academy ; 1 
 public house, 1 store, and some 10 
 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Manhattan Island. See 
 New- York. 
 
 Manhattanville, v. New- 
 York co. is situated on the east 
 bank of the Hudson river, 8 miles 
 north of the City Hall; it contains 
 about 500 inhabitants, 70 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Episcopal church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 4 stores, and 1 white lead, 
 paint and color manufactory. 
 Here is a convenient landing 
 and wharf. About half^ a 
 mile south of this place is situa- 
 ted, on elevated ground, the New- 
 York Lunatic Asylum. 
 
 Manheim, t. Herkimer coun- 
 ty, situated 10 miles east of the 
 village of Herkimer, and distant 
 70 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,095 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil, clay and 
 calcareous loam of good quality ; 
 drained by East Canada creek 
 flowing into the Mohawk river, 
 which bounds it on the south. 
 Manheim and Manheim Centre are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Manlius, t. Onondaga county, 
 situated 10 miles east of the village 
 of Syracuse, and distant 120 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 5,509 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part rolling ; soil, clay and san- 
 dy loam of superior quality, under- 
 laid by sand aril limestone ; 
 drained by Limestone and Chitte- 
 nango creeks. Manlius, Fayett- 
 ville, Hartville, Kirkville and 
 
 Manlius Centre are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Manlius, v. and p. o. Manlius, 
 Onondaga co. is situated on the 
 Cherry Valley turnpike ; it was 
 incorporated in 1813, and now 
 contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 
 200 dwelling houses, 5 churches, 
 1 incorporated academy, 3 taverns, 
 7 stores, 3 cotton factories, 3 grist 
 mills, 1 fulling mill, 2 saw mills, 
 1 tannery, 2 carriage manufacto- 
 ries, and 1 plaster mill. 
 
 Manlius Centre, v. and p. 
 o. Manlius, Onondaga county, is 
 situated on the Erie canal. Here 
 are located 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 40 dwelling houses, and 
 about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Mannsville, v. and p. o. 
 Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, con- 
 tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Mansfield, t. Cattaraugus 
 county, situated 5 miles west of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 297 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 942 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating ; soil, 
 sandy and gravelly loam, adapted 
 to grass or grain ; drained north by 
 streams flowing into Cattaraugus 
 creek, and south by streams run- 
 ning: into the Allegany river. 
 Mansfield is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Maple Grove, p. o. Butter- 
 nuts, Otsego co. 
 
 Marathon, t. Cortland co. 
 situated 15 miles south-east of the 
 village of Cortland, and distant 145 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,063 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy 
 loam; drained by the Tioughnioga 
 river, and some of its tributaries. 
 Marathon is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Marbletown, t. Ulster co. 
 situated 7 miles south-west of the 
 
MARCELLUS— MARSH ALL . 
 
 243 
 
 village of Kingston, and distant 
 65 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,813 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly ; the Shawangunk 
 mountain extending to the south 
 boundary; soil, fertile loam; 
 drained by the Esopus and Rondout 
 creeks. Marbletown, High Falls 
 and Stone Ridge are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Maecellus, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Syracuse, and distant 
 140 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1S40, 2,726 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil fertile 
 loam; drained south by Nine Mile 
 creek. Marcellus, Marcellus 
 Falls, Marietta and South Marcel- 
 lus are names of post offices. 
 
 Marcellus. v. and p. o. is 
 situated on Nine Mile creek ; it 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 2 paper mills, 1 flour- 
 ing mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Marcellus Falls, v. and 
 p. o. Marcellus, Onondaga county, 
 is situated on Nine Mile creek, 
 about 1 mile below the village of 
 Marcellus. Here are located 1 
 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 clock factory, 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store, and 15 or 20 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Marcy, t. Oneida county, si- 
 tuated 6 miles north of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 100 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1S40, 1,799 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 being covered in part by the Has- 
 sencleaver mountain ; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam, underlaid mostly 
 by graywacke slate and sandstone; 
 drained by Nine Mile creek, flow- 
 ing into the Mohawk river, which 
 bounds it on the south. J farcy is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Marengo, p. o. Galen, Wayne 
 
 CO. 
 
 Maria Lake, is a small body 
 
 of water lying in the town of 
 Duanesburgh, Schenectady co. 
 
 Mariaville, p. o. Duanes- 
 burgh, Schenectady co. 
 
 Marietta, p. o. Marcellus, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Marine Hospital. See 
 Quarantine Ground and Tornp- 
 kinsville. 
 
 Marine Pavilion. See Far 
 Itockaway. 
 
 Marion, t. Wayne co. situated 
 14 miles north-west of the village 
 of Lyons, and distant 195 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,903 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat broken by hills and 
 ridges; soil, well adapted for 
 grain; drained south by a branch 
 of Mud creek. 
 
 Marion, v. and p. o. Marion, 
 Wayne co. contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church; 
 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 steam furnace 
 and machine shop, 1 grist mill, 1 
 tannery and 1 ashery. 
 
 Marlborough, t. Ulster co. 
 situated 20 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Kingston, and distant 88 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,523 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, clay loam, un- 
 derlaid with slate; drained by Old 
 Man's Kill, flowing into the Hudson 
 river, which bounds it on the east. 
 Marlborough and Milton are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Marlborough, v. and p. o. 
 Marlborough, Ulster county, is si- 
 tuated about half a mile west of 
 the Hudson river, on Old Man's 
 Kill, affording an abundant supply 
 of water power ; it contains about 
 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, and a Friends' meeting 
 house; 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 paper 
 mills, 2 woollen factories and 1 
 clothier's works ; 2 grist mills, and 
 1 saw mill. 
 
 Marshall, t. Oneida co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles south-west of the 
 
244 
 
 MARTINSBURGH— MASSENA. 
 
 city of Utica, and distant 106 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,251 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, fertile sandy 
 loam, much of it highly cultivated; 
 drained north by the Oriskany 
 creek. Through this town runs 
 the Chenango canal. Marshall 
 and Deansville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Martinsburgh, t. Lewis co. 
 contains the county buildings, sit- 
 uated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 142 miles from 
 Albany ; it contained in 1840, 
 2,272 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, fertile loam, 
 yielding large crops of wheat and 
 other grain ; drained through the 
 centre by Martin's creek, flowing 
 into Black river, which bounds it 
 on the east. Martinsburgh and 
 West Martinsburgh are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Martinsburgh, v. and p. o, 
 Martinsburgh, Lewis co. is situa- 
 ted on the post road between Utica 
 and Ogdensburgh. It contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 100 dwell- 
 ing houses, 3 churches, a court 
 house and jail, 1 banking house, 2 
 taverns, 6 stores and a female 
 academy ; 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
 mills, and 1 woollen factory. Here 
 is located a lead mine, which bids 
 fair to become of value ; as yet it 
 has only been worked to a very 
 small extent. 
 
 Martin's Hill, p. o. Catlin, 
 Chemung co. 
 
 Martville, v. and p. o. Ster- 
 ling, Cayuga co. is situated on So- 
 dus creek. It contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 1 store, 1 flouring mill, 1 
 saw mill and 1 distillery. 
 
 Maryland, t. Otsego co. sit- 
 uated 12 miles south of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 66 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,085 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, with fertile valleys ; 
 soil, sandy loam ; drained by 
 
 Schenevas creek. The Crumhorn 
 mountain, as it is called, lies on 
 the west part of this town. Mary- 
 land and Jacksonboro' are names 
 of post offices. At the former 
 there is a settlement, containing 1 
 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 distillery, and about 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Mary's Lake, is a small body 
 of water lying in the town of Pa- 
 rish, Oswego co. 
 
 Masonville, t. Delaware co. 
 situated 23 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Delhi, and distant 105 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,420 inhabitants. The sur 
 face is hilly and mountainous, cov- 
 ered with a large growth of pine 
 and other timber ; drained by some 
 small streams flowing west into the 
 Susquehanna, and south into the 
 Delaware river. 
 
 Masonville, v. and p. o. Ma 
 sonville, Delaware county, con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, 35 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern 
 and 3 stores. 
 
 Maspeth, or Newtown 
 Landing, Newtown, Queens co. 
 is situated at the head of Newtown 
 creek. Here are located 1 tavern, 
 1 store, and some 12 or 15 dwell- 
 ing houses. 
 
 Massena, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 28 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 236 
 miles from Albany, is the north- 
 westernmost town in the state, and 
 embraces two large islands in the 
 St. Lawrence river ; it contained 
 in 1840, 2,726 inhabitants. The 
 surface is gently rolling; soil, rich 
 loam, underlaid with lime ; wa- 
 tered by the Racket, Grass and St. 
 Lawrence rivers. Near the Racket 
 river, is a sulphur spring of consid- 
 erable celebrity, which evolves 
 large quantities of sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen gas, and contains carbon- 
 ates of soda, lime, magnesia and 
 
MASSENA— MAYFIELD LOWER CORNER. 
 
 245 
 
 sulphur. Massena and Racket 
 River are names of post offices. 
 
 Massena, v. and p. o. Masse- 
 na, St. Lawrence co. is situated on 
 Grass river. It contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 4 stores, 
 2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 1 cloth- 
 ier's works, and 2 tanneries ; also 
 an extensive manufactory of water 
 cement, the material being - found 
 in abundance in the immediate vi- 
 cinity. The Massena Springs are 
 situated on Racket river, about one 
 mile south of the village. Here 
 are located 2 public houses, for 
 the accommodation of visiters, and 
 some 10 or 12 dwelling houses, most 
 of whom accommodate boarders, 
 who resort here to enjoy the benefit 
 of these waters, which are found 
 beneficial in most cutaneous dis- 
 orders. 
 
 Matildaville, p. o. Parish- 
 ville, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Matteawan, v. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. is situated on the 
 Fishkill, li miles from Fishkill 
 Landing on the Hudson river. 
 This is a large manufacturing vil- 
 lage, containing about 1,800 in- 
 habitants, 200 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 public house, and six 
 stores. Here are located 2 exten- 
 sive factories for manufacturing 
 moleskin, beaverteens, and fus- 
 tians, so celebrated for their use- 
 fulness and durability ; this being 
 the only establishment in the coun- 
 try at which these heavy cotton 
 cloths are made. As the manufac- 
 turing these heavy goods requires 
 more manual labor than the ordina- 
 ry cotton fabrics, this circumstance 
 accounts for the large population 
 here employed, these works alone 
 requiring about 600 laborers. 
 There is also 1 large iron foundery 
 and machine shop, in connection 
 with the above factories, in which 
 are made every description of iron 
 and brass castings, and machinery 
 for cotton and woollen factories, 
 
 steam engines, sugar mills and mill 
 gearing ; employing, when in full 
 operation, 400 mechanics who, in 
 consequence of the long estab- 
 lished temperance principles, for 
 which this place is so justly cele- 
 brated, own the houses which they 
 occupy, all of which are neatly 
 painted and standing back from 
 the street, with shrubbery in front. 
 Here is also 1 manufactory for ma- 
 king machine cards, one for reeds 
 for looms, and bobbins of every 
 description, and a flouring mill 
 with three run of stones. At this 
 village, the creek has a fall of 
 about 40 feet, affording abundant 
 water power during the whole year. 
 There is still another of 40 feet un- 
 occupied, a short distance below 
 these works. At this place is lo- 
 cated the Highland Gymnasium, a 
 somewhat celebrated boarding 
 school for boys ; there are also 
 other schools for the children con- 
 nected with the factories. 
 
 Matte aw an, or Fishkill 
 Mountains. See Highlands. 
 
 Mattituck, p. o. Southold, 
 Suffolk co. Here are located a 
 church and some 20 or 25 scattered 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Mayfield, t. Fulton, co. situ- 
 ated 8 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Johnstown, and distant 52 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,615 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, hav- 
 ing on the north a range of hills, 
 here called the Mayfield mountains; 
 soil, sandy and clay loam, adapted 
 to grass and summer crops ; drain- 
 ed north-east by several streams 
 flowing into the Sacandaga river. 
 Mayfield Lower Corner, Cranberry 
 Creek and Riceville, are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Mayfield, v. and p. o. May- 
 field, Fulton co. contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Mayfield Lower Corner, 
 p. o. Mayfield, Fulton co. 
 
246 
 
 MAYFIELD MOUNTAIN— MENDON. 
 
 Mayfield Mountain, as it 
 is called, lying in Fulton and Mont- 
 gomery counties, may be consid- 
 ered as the southern termination of 
 the Clinton or Adirondack range. 
 At its final termination, at the val- 
 ley of the Mohawk, it is termed 
 Klip's Hill, or Anthony's Nose. 
 
 Mayville, v. and p. o. Chau- 
 tauque, Chautauque county, is sit- 
 uated on the north end of Chautau- 
 que Lake, and contains the county 
 buildings. It was incorporated in 
 1830, and now contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 4 
 churches, 5 taverns, 8 stores, a 
 wharf and store house, and an in- 
 corporated academy ; a court 
 house and jail, both built of stone 
 and brick, and finished in a good 
 style of architecture. The situa- 
 tion of this village is delightful, 
 commanding a view of the lake 
 and its cultivated shores, for seve- 
 ral miles in extent. A steam boat 
 plies daily between Mayville and 
 Jamestown, a distance of 22 miles, 
 during the season of navigation. 
 
 Mead's Creek, p. o. Orange, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Mechanictown, v. Walkill, 
 Orange co. is a manufacturing set- 
 tlement, situated on a tributary of 
 the Walkill. It contains about 
 160 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 2 exten- 
 sive woollen factories. About one 
 mile east of this place is situated 
 Phillipsburg, with which it is 
 closely connected. 
 
 Mechanicville, v. and p. o. 
 Stillwater, Saratoga county, is sit- 
 uated on the west side of the Hud- 
 son river. It contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 3 public houses, 5 stores, 
 an extensive cotton factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster mill, 
 and a manufactory of loco foco 
 matches, all situated on Anthony's 
 Kill, the outlet of Round Lake. 
 The Champlain canal, the Rensse- 
 laer and Saratoga railroad, and the 
 
 Waterford and Whitehall turnpike, 
 all pass through this place. 
 
 Mecklenburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Hector, Tompkins co. contains 
 about 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church, and 1 Presbyterian con- 
 gregation, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 3 saw mills, 1 clothier's 
 works, 1 tannery, 1 ashery, 1 pump 
 factory, and 1 buckskin mitten 
 and glove factory. 
 
 Mecock Bay, lies on the south 
 side of Long Island, in Suffolk co. 
 It is about 4 miles long, and from 
 1 to 2 miles wide. 
 
 Medina, v. and p. o. Ridge- 
 way, Orleans co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal, at the junction of the 
 Oak Orchard creek, which is used 
 as a feeder. It was incorporated 
 in 1832. and now contains about 
 800 inhabitants, 130 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Catholic and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 3 taverns, 15 stores 
 and groceries, 6 warehouses, 3 
 flouring mills, 3 saw mills, 1 tan- 
 nery, 1 brewery, 1 furnace, and 1 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Mkllexville, v. and p. o. 
 Claverack, Columbia co. is a small 
 manufacturing settlement, contain- 
 ing 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 
 flouring mills, 1 carpet factory, 
 and a few dwelling houses. 
 
 Mendon, t. Monroe co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles south of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 209 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,435 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, argillaceous and 
 calcareous loam ; drained by Ho- 
 neoye, and Irondequoit creeks. 
 Mendon, North Mendon and Hone- 
 oye Falls, are names of post of- 
 fices. 
 
 Mendon, v. and p. o. Mendon, 
 Monroe co. is situated on the Iron- 
 dequoit creek. It was incorpora- 
 ted in 1833, and now contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 
MENTZ— MIDDLEBURY. 
 
 247 
 
 tist church, an incorported acade- 
 my, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 grist 
 mill. 
 
 Mentz, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 8 miles north of the village of Au- 
 burn, and distant 156 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 4,215 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, gravelly and sandy 
 loam, very fertile ; watered by the 
 Owasco outlet and the Seneca riv- 
 er, which bounds it on the west and 
 north. The Erie canal passes near- 
 ly through the centre of this town, 
 from east to west, passing by a 
 stone aqueduct over the Owasco 
 outlet. The Montezuma salt 
 springs and works lie a short dis- 
 tance north of the canal, to which 
 extends a side cut. Montezuma, 
 Port Byion and Throopsville, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Meredith, t. Delaware co. 
 situated 6 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Delhi, and distant 77 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,040 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and somewhat broken ; soil, 
 well adapted for grazing ; drained 
 by Oleout creek, running west into 
 the Susquehannah river, and seve- 
 ral small streams flowing east into 
 the west branch of the Delaware. 
 Meredith and West Meredith are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Meredith, v. and p. o. Mere- 
 dith, Delaware co. is situated on 
 elevated ground ; it contains about 
 100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
 church, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Merrillsville,p. o. Frank- 
 lin, Franklin co. 
 
 Mexico, t. Oswego co. situated 
 16 miles east of the village of Os- 
 wego, and distant 152 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,729 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam of good quality ; drained by 
 Salmon creek, flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north. Mexico, Colosse, Texas 
 
 and Union Square, are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Mexico, v. and p. o. Mexico, 
 Oswego co. is situated on Salmon 
 creek. It contains about 500 in- 
 habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Meth- 
 odist church, an incorporated aca- 
 demy, 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, 2 tan- 
 neries and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Mexico Bay, lies at the east 
 end of Lake Ontario, opposite the 
 mouth of Salmon river, in Oswego 
 county. 
 
 Middleburg, t. Schoharie 
 co. situated 6 miles south of the 
 village of Schoharie, and distant 
 37 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,843 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly ; soil, in the val- 
 leys, alluvial and calcareous loam, 
 in many places very rich and pro- 
 ductive. In this town is an exten- 
 sive pond or marsh, called The Vly, 
 which sends forth a smart mill 
 stream, to the Schoharie Kill, on 
 the north, and from the south-east 
 flows the head branch of the Cats- 
 kill creek. Middleburg, Frank- 
 lintown and Hunter's Land, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Middleburg, v. and p. o. 
 Middleburg, Schoharie co. situ- 
 ated on the east side of the Scho- 
 harie creek ; contains about 300 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed and 1 Lutheran 
 church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 
 furnace, and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Middleburgh, v. Ulysses, 
 Tompkins co. contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwellings, 1 tavern, 
 1 store, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Middlebury, t. Wyoming co. 
 situated 6 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Warsaw, and distant 248 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,445 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling ; soil, sandy and 
 clay loam of excellent quality, 
 well adapted for grass or grain ; 
 
MIDDLEFIELD— MILFORD. 
 
 drained by Allen's creek and a 
 tributary of the Tonawanda. Mid- 
 dlebury and Wyoming are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 MlDDLEFIELD, t. OtSCgO CO. 
 
 situated 3 miles east of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 59 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,319 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, sandy calcare- 
 ous loam ; it is bounded on the 
 west by Otsego lake and its outlet, 
 and drained on the east by Cherry 
 Valle}' creek. 3Iiddlejield and 
 Middlejield Centre are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Middle Granville, v. and 
 p. o. Granville, Washington co. 
 Here are situated 2 Presbyterian 
 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery, 
 and about 50 dwelling houses. 
 
 Middle Hope, p. o. New- 
 burgh, Orange co. 
 
 Middle Island, p. o. Brook- 
 haven, Suffolk co. 
 
 Middleport, v. and p. o. 
 Royalton, Niagara co. is situated 
 on the Erie canal. It contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 65 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 9 
 stores and groceries, 3 warehouses, 
 2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 ashery, 2 tanneries and a 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Middlesex, t. Yates co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles west of the village of 
 Penn-Yan, and distant 194 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,439 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly ; soil, gravelly 
 loam of excellent quality, produ- 
 cing large crops of wheat and other 
 grain ; drained by West creek, 
 flowing into the head of Canandai- 
 gua lake, which bounds it on the 
 west. Middlesex and North Mid- 
 dlesex are names of post offices. 
 
 Middletown, t. Delaware 
 co. situated 16 miles south-east of 
 the village of Delhi, and distant 79 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 .1840, 2,608 inhabitants. The sur- 
 
 face is mountainous ; soil, mostly 
 sandy loam, arable and produc- 
 tive; drained south-west by the Pa- 
 pacton branch of the Delaware 
 river. Middletown, Arkville, 
 Clovesville and Halcottsville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Middletown, v. Walkill, 
 Orange co. is a new and flourishing 
 place ; it now contains about S0O 
 inhabitants, 125 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 
 and 1 Methodist church, 1 bank, 3 
 public houses, 15 stores and groce- 
 ries, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 iron foundery and 1 tannery. The 
 New-York and Erie railroad pass- 
 es through this place, where is sit- 
 uated the South Middletown post 
 office. 
 
 Middleville, v. and p. o. 
 Fairfield, Herkimer co. is situated 
 on both sides of West Canada 
 creek. It contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 2 cotton 
 factories, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 and an extensive chair and cabinet 
 factory. 
 
 Milan, t. Dutchess co. situated 
 18 miles north of the village of 
 Poughkeepsie, and distant 66 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,725 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam, resting on slate and lime- 
 stone ; drained north by a branch 
 of Roeliff Jansen's creek, and west 
 by the Sawkill. Milan, Jackson 
 corners, and Rock City are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Milan, v. Locke, Cayuga co. 
 contains about 350 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 tav- 
 erns, 3 stores, 2 flouring mills, 1 
 saw mill, and the Locke post of- 
 fice. 
 
 Milford, t. Otsego county, si- 
 tuated 13 miles south of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 73 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,095 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat broken ; 
 
MILFORD— MILTON. 
 
 249 
 
 soil in the valleys, a strong rich 
 loam, with some alluvion ; drained 
 south hy the Susquehanna river and 
 some of its tributaries. Milford, 
 Milford Centre and Colliers ville 
 are names of post offices. Port- 
 landville is the name of a settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Milford, v. and p. o. Milford, 
 Otsego county, is pleasantly situa- 
 ted on a plain, and contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church; 1 tavern, 6 stores, 2 ex- 
 tensive tanneries, 1 saw mill and 1 
 fulling-mill. 
 
 Milford Centre, p. o. Mil- 
 ford, Otsego co. 
 
 Military Academy, Uni- 
 ted States. See West Point. 
 
 Military Road, p. o. The- 
 resa, Jefferson co. 
 
 Miller's Bay, p. o. Lyme, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Miller's Place, p. o. 
 Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 
 
 Millgrove, p. o. Port ville, 
 Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Millport, v. and p. o. Vete- 
 ran, Chemung county, is situated 
 on Catharine's creek, and on the 
 line of the Chemung canal ; it con- 
 tains about 340 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church ; 1 tavern, 
 2 stores, 2 flouring mills, 10 saw 
 mills, 1 plaster mill, 1 clothier's 
 works, 1 sash factory, 1 tannery 
 and a boat yard for building and 
 repairing canal boats. The water 
 power at this place is very great, 
 here being a succession of falls of 
 about 100 feet descent. 
 
 Mill's Corners, p. o. Broad- 
 albin, Fulton co. 
 
 Mill's Island, so called by 
 Spafford and Gordon, and described 
 as lying in the Hudson immediate- 
 ly below the city of Albany ; from 
 what authority cannot be ascertain- 
 ed from the Albany burgomasters. 
 See Westerlo Island. 
 
 Milltown, v. and p. o. Kent, 
 
 Putnam co. is situated near the 
 Dutchess county line; it contains 
 about 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 iron 
 foundery, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Millville, p. o. Shelby, 
 Orleans county. Here are situated 
 1 church and 1 Friends' meeting 
 house; an incorporated academy; 
 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 saw mills, 1 
 tannery, 1 ashery and 12 or 15 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Millville, v. Brunswick, 
 Rensselaer county, is situated on 
 the Poestenkill, 4 miles east of the 
 city of Troy ; it contains about 125 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 1 store, 1 flouring mill, 1 
 saw mill and 1 carriage manufac- 
 tory. 
 
 Milo, t. Yates co. contains the 
 county buildings, situated in the 
 village of Penn-Yan, distant 189 
 miles from Albany ; it contained 
 in 1840, 3,986 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, gra- 
 velly and clay loam, of an excel- 
 lent quality ; drained east by the 
 outlet of Crooked lake, which lies 
 partly in this town, bounding it on 
 the west. Milo, Milo Centre and 
 Penn-Yan are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Milo Centre, p. o. Milo, 
 Yates county. Here are situated 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 
 about 30 dwelling houses, sur- 
 rounded by a rich agricultural 
 country, celebrated for producing 
 abundant crops of wheat. 
 
 Milton, t. Saratoga county, 
 contains the county buildings si- 
 tuated in the village of Ballston 
 Spa, and is distant 30 miles from 
 the city of Albany ; it contained 
 in 1840, 3,166 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level, or gently 
 rolling; soil, clay loam and sandy 
 loam, with some light sand, cover- 
 ed with pine timber ; drained east 
 by the Kayaderosseras creek and 
 its tributaries. Ballston Spa and 
 
250 
 
 MILTON— MOHAWK. 
 
 West Milton are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Milton, v. and p. o. Marlbo- 
 rough, Ulster county, is situated 
 about half a mile west of the land- 
 ing on the Hudson river ; it con- 
 tains about 450 inhabitants, 70 
 dwelling houses, 1 Methodist 
 church and 2 Friends' meeting 
 houses ; 2 taverns, 6 stores and 2 
 grist mills. Two freight barges 
 run between this landing and New- 
 York, carrying to market annually 
 a large amount of produce. 
 
 Milton, v. Rye, Westchester 
 co. situated on the north side of 
 Long Island Sound. Here is a 
 convenient landing for sloops, 3 
 stores, 1 tavern and about 30 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Mina, t. Chautauque co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Mayville, and distant 348 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 871 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is uneven ; soil, clay and 
 gravelly loam ; it contains a small 
 lake called Finley's lake, and 
 is drained south by French 
 creek. Mina is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Minaville, p. o. Florida, 
 Montgomery co. 
 
 Minden, t. Montgomery co. 
 situated 15 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Fonda, and distant 67 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,507 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified by hills and fertile val- 
 leys ; soil, argillaceous and calca- 
 reous loam, with some rich allu- 
 vial flats in the Mohawk valley ; 
 drained by the Otsquake creek and 
 the Mohawk river, which bounds 
 it on the north. Minden, Fort 
 Plain and Hallsville are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Mineral Springs, analy- 
 sis of. See Avon, Ballston Spa, 
 Saratoga Springs, New- Lebanon 
 Springs, Chiltenango, Rosendale 
 and Sharon. 
 
 Minerva, t. Essex co. situa- 
 
 ted 30 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Elizabeth, and distant 92 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 455 inhabitants. The surface 
 is hilly and mountainous, being 
 in part covered by the Adirondack 
 mountains ; the valleys afford some 
 fertile land ; drained south by the 
 Hudson river and some of its tri 
 butaries. Minerva is the name of 
 a post office. 
 
 Minisink, t. Orange county, 
 situated 10 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Goshen, and distant 116 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 5,093 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly on the west, and on 
 the cast is an extensive valley co- 
 vered in part by the " Drowned 
 Lands," through which sluggishly 
 flows the Wallkill. The soil is va- 
 rious; here is said to be a copper 
 mine, which was formerly exten- 
 sively worked. Minisink, Dolsen- 
 town, Graham, Ridgeberry, Slate- 
 hill, Unionville, Well's Corners 
 and Westown are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Mitchell's Cave. See 
 Klips Hill. 
 
 Mixville, v. and p.o. Hume, 
 Allegany county, is situated on the 
 West Kov creek, where is a suc- 
 cession of falls of 73 feet, affording 
 a great amount of durable water 
 power. Here are located 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills and 15 or 20 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Modena, p. o. Plattekill, Ul- 
 ster co. 
 
 Moffit's Store, p. o. New- 
 Lebanon, Columbia co. 
 
 Mohawk, t. Montgomery co. 
 contains the county buildings si- 
 tuated in the village of Fonda, and 
 distant 42 miles from Albany ; it 
 contained in 1840, 3,112 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly on the 
 north, with a level and fertile val- 
 ley on the Mohawk river, which 
 bounds it on the south. Fonda is 
 the name of a post office. Caugh- 
 na\vag;a is the name of an old set- 
 
MOHAWK— MONROE. 
 
 251 
 
 tlement in the valley of the Mo- 1 Hudson, but since the completion 
 hawk. I of the Erie canal, its waters have 
 
 Mohawk, v. and p. o. German been used to feed that great work 
 Flats, Herkimer county, is situated and propel machinery of different 
 on the south side of the Mohawk | kinds. At the village of Little 
 
 river, on the line of the Erie canal ; 
 it contains about 700 inhabitants, 
 120 dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 
 banking house, 4 taverns, 10 stores 
 and groceries, and an extensive 
 malt house. 
 
 Mohawk and Hudson 
 Railroad, extends from the ci- 
 ty of Albany to the city of Sche- 
 nectady, a distance of nearly 16 
 miles. This was one of the first rail- 
 roads constructed in the state ; 
 the company having been charter- 
 ed in 1826, with a capital of 
 $'600,000 ; the road, however, cost 
 to construct it, $1,100,000, or up- 
 wards of §"70,000 per mile, for a 
 double track ; it has two inclined 
 planes which are entirely unneces- 
 sary. The deepest excavation is 47 
 feet ; and the highest embankment 
 
 Falls there is a fall of about 40 
 feet within a short distance, and at 
 the Cohoes Falls there is a perpen- 
 dicular descent of 70 feet, afford- 
 ing altogether hydraulic power to 
 an immense extent. Its whole 
 length is about 140 miles. 
 The Valley of the Mohaxvk, which 
 extends for upwards of one hundred 
 miles through a fertile and inte- 
 resting region of country, has be- 
 come one of the most important 
 thoroughfares in America; it at- 
 tains its highest elevation at the 
 city of Utica, there being elevated 
 425 feet above the tide waters of 
 the Hudson at Albany. From 
 thence, by an almost continued le- 
 vel, is the great thoroughfare by 
 canal and railroad, extended to 
 Lakes Ontario and Erie, and 
 
 44 feet ; greatest elevation 335 feet thence to Canada and the Far 
 
 above the tide waters of the Hud- 
 son, at Albany. 
 
 Mohawk River, rises in the 
 county of Oneida, and passes 
 through the counties of Herkimer, 
 Montgomery, Schenectady and 
 north part of Albany, emptying into 
 the Hudson by several mouths, 8 or 
 10 miles above the city of Albany. 
 This is an important stream, passing 
 through one of the richest val- 
 ues in the Union ; on its banks are 
 located several cities and villages 
 of large size. Formerly this river 
 was much used for transporting 
 produce and merchandize to and 
 from the navigable waters of the 
 
 West, by means of lake and river 
 navigation. 
 
 Moira, t. Franklin co- situated 
 13 miles west of the village of Ma- 
 lone, and distant 225 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 962 
 inhabitants. The surface level ; 
 soil, sandy loam; drained north by 
 Little Salmon river. Moira is the 
 name of a post office, where is a 
 small agricultural settlement, con- 
 taining a free church, 1 store, 2 
 taverns, and 15 or 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Mongaup Creek, or Ri- 
 ver, rises in Sullivan county, and 
 flows south into Delaware river. 
 
 MONROE COUNTY, formed from Ontario and Genesee in 1821, 
 is centrally distant 218 miles west from the city of Albany. It is 
 bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, east by Wayne county, south 
 by the counties of Ontario and Livingston, and west by Genesee and 
 Orleans. The surface is mostly level, or gently undulating; the 
 Mountain Ridge, and also the Alluvial Way or Ridge Road, extends 
 across this county, running parallel with Lake Ontario. The soil is 
 generally a rich mould, and very productive; wheat is extensively 
 
252 
 
 MONROE— MONTAUK POINT. 
 
 cultivated, and the superiority of the Genesee flour is proverbial. It 
 is watered by the Genesee river, flowing nearly through the centre 
 from south to north, and by several other small streams, all flowing into 
 Lake Ontario, which lies on the north. The falls on the above river, 
 at the city of Rochester, are objects of great attraction, furnishing an 
 immense amount of hydraulic power, which is here advantageously and 
 extensively used in milling, and for other manufacturing purposes. Of 
 mineral productions there are several interesting localities; iron ore, 
 gypsum and marl are abundant; and no county in the state is more 
 abundantly supplied with sulphur springs. The Erie, canal passes 
 through this county, greatly enriching this region, in connection with 
 the Genesee Valley canal, which unites with the above at Rochester. 
 Here also unites the Auburn and Rochester railroad with the Tona- 
 wanda railroad, passing through the county from east to west. Its 
 area is about 607 square miles, or 388,900 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Monroe county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Brighton, 2,336 
 
 Chili, 2,174 
 
 Clarkson, 3,486 
 
 Gates, 1,728 
 
 Greece, 3,669 
 
 Henrietta, 2,085 
 
 Irondequoit, 1 ,252 
 
 Mendon, 3,435 
 
 Ogden, 2,404 
 
 Parma, 2,652 
 
 Penfield, 2,842 
 
 Monroe, t. Orange co. situa- 
 ted 14 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Goshen, and distant 117 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,914 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is broken and hilly, the 
 Highland range covering it in 
 part, abounding in many places 
 with iron ore, which is here some- 
 what extensively worked into mar- 
 ketable iron; soil, various; drain- 
 ed south by the Ramapo river, 
 which empties into the Passaic in 
 New-Jersey. Monroe, Monroe 
 Works and Highland Mills are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Monroe, v. and p. o. Monroe, 
 Orange county, is situated on the 
 Ramapo river; it contains about 
 450 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
 ses; 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; an academy; 1 tavern, 
 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 fulling mill and carding 
 
 Perrinton, 2,513 
 
 Pittsford, 1,983 
 
 Riga, 1,984 
 
 Rochester, 20,191 
 
 Rush, 1,929 
 
 Sweden, 3,133 
 
 Webster 2,235 
 
 Wheatland, 2,871 
 
 Total inhabitants, 64,90fl 
 
 machine. The New-York and 
 Erie railroad passes through this 
 place. 
 
 Monroe Works, p. o. Mon- 
 roe, Orange county. Here are lo- 
 cated in this vicinity extensive 
 veins of iron ore of a superior qua- 
 lity, which is extensively worked. 
 At this place there are now in ope- 
 ration 1 blast furnace, 1 machine 
 shop, and 1 grist mill; the set- 
 tlement consists of 1 tavern, 3 
 stores and about 40 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Montauk Point, is situated 
 on the extreme east end of Long 
 Island, 140 miles east of the city of 
 New-York. " Here are high and 
 rugged cliffs,against whose base the 
 waves of the Atlantic dash with al- 
 most continued violence ; any 
 thing like a perfect calm here 
 bein°" a rare occurrence. There 
 is a sublimity and wildness as well 
 
MONTEZUMA— MONTGOMERY. 
 
 253 
 
 Montezuma, v. Mentz, Cayu- 
 ga county, is situated at the junc- 
 tion of Cayuga and Seneca canal 
 with the Erie canal; it contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 1 church, 3 
 taverns and 5 stores. Here are lo- 
 cated a number of saline springs, 
 from which salt has been manufac- 
 tured ever since the earliest settle- 
 ment of this part of the country ; 
 the salt made from this water is of 
 the best and purest quality. " The 
 specific quality of this brine is 
 1.09767; and 1,000 parts of it 
 contain 129.33 parts of dry solid 
 matter, or 1293, in 100 parts of 
 brine. This is within one per 
 cent, of the strength of much of 
 the brine now worked in Onon- 
 daga county." 
 
 Montezuma, or Cayuga 
 Marshes, commence at the foot 
 of Cayuga lake, and extend along 
 the outlet and Seneca river 14 
 miles, with a breadth of from 2 to 
 3 miles. This tract is usually co- 
 vered with rank grass from 3 to 4 
 feet high, and assumes in summer 
 the appearance of a cultivated 
 meadow. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1772, has since 
 been materially reduced by the formation of new counties ; it is now 
 bounded on the north by Fulton county, east by Saratoga and Schenec- 
 tady counties, south by Schenectady and Schoharie and west by Her- 
 kimer ; centrally distant 45 miles west from the city of Albany. This 
 county is hilly and mountainous in pari ; the ridge called the Klips, a 
 continuation of the Mayfield mountain, terminating in the valley of the 
 Mohawk on the north, while a range of highlands extend south. The 
 soil is generally good and productive ; along the Mohawk river, and 
 some of its large tributaries, are rich and fertile alluvial flats, celebra- 
 ted for their productiveness. It is watered by numerous streams flow- 
 ing north and south into the Mohawk river, the most important of 
 which are East Canada, Otsquake and Schoharie creeks. Large quan- 
 tities of fine building stone are quarried in this county, and extensively 
 used in the construction of locks and other structures on the Enlarged 
 Erie canal, which passes on the south side of the Mohawk, while the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad extends along the north side. The 
 county buildings are located in the village of Fonda, in the town of 
 Mohawk. Its area is about 356 square miles, or 221,000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Montgomery county, 
 with the population in 1840 : 
 
 as solitariness here, which leave a 
 powerful impression on the heart. 
 In a storm, the scene which the 
 ocean presents is awfully grand 
 and terrific. On the extreme point 
 stands the tall white column erected 
 by the government, for a light- 
 house, in 1795, at an expense ot 
 $22,300. It is constructed of 
 stone in the most substantial man- 
 ner, and would seem almost to bid 
 defiance to time and the elements. 
 There is a public house near by, 
 much resorted to in the warm sea- 
 son by strangers, from every quar- 
 ter of the country." The follow- 
 ing beautiful and descriptive lines, 
 written by Mrs. Sigourney, in 
 1837, are well worthy of preserva- 
 tion : 
 
 " Ultima Thule '. of this ancient isle, 
 Against whose breast the everlasting 
 
 surge 
 Long travelling on, and ominious of 
 
 wrath, 
 For ever beats. Thou lift'st an eye of 
 
 light 
 Unto the vex'd and storm-toss'd mariner, 
 Guiding him safely to his home again. 
 So teach us, 'mid our own sore ills, to 
 
 wear 
 The crown of mercy, and with changeless 
 Eye, look up to Heaven.'' 
 
254 
 
 MONTGOMERY— MORAVIA. 
 
 Amsterdam, 5,333 
 
 Canajoharie, 5,146 
 
 Charleston, 2,103 
 
 Florida, 5,214 
 
 Glenn, 3,678 
 
 Mohawk, 3,112 
 
 Montgomery, t. Orange co. 
 situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Goshen, and distant 95 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 4,100 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, clay and gravel- 
 ly loam, fertile in grass and grain, 
 and mostly well cultivated ; drain- 
 ed north-east by the Wallkill. 
 Montgomery, St. Andrews and 
 Walden are names of post offices. 
 
 Montgomery, v. and p. o. 
 Montgomery, Orange co. is situated 
 on the east bank of the Wallkill ; 
 it was incorporated in 1810, and 
 now contains about 1,000 inhabi- 
 tants, 160 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Dutch Reformed and 1 
 Methodist church, an incorporated 
 academy, 4 taverns, 8 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 iron foun- 
 dery and 1 tannery. 
 
 Mosticeli.o, v. and p. o. 
 Thompson, Sullivan co. is situated 
 on elevated ground, 110 miles 
 southerly from the city of Albany, 
 on the Newburgh and Cochecton 
 turnpike, 38 miles west of New- 
 burgh. It was incorporated in 
 1830, and now contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, a 
 court house and jail, and county 
 clerk's office; 1 Presbyterian and 
 1 Episcopal church, 2 taverns, 5 
 stores and 1 tannery, 
 
 Monticello, v. Richfield, 
 Otsego co. contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Mojvtville, v. Moravia, Cay- 
 uga co. is a small settlement where 
 are located 1 tavern. 1 store, 1 
 grist mill and 8 or 10 dwellings. 
 
 Mooers, t. Clinton co. situated 
 18 miles north of the village of 
 Plattsburgh, and distant 182 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 
 Minden, 3,507 
 
 Palatine, 2,823 
 
 Root, 2,979 
 
 St. Johnsville, 1,923 
 
 Total inhabitants, 35,818 
 [ 1,703 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and broken; the Chateaugay 
 range extend across it; soil, vari- 
 ous; drained east by Chazy river 
 and north by English river, flowing 
 into Canada, by which it is bound- 
 ed. 
 
 Mooers, v. and p. o. Mooers, 
 Clinton co. is situated 2 miles south 
 of the Canada line, on the north 
 side of Chazy river, 12 miles 
 west of Lake Champlain; it con- 
 tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
 and 1 Methodist church, 2 stores, 
 2 temperance taverns, 1 grist mill, 
 2 saw mills, 1 cloth dressing and 
 carding machine, and 1 chair fac- 
 tory. 
 
 Moose Lake, lies in the town 
 of Wilmurt, Herkimer co. sur 
 rounded by a wild and uninhabited 
 region of the state. 
 
 Moose River, rises in Ham- 
 ilton co. and flows west across 
 Herkimer into Lewis co. where it 
 empties into the Black river, a 
 short distance above the High 
 Falls. 
 
 Moravia, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
 ted 16 miles south of the village 
 of Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,010 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly, with a broad val- 
 ley, through which flows the Owas- 
 co inlet, on which are some fine 
 mill privileges ; the valleys are 
 very fertile, but the soil of the up- 
 lands is indifferent; watered by 
 Owasco lake on its north-west an- 
 gle. 
 
 Moravia, v. Moravia, Cayuga 
 co. was incorporated in 1S37, and 
 now contains about 600 inhabi- 
 tants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
 
MOREAU— MORRIS CANAL. 
 
 255 
 
 church ; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 tannery. Here is located 
 the Moravian Institute, a chartered 
 institution of some celebrity. 
 
 Moreau, t. Saratoga eo. situa- 
 ted "20 miles north of the village of 
 Balls ton Spa, and distant 4S miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 1,576 inhabitants. The surface 
 mostly level, with some hills on the 
 east; soil, diversified, consisting 
 of sand loam and clay, generally 
 of good quality; watered by the 
 Hudson river, which here takes a 
 great bend and bounds it on the 
 north and east. Moreau and Forts- 
 ville are names of post offices. 
 
 Morehouse, t. Hamilton co. 
 situated 20 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Lake Pleasant, and distant 
 82 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 169 inhabitants. The 
 surface is diversified; soil, mostly 
 sandy loam, well adapted to gra- 
 zing and summer crops; it is dot- 
 ted with numerous lakes and ponds, 
 forming the source of a number of 
 streams. This is as yet an almost 
 uninhabited region of country ; to 
 the north it is a perfect wilderness. 
 Morehouseville is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Morehouse Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in the town of 
 Morehouse, Hamilton co. It 
 abounds with trout, and is the 
 head source of the East Canada 
 creek. 
 
 Morehouseville, v. and p. 
 o. Morehouse, Hamilton co. ; here 
 is an agricultural settlement, con- 
 sisting of some 10 or 15 dwellings, 
 surrounded by a fine grazing coun- 
 try, mostly covered with a heavy 
 growth of timber. About half a 
 mile north of this place, on West 
 Canada creek, are situated 3 saw 
 mills. 
 
 Morelaxd, p. o. Dix, Che- 
 mung co. 
 
 Moresville, v. and p. o. 
 Roxbury, Delaware co contains 
 
 about 100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Morgan ville, v. Stafford, 
 Genesee co. is situated on Black 
 creek; it contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 
 flouring mill and 1 plaster mill. 
 
 Mokiah, t. Essex co. situated 
 10 miles south of the village of 
 Elizabeth, and distant 114 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,595 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part mountainous, having the 
 Adirondack mountains on the west, 
 where are to be found inexhaustible 
 beds of iron ore ; the valleys have 
 a good soil, underlaid in many 
 places with limestone, producing 
 marble of a good quality. It con- 
 tains several small lakes, and is 
 drained south by the Schroon 
 branch of the Hudson river, while 
 other streams flow into Lake 
 Champlain, which bounds it on the 
 east. Moriah, Pondsville and Port 
 Henry are names of post offices. . 
 
 Moriah,v. and p. o. Moriah, 
 Essex co. is situated about 3 miles 
 west of Lake Champlain, on eleva- 
 ted ground, overlooking the lake 
 and a part of Vermont ; it con- 
 tains about 800 inhabitants, 120 
 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
 and 1 Baptist church, an incorpo- 
 rated academy in a flourishing 
 condition ; 1 tavern and 4 stores. 
 West of this place are large for- 
 ests, affording an abundant supply 
 of timber, in which trade most of 
 the inhabitants are engaged. 
 
 Moriches, p. o. Brookhaven, 
 Suffolk co. here is a scattered set- 
 tlement, containing 1 church, 2 
 mills and about 25 dwelling houses. 
 
 Morley, p. o. Canton, St. 
 Lawrence co. 
 
 Morris Caxal, commences 
 at Jersey City, opposite the city of 
 New-York, and extends westward, 
 a distance of 101 miles, to the 
 Delaware river, opposite Easton, 
 
MORRISANIA— MOUNT DEFIANCE. 
 
 Pennsylvania. It has a total rise 
 and fall of 1,674 feet, which is 
 overcome by locks and inclined 
 planes ; the latter consists of an 
 ingenious apparatus for the purpose 
 of conveying the boats from one 
 level of the canal to another. The 
 original cost of this important 
 work, was $3,100,000; it has re- 
 cently been enlarged and improv- 
 ed — now bringing to the New- 
 York market, annually, an im- 
 mense amount of coal and other 
 products. 
 
 Morrisania, Westchester, 
 Westchester co. is a scattered 
 settlement situated on the north 
 side of Harlem river, opposite the 
 village of Harlem, with which it is 
 connected by two bridges ; here 
 are located 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 iron foundery and some 12 
 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Mokristown. t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 25 miles south-west of 
 the village of Canton, and distant 
 194 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,809 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, mostly 
 clay loam; watered by Black Lake 
 on the south-east, and by the St. 
 Lawrence river on the north-west. 
 Morristown and Edwardsville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Morristown, v. and p. o. 
 Morristown, St. Lawrence co. is 
 situated on the east side of the St. 
 Lawrence river, nearly opposite 
 Brock ville, Can., 11 miles above 
 Ogdensburgh. It contains about 225 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 
 2 storehouses; 1 steam gristmill, 
 1 ashery and 2 tanneries. This is 
 a regular landing place for passage 
 boats passing up and down the St. 
 Lawrence ; the stage road between 
 Utica and Ogdensburgh also passes 
 through this place. 
 
 Morrtsville, v. and p. o. 
 Eaton, Madison co. is situated on 
 the Cherry Valley Turnpike ; it 
 was incorporated in 1819, and now 
 
 contains about 700 inhabitants, 130 
 dwelling houses, a court house, jail 
 and clerk's office ; 3 churches, 4 
 public houses, an incorporated 
 academy, 5 stores, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Morseville, p. o. Schoharie 
 co. 
 
 Moscow, v. and p. o. Leices- 
 ter, Livingston co. is situated on 
 elevated table land about one mile 
 west of the Genesee flats ; it con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 2 
 taverns, 4 stores and 1 grist mill. 
 
 Mott's Corners, p. o. Caro- 
 line, Tompkins co.; here are situ- 
 ated 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 flouring 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 1 ashery, 1 
 clothier's works, 1 tannery, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 extensive cooperage 
 and 40 or 50 dwellings. 
 
 Mottsville, v. and p. o. 
 Skaneateles, Onondaga co. is situ- 
 ated on the Skaneateles outlet, 2 
 miles north of the village of Ska- 
 neateles; it contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 1 iron foundery and 1 ma- 
 chine shop. 
 
 Mountain Ridge, as it is 
 called, lies south of Lake Ontario, 
 over which the Niagara river pours 
 its accumulated floods, and once 
 no doubt formed the southern shore 
 of the above lake, as is demonstra- 
 ted from several striking features; 
 the most important proof is the 
 Alluvial Way, or Ridge Road, 
 which runs parallel with the whole 
 southern border of the lake, distant 
 from 6 to 8 miles. 
 
 Mountains, Lakes, &c. See 
 Altitudes and Elevations. 
 
 Mount Cambria, p. o. Cam- 
 bria, Niagara co. 
 
 Mount Defiance, situated 
 in the south part of the town of 
 Ticonderoga, Essex co. is a high 
 eminence on the west side of Lake 
 Champlain, overlooking and com- 
 manding; the site of old Fort Ticon ■ 
 
MOUNT EMMONS— MOUNT MORRIS. 
 
 257 
 
 deroga. Gen. Burgoyne, when on 
 his march to Saratoga, in 1777, as- 
 cended this mountain from the 
 west, with some pieces of artille- 
 ry, and obliged the Americans to 
 evacuate Fort Ticonderoga, which 
 was before considered almost im- 
 pregnable. Since then it has been 
 considered useless, in a military 
 point of view, and suffered to goto 
 decay. On the top of this moun- 
 tain are still to be seen the remains 
 of JBurgoync's Block House, 
 which commands a noble and ex- 
 tensive view of Lake Champlain 
 and the surrounding country. 
 
 Mount Em m on s, lying most- 
 ly in the town of Gilman, Hamil- 
 ton co. is an insolated peak, eleva- 
 ted about 4,500 feet above the tide 
 waters of the Hudson. 
 
 Mount Hope, t. Orange co. 
 situated 11 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Goshen, and distant 112 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,565 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; 
 drained north by the Shawangunk 
 creek. Mount Hope, Finchville, 
 New Vernon and Otisville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Mount Hope, v. and p. o. 
 Mount Hope, Orange co. contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 public hous- 
 es and 3 stores. 
 
 Mount Hope Furnace, p. 
 o. Fort Ann, Washington co. 
 
 Mount Ida, is a beautiful and 
 commanding eminence, within the 
 city of Troy, situated about half a 
 mile east of the Hudson river. 
 
 Mount McIntyre, lies in 
 Essex co. and constitutes one of 
 the lofty peaks of the Adirondack 
 group; it is elevated 5,183 feet 
 above the tide waters of the Hud- 
 son. 
 
 Mount Marcy, lies in the 
 town of Keene, Essex co. and is 
 the highest eminence as yet ascer- 
 tained of the Adirondack group, 
 or Clinton range of mountains ; 
 17 
 
 being elevated 5,467 feet, or up- 
 wards of one mile above the tide 
 waters of the Hudson — overlook- 
 ing several other peaks in the vi- 
 cinity, of nearly the same height. 
 The view of this cluster of moun- 
 tains from Lake Colden, is tru- 
 ly grand and picturesque, there be- 
 ing several lofty peaks in full view, 
 surrounded by dense forest scenery 
 of the most solitary appearance — 
 conveying a just conception of the 
 magnificence of nature, with the 
 loneliness of the vast wilderness. 
 
 Mount Misery, lies on the 
 north side of Long Island, in the 
 town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 
 overlooking Long Island Sound 
 and the adjacent country. 
 
 Mount Morris, t. Living- 
 ston co. situated 10 miles south of 
 the village of Geneseo, and dis- 
 tant 236 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 4,576 inhabitants. 
 The surface is varied ; in the centre 
 is high table land ; soil, clay loam 
 of good quality ; drained south by 
 the Genesee river, which in part 
 bounds it on the west. Mount 
 Morris, Brushville, Brook's Grove, 
 Ridge, River Road and St. Hele- 
 na are names of post offices. 
 
 Mount Morris, v. and p. o. 
 Mount Morris, Livingston co. is 
 situated on elevated table land 
 about half a mile south-east of the 
 Genesee river ; it was incorpora- 
 ted in 1835 and now contains about 
 1,200 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; 3 public houses, 20 stores 
 and groceries; 1 furnace and a 
 pottery; 2 flouring mills and 2 saw 
 mills, propelled by water taken 
 from the Genesee by means of a 
 dam thrown across the river, thence 
 conveyed through a race way up- 
 wards of half a mile. This place 
 is finely situated, overlooking the 
 rich valley of the Genesee and the 
 meanderings of the river and ca- 
 nal for a number of miles. 
 
258 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT— NANTICOKE. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, t. West- 
 chester co. situated 6 miles north- 
 west of the village of White Plains, 
 and 125 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 7,307 inhabit- 
 ants. The surface is mostly hilly; 
 soil, productive and well cultiva- 
 ted. This town has the reputation 
 of being rich in mineral produc- 
 tions ; a copper mine was formerly 
 worked to some extent, and mar- 
 ble of good quality is extensively 
 quarried by the state prison con- 
 victs in the vicinity of Sing Sing, 
 where is located the Mount Pleas- 
 ant State Prison. A mineral 
 spring of some reputation is situa- 
 ted about 3 miles east of the vil- 
 lage of Sing Sing. It is watered 
 by the Bronx river on the east, 
 Saw mill river in the centre, and 
 by the Hudson on the west, where 
 the river expands 10 its greatest 
 width, forming Tappan Bay. 
 Pleasantville and Sing Sing are 
 names of post offices ; Beekman- 
 town and Sparta are villages. 
 
 Mount Pleasant State 
 Prison. See Sing Sing. 
 
 Mount Seward, is the name 
 given to one of the lofty group of 
 the Adirondack mountains ; it lies 
 in the south-east part of the county 
 of Franklin, elevated 4,800 feet 
 above the Atlantic ocean. This is 
 not an insulated peak, but a cluster 
 of mountains, which, as a whole, 
 presents a very imposing appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Mount Upton, v. and p. o. 
 Guilford, Chenango co. is situated 
 on the west side of the Unadilla 
 river. It contains about 22.5 inhab- 
 itants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Epis- 
 copal church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ashery. 
 
 Mount Vision, p. o. Laurens, 
 Otsego co. is situated in the village 
 of Jacksonville. 
 
 Mount Washington, p. o. 
 Urbano, Steuben co. 
 
 Mud Creek, rises in Ontario 
 co. west of Canandaigua Lake, and ' 
 
 flows north-east into Wayne coun- 
 ty, where it unites with the Canan- 
 daigua outlet ; which united 
 streams are then called Clyde riv- 
 er, the latter emptying into Seneca 
 river, after a course of about 20 
 miles. 
 
 Mud Creek, rises in the south 
 part of Yates co. and flows south 
 into Steuben, where it empties into 
 the Conhocton river. 
 
 Mud Creek, p. o. Bath, Steu- 
 ben co. 
 
 Mud Lake, is a small body of 
 water, lying mostly in the town of 
 Tyrone, Steuben co. through which 
 flows Mud creek. 
 
 Munfordville, v. Wheat- 
 land, Monroe co. contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 
 1 saw mill, 1 brewery and 1 dis- 
 tillery. 
 
 Munnsville, v. and p. o. 
 Stockbridge, Madison co. contains 
 about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 
 stores and 1 flouring mill. 
 
 Murderer's Creek, rises in 
 Orange county, and flows cast into 
 the Hudson river in the town of 
 New Windsor. 
 
 Murray, t. Orleans co. situa 
 ted 8 miles east of the village of 
 Albion, and distant 245 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1S40, 2,675 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level ; soil of good quality ; drain- 
 ed by sandy creek, which flows 
 north-east into Lake Ontario. Mur- 
 ray, Hindsburgh, Holley and Hub- 
 berton, are names of post offices. 
 
 Muscoot Creek, rises in 
 Putnam county, and flows south 
 into Westchester, where it empties 
 into the Croton river. 
 
 Nanticoke, t. Broome co. 
 situated 14 miles north-west of the 
 village of Binghamton, and distant 
 144 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 400 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; soil, well a- 
 dapted for grass ; drained south by 
 
NAPLES— NASSAU. 
 
 299 
 
 Nanticoke creek, which flows 
 into the Susquehanna river. Nan- 
 ticoke Springs, is the name of a 
 post office, where is a sulphur 
 spring, much resorted to for its 
 medicinal properties. Here are sit- 
 uated an hotel for the accommoda- 
 tion of visitors, and several dwell- 
 ing houses. 
 
 Naples, t. Ontario co. situated 
 18 miles south of the village of 
 Canandaigua, and distant 211 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1340, 
 2,345 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay loam, underlaid 
 by slate ; drained north by the in- 
 lets of Canandaigua and Honeoye 
 lakes. 
 
 Naples, v. and p. o. Naples, 
 Ontario county, is situated on the 
 inlet of Canandaigua lake ; it con- 
 tains about 1,000 inhabitants, 125 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Congregational and 1 Methodist 
 church, 3 taverns, 7 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 3 flouring mills, 3 saw 
 mills, 2 clothier's works, 2 ashe- 
 ries, 2 tanneries, 2 distilleries, 2 
 chair and cabinet factories and 1 
 furnace. 
 
 Napoli, t. Cattaraugus co. sit- 
 uated 12 miles west of the village 
 of Ellicottville, and distant 307 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,145 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and rolling ; soil of 
 good quality ; drained south by 
 Coldspring creek. Napoli and 
 Seelysburgh are names of post of- 
 fices. 
 
 Naponoch, v. Wawarsing, 
 Ulster co. is situated on the Ron- 
 dout creek, about half a mile west 
 of the Delaware and Hudson ca- 
 nal ; it contains about 500 inhabit- 
 ants, 70 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 tanneries, 1 
 ed&re tool manufactory, and 1 grist 
 mill. The hydraulic power at this 
 place is immense ; the Rondout, 
 immediately above the village, de- 
 scends in a succession of falls, a 
 total distance of about 150 feet; 
 
 most of which power is still unoc- 
 cupied. 
 
 Narrows, lying between Long 
 Island on the east, and Staten Isl- 
 and on the west, is the great chan- 
 nel, through which passes most of 
 the numerous vessels arriving at 
 and departing from the harbor of 
 New-York, when bound on foreign 
 or distant voyages. The Hudson 
 river or Bay of New-York, here 
 contracts to about 1 mile in width, 
 with bold and commanding shores 
 on both sides, where are erected 
 the principal forts and batteries for 
 the defence of the harbor and city 
 of New-York, from an invading 
 foe ; it is distant 8 miles south of 
 the city , communicating with the 
 Lower Bay of New-York. 
 
 Narrows, or Chimney 
 Narrows, situated on the Che- 
 mung river, are formed by high 
 rocky and stony cliffs on the north 
 side of the stream, near the village 
 of Corning, in Steuben co. Here 
 are to be seen rocks left bare by 
 the action of water descending 
 from above, presenting the appear- 
 ance of rude chimneys, from which 
 circumstance they derive their 
 name. A road has been construct- 
 ed along the narrow pass with great 
 labor, and is attended with some 
 danger to the traveller. 
 
 Narrowsburgh, p. o. Lum- 
 berland, Sullivan co. 
 
 Nashville, p. o. Hanover, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Nassau, t, Rensselaer co. situ- 
 ated 16 miles south-east of the city 
 of Troy, and distant 12 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 3,236 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly ; soil, gravel and warm 
 loam, underlaid with slate and 
 limestone, mostly very productive ; 
 drained south by Kinderhook creek 
 and its tributaries. Nassau, Alps, 
 Hoag's Corners, East Nassau, and 
 Brainard's Bridge are post offices. 
 
 Nassau, v. and p. o. Nassau, 
 Rensselaer co. is handsomely situ- 
 
*60 
 
 NATURAL BRIDGE— NEW ALBION. 
 
 ated on a plain, llj miles east of 
 the city of Albany. It was incor- 
 ported in 1819, and now contains 
 about 400 inhabitants,50 dwellings, 
 2 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 5 stores, an aca- 
 demy, 1 grist mill, and an exten- 
 sive carriage manufactory. 
 
 Natural Bridge, p. o. 
 Wilna, Jefferson county ; here are 
 situated 1 Presbyterian and 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, and 
 about 20 dwelling houses. At this 
 place is a natural bridge over In- 
 dian river, which gives the name 
 to this settlement. It is regarded 
 as a great natural curiosity, being 
 about 15 feet wide, and elevated 6 
 feet above the water. 
 
 Natural Canal, connecting 
 the waters of the Oswegatchie and 
 Grass rivers, in the town of Can- 
 ton, St. Lawrence co. is a curiosity 
 of some interest ; it is 6 miles long, 
 and from 10 to 20 rods wide, very 
 straight, and navigable at high wa- 
 ter, for boats of 10 tons burthen. 
 
 Navarino, p. o. Onondaga, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Near Rockaway, v. Hemp- 
 stead, Queens co. is situated on the 
 Rockaway bay, near the Atlantic 
 ocean ; it contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 ship yard and 
 1 lumber yard. Here are owned 
 several coasting sloops and schoon- 
 ers. At this place, near the church, 
 is erected a monument to the mem- 
 ory of those who perished by ship- 
 wreck from on board the ships 
 Bristol and Mexico, in 1836-7. 
 
 Neil's Creek, p.o. Howard, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Neil's Creek, rises in Steu- 
 ben co. and flows east into the Con- 
 hocton river. 
 
 Nelson, t. Madison co. situa- 
 ted 5 miles west of the village of 
 Morrisville, and distant 106 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 
 2,100 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and gently undulating ; soil, 
 clay and calcareous loam ; drained 
 north by Chittenango creek, and 
 south by the head branches of 
 the Chenango river. Nelson and 
 Erieville are names of post offices. 
 
 Nelson, v. and p. o. Nelson, 
 Madison co. contains about 225 
 inhabitants, 35 dwellings, 2 church- 
 es, 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Nesaquake River, rises in 
 the town of Smithtown, Suffolk co. 
 and flows north into Long Island 
 Sound ; the tide flows up this 
 stream for about 5 miles from its 
 mouth, being navigable that dis- 
 tance. 
 
 Nettle Hill, p.o. Westfield, 
 Chautauque co. is situated in the 
 south part of the town, where is a 
 small settlement. 
 
 NEVERSiNK,t. Sullivan co. sit- 
 uated 15 miles north of the village 
 of Monticello, and distant 100 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,681 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous ; 
 drained south by the Neversink 
 river, and east by the Ron- 
 dout creek. Neversink and Gra- 
 hamsville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Neversink River rises in 
 Ulster county, and runs through 
 Sullivan county and a part of Or- 
 ange, where it empties into the 
 Delaware, at the village of Port 
 Jervis. This stream affords a num- 
 ber of good mill sites. There are 
 now erected on its banks several 
 extensive tanneries and saw mills. 
 
 New Albion, t. Cattaraugus 
 county, situated 11 miles west of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 306 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,016 inhabitants. 
 The surface is high and somewhat 
 broken ; soil, well adapted to grass 
 or grain; drained east, west, north 
 and south by streams running into 
 Cattaraugus creek on the north, 
 and the Allegany river on the 
 
NEWARK— NEW BRIGHTON. 
 
 261 
 
 south. Nm-Jllbion and Sociality 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Newark, t. Tioga co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles north of the village of 
 Owego, and distant 161 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,616 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, with fertile valleys; soil, 
 gravelly loam ; drained south by 
 East and West Owego creeks. 
 Newark Valley is (he name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Newark, v. and p. o. Arca- 
 dia, Wayne county, is situated on 
 the Erie canal; it contains about 
 1,200 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Metho- 
 dist and 1 Universalist church ; 3 
 taverns, 12 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 
 extensive steam flouring mill and 
 distillery; 2 steam furnaces, 1 
 tannery, 1 ashery and 2 carriage 
 manufactories. 
 
 Newark Valley, v. and p. 
 o. Newark, Tioga county, is situa- 
 ted on the East Owego creek ; it 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church ; a high 
 school, 1 tavern, 5 stores, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 New Baltimore, t. Greene 
 co. situated IS miles north of the 
 village of Catskill. and distant 15 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,306 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is broken and hilly ; soil, 
 clay and sandy loam, fertile, and 
 mostly highly cultivated ; drained 
 by Dieppe and Haivnakraus 
 creeks flowing into the Hudson, 
 which bounds it on the east. 
 
 New Baltimore, v. and p. 
 o. Greene county, is situated on 
 the west side of the Hudson river ; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Re- 
 formed church, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 
 and 2 warehouses, 2 brick yards, 
 2 dry docks and ship yards for 
 building and repairing vessels. 
 Here are owned, and sail from this 
 place, 6 sloops, which trade with 
 
 the Albany and New-York mar- 
 kets; it is also a convenient steam- 
 boat landing. 
 
 New Berlin, t. Chenango 
 county, situated 8 miles north-east 
 of the village of Norwich, and dis- 
 tant 100 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 3,086 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating ; soil, 
 moist clay loam, well adapted to 
 grass, with portions productive in 
 grain and Indian corn ; drained 
 south by the Unadilla river. New 
 Berlin and South New Berlin are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 New Berlin, v. and p. o. 
 New Berlin, Chenango county, is 
 handsomely situated on the west 
 bank of the Unadilla river. It 
 was incorporated in 1816, and now 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 2 taverns, 8 stores of 
 different kinds ; 1 large cotton 
 factory, 1 grist mill, 1 extensive 
 tannery, 1 rope walk, 1 oil mill, 
 
 1 carding machine, 1 trip hammer 
 works and 1 brewery. 
 
 New Boston, v. Sullivan, 
 Madison county, is situated on the 
 Erie canal; it contains about 160 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 
 
 2 taverns, 3 stores and 1 plaster 
 mill. 
 
 New Brighton, v. Castle- 
 ton, Richmond county, is most de- 
 lightfully situated on the north end 
 of Staten Island, facing the city of 
 New-York, distant about 6 miles, 
 with which it is connected by a 
 commodious steam ferry. Here 
 are located a number of beautiful 
 summer residences, 2 extensive 
 hotels kept open during the sum- 
 mer months ; 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 and a seminary for young ladies. 
 No place in the vicinity of New- 
 York exceeds this spot for beauty 
 of surrounding scenery ; being in 
 full view of the bay and harbor of 
 New-York, where are constantly 
 passing ships and steam vessels to 
 
NEW BRITAIN— NEWBURGH. 
 
 and from the city of New-York. 
 The " Sailor's Snug Harbor," 
 is handsomely situated about 1 
 mile west of this place. 
 
 New-Britain, p. o. New- 
 Lebanon, Columbia co. 
 
 Newburgh, t. Orange co. 
 is a half shire town with Goshen, 
 situated 20 miles south-west, near 
 the centre of the county ; it is dis- 
 tant 86 miles from Albany, and 
 contained in 1840, 8,933 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly and 
 somewhat broken and stony, con- 
 taining however, much arable land ; 
 soil, clay and sandy loam, well 
 adapted to grass, much of it well 
 cultivated and productive; drained 
 by two or three small streams flow- 
 ing into the Hudson river, which 
 bounds it on the east. Newburgh, 
 Coldenham and Middle Hope are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Newburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Newburgh, Orange county, is 
 pleasantly situated on rising 
 ground, on the west bank of the 
 Hudson river, 60 miles north of 
 the city of New-York, and 85 
 miles south of the city of Albany. 
 It was incorporated in 1800, and 
 now contains about 6,000 inhabi- 
 tants, 1,000 dwelling houses, a 
 court house and jail, this being a 
 half shire village with Goshen; a 
 theological seminary under the di- 
 rection of the Associate Reformed 
 Presbyterian denomination ; an 
 incorporated academy; a high 
 school, 2 female seminaries and a 
 number of select schools, all in a 
 flourishing condition ; 2 large pub- 
 lic libraries ; 2 Presbyterian, 2 
 Associate Reformed, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Dutch 
 Reformed, 1 Reformed Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Roman Catholic, and 1 
 African church; 3 banking houses; 
 14 hotels and taverns; 150 stores 
 of different kinds ; 9 store houses, 
 5 ' freighting establishments, 4 
 steamboats and 2 freight barges, 
 running to and from the city of 
 
 New-York, and 1 steamboat run- 
 ning to the city of Albany, besides 
 a number of sloops trading to dif- 
 ferent places on the Hudson river, 
 and schooners and other craft run- 
 ning to southern and eastern ports, 
 altogether transporting an immense 
 amount of lumber, coal, plaster 
 and agricultural and manufactured 
 products; 2 good steamboats also 
 are attached to the ferry between 
 this place and Fishkill on the op- 
 posite side of the river, which is 
 here about 1 mile in width. There 
 are now erected and in operation, 
 3 flouring mills, 3 plaster mills, 1 
 extensive brewery, 1 rotary pump 
 manufactory, 1 floor cloth iactory, 
 2 soap and candle factories, 1 mo- 
 rocco factory, 2 buckskin facto- 
 ries, 2 tanneries, 3 plough factories, 
 1 comb factory, 3 tobacco facto- 
 ries, 3 chair factories, 6 carriage 
 manufactories, 1 gun factory, 1 
 whip factory, 3 sash and blind fac- 
 tories, 4 lumber yards, 6 coal 
 yards, 2 rope-walks, 2 freestone 
 and marble yards, 2 iron founde- 
 ries, 1 steam engine factory and 
 general machine shop ; 1 steam 
 boiler factory, 2 ship yards, and 1 
 marine railway, 1 extensive brick 
 yard, and 3 printing offices; be- 
 sides almost every other kind of 
 mechanic work shops. The lo- 
 cation of Newburgh, in addition to 
 its romantic beauty and healthy 
 situation, is peculiarly favor- 
 able as a place of business, 
 being surrounded by a rich gra- 
 zing and agricultural region of 
 country, celebrated for the produc- 
 tion of large quantities of superior 
 butter, and the excellence of its 
 live stock. The Delaware and 
 Hudson railroad, the route of 
 which is located and partly gra- 
 ded, commences at the village of 
 Newburgh, and runs through the 
 county of Orange into the state of 
 New-Jersey. It is intended to tap 
 the coal beds of Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersecting: the New- York and Erie 
 
NEW CASTLE— NEW HARTFORD. 
 
 263 
 
 railroad at or near Goshen. This 
 place was for a period the head- 
 quarters of Gen. Washington, and 
 at the close of the revolutionary 
 war, the army was heredishanded, 
 June 23, 1783. The celebrated 
 Newburgh letters, of revolutionary 
 memory, were also hete written. 
 The house is still standing in good 
 repair, in which Washington and 
 his family resided. 
 
 New Castle, t. Westchester 
 co. situated 10 miles north of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 121 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840,1,529 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly ; soil, gravel- 
 ly, clay and sandy loam ; drained 
 by branches of Croton and Saw- 
 mill rivers. New- Castle and New- 
 Castle Comer are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 New City, v. Clarkstown, 
 Rockland co. is situated 4 miles 
 west of the Hudson river; it con- 
 tains a court house and jail, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, and 12 or 15 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Newcomb, t. Essex co. situa- 
 ted 30 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Elizabeth, and distant 92 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 74 inhabitants. The surface 
 is mountainous, and as yet an al- 
 most perfect wilderness. Here, 
 and in the adjoining town of 
 Keene, are centred the Adirondack 
 group of mountain peaks ; they are 
 filled with inexhaustible quantities 
 ofironoreof a fine quality. No 
 region of the state, if the Union, 
 exceeds this town and immediate 
 vicinity, in mineral wealth. It 
 also abounds in several beautiful 
 lakes and picturesque water falls, 
 whose waters constitute t'.ie head 
 sources of the Hudson river, the 
 main branch of which rises in 
 this county. Adirondack is the 
 name of a settlement, which is 
 described under its appropriate 
 head. 
 
 New Concord, p. o. Chat- 
 ham, Columbia co. 
 
 Newfane, t. Niagara co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles north of the village 
 of Lockport, and distant 287 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,277 inhabitants. The surface is 
 a gently inclined plane, dipping 
 towards Lake Ontario, which 
 bounds it on the north ; soil, sandy 
 and argillaceous loam ; drained 
 north by Eighteen Mile creek. 
 Newfanef Olcott and Wright's 
 Corners are names of post offices. 
 
 Newfield, t. Tompkins co. 
 situated 6 miles south-west of the 
 village of Ithaca, and distant 175 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,567 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and in the centre is 
 much broken; soil, gravelly loam 
 of good quality, underlaid with 
 slate and lime ; drained south by 
 Cayuta creek, and north by the 
 inlet of Cayuga lake. 
 
 Newfield, v. and p. o. New- 
 field, Tompkins county, contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 tavern, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 clothier's works and 1 
 ashery. 
 
 New Hackensack, p. o. 
 Fishkill, Dutchess co. 
 
 New Hamburgh, p. o. 
 Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co. Here 
 is a landing place situated on the 
 east side of the Hudson river, near 
 the mouth of Wappinger's creek. 
 There is a ferry boat running 
 across the river to Hampton, 
 Orange county. 
 
 New Hartford, t. Oneida 
 co. situated 4 miles south of the 
 city of Utica, and distant 98 miles 
 from Albanv; contained in 1840, 
 3,819 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified, consisting of gently 
 rising hills and beautiful valleys, 
 all highly cultivated and very pro- 
 ductive ; soil, rich calcareous 
 loam ; drained north by the Sada 
 quada creek, one of the finest mill 
 
264 
 
 NEW HARTFORD— NEW LEBANON. 
 
 streams in the state, on which are 
 situated in this town a great num- 
 ber of manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 New Hartford, v. and p. 
 o. New Hartford, Oneida co. is 
 situated on the Sadaquada creek ; 
 it contains about 800 inhabitants, 
 100 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 
 
 1 Universalist church; a female 
 seminary; 2 taverns, 6 stores, Scot- 
 ton factories, two of whichftre very 
 extensive establishments ; 1 grist 
 mill, 1 trip hammer works, 1 
 bleaching and dying establishment, 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 New Haven, t. Oswego co. 
 situated 10 miles east of the village 
 of Oswego, and distant 157 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,738 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy loam, very 
 productive in grass ; drained by 
 Catfish creek flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north. New Haven and Butterfly 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 New Haven, v. and p. o. 
 New Haven, Oswego co. is situa- 
 ted on Catfish creek ; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 2 churches, 
 
 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 New Hudson, t. Allegany co. 
 situated 14 miles west of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 270 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,502 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and undulating; soil, well 
 adapted to grass ; drained by Black 
 creek and some other small 
 streams. New Hudson and Black 
 Creek are names of post offices. 
 
 New Hurley, p. o. Shawan- 
 gunk, Ulster county. Here are 
 situated 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 
 stores, and a scattered settlement 
 of about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 New Jersey Railroad, 
 forms one of the great links in the 
 line of railroads, extending from 
 the city of New- York to the city 
 
 of Washington, and thence farther 
 south. It commences in Jersey 
 city, directly opposite New-York, 
 and extends to New-Brunswick on 
 the Raritan river, a distance of 30 
 miles. From New-Brunswick, the 
 Trenton and New-Brunswick rail- 
 road extends to the city of Tren- 
 ton on the Delaware river, 28 
 miles. From thence after crossing 
 the Delaware river, the Philadel- 
 phia and Trenton railroad extends 
 to the city of Philadelphia, a fur- 
 ther distance of 28 miles : making 
 the total distance between the ci- 
 ties of New-York and Philadel- 
 phia by a continous railroad com- 
 munication 86 miles. 
 
 Newkirk's Mills, p. o. 
 Bleecker, Fulton co. 
 
 New Lebanon, t. Columbia 
 co. situated 25 miles north-east of 
 the city of Hudson, and distant 24 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,536 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous. On 
 the east runs the Taghkanic moun- 
 tain, and on the west the Peterbo- 
 rough hills, stretching across the 
 south part of the town, forming an 
 extensive and rich valley. Here 
 are situated the celebrated New 
 Lebanon Springs, also a large 
 Shaker settlement. It is drained 
 east by Lebanon and Kinderhook 
 creeks, which here unite. New 
 Lebanon, New Lebanon Springs, 
 Moffit's Store and New Britain are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 New Lebanon, v. and p. o. 
 is situated lfc miles south-west of 
 the Springs, on the turnpike road 
 running from Albany to Pittsfield, 
 Mass. It contains 1 Presbyterian 
 church, an academy; 1 tavern, 1 
 store and 12 or 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 New Lebanon Shaker 
 Settlement, New Lebanon, 
 Columbia county, is situated 2 
 miles south of New Lebanon 
 Springs. This settlement contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 1 church, 
 10 large dwelling houses occupied 
 
NEW LEBANON SPRINGS— NEW PALTZ 
 
 265 
 
 in common by the United Society 
 of .Believers, or Shakers. The so- 
 ciety also own 1 woollen factory, 
 1 grist mill, 5 saw mills, 1 iron 
 foundery, 3 machine shops, 1 ex- 
 tensive tannery and some 20 or 30 
 work shops, where are manufac- 
 tured brooms, sieves, tubs, pails, 
 &c. Also, 3 extensive dairies. 
 The grounds belonging to this so- 
 ciety are highly cultivated ; the 
 gardens yield large quantities of 
 seed, herbs, and other products, 
 which are sent to different parts of 
 the Union for sale, and are in high 
 reputation. 
 
 Neav Lebanon Springs, v. 
 and p. o. New-Lebanon, Columbia 
 co. is delightfully situated near the 
 Massachusetts state line, 25 miles 
 from Albany. Here are located 5 
 hotels and boarding houses, 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 4 stores, 2 woollen 
 factories, some 20 or 25 dwellings 
 and about 200 inhabitants. Leba- 
 non Springs has long been celebra- 
 ted as a fashionable watering place 
 of great resort. The spring is 10 
 feet in diameter, and discharges a 
 large quantity of water sufficient to 
 propel several mills in the vici- 
 nity; it is highly esteemed for its 
 medicinal qualities, particularly in 
 the cure of rheumatic complaints 
 and the scrofula. This place and 
 vicinity is justly celebrated for its 
 beautiful scenery and the salubrity 
 of its climate. The Albany and 
 West Stockbridge and the Hudson 
 and Berkshire railroads, both run to 
 within a few miles of the Springs ; 
 being connected by a line of stages 
 during the summer months. 
 
 The following is the late Dr. 
 Meade's analysis of the waters of 
 Lebanon Spring. 
 
 Two qts. water contain, gr. 
 
 Muriate of lime, 1 
 
 Muriate of soda, 1| 
 
 Sulphate of lime, 1£ 
 
 Carbonate of lime, | 
 
 Of gases. cub. in. 
 
 Nitrogen gas, 13 
 
 Atmospheric air, 8 
 
 21 
 
 New Lisbon, t. Otsego co. 
 situated 13 miles south-west of the 
 village of Cooperstown, and distant 
 82 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,909 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly, with broad valleys 
 on the east and west ; soil, sandy 
 loam ; drained south by Butternut 
 and Otego creeks. New Lisbon, 
 Garretsville and Noblesville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 New London, v. and p. o. 
 Verona, Oneida cc. is situated on 
 the Erie canal; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 taverns, 6 stores and gro- 
 ceries, and an extensive boat yard 
 for building and repairing canal 
 boats. 
 
 New Milford, p. o. War- 
 wick, Orange co. 
 
 New Ohio, p. o. Colesville, 
 Broome co. 
 
 New Paltz, t. Ulster co. si- 
 tuated 14 miles south of the village 
 of Kingston, and distant 75 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 5,408 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly, and on the west 
 covered in part by the Shawangunk 
 mountain ; soil, various, mostly 
 loam on slate, lime and gray- 
 wacke, and generally productive ; 
 it is watered by the Wallkill, and 
 bounded by the Hudson on the 
 east. The inhabitants are mostly 
 descendants of the primitive Dutch 
 settlers. New Paltz, New Paltz 
 Landing, Libertyville and Tuttle- 
 town are post offices. Dashville 
 is the name of a settlement. 
 
 New Paltz, v. and p. o. New 
 Paltz, Ulster county, is situated on 
 the Wallkill, 9 miles west of the 
 landing on the Hudson river ; this 
 is a scattered agricultural settle- 
 ment, surrounded by a rich farm- 
 ing country; it contains 250 inha 
 
266 
 
 NEW PALTZ LANDING— NEW SCOTLAND. 
 
 bitants, 40 dwelling 1 houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 4 stores, and 
 an incorporated academy in a 
 nourishing condition. 
 
 New Paltz Landing, p. o. 
 New Paltz, Ulster co. is situated on 
 the west bank of the Hudson river, 
 opposite the village of Poughkeep- 
 sie ; here is a scattered settlement 
 containing 1 church, 3 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery and 
 about 40 dwelling houses. 
 
 Newport, t. Herkimer co. 
 situated 10 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Herkimer, and distant 88 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,020 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly with fertile valleys; 
 soil, sandy and calcareous loam, 
 well adapted to grass; drained 
 south by West Canada creek. 
 
 Newport, v. and p. o. New- 
 port, Herkimer co. is situated on 
 the West Canada creek; it con- 
 tains about 450 inhabitants. 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal and 
 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 distillery. This is a hand- 
 some and nourishing place of busi- 
 ness. 
 
 New Roads, p. o. Sidney, 
 Delaware co. 
 
 New Rochelle, t. West- 
 chester co. situated 8 miles south 
 of the village of White Plains, and 
 distant 140 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 1,816 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating 
 or level; soil, clay loam, adapted 
 to grass and mostly well cultiva- 
 ted; it is watered on the south by 
 Long Island Sound. 
 
 New Rochelle, v. and p.o. 
 New Rochelle, Westchester co. is 
 handsomely situated on the Byram 
 turnpike, extending to Long Island 
 Sound on the south, where there is 
 a convenient steamboat landing, 
 distant 18 miles from the city of 
 New-York. It contains about 800 
 inhabitants, 125 dwelling houses, a 
 to^ft ih<?we, a mutual fire insurance 
 
 company, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
 copal and 1 Methodist church; 3 
 hotels and several extensive board- 
 ing houses ; 1 boarding school for 
 males and 2 for females ; 9 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 extensive bone but- 
 ton factory, 1 manufactory of 
 printers' ink, and a carriage facto- 
 ry. Here are owned two sloops 
 trading with the New-York mar- 
 ket, in addition to a steamboat that 
 plies daily between this place and 
 the city of New-York ; stages abo 
 run twice dail) r . No place in the 
 vicinity of the city of New-York, 
 exceeds the village of New-Ro- 
 chelle, as a fashionable place of 
 resort during the summer months, 
 being situated a convenient dis- 
 tance from and overlooking Long 
 Island Sound. The hotels and 
 boarding houses are also large and 
 well kept ; it has long been a favo- 
 rite residence for families of wealth 
 and taste, and was early settled by 
 the Huguenots, who gave it the 
 name it now bears in remembrance 
 of their native residence, Rochelle 
 in France; many of their descend- 
 ants now reside in this place and 
 vicinity. 
 
 New Salem, p. o. New Scot- 
 land, Albany co.; here are situated 
 1 Dutch Reformed church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 2 stoies, 1 tannery and about 
 15 dwellings. 
 
 New Scotland, t. Albany 
 co. situated 8 miles west of the 
 city of Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,912 inhabitants. The sulfate is 
 hilly; soil, sand, loam and clay, 
 underlaid with slale and limestone; 
 drained by Coeyman's creek and a 
 branch of Normanskill. New- 
 Scotland, New Salem, Clarksville 
 and Union Church are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 New Scotland, v. and p. o. 
 New Scotland, Albany co. is an 
 agricultural settlement, situated 8 
 miles west of the city of Albany ; 
 it contains about 125 inhabitants, 
 20. dwelling houses, 1 Presby- 
 
NEWSTEAD— NEW WINDSOR. 
 
 267 
 
 terian church, 2 taverns and 2 
 stores. 
 
 Newstead, t. Erie co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles north-east of the city 
 of Buffalo, and distant 264 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,6;53 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, clay, gravelly 
 and calcareous loam; drained by 
 Ellicott's creek and some tributa- 
 ries of the Tonawanda creek. 
 Neivstead and Akron are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 New Sweden, v. and p. o. 
 Au Sable, Clinton co. is situated 
 on the north side of the Au Sable 
 river, it contains about 250 inhabi- 
 tants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 stores, 1 
 forge with two fires and 5 saw mills. 
 
 Newton's Corners, p. o. 
 Northampton, Fulton co. 
 
 Newtown, t. Queens co. situat- 
 ed 12 miles west of the Hempstead 
 court house, and distant 153 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 5,054 inhabitants. The surface is 
 various, being- in some places hilly 
 and stony ; soil, sand and clay 
 loam, mostly productive and well 
 cultivated, adapted to fruit; it is 
 drained west by Newtown creek, 
 and watered on the norlh by the 
 East river, or Long Island Sound, 
 where are two or three islands at- 
 tached to this town. Newfown 
 and Astoria are names of post 
 offices; Maspeth and Ravens- 
 wood are names of settlements. 
 
 Newtown, v. and p. o. New- 
 town, Queens co. is situated on the 
 turnpike leading from Flushing to 
 Williamsburgh and Brooklyn; it 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
 ed, 1 Episcopal and 2 Methodist 
 churches ; a large hotel and town 
 house, and 4 stores. 
 
 Newtown Creek, rises in 
 Newtown, Queens co. and flows 
 west into the East river, opposite 
 the city of New-York. 
 
 Newtown Creek, rises in 
 the town of Erin, Chenango co. 
 
 and empties into the Chemung ri- 
 ver at the village of Elmira ; this 
 is a rapid stream affording nume- 
 rous fine mill sites. 
 
 New Utrecht, t. Kings co. 
 situated 6 miles south of Brooklyn 
 and distant 152 miles from Alba- 
 ny ; contained in 1840, 1,283 in- 
 habitants. The surface on the 
 north is somewhat hilly, and the in- 
 terior and south level ; soil, lig-ht 
 sand or loam. The town is loca- 
 ted on the extreme west end of 
 Long Island, being separated from 
 Staten Island by the " Narrows." 
 New Utrecht and Fort Hamilton 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 New Utrecht, v. and p.o. 
 New Utrecht, Kings co. is plea- 
 santly situated about. 1 mile east of 
 the beach, where is situated the 
 Bath House, a fashionable resort 
 during the summer months, for 
 those fond of sea bathing ; it con- 
 tains about 175 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 1 Dutch Reform- 
 ed church, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
 This place is mostly inhabited by 
 farmers, and in this vicinity are a 
 number of beautiful country resi- 
 dences. 
 
 New Vernon, p. o. Mount 
 Hope, Orange co. 
 
 New Village, p. o. Brook- 
 haven, Suffolk co. 
 
 Newville, v. and p. o. Dan- 
 ube, Herkimer co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
 grist mill, 1 tannery and 1 cloth- 
 ier's works. 
 
 New Windsor, t. Orange co. 
 situated 3 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Newburgh, and distant 89 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,482 inhabitants. The sujr 
 face is uneven and hilly, but most- 
 ly arable and well cultivated ; soU, 
 loam, underlaid by slate, limestone 
 and grass ; .drained by Murderer's 
 creek flowing into the Hudson ri- 
 ver which bounds it on the east. 
 
 New Windsor, v. and p. o. 
 
268 NEW WOODSTOCK— NEW-YORK. 
 
 Orange co. is situated on the west 
 side of the Hudson river, 2 miles 
 below Newburgh ; it contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Epis- 
 copal church, 2 taverns, 1 store 
 and 2 storehouses ; and 1 ship yard 
 
 was the birth place of De Witt 
 Clinton, and the house is still stand- 
 ing in good repair in which his fa- 
 ther resided. 
 
 New Woodstock, v. Caze- 
 novia, Madison co. contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
 
 and railway. Here is owned 1 es, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 freight barge and 2 sloops, trading 1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill and 
 with the New-York market. This 1 1 saw mill. 
 
 NEW-YORK CITY AND COUNTY, embraces the Island of 
 New-York, formerly called Manhattan Island; Governor's Island, Bed- 
 low's Island and Ellis' Island, situated in the bay or harbor of New- 
 York, at the mouth of the Hudson river, and Blackwell's Island, Great 
 Barn Island and Little Barn Island or Randel's Island, together with 
 some smaller islands, situated in the East river. The three first are at- 
 tached to the 1st ward of the city, and the latter to the 12th ward. The 
 county may be said to be bounded on the north by Westchester county, 
 cast by Westchester county and Long Island, south by Long Island and 
 the waters of the bay of New-York, and on the west by New-Jersey, 
 as the city authorities claim jurisdiction to low water mark on the op- 
 posite shore of the waters which surround them. It was originally or- 
 ganized in 1683, and is centrally distant 140 miles south of the city of 
 Albany. The surface and soil are much diversified. The northern 
 part of New- York Island is hilly and broken; the soil is principally 
 sandy or gravelly alluvion, based on rock granite or gneiss, most of it 
 far from being fertile. The minerals found in this county are nume- 
 rous, although but few specimens belong to the class usually denomi- 
 nated useful ; — of dolomite or carbonate of lime, generally called mar- 
 ble, there is an abundance ; bog iron ore and the oxide of manganese 
 also occur, but in quantities too small to answer any valuable purpose. 
 The New- York and Harlem Railroad extends for a distance of 8 miles 
 on the island of New-York, commencing near the City Hall and runs 
 north, crossing the Harlem river at the village of Harlem, where it en- 
 ters Westchester co. The line of the Croton Aqueduct, one of the 
 most magnificent and costly works of its kind ever attempted in this or 
 any other country, enters this county on the north, and extends south 
 through the island, being calculated, when completed, to supply the 
 city of New-York with pure and wholesome water. Other railroads 
 and canals diverge from Brooklyn and Piermont, Rockland Co.; Jersey 
 City, Elizabethport, South Amboy and New Brunswick, New Jersey, 
 all concentrating their accumulating trade into the lap of this highly 
 favored city and county. The navigable waters which surround New- 
 York, stand unrivalled as to the facilities they afford for commercial 
 operations ; the Hudson river, the East River and the bay of New- 
 York, the two latter communicating with the Atlantic ocean, afford 
 natural advantages, which few, if any other place on the globe posses - 
 ees. The area of the county is about 22 square miles, or 14,080 acres. 
 The following are the wards in the city and county of New York, 
 with the population in 1840- 
 
NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 269 
 
 First Ward, 10,629 
 
 Second Ward, 6,394 
 
 Third Ward, 11.5S1 
 
 Fourth Ward, 15,770 
 
 Fifth Ward, 19,159 
 
 Sixth Ward, 17,198 
 
 Seventh Ward, 22,982 
 
 Eighth Ward, 29,073 
 
 Ninth Ward, 24,795 
 
 Tenth Ward, 29,026 
 
 New-York City, the com- 
 mercial emporium and most popu- 
 lous city in the United States, is 
 situated on New-York or Manhat- 
 tan Island, at the junction of the 
 Hudson and East rivers, sixteen 
 miles from the Atlantic ocean on 
 the south, with which it communi- 
 cates by two spacious bays, con- 
 nected by a strait called "the Nar- 
 rows." In latitude, (City Hall,) 
 40° 42 J 43" north ; longitude west 
 from Greenwich, England, 73° 59 J 
 46". East from Washington City, 
 3° 1' 13" ; being distant from the 
 latter place 220 miles, by one con- 
 tinuous line of railroads. The Is- 
 land is 13i miles long from north 
 to south, with an average breadth 
 of I3 miles; its greatest breadth is 
 2£ miles. The city and county 
 are co-extensive, embracing the 
 whole island, including the post 
 village of Harlem, Yorkville, 
 Bloomingdale and Manhattanville, 
 together with sundry islands in the 
 East and Hudson rivers. The 
 Island of New-York, is sepa- 
 rated from the main on the north- 
 east by Harlem river and Spyten- 
 Duyvel creek, which unite their 
 waters and form a continuous 
 stream about 8 miles in length be- 
 tween East river and the Hudson 
 river. East river separates it from 
 Long Island on the east, and the 
 Hudson from New- Jersey on the 
 west. The island terminates in a 
 point on the south, formerly the 
 site of fortified works, whence it is 
 still called the Battery, although 
 converted into a delightful prome- 
 
 Eleventh Ward, 17,052 
 
 Twelfth Ward, 11,652 
 
 Thirteenth Ward, 18,517 
 
 Fourteenth Ward, 20,235 
 
 Fifteenth Ward, 17,755 
 
 Sixteenth Ward, 22,273 
 
 Seventeenth Ward, 18,619 
 
 Total inhabitants, 312,710 
 
 nade. East river, sixteen miles in 
 length, flows from Long Island 
 Sound into the harbor of New- 
 York ; about midway of its course, 
 near the mouth of Harlem river, is 
 the rocky shoal and whirlpool cal- 
 led by the Dutch Helk-gat. The 
 width of East river opposite the 
 city varies from one-third to half a 
 mile. The tide flows through it 
 from the Sound with great force 
 and rapidity, and reaches the har- 
 bor in advance of the tide from the 
 south. Hudson river on the west 
 side of the city is from one mile 
 to one and a half miles in breadth; 
 on the opposite shore are Jersey 
 City, (formerly Paulus Hook,) and 
 the village of Hoboken. The har- 
 bor or upper bay extends eight 
 miles south of the city to Staten 
 Island and the south-western ex- 
 tremity of Long Island ; it is from 
 1| to 5j miles in width, and has 
 great depth of water, sufficient for 
 the largest ships of war. Being 
 land-locked, it affords entire secu- 
 rity from winds and storms, as 
 well as ample space for any num- 
 ber of vessels. It is very rarely 
 frozen over in winter, being kept 
 open by the strong and rapid cur- 
 rents that sweep into it. The low- 
 er bay, extending from the Nar- 
 rows to Sandy Hook, is obstructed 
 with shoals, but the channels are 
 deep enough even at low water for 
 vessels of the largest class. 
 
 Manhattan Island derives its 
 name from the savages who inhabi- 
 ted it when discovered by Hudson, 
 in 1609. De Laet, a distinguished 
 
270 
 
 NEW- YORK CITY. 
 
 Dutch author, whose description of 
 New Netherlands, (New- York,) is 
 supposed to be the earliest extant, 
 says, "On the right or eastern 
 bank of the river from its mouth 
 dwell the Manatthans, a fierce na- 
 tion and hostile to our people, from 
 whom, nevertheless, they purchas- 
 ed the island or point of land 
 which is separated from the main 
 by Helle-gat, and where they laid 
 the foundation of a city called 
 New Amsterdam."* In 1610, the 
 year after the discovery, a Dutch 
 ship was sent out to open a traffic 
 with the natives ; and in 1613, 
 Capt. Samuel Arg-all, of the Vir- 
 ginia Colony, (afterwards Sir Sam- 
 uel,) on his return from an expe- 
 dition against the French of Aca- 
 dia, landed on Manhattan Island, 
 where he unexpectedly found four 
 houses and a resident Dutch super- 
 intendent of trade. This is the 
 earliest notice, it is believed, on 
 record, of any European settle- 
 ment within the present limits of 
 this state. Having exacted sub- 
 mission to the English crown, 
 which his armed equipments en- 
 abled him to enforce for the time, 
 Argall pursued his course to Vir- 
 ginia. Forts were soon after erec- 
 ted on Manhattan Island and at Al- 
 bany, and provided with ordnance 
 for the protection of trade, and of 
 the Dutch title to the country. A 
 new and more substantial fort was 
 built on the southern extremity of 
 the island in 1623, called Fort Am- 
 sterdam, which stood, with various 
 alterations, until 1790. A house 
 for the governor or director gene- 
 ral and a stone church were built 
 within the fort at an early date. A 
 stadt house or city hall, erected 
 about the year 1640, on Pearl- 
 street, at the head of Coenties' 
 slip, continued to be used for pub- 
 
 * Collections N. Y. Historical Soc. New 
 Series, i. 308. Helle-gat here means the 
 East river. 
 
 lie putposes till 1699, when its 
 place was supplied by a new build- 
 ing on Wall at the head of Broad- 
 street, in which Congress after- 
 wards held its sessions. Some of 
 the oldest streets now bear names 
 corresponding to those given them 
 by the Dutch; as Pearl-street, ori- 
 ginally written Paerl-straat ; 
 Bridge, formerly Brug ; Market- 
 field, Marcve.lt; Beaver, Bevcr; 
 Broadway, Brecde-weg, &c. The 
 first wharf was situated where 
 Whitehall-street now is; and a 
 market house stood near the pre- 
 sent corner of Pearl and Broad- 
 streets. The trade was chiefly in 
 peltries, which was monopolized 
 by the Dutch West India Compa- 
 ny, to whom the country was grant- 
 ed by the States General of Hol- 
 land. Tabular statements of the 
 amount of exports and imports in 
 the Company's ships from 1624 to 
 1635, are given by De Laet* The 
 city retained the name of New- 
 Amsterdam till the conquest by 
 the English in 1664, when it was 
 first called New-York. On there- 
 conquest by the Dutch in 1673, it 
 was named New-Orange ; but pos- 
 session being again given to the 
 English in 1674, by virtue of a 
 treaty between the two govern- 
 ments, the city at once resumed its 
 present name. The municipal au- 
 thority of New Amsterdam was 
 vested in two Burgomasters or Al- 
 dermen, five Schepens or Assist- 
 ants, and a Schout or Sheriff. The 
 English changed the original form 
 of government to that now in use, a 
 charter having been granted in 
 1665 by Governor Nicholls. A 
 new city charter was granted by 
 Governor Dongan, in 1686, confer- 
 ring additional privileges ; and an- 
 other in 1730, by Governor Mont- 
 gomerie, with further powers, to 
 meet the wants of a growing com- 
 munity. By these charters the 
 
 * Ibid. 315. 
 
NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 271 
 
 mayor was to be appointed by the 
 governor, and the aldermen and 
 assistants were elective. The 
 charter of 1730, as amended by 
 acts of the legislature, is still in 
 force. 
 
 The city was originally built in 
 an irregular manner, with narrow 
 and crooked streets, running from 
 the fort, (now the Battery,) along 
 upon East river, and west to Broad- 
 way. In 1728 it had reached as 
 far north as Fair (now Fulton) 
 street, with a few scattered hous- 
 es beyond, on the east side of 
 Broadway; three or four streets 
 had been opened on the west side, 
 but the King's farm covered most 
 of that part of the island north of 
 Crown (now Liberty) street. As 
 late as 17S2, Chambers-street was 
 the limit of the city on the west, 
 and Catharine street on the east. 
 The farm of Alderman Bayard, 
 lying along the centre of the is- 
 land, half a mile north of Cham- 
 bers-street, had been disposed into 
 city lots a few years before, and 
 Vested in a lottery lor the purpose 
 of being sold. Numerous streets 
 were regularly laid out on the plan 
 of this estate, situated between 
 Broadway and the Bowery, which 
 remain unaltered. But at that 
 period few inhabitants were found 
 so far out of town. The anticipa- 
 ted growth of the city, however, 
 soon led to public improvements, 
 which were conducted in a syste- 
 matic manner, and were greatly 
 facilitated by the extraordinary 
 powers lodged in the. corporate au- 
 thorities for the assessment of pri- 
 vate property. Wide and commo- 
 dious avenues and streets have 
 thus taken the place of the narrow 
 and irregular thoroughfares of the 
 olden times. Hills have been 
 levelled, rough inequalities in the 
 surface of the ground removed, 
 arid bogs and marshes filled up, 
 until the city now presents a uniform 
 grade throughout. It extends 
 
 about three miles from the Battery 
 towards the north, and across the 
 island from river to river. The 
 style of building has improved 
 from time to time, and within the 
 last ten years has reached a high 
 degree of elegance and conven- 
 ience. The upper or north part of 
 the city has been laid out into spa- 
 cious streets, with wide and con- 
 venient trottoirs or sidewalks, form- 
 ed of large flag-stones; and the 
 houses, built of brick in uniform 
 blocks, with marble steps, (here 
 called stoops from the Dutch,) and 
 highly ornamented balustrades of 
 cast-iron in front, present an im- 
 posing and agreeable appearance 
 to the eye. This is now the fash- 
 ionable quarter, the lower part of 
 the city being comparatively de- 
 serted even by old residents, whose 
 former mansions are converted 
 into boarding houses, or have given 
 place to shops or stores. 
 
 The principal street is Broad- 
 way, extending in a northerly di- 
 rection from the Battery a distance 
 of 2| miles along the centre of the 
 city, and intersected at right an- 
 gles by streets that slope gradually 
 to each river. It is 80 feet wide, 
 with spacious side-walks that af- 
 ford a favorite promenade in fine 
 weather for the gay and fashiona- 
 ble. Here are to be found the 
 most extensive hotels, dry goods 
 stores, fancy shops, confectiona- 
 ries, jewellers, booksellers, gro- 
 cers, tailors, milliners, and in gene- 
 ral all the various establishments 
 that furnish the elegancies and luxu- 
 ries of life in the greatest perfection. 
 The Bowery is about two-thirds 
 the length of Broadway, but is a 
 much wider street. The name is 
 derived from the Dutch bouwery, 
 signifying a farm, and the street 
 was originally called Bowery lane, 
 from its leading through the public 
 farms. It runs nearly parallel 
 with Broadway on the e»st, and 
 being chiefly a business street, has 
 
272 
 
 NEW- YORK CITY. 
 
 a lively and animated appearance 
 It is the great thoroughfare for 
 country wagons and market people 
 from Westchester county, with 
 which it communicates by the 
 Harlem railroad and Third Ave- 
 nue. Chatham-street, (named 
 from the Earl of Chatham,) con- 
 nects the Bowery with Broadway 
 and Nassau-street; an immense 
 population pours through it at all 
 times from the eastern part of the 
 city, and Broadway below its junc- 
 tion with this street is often so 
 thronged as to render it hazardous, 
 if not impracticable for foot pas- 
 sengers to cross it. East Broad- 
 way is a spacious and elegant street 
 on the east side of the town, and 
 parallel with it are Henry, Madi- 
 son and Monroe-streets, all hand- 
 somely built up with private resi- 
 dences, in the neighborhood of 
 East river. The principal streets 
 crossing Broadway and termina- 
 ting at East river, are Grand, 
 Broome, Houstoun, Fourth and 
 Eighth-streets. On the west side, 
 Greenwich and Hudson-streets are 
 the most spacious and fashionable ; 
 they run parallel to the Hudson, 
 and are about two miles and a half 
 in length. Washington and West 
 streets are of the same length, and 
 have a parallel course, nearer to 
 the river. Between the lower part 
 of Broadway and East river are 
 Nassau, William, Pearl, Water, 
 Front and South-streets, intersec- 
 ted by Fulton-street, Maiden Lane, 
 Liberty, Cedar, Pine, Wall and 
 Broad-streets, all of which are 
 occupied with the great commer- 
 cial interests of the' city. A con- 
 siderable part of this quarter of 
 the city was destroyed by the great 
 fire of 1835, but it has since been 
 entirely rebuilt in a much superior 
 style. Wall-street contains the 
 Merchants' Exchange, Custom- 
 house, and numerous splendid edi- 
 fices, recently built, occupied by 
 insurance and banking companies. 
 
 The Avenues (so called^ are six- 
 teen in number and extend from 
 the upper parts of the city to Har- 
 lem river ; they are in general 100 
 feet wide, as laid out, but are not 
 all graded. They are crossed by 
 streets running from river to river, 
 some of which are of equal width 
 with the Avenues. The J'hird 
 Avenue leads to Harlem bridge, 
 and being macadamized through- 
 out its whole extent, (about 7 miles) 
 affords a pleasant drive from the 
 city. The Harlem railroad is laid 
 upon the Fourth Avenue. The 
 Bloomingdale road, (a continua- 
 tion of Broadway,) is another fa- 
 vorite route for drives in pleasant 
 weather, leading to the villages of 
 Bloomingdale and Manhattanville, 
 along the bank of the Hudson. 
 
 Of the public squares the Batte- 
 ry is the principal. It affords a fine 
 view of the bay and harbor, and of 
 the adjacent islands and opposite 
 shores. It contains about eleven 
 acres of ground, laid out in gravel 
 walks and ornamented with trees 
 and shrubbery. As a public pro- 
 menade it is, probably, not surpas- 
 sed in the beauty of its situation 
 and general attractions by any 
 other in the world. A castle built 
 on a mole in the harbor is connec- 
 ted with the grounds by a bridge, 
 and is now used as a place of 
 amusements, and for the exhibi- 
 tion of fire works. The Park is 
 a triangular area of about ten 
 acres, handsomely disposed into 
 grass-plots and walks, and con- 
 tains the City Hall with other pub- 
 lic buildings. It is an ornament 
 to the city, and is much thronged 
 on gala days, especially on the 
 anniversary of American indepen- 
 dence. Washington Square, of 
 about the same extent as the Park, 
 is in the upper part' of the city, 
 between Fourth-street and Waver- 
 ly Place. The University and a 
 new Dutch church in the Gothic 
 style, front on this Square. Tomp- 
 
NEW- YORK CITY. 
 
 273 
 
 kins Square, on the east of the 
 Bowery, between Seventh and 
 Tenth-streets, is handsomely laid 
 out, and affords a fine view of East 
 river and the opposite shore of 
 Long Island . It is a place of great 
 resort during the warm season, es- 
 pecially on Sundays, and is a favo- 
 rite parade ground for the military 
 corps of the city. Stages are con- 
 stantly running between this Square 
 and the Battery, and improvements 
 are rapidly going forward in its vi- 
 cinity. Union Place, at the com- 
 mon termination of the Bowery, 
 Broadway and University Place, 
 between 14th and 17th streets, is 
 laid out in a tasteful manner, and 
 surrounded by an elegant paling 
 of cast-iron. Madison, Hamilton 
 and Stuyvesant Squares are not yet 
 open to the public. Hudson Square 
 or St. John's Park, in the central 
 part of the city, between Hudson 
 and Varick-streets, belongs to 
 Trinity church, and is visited only 
 by privileged persons. It is a 
 beautiful green of about four acres, 
 filled with shrubs and flowers, en- 
 closed by a high iron paling. St. 
 John's church, (a chapel of Trini- 
 ty,) with its lofty spire, 240 feet 
 high, fronts on the east side of this 
 square, and adds to the beauty of 
 the situation. 
 
 Numerous omnibusses or stages 
 throng the principal streets, espe- 
 cially Broadway, and ply between 
 the upper and lower parts of the 
 city. Hackney coaches are also 
 much used, and cabs in great num- 
 bers and variety have been intro- 
 duced of late. The streets are 
 generally paved with stone, but 
 blocks of wood have been recent- 
 ly used for the purpose, and are 
 generally preferred. The streets 
 are well lighted at night with lamps 
 and gas lights. The want of good 
 water in the city has been a seri- 
 ous evil, but measures are now in 
 progress to supply this deficiency 
 by means of the Croton Water 
 
 * 18 
 
 Works. Most of the houses have 
 cisterns for rain water, which is 
 chiefly used in washing. The ship- 
 ping are supplied with good water 
 from springs on Long Island. The 
 health of the city will -compare 
 favorably with that of any other 
 large city in the world. Infectious 
 diseases rarely occur except among 
 the dissolute and debased. The yel- 
 low fever has been occasionally 
 introduced from abroad ; its last 
 appearance was in the year 1822. 
 A rigid quarantine is enforced in 
 the warm season on vessels from 
 unhealthy ports. The Asiatic cho- 
 lera made considerable havoc here 
 in 1832, when it visited other parts 
 of the country. The greatest 
 scourge is pulmonary disease, 
 which, however, is not more pre- 
 valent than in other large cities in 
 this country and Europe. The bills 
 of mortality for 1838 showed the 
 number of deaths in that year to 
 be 8,053 ; for 1S39, 7,953 ; during 
 which years the least number oc- 
 curred in the months of June and 
 May, and the most in August, July 
 and September. The greatest mor- 
 tality was among children under 
 two years of age, being more than 
 one-third of the whole number in 
 both years. 
 
 The provision for affording me- 
 dical and surgical aid to the in- 
 dustrious classes when disabled by 
 sickness or accidental wounds, is 
 less ample than the wants of so 
 large a population require. The 
 inmates of the Almshouse are well 
 taken care of in the hospitals con- 
 nected with that establishment at 
 Bellevue and Blackwell's island; 
 but the New-York Hospital is the 
 only institution open to the public 
 for the reception of a respectable 
 class of patients, unable to procure 
 at their own expense, the advanta- 
 ges of professional skill, and this 
 accommodates only about 100 per- 
 sons free of charge. It was found- 
 ed in 1771, and has been well sus- 
 
274 
 
 NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 tained. The whole number of pa- 
 tients admitted in 1839, including 1 
 those remaining' of the previous 
 year, was 2,041. Of these 1,402 
 were recovered during- the year, 
 and 169 died. The receipts during 
 the same year were $33,639 92,— 
 the expenditures $33,936 54. A 
 new institution, styled the State 
 Hospital of the City of New-York, 
 chartered in 1839, has received a 
 lease from the city corporation, for 
 a nominal rent, of the spacious 
 block of ground between the Fifth 
 and Sixth Avenues, and Forty- 
 second and Forty-third-streets, on 
 which a suitable building 1 is about 
 being completed at an expense of 
 $50,000. The term of the lease 
 is for so long a time as the premi- 
 ses shall be used for a public hos- 
 pital, on the condition that a cer- 
 tain number of patients to be de- 
 signated by the Common Council 
 enjoy gratuitously the benefits of 
 the institution. The Legislature 
 has also granted to it whatever re- 
 mains out of the hospital money 
 collected from passengers in ves- 
 sels from foreign ports after paying 
 what is now chargeable upon that 
 fund, for twenty years, not to ex- 
 ceed, however, $30,000 per an- 
 num. There is now every pros- 
 pect that this noble charity will 
 soon go into successful operation. 
 Connected with the New-York 
 Hospital, is the Lunatic Asylum 
 at Bloomingdale, which accomo- 
 dates about 250 patients during the 
 year; the receipts in 1839, were 
 
 $48,467 05, the expenditures, 
 
 $48,529 78. No free patients are 
 admitted. The buildings were 
 erected at an expense of over 
 #200,000. The principal edifice 
 is of stone, 210 feet long by 60 feet 
 wide, and three stories in height. 
 The New-York Dispensary, esta- 
 blished in 1790, " for the purpose 
 of relieving such sick, poor and 
 indigent persons as are unable to 
 procure medical aid," is support- 
 
 ed by annual subscriptions. The 
 Northern Dispensary for the same 
 object was established in 1829, and 
 the Eastern in 1834. These useful 
 establishments answer the purpose 
 of hospitals to some extent, by 
 sending gratuitous aid to the 
 abodes of poverty and disease. 
 On Staten Island are three esta- 
 blishments for the relief of sick or 
 disabled seamen and passengers on 
 shipboard. The Marine Hospital, 
 under the direction of the Health 
 Commissioners appointed by the 
 state, is situated on the east side of 
 the island, in the village of Tomp- 
 kinsville. It consists of three 
 spacious buildings, one of which 
 receives cases of malignant fever, 
 another of small-pox, and the third 
 of miscellaneous diseases. The 
 Quarantine Ground is adjacent to 
 this part of (he island. The Sea- 
 men's Retreat, situated half a mile 
 to the south of the Marine Hospi- 
 tal, is also a state institution, sup- 
 ported by the " Hospital monies." 
 The "Sailors' Snug Haibor," on 
 the north side of the island, is a 
 noble institution, founded by the 
 late Capt. Randall, who bequeathed 
 to it an estate of the present reputed 
 value of $1,000,000. The object 
 of this establishment is to provide 
 a home for aged and decayed sea 
 men; it now contains more than 
 100 inmates. The United States 
 Naval Hospital is situated at 
 Brooklyn, in the vicinity of the 
 Navy Yard. 
 
 The public buildings are nume- 
 rous, and many of them are justly 
 admired for their architectural 
 beauty and substantial character. 
 The new Merchants' Ex- 
 change, erected on the site of 
 the former, which was destroyed 
 by the great fire, is the largest and 
 most costly edifice in the city. 
 The material of which it is built, 
 is the dark blue Quincy granite, 
 (sienite ;) no wood is used in any 
 part of the building ; the whole is 
 
NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 275 
 
 solid masonry. It ocupies an en- 
 tire block of ground fronting on 
 Wall-street, being about 200 feet in 
 length by 171, and 144 feet in depth. 
 It is 77 feet high to the top of the 
 cornice, and 124 feet from the foun- 
 dation to the apex of the dome. 
 In front is a recessed portico with 
 18 massive columns of granite, 
 beautifully wrought in the Ionic 
 style. These columns are 38 feet 
 in height, and 4 feet 4 inches in 
 diameter, each weighing forty -three 
 tons. They are said to be the 
 largest in the world, excepting 
 only the columns of a church at 
 St. Petersburgh. The exchange 
 room or rotunda is in the centre 
 of the building, 100 feet in diame- 
 ter, and 90 feet in height to the top 
 of the dome. The dome is solid 
 masonry, 80 feet in diameter, sup- 
 ported in part by eight Corinthian 
 columns of beautiful Italian mar- 
 ble. These are 41 feet in height, 
 and 4 feet S inches in diameter. 
 A more magnificent apartment is 
 seldom seen. The effect on the 
 beholder when first seen, is grand 
 and sublime. The entire cost of 
 the building, including the ground, 
 is stated at $1,800,000; the ori- 
 ginal estimate was one-third of that 
 sum. It was erected by a com- 
 pany called the Merchants' Ex- 
 change Company, incorporated in 
 1823, with a capital of one million. 
 The new Custom House is ano- 
 ther recent addition to the public 
 edifices of the city. It is modelled 
 after the Parthenon at Athens, and 
 is nearly of the same size as that 
 celebrated temple. The external 
 walls and the roof are of white 
 marble, and the entire building is 
 finished without wood, so as to be 
 completely fire proof. It is 200 
 feet long by 90 wide, and about 80 
 feet in height.* It has two fronts; 
 the principal one on Wall street, at 
 the head of Broad street, and the 
 
 * The dimensions of the Parthenon were 
 317 feet long, 98 broad and 65 high. 
 
 j other on Pine street; each contain- 
 | ing a row of finely wrought marble 
 columns 32 feet high, of the Doric 
 order. The business hall occu- 
 pies the centre of the building; 
 it is a rotunda surmounted by a 
 dome, supported by sixteen beauti- 
 ful Corinthian columns 30 feet 
 high. The diameter of this room 
 is 80 feet. The architectural or- 
 naments of the interior are nume- 
 rous, beautifully designed, and 
 exquisitely finished. This su- 
 perb edifice was commenced in 
 May, 1834, and finished in May, 
 1841. The cost, ground inclusive, 
 was $1,175,000— building alone, 
 $950,000. The Hall of Jus- 
 tice, built in the Egyptian style, 
 is a remarkable structure. It 
 fronts on Centre street, and oc- 
 cupies a block of ground 253 feet 
 long by 200 wide, including, how- 
 ever, in this space a prison which 
 is detached from the main build- 
 ing. Its massive Theban columns 
 with their gigantic palm-leaved 
 capitals, and its cornices, ornamen- 
 ted with winged globes encircled 
 by serpents, give a singular effect 
 to the building. The material is a 
 light colored granite, quarried at 
 Ha Howell on the Kennebec river, 
 (Maine.) The criminal courts of 
 the city and the city prison are to 
 be found in this gloomy pile, which 
 has gained the sobriquet of the 
 Egyptian Tombs. The building 
 was finished in 1838. The New- 
 York University, on Wash- 
 ington Square, is built in the 
 Gothic style, and has a command- 
 ing appearance. It is 180 feet 
 long by 100 wide. The front is 
 composed of a centre building with 
 wings flanked by towers, one on 
 each of the four corners of the edi- 
 fice. The centre rises above the 
 wings, and contains in front a large 
 Gothic window of stained edass, 50 
 feet high by 24 wide. This part 
 of the building contains the Chapel, 
 which is much admired for its ar- 
 
*76 
 
 NEW- YORK CITY. 
 
 chitectural beauty. Its lofty ceil- 
 ing adorned with Gothic tracery, 
 and the richly carved columns and 
 pannelings of oak, give it an an- 
 tique air, and produce a striking 
 effect. The wings of the edifice 
 are four stories high, and the tow- 
 ers five; the last are surmounted 
 by embattled parapets. The main 
 entrance is under the great central 
 window, through a deep portal of 
 richly moulded stone, and a door 
 of massive oak. This building is 
 of recent date, having been com- 
 pleted in 1836. Among the older 
 public edifices, the City Hall 
 is pre-eminent. It is situated in 
 the Park, and consists of a centre 
 building with wings, principally of 
 the Ionic and Corinthian orders. 
 The entire front is 216 feet long, 
 by 105 deep ; the front and ends 
 are built of white marble, and the 
 rear of free stone. It is chiefly 
 occupied by the civil courts, and 
 the common council, both branch- 
 es of the latter and the mayor hav- 
 ing their respective apartments. 
 The U. States courts are held in a 
 large brick building in the rear of 
 the City Hall, originally built and 
 occupied as an alms-house. At 
 Bellevue on East river, 2\ miles 
 from the City Hall, are several 
 public buildings, as the new Aims- 
 House, a large stone edifice, well 
 adapted to the purposes for which 
 it is used; a Hospital connected 
 with it for the sick and insane 
 poor ; the House of Refuge for ju- 
 venile delinquents; and a Peniten- 
 tiary for the punishment of female 
 convicts. An asylum for the in- 
 sane poor of the city has been re- 
 cently erected on Blackwell's 
 Island, where there is also a prison 
 for male convicts. Opposite Black- 
 well's Island are the Long Island 
 Farms, where are schools and nur- 
 series for pauper children, liberally 
 sustained in connection with the 
 alms-house. 
 
 Amons the benevolent institu- 
 
 tions of the city, is the Institution 
 for the Blind, situated on the Eighth 
 Avenue, having seventy-two pupils; 
 the Institution for the Instruction 
 of the Deaf and Dumb, incorpora- 
 ted in 1817, on Fiftieth street, 3£ 
 miles from the City Hall, contain- 
 ing by the last report, 152 pupils; 
 the Lying-in-Asylum ; the Female 
 Assistance Society, for the relief 
 and instruction of the sick poor; 
 the society for respectable aged 
 Indigent Females; the Orphan 
 Asylum, established in 1806, situa- 
 ted on the Hudson at Blooming- 
 dale, five miles from the City Hall, 
 where great numbers of indigent 
 orphan children are reared and 
 educated; the Protestant Half Or- 
 phan Asylum on Twelfth street; 
 the Roman Catholic Orphan Asy- 
 lum on Prince street; the Asylum 
 for colored orphans, &c. The 
 foreign residents have associations 
 for charitable purposes, as the St. 
 George's Society, composed of 
 Englishmen; St. Andrew's, of 
 Scotch; St. David's, of Welch; 
 the German, French, Spanish and 
 Hebrew Societies ; the St. Nicho- 
 las, composed of the descendants 
 of the early Dutch inhabitants and 
 others, and the New England So- 
 ciety. There are also numerous 
 religious associations, as Bible, 
 Tract, Missionary, Sunday School, 
 Education, and Seamen's Friends 
 Societies, most of which are sus- 
 tained by particular denominations 
 or sects, each having its own dis- 
 tinct organization. 
 
 Of the literary and scientific in- 
 stitutions, Columbia College is the 
 oldest and best endowed. It was 
 founded in 1754, and was original- 
 ly called King's College. It is si- 
 tuated on a beautiful square ad- 
 joining Park Place, near the City 
 Hall, where the college buildings 
 were erected in 1760. For a con- 
 siderable period there were no 
 other buildings of any kind in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the 
 
NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 277 
 
 college, which Ihus enjoyed an 
 extensive and unobstructed view 
 of the opposite shore and country 
 of New-Jersey, the city and island 
 of New-York, Long Island, Staten 
 Island, New-York bay, &c. This 
 college has always sustained a high 
 character as a seminary of learn- 
 ing, having from the beginning 
 enjoyed the services of eminent 
 scholars in the various departments 
 of instruction. It is still in a high- 
 ly flourishing condition. The 
 University of the city of New- 
 York, is a youthful institution; it 
 was chartered in 1831, and is ra- 
 pidly rising into importance and 
 favor. Connected with it is a Me- 
 dical School of high reputation. 
 The General Theological Seminary 
 of the Episcopal church, is situated 
 on Twentieth street, corner of the 
 Ninth Avenue, near the Hudson, 
 2£ miles from the City Hall, a part 
 of the city known as Chelsea. 
 There are two handsome buildings 
 of stone for the accommodation 
 of the professors and students ; the 
 board of trustees consists of all the 
 bishops, and one other trustee from 
 each diocese in the United States. 
 The institution is well endowed, 
 and in a flourishing condition. 
 The New-York Theological Semi- 
 nary near the University, is under 
 the direction of the Presbyterian 
 church, although open to all chris- 
 tian denominations. Its library is 
 of great value, consisting of 16,000 
 volumes, formerly the property of 
 a German clergyman, Rev. Lean- 
 der Van Ess, after whose decease 
 it was purchased for this institution. 
 Extensive grammar schools are 
 connected with Columbia College 
 and the University, in which boys 
 are fitted for college, or for the 
 counting room. The common 
 schools of the city are under the 
 control of the Public School Socie- 
 ty, incorporated in 1805, which 
 receives for their support the mo- 
 neys appropriated by the state to 
 
 common schools. The amount 
 expended by the society during the 
 year ending May, 1841, was 
 0156,857.45. The average num- 
 ber of pupils taught was 23,654, 
 between the ages of four and six- 
 teen ; besides this number, 397 
 children under four years of age 
 were taught in the primary depart- 
 ments. The number of schools 
 was seventy-one, including eight 
 for colored children. There are 
 in the city numerous private semi- 
 naries, many of which are of an 
 excellent character; and in gene- 
 ral, the advantages of education in 
 all its stages are as great in this 
 city as can be found in any other 
 part of the country. Of the literary 
 associations, the oldest is the New- 
 York Society Library, founded in 
 1754, which occupies a new and 
 beautiful building recently erected 
 on Broadway, corner of Leonard 
 street. The library is the largest 
 and most valuable in the state, and 
 is constantly increasing ; it now 
 consists of nearly 40,000 volumes. 
 An extensive reading room is con- 
 nected with it, in some respects the 
 best in the city. The rights of 
 membership are $31, annual dues 
 $4. The institution is governed 
 by a board of twelve trustees, who 
 are annually elected by the share- 
 holders. The New-York Histori- 
 cal Society, formed in 1804, at 
 present occupies a suite of rooms 
 in the University, where its library, 
 comprising about 12,000 volumes, 
 is situated. It has published seve- 
 ral volumes of historical collec- 
 tions, containing materials for 
 developing the history of the state. 
 The Lyceum of Natural History, 
 established in 1818, has done much 
 for the promotion of natural science 
 in this country. The building in 
 which its library and cabinet are 
 deposited, is on Broadway, near 
 Prince street; it was erected at 
 the expense of the Lyceum. The 
 Mercantile Library Association is 
 
278 
 
 NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 formed chiefly of merchants' 
 clerks. Its library consists of 
 about 22,000 volumes, connected 
 with which there is an excellent 
 reading room. The number of 
 members in 1840 was over 5,000. 
 An annual course of lectures is de- 
 livered before this association at 
 Clinton Hall, where the library is 
 also kept. The Apprentices' Li- 
 brary in Crosby street, contains 
 about 12,000 volumes. It was es- 
 tablished in 1820, by the General 
 Society of Mechanics and Trades- 
 men. The Mechanics' Institute 
 occupies rooms in the basement of 
 the City Hall, where it has a libra- 
 ry and reading room ; a course of 
 lectures is also given under its 
 auspices every winter. The Ame- 
 rican Institute for the encourage- 
 ment of American industry, 
 formed in 1828, has a valuable 
 library of about 5,000 volumes, 
 situated in the spacious building in 
 the rear of the City Hall. Under 
 the direction of this institute annual 
 fairs are held in the city at Nib- 
 lo's Garden, for the exhibition of 
 American manufactures in every 
 department of human industry. 
 The Law Institute is an association 
 of members of the bar, whose li- 
 brary is kept at the City Hall. 
 The National Academy of Design, 
 established in 1826, for the encou- 
 ragement of the fine arts, occupies 
 rooms in the Society Library's 
 building, where are held its annual 
 exhibitions of paintings. The 
 Apollo Association, incorporated 
 in 1840, for a similar purpose, is a 
 popular institution. Other miscel- 
 laneous associations, are the 
 Sacred Music Society, for the im- 
 provement of church music; the 
 Chamber of Commerce, formed in 
 1768 ; the Board of Trade ; the 
 Board of Underwriters ; the Board 
 of Stock and Exchange Brokers ; 
 the New-York Lyceum, with a li- 
 brary and reading room, and annual 
 lectures ; the Colonization Society; 
 
 the Anti-Slavery Society ; the So- 
 ciety for the encouragement of 
 faithful Domestic Servants ; the 
 Horticultural Society ; Tempe- 
 rance Societies ; Masonic Lodges ; 
 Odd Fellows' Society, &c. The 
 number of churches is about 160, 
 as follows : Presbyterian 37, Epis- 
 copalian 26, Methodist 23, Baptist 
 16, Dutch Reformed 13, Roman 
 Catholic 9, African 10, German 
 Lutheran and Reformed 6, Jews' 
 Synagogues 4, Quakers or Friends 
 4, Universalists 4, Unitarians 2, 
 and others 7. Many of the church- 
 es are handsomely built; of these 
 are the new Dutch Reformed 
 churches on Washington Square 
 and La Fayette Place ; the Church 
 of the Messiah, (Unitarian ;) St. 
 Peters, (Roman Catholic ;) French 
 Protestant du St. Esprit; the Church 
 of the Ascension, St. Paul's and 
 St. Peter's, (Episcopalian ;) Pres- 
 byterian churches on Duane, Grand 
 and Mercer streets ; Baptist on 
 Broome street, &c. The metro- 
 politan church now building on 
 the site of old Trinity at the head 
 of Wall street, will far surpass all 
 others in the city in its extent and 
 architectural splendor; its length 
 is 189 feet by 84 in breadth ; height 
 64 ; height of tower and spire, 264 
 feet. There are congregations of 
 French, Germans, and Welch, who 
 have religious services conducted 
 in their respective languages. 
 
 The Markets are 15 in number, 
 of which the principal are the Ful- 
 ton, Washington, Catharine, Es- 
 sex, Clinton, Tompkins and 
 Franklin; all abundantly supplied 
 with every variety of meats, fish, 
 fruits and vegetables that the coun- 
 try affords. The Hotels are nu- 
 merous, and those on Broadway 
 are of an equal degree of excel- 
 lence, as the Astor House, (which 
 is the most extensive of all,) the 
 American, Globe, Mansion House, 
 Carlton, Waverley, City, Howard's, 
 Franklin, Atlantic, &c. The 
 
NEW. YORK CITY. 
 
 279 
 
 United States, Pacific, and Pearl 
 street houses are also in good re- 
 pute. Restaurateurs or refectories 
 are found in great numbers in 
 business parts of the city ; most of 
 which are supplied with every lux- 
 ury of the seasons. There are five 
 Theatres, viz., the Park, Bowery, 
 Olympic, Chatham, and Little 
 Drury. Theatrical entertainments 
 are also given during summer at 
 Niblo's and Vauxhall gardens. 
 The Newspapers are 54 in number, 
 of which 14 are daily; periodicals, 
 monthly and quarterly, about 30. 
 The public Ferries are 15, viz. 4 
 to Brooklyn, 3 to Wiliiamsburgh, 
 2 to Staten Island, 3 to Hoboken, 
 2 to Jersey city, and 1 at Hellgate. 
 Steamboats leave the city daily 
 during the greater part of the year 
 for Albany, Troy, Hudson, Pough- 
 keepsie, Newburgh, Peekskill, 
 Haverstraw, Nyack, and other 
 places on the Hudson ; for Provi- 
 dence and Newport in Rhode 
 Island; Stonington, Norwich, 
 New-London, Hartford, New-Ha- 
 ven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, in 
 Connecticut, by Long Island 
 Sound ; for Elizabethport, New- 
 ark, Amboy, New-Brunswick, 
 and Shrewsbury, in New-Jersey ; 
 and for various landings on Long 
 Island. Steamers also ply between 
 this city and London, Liverpool, 
 and Bristol, England. Lines of 
 packet ships sail with great regu- 
 larity to various ports in Europe, 
 the West Indies, South America, 
 and the United States. 
 
 According to the census of 1840, 
 there were 417 commercial houses, 
 engaged in foreign trade, and 918 
 commission houses, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $45,941,200 ; 3,485 
 retail dry goods, groceries, and 
 other stores, with a capital of $14,- 
 509,995 ; 61 lumber yards, and 
 trade, with a capital of $731,500. 
 The value of machinery manufac- 
 tured amounted to $1,150,000, 
 giving employment to 1,419 men ; 
 
 the value of hardware, cutlery, 
 &c. amounted to $135,300, giving 
 employment to 145 men ; the value 
 of precious metals manufactured 
 amounted to $889,460, giving em- 
 ployment to 492 men ; other met- 
 als, $131,100, giving employment 
 to 848 men ; the value of granite, 
 marble, &c. amounted to $263,850, 
 giving employment to 332 men ; 
 the value of bricks and lime man 
 ufactured amounted to $27,000, 
 giving employment to 18 men , the 
 capital invested $1,907,850 ; the 
 value of manufactured cotton a- 
 mounted to $150,700, giving em- 
 ployment to 290 men, capital in- 
 vested, $61, 300 ; the value of to- 
 bacco manufactured amounted to 
 $1S7,700, giving employment to 
 902 men, capital invested $55,055; 
 the value of hats, caps, bonnets, 
 &c. manufactured, amounted to 
 $1,159,446, giving employment to 
 1,361 persons, capital invested 
 $444,300 ; the value of mixed 
 manufactures amounted to $1,201, 
 700, giving employment to 1,653 
 persons, capital invested $507,050; 
 there were 173 manufactories of 
 leather, saddleries, &c, the value 
 of manufactured products amount- 
 ing to $1,522,156, capital invested 
 $526,330 ; there were 6,463,700 
 pounds of soap manufactured, 
 2,003,400 pounds of candles, and 
 250,000 pounds of wax and sperm 
 candles, giving employment to 229 
 men, capital invested, $277,600 ; 
 11 distilleries, manufacturing 2,- 
 973,278 gallons of liquor ; 15 brew- 
 eries, manufacturing 1,205,495 gal- 
 lons of ale, giving employment to 
 274 men, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of $575,076 ; the value of me- 
 dicinal drugs, paints, dyes, &c. 
 manufactured, amounted to $225,- 
 050, turpentine and varnish $161,- 
 360, giving employment to 293 
 men, with an aggregate capital of 
 $648,650 ; there were 3 glass hou- 
 ses, and 4 glass cutting establish- 
 ments, giving employment to S3 
 
280 
 
 NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 men, the manufactured products 
 amounted to $123,671, capital in- 
 Tested $42,500 ; 1 pottery, giving 
 employment to 12 men, manufac- 
 tured products amounted to $14,- 
 000, capital invested $3,000 ; 7 
 sugar refineries, the value of the 
 manufactured products amounted 
 to $385,000, confectionary, $249, 
 242, giving emyloyment to 327 
 men, the aggregate capital invest- 
 ed, $425,706 ; 1 paper mill, value 
 of manufactured products, $25,- 
 000, all other manufactures of pa- 
 per, playing cards, &c. $20,137, 
 giving employment to 51 men, 
 capital invested $27,900 ; 113 
 printing offices and 39 binderies, 
 giving employment to 2029 men, 
 capital invested, $1,285,320; 6 
 rope walks, the value of the man- 
 ufactured products amounted to 
 $92,600, giving employment to 61 
 men, capital invested $9,800 ; 4 
 furnaces, giving employment to 56 
 men, capital invested, $23,000 ; 
 the value of musical instruments 
 manufactured amounted to $214, 
 031, giving employment to 281 
 men, capital invested, $338,400 ; 
 the value of carriages and wagons 
 manufactured amounted to $20S,- 
 074, giving employment to 297 
 men, capital invested $90,950 ; 6 
 grist mills and 8 saw mills, giving 
 employment to 104 men, capital 
 invested, $183,800; the value of 
 ships and vessels built amounted to 
 $354,000 ; the value of furniture 
 manufactured, $916,675, giving 
 employment to 1,319 men, capital 
 invested $826,150 ; the number of 
 houses erected in 1840, was 601, 
 giving employment to 4,023 men, 
 value of constructing or building, 
 $979,100 ; all other manufactures 
 not enumerated, $2,667,958, capi- 
 tal invested, $2,409,307. Total 
 capital invested in manufactures, 
 $10,102,408. The cost of the raw 
 materials used in the above manu- 
 facturing establishments, amounts 
 to several millions of dollars, and the 
 
 manufactured products about dou- 
 ble the value of the raw material. 
 
 Foreign commerce and internal 
 trade are the great elements in the 
 prosperity of the city, for which its 
 location presents unrivalled advan- 
 tages. The amount of shipping 
 owned here in 1839, was 430,300 
 tons. The number of vessels en- 
 tered from foreign ports during the 
 year ending Sept. 30, 1839, was 
 2,138; the clearances were 1,680. 
 The value of imports during the 
 same period was $99.8S2,438 ; of 
 exports, $33,268, 099^ The num- 
 ber of passengers arriving during 
 the same year by shipboard was 
 47,479. In 1831, the amount of 
 revenue collected here was about 
 $18,000,000, but on account of the 
 " compromise act," as well as 
 other causes, the amount collected 
 at the present time is much less. 
 For the third quarter of the year, 
 ending Sept. 30, 1840, the amount 
 was $2,398,058 , and the whole 
 amount for the same year, did not 
 probably exceed $8,000,000. A 
 considerable improvement took 
 place in the corresponding quarter 
 of 1841, when the amount of du- 
 ties received was $3,233,165. The 
 entire receipts from customs in the 
 United States in the year 1838, 
 were $16,158,800, or about two 
 millions less than was paid by this 
 city alone in 1831. The coasting 
 and inland trade is not taken into 
 the account in the foregoing state- 
 ments. While the imports have di- 
 minished, the exports have in- 
 creased, owing to the increased fa- 
 cilities of communication with the 
 interior by railroads and canals. 
 Immense quantities of manufac- 
 tured articles and country produce 
 are brought down the canals to the 
 Hudson, and transhipped on board 
 of towboats and barges for the city. 
 The value of articles of country 
 produce brought to market and 
 consumed annually by the inhabit- 
 ants of the city is estimated at 
 
NEW-YORK CITY 
 
 281 
 
 $15,500,000. The number of 
 wharves or piers for the use of the 
 shipping-, on the East river, is 60; 
 on the Hudson, 53. The numerous 
 packet ships, and most foreign ves- 
 sels lie in the East river. The a- 
 mount of capital invested in ma- 
 rine insurance is over three mil- 
 lions of dollars, exclusive of com- 
 panies for mutual assurance. There 
 are 23 Fire Insurance Companies, 
 with an aggregate capital of six 
 millions. The number of Banks 
 is 33, having a capital of about 
 twelve millions. There are two 
 Gas Light Companies, with a cap- 
 ital of §1,500,000. The Farmers' 
 Loan and Trust Company has a 
 capital of $2,000,000, and the Life 
 Insurance and Trust Company a 
 capital of $1,000,000. The rapid 
 increase of the city in population, 
 wealth, trade and commerce, du- 
 
 ring the last fifteen or twenty years, 
 is attributable for the most part to 
 the opening of the Erie canal, and 
 other internal improvements. At 
 the present moment the tide of 
 prosperity threatens to be checked 
 by the superior enterprise of other 
 cities on the seaboard, which are 
 beginning to share in the advanta- 
 ges of those improvements, and 
 thus to draw away much of the 
 trade that flowed in this direction. 
 Without great outlays of capital 
 and enterprise, beyond what has 
 been already made, New-York 
 must soon lose her proud pre-emi 
 nence among the cities of the Un- 
 ion, and add another example to the 
 many the world has already seen, of 
 the rapid decline of a commercial 
 mart by the operation of a decayed 
 spirit of enterprise, and successful 
 competition in other places. 
 
 The city is divided into 17 Wards ; each ward electing one Alder- 
 man, one Assistant Alderman, two Assessors, one Collector, &c. The 
 following table shows the comparative population of the Wards at dif- 
 ferent periods : — 
 
 WARDS. 
 
 1830. 
 
 First, 
 
 Second, 
 
 Third, 
 
 Fourth, 
 
 Fifth, 
 
 Sixth, 
 
 Seventh, .... 
 
 Eighth, 
 
 Ninth, 
 
 Tenth, 
 
 Eleventh, . . . 
 
 Twelfth, 
 
 Thirteenth,* . 
 Fourteenth, ■ 
 Fifteenth^ .. 
 Sixteenth ,j .. 
 Seventeenth^ 
 
 9,929 
 
 9,315 
 
 10,201 
 
 12,210 
 
 15,093 
 
 20, 061 
 
 14,192 
 
 24, 285 
 
 10,956 
 
 23, 932 
 
 7; 344 
 
 7,938 
 
 Total, 166,086 
 
 11,331 
 
 8,203 
 9,599 
 12, 705 
 17, 722 
 13, 570 
 15,873 
 20, 729 
 22,810 
 16,438 
 14,915 
 11,808 
 12,598 
 14,288 
 
 202, 589 
 
 10, 380 
 7,549 
 10,884 
 15,439 
 18,495 
 16,827 
 21,481 
 28,570 
 20,618 
 20, 926 
 26,845 
 24,437 
 17, 130 
 17,306 
 13,202 
 
 270,089 
 
 10,629 
 6,394 
 11,581 
 15, 770 
 19, 159 
 17, 198 
 22, 982 
 29,073 
 24, 795 
 29,026 
 17, 052 
 11,652 
 18,571 
 20,235 
 17,755 
 22,273 
 18,619 
 
 312,710 
 
 » These two Wards were constituted in 1826, the 13th being taken from the 10th, 
 and the 14th from the 6th and 8th Wards, 
 t Taken from the 9th Ward, 1832. 
 { Taken from the 12th or out-ward, 1836. 
 $ Taken from the 11th Ward, 1837. 
 
NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 TOTAL POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 
 1673 2,500 
 
 1696 4,302 
 
 1731 8,628 
 
 1756 10,381 
 
 1771 21,876 
 
 1786 26,614 
 
 1790 33,131 
 
 1800 60,489 
 
 1810 96,373 
 
 1820 123,706 
 
 1830 202.589 
 
 1S40 312,710 
 
 The assessed value of property in the respective Wards in 1840, was 
 as follows : 
 
 WARDS. 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 Personal Estate. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Third, 
 
 $32, 502, 000 
 
 14,927,000 
 
 12, 105, 500 
 
 8, 485, 005 
 
 9, 460, 250 
 
 7, 735, 600 
 
 10,621,425 
 
 10,908,000 
 
 8,652,450 
 
 6,138,850 
 
 3, 829, 400 
 
 10, 073, 550 
 
 4,247,000 
 
 6,844,800 
 
 14,130,700 
 
 17, 055, 509 
 
 9,402,725 
 
 $27, 276, 549 
 1,923,812 
 5,155,610 
 1,930,550 
 3,046,195 
 2, 262, 378 
 4, 670, 421 
 2, 340, 658 
 1, 129, 135 
 
 718,800 
 
 68,191 
 
 2,291,800 
 
 307, 054 
 1,917,473 
 8, 652, 467 
 
 863, 630 
 1,161,974 
 
 $59,778,549 
 16,855,812 
 17 261 110 
 
 Fourth, 
 
 10,415,550 
 
 12, 506, 445 
 
 9, 997, 978 
 
 15,291,846 
 
 13,248,658 
 
 9,781,585 
 
 6, 857, 650 
 
 3 897 591 
 
 Fifth, 
 
 Sixth, 
 
 
 Eighth, 
 
 
 Tenth 
 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 12 365 350 
 
 Thirteenth, 
 
 4, 554, 054 
 
 8, 762, 273 
 
 22,783,167 
 
 17,919,139 
 
 10, 564, 699 
 
 
 , $187,121,464 
 
 $65,721,699 
 
 $252,843,163 
 
 The aggregate amount of the 
 ordinary expenses of the city 
 government in 1S39, was $1,352,- 
 832; and in 1840, $1,449,779; 
 (exclusive of interest of city debt, 
 advances on trust accounts, and ex- 
 penditures on public works.) The 
 city owed on the 1st May, 1841, 
 $8,978,167, chiefly incurred in the 
 construction of the Croton Water 
 Works. The water debt, (as it is 
 called,) was then a little less than 
 eight millions; it is expected to 
 reach twelve millions. The fol- 
 lowing are the largest salaries paid 
 by the city: — 
 Counsel of Corporation, . . . $4,000 
 
 Mayor, 3,000 
 
 District Attorney, 3,000 
 
 Attorney for Corporation,. . 3,000 
 
 Street Commissioner, 3,000 
 
 Recorder, 2,500 
 
 Three Judges Superior Court, 
 
 each,. 2,500 
 
 Comptroller, 2,500 
 
 Three Spe. Justices, each, . 2,000 
 
 Three others, each, 1,600 
 
 Five Assistant Justices, each 1,600 
 
 Clerk Aldermen, 2,150 
 
 Physician Almshouse, 1,500 
 
 Collector city revenues,. . .. 1,500 
 
 Clerk Court Sessions, 1,500 
 
 Keeper Blackwell's island,. 1,000 
 Superintendent streets, .... 1,250 
 
 To many of these offices per- 
 quisites or fees are attached, ex- 
 ceeding the amount of the sala 
 ries. 
 
NEW-YORK CITY. 
 
 283 
 
 The following is a summary of the expenditures for the year 1840 : 
 
 On account of the City Debt, $1,951,969 20 
 
 On account of the City Improvements, 253,714 25 
 
 On account of the Public Works, 1,807,285 98 
 
 Advances on Trust Account, 721 ,242 10 
 
 Public Institution and Charities, 355,332 74 
 
 Public Health, 174,784 39 
 
 Administering the Laws, (salaries, &c.) 64,427 72 
 
 City Police,.. 469,174 24 
 
 County charges, 132,345 94 
 
 Total, $1,196,065 04 
 
 The Fire Department is well or- 
 ganized, and cost the city during 
 the same year, §76,788 53, (em- 
 braced under the head of City Po- 
 lice.) In July, 1841, there were 
 48 engines, 33 hose carriages, 
 48,450 feet hose, 47 ladders, 53 
 hooks, and 7 hook and ladder 
 trucks, belonging to the Depart- 
 ment. The number of engine 
 companies was 48, hose compa- 
 nies 34, hook and ladder compa- 
 nies 7, hydrant companies 3, and 
 the number of men in the Depart- 
 ment 1639. From 7th May, 1841, 
 to 28th December next following, 
 there were 128 fires, most of which 
 were extinguished with trifling 
 damage. During the same year, 
 (1S40,) the expense of lamps and 
 gas was $120,675 91; city watch, 
 $223,950 23 ; cleaning streets, 
 $149,930 65. The Police of the 
 city depends for its efficiency on 
 the personal character of the 
 Mayor, its head; at present there 
 is no want of proper energy in that 
 officer ; but the system is believed 
 to be extremely defective. There 
 were confined in the Penitentiary 
 on Blackwell's island, at the close 
 of 1841. 842 convicts — 396 males 
 and 446 females. Of this number 
 230 were sentenced by the crimi- 
 nal courts, and the remainder were 
 vagrants, committed by Justices 
 of the Police. The number of 
 Watchmen employed at night, is 
 956, at an average expense of 
 
 over $200,000 per annum. The 
 most prolific sources of crime and 
 wretchedness are the liquor shops, 
 porter houses and taverns, both 
 licensed and unlicensed. Of the 
 licensed houses of this description 
 there were about 3,140, in 1841 — 
 an increase of several hundred 
 over the former year. The num- 
 ber of unlicensed is unknown, but 
 believed to be very large. Thus 
 while individual exertions are 
 made to check so great an evil, the 
 fathers of the city are opening 
 new facilities for its spread in the 
 community. 
 
 The Courts in the chy of local 
 jurisdiction, are the following : — 
 The Superior Court, composed of 
 a Chief Justice and two Justices ; 
 the Court of Common Pleas, or 
 County Court, consisting of a First 
 Judge, and two Associate Judges, 
 together with the Mayor, Record- 
 er and Aldermen, Judges ex officio ; 
 the Vice Chancellor and Assist- 
 ant Vice Chancellor's Courts ; the 
 Marine Court, (jurisdiction limited 
 to $100, except in marine cases,) 
 and six Justices' or Ward Courts, 
 (limited to $50.) The terms of 
 the Superior Court commence on 
 the first Monday, and of the Com- 
 mon Pleas on the third Monday, of 
 every month. The Criminal courts 
 are the Court of Oyer and Termi- 
 ner, held ordinarily by the Circuit 
 Judge and two Aldermen ; the 
 Court of General Sessions, held by 
 
284 
 
 NEW- YORK CITY. 
 
 the Recorder and two Aldermen, 
 on the first Monday of each month; 
 the Special Sessions, by the same; 
 and the Police Court, composed of 
 six Magistrates, who have two offi- 
 ces, called the Upper and Lower 
 Police, at one of which the Watch 
 report every morning' at day- 
 break. The Surrogate's Court, for 
 the proving of Wills, &c. is open 
 every day. The Sheriff's Jury 
 meet several times every month to 
 determine the amount of damages 
 on writs of inquiry, &c. The Cor- 
 oner's Inquest is held as occasion 
 requires. Beside these local 
 courts, others of more general ju- 
 risdiction have regular terms in the 
 city ; as, the Court for the Correc- 
 tion of Errors, the Supreme Court, 
 the Circuit Court, the Court of 
 Chancery, and the United States 
 Circuit and District Courts. To 
 these may be added the Courts 
 Martial, for the imposition of fines 
 for the neglect of military duty, 
 &c. The Militia of the city con- 
 sists of one division of Artillery, 
 containing about 4000 men; three 
 divisions of Infantry, and part of a 
 fourth, containing together about 
 9000 men. 
 
 The Bay of New-York, centrally 
 distant 4 miles south from the city, 
 has long been justly celebrated for 
 its unrivalled beauties ; surrounded 
 as it is, by cities, villages, and 
 highly cultivated and picturesque 
 scenery. It is perfectly safe for 
 shipping, being protected by the 
 high lands in the vicinity. It re- 
 ceives the Hudson river on the 
 north, and communicates with 
 Long Island Sound on the east, 
 through an arm of the sea, called 
 the East river ; with Newark Bay 
 and Staten Island Sound on the 
 west, through the Kills, and with 
 the Atlantic Ocean through the 
 "Narrows." It contains Govern- 
 or's, Bedlow's and Ellis' Island, 
 all of which belong to the United 
 States government and are strong- 
 
 ly fortified ; also Robbins' Reef, 
 on which is erected a light-house. 
 The Quarantine Ground is on the 
 south near Staten Island, where are 
 usually to be seen, in warm weath- 
 er, a great number of vessels lying 
 at anchor, mostly from foreign 
 ports, performing sanatary regula- 
 tion in order to prevent the diseases 
 of distant places from infecting the 
 Commercial Emporium of the Un- 
 ion. The Lower Bay of New 
 York, centrally distant 13 miles 
 south of the city, is also a large 
 and important body of water. It 
 communicates with the bay and 
 harbor of New-York through the 
 " Narrows." with Raritan Bay on 
 the west, and with the Atlantic 
 ocean on the south, through the 
 Old Channel and Gedneifs Chan- 
 nel. The latter affords 24 feet of 
 water at the lowest tides, and is of 
 immense advantage to the city of 
 New-York, and to commerce at 
 large. Armed vessels and mer- 
 chantmen of the largest class, can 
 now, at all times of the tide, be 
 safely piloted into the Lower Bay, 
 and thence to the wharves at the 
 city. 
 
 Table of Distances from the City of 
 New- York, to the principal cities and 
 towns in the United States, by the 
 nearest mail routes. 
 
 Miles. 
 Little Rock, Ar. 1293 
 
 Louisville, 816 
 
 Milledgeville, G. 867 
 
 Mobile, 1258 
 
 Montreal, Can. 380- 
 Nashville, Ten.. 939 
 Natchez, Miss.- 1371 
 New Orleans,- • 1428 
 New Haven, Ct. 80 
 New London, " 120 
 
 Norfolk, 442 
 
 Pensacola, Fl'a, 1306 
 Pittsburg, Pa.- 387 
 Philadelphia, •• 87 
 Portsmouth, ••• 263 
 Portland, Me.-- 317 
 Providence, R.I. 182 
 
 Quebec, 640 
 
 Richmond, Va.- 347 
 
 St. Louis, 1080 
 
 Savannah, 887 
 
 Tallahassee, F). 1121 
 Trenton, N.J. •• 69 
 Washington, .-• 226 
 
 Miles. 
 Albany, by water, 145 
 
 Alton, 111. — 
 
 Augusta, Me.-- • 
 Augusta, Ga.-- • 
 Annapolis, Md.- 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 Boston, by land, 
 " tn'a.Ston- 
 
 ington, 
 
 Bridgeport, Ct.- 
 Buffalo, via. Al- 
 bany, 
 
 Burlington, Vt. 
 
 1073 
 37(1 
 BOS 
 217 
 187 
 SO? 
 
 60 
 
 46C 
 290 
 
 Charleston^. C. 769 
 Columbia, " 
 Cincinnati, O.-- 
 Columbus, " •■ 
 Detroit, Mich.-- 
 Harrisburg,Pa.- 
 Hartford, Ct.--- 
 Indianapolis, la. 
 Jackson, Miss.- 1260 
 Jefferson, Mo.-- 1180 
 Kingston. Can.- 390 
 
DISTANCES BETWEEN NEW YORK AND ALBANY. 285 
 
 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 
 
 Distances of the principal places between Catskill, 
 
 New- York and Albany, on the east Athens, 
 
 side of the Hudson, by mail route. Coxsackie, 
 
 New Baltimore,. 
 
 Coevmans, 
 
 Names of places. 
 
 -s-fLi£>- 
 
 21 Z 
 
 New- York, 
 
 King's Bridge, 
 
 Yonker's, 
 
 Dobb's Ferry, 
 
 Irving, 
 
 Tarrytown, 
 
 Sing Sing, 
 
 Croton River, 
 
 Colleberg, 
 
 Peekskill, 
 
 Phillipsburgh, 
 
 Fishkill, 
 
 Wappinger's Creek, 
 
 POUGHKEEPSIE, 
 
 Hyde Park, 
 
 Rhinebeck, 
 
 Redhook, Lower,.-. 
 Redhook, Upper.... 
 
 Clermont, 
 
 Blue Store, ■ 
 
 Johnstown, 
 
 Hudson,.. ... ( 
 
 Stuyvesant Falls,. • 
 
 Kinderhook, 
 
 Schodack Centre,.. 
 
 Greenbush, 
 
 Albany, 
 
 ^5 ' Distances of the principal places on the 
 _ Hudson, from Albany and New- York- 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 5 
 1 
 C) 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 6 
 7 
 6 
 
 10 
 6 
 3 
 5 
 2 
 
 5 Albany,. 
 
 9 
 
 140 
 
 6 
 
 146 
 
 8 
 
 154 
 
 6 
 
 160 
 
 2 
 
 162 
 
 12 
 
 174 
 
 34 
 28 
 20 
 14 
 12 
 
 
 
 13 
 17 
 22 
 27 
 28 
 31 
 36 
 38 
 46 
 55 
 65 
 71 
 78 
 84 
 94 
 100 
 103 
 10S 
 
 mi 
 
 113 
 121 
 12'.! 
 131 
 114 
 153 
 154 
 
 154; 
 
 1411 
 137 
 132 
 127 
 
 Names of places. 
 
 \l*\ New- York 
 
 J?0 Weehawken, N,J. 
 
 He Bloomingdale, 
 
 }"£ Bull's Ferry, N. J.. 
 J "„ , Manhattanville,.... 
 9 Fort Lee, N, J.--- 
 
 !? Fort Washington,. - 
 *Z Spuyten Duvel Creek,. 
 
 ]?< Yonkers, 
 
 '" Hastings 
 
 °" ! Dobb's Ferry, 
 
 r , Piermont, 
 
 46 Irving 
 
 r: j Tarrytown, 
 
 Y.\ Sing Sins 
 
 tX | Teller's Point 
 
 % 6 .\ Grassy Point ■ 
 
 i,A Verplank's Point, 
 
 J1 Caldwill's Landing,.. 
 
 10 
 
 West Point,. 
 
 Coldspring,. 
 
 — i Cornwall, 
 
 Distances of the principal places b* I £l Wmdsor, . 
 tween New- York and Albany, on \ J £ a *f&*S"''i' 
 the west side of the Hudson nver, via. j &* Hamburgh,. 
 Piermont and Goshen. Mdton,. 
 
 Names of places. 
 
 New- York, 
 
 Piermont, • 
 
 Ramapo, 
 
 Monroe Works, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Chester, ■ 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Montgomery., 
 
 Walden, 
 
 Shawangunk, 
 
 New Hurley, 4 
 
 NewPaltz, | 9 
 
 Rosendale, 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Glasgow, 9 
 
 Ulster, or Saugerties, . . . . 3 
 Maiden, or Bristol, I 3 
 
 
 24 
 43 
 51 
 59 
 05 
 70 
 80 
 81 
 87 
 91 
 100 
 108 
 116 
 125 
 128 
 131 
 
 131 
 123 
 115 
 109 
 
 101 
 
 01 
 90 
 87 
 83 
 71 
 66 
 58 
 49 
 46 
 43 
 
 Poughkeepsie, 
 
 , >, ! Hyde Park, 
 
 ; i j Pelham, 
 
 • =j ! Rhinebeck, 
 
 '^ I Redhook, Lower, 
 
 — ! Glasco, 
 
 174 j Redhook, Upper, 
 
 150 Saugerties, 
 
 Bristol, or Maiden, . . . 
 
 Catskill, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Coxsackie, • • • • 
 
 Kinderhook Landing, . 
 
 New Baltimore, 
 
 Coey maris, 
 
 Schodack Landing,.. 
 
 Castleton, 
 
 Overslaugh, 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Troy ; 
 
 
 145 
 144 
 140 
 139 
 137 
 135 
 134 
 132 
 128 
 125 
 125 
 121 
 119 
 118 
 112 
 110 
 106 
 104 
 44 101 
 93 
 91 
 
 52 
 54 
 57 
 59 
 61 
 67 
 70 
 74 
 80 
 84 
 70 
 97 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 111 
 116 
 124 
 126 
 130 
 132 
 135 
 137 
 142 
 145 
 151 
 
 86 
 84 
 78 
 75 
 71 
 65 
 61 
 55 
 48 
 46 
 45 
 44 
 43 
 34 
 29 
 21 
 19 
 15 
 13 
 10 
 8 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Note.— Those places in Italic, are the 
 usual Steamboat Landings. 
 
286 
 
 NEW-YORK RAILROADS. 
 
 New-York and Albany 
 Railroad, is a projected work 
 of much importance ; the line 
 commences at the Harlem river, 
 connecting with the New-York 
 and Harlem railroad at Mor- 
 risania. From thence it proceeds 
 north through the county of West- 
 chester, eastern parts of Putnam 
 and Dutchess counties, into Colum- 
 bia county, where it intersects the 
 line of the Albany and West 
 Stockbridge railroad, at Chatham 
 Four Corners, and terminates at 
 Greenbush. The whole distance 
 from the City Hall in New-York to 
 Albany is about 148 miles ; it is 
 also proposed to continue this road 
 from Greenbush to the city of 
 Troy, a further distance of 6 
 miles. In its course the line of 
 this road passes through a rich and 
 fertile district of country, and ap- 
 proaches very near the western 
 boundaries of the states of Connec- 
 ticut and Massachusetts. The es- 
 timated expense for a single track, 
 from Harlem river to Greenbush is 
 $2,400,000. 
 
 New-York and Erie Rail- 
 road, commences on the west 
 side of the Hudson river at the 
 village of Piermont, where is erec- 
 ted a substantial pier upwards of 
 one mile in length, on which are 
 situated commodious buildings for 
 the use of the railroad company. 
 From thence the road extends in a 
 north-west direction to the village 
 of Goshen in Orange co. a distance 
 of 46 miles; to where it was fin- 
 ished and put in operation Sept. 
 22, 1841. This is a wide and sub- 
 stantial road, having been construc- 
 ted at a great expense, through a 
 hilly and interesting region of 
 country. The line of the road ex- 
 tends through Rockland and Or- 
 ange counties, until it reaches the 
 Delaware river, thence up the 
 right bank of the above river, 
 through the counties of Sullivan 
 and Delaware into Broome county ; 
 
 all of which is finished or in pro- 
 gress except 40 miles extending 
 from Deposit west to Binghamton. 
 At the village of Binghamton com- 
 mences the Susquehanna division, 
 which extends west through the 
 counties of Broome, Tioga, Che- 
 mung and Steuben to the village 
 of Hornellsville, a distance of 117 \ 
 miles from Binghamton. This part 
 of the road is now, (Jan. 1842,) 
 nearly completed. From Hor- 
 nellsville the line extends still far- 
 ther west, through the counties of 
 Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chau- 
 tauque ; where terminates this great 
 work at the village of Dunkirk on 
 Lake Erie. Between Hornellsville 
 and Dunkirk, 132 miles, the road 
 is advancing with great rapidity. 
 The route selected is in all re- 
 spects most eligible for a work of 
 such extent ; the line has the ad- 
 vantage on more than three quar- 
 ters of the whole distance, of be- 
 ing laid in the valleys of rivers and 
 other considerable streams, as tl^ 
 Ramapo, Delaware, Susquehanna, 
 Chemung, Canisteo, Genesee and 
 Allegany rivers, and some of their 
 tributaries ; where the grades are 
 extremely favorable, and the soil 
 in the valleys west of the Dela- 
 ware, adapted to the use of piles — 
 which mode of construction has 
 been adopted on the Susquehanna 
 division. The whole length of 
 this road from Dunkirk to Pier- 
 mont, is 446 miles, thence to the 
 city of New-Ycrk by water is 24 
 miles, making the total distance 
 from Lake Erie to the city of New- 
 York 470 miles. 
 
 The New-York and Erie Railroad 
 Company was chartered in 1832, 
 with a capital of $10,000,000. In 
 1834 the route of the road was sur- 
 veyed, under the authority and at 
 the expense of the state; and in 
 1836, the legislature granted to the 
 company, in aid of its construc- 
 tion, a loan of the credit of the 
 state for $3,000,000, subject to 
 
NEW- YORK RAILROADS— NIAGARA. 
 
 287 
 
 restrictions, which have since heen I tion from June 1st, 1831, to Sept. 
 
 modified. In 1840 the legislature 
 authorised the issue to the compa- 
 ny of $100,000 of state stock for 
 each $ 100,000 previously collect- 
 ed on the stock of the company, 
 they having- previously received the 
 like amount of the state; and the 
 corresponding sum of $100,000 
 for every $50,000 which should 
 thereafter be collected on their 
 stock, and expended in the con- 
 struction of the road, till the issu- 
 es amounted to $'3,000,000. 
 
 New-York and Harlem 
 Railroad, commences near the 
 City Hall in New- York, and ex- 
 tends north through Centre and 
 Broome-streets into the Bowery, 
 then enters the Fourth Avenue, 
 which it pursues to Harlem river, 
 a distance of 8 miles ; thence 
 across the river by a substantial 
 bridge into Westchester county. 
 This company was first chartered 
 in 1831, with a capital of $350,- 
 000, but has since been amended, 
 so that by the last amendment pas- 
 sed in 1840, they are now authori- 
 sed by law to issue stock to the 
 amount of $2,950,000, and extend 
 their road from the Harlem river, 
 through the county of Westchester, 
 to the north line of that county, a 
 distance of 50 miles, and east- 
 wardly to the line of the state of 
 Connecticut, and there to intersect 
 with a line or lines from that state, 
 or from Massachusetts. The total 
 amount of moneys received from 
 the sale of the above stock in 1841, 
 
 amounted to $1,010,472 92; all of I connection with the above works ; 
 which has been expended. The i altogether giving constant employ- 
 total expenditures of every descrip- |ment to above 400 persons. 
 
 NIAGARA COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1808, is centrally dis- 
 tant 290 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
 north by Lake Ontario, east by Orleans county, south by Erie, and 
 west by the Niagara river, which separates it from Canada. From Lake 
 Ontario to the foot of the Mountain Ridge, which extends across this 
 county from east to west, the surface has a gradual rise towards the south, 
 varying from 7 to 12 miles from the lake. The Alluvial Way, or Ridge 
 Road, extends from the Genesee to the Niagara river, between the lake 
 shore and the Mountain ridge ; it is formed by the deposit of sand and 
 
 1st, 1841, was $1,888,113 23, and 
 no dividends have as yet been de- 
 clared by the company. The 
 route selected for the road has thus 
 far presented the most formidable 
 natural obstacles, embracing the 
 hardest rock excavation, extensive 
 tunnelling, high and long embank- 
 ments and costly bridges. The 
 track is now finished to William's 
 bridge, where it crosses Bronx ri- 
 ver, a distance of 14j miles from 
 the City Hall; and the grading of 
 the whole line to White Plains, a 
 further distance of 13 miles, is con- 
 tracted to be done by the first of 
 April, 1842. 
 
 New-York Mills, v. and p. 
 o. Whitestown, Oneida co. is an. 
 important manufactuiing settle- 
 ment, situated on the Sadaquada 
 creek, 2 miles south of the village 
 of Whitesboro. It contains about 
 900 inhabitants, 150 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 3 
 stores. Here are two extensive 
 factory buildings, constructed of 
 stone, each 4 stories high, embra- 
 cing a large cotton manufactory, 
 in which are in operation about 
 400 looms, with the usual machine- 
 ry appertaining thereto ; the build- 
 ings and machinery were erected 
 at a cost of $275,000. This es- 
 tablishment is one of the largest of 
 its kind in the state, and is justly 
 celebrated for the beauty and ex- 
 cellence of its manufactured fab- 
 rics ; there is also a large bleach- 
 ing: and dying establishment in 
 
288 
 
 NIAGARA— NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 gravel handsomely arched ; ils surface is elevated aboutl30 feet above 
 the surface of the lake. The face of the country on the south is diver- 
 sified, and the soil is generally good, producing grass and grain in 
 abundance. In addition to Lake Ontario, it is watered on the west by 
 the Niagara river, and on the south by the Tonawanda creek, which 
 separates it from Erie county. The mineral localities of this county, 
 although not numerous, are such as to attract the attention of the trav- 
 eller. The most important of these are in the immediate vicinity of the 
 Falls of Niagara, and at the deep rock excavation near Lockport. 
 Sulphur springs also occur near the above places ; some of them are 
 well charged with gas, and hold in solution small quantities of sulphate 
 of magnesia. To these may be added, a chalybeate spring and an in- 
 flammable spring atGasport on the line of the Erie Canal, which great 
 work passes through this county, uniting with the Tonawanda creek at 
 the village of Pendleton. The Lock-port and Niagara Falls, and the 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad, here unite at the village of Ni- 
 agara Falls. Its area is about 484 square miles, or 309,500 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Niagara county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Cambria, 2,099 
 
 Hartland, 2,350 
 
 Lewiston, 2,533 
 
 Lockport, 9,125 
 
 Newfane, 2,372 
 
 Niagara, 1,277 
 
 Pendleton, 1,098 j 
 
 Niagara, t. Niagara co. situ- 
 ated 16 miles west of the village of 
 Lockport, and distant 298 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,277 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, calcareous grav- 
 elly loam, underlaid by lime and 
 gypsum. This town is situated on 
 the Mountain Ridge, and declines 
 toward the south ; it is drained by 
 two or three small streams, and is 
 watered on the west by the Niaga- 
 ra river, which separates it from 
 Canada. Attached to this town is 
 Goat Island and some smaller isl- 
 ands ; it also embraces a part of 
 the celebrated Falls of Niagara. 
 Chalmers and Niagara Falls are 
 names of post offices. Schlosser 
 is the name of a landing which has 
 of late acquired much celebrity, 
 from the circumstance of its being 
 the place where the steamboat Car- 
 oline was destroyed bv an armed 
 British force, Dec. 29, 1837. 
 
 Niagara Falls, v. and p. o. I 
 
 Porter, 2,177 
 
 Royalton, 3,549 
 
 Somerset, 1,742 
 
 Wheatland, 1,057 
 
 Wilson, 1,753 
 
 Total inhabitants, 31,132 
 
 Niagara, Niagara co. is situated 
 on the east side of the Niagara 
 river, within full view of Niagara 
 rapids and falls. It contains about 
 750 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hous 
 es, a classical institute aud a select 
 school for young ladies, 2 church- 
 es, 6 hotels and taverns, 9 stores 
 and shops ; 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 paper 
 mill, 1 trip hammer works, 1 fur- 
 nace, 2 machine shops, 1 railroad 
 car manufactory ; all using water 
 power taken from the Niagara riv- 
 er, which here furnishes an inex- 
 haustible amount of hydraulic 
 power. The Lockport and Niag- 
 ara Falls railroad, and the Buffa- 
 lo and Niagara Falls railroad, 
 unite at this place, having two sep- 
 arate depots, affording a cheap and 
 speedy mode of conveyance to 
 those visiting the justly celebrated 
 Falls of Niagara.' In regard to 
 this place and vicinity, a writer 
 makes the following: remarks : — 
 
NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 2S9 
 
 " Since my last visit, nearly twenty 
 years ago, there have been many 
 changes, even here, the sublimest 
 spot on earth. A bridge has been 
 built across to goat Island, and a 
 tower, resembling a light house, 
 built on the brink of the great cat- 
 aract. The spectator is enabled to 
 view these wonderful works of na- 
 ture from points where formerly 
 man was not permitted to visit. 
 Table Rock, on the Canada side, 
 was always considered the chosen 
 point for the view above, and on 
 that account most travellers re- 
 mained on the British side. The 
 construction of the bridge and the 
 tower has turned the travel to the 
 American side. I shall not attempt 
 a description of a scene which has 
 so often been attempted by others, 
 but which the pen of man is in- 
 competent to picture or describe. 
 I am happy to say that the number 
 of visitors is constantly increasing, 
 and unlike other fashionable pla- 
 ces, they are not limited to a few 
 weeks in the summer months. At 
 all seasons, even in the depth of 
 winter, pilgrims are found wending 
 their way here." 
 
 Niagara Falls, the just ad- 
 miration and wonder of all who 
 visit them, are thus faithfully de- 
 scribed by Horatio Gates Spafford, 
 in his Gazetteer of the State of 
 New-York, published in 1S24. 
 "The Falls of Niagara are about 
 equi-distant between Lakes Erie 
 and Ontario," and 220 miles west 
 of the city of Albany, by the most 
 usually travelled route ; " they 
 have very deservedly attracted 
 much notice, and have been often 
 and well described. To conceive 
 a just idea of the Falls, it must be 
 understood that the level o r Lake 
 Erie is elevated above that of Lake 
 Ontario 334 feet : and that the sur- 
 face of the land is pretty uniformly 
 level, from Buffalo to Fort Niag- 
 ara, with the exception of 2 steeps 
 of unequal descent. These steeps, 
 19 
 
 or terraces, extend far from the 
 east, and terminate at Black Rock 
 and Lewiston, if indeed they are 
 not to be traced also info Canada. 
 They are not ridges, but rather 
 rocky ledges, that bound the north- 
 ern extremities of plains, as those 
 descend toward the level of Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 " The immense volume of water 
 that forms a liver of a mile wide, 
 running with a current of more 
 than 3 miles an hour, can only be 
 conceived by those who have seen 
 large rivers, and have indulged in 
 some habitual reflection. I had 
 enjoyed these advantages, and had 
 read many good descriptions of 
 Niagara Falls, before I had an op- 
 portunity to consult the impressions 
 derived from personal inspection: 
 and still the scene was altogether 
 new to me, when I stood, and 
 gazed, and wondered at the sight. 
 A broad, rapid river poured at once 
 down a precipice of more than 150 
 feet, into an awful chasm of about 
 3 quarters of a mile wide, and near 
 300 feet deep, reckoning from the 
 surface of the river bank ! The 
 first effect of this sight is absolutely 
 indescribable. My head became 
 giddy, and it seemed to me that 
 every nerve was affected in the 
 same way with those of the head : 
 nor was it till after some minutes 
 that I dare crawl along to the brink 
 of the awful precipice, from which 
 I designed to take a nearer view. 
 This was from the Table Rock, on 
 the Canada shore, immediately be- 
 low the great Fall. 
 
 " The form of the Fall is nearly 
 that of a semi-circle, with the 
 longest line on the east side of the 
 grand central stream, or Horse- 
 shoe Fall. And on the American 
 side, the sheet is separated by Goat 
 Island, which is about 330 yards 
 broad. The Horse-shoe Fall may 
 be near 700 yards in circumfer- 
 ence ; and the high Fall on the 
 American side, including the 
 
290 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 whole space, about 380 yards. 
 Other estimates say less, and some 
 also, say more, but until I have an 
 opportunity for another admeasure- 
 ment, I must compute the whole 
 circumference at 1410 yards. On 
 the east side of Goat Island, there 
 is also another island of perhaps 
 20 yards, between which is a small 
 sheet of water 8 or 10 yards broad. 
 With the exception, then, of 350 
 yards, the whole space is occupied 
 by sheets of falling' water. The 
 height of the Fall on the American 
 side, is 164 feet; on the Canada 
 side 150, the results of several 
 careful admeasurements. At the 
 mouth of Chippewa creek, on the 
 Canada side, 2j miles above the 
 great Fall, the river is near 2 miles 
 broad, and from this place the cur- 
 rent is very rapid, with a descent 
 variously estimated ; probably a- 
 bout 80, or perhaps 90 feet. Op- 
 posite this rapid, on the American 
 side, stands the village of Niagara 
 Falls, (formerly called Manches- 
 ter,) 100 rods above the Fall. The 
 best near view is from Goat Island, 
 to which there is a bridge ; but to 
 obtain a just idea of the country, 
 with a whole view of Niagara, it 
 should be approached from Lake 
 Ontario. The spray that rises from 
 the water, at the foot of the Falls, 
 reaches a lofty height, more or less 
 curved to the horizon, according 
 to the direction and force of the 
 wind. But it always serves as the 
 medium for beautiful rainbows 
 when the weather is fair. The 
 sound is heard at various distances; 
 extending 20 or 30 miles, when 
 wafted by a gentle breeze. I have 
 heard it 30 miles, in a direct line ; 
 and I once approached within 5 
 miles, without hearing any of that 
 roar, which soon became tremen- 
 dous, from a change of wind. 
 
 " It will be observed that the 
 main body of the water descends 
 at the Horse-shoe Fall, where it is 
 also very deep ; and running with 
 
 a very strong current, it does not 
 pitch immediately downward, but 
 curves in a white sheet to the level 
 of the river below, advancing 
 about 50 feet from the perpendicu- 
 lar of the cataract. The Fall on 
 the American side, on the contra- 
 ry, drops almost perpendicularly, 
 in a much thinner sheet. Below 
 the Falls, the surface exhibits a 
 singular unevenness, where the wa- 
 ter and foam force up large spher- 
 ical figures, that burst on the top, 
 discharge a cloud of spray, and 
 subside, to be immediately suc- 
 ceeded by others, in constant and 
 rapid succession This appearance 
 is of course the most remarkable, 
 just below the centre of the Horse- 
 shoe Fall, where the currents 
 above, rushing together, have also 
 forced down the greater proportion 
 of air. 
 
 "I have raid above, that the 
 great northern terrace of the high 
 plain meets Niagara river at Lew- 
 iston, and along the foot of this is 
 the Alluvial Way, separately de- 
 scribed. Lewiston is just at the 
 foot of this terrace, and here must 
 have been, originally, the Falls of 
 Niagara, now 8 miles higher up 
 the stream. The corresponding 
 strata of rocks and earths, with ev- 
 ery geological feature, carrv irre- 
 sistible evidence of this prodigious 
 excavation. In the autumn of 
 1795, it is said a shock of an earth- 
 quake was felt here, when a large 
 piece of the rock that formed the 
 Cataract, fell, and perceptibly 
 changed the form of its curvature. 
 Indeed it were altogether incredi- 
 ble to suppose this immense body 
 of water should descend thus, and 
 not be constantly wearing away 
 the rocks that lie in its way. How 
 long it may have taken to cut out 
 this vast chasm, is of no impor- 
 tance. 
 
 " Since the above was published, 
 I have had a winter view of these 
 Falls, under favorable circumstan 
 
NIAGARA, FORT— NIAGARA RIVER. 
 
 291 
 
 ces. As I approached them by 
 sleighing - , on some of the last days 
 of January, 1820, turning Sturgeon 
 Point, on the shore of Lake Erie, 
 at a distance of 2b" miles from the 
 Falls, I plainly saw the spray ri- 
 sing in splendid columns. It was 
 a very cold day, the wind strong 
 from the north, and the sun, per- 
 fectly unclouded, was near the ho- 
 rizon, every circumstance combi- 
 ning to favor the view. On the last 
 day of January, when every tiling 
 that winter could do had been 
 done, 1 again saw the Falls, sur- 
 rounded by a magnificence that 
 summer never exhibits. The wind, 
 and spray, and frost, had covered 
 the snow with a crust of solid, 
 white ice, from 1 to 18 inches in 
 thicknes*, on all the approaches to 
 the Falls, and the limbs of the 
 overhanging trees were bent down 
 or broken : the river was closed 
 every where, save where tossed 
 with the utmost rapidity of motion, 
 white with foam, and no water 
 could be seen, only at the Rapids 
 and Falls. Yet in all this terrific 
 array of the majesty of the ele- 
 ments, and stupendous work of na- 
 ture, myriads of wild dutks were 
 seen, sporting on the foaming tor- 
 rent. They were descending in 
 streams on the wing, and would 
 alight on the water in the Rapids, 
 float over the perpendicular Fall, 
 descend about one-half of the dis- 
 tance, take wing, and asjain re- 
 mount to the Rapids ! This was 
 new to me, but Col. Whitney, who 
 keeps an excellent hotel at the 
 Falls, and who was with me, told 
 me such occurrences were by no 
 means rare, for a few weeks, in 
 the extreme cold of winter. There 
 is now a safe and convenient cov- 
 ered stairway, erected close to the 
 Falls, by which to descend to the 
 foot of the column of water. A 
 bridge has also been erected across 
 the Rapids, to Goat Island, from 
 which the best views may be had 
 
 of the Falls and Rapids, on both 
 sides." 
 
 Niagara, Fort. See Fort 
 Niagara. 
 
 Niagara River, is the outlet 
 of Lake Erie and the upper lakes, 
 communicating with Lake Ontario 
 and the St. Lawrence river. It is 
 36 miles long, and of very unequal 
 width, spreading out from half a 
 mile to 6 or 7 in width, embosom- 
 ing several islands, of which Grand 
 and Navy Islands, are the most im- 
 portant. "A good description of 
 this river would fill a volume. 
 From Fort Erie, on the Canada 
 shore, at the outlet of Lake Erie, 
 to Chippewa, is 18 miles, with a 
 height of bank of from 4 to 10 
 feet. From Chippewa to the great 
 fall, is 2| miles along the Canada 
 shore, with a descent of 92 feet. 
 Of course the bank along this dis- 
 tance is from 10 to 100 feet high, 
 and the current of the river so rap- 
 id as to keep the surface in a white 
 foam the most of this distance. 
 From the cataract it is 7 miles to 
 the Landing at Lewiston, and near 
 here the bank is 310 feet high, 
 composed of strata of soft mud 
 and sand, clay, gypsum or plaster, 
 slate, limestone, and a superstra- 
 tum of earth. There is consider- 
 able descent in this distance, and 
 the fVhirlpool and Devil's Hole. 
 From Lewiston to Lake Ontario, is 
 also 7 miles, and in this distance, 
 the Northern Terrace, or Mountain 
 Ridge, crosses the course of the 
 river, and the height of the bank 
 soon diminishes to 25 or 30 feet, 
 holding this height to the lake. 
 The mouth of Niagara river is in 
 N. lat. 43° 14', and 5° 06' W. 
 longitude from New- York. The 
 channel of this river is the bound- 
 ary between the United States and 
 Canada. The length and descent 
 of this river are stated as below, 
 by the latest estimates : from Lake 
 Erie to the head of the rapids above 
 Grand Niagara, 21 k miles, descent 
 
292 
 
 NICHOLS— NORFOLK. 
 
 15 feet ; Rapids \ mile, descent 
 51 feet ; Falls, 162 feet ; from the 
 Falls to Lewiston, 7 miles, descent 
 104 feet ; thence to Lake Ontario, 
 
 7 miles, descent 2 feet : making 
 the whole distance 36 miles, and 
 the fall 334 feet, which of course 
 is the difference of level of Lake 
 Erie and Lake Ontario. This river 
 affords a great variety offish, such 
 as salmon trout, (below the Falls,) 
 sturgeon, bass, muscanunge, or 
 muscalunga, and many others of 
 less note. The white fish weigh 
 from 2 to 5 and 6 pounds, and are 
 taken in seines from October to 
 May, a most delicious fish, pecu- 
 liar to this river and the great west- 
 ern lakes." 
 
 Nichols, t. Tioga co. situated 
 
 8 miles south-west of the village 
 of Owego and distant 175 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,986 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; 
 it is watered by the Susquehanna 
 river, which bounds it on the north, 
 where are extensive and fertile 
 flats, under a high state of cultiva- 
 tion. Nichols and Canfield's Cor- 
 ners are names of post offices. 
 
 Nichols, v. and p. o. Nichols, 
 Tioga co. is situated on the south 
 side of the Susquehanna liver ; it 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church, an academy, 2 
 taverns, 6 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill and 1 tannery. This 
 place is sometimes called Hush- 
 ville. 
 
 Nicholsville, v. and p. o. 
 Hopkinton and Lawrence, St. 
 Lawrence co. is situated on both 
 sides of the east branch of the St. 
 Regis river ; it contains about 125 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, and 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Niles, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 10 miles south-east of the village 
 of Auburn, and distant 160 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 
 2,234 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling ; soil, clay and sandy loam, 
 on lime and slate ; drained by 
 some small streams, and watered 
 on the west by Owasco lake, and 
 on the east by Skaneateles lake. 
 Niles, West Niles and Kelloggs- 
 ville, are names of post offices. 
 
 Nike Mile Creek, rises in 
 the south part of Onondaga county, 
 and flows north into Onondaga 
 lake. 
 
 Ninevah, v. and p. o. Coles- 
 ville, Broome co. is situated on 
 the west side of the Susquehanna 
 river ; it contains about 20 dwell- 
 ing houses, 125 inhabitants, 1 tav- 
 ern and 2 stores. 
 
 Nipple Top. See Dial Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Niskayuna, t. Schenectady 
 co. situated 4 miles east of the city 
 of Schenectady, and distant 12 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 693 inhabitants. The surface 
 is somewhat hilly on the north, 
 along the margin of the Mohawk 
 river, but to the south it is more 
 level and sandy. The name of this 
 town is derived from the Indian ap- 
 pellation of Con-nes-ti-gu-ne, sig- 
 nifying a "field covered with 
 corn." It formerly was applied to 
 a much more extensive tract on 
 both sides of the Mohawk, and is 
 now so understood by the descend- 
 ants of the primitive Dutch set- 
 tlers, including a part of the town 
 of Watervliet, Albany county, 
 where is situated a Shaker settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Niverville, v. Kinderhook, 
 Columbia co. is a small manufac- 
 turing settlement, containing 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 fulling mill, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 store and 12 or 
 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 NOBLESVILLE, p. O. NeW- 
 
 Lisbon, Otsego co. Here are sit- 
 uated 1 Presbyterian church, 1 tav- 
 ern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, and some 
 10 or 12 dwelling houses. 
 
 Norfolk, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 
NORFOLK— NORTH CHATHAM. 
 
 293 
 
 situated 18 4 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 224 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,72S inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, rich loam; 
 drained by Racket river and some 
 of its tributaries. Norfolk and 
 Raymondsville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Norfolk, v. and p. o. Nor- 
 folk, St. Laurence co. is situated 
 on the Racket river, and contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Meth- 
 odist church, 2 public houses, 3 
 stores, 3 extensive furnaces, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 2 trip 
 hammer works, and 1 satinet fac- 
 tory. Here is a descent in the 
 river of about 50 feet, affording a 
 large amount of hydraulic power. 
 It was formerly called slttivaler's 
 Falls. 
 
 Normanskill, rises in Sche- 
 nectady county, and flows south- 
 east through the county of Albany, 
 emptying into the Hudson river in 
 the town of Bethlehem. 
 
 North Adams, p. o. Adams, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 North Almond, p. o. Al- 
 mond, Allegany co. 
 
 North Amenta, v. and p. o. 
 North-east, Dutchess co. contains 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 15 
 or 20 dwellings. It lies in a val- 
 ley, and is surrounded by a rich 
 and highly productive country. 
 
 Northampton, t. Fulton co. 
 situated 18 miles north-east of the 
 village of Johnstown, and distant 
 53 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,526 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level ; soil, sand 
 and. sandy loam of good quality, 
 adapted to grass and summer 
 crops ; watered by the Sacandaga 
 river, which receives from the 
 south-west the Vlaie, or Mayfield 
 creek ; at the confluence of the 
 streams lies the village of Fish 
 House. A portion of the Great I 
 
 Fly, ( Vlaie, in Dutch,) or marsh, 
 is in the south part of this town, 
 affording a valuable range for cat- 
 tle, and a favorite resort for the 
 angler and fowler. This great 
 marsh is frequently overflown by 
 the waters of the Sacondaga and 
 other streams, covering from 5 to 
 20,000 acres. Northampton, Fish 
 House, Newton's Corner's, North- 
 ville and Osborne's Bridge, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 North Argyle, p. o. Ar 
 gyle, Washington co. 
 
 North Bainbridge, p. o. 
 Bainbridge, Chenango co. 
 
 North Barton, p. o. Bar- 
 ton, Tioga co. 
 
 North Bergen, p. o. Ber- 
 gen, Genesee co. 
 
 North Big Flats, p. o. Big 
 Flats, Chemung co. 
 
 North Blenheim, p. o. 
 Blenheim, Schoharie co. 
 
 North Bloomfield, v. and 
 p. o. West Bloomfield, Ontario co. 
 is situated on the Honeoye creek ; 
 it contains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 tav- 
 ern, 2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 2 
 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 cloth- 
 ier's works, 1 furnace and 2 ma- 
 chine shops. 
 
 North Boston, p. o. Boston, 
 Erie co. 
 
 North Brookfield, p. o. 
 Brookfield, Madison co. 
 
 North Canton, p. o. Can- 
 ton, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 North Castle, t. Westches 
 ter co. situated 6 miles north of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 129 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,058 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and stony ; 
 soil, sandy loam and clav ; drained 
 south by Byram river. North Cas- 
 tle is the name of a post office. 
 
 North Chatham, v. and p. 
 o. Chatham, Columbia co. Here 
 is an agricultural settlement, con- 
 taining about 200 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2. 
 
294 
 
 NORTH CHILI— NORTH HEMPSTEAD. 
 
 public houses, 3 stores, 1 gristmill 
 and 1 saw mill. 
 
 North Chili, p. o. Chili, 
 Monroe co. 
 
 North Clarence, p. o. Cla- 
 rence, Erie co. 
 
 North Clymer, p. o. Cly- 
 mer, Chautauque co. 
 
 North Conhocton, p. o. 
 Conhocton, Steuben co. 
 
 North East, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 25 miles north-east of the 
 village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- 
 tant 75 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,385 inhabitants. 
 The surface is in part covered with 
 the Taghkanic mountain ; soil, 
 various, abounding with stones, but 
 mostly arable and productive in 
 grass and grain; drained by Ten 
 Mile creek and some of its tribu- 
 taries. There are several ponds in 
 this town, the principal of which. is 
 called Indian Pond ; there is also 
 a vein of lead ore, commencing at 
 (he south-west corner of the town 
 and running northerly into An- 
 cram, Columbia county; it was 
 worked here previous to the revo- 
 lutionary war, and long since in 
 Ancram. It is crossed by another 
 vein said to contain copper. 
 North East, Federal Store and 
 North Amenia are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 North East, v. and p. o. 
 North East, Dutchess co. is situa- 
 ted in a valley; it contains about 
 150 inhabitants, '25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Baptist church, 1 tavern and 
 3 stores. 
 
 North Easton, p. o. Easton, 
 Washington co. 
 
 Northfield, t. Richmond 
 co. situated 3 miles north of the 
 village of Richmond, and distant 
 156 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 2,745 inhabitants. The 
 surface and soil are various, with 
 some broad marshes on Staten 
 Island Sound, and the Kills, by 
 which it is bounded on the west 
 and north. Chelsea and Port 
 
 Richmond are names of vil- 
 lages. 
 
 North Franklin, p. o. 
 Franklin, Delaware co. 
 
 North Gage, p. o. Deerfield, 
 Oneida co. 
 
 North Galway, p. o. Gal- 
 way, Saratoga co. 
 
 North Granville, v. and 
 p. o. Granville, Washington co. 
 is situated on Pawlet river ; it con- 
 tains about 350 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, an in- 
 corporated academy; 3 taverns, 4 
 stores, 2 grist mills and 1 extensive 
 wagon manufactory. 
 
 North Greece, p. o. 
 Greece, Monroe co. 
 
 North Greenwich, p. o. 
 Greenwich, Washington co. 
 
 North Harpersfield, p. 
 o. Harpersfield, Delaware co. 
 
 North Hebron, p. o. He- 
 bron, Washington co. 
 
 North Hector, p. o. Hec- 
 tor, Tompkins co. 
 
 North Hempstead, t. 
 Queens co. contains the county 
 buildings, situated in the south part 
 of the town, on the Middle Post 
 road, near the line of the Long 
 Island railroad, and is distant 165 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,891 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly, being 
 crossed by the ridge which extends 
 through Long Island from east to 
 west. Harbor Hill, the highest 
 point on the island, rises 319 feet 
 above the Atlantic ocean, from 
 which it is distant 12 miles, and 
 can be seen 25 miles at sea. The 
 soil is sand and loam, mostly well 
 cultivated and fertile. It is bound- 
 ed on the north by Long Island 
 Sound, where are several bays ; 
 Little Neck Bay, Cow Bay and 
 Hempstead Harbor, between which 
 are Cow Neck and Great Neck. 
 Success Pond on the west border 
 of the town is a very handsome 
 sheet of water, celebrated as being 
 stocked with fish, by the late Dr. 
 
NORTH HEMPSTEAD— NORTH WHITE CREEK. 
 
 295 
 
 Samuel L.Mitchell. North Hemp- 
 stead, Hempstead Harbor and 
 Manhasset are names of post offi- 
 ces. Lakeville is the name of a 
 settlement. 
 
 North Hempstead Court 
 House, v. North Hempstead, 
 Queens county, is situated on the 
 north side of the Great Hempstead 
 Plains, and about half a mile north 
 of the Long Island railroad. Here 
 are located a court-house and jail, 
 1 tavern, and a few dwelling- 
 houses. 
 
 North Hoosick,v. Hoosick, 
 Rensselaer co. is situated on the 
 Walloomsack creek, 2 miles north 
 of Hoosick Falls; this is a manu- 
 facturing- settlement containing 1 
 woollen factory, 1 scythe factory, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and 25 or 30 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 North Kortwright, p. 
 o. Kortwright, Delaware co. 
 
 North Lansing, p. o. Lan- 
 sing, Tompkins co. 
 
 North Mendon, p. o. Men- 
 don, Monroe co. 
 
 North Middlesex, p. o. 
 Middlesex, Yates co. 
 
 North Norwich, p. o. Nor- 
 wich, Chenango co. 
 
 North Penpield, p. o. Pen- 
 field, Monroe co. 
 
 North Perrysburgh, p. 
 o. Perrysburgh, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 North Plattsburgh, p. o. 
 Pittsburgh, Clinton co. 
 
 North Reading, p. o. Read- 
 ing, Steuben co. 
 
 North Ridgeway, p. o. 
 Ridge way, Orleans co. 
 
 North River. See Hudson 
 River. 
 
 North Salem, t. Westchester 
 co. situated 24 miles north of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 122 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,161 inhabitants. 
 The surface is somewhat hilly ; 
 soil, gravelly and clay loam, well 
 adapted to grass and summer 
 crops; drained bv Titicus creek 
 
 or river flowing into Croton river, 
 which bounds it on the west. 
 North Salem and Salem Centre are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 North Salem, v. and p. o. 
 North Salem, Westchester co. is 
 a scattered settlement containing 
 about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal and 1 Universalist church ; 2 
 taverns, 3 stores, 1 paper mill, 
 1 grist mill and 1 clothier's 
 works. 
 
 North Scipio, p. o. Scipio, 
 Cayuga co. 
 
 North Shelden, p. o. Shel- 
 den, Wyoming co. 
 
 North Shore, p. o. Castle- 
 ton, Richmond co. is situated in 
 the village of Factory ville. 
 
 North Sparta, p. o. Sparta, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 North Stephentown, p. 
 o. Stephentown, Rensselaer co. 
 
 North Sterling, p. o. Ster- 
 ling, Cayuga co. 
 
 Northumberland, t. Sara- 
 toga co. situated 15 miles north- 
 east of the village of Ballston Spa, 
 and distant 36 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,672 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is mostly level ; 
 soil, sandy loam; watered on the 
 east by the Hudson river. North- 
 umberland and Gansevoort are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Northville, p.o. Northamp- 
 ton, Fulton co. 
 
 North West Bay, lies on 
 the west side of Lake Champlain, 
 in the town of Westport, Essex 
 co. 
 
 North Wethersfield, p. 
 o. Wethersfield, Wyoming co. 
 
 North White Creek, v. 
 and p. o. White Creek, Washing- 
 ton county, is pleasantly situated 
 in the valley of "Old Cambridge;" 
 it contains about 500 inhabitants, 
 70 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
 5 stores and 1 carriage factory. 
 In this vicinity are several horticul 
 
296 
 
 NORTH WILNA— NUNDA VALLEY. 
 
 tural gardens, where are annually 
 raised large quantities of garden 
 seeds. 
 
 North Wilna, p. o. Wilna, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Norway, t. Herkimer co. si- 
 tuated 14 miles north of the village 
 of Herkimer, and distant 79 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,046 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and hilly ; soil, sand, sandy 
 loam and clay, well adapted to 
 grass ; drained west by tributaries 
 of West Canada creek. 
 
 Norway, v. and p. o. Norway, 
 Herkimer county, is an agricultu- 
 ral settlement; it contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal 
 and 1 Baptist church ; 1 tavern 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Norwich, t. Chenango co. 
 contains the county buildings si- 
 tuated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 110 miles from 
 Albany; it contained in 1840, 
 4,145 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, with a wide valley extending 
 through the town from north to 
 south, through which flows the 
 Chenango river, bordered by fer- 
 tile and highly cultivated fiats. 
 The hills are well adapted to gra- 
 zing. Norwich, North Norwich, 
 King's settlement and White 
 Store are names of post offices. 
 
 Norwich, v. and p. o. Nor- 
 wich, Chenango co. is beautifully 
 situated on the west bank of the 
 Chenango river, 110 miles west of 
 the city of Albany. It was incor- 
 porated in 1816, and now contains 
 about 1,500 inhabitants, 200 dwel- 
 houses, a stone court-house and jail, 
 and a brick county clerk's office; 1 
 banking house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 5 hotels and taverns, 
 20 stores and groceries, 3 forward- 
 ing houses, 2 grist mills, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 tannery, 1 leather mitten 
 and glove factory, 1 oil mill, 1 ful- 
 ling mill, 1 piauo forte manufac- 
 
 tory, 1 coach lace manufactory, 1 
 furnace and machine shop, 2 prin- 
 ting offices, several coach and 
 carriage manufactories, besides al- 
 most every other kind of mechanic 
 work shops. The Chenango ca- 
 nal, which passes through the 
 Chenango valley, runs through this 
 place, communicating with the 
 Erie canal at Utica, and with the 
 Susquehanna river at Binghamton. 
 The village of Norwich is sur- 
 rounded by a rich grazing country, 
 abounding in fine horses, neat cat- 
 tle and sheep; large quantities of 
 wool and other produce here find 
 a ready market. 
 
 Norwich, v. Oyster Bay, 
 Queens co. is situated on the road 
 leading from Oyster Bay village to 
 Jericho, at the eastern termination 
 of the North Hempstead and Flush- 
 ing turnpike. It contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 hotel 
 and 3 stores. 
 
 Nowadaga Creek, rises in 
 Warren, Herkimer co. and flows 
 north across the town of Danube, 
 where it empties into the Mohawk 
 river. 
 
 Nunda, t. Allegany co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles north of the village of 
 Angelica, and distant 225 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,637 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, argillaceous 
 loam of good quality and well 
 adapted to wheat ; drained by the 
 Canaseraga and Cashaqua creeks. 
 East Hill and Nunda Valley are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Nunda Valley, v. and p. o. 
 Nunda, Allegany co. is situated on 
 the Cashaqua creek ; it contains 
 about 1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
 tist and 1 Universalist church ; an 
 academy; 2 taverns, 10 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 1 
 machine shop, 1 furnace and 1 tan- 
 nery. This place is situated on 
 the line of the Genesee Valley Ca- 
 
NYACK— OGDENSBURGH. 
 
 297 
 
 nal, and is surrounded by a fine 
 fertile country. 
 
 Nvack, v. and p. o. Orange- 
 town, Rockland co. is pleasantly 
 situated on the west side of the 
 Hudson river, or Tappan hay. 
 It is a thriving village, containing 
 about S00 inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
 ling houses, 3 churches, 3 taverns, 
 5 stores, besides the ordinary me- 
 chanic shops. A steamboat and 
 several sloops are owned here, car- 
 rying: passengers and produce to 
 the New-York market. 
 
 Nyack Turnpike, p. o. 
 Clarkstown, Rockland co. 
 
 Oak Creek, is the outlet of 
 Canaderaga or Schuyler's Lake; 
 it Mows south through the town of 
 Otsego, Otsego county, into the 
 Susquehanna river. 
 
 Oakfielh, p. o. Elba, Gene- 
 see co. 
 
 Oakhill, v. and p. o. Durham, 
 Greene county, is situated on the 
 Catskill creek; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 1 gristmill, 1 tannery, and 1 fur- 
 nace for the manfacture of mallea- 
 ble iron and edge tools. 
 
 Oakhill, Landing, Living- 
 ston, Columbia county. This is a 
 convenient landing, situated on 
 the east side of the Hudson ri- 
 ver, 5 miles south of the city of 
 Hudson. 
 
 Oak Island, lies in the Great 
 South Bay of Suffolk county, on the 
 south side of Long Island. 
 
 Oakland, v. and p. o. Por- 
 tage, Allegany co. is situated on 
 Cashaqua creek; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Methodist meeting house, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 tannery and 1 clothier's 
 works. 
 
 Oak Neck, is situated on the 
 north side of Long Island, in the 
 town of Oyster Bay, Queens co. 
 
 Oak Orchard, p. o. Ridge- 
 vray, Orleans co. 
 
 Oak Orchard Creek, rises 
 in Genesee county, and flows north 
 through Orleans county into Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 Oak's Corners, p. o. Phelps, 
 Ontario co. 
 
 Oaksville, v. and p. o. Otse- 
 go, Otsego county, contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 and 1 cotton factory situated on 
 Oak creek. 
 
 Oblong Creek, rises in the 
 north-east part of Dutchess county, 
 and forms the head branches of 
 Ten Mile river, which flows into 
 Connecticut, where it empties into 
 the Housatonic river. 
 
 O'CoNNELLSVILLE, p. O. 
 
 Chili, Monroe co. 
 
 Ogden, t. Monroe co. situated 
 10 miles west of the city of Roches- 
 ter, and distant 227 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,404 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level; soil, sandy and gravelly 
 i loam ; drained by several small 
 streams. The Erie canal passes 
 through this town. Adams' Basin 
 and Spencerport are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Ogdensburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence co. is 
 situated on the east side of the St. 
 Lawrence river, at the mouth of 
 the Oswegatchie. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1817, and now contains 
 about 3,600 inhabitants, 450 dwel- 
 ling houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 
 and 1 Roman Catholic church ; 2 
 banks, 5 public houses, 80 stores 
 and shops of different kinds, 2 
 flouring mills and 1 grist mill, 2 
 sawmills; 1 clothier's works, 1 
 tannery, 2 iron founderies, an ex- 
 tensive brewery, 1 distillery and 2 
 machine shops. The Ogdensburgh 
 Academy is a chartered institution 
 in a flourishing condition. This 
 place is situated at the foot of sloop 
 navigation on the St. Lawrence 
 river ; steamboats which pass and 
 
298 OGDENSBURGH AND CHAMPLAIN R. R.— OLEAN. 
 
 repass Ogdensburgh daily, descend 
 the St. Lawrence to the head of 
 the Long Sault rapids, a distance 
 of about 40 miles, where naviga- 
 tion entirely ceases for steam ves- 
 sels. A daily line of steamboats 
 leave Ogdensburgh, ascending the 
 St. Lawrence, and passes through 
 Lake Ontario, touching at Pres- 
 cott, Morristown, Brockville, 
 Alexandria, French Creek, Cape 
 Vincent, Kingston, Sackett's Har- 
 bor, Oswego, Rochester, Niagara 
 and Lewiston. A steam ferry boat 
 crosses the St. Lawrence from Og- 
 densburgh to Prescott, Canada, a 
 distance of l^ miles. 
 
 Ogdensburgh and Lake 
 Champlain Railroad. This 
 is a projected work of great impor- 
 tance, the line extending from the 
 village of Ogdensburgh, situated 
 on the St. Lawrence river, to (he 
 village of Pittsburgh, or some 
 other point on Lake Champlain. 
 Surveys for Ihis road have been 
 made, on two different routes, the 
 result of which establishes its entire 
 practicability. The length of the 
 northern route running through the 
 village of Malone, is about 122 
 miles; the southern route is some- 
 what longer, extending through 
 the valley of the Au Sable. Esti- 
 mated cost, $'1,500,000. 
 
 Ohio, t. Herkimer co. situated 
 20 miles north of the village of 
 Herkimer, and distant 90 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 692 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and hilly ; soil, well adapted 
 to grass ; drained by West Canada 
 creek and some of its tributaries. 
 Ohio and West Brunswick are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Oil Spring, p. o. Cuba, Alle- 
 gany co. 
 
 Oil Spring Creek, rises 
 partly in the counties of Allegany 
 and partly in Cattaraugus, and 
 flows south-west into the Allegany 
 river. 
 
 Oil Spring Reservation, 
 
 situated in Cuba and Hinsdale, 
 Allegany and Cattaraugus coun- 
 ties, is one mile square, and be- 
 longs to the Seneca tribe of 
 Indians. The famed Seneca Oil 
 Spring, is in the town of Cuba, 
 within 80 rods of the county line. 
 It is a circular stagnant pool, about 
 10 feet in diameter, with no visible 
 outlet ; gas is constantly rising, 
 which emits an odour perceptible 
 at some distance. The water is 
 coated with a thin layer of the mi- 
 neral oil, giving it a yellowish 
 brown color ; the oil is collected 
 by skimming it from the fountain, 
 and is used for rheumatic com- 
 plaints and sores in man and beast. 
 It is much prized by the Indians, 
 although the oil obtained here is 
 said not to be so pure as a similar 
 substance found in Oil creek, Ve- 
 nango county, Penn. 
 
 Olcott, v. and p. o. Newfane, 
 Niagara co. is situated on Lake 
 Ontario, at the mouth of Eighteen 
 Mile creek ; it contains about 400 
 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 6 stores and gro- 
 ceries, and 1 forwarding establish- 
 ment. At this place is a conve- 
 nient harbor, which is now being 
 improved by private enterprise. 
 Salmon trout are taken in great 
 abundance near this place, of the 
 largest size. 
 
 Old Field Point, is situated 
 on the north side of Long Island, 
 in the town of Brookhaven, Suf- 
 folk co. where is located a light- 
 house. 
 
 Old Man's, v. Brookhaven, 
 Suffolk co. is situated at the head 
 of Old Man's Harbor ; it is an 
 agricultural settlement, consisting 
 of some 15 or 20 scattered dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Old Man's Kill, rises in the 
 town of Plattekill, Ulster co. and 
 flows east through Marlborough, 
 into the Hudson river in the south 
 part of the county. 
 
 Olean, t. Cattaraugus co. si- 
 
OLEAN— ONEIDA. 
 
 299 
 
 tuated 20 miles south-east of the 
 village of Ellicottville, and distant 
 288 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1S40, 638 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and broken ; soil, 
 sandy loam, mostly covered with 
 dense pine forests ; it is watered 
 by the Allegany river and some of 
 its tributaries. Olean is the name 
 of a post village, and Allegany Ci- 
 ty is a newly projected place, si- 
 situated at the point where the 
 proposed line of the New-York 
 and Erie railroad first reaches the 
 Allegany river, proceeding west- 
 ward. 
 
 Oxean, v. and p. o. Olean, Cat- 
 taraugus county, is advantageously 
 situated on the north side of the 
 Allegany river, at (he termination 
 of the Genesee Valley canal; it 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Epis- 
 copal church; 3 taverns, S stores, 
 1 grist mill, 3 saw mills, and 1 tan- 
 nery. Large amounts of lumber 
 and other products, are annually 
 sent down the Allegany, and 
 thence to the Ohio river from this 
 place, which bids fair to become a 
 large inland town. The United 
 States government have recently 
 
 made surveys of the river from this 
 place some distance below, pre- 
 paratory to improving the naviga- 
 tion, which, when completed, 
 together with the canal, will afford 
 uninterrupted boat navigation from 
 the city of Rochester to Pittsburg 
 in Pennsylvania. The New-York 
 and Erie railroad will pass very 
 near this place, and will add to its 
 facilities of communication. 
 
 Olive, t. Ulster county, situa- 
 ted 12 miles west of the village of 
 Kingston, and distant 68 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,032 
 inhabitants. The surface is gene- 
 rally uneven, and on the west 
 mountainous; spurs of the Catskill 
 mountain running into it; soil, 
 gravel and clay loam ; drained 
 east by Esopus creek. Olive and 
 Caseville are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Omar, v. Villenova, Chautau- 
 que county, is situated on the west 
 branch of the Connewango creek, 
 on the line of the New- York and 
 Erie railroad; it contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ful- 
 ling; mill. 
 
 ONEIDA COUNTY, taken from Herkimer in 1798, has been since 
 much reduced by the formation of other counties ; it is bounded on the 
 north by Lewis county, cast by Herkimer, south bv Madison, and west 
 by the counties of Madison and Oswego; centrally distant 108 miles 
 west from the city of Albany. The surface of this county is much di- 
 versified with gently rising hills, and highly cultivated valleys, through 
 which flow several important mill streams, fertilizing the lands and af- 
 fording valuable mill privileges. The soil is mostly rich, well tilled 
 and very productive; producing abundant crops of grass, wheat, In- 
 dian corn and other products. In agriculture as well as in manufac- 
 tured products, in wealth and in numbers, it ranks as the most important 
 inland county in the state. It is drained by Black river, the Mohawk 
 river and its tributaries, Oriskany and Sadaquada creeks, and by Fish 
 creek, Wood creek and Oneida creek, the latter flowing into Oneida 
 lake, which is situated on the north-west boundary. The mineralogy 
 of this county is in many respects similar to that of the counties which 
 lie west of it; several important useful products occur in it in great 
 abundance. Among these may be enumerated argillaceous clay iron 
 ore, gypsum, water limestone, peat and marl. It is also abundantly 
 supplied with mineral springs of various kinds; sulphur springs are 
 
300 
 
 ONEIDA CASTLE— ONEIDA LAKE CANAL. 
 
 quite numerous; weak brine springs are occasionally found, and near 
 Vernon village carburetled hydrogen g-as issues through a spring at the 
 rate of about a gallon in a minute. The great eastern and western line 
 of travel passes centrally through this county, making it a great tho- 
 roughfare. In addition to the Erie canal, and Utica and Schenectady 
 and Syracuse and Utica railroads, the Chenango canal commences at 
 this place, and extends south to the village of Binghamton. Its area is 
 about 1,101 square miles, or 704,740 acres. The county buildings are 
 located in the villages of Whitesboro' and Rome ; some of the county 
 courts arc holden in Utica. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Oneida county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Annsville, 1,765 
 
 Augusta, 2,175 
 
 Boonville, 5,519 
 
 Bridgwater, 1,418 
 
 Camden, 2,331 
 
 Deerfield, 3,120 
 
 Florence, 1,259 
 
 Floyd, 1,742 
 
 Kirkland, 2,9S4 
 
 Lee, 2,936 
 
 Maicy, 1,799 
 
 Marshall, 2,251 
 
 New Hartford, 3,819 
 
 Paris, 2,844 
 
 Oneida Castle, v. and p. o. 
 Vernon, Oneida county, is situated 
 on both sides of Oneida creek; it 
 was incorporated in May, 1841, and 
 now contains about 400 inhabi- 
 tants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian and 1 Baptist church ; an 
 academy ; 2 taverns and 2 stores. 
 One mile south of this place now 
 resides a remnant of the Oneida 
 tribe of Indians, amounting to about 
 300 souls. 
 
 Oneida Creek, rises in the 
 county of Madison, and flows north- 
 west, emptying into Oneida Lake; 
 for a considerable distance it di- 
 Tides the counties of Madison and 
 Oneida; on it and its tributaries, 
 are situated a number of factories 
 and mills. It is also used as a fee- 
 der to the Erie canal, and is navi- 
 gable to the village of Oneida 
 Castle, a distance of 3 miles. 
 
 Oneida Depot, p. o. Verona, 
 Oneida co. Here are situated on 
 the line of the Syracuse and Utica 
 
 Remsen, 1,638 
 
 Rome, 5,680 
 
 Sangerfield, 2,251 
 
 Steuben, 1,993 
 
 Trenton, 3,178 
 
 Utica, 12,782 
 
 Vernon, 3,043 
 
 Verona, 4,504 
 
 Vienna, 2,530 
 
 Western, 3,488 
 
 Westmoreland, 3,105 
 
 Whitestown, 5,156 
 
 Total inhabitants, 85,310 
 
 railroad, a public house and a 
 small settlement. 
 
 Oneida Lake, is surrounded 
 by the counties of Oneida, Madi- 
 son, Onondaga and Oswego; it 
 is 22 miles long, and from 4 to 6 
 miles wide, presenting a large ex- 
 panse of water. It receives Wood 
 creek and its tributaries, Oneida 
 creek and Chittenango creek, be- 
 sides some smaller streams. On 
 the east end there is a beautiful 
 shelving beach, which is much re- 
 sorted to for fishing with seines; 
 white fish, pike, pickerel, perch 
 and catfish, are caught in great 
 abundance. 
 
 Oneida Lake, p. o. Lenox, 
 Madison co. • 
 
 Oneida Lake Canal, ex- 
 tends from the Erie canal at Hig- 
 gins, four miles west of the vil- 
 lage of New-London, Oneida co. 
 to the Oneida Lake, a distance of 
 about 6 miles. Wood creek, for 
 2 or 3 miles, has a towing path to 
 
ONEIDA RIVER— ONONDAGA. 
 
 301 
 
 the lake, which is also considered extensive and fertile flats along the 
 a part of the above canal. banks of the Susquehanna river, 
 
 Oneida River, is formed by which flows through this town, re- 
 the outlet of Oneida lake ; it runs ceiving in its course Charlotte riv- 
 west in a circuitous route, for about er and Otego creek. Oneonta and 
 20 miles, when it unites with the ; West Oneonta are names of post 
 Seneca river ; these united streams offices. 
 
 then take the name of Oswego i Oneonta, v. and p. o. Oneonta, 
 river, which flows north into Lake Otsego co. is situated on the Sus- 
 Ontario. The navigation of this quehanna river; it contains about 
 stream is now being improved by 500 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hou- 
 the state, which when finished, will | ses, 3 churches, 3 taverns, 10 
 afford a navigable communication [ stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 iron 
 through Oneida lake, between the foundery, 1 tannery, 1 grist mill, 
 Erie canal and the Oswego canal ; : 1 saw mill, and 1 distillery. Four 
 a total distance of about 40 miles, i turnpike roads centre in this vil- 
 
 Oneonta, t. Otsego co. situa 
 ted 20 miles south of the village of 
 Cooperstown, and distant SO miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,936 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and somewhat broken ; with 
 
 lage : stages from Albany and 
 Catskill pass through it on their 
 way to Ithaca ; stages also run 
 from this place to Cooperstown, 
 &c. on the north, and Unadilla on 
 the south. 
 
 ONONDAGA COUNTY, taken from Herkimer in 1794, has since 
 been modified by the formation of new counties ; it is centrally distant 
 135 miles west from the city of Albany, and bounded on the north bv 
 Oswego county, east by Madison, south by Cortland and Cayuga, and 
 west by Cayuga. The south part of this county, although somewhat 
 hilly, is arable, while on the north it is level. The soil is principally 
 calcareous loam, intermixed with vegetable mould, and very produc- 
 tive. This county is well watered ; on the north-east lie-; Oneida lake, 
 near the centre Onondaga lake, and on the west Cross lake, Skaneate- 
 les lake and Otisco lake ; there are also several other small lakes or 
 ponds, in this county, scarcely any of which have inlets or outlets, and 
 yet they all abound in pickerel, brook trout, &c. Some of them are 
 almost entirely surrounded by perpendicular ledges, varying from 40 to 
 100 feet in height. Seneca river flows on the north, uniting with Onei- 
 da river, forming Oswego river ; there are also several fine mill streams 
 of less note. But by far the most important feature in this county are 
 its brine springs, which here abound in great quantities, and in differ- 
 ent localities ; affording a fine illustration of the influence which im- 
 portant mineral productions exert upon the prosperity of a people — 
 building up whole villages, and givinsf profitable employment to hun- 
 dreds and thou c ands of individuals. The villages of Salina, Syracuse, 
 Liverpool and Geddes are examples in point. These springs are owned 
 by the state, from which a large revenue is derived, annually. In 1840, 
 there was manufactured and inspected in the above villages, two mill- 
 ion, six hundred and twenty -iwo thousand, three hundred and thirty-five 
 bushels of salt, yielding a revenue of $162,404 92. Besides the inval- 
 uable brine springs, there are many other useful mineral productions, 
 viz : oxide of iron, gypsum, marl and water limestone, are all found in 
 abundance. Here are also several sulphur springs, one of which has 
 acquired some celebrity. The Oswego Canal commences at the vil- 
 lage of Syracuse, and extends to Oswego on Lake Ontario, in addition 
 
302 
 
 ONONDAGA— ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS. 
 
 to Ihe Erie Canal, which passes centrally through the county, from 
 east to west. The Syracuse and Utica and the rfuburn and Syracuse 
 railroads also here unite, running nearly parallel with the Erie canal. 
 The county buildings are located in the village of Syracuse in the town 
 of Salina. Its area is about 711 square miles, or 455,100 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Onondaga county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Camillus, 3,957 
 
 Cicero, 2,464 
 
 Clay 2,852 
 
 De Witt, 2,802 
 
 Elbridge, 4,647 
 
 Fabius, 2,562 
 
 La Fayette, 2,600 
 
 Lysander, 4,306 
 
 Manlius, 5,509 
 
 Marcellus, 2,726 
 
 Onondaga, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 5 miles south of the village 
 of Syracuse, and distant 135 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 5,658 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay loam of a good 
 quality, very fertile and mostly 
 well cultivated ; drained north by 
 Onondaga creek. Onondaga, On- 
 ondaga Hollow, Howlett's Hill, 
 Navarino and South Onondaga, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Onondaga, v. and p. o. Onon- 
 daga, Onondaga co. is situated on 
 Onondaga West Hill ; it was for- 
 merly the seat of justice for the 
 county, and is distant 4 miles from 
 the village of Syracuse. It now 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Episcopal church, 1 tavern 
 and 2 stores. There is a fine view 
 of the surrounding country from 
 this place, which is inhabited most- 
 ly by old and respectable inhabit- 
 ants of the county. 
 
 Onondaga Creek, rises in 
 the south part of Onondaga co. and 
 flows north into Onondaga lake. 
 
 Onondaga Hollow, v. and 
 p. o. Onondaga, Onondaga co. is 
 pleasantly situated on the jjreat 
 western turnpike, 4 miles south of 
 Syracuse ; it contains about 800 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
 
 Onondaga, 5,658 
 
 Otisco, 1,906 
 
 Pompey, 4,371 
 
 Salina, 11,013 
 
 Skaneateles, 3,981 
 
 Spafford, 1,873 
 
 Tully, 1,663 
 
 Van Buren, 3,021 
 
 Total inhabitants, 67,911 
 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing and 1 plaster mill. The Onon- 
 daga academy, situated here, is a 
 chartered institution, in a flourish- 
 ing condition, where are educated 
 male and female scholars. This 
 village is surrounded by a rich ag- 
 ricultural country ; about 3 miles 
 south of which is located the tribe 
 of Onondaga Indians, now num- 
 bering about 350 persons. 
 
 Onondaga Lake, is situated 
 in the northern part of this county. 
 It is about 8 miles long and from 2 
 to 4 miles wide. This lake abounds 
 in pike, pickerel, bass and catfish. 
 On its banks are the villages of Sa- 
 lina, Geddes and Liverpool. Many 
 have supposed that the water at the 
 bottom of this lake was salt, from 
 the fact that the salt springs are lo- 
 cated on its borders ; but from ex- 
 periments made some two or three 
 years since, it has been ascertained 
 that such is not the fact. 
 
 Onondaga Salt Springs, 
 are situated in the town of Salina. 
 Onondaga co. and belong to the 
 State ; they are located mostly on 
 the " Onondaga Salt Spring Reser- 
 vation," consisting of detached 
 lots of various dimensions, situated 
 promiscuously in the town of Sa- 
 lina. The salt is made at four dif- 
 
ONTARIO. 
 
 303 
 
 ferent places in the town, viz. in 
 the villages of Salina, Syracuse, 
 Liverpool and Geddes. The water 
 is pumped from wells, varying - 
 from 100 to 2G5 feet in depth ; the 
 dfrpest of these, situated in the 
 village of Syracuse, terminates in 
 a bed of gravel, furnishing - brine 
 of a superior quality, ranging from 
 75° to 78°, which is equal or su- 
 perior to the brine found at the 
 village of Salina. The coarse salt 
 here made by solar evaporation is 
 uniformly good ; but the process 
 of making fine salt is different, be- 
 ing boiled in kettles arranged for 
 the purpose, and the manufacture 
 is attended with some uncertainty. 
 The quantity of salt manufactured 
 
 from these springs in 1840, amount- 
 ed to 2,622,305 bushels ; on which 
 the state received a duty of six 
 cents per bushel, from the manu- 
 facturers, amounting to $157,- 
 388 30 ; besides a further sum of 
 $5,066 received for pumping 
 brine. The manufactories now 
 erected in the town of Salina, are 
 sufficient for the production of at 
 least t\\e millions of bushels of salt 
 annually ; and plenty of brine of 
 a superior quality can undoubtedly 
 be furnished to make double that 
 quantity, if a market could be 
 found for so large an amount. 
 About forty-five gallons of the wa- 
 ter are required for making one 
 bushel of salt. 
 
 ONTARIO COUNTY, was taken from Montgomery in 1789; it 
 then extended from its present eastern termination, one mile east of 
 Geneva, to the northern, southern and western bounds of the state — be- 
 ing then called the " Genesee country" — now termed Western New- 
 York, and forming fourteen important counties. It is now bounded 
 on the north by Monroe and Wayne counties, east by Seneca county, 
 south by Yates and Steuben, and west by Livingston and Monroe; cen- 
 trally distant 195 miles west from the city of Albany. The surface of 
 this county is agreeably diversified. The soil is various; but a warm 
 rich loam or mould predominates, yielding large crops of wheat and 
 other kinds of grain, fruit, &c. Seneca Lake lies on the east, Cana- 
 dice, Honeoye and Hemlock lakes on the west, and Canandaigua 
 Lake near the centre; most of these are important bodies of water, 
 constituting in part the group of Central Lakes of Western New-York. 
 The outlet of Canandaigua lake flows north-east into Seneca river, 
 while the outlet of the lakes on the west run north-west into the Genesee 
 river. Iron ore, gypsum and marl are here very abundant, but one of 
 the most interesting features in the mineralogical history of this coun- 
 ty, is the abundant evolution of inflamable gas, or carburetted hydro- 
 gen; there are also some sulphur springs of some importance. Here 
 commences at the village of Geneva, the Cayuga and Seneca canal, 
 while tlie Erie canal just touches the north bounds of this county at 
 Port Gibson. The Auburn and Rochester railroad also passes from 
 cast to west in a circuitous route. Its area is about 617 square miles, 
 or 395,107 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Ontario county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
304 
 
 ONTARIO— ORAN 
 
 Bristol, 1,953 
 
 Canadice, 1,341 
 
 Canandaigua, 5,652 
 
 East Bloomfield, 1,986 
 
 Farmington, 2,122 
 
 Gorham, 2,779 
 
 Hopewell, 1,976 
 
 Manchester, 2,912 
 
 Naples, 2,345 
 
 Ontario, t. Wayne co. situa- 
 ted 22 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Lyons, and distant 208 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,889 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level; soil, gravelly and 
 sandy loam, drained by some small 
 streams flowing into Lake Ontario, 
 which bounds it on the north. On- 
 tario and West Ontario are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Ontario Lake, the most east- 
 ern of the great chain of lakes of 
 North America, lies nearest to the 
 Atlantic Ocean. The river St. 
 Lawrence, which is its outlet, and 
 flows from its eastern extremity, 
 has a course of nearly one-thou- 
 sand miles before reaching- the 
 ocean. It is 180 miles in length, 
 and 60 miles in extreme breadth, 
 being about 485 miles in circum- 
 ference. Through the middle runs 
 the boundary line between the 
 United States and the British pos- 
 sessions in Canada, which is con- 
 tinued down the St. Lawrence to 
 the 45th degree of north latitude, 
 where the above river enters Cana 
 da. This lake is navigable through- 
 out its whole extent for vessels of 
 the largest size; and it is said to 
 be, in some places, upwards of 
 600 feet in depth. Its surface is 
 elevated 231 feet above the Atlan- 
 tic, and lies 334 feet lower than 
 Lake Erie, with which it is con- 
 nected by the Niagara river and 
 by the Welland canal in Canada ; 
 it has also been proposed to con- 
 struct a ship canal on the Ameri- 
 can side. The trade of Lake On- 
 tario, from the great extent of in- 
 habited country surrounding it, is 
 
 Phelps, 5,563 
 
 Richmond, 1,937 
 
 Seneca, 7,073 
 
 South Bristol, 1,375 
 
 Victor, 2,393 
 
 West Bloomfield, 2.094 
 
 Total inhabitants, 43,501 
 
 very considerable, and is rapidly 
 increasing. Many sail vessels and 
 splendid steamers are employed in 
 navigating its waters ; which, ow- 
 ing to its great depth, never free- 
 zes, except at the sides, where the 
 water is shallow; so that its navi- 
 gation is not so effectually inter- 
 rupted by ice as some of the other 
 large lakes. The most important 
 places on th - Canadian or British 
 side ol Lake Ontario, are Kingston, 
 which is the newly selected site for 
 the capitol of Canada, Toronto, 
 Niagara and Coburgh ; and on the 
 American shore, the villages of 
 Sackett's Harbor, Oswego and 
 Charlotte or Port Genesee. This 
 lake is connected with the naviga- 
 ble waters of the Hudson river, by 
 means of the Oswego canal and 
 Erie canal. It receives numerous 
 streams, both from the Canadian 
 and the American sides, and 
 abounds with a great variety of 
 fish of an excellent flavor; the bass 
 and salmon in particular, have a 
 high reputation and are taken in 
 large quantities. 
 
 Oppenheim, t. Fulton co. sit- 
 uated 14 miles west of the village 
 of Johnstown, and distant 63 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,169 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part hilly and soil various ; it is 
 drained by several small streams 
 flowing south, and bounded on the 
 west by East Canada creek. Op- 
 penheim and Brockett's Bridge are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Oran, v. and p. o. Pompey, 
 Onondaga co. contains 1 church, 1 
 store, 2 taverns and 20 dwellings, 
 and about 125 inhabitants 
 
ORANGE— ORANGEVILLE. 305 
 
 ORANGE COUNTY, originally organized in 1683, since material- 
 ly modified, is centrally distant 100 miles south from the city of Alba- 
 ny ; it is bounded on the north by Ulster county, east by the Hudson 
 river, south by Rockland county and the New-Jersey state line, and 
 west by the county of Sullivan and the Delaware river, which separates 
 it from Pennsylvania. A portion of this county is rugged and moun- 
 tainous; on the south-east are the range denominated the" Highlands," 
 while on the west are the Shawangunk mountains; the intervening ter- 
 ritory is beautifully diversified *vith gently rising hills and extensive 
 plains or valleys. No county in the state or probably in the Union, 
 exceeds this in its live stock or productiveness of its dairies, both be- 
 ing justly celebrated for their superiority. It is watered by the Dela- 
 ware river and its tributaries on the west, the Wallkill in the centre 
 and the Hudson on its east boundary, besides the head branches of the 
 Ramapo river, which flows south into New-Jersey. In mineral pro- 
 ductions this county is rich; there are vast beds of magnetic iron ore 
 chiefly in the town of Monroe; in no part of the state, is there in an 
 equal area, a greater quantity of this important mineral; there is also 
 a bed near the village of Canterbury. Besides the above, hematic ore 
 is also found in abundance, and it will, no doubt, be of great value, 
 whether used separately or in mixtures with the magnectic ores. There 
 are also several other deposites of minerals found here, one of which is 
 Ilmenite, a rare mineral, found in two or three different localities. In 
 addition to the Delaware and Hudson canal, which crosses the west 
 part of this county, the line of the New- York and Erie railroad extends 
 across it in its circuitous route westward. Its area is about 760 square 
 miles, or 4S6,500 acres. Goshen and Newburgh are half shire 
 towns . 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Orange county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Blooming Grove, 2,396 1 Montgomery, 4,100 
 
 Cornwall , 3,925 Mount Hope, 1,565 
 
 Crawford, 2,075 Newburgh, S,933 
 
 Deerpark, 1,607 f New Windsor, 2 482 
 
 Goshen, 3,889 Wallkill, 4',268 
 
 Hamptonburgh, 1,379 j Warwick, 5,113 
 
 Minisink, 5,093 j — L_. 
 
 Momoe, 3,914 1 Total inhabitants, 50,739 
 
 Orange, t. Steuben co. situa- I in 1840, 2,771 inhabitants. The 
 ted 16 miles east of the village of I surface is hilly ; soil, clay, blend- 
 Bath, and distant 205 miles from I ed with red shale ; drained south 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,824 I by the Hackensack river, and 
 
 inhabitants. The surface, high and 
 rolling; soil, well adapted to grass 
 or grain ; drained south by Mead's 
 creek. Orange, Sugar Hill and 
 Mead's creek are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Orangetown, t. Rockland 
 situated 8 miles south of the 
 
 watered on the east by the Hudson. 
 Blauveltville, Nyack, Piermont 
 and Tappantown are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Orangeville, t. Wyoming 
 co. situated 7 miles west of the 
 village of Warsaw, and distant 
 254 miles from Albany; contained 
 
 village of New City, and distant! in 1840, 1,949 inhabitants. The 
 123 miles from Albany ; contained ' surface is hilly ; soil, clay loam, 
 
306 
 
 OREGON— ORLEANS. 
 
 well adapted to grass ; drained 
 north by the Tonawanda creek and 
 some of its tributaries. Orange- 
 ville, East Orangeville and John- 
 sonsburgh are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Oregon, p. o. Stockton, Chau- 
 tauque co. 
 
 Orient, p. o. Southold, Suffolk 
 co. See Oyster Pond. 
 
 Oriskany, v. and p. o. Whites- 
 town, Oneida co. is a large manu- 
 facturing - place, situated on Oriska- 
 ny creek ; it contains about 1,200 
 inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 4 public houses and 4 
 stores; here are 2 large factory 
 buildings, known as the "Oriskany 
 Manufacturing Company," which 
 annually manufacture into broad- 
 cloths and cassimeres about 200,- 
 000 pounds of wool, giving em- 
 ployment to about 150 men, wo- 
 men and children ; the buildings, 
 grounds and machinery of this es- 
 tablishment cost $-200,000. The 
 
 Erie canal and Utica and Syracuse 
 railroad both pass through this 
 place. 
 
 Oriskany Creek, rises in 
 Madison co. and empties into the 
 Mohawk river, at the village of 
 Oriskany in Oneida county. This 
 is an important mill stream, afford- 
 ing a great amount of hydraulic 
 power, much of which is used in 
 propelling machinery of different 
 kinds ; on this stream are now 
 erected a number of extensive 
 woollen and cotton factories, and 
 flouring and saw mills. 
 
 Oriskany Falls, v. and p. o. 
 Augusta, Oneida co. is situated on 
 both sides of the Oriskany creek, 
 where is a fall of about 30 feet, 
 and on the line of the Chenango 
 canal; it contains about 600 in- 
 habitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 
 1 distillery, 1 carding machine and 
 1 chair factory and turning shop. 
 
 ORLEANS COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1824, is centrally dis- 
 tant 255 miles west from Albany; it is bounded on the north by Lake 
 Ontario, east by Monroe county, south by Genesee, and west by Niaga- 
 ra county. The surface of this county is generally level or gently 
 undulating, with the exception of the Mountain Ridge, which extends 
 across it from east to west. The soil, loam or gravel, intermixed with 
 clay and sand ; it is well adapted to grass or grain. Drained north by 
 several streams flowing into Lake Ontario, the largest of which are 
 Oak Orchard creek and Johnson's creek. Its mineral productions are 
 limited ; there are a few brine and sulphur springs and some deposits 
 of bog iron ore ; but there is only one locality of the latter known, 
 where the mineral is in sufficient quantity to be of any use in the manu- 
 facture of iron. The Erie canal passes centrally through this county 
 from east to west. Its area is about 372 square miles, or 238,154 
 acres. The county buildings are located in the village of Albion, in 
 the town of Barre. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Orleans county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Barre, 5,539 
 
 Carlton, 2,275 
 
 Clarendon, 2,251 
 
 Gaines, 2,268 
 
 Kendall, 1,692 
 
 Murray, 2,675 
 
 Ridgeway, 3,554 
 
 Shelby, 2,643 
 
 Yates, 2,230 
 
 Total inhabitants, 25,127 
 
ORLEANS— OSWEGO. 
 
 307 
 
 Orleans, t. Jefferson co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles north of the village 
 of Watertown, and distant 172 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,001 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating; ; soil, 
 clay and loam, generally rich and 
 productive, underlaid by lime- 
 stone; drained by Chaumont and 
 Perch rivers La Fargeville and 
 Stone's Mills are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Orleans, v. and p. o. Phelps, 
 Ontario co. is situated on Flint 
 creek; it contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster 
 mill, 1 distillery, 1 tannery and 1 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Orrington, p. o. Sheridan, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Orwell, t. Oswego co. situa- 
 ted 10 miles east of the village of 
 Pulaski, and distant 139 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, SOS 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, gravelly loam, underlaid with 
 slate ; drained west by Salmon 
 river and some of its tributaries. 
 Orwell is the name of a post of- 
 fice. 
 
 Osborn's Bridge, p. o. 
 Northampton, Fulton co. 
 
 Osborn's Hollow, p. o. 
 Chenango, Broome co. 
 
 Ossian, t. Allegany co. situated 
 20 miles north-east of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 233 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 938 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, argillaceous 
 loam of good quality ; drained by 
 Canaseraga creek and some of its 
 branches. Ossian and Ossian 
 Centre are names of post offices. 
 
 Ossian, v. and p. o. Ossian, 
 Allegany co. contains about 250 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 saw 
 mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 Oswegatchie, t. St. Law- 
 rence co. situated 16 miles west of 
 the village of Canton, and distant 
 200 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1S40, 5,719 inhabitants. The 
 surface is gently undulating ; soil, 
 clay loam, mostly well cultivated. 
 Black Lake lies partly in this town 
 and it is drained by the Oswegat- 
 t hie river, flowing into the St. 
 Lawrence river, which bounds it 
 on the north-west. Huevelton and 
 Ogdensburgh are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Oswegatchie River, rises 
 in Herkimer co. and flows into St. 
 Lawrence county, through which 
 it pursues a circuitous route in a 
 north-west direction, until it falls 
 into the St. Lawrence river at the 
 village of 0°;densbur°h. 
 
 OSWEGO COUNTY, taken from Oneida and Onondaga counties in 
 1816, is centrally distant 150 miles north of west from the city of Al- 
 bany ; it is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario and the county of 
 Jefferson, east by the counties ol Lewis and Oneida, south by Madison 
 and Onondaga counties, and on the west by Lake Ontario and Cayuga 
 county. The surface is level or gently undulating. The soil is well 
 adapted to grass, with a portion of fine grain land ; also producing 
 fruits in abundance. In this county there are but few minerals worthy 
 of mentioning; in addition to some weak brine springs, there is an un- 
 important locality of bog iron ore. It is watered by Oswego river, 
 Salmon river and numerous small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. 
 Oneida Lake lies on its south-east border and receives a few small 
 streams. The Oswego canal passes down the east bank of the Oswego 
 river, much of the way being identified with that stream, on which is 
 constructed a tow path for a considerable distance. Its area is about 
 923 square miles, or 580,978 acres. The* county buildings are situated 
 
308 
 
 OSWEGO. 
 
 in the village of Oswego and in the village of Pulaski ; the latter in 
 the town of Richland ; they being half shire villages. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Oswego county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Albion, 1,503 
 
 Amboy, 1,070 
 
 Boylston, 481 
 
 Constantia, 1 ,476 
 
 Granby, 2,385 
 
 Hannibal, 2,269 
 
 Hastings, 1,983 
 
 Mexico, 3,729 
 
 New-Haven, 1,738 
 
 Orwell, 808 
 
 Oswego, 4,665 
 
 Palermo, 1,928 
 
 Oswego, t. Oswego co. con- 1 
 tains a part of the county build- 
 ings situated in the village of the 
 same name, and is distant from the 
 village of Pulaski 30 miles and from 
 Albany 167 miles; it contained in 
 1840, 4,665 inhabitants. The sur- ■ 
 face is mostly level ; soil, sandy 
 loam of medium quality ; watered 
 by Oswego river and some other ' 
 small streams flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the | 
 north. 
 
 Oswego, v. and p. o. Oswego 
 and Scriba, Oswego county, is sit- j 
 uated on both sides of the Oswego 
 river, at its entrance into Lake 
 Ontario ; it is a port of entry and 
 was incorporated in 1828, now I 
 containing about 4,500 inhabitants, 
 500 dwelling houses, 2 Presbyte- ' 
 rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 , 
 Methodist and 1 Catholic church, ; 
 besides a Bethel congregation; a! 
 custom house, a court house, 2 
 banking houses, an insurance 
 company, an incorporated acade- 
 my and a female seminary, 16 ho- 
 tels and taverns, 50 stores and gro- 
 ceries, besides mechanic shops of 
 almost every kind. Here are situ- 
 ated 2 large cotton factories, 7 ex- 
 tensive flouring mills containing 
 47 run of stones, 1 tannery, 1 mo- 
 rocco factory, 1 iron foundery, 6 
 machine shops, 1 snuff factory, 1 
 
 Parish, 1,543 
 
 Redfield, 507 
 
 Richland, 4,050 
 
 Sandy Creek, 2,420 
 
 Schroeppel, 2,098 
 
 Scriba, 4,051 
 
 Volney, 3,155 
 
 West Monroe, 918 
 
 Williamstown, 842 
 
 Total inhabitants, 43,619 
 
 plaster mill, 1 planing mill and 1 
 saw mill, all propelled by water 
 taken from the Oswego river, which 
 affords hydraulic power almost in- 
 exhaustible, many of the mill sites 
 being still unoccupied; also an iron 
 foundery propelled by steam, a 
 marine railroad, 2 ship yards and 
 an establishment for building and 
 repairing canal boats. The num- 
 ber of vessels which arrive and de- 
 part from this port annually are 
 very great; there being owned at 
 this place alone 6 steamboats and 
 70 schooners, averaging about 
 100 tons burthen, besides a large 
 number of canal boats. The har- 
 bor is capacious and safe, being 
 protected by two large stone piers, 
 constructed by the United States 
 government ; on the end of the 
 west pier is situated a light house ; 
 about half a mile above is a bridge 
 extending across the river, 600 
 feet in length. An extensive for- 
 warding business is done at this 
 place by means of lake, river and 
 canal navigation ; daily lines of 
 steamboats for the conveyance of 
 passengers run between Oswego 
 and Lewiston, Oswego and Kings- 
 ton, and Oswego, Sackett's Har- 
 bor and Ogdensburgh, stopping at 
 the intermediate ports ; connected 
 with the above line of steamboats 
 are canal packet lines and stages. 
 
OSWEGO— OSWEGO RIVER. 
 
 309 
 
 During the winter months daily 
 lines of stages run from Oswego 
 north-east to Sackett's Harbor, 
 Watertown and Ogdensburgh, east 
 to Rome and Utica, south to Syra- 
 cuse, south-west to Auburn and 
 west to Rochester. Oswego is ad- 
 mirably situated for trade and com- 
 merce, and is no doubt destined to 
 become a large and important 
 place of business, being connect- 
 ed with the city of New-York by 
 means of canal and river naviga- 
 tion ; with Montreal by the St. 
 Lawrence river, and the western 
 lakes through the Welland canal. 
 Most of the Onondaga salt and a 
 large amount of merchandise for 
 the Canadian and western markets 
 pass through Oswego. A railroad 
 is also to be constructed to extend 
 from this place to Syracuse, a dis- 
 tance of 36 miles. The promon- 
 tory on the east side of the Oswego 
 river, at its mouth, has been ceded 
 to the United States government, 
 where is situated old Fort Ontario. 
 which has recently undergone ex- 
 tensive repairs, affording protection 
 to the harbor and village of Oswe- 
 go. A writer makes the follow- 
 ing remarks in relation to this im- 
 portant military position : — " This 
 ancient work is within the pre- 
 cincts of our village, situated on 
 the right bank of the Oswego ri- 
 ver, at the point of confluence 
 with Lake Ontario. It was one of 
 the old north-western posts, the 
 continued occupation of which by 
 the British after the peace of '83 
 caused so much indignation on the 
 part of the government and peo- 
 ple of the United States, during 
 the period of the Washington ad- 
 ministration. It was evacuated by 
 Col. Grant, in 1795. The works, 
 including the glacis and the out- 
 posts, were extensive, and very 
 considerable remains of them ex- 
 ist. Old Fort Oswego, which was 
 situated on the left bank of the 
 river, immediately opposite, is 
 
 completely levelled and occupied 
 by warehouses and manufactories, 
 a ship yard and marine railway. 
 It is a matter of much satisfaction 
 that the care of the government is 
 at last extended to Fort Ontario. 
 In connexion with the navigation 
 of Lake Ontario and the commu- 
 nications with the interior of the 
 state and the Hudson river, it is 
 probably the most important mili- 
 tary position on the northern fron- 
 tier." 
 
 Oswego Canal, 3S miles in 
 length, is the channel of naviga- 
 tion, between Lake Ontario and 
 the Erie canal at Syracuse. It 
 runs on the east side of Onondaga 
 lake and the Oswego river, through 
 the villages of Salina, Liverpool, 
 Phenix and Fulton, thence to the 
 village of Oswego; for a conside- 
 rable part of the distance the Os- 
 wego river is identified with the 
 canal, the towing path being on 
 the east bank. There is also a 
 towing path extending west along 
 the Seneca river to the village of 
 Baklwinsville in Onondaga county, 
 and the Oneida river is being im- 
 proved so as to render a communi- 
 cation for canal boats through 
 Oneida lake, and thence by the 
 Oneida lake canal, communicating 
 with the Erie canal in the county 
 of Oneida. There are on this ca- 
 nal 18 lift locks, 6 guard locks, 8 
 dams, 18 road bridges, 2 farm 
 bridges, 12 towing path bridges, 8 
 culverts and 1 aqueduct. It was 
 commenced in 1826 and comple- 
 ted in 1828 ; at a cost of $-525,115. 
 Oswego River, enters Lake 
 Ontario at the village of Oswego, 
 in the county of the same name; 
 this is a large stream and demands 
 some minuteness of detail, for 
 though short, it forms the outlet to 
 several important lakes, receiving 
 the surplus waters of a large region 
 of country. The largest of these 
 lakes, known as the Central Lakes 
 of Western New-York, are Seneca 
 
310 
 
 OTEGO— OTSDAWA CREEK. 
 
 lake, Cayuga lake, Crooked lake, 
 Canandaigua lake, Owasco lake, 
 Skaneateles lake, Cross lake and 
 Onondaga lake, all of whose out- 
 lets first flow into the Seneca river ; 
 the Oneida lake, situated to the 
 east of the above, sends forth Onei- 
 da river, which unites with the 
 S'.neca river at the northern limits 
 of the county of Oswego ; the 
 united streams then take the name 
 of Oswego river, which flows 24 
 miles north, when it empties its 
 accumulated waters into Lake On- 
 tario. Its width is about 200 
 yards, discharging a powerful 
 stream, collected from an area of 
 about 7,000 square miles, in the 
 very heart of a rich and flourishing 
 country. Being fed by lakes, its 
 volume is pretty uniform, subject 
 to very slight rise or fall, which 
 renders it more safe and valuable 
 for mill privileges. Its whole de- 
 scent in 24 miles is about 100 feet, 
 there being at intervals of every 
 few miles natural falls, admirably 
 calculated for hydraulic purposes. 
 Near the village of Oswego, there 
 are rapids in the river, which pre- 
 vents its being navigable for any 
 considerable distance, but the wa- 
 ter is here taken out of the river 
 by means of an artificial canal, 
 and brought into the very centre 
 of the place, being used in propel- 
 ling flouring mills and factories of 
 different kinds to a large extent. 
 This river also in part forms the 
 Oswego canal, for a considerable 
 distance on its east bank extends 
 the tow path, the falls being passed 
 by a succession of locks. At its 
 mouth there is a commodious and 
 safe harbor, having been greatly 
 improved by the construction of 
 piers and a light house, erected by 
 the United States government. 
 
 Otego, t. Otsego co. situated 
 22 miles south-west of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 86 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,919 inhabitants. The sur- 
 
 face is in part hilly, with extensive 
 flats along the Susquehanna ; soil, 
 clay and sandy loam, adapted to 
 grass or grain; drained by the 
 Otsdawa creek and Susquehanna 
 river. Otego and Otsdawa are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Otego, v. and p. o. Otego, Ot- 
 sego co. contains about 300 inhabi- 
 tants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 3 taverns, 7 stores and 
 1 tannery. 
 
 Otego Creek, rises in the 
 town of Burlington, Otsego co. 
 and empties into the east branch 
 of the Susquehanna river; on this 
 stream there are a number of fac- 
 tories and mills. 
 
 Otisco, t. Onondaga co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles south of the village 
 of Syracuse, and distant 134 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 1,906 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay loam, mostly well 
 cultivated. On the west border of 
 the town lies Otisco lake, the out- 
 let of which forms Nine Mile 
 creek and flows north. Otisco and 
 Amber are names of post offices. 
 At the former there is a settlement 
 containing 1 Presbyterian church, 
 1 tavern, 2 stores and 15 or 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Otisco, v. and p. o. Otisco, On- 
 ondaga co. contains about 100 in- 
 habitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Otisco Lake, lies in the west- 
 ern part of Onondaga co. and is 
 about five miles long by two miles 
 wide. This is a beautiful sheet of 
 water, and the scenery about it in 
 many places truly romantic. 
 
 Otisville, p. o. Mount Hope, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Otsdawa, p. o. Otego, Otsego 
 co.; here are located 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 tannery, 1 fulling mill, 2 
 saw mills and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Otsdawa Creek, rises in the 
 town of Laurens, Otsego co. and 
 flows south into Susquehanna river 
 
OTSEGO— OTSEL1C. 
 
 311 
 
 OTSEGO COUNTY, taken from Montgomery in 1791, is centrally 
 distant 68 miles west from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
 north by Oneida, Herkimer and Montgomery counties, east by Scho- 
 harie and Delaware, south by Delaware, and west by the counties of 
 Chenango and Madison. The surface of this county is elevated, hilly, 
 and somewhat mountainous, diversified with rich valleys. The soil is 
 various ; the larger proportion, however, rich and productive, affording 
 fine tracts of pasturage. Its agriculture is of the first respectability, 
 and its manufactured products are very valuable and extensive. Of its 
 mineral resources there cannot much be said ; it contains, however, 
 abundance of good marble, and several sulphur springs. Otsego Lake, 
 a most beautiful sheet of water, and Canaderaga or Schuyler's lake, 
 both lie on the north, and both send forth a stream of water, forming 
 the head branches of the Susquehanna river, which flows south-west. 
 There are also numerous other streams, the most important of which 
 are Cherry Valley creek, Otego creek, Butternut creek, and the Una- 
 dilla river, which bounds it on the west. Its area is about 892 square 
 miles, or 570,90CT acres. The county buildings are located in the vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, in the town of Otsego. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Otsego county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Burlington, 2,154 
 
 Butternuts, 4,057 
 
 Cherry Valley, 3,923 
 
 Decatur, 1,071 
 
 Edmeston, 1 ,907 
 
 Exeter, 1,423 
 
 Hartwick, 2,490 
 
 Laurens, 2,173 
 
 Maryland, ... 2,085 
 
 Middlefield, 3,319 
 
 Milford, 2,095 
 
 New Lisbon, 1,909 
 
 Otsego, t. Otsego co. contains 
 the county buildings, located in the 
 village of Cooperstown ; it is dis- 
 tant 66 miles from Albany, and 
 contained in 1840, 4,120 inhabit- 
 ants. The surface is hilly, but 
 generally arable ; soil, clay, grav- 
 elly and sandy loam, adapted to 
 grass and most kinds of grain. On 
 the east border of this town lies 
 Otsego Lake, and on the north- 
 west lies Canaderaga lake, they 
 being the head sources of the Sus- 
 quehanna river. Oak creek, the 
 outlet of the latter, flows across 
 the town, and is a fine mill stream. 
 Cooperstown and Oaksville are 
 names of post offices. Le Roy is 
 the name of a village. 
 
 Oneonta, 1,936 
 
 Otego, 1,919 
 
 Otsego, 4,120 
 
 Pittsfield, 1,395 
 
 Plainfield, 1,450 
 
 Richfield, 1,680 
 
 Springfield, 2,382 
 
 Unadilla, 2,272 
 
 Westford, 1,478 
 
 Worcester, 2,390 
 
 Total inhabitants, 49,628 
 
 Otsego Lake, in which the 
 Susquehanna takes its rise, is situ- 
 ated in the north part of the county 
 of Otsego. It is a beautiful col- 
 lection of clear water, abounding 
 with a great variety of fish of a 
 fine flavor ; it is 9 miles long, and 
 from 1 to 2 miles wide, surrounded 
 by an interesting and beautiful re- 
 gion of country. At its outlet, on 
 the south lies the flourishing vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, which, in 
 connection with the lake and vi- 
 cinity, has long been a favorite 
 resort of the sportsman and an- 
 gler. 
 
 Otselic, t. Chenango co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 105 
 
312 
 
 OTSELIC RIVER— OWASCO LAKE. 
 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,621 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat broken; 
 soil, clay loam, heavily timbered, 
 and well adapted to grass ; drained 
 south by the Otselic river. Otselic J 
 and South Otselic are names of i 
 post offices ; at both of which there 
 are small settlements. 
 
 Otselic River, rises in Mad- 
 ison county, and passes through a 
 part of the counties of Chenango, 
 Cortland and Broome, where it 
 empties into the Tioughnioga river. 
 On this stream are a number of 
 good mill privileges, many of 
 which are now occupied ; it also 
 abounds in trout of a fine flavor. 
 
 Otsquaga Creek, rises in 
 the south part of Herkimer county, 
 and flows north-east into Mont- 
 gomery county, where it empties 
 into the Mohawk river. 
 
 Otter Creek, rises in Her- 
 kimer county, and flows west into 
 Lewis county, where it empties in- 
 to Black River. 
 
 Otto, t. Cattaraugus co. situa- 
 ted 10 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Ellicottville, and distant 
 300 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,133 inhabitants. The 
 surface is high and much broken ; 
 soil, gravelly and clay loam, well 
 adapted to grass or grain ; drained 
 west by Cattaraugus creek and its 
 tributaries, by which it is bound- 
 ed on the north. Otto, East Otto 
 and Waverly are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Overslaugh, in the Hudson 
 river, 3 miles below the city of 
 Albany, has heretofore formed the 
 principal obstruction to the free 
 navigation of the Hudson on its 
 tide waters. Here are a succession 
 of bars or flats, through which 
 there were narrow channels, af- 
 fording at low tides but a small 
 depth of water ; this obstruction, 
 however, has of late been mostly 
 removed by an expenditure by the 
 United States government, where- 
 
 by the depth of water is materially 
 increased, and the navigation much 
 improved. 
 
 Ovid, t. Seneca co. contains a 
 part of the county buildings, situ- 
 ated in the village of the same 
 name, and is a half shire town with 
 Waterloo ; it is 171 miles from 
 Albany, and contained in 1840, 
 2,721 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high in the centre, declining east 
 and west toward Cayuga and Sen- 
 eca lake, lying between the above 
 bodies of water ; the soil is of a 
 good quality, well adapted to grass 
 or grain ; it is drained by several 
 small streams, on which are fine 
 mill privileges a"nd a number of 
 beautiful falls. Ovid and Farmer 
 are names of post offices. Farm- 
 erville and Port Kidder are names 
 of settlements. 
 
 Ovid, v. and p. o. Ovid, Seneca 
 co. is situated on elevated ground; 
 equi-distant between Cayuga and 
 Seneca lakes ; this is a half shire 
 village with Waterloo, and was in- 
 corporated in 1816. It now con- 
 tains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling-;, a court house and jail, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church, an incorporated 
 academy, 3 hotels and taverns, and 
 8 stores of different kinds. 
 
 Ovvasco, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 3 miles south-east of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 164 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,319 
 inhabitants. The surface is roll- 
 ing ; soil, rich loam and highly 
 cultivated. Owasco lake lies on 
 the west, into which flow two or 
 three small streams. 
 
 Owasco. v. and p. o. Owasco, 
 Cayuga co. contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 1 tavern and 1 store. 
 
 Owasco Lake, is situated in 
 Cayuga county ; it is 12 miles 
 long, and about 1 mile wide, a- 
 bounding with trout and other fish. 
 The water is very transparent, and 
 the banks rather rugged, being 
 
OWASCO OUTLET— OXBOW. 
 
 313 
 
 celebrated for its picturesque 
 scenery 
 
 Owasco Outlet, commences 
 about 2 miles south of the village 
 of Auburn, running through the 
 town, anil empties into Seneca 
 river, in the town of Mentz ; this 
 is a steady and valuable mill 
 stream, affording a great amount of 
 hydraulic power, much of which 
 is still unoccupied, although there 
 are already erected many exten- 
 sive manufactories on its banks. 
 
 Owego, t. Tioga co. contains 
 the county buildings, located in 
 the village of the same name ; it 
 is distant 167 miles from Albany, 
 and contained in 1840, 5,340 in- 
 habitants. The surface is in part 
 hilly, with extensive flats along 
 the Susquehanna river ; the soil is 
 of good quality, and mostly well 
 cultivated ; it is drained by Owego 
 creek and several small streams 
 flowing into the Susquehanna. 
 Owego, Apalachin, Campville, 
 Flemingville and South Owego, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Owego, v. and p. o. Owego, 
 Tioga co. is pleasantly situated on 
 the north side of the Susquehanna 
 river, 167 miles south-west of the 
 city of Albany. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1827, and now contains 
 about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
 ing houses, a court house and jail 
 and county clerk's office ; an in- 
 corporated academy in a flourish- 
 ing condition ; 1 banking house, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
 tist and 1 Methodist church, 4 ho- 
 tels and taverns, 30 stores, of dif- 
 ferent kinds, 1 steam furnace and 
 machine shop, and 2 printing offi- 
 ces, besides most other kinds of 
 mechanic work shops. On the 
 Owego creek, which empties into 
 the Susquehanna at this place, are 
 situated 1 woollen factory, 1 large 
 flouring mill, 4 saw mills, 1 axe 
 factory, 1 plaster mill, 1 tannery, 
 and 1 pail and tub factory. The 
 water power is derived by means 
 
 of an hydraulic canal, supplied 
 from the Owego creek, which is an 
 important and never failing mill 
 stream : a large proportion of this 
 water power is still unoccupied. 
 A bridge constructed of wood, 
 with stone abutments, crosses the 
 Susquehanna river at this place, 
 one-'ourth of a mile in length ; the 
 Ithaca and Owego railroad termi- 
 nates in the centre of the village, 
 and the New-York and Erie rail- 
 road passes through the north part 
 of it, winch, when finished from 
 the Hudson river to Lake Erie, 
 will increase the travel through 
 this place, which is already a great 
 thoroughfare. There is annually 
 sent from Owego, down the Sus- 
 quehanna, by means of arks, a 
 large amount of lumber, plaster, 
 salt, and other commodities, which 
 finds a ready cash market in the 
 slates of Pennsylvania, Maryland 
 and Virginia. The lumber trade 
 alone from this place and vicinity, 
 is immense, giving employment to 
 a great number of persons. From 
 present appearances, Owego is 
 destined soon to become a large 
 and important inland town. 
 
 Owego Creek, rises in Cort- 
 land and Tompkins counties, and 
 flows through the county of Tioga, 
 emptying into the Susquehanna 
 river at the village of Owego. 
 This stream and its branches af- 
 fords a large amount of hydraulic 
 power, and on its banks are now 
 erected a number of factories and 
 mills. In the valley of this creek, 
 are situated several handsome vil- 
 lages, surrounded by rich and 
 highly cultivated lands. 
 
 Oweksville, p. o. Somers, 
 Westchester co. Here arc situated, 
 on the Croton river, 1 paper mill, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's 
 works, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 15 or 
 20 dwellings. 
 
 Oxbow, v. and p. o. Antwerp, 
 Jefferson co. is situated on the Os- 
 wegatchie river, which here takes 
 
314 
 
 OXBOW LAKE— OYSTER POND. 
 
 a great bend. It contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 pock- 
 et furnace. 
 
 Oxbow Lake, lying in the 
 town of Lake Reasant, Hamilton 
 co. is a small but beautiful sheet of 
 water; its waters abound with 
 trout of a fine flavor. The outlet of 
 this lake empties into Piseco lake, 
 affording valuable water power. 
 
 Oxford, t. Chenango co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles south of the village 
 of Norwich, and distant 118 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,179 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling ; the soil is highly fertile 
 and well cultivated. The Chenan- 
 go river flows through this town, 
 along the valley of which extends 
 the Chenango canal. Oxford and 
 South Oxford are post offices. 
 
 Oxford, v. and p. o. Oxford, 
 Chenango co. is handsomely situa- 
 ted on both sides of the Chenango 
 river. It was incorporated in 1808, 
 and now contains about 1,300 in- 
 habitants, 180 dwelling houses, an 
 old and flourishing academy, in- 
 corporated in 1794 ; 1 Episcopal, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Meth- 
 odist and 1 Universalist church ; 4 
 hotels and taverns, 21 stores of dif- 
 ferent kinds, 2 forwarding houses, 
 1 grist mill, 1 plaster mill, 1 iron 
 foundery, 1 tannery, several car- 
 riage manufactories, and 2 printing 
 offices, besides many other kinds 
 of mechanic work shops. The 
 Chenango canal passes through the 
 centre of this place, afforu\ng a 
 water communication with the 
 Erie canal at the city of Utica, on 
 the north, and with the Susquehan- 
 na river at Binghamton, on the 
 south. Oxford is surrounded by a 
 rich agricultural and grazing coun- 
 try, abounding with fine horses, 
 neat cattle and sheep ; the products 
 of the dairy here find a ready mar- 
 ket, and are mostly re-shipped to the 
 city of New-York. 
 
 Oxfordville, p. o. Oxford, 
 Chenango co. 
 
 Oyster Bay, t. Queens co. 
 situated 10 miles east of the North 
 Hempstead court house, is a larere 
 town extending across Long Island 
 from north to south ; it is distant 
 175 miles from Albany, and con- 
 tained in 1840, 5,865 inhabitants. 
 The surface on the north is some- 
 what hilly, with loam and stony 
 soil, while on the south it is level 
 and sandy. On the north lies a 
 large and important body of water, 
 giving the name to this town; on 
 the south it is watered by the Great 
 South bay. 
 
 Oyster Bay, v. and p. o. 
 Oyster Bay, Queens co. is very 
 pleasantly situated at the head of 
 0y.4er Bay ; it contains about 400 
 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
 Baptist church, and 1 Friends' 
 meeting house, an academy, 3 tav- 
 erns, 4 stores and 1 grist mill. 
 Here arc owned several sloops tra- 
 ding with the New-York market; 
 steamboats also, occasionally run 
 to this place during the summer 
 months. Few places on Long Isl- 
 and exceeds this village for beauty 
 of location, and as a desirable 
 place of residence ; it is also much 
 resorted to by strangers during the 
 summer months. 
 
 Oyster Bay, is situated on 
 the north side of Long Island, in 
 the town of the same name ; it is 
 an important and beautiful body of 
 water, connected with Oyster Bay 
 Harbor, and Cold Spring Harbor, 
 all of which abound with wild 
 fowl, shell and scale fish. 
 
 Oyster Pond, v. Southold, 
 Suffolk co. is situated on Oyster 
 Pond Harbor ; it contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hous- 
 es, 2 churches, several stores and 
 mechanic shops, and convenient 
 wharves. Here are owned several 
 sloops and schooners, trading with 
 the New-York market. Orient is 
 the name of the post office. 
 
PAGE'S CORNERS— PALISADES. 
 
 315 
 
 Page's Corners, p. o. War- 
 ren, Herkimer co. 
 
 Paine's Hollow, p. o. Ger- 
 man Flats, Herkimer co. 
 
 Painted Post, t. Steuben co. 
 situated 22 miles south-east of the 
 village of Bath, and distant 210 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,674 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, gravelly loam, 
 in the valleys and flats highly pro- 
 ductive; watered by the Chemung 
 river. In this town commences 
 the navigable feeder of the Che- 
 mung canal; it is crossed by the 
 New-York and Erie railroad. 
 Corning and East Painted Post 
 are names of post offices. Centre- 
 ville and Port Barton are names of 
 settlements. 
 
 Painted Post, v. and p. o. 
 Erwin, Steuben co. is situated at 
 the junction of the Conhocton river 
 with the Tioga, which united 
 streams then take the name of the 
 Chemung river; it contains about 
 450 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian church; 1 ta- 
 vern, 8 stores of different kinds ; 1 
 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster 
 mill, 1 tannery and 1 brick kiln 
 The New-York and Erie railroad 
 passes through this place ; also, 
 several important roads here con- 
 centrate, which render it an impor- 
 tant point of trade. Here are two 
 falls which afford a large amount 
 of hydraulic power, but little of 
 which is as yet occupied. There 
 also stands in this village a painted 
 post, on the spot where originally 
 stood one erected by the Indians in 
 memory of a distinguished chief 
 who died here, this being a bury- 
 ing ground for their dead. The 
 above circumstance gives name to 
 this place and an adjoining town. 
 Three miles north of Painted Post, 
 is a mineral spring of some cele- 
 brity . 
 
 Palatine, t. Montgomery co. 
 situated 10 miles west of the village 
 of Fonda, and distant 52 miles 
 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,823 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; on the north side of the 
 Mohawk river, is the promontory 
 called "Anthony's Nose." The 
 soil is mostly very fertile, and in 
 some places exceedingly rich and 
 productive ; it is drained by Garo- 
 ga creek, flowing into the Mo- 
 hawk, which bounds it on the south. 
 Palatine, Palatine Bridge and 
 Stone Arabia are names of post 
 offices. At the former are situa- 
 ted 1 Lutheran church, 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 lead pipe factory, 
 and 12 or 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Palatine Bridge, v. and p. 
 o. Palatine, Montgomery co. is si- 
 tuated on the north side of the Mo- 
 hawk river, opposite the village of 
 Canajoharie, with which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge ; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 3 taverns, 3 
 stores and groceries. Here is si- 
 tuated a stone quarry, from which 
 are quarried a fine quality of build- 
 ing stone. 
 
 Palermo, t. Oswego co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Oswego, and distant 162 
 miles from Albanv; contained in 
 1840, 1,928 inhabitants. The sur 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy 
 loam ; drained north by Catfish 
 creek. Palermo is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Palisades, area lofty range 
 of precipitous rocks, extending 
 along the west bank of the Hudson 
 river for a distance of about 20 
 miles. At Fort Lee, in New-Jer- 
 sey, they first approach the imme- 
 diate margin of the river, varying 
 from 300 to 500 feet in almost per- 
 pendicular height, extending north 
 to Piermont at the commencement 
 of Tappan Bay. " The definition 
 of a palisade is ' pales set out for 
 an enclosure;' and these giant 
 rocks stand, and will stand as long^ 
 as the sea knows its bounds, and 
 
316 
 
 PALMERTOWN MOUNTAIN— PARISH. 
 
 the earth keeps its foundation, to 
 restrain on one side the majestic 
 waters that are rolling- onward to 
 the ocean." 
 
 Palmertown Mountain, 
 is a range so called, commencing 
 in the north-west part of Washing- 
 ton county, and extending in a 
 southerly direction between Lake 
 Champlain and Lake George, 
 through a part of Warren into Sa- 
 ratoga county; running parallel to 
 the Kayadero^seras range. In 
 Washington and Warren counties, 
 they rise to a height of from 1,000 
 to i,200 feet. 
 
 Palmyra, t. Wayne co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles west of the village of 
 Lyons, and distant 196 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,549 
 inhabitants. The surface is gently 
 undulating; soil, calcareous loam 
 of good quality, well adapted to 
 most kinds of grain ; drained east 
 by Mud creek. Palmyra and 
 East Palmyra are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Palmyra, v. and p. o. Palmy- 
 ra, Wayne co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal ; it was incorporated in 
 1828, and now contains about 
 2,000 inhabitants, 400 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 
 1 Baptist and 1 Presbyterian 
 church ; an incorporated academy; 
 6 hotels and taverns, 18 dry goods 
 stores, 3 hardware stores, 10 gro- 
 cery stores, 3 drug stores, and 2 
 book stores; 1 steam grist mill, 1 
 furnace, 2 carriage manufactories, 
 besides many other kinds of me- 
 chanic shops. Palmyra is situated 
 on an elevated and dry piece of 
 ground, in the midst of a delight- 
 ful wheat growing country. The 
 main street is over one mile and a 
 quarter in length, and at the upper 
 and lower end of the street it 
 touches the canal ; it is intersected 
 by cross streets of ample width, 
 many of which are ornamented by 
 beautiful shade trees ; this being i 
 considered as handsome a village 
 
 as can be found on the line of the 
 Erie canal. 
 
 Pamelia, t. Jefferson co. si- 
 tuated 4 miles north of the village 
 of Watertown, and distant 168 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,104 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level ; soil, of 
 good quality, and highly cultiva- 
 ted; watered by Perch river on 
 the north, and Black river on the 
 south. Pamelia Four Corners is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Panama, p. o. Harmony, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Papacton River, is the 
 name given to the east branch of 
 the Delaware ; it rises in the north 
 part of Delaware county, and flows 
 south-west, uniting with the Mo- 
 hawks or west branch in the town 
 of Hancock. 
 
 Paradox, p. o. Schroon, Es- 
 sex co. 
 
 Paradox Lake, lies in the 
 town of Schroon, Essex co. It is 
 4 miles long, and from a half to 
 one mile wide, and is surrounded 
 by an interesting region of coun- 
 try, abounding in numerous small 
 lakes filled with trout and other 
 fish. 
 
 Paris, t. Oneida co. situated 
 8 miles south of the city of Utica, 
 and distant 100 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 2,844 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is high and 
 undulating; soil, sandy and cal- 
 careous loam, mostly well culti- 
 vated ; drained north by the Sada- 
 quada creek, which is an important 
 mill stream, and rises in the south 
 part of this town. Paris, Paris 
 Furnace, Paris Hill, Cassville 
 and Sauquoit .are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Paris Hill, v. and p. o. Paris, 
 Oneida co. is situated on elevated 
 ground ; it contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
 copal and 1 Methodist church ; 2 
 taverns and 2 stores. 
 
 Parish, t. Oswego co. situated 
 
PARISH— PATTERSON. 
 
 317 
 
 22 miles east of the village of Os- 
 wego, and distant 145 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,543 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, sandy loam of good 
 quality ; drained by Salmon creek 
 and its tributaries. 
 
 Parish, v. and p. o. Parish, 
 Oswego co. is an agricultural set- 
 tlement, containing about 150 in- 
 habitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and 1 
 grist mill. 
 
 Parishville, t. St. Lawrence 
 county, situated 15 miles east of 
 the village of Canton, and distant 
 226 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,250 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly on the south, and 
 rolling on the north; soil, mostly 
 warm sandy loam ; well adapted to 
 grass, corn and rye ; watered by 
 the St. Regis, Racket, Grass and 
 Oswegatchie rivers, all of which 
 traverse this town, which extends 
 north and south about 40 miles. 
 Parishville and Matildaville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Parishville, v. and p. o 
 Parishville, St. Lawrence co. is 
 situated on the St. Regis river; it 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
 and 1 Baptist church; 1 hotel, 3 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 2 
 clothier's works, 1 pocket furnace 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Parma, t. Monroe county, si- 
 tuated 10 miles north-west of the 
 city of Rochester, and distant 226 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,652 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level ; soil, sandy 
 and gravelly loam; drained by 
 Salmon and Little Salmon creeks, 
 and other small streams flowing 
 into Lake Ontario, which bounds 
 it on the north. Parma, and Par- 
 ma Centre are names of post offi- 
 ces. At the latter there is a small 
 settlement. 
 
 Parma, v. and p. o. Parma, 
 Monroe co. is situated on the Ridge 
 
 road ; it contains about 200 inha 
 bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
 Partridge Island, p. o. 
 Hancock, Delaware co. 
 
 Patchik's Mills, p. o. Con- 
 hocton, Steuben co. 
 
 Patchogue, v. and p. o. 
 Brook haven, Suffolk co. is the 
 most compact and populous settle- 
 ment on the south side of Long 
 Island, in the above county; it 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational 
 and 1 Methodist church; 3 taverns, 
 5 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 paper mill, 
 2 cotton factories, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory^ tanneries, and several minor 
 mechanical establishments. The 
 stream which passes through this 
 village, affords an abundant supply 
 of water power, capable of propel- 
 ling much more machinery than it 
 now does. It is a pleasant place, 
 and from its being in the vicinity 
 of the Great South Bay, it is much 
 resorted to by strangers on account 
 of the abundance and variety both 
 of fish and fowl. It is distant 60 
 miles from New-York, and 55 from 
 Sag Harbor, on the great thorough- 
 fare through Long Island. Con- 
 tiguous to the above place, extend- 
 in? south to the bay, is a settlement 
 called Blue Point. 
 
 Patten's Mills, p. o. Fort 
 Ann, Washington co. 
 
 Patterson, t. Putnam co. 
 situated 6 miles north-east of the 
 village of Carmel, and distant 102 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,349 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, with rich and fertile 
 valleys ; the soil is generally good, 
 and most of it well cultivated ; 
 drained south by the Croton ri- 
 ver. Patterson, Haviland's Hol- 
 low and Towners are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Patterson, v. and p. o. Pat- 
 terson, Putnam co. is situated on 
 the Croton river; it contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 
318 
 
 PAULINIA— PEEKSKILL. 
 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Episco- 
 pal church ; an academy; 1 grist 
 mill, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Paulinia, v. Hancock, Dela- 
 ware co. is situated on a small 
 creek, 2 miles north of the Dela- 
 ware river ; it is an agricultural set- 
 tlement, where are situated 1 store, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 stave 
 machine, and some 12 or 15 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Pavilion, t. Genesee co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles south-east of the 
 village of Batavia, and distant 2*32 
 miles from Albany. This is a new 
 town erected on the division of 
 the county in 1841 ; it formerly 
 constituted a part of the town of 
 Covington, which is now attached 
 to Wyoming county. The surface 
 i9 rolling ; soil, clay loam, well 
 adapted to wheat ; drained north 
 by Allen's creek. 
 
 Pavilion, v. and p. o. Pavi- 
 lion, Genesee county, is situated 
 on Allen's creek; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses ; 1 Baptist and 1 Universalist 
 church ; 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 1 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Pawlet River, rises in Ver- 
 mont, and flows west into Wash- 
 ington co. thence north-west into 
 Wood creek, which falls into Lake 
 Champlain. On this stream are 
 situated several villages, and ma- 
 nufacturing establishments. 
 
 Pawlings, t. Dutchess co. si- 
 tuated 20 miles south-east of the 
 village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- 
 tant 95 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840,1,571 inhabitants. 
 It is somewhat hilly, with an ex- 
 tensive valley extending from north 
 to south; the Fishkill mountains 
 enter this town from the south-west 
 and run north. In this town is 
 found iron ore of a good quality. 
 It also has several small lakes and 
 large swamps, being the head 
 source of the Croton river and 
 Swamp creek, which streams pur- 
 sue diametrically opposite direc- 
 
 tions. The soil, though not of the 
 best quality, repays the husband- 
 man when well cultivated. Paw- 
 lings, Pawlingsville and Quaker 
 Hill are names of post offices. At 
 both of the former there is a small 
 settlement. 
 
 Paynesville, p. o. Lysander, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Peckville, p. o. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Peconic Bay, Great, lies 
 on the east end of Long Island, 
 being separated from Gardiner's 
 Bay by Shelter Island ; it is 14 
 miles long and from 4 to 5 miles 
 wide, showing a large expanse of 
 water. Robbins' Island is situated 
 near its centre ; there are also se- 
 veral projecting necks and indent- 
 ations on its sides. Great Hog 
 Neck separates it from Southold 
 Harbor, and Little Peconic Bay 
 extends inland some 4 or 5 miles ; 
 on the head of which is situated 
 the village of River-Head, the seat 
 of justice for the county of Suf- 
 folk, to which there is sloop navi- 
 gation. 
 
 Peconic River, rises in the 
 town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 
 and flows east into Little Peconic 
 Bay, which communicates with 
 Great Peconic Bay. 
 
 Peekskill, v. and p. o. 
 Cortland, Westchester co. is situ- 
 ated on the east side of the 
 Hudson river, 46 miles north of 
 the city of New- York; it was in- 
 corporated in 1827, and now con- 
 tains about 2,000 inhabitants, 250 
 dwelling houses, 1 bank, 8 church- 
 es of different denominations ; 6 
 hotels and public houses ; 30 
 stores, 2 tanneries and 6 iron foun- 
 deries, some of which are very 
 extensive, and manufacture large 
 quantities of stoves and plough 
 castings. There are owned in this 
 village 1 steamboat, engaged in 
 transporting passengers and pro- 
 duce ; 6 sloops, besides a steam- 
 boat which runs daily to and from 
 
PEKIN— PENFIELD. 
 
 319 
 
 the city of New-York, landing at 
 Sing-Sing', Tarry town, &c. The 
 Hudson river steamboats also land 
 passengers several times daily 
 at Caldwill's Landing, opposite 
 Peekskill, affording almost hourly 
 communication with the city of 
 New-York, by the aid of a steam 
 ferry boat. The Peekskill Acade- 
 my is a flourishing chartered in- 
 stitution, delightfully situated on 
 Oak Hill, near which is the tree 
 still standing on which was hung 
 during the revolutionary war, two 
 noted British spies, Strang and 
 Palmer. This place for a time was 
 the head quarters of the American 
 army under Gen. Putnam. It was 
 here that he dated his laconic re- 
 ply to Sir Henry Clinton, who 
 commanded the British forces in 
 the city of New- York, and sent up 
 a flag of truce, demanding the re- 
 lease of Edmund Palmer, a lieute- 
 nant of a tory regiment, who had 
 been detected in the American 
 camp. The following was the re- 
 ply sent back by Putnam : 
 
 " Head- Quarters , ? 
 1th Jug. 1777. 5 
 " Edmund Palmer, an officer in 
 the enemy's service, was taken as 
 a spy, lurking within the American 
 lines ; he has been tried as a spy, 
 condemned as a spy, and shall be 
 executed as a spy, and the flag is 
 ordered to depart immediately. 
 " ISRAEL PUTNAM. 
 " P. S. He has been according- 
 ly executed." 
 
 Pekin, p. o. Lewiston, Niaga- 
 ra co. 
 
 Pelham, t. Westchester co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of White Plains, and distant 
 140 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 7S9 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level ; soil, clay and 
 sandy loam, generally well culti- 
 vated. To this town are attached 
 several islands, lying in the East 
 river, the largest of which are City 
 
 Island, Hart's Island and Hunter's 
 Island. 
 
 Peltonville, p. o. Pultney, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Pembroke, t. Genesee co. sit- 
 uated 12 miles west of the village 
 of Batavia, and distant 257 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,970 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, clay and grav- 
 elly loam ; drained north-west by 
 the Tonawanda creek and its trib- 
 utaries. Pembroke, East Pem- 
 broke and Corfu are names of post 
 offices. Richville is the name of 
 a village, in which is located the 
 Pembroke post office. 
 
 Pendleton, t. Niagara co. 
 situated 7 miles south-west of the 
 village of Lockport, and distant 
 284 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,098 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, cal- 
 careous loam of good quality ; 
 watered by the Tonawanda creek, 
 which bounds it on the south. 
 
 Pendleton, v. and p. o. Pen- 
 dleton, Niagara co. is situated on 
 the Erie canal ; it contains 2 
 taverns, 4 stores and groceries, 
 and about 30 dwelling houses. In 
 this town about three miles east 
 of the village is a sulphur spring 
 of eome celebrity. 
 
 Penfield, t. Monroe co. si- 
 tuated 8 miles east of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 211 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,842 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy and gra- 
 velly loam, blended on the south 
 with clay; drained north by Iron- 
 dequoit creek and some other 
 small streams. Penfield and 
 West Penfield are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Penfield, v. and p. o. Pen- 
 field, Monroe co. is situated on the 
 Irondequoit creek ; it contains 
 about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwel- 
 ling houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; 
 2 taverns, 3 stores ; a select school 
 
320 
 
 PENN-YAN— PERRYSBURGH. 
 
 called the Penfield Lyceum; 1 
 woollen factory, 2 flouring' mills, 
 1 carding machine and fulling 
 mill ; 1 chair factory, 1 stave ma- 
 nufactory, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 
 1 ashery and 1 brick yard. 
 
 Penn-Yan, v. and p. o. Milo, 
 Yates co. is situated on the outlet 
 of Crooked Lake, one mile from 
 the foot of the lake, and 185 miles 
 west of the city of Albany. It was 
 incorporated in 1833, and now con- 
 tains about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 
 dwelling houses, a court house, 
 jail, and county clerk's office; an 
 incorporated academy ; a banking- 
 house; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Congregational 
 and 1 Methodist church ; 3 public 
 houses, 24 stores of different kinds, 
 and 2 warehouses ; a boat yard for 
 building and repairing canal boats; 
 
 2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 fur- 
 nace and plough factory, 1 tannery, 
 1 clothier's works, 2 asheries, 3 
 brick yards, 2 printing offices and 
 
 3 carriage factories; besides many 
 other kind of mechanic work 
 shops. On the outlet of Crooked 
 lake, which feeds the Crooked 
 Lake canal; both of which run 
 through this place, are situated 
 many very valuable mill sites, and 
 other hydraulic privileges; only a 
 part of which are as yet occupied. 
 This village derives its name from 
 the first settlers emigrating part 
 from the state of Pennsylvania, and 
 a part from New-England, hence 
 the compound name of Penn- 
 
 Yan. 
 
 Peoria, p. o. Wyoming co. 
 
 Pepacton, p. o. Colchester, 
 Delaware co. 
 
 Pepacton River. See Dela- 
 ware River. 
 
 Perch Lake, lies in the town 
 of Orleans, Jefferson county. It is 
 3 miles long, and from a half to 1 
 mile wide. 
 
 Perch River, p. o. Brown- 
 ville, Jefferson co. 
 
 Perch River, rises in the 
 
 town of Orleans, Jefferson county, 
 and flows south-west into Black 
 river bay at the village of Dexter. 
 Perrintojv, t. Monroe co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles east of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 209 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,513 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly; soil, of good qua- 
 lity ; drained north by the Ironde- 
 quoit creek and some of its 
 branches. Perrinton, Bushnell's 
 Basin and Egypt are names of post 
 offices. Fairport is the name of a 
 village. 
 
 Perry, t. Wyoming co. situa- 
 ted 7 miles east of the village of 
 Warsaw, and distant 239 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,082 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy and clay 
 loam, well adapted to grass or 
 grain; drained east by the outlet 
 of Silver lake, which lies partly in 
 this town. Perry and Perry Cen- 
 tre are names of post offices. At 
 the latter there is a settlement con- 
 taining 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores and 25 or 30 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 Perry, v. and p. o. Perry, 
 Wyoming county, is situated on 
 the outlet of Silver lake; it was 
 incorporated in 1830, and now con- 
 tains about 1,200 inhabitants, 180 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Univer- 
 salist church ; 2 taverns, 15 stores 
 and groceries, 2 printing offices, 4 
 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 oil 
 mill, 1 ashery, 2 clothier's works, 
 1 tannery, and 2 furnaces, besides 
 many other kind of mechanic work 
 shops, this being an active and 
 thriving place of business. 
 
 Perrysburgh, t. Cattarau- 
 gus co. situated 20 miles north- 
 west of the village of Ellicottville, 
 and distant 306 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 1,660 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is broken, 
 having on the north boundary Cat- 
 taraugus creek ; soil, gravelly and 
 
PERRY'S MILLS— PETERSBURGH. 
 
 321 
 
 clay loam, productive in grain ami 
 grass ; drained by several small 
 streams running north into Catta- 
 raugus creek. Perrysbargh, North 
 Perrysburgh and Versailles are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Perry's Mills, v. and p. o. 
 Champlain, Clinton co. is situated 
 on the Chazy river, 1 mile south 
 of the Canada line ; it contains 
 about 100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
 houses, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 oat mill, and 1 cloth dres- 
 sing and carding machine. This 
 place on the county maps of the 
 slate is called Perrysville. 
 
 Perryville, v. and p. o. 
 Fenner, Madison county, contains 
 about 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 
 1 flouring mill, 1 tannery and 1 
 distillery. 
 
 Persia, t. Cattaraugus co. situa- 
 ted 16 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Ellicottville, and distant 300 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 892 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, clay and 
 gravelly loam of good quality; 
 drained by the tributaries of Cat- 
 taiaugus creek, which bounds it 
 on the north. Persia is the name 
 of a post office which is situated in 
 the village of Lodi. 
 
 Perth, t. Fulton co. situated 
 10 miles east ot the village of 
 Johnstown, and distant 40 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 737 inhabitants. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, clay loam ; drained 
 south by Chuctenunda creek. 
 Perth is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Peru, t. Clinton co. situated 10 
 miles south-west of Pittsburgh, 
 and distant 153 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 3,134 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface on the east is 
 level or undulating, and on the 
 west hilly; the soil is mostly sandy 
 and clay loam, of good quality ; 
 drained by Little Au Sable river 
 flowing -uto Lake Champlain, 
 21 
 
 which bounds it on the east, where 
 is a convenient landing ; it is also 
 watered by the Great Au Sable on 
 a part of its south boundary. 
 
 Peru, v. and p. o. Peru, Clin- 
 ton co. is situated on both sides of 
 the Little Au Sable river, 4 miles 
 west of Lake Champlain ; it con- 
 tains about S00 inhabitants, 125 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church ; 2 ta- 
 verns, 6 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 Peru Landing, Peru, Clin- 
 ton co. is situated at the mouth of 
 Little Au Sable river, on the west 
 side of Lake Champlain, where is 
 a convenient landing and a few 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Peruville, v. and p. o. 
 Groton, Tompkins co. contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church; 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills and 1 tannery. 
 
 Peterboro', v. and p. o. 
 Smithfield, Madison co. contains 
 about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church ; 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 clo- 
 thier's works. 
 
 Petersburgh Mountain, 
 is the name of the range of hills 
 extending' from Washington coun- 
 ty south, through Rensselaer and 
 a part of Columbia county. They 
 are not remarkable for their eleva- 
 tion, being in many places quite 
 low and broken by streams. 
 
 Petersburgh, t. Rensselaer 
 co. situated 20 miles east of the 
 city of Troy, and distant 26 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,901 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, and in part mountainous, 
 with a fertile valley extending north 
 and south, through which flows 
 Little Hoosick creek; soil, mostly 
 loam, on slate and limestone. Pe- 
 tersburgh and Petersburgh Four 
 Corners are names of post offices. 
 
322 
 
 PHARAOH LAKE— PHCENIX. 
 
 At the former is a small settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Pharaoh Lake, is a small 
 body of water lying in the town of 
 Schroon, Essex co. 
 
 Pharsalia, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 12 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 124 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,213 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, argillaceous 
 loam; drained by the Genegans- 
 lette creek and the Otselic river. 
 Pharsalia and East Pharsalia are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Phelps, t. Ontario co. situated 
 15 miles east of the village of Ca- 
 nandaigua, and distant 185 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 5,563 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, clay loam under- 
 laid with lime, and is very fertile ; 
 drained by the Canandaigua out- 
 let and Flint creek, which here 
 form a junction. Gypsum abounds 
 in this vicinity, and the quarries 
 are extensively worked. Phelps, 
 Oak's Corners, Orleans and Vienna 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Philadelphia, t. Jefferson 
 co. situated 16 miles north-east of 
 the village of Watertown, and dis- 
 tant 177 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,888 inhabitants. 
 The surface is rolling ; soil, clay 
 and sandy loam; drained by Indian 
 river and some of its tributaries. 
 Philadelphia and Sterlingville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Philadelphia, v. and p. o. 
 Jefferson county, is situated on 
 Indian river; it contains about 125 
 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 Friends' meeting house, 1 tavern, 
 
 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 ashery. 
 
 Phillipsburgh, p. o. Wall- 
 kill, Orange co. Here are situated 
 
 2 woollen factories, 1 wool carding 
 machine, 1 grist mill, 1 distillery, 
 1 tavern, 1 store, and some S or 
 10 dwelling houses. 
 
 Phillipsport, v. and p. o. 
 
 Mamakating, Sullivan co. is situa- 
 ted on the line of the Delaware and 
 Hudson canal ; it contains about 
 100 inhabitants, 20 dwelling hou 
 ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 
 1 store and 1 grist mill. 
 
 Phillipstown, t. Putnam co. 
 situated 14 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Carmel, and distant 96 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,814 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, comprising 
 some of the highest and most rug- 
 ged peaks of the Highlands, as 
 Breakneck Hill, Bull Hill, Sugar 
 Loaf. &c. ; drained by two or three 
 small streams flowing into the 
 Hudson, which bounds it on the 
 west. Cold Springs is the name 
 of a post office, and of a thriving 
 manufacturing village, situated on 
 the east bank of the Hudson, nearly 
 opposite West Point. The hills in 
 this vicinity abound with iron ore, 
 which is extensively manufactured 
 into iron of a good quality, and 
 much of it used in the vicinity, for 
 different kinds of castings and ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 Philipsville, v. Granby, 
 Oswego county, is situated on the 
 west side of Oswego river; it con- 
 tains about 175 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 and 2 saw mills. Here is an im- 
 mense water power, formed by a 
 descent in the river of about 
 20 feet, known as the Oswego 
 falls. 
 
 Philipsville, v. and p. o. 
 Amity, Allegany co.is situated on 
 the Genesee river, and on the line 
 of the New-York and Erie rail- 
 road ; it contains about 250 inha- 
 bitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Phosnix, v. and p. o. Schroep- 
 pel, Oswego co. lies on the west 
 side of the Oswego river, on the 
 line of the Oswego canal; it con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 
PIERMONT— PINE PLAINS- 
 
 323 
 
 verns, 6 stores and groceries, 1 
 [louring mill, and 6 saw mills. 
 
 Piermont, v. and p. o. 
 Orangetown, Rockland co. situated 
 on the west side of the Husdon ri- 
 ver, 24 miles north from the city 
 of New-York ; contains about 
 L000 inhabitants, 140 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 3 public hou- 
 ses, 5 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
 and a grist and saw mill on Spar- 
 kill creek, which flows through a 
 narrow valley, affording room for a 
 street, on which are situated most 
 of the stores and dwellings, 
 and the track of the New-York 
 and Erie railroad, which great 
 work commences at this point. 
 The long pier at this place extends 
 from the main land about one mile 
 in length, over which runs the rail- 
 road cars to the extreme end; thus 
 communicating with steamboats 
 and freight barges, which cm at 
 all times of the year run to and 
 from the city of New-York. Here 
 terminates the Palisades, towards 
 the north, in an abrupt hill, from 
 which circumstance together with 
 the surrounding scenery and piers, 
 this place has very appropriately 
 been called Piermont. 
 
 PiERREroxT, t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 8 miles east of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 213 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,430 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is diversified and soil various, 
 this town extending about 40 miles 
 north and south. It i; drained by 
 the Oswegatchie and Grass rivers; 
 the Racket crosses its north-east 
 angle. Pierrepontand East Pierre- 
 pont are names of post offices, at 
 bo tli of which there are small set- 
 tlements. 
 
 PlFFARDIANA, p. O. Living- 
 
 ston co. 
 
 Pike, t. Allegany co. situated 
 20 miles north of the village of An- 
 gelica, and distant 255 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,176 
 inhabitants. The surface is rolling; 
 
 soil, fertile mould ; drained south- 
 east by Eastkoy and Westkoy 
 creeks. Pike, East Koy, and East 
 Pike are names of post offices. 
 
 Pike, v. and p. o. Pike, Alle- 
 gany co. is situated on the West- 
 koy creek ; it contains about 600 
 inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Meth 
 odist church, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 oil mill, 1 
 turnace, 2 tanneries and 2 cloth- 
 ier's works. 
 
 Pillar Point, p. o. Brown- 
 ville, Jefferson co. 
 
 Pjnckney, t. Lewis co. situa- 
 ated 16 miles north-west of the 
 village of Martinsburgh, and dis- 
 tant 156 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1S40, 907 inhabitants. 
 The surface is level ; soil, sandy 
 and clay loam of good quality ; 
 drained north by Deer river, and 
 west by Sandy creek. Pinckney 
 is the name of a post office. 
 
 Pine, p. o. Vienna, Oneida co. 
 
 Pine Grove, p. o. Tyrone, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Pine Hill, v. Elba, Genesee 
 •.ounty, contains about 200 inhab- 
 itants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 
 1 tannery. 
 
 Pine Hill, p. o. Shandaken, 
 Ulster co. 
 
 Pine Plains, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 25 miles north-east of the 
 village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- 
 tant 69 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,334 inhabitants. 
 The surface is in part hilly and 
 mountainous ; having high hills on 
 the east and west, with an exten- 
 sive and fertile intervening plain, 
 which gives name to the town ; 
 soil, sandy and gravelly loam ; it 
 contains two or three small lakes or 
 ponds, the principal of which is 
 called Stissing's, which is the head 
 source of Wappinger's creek, flow- 
 ing south ; it is also drained north- 
 west by the Chicomeco creek, a 
 
324 
 
 PINE PLAINS— PITCAIRN. 
 
 tributary of Roeliff Jansen's creek. 
 Pine Plains and Pulver's corners 
 are names of post offices. Ham- 
 mertown is the name of a manu 
 factoring settlement. 
 
 Pine Plains, v. and p. o. Pine 
 Plains, Dutchess co. contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling- hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 tav- 
 erns and 4 stores. 
 
 Pine Ridge p. o. Oswego co. 
 
 Pine's Bridge, p. o. York- 
 town, Westchester co. 
 
 Pine Orchard, forming a 
 part of the Catskill mountain range, 
 is situated 12 miles south-west of 
 the village of Catskill, Greene co. 
 It is elevated 3,000 feet above the 
 tide waters of the Hudson, which 
 noble stream, and the surrounding 
 country, it overlooks for a great 
 distance, affording a varied and ex- 
 tensive view of the greatest inter- 
 est. On the summit is erected a 
 large and commodious public 
 house, called the Mountain House, 
 for the accommodation of visitors, 
 who resort here in great numbers 
 during the summer months. In 
 this vicinity are other mountain 
 peaks, of still greater elevation, 
 and waterfalls of the most wild and 
 romantic character, altogether 
 forming unrivalled attractions, 
 which are well worthy of a visit 
 " From this lofty eminence all ine- 
 qualities of surface are overlooked. 
 A seemingly endless succession of 
 woods and waters — farms and vil- 
 lages, towns and cities, are spread 
 out as upon a boundless map. Far 
 beyond rise the Taghkanic moun- 
 tains, and the highlands of Con- 
 necticut and Massachusetts. To 
 the left, and at a still greater dis- 
 tance, the Green mountains of Ver- 
 mont stretch away to the north, and 
 their blue summits and the blue sky 
 mingle together. The beautiful 
 Hudson, studded with islands, ap- 
 pears narrowed in the distance, 
 with steamboats almost constantly 
 in sight ; while vessels of every 
 
 description, spreading their white 
 canvass to the breeze, are moving 
 rapidly over its surface, or idly loi- 
 tering in the calm. These may be 
 traced to the distance of nearly 
 seventy miles with the naked eye ; 
 and again at times all below is en- 
 veloped in dark clouds and rolling 
 mist, which, driven about by the 
 wind, is constantly assuming new, 
 wild and fantastic forms. From 
 the Pine Orchard, a ride or walk of 
 a mile or two brings you to the 
 Kaaterskill falls. Here the outlet 
 of two small lakes leaps down a 
 perpendicular fall of 130 feet, then 
 glides away through a channel 
 worn in the rock, to a second fall 
 of 80 feet. Below this it is lost in 
 the dark ravine through which it 
 finds its way to the valley of the 
 Catskill." 
 
 Pineville, p. o. Steuben co. 
 
 Pjseco, v. and p. o. Arietta, 
 Hamilton co. is situated at the 
 north end of Piseco lake. This is 
 a new settlement, containing about 
 100 inhabitants, 15 dwelling hous- 
 es, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 
 2 saw mills, and 1 machine shop. 
 This place is situated at the head 
 of a beautiful lake, and is sur- 
 rounded by a fine tract of land, 
 well adapted to grazing and most 
 kinds of grain. The water power 
 is also abundant in this vicinity, 
 but little of which is as yet used. 
 
 Piseco Lake, lies in the town 
 of Arietta, Hamilton co. It is 6 
 miles long, and 2 miles wide for 
 most of its length, abounding in 
 salmon and brook trout, of a large 
 size and delicious flavor. This lake 
 and vicinity is resorted to by per- 
 sons fond of hunting and fishing, 
 this region abounding in wild game 
 in great abundance. The outlet of 
 Piseco lake forms the west branch 
 of the Sacondaga river, a tributary 
 of the Hudson. 
 
 Pitcairn, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 30 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 180 
 
PITCHER— PITTSTOWN. 
 
 325 
 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 396 inhabitants. Tbe sur- 
 face is moderately uneven ; soil, 
 clay loam, well adapted to grasj ; 
 drained south by the west branch 
 of the Oswegatchie river. 
 
 Pitcher, t. Chenango co. sit- 
 uated 16 miles wesi of the village 
 of Norwich, and distant 127 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 1,562 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, argillaceous loam ; 
 drained south by the Otselic river 
 and some of its tributaries. Pitch- 
 er, Pitcher Springs and west Pitch- 
 er are names ol post offices. 
 
 Pitcher, v. and p. o. Pitcher, 
 Chenango co. is situated on the Ot- 
 selic river. It contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 tannnery, and 1 cloth- 
 ier's works. 
 
 Pitcher Springs, v. and p. 
 o. Pitcher, Chenango county. Here 
 are situated 2 or 3 sulphur springs 
 of some celebrity, commonly called 
 the " Sylvan Springs ;" 2 public 
 houses, 1 store, an academy and 
 about 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Pittsfie},d, t. Otsego co. sit- 
 uated 18 miles west of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 87 
 miles from Albany ', contained in 
 1840, 1,395 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, with fertile valleys ; 
 soil, sandy loam ; drained by Una- 
 dilla river, and some of its tributa- 
 ries. Pittsficld is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Pittsfield, v. and p. o. Berk- 
 shire co. Mass. is situated on the 
 Housatonic river, and on the line 
 of the Western railroad, distant 
 150 miles west of Boston, and 49 
 miles east of Albany, by railroad 
 route. It contains about 2.500 in- 
 habitants, 350 dwelling houses, a 
 town hall, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
 copal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; the Berkshire Medical In- 
 stitution ; a flourishing boarding 
 
 school for boys, and an incorpora- 
 ted female seminary, besides other 
 select schools ; 1 banking house, 3 
 hotels, 18 stores of different kinds, 
 and an extensive carriage manu- 
 factory, besides most other kinds 
 of mechanic work shops. The 
 east and west branches of the Hou- 
 satonic river here u'dte, affording 
 at this place an immense amount ol 
 hydraulic power ; there are now 
 erected on the above streams, and 
 in successful operation, 5 extensive 
 woollen factories, 1 large cotton 
 factory, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 
 and a large manufactory of mus 
 kets, where are annually made a 
 large number, exclusively for the 
 United States government. This 
 is a thriving place, where centres 
 the main business of this part of 
 Berkshire county, which has long 
 been celebrated for its agriculture 
 and manufactured products. 
 
 Pittsforp, t. Monroe co. sit- 
 uated 6 miles east of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 213 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,983 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, calcareous and 
 argillaceous loam ; drained north 
 by the Irondequoit creek and some 
 of its tributaries. 
 
 Pittsford, v. and p. o. Pitts- 
 ford, Monroe co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal, and on the line of the 
 Auburn and Rochester railroad ; it 
 was incorporated in 1827, and now 
 contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 3 taverns, 
 4 stores, 2 forwarding houses, and 
 2 asheries. 
 
 Pittstown, t. Rensselaer co. 
 situated 12 miles north-east of the 
 city of Troy, and distant 18 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,784 inhabitants. The surface is 
 uneven ; soil, clay, gravel and 
 loam, productive when well culti- 
 vated ; drained by Tomhannock 
 creek and the Hoosick river, which 
 bounds it on the north. Pittetown, 
 
PLACID LAKE— PLATTSBURGH. 
 
 Prospect Hill, Raymertown and 
 Tomhannock, are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 settlement containing 1 Baptist 
 church, 1 (avern, 2 stores, and 
 about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Placid Lake, lies in the 
 north part of Essex co. mostly in 
 the town of Keene ; it is 4 miles 
 long, and from 1 to 1£ wide, sur- 
 rounded by a wild and interesting 
 region of country. 
 
 Plainfield, t. Otsego co. sit- 
 uated 15 miles north-west of the 
 village of Cooperstown, and dis- 
 tant 75 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,450 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating and hilly; 
 soil, sandy and calcareous loam, 
 very fertile ; drained south by the 
 Unadilla river and its tributaries. 
 Plainfield, Plainfield Hill, and 
 Unadilla Forks are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Plainville, p. o. Lysander, 
 Onondaga co. Here is an agricul- 
 tural settlement, containing 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and about 
 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Plato, p. o. Ellicottville, Cat- 
 taraugus co. 
 
 Plattekill, t. Ulster co. sit- 
 uated 20 miles south of the village 
 of Kingston, and distant 79 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,125 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating and hilly, underlaid 
 with slate and limestone ; soil, clay 
 and gravelly loam ; drained east 
 by Old Man's Kill, flowing into the 
 Hudson river, and west by some 
 tributaries of theWallkill. Platte- 
 kill and Modena are names of post 
 offices : at the former are situated 
 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, and 
 about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Plattsburgh, t. Clinton co. 
 contains the county buildings, situ- 
 ated in the village of the same 
 name ; it is distant 162 miles from 
 Albany, and contained in 1840, 
 6,416 inhabitants. The surface on 
 the east is level or gently undula- 
 
 ting, and hilly on the west ; soil, 
 mostly clay loam, of a good qual- 
 ity, adjoining the lake ; it is wa- 
 tered by the Saranac river, which 
 flows east, here emptying into 
 Cumberland bay ; it is also drained 
 by Salmon creek on the south. 
 Plattsburgh, North Plattsburgh, 
 Cadysville and Schuyler's Falls are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Plattsburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Plattsburgh, Clinton co. is situated 
 on both sides of the Saranac river, 
 on the west shore of Lake Cham- 
 plain, 162 miles north of the city 
 of Albany. It was incorporated in 
 1815, and now contains about 2,600 
 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, 
 a court house, jail and county 
 clerk's office ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 1 Ro- 
 man Catholic church ; an incorpo- 
 rated lyceum and an incorported 
 academy, 1 banking house, 5 ho- 
 tels and taverns, 30 stores and gro- 
 ceries, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 
 2 cotton factories, 3 woollen facto- 
 ries, 2 marble mills, 2 fulling mills, 
 2 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 machine 
 shop, 1 soap manufactory, and 2 
 printing offices, together with al- 
 most every other kind of mechanic 
 work shops. The water power at 
 this place is very great, the Sara- 
 nac river here having a succession 
 of falls, making a total descent of 
 about 40 feet ; only a part of which 
 is now occupied for manufacturing 
 purposes. The suTounding coun- 
 try is rich in agricultural and min- 
 eral productions, and Plattsburgh 
 is the proposed termination of the 
 Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain 
 railroad, which, when completed, 
 will greatly tend to develope the 
 resources of the whole northern 
 part of the state of New-York. 
 This is an United States military 
 post, where the government are 
 now erecting extensive stone bar- 
 racks, near the lake shore, south of 
 the village, and a permanent break- 
 water for the protection of the har- 
 
PLEASANT LAKE— POESTENKILL. 
 
 327 
 
 bor. Plattsburgh was Hie scene of 
 an important engagement between 
 the British and American armies, 
 in Sept. 1814, which resulted in the 
 defeat of the British, under the 
 command of Sir George Prevost, 
 and the capture of the British fleet 
 under Com. Downie, who was 
 killed in the action. The Ameri- 
 can army was commanded byMaj. 
 Gen. Macomb, and the fleet by 
 Com. McDonough. 
 
 Pleasant Lake, lies in the 
 town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton 
 co. This is a beautiful sheet of 
 water, 3 miles long, and from 1 to 
 lg miles wide ; its waters abound 
 in trout and other fish of fine fla- 
 vor. It is surrounded by a new 
 and interesting region of country, 
 abounding in numerous small lakes, 
 all well stocked with fish ; also the 
 favorite resort of water fowl, and 
 other wild game. 
 
 Pleasant Plains, p. o. Clin- 
 ton, Dutchess co. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, t. Dutch- 
 ess co. situated 7 miles north-east 
 of the village of Poughkeepsie, 
 and distant 82 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 2,219 inhabit- 
 ants. The surface is diversified ; 
 soil, clay, sandy and gravelly loam, 
 generally well cultivated ; drained 
 by Wappinger's creek. Pleasant 
 Valley and Salt Point are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, v. and 
 p. o. Pleasant Valley, Dutchess co. 
 is handsomely situated on Wappin- 
 ger's creek. It was incorporated 
 in 1814, and now contains about 
 650 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, and a Friend's meet- 
 ing house ; 2 public houses, 5 
 stores, 1 cotton factory, containing 
 3,000 spindles and 72 power looms, 
 and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, v. 
 Whitestown, Oneida co. is a man- 
 ufacturing settlement, situated on 
 Oriskany creek, about 1 mile south 
 
 of the village of Oriskany. It 
 contains 2 large woollen factories, 
 known as the Dexter Manufactur 
 ing Company, where are annually 
 manufactured about 100,000 lbs. 
 fleece and 80,000 lbs. foreign wool, 
 which is made into broadcloths, 
 cassimeres and carpeting. This 
 village is small, being altogether 
 dependent on the above factory, 
 which gives constant employment 
 to upwards of 100 men and children. 
 
 Pleasantville, p. o. Mount 
 Pleasant, Westchester county ; 
 here are situated 1 church, 2 stores 
 and about 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Plesis, p. o. Alexandria, Jef- 
 ferson co. Here are situated 1 
 church, I tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 1 
 ashery. 
 
 Plumb Gut, is the passage be- 
 tween Oyster Pond Point, on the 
 east end of Long Island, and Plumb 
 Island. 
 
 Plumb Island, lies one mile 
 east of Oyster Pond Point, on 
 Long Island ; it is 3 miles long and 
 
 1 mile wide ; on the west end there 
 is situated a light house/ 
 
 Plymouth, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 7 miles north-west of the 
 village of Norwich, and distant 
 118 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,625 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, argil- 
 laceous loam of good quality ; 
 drained south-east by the Canasa- 
 wacta creek. Plymouth is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Poestenkill, v. and p. o. 
 Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. con- 
 tains about 100 inhabitants, 20 
 dwelling houses, 1 Lutheran and 1 
 Dutch Reformed church, 2 taverns, 
 
 2 stores, 2 factories, 1 grist mill, 
 and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Poestenkill, rises in Grafton 
 and Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. and J 
 flows west into the Hudson rirer at 
 the city of Troy. This is a good 
 mill stream, on which are situated: 
 a number of factories and mills. 
 
328 
 
 POINT PENINSULA— PORTAGEVILLE. 
 
 Point Peninsula, p. o. 
 Brownville, Jefferson co. 
 
 Poland, t. Chautauque, co. sit- 
 uated 22 miles souih-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 317 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,087 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly ; soil, sandy and 
 gravelly loam ; drained by the Con- 
 newango creek and Chautauque 
 outlet. Poland Centre, Ivesville, 
 Kennedy's Mills and Waterboro' 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Poland, v. and p. o. Russia, 
 Herkimer co. is situated on West 
 Canada creek. It contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 2 cotton fac 
 lories, 1 flouring mill, and 2 trip- 
 hammer works, where are made 
 edge tools. 
 
 Pollopel's Island, is a 
 mass of rock lying in the Hudson 
 river, near its east shore, opposite 
 Breakneck Hill, at the northern en- 
 trance into the Highlands, 6 miles 
 above West Point. 
 
 Pomfret, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 12 miles north-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 315 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 4,566 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly, declining towards 
 Lake Erie, which bounds it on the 
 north ; soil, argillaceous, sandy 
 and gravelly loam, very fertile ; 
 drained north-west by several small 
 streams flowing into Lake Erie, 
 and south by the Cassadaga creek 
 and its tributaries, running into the 
 Allegany river. The New-York 
 and Erie railroad terminates in this 
 town in the village of Dunkirk. 
 Cassadaga, Dunkirk, Fredonia and 
 Van Buren Harbor are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Pompey, t. Onondaga co. si- 
 tuated 14 miles south-east of the 
 village of Syracuse, and distant 
 132 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 4,371 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil, sandy and 
 clay loam, fertile aud mostly well 
 
 cultivated ; drained north by Lime- 
 stone creek, and south by the head 
 blanches of the Tioughnioga river. 
 Pompey, Pompey Centre, Delphi, 
 Oran and Watervale are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Pompey Hill, v. Pompey, 
 Onondaga county, is situated on 
 the highest point of land in this 
 region of country ; it contains about 
 450 inhabitants, 75 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches; 1 incorporated 
 academy; 2 taverns and 5 stores. 
 The view from this point is very 
 extensive, overlooking the sur- 
 rounding country as far as the eye 
 can reach. 
 
 Pondsville, p. o. Moriah, 
 Essex co. 
 
 Poolville, v. and p. o. Ha- 
 milton, Madison co. contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
 1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, and 
 1 leather manufactory. 
 
 Poplak Ridge, p. o. Venice, 
 Cayuga co. 
 
 Portage, t. Allegany co. si- 
 tuated 18 miles north of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 247 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 4,721 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and rolling on the east and 
 west, with a fertile valley between, 
 extending north and south, through 
 which flows the Genesee river and 
 Genesee Valley canal. On the 
 above stream there is situated in 
 the north part of this town the far 
 famed Genesee Palls, where, with- 
 in the space of two miles, the river 
 has a descent of about 300 feet, 
 affording an inexhaustible amount 
 of water power. The soil is very 
 productive and well adapted to 
 wheat and other grain. Hunt's 
 Hollow, Portageville and Oakland 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Portageville, v. and p. o. 
 Portage, Allegany co. is situated on 
 the west side of the Genesee river, 
 and on the line of the Genesee 
 Valley canal ; it contains about 
 
PORT BARTON— PORT GIBSON. 
 
 329 
 
 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling- hou- 
 ses ; 1 Presbyterian, 2 Baptist, 1 
 Methodist and 1 Universalis! 
 church j 3 taverns, S or 10 stores 
 and groceries; 1 grist mill, 5 saw 
 mills, 1 sash factory, 1 tannery and 
 1 clothier's works. This place is 
 situated in a romantic and interest- 
 ing region of country, near where 
 the Genesee enters the rocky gorge 
 and plunges down a succession of 
 highly picturesque falls. The Ge- 
 nesee Valley canal passes diagon- 
 ally through the town, crossing the 
 river in an aqueduct at Portage - 
 ville, and thence running northerly 
 one and a half miles contiguous to 
 and parallel with the high banks of 
 the river, affording to the traveller 
 a full view of the " Genesee Falls/ ' 
 and the majestic scenery in the vi- 
 cinity ; it then enters the open 
 country through a tunnel about a 
 quarter of a mile in length. The 
 " Falls " consist of three perpen- 
 dicular descents, amounting in all 
 to 300 feet, and with the high 
 banks through which the river pas- 
 ses, presents one of the most grand 
 and sublime views which our coun- 
 try can boast ; and are already 
 becoming the fashionable resort of 
 many lovers of natural scenery as 
 exhibited in its most rugged aspect. 
 
 Pout Barton, v. Painted 
 Post, Steuben co. is situated on 
 the north side of the Chemung ri- 
 ver, at the head of the feeder of 
 the Chemung canal, opposite the 
 village of Corning, with which it 
 is connected by a bridge ; it con- 
 tains about 500 inhabitants, 70 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church; 3 taverns and 1 store. 
 This place is sometimes called 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Port Byron, v. and p. o. 
 Mentz, Cayuga co. is situated on 
 the Erie canal; it was incorpora- 
 ted in 1837, and now contains 
 about 1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwel- 
 ling houses, 3 churches, 4 public 
 houses, 10 stores, 1 extensive flour- 
 
 ing mill, in which are 12 run of 
 stone, being one of the largest es- 
 tablishments of the kind in the 
 state ; 2 tanneries, 4 saw mills and 
 1 clothier's works. 
 
 Port Chester, v. and p. o. 
 Rye, Westchester, co. situated on 
 the west side of By ram river, 
 which here forms the boundary 
 line between New-York and Con- 
 necticut ; it was incorporated in 
 1833, and now contains about 800 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church; 2 boarding schools, one 
 for young ladies and one for boys ; 
 
 2 taverns, 20 stores of different 
 kinds; 1 dye wood mill, 1 iron 
 foundery, 1 hat manufactory, and 
 2 carriage manufactories. Here 
 are owned 6 sloops and schooners, 
 and a steamboat plies between 
 this place and the city of New- 
 York. 
 
 Port Douglass, Chesterfield, 
 Essex county. Here is a conve- 
 nient landing on the west side of 
 Lake Champlain, 4 miles east of 
 the village of Keeseville. 
 
 Porter, t. Niagara co. situated 
 16 miles north-west of the village 
 of Lockport, and distant 300 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,177 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level; soil, sandy and ar- 
 gillaceous loam ; drained by Tus- 
 carora creek, flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north, while the Niagara separates 
 it from Canada on the west. — 
 On the extreme north-west 
 part of this town at the mouth 
 of the Niagara river, is situa- 
 ted old Fort Niagara ; directly 
 opposite on the Canada side stands 
 Fort George. Ransomville and 
 Youngstown are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Porter's Corners, p. o. 
 Greenfield, Saratoga co. 
 
 Port Genesee. See Char- 
 lotte. 
 
 Port Gibson, v. and p. o. 
 
330 
 
 PORT GLASCOW— PORTLANDVILLE. 
 
 Manchester, Ontario co. is situa- 
 ted on the Erie canal ; it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 25 dwelling' 
 houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 warehouse and 1 distil- 
 lery. 
 
 Port Glascow, p. o. Huron, 
 Wayne co. 
 
 Port Henry, v. and p. o. 
 Moriah, Essex co. is situated on 
 the west side of Lake Champlain, 
 where is a convenient steamboat 
 landing ; it contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 35 dwelling- houses, 1 
 church, 1 female seminary, 1 ta- 
 vern and 3 stores. The Port 
 Henry Iron Oompanj/,incorporated 
 in 1840, with a capital of $70,000, 
 with liberty to increase to $150,- 
 
 000 own and occupy at this place a 
 fine water privilege, on which are 
 erected 2 extensive blast furnaces, 
 
 1 cupola furnace and a machine 
 shop. There are located in this 
 vicinity two or three iron ore beds, 
 belonging to the above company, 
 which is used in the works, and is 
 of a fine quality. 
 
 Port Jackson, v. and p. o. 
 Florida, Montgomery co. is situa- 
 ted on the south side of the Mo- 
 hawk river, on the line of the Erie 
 canal; it contains about 250 inha- 
 bitants, 40 dwelling - houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, and 5 stores and 
 groceries. 
 
 Port Jackson, Peru, Clinton 
 county, is situated about 2 miles 
 north of the Peru landing, on the 
 north side of Lake Champlain. 
 Here is a convenient landing and 
 a small settlement. 
 
 Port Jefferson, v. and p. 
 o. Brookhaven, Suffolk co. (for- 
 merly called Drowned Afeadoiv,) 
 is pleasantly situated at the head 
 of the bay ; it contains about 300 
 inhabitants and 50 dwelling houses. 
 The inhabitants are principally 
 engaged in ship building and na- 
 vigation. Here are several ship 
 yards, rail-ways, hotels and stores. 
 
 Port Jf.rvis, v. and p. o. ( 
 
 Deerpark, Orange co. is situated 
 on the north-east side of the 
 Delaware river, on the line of the 
 Hudson and Delaware canal. It 
 contains about 250 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
 taverns, 4 stores and 1 grist mill. 
 
 Port Kendall, p. o. Ken- 
 dall, Orleans co. 
 
 Port Kent, v. and p. o. Ches- 
 terfield, Essex co. is advantage- 
 ously situated on the west side of 
 Lake Champlain, 12 miles south 
 of the village of Plattsburgh ; it 
 contains about 250 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores and 2 warehouses. 
 The site of this place is beautiful, 
 commanding one of the finest 
 views on Champlain, extending 
 to the opposite shore of Vermont. 
 It is contemplated to construct a 
 railroad f;om Port Kent to the 
 Au Sable Forks, a distance of 16 
 miles, passing through the villages 
 of Keesevillc and Clintonville. Im- 
 mediately south of the landing at 
 this place, lies Treinbleu Point. 
 
 Port Kidder, Ovid, Seneca 
 county. Here is a convenient 
 landing, and some mills, situa- 
 ted on the west side of Cayuga 
 lake. 
 
 Portland, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 7 miles north of the village 
 of Mayville, and distant 331 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,136 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, declining towards Lake Erie, 
 which bounds it on the north-west; 
 soil, argillaceous and sandy loam ; 
 drained by several small streams 
 flowing into Lake Erie. Portland, 
 Centreville and Salem Cross Roads 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 PORTLANDVILLE, V. MUford, 
 
 Olsego co. is situated on the Sus- 
 quehanna river; it contains about 
 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Baptist and 1 Unitarian 
 church ; 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 1 
 woollen factory. 
 
PORT OGDEN— POUGHKEEPSIE. 
 
 331 
 
 Port Ogden, Genoa, Cayuga 
 county, is situated on the east side 
 of Cayuga lake ; there is a ferry 
 across the lake from this place to 
 Port Kidder, Seneca co. 
 
 Port Ontario, v. and p. o. 
 Kirkland, Oswego co. is situated 
 at the mouth of the Salmon river, 
 on the east end of Lake Ontario. 
 It was incorporated in 1S37, and 
 now contains about 300 inhabitants, 
 40 dwelling houses, 1 church. 2 
 taverns, 1 store and 3 forwarding 
 houses. This is a port of entry 
 and has a good harbor, which is 
 rendered perfectly safe by means 
 of a pier built by the United 
 States government. 
 
 Port Richmond, v. North- 
 field, Richmond county, is situated 
 on the north shore of Staten Island, 
 9 miles south-west of the city of 
 New-York, with which it is con- 
 nected by a commodious steam 
 ferry ; it contains about 300 inha- 
 bitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 bank, 1 Reformed Dutch and 1 
 Methodist church; 2 taverns, 6 
 stores and 2 ship yards. Here is 
 situated a valuable granite quarry, 
 owned by an incorporated compa- 
 ny under the title of the " Rich- 
 mond Granite Company." 
 
 Port Schuvlek. See West 
 Troy. 
 
 Portville, t. Cattaraugus 
 co. situated 24 miles south-ea^t of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and 
 distant 296 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840,462 inhabitants. 
 The surface is broken ; soil, sandy 
 loam, mostly covered with dense 
 pine forests ; drained by several 
 small streams running into the Al- 
 legany river, which enters this 
 town on the south boundary from 
 Pennsylvania. Mill Grove and 
 Riceville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Post's Corners, p. o. South- 
 pOrt, Chemung co. 
 
 Postville, p. o. Russia, Her- 
 kimer county. Here are situated 
 
 2 saw mills, 1 tannery, 1 tavern, 
 1 store and about 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Potsdam, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 8 miles north-east of the 
 village of Canton ; contained in 
 1840, 4,473 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; soil, sandy 
 loam and very productive, under- 
 laid by limestone and red sand 
 stone ; watered by Racket and 
 Grass rivers. Potsdam and Bucks- 
 bridge, are names of post offices. 
 
 Potsdam, v. and p. o. Pots- 
 dam, St. Lawrence co. is situated 
 on the Racket river. It was incor- 
 porated in 1831, and now contains 
 about SIX) inhabitants, 120 dwelling 
 houses, 4 churches, 2 taverns, 10 
 stores, 1 satinet factory, 1 grist 
 mill and saw mill, 2 clothier's 
 works, 1 oil mill, 2 machine shops, 
 1 pocket furnace, 1 trip hammer 
 works and forge. The St. Law- 
 rence academy located in this vil- 
 lage, is a flourishing chartered in- 
 stitution; the buildings consist of 
 two large stone edifices, 4 stories 
 high, accommodating male and 
 female students. 
 
 Potter, t. Yates co. situated 
 8 miles north of the village of 
 Penn-Yan, and distant 200 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,245 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly ; soil, gravelly 
 loam of excellent quality ; drained 
 north by Flint creek. Potter, 
 Rushville and Yatesville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Potter's Hollow, v. and p, 
 o. Rensselaerville, Albany co. is 
 an agricultural settlement ; it con- 
 tains about 125 inhabitants, 20 
 dwelling houses, 1 Friend's 
 meeting house, 2 taverns and 2 
 stores. 
 
 Pottersville, p. o. Chester, 
 Warren co. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, t. Dutchess 
 county, contains the county build- 
 ings situated in the village of the 
 same name ; it is distant 73 miles 
 
332 
 
 POUGHKEEPSIE. 
 
 from Albany, and contained in 
 1840, 10,006 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating and in some pla- 
 tes broken; soil, sand, clay and 
 loam, underlaid by lime, which is 
 extensively manufactured in the 
 south part of this town ; it is drain- 
 ed on its eastern boundary by Wap- 
 pinger's creek, and Fall creek emp- 
 ties into the Hudson at the village 
 of Poughkeepsie. Poughkcepsie, 
 New Hamburgh, and Wappinger's 
 creek, are names of post olfices. — 
 Barnegat, Chauningville, Ednam 
 and Manchester, are names of set- 
 tlements. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, v. and p. o. 
 Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co. is 
 handsomely situated on the east 
 side of the Hudson river, about 
 equi-distant between the cities of 
 New-York and Albany. It was 
 incorporated in 1 801, and now con- 
 tains about 7, 50 3 inhabitants, most- 
 ly engaged in mercantile and man- 
 ufacturing pursuits ; 1000 dwelling 
 houses, many of them tasty edifi- 
 ces ; a court house and jail and 
 county poor house ; a splendid col- 
 legiate building ; the Dutchess 
 academy; 2 female seminaries, be- 
 sides several select schools; a ly- 
 ceum and reading room ; 2 public 
 markets ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Con- 
 gregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
 2 Methodist, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 
 Universalist, 1 Roman Catholic, 
 and 1 African church and 2 Friend's 
 meeting houses ; 3 banking houses 
 and a saving's institution ; an in- 
 corporated company for the growth 
 and manufacture of silk, who have 
 erected extensive buildings for the 
 manufacture thereof ; an incorpo- 
 rated company for the manufacture 
 of locomotive engines and railroad 
 machinery, having already erected 
 large buildings, not surpassed by 
 any in the state ; an incorporated 
 company called the " Dutchess 
 Whaling Company," who own 5 
 ships engaged in the whale trade ; 
 10 hotels and taverns ; 25 dry good 
 
 stores, 50 groceries, 4 drug stores, 
 
 2 bookstores, besides a large num- 
 ber of other different kind of stores 
 and shops ; 2 breweries, one of 
 which is very extensive, perhaps 
 the largest in the state, being ca- 
 pable of making 30.000 barrels of 
 beer annually ; 2 carpet factories, 
 
 3 flouring mills, 3 plaster mills, 2 
 saw mills, 1 dye-wood null, 2 turn- 
 ing and sawing establishments, 3 
 sash and blind factories, 3 brick 
 yards, where are manufactured the 
 finest kind of bricks in large quan- 
 tities, 1 sperm oil and candle fac- 
 tory, 2 soap and candle factories, 
 3 pump lactones, 2 pin factories, 
 one of which is very extensive, 2 
 brass founderies, 2 gun factories, 3 
 iron founderies, 2 stone and earth- 
 en ware factories, 3 machine shops, 
 2 tanneries, 3 plough factories, 1 
 paper hanging establishment, 3 to- 
 bacco and segar factories, 9 car- 
 riage and wagon manufactories, 1 
 rope walk, 1 hay press, 6 lumber 
 yards, 2 ship yards, 5 coal yards, 
 and 2 marble yards ; 3 printing of- 
 fices and 1 bindery, besides most 
 every other kind of mechanic work 
 shops. In addition to the above 
 whale ships, here are owned 3 
 steamboats, 3 freight barges, and 8 
 sloops, engaged in transporting pro- 
 duce and merchandise to and from 
 the New-York market, and other 
 places on the river. No place on 
 the Hudson, exceeds this village 
 for beauty of location and pre-emi- 
 nence in refinement and wealth of 
 its inhabitants ; surrounded as it 
 is, by one of the richest agricultu- 
 ral districts in the Union, it may 
 justly be ranked as the queen of 
 villages in the empire state. The 
 Poughkeepsie collegiate school, 
 situated on College Hill, about 
 half a mile northeast of the com- 
 pact part of the village, is unrival- 
 led in its location commanding an 
 extensive prospect of the river and 
 surrounding country, which can- 
 not fail to excite the admiration of 
 
POUGHQUAG— PREBLE. 
 
 333 
 
 every lover of picturesque scenery; 
 in addition to the collegiate build- 
 ing, which is a splendid edifice, 
 here has recently been erected an 
 extensive gymnasium. This is a 
 well established and flourishing in- 
 stitution, conducted on philosophi- 
 cal principles. Poughkeepsie, is 
 a corruption of the Indian word 
 rfpokeepsing, signifying safe har- 
 bor. It was early settled, and in 
 1733 the state convention met here 
 to ratify the federal constitution of 
 the United States ; previous to that 
 date the state legislature frequently 
 convened in this village, which has 
 long been considered a favorite 
 place of residence. 
 
 Poughquag, p. o. Beekman, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Poultney River, rises in 
 Vermont, and flows in a westerly 
 direction into the head of Lake 
 Champlain ; this stream for a con- 
 siderable distance forms the divid- 
 ing line between the states of New- 
 York and Vermont. 
 
 Poundridce, t. Westchester 
 co. situated 15 miles north-east of 
 the village of White Plains, and 
 distant 139 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1340, 1,407 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly and 
 stony ; soil gravelly loam ; drain- 
 ed south-east by two or three 
 streams flowing into Connecticut. 
 Poundridge, is the name of a post 
 office, where is situated a small 
 settlement, containing 3 churches, 
 2 stores and 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Prattsburgh, t. Steuben co. 
 situated 12 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 202 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,455 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly ; soil, good for 
 wheat but better for grass ; drain- 
 ed south by several small tributa- 
 ries of the Conhocton river. 
 
 Prattsburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Prattsburgh, Steuben co. contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, an 
 
 incorporated academy, 2 taverns, 
 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Pratt's Hollow, p. o. Ea- 
 ton, Madison co. 
 
 Prattsville. t. Greene co 
 situated 38 miles west of the vil 
 lage of Catskill, and distant 50 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,613 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is generally broken and moun- 
 tainous, but the soil on the flats of 
 the Schoharie creek, which passes 
 through the centre of the town, is 
 very fertile, and the uplands are 
 good for grazing. 
 
 Prattsville, v. and p. t< 
 Prattsville, Greene co. is hand- 
 somely situated on the north-east 
 side of the Schoharie creek, 36 
 miles west of Catskill; it contains 
 1,000 inhabitants, 150 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Reformed Dutch and 1 Me- 
 thodist church ; 1 academy, 1 
 printing office and stereotype foun- 
 dery,3 tanneries, manufacturing an- 
 nually 110,000 sides sole leather, a 
 larger amount than is manufactu- 
 red in any other town in the Uni- 
 ted States; 2 furnaces, 2 machine 
 -hops, 1 woolen factory, 2 match 
 factories, 6 stores, 3 groceries, 3 
 grist mills, 3 hotels, and almost all 
 kinds of mechanic's shops. The 
 turnpike of the Schoharie Kill 
 Bridge Company, passes through 
 the village, on which a daily mail 
 passes each way, to and from Cats- 
 kill to Ithaca. 
 
 Preble, t. Cortland co. situa- 
 ted 9 miles north of the village of 
 Cortland, and distant 136 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1 ,247 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil calcareous gravel and 
 argillaceous loam, very productive 
 in grass and grain ; drained south 
 by a branch of the Tioughnioga ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Preble v. and p. o. Preble, 
 Cortland co. contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
334 
 
 PRESTON— PURVIS. 
 
 Preston, t. Chenango co. situ- 
 ated 5 miles west of the village of 
 Norwich, and distant 11'') miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1117 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat uneven ; soil, well 
 adapted to grass or grain, and is 
 mostly covered with a heavy growth 
 of timber ; drained by 2 or 3 small 
 streams flowing south into the Che- 
 nango river. Preston, is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Preston Hollow, v. and p. 
 o. Rensselaerville, Albany co. con- 
 tains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 tav- 
 erns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 tannery and 1 fulling mill. 
 
 Prince's Bay, lies on the 
 south-east side of Staten Island, 
 and is famous for containing oys- 
 ters of a fine quality, which are ta- 
 ken in this vicinity in great abun- 
 dance. 
 
 Princeton, t. Schenectady co. 
 situated 8 miles west of the city of 
 Schenectady, and distant 23 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,201 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay, sand and loam ; 
 drained south-east by Norman's 
 kill. Princeton, is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Prospect, p.o. Remsen, Onei- 
 da co. 
 
 Prospect Hill, p. o. Pitts- 
 town, Rensselaer co. 
 
 Providence, t. Saratoga co. 
 situated 15 miles north-west of the 
 village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 43 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,507 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; being in part co- 
 vered by the Kayaderosseras 
 mountain; soil, clay and loam, 
 well adapted to grass; watered 
 by the Sacondaga river on 
 its north-west angle, and drain- 
 ed by two or three small streams. 
 Providence is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Provost Creek, rises in Al- 
 bany county, and flows south into 
 
 Greene county, where it empties 
 into the Catskill creek. 
 
 Pulaski, p. o. Charlotte, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Pulaski, v. Richland, Oswego 
 co. is situated on Salmon river, 
 three miles from Lake Ontario ; it 
 was incorporated in 1832, and is a 
 half shire town for the county of 
 Oswego. It now contains about 
 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses; a court-house and jail; 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
 thodist church; an academy; 2 
 public houses, 8 stores and groce- 
 ries ; 1 woollen factory, 1 paper 
 mill, 2 grist mills, 1 trip-hammer 
 works ; 1 furnace, 2 tanneries, 
 and a large carriage manufactory. 
 Here is an extensive water power 
 which is but partially improved. 
 The Richland post office is loca- 
 ted in this place. 
 
 Pultney, t. Steuben co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 208 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,784 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level, except on the east 
 where it declines towards Crooked 
 lake; soil, clay and calcareous 
 loam ; drained by some small 
 streams flowing into Crooked lake, 
 which bounds it on the east. Pult- 
 7iey, Peltonville and South Pultney 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Pultneyville, v. and p. o. 
 Williamson, Wayne co. is situated 
 on the shore of Lake Ontario; it 
 contains about 350 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 5 stores, 
 2 warehouses, 2 saw mills and 1 
 tannery. This is a convenient 
 landing for steamboats and sail 
 vessels. 
 
 Pulver's Corners, p. o. 
 Pine Plains, Dutchess co. 
 
 Punciikill, p. o. Cobleskill, 
 Schoharie co. 
 
 Purdy Creek, p. o. Hor- 
 nellsville, Steuben co. 
 
 Purvis, p. o. Rockland, Sulli- 
 van co. 
 
PUTNAM— QUARANTINE GROUND. 
 
 335 
 
 PUTNAM COUNTY, taken from Dutchess in 1812, is centrally 
 distant GO miles from the city of New-York, and 100 from the city of 
 Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Dutchess county, east by the 
 Connecticut state line, south by Westchester county, and on the west 
 by the Hudson river. The surface is hilly and mountainous, more so 
 than any connty in the state, if we except Essex county ; the soil is 
 productive in the valleys, but much of the high lands are entirely va- 
 lueless for agricultural purposes; it is, however, exceedingly rich in 
 mineral productions. The following; is an extract from a late, geologi- 
 cal report of Putnam county : " Putnam is one of the most, if not 
 the most , mountainous county in the state. It is literally ' Pelion upon 
 Ossa/ But many of the mountain slopes and valleys are in a good 
 state of cultivation, especially in the eastern part ; and the egricultu- 
 rist, although he has to labor hard, receives a good return." As 
 might be inferred from the geological character of this region, the 
 mineral productions of this county are of much interest. The iron ore 
 found here is abundant and rich; of carbonate of lime there are several 
 localities. Another very valuable mineral product of Putnam county 
 is serpentine, which is found in vast quantities, and is susceptible of 
 fine polish. This county has for many years been visited by mineralo- 
 gists, chiefly on account of the interesting- localities which occur at 
 Coldspring, Philipstown and Carmel. Its area is about 216 square 
 miles, or 13S,300 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Putnam county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Carmel, 2,263 
 
 Kent, 1,830 
 
 Paterson, 1,349 
 
 Phillipstown, 3,814 
 
 Putxah, t. Washington co. 
 situated 36 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Sandy Hill, and distant 90 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 784 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, mostly unfit 
 for cultivation, being covered by 
 the Palmertown range extending 
 from Lake Champlain to Lake 
 George. Some of the peaks rise 
 to the height of 1,500 feet. Put- 
 nam is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Putnam Valley, t. Putnam 
 co situated 9 miles west of the 
 village of Carmel, and distant 100 
 miles from Albanv; contained in 
 1840, 1,659 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly mountainous, being 
 covered by the Highlands, with a 
 broad and fertile valley extending 
 north and south, which gives name 
 to the town. There are several 
 
 Putnam Valley, 1,659 
 
 South-East, 1,910 
 
 Total inhabitants, 12,825 
 
 small lakes or ponds in this town, 
 abounding in trout and other fish ; 
 it is drained south by the Peeks- 
 kill, the outlet of Redfire lake. 
 There are also extensive beds of 
 iron ore and other minerals in this 
 vicinity. Putnam Valley is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Quaker Hill, p. o. Paw- 
 lings, Dutchjess co. 
 
 Quaker Springs, p. o. Sara- 
 toga, Saratoga co. 
 
 Quaker Street, p. o. 
 Duanesburgh, Schenectady co. 
 
 Quantuck Bay, is a body of 
 water so called, lying at the ex- 
 treme east end of the Great South 
 Bav, in the town of Southampton, 
 Suffolk county, being separated 
 from Shinnecock bay on the east 
 by Quogue Neck. 
 
 Quarantine Ground, lies 
 on the south-west part of the bay 
 
336 
 
 QUEENS— RACKET LAKE. 
 
 of New-York, opposite the village 
 of Tompkinsville, on Staten Island, 
 where is located a Marine Hospi- 
 tal. The organization of this in- 
 stitution is made up of a resident 
 physician and commissoner of 
 health, residing in the city, and a 
 health officer, who resides during 
 the summer months at the Quaran- 
 tine — all of whom must be phy- 
 sicians. The Quarantine establish- 
 ment opens by statute on the first 
 
 of April, and closes on the first of 
 November, of each year ; between 
 which periods may at all times be 
 seen numerous vessels, mostly 
 from foreign ports, riding at an- 
 chor in compliance with the sana 
 tary regulations, in order to prevent 
 the diseases of distant parts in- 
 fecting the commercial empo- 
 rium. For a particular description 
 of the buildings, &c. see 2'omp- 
 kinsville. 
 
 QUEENS COUNTY, originally organized in 1683, is centrally dis- 
 tant 20 miles east from the city of New-York, and 155 miles south 
 from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Long Island 
 Sound and the East river, east by Suffolk county, south by the Atlantic 
 ocean, and west by Kings county. The surface of this county is hilly 
 or undulating on the north, while on the south it is mostly level, with a 
 slight declivity towards the Atlantic ocean. The soil on (he south is a 
 ligjht sand, and on the north loam prevails ; it is all of a warm charac- 
 ter, and when well manured and properly tilled, it is very productive. 
 It is drained by several small streams, some flowing into the ocean on 
 the south, and others into Long Island Sound on the north, both sides 
 of the county being deeply indented by bays and inlets. The Long 
 Island railroad extends across it in an easterly direction. Its area 
 is about 396 square miles, or 253,100 ?"<*res. 
 
 The following are the names of tne low'ns in Queens county, with the 
 population in 1S40. 
 
 Flushing, 4,124 
 
 Hempstead, 7,609 
 
 Jamaica, 3,781 
 
 North Hempstead,. . . 3,891 
 
 Queensbury, t. Warren co. 
 situated 7 miles south-east of the 
 village of Caldwell, and distant 53 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3.7S9 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating and hilly on the 
 west, being covered by the Palmer- 
 town mountains; soil, sand and 
 productive loam ; drained north- 
 east by Wood creek, and watered 
 on the south by the Hudson river. 
 Queensbury and Glen's Falls are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Quincy, v. Ripley, Chautauque 
 county, is situated about one mile 
 east of Lake Erie , it contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 
 Newtown, 5,054 
 
 Oyster Bay, 5,865 
 
 Total inhabitants, 30,324 
 
 nic shops. The Ripley post office 
 is located in this place. 
 
 Quoge, v. and p. o. Southamp- 
 ton, Suffolk co. is situated on the 
 south side of Long Island; it con- 
 tains 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
 2 stores and a number of scattered 
 dwelling houses. This place is 
 much resorted to in summer for its 
 pure air, and the abundance and 
 excellence of the game that is 
 found in its vicinity. 
 
 Racket Lake, lies in the 
 north part of Hamilton co. sur- 
 rounded by numerous other lakes 
 and ponds, which send forth 
 streams east, west, north and south. 
 It is situated on the table land of 
 Northern New- York, being eleva- 
 
 tannery, and a number of mecha- 1 ted 1,731 feet above the ocean. 
 
RACKET RIVER— RAVENSWOOD 
 
 337 
 
 This is an irregular body of water 
 14 miles long and from 2 to 5 
 miles wide, abounding with trout 
 and other fish of the largest size, 
 peculiar to the waters of this part 
 of the country, surrounded by a 
 wild and highly interesting region. 
 Racket River, rises in Ha- 
 milton co. and flows in a northerly 
 direction through the county of 
 St. Lawrence, emptying into the 
 St Lawrence river at the northern 
 boundary of the state, opposite the 
 island of Cornwall in Canada ; it 
 being the middle one of three im- 
 portant streams which empties into 
 the above river within the distance 
 of six miles. Its length is 145 
 miles ; at its head are numerous 
 lakes and ponds which might be 
 rendered navigable for many 
 miles, for boats of a small draft of 
 water. 
 
 Racket River, p. o. Masse- 
 na, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Railroads. See Hailm^ds^ 
 finished or in progress. Page 48. 
 Ramapo, t. Rockland co. si- 
 tuated S miles west of the village 
 of New City, and distant 132 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 3,222 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous; soil, va- 
 rious, being productive in the val- 
 leys ; drained south by the Ramapo 
 and Saddle rivers, both of which 
 empty into the Passaic in New- 
 Jersey. The New-York and Erie 
 railroad extends through this town. 
 Ramapo Works, Scotland and 
 West Hempstead are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Ramapo River, rises in 
 Orange county, and flows in a 
 southern direction through a part 
 of Rockland county, into the state 
 of New-Jersey, where it empties 
 into the Passaic river. On this 
 stream, which abounds with trout, 
 pickerel and other fish, there are a 
 number of fine mill sites, many of 
 which are unoccupied. 
 Ramapo Works, v and p. o. 
 22 
 
 Ramapo, Rockland county. Here 
 are situated 1 rolling mill, 1 nail 
 factory, 1 iron foundery, 1 screw 
 manufactory, 1 cotton factory, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 church, 1 
 store, and about 60 dwelling hou- 
 ses. Most of the inhabitants are 
 engaged in the above manufactu- 
 ring establishments, situated on the 
 Ramapo river, which are princi- 
 pally owned by Jeremiah H. Pier- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Randolph, t. Cattaraugus co. 
 situattd 20 miles south-west of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 312 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1S40, 1,2S3 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly, and the soil 
 well adapted to grazing; drained 
 south by Allegany river and some 
 of its tributaries. Randolph and 
 West Randolph are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Randolph, v. and p. o. Ran- 
 dolph, Cattaraugus co. is situated 
 on 1 he post road from Ellicottville 
 to Jamestown, and on the line of 
 the New-York and Erie railroad ; 
 it contains about 250 inhabitants, 
 35 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 
 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 
 several saw mills, situated on the 
 Little Connewango creek. 
 
 Ransom ville, p. o. Porter, 
 Niagara co. 
 
 Rathbunville, p. o. Addi- 
 son, Steuben co. 
 
 Rattlesnake Island, lies 
 in the Niagara river, 4 miles be- 
 low Black Rock; it contains 50 
 acres of low land covered with 
 grass. 
 
 Ravenswood, v. Newtown, 
 Queens co. is delightfully situated 
 on the East river, opposite Black 
 well's island ; it is a scattered set- 
 tlement, containing about 125 
 inhabitants, and 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses ; most of them situated near 
 and overlooking the river. A 
 steamboat running to and from the 
 city of New-York, stops here se- 
 veral times daily. 
 
338 
 
 RAWSONVILLE— RED MILLS. 
 
 Rawsonville, v. Broadalbin, 
 Fulton co. is situated on Fonda's 
 Bush creek ; it was incorporated 
 in 1815, although no attention is 
 now paid to the act of incorpora- 
 tion. It contains about 400 inhabi- 
 tants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling 
 mill and carding machine, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 paper mill, 2 tanneries, 4 
 wagon manufactories, and the 
 Broadalbin post office. 
 
 Raymertown, p. o. Pitts- 
 town, Rennselaer co. 
 
 Raymondville, p. o. St. 
 Lawrence co 
 
 Raynortown, v. Hempstead, 
 Queens co. is situated near Hemp- 
 stead bay ; it contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian church, 4 taverns, 2 
 grist mills and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Reading, t. Steuben co. situa- 
 ted 21 miles east of the village of 
 Bath, and distant 186 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,541 
 inhabitants. The surface is high 
 and rolling ; soil, clay and calca- 
 reous loam, well adapted to wheat ; 
 drained by two or three small 
 streams flowing into Seneca Lake, 
 which bounds it on the east. — 
 Reading and North Reading are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Readsville, p. o. Bern, Al- 
 bany co. ; here are situated 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, and about 
 15 dwellings. 
 
 Red Creek, p. o. Wolcott, 
 "Wayne co. 
 
 Redfield, t. Oswego co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles east of the village of 
 Pulaski, and distant 131 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 507 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, moist loam, well 
 adapted to grass ; drained south- 
 west by Salmon river and some of 
 its tributaries. Redfield is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Redford, v. and p. o. Sara- 
 
 nac, Clinton co. is situated on the 
 north side of Saranac river ; it 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns and 3 stores. Here is situa- 
 ted an extensive glass manufacto- 
 ry, established by the " Redford 
 Crown Glass Company," where is 
 made a superior article cf crown 
 glass in large quantities. The 
 principal materials used in the 
 manufacture are found here in 
 great abundance ; iron ore of a 
 good quality is also found in this 
 vicinity. 
 
 Redhook, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 22 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Poughkeepsie, and distant 
 51 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,829 inhabitants. The 
 surface is rolling ; soil, clay loam 
 and loam, variously blended ; 
 drained by two or three small 
 streams flowing into the Hudson 
 river, which bounds it on the west. 
 Barrytown, Redhook, Upper Red- 
 hook and Tivoli, are names of post 
 offices. Lower Redhook Landing 
 and Upper Redhook Landing, are 
 the names most generally given to 
 the landings on the river. 
 
 REDHoort, Lower, v. Red- 
 hook, Dutchess co. is situated 3 
 miles from the landing, on the post 
 road between New-York and Alba- 
 ny. It contains 1 Dutch Reformed 
 church, 2 public houses, 4 stores, 
 50 dwellings and about 350 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Redhook, Lower Land- 
 ing. See Rarrylown. 
 
 Redhook, Upper, v. and p, 
 o. Redhook, Dutchess co.is situa- 
 ted 4 miles east of the landing ; it 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwellings, 2 public houses, 3 
 stores, 1 Dutch Reformed church, 
 and a chartered institution called 
 " The Redhook Academy." 
 
 Redhook, Upper Landing 
 See Tivoli. 
 
 Red Mills, p. o. Carmel, Put- 
 nam co. 
 
RED ROCK— RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA R. R. 
 
 339 
 
 Red Rock, p. o. Canaan, Co- 1 and distant 96 miles from Albany ; 
 
 contained in 1840, 1,638 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly ; soil 
 of medium quality ; drained west- 
 erly by Black river and some of its 
 tributaries. Remson and Prospect 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Remsen, v. and p. o. Remsen, 
 Oneida co. is situated on Cincinna- 
 ti creek ; it contains about 450 in- 
 habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church, 
 2 taverns, 4 stores, 1 grist mil] 
 and 2 saw mills. 
 
 lumbia co. 
 
 Redwood, v. and p. o. Alex- 
 andria, Jefferson co. is situated at 
 the head of Butterfield lake ; it 
 contains about 200 inhabitants, 35 
 dwelling- houses, 2 taverns, and 2 
 stores ; 1 extensive glass factory, 
 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 1 
 ashery. 
 
 Reed's Corners, p. o. Can- 
 andaigua, Ontario co. 
 
 Remsen, t. Oneida co. situated 
 18 miles north of the city of Utica 
 
 RENSSELAER COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1791, is central- 
 ly distant 12 miles east of the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
 north by Washington county, east by the states of Vermont and Massa- 
 chusetts, south by Columbia county, and west by the Hudson river, — ■ 
 The surface of this county is diversified ; on the west it rises from the 
 Hudson with a gentle acclivity, when it is undulating until you ap- 
 proach the eastern boundary, where it is hilly and mountainous, al- 
 though not very lofty ; interspersed with extensive valleys, which are 
 warm and fertile. The soil is various, but generally productive when 
 well tilled, and well adapted to the various purposes of g-razing and 
 agriculture. It cannot boast much of its mineral productions ; marl, 
 however, is found in the towns of Schaghticoke and Sand Lake ; there 
 are also some sulphur springs. It is drained by the Hoosick river on 
 the north ; the Poestenkill and Wynantskill in the centre, all flowing 
 west into the Hudson river, which waters it on its west boundary. The 
 Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad, commences at the village of 
 Greenbush, extending south-east into Columbia county. It is intended to 
 construct a branch railroad along the east bank of the Hudson, from 
 Greenbush to the city of Troy, a distance of 6 miles, connecting with 
 the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, and with the Schenectady and 
 Troy Railroad. Its area is about 626 square miles, or 400,700 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Rensselaer county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Berlin, 1,794 
 
 Brunswick, 3,051 
 
 Grafton, 2,019 
 
 Greenbush, 3,701 
 
 Hoosick, 3,539 
 
 Lansingburgh, 3,330 
 
 Nassau, 3,236 
 
 Petersburgh, 1,901 
 
 Rensselaer, v. Sand Lake, 
 Rensselaer co. is situated on the 
 Troy and Eastern turnpike, 11 
 miles south-east of the city of Troy; 
 it contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Bap- 
 tist and 1 Methodist church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores, 1 cylinder glass 
 
 Pittstown, 3,784 
 
 Sand Lake, 4,303 
 
 Schaghticoke, 3,389 
 
 Schodack, 4,125 
 
 Stephentown, 2,753 
 
 Troy, 19,334 
 
 Total inhabitants, 60,259 
 
 factory, and a number of saw mills 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 Rensselaer and Sarato- 
 ga Railroad, extends from the 
 city of Troy to the village of Ball- 
 ston Spa, a distance of 23| miles, 
 where it connects with the Sarato- 
 
340 
 
 RENSSELAER VILLE— RENSSELAERWYCK. 
 
 ga and Schenectady railroad. It 
 crosses the Hudson river, as it 
 leaves Troy, from the foot of Fede- 
 ral street, by means of a substan- 
 tial bridge, 1512 feet in length ; 
 from thence it runs north across 
 Green Island and Van Schaick's 
 Island, to the village of Waterford, 
 and extends along the west bank 
 of the Hudson to Mechanicsville, 
 where it crosses the Champlain ca- 
 nal and diverges to the north-west, 
 running through the town of Malta 
 and a part of Ballston ; passing in 
 its route a portion of country re- 
 markable for its beauty, and the 
 variety of its scenery. This com- 
 pany was chartered in 1832, with a 
 capital of $300,000, which was 
 subsequently increased to $450,- 
 000. 
 
 Rensselaerville, t. Alba- 
 ny co. situated 24 miles south-west 
 of the city of Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,705 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, spurs of the Catskill 
 mountain extending into it from the 
 south ; soil, sandy loam, most of it 
 very fertile, drained south-east by 
 the Catskill creek and north by 
 Foxes creek. Rensselaerville, 
 Cooksburg, HalPs mills, and 
 Preston Hollow, are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Rensselaerville, v. and p. 
 o. Albany co. is situated on Foxes 
 creek ; it contains about 1,000 in- 
 habitants, 150 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Bap- 
 tist and 1 Methodist church, 2 ta 
 verns, 7 stores, 3 grist mills, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 carding machine and cloth- 
 ing works, 1 tannery, 1 furnace, 
 and 1 machine shop. 
 
 Rensselaerwyck, or the 
 manor of Rensselaer, is a very ex- 
 tensive tract of land lying on both 
 sides of the Hudson river, compri- 
 sing most of the counties of Alba- 
 ny and Rensselaer, with the excep- 
 tion of the city of Albany, and the 
 towns of Schaghticoke, Pittstown 
 and Hoosick. This princely estate 
 
 extends 24 miles north and south, 
 and 48 miles east and west, with the 
 noble Hudson pouring its flood of 
 navigable waters through the centre 
 of the territory. The manor was 
 purchased in 1630, from the abori- 
 gines, by Killian Van Rensselaer, 
 under the provisions of a very libe- 
 ral charter granted by the Dutch 
 East India Company, in 1629. — 
 His title was subsequently confirm- 
 ed by several successive grants by 
 the government of Holland, dating 
 back as far as the year 1641, and 
 by the English government by let- 
 ters patent bearing date March 4, 
 1685. Authority was given to the 
 proprietor of the manor to elect a 
 representative to the legislative as- 
 sembly, uniting the freeholders and 
 inhabitants with him in the elec- 
 tion. From the first provincial as- 
 sembly held after the accession of 
 William III. in 1691, down to the 
 last in 1775, when the revolution 
 broke out — a period of 84 years — 
 the place of representative from the 
 manor, was always filled ; fre- 
 quently by the proprietor himself, 
 and if not by him, by reason of his 
 minority or other disability, then 
 always by some member or some 
 friend of the family. Upon the 
 decease of its late distinguished 
 and benevolent proprietor, Ste- 
 phen Van Rensselaer, who 
 was the third only in the direct 
 line of descent from the first pro- 
 prietor, the manor was divided, and 
 is now held, the part on the west 
 side of the river, by his eldest son 
 Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
 and that on the east side, by his 
 second son William P. Van 
 Rensselaer. The lands lying 
 in the manor are generally held by 
 tenants under durable leases, sub- 
 ject to the payment of rent in kind 
 and to the performance of certain 
 services, which however have very 
 seldom, if ever, been exacted. — 
 All mill sites, mines and minerals 
 within the manor are reserved by 
 
REPUBLICAN— RICHFIELD. 
 
 341 
 
 the terms of the leases. Recently 
 much dissatisfaction has existed in 
 the south-western towns of Albany 
 county, arising; out of the reserva- 
 tions and exactions contained in 
 the leases ; the payment of the 
 rents has been resisted, and an 
 armed force has twice been called 
 out to aid the sheriff in enforcing 
 legal process issued against the 
 tenants. The subject has been be- 
 fore the legislature, and the pre- 
 sent proprietor has endeavored sat- 
 isfactorily to arrange the difficul- 
 ties, but as yet nothing definite has 
 been done to effect so desirable an 
 object. 
 
 Republican, p. o. Westmore- 
 land, Oneida co. 
 
 Reservation, p. o. Alden, 
 Erie co. 
 
 Rexford Flats, p. o. Clif- 
 ton Park, Saratoga co. 
 
 Reynoldsville, v. and p. o. 
 Hector, Tompkins co. contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Methodist church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Rhinebeck, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 17 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Poughkeepsie, and distant 
 57 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,659 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level on the west, 
 and rolling on the east, ; the flats 
 near the centre, are easily cultiva- 
 ted and very productive ; drained 
 south-west by Landtman's creek, 
 and watered on the west by the 
 Hudson river. 
 
 Rhinebeck, v. and p. o. 
 Rhinebeck, Dutchess co. is plea- 
 santly situated two miles from the 
 landing on the Hudson river. — 
 This place was incorporated in 
 1826, and contains about 1,200 in- 
 habitants, 200 dwelling houses, 3 
 churches, 3 public houses, 12 
 stores, 1 iron foundery, 1 paper 
 mill and 1 grist mill, situated on 
 Landtman's creek, which flows 
 through the town. There are also 
 
 located at this place, many dif- 
 ferent kinds of mechanic work 
 shops; and the Rhinebeck Acade- 
 my, which is a chartered and flour- 
 ishing institution, is a beautiful 
 building and handsomely located. 
 This neighborhood was very early 
 settled by the Dutch, many of 
 whose descendants now reside in 
 the town of Rhinebeck, retaining 
 the original Dutch habits and lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Rhinebeck Landing, Rhine- 
 beck, Dutchess co. is situated on 
 the east side of the Hudson river, 
 100 miles north of the city of New- 
 York. Here are two docks a short 
 distance apart, from each of which 
 departs weekly, a steamboat with 
 freight barges, carrying large 
 amounts of produce to the New- 
 York market. Passage boats to 
 and from New-York and Albany, 
 land several times daily at this 
 place. A horse ferry boat, also 
 crosses the Hudson from the long 
 dock to Kingston landing, on the 
 opposite side of the river. Here are 
 situated 2 public houses, 2 stores, 
 and about 30 dwellings. In this vi- 
 cinity are located a number of beau- 
 tiful country residences, overlook- 
 ing the river, surpassed by no 
 other point on the Hudson. 
 
 Rhodes, p. o. Skaneateles, On- 
 ondaga co. 
 
 Ricevillle, p. o. Mayfield, 
 Fulton co. 
 
 Richburgh, p. o. Wirt, Alle- 
 gany co. 
 
 Richfield, t. Otsego co. situ- 
 ated 13 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
 69 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,680 inhabitants. The 
 surface is high and somewhat hilly; 
 soil, sandy and calcareous loam of 
 good quality, mostly well cultiva- 
 ted ; on the east boundary of the 
 town lies Canaderaga lake, into 
 which flow several small streams. 
 Richfield, East Richfield and West 
 Richfield, are names of post offices. 
 
342 
 
 RICHFIELD SPRINGS— RICHMOND. 
 
 Monticello and Richfield Springs, 
 are names of settlements. The 
 former post office is situated in the 
 village of Monticello. 
 
 Richfield Springs, v. Rich- 
 field, Otsego co, is situated near 
 the head of Canaderaga lake ; it 
 contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores and 1 grist mill. — 
 Here is situated a celebrated sul- 
 phur spring, which is much re- 
 sorted to by invalids, and is noted 
 for the cure of all cutaneous disor- 
 ders. 
 
 Richfoed, t. Tioga co. situa- 
 ted 17 miles north of the village of 
 Owego, and distant 151 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 939 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly, with rich intervening 
 valleys ; drained south by East and 
 West Owe™ creeks. 
 
 Richford, v. and p. o. Rich- 
 ford, Tioga co. is situated on East 
 Owego creek ; it contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Episco- 
 pal church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 
 grist mill and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Richland, t. Oswego co. con- 
 tains a part of the county buildings, 
 situated in the village of Pulaski, 
 this being a half shire town, distant 
 153 miles from Albany ; in 1840, 
 it contained 4050 inhabitants. The 
 surface is somewhat uneven, being 
 handsomely diversified ; soil, moist 
 sandy loam, better adapted to grass 
 than grain ; drained by Salmon ri- 
 ver and some other small streams 
 flowing into Lake Ontario, which 
 bounds it on the west. Richland 
 and Port Ontario, are names of post 
 offices. The former is situated in 
 
 the village of Pulaski. 
 
 RICHMOND COUNTY, originally organised in 1683, comprises the 
 whole of Staten Island ; it is centrally distant 158 miles south from the 
 city of Albany, and is bounded on the north by Newark Bay and Kill 
 Van Kull, east by the bay of New-York and the Narrows, south by 
 New- York lower bay and Raritan bay, and west by Staten Island 
 Sound, which separates it from the state of New-Jersey. The surface 
 of this county is broken and hilly ; Richmond hill, the highest point, is 
 elevated 307 feet above the Atlantic ocean. It however possesses much 
 good land, and its fisheries are valuable. This county is exceedingly 
 interesting to the mineralogist ; here are found a variety of interesting 
 specimens of minerals, somewhat similar to those found in Putnam 
 county. Near the central part are several important beds of hematic 
 iron ore, and a granite quarry is extensively worked in the vicinity of 
 Port Richmond. Its area is about 63 square miles, or 40,300 acres. — 
 The county buildings are situated in the village of Richmond, in the 
 town of Westfield. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Richmond county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Castleton, 4,275 
 
 Northfield, 2,745 
 
 Soulhfield, 1,619 
 
 Richmond, t. Ontario co. situ- 
 ated 14 miles west of the village of 
 Canandaigua, and distant 209 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 1,937 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, clay loam, underlaid 
 by slate and lime ; Honeoye lake 
 lies partly in the south part of this 
 
 Westfield, 2,326 
 
 Total inhabitants 10,965 
 
 town, which is drained north by 
 its outlet. Allen's Hill, Honeoye 
 and West Richmond are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Richmond, v. and p. o. West- 
 field, Northfield and Southfield, 
 Richmond co. is pleasantly situated 
 near the centre of Staten Island : it 
 
RICHMOND VALLEY— RIVERHEAD. 
 
 343 
 
 contains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, a court house and 
 jail, both small, but of sufficient 
 size for the wants of the county ; 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
 church, 3 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
 Richmond Valley, p. o. 
 Westfield, Richmond co. 
 
 Richmondville, v. and p.o. 
 Cobleskill, Schoharie co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 tavern, 3 stores and 1 
 carding and cloth dressing works. 
 
 Richville, v. and p. o. De 
 Kalb, St. Lawrence co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 1 
 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 
 
 1 clothier's works. 
 Richville, v. Pembroke, 
 
 Genesee county, contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling 
 houses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
 flouring mill, 1 saw mill and 1 fur- 
 nace. 
 
 Ridge, p. o. Mount Morris, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 Ridgebury, v.and p. o. Mini- 
 sink, Orange co. is an agricultural 
 settlement; it contains about 180 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church; an incorporated academy; 
 
 2 public houses and 3 stores. 
 Ridge Road. See diluvial 
 
 Way. 
 
 Ridgeville, p. o. Lenox, 
 Madison co. 
 
 Ridgeway, t. Orleans co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles west of the village 
 of Albion, and distant 262 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,554 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level; soil, of good quality; 
 drained north by Oak Orchard 
 creek. Ridgeway, North Ridge- 
 way, Knowlesville, Medina and 
 Oak Orchard are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Riftoiv, v. Esopus, Ulster co. 
 is situated on the Wallkill. Here 
 are located 1 cotton factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 machine shop, 1 store, and 
 about 20 dwelling houses. This 
 
 : place is some times called Ar- 
 l ?ioldville. 
 
 Riga, t. Monroe co. situated 14 
 miles south-west of the city of 
 Rochester, and distant 239 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,984 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating, and soil of good qua- 
 lity ; drained east by Black creek. 
 Through this town passes the To- 
 nawanda railroad. Riga and 
 Churchville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Ripley, t. Chautauque co. si- 
 tuated 10 miles west of the village 
 of May ville, and distant 336 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,197 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, mostly clay loam, va- 
 riously mixed with sand, and of 
 good quality; drained by Twenty 
 Mile creek and several other small 
 streams flowing into Lake Erie, 
 which bounds it on the north, 
 while the Pennsylvania state line 
 bounds it on the west ; this being 
 the extreme westernmost town in 
 the state, situated on Lake Erie. 
 Ripley is the name of a post office, 
 which is located in the village of 
 Quincy. 
 
 Riverhead, t. Suffolk county, 
 contains the county buildings si- 
 tuated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 90 miles from 
 the city of New-York, and 235 
 miles from Albany; it contained 
 in 1840, 2,449 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level, but some- 
 what broken by a range of cliffs 
 running east and west, about one 
 mile south of Long Island Sound, 
 which bounds it on the north ; 
 the soil is mostly sandy loam ; 
 drained by Peconic river flowing 
 east into Little Peconic bay. 
 Aquebogue, Baiting Hollow, Up- 
 per Aquebogue, Success, Wading 
 River and Suffolk Court House are 
 names of post offices. The latter 
 is situated in the village of River- 
 head. 
 
 Riverhead, v. Riverhead, 
 
344 
 
 RIVER ROAD FORKS— ROCHESTER. 
 
 Suffolk co. is situated at the head 
 of navigation on Peconic bay, and 
 where the county hall and sur- 
 rogate's office are established. 
 This settlement began in 1690, and 
 the first grist mill erected in 1695 ; 
 but it was 100 years from that time 
 ere it contained more than half a 
 dozen dwelling houses. The courts 
 have set here for more than a cen- 
 tury, and it now contains a hand- 
 some collection of well built hou- 
 ses, stores and mechanic shops. 
 There are now here several dry 
 goods and grocery stores ; a drug 
 shop, grist mill, saw mill, fulling 
 mill, and a due proportion of 
 mechanics and artizans. Three 
 public houses; a handsome fe- 
 male academy; 1 New Jerusalem, 
 and 1 Congregational church. It 
 contains about 70 dwelling houses 
 and 450 inhabitants. This place 
 is a considerable depot for wood 
 from the adjacent country, which 
 is carried down in lighters to 
 Jamesport, 5\ miles below, where 
 larger vessels take it on board. 
 
 River Road Forks, Mount 
 Morris, Livingston co. 
 
 Roanoke, v. and p. o. Staf- 
 ford, Genesee county, is situated 
 on Allen's creek ; it contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 
 1 plaster mill and 1 furnace. 
 
 Robbins' Island, lies in 
 Great Peconic bay, and is attached 
 to the town of Southold, Suffolk 
 co. 
 
 Rochester, City, Monroe 
 co. is advantageously situated on 
 both sides of the Genesee river, 
 and on the line of the Erie canal, 
 6 miles south of Lake Ontario, and 
 distant by railroad 251 miles from 
 Albany. The Genesee affords 
 good water communication for 
 steamboats and schooners from the 
 landing at Carthage, two and a 
 half miles below the centre of the 
 city, between which points is con- 
 structed a railroad. It was char- 
 
 tered as a city in 1834, and is 
 divided into 5 wards, being go- 
 verned by a mayor, recorder and 
 board of aldermen ; it contained in 
 1840, 20,202 inhabitants, being 
 mostly engaged in mercantile and 
 manufacturing pursuits ; about 
 2,000 dwelling houses ; a court 
 house, jail and county clerk's 
 office; 2 public markets, 6 bank- 
 ing houses, 1 savings bank, 1 
 mutual insurance company ; 5 
 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 2 Bap- 
 tist, 2 Methodist, 2 Roman Catho- 
 lic, 1 Covenanters, 2 Friends' 
 meeting houses, 1 Universalist, 1 
 Lutheran and 1 Christian church ; 
 a museum ; a collegiate institute ; 
 2 female seminaries ; 2 orphan 
 asylums; 1 arcade building, con- 
 taining the post office ; a mecha- 
 nic's literary association, and a 
 young men's association, and 
 atheneum; 24 hotels and taverns, 
 35 dry goods stores, 85 wholesale 
 and retail grocery and provision 
 stores; 6 drug stores, 6 hardware 
 and stove stores ; 5 book stores, 
 8 jewelry stores, besides many 
 other kinds of fancy and other 
 shops ; 7 printing offices, 4 binde- 
 ries, 10 cabinet and chair factories; 
 1 carpet factory ; 22 clothing es- 
 tablishments and tailors shops ; 8 
 hat and cap factories and stores ; 
 20 boot and shoe stores; 9millina- 
 ry shops ; 10 copper, tin and sheet 
 iron factories; 11 carriage and 
 wagon factories; 20 carpenters 
 and joiners shops ; 8 extensive 
 boat-yards ; a great number of 
 coopers, besides almost every 
 other kind of mechanic work 
 shops. To the immense water 
 privilege which Rochester posses- 
 ses, by means of a succession of 
 falls in the Genesee river at this 
 point, may be justly ascribed her 
 pre-eminence in rapid growth and 
 substantial wealth. Here are now 
 erected within the limits of the 
 city, all using water power, 21 
 flouring mills, with 108 run of 
 
ROCHESTER— ROCK CITY. 
 
 345 
 
 stones; 2 woollen factories, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 wrought iron forge, 
 4 iron founderies, 11 machine 
 shops, 2 brass founderies, 1 plan- 
 ing- and flooring mill, 1 veneering 
 mill, 2 paper mills, 1 oil mill, 4 
 tobacco and snuff factories, 7 saw 
 mills, 1 pail factory, 3 pump fac- 
 tories, 2 shoe peg factories, 2 edge 
 tool factories, 1 threshing ma- 
 chine and fanning mill factory, 1 
 chair factory, 2 last factories, 2 
 stave manufactories, 1 sash factory, 
 3 wood turning establishments, 4 
 tanneries, 3 distilleries and 3 
 breweries. Within the limits of 
 the city, a distance of 3 miles, the 
 total fall of water is nearly 300 
 feet, affording an almost inexhaust- 
 ible supply of water power, which 
 is but partly used. The immense 
 amount of flour manufactured at 
 this place alone, gives employment 
 to a great number of persons. 
 These mills are capable of making 
 5,000 barrels of flour per day, con- 
 suming, when under full headway, 
 about 25,000 bushels of wheat 
 daily. There are upwards of 
 twenty forwarding establishments 
 connected with the trade of the 
 Erie and Genesee Valley canal, 
 besides a limited shipping inte- 
 rest on Genesee river and Lake 
 Ontario. Steamboats arrive and 
 depart daily during the season of 
 navigation from the landing on the 
 south of the city, and from Char- 
 lotte at the mouth of the river. 
 The Auburn and Rochester rail- 
 road, extending a distance of 79 
 miles, having been recently finish- 
 ed ; and the Tonawanda railroad, 
 extending from Rochester to Ba- 
 tavia, a distance of 32 miles, form 
 one uninterrupted line of railroad 
 communication in connection with 
 other railroads, from Albany to 
 this place, thence to Batavia. 
 Besides the steamboat, canal and 
 railroad routes, diverging from 
 this place, several lines of daily 
 stages also centre here, running to 
 
 different places for the accommo- 
 dation of travellers. The natural 
 and artificial curiosities of Roches- 
 ter and its vicinity are well worthy 
 of notice ; the most important of 
 which are the Genesee Falls, 
 which are seen to the greatest ad- 
 vantage from the east side of the 
 river, a short distance below the 
 railroad bridge; the noble aque- 
 duct now constructing for the en- 
 larged canal, is a splendid speci- 
 men of mason work ; in addition 
 to which, other falls and bridges, 
 together with the Mount Hope Ce- 
 metery, on the south of the city, 
 give to Rochester many points of 
 attraction, well worthy the attention 
 of the traveller. 
 
 Rochester, t. Ulster county, 
 situated 16 miles south-west of the 
 village of Kingston, and distant 74 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,674 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, 
 being in part covered by the Sha- 
 wangunk mountain ; soil, clay and 
 loam ; drained by Rondout creek 
 and some of its tributaries. Ac- 
 cord and Kysericke are names of 
 post offices. At the former there 
 is a small settlement. 
 
 Rochester Railroad, ex- 
 tends from the centre of the city 
 of Rochester to Carthage, at the 
 head of navigation on the Genesee 
 river ; a distance of 2| miles. It 
 runs on the east side of the river ; 
 the cars are propelled by horse 
 power. Cost g30,000, and first 
 opened for public use in January, 
 1833. 
 
 Rockaway, p. o. Hempstead, 
 Queens co. 
 
 Rockaway Beach. See 
 Far Rockaway and Near Rocka- 
 way. 
 
 Rock City, p. o. Milan, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Rock City, is the name given 
 to a great natural curiosity, situa- 
 ted in the town of Great Valley, 
 Cattaraugus county, about 7 miles 
 
346 
 
 ROCKLAND— ROCKLAND LAKE. 
 
 tween of but a few inches ; others 
 have been thrown asunder several 
 yards. The distintegration and 
 removal of large masses in the 
 midst of groups, have spread out 
 fine court yards. More than 100 
 acres are covered by these frag- 
 ments, at this single locality. The 
 whole scene is in the highest de- 
 gree imposing, and impresses upon 
 the beholder the conviction that 
 the name has not been unfitly cho- 
 sen." 
 
 south of the village of Ellicott- 
 ville. " It is approached along a 
 ridge extending from the base to 
 the top of the hill, of gradual as- 
 cent, terminating at an elevation 
 of not less than 600 feet; when you 
 come among masses of rock, more 
 and more nearly associated, al- 
 though detached from each other, 
 varying from 15 to 35 feet in 
 height. Most of them are rectan- 
 gular; some of them so slightly 
 separated as to leave a space be- 
 
 ROCKLAND COUNTY, taken from Orange in 1798, is centrally 
 distant 35 miles from the city of New-York, and 120 from Albany. 
 In shape it forms a triangle, being bounded on the west and north by 
 Orange county, east by the Hudson river, and southerly by the New- 
 Jersey state line. The surface is very much broken, being hilly and 
 mountainous; most of the soil, however, is rich and highly cultivated, 
 producing a sure return to the agriculturist when properly tilled. This 
 county is also rich in mineral productions ; at Piermont, where exca- 
 vations for the Erie railroad have been made, specimens of minerals 
 have been found similar to the trappean ranges of New-Jersey. At 
 Stony Point, near the light-house, is found a coarsely crystalized 
 hornblende ; and about two miles west of Grassy Point, there is a 
 beautiful variegated marble, which is susceptible of a fine polish. 
 Near Ramapo, there are found in the granite rocks, masses of magnetic 
 oxide of iron ; to the above may be added peat, of which there are said 
 to be several localities. The Neio-York and Erie railroad which com- 
 mences at Piermont, and passes through the towns of Orangetown and 
 Ramapo, crosses this county in its circuitous route to Lake Erie. 
 The area of Rockland county is about 172 square miles, or 110,500 acres. 
 The county buildings are located in the village of New City, in the 
 town of Clarkstown. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Rockland county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Clarkstown, 2,533 
 
 Haverstraw, 3,449 
 
 Orangetown, 2,771 
 
 Rockland, t. Sullivan co. si- 
 tuated 18 miles north of the village 
 of Monticello, and distant 114 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 826 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; 
 soil, gravelly loam, well adapted 
 to grass, and fertile in the valleys ; 
 drained west by Big Beaver Kill 
 and its tributaries. Rockland, 
 Beaver Kill and Purvis are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Rockland Lake, situated in 
 
 Ramapo, 3,222 
 
 Total inhabitants, 11,975 
 
 Clarkstown, Rockland county, is 
 about 5 miles in circumference; it 
 abounds in fish, among which are 
 pickerel, perch, catfish, sunfish 
 and roach. The surface of the 
 lake is nearly two hundred feet 
 above the level of the Hudson ri- 
 ver, and surrounded by hills of 
 about the same altitude ; the water 
 is pure, and great quantities of 
 ice are annually taken to the New 
 York market, procured during the 
 winter season. 
 
ROCK STREAM— RONDOUT. 
 
 347 
 
 Rock Stream, p. o. Starkey, 
 Yates co. 
 
 Rockville, p. o. Belfast, Al- 
 legany co. 
 
 Rocky Gle.\, Fishkill, Dutch- 
 ess co. Here are situated on the 
 Fishkill, a large cotton manufac- 
 turing - establishment, and some 
 few dwelling- houses, surrounded 
 by a romantic and interesting re- 
 gion of country. 
 
 Rocky Poixt, p. o. Southold, 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 RODGERSVILLE, p. O. West- 
 
 field, Chautauque co. 
 
 RoDMAX, t. Jefferson co. situa- 
 ted 11 miles south of the village 
 of Watertown, and distant 154 
 miles from Albanv ; contained in 
 1840, 1,702 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy 
 and clay loam cf good quality; 
 drained west by Sandy creek. 
 Rodman and Whitesville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Rodman, v. and p. o. Rodman, 
 Jefferson county, is situated on 
 Sandy creek; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 
 
 1 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 
 
 2 carding and fulling mills, 2 ash- 
 eries and 1 tannery. 
 
 Rome, t. Oneida co. contains a 
 part of the county buildings situa- 
 in the village of the same name, 
 and is distant 107 miles from Al- 
 bany; it contained in 1S40, 5,6S0 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level, or gently undulating ; soil, 
 clay and sandy loam, most of it 
 of an excellent quality, particular- 
 ly in the valley of the Mohawk ; 
 it is drained east by the Mohawk 
 river, and west by Wood creek, 
 which streams almost interlock, 
 there being only a portage of one 
 mile between them. 
 
 Rome, v. and p. o. Rome, 
 Oneida co. is situated on the Mo- 
 hawk river, and on the line of the 
 Erie canal. This village was in- 
 
 corporated in 1S19, and is a half 
 shire town with Whitesboro' for 
 Oneida county ; it contains about 
 2,500 inhabitants, 350 dwelling 
 houses; a court-house and jail; 6 
 churches, 1 bank, 25 stores, be- 
 sides 1 cotton factory, 1 flouring 
 mill. 1 saw mill, 1 brewery and 1 
 blast furnace. Here are located 
 a United States arsenal ; to which 
 is attached a magazine and a num- 
 ber of work shops ; also a female 
 seminary in a flourishing condi- 
 tion. The Black River canal here 
 
 '■ unites with the Erie canal, and the 
 Svracuse and Utica railroad passes 
 through the village. This place is 
 situated on the site of old Fort 
 Stameix, which was. an important 
 military fortification during the re- 
 volutionary and French wars. 
 Owing to its natural and artificial 
 advantages, this village is fast 
 increasing in wealth and numbers. 
 Romulus, t. Seneca county, 
 situated 12 miles south of the 
 village of Waterloo, and distant 
 176 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1S40, 2,235 inhabitants. 
 The surface is high in the centre, 
 declining east and west towards 
 Cayuga and Seneca lakes ; soil, 
 of good quality, well adapted to 
 wheat. Romulus is the name of 
 a post office, where is situated a 
 small settlement, containing 1 
 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores and 25 dwelling houses. 
 Roxdout, v. and p. 0. Kings- 
 
 : ston, Ulster county, is situated on 
 the north side of the Rondout 
 
 , creek, one mile west of its junction 
 with the Hudson river, where is 
 located a light-house built by the 
 United States government; it con- 
 tains about 1,500 inhabitants, 200 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Catholic church, 6 hotels 
 
 ■ and taverns, 25 stores and groce- 
 
 j ries, 3 freighting establishments, 1 
 tobacco factory, and 1 grist mill. 
 Here are owned and run from this 
 
 ! place 2 steamboats, 14 freight 
 
348 
 
 RONDOUT— ROSE. 
 
 barges and 13 sloops, carrying an 
 immense amount of coal, lumber 
 and produce to the New-York 
 market, and other places on the 
 Hudson river. In this vicinity a re 
 large quantities hydraulic ce- 
 ment, and quick lime, giving em- 
 ployment to a number of men and 
 vessels. Rondout is the place of 
 deposit and shipment of the Lacka- 
 wanna coal brought from the mines 
 in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, own- 
 ed by the Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal Company, who also own the 
 Delaware and Hudson canal, which 
 is 108 miles in length, and termi- 
 nates at Eddyville, two miles above 
 Rondout, from whence the canal 
 boats are (owed by a steamboat 
 belonging to the company. In 
 addition to the above canal, a rail- 
 road of 16 miles is constructed, 
 extending from Honesdale to the 
 coal mines; which business alone 
 gives employment to 450 canal 
 boats; in 1840, bringing to market 
 148,500 tons of coal. The lumber 
 and produce transported on the ca- 
 nal, is carried by boats owned by 
 private individuals, paying toll to 
 the canal company, giving em- 
 ployment to about 150 additional 
 canal boats. At Rondout are four 
 yards for the building and repairing 
 of canal boats, and two dry docks, 
 for the repairing of sloops and 
 coasting vessels. The number of 
 different kinds of craft that are an- 
 nually loaded at this place with 
 coal alone, amounts to between 
 fifteen and sixteen hundred car- 
 goes. Steam ferry boats ply from 
 Rondout to Eddyville and to Rhine- 
 beck, Dutchess county. A line of 
 stages leave this place three times 
 a week for Delhi, Delaware coun- 
 ty, and accommodation stages are 
 in constant attendance, and run to 
 the village of Kingston and Kings- 
 ton Landing on the arrival and de- 
 parture of the several steamboats 
 carrying passengers. 
 Rondout Cheek, or River, 
 
 rises in Sullivan county, and flows 
 westerly through Ulster county, 
 into the Hudson river, near the vil- 
 lage of Rondout. It receives in 
 its course the Wallkill, a large and 
 important stream, besides several 
 other creeks, all affording more or 
 less available water power, which 
 is used to a considerable extent in 
 propelling different kinds of ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 Ronkonkoma Lake, com- 
 monly called the Great Pond, is 
 situated in Suffolk county, on the 
 confines of Brookhaven, Smith- 
 lown and Islip, and nearly in the 
 geographical centre of Long Isl- 
 and. It is of great depth and trans- 
 parency ; is about one mile in di- 
 ameter, and abounds in perch and 
 other small fish. The first ap- 
 proach to this beautiful sheet of 
 water, situated as it is, in the midst 
 of some thousand acres of pine 
 and other timber, fills the traveller 
 with a thrill of delight, and ap- 
 pears more like romance than re- 
 ality. It is distant about 50 miles 
 from the city of New-York, and 
 will be approached within a mile 
 or two by the Long Island railroad. 
 
 Root, t. Montgomery co. situ- 
 ated 8 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Fonda, and distant 48 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,979 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part hilly ; soil, fertile loam, on 
 slate and lime ; drained by two or 
 three small streams flowing into 
 the Mohawk river, which bounds it 
 on the north. Root, Root Centre, 
 and Spraker's Basin are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Rose, t. Wayne co. situated 7 
 miles north of the village of Ly- 
 ons, and distant 181 miles from Al- 
 bany ; contained in 1840, 2,038 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, gravelly loam ; drain- 
 ed north by several small streams 
 flowing into Lake Ontario. Rose 
 and Rose Valley are names of post 
 offices. 
 
ROSEBOOM— ROSSIE. 
 
 349 
 
 Roseboom, p. o. Otsego coun- 
 
 Rosendale, v. and p. o. Hur- 
 ley, Ulster co. is situated on the 
 Rondout creek, and on the line of 
 the Delaware and Hudson canal ; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling houses, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, and 2 cement mills. Here 
 is found in great abundance the 
 best of hydraulic cement, which is 
 manufactured in large quantities ; 
 the unoccupied water power at this 
 place is very large, and might be 
 used to great advantage. About 2 
 miles below this place, near the 
 High Falls of the Rondout, is situ- 
 ated a mineral spring, of consider- 
 able celebrity. 
 
 The following is an analysis of 
 the water of the Rosendale Sulphur 
 Spring, by Dr. J. R. Chilton. One 
 gallon of the water contains : 
 
 Grains. 
 Chloride of Sodium, 53.54 
 
 " Magnesium,.. 2.50 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia, ... 2.57 
 
 " Lime, 9.46 
 
 Sulphate of Lime, 1.33 
 
 " Magnesia,.... 5.34 
 
 Soda, 7.68 
 
 Hydro-sulphuret of Sodium, 2. 10 
 
 84.52 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen,. 12.06 
 Carbonic Acid, 14.00 
 
 Cubic Inches, 26 . 06 
 
 Rosevelt p. o. Schroeppel, 
 Oswego co. 
 
 Rossie, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 25 miles south-west of the 
 village of Canton, and distant 178 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,553 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating and somewhat 
 broken ; soil, mostly loam of good 
 quality, resting on lime, granite 
 and sandstone. It is drained by 
 the Oswegatchie river, which here 
 takes a short circuit, and forms 
 what is called the Oxboiv. Indian 
 
 river also flows through this town, 
 in which is situated a long body of 
 water called Yellow lake. Iron 
 and lead ore, of the finest qualities, 
 are both found here in great abun- 
 dance. Rossie and Somerville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Rossie, v. and p. o. Rossie, St. 
 Lawrence co. is situated on Indian 
 river, near the head of Black lake. 
 It is a scattered manufacturing set- 
 tlement containing about 800 in- 
 habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 2 
 taverns, and 6 stores and groceries. 
 This place is celebrated for its val- 
 uable and inexhaustible lead mines. 
 Here are in operation three differ- 
 ent mining companies, which , 
 since their commencement in 1837, 
 have produced and sent to market 
 a large amount of lead of the pu- 
 rest quality. Here are also located 
 an extensive furnace and forge, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 iron foun- 
 dery and machine shop. In regard 
 to the lead mines at this place, a 
 writer remarks : — The Rossie Lead 
 Mines in St. Lawrence county 
 have been traced 15 miles, varying 
 in width from six inches to two 
 feet, lying in a fissure of rock in a 
 solid mass. From the place where 
 the mining has been partially com- 
 menced, the vein has been traced 
 both ways, one leading across the 
 St. Lawrence into Canada, about 
 ten miles, and in an opposite direc- 
 tion about five. From its location 
 in the rock, it is evident its depth 
 j is very great, sufficiently so to ren- 
 der its stores inexhaustible. The 
 lead is of prime quality, as indica- 
 ted by the specimen already men- 
 tioned. The mine on Cole Hill far 
 surpasses any other discovered. 
 The surface of the mine has been 
 laid bare for a considerable dis- 
 tance ; bounded on either side by 
 granite rock. Within these gran- 
 ite walls the mineral was undoubt- 
 edly cast in a fused state, filling 
 the fractured crevices in the rocky 
 sides, demonstrating that it was 
 
350 
 
 ROSSVILLE— RUSH. 
 
 poured there when a fluid. The 
 mine is a source of inexhaustible 
 wealth, and is regarded by Geolo- 
 gists as an anomaly in the mineral 
 kingdom, and also a great natural 
 curiosity. It presents attractions 
 not inferior to the Falls of Niagara. 
 The latter is a cataract of water ; 
 but the former is equally so of lead; 
 for the pure, bright Galena pours 
 over the lofty brow of Cole Hill, 
 streaming down the high rocky de- 
 clivity into the deep ravine below." 
 
 Rossville, v. and p. o. West- 
 field, Richmond co. is situated on 
 Staten Island Sound. It contains 
 1 hotel, 2 stores, 2 carriage manu- 
 factories, and some 12 or 15 dwell- 
 ing houses. Steamboats land here 
 daily, passing to and from New- 
 York ; here is a ferry to the Jersey 
 shore, formerly known as the Old 
 Blazing Star Ferry. 
 
 Rotterdam, t. Schenectady 
 co. situated 4 miles west of the 
 city of Schenectady, and distant 
 18 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,284 inhabitants. The 
 surface is rolling ; soil, sandy loam 
 and alluvion, mostly very produc- 
 tive ; watered by the Mohawk riv- 
 er, which bounds it on the north. 
 Rotterdam and West Rotterdam 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Round Lake, situated in the 
 town of Malta, Saratoga co. is a 
 small body of water, abounding in 
 perch, pickerel and other fish. 
 
 Round Lake, lies in the town 
 of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. 
 This is a handsome sheet of water, 
 connected by an outlet of half a 
 mile in length, with Lake Pleas- 
 ant, which latter lake gives the 
 name to the town. It is surround- 
 ed by a fine region of country, and 
 abounds with trout and other fish, 
 and is much resorted to by the an- 
 gler and sportsman. 
 
 Rouse's Point, v. and p. o. 
 Champlain, Clinton co. is situated 
 on the west side of Lake Cham- 
 plain, about half a mile south of 
 
 the Canada line, where is a con- 
 venient steamboat landing. It con- 
 tains about 100 inhabitants, 20 
 dwelling houses, 1 methodist 
 church, 1 tavern and 3 stores. A 
 short distance north of this place, 
 stands the site of a fort commenced 
 by the United States government, 
 during the last war with Great Brit- 
 ain, which was found to be in Can- 
 ada, having been placed a few rods 
 over the line ; it now presents a di- 
 lapidated appearance. 
 
 Roxbury, t. Delaware co. sit- 
 uated 20 miles east of the village 
 of Delhi, and distant 63 miles irom 
 Albany, contained in 1840, 3,013 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous ; soil, sandy 
 loam, mostly arable and very pro- 
 ductive in the valleys ; drained 
 south by the Papacton branch of 
 the Delaware river. Roxbury and 
 Moresville are names of post offices. 
 
 Royalton, t. Niagara co. sit- 
 uated 8 miles east of the village of 
 Lockport, and distant 269 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 3,549 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, calcareous loam 
 of good quality ; watered by the 
 Tonawanda creek, which bounds it 
 on the south. Royalton, Royalton 
 Centre, South Royalton and Mid- 
 dleport a.e names of post offices. 
 Gasport 's the name of a settlement 
 on the li 3 of the Erie canal, where 
 are sit, tted some inflammable 
 springs. 
 
 Rush, t. Monroe co. situated 12 
 miles south of the city of Roches- 
 ter, and distant 229 miles from Al- 
 bany, contained in 1840, 1,929 in- 
 habitants. The surface is undula- 
 ting ; soil, excellent quality, pro- 
 ducing large crops of wheat and 
 other grain ; drained by Honeoye 
 creek flowing into the Genesee riv- 
 er, which bounds it on the west. 
 Rush and West Rush are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Rush, v. and p. o. Rush, Mon- 
 roe co. is situated on Honeoye 
 
RUSHFORD— SABBATH DAY POINT. 
 
 351 
 
 creek. It contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling- houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing- mill, 1 carding machine, 1 saw 
 mill and 1 ashery. 
 
 Rushford, t. Allegany co. sit- 
 uated 15 miles north-west of the 
 village of Angelica, and distant 
 270 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,512 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating; soil, clay 
 loam and gravelly mould, well 
 adapted to grass ; drained east by 
 Cold creek. 
 
 Rushford, v. and p. o. Rush- 
 ford, Allegany co. contains about 
 700 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 
 
 1 grist mill and 2 saw mills. 
 Rushville, v. and p. o. Gor- 
 
 ham and Potter, Ontario and Yates 
 cos. is situated on a stream called 
 West river ; it contains about 500 
 inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, an academy, 2 taverns, 8 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill and 
 
 2 furnaces. 
 
 Russell, t. St. Lawrence co. 
 situated 10 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Canton, and distant 203 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,373 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat uneven ; soil, 
 sandy and clay loam, \v<©11 adapted 
 for grazing; drained , north by 
 Grass river. Russell, i? J; fhe name 
 of a post office, where it) a small 
 village in which is located a state 
 arsenal. 
 
 Russia, t. Herkimer co. situa- 
 ted 16 miles north of the village of 
 Herkimer, and distant 94 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,298 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and hilly ; soil , sandy loam 
 and clay, well adapted to grass ; 
 drained south by West Canada 
 creek. Russia, Coldbrook, Po- 
 land and Postville are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Russia, v. and p. o. Russia, 
 Herkimer co. contains about 200 
 
 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Ruthersville, p. o. Madrid, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Rutland, t. Jeffersonco. situ- 
 ated 6 miles east of the village of 
 Watertown, and distant 154 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,090 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, loam of excel- 
 lent quality, underlaid by lime- 
 stone ; drained west by Sandy 
 creek, and on the north by Black 
 river. In this town and vicinity, 
 are numerous remains of Indian 
 fortifications, of much interest to 
 the antiquarian. Rutland, Black 
 River, Felt's Mills and Tylerville, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Rutlepge, v. Conewango, 
 Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
 line of the New-York and Erie 
 Railroad ; it now contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Rye, t. Westchester co. situa- 
 ted 6 miles south east of the vil- 
 lage of White Plains, and distant 
 157 miles from Albany ; contain- 
 ed in 1840, 1,803 inhabitants. The 
 surface is uneven and stony ; soil, 
 clay loam ; drained on the east by 
 Byram river, and on the west by 
 Blind brook, both flowing into 
 Long Island Sound, which bounds 
 it on the south. Rye and Port 
 Chester are names of post offices. 
 
 Rye, v. and p. o. Rye, West- 
 chester co. situated 1 mile north of 
 Long Island Sound, contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal 
 and 1 Methodist church, an acade- 
 my, 2 taverns and 3 stores. 
 
 Sabbath Day Point, lies in 
 the town of Hague, Warren co. on 
 the west side of Lake George, 24 
 miles north of the village of Cald- 
 well. It takes its name from the 
 circumstance of some English 
 troops landing here on the Sab- 
 
352 
 
 SABLE RIVER— SAILOR'S SNUG HARBOR 
 
 bath, during ihe old French war, 
 and fell in a sanguinary conflict 
 with a party of Indians. 
 
 Sable River. See Au Sa- 
 ble, Great and Little. 
 
 Sacandaga River, rises in 
 Hamilton co. ; its head brandies 
 being outlets to several small lakes, 
 the largest of which are Piseco 
 lake, Round lake and Lake Plea- 
 sant. The main stream flows in a 
 circuitous easterly direction, 
 through the northeast angle of Ful- 
 ton county, and across Saratoga 
 county, emptying into the Hudson 
 river in the town of Hadley, oppo- 
 site the village of Luzerne. 
 
 Sackett's Harbor, v. and 
 p. o. Houndsfield, Jefferson co. is 
 situated on Black River Bay, near 
 the foot of Lake Ontario. This is 
 one of the best and most secure 
 harbors on the lake, and was an 
 important naval station during the 
 last war with Great Britain. The 
 village was incorporated in 1S14, 
 and now contains about 2,000 in- 
 habitants, 300 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church, 1 banking house, 
 4 hotels, 24 stores and groceries, 4 
 forwarding houses, a ship yard and 
 a rope walk. Here are located 1 
 flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 2 furna- 
 ces, 1 machine shop, 1 plaster 
 null, and 1 tannery, most of which 
 are propelled by water power fur- 
 nished by means of an hydraulic ca- 
 nal, extending from Black river 
 near the village of Watertown, to 
 this place, a distance of about 12 
 miles. This is also an important 
 military station, being distant from 
 the city of Albany 185 miles, and 
 35 miles from Kingston, the capi- 
 tal of Canada ; the U. States gov- 
 ernment have here erected 3 ex- 
 tensive stone barracks, a hospital, 
 a commissary's store-house, a 
 guard house and other buildings, 
 enclosed by pickets ; they were 
 erected in 1814, and are known as 
 the Madison Barracks. 
 
 Sadaquada, or Saquoit 
 Creek, rises in the town of Paris, 
 and empties into the Mohawk ri- 
 ver about one mile below the vil- 
 lage of Whitesboro, all in Oneida 
 county. This is one of the most 
 important mill streams of its size 
 in the state ; on its banks are seve- 
 ral large villages and manufactur- 
 ing establishments, and it affords 
 hydraulic power sufficient to pro- 
 pel an immense amount of ma- 
 chinery, including some of the lar- 
 gest cotton factories in the state, 
 also several extensive flouring mills 
 and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Sag Harbor, v. and p. o. 
 East Hampton and South Hamp- 
 ton, Suffolk co. is situated on a bo- 
 dy of water of thp same name, ly- 
 ing between Garvtfftr's and Great 
 Peconic bay ; it was incorporated 
 in 1803, and now contains about 
 3,500 inhabitants, 500 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Roman Catholic and 1 Afri- 
 can church, 8 hotels and taverns, 
 35 stores and groceries, 1 grist 
 mill 2 windmills, and a dry dock 
 for repairing vessels. Here are 
 owned 33 ships engaged in the 
 whaling business, which constitutes 
 the principal trade of this place ; 
 the ships are fitted out here, and 
 the return cargoes find a market in 
 the city of New-York, and other 
 ports. Besides the above whale 
 ships, there are also owned in Sag 
 Harbor, some 6 or 8 sloops en- 
 gaged in the coasting trade. — 
 Considerable quantities of salt 
 are manufactured in this vicinity, 
 by evaporation of sea water in the 
 open air. 
 
 Sailor's Snug Harbor, 
 Castleton, Richmond co. is situa- 
 ted on the north side of Staten Is- 
 land, facing the "Kill Van Kull," 
 a continuation of Staten Island 
 Sound. This noble, charitable in- 
 stitution, was founded by the testa- 
 ment of Capt. Robert R. Randall, 
 
ST. ANDREWS— ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 353 
 
 who died in 1801, bequeathing a Saint John's College. — 
 large landed estate in the city of See Fordham. 
 New-York, the income of which, Saint Johnsville, t. Mont- 
 was to be expended in supporting gomery co. situated 18 miles west 
 aged and disabled sailors. This of the village of Fonda, and dis- 
 institution, which is under the di- tant 62 miles from Albany ; con- 
 rection of trustees appointed by the tained in 1840,1,923 inhabitants, 
 state authority, have erected a ; The surface is undulating and in 
 large and splendid edifice, consist- some places hilly ; soil, of good 
 ing of a centre building and two quality ; drained by East Canada 
 extensive wings, two stories in and Zimmerman's creek, flowing 
 height besides the basement ; — into the Mohawk river, which 
 showing a marble front of 225 feet, ; bounds it on the south, 
 attached to which is a farm of 160 
 acres of land. 
 
 donor are deposited in front of the co. is situated on the north side of 
 
 above main building, over which the Mohawk river, on ihe line of 
 
 Saint Johnsville, v. and 
 The remains of the i p. o. St. Johnsville, Montgomery 
 
 has been erected an appropriate 
 monument. Upwards of one 
 hundred aged and disabled 
 sailors, now find here a safe re- 
 treat, free fr< , the cares and 
 storms of life. 
 
 Saint Andrews, p. o. Mont- 
 gomery, Orange co. 
 
 Saint Helena, p. o. Mount 
 Morris, Livingston co. 
 
 the Utica and Schenectady rail- 
 road ; it contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 35 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 3 taverns, 2 stores, 2 grist 
 mills, 2 saw mills, 1 extensive tan- 
 nery, 1 sash factory, 1 forge and 
 furnace, 1 carding machine and 1 
 fulling mill. An extensive stone 
 quarry is situated a short distance 
 east of this place. 
 
 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, taken from Oneida in 1802, is cen- 
 trally distant 205 miles north-west from the city of Albany ; it is bound- 
 ed on the north-west by the St. Lawrence river which separates it from 
 Canada, east by Franklin county, south by the counties of Hamilton 
 and Herkimer, and south-west by Lewis and Jefferson counties. This 
 county bordering on the St. Lawrence river, for a distance of 75 miles, 
 and extending from thirty to forty miles east into the interior, is agree- 
 ably diversified ; rising into gentle swells with broad valliesand exten- 
 tensive tracts of champain. The soil is mostly of good quality ; be- 
 ing warm, rich and productive. The south-eastern part of the county 
 is hilly and mountainous ; being in part covered with the Clinton or 
 Adirondack range of mountains, abounding with iron ore and other 
 minerals. Most of this latter part of the county is an unsettled wilder- 
 ness, covered with a large growth of timber. Although the largest 
 county in the state in territory, it is abundantly watered and susceptible 
 of sustaining a large population. The principal streams, having a 
 northerly course and falling into the St. Lawrence, are St. Regis, RacK- 
 et, Grass, Oswegatchie and Indian livers, with their numerous tributa- 
 ries. These streams afford some inland navigation for vessels of a light 
 burthen, and a great amount of hydraulic power ; most of which is 
 still unoccupied. Black Lake, an expansion of Indian river, is a fine 
 sheet of water ; it extends from near Rossie to the Oswegatchie river, 
 a distance of 20 miles, and is about 2 miles wide ; besides which there 
 are several other small lakes. In the town of Canton, a natural ca 
 nal of 6 miles in length, connects the waters of the Oswegatchie and 
 Grass rivers ; it is from 30 to 80 yards wide, and is boatable. The St. 
 23 
 
354 
 
 ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. 
 
 Lawrence river, the outlet of all the great western lakes, affords a good 
 steamboat and sloop navigation from Lake Ontario to the village of Og- 
 densburgh, a distance of about 60 miles, with scarcely any percepti- 
 ble current ; from Ogdensburgh to Montreal, there are many rapids, 
 the current strong, and the navigation difficult and dangerous, even for 
 boats propelled by oars. In mineral productions this county may be 
 placed at the head of the list, although but partially explored. The 
 most important mineral at present known, is lead ore, which occurs in 
 various places, but which is obtained in large quantities only in the vi- 
 cinity of the village of Rossie. These mines are of great interest to the 
 mineralogist, in consequence of the perfection and beauty of the crys- 
 tals of galena, and of the accompanying minerals. The deposits of 
 iron ore are said to be truly astonishing ; the magnetic kind, though 
 less common, is found in several places and is of a good quality ; spe- 
 cular ore is the most abundant, and bog ore is found in various parts. 
 Marble is also here found in abundance, and of superior quality. The 
 Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain Railroad, is a projected work of 
 great importance ; it is intended to extend from the St. Lawrence river 
 at Ogdensburgh, to Pittsburgh or some other point on Lake Cham- 
 plain. A survey embracing two lines, has been made, and the project 
 rendered feasible, which when completed will greatly benefit the whole 
 northern region of our state, and be a great arm of defence to this part 
 of our exposed frontier. The area of this county is about 2,717 square 
 miles, or 1,738,500 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in St. Lawrence county, 
 with the population in IS40. In 1841, a new town was formed by the 
 name of Macomb, taken from Governeur and Morristown. 
 
 Brasher 2,118 
 
 Canton, 3,465 
 
 De Kalb, 1,531 
 
 De Peyster, 1,074 
 
 Edwards, 956 
 
 Fowler, 1,752 
 
 Governeur, 2,538 
 
 Hammond, 1 ,845 
 
 Hermon, 1 ,271 
 
 Hopkinton, 1,147 
 
 Lawrence, 1 ,845 
 
 Lisbon, 3,508 
 
 Louisville, 1,693 
 
 Madrid, 4,511 
 
 St. Lawrence River, form- 
 ing a part of the north-west boun- 
 dary of this state, the outlet of the 
 great chain of western lakes, is by 
 far the greatest stream of water 
 that lies within or touches our con- 
 fines. From Cape Vincent or 
 Kingston, at the embouchment 
 from Lake Ontario, to the northern 
 boundary of the United States is 
 about 100 miles, from thence to 
 
 Massena, 2,726 
 
 Morristown, 2,809 
 
 Norfolk, 1,728 
 
 Oswegatchie, 5,719 
 
 Parishville, 2,250 
 
 Pierrepont, 1,430 
 
 Pitcairn, 396 
 
 Potsdam, 4,473 
 
 Rossie, 1,553 
 
 Russell, 1,373 
 
 Stockholm, 2,995 
 
 Total inhabitants, 56,706 
 
 Montreal the distance is 80 miles 
 further ; the current strong, and 
 the navigation difficult and rather 
 dangerous, even for boats moved 
 with oars or propelled by sleam ; a 
 canal, however, is being - construct- 
 ed on the Canada side, of sufficient 
 capacity to admit steamboats of a 
 moderate draft of water, around 
 the most dangerous rapids. From 
 Montreal to Quebec, 180 miles, it 
 
ST. PAULS COLLEGE— SALINA. 
 
 355 
 
 is navigable for ships of 600 tons 
 burthen, though the tide only 
 reaches up as far as Three Rivers, 
 90 miles below Montreal, being 
 about 500 miles above the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence. Ogdensburgh, 
 in St. Lawrence county, is situated 
 at the foot of sloop navigation on 
 tli is river, distant 60 miles from 
 Lake Ontario. Tlie descent from 
 Kingston or Ogdensburgh, where 
 the current first becomes percepti- 
 ble is 231 feet, to where it meets 
 the tide waters of the Atlantic. It 
 contains numerous islands, some of 
 considerable size ; a part of the 
 Thousand Islands, Isle Au Gallop, 
 Isle Au Rapid Plat, Lower Long 
 Sault Island, and Barnhart's Island, 
 belonging to this state, are sepa- 
 rately described. 
 
 Saint Paul's College. 
 See College Point. 
 
 Saint Regis River, rises in 
 Franklin county, and flows in a 
 north-west direction through a part 
 of St. Lawrence county, when it 
 empties into the St. Lawrence ri- 
 ver, after passing through the north- 
 west angle of Franklin county ; its 
 mouth beino - situated a few miles 
 within the Canada line. 
 
 Salem, t. Washington county, 
 contains a part of the county build- 
 ings, situated in the village of the 
 same name, this being a half shire 
 town ; it is distant 46 miles from 
 the city of Albany, and con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,855 inhabitants. 
 The surface is undulating and hil- 
 ly; soil, sandy and clay loam, 
 mostly under a high state of culti- 
 vation ; drained by Black and 
 White creeks, which empty into 
 the Battenkill, all of which are 
 good mill streams. Salem, East 
 Salem and Shushan are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Salem, v. and p. o. Salem, 
 Washington county, is handsomely 
 situated in a valley, through which 
 flows White creek ; it was incor- 
 porated in 1803, and now contains 
 
 about 700 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses ; a court-house and jail, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Scotch Presby- 
 terian church ; the Washington 
 academy, an old and flourishing 
 institution; 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 furnace and 1 ma- 
 chine shop. This village is sur- 
 rounded by a rich and highly 
 cultivated region of country, pro 
 ducing abundant crops of grain 
 and raising large numbers of 
 sheep ; it is also celebrated as a 
 mart for the purchase and sale of 
 wool. 
 
 Salem, v. Portland, Chautau- 
 que co. contains 1 church, 1 store, 
 1 tavern, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery, 
 and about 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Salem Centre, p. o. North 
 Salem, Weschester co. 
 
 Salem Cross Roads, p. o. 
 Portland, Chautauque co. 
 
 Salina, t. Onondaga co. con- 
 tains the county buildings located 
 in the village of Syracuse, and is 
 distant 133 miles from Albany ; it 
 contained in 1840, 11,013 inhabi- 
 tants, being the most populous 
 town in the state. The surface is 
 rolling; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam, underlaid by lime, gypsum 
 and sandstone. It is drained by 
 Onondaga creek and some other 
 small streams flowing into Onon- 
 daga lake, and contains the most 
 celebrated salt springs in the state, 
 which are separately described un- 
 der the head of Onondaga Salt 
 Springs. Geddes, Liverpool, Sa- 
 lina and Syracuse are names of 
 post offices, and are all flourishing 
 incorporated villages. 
 
 Salina, v. and p. o. Salina, 
 Onondaga county, is situated on 
 the east end of Onondaga lake; it 
 was incorporated in 1824, and now 
 contains about 2,600 inhabitants, 
 350 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte 
 rian, 1 Roman Catholic and 1 Me 
 thodist church; 1 banking house, 
 4 taverns, 20 stores and groceries ; 
 1 large flouring mill propelled by 
 
356 
 
 SALISBURY— SALMON RIVER. 
 
 the surplus waters of the Oswego 
 canal, 2 saw mills, and 1 mill for 
 sawing staves; an extensive ma- 
 chine shop and furnace propelled 
 by steam power, where are manu- 
 factured steam engines and other 
 fine castings. The village of Sa- 
 lina has long been celebrated for 
 its valuable saline springs. Here 
 are now yearly manufactured large 
 quantities of fine salt, which finds 
 a ready market in this and the 
 western states, and Canada. In 
 1840, here was manufactured 
 1,107,825 bushels of fine salt, be- 
 ing nearly one-half of all the salt 
 manufactured in the town of Sa- 
 lina. The salt springs are owned 
 by the state, under the charge of 
 a superintendent and inspector, 
 from which a large amount of re- 
 venue is annually derived. Salt 
 has been made in the town of Sa- 
 lina from a very early period, by 
 the white inhabitants, and still ear- 
 lier by the native Indians, in a 
 small way for their own use. The 
 earliest account on record of the 
 manufacture to any extent, was in 
 the year 1787, at which time there 
 was established a manufactory in 
 which was made ten bushels a day. 
 From that period the manufacture 
 has rapidly increased, keeping 
 pace with the demand required by 
 the unprecedented settlement of 
 the country. 
 
 Salisbury, t. Herkimer co. 
 situated 15 miles north-east of the 
 village of Herkimer, and distant 
 71 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,859 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 with some broad valleys; soil, 
 sandy and clay loam, well adapted 
 to grass ; drained on the east by 
 Ea9t Canada creek, and on the 
 west by some tributaries of West 
 Canada creek. Salisbury and 
 Salisbury Centre are names of 
 post offices. The latter is situated 
 on Spruce creek, where are 
 located 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 
 
 tannery and 30 or 40 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Salisbury, v. and p. o. Salis- 
 bury, Herkimer co. lies about 7 
 miles east of north from Little 
 Falls ; it contains about 250 inha- 
 bitants, 40 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 3 dry goods stores, and 
 2 taverns ; an extensive bed of 
 rich magnetic iron ore has lately 
 been discovered about 3 miles 
 north of this place. 
 
 Salisbury Mills, p. o. 
 Bloomingrove, Orange co. Here 
 are situated 1 tavern, 3 stores, 1 
 paper mill, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 1 plaster mill, 1 tannery and about 
 25 dwelling houses. 
 
 Salmon Creek, p. o. Sodus, 
 Wayne co. 
 
 Salmon Creek, is the name 
 of several streams in this state ; the 
 most important empty into Lake 
 Ontario, respectively rising in the 
 counties of Oswego, Wayne and 
 Monroe. 
 
 Salmon River, p. o. Albion, 
 Oswego co. 
 
 Salmon River, rises in Lewis 
 co. and flows west through Oswego 
 county into Lake Ontario ; dis- 
 charging its waters into Mexico 
 bay, at the village of Port Ontario. 
 This is a fine and durable stream, 
 having a tolerably good harbor 
 at its mouth, and is boatable du- 
 ring high water to the Falls in 
 Orwell, a distance of 14 miles. 
 " The Falls of Salmon river may 
 be classed among the principal 
 natural curiosities of the country. 
 The current is gentle above for 6 
 or more miles, then 2 miles of ra- 
 pids, and at the falls, drops almost 
 perpendicular 107 feet. At high 
 water the sheet is 250 feet in width, 
 but at low water it is narrowed 
 down to about half that extent. 
 The rocky strata seem to be com- 
 posed of slate stone and granite, or 
 gneiss, and the height of the banks 
 immediately above the fall, is va- 
 riously estimated at from 70 to 90 
 
SALMON RIVER— SANDY HILL. 
 
 357 
 
 feet; below it is said that the 
 walls, perpendicular rock, are 
 about 200 feet. At the foot of the 
 cataract there is very deep water, 
 abounding in fine fish, such as sal- 
 mon trout, &c." 
 
 Salmon River, a stream of 
 about the same size as the above, 
 rises in Frank lin county, and flows 
 north-west into Canada, where it 
 empties into the St. Lawrence river. 
 Salt Point, p. o. Pleasant 
 Valley, Dutchess co. 
 
 Salt Springville, p. o. 
 Canajoharie, Montgomery co. 
 
 Salubria, p. o. Dix, Che- 
 mung co. 
 
 Sampsondale, v. Haver- 
 straw, Rockland co. is a manufac- 
 turing settlement, containing 1 
 Presbyterian church; an academy; 
 1 extensive iron wire factory, 1 
 rolling and slitting mill, 1 chemi- 
 cal works, 1 tavern, 3 stores and 
 about 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Sand Bank, p. o. Albion, Os- 
 wego co. 
 
 Sandbury, p. o. Fallsburgh, 
 Sullivan co. 
 
 Sandford, t. Broome co. si- 
 tuated 20 miles east of the village 
 of Binghamton, and distant 135 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,173 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; 
 soil, well adapted for grazing; 
 drained south-east by Oquaga 
 creek, which flows into the Dela- 
 ware river. Sandford is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Sandford's Corners, p. o. 
 Le Ray, Jefferson co. 
 
 Sand Lake, t. Rensselaer co. 
 situated 11 miles south-east of the 
 city of Troy, and distant 10 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 4,303 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and irregular; soil, mostly 
 good for grass, with some rich 
 vales running from south to north. 
 This town contains several small 
 lakes, and is drained west by 
 the Poestenkill and Wynantskill 
 
 creeks. Sand Lake, East Sand 
 Lake, West Sand Lake and Poes- 
 tenkill are names of post offices. 
 Rensselaer is the name of a village. 
 
 Sand Lake, v. and p. o. 
 Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. con- 
 tains about 25 dwelling houses, 2 
 stores, 2 cotton factories, 2 satinet 
 factories, 1 blast furnace, 1 saw 
 mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 Sandusky, p. o. Freedom, 
 Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Sandy Creek, t. Oswego co. 
 situated 7 miles north of the village 
 of Pulaski, and distant 159 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,420 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, sandy loam; 
 drained by Little Sandy creek and 
 some other streams flowing into 
 Lake Ontario, which bounds it on 
 the west. Sandy Creek is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Sandy Creek, y. Murray, 
 Orleans co. is situated on the Ridge 
 road ; it contains about 200 inha- 
 bitants, 35 dwelling houses, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 
 saw mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 Sandy Creek, rises in Or- 
 leans county, and flows north-east 
 into Monroe county, emptying into 
 Lake Ontario in the town of 
 Clarkson. 
 
 Sandy Creek, another stream 
 of the above name, rises in Lewis 
 county, and flows west through 
 Jefferson county, emptying into 
 Lake Ontario, in the town of Ellis- 
 burgh. 
 
 Sandy Creek, Little, rises 
 in the south part of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, and flows through the north 
 part of Oswego county, emptying 
 into Lake Ontario in the town of 
 Sandy Creek, where is a bay of the 
 above name. 
 
 Sandy Hill, v. and p. o. 
 Kingsbury, Washington co. is si- 
 tuated on elevated ground on the 
 east side of the Hudson river, 50 
 miles north of the city of Albany. 
 It was incorporated in 1810, and 
 
353 
 
 SANGERFIELD— SARANAC RIVER. 
 
 now contains about 1,000 inhabi- 
 tants, 150 dwelling houses ; a 
 court-house ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic 
 church ; 3 hotels and taverns, 8 
 stores and groceries, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 1 grist mill, 2 extensive saw 
 mills, 2 furnaces, 1 machine shop, 
 1 razor strop manufactory, and 1 
 tannery. The water power at this 
 place is very great, there being a 
 fall of about 12 feet at the upper 
 part of the village, while about 100 
 rods below with a continuous de- 
 scent, are situated Baker's Falls, 
 where there is an almost perpendi- 
 cular fall of 50 feet, affording 
 hydraulic power to a great extent, 
 none of which is at present used 
 for manufacturing purposes. The 
 Champlain canal feeder passes 
 through this place, uniting with 
 the main canal about one mile east 
 of the village, affording canal na- 
 vigation to Lake Champlain and 
 the navigable waters of the Hudson. 
 The Saratoga and Washington rail- 
 road, when completed, will run 
 through Sandy Hill, extending 
 from Saratoga Springs to White- 
 hall, a distance of 40 miles. 
 
 Sangerfield, t. Oneida co. 
 situated 15 miles south of the city 
 of Utica, and distant 89 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,251 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly; 
 soil, rich loam, underlaid by lime; 
 drained south by the Chenango ri- 
 ver, and north by the Oriskany 
 creek. Sangerfield and Waterville 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Sangerfield, v. and p. o. San- 
 gerfield, Oneida county, contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 
 taverns and 1 store. 
 
 Saranac, t. Clinton co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles west of the village of 
 Plattsburgh, and distant 180 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,462 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and mountainous ; it abounds 
 with iron ore, and is heavily tim- 
 
 bered. The Saranac river runs 
 through this town in a north-east 
 direction, forming a valley of con- 
 siderable extent, the soil of which 
 is generally loam of good quality. 
 Saranac and Redford are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Saranac Lake, Lower, lies 
 in the south part of Franklin coun- 
 ty ; it is 7 miles long and 2 or 3 
 miles wide, abounding in trout and 
 other fish of a fine flavor. It is 
 connected with Round Lake, on 
 the west, and several other lakes 
 and ponds. 
 
 Saranac Lake, Upper, lies 
 in the south part of Hamilton coun- 
 ty, 3 or 4 miles west of Lower 
 Saranac Lake, with which it com- 
 municates through Round lake. It 
 is 10 miles long, and from 2 to 3 
 miles wide, surrounded by nume- 
 rous other lakes and ponds, all 
 abounding in fish peculiar to this 
 part of the country. The lakes in 
 this vicinity constitute the head 
 sources of the Saranac and Racket 
 rivers, the former emptying into 
 Lake Champlain and the latter in- 
 to the St. Lawrence river. The 
 lakes with most of the outlets, af- 
 ford boatable navigation to a con- 
 siderable extent. 
 
 Saranac River, rises in the 
 south part of Franklin co. and is 
 the outlet of Upper and Lower 
 Saranac lakes. It pursues a north- 
 east course across the north-west 
 angle of Essex county, and through 
 Clinton county, where it empties 
 into Lake Champlain at the village 
 of Plattsburgh, affording in its 
 course much available water power. 
 It is said this stream might be ea- 
 sily rendered boatable, for a con- 
 siderable portion of its length, in 
 connection with the lakes at its 
 source, which approach to within 
 one mile of the boatable sources of 
 the Racket river. "Thus it ap- 
 pears," remarks the State Geolo- 
 gists, " that by excavations equal 
 in the aggregate to 65 miles, and 
 
SARATOGA. 359 
 
 an amount of 240 feet lockage, I would be increased probably, to 
 continuous lines of navigation more than 300, if we take into 
 through and connecting with these j consideration the coasts of the 
 two rivers may be formed, equal in lakes." 
 extent to 210 miles ; and that this I 
 
 SARATOGA COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1791, is centrally 
 distant 36 miles north from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
 north by Warren county, east by the Hudson river, south by the coun- 
 ties of Albany and Schenectady, and west by Fulton and Herkimer 
 counties. The surface of this county is diversified ; on the north and 
 north-west are the Palmertown and Kayaderosseras mountains ; the 
 central and south-eastern parts are undulating, with some hills of a 
 modeia'e height, interspersed with sandy plains of considerable extent. 
 The soil is mostly sandy or gravelly loam with some clay, of different 
 qualities, in mineral waters this county stands unrivalled; they are 
 chiefly situated in or near the villages of Ballston Spa or Saratoga 
 Springs ; those in the latter place have become the most celebrated, 
 both as to their number and their medicinal properties. Two or three 
 new springs have recently been discovered at the latter place, which 
 are thought to rival those that have heretofore maintained the ascend- 
 ancy. An analysis of the principal fountains will be found under the 
 head of the places in which they are located. In the immediate vicin- 
 ity of Saratoga Springs, there are several interesting minerals ; agate 
 and calcedony are found associated with a silicious limestone, with 
 other rare specimens. Among the more useful productions of this 
 county, may be mentioned marl and bog iron ore, of which there are 
 several localities. The Hudson river bounds this county in part on the 
 north and on the east for its whole extent, receiving in its course the 
 Sacandaga river, Fish creek and the Mohawk river, which waters it on 
 the south. There are also several small lakes, the principal of which 
 are Saratoga lake, Ballston lake and Round lake ; the former receives 
 the waters of Kayaderosseras creek, an important mill stream, which ri- 
 ses in the centre of the county. The Saratoga and Schenectady and 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga railroads both run to the village of Ballston 
 Spa, from different points, the former terminating at the village of 
 Saratoga Springs. The Champlain Canal also extends along the west 
 side of the Hudson river from Fort Miller Bridge to Waterford, where 
 it crosses the Mohawk. The county buildings are located in the village 
 of Ballston Spa, in the town of Milton. Its area is about 800 square 
 miles, or 511,000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Saratoga county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Ballston, 2,044 
 
 Charlton, 1,933 
 
 Clifton Park, 2,719 
 
 Corinth, ] ,365 
 
 Day, 942 
 
 Edinburgh, 1,458 
 
 Galway, 2,412 
 
 Greenfield, 2,803 
 
 Hadley, 86*5 
 
 Halfmoon, 2,631 
 
 Malta, 1,457 
 
 Milton, 3,166 
 
 Moreau, 1,576 
 
 Northumberland, 1,672 
 
 Providence, 1,507 
 
 Saratoga, 2,624 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 3,384 
 
 Stillwater, 2,733 
 
 Waterford, 1,824 
 
 Wilton, 1,438 
 
 Total inhabitants, 40,553 
 
360 
 
 SARATOGA— SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 Saratoga, t. Saratoga co. sit- 
 uated 10 miles north-east of the 
 village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 34 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,624 inhabitants. The 
 surface is generally uneven, with 
 some rich alluvial flats on the Hud- 
 son river ; soil, mostly gravelly 
 loam. Saratoga lake lies on the 
 west boundary of this town, from 
 which flows easterly Fish creek, 
 emptying into the Hudson at the 
 village of Schuylerville. The 
 Champlain canal here runs parallel 
 to the river on its west side. It 
 was in this town near Schuylerville, 
 that Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to 
 the American army, Oct. 17, 1777. 
 Dean's Corners, Grangerville, Qua- 
 ker Springs and Schuylerville are 
 names of post oflices. 
 
 Saratoga Lake, lying in 
 Saratoga county, is a beautiful 
 sheet of water, situated 4 miles 
 south-east of the village of Sarato- 
 ga Springs, and 5 miles east of 
 Ballston Spa ; it is 9 miles long 
 and about 2 miles wide. This lake 
 is much resorted to during the sum- 
 mer months by parties of pleasure, 
 where are caught in abundance 
 pike, pickerel, perch and other 
 fish. The shores abound with 
 game, which together with the 
 lake, afford ample sport to the 
 huntsman and angler. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, t. Sara- 
 toga co. situated 6 miles north of 
 the village of Ballston Spa, and 
 distant 36 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 3,384 inhabitants. 
 The surface is mostly level or un- 
 dulating, except on the north-west, 
 where it is hilly; soil, light sand 
 or sandy loam, which with proper 
 culture is made productive ; drain- 
 ed east by Ellis' creek, and some 
 other small streams running into 
 the Kayaderosseras creek, which 
 in part bounds it on the south. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, v. and 
 p. o. Saratoga Springs, Saratoga 
 co. is pleasantly situated on a plain, 
 
 36 miles north of the city of Al- 
 bany, and is justly celebrated as 
 being the most noted watering 
 place in the United States, there 
 being here found a large number 
 of mineral springs, possessing 
 great medicinal properties, varying 
 somewhat in their analysis. It is 
 built chiefly on one broad street or 
 avenue, and the numerous large ho- 
 tels and houses for the accommo- 
 dation of visitors, give it an im 
 posing appearance, in particular 
 when thronged with company, as 
 it usually is during the summer 
 months. This village was incor- 
 porated in 1S26, and now contains 
 about 2,500 inhabitants, 300 dwell- 
 ing houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- 
 copal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 
 Universalist and 1 Roman Catholic 
 church ; 1 mutual insurance com- 
 pany, an incorporated academy, a 
 female seminary and several select 
 schools ; the Young Men's Asso- 
 ciation is a new and popular char- 
 tered institution, numbering about 
 150 members ; 35 stores, of differ- 
 ent kinds ; 2 iron founderies, 1 
 machine shop, an extensive car- 
 riage manufactory, and 3 printing 
 offices, besides many other kinds of 
 mechanic work shops. 
 
 The hotels and boarding houses 
 in this village are numerous, and 
 many of them fitted up on a large 
 and magnificent scale, unsurpassed 
 by any other similar establishments 
 in the Union. The United States 
 Hotel, situated near the railroad 
 depot, is a large four story brick 
 edifice, furnishing accommoda- 
 tions for 400 guests ; the location 
 is central, and within a short dis- 
 tance of all the principal mineral 
 springs for which this place is so 
 justly celebrated. Congress Hall 
 and Union Hall are both old and 
 popular establishments, situated on 
 the south of the village near the 
 Congress spring. The Pavilion 
 on the north, near the Flat Rock; 
 and the newly discovered mineral 
 
SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 36! 
 
 fountains, known as the Pavilion I tainty be ascertained. As early as 
 springs, is pleasantly situated, sur- 1773, a settlement was made here, 
 rounded in part by highly cultiva- a little west of the High Rock 
 ted grounds — which is also charac- spring, for the double purpose of 
 teristic of most of the large pub- trading with the Indians, as well as 
 lie houses built for the accommo- to afford accommodations to visit- 
 dation of summer visitors. The ors, they then being resorted to by 
 American Hotel is a new house invalids. The High Rock and 
 built of brick, in the centre of the Flat Rock were the only springs at 
 village, affording accommodations that time known. The Congress 
 for upwards of 100 persons ; it is spring was first discovered in 1792. 
 well furnished, and is kept open ; There are now within the distance 
 through the year, affording good of about half a mile, some 10 or 
 accommodations both in winter 12 important mineral fountains, 
 and summer; also, the Columbian j flowing to the surface, being, most 
 Hotel, Montgomery //n/Zand jl&el- of them, located near the margin 
 phi Hotel, are all well kept public of a brook which runs through the 
 houses, and remain open for the ac- village on the east. Congress 
 commodation of visitors during spring, Washington spring, Put- 
 the whole year. Besides the above 
 there are 6 taverns and some 20 or 
 30 private boarding houses, all of 
 which accommodate visitors du- 
 ring the summer months. There 
 are also several public bathing 
 houses located near the springs, 
 
 nam's spring, Pavilion springs, Io- 
 dine spring, Hamilton spring, and 
 the Flat Rock and High Rock 
 springs, may be named as the most 
 valuable for their medicinal prop- 
 erties, and as objects of curiosity 
 A cluster of mineral springs known 
 where cold and warm water and as the " Ten Springs," is situated 
 shower bathing can at all times be about one mile east of the village 
 obtained. The Schenectady and of Saratoga Springs ; the most eel - 
 Saratoga railroad terminates at this ebrated of these springs is known 
 place, after uniting with the Rens- as the Union spring. In the vicin- 
 selaer and Saratoga railroad at [ity is located the Mansion House, 
 Ballston Spa. These railroads afford la well kept summer establishment, 
 a speedy communication between Large quantities of these waters 
 the Springs and the cities of Alba- 1 are annually exported to different 
 ny, Schenectady and Troy. The parts of the country, affording a 
 Saratoga and Washington railroad i handsome income to the several 
 is now in progress of construction, owners, most of them being pri- 
 and is to extend from Saratoga vate property, although no charge 
 Springs to Whitehall, on Lake is made to visitors, other than 
 Champlain, a distance of 40 miles, what they voluntarily pay to the 
 Stages now run from the Springs to persons who are employed to wait 
 Glens Falls and Caldwell's, as well on the company who throng to the 
 as to Sandy Hill and Whitehall. different fountains during the sum- 
 
 The celebrated mineral waters of mer months. 
 Saratoga Springs, which are the 
 great cause of attraction t^ this 
 place, require a particular descrip- 
 tion. At what precise period of 
 
 time the mineral springs, which 
 have rendered Saratoga so justly 
 celebrated, were first discovered, 
 cannot now with any degree of cer- 
 
 The following is an analysis of 
 some of the principal Springs of 
 Saratoga. 
 
 Congress Spring. From experiments 
 and deductions by Dr. Steel, one gallon, 
 or 231 cubic inches of the water of the 
 Congress spring, is found to contain the 
 following substances, viz : 
 
362 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 Groins. 
 Chloride of Sodium, (sea salt). . 385.0 
 
 Hydriodate of Soda, 3.5 
 
 Bi- carbonate of •' 8.982 
 
 of Magnesia, 95.788 
 
 Carbonate of Lime 98 . 098 
 
 " of Iron, 5.075 
 
 Silex 1.5 
 
 Hydro-bromate of Potash, a trace, 
 
 Total Grains, 597.943 
 
 Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 31 1 
 Atmosphenc air, 7 
 
 Gaseous contents, 318 
 
 Washington Spring, is situated in a 
 south-west direction from Congress 
 spring. It is a sparkling acidulous wa- 
 ter; its temperature is 50 degrees, and 
 one gallon of it affords the following ar- 
 ticles, viz : Grams. 
 
 Chloride of sodium, 281 .5 
 
 Bi-carbonate of Soda, 16.5 
 
 " of Magnesia, 40.92 
 
 Carbonate of Lime, 92-6 
 
 of Iron, 3.25 
 
 Silix 1.5 
 
 Hydriodate of Soda, 2. 75 
 
 Solid contents in a gallon,. . 439.02 
 
 Cabonic acic gas, cubic inches, 262.5 
 Atmospheric air, 6.8 
 
 Gaseous contents in a gallon, 269.3 
 
 Putnam's Congress Springes located 
 a few rods east of the United States Ho- 
 tel. The following is an Analysis taken 
 by James R. Chilton, M. D. of New- 
 York City. One gallon of water con- 
 tains the following ingredients, viz : 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, 214.00 
 
 Carbonate of Soda, 14.32 
 
 of Lime, 68.80 
 
 Iodide of Sodium, with a trace of 
 
 Bromide of Potassiam, 2.00 
 
 Phosphate of Lime, 0.21 
 
 Sulphate of Soda, 1.68 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia, 51.60 
 
 of Iron 7.00 
 
 Silicia, 0.84 
 
 Alumina, 0.56 
 
 Total, 361.01 
 
 Carbonic acid, cubic inches, 341.88 
 Atmospheric air, 6.04 
 
 Total, 347.92 
 
 The Gasses were obtained and ana- 
 lyzed at the Spring, the temperature of 
 the water being 51* Fahrenheit, in July. 
 
 Pavilion Fountain, this celelebrated 
 medicinal fountain rises in a valley near 
 the Pavilion Hotel, and was tubed up 
 from a depth of forty feet, in May, 
 1840, after incredible labor and expense. 
 The great curiosity it excited, and the 
 crowds which it daily attracted, induced 
 the proprietors to have the same ana- 
 lyzed in August following, when one 
 gallon of water was found to contain 
 these constituents, viz : Grains. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, 226.58 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia, 62.50 
 
 " Lime, 60.24 
 
 Carbonate of Soda, 4.70 
 
 Oxide of Iron, 3. 10 
 
 Iodide of Sodium,.... ) „ „. 
 
 Bromide of Potassium, ) 
 
 Silica, 62 
 
 Alunmia, 25 
 
 361.74 
 
 Carbonic acid gas, 480.01 
 
 Atmospheric air, 8.09 
 
 Cubic inches, 488. 10 
 
 The quantity of gas which evolves 
 from the Pavilion Fountain is double its 
 volume of water ; which fact, ren- 
 ders it an object of great curiosity, and 
 increases its medicinal properties. 
 
 Iodine Spring, iu a new fountain, lo- 
 cated a few rods north of the celebrated 
 High Rock Spring. According to an 
 analysis of Professor Emmons, of the 
 Medical College in Albany, and one of 
 the state geologists, one gallon of this wa- 
 ter contains the following ingredients : 
 Grains. 
 
 Muriate of Soda, 187 
 
 Carbonate of Lime, 26 
 
 " Iron, 1 
 
 Magnesia, 75 
 
 Soda, 2 
 
 Hydriodate of Soda or Iodine,. • • • 3^ 
 
 294j 
 
 Carbonic acid gas, (from water 
 which had been botded three 
 weeks,) 330 
 
 Atmospheric air, 4 
 
 Cubic inches, 334 
 
 The freedom of this water from iron is 
 truly remarkable, and as Professor E. 
 remarks, " supplies a desideratum which 
 has been long wanting, viz : a water 
 which may be drank by a certain class 
 of invalids with whom iron proves a de- 
 cided injury." 
 
 Union Spring, one of the most cele- 
 brated of the " Ten Springs :" analyzed 
 
SARATOGA— SAW MILL RIVER. 
 
 363 
 
 1841, by James R. Chilton, M. D. One 
 gallon of this water contains the follow- 
 ing ingredients : 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium 243.620 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia, 84.265 
 
 Lime, 41.600 
 
 " Soda, 12.800 
 
 Iron, 5.452 
 
 Iodide of Sodium, 3.600 
 
 A trace of Bromide of Potassi- 
 um, Silica and Alumnia, • ■ • • 1 • 570 
 
 392.907 
 Carbonic acid gas, (from 
 water bottled four weeks,) 314.16 
 Atmospheric air, 4.62 
 
 Cvbic inches, 318.78 
 
 Saratoga and Schenec- 
 tady Railroad, extends from 
 the city of Schenectady to the vil- 
 lage of Saratoga Springs, a dis- 
 tance of 21 5 miles ; running 
 through the village of Ballston Spa, 
 where it forms a junction with the 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad, 
 extending to the city of Troy. — 
 This road was incorporated in 1831, 
 with a capital of $150,000 ; and 
 was opened for public use, July 12, 
 1832. At Schenectady, this road 
 connects with the Mohawk and 
 Hudson railroad, and with the Uti- 
 caand Schenectady railroad. 
 
 Sardinia, t. Erie co. situated 
 28 miles south-east of the city of 
 Buffalo, and distant 274 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,743 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, moist clay loam, well adapted 
 to grass ; drained by Cattaraugus 
 creek, which bounds it on the 
 south. 
 
 Sardinia, v. and p. o. Sar- 
 dinia, Erie co. contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 Baptist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 
 1 woollen factory, 1 furnace, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 SAUGERTiES,t. Ulster co. situ- 
 ated 10 miles north of the village 
 of Kingston, and distant 46 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 6,216 inhabitants. The surface on 
 the west is covered by the Catskill 
 
 mountains, while on the east, as 
 you approach the Hudson, it is 
 comparatively level, and the soil of 
 good quality ; drained by the 
 Plattekill and Esopus creeks flow- 
 ing into the Hudson river, which 
 bounds it on the east. Saugerties, 
 Glasco, Maiden and West Camp, 
 are names of post offices. The for- 
 mer is situated in the village of 
 Ulster, although most generally 
 known by the name of the post 
 office. 
 
 Sauquoit, v. and p. o. Paris, 
 Oneida co. is situated on both sides 
 of Sadaquada or Sauquoit creek, it 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores, 2 large cotton fac 
 tories, 1 paper mill, 2 flouring 
 mills and a clothier's works. — 
 About half a mile south-west of 
 this place, is situated an inflamma- 
 ble sulphur spring. This water pos- 
 sesses valuable medicinal quali- 
 ties, the gas which escapes is used 
 for domestic purposes in the light- 
 ing of the public house, which is 
 located near by, and accommo- 
 dates visitors. 
 
 Savannah, t. Wayne co. sit- 
 uated 11 miles east of the village of 
 Lyons, and distant 170 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,718 
 inhabitants. The surface is level 
 and swampy on the south-east, be- 
 ing in part covered by the Monte- 
 zuma marshes ; the soil on the 
 north and west is of a good quality. 
 Near the centre of this town is a 
 small lake called Crusoe lake, its 
 outlet flows east into Seneca river. 
 Savannah, is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Sawkill Creek, rises in the 
 town of Milan, Dutches co. and 
 flows west through the town of 
 Redhook, when it empties into 
 the Hudson river. 
 
 Saw Mill River, rises in 
 Westchester co. and runs in a 
 south-west direction, emptying in- 
 to the Hudson at the village of 
 
364 
 
 SAYVILLE— SCHENECTADY. 
 
 Yonkers ; on this stream are loca- 
 ted several factories and mills of 
 various kinds. 
 
 Sayville, p. o. Islip, Suffolk 
 
 CO. 
 
 Scarsdale, t. Westchester co. 
 situated 4 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of White Plains, and distant 
 135 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 255 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling ; soil, sandy and 
 clay loam ; drained south by the 
 Bronx river which bounds it on the 
 west. 
 
 Schaghticoke, t. Rensselaer 
 co. situated 10 miles north of the 
 city of Troy, and distant 15 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,389 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, sand, clay and 
 loam, underlaid with slate and of 
 good quality ; drained by Tom- 
 hanic creek and the Hoosick river 
 flowing into the Hudson, which 
 bounds it on the west. Schaghti- 
 coke is the name of a post office. 
 
 Schaghticoke Point, v. 
 Schaghticoke, Rensselaer co. is a 
 
 flourishing manufacturing village, 
 situated in the romantic valley of 
 the Hoosick river, 4 miles east of 
 the Hudson. It contains about 
 1,400 inhabitants, 175 dwelling 
 houses, 3 churches, several select 
 schools, 2 public houses and six 
 stores. Here are 2 cotton facto- 
 ries containing 6,000 spindles and 
 150 looms ; an extensive linen fac- 
 tory, for the manufacture of flax 
 and hemp into canvass, bagging, 
 &c. ; also, an establishment for 
 manufacturing powder kegs by 
 water power ; 1 machine shop, 1 
 extensive grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 and 1 clothier's works, together 
 with 2 extensive powder mills in 
 the immediate neighborhood. This 
 place is surrounded by a highly 
 improved district of country, and is 
 noted for the extent and value of 
 its available water power ; the fall 
 of the waters of the Hoosick, with- 
 in half a mile, is about 100 feet ; 
 not a tenth part of the hydraulic 
 power here afforded, has yet been 
 brought into use. 
 
 SCHENECTADY COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1809, is cen- 
 trally distant 20 miles west from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
 the north by the counties of Montgomery and Saratoga, east by Sara- 
 toga and Albany, south by Albany, and west by Schoharie and Mont- 
 gomery counties. The surface is diversified and the soil various ; — 
 there are extensive alluvial flats in the valley of the Mohawk, which 
 are exceedingly rich and fertile. Of minerals very few have hitherto 
 been found in this county ; the only useful ore discovered, is bog iron 
 ore. It is watered by the Mohawk river, parallel to which, on the 
 south side, extends the Erie. Canal. The Mohawk and Hudson and 
 the Schenectady and Troy railroads, here unite with the Utica and 
 Schenectady railroad. The Saratoga and Schenectady railroad also 
 commences at this place, and extends north to Saratoga Springs. Its 
 area is about 200 square miles, or 125,000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Schenectady county, 
 with the population in 1840. 
 
 Duanesburgh, 3,357 I Rotterdam, 2,284 
 
 Glenville, 3,068 | Schenectady, 6,784 
 
 Niskayuna, 693 1 
 
 Princetown, 1,201 I Total inhabitants, 17,387 
 
 Schenectady City, Sche- 
 nectady county, is situated on the 
 south bank of the Mohawk river, 
 15 miles north-west of Albany. — 
 
 This is an ancient place, having 
 been settled by the Dutch as early 
 as 1620, for the purpose of trading 
 with the Indians, by whom it was 
 
SCHENECTADY. 
 
 365 
 
 called Schagh-nac-taa-da, sygnify- 
 ing " beyond the pine plains." — 
 Feb. 9, 1690, during the old 
 French and Indian wars, it was ta- 
 ken by surprise in the dead of 
 night, sacked and burnt by the 
 Indians, when a great number of 
 its inhabitants were massacred and 
 others taken into captivity. It was 
 chartered in 1798, and in 1840 
 contained 6,7S4 inhabitants, about 
 1,000 dwelling houses, 3 college 
 buildings attached to Union Col- 
 lege, a city hall and jail, a clerk's 
 and surrogate's office, 1 public 
 market, 1 lyceum, 1 young men's 
 association, 1 female academy, 3 
 banking houses, 1 savings bank, 1 
 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist, 1 Cameronian, 1 Ro- 
 man Catholic, 1 Universalist and 1 
 African church ; 15 hotels and ta- 
 verns, 100 stores and groceries ; 1 
 cotton factory, 2 flouring mills, 2 
 iron founderies, 1 brewery, 1 to- 
 bacco factory, 1 steam planing 
 mill, 3 tanneries, 2 machine shops 
 and 1 plough and wagon manufac- 
 tory. Here concentrate railroads 
 communicating with Albany, Troy, 
 Saratoga Springs and Utica ; — 
 which, together with the Erie canal 
 passing through the centre of 
 the city, renders this place a great 
 thoroughfare both summer and 
 winter. 
 
 Union College, is delightfully si - 
 tuatedonan eminence, about half a 
 mile east of the city, it was incor- 
 porated in 1795, and derived its 
 name from the fact that its found- 
 ers were members of different de- 
 nominations, and proposed (he ex- 
 tension of its advantages indiscrimi- 
 nately to every faith. It is under 
 the government of 21 trustees, 11 
 of whom hold their places ex-offi- 
 cio ; being the governor, lieuten- 
 ant governor, chancellor, &c. for 
 the time being, of the state of New- 
 York ; the immediate government 
 is committed to a faculty consist- 
 
 ing of the president, 6 professors, 
 and 4 assistant professors. There 
 is a professorship of ancient lan- 
 guages, one of rhetoric and moral 
 philosophy, one of oriental litera- 
 ture, one of mathematics and natu- 
 ral philosophy, one of political 
 economy and intellectual philoso- 
 phy, one of civil polity and histo- 
 ry, one of modern languages, and 
 one of chemistry and natural histo- 
 ry. The president, at this time, is 
 the Rev. Dr. Nott, who has held 
 the same office since 1804, and is 
 supposed to be the oldest presiding 
 officer of any similar institution in 
 this country. The present number 
 of students is about 290. The col- 
 lege year is divided into three 
 terms, and the whole necessary ex- 
 pense to a student, for board, tui- 
 tion, &c. is about $115 annually. 
 A fund has also been established 
 by the state, for (he benefit of indi- 
 gent students, whose annual ex 
 pense for instruction and board is 
 about $70. The buildings con- 
 sist of 2 brick and 1 stone edifice, 
 4 stories in height, containing ac- 
 commodation for the president and 
 professors, and their respective 
 families, 2 chapels, lecture and li- 
 brary rooms, 4 halls for the meet- 
 ing of literary societies, and dormi- 
 tories for students. Attached to 
 the above edifices, are about 250 
 acres of land, appropriated in part 
 to groves, for recreation and 
 health, the whole being unsurpass- 
 ed, if equalled, for natural beauty 
 and capability for improvement — 
 The annual commencement takes 
 place on the fourth Wednesday of 
 July, after which, there is a vaca- 
 tion of six weeks. 
 
 Schenectady and Troy 
 Railroad; the charter for this 
 road was obtained in 1836, and the 
 work commenced in November, 
 1840. The length of the road from 
 Troy to its junction with the Utica 
 and Schenectady railroad, at Sche- 
 nectady, is 20 miles, and its esti- 
 
366 
 
 SCHENECTADY AND TROY R. R — SCHODACK. 
 
 mated cost 0600,000. It runs 
 through the towns of Watervliet 
 and Niskayuna, inclining to the 
 north, running' parallel with the 
 Mohawk river. Great expense 
 has been encountered in order to 
 obtain favorable grades and cur- 
 vatures ; some of the cuts and 
 embankments are over 70 feet in 
 depth. The road crosses the 
 Hudson river opposite Troy, by 
 a magnificent bridge of 1,600 feet 
 in length, supported on stone piers, 
 through which there is a draw for 
 the passage of vessels, 60 feet in 
 width. About a quarter of a mile 
 beyond this bridge the road crosses 
 the south branch of the Mohawk 
 river, the Erie canal, and several 
 streets in West Troy, by a continu- 
 ous bridge of 1,150 feet in length, 
 the level of the road being about 20 
 feet above the surface of the ground. 
 Beyond this there is a heavy em- 
 bankment 3,500 feet in length, and 
 from 15 to 30 feet in height. — 
 There are upwards of one hundred 
 and twenty arch and box culverts 
 on the line of the road. Two road- 
 bridges over and three under the 
 railroad, besides farm bridges and 
 crossings. The masonry is built 
 in a very massive and permanent 
 manner ; the larger structures of 
 blocks, of limestone brought from 
 the town of Amsterdam, a dis- 
 tance of 40 miles, by the Erie canal; 
 and the smaller culverts, of the 
 stone found in the vicinity of the 
 railroad. The whole of the ma- 
 sonry is laid in hydraulic cement. 
 There are also three tunnels on the 
 road cut through slate rock, the 
 longest of which is 250 feet in 
 length, and passes the waters of a 
 tributary of the Mohawk river un- 
 der the railroad. The superstruc- 
 ture is to be laid in the most per- 
 manent manner, such as is adopted 
 on the eastern railroads. This 
 road, it is intended will form the 
 connecting link between the New- 
 England railroads and those of the 
 
 western and northern parts of this 
 state. It connects with the Utica 
 and Schenectady and Saratoga and 
 Schenectady railroads at its west- 
 ern extremity, and the Rensselaer 
 and Saratoga railroad at its eastern 
 end ; from thence is to be con- 
 structed a branch railroad south, to 
 the village of Greenbush, a dis- 
 tance of 6 miles ; connecting with 
 the Albany and West Stockbridge 
 railroad. The work on this road is 
 now (Jauuary, 1842,) about 
 three-fourths completed, and the 
 entire road it is expected will be 
 opened for use in July next. 
 
 Schlosser, Niagara, Niagara 
 co. is a landing on the east side 
 of Niagara river, about one and a 
 half miles above the Falls of Niaga- 
 ra, and opposite the village of Chip- 
 pewa on the Canada side. It has 
 of late become celebrated as be- 
 ing the place where the steamboat 
 Caroline was attacked by a British 
 force, Dec. 29,1837, and destroyed; 
 having been cut adrift and then 
 set on fire, and suffered to be pre- 
 cipitated over the Falls of Niagara. 
 
 Schodack, t. Rensselaer co. 
 situated 14 miles south of the city 
 of Troy, and distant 7 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 4,125 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating and hilly ; soil, clay, loam, 
 sand and gravel; drained by two or 
 three small creeks flowing into the 
 Hudson river, which bounds it on 
 the west. Schodack Centre, Scho- 
 dack Landing, South Schodack 
 and Castleton, are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 small settlement. 
 
 Schodack Landing, v. and 
 p. o. Schodack, Rensselaer co. is 
 situated on the east side of the 
 Hudson river, 12 miles below the 
 city of Albany ; it contains about 
 350 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
 1 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 2 
 storehouses and a hay press. Here 
 are owned several sloops, trading 
 with the New-York market. 
 
SCHOHARIE— SCHROEPPEL. 
 
 367 
 
 ^SCHOHARIE COUNTY, taken from Albany and Otsego counties in 
 1795, is centrally distant 40 miles west from the city of Albany ; it is 
 bounded on the north by Montgomery county, east by the counties of 
 Schenectady and Albany, south by Ulster and Delaware, and west by 
 Otsego county. The surface is hilly, with some portions of a moun- 
 tainous character ; on the east lie the Catskill mountains and the Hcl- 
 derberg hills, and on the west is the dividing- ridge between the waters 
 that flow into the Mohawk and those which flow west into the Dela- 
 ware and Susquehanna rivers. In the centre is the valley of the Schoha- 
 rie creek, running north and south ; along which, the alluvial flats are 
 very extensive, with a rich soil ot loam and vegetable mould. The 
 soil of the uplands is of various qualities, generally better adapted to 
 grass than grain. In this county are several minerals of great interest; 
 there are a number of caverns containing various forms of calcareous 
 spar. Stalactites and stalagmites are otten found here of enormous 
 size, and with a structure of great beauty. Water limestone is found 
 in the vicinity of Schoharie court house ; several localities of bog iron 
 exist, but none of them are considered of much importance. Of sul- 
 phur springs, there are several in this county, one of which, in the 
 town of Sharon, is in considerable repute, and is surrounded by an in- 
 teresting region for the geologist. The Schoharie creek, a tributary of 
 the Mohawk, rises in Greene county, and flows northerly through this 
 county. Its area is about 621 square miles, or 397,200 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Schoharie county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Blenheim, 2,725 
 
 Broome, 2,404 
 
 Carlisle, 1,850 
 
 Cobleskill, 3,583 
 
 Conesville, 1 ,621 
 
 Fulton, 2,147 
 
 Jefferson, 2,033 
 
 Schoharie, t. Schoharie co. 
 contains the county buildings situa- 
 ted in the village of the same name; 
 it is distant 32 miles from Albany, 
 and contained in 1840, 5,534 in- 
 habitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly, with extensive valleys, 
 through which flow the Schoharie 
 and Fox creeks ; the flats are very 
 fertile, having long been cultivated, 
 and still yield abundantly. Scho- 
 harie, Central Bridge, Esperance, 
 Gallopsville and Sloansville, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Schoharie, v. and p. o. Scho- 
 harie, Schoharie co. contains about 
 450 inhabitants, 60 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Lutheran church, an incor- 
 porated academy, a court house, 
 jail and county clerk's office ; 3 
 
 Middleburg, 3,843 
 
 Schoharie, 5,534 
 
 Seward, 2,088 
 
 Sharon, 2,520 
 
 Summit, 2,010 
 
 Total inhabitants, 32,358 
 
 taverns, 4 stores, together with ma- 
 ny kinds of mechanic work shops ; 
 1 grist mill and 2 or 3 saw mills. 
 
 Schoharie Creek, rises in 
 Greene county, among the Cats- 
 skill mountains, and flows north 
 through the county of Schoharie 
 and a part of Montgomery, where 
 it falls into the Mohawk river. — 
 This is a large and rapid mill 
 stream, receiving in its course se- 
 veral tributaries, all affording more 
 or less water power. 
 
 SCHROEPPEL, t. OswegO CO. 
 
 situated 16 miles south-east of the 
 village of Oswego, and distant 150 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,098 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, sandy loam ; 
 watered by Oneida and Oswego 
 
368 
 
 SCHROON— SCOTCHTOWN. 
 
 rivers, which bound it on the south 
 and west. Phoenix and Rosevelt 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Schroon, t. Essex co. situated 
 22 miles south of the village of 
 Elizabeth, and distant 95 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,660 inhabitants. The surface on 
 the east and west is mountainous, 
 with an intervening - valley of con- 
 siderable extent, dotted with nu- 
 merous lakes and ponds, sending 
 forth the Schroon branch of the 
 Hudson river; soil, mostly sand 
 and sandy loam, with some clay, 
 in general covered with dense fo- 
 rests. Schroon Lake, Paradox 
 and Woodwardsville are names of 
 post offices. At the former there 
 is a settlement containing 1 tavern, 
 1 store, 1 forge, 2 saw mills and 
 several dwelling houses. 
 
 Schroon Lake, lies partly in 
 Essex county and partly in War- 
 ren county ; it is 10 miles long 
 and from 1 to 2 miles wide, 
 abounding with trout and other 
 kinds of fish. Deer and wild game 
 of different kinds are found on its 
 borders, which on the east is sur- 
 rounded by a dense forest. 
 
 Schroon River, rises in Es- 
 sex county, and flows south into 
 Warren county, where it unites 
 with the main branch of the Hud- 
 son river. 
 
 Schultzville, p. o. Clinton, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Schuyler, t. Herkimer co. 
 situated 7 miles west of the village 
 of Herkimer, and distant 87 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,798 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, but mostly arable, and very 
 fertile in the valley of the Mohawk 
 river, which stream bounds it on 
 the south. East Schuyler and 
 West Schuyler are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Schuyler's Falls, p. o. 
 Plattsburgh, Clinton co. 
 
 Schuyler's Lake. SeeCa-f 
 naderaga. r 
 
 Schuyler's Lake, p. o. Ex- 
 eter, Otsego co. 
 
 Schuylerville, v. and p. 
 o. Saratoga, Saratoga co. is situa- 
 ted on the west side of the Hudson 
 river; it was incorporated in 1831, 
 and now contains about 600 inha- 
 bitants, 90 dwelling houses, 3 
 churches, 3 taverns, 10 stores 
 of different kinds, and an in- 
 corporated academy in a flourish- 
 ing condition. Here are located 
 on Fish creek, 1 cotton factory, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 1 
 pail factory, 1 iron foundery and 1 
 machine shop, altogether giving 
 employment to about 200 opera- 
 tives and mechanics. 
 
 Scienceville, p. o. Wind- 
 ham, Greene co. Here are situa- 
 ted 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 furnace, 2 
 tanneries, and 20 or 25 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Scio, t. Allegany co. situated 
 15 miles south of the village of 
 Angelica, and distant 261 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,156 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly and broken; soil, moist clay 
 loam, heavily timbered with pine, 
 hemlock and other forest trees; 
 drained north by the Genesee river. 
 Scio and Wellsville are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Scipio, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 8 miles south of the village of Au- 
 burn, and distant 164 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,255 
 inhabitants. The surface is slight- 
 ly undulating; soil, clay, loam and 
 alluvion, very fertile and highly 
 cultivated; drained south and west 
 by streams running into Cayuga 
 lake, and east by creeks flowing- 
 into Owasco lake, which lies on its 
 eastern boundary. Scipio, Scipio- 
 ville, Sherwood's Corners and 
 The Square are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Sconondoah, p. o. Verona, 
 Oneida co. 
 
 Scotchtown, p. o. Wallkill, 
 Orange co. Here is an agricul- 
 
SCOTIA— SENECA. 
 
 tural settlement, containing 1 
 Presbyterian church, 1 tavern, 
 2 stores, and 12 or 15 dwelling- 
 houses. 
 
 Scotia, v. and p. o. Glenville, 
 Schenectady county, is situated on 
 the north side of the Mohawk river, 
 one mile west of the city of 
 Schenectady; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 3 
 stores. 
 
 Scotland, p. o. Ramapo, 
 Rockland co. 
 
 Scott, t. Cortland co. situated 
 10 miles north of the village of 
 Cortland, and distant 146 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,332 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat broken ; soil, argilla- 
 ceous and calcareous loam of good 
 quality ; drained south by some of 
 the head branches of the Tiough- 
 nioga river, and north by the inlet 
 of Skaneateles lake. Scott is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Scottsburgh, p. o. Sparta, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 Scottsville, v. and p. o. 
 Wheatland, Monroe co. is situated 
 on Allen's creek, and on the line of 
 the Genesee Valley canal ; it con- 
 tains about 500 inhabitants, 80 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
 2 taverns, 8 stores and groceries, 2 
 grist mills, 1 plaster mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 clothier's works, 1 distil- 
 lery and 1 ashery. 
 
 Scriba, t. Oswego county, 
 contains a part of the county 
 buildings, situated in the vil- 
 lage of Oswego ; it is distant 162 
 miles from Albany, and contained 
 in 1840, 4,051 inhabitants. The 
 surface is somewhat hilly; soil, 
 sandy loam, of middling quality ; 
 drained by several small streams 
 flowing into Lake. Ontario, which 
 bounds it on the north, while the 
 Oswego river bounds on the west. 
 Scriba is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Seaman's Retreat. See 
 Stapleton. 
 
 Searsburgh, p. o. Hector, 
 Tompkins co. 
 
 Searsville, p. o. Mamaka- 
 ting, Sullivan co. 
 
 Seeleysburgh, p. o. Napo- 
 li, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Seeley's Creek, p. o. 
 Southport, Chemung co. 
 
 Sempronius, t. Cayuga co. 
 situated 16 miles south-east of the 
 village of Auburn, and distant 156 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,304 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, clay loam, 
 underlaid by lime ; watered on the 
 north-east by Skaneateles lake, 
 and drained by several small 
 streams flowing north and west. 
 Sempronius is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Senate Districts. See Ci- 
 vil Divisions, in the general article 
 on the state, page 26. 
 
 SENECA COUNTY, taken from Cayuga in 1804, is centrally dis- 
 tant 172 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
 north by Wayne county, east by Cayuga, south by Tompkins, and 
 west by Ontario and Yates. The surface of this county is pleasingly 
 diversified ; the land rises gradually from the lakes, which lie on the 
 east and the west, forming hills and vales of great beauty. The soil is 
 mostly a calcareous loam and mould, well adapted to the culture of 
 grain and grass; fruit also flourishes and comes to great perfection. 
 Seneca lake forms a part of the western, and Cayuga lake a part of the 
 eastern boundaries. Across the north portion flows the Seneca river, 
 parallel to which extends the Cayuga and Seneca canal, and the Au- 
 burn and Rochester railroad. Near the village of Seneca Falls are 
 important beds of gypsum, which are extensively worked. There are 
 24 
 
370 
 
 SENECA— SENECA LAKE. 
 
 some mineral springs in this county ; the most noted and interesting - are 
 near Canoga, from which nitrogen gas is said to be constantly and 
 abundantly evolved. Its area is about 308 square miles, or 197,550 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Seneca county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Covert, 1,563 
 
 Fayette, 3,731 
 
 Junius, 1,594 
 
 Lodi, 2,236 
 
 Ovid, 2,721 
 
 Romulus, 2,235 
 
 Seneca, t. Ontario co. situated 
 15 miles east of the village of Ca- 
 nandaigua, and distant 179 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 7,073 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating, rising into hills on the 
 south; soil, clay and sandy loam 
 of excellent quality ; drained north 
 by Flint creek, and on the south- 
 cast lies Seneca lake. Seneca 
 Castle, Flint Creek, Geneva and 
 Hall's Corners are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Seneca Falls, t. Seneca co. 
 situated 4 miles east of the village 
 of Waterloo, and distant 167 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 4,281 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, mostly fertile 
 loam; drained by Seneca river, 
 and bounded in part on the east by 
 Cayuga lake. The Cayuga and 
 Seneca canal passes through this 
 town from east to west. 
 
 Seneca Falls, v. and p. o. 
 Seneca Falls, Seneca county, is 
 advantageously situated on both 
 sides of the outlet of Seneca lake; 
 it was incorporated in 1831, and 
 now contains about 3,000 inhabi- 
 tants, 400 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Methodist and I Roman Catholic 
 church; an incorporated academy 
 in a flourishing condition; 4 hotels 
 and taverns, 20 dry goods and 
 other stores ; 1 cotton factory, 8 
 flouring mills containing 27 run of 
 stones; 5 saw mills, 2 plaster mills, 
 1 distillery, 2 iron founderies, 2 
 
 Seneca Falls, 4,281 
 
 Tyre, 1,506 
 
 Varick, 1,971 
 
 Waterloo, 3,036 
 
 Total inhabitants, 
 
 24,874 
 
 pump manufactories, 1 sash ma- 
 chine, 1 paper mill, 1 axe factory, 1 
 cloth dressing works, 1 tannery and 
 a boat yard, where are built lake 
 and canal boats. In this neighbor- 
 hood abounds large quantities of 
 plaster or gypsum, which is here 
 ground and sent to different parts 
 of the country. The Cayuga and 
 Seneca canal and the Auburn and 
 Rochester railroad, both passes 
 through this village. The water 
 power afforded by the Seneca out- 
 let is very great; (he desent from 
 Seneca to Cayuga lake, a distance 
 of 12 miles being about 75 feet. 
 The stream is abundant, and not 
 subject to freshets, scarcely ever 
 having a rise to exceed two feet; 
 the hydraulic power is great, and 
 is but partially improved. At Se- 
 neca Falls there is a descent of 
 upwards of 40 feet within the dis- 
 tance of one mile. Here are also 
 five locks in the Cayuga and Sene- 
 ca canal, which unites with the 
 Erie canal at Montezuma. 
 
 Seneca Lake, is one of the 
 largest as well as the most beauti- 
 ful of the numerous lakes, which 
 so much adorn western New-York. 
 It extends from south to north 40 
 miles, and varies in width from 2 
 to 4 miles. It is very deep, and in 
 consequence is never frozen. The 
 depth is not accurately known, but 
 was found a year or two ago to be 
 about 560 feet about 12 miles above 
 the outlet. The water is very 
 clear, and at a considerable depth 
 
SENECA RIVER— SENNETT 
 
 371 
 
 below the surface of course cool; 
 it is sometimes brought up for 
 drinking by letting down a corked 
 bottle, till it reaches a depth at 
 which the pressure of the water 
 forces in the cork, and fills it. 
 The lands about the southern or 
 upper extremity of the lake are 
 high and picturesque; about the 
 northern less elevated, but undula- 
 ting, and covered with the richest 
 crops, with here and there remains 
 of the magnificent primitive forest. 
 The outlet of the lake is at the 
 north-eastern angle, and the dis- 
 charge of water furnishes an ample 
 supply of power to the manufacto- 
 ries of Waterloo and Seneca Falls, 
 which flourishing villages are si- 
 tuated, the former about 6 and the 
 latter 10 miles from the lake. Se- 
 neca lake receives the waters of 
 Crooked lake at Dresden, about 12 
 miles above Geneva. The outlet 
 of Crooked lake is about 6 miles in 
 length, and the descent to Seneca 
 lake about 270 feet. A canal con- 
 structed along this outlet connects 
 the two lakes. Seneca lake does 
 not so much abound with fish as 
 some of the other lakes, probably 
 in consequence of the depth and 
 coldness of its waters. There are 
 found in it, however, white-fish, 
 pike, pickerel, trout, perch, her- 
 ring, rock-bass, striped-bass, chub, 
 sun-fish, cat-fish, eels, shiners, 
 mullet, &c. 
 
 Seneca River, is formed by 
 the outlets of several important 
 lakes, known as the Central Lakes 
 of Western New-York. Seneca 
 lake may be considered the largest, 
 although differing very little in 
 size with Cayuga lake. The out- 
 let of Seneca lake first takes the 
 name of the above river, it men 
 receives the surplus waters of 
 Cayuga lake, and in the course of 
 a few miles unites with Clyde ri- 
 ver, which receives the waters of 
 Canandaigua lake ; thence it pur- 
 sues an easterly direction, receiving 
 
 in its course the waters of Owasco 
 lake, Skaneateles lake and several 
 smaller lakes, until it unites with 
 the Oneida river, the outlet of 
 Oneida lake ; then the united 
 streams take the name of Oswego 
 river, which pursues a north course 
 until it empties into Lake Ontario 
 at the village of Oswego. These 
 streams although not nagivable for 
 any considerable distance, consti- 
 tute a large and steady volume of 
 water, and afford hydraulic power 
 to an immense extent. On their 
 banks are many thriving villages 
 and large manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Seneca Settlements, or 
 Reservations, Erie county, 
 consist of two Reservations ; the 
 Buffalo Creek Reservation is situa- 
 ted east, and adjoining the city of 
 Buffalo; it contains about 50,000 
 acres of land, and forms a part of 
 the towns of Black Rock, Cheekto- 
 waga, Lancaster, Alden, Wales, 
 Aurora and Hamburgh. Here is a 
 population of about 1,000 Indians; 
 a few are engaged in agriculture, 
 while others spend an idle life in 
 hunting and fishing. The Catta- 
 raugus Creek Reservation is situa- 
 ted on the southern bounds of Erie 
 county, extending in part into Cat- 
 taraugus county. Here are about 
 600 souls, partly engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits. This latter 
 settlement comprises part of the 
 towns of Brandt and Collins. 
 
 Sennett, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
 ted 4 miles north of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 154 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,060 
 inhabitants. The surface is rol- 
 ling ; soil, clay and gravelly loam, 
 most of it highly cultivated; drain- 
 ed north by several small streams 
 running into Seneca river. 
 
 Sennett, v. and p. o. Sennett, 
 Cayuga co. contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist church; 
 2 taverns and 2 stores. 
 
372 
 
 SETAUKET— SHARON SPRINGS. 
 
 Setauket, v. and p. o. Brook- 
 haven, Suffolk co. is situated on a 
 harbor of the same name on the 
 north side of Long Island ; it con- 
 tains about 800 inhabitants, 125 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Episcopal church; together 
 with several taverns, stores and 
 mechanic work shops. 
 
 Seward, t. Schoharie co. si- 
 tuated 15 miles west of the village 
 of Schoharie, and distant 47 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,088 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and undulating ; soil, mostly 
 of a good quality ; drained east 
 by Cobleskill. Gardnersville and 
 Hyndsville are post offices. 
 
 Shaker Settlement, Wa- 
 tervliet, Albany co. The Settle- 
 ment of Believers, commonly call- 
 ed " Shakers," is situated in the 
 north-west part of the town of Wa- 
 tervliet, 8 miles north-west of the 
 city of Albany, and 8| south-east of 
 Schenectady, being about 2 miles 
 south of the Schenectady and Troy 
 turnpike. This settlement contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, living in 4 
 distinct families, situated three- 
 fourths of a mile apart, but forming 
 one joint communion. It has 8 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 church, or house of 
 public worship, 1 school-house, 3 
 buildings for the transaction of 
 public business, and 20 shops or 
 buildings for mechanical labor; 
 with a variety of other buildings 
 for the accommodation and pur- 
 pose of agriculture and horticul- 
 ture; 2 saw mills, and 1 grain mill, 
 situated on a small stream called 
 Scherlyn Kill, which flows north 
 into the Mohawk, about A\ miles 
 distant; also, 1 planing machine, 
 and 1 carding machine and con- 
 denser, and 3 hand looms, by 
 which are manufactured the prin- 
 cipal part of the society's clothing, 
 &c. The principal articles raised 
 and manufactured for sale, are 
 garden seeds, medicinal herbs, 
 brooms, brushes and mops, whip 
 
 lashes, palm leaf hats, bonnets and 
 baskets. 
 
 Shaker Settlement in 
 Groveland, Livingston co. is situa- 
 ted on the line of the Genesee Val- 
 ley canal, where the Dansville 
 branch diverges and runs south- 
 east a distance of 11 miles to the 
 village of Dansville. This settle- 
 ment or village is located on the 
 Cashaqua creek; it contains about 
 130 inhabitants, 1 church, 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 1 saw mill, and several 
 work shops, besides a number of 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Shaker Village. See Neio- 
 Lebanon. 
 
 Shandaken, t. Ulster co. si- 
 tuated 24 miles west of the village 
 of Kingston, and distant 83 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,455 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mountainous being mostly covered 
 by the Catskill range ; the soil is 
 mostly of indifferent quality ; drain- 
 ed east by the Esopus creek and 
 south by the Neversink river. — 
 Shandaken, Pine Hill and the 
 Corners, are names of post offices. 
 
 Sharon, t. Schoharie co. situa- 
 ted 14 miles west of the village of 
 Schoharie, and distant 40 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,520 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and undulating, resting upon 
 limestone, which in many places 
 makes its appearance on the sur- 
 face ; in some places it is beauti- 
 fully stratified and in others are ca- 
 verns of great interest ; here also 
 is a mineral spring which of late 
 has attracted much attention. It 
 is drained north by Bowman's 
 creek. Sharon, Sharon Centre 
 and Leesville, are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Sharon Springs, Sharon, 
 Schoharie co. is located on a high 
 and commanding eminence, sur- 
 rounded by caverns and romantic 
 scenery of the greatest beauty, 
 where has recently been erected a 
 splendid and commodious hotel for 
 
SHAVERTOWN— SHELTER ISLAND. 
 
 373 
 
 the accommodation of visitors. — 
 Here are springs greatly resembling; 
 those of the White Sulphur Springs, 
 of Virginia; which have been 
 proved to be highly efficacious in 
 rheumatic, cutaneous and dys- 
 peptic complaints, and in some re- 
 spects possess medicinal and 
 healing properties unsurpassed and 
 believed to be unequalled by any 
 in the United States. From a re- 
 cent Analysis, made by Dr. Chil- 
 ton, of New-York, the following 
 results have been obtained from one 
 gallon of this water : 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Sulphate of Magnesia, 42.40 
 
 Lime, 111.62 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, 2.24 
 
 " Magnesium, 2.40 
 
 Hydrosulphuret of Sodium, ) 
 
 Calcium, > 2.28 
 Vegetable Extractive Matter, ) 
 
 Total grains. 160.94 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen gas, 16 cubic inc. 
 
 Shavertown, p. o. Andes, 
 Delaware co. 
 
 Shawangunk, t. Ulster co. 
 situated 24 miles south-west from 
 the village of Kingston, and dis- 
 tant 87 miles from Albanv ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 3,8S6 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and mountain- 
 ous on the north-west, being cov- 
 ered by the Shawangunk moun- 
 tain ; on the east rolling and in 
 some places level; soil, various, 
 on the east mostly sandy loam and 
 very productive ; drained north- 
 east by the Shawangunk creek and 
 Wallkill. Shawangunk, Bruyns- 
 wick, New Hurley and Ulsterville, 
 are names of post offices. At the 
 former are located 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 woollen 
 factory, 2 distilleries and about 
 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Shawangunk Creek, or 
 River, rises in Orange co. and 
 flows north-east into Ulster coun- 
 ty, where it empties into the Wall- 
 kill. 
 
 Shawangunk Mountains, 
 
 is a continuation of the Allegany 
 ridge, extending from the Dela- 
 ware river in Orange county, in a 
 north-east direction, through the 
 east part of Sullivan into Ulster 
 county, where it terminates in the 
 town of New Paltz. This moun- 
 tain is in part, on the eastern de- 
 clivity cultivated, while on the west 
 it is rocky and precipitous, and 
 covered with a small growth of 
 timber. Of its mineral produc- 
 tions, but little is as yet known, 
 other than a fine lead mine, which 
 has been worked to a considerable 
 extent. 
 
 Shawnee, p o. Wheatfield, 
 Niagara co. 
 
 &helby, t. orlean co. situated 
 10 miles south-west of the village 
 of Albion, and distant 260 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,643 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, calcareous 
 loam ; drained south by Oak Or- 
 chard creek. Shelby, Shelby Ba- 
 sin and Millville, are names of 
 post offices. At the former is a 
 settlement containing 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill and a few dwelling nouses. 
 Shelby Basin is situated on the 
 line of the Erie canal. 
 
 Sheldon, t. Wyoming co. 
 situated 13 miles west of the vil- 
 lage of Warsaw, and distant 262 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,353 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, moist clay 
 loam, well adapted to grass •,— 
 drained north by Tonawanda creek 
 and west by Seneca creek. Shel- 
 don, North Sheldon, Strykersville 
 and Varysburgh are post offices. 
 
 Sheldon, v. and p. o. Sheldon, 
 Wyoming co. contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Episcopal 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 2 ashe- 
 ries and 1 tannery. 
 
 Shelter Island, t. Suffolk 
 co. situated 20 miles east of the 
 village of Riverhead, and distant 
 
374 
 
 SHENANDOAH— SIDNEY. 
 
 245 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 379 inhabitants. This 
 town comprises the whole of Shel- 
 ter Island, lying between Great 
 Peconic bay and Gardiner's bay ; 
 it is 6 miles long by 4 miles broad. 
 By the Indians it was called Man- 
 hansack-aha-qushu-warnock, sig- 
 nifying " an island sheltered by 
 other islands." Its surface is une- 
 ven, and most of its soil light and 
 sandy ; some portions, however, 
 are level and fertile. 
 
 Shenandoah, p. o. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Sherburne, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 12 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Norwich, and distant 92 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,791 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, argillaceous 
 and sandy loam ; drained south by 
 the Chenango river, parallel to 
 which runs the Chenango canal. 
 
 Sherburne, v. and p. o. Sher- 
 burne, Chenango co. is situated on 
 the east side of the Chenango river, 
 on the line of the canal ; it was in- 
 corporated in 1830, and now con- 
 tains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, an incorporated acade- 
 my, 3 taverns, 13 stores of differ- 
 ent kinds, 3 forwarding houses, 1 
 pottery and 1 furnace. 
 
 Sheridan, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 20 miles north-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 307 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,883 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, mostly clay 
 loam, with some sand ;. drained by 
 Scott's, Walnut, and other creeks, 
 flowing into Lake Erie, which 
 bounds it on the north-west. She- 
 ridan, East Sheridan and Orring- 
 ton, are names of post offices. 
 
 Sherman, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 340 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,099 inhabitants. The sur- 
 
 face is uneven ; soil, clay and gra- 
 velly loam ; drained south-west by 
 French creek. Sher man and Sher 
 man Centre, are names of post of- 
 fices. 
 
 Sherwood's Corners, p. o. 
 Scipio, Cayuga co. 
 
 Shingle Creek, p. o. Fow- 
 ler, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Short Tract, p. o. Granger, 
 Allegany co. 
 
 Shinnecook Bay, lying in 
 the town of Southampton, Suffolk 
 co. is a charming body of water ; 
 it is about 10 miles long and from 
 3 to 4 miles wide, separated from 
 the ocean by a narrow sand beach, 
 which has doubtless been entirely 
 formed by the waves of the sea. — 
 This beautiful expanse of water, 
 has long been justly celebrated for 
 the excellence and variety of its 
 marine productions. The clams 
 found here, are of a superior quali- 
 ty, and so abundant as to afford al- 
 most constant employment to a 
 great number of persons, who pro- 
 pably take more than ten thousand 
 dollars worth annually. 
 
 Shrub Oak, p. o. Yorktown, 
 Westchester co. 
 
 Shultzville, p. o. Clinton, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Shushan, v. and p. o. Salem. 
 Washington co. is situated on the 
 Battenkill ; it contains about 150 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 
 Baptist church, a public building 
 called Shushan Hall ; 1 store, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill and 2 
 saw mills. 
 
 Sidney, t. Delaware co. situa- 
 ted 18 miles west of the village of 
 Delhi, and distant 100 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,732 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly, declining west towards 
 the Susquehanna river ; soil, well 
 adapted to grazing ; drained by 
 Oleout and some Ocher small creeks 
 flowing into the Susquehanna. — 
 Sidney, Sidney Centre, Sidney 
 Plains and New Roads, are names 
 
SIDNEY PLAINS— SING SING. 
 
 375 
 
 of post offices. At the former there 
 is a small settlement. 
 
 Sidney Plains, v. and p. o. 
 Sidney, Delaware co. is situated on 
 the east side of the Susquehanna 
 river ; it contains about 100 inha- 
 bitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian and 1 Baptist church, 1 
 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Siloam, p.o. Smithfield, Madi- 
 son co. ; here are situated 1 church, 
 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist mill and 
 about 30 dwelling houses. 
 
 Silver Creek, p. o. Hano- 
 ver, Chautauque co. 
 
 Silver Creek, rises in Hano- 
 ver,Chaulauque co. and flows north- 
 west into Lake Erie. 
 
 Silver Lake, p. o. Castile, 
 Wyoming co. 
 
 Silver Lake, lying in Wyo- 
 ming co. is a beautiful sheet of wa- 
 ter ; it is about 3 miles in length 
 and three-fourths of a mile wide, 
 abounding in bass, pickerel, mus- 
 calonge, and other fish peculiar to 
 Lake Erie, from whence they were 
 originally brought by the inhabi- 
 tants residing in this vicinity. 
 
 Sinclairville, v. Charlotte, 
 Chautauque co. contains about 400 
 inhabitants, 80 dwellings, 1 church, 
 
 2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 grist mills, 2 
 saw mills, 1 machine shop and 2 
 clothier's works. 
 
 Sing Sing, v. and p. o. Mount 
 Pleasant, Westchester co. is de- 
 lightfully situated on the east bank 
 of the Hudson river. There are 
 here four landings, from which 
 steamboats and \essels ply daily to 
 and from the city of New-York, a 
 distance of 33 miles ; the main part 
 of the village is situated on high 
 and uneven ground, rising to an 
 eminence of ISO feet above tide 
 water ; from this point the view is 
 extensive and varied, overlooking 
 Tappanand Haverstraw bays, the 
 Hudson and Croton rivers and the 
 surrounding country, including a 
 distant view of the Palisades and 
 the Highlands. Sing Sing was in- 
 
 corporated in 1813, and now con- 
 tains about 2,500 inhabitants, 250 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 6 hotels and taverns, 
 18 stores and groceries, 1 ship 
 yard, 1 iron foundery, 1 grist mill, 
 and Brandreth's pill factory. Here 
 is situated near the river, the 
 Mount Pleasant academy, an in- 
 corporated institution for boys ; the 
 edifice is constructed of marble, 
 and is three stories in height above 
 the basement ; the Mount Pleasant 
 Female Seminary is also an incor- 
 porated institution for young la- 
 dies, beautifully located, possess- 
 ing eveiy desirable advantage for 
 a female boarding and day school. 
 The Croton aqueduct bridge at this 
 place, is an object of much attrac- 
 tion ; it crosses over the Sing Sing 
 Kill which passes through the vil- 
 lage, by means of a handsome 
 arch, constructed of solid masonry 
 in the most durable manner ; the 
 space between the abutments is 88 
 feet, and the rise from the bottom 
 of the creek, is about 100 feet. — 
 This village derives its name from 
 the Indian words "Ossin-Sing," 
 meaning; in their language, the 
 place of stone ; it is now celebra- 
 ted for its marble quarries, which 
 are worked to a great extent by 
 the state prison convicts, who have 
 here erected 2 large prisons, a 
 keeper's house and several ranges 
 of work shops, from materials 
 found on the state farm ; where is 
 also located a silver mine, which 
 was worked to some extent previ- 
 ous to the revolution, and a copper 
 mine which has been more recently 
 worked. The marble found in 
 this vicinity, is of a good quality 
 and almost inexhaustible ; large 
 quantities are annually quarried 
 and sent to the city of New-York 
 and other places. 
 
 The Mount Pleasant State Pri- 
 son, situated about half a mile 
 south of the village of Sing Sing, 
 
376 
 
 SIX MILE CREEK— SLOATSBURGH. 
 
 and thirty -three miles north of the 
 city of New-York ; contained in 
 1840, 827 male and female con- 
 victs, of whom 60 were females. — 
 The prison grounds consist of 130 
 acres of land, lying- between the 
 villages of Sing Sing *nd Sparta ; 
 being bounded on the east by the 
 Highland turnpike, and on the west 
 by the Hudson river, which here 
 affords a depth of twelve feet of 
 water at the landing. The main 
 prison building is four hundred and 
 eighty-four feet in length, running 
 north and south, and forty -four feet 
 in width, fronting westerly on the 
 Hudson, being 5 stories in height 
 and containing 1,000 cells; in 
 front and rear are located work 
 shops of different kinds, which to- 
 gether with the keeper's house are 
 all built of rough dressed marble. 
 Attached to the prison building on 
 the south, is a chapel, hospital, 
 kitchen, storehouses, &c. A new 
 prison for female convicts stands on 
 elevated ground, and is built of 
 marble in the Ionic order. It con- 
 tains well furnished apartments in 
 front for the matrons, and the inte- 
 rior finish for the reception of fe- 
 male convicts, is neat and well ar- 
 ranged. 
 
 Six Mile Creek, p. o. Gran- 
 by, Oswego co. 
 
 Six Mile Creek, rises in 
 Tompkins county, and flows north- 
 west, emptying into the head of 
 Cayuga lake at the village of 
 Ithaca. 
 
 Skaneateles, t. Onondaga 
 co. situated 16 miles south-west of 
 the village of Syracuse, and distant 
 146 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,981 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating, soil, mostly 
 of an excellent quality, and highly 
 cultivated ; the northern and broad- 
 est part of Skaneateles lake is in this 
 town, which sends forth a copious 
 outlet north into Seneca river. 
 Skaneateles, Mandana, Mottsville 
 and Rhoades are post offices. 
 
 Skaneateles, v. and p. o. 
 Skaneateles, Onondaga co. is de- 
 lightfully situated at the foot of 
 Skaneateles lake ; it was incorpo- 
 rated in 1833, and now contains 
 about 1,400 inhabitants, 200 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 2 public houses, 2 
 printing offices, 15 stores of differ- 
 ent kinds ; 1 woollen factory, 
 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 ma- 
 chine shop, 1 tannery, 1 iron foun- 
 dery, and 2 extensive carriage 
 manufactories, besides many other 
 kinds of mechanic work shops. 
 A branch railroad extends from 
 this place a distance of 5 miles 
 north, uniting with the Auburn and 
 Syracuse railroad. 
 
 Skaneateles Lake, lies 
 partly between the counties of 
 Cayuga and Onondaga ; it is 15 
 miles long, and from half a mile to 
 one mile wide. This is a beauti- 
 ful and romantic sheet of water ; 
 on the north it is surrounded by 
 highly cultivated farms and coun- 
 try residences, while on the south 
 the banks are more rugged and the 
 scenery very picturesque and ro- 
 mantic. It is also highly celebra- 
 ted for its fine trout, which are 
 taken in great abundance, weigh- 
 ing from 5 to 10 pounds. 
 
 Slate Hill, p. o. Minisink, 
 Orange co. 
 
 Slatersville, v. and p. o. 
 Caroline, Tompkins co. situated on 
 Six Mile Creek ; contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw mills, 1 
 carding and fulling mill and 2 tan- 
 neries. 
 
 Sloansville, v. and p. o. 
 Schoharie, Schoharie co. is situa- 
 ted on the Cherry Valley turnpike, 
 and on Vly creek ; it contains 
 about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses ; 1 Baptist church ; 3 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores, 1 grist mill and se • 
 veral saw mills. 
 
SLOATSBURGH— SOCIALITY 
 
 377 
 
 Sloatsburgh, v. Ramapo, 
 Rockland co. This is a manufac- 
 turing settlement, handsomely si- 
 tuated on the Ramapo river; it 
 contains 1 church, 1 store, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 machine shop, 1 
 grist mill, I saw mill and about 20 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Smithboro', v. and p. o. 
 Tioga, Tioga co. is situated on the 
 north side of the Susquehanna 
 river; it contains about 200 inha- 
 bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 Me- 
 thodist church, 3 taverns, 3 stores 
 and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Smithfield, t. Madison co. 
 situated 5 miles north of the village 
 of Morrisville, and distant 106 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1S40, 1,699 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, highly fertile, 
 underlaid with slate and lime ; 
 drained north by Canaseraga and 
 Cowasafon creeks. Peterboro' and 
 Siloam are names of post offices. 
 
 Smith's Mills, p. o. Hano- 
 ver, Chautauque co. 
 
 Smithtos, p. o. Broome, 
 Schoharie co. 
 
 Smithtown, t. Suffolk co. si- 
 tuated 28 miles west of the village 
 of Riverhead, and distant 197 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 1,932 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, sandy loam ; 
 drained by Nesaquake river, flow- 
 ing into Long Island Sound, which 
 bounds it on the north. Smithtown 
 and Comae are names of post offi- 
 ces. At the former there is a small 
 settlement. 
 
 Smithtown Bay, is a large 
 indentation of Long Island Sound ; 
 it lies on the north side of Long 
 Island, in the town of the same 
 name, and is a good anchoring 
 ground during easterly storms. It 
 abounds with most kinds of fish, 
 and is a great resort of wild water 
 fowl. 
 
 Smithville, t. Chenango co. 
 situated 15 miles south-west of the 
 village of Norwich, and distant 131 
 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 1,762 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, sandy 
 loam ; drained south by Genegans- 
 lette creek and some other small 
 streams running into the Chenango 
 river. 
 
 Smithville, v. and p. o. 
 Adams, Jefferson county, contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses; 1 Presbyterian church; 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 carriage ma- 
 nufactory, an ashery and a distil- 
 lery. 
 
 Smithville Flats, v. and 
 p. o. Smithville, Chenango co. 
 is situated on Geneganslette creek ; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 60 dwelling houses ; 1 Baptist 
 church ; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 scythe and axe 
 factory; 1 rake and pail factory; 
 1 clothier's works, and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Smoky Hollow, p. o. Clave- 
 rack, Columbia county. Here are 
 located 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 mill, and 1 machine shop ; 2 pub- 
 lic houses, and about 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Smyrna, t. Chenango co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles north of the village 
 of Norwich, and distant 96 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,246 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, mostly good, with fer- 
 tile valleys ; drained south-east by 
 several tributaries of Chenango 
 river. 
 
 Smyrna, v. and p. o. Smyrna, 
 Chenango co. is situated on the 
 great western turnpike ; it was in- 
 corporated in 1829, and now con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
 and 1 Baptist church ; 2 taverns, 
 4 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 satinet 
 factory, 1 cloth dressing and card- 
 ing machine, and 1 tannery. 
 
 Snake Island. See Rattle- 
 snake Island. 
 
 Sociality, p. o. Dayton, Cat- 
 taraugus co. 
 
378 
 
 SODUS— SOUTHAMPTON. 
 
 Sodus, t. Wayne co. situated 
 12 miles north of the village of 
 Lyons, and distant 176 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 4,472 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level, declining- north toward Lake 
 Ontario; soil, well adapted to grain 
 and grass; drained by Salmon 
 creek and several small streams 
 running into Sodus bay and Lake 
 Ontario, which lie on the north. 
 Sodus, Sodus Centre, Sodus Point, 
 South Sodus, Alton and Salmon 
 Creek are names of post offices. 
 
 Sodus, v. and p. o. Sodus, 
 Wayne co. is situated on the Ridge 
 road, 5 miles south of Lake 
 Ontario; it contains about 350 
 inhabitants, 50 dwelling- houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church; 2 taverns, 6 
 stores, 1 steam saw mill, 1 tannery 
 and 1 ashery. 
 
 Sodus Bay, is an irregular 
 body of water, lying in the towns 
 of Sodus and Huron, Wayne co. 
 communicating with Lake Ontario 
 on the north. It may be called 5 
 miles long, and from 1 to 3 miles 
 wide. It is navigable, and at its 
 mouth have been erected extensive 
 piers and light-houses. It is some 
 times called Great Sodus Bay. 
 
 Sodus Point, v. and p. o. So- 
 dus, Wayne co. is situated at the 
 entrance of Great Sodus bay, into 
 Lake Ontario. Here are situated 
 two piers and two light-houses, 
 constructed by the United States 
 government at a large expense, af- 
 fording a safe and commodious 
 harbor. This is a port of entry, 
 and contains 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 
 steam saw mill and 25 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Solon, t. Cortland co. situated 
 12 miles east of the village of 
 Cortland, and distant 140 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,311 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, gravel, clay and 
 sandy loam, of good quality and 
 well adapted for grazing ; drained 
 
 south by the Otselic river and 
 some of its tributaries. Solon 
 and East Solon are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Somers, t. Westchester co. si- 
 tuated 20 miles north of the village 
 of White Plains, and distant 120 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,082 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is uneven in part, with some 
 extensive plains ; soil, various, but 
 mostly well adapted to grass and 
 grain ; drained south by the Croton 
 river and some of its tributa- 
 ries. Somers, West Somers and 
 Owenville are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Somers, v. and p. o. Somers, 
 Westchester co. is situated on the 
 Croton turnpike; it contains 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 
 35 or 40 dwelling houses. 
 
 Somerset, t. Niagara co. si- 
 tuated 14 miles north-east of the 
 village of Lockport, and distant 
 280 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,742 inhabitants. The 
 surface is level ; soil, sandy and 
 clay loam ; drained by several 
 small streams flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north. Somerset and County Line 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Somerville, v. and p. 0. 
 Rossie, St. Lawrence co. contains 
 about 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling 
 houses, 2 taverns and 2 stores. 
 
 South Amenia, p. o. Ame- 
 nia, Dutchess co. 
 
 Southampton, t. Suffolk co. 
 centrally distant 10 miles south-east 
 of Riverhead, and 247 from Al- 
 bany ; contained in 1840, 6,205 in- 
 habitants. The surface is mostly 
 level; soil, light sand and sandy 
 loam, and when well manured 
 produces abundant crops of 
 grass and grain. This is a large 
 town, being bounded on the north 
 by Great and Little Peconic bays, 
 and on the south by the Atlantic 
 ocean ; there are numerous inden- 
 tations and headlands, abounding 
 
SOUTHAMPTON— SOUTHFIELD. 
 
 379 
 
 with fish, and game of different 
 kinds. Southampton, Bridgeliamp- 
 ton, Flanders, Good Ground, 
 Quogue, Sag Harbor and Speonk 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Southampton, v. and p. o. 
 Southampton, Suffolk co. is situa- 
 ted on the post road running on the 
 south side of Long Island ; it con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 50 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 3 wind-mills, besides se- 
 veral taverns, stores and mechanic 
 work shops. 
 
 South Argyle,p. o.Argyle, 
 Washington co. 
 
 South Athol, p. o. Athol, 
 Warren co. 
 
 South Avon, p. o. Avon, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 South Bainbridge, v. and 
 p. o. Bainbridge, Chenango coun- 
 ty, is an agricultural settlement, 
 situated on both sides of the Sus- 
 quehanna river ; it contains 2 
 churches, 3 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
 gristmill, 1 saw mill, and about 
 40 dwelling houses. 
 
 South Barre, p. o. Barre, 
 Orleans co. 
 
 South Bay, lying in the coun- 
 ty of Washington, between the 
 towns of Dresden and Whitehall, 
 communicates with Lake Cham- 
 plain ; it is about 4 miles long and 
 half a mile wide. 
 
 South Bay. See Great South 
 Bay. 
 
 South Branch, p. o. Wirt, 
 Allegany co. 
 
 South Bristol, t. Ontario 
 co- situated 12 miles south of the 
 village of Canandaigua, and distant 
 205 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,375 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil, clay loam of 
 medium quality ; drained north by 
 Mud creek, and east by some small 
 streams running into Canandaigua 
 lake. South Bristol is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 South Broadalbin, p. o. 
 Broadalbin, Fulton co. 
 
 South Butler, p. o. Butler, 
 Wayne co. 
 
 South Byron, p. o. Byron, 
 Genesee co. 
 
 South Cairo, p. o. Cairo, 
 Greene co. 
 
 South Cameron, p. o. Ca- 
 meron, Steuben co. 
 
 South Canton, p. o. Canton, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 South Chili, p. o. Chili, 
 Monroe co. 
 
 South Columbia, p. o. Co- 
 lumbia, Herkimer co. 
 
 South Corinth, p. o. Co- 
 rinth, Saratoga co. 
 
 South Cortland, p. o.Cort- 
 landville, Cortland co. 
 
 South Danby, p. o. Danby, 
 Tompkins co. 
 
 South Dansville, p. o. 
 Dansville, Steuben co. 
 
 South Dickinson, p. o. 
 Dickinson, Franklin co. 
 
 South Dover, p. o. Dover, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 South Durham, p. o. Dur- 
 ham, Greene co. 
 
 Southeast, t. Putnam co. 
 situated 5 miles east of the village 
 of Carmel, and distant 113 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,910 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, with a fertile soil, well adapt- 
 ed to grass or grain ; drained south- 
 west by the Croton river. South- 
 east, Doansburgh and Milltown are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 South Easton, p. o. Easton, 
 Washington co. 
 
 South Edmeston, p. o. Ed- 
 meston, Otsego co. 
 
 South Edwards, p. o. Ed- 
 wards, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 Southpield, t. Richmond co. 
 situated 2 miles east of the village 
 of Richmond, and distant 155 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,619 inhabitants. The surface is 
 diversified, being hilly on the 
 north, and level on the south, with 
 some extensive tracts of marsh, or 
 salt meadow, around the Great 
 
330 
 
 SOUTH FRANKLIN— SOUTH SCHODACK. 
 
 Kills. Here is an extensive shad 
 fishery, where are annually caught 
 great quantities, early in the 
 spring, when they command a 
 large price. This town is bounded 
 on the south-east by the Narrows, 
 and the Lower bay of New-York ; 
 it contains the village of Stapleton 
 and a part of the village of Rich- 
 mond ; on the east lie Forts Tomp- 
 kins and Richmond, together with 
 some batteries for the protection 
 of the bay and harbor of New-York. 
 
 South Franklik, p. o. 
 Franklin, Delaware co. 
 
 South Hammond, p. o. St. 
 Lawrence co. 
 
 South Hartford, p. o. 
 Hartford, Washington co. Here 
 are situated 1 Presbyterian and 1 
 Universalist church ; 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 tannery and 
 about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 South Kortwright, p. o. 
 Kortwright, Delaware co. 
 
 South Lansing, p. o. Lan- 
 sing, Tompkins co. 
 
 South Le Roy, p. o. Le Roy, 
 Genesee co. 
 
 South Livonia, p. o. Livonia, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 South Lodi, p. o. Lodi, Sene- 
 ca co. 
 
 South Marcellus, p. o. 
 Marcellus, Onondaga co. 
 
 South Middleton, p. o. 
 Wallkill, Orange co. 
 
 South New Berlin, v. and 
 p. o. New Berlin, Chenango co. is 
 situated on the west bank of the 
 Unadilla river; it contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Baptist church, 2 taverns 
 and 4 stores. 
 
 Southold, t. Suffolk co. si- 
 tuated 15 miles east of the village 
 of Riverhead, and distant 245 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,907 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level, and surrounded on 
 three sides by water, forming a 
 neck of land constituting the north- 
 east portion of Long Island ; soil, 
 
 sand and sandy loam. There are 
 several islands attached to this 
 town, the principal of which are 
 Fisher's, Gull, Plumb and Rob- 
 bins' island ; having Long Island 
 Sound on the north, and Great Pe- 
 conic and Gardiner's bay on 
 the south. Southold, Cochogue, 
 Greenport, Mattituck, Orient and 
 Rocky Point are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Southold, v. and p. o. South- 
 old, Suffolk co. is a long scattered 
 settlement ; there is running- 
 through this town one main road, 
 extending from east to west, on 
 which are a succession of settle- 
 ments of a like character. 
 
 South Onondaga, p. o. On- 
 ondaga, Onondaga co. 
 
 South Otselic,p- o. Otselic, 
 Chenango co. 
 
 South Owego, p. o. Owego, 
 Tioga co. 
 
 South Oxford, p. o. Oxford, 
 Chenango co. 
 
 South Oyster Bay, p. o. 
 Oyster Bay, Queens co. Here is a 
 continuous settlement across the 
 south part of the town, in full view 
 of the Great South bay and Atlan- 
 tic ocean. 
 
 Southport, t. Chemung co. 
 situated 4 miles south of the village 
 of Elmira, and distant 203 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,101 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in pail hilly, with broad and rich 
 alluvial flats on the Chemung 
 river, which forms in part the 
 north boundary. Southport, Post's 
 Corners, Seeley's Creek and Wells- 
 burgh are names of post offices. 
 
 South Pultney, p. o. Pult- 
 ney, Steuben co. 
 
 South Royalton, p. o. Roy- 
 alton, Niagara co. 
 
 South Rutland, p. o. Rut- 
 land, Jefferson co. 
 
 South Salem, p. o. Lewis- 
 borough, Westchester co. 
 
 South Schodack, p. o. 
 Schodack, Rensselaer co. 
 
SOUTH SODUS— SPENCERTOWN. 
 
 381 
 
 South Sodus, v. and p. o. So- 
 dus, Wayne co. contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling- houses, 1 
 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores and 1 tannery. 
 
 South Stephentowk, p. o. 
 Stephentown, Rensselaer co. 
 
 South Trenton, p. o. Tren- 
 ton, Oneida co. 
 
 South Valley, p. o. Cherry 
 Valley, Otsego co. 
 
 South Venice, p. o. Venice, 
 Cayug-a co. 
 
 South Vestal, p. o. Vestal, 
 Broome co. 
 
 Southville, p. o. Stockholm, 
 St. Lawrence co. 
 
 South Wales, p. o. Wales, 
 Erie co. 
 
 South Westerlo, p. o. 
 Westerlo, Albany co. Here are 
 situated 2 churches, 1 tavern, 3 
 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 1 fan- 
 ning- mill manufactory, and about 
 20 dwelling- houses. 
 
 South wick, p.o. Wawarsing, 
 Ulster co. 
 
 South Windsor, p.o. Wind- 
 sor, Broome co. 
 
 South Worcester, v. and 
 p. o. Worcester, Otseg-o co. is si- 
 tuated on Charlotte river ; it con- 
 tains about 125 inhabitants, 20 
 dwelling-houses, 1 church, 1 tavern 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Spafford, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 18 miles south-wesl of the 
 villag-e of Syracuse, and distant 152 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,873 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and in some places 
 broken ; soil, various ; watered by 
 Skaneateles lake on the west, and 
 Otisco lake on the east. Spafford, 
 Spafford Hollow and Borodino are 
 names of post offices. At the for- 
 mer there is a small agricultural 
 settlement. 
 
 Sparta, t. Livingston co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles south of the village 
 of Geneseo, and distant 231 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 
 5,841 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part hilly ; soil, fertile clay 
 loam on the hills, and in the val- 
 leys sandy alluvion ; drained south- 
 west by the Canaseraga creek. 
 The Dansville branch of the Gene- 
 see Valley canal, extends through 
 this town. Sparta, Byersville, 
 Dansville, Kyserville, North Spar- 
 ta, Scottsburgh, Tuscarora and 
 Union Corners are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Sparta, v. Mount Pleasant, 
 Westchester co. is situated on the 
 east side of the Hudson river, one 
 mile south of Sing Sing ; it con- 
 tains 1 tavern, 2 stores, about 40 
 dwelling houses, and a very con 
 venient landing. 
 
 Speedsville, v. and p. o. 
 Caroline, Tompkins co. is situated 
 on West Owego creek; it contains 
 about 500 inhabitants, 90 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 
 1 saw mill, 1 carriage manufacto- 
 ry, 1 ashery and 1 brick yard. 
 
 Spencer, t. Tioga co. situated 
 15 miles north-west of the village 
 of Owego, and distant 1S1 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,532 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, gravelly loam; drained 
 by the Cattotong creek and some 
 of its branches. 
 
 Spencer, v. and p. o. Spencer, 
 Tioga co. contains about 400 in- 
 habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church; 2 taverns, 5 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Spencerport, v. and p. o. 
 Ogden, Monroe co. is situated on 
 the Erie canal ; it contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 45 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 5 stores 
 and groceries, 2 grist mills, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 furnace and 1 carriage 
 factory. 
 
 Spencertown, v. and p. o. 
 Austerlitz, Columbia co. contains 
 about 500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling 
 
382 
 
 SPEONK— STAMFORD. 
 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 2 
 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 
 plaster mill. 
 
 Speonk, p. o. Southampton, 
 Suffolk co. 
 
 Split Rock, p. o. Essex, Es- 
 sex co. 
 
 Sportsville, p. o. Lexing- 
 ton, Greene co. 
 
 Spraker's Basin, p. o. Root, 
 Montgomery co. is situated on the 
 line of the Erie canal. Here are 
 located 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, and about 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses. 
 
 Springfield, t. Otsego co. 
 situated 8 miles uorth of the village 
 of Cooperstown, and distant 59 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,382 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and hilly, with fertile 
 soil in the valleys ; in the centre 
 of this town lies the north end of 
 Otsego lake. Springfield and 
 East Springfield are names of post 
 offices. At the former there is a 
 small settlement. 
 
 Spring Mills, p. o. Indepen- 
 dence, Allegany co. 
 
 Springport, t. Cayuga co. 
 situated 9 miles south-west of the 
 village of Auburn, and distant 165 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840,1,890 inhabitants. The surface 
 is rolling; soil, calcareous loam, 
 rich and highly cultivated; drained 
 by some small streams flowing into 
 Cayuga lake, which bounds it on 
 the west. Union Spring is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Springville, v. and p. o. 
 Concord, Erie co. is situated on 
 Spring creek; it was incorporated 
 in 1834, and now contains about 
 1,000 inhabitants, 175 dwelling 
 houses; an incorporated academy 
 in a flourishing condition; 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; 3 taverns, 5 stores, 2 
 flouring mills, 3 saw mills, 2 tan- 
 neries, 2 woollen factories, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 cabinet factory ; all using 
 water power, which flows from a 
 
 spring that rises in the neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 Spring water, t. Livingston 
 co. situated 16 miles south-east of 
 the village of Geneseo, and distant 
 223 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,832 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and somewhat bro- 
 ken ; soil, clay loam, better adap- 
 ted to grass than grain ; drained 
 north by the inlet of Hemlock 
 lake. Springwater and Spring- 
 water Valley are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Sprout Creek, p. o. La 
 Grange, Dutchess co. 
 
 Spruce, p. o. Albion, Oswego 
 co. 
 
 Spuyten Duval Creek. 
 See Harlem River. 
 
 Squaw Island, lies in the 
 Niagara river, and is attached to 
 the town of Black Rock, Erie co. 
 It contains about 130 acres of 
 land. 
 
 Staatsburgh, p. o. Hyde 
 Park, Dutchess co. 
 
 Stafford, t. Genesee co. si- 
 tuated 5 miles east of the village 
 of Batavia, and distant 238 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,561 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level; soil, clay and gra- 
 velly loam, underlaid by limestone ; 
 drained on the east by Allen's 
 creek, and north by Black creek. 
 Stafford and Roanoke are names of 
 post offices. Morganville is the 
 name of a settlement. 
 
 Stafford, v. and p. o. Staf- 
 ford, Genesee co. contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 
 3 churches, 1 tavern and 2 stores. 
 
 Stamford, t. Delaware co 
 situated 16 miles east of the village 
 of Delhi, and distant 58 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,681 
 inhabitants. The surface is some- 
 what hilly and broken, but much 
 of it arable ; soil, well adapted to 
 grazing ; drained by the head 
 branches of the Delaware river. 
 Stamford and Hobart are names 
 
STANFORD— STARKSVILLE. 
 
 383 
 
 of post offices. At the former is a 
 settlement, containing 1 Presby- 
 terian church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 and 15 or 20 dwelling- houses. 
 
 Stanford, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 16 miles north-east of the 
 village of Poughkecpsie, and dis- 
 tant 72 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1S40, 2,278 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and mountain- 
 ous ; soil, gravelly and sandy loam, 
 mostly well adapted to grazing ; 
 drained south-east by Wappinger's 
 creek. Attlebury, Hull's Mills 
 and Stanfordville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Stanfordville, v. and p. o. 
 Stanford, Dutchess co. is situated 
 on the east side of Wappinger's 
 creek; it contains 1 church, 2 
 Friends' meeting houses, 1 taven>, 
 2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 
 grist mill, and 20 or 25 dwelling 
 houses, mostly inhabited by Qua- 
 kers. 
 
 Stapleton, v. Southfield, 
 Richmond co. is delightfully situa- 
 ted on the east side of Staten 
 Island, about 2 miles north of the 
 " Narrows." It contains about 
 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling hou- 
 ses; 1 Methodist church, and 1 
 Reformed Dutch chapel attached 
 to the Seamen's Retreat ; 3 hotels 
 kept open during the summer 
 months, and 3 taverns; 1 store and 
 1 printing office. Here is located 
 the " Seamen's Retreat," a hos- 
 pital for the reception of sick and 
 disabled seamen. It was founded 
 by a law of the state in 1S30, levy- 
 ing a tax on each master of a ves- 
 sel of $1.50 for each foreign 
 voyage, and $1, for every mari- 
 ner, and 25 cents for each voyage 
 coastwise; which entitles each in- 
 dividual to the benefits of the hos- 
 pital, while sick or disabled. This 
 institution was opened for the re- 
 ception of patients Oct. 1, 1831, 
 since which time have been admit- 
 ted, to 1841, a period of ten years, 
 9,559 patients, of which 9,428 have 
 
 been cured, relieved, or have died, 
 and there were remaining on the 
 31st of December, 1840, 131 pa- 
 tients in hospital. The institution 
 is managed by a board of trustees, 
 five of whom are appointed by the 
 governor and senate, six arc trus- 
 tees by virtue of their offices, and 
 five more are elected by them, 
 forming a board of sixteen. The 
 amount collected, is about $27,000 
 annually — in addition to which, the 
 Retreat' has had a loan of $45,000 
 from the funds of the Marine Hos- 
 pital, arising from alien passen- 
 gers. The hospital is a valuable 
 building — is of three stories, 208 
 feet by 52, having wings of 34 
 feet in depth, and two stories in 
 height. This hospital cost $100,- 
 000, and will accommodate two 
 hundred patients. Attached to this 
 Retreat is 37 acres of land, which 
 cost the state about $10,000. 
 
 Stark, t. Herkimer co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Herkimer, and distant 69 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,766 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, sandy calca- 
 reous loam, fruitful in grain and 
 grass; drained north-east by Ots- 
 quaga creek. Stark ville and Van 
 Hornsville are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Starkey, t. Yates co. situated 
 10 miles south-east of the village 
 of Penn-Yan, and distant 190 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,426 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, clay loam ; drained by 
 several small streams running into 
 Seneca lake, which bounds it on 
 the east. Starkey, Dundee, Eddy- 
 town, Rock Stream and Big 
 Stream Point are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Starksville, v. Hoosick, 
 Rensselaer co. is situated on Wal- 
 loomsack creek ; this is a manu- 
 facturing settlement, containing 1 
 cotton factory, 1 grist mill, 1 store 
 and about 25 dwelling houses. 
 
384 
 
 STARKVILLE-STERLING. 
 
 Within one mile of this place is 
 situated the battle ground, known 
 as the Bennington battle ground, 
 where Gen. Stark defeated the 
 British under Col. Baum, Aug. 16, 
 1777. 
 
 Starkville, v. and p. 0? 
 Stark, Herkimer co. contains 2 
 churches, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill and about 30 dwel- 
 ling houses. 
 
 State Bridge, p. o. Lenox, 
 Madison co. 
 
 States Island, forming the 
 county of Richmond, lies centrally 
 12 miles south south-west from the 
 city of New-York; it is 14 miles 
 long, and from 4 to 8 miles wide, 
 and is divided into four towns. 
 (See Richmond County.) The 
 surface on the north is in part high 
 and hilly, but more level towards 
 the south. Richmond Hill, is ele- 
 vated 307 feet above the ocean ; 
 from this eminence is afforded va- 
 ried and delightful prospects, form- 
 ing altogether a beautiful and 
 highly interesting panoramic view. 
 In a clear day may be distinctly 
 seen the city of New-York, with 
 its numerous spires and mass of 
 architecture, hemmed in by a fo- 
 rest of masts ; the noble bay and 
 harbor, where unites the Hudson 
 with (he East river, — the many 
 islands and beautiful headlands, 
 some of them bristling with the 
 means of defence, embosomed in 
 waters which are often whitened 
 by the canvass of an hundred ships, 
 overhung by clouds of smoke pro- 
 ceeding from the many steamboats 
 gliding upon the waters, like things 
 of life. Long Island on the east, 
 with its growing city, swelling hills 
 and highly cultivated farms, — New- 
 Jersey on the west, with its circular 
 sweep of many miles from Jersey 
 City to Neversink hills, and Sandy 
 Hook light house; together with 
 the Lower bay of New -York, and 
 the broad Atlantic beyond. These, 
 and many more points of attrac- 
 
 tion require to be seen to be realiz- 
 ed in all their splendor. The 
 island itself with its numerous set- 
 tlements and charming villages, 
 surrounded by cultivated fields, 
 presents a lovely picture; where 
 dwells opulence and taste com- 
 bined ; many of the most beautiful 
 sites, being adorned with costly 
 mansions, or the more picturesque 
 cottage. 
 
 States Island Sound, se- 
 parates Staten Island from New- 
 Jersey on the west; it communi- 
 cates with the bay of New-York 
 on the east through the " Kills," 
 with Newark bay on the north and 
 with Raritan bay on the south. It 
 is 18 miles long, and is navigable 
 for steamboats and other vessels 
 of a large class, although not of 
 great width. Here are taken large 
 quantities of oysters and clams, 
 which are greatly improved by be- 
 ing transplanted in Raritan and 
 Prince's bays, where are large beds 
 prepared on purpose for improving 
 the growth and flavor of this arti- 
 cle of luxury, when of a superior 
 quality. 
 
 Stephentown, t. Rensselaer 
 co. situated 22 miles south-east of 
 the city of Troy, and distant 21 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,753 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, with 
 a valley extending through the 
 centre from north to south, through 
 which flows Kinderhook creek ; 
 having a fertile soil, well adapted 
 to grazing. Stephentown, North 
 Siephentown, South Stephentown 
 and West Stephentown, are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Sterling, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
 ted 25 miles north of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 172 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,533 
 inhabitants. The surface is level 
 or undulating ; soil, mostly sandy 
 loam ; drained by Little Sodus 
 creek flowing into Lake Ontario, 
 which bounds it on the north. Lit- 
 
STERLING— STEUBEN. 
 
 385 
 
 tie Sodus bay lies in (he norlh-west 
 part of this town, communicating; 
 with Lake Ontario. Sterling-, Lit- 
 tle Sodus, Martville and North 
 Sterling - , are names of post offices. 
 Sterling, v. and p. o. Ster- 
 ling, Cayuga co. is situated on So- 
 dus creek ; it contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 ta- 
 vern, 2 stores, 1 flouring mill, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 tannery and 1 iron foundery. 
 
 Sterlisgville, v. and p. o 
 Philadelphia, Jefferson co. is a 
 manufacturing settlement; situated 
 on a tributary of Indian river ; it 
 contains about 125 inhabitants, 20 
 dwelling houses, 1 Roman Catholic 
 hurch, 1 tavern and 1 store. Here 
 is located an extensive furnace; 
 manufacturing iron from the ore 
 which abounds in this vicinity of 
 the best quality. 
 
 STEUBEN COUNTY, taken from Ontario in 1796, is centrally dis- 
 tant 215 miles south of west from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on 
 the south by the Pennsylvania state line, on the west by the county of 
 Allegany, on the north by the counties of Livingston, Ontario and Yates, 
 and on the east by Seneca lake and the county of Chemung. This is 
 a large and important county ; it is well watered and abounds in a 
 large growth of forest trees. The surface is diversified, consisting of 
 a succession of hills and rich valleys ; the soil is mostly productive and 
 well adapted to grazing. Large quantities of lumber, live stock and 
 other products, are annually exported from this county to southern and 
 eastern markets. Of the mineial productions, but little is as yet known, 
 but from its contiguity to the coal regions of Pennsylvania, many en- 
 tertain sanguine expectations that coal will be found in this section of 
 country; here exist some beds of iron ore, and several mineral springs 
 have lately been discovered, one of which, in the town of Hornby, from 
 a recent analysis, bids fair to obtain notoriety. The Corning and 
 Blosburg railroad enters this county from Pennsylvania, on the south, 
 and terminates at the village of Corning, which is situated at the head 
 of the navigable feeder of the Chemung canal; where also passes the 
 New- York and Erie railroad, in its circuitous route from the Hudson 
 river to Lake Erie. Seneca and Crooked lakes on the north, commu- 
 nicate by means of canals with the Erie canal, which great works alto- 
 gether, afford safe and speedy modes of conveyance for passengers or 
 merchandise. Its area is about 1,400 square miles, or 897,000 acre6. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Steuben county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Addison, 1,920 
 
 Bath, 4,915 
 
 Bradford, 1,547 
 
 Cameron, 1 ,359 
 
 Campbell, 852 
 
 Canisteo, 941 
 
 Caton, 797 
 
 Conhocton, 2,965 
 
 Dansville, 2.725 
 
 Erwin, 785 
 
 Greenwood, 1,138 
 
 Hornby, 1,048 
 
 Hornellsvile, 2,121 
 
 Howard, 3,247 
 
 Jasper, 1,187 
 
 25 
 
 Lindley, 638 
 
 Orange, 1,824 
 
 Painted Post, 1,674 
 
 Prattsburgh, 2,455 
 
 Pultney, 1,784 
 
 Reading, 1,541 
 
 Troupsburg, 1,171 
 
 Tyrone, 2,122 
 
 Urbana, 1,884 
 
 Wayne, 1,377 
 
 Wheeler, 1,294 
 
 Woodhull, 827 
 
 Total inhabitants, 46,138 
 
386 
 
 STEUBEN— STONE ARABIA. 
 
 Steuben, t. Oneida co. situa- 
 ted 16 miles north of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 103 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,993 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly ; 
 soil, moist clay loam, well adapt- 
 ed to grass ; in this town are made 
 large quantities of butter and 
 cheese; drained south-east by Cin- 
 cinnati creek, and west by tributa- 
 ries of the Mohawk river. Steu- 
 ben, is the name of a post office. 
 
 Stillwater, t. Saratoga co. 
 situated 10 miles east of the village 
 of Ballston Spa, and distant 20 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,733 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level or undulating; soil on 
 the east, clay loam; on the west, 
 sand and sandy loam ; drained by 
 Anthony's kill and some other 
 small streams flowing into the Hud- 
 son river, which bounds it on the 
 east. In the north part of this 
 town, is situated the battleground 
 where Gen. Burgoyne was defeated 
 by the American army under Gen. 
 Gates in 1777. Here are Bemis' 
 Heights and Freeman's farm, on 
 which the principal battles were 
 fought ; also the meadow where 
 Gen. Frazer, the second in com- 
 mand of the British army, was 
 mortally wounded. Stillwater, Be- 
 mis' Heights, Ketc hum's Corners 
 and Mechanicsville are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Stillwater, v. and p. o. 
 Stillwater, Saratoga co. is situated 
 on the west side of the Hudson ri- 
 ver; it was incorporated in 1816, 
 and now contains 450 inhabitants, 
 60 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 
 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 
 saw mill, and an academy in a 
 flourishing condition. 
 
 Stimpson's Corner, v. Gal- 
 way, Saratoga co. is an agricultu- 
 ral settlement containing 1 public 
 house, 1 store, and about 20 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Stockbridge, t. Madison co. 
 situated 5 miles north-east of the 
 
 village of Morrisville, and distant 
 97 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 2,320 inhabitants. The 
 surface is somewhat hilly ; soil, 
 fertile and mostly well cultivated; 
 drained north by Oneida creek. — 
 Stockbridge, Knoxville and Muns- 
 ville, are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Stockholm, t. St. Lawrence 
 co. situated 18 miles north-east of 
 the village of Canton, and distant 
 227 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,995 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and somewhat 
 stony ; soil, rich mould, underlaid 
 by limestone, and heavily timbered; 
 drained north by St. Regis river 
 and its tributaries. Stockholm., 
 South ville and West Stockholm, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Stockport, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 5 miles north of the city of 
 Hudson, and distant 25 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,815 
 inhabitants. The surface is uneven; 
 soil, clay and sandy loam; drained 
 by Kinderhook creek flowing into 
 the Hudson river, which bounds it 
 on the west. Stockport is the name 
 of a post office. Columbiaville is 
 the name of a manufacturing vil- 
 lage. 
 
 Stockton, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 7 miles east of the village 
 of Mayville, and distant 323 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,078 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, on the uplands, 
 moist clay, well adapted to grass, 
 with fertile alluvion in the valleys, 
 producing large crops of different 
 kinds of grain ; drained south by 
 Bear creek and some other small 
 streams. Stockton and Oregon, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Stokes, p. o. Lee, Oneida co. 
 
 Stone Arabia, p. o. Pala- 
 tine, Montgomery co. ; here are si- 
 tuated a Dutch Reformed church 
 erected in 1788, and a Lutheran 
 church built in 1791 ; 1 tavern and 
 about 15 dwplling houses. This is 
 
STONE CHURCH— STUYVESANT FALLS. 
 
 387 
 
 one of the oldest settlements in the 
 county of Montgomery. A battle 
 was fought here during- the revo- 
 lutionary war, in which engage- 
 ment Col. Brown of the American 
 army, was killed, and interred in 
 the Dutch Reformed burying 
 ground ; a monument was erected 
 to his memory, by the citizens in 
 this vicinity, July 4, 1837. 
 
 Stone Church, p. o. Bergen, 
 Genesee co. 
 
 Stone Mills, p. o. Orleans, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Stone Ridge, p. o. Marble- 
 town, Ulster co. here are situated 
 1 church, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 tan- 
 nery and about 25 dwelling houses. 
 
 Stony Brook, v. and p. o. 
 Brookhaven, Suffolk co. is situated 
 on the north side of Long Island, 
 where is a fine harbor, accessible 
 at all seasons of the year. It con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Methodist 
 church, 1 tavern and a few stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 fulling and cloth 
 dressing works, and a large piano 
 forte manufactory. Ship building 
 has been and is still carried on ex- 
 tensively here, giving employment 
 to a number of mechanics. 
 
 Stony Island, lies at the foot 
 of Lake Ontario, and is attached to 
 the town of Henderson, Jefferson 
 co. It is 3 miles long and about 1 
 mile wide. 
 
 Stormville, p. o. Fishkill, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Stow's Square, p. o. Low- 
 rille, Lewis co. 
 
 Stratford, t. Fulton co. situ- 
 ated 15 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Johnstown, and distant 60 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 500 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous ; — 
 soil, mostly of indifferent quality, 
 with some portions adapted to gra- 
 zing ; drained south by East Cana- 
 da creek and its tributaries. Strat- 
 ford is the name of a post of- 
 fice. 
 
 Strawberry Island, lies 
 in the Niagara river, about a mile 
 below Black Rock; it contains 100 
 acres of low ground, covered with 
 long and coarse grass and a few 
 trees. It is a great resort for sports- 
 men in certain seasons, when wild 
 ducks are plenty, and affords fine 
 fishing grounds. 
 
 Strykersville, v. Broome, 
 Schoharie co. contains 2 taverns, 1 
 store, 3 tanneries and 15 or 20 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Strykersville, v. and p. o. 
 Sheldon, Wyoming co. is situated 
 on Buffalo creek ; it contains about 
 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 flour- 
 ing mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery and 
 1 ashery. 
 
 Stuyvesant, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 12 miles north of the city 
 of Hudson, and distant 18 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,779 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, clay, gravel and loam, 
 of a good quality ; watered by the 
 Hudson river which bounds it on 
 the west. Stuyvesant and Stuyve- 
 sant Falls, are post offices. 
 
 Stuyvesant, v. and p. o 
 Stuyvesant, Columbia co. is situa- 
 ted on the east side of the Hudson 
 river, 18 miles below the city of 
 Albany ; this place was formerly 
 known as Kinderhook Landing ; 
 here are situated 1 church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 10 or 12 stores and store- 
 houses, and about 50 dwellings. — 
 A steamboat and freight barges, 
 together with several sloops, are 
 owned at this place, doing an ex- 
 tensive business in freighting pro- 
 duce and merchandise to and from 
 the New-York market. 
 
 Stuyvesant Falls, p. o. 
 Stuyvesant, Columbia co. is a 
 manufacturing village, situated on 
 Kinderhook creek ; it contains 2 
 cotton factories, 1 woollen factory, 
 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 paper 
 mill, 2 taverns, 3 stores and about 
 
388 SUCCESS— SULLIVAN. 
 
 40 dwellings. The water power 
 still unoccupied at this place, is ca- 
 ble of propelling a large amount of 
 machinery. 
 
 Success, p. o. Riverhead, Suf- 
 folk co. 
 
 Success Pond. See Lake- 
 ville. 
 
 SUFFOLK COUNTY, originally organized in 1683, is centrally 
 distant 65 miles east of the city of New-York, and 175 miles east of 
 south from Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Long Island Sound, 
 east and south by the Atlantic ocean, and west by Queens county. The 
 surface of this county is mostly level ; on the north, however, adjoin- 
 ing Long Island sound, the land is considerably broken and hilly. — 
 The soil is either sand or sandy loam, easily worked and productive 
 when well tilled ; extensive salt meadows border the numerous bays 
 and creeks, yielding large quantities of salt hay. There are several 
 islands adjoining this part of Long Island, which are attached to and 
 form a part of this county; the largest are Shelter island, Gardiner's 
 island and Fisher's island. The Peconic river and some other small 
 streams drain this county, which is mostly surrounded by the waters of 
 the Atlantic. In minerals, it is rather deficient; hematic iron 
 ore is found, but not in large quantities. Salt is manufactured in 
 some places, by the exposure of sea water in shallow vats to the sun and 
 wind. The Long Island railroad, when completed, will run on the 
 north side of this county from east to west. Its area is about 973 
 square miles, or 626,000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Suffolk county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Brookhaven, 7,050 
 
 Easthampton, 2,076 
 
 Huntington, 6,562 
 
 Islip, 1,909 
 
 Riverhead, 2,449 
 
 Shelter Island, 379 
 
 Suffolk, C. H. p. o. River- 
 head, Suffolk co. is located in the 
 village of Riverhead. 
 
 Sugar Hill, p. o. Orange, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Smithtown, 1,932 
 
 Southampton, 6,205 
 
 Southold, 3,907 
 
 Total inhabitants, 32,469 
 
 Sugar Loaf, v. and p. o. Go- 
 shen and Warwick, Orange co. 
 contains about 140 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns and 3 stores. 
 SULLIVAN COUNTY, taken from Ulster in 1809, is centrally dis- 
 tant 100 miles south-west of the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
 north by Delaware and Ulster counties, east by Ulster and Orange, 
 south and south-west by Orange county and the Delaware river, which 
 separates it from Pennsylvania. A large portion of the surface of this 
 county is hilly and mountainous; the Shawangunk mountain lies on its 
 eastern limits, and detached hills and mountains are scattered over the 
 northern and western parts. The soil is as various as the surface ; there 
 arc many fine fertile valleys, and much of the uplands are well adapted 
 to grazing. The timber consists principally of pine, hemlock, beech, 
 maple and linden. Although the number of minerals in this county are 
 not large, there has recently been opened in the vicinity of Wurtzboro, 
 on the line of the Delaware and Hudson canal, a mine of lead ore ; large 
 quantities of this ore have been raised, and the difficulties which attend- 
 ed the reduction of it have been overcome. The Delaware river 
 waters it on the south-west, into which flow the Neversink and 
 
SULLIVAN— S VVEDEN. 
 
 389 
 
 Mongoup rivers, besides several other streams of less size ; there are 
 also several small lakes scattered over the. county. The Delaware and 
 Hudson canal and the Neio-York and Erie railroad, both traverse this 
 county. The county building's are located in the village of Monticello, 
 in the town of Thompson. Its area is about 919 square miles, or 587,- 
 000 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Sullivan county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Bethel, 1,483 
 
 Cochecton, 622 
 
 Fallsburgh, 1,782 
 
 Forrestburgh, 433 
 
 Liberty, 1,569 
 
 Lumberland, 1,205 
 
 Sullivan, t. Madison co. situ- 
 ted 18 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Morrisville, and distant 129 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 4,390 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level on the north and un- 
 dulating on the south ; soil, mostly 
 very fertile, consisting of alluvion 
 on the north ; drained by Canase- 
 raga and Chittenango creeks flow- 
 into Oneida lake, which bounds it 
 on the north. Sullivan, Bridgeport, 
 Chittenango, Joslin's Corners and 
 New Boston, are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Sullivan, v. and p. o. Sulli- 
 van, Madison co. is situated on the 
 Canaseraga creek; it was incorpo- 
 rated in 1823, but no attention is 
 now paid to its act of incorpora- 
 tion ; it contains about 150 inhabi- 
 tants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 Free 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 fanning mill. This 
 place is sometimes called Canase- 
 raga. 
 
 Summer Hill, t. Cayuga co. 
 situated 24 miles south-east of the 
 village of Auburn, and distant 147 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,446 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, clay 10am of 
 medium quality ; drained south by 
 the head branches of Fall creek. — 
 Summer Hill, is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Summer Valley, p. o. Bel- 
 fast, Allegany co 
 
 Mamakaling, 3,418 
 
 Neversink, 1,681 
 
 Rockland, 826 
 
 Thompson, 2,610 
 
 Total inhabitants, 15,629 
 
 Summit, t. Schoharie co. situ- 
 ated 16 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Schoharie, and distant 52 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,010 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is high and hilly, comprising 
 the highest land in the county ; — 
 soil, sandy loam, well adapted to 
 grass ; drained west by Charlotte 
 river and east by tributaries of the 
 Schoharie creek. Summit and 
 Charlotteville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Susquehanna, p. o. Cole»- 
 ville, Broome co. 
 
 Susquehanna River, ri- 
 ses in Otsego co. and passes in a 
 circuitous direction, through the 
 counties of Chenango, Broome and 
 Tioga, thence into the state of 
 Pennsylvania. It extends through a 
 part of Maryland, emptying its wa- 
 ters into the Chesapeake Bay at 
 Havre de Grace. This is a large 
 and rapid stream, affording on its 
 upper waters, an immense amount 
 of available hydraulic power; it is 
 also extensively used for floating 
 lumber and produce to market, and 
 is navigable for small steamboats 
 and other craft, for a considerable 
 distance ; its entire length is about 
 450 miles. 
 
 Sweden, t. Monroe co. situa- 
 ted 15 miles west of the city of Ro- 
 chester, and distant 241 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,884 
 inhabitants. The surface is urtdu- 
 
390 
 
 SYRACUSE— TAGHKANIC MOUNTAINS. 
 
 lating; soil, moist argillaceous 
 loam, well adapted to grass, grain 
 and fruit; drained north by Salmon 
 creek. Sweden and Brockport are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Syracuse, v. and p. o. Salina, 
 Onondaga co. is situated on the line 
 of the Erie canal, where it unites 
 with the Oswego canal, one and a 
 half miles south of Onondago lake. 
 It was incorporated in 1825, and 
 now contains about 6,500 inhabi- 
 tants, 800 dwelling houses, 6 
 churches of different denomina- 
 tions, 10 hotels and taverns, an in- 
 corporated academy, 2 banking 
 houses, a court house and jail and 
 county clerk's office, 130 stores of 
 different kinds, 2 large flouring 
 mills, 1 saw mill, 1 plaster mill, 
 and 1 machine shop situated on 
 Onondaga creek, and a flouring 
 mill propelled by the surplus wa- 
 ters of the Erie canal; 3 extensive 
 iron founderies, and 2 machine 
 shops and 1 tannery, all the latter 
 employing steam power ; there are 
 also numerous mechanic shops of 
 different kinds, giving employment 
 to a great number of persons, this 
 being a busy and thriving place of 
 business. Syracuse and its vicini- 
 ty, is celebrated for the immense 
 quantity of fine salt which is annu- 
 ally made from the brine springs, 
 located in the town of Salina. In 
 1840, a new salt spring of great 
 strength, was discovered by boring 
 to a depth of 265 feet, within the 
 incorporated limits of Syracuse, 
 from which large quantities of salt 
 are now manufactured ; thirty gal- 
 lons of this water produces one 
 bushel of fine salt. There is also 
 ■manufactured great quantities of 
 <CGarse salt, which is produced by 
 ■solar evaporation ; the total amount 
 of salt manufactured in 1840, at 
 Syracuse, was 524,461 bushels. — 
 In addition to the Erie canal which 
 passes through the centre of Syra- 
 cuse, the Oswego canal commen- 
 ces at this point and terminates in 
 
 the village of Oswego, connecting 
 the Erie canal with Lake Ontario. 
 The Syracuse and Utica and the 
 Auburn and Syracuse railroads, 
 unite in this place, which great 
 works combined, open a direct 
 communication east and west, and 
 a channel of trade with all the pla- 
 ces on Lake Ontario and Canada. 
 A company is also chartered and 
 and surveys made, for a railroad to 
 extend from the village of Syra- 
 cuse to Oswego, which when com- 
 pleted will facilitate the travel both 
 north and west through Lake Onta- 
 rio. 
 
 Syracuse and Utica rail- 
 road, extends from the city of 
 Utica to the village of Syracuse, a 
 distance of 53 miles, connecting 
 with the Utica and Schenectady 
 railroad on the east, and with the 
 Auburn and Syracuse railroad at 
 its west termination, forming one 
 of the continuous line of railroads 
 extending from Albany to the west- 
 ern part of the state. This com- 
 pany was chartered in 1836, with a 
 capital of $800,000. 
 
 Ta berg, v. and p. o. Annsville, 
 Oneida co. is situated on Fish 
 creek, where are located 2 grist 
 mills, several saw mills, 1 blast 
 furnace, 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 
 store and 20 or 25 dwelling houses- 
 
 Taghkanic, t. Columbia co. 
 situated 12 miles south-east of the 
 city of Hudson, and distant 40 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,674 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous ; — 
 soil, clay loam and gravel, most of 
 it arable, and in the valleys very 
 fertile ; drained east by the Copake 
 creek. Taghkanic and West 
 Taghkanic, are names of post of- 
 fices. 
 
 Taghkanic Mountains, 
 enter this state in the east part of 
 Rensselaer county, and extends 
 south parallel to the state line, 
 sometimes re-entering Massachu- 
 setts, through Columbia county and 
 
TANNERSVILLE— TEN MILE SPRING. 
 
 391 
 
 into Dutchess, a distance of about 
 50 miles, where it divides into two 
 ridges ; one of which extends 
 through Putnam county into West- 
 chester, where it declines as it ex- 
 tends south ; forming, however, 
 the dividing ridge between the 
 waters that flow east into Long 
 Island Sound from those flowing 
 west into the Hudson. 
 
 Tannerbville, p. o. Hunter, 
 Greene co. 
 
 Tappan, v. and p. o. Orange- 
 town, Rockland co. is situated 
 about three miles west of the land- 
 ing on the Hudson river, now call- 
 ed Piermont; this ancient and cele- 
 brated village seems to have in- 
 creased but slowly in size and im- 
 portance since the days of the 
 revolution, when it was for a 
 time, the head quarters of the 
 American army, under the immor- 
 tal Washington; it now contains 
 about 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores and 1 grist mill; surrounded 
 by fertile and highly cultivated 
 farms, mostly in possession of the 
 descendants of the original settlers. 
 Major Andre was executed here, 
 Oct. 2d, 1780 ; the spot on which 
 he suffered and where he was 
 interred, is situated in a field 
 on an eminence, about one hun- 
 dred rods west of the village. His 
 remains were removed some 18 or 
 20 years since, for the. purpose of 
 having them re-interred in London. 
 
 Tappan Bay, is formed by 
 the expansion of the Hudson ri- 
 ver, commencing 22 miles north 
 of the city of New-York, and ex- 
 tending to Teller's Point above 
 Sing Sing, a distance of 10 or 12 
 miles; it is from 2 to 3 miles wide, 
 surrounded by a highly cultivated 
 and picturesque region of country. 
 Here terminates on the west side, 
 the New-York and Erie Railroad ; 
 the company having constructed a 
 pier of upwards of one mile in 
 length, extending out into the bay, 
 
 in order to procure a sufficient 
 depth of water for steamboats and 
 vessels of a large class. 
 
 Tarrytown, v. and p. o. 
 Greenburgh, Westchester co. is 
 beautifully situated on the east 
 bank of the Hudson river, over- 
 looking Tappan bay, 27 miles 
 north of the city of New-York ; it 
 contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
 100 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 
 hotels and taverns, 7 stores and an 
 extensive brick yard. Greenbank 
 Seminary is a popular female 
 boarding school, and the Irving In- 
 stitute is a flourishing institution 
 of learning, situated a short dis- 
 tance north of the village. Steam- 
 boats run every day between this 
 place and the city of New-York ; 
 a number of sloops are also owned 
 here, running to different places on 
 the river. Tarrytown is famed as 
 being the place where Maj. Andre 
 was captured while watering his 
 horse, he being on his return from 
 West Point, where he had an inter- 
 view with the traitor Gen. Arnold. 
 Adjoining the north part of the 
 village, commences the famous 
 " Sleepy Hollow," from which 
 Washington Irving founded his en- 
 tertaining legend, bearing the 
 above name. 
 
 Teller's Point, lies on the 
 east side of the Hudson river in the 
 town of Cortland, Westchester co. 
 This peninsula separates Haver- 
 straw from Tappan bay ; it lies 
 immediately above the mouth of 
 the Croton river, and is about 2 
 miles long. 
 
 Ten Mile Creek or River, 
 rises in the north east part of Dutch- 
 ess co. and flows south for most of 
 its distance, when it curves to the 
 east and enters the state of Con- 
 necticut where it empties into the 
 Housatonic river. 
 
 Ten Mile River, p. o. Sulli 
 van co. 
 
 Ten Mile Spring, p. o. Cold 
 Spring, Cattaraugus co. 
 
392 
 
 TEXAS— THOUSAND ISLANDS. 
 
 Texas, p. o. Mexico, Oswego 
 
 CO. 
 
 The Corner, p. o. Ulster 
 
 CO. 
 
 The Purchase, p.o. Harri- 
 son, Westchester co. 
 
 Theresa, t. Jefferson co. situ- 
 ated 20 miles north of the village 
 of Watertown, and distant 178 
 miles from Albany. This is a new 
 town, formed in 1841, by a division 
 of Alexandria ; the surface is une- 
 ven and somewhat broken, with 
 rather an indifferent soil ; drained 
 north by Indian river. 
 
 Theresa, v. and p. o. There- 
 sa, Jefferson co. is situated on In- 
 dian river; it contains about 175 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling- houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill and 1 ashery. 
 
 The Square, p. o. Scipio, 
 Cayuga co. 
 
 Thompson, t. Sullivan co. con- 
 tains the county buildings situated 
 in the village of Monticello ; it is 
 distant 113 miles from Albany, and 
 contained in 1840, 2,610 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly, but 
 contains much arable land ; soil, 
 sandy and gravelly loam ; drained 
 south by Mongoup and Neversink 
 rivers. Bridgeville, Gales, Glen 
 Wild, Monticello and Thompson- 
 ville are names of post offices. 
 
 Thompsonville, v. and p. o. 
 Thompson, Sullivan co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 carding and fulling mill, 2 
 tanneries and 3 saw mills. 
 
 Three Mile Bay, p. o. Lyme, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Throg's Point, situated on 
 the south-east part of the town of 
 Westchester, Westchester co. 16 
 miles north-east of the city of New- 
 York, projects from one to two 
 miles into the East river; this is an 
 important military position, on 
 which is now being erected, by the 
 U. States government^ very strong 
 fortification, called Fort Schuyler. 
 
 It is calculated, when completed, 
 to defend this entrance and protect 
 the city of New-York from foreign 
 invasion, in connection with the 
 formidable works of a similar char- 
 acter erected at the Narrows. 
 
 Throopsville, v. and p. o. 
 Mentz, Cayuga co. is situated on 
 the Owasco outlet, 3 miles north- 
 west of Auburn ; this is a manufac- 
 turing settlement containing 1 wool- 
 len factory, 1 flouring mil!, 1 dis- 
 tillery, 1 saw mill and 1 fulling 
 mill; here are located 1 church, 1 
 tavern, 1 store and about 30 dwel- 
 lings. 
 
 Thousand Islands, lie in 
 the St. Lawrence river, commen- 
 cing a short distance below Lake 
 Ontario; they are in part attached 
 to the county of Jefferson, while 
 the remainder belong to the British 
 possessions in Canada. 
 
 " The river here varies from two 
 to nine miles in width, and is filled 
 with innumerably small rocky is- 
 lets, generally covered with cedar 
 and hemlock close to the water's 
 edge ; yet there are exceptions, as 
 some of them are nine or ten miles 
 long, covered with good timber 
 and somewhat fertile. Many of 
 the islands are so close together 
 that the branches are often inter- 
 locked, and there is scarcely room 
 for a small canoe to go between 
 them ; and in passing, the eye of- 
 ten catches glimpses of long vistas, 
 fringed with little green islets and 
 terminating in a broad expanse of 
 water, that looks like a tiny lake, 
 which in a moment, as his boat 
 passes on, is lost to his view, or 
 changed to some new scene more 
 exquisite and lovely." 
 
 The largest of these islands are 
 Grand island and Howe island, be- 
 longing to Canada ; and Carleton 
 island, Grindstone island and Wells 
 island, belonging to the United 
 States. The actual number with- 
 in a distance of 27 miles, are said 
 to exceed fifteen hundred. 
 
TIBBET'S ISLAND— TIOGA. 
 
 393 
 
 Tjbbet's Island. See Green 
 Island. 
 
 Ticonderoga, t. Essex CO. 
 situaled 22 miles south of (he vil- 
 lage of Elizabeth, and distant 97 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,169 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face on the east is level or rolling, 
 while on the west, it is covered with 
 hills and mountains ; soil, clay 
 and loam, adjoining Lake Chain- 
 plain, of a good quality, and in the 
 interior mostly well adapted to gra- 
 zing ; drained by the outlet of 
 Lake George and several small 
 streams flowing into Lake Cham- 
 plain, which bounds it on the east. 
 The peninsula on which stands the 
 ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga, is 
 situated on the south-east part of 
 this town, where is now a conven- 
 ient steamboat landing. 
 
 Ticonderoga, v. and p. o. 
 Ticonderoga, Essex co. is situated 
 on the outlet of Lake George, at 
 the lower falls, 2 miles west of 
 Lake Champlain. It contains about 
 500 inhabitants, SO dwelling houses, 
 1 Congregationalist and 1 Baptist 
 church, 2 taverns, 8 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 7 saw mills, 2 lath mills, 1 
 planing machine, 1 furnace, 1 
 clothier's works, and 1 tannery. 
 
 TIOGA COUNTY, taken from Montgomery in 1794, since much 
 modified, is centrally distant 175 miles from the city of Albany ; it is 
 bounded on the west by Chemung county, on the north by the counties 
 of Tompkins and Cortland, on the east by Broome county, and on the 
 south by the Pennsylvania state line. The surface is divided into hills 
 and rich valleys ; the soil is well adapted to grazing, and is mostly 
 very productive. The Susquehanna river flows through the southern 
 part of the county, while the Owego creek and its tributaries, run 
 through it from north to south, affording many desirable mill sites. The 
 valleys are extensive and susceptible of raising large quantities of hay, 
 grain, and other products. A large amount of lumber and other com- 
 modities are annually floated down the Susquehanna from this county 
 to a southern market, in addition to what is carried over the Ithaca and 
 Owego railroad, to the northern and eastern markets. The New-York 
 and Erie railroad passes through the valley of the Susquehanna, 
 which, when fully completed, will be a great benefit to all this section 
 of country. The mineral productions of this county are supposed to 
 be limited ; there are, however, some sulphur springs, and a bed of 
 marl in the town of Spencer. Its area is about 500 square miles, or 
 320,500 acres 
 
 The water power at this place is 
 very great, the outlet here having 
 a perpendicular descent of 30 feet. 
 The stream is very uniform in its 
 supply of water, and seldom free- 
 zes ; and is navigable for lake craft 
 to the lower part of the village. 
 The ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga 
 are situated about 2 miles below 
 this place, on a point of land at 
 the entrance of the outlet of Lake 
 George into Lake Champlain, 
 standing on an eminence of about 
 70 feet, overlooking the lake ; the 
 ruins are plainly visible from the 
 water, presenting a conspicuous 
 and interesting object. About 
 1800 yards south-west stands 
 Mount Defiance, rising 750 feet 
 above the lake, overlooking and 
 commanding the site of Fort Ti- 
 conderoga. It was from the top of 
 this eminence, that Gen. Burgoyne 
 in 1777, by erecting a small batte- 
 ry, dislodged the American garri- 
 son, and took possession of this 
 important fortification. Mount De- 
 fiance is of easy ascent from the 
 western side, and from its summit 
 presents an extensive view of Lake 
 Champlain and the surrounding 
 country. 
 
394 
 
 TIOGA— TOMPKINS. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Tioga county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Barton, 2,324 
 
 Berkshire, 956 
 
 Candor, 3,370 
 
 Newark, 1,616 
 
 Nichols, 1,986 
 
 Owego, 5,340 
 
 Tioga, t. Tioga co. situated 5 
 miles west of the village of Owego, 
 and distant 172 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 2,464 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is hilly; soil, 
 gravelly loam, very productive in 
 fne valleys ; watered by the Sus- 
 quehanna river and some of its tri- 
 butaries. Tioga, Tioga Centre, 
 Girl's Flats and Smithboro' are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Tioga River, rises in the 
 state of Pennsylvania, and flows 
 north into the county of Steuben, 
 where it unites with the Conhocton 
 river ; which united streams then 
 take the name of Chemung. — 
 Through the valley of the Tioga, 
 for a considerable distance, runs 
 the Corning and Blossburg rail- 
 road. 
 
 Tioughnioga River, rises 
 in Onondaga county, and flows 
 south through the county of Cort- 
 land into Broome county, where it 
 empties into the Chenango river at 
 the village of Chenango Forks. 
 This is a fine mill stream, on 
 which are situated several beau- 
 tiful villages and manufac- 
 turing establishments of various 
 kinds. 
 
 Titicus Creek, or River, 
 rises in Connecticut, and flows 
 west through the town of North 
 
 TOMPKINS COUNTY 
 
 Richford, 939 
 
 Spencer, 1,532 
 
 Tioga, 2,464 
 
 Total inhabitants, 20,527 
 
 Salem, Westchester county, where 
 it empties into the Croton river. 
 
 Tivoli, or Redhook Up- 
 per Landing, v. and p. o. 
 Redhook, Dutchess co. is situated 
 on the east side of the Hudson ri- 
 ver. Here are located 2 churches, 
 3 public houses, 3 stores, 2 grist 
 mills, 1 cloth factory, and 2 saw 
 mills ; it contains about 300 inha- 
 bitants and 50 dwelling houses; 
 many of the latter delightfully si- 
 tuated on the bank of the Hudson. 
 A steam ferry boat here plies 
 across the river, landing on the 
 west side near the iron works at 
 Saugerties. 
 
 Tobehanna, p. o. Tyrone, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Toddsville, v. Hartwick, Ot- 
 sego co. is situated on the outlet to 
 Schuyler's lake; it contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 extensive 
 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 paper 
 mill. 
 
 ToMiiANNOCK,p.o.Pittstown, 
 Rensselaer co. 
 
 Tomhannock Creek, rises 
 in the towns of Grafton and Pitts- 
 town, Rensselaer county, and flows 
 north-west into Schaghticoke, 
 where it empties into the Hoosick 
 
 river, 
 taken from Cayuga and Seneca in 1817, 
 since changed in its limits, is centrally distant 170 miles west from the 
 city of Albany. It is bounded on the north by Seneca and Cayuga 
 counties, east by Cortland, south by Tioga and Chemung, and west by 
 Chemung county and Seneca lake. The surface of this county is varied, 
 somewhat hilly, but not mountainous; the highest hills are susceptible 
 of cultivation to their summits, while the valleys are very productive 
 in grain, grass and fruit. The soil in general is well adapted to gra- 
 zing. The principal streams are Fall creek, Six Mile creek and 
 
TOMPKINS— TOMPKINSVILLE. 
 
 395 
 
 Cayuga inlet, all of which empty into the head of Cayuga lake, in the 
 town of Ithaca, affording a large amount of available water power, 
 with some very picturesque falls. The mineral productions of (his 
 county are limited ; there are beds of gypsum in the calciferous slate, 
 and a few sulphur springs. The inlet of Cayuga lake is rendered na- 
 vigable to the village of Ithaca, for canal boats and steamboats, which 
 affords a water communication with the Erie canal, in connection with 
 Cayuga lake and the Cayuga and Seneca canal. The Ithaca and 
 Oioego railroad, commences at the village of Ithaca and extends to the 
 village of Owego, a distance of 29 miles, where it connects with the 
 line of the New- York and Erie railroad. The area of this county is 
 about 580 square miles, or 371,400 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Tompkins county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Caroline, 2,457 
 
 Danby, 2,570 
 
 Dryden, 5,446 
 
 Enfield, 2,340 
 
 Groton, 3,618 
 
 Hector, 5,652 
 
 Tompkins, t. Delaware co. si- 
 tuated 22 miles south-west of the 
 village of Delhi, and distant 100 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,035 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, di- 
 vided into two ridges by the Dela- 
 ware river, running south-west to 
 the west bounds of the county, then 
 turning south-east, it forms for se- 
 veral miles the western boundary. 
 Barboursville, Cannonsville and 
 Deposit are names of post offices. 
 
 Tompkinsville, v. and p. o. 
 Castleton, Richmond co. is de- 
 lightfully situated on the north-east 
 part of Staten Island, overlooking 
 the Quarantine Ground; it is 6 
 miles south of the city of New- 
 York, with which it is connected 
 by commodious ferry boats. It 
 was incorporated in 1823, and now 
 contains about 1,400 inhabitants, 
 200 dwelling houses, 1 Reformed 
 Dutch, 1 Episcopal and 1 Metho- 
 dist church; 6 hotels and taverns, 
 and 12 stores and groceries. 
 
 Here is located the Marine Hos- 
 pital, or as it would be denomina- 
 ted in most European countries, a 
 " Lazaretto." It was established 
 for the reception of patients labor- 
 
 Ithaca, 5,650 
 
 Lansing, 3,672 
 
 Newfield, 3,567 
 
 Ulysses, 2,976 
 
 Total inhabitants, 37,948 
 
 ing under the influence of infec- 
 tious or contageous diseases, on 
 arriving from foreign or sickly 
 ports. It is connected with the 
 quarantine establishment, which 
 opens by statute on the first of 
 April, and closes on the first of 
 November. The edifices connec- 
 ted with it, on Staten Island, are 
 the Marine Hospital, 176 \ feet 
 front, 49 feet deep, and three sto- 
 ries high. The Yellow Fever 
 Hospital, 136 feet front by 28 deep, 
 with wings, 37 by 28, all of two 
 stories, the main building with a 
 basement. The Small Pox Hospi- 
 tal, 80 feet by 27, of two stories. 
 Besides these, are the health offi- 
 cer's house, the assistant's house, 
 the doctor's house, six boatmen's 
 houses, farmer's house, and some 
 six or eight smaller buildings used 
 for various purposes. The whole 
 are valuable and well constructed 
 buildings, surrounded by about 30 
 acres of land, which is enclosed by 
 a substantial brick wall. 
 
 The following table shows the 
 number of passengers from foreign 
 ports, for a period of ten years, 
 who arrived between the 15th of 
 March and the 1st of November, 
 
396 
 
 TONAWANDA— TONAWANDA RAILROAD. 
 
 inclusive, and were subject to qua- 
 rantine regulations. 
 
 
 3/ li 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 fi 
 
 of for 
 enger 
 ig in 
 of N 
 
 "i 5 s<i 
 
 ay o : 
 
 — 
 o 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 . - ~ 
 
 
 s * 
 
 <U 
 > 
 
 Z p.- c, 
 
 zTd'C 
 
 c 
 
 y 
 
 
 1840 
 
 56, 274 
 
 830 
 
 
 65 
 
 1839 
 
 47, 688 
 
 750 1 
 
 
 57 
 
 1838 
 
 24,213 
 
 400 
 
 
 23 
 
 1837 
 
 51,677 
 
 1,100 
 
 
 79 
 
 1836 
 
 58, 597 
 
 724 
 
 
 64 
 
 1836 
 
 32,716 
 
 526 
 
 
 60 
 
 1834 
 
 46,053 
 
 463 
 
 
 47 
 
 1833 
 
 39,461 
 
 448, 
 
 
 63 
 
 1832 
 
 38,815 
 
 447 
 
 
 63 
 
 1831 
 
 14,821 
 
 526' 
 
 
 43 
 
 Ton a wakda, t. Erie co. situ 
 ated 10 miles north of the city of 
 Buffalo and distant 288 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1.261 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level, including Grand Island, 
 which lies in the Niagara river; 
 the soil is of a good quality, 
 and productive ; it is drained by 
 Tonawanda creek flowing into 
 Niagara river. 
 
 Tonawanda, v. and p. o. 
 Tonawanda, Erie co. is situated on 
 the east bank of the Niagara river, 
 at the junction of the Tonawanda 
 creek and the Erie canal, with 
 which they are connected by a lift 
 lock of 4 feet in height. At this 
 place the Erie canal enters the 
 creek, which is navigable for 12 
 miles to Pendleton, by means of 
 a dam four feet high, erected at 
 the village of Tonawanda. This 
 place has important commercial 
 advantages in its connection with 
 the Niagara river ; here is an ex- 
 cellent harbor, which is accessable 
 to steamboats, and all kinds of sail 
 craft during the navigable season. 
 These advantages, however, have 
 never been improved, being engros- 
 sed by the capital and enterprise 
 of Buffalo. Tt contains about 700 
 people, and 125 dwelling houses ; 
 a depot of the Buffalo and Niagara 
 Falls railroad ; I church, 6 stores, 
 
 3 taverns, and the usual variety of 
 mechanic work shops. 
 
 Tonawanda Creek, rises in 
 the south part of Wyoming county, 
 and flows north through a part of 
 Genesee, where it inclines to the 
 west, and continues its course, emp- 
 tying into the Niagara river at the 
 village of Tonawanda. It forms 
 the dividing line between the coun- 
 ties of Erie and Niagara, and con- 
 stitutes for a distance of 12 miles a 
 part of the Erie canal. 
 
 Tonawanda Indian Set- 
 tlement, Alabama and Pem- 
 broke, Genesee county, contains 
 about 350 souls, forming a part of 
 the Seneca Nation of Indians, the 
 head chief residing here ; this 
 tract embraces 12,800 acres of 
 rich land, which is partially culti- 
 vated . 
 
 Tonawanda Island, lies 
 in the Niagara river, opposite the 
 village of Tonawanda, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Wheatfield, 
 Niagara county. It contains about 
 70 acres of good land, and is 
 highly cultivated; here being loca- 
 ted a beautiful country residence. 
 
 Tonawanda Railroad, ex- 
 tends from the city of Rochester to 
 the village of Attica, in the county 
 of Wyoming, a distance of 42 
 miles. This road is finished, and 
 in operation between Rochester 
 and Batavia, a distance of 32 miles ; 
 from thence a distance of 10 miles 
 the route has been surveyed, and 
 will probably be completed in 
 1S42. From Attica to Buffalo, a 
 distance of 30 miles, a road is 
 being constructed by the jfttica 
 and Buffalo Railroad Company, 
 chartered in 1836, with a capital 
 of $350,000. This road is under 
 contract to be finished by the 4th 
 of July, 1842, which, when com- 
 pleted, in connection with the rail- 
 road from Batavia to Attica, will 
 complete the great chain of rail- 
 roads extending from the city of 
 Boston, via Albany, to Lake Erie, 
 
TOWLESVILLE— TRIBES HILL. 
 
 397 
 
 a total distance by railroad of 522 
 miles. 
 
 Towlesville, p. o. Howard, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 Townees, p. o. Patterson, 
 Putnam co. 
 
 Town Line, p. o. Lancaster, 
 Erie co. 
 
 Townsend, p. o. Dix, Che- 
 mung co. 
 
 ToWNSENDVILLE, p. O. Lodi, 
 
 Seneca co. 
 
 Transit, p. o. Elba, Genesee 
 co. 
 
 Transparent Lake, lies 
 partly in Hamilton county and 
 partly in Herkimer. This is a 
 beautiful sheet of water, taking - its 
 name from its transparency. It is 
 5 miles long- and 2 miles wide, 
 abounding- in salmon and brook 
 trout of a very large size and of a 
 delicious flavor. It is surrounded 
 by a wild and interesting region of 
 country. 
 
 Trembleau Point, lies on the 
 west side of Lake Champlain, in 
 the town of Chesterfield, Essex co. 
 immediately south of the landing 
 at Port Kent. This point forms 
 the northern termination of the 
 Clinton range of mountains, which 
 traverse the northern part of the 
 state from Little Falls to Lake 
 Champlain at this place. 
 
 Trenton, t. Oneida co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles north of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 92 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840,3,178 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
 but mostly arable; soil, clay loam, 
 of good quality; drained by Nine 
 Mile and West Canada creeks. 
 On the latter, in the east part of 
 this town, is situated the celebrated 
 falls known as the Trenton Falls. 
 Trenton, South Trenton, Trenton 
 Falls and Holland Patent are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Trenton, v. and p. o. Tren- 
 ton, Oneida co. is situated 13 miles 
 north of Utica. It was incorpora- 
 ted in 1819, and now contains 
 
 about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Uni- 
 tarian church; 2 taverns and 3 
 stores. 
 
 Trenton Falls, p. o. Tren- 
 ton, Oneida co., is situated in the 
 immediate vicinity of the celebra- 
 ted Trenton Falls, on West Cana- 
 da creek, where are located a well 
 kept hotel, and a few dwellings; 
 here are a succession of falls of 
 the most enchanting interest, which 
 yearly attracts a great number of 
 visitors to this wild and romantic 
 spot. It is the primeval appear- 
 ance of all around that constitutes 
 the great charm of these falls ; the 
 country adjoining is mostly cover- 
 ed with forest trees, so that no ap- 
 pearance of the ravine is visible 
 until its verge is reached. Of the 
 six falls in succession, the first is 
 called the Fpper; the second, a 
 mile below the Cascades; the 
 third, a little lower down, the Mill- 
 dam ; the fourth. 40 rods far- 
 ther, the High Falls; the fifth, 
 about 70 rods farther, Sherman's, 
 and the sixth, at the termination 
 of the ravine, Conrad's. All these 
 are formed by solid reefs of rocks, 
 which cross the bed of the stream. 
 Bolides the falls, there are several 
 raceways or chutes, from 10 to 20 
 rods long, through which the water 
 passes with great rapidity. The 
 whole depression of the stream 
 from the top of the Upper Fall to 
 the foot of Conrad's Fall, is 312 
 feet. 
 
 Triangle, t. Broome co. si- 
 tuated 16 miles north of the village 
 of Binghamton, and distant 132 
 miles from Albanv ; contained in 
 1840, 1,692 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly; soil, well adapted to 
 grass; drained by the Otselic and 
 Tioughnioga rivers, which here 
 form a junction. Triangle, Upper 
 Lisle and Whitney's Point are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Tribes Hill, p. o. Amster- 
 dam, Montgomery co. Here are 
 
398 
 
 TROUPSBURGH— TROY CITY. 
 
 situated I church, 2 stores, 3 ta- 
 verns, and about 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses. 
 
 Troupsburgh, t. Steuben co. 
 situated 25 miles south-west of the 
 village of Bath, and distant 247 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,171 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, clay and 
 gravelly loam, well adapted to 
 
 grass; drained south-east by the 
 owanesque creek. Troupsburgh 
 and West Troupsburgh are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Trout River, rises in Frank- 
 lin co. and flows north into Canada, 
 where it empties into the Chateau- 
 gay river. 
 
 Troy City, Rensselaer co. is 
 pleasantly situated on the east bank 
 of the Hudson river, at the head of 
 tide water and steamboat naviga- 
 tion, 6 miles above Albany and 151 
 north of the city of New-York. — 
 Two or'three years after the revolu- 
 tionary war, the site on which Troy 
 stands, first began to attract the at- 
 tention of settlers. Its existence 
 as a village, may be dated from 
 1790. It was incorporated as a 
 city in 1816, when it contained 
 nearly 5,000 inhabitants ; it has 
 recently been made a port of entry, 
 and contained in 1840, 19,334 in- 
 habitants, who are mostly engaged 
 in commerce, trade and manufac- 
 tures. Since the completion ofthe 
 Erie and Champlain canals in 1825, 
 which, opposite this place, at the 
 village of West Troy, unites the 
 waters of the lakes with those 
 ofthe Hudson, Troy has rapidly 
 increased in wealth and population. 
 Here are situated a fine court 
 house, built of marble, in the Gre- 
 cian doric order; a jail construct- 
 ed of brick ; a county poor house, 
 to which a farm containing about 
 200 acres is attached ; the Rensse- 
 laer institute, founded by the late 
 Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
 where the sciences are practically 
 taught to young men, under the 
 
 charge of Professor Eaton ; the 
 Troy female seminary, a flourish- 
 ing chartered institution; the Troy 
 academy, also an excellent classi- 
 cal and chartered institution for 
 the education of boys, besides seve- 
 ral select schools for males and fe- 
 males. Troy contains 2 new, fine- 
 ly modelled and expensive market 
 buildings; 7 Presbyterian churches, 
 3 Episcopal, 2 Baptist, 2 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 
 Friend's meeting house and an 
 African church; 6 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of $1, 56«,000 ; 
 2 insurance companies; 1 lyceum 
 of natural history, with a choice 
 scientific library, and an extensive 
 collection of minerals and collec- 
 tions in various branches of natu- 
 ral history ; a Young Men's associ- 
 ation for mutual improvement, 
 with a large library and extensive 
 reading room, and a select cabinet 
 of curiosities ; 20 hotels and ta- 
 verns, 23 commission houses, 34 
 importing houses, and 400 dry 
 goods, groceries and other stores, 
 14 lumber yards, 4 cotton facto- 
 ries, 1 woollen factory, 10 flouring 
 and plaster mills, 1 saw mill, 1 pa- 
 per mill, 2 extensive iron rolling 
 and slitting mills, 4 furnaces, 3 
 fulling mills, 7 tanneries, several 
 large factories of boots and shoes, 3 
 breweries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 5 
 stage coach, railroad car, carriage 
 and wagon factories, 4 printing of- 
 fices, 5 hat and fur cap factories, 2 
 steam planing mills, 1 brush fac- 
 tory, 3 looking glass and picture 
 frame factories, a large number of 
 tin, sheet iron, stove, chair and ca- 
 binet factories, besides factories 
 and workshops of almost every de- 
 scription. Here are owned about 
 60 masted vessels, 3 large passage 
 steamboats of the first class, 2 
 smaller steam passage boats and 5 
 steam tow boats with 22 barges, 
 which ply between Trovand New- 
 York, transporting annually an im- 
 mense amount of produce and mer- 
 
TROY CITY. 
 
 399 
 
 chandise. Four lines of passage 
 and freight boats run on (he Cham- 
 plain canal from Troy ; a line of 
 packet schooners run from this 
 place to Boston and other eastern 
 ports; a line of canal packets to 
 Whitehall, and lines of daily sta- 
 ges run to Whitehall and Benning- 
 ton, Vt., and to Brattleboro, Vt., 
 and Boston. The water power at 
 Troy is immense, and a large por- 
 tion of it still unoccupied. With- 
 in the limits of the city and about 
 a mile east of the Hudson, a tunnel 
 has been excavated by Mr. Benj. 
 Marshall, extending from the Po- 
 estenkill a distance of about 800 
 feet, and gives a fall of 180 feet. — 
 Several large nulls and factories to 
 be supplied with water from this 
 fall, are now in the progress of 
 erection. Near the northern boun- 
 dary of the city a dam has been 
 built across the Hudson, by the 
 state, which here makes a fall of 
 11| feet and creates an incalcula- 
 ble amount of hydraulic power. — 
 This place is abundantly supplied 
 with wholesome water, brought 
 from the Piscawin creek through 
 large iron pipes, with hydrants at 
 the corners of the streets. The re- 
 servoir is situated in the north part 
 of the city, about half a mile east 
 of the Hudson, and is about 90 feet 
 above the tide waters of the river. 
 The water is carried by the force 
 of its head above the highest hou- 
 ses in the city, and is used for do- 
 mestic purposes as well as for ex- 
 tinguishing fires. 
 
 The Rensselaer and Saratoga 
 railroad commences at this place, 
 crossing the Hudson river by a sub- 
 stantial bridge 1650 feet in length, 
 to Green island ; thence it contin- 
 ues north across several branches 
 of the Mohawk river to Waterford ; 
 following the valley of the Hudson 
 until it reaches Mechanicsville, 
 where it diverges to the west and 
 continues to the village of Ballston 
 Spa, a distance of 24 miles, and 
 
 unites with the. Saratoga and Sche- 
 nectady railroad. A railroad is 
 also in progress from Troy to Sche- 
 nectady, a distance of 20 miles, 
 and will be extended to Greenbush, 
 on the east side of the Hudson ri- 
 ver, opposite Albany ; there to 
 connect with the Albany and West 
 Stockbridge railroad, which, when 
 completed, will make a direct rail- 
 road communication from Troy to 
 Boston, and furnish a line of rail- 
 roads from Boston to Buffalo. — 
 There is also a macadamised road 
 already finished from Troy to Ben- 
 nington, Vt. a distance of about 26 
 miles. Troy is connected with the 
 village of West Troy, in Albany 
 co., which has risen into impor- 
 tance within a few years, by means 
 of a commodious bridge and two 
 ferries crossing the Hudson river. 
 The city of Troy has long been 
 celebrated for its beauty and health- 
 iness. The streets are laid out at 
 right angles, are generally wide, re- 
 markable for their cleanliness, and 
 planted with beautiful, and in the 
 hot season, most grateful forest and 
 shade trees. From mounts Ida on 
 the east and Olympus on the north, 
 an extensive and charming pros- 
 pect is presented, embracing a view 
 of the valley of the Hudson for 
 miles, the city of Albany, the vil- 
 lages of West Troy, Lansingburgh, 
 Waterford and Cohoes, and the Co- 
 hoes falls ; a landscape presenting 
 more beauty and a greater variety 
 of scenery, can hardly be imagined. 
 From the elevations just mention- 
 ed, the eye rests at once, as on a 
 map spread out before it, on city 
 and village teeming with life and 
 activity; the broad Hudson rolling 
 on in majesty to the ocean, and 
 bearing on its bosom fleets of boats 
 and vessels — a long extent of the 
 Erie canal, itself no common 
 stream, floating to market the pro- 
 ducts of the west — railroads, over 
 which are passing with lightning 
 speed, multitudes in pursuit of bu- 
 
400 
 
 TRUMANSBURGH— TUPPER'S LAKE. 
 
 siness or pleasure — on woodlands 
 and cultivated fields harmoniously 
 blended — and on a western horizon 
 of undulating highlands, which to- 
 wards the south, blend with the 
 famed Catskill mountains, lift- 
 ing their giant heads to the 
 clouds. 
 
 In June, 1820, Troy was visited 
 with a most destructive and deso- 
 lating fire, which in a short time 
 consumed the wealthiest and most 
 important section of the city. The 
 calamity for a while was depress- 
 ing and filled the hearts of its citi- 
 zens with despondency. But their 
 accustomed energy soon returned, 
 " and before the close of the fol- 
 lowing season the desolations were 
 repaired, and Troy rose from its 
 ashes, beautified in its appearance, 
 invigorated in its enterprise, and 
 the value of its property increas- 
 ed." Troy has attained its pre- 
 sent elevation and commercial 
 importance, by the industry, enter- 
 prise and united actions of its citi- 
 zens. Its early settlers were some 
 of the hardy and industrious sons 
 of New-England; who bad been 
 schooled in New-England habits ; 
 were inured to toil and accustomed 
 to labor; enterprising, moral and 
 intelligent ; and who had their own 
 fortunes to build up in the world. 
 By prudence, by unwearied perse- 
 verance, by constant activity and 
 untiring vigilance, in opposition to 
 many natural disadvantages and of 
 powerful neighbors, they succeed- 
 ed in giving prosperity and conse- 
 quence to what has become one of 
 of the most important commercial 
 and manufacturing places on the 
 Hudson river. And so long as the 
 taste, sagacity and energy, for 
 which it has heretofore been dis- 
 tinguished, continue, it will be re- 
 garded as one of the most beauti- 
 ful, enterprising and business-like 
 cities in the Union. 
 
 Tkumansburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Ulysses, Tompkins co. contains 
 
 about 800 inhabitants, 125 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist 
 and 1 Methodist church ; 3 taverns, 
 7 stores ; a female seminary; 2 
 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 2 carriage 
 factories, 1 furnace, and 1 card- 
 ing and cloth dressing establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Trvxton, t. Cortland co. situ- 
 ated 12 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Cortland, and distant 131 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 3,658 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, calcareous 
 gravel and argillaceous mould ; — 
 drained south by the Tioughnioga 
 river. Truxton and Cuyler's are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Truxton, v. and p. o. Trux- 
 ton, Cortland co. contains about 
 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 
 1 Presbyterian and 1 Baptist 
 church, 1 tavern, 4 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 2 sash factories, 
 1 furnace and 1 tannery. 
 
 Tubbsville, v. Woodhull, 
 Steuben co. is situated on the Tus- 
 carora creek ; it contains about 125 
 inhabitants, 25 dwelling houses, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill and 2 
 saw mills. 
 
 TuLLY,t. Onondaga co. situated 
 16 miles south of the village of Sy- 
 racuse, and distant 128 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840,1,663 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level; soil, clay loam, well adapt- 
 ed to grass ; drained north by On- 
 ondaga creek, and south by the 
 head Dranches of the Tioughnioga 
 river, which take their rise in two 
 or three small lakes. Tully, TSilly 
 Valley and Vesper, are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Tully, v. and p. o. Tully, On 
 ondaga co. contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 45 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 1 
 grist mill. 
 
 Tupper's Lake, lies in the 
 south-west part of Franklin county ; 
 it is 6 miles long and 2 miles wide; 
 abounding in trout and other fish 
 
TUNANGW ANT —ULSTER. 
 
 401 
 
 of different kinds, for which the 
 waters in this part of the state are 
 celebrated. 
 
 TuwANGWA3ST,p. o. Cattarau- 
 gus CO. 
 
 Turin, t. Lewis co. situated 
 6 miles south of the village of 
 Martinsburgh and distant 121 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,704 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling; soil, fertile loam, 
 mostly well cultivated ; drained by 
 several small streams flowing into 
 Black river, which bounds it on 
 the east. Turin and Houseville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Turin, v. and p. o. Turin, 
 Lewis co. is situated on a tributary 
 of Black river; it contains about 
 250 inhabitants, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Metho- 
 dist church, 2 taverns, 6 stores, 2 
 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 1 woollen 
 factory and 1 tannery. 
 
 Tuscarora, p. o. Sparta, Liv- 
 ingston co. 
 
 Tuscarora Creek, rises in 
 Steuben co. and flows east, empty- 
 ing into the Canisteo river. 
 
 Tuscarora Creek, of Ni- 
 agara co. rises in the Tuscarora re- 
 servation, and flows north-east into 
 Lake Ontario. 
 
 Tuscarora Indian Set- 
 tlement, Lewiston, Niagara co. 
 is located about 3 miles east of the 
 village of Lewiston ; here are con- 
 gregated about 300 Indians, the 
 remnant of a once powerful tribe, 
 who about 70 years ago emigrated 
 to this state from North Carolina, 
 and united with the confederacy of 
 the five nations, which altogether 
 formed the six nations of Indians, 
 celebrated in the early history of 
 this part of the country. Here is a 
 missionary station and a Presbyte- 
 
 rian and Baptist house of worship, 
 together with an English school at- 
 tached. 
 
 Tuthill, p. o. Shawangunk, 
 Ulster co. ; here are located 2 ta- 
 verns, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 ful- 
 ling mill and a number of dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Twaalfskill. See Wilbur. 
 
 Twelve Mile Creek, ri 
 ses in the south part of Yates coun- 
 ty, and flows into Steuben, where 
 it empties into the Conhocton ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Twenty Mile Creek, ri- 
 ses in Chautauque county, and 
 flows south-west into Pennsylvania, 
 where it empties into Lake Erie. 
 
 Two Sisters Creek, rises 
 in Erie county, and flows west in- 
 to Lake Erie. 
 
 Tyre, t. Seneca co. situated 8 
 miles north-east of the village of 
 Waterloo, and distant 171 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,506 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level; soil, sandy and calcareous 
 loam ; drained by the Clyde river 
 flowing- into Seneca river, which 
 bounds it on the east. Tyre, is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Tyrone, t. Steuben co. situa- 
 ted 16 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 204 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,122 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, clay and calcareous 
 loam, well adapted for grain ; — 
 drained south by Mud creek. Ty- 
 rone, Pine Grove and Tobahanna, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Tyrone, v. and p. o. Tyrone, 
 Steuben co. contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 6 stores, 1 grist 
 mill and 1 tannery. 
 
 ULSTER COUNTY, originally organized in 16S3, is centrally dis- 
 tant 60 miles south from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north 
 by Greene county, east by the Hudson river, south by Orange county, 
 and west by the counties of Sullivan and Delaware. The surface of 
 this county is varied ; on the north-west lie the Catskill range of moun- 
 20 
 
402 
 
 ULSTER. 
 
 tains, while the Shawangunk mountain covers a portion of the south. — 
 The vallies of the Rondout, Wallkill and Esopus creeks are extensive 
 and very fertile; the soil of the uplands, where not too rugged, are also 
 rich and well adapted to grazing. The Rondout, flowing into the Hud- 
 son river, which hounds this county on the east, is an important stream; 
 it receives in its course the Shawangunk creek and Wallkill, besides 
 several other tributaries. The Esopus creek rises in the north-west 
 part of the county, and after a circuitous route empties into the Hud- 
 son in the town of Saugerties ; all of the above streams afford valuable 
 water power. Although the mineral productions of this county are not 
 numerous, some of them are of great importance ; this is particularly 
 the case with the water limestone, of which immense deposits are found 
 along the Rondout and on the line of the Hudson and Delaware canal. 
 There are several localities ot marl, and lead ore lias long been known 
 to exist in Shawangunk mountains, within the limits of the county. — ■ 
 There are also several sulphur springs of some celebrity. The Dela- 
 ware and Hudson canal terminates at the village of Eddyville on the 
 Rondout, which stream is from thence navigable to the Hudson, a dis- 
 tance of about 3 miles. Rs area is about 1,096 square miles, or 701,- 
 500 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Ulster county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Esopus, 1,930 
 
 Hurley, 2,201 
 
 Kingston, 5,824 
 
 Marbletown, 3,813 
 
 Marlborough, 2,523 
 
 New Paltz, 5,408 
 
 Olive, 2,023 
 
 Plattekill, 2,125 
 
 Ulster, v. and p. o. Sauger- 
 ties, Ulster co. is situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson river at 
 the mouth of Esopus creek, 110 
 miles north of the city of New- 
 York ; ii is most commonly called 
 Saugerties. Here is an immense 
 water power, having a fall of 45 
 feet, which has in part been made 
 available by Henry Barclay, Esq. 
 still leaving unemployed sufficient 
 hydraulic power to propel a large 
 amount of machinery. There is 
 now erected an extensive iron roll- 
 ing mill, giving employment to 250 
 workmen ; a large paper mill, an 
 extensive white lead works, an axe 
 manufactory and a starch mill, al- 
 together giving employment to a 
 great number of mechanics and 
 operatives, and some 20 or 30 ves- 
 
 Rochester, 2,674 
 
 Saugerties, 6,212 
 
 Shandaken, 1,455 
 
 Shawangunk, 3,886 
 
 Wawarsing, 4,044 
 
 Woodstock, 1,691 
 
 Total inhabitants, 45,822 
 
 sels. The village of Ulster was 
 incorporated in 1831, and now con- 
 tains a population of about 2300 
 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, 
 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 
 Roman Catholic church, 4 public 
 houses, 15 stores and groceries, 1 
 tannery and 2 brick yards. Here 
 are owned a steamboat and 6 sloops, 
 carrying a large amount of manu- 
 factured goods and country pro- 
 duce to and from the city of New- 
 York. The Esopus creek passes 
 through the village, across which 
 is thrown a beautiful bridge being 
 constructed of one arch of 260 feet 
 span, built in 1840, by Ralph 
 Bigelow, Esq. situated about 100 
 yards above the falls. In this vi- 
 cinity is found a superior quality of 
 
ULSTERVILLE— UNION FALLS. 
 
 403 
 
 building 1 stone, large quantities be- 
 ing shipped from this place. Ac- 
 commodation stages are in constant 
 attendance, and run to the different 
 passage boats which land and re- 
 ceive passengers at Maiden, a dis- 
 tance of about 2 miles. 
 
 Ulsterville, p. o. Shawan- 
 gunk, Ulster co. 
 
 Ulysses, t. Tompkins co. situ- 
 ated 8 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Ithaca, and distant 175 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,976 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating, declining to- 
 wards the east; soil, gravelly loam 
 of good quality; drained by seve- 
 ral small streams running into Cay- 
 uga lake, which bounds it on the 
 east. Jacksonville and Trumans- 
 burgh are post offices. Middle- 
 burgh is the name of a settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Ukadilla, t. Otsego co. situa- 
 ted 30 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
 100 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,272 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and somewhat bro- 
 ken, with some rich alluvion flats ; 
 soil of the uplands, fertile loam, 
 well adapted to grass ; drained by 
 the Unadilla and Susquehanna ri- 
 vers, which unite on the south-west 
 part of this town. Unadilla, Una- 
 dilla Centre and Creekville, are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Unadilla, v. and p. o. Una- 
 dilla, Otsego co. is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on the Susquehanna river; it 
 was incorporated in 1827, and now 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, an Episcopal 
 church, 3 taverns, 8 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 tobacco factory. 
 
 Unadilla Forks, v. and p. 
 o. Plainfield, Otsego co. is situated 
 at the junction of the east and west 
 branches of the Unadilla river ; it 
 contains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 1 ta- 
 vern, 2 stores, 1 large flouring mill, 
 
 1 oil mill, 1 saw mill, 2 fulling 
 mills and a machine shop. 
 
 Unadilla Riveii, rises in 
 Oneida county and flows in a south- 
 erly direction ; forming the divi- 
 ding line between the counties of 
 Madison, Otsego and Chenango, 
 when it falls into the Susquehanna 
 river. This stream is about 50 
 miles in length, affording a large 
 amount of hydraulic power; on its 
 banks are situated several pleasant 
 villages and a number of desirable 
 mill sites, many of which are now 
 occupied by woollen and cotton 
 factories, and grist and saw mills. 
 
 Union, t. Broome co. situated 
 6 miles west of the village of Bing- 
 hamton, and distant 150 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,165 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, gravelly loam, 
 fertile and well adapted to grass ; 
 drained by Nanticoke creek and 
 some other streams flowing into the 
 Susquehanna river, which bounds 
 it on the south. Union and Maine, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Union, v. and p. o. Union, 
 Broome co. is situated on the north 
 side of the Susquehanna river ; it 
 contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 2 taverns, 7 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills and 1 clothier's 
 works. 
 
 Union Church, p. o. New 
 Scotland, Albany co. 
 
 Union College. See Sche- 
 nectady city. 
 
 Union Corners, p. o. Sparta, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 Union Ellery, p. o. Ellery, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Union Falls, p. o. Black 
 Brook, Clinton co. ; here are loca- 
 ted 1 forge with 6 fires, 2 saw mills, 
 1 tavern, 1 store and about 20 
 dwelling houses. This place is 
 situated on the westerly side of the 
 Saranac river, where there is a great 
 water power, most of which is still 
 unoccupied. 
 
404 UNION MILLS— U. STATES REVENUE DISTRICTS. 
 
 Union Mills, p. o. Broadal- 
 bin, Fulton co.; here are situated 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 paper mill, 1 
 saw mill, 1 printing office and about 
 15 dwelling- houses. 
 
 Union Race Course. See 
 Jamaica. 
 
 Union Society, p. o. Wind- 
 ham, Greene co. 
 
 Union Springs, v. and p. o. 
 Springport, Cayuga co. is situated 
 on the east side of Cayuga lake, 
 where is a steamboat landing ; it 
 contains about 600 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 2 ta- 
 verns, 5 stores and 1 warehouse; 
 1 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 
 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 plaster 
 mill, 1 iron foundery and an estab- 
 lishment for building canal boats. 
 Here are located two large fresh 
 water springs, from which water is 
 discharged in sufficient quantities 
 to propel the above factories and 
 mills; also, a mineral spring of 
 some celebrity. A steam ferry 
 boat here crosses the lake to Cano- 
 ga, in Seneca county. 
 
 Union Square, p. o. Mexico, 
 Oswego co. 
 
 Union Vale, t. Dutchess co. 
 situated 12 miles east of the village 
 of Poughkeepsie, and distant S5 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,498 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling and hilly, having on 
 the east the Matteawan ridge ; 
 soil, clay, loam and gravel ; 
 drained south-west by the Fishkill 
 creek. Clove and Verbank are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Union Village, p. o. Lisle. 
 Broome co. 
 
 Union Village, v. Green- 
 wich and Easton, Washington co. 
 is pleasantly situated on both sides 
 of the Battenkill; it contains about 
 1,300 inhabitants, 160 dwelling 
 houses; 1 Congregational, 1 Re- 
 formed Dutch, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church; an incorporated 
 academy in a flourishing condition ; 
 1 bank, 11 stores of different kinds; 
 
 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace 
 and 1 extensive carriage manufac- 
 tory, besides many other kinds of 
 mechanic work shops. Here is lo- 
 cated the Greenwich post office. 
 
 Unionville, v. and p. o. Mi- 
 nisink, Orange co. contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 
 1 church, 2 public houses and 3 
 stores. 
 
 United Society of Be- 
 lievers. See New- Lebanon, 
 and Shaker Settlements in Water- 
 vliet and Groveland. 
 
 United States Arsenals 
 and Cantonments. See Buf- 
 falo, Fort Hamilton, Governor's 
 Island, Platlsburgh, Rome, Oswe- 
 go, Sackelt's Harbor, Watervliet, 
 or West Troy and West Point. 
 
 United States Navy 
 Yard. See Brooklyn. 
 
 United States Revenue 
 Districts. The following are 
 the several Revenue Districts in 
 the state of New York, with the 
 registered and enrolled tonnage in 
 each district, in 1840. 
 Districts. Tonnage. 
 
 Champlain, 1,477 39 
 
 Cape Vincent, 116 82 
 
 Genesee, 471 24 
 
 Niagara, 230 89 
 
 Oswego, 8,346 58 
 
 Oswegatchie, 999 35 
 
 Sackett's Harbor, 3,637 28 
 
 Buffalo, 4,916 00 
 
 New-York, 414,817 44 
 
 Sag Harbor, 20,405 62 
 
 Total tonnage, 455,518 61 
 
 Total tonnage in the 
 
 U. S. in 1840, 2,180,764 16 
 
 The total amount of imports and 
 exports, for the year ending 30th 
 Sept. 1840, was as follows: — The 
 value of imports entered in the Re- 
 venue Districts within the stale of 
 New-York, amounted to $60,440,- 
 750 ; exports , $ 34 ,264,080 . Tota 1 
 
UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK— UTICA. 405 
 
 amount during the same period 
 entered within the United States, 
 $107,141,519 ; exports, #132,085,- 
 946. 
 
 University of the City 
 of New-Yokk. See New- York 
 City. 
 
 Upper Aquebogue, p. o. 
 Riverhead, Suffolk co. 
 
 Upper Redhook Landing. 
 See Tivoli. 
 
 Urbana, t. Steuben co. situa- 
 ted 6 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Bath, and distant 207 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 1,884 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly, rising on both 
 sides from Crooked lake and its 
 inlet ; soil, clay and loam of differ- 
 ent qualities; watered by Crooked 
 lake, at the south end of which is 
 a convenient landing. Urbana, 
 Hammondsport, Mount Washing- 
 ton and West Urbana are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Utica City, Oneida co. is 
 situated on the south side of the 
 Mohawk river, on the site of old 
 Fort Schuyler, 93 miles west of the 
 citv of Albany. It was chartered 
 in 1832, and is now divided into 
 four wards, and governed by a 
 common council, consisting of a 
 mayor and 12 aldermen. In 1840 
 it contained 12,810 inhabitants, 
 about 1,600 dwelling houses, 3 
 Presbyterian churches, 1 Reform- 
 ed Dutch, 2 Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 
 3 Methodist, 2 Catholic, 1 Univer- 
 salist and 1 African church, and 
 1 Friends' meeting house; 1 Pro- 
 testant and 1 Catholic orphan asy- 
 lum ; 1 public market, 4 banking 
 houses and 1 saving's bank ; 1 mu- 
 tual insurance company ; 2 incor- 
 porated academies, one for males 
 and the other for females ; a mu- 
 seum, located in the Exchange 
 building; 1 public garden ; 15 ho- 
 tels and taverns, besides several 
 extensive private boarding houses; 
 190 dry goods, groceries and other 
 stores; 5 forwarding houses; 6 
 
 tanneries, 5 iron founderies, 2 ma- 
 chine shops ; 1 manufactory of lo- 
 comotive and oilier steam engines; 
 
 2 breweries, 1 extensive oil cloth 
 factory, 1 piano and organ manu- 
 factory, 3 carriage manufactories, 
 1 tobacco factory, 2 boat yards for 
 building and repairing canal boats; 
 
 3 lumber yards, 7 printing offices, 
 besides almost every other kind of 
 mechanic work shops. The July 
 term of the supreme court of the 
 state, the several terms of the vice- 
 chancellor's court for the fifth cir- 
 cuit, one term of the United States 
 distiict court for the northern dis- 
 trict of the state of New-York, and 
 one term of the circuit court for 
 the county of Oneida, are holden in 
 Utica. The office of one of the 
 clerk's of the supreme court, that 
 of the clerk in chancery for the 
 fifth circuit, of the clerk of the 
 United States court, and of the 
 clerk of the county of Oneida, are 
 located in this city. The New- 
 York State Lunatic Asylum, is 
 situated on somewhat elevated 
 ground, about one mile west of the 
 centre of Utica, and is now in pro- 
 gress of building. Here will be 
 located four large buildings, the 
 centre part of each of which is to 
 be four stories, and the remainder 
 3 stories in height, besides the 
 basement; each building is cal- 
 culated to accommodate 210 
 patients, besides the necessary 
 wardens and domestics; one build- 
 ing is now nearly completed, and 
 ready for the accommodation of 
 lunatics; attached is a farm of 
 160 acres of land This humane 
 establishment is calculated for the 
 reception of all insane persons in 
 the state, whose friends or county 
 authorities may apply in their 
 behalf. The probable expenditure 
 of the state, will be above half a 
 million of dollars, to complete the 
 design of the above buildings, as 
 contemplated by the commission- 
 ers appointed by the state authori - 
 
406 
 
 UTICA AND SCHENECTADY R. R.— VAN BUREN. 
 
 ties. There were according to the 
 census of 1840, 3,973 lunatics in 
 the state. 
 
 Utica is a lively and extensive 
 place of business, and is a great 
 thoroughfare for travellers. In ad- 
 dition to the Erie canal, which 
 passes through the centre of the 
 city, the Chenango canal commen- 
 ces at this place, and terminates at 
 Binghamton, in Broome county; 
 the Utica and Schenectady railroad 
 and the Syracuse and Utica rail- 
 road unite at this point, forming 
 two of the principal links in the 
 great chain of railroads, which will 
 soon be completed between the 
 cities of Boston, Albany and Buf- 
 falo. Stages leave Utica daily for 
 Watertown, Sackett's Harbor and 
 Ogdensburgh on the north, and 
 Cooperstown, Norwich, Bingham- 
 ton and Ithaca in a southerly direc- 
 tion. The city of Utica is sur- 
 rounded by one of the finest and 
 richest agricultural and manufac- 
 turing districts in the Union, and 
 is a wealthy and flourishing place 
 of business. The Erie canal 
 through the city has been widened 
 to seventy, and deepened to seven 
 feet, and presents a fine appearance 
 from the several beautiful and well 
 constructed bridges which span its 
 breadth. Before the canal was 
 widened, the several bridges were 
 miserable looking structures, so 
 low that boats could but just pass 
 beneath. But now they are raised 
 some six feet higher than formerly, 
 and are really ornaments to the 
 city. A fine stone culvert has just 
 been completed in the city, from 
 the canal to the river, at a cost 
 of about $100,000, and a splen- 
 did double lock is now being 
 built ; a mile or two west, 
 which will probably cost as much 
 more. 
 
 Utica and Schenectady 
 Railroad, extends from the city 
 of Schenectady to the city of Uti- 
 ca, a distance of 77 miles ; run- 
 
 ning through Ihe valley of the 
 Mohawk, lor the most of the dis- 
 tance on the north side of the river; 
 passing through the villages of Am- 
 sterdam, Fonda, St. Johnsville, 
 Little Falls and Herkimer. It was 
 incorporated in 1833, with a capi- 
 tal of $2,000,000 ; being comple- 
 ted in 1836, at a cost of about 
 $1,540,000, or $20,000 per mile. 
 This road forms one of the most 
 important links in the great chain 
 of railroads between Boston and 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Utsayantha Lake, or 
 Pond, is a small body of water 
 lying in the town of Jefferson, 
 Schoharie co. and is celebrated as 
 being the head source of the De- 
 laware river. 
 
 Uxbridge, p. o. Montgomery 
 
 CO. 
 
 Vail's Mills, p. o. Mayfield, 
 Fulton co. 
 
 Valatie, v. and p. o. Kinder- 
 hook, Columbia county, is an im- 
 portant manufacturing settlement, 
 situated 2 miles east of the village 
 of Kinderhook, at the junction of 
 the Valatie and Kinderhook creeks; 
 it contains about 1,600 inhabitants, 
 200 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 
 3 taverns, 12 stores, besides a 
 number of different kinds of me- 
 chanic work shops ; 4 extensive 
 cotton factories, which, when in 
 full operation, give employment to 
 400 operatives and mechanics ; 2 
 iron founderies, 1 machine shop, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 fulling 
 mill, and 1 plaster mill. 
 
 Valcour Island, lies in 
 Lake Champlain a few miles south 
 of the village of Pittsburgh ; it is 
 2h miles long and half a mile wide. 
 
 Vallonia Springs, p. o. 
 Colesville, Broome co. 
 
 Van Buren, t. Onondaga co. 
 situated 12 miles north-west of the 
 village of Syracuse, and distant 
 145 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 3,021 inhabitants. The 
 surface is rolling ; soil, clay and 
 
VAN BUREN HARBOR— VERONA. 
 
 407 
 
 sandy loam; drained by Camp 
 brook, flowing into Seneca river, 
 which bounds it on the north. 
 Van Bur en, J'an Bur en Centre 
 and Canal are post offices. Canton 
 is the name of a village. 
 
 Van Buhen Harbor, p. o. 
 Pom fret, Chautauque co. Here are 
 situated 1 tavern, and a few dwel- 
 ling- houses. This is a convenient 
 steamboat landing on Lake Erie, 5 
 miles south of the village of Dun- 
 kirk. 
 
 Van Burenville, p. o. 
 Wallkill, Orange co. 
 
 Vandermark, p. o. Alfred, 
 Allegany co. 
 
 Van Ettenville, p. o. 
 Cayuta, Chemung co. 
 
 Van Schaick's Island, lies 
 at '-he mouth of the Mohawk river, 
 and is attached to the town of Wa- 
 tervliet, Albany co. It is about 
 one and a half miles long and a 
 quarter of a mile wide ; over this 
 island extends the Rensselaer and 
 Saratoga railroad, which here runs 
 parallel to the Hudson river on its 
 west bank. 
 
 Varick, t. Seneca co. situated 
 8 miles south of the village of Wa- 
 terloo, and distant 180 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 1,971 
 inhabitants. The surface is high 
 in the centre, declining east and 
 west towards Cayuga and Seneca 
 lakes; soil, of good quality, and 
 well adapted to grain. Varick is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Varna, v. and p. o. Dryden, 
 Tompkins co. is situated on Fall 
 creek; it contains about 200 inha- 
 bitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 tavern, 1 sash factory, 1 grist mill 
 and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Varysburgh, v. and p. o. 
 Sheldon, Wyoming co. is situated 
 on the Tonavvanda creek ; it con- 
 tains about 225 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses ; 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist 
 
 mill, 2 saw mills, 1 tannery and 1 
 ashery. 
 
 Venice, t. Cayuga co. situated 
 15 miles south of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 162 miles 
 from Albany ; it contained in 1840, 
 2,105 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating; soil, clay and gravelly 
 loam, underlaid by lime and gyp- 
 sum; drained south by Salmon 
 creek. Venice, South Venice and 
 Poplar Ridge are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Verbank, p. o. Union Vale, 
 Dutchess co. 
 
 Verdreitje Hook, is a 
 bold headland, projecting into the 
 Hudson river from the west side 
 opposite Teller's Point, separating 
 Tappan from Haverstraw bay ; it 
 is elevated 668 feet above the 
 river. 
 
 Vermont, p. o. Gerry, Chau- 
 tauque co. 
 
 Vernal, p. o. Attica, Wyom- 
 ing co. 
 
 Vernon, t. Oneida co. situated 
 16 miles west of the city of Utica, 
 and distant 113 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 3,043 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is undulating; 
 soil, sandy loam and fertile clay ; 
 drained north-west by Oneida and 
 Skenandoa creeks. Vernon, Ver- 
 non Centre and Oneida Castle are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Vernon, v. and p. o. Vernon, 
 Oneida co. was incorporated in 
 1827, and now contains about 700 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho- 
 dist and 1 Unitarian church; an 
 incorporated academy ; 2 taverns, 
 4 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and 1 tannery. Near this place on 
 Skenandoa creek, is situated a 
 glass factory, where are manufac- 
 tured large quantities of glass. 
 
 Verona, t. Oneida co. situated 
 20 miles west of the city of Utica, 
 anddislant 116 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 4,504 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is level, with 
 
408 
 
 VERPLANK'S POINT— VIENNA. 
 
 some swamps; soil, rich mould, 
 blended with some sand ; watered 
 on the west by Oneida lake, and 
 drained by some small streams 
 flowing into Wood creek, which 
 bounds it on the north. The Erie 
 canal passes through this town, 
 where branches off the Oneida 
 Lake canal. Verona, Durham- 
 ville, New-London, Oneida De- 
 pot and Skenandoa are names of 
 post offices. The former post office 
 is located in a village called 
 Handsville, where are situated 1 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, and 
 25 dwelling houses, surrounded 
 by a rich agricultural country. 
 
 Verplank's Point, p. o. 
 Cortland, Westchester co. Here 
 is a convenient steamboat landing, 
 on the east side of the Hudson ri- 
 ver, 42 miles north of the city of 
 New-York, and 4 miles south of 
 the village of Peekskill ; where 
 are situated 2 taverns, 2 stores, 
 and some 15 or 20 dwelling hou- 
 ses. 
 
 Versailles, p. o. Perrys- 
 burgh, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 Vesper, p. o. Tullv, Onondaga 
 co. 
 
 Vestal, t. Broome co. situated 
 8 miles south-west of the village 
 of Binghamton, and distant 154 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,253 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat ridgy and broken ; 
 the soil is good on the flats, most 
 of the residue is covered with a 
 large growth of timber ; drained by 
 Choconut creek, and some other 
 streams flowing into the Susque- 
 hanna river, which bounds it on 
 the north. Vestal and South Ves- 
 tal ire names of post offices. 
 At the former there is a small 
 settlement. 
 
 Veteran, t. Chemung co. si- 
 tuated 11 miles north of the village 
 ofElmira, and distant 190 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,279 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly ; soil, gravelly and clay 
 
 loam of good quality ; drained 
 north by the inlet of Seneca lake, 
 which affords much fine water 
 power. Veteran and Millport are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Victor, t. Ontario co. situated 
 12 miles north-west of the village 
 of Canandaigua, and distant 203 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,393 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly ; soil, sandy 
 and clay loam, underlaid with 
 lime ; drained north-east by Mud 
 creek. 
 
 Victor, v. and p. o. Victor, 
 Ontario co. is situated near the 
 line of the Auburn and Rochester 
 railroad ; it contains about 300 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 
 Universalist church, 2 taverns and 
 3 stores. 
 
 Victory, t. Cayuga co. situa- 
 ted 20 miles north of the village of 
 Auburn, and distant 167 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,371 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating; soil, sandy and gravelly 
 loam, mostly well cultivated ; 
 drained north by Sodus creek. 
 
 Victory, v. and p. o. Victory, 
 Cavuga co. contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 2 taverns and 2 stores. 
 
 Vienna, t. Oneida co. situated 
 30 miles north-west of the city of 
 Utica, and distant 125 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,530 
 inhabitants. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; soil, mostly of a good qua- 
 lity; drained by Fish creek and 
 some other streams flowing into 
 Oneida lake, which bounds it in 
 part on the south. Vienna, Mc- 
 Connellsville, North Bay, Pine and 
 West Vienna are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Vienna, v. Phelps, Ontario co. 
 is situated on the outlet to Canan- 
 daigua lake, at the junction of 
 Flint creek ; it contains about 
 1,400 inhabitants, 200 dwelling 
 houses, 2 Presbyterian, and 1 Me- 
 
VILLANOVA— WADDINGTON. 
 
 409 
 
 thodist church ; 1 female semina- 
 ry ; 4 public houses, 9 stores and 
 groceries, 6 flouring' mills, con- 
 taining IS run of stones ; 4 plaster 
 mills, 3 saw mills, 2 edge tool 
 manufactories, 2 clothier's works, 
 1 furnace, 2 distilleries, 2 malt 
 houses, 1 carriage manufactory, 
 besides many other kinds of 
 mechanic work shops. The Au- 
 burn and Rochester railroad passes 
 through this place, which is sur- 
 rounded by a rich agricultural 
 country, surpassed for fertility 
 of soil by no town in Western 
 New-York. Here also abounds 
 large quantities of plaster and wa- 
 ter lime. The Phelps post office 
 is located in this place. 
 
 Villanova, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 22 miles north-east of the 
 village of Mayville, and distant 
 318 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,655 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and broken; soil, 
 clay and sandy loam, well adapted 
 to grass ; drained south-east by the 
 Connewango creek and some of its 
 tributaries. Villanova is the name 
 of a post office. 
 
 Virgil, t. Cortland co. situated 
 9 miles south of the village of 
 Cortland, and distant 148 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 4,502 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat hilly; soil, fertile sandy 
 and clay loam ; drained south by 
 East Owego creek and the Tiough- 
 nioga river. Virgil and Harford 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Virgil, v. and p. o. Virgil, 
 Cortland co. contains about 200 
 inhabitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Me- 
 thodist church ; 1 tavern, 3 stores 
 and 1 tannery. 
 
 Visscher's Ferry, p. o. 
 Clifton Park, Saratoga co. 
 
 Vista, p o. Lewisborough, 
 Westchester co. 
 
 Vlaie, or Fly, is an extensive 
 marsh, lying in the east part of 
 Fulton county, which is annually 
 
 overflowed with the surplus waters 
 ot the Sacandaga river, and some 
 other streams, forming an immense 
 sheet of water, extending several 
 miles each way, sometimes cover- 
 ing 20,000 acres of land. It is a 
 great resort for the angler and 
 sportsman. 
 
 Vlaie, or the Vly, is a 
 large swamp or pond, lying in the 
 town of Middleburgh, Schoharie 
 co. This pond sends forth a stream 
 on the north, which falls into Scho- 
 harie creek; while on the south 
 issues the head branch of the Cats- 
 kill creek. The streams have 
 been dammed, and what is now 
 sometimes termed a lake is well 
 stocked with fish. 
 
 Vlaman's Kill, rises in Al- 
 bany county, and flows south-east 
 through the town of Bethlehem, 
 where it empties into the Hudson 
 river. 
 
 Volney, t. Oswego co. situa- 
 ted 11 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Oswego, and distant 159 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 3,155 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; soil, sandy 
 loam, well adapted to grass; 
 drained by Black creek, flowing 
 into the Oswego river, which 
 bounds it on the west. Volney 
 and Fulton are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Volusia, p. o. Westfield, 
 Chautauque co. 
 
 Voorheesville, p. o. Glenn, 
 Montgomery co. Here is a settle- 
 ment, containing 2 churches, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, and about 20 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Waddington, v. and p. o. 
 Madrid, St. Lawrence co. is situa- 
 ted on the east side of the St. Law- 
 rence river, opposite Ogden's Is- 
 land, with which it is connected by 
 a bridge. It was incorporated in 
 1839, and now contains about 600 
 inhabitants, 90 dwelling houses, an 
 Episcopal church, 2 taverns, 12 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 
 
410 
 
 WADHAM'S MILLS— WALWORTH. 
 
 2 saw mills, 1 paper mill, 1 woollen 
 factory, 1 tannery and 1 furnace. 
 
 Wadham's Mills, p. o. 
 Westport, Essex co. 
 
 Wading River, v. and p. o. 
 Riverhead, Suffolk co. lies on the 
 north side of Long; Island ; here are 
 situated 1 church, 1 mill and some 
 20 or 30 scattered dwellings. 
 
 Walden, v. and p. o. Mont- 
 gomery, Orange co. is situated on 
 the east bank of the Wallkill; this 
 is a manufacturing village contain- 
 ing about 400 inhabitants, 70 dwel- 
 ling houses,, 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 
 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 satinet 
 factory, 1 grist mill and 1 saw 
 mill. 
 
 Wales, t. Erie co. situated 18 
 miles south-east of the city of Buf- 
 falo, and distant 268 miles from Al- 
 bany : contained in 1840, 1,987 in- 
 habitants. The surface is undula- 
 ting ; soil, gravelly and sandy 
 loam, with some clay, all of good 
 quality; drained north-west by Se- 
 neca creek. Wales and South 
 Wales are names of post offices. — 
 At the former there is a small set- 
 tlement. 
 
 Wai.esville, v. Whitestown, 
 Oneida co. is a manufacturing set- 
 tlement containing 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 2 paper mills, 1 clothier's 
 works and 1 gristmill; here are 
 located 1 church, 1 public house, 
 1 store and a number of scattered 
 dwellings. 
 
 Wallabout Bay, lies on the 
 north-east part of the city of Brook- 
 lyn. Here is situated the United 
 States navy yard, where may be 
 seen at all times, vessels of war of 
 different classes moored in the bay, 
 either repairing or in ordinary. — 
 During Ihe revolutionary war, here 
 were stationed the British prison 
 ships, on board of which it is said 
 11,500 American prisoners perish- 
 ed; most of whom were interred on 
 the beach near by, where it is pro- 
 posed to erect an appropriate monu- 
 ment to their memory. 
 
 Wallkill, t. Orange co. situ- 
 ated 22 miles west of the village of 
 Newburgh, and distant 105 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 4,268 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating and hilly ; soil, gravelly 
 and clay loam, underlaid by clay, 
 slate and graywacke, well adapted 
 to grazing ; drained north-east by 
 the Shawangunk creek and the 
 Wallkill. Phillipsburgh, South 
 Middletown, Scotchtown and Van 
 Burensville, are names of post offi- 
 ces. Middletown and Mechanic- 
 ville are villajes ; the former con- 
 tains the South Middletoim post 
 office. 
 
 Wallkill River, rises in 
 New-Jersey, and flows in a north- 
 erly direction across the county of 
 Orange into Ulster county, where 
 it empties into the Rondout, which 
 latter stream empties into the Hud- 
 son river at the village of Rondout. 
 This is a large and important mill 
 stream, on which are located many 
 extensive manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Walloomsack Creek or 
 River, rises in the south part of 
 Vermont, and flows west into the 
 north part of the town of Hoosic, 
 Rensselaer co. where it empties in- 
 to the Hoosic river. 
 
 Walton, t. Delaware co. si- 
 tuated 13 miles south-west of the 
 village of Delhi, and distant 94 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,846 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous ; soil, 
 well adapted to grazing; drained 
 by the west branch of the Delaware 
 river and some of its tributaries. 
 
 Walton, v. and p. o. Walton, 
 Delaware co. is situated on 
 the Delaware river; it contains 
 about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Epis- 
 copal church, 1 tavern, 6 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 clothier's 
 works and 1 tannery. 
 
 Walavorth,L Wayne co. si- 
 tuated 18 miles north-west of the 
 
WALWORTH— WARREN. 
 
 411 
 
 village of Lyons, and distant 199 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,734 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rolling-; soil, gravelly loam 
 of good quality; drained north by 
 several small streams flowing into 
 Lake Ontario. Walworth and 
 West Walworth are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Walworth, v. and p. o. Wal- 
 worth, Wayne co. contains about 
 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 
 ses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church, 1 tavern, 3 stores and 1 
 tannery. 
 
 Wappinger's Creek, p. o 
 Fishkill, Dutchess co. 
 
 Wappinger's Creek, rises 
 in Dutchess county, and runs into 
 the Hudson river below the village 
 of New Hamburgh; it is an impor- 
 tant mill stream, on which are situ- 
 ated a number of factories and 
 mills. 
 
 WARREN COUNTY, taken from Washington in 1813, is centrally 
 distant 75 miles north from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the 
 north by Essex county, east by Washington and Lake George, south 
 by Saratoga and west by Hamilton county. This county embraces an 
 elevated region, and much of it rugged, being broken by hills and 
 mountains; many of the summits are elevated from 800 to 1,200 feet. 
 The mountains on the west form a part of the Adirondack group, while 
 in the centre are the Kayaderosseras range, and on the east the Palmer- 
 town mountain. It is drained by the head sources of the Hudson river; 
 the Schroon and main branch here uniting ; while on the east lies 
 Lake George, or Horicon, one of the most beautiful sheets of water in 
 the Union, which empties its surplus waters into Lake Champlain, on 
 the northeast ; besides the above, there are several other smaller lakes, 
 all of which abound in trout and other fish of a fine flavor peculiar to 
 the waters of this mountainous part of the state, which may be called 
 the Switzerland of America. This county abounds in minerals. Of 
 iron ore there are numerous and important localities, embracing both 
 the magnetic, oxide and hematite. Marl has been found in the town of 
 Queensbury ; graphite also occurs in workable beds in several places. 
 To the mineralogist this county is one of great interest, although not 
 yet fully explored, yet enough has been discovered to infer that it may 
 vie with the more northern counties of Essex and Clinton, altogether 
 forming the most attractive portion of the state, when we consider its 
 mountains, minerals, lakes and rivers, as yet, in part, surrounded by 
 an almost unbroken wilderness. The area of this county is about 912 
 square miles, or 583,500 acres 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Warren county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Athol, 1,210 
 
 Bolton, 937 
 
 Caldwell, 693 
 
 Chester, 1,633 
 
 Hague, 610 
 
 Horicon, 659 
 
 Warren, t. Herkimer co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles south of the village 
 of Herkimer, and distant 63 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 2,003 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly; soil, sandy and clay loam ; 
 
 Johnsburgh, 1,139 
 
 Luzerne, 1,284 
 
 Queensbury, 3,789 
 
 Warrensburgh, 1,468 
 
 Total inhabitants, 
 
 13,442 
 
 the uplands well adapted to graz- 
 ing, and the valleys producing fine 
 crops of grain ; drained north by 
 Nowadaga CTeek, and south by 
 tributaries of Canaseraga and Ot- 
 sego lakes. Warren, Crain's Cor- 
 
412 
 
 WARRENSBURGH— WASHINGTON. 
 
 ners and Pace's Corners are names 
 of post offices. The former is 
 located in the village of Little 
 Lakes. 
 
 Warrensburgh, t. Warren 
 co. situated 6 miles north-west of 
 the village of Caldwell, and distant 
 68 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,468 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous ; 
 in the valley of the Hudson are 
 some rich lands well cultivated; 
 the Schroon branch here unites with 
 the main branch of the above 
 river, which forms its western 
 boundary. 
 
 Warrensburgh, V, and p. 
 o. Warrensburgh, Warren co. situa- 
 ted on the east or Schroon branch 
 of the Hudson river; it contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling 
 houses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 1 extensive tannery, 1 grist 
 mill, 2 saw mills, and 1 clothier's 
 works. 
 
 Warsaw, t. Wyoming county, 
 contains the county buildings situa- 
 ted in the village of the same 
 name ; it is distant 248 miles from 
 Albany, and contained in 1840, 
 2,841 inhabitants. The surface is 
 in part hilly, with a rich and ex- 
 tensive valley through which flows 
 Allen's creek ; soil, clay loam on 
 the uplands, and clay and gravel 
 in the valleys, well adapted to grass 
 or grain ; this whole region of 
 country being justly celebrated for 
 its fertility. 
 
 Warsaw, v. and p. o. War- 
 saw, Wyoming co. is situated on 
 Allen's creek, 248 miles west of 
 
 the city of Albany ; it contains 
 about 800 inhabitants, 100 dwelling 
 houses ; a new court- house and 
 jail; 2 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 
 1 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 6 
 stores and groceries; 1 flouring 
 mill, 1 woollen factory, 2 furnaces, 
 1 machine shop, 1 patent scale ma- 
 nufactory, and a turning machine 
 propelled by water power; 1 tan- 
 nery, besides most every other kind 
 of mechanic work shops. This 
 village is surrounded by a rich 
 agricultural country, yielding large 
 crops of grass, wheat, and other 
 produce, the whole valley of Al- 
 len's creek from Warsaw to Le 
 Roy, being unsurpassed for its 
 agricultural products. 
 
 Warwick, t. Orange co. situa- 
 ted 24 miles south-west of the vil- 
 lage of Newburgh, and distant 116 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 5,113 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is uneven and in part moun- 
 tainous ; the soil is various ; most 
 of it, however, of a good quality. 
 On the west lies a portion of the 
 "Drowned Lands;'-' it is drained 
 west and north by the Wallkill, and 
 south by tributaries of the Passaic 
 river. Warwick, Amity, Florida, 
 Edenville and New-Milford are 
 names of post offices. Bellvale is 
 the name of a settlement. 
 
 Warwick, v. and p. o. Orange 
 co. contains about 450 inhabitants, 
 70 dwelling houses, 1 Reformed 
 Dutch and 1 Baptist church, 3 ta- 
 verns, 6 stores and 1 tannery. 
 
 Washburnville, p. o. Ma- 
 comb, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY, taken from Albany in 1772, is cen 
 trally distant 50 miles north of the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the 
 north by Warren and Essex counties, and Vermont, east by Lake 
 Champlain and Vermont, south by the county of Rensselaer, and west 
 by Saratoga and Warren, and Lake George. The northern part of this 
 county is hilly and mountainous, being covered in part by the Palmer- 
 town range ; the central and southern parts are generally undulating, 
 interspersed with hills of moderate height, and beautiful valleys. The 
 soil is various, but much of it is warm and productive. In this county 
 are found several useful mineral productions ; iron ore. bcth of the 
 
WASHINGTON— WATERFORD. 
 
 413 
 
 matitic kinds, marl, lime, and marble, and in the 
 
 town of Greenwich, water lime. I extends through 
 
 terminating :!age of Whitehall. It is watered by 
 
 ms. the principal of which are Wood creek. Pawlei river 
 
 and Poultney river, emptying into Lake Champlain on the north, and 
 
 licfa bounds it in part on the 
 
 J some of its tributaries water it on the south. 
 
 Salem and Sandy Hill, the latter in the town of Kingsbury, are 
 
 j! • i area is about SOT square miles, or 516,500 
 
 - 
 
 following are the names of the towns in Washington county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Hebron, 2.493 
 
 Jackson. 1.730 
 
 Kixgsbuby. 2,773 
 
 Putnam, 7 Si 
 
 Sale31 2.755 
 
 White Creek 2.195 
 
 Whitehall 3.513 
 
 Total inhabitants, 
 
 II - 
 
 3.111 
 
 Cambridge 2,005 
 
 Dresden, 679 
 
 Easton, 2,988 
 
 Fort Ann, 3.559 
 
 Fort Edward, 1.726 
 
 
 
 5i rich, 3.352 
 
 Hampton, 
 
 id, 2..164 
 
 Washi h ctos, t. Dutch- - • 
 situated 12 miles east of the village 
 
 of Poughkeepsie, and distant 85 mill and 1 tannery. Here is 
 
 •rem Albany; cont:-. ated the Blooming Grove post 
 
 LSI 2,833 inhabitants. The sor- office. 
 
 face is rolling and hilly, being co- Waterboro', v. Poland. Chau- 
 rered on the east by IheMaffeairan tauque co. is situated on the Cone- 
 mountains; soil, gra-- g creek; it contains about 
 calcareous kam, well cultiva- 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- 
 
 ses ; an academy; 2 tavern 4 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, 1 plaster 
 
 ted and highly productive 
 in £Tain and srrass; drain 
 by a tributary of Wappinger's 
 
 by a tribal 
 Ten Mile creek. Wat 
 II 
 
 - I tavern, 1 store and an exlen- 
 
 aw mill. 
 Waterburgh, p. o. Tomp- 
 ki ; co. 
 
 Water t< r. d. '.. Saratoga co. 
 .19 miles south-east of the 
 
 lage, Lithgow and Mabbitsville village of Ballston Spa, and distant 
 - rf post offices 10 miles from Albany; contained 
 
 " in 184 I B84 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating ; soil, sand 
 and alluvion, mostlv well cultiva- 
 
 itered by the Mohawk and 
 Hudson rivers, which here form a 
 
 -aisGTOvviLLE. v. and 
 Sandy • - coun- 
 
 ty, contains about 250 inhabitants, 
 - yterian. 1 Methodist and 1 
 - -irch; 2 taverns, 3 
 
 stores, 1 grist mil!, 1 saw mill, 1 junction. 
 
 clothier's works, 1 furnace and 1 Waterford, v. and p. o. Wa- 
 tannery. ord, Saratoga co. is situated on 
 
 shucgtostille, village si bank of the Hudson river, 
 
 Blx-ming-Grove, Orange co. situa- at the junction of the north branch 
 a plain 10 miles sou::.- si : fl -:- M .-:. I ] miles above the 
 
 of Xewburgh ; if - y; it was incorpora- 
 
 90 inhabitanti 30 dwelling hou- | ted in 1£ warn contains a 
 
414 
 
 WATERLOO— WATERTOWN. 
 
 population of about 1,400 inhabi- 
 tants, 200 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 
 Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
 4 hotels and taverns ; 1 banking- 
 house, 20 stores and groceries ; an 
 incorporated academy for males 
 and females, in a flourishing con- 
 dition, consisting of 2 separate 
 academy buildings, besides the 
 dwelling house intended for the re- 
 sidence of the principal and scho- 
 lars ; 1 cotton factory, 4 flouring 
 mills, 1 grist mill, 2 machine 
 shops, 1 twine factory, 1 furnace, 
 1 ink and lampblack factory, 1 fire 
 engine manufactory, 1 button fac- 
 tory, 1 plaster mill, 2 saw mills 
 and 1 tannery. Here are owned 6 
 sloops and schooners, besides a 
 number of canal boats . The Rens- 
 selaer and Saratoga railroad passes 
 through the centre of this village 
 on its route between the city of 
 Troy and Ballston and Saratoga 
 Springs ; the Champlain canal also 
 passes through this place, here 
 communicating with the Hudson 
 river, then continues to its junction 
 with the Erie canal about 2 miles 
 south-east. The Union Bridge 
 crosses the Hudson at this point, 
 communicating with the village 
 of Lansingburgh. Waterford be- 
 ing at the head of sloop navigation 
 on the Hudson, altogether com- 
 bines the advantages of river, 
 canal and railroad transportation, 
 and hydraulic power to a great 
 extent. 
 
 Waterloo, t. Seneca co. con- 
 tains the county buildings situated 
 in the village of the same lj ne ; 
 it is distant 173 miles from Albany," 
 and contained in 1840, 3,036 inha- 
 bitants. The surface is mostly 
 level; soil, fertile calcareous 
 loam ; drained east by Seneca ri- 
 ver, along which here runs the 
 Cayuga and Seneca canal. 
 
 Waterloo, v. and p. o. Wa- 
 terloo, Seneca co. is handsomely 
 situated on both sides of the outlet 
 
 of Seneca lake, which is in part 
 used as the Cayuga and Seneca 
 canal; it was incorporated in 1824, 
 and now contains about 2,600 in- 
 habitants, 350 dwelling houses ; a 
 court-house and jail, being a half 
 shire town with Ovid; 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 
 Methodist church ; an academy 
 which is being constructed ; 8 ho- 
 tels and taverns ; 1 banking house, 
 25 dry goods, grocery and other 
 stores ; 1 large woollen factory, 
 which manufactures over 200,000 
 pounds of wool annually; 5 flouring 
 mills, containing 18 run of stone ; 
 5 saw mills, 2 oil mills, 2 pail and 
 tub factories, 2 mills for cleaning 
 clover seed, 1 plaster mill, 2 tan- 
 neries, 2 distilleries, 1 clothier's 
 works, 1 furnace and 1 machine 
 shop; 2 asheries, 1 soap and can- 
 dle manufactory, 1 carriage manu- 
 factory, and 1 boat yard for the 
 construction of lake and canal 
 boats. The fall of water at this 
 place is about 16 feet. In this 
 immediate vicinity are found and 
 quarried large quantities of lime- 
 stone, extensively used as building 
 material. In addition to the Cayu- 
 ga and Seneca canal, the Auburn 
 and Rochester railroad passes 
 through this village, which is about 
 equi-distant between Cayuga and 
 Seneca lakes. 
 
 Watertown, t. Jefferson co. 
 contains the county buildings lo- 
 cated in the village of the same 
 name, and is distant 160 miles 
 from Albany; it contained in 1840, 
 5,027 inhabitants. The surface is 
 somewhat uneven ; soil, sandy 
 jam and clay of excellent quality, 
 and mostly well cultivated, under- 
 laid by secondary lime; drained 
 south-west by Stony and Sandy 
 creeks, and on its north boundary 
 by Black river, here affording an 
 immense water power. Water- 
 town and Burrville are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Watertown, v. and p. o. 
 
WATERTOWN— WATERVILLE. 
 
 415 
 
 Watertown, Jefferson co. is situa- 
 ted on the south side of Black ri- 
 ver; it is connected by covered 
 bridges, and forms one community 
 with the villages of Williamstown 
 and Juhelville, on the north side 
 of the river, numbering - altogether 
 about 700 dwelling- houses, and 
 4,000 inhabitants. It was incor- 
 porated in 1831, and contains 2 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Me- 
 thodist, 1 Universalis!, 1 Baptist 
 and 1 Roman Catholic church, 
 three of which are of stone. 
 Among the public buildings are 
 the court-house and jail, both of 
 stone ; the slate arsenal, of brick ; 
 3 banks, with a capital amounting 
 to $300,000, and 8 taverns, one of 
 which, " the American," was 
 erected at an expense exceeding 
 $25,000. There are here 3 print- 
 ing offices, 16 dry goods stores, 3 
 hardware, 12 grocers, 2 apotheca- 
 ries, 2 booksellers and stationers, 
 2 merchant tailors, 2 watchma- 
 kers and jewellers, 3 leather, har- 
 ness and shoe stores, 2 hat and fur 
 dealers, 1 confectionary and 6 mil- 
 linery and fancy stores. The Black 
 River Literary and Religious In- 
 stitute, claims particular notice as 
 a well ordered and flourishing se- 
 minary, numbering on an average 
 180 pupils, and is at once an ho- 
 nor and an ornament to the village. 
 There is also a manual school un- 
 der the charge of an experienced 
 teacher. An "association of 
 young men," for literary and 
 scientific improvement, by read- 
 ing, lectures and debates, has been 
 recently formed under the happiest 
 auspices, and having been incorpo- 
 rated at the last session of the 
 legislature, are laying the founda- 
 tion of useful attainments in a va- 
 luable library. 
 
 The water power, from which 
 this place mainly derives its wealth 
 and importance, has been estimated 
 at not less than 10,000 cubic feet of 
 water falling every second of time 
 
 88 feet in the distance of about a 
 mile, as the river passes the village 
 over 7 artificial dams, and 5 natu- 
 ral cascades. At one of these 
 dams alone, it is computed to be 
 sufficient to keep in motion 100,000 
 spindles. This immense hydraulic 
 power concentrated at this point, 
 greater perhaps than is to be found 
 at anv other in the United States 
 within the same compass, and that 
 can be made available at so little 
 preparatory expense, is as yet 
 scarcely begun to be used. We 
 find here, however, 1 flannel mill, 
 
 1 broadcloth and satinet mill, 1 
 cotton mill, 2 negro cloth mills, 
 employing together about $200,000 
 capital ; 3 carding and clothing 
 works, 5 flouring and grist mills, 
 
 2 tanneries, 1 large paper mill, 3 
 machine shops, 2 iron furnaces, 4 
 saw mills, 1 morocco dressing es- 
 tablishment, 1 pump factory, 1 
 sash factory, 4 wagon and carriage 
 factories, 2 cabinet-makers, 1 brew- 
 ery and 1 distillery ; besides every 
 other kind of mechanic work shops 
 appertaining to an enterprising 
 and thriving place. 
 
 Wateevale. v. and p. o. 
 Pompey, Onondaga co. contains 
 about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwel- 
 ling houses, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 
 flouring mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 Water Valley, p. o. Ham- 
 burgh, Erie co. 
 
 Waterville, v. and p. o. 
 Sangerfield, Oneida co. is situated 
 on a branch of the Oriskany creek; 
 it contains about 120 dwelling 
 hou , 1,000 inhabitants, 1 Pres- 
 byterian and 1 Baptist church ; 1 
 banking house, 2 taverns, and 10 
 stores. Here are located 1 large 
 woollen factory, 1 starch factory, 
 
 3 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 3 dis- 
 tilleries, 2 furnaces, and an exten- 
 sive machine shop, where are 
 manufactured large quantities of 
 eliptic steel springs, used for car- 
 riages, and other purposes, and an 
 
416 
 
 WATERVILLE CORNERS-WAYNE. 
 
 extensive organ manufactory. — 
 The Waterville Academy is a se- 
 lect school in a flourishing condi- 
 tion, in addition to which there is 
 a popular female seminary ; this 
 village is beautifully located, 
 and does an extensive business, 
 being surrounded by a densely 
 settled and rich agricultural popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Waterville Corners, p. 
 o. Concord, Erie co. 
 
 Watervliet, t. Albany co. 
 situated 6 miles north of the city 
 of Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 10,141 inhabitants. The surface 
 is level or undulating on the east, 
 rising into hills on the west; soil, 
 varied. On the bank of the Hud- 
 son are some extensive flats, pro- 
 ductive and well cultivated, while 
 in the interior are some sandy 
 ridges and swamps ; watered 
 on the north by the Mohawk 
 river, and on the east by the Hud- 
 son river. This is a large town, 
 embracing several islands, lying at 
 the junction of the Mohawk and 
 Hudson rivers; also, the Shaker 
 Settlement, sometimes called Nis- 
 kayuna. It is travel sed by the 
 Junction canals, the Champlain 
 canal diverging to the right across 
 the Mohawk river near the village 
 of Cohoes, while the Erie canal 
 continues on through the above 
 village, where are constructed a 
 number of locks to overcome the 
 descent in the river, at the Cohoes 
 Falls. Watervliet, Watervliet 
 Centre, and Cohoes are names of 
 post offices. The Watervliet post 
 
 office is located in the vil- 
 lage of West 7Voi/, where is 
 situated the Watervliet Arsenal, 
 an extensive establishment belong- 
 ing to the United States govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Watson, t. Lewis co. situated 
 10 miles north-east of the village 
 of Martinsburgh, and distant 135 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 1,707 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous; soil, 
 sandy loam ; drained by Indepen- 
 dence creek, and some other 
 streams flowing into the Black ri- 
 ver, which bounds it on the west. 
 Watson and Dayansville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Waver ly, v. and p. o. Otto, 
 Cattaraugus co. is situated on the 
 south branch of Cattaraugus creek : 
 it contains about 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 200 inhabitants, 1 church, 2 
 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 2 
 saw mills. 
 
 Wawarsing, t. Ulstercounty, 
 situated 22 miles south-west of the 
 village of Kingston, and distant 
 81 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 4,044 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 having on the east the Shawan- 
 gunk mountain; soil, gravelly 
 loam and clay, of a good quality; 
 drained north-east by Rondout 
 creek and its tributaries, here af- 
 fording fine water power. Iron 
 ore, plumbago and lead are found 
 in this vicinity. Waivarsing, El- 
 lenville, Lackawack and South- 
 wick are post offices. Naponoch 
 is the name of a settlement. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY, taken from Ontario in 1823, is centrally dis- 
 tant 200 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the 
 north by Lake Ontario, east by Cayuga county, south by the counties 
 of Seneca and Ontario, and west by Monroe county. The surface of 
 this county is generally undulating, with some ridges; the soil is a 
 mixture of sand, clay and gravel, with loam and vegetable mould, 
 yielding large crops of most kinds of grain, and well calculated for the 
 production of fruit. It is bounded by Lake Ontario on the north ; the 
 shore is indented by several bays, which receive small streams. Mud 
 creek unites with the outlet of Canandaigua lake in the town of Lyons, 
 
WAYNE— WELLS. 
 
 417 
 
 and form the Clyde river, which flows east into Seneca river, paral- 
 lel to which extends the Erie canal. Of minerals, there is a valuable 
 deposit of lenticular iron ore, which is quarried in large quantities ; 
 besides which, bog iron ore has been found in considerable abundance 
 near Lockville. With gypsum, marl and water limestone, this count) 
 is well supplied ; sulphur springs also abound, and weak brine springs 
 have been found. Its area is about 572 square miles, or 375,576 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Wayne county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Arcadia, 4,980 
 
 Butler, 2,271 
 
 Galen, 4,234 
 
 Huron, 1,943 
 
 Lyons, 4,302 
 
 Macedon, 2,396 
 
 Marion, 1,903 
 
 Ontario, 1,889 
 
 Palmyra, 3,549 
 
 Wayne, t. Steuben co. situated 
 14 miles north-east of the village of 
 Bath, and distant 198 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,377 
 inhabitants. The surface is mostly 
 level, except on the north where it 
 is somewhat hilly ; soil, clay and 
 loam, well adapted to wheat and 
 other kinds of grain ; watered by 
 Crooked lake on the west, and Lit- 
 tle lake and Mud lake on the east. 
 Wayne and Wayne Four Comers, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Wayne, v. and p. o. Wayne, 
 Steuben co. contains about 150 in- 
 habitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 
 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist 
 church, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 1 
 furnace. 
 
 Webster, t. Monroe co. situa- 
 ted 10 miles north-west of the city 
 of Rochester, and distant 216 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,235 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level or slightly undulating; 
 soil, sand and gravelly loam ; drain- 
 ed by two or three small streams 
 flowing into Lake Ontario which 
 bounds it on the north. JVebster 
 is the name of a post office. 
 
 Weedsport, v. and p. o. Bru- 
 tus, Cayuga co. is situated on the 
 Erie canal, 7 miles north of Au- 
 27 
 
 Rose, 2,038 
 
 Savannah, 1 ,718 
 
 Sodus, 4,472 
 
 Walworth, 1,734 
 
 Williamson, 2,147 
 
 Wolcott, 2,481 
 
 Total inhabitants, 42,057 
 
 burn ; it was incorporated in 1831, 
 and now contains about 800 inhabi- 
 tants, 120 dwelling houses, 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 8 stores, 1 
 grist mill and 1 saw mill. 
 
 Welland Canal, extends 
 from Lake Erie near the mouth of 
 Grand river, to Lake Ontario at 
 Port Dalhousie, Canada. This 
 splendid work admits the passage 
 of the largest vessels that navigate 
 the western lakes; the dimensions 
 of the locks are most of them 45 
 feet wide and 120 feet in length. — 
 The length of the canal from Port 
 Maitland to Port Dalhousie, is 36 
 miles, on which there are 34 locks, 
 all descending; there being a total 
 descent of 334 feet. This canal is 
 now, (1842,) undergoing extensive 
 repairs and being somewhat en- 
 larged, in order to accommodate 
 the increased trade which flows 
 through it, both to the Canadian 
 and American markets. 
 
 Wellington, p. o. Camillus, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Wells, t. Hamilton co. situa- 
 ted 8 miles east of the village of 
 Lake Pleasant, and distant 72 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 365 inhabitants. The surface and 
 soil are various; the latter mostly 
 
418 
 
 WELLSBURG— WEST CATLIN. 
 
 •well adapted to grazing and sum- 
 mer crops; drained south-east by 
 the Sacondaga river. Wells, is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Wellsburgh, v. Southport, 
 Chemung co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing 1 Baptist 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 15 or 
 20 dwellings. 
 
 Well's Corner, p. o. Mini- 
 sink, Orange co. 
 
 Well's Island, forming one 
 of the group of the " Thousand Isl- 
 ands," lies in the St. Lawrence ri- 
 ver, and is attached to the town of 
 Clayton, Jefferson co. This is one 
 of the largest of the above islands, 
 and it was here, that the British 
 steamer Sir Robert Peel was burnt, 
 during the late revolutionary ex- 
 citement in Canada. 
 
 Wellsville, v. and p. o. Scio, 
 Allegany co. is situated on the east 
 side of the Genesee river, on the 
 line of the New-York and Erie 
 railroad; it contains about 250 in- 
 habitants, 35 dwelling houses, 2 ta- 
 verns, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 
 saw mill. 
 
 Wempsville, v. and p. o. Le- 
 nox, Madison co. is situated on the 
 line of the Syracuse and Utica rail- 
 road ; it contains about 350 inhabi- 
 tants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 church, 
 2 taverns, 1 store and 1 tannery. 
 
 Wessex, p. o. Essex, Essex 
 
 CO. 
 
 West Addison, p. o. Addi- 
 son, Steuben co. 
 
 West Almond, t. Allegany 
 co. situated 6 miles east of the vil- 
 lage of Angelica, and distant 248 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 808 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; soil, clay loam of 
 good quality ; drained west by An- 
 gelica creek. West jllniond, is 
 the name, of a post office. 
 
 West Bloomfield, t. Onta- 
 rio co. situated 14 miles west of the 
 village of Canandaigua, and dis- 
 tant 208 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,094 inhabitants. 
 
 The surface is somewhat hilly ; 
 soil, principally clay, underlaid by 
 slate and lime ; drained north by 
 Honeoye creek. West Bloomfield, 
 Bloomfield Centre and North 
 Bloomfield, are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 West Bloomfield, v. and 
 p. o. Bloomfield, Ontario co. is si- 
 tuated on an elevated ridge ; it con- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants, 75 
 dwelling houses, 2 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 
 4 stores and 1 furnace. In the vi- 
 cinity, situated on Honeoye creek, 
 are 1 large flouring mill, 1 woollen 
 factory and 1 distillery. 
 
 West Branch, p. o. Western, 
 Oneida co. 
 
 West Brookville, p. o.Ma- 
 makating, Sullivan co. 
 
 West Burlington, p. o. 
 Burlington, Otsego co. 
 
 West Camden, p. o. Camden, 
 Oneida co. 
 
 West Camp, p. o. Saugerties, 
 Ulster co. ; here is situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson river, a 
 convenient landing, 4 miles above 
 the village of Ulster. In this vi- 
 cinity is an old German settle- 
 ment. 
 
 West Canada Creek, rises 
 in the county of Hamilton, and 
 empties into the Mohawk river, 
 about one mile below the village of 
 Herkimer. This is a rapid and im- 
 portant stream affording a great 
 amount of hydraulic power, but a 
 small part of which is as yet used 
 for manufacturing purposes. The 
 celebrated Trenton Falls are situ- 
 ated on tlii s stream, about 20 miles 
 above its mouth, where is a suc- 
 cession of falls within the distance 
 of 4 miles, having a descent of up- 
 wards of 300 feet. 
 
 West Candor, p. o. Candor, 
 Tio«-a co. 
 
 West Carlton, p. o. Carlton, 
 Orleans co. 
 
 West Catlin, p. o. Catlin, 
 Chemung- co. 
 
"WEST CAYUTA— WESTCHESTER. 
 
 419 
 
 West Cayuta, p. o. Cayuta, 
 Chemung co. 
 
 West Charlton, p. o. Charl- 
 ton, Saratoga co. is an agricultural 
 settlement, where are located 1 
 church, 1 store, 1 public house 
 and some 20 or 30 dwelling hou- 
 ses. 
 
 West Chateaucay, p. o 
 
 Chateaugay, Franklin co. 
 
 West Chazy, p. o. Chazy, 
 Clinton co. ; here are located on the 
 Little Chazy river, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 1 tavern, 7 stores, 1 wool- 
 len factory, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 
 and 30 or 40 dwellings. 
 
 WESTCHESTER COUNTY, originally organized in 16S3, is cen- 
 trally distant 30 miles north from the city of New-York, and 120 south 
 from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by Putnam coun- 
 ty, east by the Connecticut state line, south by Long Island sound and 
 the Harlem river, and on the West by the Hudson river. The sur- 
 face of this county is uneven and hilly, abounding in picturesque sce- 
 nery. The soil in many places is very productive and highly cultiva- 
 ted, yielding large returns to the agriculturist, who can easily get his 
 produce carried to the New- York market, at all seasons of the year. — 
 The thriving villages and settlements in this county are very numerous, 
 and afford a sure indication of its great wealth. Its mineral produc- 
 tions are also extensive ; among the most important, may be ranked the 
 dolomitic marble, which occurs abundantly in various places, and is 
 extensively used as building material ; iron ore is found near Tarry- 
 town and Sing Sing. In the vicinity of Sing Sing, also, mining opera- 
 tions were formerly carried on to a considerable extent, under the flat- 
 tering idea that silver ore existed (here ; several ores of copper, how- 
 ever, have been found in this vicinity. There is a sulphur spring 
 near Sing Sing, which has acquired some celebrity. Its area is about 
 470 square miles, or 290,527 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Westchester county, 
 with the population in 1S40. 
 
 Bedford, 2,822 j Pelham, 789 
 
 Cortlandt, 5,592 j Poundridge, 1,407 
 
 Eastchester, 1,502 I Rye, 1,S03 
 
 Greenburgh, 3,361 J Scarsdale, 255 
 
 Harrison, 1,139 ! Somers, 2,082 
 
 Lewisborough, 1,619 j Westchester, • 4,154 
 
 Mamaroneck, 1,416 White Plains, 1,087 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 7,307 
 
 Newcastle, 1,529 
 
 New Rochelle, 1,816 
 
 North Castle, 2,058 
 
 North Salem, 1,161 | 
 
 Westchester, t. Westches- 
 ter co. situated 16 miles south of 
 the village of White Plains, and 
 distant 150 miles from Albany ; 
 contained in 1840, 4,154 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is rolling and in 
 some places hilly ; soil, clay loam, 
 mostly susceptible of high cultiva- 
 tion; drained by Bronx river, and 
 
 Yonkers, 2,968 
 
 Yorktown, 2,819 
 
 Total inhabitants, 48,686 
 
 and East rivers. Marble is quar- 
 ried in this town, which is here 
 found in great abundance. West- 
 chester and West Farms, are names 
 of post offices. Morisania and 
 Fordham are names of settlements. 
 Westchester, v. and p. o. 
 Westchester, Westchester co. is 
 situated on Westchester creek, 12 
 
 watered on the south by Harlem 1 miles from the city of New-York ; 
 
420 
 
 WEST CLARKSVILLE— WEST FARMS. 
 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 50 dwelling houses, 1 Episcopal 
 and 1 Methodist church and 1 
 Friend's meeting- house, 3 taverns, 
 4 stores and 1 grist mill. Here is 
 a convenient landing, from which 
 ply 3 sloops to the New-York 
 market. 
 
 West Clarkesville, p. o. 
 Clarkesville, Allegany co. 
 
 West Conesus, p. o. Conesus, 
 Livingston co. 
 
 West Constable, p. o. West- 
 ville, Franklin co. 
 
 West Creek or River, ri- 
 ses in Ontario co. and flows south- 
 west into Yates county, where it 
 empties into the head of Canandai- 
 gua lake. 
 
 West Day, p. o. Day, Sarato- 
 ga co. 
 
 West Davenport, p. o. Da- 
 venport, Delaware co. 
 
 West Dryden, p. o. Dryden, 
 Tompkins co.; here are situated 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store and about 
 30 dwellings. 
 
 West Edmeston, p. o. Ed- 
 meston, Otsego co. 
 
 West Enfield, p. o. Enfield, 
 Tompkins co. 
 
 Westerlo, t. Albany co. situ- 
 ated IS miles south-west of the city 
 of Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 3,096 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating with some ridges ; soil, 
 varied, some of which is quite fer- 
 tile ; drained south by Provost 
 creek and other tributaries of the 
 Catskill creek. Westerlo and 
 South Westerlo, are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Westerlo Island, lies in 
 the Hudson river, immediately be- 
 low the city of Albany, and is at- 
 tached to the town of Bethlehem ; 
 it is 2 miles long and one quarter 
 of a mile wide. This is a rich and 
 fertile piece of ground, well adapt- 
 ed to the raising of all kinds of ve- 
 getables, being composed of rich 
 alluvion, which is here deposited 
 in great quantities, and forms at 
 
 this point the chief obstruction i» 
 the navigation of the Hudson; op- 
 posite the lower part of this island 
 is the well known bar or shoal call- 
 ed the Overslaugh. 
 
 Western, t. Oneida co. situa- 
 ted 18 miles north-west of the city 
 of Utica, and distant 110 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,488 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
 but generally arable ; soil, moist 
 loam, very rich and productive in 
 the valleys ; drained south by the 
 Mohawk river and some of its tri- 
 butaries. Big Brook, West Branch 
 and Westernville, are post offices. 
 Western Railroad, of 
 Mass. extends from Worcester, 
 running through Springfield and 
 Piltsfield to West Stockbridge, on 
 the western limits of this state, where 
 it unites with the Albany and W est 
 Stockbridge and the Hudson and 
 Berkshire railroads. This great 
 work is 117 miles long, connecting 
 with the Boston and Worcester 
 railroad on the east, which is 44 
 miles in length, and with the above 
 railroads on the west, extending 
 into the state of New-York ; ma- 
 king the total distance from Bos- 
 ton to Albany, by railroad route, 
 199 miles. 
 
 Westernville, v. and p. o. 
 Western, Oneida co. is situated on 
 the south side of the Mohawk ri- 
 ver ; it contains about 250 inhabi- 
 tants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian church and 1 Friend's 
 meeting house, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 
 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery 
 and shoe peg factory. 
 
 West Exeter, p. o. Exeter, 
 Otsego co. 
 
 West Faumington, p. o. 
 Farmington, Ontario co. 
 
 West Farms, v. and p. o. 
 Westchester, Westchester co. is 
 situated on the Bronx river, 11 
 miles from the city of New-York ; 
 it contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 
 150 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyteri- 
 an, 1 Dutch Reformed and 1 Me- 
 
WEST FAYETTE— WEST MARTINSBURGH. 
 
 421 
 
 thodist church, 4 taverns and 1 
 temperance house, 1*2 stores of dif- 
 ferent kinds, 2 extensive carpet 
 factories, 1 rug factory and a ma- 
 chine shop for the manufacture of 
 machinery appertaining - to the man- 
 ufacture of carpets, 1 grist mill and 
 
 1 mahogany saw mill. Here are 
 owned 7 sloops, trading with the 
 New-York and other markets. 
 
 West Fayette, p. o. Fay- 
 ette, Seneca co. 
 
 Westfield, t. Chautauque co. 
 situated 6 miles west of the village 
 ofMayville and distant 330 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 3,199 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly, declining north toward Lake 
 Erie ; soil, fertile loam of different 
 qualities ; drained north-west by 
 Chautauque creek and some other 
 streams, flowing into Lake Erie. — 
 Westfield, Barcelona, Nettle Hill 
 and Volusia are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Westfield, v. and p. o. West- 
 field, Chautauque co. is situated on 
 Chautauque creek one and a half 
 miles south-east of Lake Erie ; it 
 was incorporated in 1833, and now 
 contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 
 200 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyteri- 
 an, 1 Episcopal and 1 Methodist 
 church, an incorporated academy, 
 4 public houses, 14 stores and gro- 
 ceries, 2 flouring mills, 4 saw mills, 
 
 2 clothier's works, 1 tannery, 1 
 distillery and 1 axe factory. 
 
 Westfield, t. Richmond co. 
 contains the county buildings loca- 
 ted in the village of Richmond, and 
 is distant 158 miles from Albany ; 
 it contained in 1840, 2,326 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is mostly level; 
 soil, sandy loam, with some clay ; 
 watered on the east by New-York 
 lower bay, and on the west by Sta- 
 ten Island sound. Richmond, 
 Richmond Valley and Rossville, 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Westford, t. Otsego co. situ- 
 ated 8 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Cooperstown, and distant 
 
 68 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,478 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly, but mostly arable ; 
 soil, sandy loan.-, warm and of good 
 quality, well adapted to grass or 
 grain ; drained south by Cherry 
 Valley and Elk Creeks. West- 
 ford, Westville and Centreville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 West Gaixes, p. o. Gaines, 
 Orleans co. 
 
 West Galway Church, p. 
 o. Broadalbin, Fullon co. 
 
 West Gexesee, p. o. Gene 
 see, Allegany co. 
 
 West Greenfield, p. o. 
 Greenfield, Saratoga co. 
 
 West Grotox, p. o. Groton, 
 Tompkins co. 
 
 West Guilderland, p. o. 
 Guilderland, Albany co. 
 
 West Harpersfield, p. o. 
 Harpersfield, Delaware co. 
 
 West Hebrox, p. o. Hebron, 
 Washington co. 
 
 West Hempstead, p. o. Ra- 
 mapo, Rockland co. 
 
 West Henrietta, p. o. Hen- 
 rietta, Monroe co. 
 
 West Hills, p. o. Hunting- 
 ton, Suffolk co. 
 
 West Hinsdale, p. o. Hins- 
 dale, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 West Kill, p. o. Lexington, 
 Greene co. is a scattered settle- 
 ment, containing 1 church, 1 ta- 
 vern, 1 store, 2 extensive tanne- 
 ries, 3 saw mills, 1 clothier's works 
 and about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 West Koy Creek, rises in 
 the north-west part of Allegany co. 
 and flows south-east into the Gene- 
 see river ; this stream affords many 
 good mill sites. 
 
 West Le Ray, p. o. Le Ray, 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 West Leyden, p. o. Leyden, 
 Lewis co. 
 
 West Linklean, p. o. Link- 
 lean, Chenango co. 
 
 West Lowville, p. o. Low- 
 ville, Lewis co. 
 
 West Martinsburgh, p. o. 
 
422 
 
 WEST MEREDITH-WEST POINT. 
 
 Martinsburgh, Lewis co.; here are 
 situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 2 stores 
 and about 20 dwelling - houses. 
 
 West Meredith, p. o. Mere- 
 dith, Delaware co. 
 
 West Middleburg, p. o. 
 Middleburg, Schoharie co. 
 
 West Milton, p. o. Milton, 
 Saratoga co.; here are located 1 
 Presbyterian church, 1 public 
 house, 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 saw 
 mill, 1 fulling mill and about 15 
 dwellings. 
 
 West Monroe, t. Oswego co. 
 situated 25 miles south-east of the 
 village of Oswego, and distant 147 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 91S inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level ; soil, sand and sandy 
 loam ; drained by Bay creek flow- 
 ing into Oneida lake, which bounds 
 it on the south. West Monroe, is 
 the name of a post office. 
 
 Westmoreland, t. Oneida 
 co. situated 12 miles west of the 
 city of Utica, and distant 105 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1S40, 
 3,105 inhabitants. The surface is 
 level; soil, mostly rich loam; — 
 drained north-east by Oriskany 
 creek and one of its tributaries. — 
 Westmoreland, Lairdsville and 
 Republican, are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 West Niles, p. o. Niles, Cay- 
 uga co. 
 
 West Oneonta, p. o. Oneon- 
 ta, Otsego co. 
 
 West Ontario, p. o. Ontario, 
 Wayne co. 
 
 West Penfield, p. o. Pen- 
 field, Monroe co. 
 
 West Pitcher, p. o. Pitcher, 
 Chenango co. 
 
 West Point, Cornwall, Or- 
 ange co. is romantically situated on 
 the v/est bank of the Hudson river, 
 52 miles north of the city of New- 
 York. It is the seat of an United 
 States military academy, establish- 
 ed by an act of Congress, in March, 
 1802 ; and the land ceded to the 
 United States government by the 
 
 state of New-York, in 1826. Here 
 are now erected 2 stone barracks, 
 one of 3 and the other 4 stories in 
 height, occupied by 250 cadets, 
 which is the number authorised by 
 law; an academic hall, a large 3 
 story stone building, 275 feet in 
 length, by 75 feet in width, used 
 for military exercises in winter, 
 and as a depository of the chemical 
 apparatus, models of fortification, 
 artillery, architecture and machines 
 and as recitation and drawing 
 rooms ; a new and beautiful 2 story 
 stone building, to be used for the 
 library and philosophical appara- 
 tus, constructed in the Elizabethi- 
 an gothic style of architecture, and 
 is 150 feet in length by 60 feet in 
 width; the north front has 3 towers 
 suited for the astronomical appara- 
 tus, the centre tower is surmounted 
 by a dome of 28 feet 10 inches in 
 diameter, the whole of which re- 
 volves on its vertical axis, adapt- 
 ing it to the use of a large equato- 
 rial telescope; a chapel, a hospi- 
 tal, a mess hall, 2 cavalry stables, 
 several workshops and storerooms, 
 and 17 separate dwellings occupied 
 by the officers of the institution. — 
 In addition to the above, here are lo- 
 cated a magazine, a laboratory, sol- 
 dier's barracks, a store and about 
 25 dwelling houses, occupied by 
 families connected with the milita- 
 ry school ; in all containing a popu- 
 lation of about 900 souls. Here also 
 is a convenient steamboat landing 
 and a well kept hotel, calculated 
 to accommodate about 100 visitors. 
 No place in the Union probably ex- 
 ceeds West Point, in regard to its 
 beauty of location and the stirring 
 incidents connected with its early 
 history, being "hallowed by the 
 footsteps of Washington and Kos- 
 ciusko," during the revolutionary 
 struggle — the interest in which, is 
 continued to the present time by its 
 being the residence and school of 
 the future defenders of the Union. 
 In 1777, immediately after the cap- 
 
WEST POINT— WEST SOMERS. 
 
 423 
 
 ture of Forts Clinton and Montgo- 
 mery, by the British army, West 
 Point was first occupied by the 
 American army, and fortified at 
 the instance, of Gov. George Clin- 
 ton, of revolutionary memory. At 
 the present time are to be seen the 
 remains of Forts Putnam and Ar- 
 nold, (after the treason of the lat- 
 ter, called Fort Clinton,) which is 
 situated on the extreme eastern 
 point of this military position, 160 
 feet above tide water, while Fort 
 Putnam is situated on Mount Inde- 
 pendence, 1,000 yards south-west, 
 elevated about 500 feet above the 
 river ; there are also numerous oth- 
 er redoubts and batteries, crowning 
 the various eminences in the vicini- 
 ty, built under the direction of the 
 celebrated Kosciusko as engineer. 
 In August, 1780, Gen. Arnold was 
 assigned to the command of this 
 important military station, extend- j 
 ing from Fishkill to Verplanck's | 
 Point. On the 25th of September, > 
 he precipitously made his escape j 
 from his head quarters, the Robin- \ 
 son House, situated 2 miles below 
 West Point, on the opposite side 
 of the river; his treason having 
 been discovered by the fortunate 
 capture of Major Andre. From 
 this period, to the close of the re- 
 volutionary war in 1783, West 
 Point was garrisoned by a strong 
 division of the American army ; — ■ 
 after which, the garrison was re- 
 duced, and this location made a 
 depot for the revolutionary arma- 
 ment and other military stores. In 
 1794, at the recommendation of 
 Gen. Washington, a military school 
 was commenced in a building 
 which was burnt down tsvo years 
 thereafter, and the school suspend- 
 ed until 1802. There are now con- 
 nected with the West Point acade- 
 my, 34 officers and professors, a 
 company of artillery and a detach- 
 ment of dragoons, besides the ca- 
 dets, who generally remain here 
 for a period of four years, in which 
 
 time they are qualified to become 
 subaltern officers of the several 
 corps of the army. 
 
 Westport, t. Essex co. situa- 
 ted 5 miles east of the village of 
 Elizabeth, and distant 123 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,932 inhabitants. The surface is 
 comparatively level on the east, 
 and hilly on the west; soil, clay 
 and loam, mostly of good quality ; 
 drained by Black creek and several 
 small streams flowing into Lake 
 Champlain, which bounds it on the 
 east. Westport and Wadham's 
 Mills, are names of post offices. 
 
 Westport, v. and p. o. West- 
 port, Essex co. is situated upon 
 Northwest bay, on the west side of 
 Lake Champlain ; it contains about 
 600 inhabitants, 100 dwelling hou- 
 ses, an incorporated academy, 1 
 Baptist and 1 Methodist church, 2 
 taverns, 5 stores, 1 ashery, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 tannery and a shipyard for 
 the building and repairing of lake 
 craft. A horse ferry boat here 
 plies across Lake Champlain, run- 
 ning to Basin Harbor, Vermont. 
 
 West Randolph, p. o. Ran- 
 dolph, Cattaraugus co. 
 
 West Richfield, p. o. Rich- 
 field, Otsego co. 
 
 West Richmond, p. o. Rich- 
 mond, Ontario co. ; here are situa- 
 ted 2 taverns, 1 store, 1 flouring 
 mill, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace and 12 
 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 West Rotterdam, p. o. 
 Rotterdam, Schenectady co. 
 
 West Rush, p. o. Rush, Mon- 
 roe co. 
 
 West Sand Lake, v. and p. 
 o. Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. con- 
 tains about 250 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 2 Lutheran and 1 
 Methodist church, 2 taverns, 4 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill and 
 2 factories. 
 
 West Schuyler, p. o. Schuy- 
 ler, Herkimer co. 
 
 West Somers, p. o. Somers, 
 Westchester co. 
 
424 
 
 WEST STEPHENTOWN— WEST TROY. 
 
 West Stephentown, p. o. I 
 Stephentown, Rensselaer co. 
 
 West Stockbrtdge, v. and 
 p. o. Berkshire co. Mass. is situa- 
 ted on the west side of the Housa- 
 tonic river, where terminates the ! 
 Hudson and Berkshire railroa d . ■ 
 It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, J 
 150 dwelling houses, also, several 
 churches, taverns and stores, be- 
 sides many kinds of mechanic work 
 shops. This place is becoming 1 a 
 great thoroughfare as well as a thri- 
 ving place of trade; the Housato- 
 nic railroad, now finished, to the 
 Massachusetts state line on the 
 south, will here unite with other 
 roads leading to Boston, Albany 
 and Hudson. 
 
 West Stockholm, p. o. 
 Stockholm, St. Lawrence co. 
 
 West Taghkanic, p. o. 
 Taghkanic, Columbia co. 
 
 Westown, v. and p. o. Mini- 
 sink, Orange co. is an agricultural 
 settlement; it contains about 180 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, an incorporated academy, 
 
 1 public house and 3 stores. 
 West Troupsburgh, p. o. 
 
 Troupsburgh, Steuben co. 
 
 West Troy, v. Watervliet, 
 Albany co. is situated on the west 
 bank of the Hudson river, 6 miles 
 above the city of Albany ; it was 
 incorporated in 1836, and now con- 
 tains about 5,000 inhabitants, 800 
 dwelling houses, 8 churches, 1 
 banking house, an extensive Uni- 
 ted States arsenal, 8 hotels and ta- 
 verns, 65 stores of different kinds, 
 
 2 steam planing machines, 1 steam 
 saw mill, 12 lumber yards, 1 sati- 
 net factory, 2 fur factories, 1 hat 
 body factory, 1 wrought iron butt 
 factory and 2 flouring mills, all 
 propelled by the surplus waters of 
 the Erie canal, which passes 
 through the centre of the village, 
 communicating with the Hudson 
 river by two commodious side cuts ; 
 1 ironfoundery, 1 extensive brewe- 
 ry, 1 bell foundery and mathemati- 
 
 cal instrument manufactory, 1 ship 
 yard, 3 large cooperages, 1 print- 
 ing and writing ink manufactory, 
 2 rope walks, one being propelled 
 by steam power, 1 stone ware fac- 
 tory, 2 carriage factories, 1 curled 
 moss factory and 1 sheet iron, tin 
 and stove factory. Here are owned 
 2 steamboats, with barges for 
 freighting, 17 sloops and schooners, 
 all of which find constant employ- 
 ment during the season of naviga- 
 tion in transporting lumber, pro- 
 duce and merchandise, besides a 
 number of foreign vessels from dif- 
 ferent places, which resort here for 
 trade. This place is connected 
 with the city of Troy, by a bridge 
 and two ferries, using horse power. 
 No place probably exceeds West 
 Troy, for a depot for produce and 
 merchandise, being conveniently 
 located on the canal, near the head 
 of sloop navigation on the Hudson 
 river. Opposite the north part of 
 West. Troy, the south branch of 
 the Mohawk river unites with the 
 Hudson, forming the natural navi- 
 gable Hudson. From this mouth 
 of the Mohawk to the Cohoes falls, 
 there is a fall of 42 feet, yielding a 
 water power equal to that of Low- 
 ell, and insuring a great commer- 
 cial and manufacturing place at this 
 point. Here the canal commis- 
 sioners placed the lateral canal, 
 which by locks first connects the 
 Erie canal with the navigable wa- 
 ters of the Hudson. A second la- 
 teral canal is being constructed a 
 mile below. 
 
 The Watervliet Jlrsenal, situated 
 in West Troy, on the Bank of the 
 Hudson river, was established by 
 the United States government in 
 1813. This is the largest arsenal 
 of construction in the Union, hav- 
 ing great facilities for the manu- 
 facture and transportation of war- 
 like implements, being situated 
 near the head of navigation on the 
 Hudson, and on the Junction ca- 
 nal, passing through the grounds 
 
WEST TURIN— WETHERSFIELD SPRINGS. 
 
 426 
 
 belonging to this establishment, 
 affording abundant water power 
 from the surplus waters of the ca- 
 nal, which power is used in the 
 differr-nt work shops, together with 
 steam power when required. The 
 grounds attached to the arsenal, 
 consist of about 100 acres, enclosed 
 in front by an iron fence, and in 
 the rear by a stone wall; here are 
 located 33 buildings, comprising 
 storehouses for small arms, gun 
 sheds for cannon carriages, timber 
 sheds, magazines, saw mill, paint, 
 carriage, machine, casting and 
 blacksmith shops ; offices, bar- 
 racks, hospital and officers' quar- 
 ters. Here is also an extensive 
 apparatus for mineralizing timber 
 according to Dr. Earl's process. 
 About 200 officers, soldiers and 
 hired workmen are constantly em- 
 ployed at this post, which number 
 could be greatly increased if found 
 necessary. Here are now manufac- 
 tured munitions of war, amounting 
 to an estimated value of $100,000 
 annually; the total value on hand, 
 January, 1841, amounted to $1,- 
 662,320. 
 
 West Turin, t. Lewis co. 
 situated 11 miles south of the vil- 
 lage of Martinsburgh, and distant 
 126 miles from Albanv ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,042 inhabitants. The 
 surface is generaNy undulating, 
 but somewhat broken; soil, sandy 
 loam and fertile clay, well adapted 
 to grass ; drained south by Fish 
 creek, west by Salmon river, and 
 in part bounded on the east by 
 Black river, where are situated the 
 High Falls, and the termination 
 of the Black River canal, which 
 enters the river on the west side 
 immediately below the above falls. 
 Here is the site of a newly projec- 
 ted village, which on the comple- 
 tion of the canal, in connection 
 with its natural advantages, must 
 become a place of considerable 
 importance. The available water 
 power here afforded is very great, 
 
 and it is surrounded by a rich gra- 
 zing country. Collinsville and 
 Constableville are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 West Urbana, p. o. Urbana, 
 Steuben co. 
 
 West Vienna, p. o. Vienna, 
 Oneida co. 
 
 Westville, t. Franklin co. 
 situated 8 miles north-west of the 
 village of Malone, and distant 220 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 1,028 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level; soil, sandy 
 loam ; drained north-west by Sal- 
 mon river. West Constable is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 Westville, p. o. Westford, 
 Otsego county, is an agricultural 
 settlement, containing 1 Baptist 
 church, 1 public house, 2 stores, 1 
 grist mill, 2 saw mills, and about 
 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 West Walworth, p. o. 
 Walworth, Wayne co. 
 
 West Wheeler, p. o. 
 Wheeler, Steuben co. 
 
 West Windsor, p. o. Wind- 
 sor, Broome co. 
 
 West Winfield, p. o. Win- 
 field, Herkimer co. 
 
 Wethersfield, t. Wyoming 
 co. situated 10 miles south-west of 
 the village of Warsaw, and distant 
 258 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,728 inhabitants. The 
 surface is rolling; soil, sandy and 
 clay loam, well adapted to grass ; 
 drained north by the Tonawanda 
 creek, and east by the Wiskoy 
 creek. Wethersfield, Hermitage, 
 North Wethersfield and Wethers- 
 field Springs are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Wethersfield Springs, 
 v. and p. o. Wethersfield, Wyom- 
 ing co. contains about 150 inhabi- 
 tants, 25 dwelling houses, 1 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal and 1 
 Methodist church ; 2 taverns, 2 
 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 tannery 
 and I ashery. Here is situated a 
 large fresh water spring, which 
 
426 
 
 WHALENSBURGH— WHITEHALL. 
 
 supplies an abundance of water 
 power sufficient to propel the above 
 factory. 
 
 Whalensburgh, v. Essex, Es- 
 sex co. situated on the Boquet river; 
 it contains about 250 inhabitants, 
 35 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian church ; 1 store, 1 grist mill, 1 
 plaster mill, 1 saw mill and 1 cloth- 
 ier's works. Here is located a bed 
 of water cement of a good quality; 
 also the Split Rock post office. 
 
 Whalkn's Store, p. o. Mil- 
 ton, Saratoga co. 
 
 Wharton's Creek, rises in 
 the north -west part of Otsego coun- 
 ty, and flows south-west, emptying 
 into the Unadilla river in the town 
 of Pittsfield. 
 
 Wheatpield, t. Niagara co. 
 situated 12 nnles west of the village 
 of Lockport, and distant 289 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1S40, 
 1,057 inhabitants. The surface is 
 undulating ; soil, mostly loam of 
 good quality; watered by the Tona- 
 wanda creek on the south, and by 
 the Niagara river on the west. — 
 Shawnee is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Wheatland, t. Monroe co. 
 situated 14 miles south-west of the 
 city of Rochester, and distant 232 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 2,871 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is undulating; soil, calca- 
 reous loam, well adapted to grain, 
 and is very productive ; drained 
 by Allen's creek flowing into 
 the Genesee river, which bounds it 
 on the east. Wheatland and Scotts- 
 ville are names of post offices. 
 
 Wheeler, t. Steuben count)', 
 situated 7 miles north of the village 
 of Bath, and distant 210 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,294 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly, 
 but mostly arable ; soil, sandy 
 loam and clay ; drained by seve- 
 ral streams flowing into Conhocton 
 river, which bounds it in part on 
 the south-west. Wheeler is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 White Creek, t. Washing- 
 ton co. situated 12 miles south of 
 the village of Salem, and distant 
 42 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,195 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly ; soil> fertile sandy 
 loam, highly cultivated ; drained 
 by Owl and Little White creek, 
 flowing into the Hoosick river, 
 which bounds it in part on the 
 south. White Creek, Centre White 
 Creek and North White Creek are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 White Creek, v. and p. o. 
 White Creek, Washington co. is 
 situated on a creek of the same 
 name; it contains about 700 in- 
 habitants, 100 dwelling houses, 1 
 Baptist church, and 1 Friends' 
 meeting house, 1 tavern, 3 stores, 
 1 woollen factory, and 2 tanneries. 
 This place is pleasantly situated in 
 a rich valley, near the Vermont 
 state line ; it is surrounded by a 
 fine agricultural region of country, 
 producing abundant crops of grain, 
 and abounding in large flocks of 
 sheep ; the above place is also a 
 great mart for the purchase and 
 sale of wool. 
 
 Whiteface Mountain, lies 
 in the north-west part of Essex co. 
 and is elevated 4,855 feet above 
 the Atlantic ocean. It is surround- 
 ed by a wild* anqWnteresiing region 
 of country. Af its foot on the west 
 lies Placid lake, and some other 
 small bodies of water. 
 
 Whitehall, t. Washington 
 co. situated 21 miles north of the 
 village of Sandy Hill, and distant 
 72 miles from Albanv ; contained 
 in 1840, 3,813 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly; soil, mostly clay, 
 better adapted to grass than grain ; 
 underlaid by lime, slate and gra- 
 nite ; drained by Wood creek, 
 Pawlet river and Poultney river, 
 all of which here empty into the 
 head of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Whitehall, v. and p. o. 
 Whitehall, Washington county, is 
 advantageously situated at the head 
 
WHITEHALL— WHITE PLAINS. 
 
 427 
 
 of Lake Champlain, 72 miles north 
 of the city of Albany; it was in- 
 corporated in 1S20, and now con- 
 tains about 2,400 inhabitants, 300 
 dwelling- houses, 1 Presbyterian, 
 
 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist 
 cliurch ; 1 banking- house, 3 ho- 
 tels, 30 stores and groceries, and 2 
 extensive forwarding houses ; 1 
 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, 2 
 saw mills, 1 planing machine, 1 
 furnace, 1 machine shop, 1 sash 
 and blind factory ; 2 ship yards 
 and 2 dry docks, where are built 
 and repaired steamboats, lake craft 
 and canal boats ; 2 brick yards 
 and 1 tannery, besides almost 
 every other kind of mechanic 
 work shops. Here are owned, and 
 sail from this place, 2 large 
 steamboats, for the conveyance of 
 passengers and merchandise, and 
 
 2 steamboats used as tow boats; 
 50 sloops and schooners, averaging 
 about 100 tons burthen, and 70 ca- 
 nal boats, besides others which are 
 owned on different parts of Lake 
 Champlain, which trade with and 
 pass through this place. Two dai- 
 ly lines of canal packets leave 
 Whitehall for Troy, and also 2 
 daily lines of stages, one passing 
 on each side of the Hudson river; 
 in addition to which two daily lines 
 of stages run to Saratoga Springs, 
 connecting - with the railroads 
 which run to Troy, Schenectady 
 and Albany. Also, a daily line of 
 stages run to Rutland, Vermont, 
 intersecting stage lines running to 
 Boston, &c. During the close of 
 navigation, a daily line of stages 
 run f. om here to Burlington and 
 Montreal. The Champlain canal 
 commences at Whitehall, where 
 there are three locks, and passes 
 through Fort Ann, Fort Edward 
 and Fort Miller, crossing the Hud- 
 son river three miles below the 
 latter place ; thence through 
 Schuylervile, Stillwater and Wa- 
 terford, crossing the Mohawk ri- 
 ver a short distance below the 
 
 Cohoes falls, near where it unites 
 with the Erie canal; the junction 
 canal then continues to the city of 
 Albany, where it terminates in a 
 capacious basin; the total distance 
 from Whitehall to Albany being 
 73 miles by canal route. The water 
 power used at Whitehall, is derived 
 from Wood creek, where there is 
 a fall of about 10 feet, affording hy- 
 draulic privileges to a considerable 
 extent. 
 
 Table of Distances, from port to 
 port between Whitehall and Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 Names of places. 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 Benson, Vermont, 
 
 Orwell, do. 
 
 Ticonderoga, 
 
 Shoreham, do. 
 
 Bridport, do. 
 
 Chimney Point, do. 
 
 Port Henry, 
 
 West Port, 
 
 Fort Cassin, do. 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Burlint.ton, do. 
 
 Port Kent, 
 
 Plattsburgh, 
 
 Chazy, 
 
 Kouse's Point, 
 
 Isle aux Noix, Canada,- 
 St. John's, Canada, •••• 
 La Prairie, by railroad, 
 Montreal, by steamboat, 
 
 
 
 v 2 
 
 S% 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph n 
 
 IH'fS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 
 54 
 
 7 61 
 
 7 69 
 
 14 S2 
 
 10 92 
 
 lol 107 
 
 16] 123 
 
 91 132 
 
 12 144 
 
 13J 157 
 
 16 173 
 
 9 
 
 182 
 
 182 
 169 
 162 
 15S 
 156 
 147 
 141 
 139 
 128 
 121 
 114 
 100 
 90 
 75 
 69 
 50 
 38 
 23 
 9 
 
 
 Whitehaven, v. Tonawanda, 
 Erie co. is situated on Grand Isl- 
 and, opposite the village of Tona- 
 wanda ; it contains 12 or 15 dwel- 
 ling houses, and a large steam saw 
 mill, for the manufacture of ship 
 timber. 
 
 White Lake, p. o. Bethel, 
 Sullivan co. 
 
 White Plains, t. Westches- 
 ter co. contains the county build- 
 ings located in the village of the 
 sanie name; it is distant from Al- 
 bany 131 miles, and contained in 
 1840, 1,087 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is somewhat hilly, but mostly 
 arable; soil, principally loam, well 
 
428 
 
 WHITE PLAINS— WILBUR. 
 
 adapted to grass, and much of it 
 highly cultivated ; drained south by 
 the Bronx river, and Mamaroneck 
 creek. 
 
 White Plains, v. and p. o. 
 White Plains, Westchester county, 
 contains about 700 inhabitants, 100 
 dwelling houses ; a court-house, 
 jail and county clerk's office ; 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal and 2 
 Methodist churches; an academy 
 in a flourishing condition, and a 
 female boarding school; 4 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores, and 1 woollen fac- 
 tory. 
 
 White Store, p. o. Norwich, 
 Chenango co. 
 
 Whitesborough, v. Whites- 
 town, Oneida county, is situated in 
 the Mohawk valley, on the south 
 side of the river. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1813, and now contains 
 about 1,800 inhabitants, and 300 
 dwelling houses; a court-house 
 and jail; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Congre- 
 gational, 1 Baptist and 1 Metho- 
 dist church ; 4 public houses, 8 
 stores, and 1 large cotton factory 
 incorporated under the name of 
 the " Oneida Manufacturing So- 
 ciety," which establishment con- 
 tains about 130 looms and upwards 
 of 3,000 spindles, giving employ- 
 ment to 170 men, boys and girls ; 
 1 large flouring mill with 4 run of 
 stone, and an extensive pail and 
 tub factory. The Whitesborough 
 Academy is a large and flourishing 
 chartered institution, in which 
 are annually educated about 100 
 students, of both sexes; the Onei- 
 da Institute is also located in this 
 village. The Erie canal and the 
 Utica and Syracuse railroad both 
 run through this place. Whites- 
 borough is the oldest settlement in 
 Western New- York, and has long 
 been celebrated as a desirable 
 place of residence ; the principal 
 street is a wide avenue upwards 
 of one mile in length, with beauti- 
 ful shade trees on both sides, and 
 gravelled side walks. Within the 
 
 corporate limits of this place, is 
 situated the flourishing manufac- 
 turing settlement of Yorkville, 
 where is located the above cotton 
 factory, situated on the Sadaquada 
 creek. 
 
 Whitestown, t. Oneida co. 
 contains a part of the county build- 
 ings situated in the village of 
 Whitesborough, this being a half 
 shire town with Rome ; it is distant 
 97 miles from Albany, and contain- 
 ed in 1840, 5,156 inhabitants. The 
 surface is undulating, with exten- 
 sive and rich valleys ; soil, cal- 
 careous loam of excellent quality; 
 drained by Oriskany and Sadaqua- 
 da creeks flowing into the Mohawk 
 river, which bounds it on the 
 north-east. WMtestown, New- 
 York Mills and Oriskany are 
 names of post offices. The former 
 is located in the village of Whites- 
 borough. 
 
 Whitesville, p. o. Rodman. 
 Jefferson co. 
 
 Whitesville, v. Indepen- 
 dence, Allegany co. contains about 
 300 inhabitanls, 40 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist 
 church ; 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, 2 saw 
 mills and 1 tannery. 
 
 Whitlockville, p. o. Bed- 
 ford, Westchester county. Here 
 is situated a small settlement on 
 the Croton river, at the junction of 
 Cross river, where are located 1 
 grist mill, 1 clothier's works, 1 
 church, 1 tavern. 2 stores, and 
 about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Whitney's Point, p. o. 
 Triangle, Broome co. 
 
 Whitney's Valley, p. o. 
 Burns, Allegany co. Here are 
 situated 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, and about 25 dwelling hou- 
 ses. 
 
 Wilbur, v. Kingston, Ulster 
 co. is situated on the north side of 
 the Rondout creek, one mile above 
 the village of Rondout. Here are 
 located 1 flouring mill, 1 lime mill, 
 
WILLETT— WILLIAMSVILLE. 
 
 429 
 
 1 freighting establishment, 2 stores, 
 about 50 dwelling houses, and 350 
 inhabitants. Hydraulic lime is 
 found and manufactured at this 
 place, which was formerly called 
 TSvaalfskill. 
 
 Willett, t. Cortland co. situ- 
 ated 18 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Cortland, and distant 137 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 872 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is hilly and somewhat broken ; 
 soil, clay loam ; drained south by 
 the Otselic river. Willett is the 
 name of a post office. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURGH, t. K'mgS 
 
 co. situated 1 mile north-east of the 
 city of Brooklyn, and distant 146 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 5,094 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level; soil, of me- 
 dium quality ; watered by the East 
 river on the west. 
 
 Williamsburgh, v. and p. 
 o. Williamsburgh, Kings co. is 
 situated on the East river, directly 
 opposite the city of New- York, 
 with which it is connected by three 
 steam ferries. It was incorporated 
 in 1827, and contained in 1840, 
 5,094 inhabitants, the cor- 
 porate limits extending over the 
 whole town ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Dutch Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 2 
 Methodist and 2 Roman Catholic 
 churches; 1 fire insurance com- 
 pany; 8 taverns, 20 stores and 
 groceries, 2 extensive grain dis- 
 tilleries, 1 molasses distillery, 2 
 rectifying distilleries, 1 brewery, 
 1 tannery, 1 spice factory, 3 ship 
 yards, 4 lumber yards, 5 coal 
 yards, 5 rope walks, 1 glue factory, 
 1 iron foundery, besides many 
 kinds of mechanic work shops. 
 This place is closely allied tq the 
 prosperity of the city of New-York, 
 and has rapidly increased in 
 wealth, numbers and importance 
 within the last few years. A con- 
 siderable number of elegant dwel- 
 lings have lately been erected in 
 the southern part of the village, 
 
 owned and occupied by persons 
 doing business in New-York. A 
 turnpike road extends from this 
 place to Jamaica, and one to the 
 village of Flushing, communicat- 
 ing with other roads in the interior 
 of Long Island. 
 
 Williamson, t. Wayne coun- 
 ty, situated 17 miles north-west of 
 the village of Lyons, and distant 
 200 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 2,147 inhabitants. The 
 surface is mostly level; soil, pro- 
 ductive ; drained by several small 
 streams flowing into Lake Ontario, 
 which bounds it on the north. 
 Williamson and Pultneyville are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Williamson, v. and p. o. 
 Williamson, Wayne co. is situated 
 on the Ridge road; it contains 
 about 175 inhabitants, 30 dwelling- 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Bap- 
 tist church, 1 tavern, 1 store and 1 
 steam saw mill. 
 
 Williamstown, t. Oswego, 
 co. situated 28 miles east of the 
 village of Oswego, and distant 137 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1S40, 842 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level; soil, moist sandy 
 loam, well adapted to grass; 
 drained south-east by a branch of 
 Fish creek, and west by Salmon 
 creek. 
 
 WilliAxMStown, v. and p. o. 
 Williamstown, Oswego co. con- 
 tains about 150 inhabitants, 25 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns and 2 stores. In the vicinity 
 are situated 1 flouring mill, and 1 
 saw mill, on the west branch of 
 Fish creek. 
 
 Williamsville, v. and p. o. 
 Amherst, Erie co. is situated on 
 Ellicott's creek ; it contains about 
 450 inhabitants, 80 dwelling hou- 
 ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns, 8 stores, 
 2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 
 tannery, 1 clothier's works, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 turning shop, and a mill 
 for grinding water lime, of which 
 there is made at this place annual- 
 
430 
 
 WILLIAMSVILLE— WILTON. 
 
 ly, from 40 to 50,000 bushels, 
 from lime quarried in this vici- 
 nity- 
 
 WlLLIAMSVILLE, V. Boon- 
 
 ville, Oneida co. is situated on the 
 west side of Black river, at the 
 head of the navigable feeder of the 
 Black river canal, extending to 
 the village of Boonville, a distance 
 of 10 miles, where it empties into 
 the summit level of the canal; 
 this is a new settlement which 
 bids fair to become a place of con- 
 siderable importance on the com- 
 pletion of the above works. Here 
 are now erected 1 saw mill, 1 pail 
 factory, 1 store and some 15 or 20 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 Willink, p. o. Aurora, Erie 
 
 CO. 
 
 Willsborough, t. Essex CO. 
 situated 15 miles north-east of the 
 village of Elizabeth, and distant 
 137 miles from Albany; contained 
 in 1840, 1,648 inhabitants. The 
 surface is comparatively level on 
 the east, and hilly on the west ; 
 soil, fertile clay loam ; drained by 
 Boquet river, and some other 
 streams flowing into Lake Cham- 
 plain, which bounds it on the 
 east. 
 
 Willsborough, v. and p. o. 
 Willsborough, Essex county, is si- 
 tuated on the river Boquet ; it 
 contains about 450 inhabitants, 60 
 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, 1 forge with two fires, 1 
 cupola furnace, 1 saw mill, 1 
 tannerv, 1 ashery and 1 plaster 
 mill. 
 
 Willseyville, p. o. Candor, 
 Tioga co. 
 
 Wilmington, t. Essex co. 
 situated 20 miles north-west of the 
 village of Elizabeth, and distant 
 148 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 928 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, with some 
 fertile valleys ; drained centrally 
 by the west branch of the Au Sa- 
 ble river, and on its north-west 
 
 angle by the Saranac river. In 
 this town and its vicinity are inex- 
 haustible beds of iron ore of a good 
 quality. Wilmington is the name 
 of a post office, where is a settle- 
 ment containing 1 church, 2 stores, 
 1 forge, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill 
 and about 20 dwelling houses. 
 
 Wilmurt, t. Herkimer co. si- 
 tuated 35 miles north of the vil- 
 lage of Herkimer, and distant 100 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 60 inhabitants. This town 
 comprises by far more territory 
 than any other town in the state, 
 being upwards of 40 miles long, 
 and about 15 miles wide, compris- 
 ing the whole north part of the 
 county. It is an almost perfect 
 wilderness, abounding in numerous 
 lakes and ponds, sending forth 
 streams north, south and west. 
 Most of the land is said to be well 
 adapted for grazing, and summer 
 crops. Wilmurt is the name of a 
 post office, located in the south 
 part of the town. 
 
 Wiln a, t. Jefferson co. situated 
 15 miles east of the village of Wa- 
 tertown, and distant 151 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 2,591 inhabitants. The surface is 
 mostly level ; soil, sandy and clay 
 loam of medium quality ; drained 
 by Indian and Black rivers. Wil- 
 na, North Wilna, Natural Bridge 
 and Carthage are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Wilson, t. Niagara co. situa- 
 ted 10 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Lockport, and distant 294 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,753 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mostly level, dipping north 
 towards the lake ; soil, sandy and 
 gravelly loam, with some clay; 
 drained by Howell's and Tuscaio- 
 ra creeks, flowing into Lake On- 
 tario, which bounds it on the 
 north. Wilson is the name of a 
 post office. 
 
 Wilton, t. Saratoga co. situa 
 ted 12 miles north of the village of 
 
WINANTSVILLE— WOODBOURNE. 
 
 431 
 
 Ballston Spa, and distant 42 miles 
 from Albany ; contained in 1840, 
 1,438 inhabitants. The surface is 
 hilly on the west, and compa- 
 ratively level on the east; soil, 
 sand and sandy loam; drained east 
 by a tributary of the Hudson ri- 
 ver. Wilton is the name of a post 
 office. 
 
 Winantsville, p. o. Durham, 
 Greene co. 
 
 Windham, t. Greene co. situ- 
 ated IS miles west of the village of 
 Catskill, and distant 44 miles from 
 Albany ; contained in 1S40, 2,417 
 inhabitants. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous, with an inter- 
 vening valley, through which flows 
 the Bataviakill. In the valleys are 
 some good lands, and the hills are 
 well adapted to grazing. Wind- 
 ham, Windham Centre, Big Hol- 
 low, Scienceville and Union 
 Society are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Windham Centre, p. o. 
 Windham, Greene co. Here are 
 situated 1 church, 1 tavern, 3 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 tanneries, 2 
 saw mills, 1 lather box factory, 
 and about 40 dwelling houses. 
 
 Windsor, t. Broome co. situa- 
 ted 12 miles south-east of the vil- 
 lage of Binghamton, and distant 
 138 miles from Albanv; contained 
 in 1840, 2,368 inhabitants. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 with some productive valleys, and 
 the hills are well adapted to gra- 
 zing; drained by the Susquehanna 
 river and some of its tributaries. 
 Windsor, South Windsor and West 
 Windsor are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Windsor, v. and p. o. Wind- 
 sor, Broome co. is situated on the 
 west side of the Susquehanna river; 
 it contains about 400 inhabitants, 
 60 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian 
 and 1 Methodist church; 2 taverns, 
 4 stores and groceries, 1 oil mill, 
 and 1 carding machine. 
 
 Wikfield, t. Herkimer co. 
 
 situated 14 miles south-west of the 
 village of Herkimer, and distant 
 74 miles from Albany ; contained 
 in 1840, 1,652 inhabitants. The 
 surface is rolling; soil, rich calca- 
 reous and sandy loam ; drained 
 south bv the head branches of the 
 Unadilla river. Winfield and 
 West Winfield are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Winton. v. Manheim, Herki- 
 mer co. This is a manufacturing 
 settlement, containing about 250 
 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 
 church, 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 large 
 tannery, 1 grist mill and 1 saw 
 mill. Brocket's Bridge post 
 office is on the opposite side of 
 the East Canada creek, in Fulton 
 county. 
 
 Wirt, t. Allegany co. situated 
 15 miles south-west of the village 
 of Angelica, and distant 270 miles 
 from Albany; contained in 1840, 
 1,207 inhabitants. The surface is 
 high and undulating; soil, mostly 
 sandy loam; drained south by Lit- 
 tle Genesee creek, and north by 
 Van Campen's creek. Richburgh 
 and South Branch are names of 
 post offices. 
 
 Wolcott, t. Wayne co. situa- 
 ted 16 miles north-east of the vil- 
 lage of Lyons, and distant 184 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1840, 2,481 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is level ; soil, sandy and gra- 
 velly loam ; drained by several 
 small streams flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north. Wolcott and Red Creek 
 are names of post offices. 
 
 Wolcott, v. and p. o. Wol- 
 cott, Wayne co. is situated on the 
 Ridge road ; it contains about 600 
 inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, 
 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 
 Universalist church ; 2 taverns, 8 
 stores, 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills and 
 
 2 asheries. 
 Woodbourne, p. o. Falls- 
 
 burgh, Sullivan co. Here are si- 
 tuated 1 Dutch Reformed church, 
 
432 
 
 WOODBURY— WURTSBORO'. 
 
 1 tavern, 1 store, 1 large tannery, 
 
 2 turning establishments and about 
 10 dwelling houses. 
 
 Woodbury, v. Oyster Bay, 
 Queens co. is a scattered settle- 
 ment, situated on the Jericho turn- 
 pike, surrounded by a highly 
 cultivated country. 
 
 Wood Cheek, rises in Wash- 
 ington county, and flows north into 
 Lake Champlain, at the village of 
 Whitehall. This stream for a 
 considerable portion of its length, 
 is used as a part of the Champlain 
 canal ; it also affords some good 
 mill privileges. 
 
 Wood Creek, Oneida county, 
 rises in the town of Rome, and 
 empties its waters into the east end 
 of Oneida lake ; this is a deep and 
 sluggish stream, and was much 
 used before the completion of the 
 Erie canal, for transporting mer- 
 chandise and produce to and from 
 the western parts of the country, 
 in connection with the Mohawk 
 river; at the village of Rome, there 
 was a short portage between the 
 two streams. This stream is now 
 used as a part of the Oneida Lake 
 Canal, which in connection with 
 the lake and Oneida river, forms 
 an uninterrupted water navigation 
 from the Erie canal, in Oneida 
 county, to the Oswego canal. 
 
 Woodhull, t. Steuben co. si- 
 tuated 20 miles south of the village 
 of Bath, and distant 225 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 827 in- 
 habitants. The surface is uneven; 
 soil, clay and sandy loam, mostly 
 of indifferent quality, but covered 
 with a heavy growth of timber; 
 drained east by Tuscarora creek. 
 fVoodhull is the name of a post 
 office. Tubbsville is the name of 
 a settlement. 
 
 Woodstock, t. Ulster co. si- 
 tuated 12 miles north-west of the 
 village of Kingston, and distant 57 
 miles from Albany; contained in 
 1840, 1,691 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, being covered 
 
 by the Catskill mountains; soil, 
 gravel, clay and loam, of but me- 
 dium quality ; drained by the 
 Saghkill, and some other tributa- 
 ries of the Esopus creek; Wood- 
 stock and Lake Hill are names of 
 post of?°es. Bristol Glass Works 
 is the liame of a manufacturing 
 settlement. At the former are si- 
 tuated 2 churches, 1 tavern, 2 
 stores, 1 tannery and 20 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 Woodville, v. and p. o. 
 Ellisburgh, Jefferson co. contains 
 about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling 
 houses, 1 Presbyterian church, 1 
 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill and 2 
 saw mills. 
 
 WoODWARDSVILLE, p. O. 
 
 Schroon, Essex co. 
 
 Worcester, t. Otsego co. si- 
 tuated 14 miles south-east of the 
 village of Cooperstown, and dis- 
 tant 56 miles from Albany ; con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,390 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly; soil, sandy 
 loam, well adapted to grass or 
 grain; drained by Charlotte river 
 and some of its tributaries. Wor- 
 cester, East Worcester and South 
 Worcester are names of post offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Worcester, v. and p. o. 
 Worcester, Otsego county, con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, 30 
 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 3 
 stores, 3 public houses, 2 grist 
 mills and 1 tannery. 
 
 Wormley, p. o. Caton, Steu- 
 ben co. 
 
 Wright's Corner, p. o. 
 Newfane, Niagara co. 
 
 Wurtsboro', v. and p. o. 
 Mamakating, Sullivan county, is 
 situated on the Newburgh and 
 Cochecton turnpike, and on the 
 line of the Delaware and Hudson 
 canal ; it contains about 200 in- 
 habitants, 40 dwelling houses, 1 
 Dutch Reformed and 1 Methodist 
 church; 3 taverns, 6 stores, 3 
 store houses, 1 extensive tannery, 
 1 plaster mill, and 1 boat yard for 
 
WYNANT'S KILL— YATES. 
 
 433 
 
 building and repairing canal boats. 
 About one mile north of this (dace 
 on the west side of the Shawan- 
 gunk mountains, is situated a va- 
 luable lead mine, near which are 
 erected smelting works, and a fur- 
 nace. This ore is of a good 
 quality, and supposed to oe inex- 
 haustible. 
 
 Wyk ant's Kill, p. o. Green- 
 bush, Rensselaer co. Here are 
 
 situated 1 Dutch Reformed church, 
 2 taverns, 2 stores, 1 tannery and 
 about 15 dwelling houses. 
 
 Wynant's Kill, rises in the 
 town of Sand Lake, where are a 
 number of small lakes, this being 
 the outlet to all of them. On 
 this stream are situated flouring 
 mills, extensive iron works, and 
 other manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 WYOMING COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1841, is centrally 
 distant 250 miles west from the city of Albany; it is bounded on the 
 north by Genesee county, east by Livingston, south by Allegany and 
 Cattaraugus counties, and west by Erie county- This is a new county, 
 formed of the south part of Genesee. The surface is undulat- 
 ing; and the general character of the soil is moist, sandy or gravelly 
 loam, well adapted to the culture of grain and grass. Of minerals but 
 few are found in this county. Silver lake, a beautiful body of water, 
 lies mostly in the town of Castile; it is drained by Allen's and Tona- 
 wanda creeks, while Cattaraugus creek crosses its south-west angle, 
 and the Genesee river its south-east angle. Cayuga and Seneca creeks 
 both head in the west part of this county. In the valleys of the streams 
 are rich and fertile lands, probably not surpassed by any other section 
 of the state; this whole region of country being justly celebra- 
 ted for its fertility. The new county buildings are located in the 
 village of Warsaw. Its area is about 500 square miles, or 320,500 
 acres. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Wyoming county, with 
 the population in 1840. 
 
 Attica, 2,710 | Orangeville, 1,949 
 
 Bennington, 2,368 | Perry, 3,082 
 
 Castile, 2,833 \ Sheldon, 2,353 
 
 China, 1,437 | Warsaw, 2,841 
 
 Covington,* 1,219 
 
 Gainesville 2,367 
 
 Java, 2,331 
 
 Middlebury, 2,445 
 
 Wyoming, v. and p. o. Mid- 
 dlebury, Wyoming county, is situ- 
 ated on Allen's creek ; it contains 
 about 600 inhabitants, 90 dwel- 
 
 Wethersfield, 1,728 
 
 Total inhabitants, 29,663 
 
 ling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 
 1 Baptist church; an incorpora- 
 ted academy ; 2 taverns and 4 
 stores. 
 
 YATES COUNTY, taken from Ontario in 1823, is centrally distant 
 185 miles from the city of Albany ; it is bounded on the north by On- 
 tario county, on the east by Seneca lake, on the south by Steuben 
 county, and on the west by the counties of Steuben and Ontario. The 
 surface of this county is agreeably diversified, abounding in cultivated 
 hills, and rich valleys; the soil is various ; there is some clay, but a 
 warm rich mould predominates, yielding large crops of grain, and 
 
 * This town was divided on the formation of Wyoming county, one-half of the po- 
 pulation returned, (2,438,) is estimated to belong to the new town of Pavilion, Gene- 
 
 see county 
 
 28 
 
434 
 
 YATES— YORK. 
 
 fruits of different kinds. It is also noted for the excellence of its stock, 
 the quantity and quality of its wool, and its valuable lumber. Seneca 
 lake lies on its eastern border, while Crooked lake enters it from the 
 south, which lakes are united by the outlet and Crooked Lake Ca- 
 nal ; it is also watered by Canandaigua lake on the west. A valuable sul- 
 phur spring exists near the foot of Crooked lake; there is also an inflam- 
 mable gas spring situated near the village of Rushville, and native cop- 
 peras is found in the eastern part of this county. In addition to the 
 above, a newly discovered brine spring in the village of Dundee, bids 
 fair to become productive. Its area is about 320 square miles, or 
 204,444 acres. The county buildings are located in the village of 
 Penn-Yan, in the town of Milo. 
 
 The following are the names of the towns in Yates county, with the 
 population in 1840. 
 
 Barrington, 1,868 
 
 Benton, 3,911 
 
 Italy, 1,634 
 
 Jerusalem, 2,935 
 
 Middlesex, 1,439 
 
 Yates, t. Orleans co. situated 
 12 miles north of the village of 
 Albion, and distant 267 miles from 
 Albany; contained in 1840, 2,230 
 inhabitants. The surface is level; 
 soil, sandy and clay loam ; drained 
 by Johnson's creek and some other 
 small streams flowing into Lake 
 Ontario, which bounds it on the 
 north. Yates is the name of a 
 post office. Lyndon is the name 
 of a settlement. 
 
 Yatesville, p. o. Potter, 
 Yates co. 
 
 Yellow Lake, lies mostly in 
 the town of Rossie, St. Lawrence 
 co. ; it is 4 miles long, and about 
 half a mile wide. 
 
 Yonkers, t. Westchester co. 
 situated 10 miles south-west of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 130 miles from Albany; 
 contained in 1840, 2,968 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is uneven and 
 broken ; soil, clay and sandy 
 loam; mostly well cultivated; 
 drained by Bronx river on the east, 
 and by Saw Mill river flowing into 
 the Hudson, which latter stream 
 bounds it on the west. Yonkers 
 and King's Bridge are post offices. 
 
 Yonkers, v. and p. o. Yonkers, 
 Westchester co. is situated on the 
 
 Milo, 3,986 
 
 Potter, 2,245 
 
 Starkey, 2,426 
 
 Total inhabitants, 
 
 20,444 
 
 east side of the Hudson, at the 
 mouth of the Saw Mill river, 17 
 miles north of the city of New- 
 York. It contains about 500 in- 
 habitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 
 Episcopal and 1 Methodist church; 
 a female seminary beautifully si- 
 tuated on a commanding emin- 
 ence, overlooking the Hudson 
 river; 3 taverns, 5 stores, 1 grist 
 mill, and several saw mills. This 
 place is a favorite summer resort 
 for the citizens of New-York, be- 
 ing within a convenient distance 
 of the city. Steamboats land and 
 receive passengers here several 
 times daily on their trips up and 
 down the river, affording a fine 
 view of the Palisades, and the 
 charming scenery peculiar to this 
 part of the Hudson. 
 
 York, t. Livingston co. situa- 
 ted 7 miles north-west of the vil- 
 lage of Geneseo, and distant 237 
 miles from Albany ; contained in 
 1S40, 3,049 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face rises on the west side of the 
 Genesee river, for one or two 
 miles, when it becomes compara- 
 tively level ; soil, clay loam, very 
 fertile in wheat and other kinds of 
 grain; drained by two or thtee 
 small streams flowing: into the Ge- 
 
YORKSHIRE— ZOAR. 
 
 435 
 
 ncsee river, which bounds it on the 
 east. York, York Centre, Fow- 
 lersville and Greigsville are names 
 of post offices. 
 
 Yorkshire, t. Cattaraugus 
 co. situated 15 miles north-east of 
 the village of Ellicottville, and dis- 
 tant 274 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 1,292 inhabitants. 
 The surface is mostly level ; soil, 
 fertile clay and gravelly loam ; 
 drained by Cattaraugus" creek and 
 some of its tributaries. Yorkshire 
 and Delavan are names of post 
 offices. 
 
 Yorkshire, v. and p. o. 
 Yorkshire, Cattaraugus co. is si- 
 tuated on Cattaraugus creek ; it 
 contains about 300 inhabitants, 40 
 dwelling houses, 1 church, 2 ta- 
 verns, 4 stores and 1 flouring 
 mill. 
 
 Yorktown, t. Westchester 
 co. situated 16 miles north of the 
 village of White Plains, and dis- 
 tant 117 miles from Albany; con- 
 tained in 1840, 2,819 inhabitants. 
 The surface is hilly and mountain- 
 ous on the north ; soil, various, 
 but mostly productive. There are 
 several small ponds in this town, 
 and it is watered on the south by 
 the Croton river. Yorktown, 
 Pine's Bridge and Shrub Oak are 
 names of post offices. 
 
 Yorkville. See Whitesbo- 
 rough. 
 
 Yorkville, v. New-York co. 
 is situated on the line of the Har- 
 lem railroad, 5 miles north of the 
 City Hall ; it contains about 500 
 
 inhabitants, 70 dwelling houses, 1 
 Methodist church ; an incorpora- 
 ted academy, 3 taverns, 4 stores, 1 
 rope walk, and 2 extensive car- 
 riage manufactories. The Tunnel 
 in this vicinity, constructed by the 
 Harlem Railroad Company, and 
 through which the train of cars 
 pass with their accustomed velo- 
 city, is a work of much interest. 
 It extends under an eminence call- 
 ed Prospect Hill, and is cut 
 through a solid rock, being 844 
 feet in length, 24 feet wide and 21 
 feet high in the centre. Each end 
 of the Tunnel is finished with a 
 handsome stone facing, and on the 
 south side are commodious stairs 
 with an iron railing, ascending to 
 the top of the hill. 
 
 Youngstown, v. and p. o. 
 Porter, Niagara county, is advan- 
 tageously situated on the east side 
 of the Niagara river, one mile 
 from Lake Ontario ; it contains 
 about 400 inhabitants, 50 dwelling 
 houses, 1 church, 4 hotels and ta- 
 verns, 5 stores and groceries, and 
 1 steam flouring mill. Steamboats 
 land and receive passengers daily 
 from this place, during the season 
 of navigation ; a steam ferry 
 boat also constantly plies across 
 the river, landing at Niagara, Ca- 
 nada. 
 
 Zimmerman's Creek, rises 
 in the town of Stratford, Fulton co. 
 and flows south into Montgomery 
 county, where it empties into the 
 Mohawk river. 
 
 Zoar, p. o. Eden, Erie co 
 
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Rates of Toll on the Canals, 437 
 
 List of Places on the Canals, and Distances from each other,. . . . 441 
 
 List of the principal Lakes, , 444 
 
 List of the principal Rivers, 445 
 
 Tabular view of the principal Manufactories, 446 
 
 Number of Colleges, Academies, &c 447 
 
 Progressive Population of the several Counties, 448 
 
 Census of the State,— 1840, 449 
 
 Census of the United States,— 1840 473 
 
 General Statistics of the State, 474 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 RATES OF TOLL 
 
 Established by the Canal Board, 
 
 OK PERSONS AND PROPERTY TRANSPORTED ON ALL THE NA- 
 VIGABLE CANALS OF THE STATE, FOR THE YEAR 1841. 
 
 Cts. mills, fr. 
 Provisions, fyc. 
 
 1. On flour, salted beef and pork, butter, cheese tallow, 
 
 lard, beer and cider, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 2. On bran and ship-stuffs in bulk, per 1,000 pounds per 
 
 mile, 4 5 
 
 Iron, Minerals, Ores, &fc. 
 
 3. On salt manufactured in this state, per 1,000 pounds pel 
 
 mile, 2 3 
 
 4. On foreign salt, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 3 
 
 5. 1st. On gypsum, the product of this state, per 1,000 
 
 pounds per mile, 2 3 
 
 2d. On foreign gypsum, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 6. On brick, sand, lime, clay, earth, leached ashes, manure 
 
 and iron ore, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 2 3 
 
 7. On pot and pearl ashes, kelp, charcoal, broken castings, 
 
 and scrap iron, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 And on pig iron the same rate of toll except when clear- 
 ed on the Oswego or Champlain canals, and going to- 
 wards tide water, when it is to be charged per 1,000 
 pounds per mile, • • • 3 2 
 
 8. 1st. On mineral coal going towards tide water, or going 
 
 north on the Champlain canal having come from the 
 west, or going west from Utica or from any point west 
 thereof, or going upon any lateral canal; and on an- 
 thracite coal going from tide water, per 1,000 pounds 
 
 per mile, -,• 2 
 
 2d. On all other mineral coal than such as above speci- 
 fied, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 9. On stove and all other iron castings, per 1,000 pounds 
 
 per mile, ; 4 5 
 
 10. On copperas and manganese, going towards tide water, 
 
 per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 11. On bar and pig lead, going towards tide water, per 1,000 
 
 pounds per mile, 2 
 
438 RATES OF TOLL. 
 
 Cts. mills, fr. 
 Furs, Peltry, Skins, fyc 
 
 12. On furs and peltry, (except deer, buffalo and moose 
 
 skins,) per 1,000 pounds per mile, 10 
 
 13. On deer, buffalo and moose skins, per 1,000 pounds per 
 
 mile, 5 
 
 14. On sheep skins, and other raw hides of domestic ani- 
 
 mals of the United States, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 15. On imported raw hides, of domestic and other animals, 
 
 per 1,000 pounds per mile, 5 
 
 Furniture, fyc. 
 
 16. On household furniture, accompanied by, and actually 
 
 belonging to, families emigrating, per 1,000 pounds 
 
 per mile, 4 5 
 
 17. On carts, wagons, sleighs, ploughs and mechanics tools, 
 
 necessary for the owners' individual use, when ac- 
 companied by the owner, emigrating for the purpose 
 of settlement, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 Stone, Slate, Sfc. 
 
 18. On slate and tile for roofing, and stone ware, per 1,000 
 
 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 19. On all stone, wrought or unwrought, per 1,000 pounds 
 
 per mile, 2 3 
 
 Lumber, Wood, #c. 
 
 20. On timber, squared and round, per 100 cubic feet per 
 
 mile, if carried in boats, 5 
 
 21. On the same, if carried in rafts, (except dock-sticks as 
 
 in next item,) per 100 cubic feet per mile, 1 5 
 
 22. On round dock-sticks, passing in cribs separate from 
 
 every other kind of timber, per 100 cubic feet per 
 
 mile, 1 
 
 23. On blocks of timber for paving streets, per 1,000 pounds 
 
 per mile, 1 
 
 24. 1st. On boards, plank, scantling and sawed timber, re- 
 
 duced to inch measure, and all siding lath and other 
 sawed stuff, less than one inch thick, carried in boats, 
 (except such as is enumerated in regulations number 
 
 26 and 35,) per 1,000 feet per mile, 5 
 
 2d. On the same, if transported in rafts, per 1,000 feet 
 
 per mile, 2 
 
 25. On mahogany, (except veneering,) reduced to inch 
 
 measure, per 1,000 feet per mile, 15 
 
 26. On sawed lath of less than five feet in length, split lath, 
 
 hoop-poles, handspikes, rowing oars, broom-handles, 
 spokes, hubs, tree-nails, felloes and boat-knees, per 
 1,000 pounds per mile, 2 
 
 27. On staves and heading, transported in boats, per 1,000 
 
 pounds per mile, 2 
 
 28. On the same, if transported in rafts, per 1,000 pounds 
 
 per mile 5 
 
RATES OF TOLL. 439 
 
 Cts. mills, ft. 
 
 29. On shingles per M. per mile, carried in boats, 10 
 
 30. On the same, if conveyed in rafts, per M. per mile, 4 
 
 31. On split posts, (not exceeding 10 feet in length,) and 
 
 rails for fencing, (not exceeding 14 feet in length,) per 
 
 M. per mile, carried in boats, 2 
 
 32. On the same, if conveyed in rafts, per M. per mile, 8 
 
 33. On wood for fuel, (except such as may be used in the 
 
 manufacture of salt, which shall be exempt from toll,) 
 
 and tan bark, per cord per mile, 1 
 
 34. On the same if transported in rafts, per cord per mile, ..200 
 
 35. On sawed stuff for window blinds, not exceeding one- 
 
 fourth of an inch in thickness, and window sashes, per 
 
 1,000 pounds per mile, 5 
 
 Agricultural productions, fyc. 
 
 36. On cotton and wool, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 37. On live cattle, sheep and hog?, per 1,000 pounds per 
 
 mile, * 5 
 
 38. On horses, (and each horse when not weighed, to be 
 
 computed at 900 pounds,) per 1,000 pounds per 
 
 mile, • 5 
 
 39. On rags, per 1 ,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 40. On hemp, manilla and unmanufactured tobacco, per 1,000 
 
 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 41. On pressed hay, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 2 3 
 
 42. On wheat and all other agricultural productions of the 
 
 United States, not particularly specified, and not be- 
 ing merchandise, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 43. On merchandise, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 9 
 
 Articles not enumerated. 
 
 44. On all articles not enumerated or excepted, passing from 
 
 tide water, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 9 
 
 45. On all articles not enumerated or excepted, passing to- 
 
 wards tide water, per 1,000 pounds per mile, 4 5 
 
 Boats and passengers. 
 
 46. On boats, used chiefly for the transportation of persons 
 
 navigating any of the canals except the Junction ca- 
 nal , per mile , 5 
 
 47. On boats, used chiefly for the transportation of persons, 
 
 navigating the Junction canal, and not connected with 
 regular lines of boats for the transportation of persons 
 on the Erie or Champlain canals, per mile, 50 
 
 48. On boats, used chiefly for the transportation of property, 
 
 per mile, ; * 
 
 49. On all persons over ten years of age, per mile, 1 
 
 50. On articles of the manufacture of the United Slates, go- 
 
 ing towards tide water, although they may be enume- 
 rated in the foregoing list, per 1,000 pounds per 
 mile, 4 5 
 
440 RATES OF TOLL. 
 
 During the present year, there shall be allowed a drawback of se- 
 venty-three per cent on the amount of tolls paid on the transportation 
 of mineral coal from the west to tide water or to the Junction canal, 
 provided such coal shall be delivered at tide water, or at some point on 
 the Junction canal, or on the Champlain canal ; and the like drawback 
 shall be allowed of seventy-three per cent on the amount of tolls paid 
 on the transportion of anthracite coal from tide water to Utica, which 
 shall be delivered at that place, or at any point west thereof; the 
 amount of such drawback to be refunded to the persons paying the said 
 tolls, under the direction of the commissioners of the canal fund, on 
 the production of such evidence as they shall prescribe, of the said 
 tolls having been paid, and of the delivery of such coal as herein pro- 
 vided. 
 
 EXTRACT 
 
 From the report of the Canal Commissioners, made to the Legisla- 
 ture on the 12th day of March, 1821, showing the rates of toll 
 agreed to by them, and referred to in section 10, of Title 7, of the 
 Constitution. 
 
 " On salt, 5 mills per ton, per mile, (7 bbls. of 5 bushels each, or 40 
 bushels in bulk, being a ton.) 
 
 " Gypsum, 5 mills per ton per mile. 
 
 "Flour, meal, and all kinds of grain, salted provision, pot and pearl 
 ashes, one cent per ton per mile. 
 
 " Merchandise, 2 cents per ton per mile. 
 
 " Timber, squared and round, five mills per hundred solid feet per 
 mile. 
 
 " Boards, plank, and scantling, reduced to inch measure, and all 
 siding, lath and other sawed stuff, less than one inch thick, 5 mills per 
 thousand feet per mile. 
 
 "Shingles, one mill per thousand per mile. 
 
 " Brick, sand, lime, iron ore, and stone, 5 mills per ton per mile. 
 
 " Rails and posts for fencing, two cents per thousand per mile. 
 
 " Wood for fuel, one cent per cord per mile. 
 
 " All fuel to be used in the manufacture of salt, to pass free. 
 
 " Boats made and used chiefly for the transportation of property, on 
 each ton of their capacity, one mill per mile. 
 
 " Boats made and used chiefly for the carriage of persons, 5 cents 
 per mile of their passage. 
 
 " Staves and heading for pip*s, one cent per thousand per mile. 
 
 " Staves and heading for hogheads, 7 mills per thousand per mile. 
 
 " Staves and heading for barrels or less, 5 mills per thousand per 
 mile. 
 
 " All articles not enumerated, one cent per ton per mile." 
 
PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE CANALS, fee. 
 
 ..f JLIST 
 
 441 
 
 Of the principal places on the Canals, and their distance from each 
 other, as adopted by the Canal Board. 
 
 JUNCTION AND ERIE CANALS. 
 
 NAMF'S OF PLACES. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Port-Schuyler, 
 
 West-Troy, 
 
 Junction Champlain Canal, 
 
 Cohoes, 
 
 Lower Aqueduct, 
 
 Willow-Springs, 
 
 Upper Aqueduct, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Rotterdam, 
 
 Philips' Locks, 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 Schoharie Creek, 
 
 Smithtown, 
 
 FtJLTONVILLE, 
 
 Big Nose, 
 
 Spraker's Basin, 
 
 Canajoharie, 
 
 Fort-Plain 
 
 Diefendorf 's Landing, 
 
 St. Johnsville, 
 
 East Canada Creek, 
 
 Indian Castle, 
 
 Fink's Ferry, 
 
 Little Falls, 
 
 Rankin's Lock, No. 7, 
 
 Herkimer Lower Bridge, 
 
 Herkimer Upper Bridge, 
 
 Fulmer's Creek, 
 
 Morgan's Landing, 
 
 Steel's Creek, 
 
 Frankfort, 
 
 Ferguson's, 
 
 Utica, (Junction Chenango Canal,) 
 
 York Mills, 
 
 Whitesboro', 
 
 Oriskany, 
 
 Rome, (Junction Black River Canal,) . 
 
 Wood Creek Aqueduct, 
 
 Hawley's Basin, 
 
 Stony Creek, 
 
 New-London, 
 
 Higgins', (June. Oneida Lake Canal.) 
 
 Loomis', 
 
 Oneida Creek, 
 
 Canastota, 
 
 New-Boston, 
 
 Chittenango, 
 
 Pool's Brook, 
 
 Kirkville, 
 
 Little Lake, 
 
 Manlius, 
 
 Place to 
 
 Dis. from 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 place. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Utica. 
 
 Rochester I 
 
 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 269 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 104 
 
 263 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 103 
 
 262 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 101 
 
 260 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 259 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 97 
 
 256 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 91 
 
 250 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 84 
 
 243 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 239 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 71 
 
 230 
 
 5 
 
 44 
 
 66 
 
 225 
 
 3 
 
 47 
 
 63 
 
 222 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 217 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 215 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 
 53 
 
 212 
 
 7 
 
 64 
 
 46 
 
 205 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 
 44 
 
 203 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 41 
 
 200 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 38 
 
 197 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 35 
 
 194 
 
 2 
 
 77 
 
 33 
 
 192 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 29 
 
 188 
 
 2 
 
 83 
 
 27 
 
 186 
 
 3 
 
 86 
 
 24 
 
 183 
 
 2 
 
 88 
 
 22 
 
 181 
 
 3 
 
 91 
 
 19 
 
 178 
 
 4 
 
 95 
 
 15 
 
 174 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 14 
 
 173 
 
 1 
 
 97 
 
 13 
 
 172 
 
 1 
 
 98 
 
 12 
 
 171 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 11 
 
 170 
 
 2 
 
 101 
 
 9 
 
 168 
 
 6 
 
 107 
 
 3 
 
 162 
 
 3 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 159 
 
 3 
 
 113 
 
 3 
 
 156 
 
 1 
 
 114 
 
 4 
 
 155 
 
 3 
 
 117 
 
 7 
 
 152 
 
 8 
 
 125 
 
 15 
 
 144 
 
 2 
 
 127 
 
 17 
 
 142 
 
 2 
 
 129 
 
 19 
 
 140 
 
 1 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 139 
 
 2 
 
 132 
 
 22 
 
 137 
 
 4 
 
 136 
 
 26 
 
 133 
 
 2 
 
 138 
 
 28 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 141 
 
 31 
 
 128 
 
 5 
 
 146 
 
 36 
 
 123 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 
 40 
 
 119 
 
 3 
 
 153 
 
 43 
 
 116 
 
 3 
 
 156 
 
 46 
 
 113 
 
 2 
 
 158 
 
 48 
 
 111 
 
 2 
 
 160 
 
 50 
 
 109 
 
 2 
 
 162 
 
 52 
 
 107 
 
 From 
 Buffalo. 
 
 364 
 358 
 357 
 355 
 354 
 351 
 345 
 338 
 334 
 325 
 320 
 317 
 312 
 310 
 307 
 300 
 298 
 295 
 292 
 289 
 287 
 283 
 281 
 278 
 276 
 273 
 269 
 268 
 267 
 266 
 265 
 263 
 257 
 254 
 251 
 250 
 247 
 239 
 237 
 235 
 234 
 232 
 228 
 226 
 222 
 218 
 214 
 211 
 208 
 206 
 204 
 202 
 
442 
 
 PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE CANALS. &c 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 Limestone Feeder, 
 
 Orville Feeder, 
 
 Lodi, 
 
 Syracuse, (Junction Oswego Canal,). . 
 
 Geddes, 
 
 Belisle, 
 
 Nine-Mile Creek, 
 
 Camillus, 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Peru, 
 
 Jordan, 
 
 Cold Spring, 
 
 Weedsport, 
 
 Centreport, 
 
 Port-Byron, 
 
 Montezuma, (June. Cay. and Sen. C) 
 
 Lockpit, 
 
 Clyde, 
 
 Lock-Berlin, 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Lockville, 
 
 Newark, 
 
 Port-Gibson, 
 
 Palmyra 
 
 Macedonville, 
 
 Wayneport, 
 
 Perrinton, 
 
 Perrinton Centre, 
 
 Fairport, 
 
 Fullam's Basin, 
 
 Bushnell's Basin, 
 
 Pittsford, 
 
 Billinghast's Basin 
 
 Lock No. 3, 
 
 Rochester, (June. Genesee V. Canal.) 
 
 Brockway's, 
 
 Spencer's Basin, 
 
 Adams' Basin, 
 
 Cooley's Basin, 
 
 Brockport, 
 
 Holley, 
 
 Hulberton, 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Gaines' Basin, 
 
 Eagle Harbor, 
 
 Long Bridge, 
 
 Knowlesvifle, 
 
 Road Culvert, 
 
 Medina, 
 
 Shelby Basin, 
 
 Middleport,. 
 
 Reynold's Basin, 
 
 Gasport, 
 
 LOCKTORT, 
 
 Pendleton, 
 
 Welch's, 
 
 H. Brockway's, 
 
 Tonawanda, 
 
 Lower Black Rock, 
 
 Black Rock, 
 
 BufValo, 
 
 Place to Dis. from 
 place. Albany 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 G 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 6 
 1 
 3 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 10 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 5 
 4 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 1 
 3 
 
 163 
 165 
 170 
 171 
 173 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 184 
 186 
 190 
 191 
 196 
 197 
 199 
 205 
 211 
 216 
 221 
 225 
 231 
 232 
 235 
 240 
 244 
 247 
 249 
 251 
 252 
 253 
 256 
 259 
 263 
 265 
 269 
 279 
 281 
 284 
 287 
 289 
 294 
 298 
 304 
 306 
 307 
 309 
 311 
 312 
 315 
 318 
 321 
 324 
 326 
 333 
 340 
 342 
 346 
 352 
 360 
 361 
 364 
 
 From From From 
 Utica. Rochester Buffalo. 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 89 
 
 95 
 
 101 
 
 106 
 
 111 
 
 115 
 
 121 
 
 ]22 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 134 
 
 137 
 
 139 
 
 141 
 
 142 
 
 143 
 
 146 
 
 149 
 
 153 
 
 155 
 
 159 
 
 ]69 
 
 171 
 
 174 
 
 177 
 
 179 
 
 184 
 
 188 
 
 194 
 
 196 
 
 197 
 
 ]99 
 
 201 
 
 202 
 
 205 
 
 208 
 
 211 
 
 214 
 
 216 
 
 223 
 
 230 
 
 232 
 
 236 
 
 242 
 
 250 
 
 251 
 
 254 
 
 106 
 104 
 99 
 98 
 96 
 92 
 91 
 90 
 85 
 83 
 79 
 78 
 73 
 72 
 70 
 64 
 58 
 53 
 48 
 44 
 38 
 37 
 34 
 29 
 25 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 17 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 6 
 4 
 
 10 
 12 
 15 
 18 
 20 
 25 
 29 
 35 
 37 
 38 
 40 
 42 
 43 
 46 
 49 
 52 
 55 
 57 
 64 
 71 
 73 
 77 
 83 
 91 
 92 
 95 
 
PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE CANALS, fee 
 CHAMPLAIN CANAL. I OSWEGO CANAL. 
 
 44)3 
 
 
 Place to 
 
 From 
 
 White- 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 place 
 
 Albany 
 
 hall. 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 73 
 66 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 64 
 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 61 
 
 Vlechanicsville, •• 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 63 
 
 Stillwater Village, 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 49 
 
 Jleeeker'sRasin,- 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 47 
 
 IVilber's Basin, • ■ 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 
 fan Duzen's L. •• 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 Schuylerville,-" • 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Saratoga Bridge, • 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 ^ort-Miller, 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 
 32 
 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 29 
 
 •"ort-Edward, 
 
 5 
 
 49 
 
 24 
 
 jlen's Falls Fr.-- 
 
 2 
 
 61 
 
 22 
 
 Baker's Basin, • •• 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 21 
 
 Smith's Basin, • • • 
 
 5 
 
 67 
 
 16 
 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 12 
 
 Domstock's L. — 
 
 4 
 
 65 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 CHENANGO CANAL. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Place to 
 place. 
 
 Jtica, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 3eansville, 
 
 3riskany Falls, •• 
 
 Solsville, 
 
 3ouckville, 
 
 Peck's Basin, •••• 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 uebanon Factory, 
 
 Sarlville, 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 Vorth Norwich, •• 
 
 Plasterville, 
 
 Vorwich, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Payne's Mill, 
 
 jreene, 
 
 Forks, 
 
 Pond Brook, 
 
 Port Crane, 
 
 Drocker's Mills, •• 
 
 BlNCHAMTON, 
 
 From 
 Utica. 
 
 Bing- 
 hamton. 
 
 
 9 
 14 
 
 19 
 33 
 24 
 
 2(3 
 30 
 32 
 36 
 
 41 
 45 
 47 
 51 
 (10 
 70 
 74 
 82 
 84 
 SO 
 90 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 88 
 83 
 78 
 75 
 73 
 71 
 67 
 68 
 til 
 56 
 52 
 PO 
 46 
 37 
 27 
 23 
 15 
 13 
 8 
 7 
 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Sauna, 
 
 Liverpool, 
 
 Mud Lock, «••• 
 
 Cold Spring, 
 
 New Bridge, 
 
 Three River Point, 
 
 Phrenix, 
 
 Sweet's Lock, •••• 
 
 Ox Creek, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Braddock's Rapid, 
 ! Tiffany's Landing, 
 
 High Dam, 
 
 Oswego. 
 
 CAYUGA & SENECA CANAL. 
 
 Place to Monte- Gene- 
 NAMES. place, zuma. va. 
 
 Montezuma, ••• 
 
 Seneca River, • • 
 
 S.Dermont's,--- 
 
 Seneca Falls, ••• 
 
 Chamberlains Mills 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 Teal's, 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 Lateral canal to East 
 Cayuga village two 
 miles 
 
 Total, ■ 
 
 Place to 
 
 Syra- 
 
 place. 
 
 cuse. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 38 J 
 
 Oswe- 
 go- 
 
 38 
 36 
 33 
 31 
 30 
 26 
 23 
 21 
 18 
 16 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 CHEMUNG CANAL. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Seneca Lake.' 
 
 Havana, 
 
 Millport, -•• 
 Fair Port,- •■ 
 
 Elmira 
 
 Corning 
 
 Place Seneca Elmi- Corn- 
 to p. I Lake. ra. ing. 
 
 FEEDER.— (Chemung Canal.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Place 
 
 Seneca 
 
 to p. 
 
 Lake. 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 Elmi-[ Corn- 
 ra. ing. 
 
 Fair Port 
 
 Miller's Basin 
 
 Head Feeder, 
 
 Corning 
 
 Canal from Lake to Elmira, 
 
 Feeder,- 
 
 23 miles. 
 16 
 
 Total, 39 
 
 CROOKED LAKE CANAL. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Place 
 to p. 
 
 Dresden, 
 
 Mallory's, 
 
 Andrews & Ways, • 
 
 Penn-Yan, '••• 
 
 Crooked Lake, • • • • 
 
 GENESEE VALLEY CANAL, 
 
 AS FAR AS FINISHED IN 1841. 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Crooked 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Lake. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Rochester 
 Scottville, 
 Sacketts Basin 
 Mount Morris, 
 Shaker Set 
 Dansville, 
 
 Place 
 
 Roch- 
 
 Mount 
 
 to p. 
 
 ester. 
 
 Morris 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 62 
 
 16 
 
 Dans- 
 ville. 
 
 52 
 40 
 30 
 15 
 11 
 
 
144 LAKES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL LAKES IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Esses, 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Warren, 
 
 5 
 
 li 
 
 Otseeo, 
 
 14 
 
 li 
 
 Ontario and Yates, 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 Cayuga, &c. 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 Chemung, 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Madison, 
 
 140 
 
 10 
 
 Clinton and Essex, 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Livingston, 
 
 li 
 
 4 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 22 
 
 li 
 
 Yates and Steuben, 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Cayuga, 
 Hamilton, 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 265 
 
 50 
 
 Erie and Chautauque, 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Hamilton and Herkimer, 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 Warren and Washington 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Livingston, 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 Cattaraugus, 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 Oneida, &c 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 180 
 
 60 
 
 Jefferson to Niagara, 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Essex, 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 
 Essex, 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 1 
 
 x 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 7 
 
 li 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 10 
 
 li 
 
 Essex and Warren, 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 Seneca, &c. 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 Wyoming, 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 Cayuga and Onondaga, 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 4 
 
 li 
 
 Hamilton and Herkimer, 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 fet. Lawrence. 
 
 Avalanche, 
 
 Ballston, ••• 
 
 Black, 
 
 Brant, 
 
 Canaderaga, or Schuyler, 
 
 Canandaigua 
 
 Cassadaga, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Cayuta, 
 
 Cazenovia, 
 
 Champlain, 
 
 Chateaugay, 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 Chazy, 
 
 Conesus, 
 
 Copake, 
 
 Crooked, 
 
 Cross, 
 
 Crotched, 
 
 Eckford, 
 
 Erie 
 
 Fish Lake, 
 
 Fourth, 
 
 Garoga, 
 
 George, 
 
 Hemlock, 
 
 Honeoye, 
 
 Indian, 
 
 Lime, 
 
 Long, • . • 
 
 Mahopack, 
 
 Moose, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Otisco, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Owasco, 
 
 Paradox, 
 
 Piseco 
 
 Placid, 
 
 Pleasant, 
 
 Racket, 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 Ronkonkoma, 
 
 Round, 
 
 Saranac, Lower 
 
 Saranac, Upper 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schroon, 
 
 Seneca « 
 
 Silver, 
 
 Skancateles, 
 
 Tupper'o, , 
 
 Transparent, 
 
 Yellow 
 
PRINCIPAL RIVERS, &c. 446 
 
 PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 Source. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Essex county, 
 
 Hamilton co 
 
 Herkimer co 
 
 Essex co 
 
 Essex co 
 
 Westchester co 
 
 Westchester co 
 
 Allegany co 
 
 Schoharie co 
 
 Franklin co ■ 
 
 Clinton co ■ 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Junc.Conhocton &Tioga 
 
 Madison co 
 
 Ontario co 
 
 Steuben co 
 
 Dutchess co 
 
 Franklin co 
 
 Delaware co 
 
 Long Island Sound, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 St. Lawrence co 
 
 Spuyten Duval creek,.- . 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Essex co 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Hamilton co 
 
 Lewis co 
 
 Oneida co 
 
 Hamilton co 
 
 Ulster co 
 
 Lake Erie, 
 
 Oneida Lake, 
 
 Herkimer co 
 
 June. Oneida & Seneca r 
 
 Chenango co 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Suffolk co 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Hamilton co 
 
 Orange co 
 
 Sullivan co 
 
 Lake Ontario, 
 
 Franklin co 
 
 Franklin co 
 
 Lewis co 
 
 Hamilton co 
 
 Franklin co 
 
 Westchester co? 
 
 Essex co 
 
 Seneca Lake, 
 
 Otsego co 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 Onondaga co. 
 
 Q8V1 
 
 ndV 
 Franklin co. 
 Oneida co... 
 New- Jersey, 
 
 Ohio river, 
 
 Lake Champlain, 
 
 Black river, 
 
 Lake Ontario, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Lake Champlain, 
 
 East river, 
 
 Long Island Sound, . . 
 
 JTioga liver, 
 
 Susquehanna river, . . . 
 St. Lawrence river,. . . 
 
 Lake Champlain, • 
 
 Lake Ontario, 
 
 iSusquehanna river,... 
 [Susquehanna river, . • • 
 
 [Seneca river, 
 
 j Chemung river, 
 
 [Hudson river, 
 
 St. Regis river, 
 
 I Delaware bay 
 
 I Bay of New-York, ... 
 
 |Lake Ontario, 
 
 St. Lawrence river,. . . 
 
 East river, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Atlantic ocean, 
 
 Black river, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 St. Lawrence river,. • • 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Black river, 
 
 Delaware river, 
 
 Lake Ontario, 
 
 Oswego river, 
 
 St. Lawrence river,. . . 
 
 Lake Ontario, 
 
 Tioughnioga, 
 
 Lake Champlain, 
 
 Peconic bay, 
 
 Black River bay, 
 
 Lake Champlain, 
 
 St. Lawrence river,. . • 
 
 Passaic river, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 St. Lawrence river.. • • 
 St. Lawrence river, • • • 
 
 Lake Ontario, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Lake Champlain, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Hudson river, 
 
 Oswego river, 
 
 Chesapeake bay, 
 
 Chemung river, 
 
 Chenango river, 
 
 Chateaugay river, 
 
 Susquehanna river, . . . 
 Rondout river, 
 
 Length 
 
 300 
 55 
 66 
 
 120 
 20 
 37 
 '25 
 15 
 60 
 30 
 60 
 40 
 15 
 40 
 75 
 20 
 55 
 45 
 50 
 
 310 
 20 
 
 145 
 
 90 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 320 
 30 
 40 
 90 
 
 140 
 55 
 55 
 36 
 20 
 
 135 
 24 
 30 
 40 
 20 
 20 
 30 
 
 140 
 30 
 45 
 
 770 
 65 
 45 
 50 
 60 
 80 
 20 
 50 
 70 
 
 460 
 40 
 45 
 30 
 50 
 80 
 
446 
 
 MANUFACTORIES. 
 
 TABULAR VIEW, 
 
 Of the principal Manufactories in each County in the State of New- 
 York, by the Census of 1840. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 oc 
 
 ES 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus, •• 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chautauque, • • 
 
 Chemung, 
 
 Chenango, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Delaware, ■•■■• 
 
 Dutchess, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, ••• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery, •• 
 
 New York, 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Onondaga, •••• 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, ■ 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rensselaer, ••• 
 Richmond, 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schenectady,- ■ 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 St. Lawrence, • 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Tioga. 
 
 Tompkins, •••• 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Washington, • • 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Westchester, • • 
 Yates, 
 
 Total,. 
 
 328 893 115 121a 306 96l 334 1764 6430 79 306 
 
SCHOOLS, &c. 
 
 447 
 
 COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, &c. 
 In the State of Neiv-York, as returned by the U. S. MarshaUs. 
 
 -1840. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, •••■ 
 Broome, •••• 
 Cattaraugus, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chautauque, 
 Chemung, — 
 Chenango, •• 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Columbia, •• 
 Cortland, ••• 
 Delaware, ••• 
 Dutchess, ••• 
 Erie, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, • 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, •••• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery,-. 
 
 New- York, 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Onondaga, •••• 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rensselaer, ••• 
 Richmond, •••• 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schenectady, • 
 Schoharie, •••• 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 St. Lawrence,- 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Tioga 
 
 Tompkins, — 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Washington, •• 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Westchester, • ■ 
 Yates, ■ 
 
 Total, 
 
 409 
 47 
 105 
 140 
 601 
 808 
 130 
 733 
 151 
 709 
 370 
 260 
 621 
 156 
 395 
 
 « g 
 
 i- o 
 P-O 
 
 235 
 
 1,262 
 
 97 
 
 290 
 
 325 
 
 1,314 
 
 120 
 
 762 
 
 968 
 
 1,466 
 
 395 
 
 7,230 
 
 413 
 
 2,035 
 
 1,602 
 
 1,372 
 
 1,409 
 
 750 
 
 468 
 
 385 
 
 429 
 
 601 
 
 26 
 
 637 
 
 58 
 306 
 
 219 
 701 
 364 
 336 
 36 
 266 
 337 
 35 
 44 
 454 
 475 
 703 
 
 107 
 
 316 
 
 107 
 
 191 
 
 311 
 
 •J98 
 
 99 
 
 344 
 
 102 
 
 172 
 
 181 
 
 284 
 
 107 
 
 271 
 
 141 
 
 108 
 
 89 
 
 381 
 
 123 
 
 13 
 
 191 
 
 312 
 
 63 
 
 155 
 
 178 
 
 253 
 
 310 
 
 116 
 
 208 
 
 137 
 
 441 
 
 330 
 
 242 
 
 170 
 
 163 
 
 330 
 
 302 
 
 63 
 
 78 
 
 241 
 
 14 
 
 30 
 
 160 
 
 45 
 
 198 
 
 99 
 
 353 
 
 347 
 
 152 
 
 101 
 
 225 
 158 
 104 
 193 
 182 
 121 
 113 
 
 9,077 
 
 9,166 
 
 6,620 
 
 7,701 
 
 16,186 
 
 14,337 
 
 4,837 
 
 12,872 
 
 2,784 
 
 10,074 
 
 8,092 
 
 10,651 
 
 4,498 
 
 11,149 
 
 5,634 
 
 4,851 
 
 3,87S 
 
 14,718 
 
 3,369 
 
 658 
 
 8,622 
 
 12,314 
 
 5,280 
 
 5,259 
 
 8,708 
 
 12,277 
 
 16,903 
 
 5,655 
 
 23, 833 
 
 7,936 
 
 20, 176 
 
 17,690 
 
 12,427 
 
 8,727 
 
 8,247 
 
 12, 166 
 
 13, 622 
 
 2,936 
 
 3,670 
 
 11,512 
 
 604 
 
 1,120 
 
 6,100 
 
 1,562 
 
 9,294 
 
 4,377 
 
 13,502 
 
 15,085 
 
 7,336 
 
 3,897 
 
 6,514 
 
 12,678 
 
 9,010 
 
 4,119 
 
 7,279 
 
 9,637 
 
 3,922 
 
 6,207 
 
 3,150 
 
 237 
 
 162 
 
 20 
 
 84 
 
 1 
 
 w £ a m 
 
 > 6i ■ a, 
 
 729 
 
 2,931 
 
 151 
 
 12 995 50134,563 10,8711601,166 26,266 43,716 
 
 250 
 
 267 
 
 2,867 
 
 30 
 10 
 157 
 165 
 10,213 
 
 337 
 
 43 
 
 15 
 
 033 
 
 842 
 28 
 
 58 
 30 
 14 
 
 575 
 20 
 
 1,269 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 361 
 
 478 
 
 395 
 
 774 
 
 77 
 
 2,640 
 
 1,065 
 
 163 
 
 798 
 
 1,764 
 
 270 
 
 544 
 
 526 
 
 630 
 
 143 
 
 39 
 
 2,337 
 616 
 946 
 S01 
 376 
 431 
 
 2,301 
 800 
 
 7,778 
 313 
 
 1,690 
 
 1,195 
 
 616 
 
 675 
 
 60 
 
 618 
 
 633 
 
 456 
 
 1,364 
 
 37 
 
 186 
 
 760 
 
 44 
 
 96 
 
 361 
 
 1,057 
 
 963 
 
 14 
 
 687 
 
 1,037 
 
 366 
 
 693 
 
 7 
 
 763 
 
 868 
 
 318 
 
 43 
 
448 POPULATION. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE POPULATION, 
 
 Of the several Counties in the state, from 1800 to 1840, inclusive; 
 according to the United States Census. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus," 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chautauque, •• 
 
 Chemung, ■ 
 
 Chenango, •■•• 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Columbia, •••• 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Dutchess, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, ••• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery," 
 New-York, — 
 
 Niagara, • 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Onondaga, •••• 
 Ontario, ••••■• 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rensselaer, ••• 
 Richmond, •••• 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 St. Lawrence,- 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schenectady, • 
 Schoharie, •••• 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Tompkins, • ••• 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Washington, •• 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Westchester," 
 Yates, 
 
 Organ- 
 ized. 
 
 I Pop. Pop. 
 in 1800. in 1310'. 
 
 Total,- 
 
 1683 
 1606 
 1806 
 1808 
 1799 
 1808 
 1336 
 1798 
 1788 
 1786 
 1808 
 1797 
 1683 
 1821 
 1799 
 1808 
 1838 
 1802 
 1800 
 1316 
 1791 
 1S05 
 1683 
 1805 
 1821 
 1906 
 1821 
 1772 
 1683 
 1809 
 1799 
 1794 
 1789 
 1683 
 1824 
 1816 
 1791 
 1812 
 1683 
 1791 
 1683 
 1798 
 1802 
 1791 
 1809 
 1795 
 1804 
 1796 
 1683 
 1809 
 1794 
 1817 
 1683 
 1813 
 1772 
 1823 
 1683 
 1823 
 
 15,S71 
 
 15,666 
 
 8,514 
 35, 422 
 
 10,228 
 47,776 
 
 12,314 
 
 14, 479 
 
 5,740 
 
 21,700 
 60, 489 
 
 22,047 
 7,466 
 15,219 
 29, 355 
 
 21,636 
 
 I 16,991 
 
 30, 442 
 
 4, 663 
 
 6,353 
 
 24,483 
 
 9,808 
 
 1,783 
 19,734 
 
 35, 574 
 
 27, 428 
 
 34,661 
 
 1,942 
 
 8,130 
 
 458 
 
 29,843 
 2,391 
 
 Pop. 
 in 1320. 
 
 21,704 
 8,002 
 
 32,390 
 8,869 
 
 20, 303 
 
 51,363 
 
 9,477 
 2,617 
 
 12,588 
 19,536 
 
 22, 046 
 15, 140 
 8,303 
 6,433 
 
 25, 144 
 
 41,214 
 
 96,373 
 
 8,971 
 
 33,792 
 
 25,987 
 42,032 
 34, 347 
 
 38, 802 
 
 19,336 
 36, 309 
 6,347 
 7,758 
 7,8S5 
 33, 147 
 10,201 
 18,945 
 16,609 
 7,246 
 21,113 
 6,108 
 7,899 
 
 26, 576 
 
 44, 239 
 
 30,272 
 
 38,114 
 9,330 
 
 14,343 
 4,090 
 
 38, 897 
 
 15,268 
 
 31,215 
 12,070 
 38, 330 
 16,507 
 26, 597 
 46,615 
 
 15,811 
 4,439 
 
 59, 093 
 22,996 
 1,251 
 31,017 
 32, 952 
 11,167 
 9,227 
 18,444 
 32, 208 
 26, 855 
 37, 569 
 123,706 
 22,990 
 50, 997 
 47,467 
 88, 267 
 41,213 
 
 12,374 
 
 44, 856 
 11,268 
 21,619 
 40, 163 
 
 6,135 
 
 8,837 
 16,037 
 36,052 
 13,081 
 23, 154 
 23,619 
 21,989 
 24, 272 
 
 8,900 
 16,971 
 20, 681 
 30, 934 
 
 9,453 
 38,831 
 
 32, 638 
 
 586,766 969,049 1,372,812 1,918,608 2,428,9*1 
 
 Pop. 
 in 1830. 
 
 63,560 
 26,218 
 17, 582 
 16,726 
 47, 947 
 34, 657 
 
 37, 404 
 19,344 
 39, 952 
 23, 693 
 32,933 
 50, 926 
 35,710 
 19,387 
 11,312 
 
 51,992 
 29, 525 
 1,324 
 35,869 
 48,515 
 20, 537 
 14,958 
 27,719 
 39,037 
 49, 862 
 43, 595 
 202, 589 
 19,485 
 71,326 
 58, 974 
 40, 16' 
 45, 372 
 18,773 
 27,104 
 61,372 
 12,701 
 22, 276 
 49, 472 
 7,084 
 9,383 
 36,361 
 38,616 
 12,334 
 27,910 
 21,031 
 33,975 
 26,780 
 12, 372 
 27, 704 
 36, 545 
 36, 651 
 11,795 
 42,615 
 33, 565 
 36,456 
 19,019 
 
Census of the State of New- York,- 1840. 
 
 Showing the number of inhabitants in each town and the different pursuits. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 S c« 
 
 2 »s 
 
 .S « o 
 
 > ra qj 
 Zoi. 
 
 .°-5 
 
 'Sf*a 
 
 a £ 
 
 >, ( First Ward, 
 
 •5 Second Ward, 
 
 g. J Third Ward 
 
 5 Fourth Ward, .... 
 3 [Fifth Ward, 
 
 Total Albany city,... 
 
 Berne, 
 
 Bethlehem 
 
 Coeymans, 
 
 Guilderland, 
 
 Knox, 
 
 New Scotland, 
 
 Rensselaerville, ....... 
 
 Watervliet, 
 
 Westerlo, 
 
 Total Albany co... . 
 
 ALLEGANY CO. 
 
 Alfred, 
 
 Allen, 
 
 Almond, 
 
 Amity, 
 
 Andover, 
 
 Angelica, 
 
 Belfast, 
 
 Birdsall, 
 
 Bolivar, 
 
 Burns, 
 
 Caneada, 
 
 Centreville, 
 
 Clarksville, 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Eagle, 
 
 Friendship, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Granger, 
 
 Grove, 
 
 Hume, 
 
 Independence, 
 
 29 
 
 9,809 
 6,855 
 4,137 
 7,244 
 5,676 
 
 539 
 359 
 ISO 
 387 
 156 
 
 33,721 
 
 3,740 
 3, 238 
 3,107 
 2,790 
 2,143 
 2,912 
 3, 705 
 10,14 
 3, 096 
 
 144 
 
 807 
 1,356 
 
 510 
 1, 133 
 
 481 
 1,228 
 
 676 
 1,267 
 
 673 
 
 35 
 23 
 19 
 30 
 24 
 6 
 16 
 41 
 209 
 18 
 
 1,621 
 152 
 86 
 117 
 
 78 
 71 
 90 
 
 189 
 1,284 
 
 103 
 
 114 
 
 175 
 
 237 
 14 
 
 8 
 11 
 11 
 6 
 9 
 20 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 68, 593 
 
 1,63C 
 
 867 
 
 1,434 
 
 1,354 
 
 848 
 
 1,257 
 
 1,646 
 
 328 
 
 408 
 
 867 
 
 1,633 
 
 1,513 
 
 326 
 
 1,768 
 
 1,18 
 
 1,244 
 
 578 
 
 1,064 
 
 623 
 
 2, 303 
 
 l,44t 
 
 8,275 
 
 643 
 347 
 523 
 463 
 407 
 304 
 218 
 134 
 67 
 277 
 224 
 302 
 103 
 285 
 284 
 230 
 120 
 421 
 244 
 346 
 592 
 
 421 
 
 12 
 
 3,791 
 
 39 
 12 
 94 
 82 
 16 
 
 127 
 
 298 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 261 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 173 
 21 
 52 
 28 
 34 
 10 
 
 266 
 36 
 
 340 
 
 366 
 
 69 
 
450 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 New Hudson, 
 
 Nunda, 
 
 Ossian 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Portage, 
 
 Rushford, 
 
 Scio, 
 
 West Almond, 
 
 Wirt, 
 
 Total Allegany co 
 
 BROOME CO. 
 
 Barker, 
 
 Chenango , 
 
 Colesville, 
 
 Conklin, 
 
 Lisle 
 
 Nanticoke, , 
 
 Sanford, 
 
 Triangle, 
 
 Union, , 
 
 "Vestal, 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 Total Broome co.. . 
 
 CATTARAUGUS CO 
 
 Ashford, 
 
 Burton, , 
 
 Coldspring, 
 
 Connewango, 
 
 Dayton, , 
 
 Ellicottville, 
 
 Farmersville, 
 
 Franklinville, , 
 
 Freedom, 
 
 Great Valley, , 
 
 Hinsdale, , 
 
 Humphrey, 
 
 Leon, 
 
 Little Valley, 
 
 Lyndon, 
 
 Machias, 
 
 Mansfield, 
 
 Napoli, 
 
 New Albion, 
 
 Olean, 
 
 Otto, 
 
 40, 975 
 
 25ft 
 465 
 52^ 
 475 
 560 
 400 
 173 
 692 
 165 
 253 
 36^ 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 258 
 783 
 318 
 397 
 695 
 299 
 224 
 300 
 234 
 
 10,042 
 
 19 
 
 104 
 
 22, 338 
 
 1,469 
 
 530 
 
 673 
 
 1,317 
 
 946 
 
 1,084 
 
 1,294 
 
 1,293 
 
 1,831 
 
 852 
 
 1,937 
 
 444 
 
 1, 326 
 
 700 
 
 628 
 
 1,085 
 
 942 
 
 1,145 
 
 1,016 
 
 638 
 
 2,133 
 
 202 
 635 
 353 
 208 
 234 
 74 
 180 
 274 
 491 
 251 
 341 
 
 3,243 
 
 308 
 102 
 
 75 
 192 
 247 
 144 
 266 
 255 
 325 
 102 
 299 
 101 
 244 
 101 
 139 
 200 
 232 
 166 
 172 
 
 56 
 415 
 
 121 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 168 
 
 191 
 
 29 
 
 135 
 
 439 
 
 84 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 2,789 
 
 ZS- 
 
 29 
 337 
 67 
 21 
 56 
 4 
 23 
 46 
 98 
 15 
 54 
 
 750 
 
 C " 
 0_; 
 
 ai o c 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 451 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 t. £j 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 D 
 O 
 
 Ml 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 o 
 O 
 
 re 13 
 
 K 
 
 3-' (/ 
 J3 " 
 
 « m * 
 bile <f> 
 
 « a 
 
 
 si J 
 
 ►J >» Go 
 
 0^: 
 
 Is 
 
 is .2 
 
 Perrysburgh, 
 
 1,660 
 
 892 
 
 462 
 
 1,283 
 
 1,292 
 
 333 
 137 
 93 
 123 
 241 
 
 5 
 13 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 46 
 59 
 19 
 44 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 9 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Persia, 
 
 
 Portville, 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 Yorkshire, 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Total Cattaraugus co.. 
 
 28,872 
 
 5,06.8 
 
 86 
 
 832 
 
 22 
 
 101 
 
 62 
 
 CAYUGA CO. 
 
 5,626 
 2,645 
 2, 044 
 2,380 
 1,911 
 1,317 
 2,593 
 2,283 
 2,143 
 1,654 
 4, 215 
 2,010 
 2,234 
 1,319 
 2,255 
 1,304 
 2,060 
 1,890 
 2, 533 
 1,446 
 2,105 
 2,371 
 
 50, 338 
 
 159 
 733 
 588 
 539 
 465 
 215 
 570 
 514 
 518 
 311 
 1,110 
 386 
 583 
 213 
 567 
 327 
 769 
 260 
 664 
 326 
 632 
 546 
 
 211 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 4 
 3 
 
 12 
 2 
 3 
 
 20 
 5 
 
 613 
 
 162 
 
 100 
 
 112 
 
 68 
 
 61 
 
 130 
 
 99 
 
 93 
 
 87 
 
 340 
 
 224 
 
 94 
 
 48 
 
 92 
 
 68 
 
 79 
 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 101 
 
 2 
 2 
 43 
 3 
 3 
 
 '"32 
 3 
 6 
 1 
 44 
 1 
 2 
 
 7 
 2 
 1 
 22 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 8 
 
 80 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 302 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 Cato 
 
 2 
 
 Conquest, 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 Mentz, 
 
 8 
 
 
 7 
 
 Niles, 
 
 13 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Total Cayuga co.. . . 
 
 10, 995 
 
 478 
 
 2,942 
 
 193 
 
 117 
 
 CHEMUNG CO. 
 Big Flats, 
 
 1,375 
 2,424 
 1,119 
 835 
 2,377 
 1,990 
 4,791 
 1,441 
 2,101 
 2,279 
 
 296 
 409 
 267 
 182 
 533 
 400 
 635 
 328 
 366 
 393 
 
 6 
 23 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 8 
 86 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 182 
 21 
 30 
 99 
 97 
 475 
 25 
 140 
 133 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 6 
 
 1 
 10 
 25 
 
 10 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 Dix, 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Total Chemung co.. . 
 
 20, 732 
 
 3,809 
 
 153 
 
 1,251 
 
 113 
 
 102 
 
 35 
 
452 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 CHAUTAUQUE CO 
 
 Arkwright, , 
 
 Busti, 
 
 Carroll, , 
 
 Charlotte, , 
 
 Chautauque, 
 
 Cherry Creek. , 
 
 Clymer, , 
 
 Ellery , 
 
 Ellicott, 
 
 Ellington, 
 
 French Creek, 
 
 Gerry, , 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 Harmony, 
 
 Mina, 
 
 Poland, 
 
 Pomfret, , 
 
 Portland, 
 
 Ripley, 
 
 Sheridan, 
 
 Sherman, 
 
 Stockton, 
 
 Villenova, 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 Total Chautauque co 
 
 CHENANGO CO. 
 
 Bainbridge, 
 
 Columbus, , 
 
 Coventry, 
 
 German, , 
 
 Greene, , 
 
 Guilford, 
 
 Linklean, 
 
 Macdonough, 
 
 New Berlin, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Otselic, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Pharsalia, 
 
 Pitcher, 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 Preston, 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 Smithville, 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 1,418 
 1,894 
 1,649 
 1,428 
 2,980 
 1,141 
 
 909 
 2,242 
 2,571 
 1,725 
 
 621 
 1,288 
 3,998 
 3,340 
 
 871 
 1,087 
 4,566 
 2,136 
 2,197 
 1,883 
 1,099 
 2,078 
 1,655 
 3,199 
 
 47, 975 
 
 324 
 561 
 681 
 965 
 462 
 827 
 249 
 369 
 086 
 145 
 621 
 179 
 213 
 562 
 625 
 117 
 791 
 762 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 444 
 539 
 450 
 396 
 749 
 361 
 233 
 558 
 391 
 419 
 183 
 323 
 940 
 853 
 261 
 288 
 890 
 652 
 596 
 579 
 270 
 605 
 514 
 701 
 
 12, 195 
 
 2,743 
 
 1,373 
 
 1,518 
 
 250 
 
 725 
 
 2,301 
 
 1,195 
 
 350 
 
 2,199 
 
 658 
 
 1,467 
 
 485 
 
 230 
 
 299 
 
 301 
 
 241 
 
 1,902 
 
 472 
 
 344 
 
 <2 2 
 
 3H 
 
 30 
 27 
 39 
 67 
 
 134 
 30 
 24 
 44 
 
 211 
 44 
 17 
 42 
 
 279 
 
 117 
 19 
 26 
 
 337 
 90 
 
 107 
 56 
 35 
 64 
 47 
 
 202 
 
 > £ 5 
 
 Z o u 
 
 2,1 
 
 106 
 
 4 
 
 462 
 
 153 
 
 119 
 
 8 
 
 137 
 
 437 
 
 47 
 
 34 
 
 730 
 
 184 
 
 134 
 
 119 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 623 
 
 43 
 
 104 
 
 O.T3 
 "g § 
 P ,„ O; 
 
 - a ►< 
 a> o 3 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 6 
 4 
 7 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 81 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 341 
 
 63 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 73 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 453 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 Total Chenango eo. 
 
 CLINTON CO. 
 
 Au Sable, 
 
 Beekmantown, 
 
 Black Brook 
 
 Champlain, 
 
 Chazy, 
 
 Ellenburgh, 
 
 Mooers, 
 
 Peru, 
 
 Pittsburgh, 
 
 Saranac, 
 
 Total Clinton co 
 
 COLUMBIA CO. 
 Hudson 5 First Ward,. . 
 City. ( Second Ward, 
 
 Total Hudson city.. 
 
 Ancram, 
 
 Austerlitz, 
 
 Canaan, 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 Claverack, 
 
 Clermont, 
 
 Copake, 
 
 Gallatin, 
 
 Germantown, 
 
 Ghent, 
 
 Greenport, 
 
 Hillsdale, 
 
 Kinderhook 
 
 Livingston, 
 
 New Lebanon, 
 
 Stockport, 
 
 Stuyvesant, 
 
 Taghkanic, 
 
 Total Columbia co.. 
 
 CORTLAND CO 
 
 Cincinnatus, 
 
 Cortandville,. ....... 
 
 Freetown, 
 
 Homer, 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 2,246 1,836 
 
 40, 785 
 
 3,222 
 
 2,769 
 1,064 
 3,632 
 3,584 
 1,171 
 1,703 
 3,134 
 6,416 
 1,462 
 
 28, 157 
 
 2,854 
 2,818 
 
 5,672 
 1,770 
 2,091 
 1,957 
 3,662 
 3,056 
 1.231 
 1,505 
 1,544 
 969 
 2, 558 
 1,161 
 2,470 
 3,512 
 2,190 
 2,536 
 1,815 
 1,779 
 1,674 
 
 43, 252 
 
 1,301 
 
 3,799 
 
 950 
 
 3,572 
 
 20, 545 
 
 349 
 624 
 65 
 613 
 691 
 292 
 383 
 689 
 737 
 159 
 
 4,602 
 
 18 
 409 
 473 
 425 
 762 
 561 
 260 
 360 
 356 
 167 
 494 
 233 
 529 
 435 
 430 
 548 
 124 
 265 
 375 
 
 7,224 
 
 222 
 843 
 185 
 745 
 
 28 
 
 458 
 
 190 
 
 120 
 121 
 
 241 
 
 6 
 21 
 13 
 45 
 18 
 11 
 23 
 11 
 
 8 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 50 
 10 
 44 
 
 9 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 576 
 
 23 
 
 341 
 
 3,644 
 
 281 
 44 
 87 
 
 139 
 
 98 
 
 3 
 
 56 
 
 102 
 
 332 
 93 
 
 1,235 
 
 228 
 384 
 
 612 
 
 46 
 
 63 
 
 114 
 
 261 
 
 128 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 37 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 25 
 
 102 
 
 282 
 
 87 
 
 143 
 
 195 
 
 56 
 
 32 
 
 2,347 
 
 90 
 308 
 
 29 
 281 
 
 P-tS 
 
 ■eg 
 
 d o 
 
 p.jj 
 
 fc<2 
 
 62 
 
 51 
 
 109 
 
 7 
 
 116 
 *2 
 
 226 
 
 39 
 
 489 
 
 103 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 9 
 
 38 
 3 
 
 24 
 42 
 
 66 
 2 
 12 
 11 
 27 
 16 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 '29 
 
 13 
 
 225 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 2 
 3 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 69 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 9 
 2 
 3 
 11 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 6 
 15 
 
 3 
 11 
 
454 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Marathon, 
 Preble, . . . 
 
 Scott, 
 
 Solon, 
 Truxton, . 
 Virgil,.... 
 Willet, 
 
 Total Cortland co. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 1,053 
 1,247 
 1,332 
 2,311 
 3,658 
 4,502 
 872J 
 
 24, 607 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 266 
 340 
 365 
 539 
 1,030 
 1,295 
 201 
 
 16 
 
 6,031 
 
 51 
 
 
 28 
 44 
 72 
 60 
 160 
 146 
 19 
 
 1,237 
 
 0) J, 
 
 .S so 
 
 > g « 
 
 Zo 
 
 Ig 
 
 O.T3 
 
 ■°s 
 
 5 e " 
 rt 5 a> 
 
 103 
 
 n^j 
 
 !s<2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 6 
 8 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 16 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 6 
 
 DELAWARE CO. 
 
 Andes, 
 
 Bovina, 
 
 Colchester, 
 
 Davenport, 
 
 Delhi, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Hamden, 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 Harpersfield, 
 
 Kortwright, 
 
 Masonville, 
 
 Meredith, 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 Roxbury, 
 
 Sidney, 
 
 Stamford, 
 
 Tompkins, 
 
 Walton, 
 
 Total Delaware co.. 
 
 DUTCHESS CO 
 
 Amenia, 
 
 Beekman, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Dover, 
 
 Fishkill, 
 
 Hyde Park, 
 
 La Grange, 
 
 Milan, 
 
 Northeast, 
 
 Pawlings, 
 
 Pine Plains, 
 
 Pleasant Valley, 
 
 Poughkeepsie, 
 
 Redhook, 
 
 Rhinebeck 
 
 Stanford 
 
 2,176 
 1,403 
 1,567 
 2,052 
 2,554 
 3,025 
 1,469 
 1,026 
 1,708 
 2,441 
 1,420 
 1,640 
 2,608 
 3,013 
 1,732 
 1, 681 
 2,035 
 1,846 
 
 35, 396 
 
 2,179 
 1,400 
 1,830 
 2,000 
 10,437 
 2,364 
 1,851 
 1,725 
 1, 385 
 1,571 
 1,334 
 2,219 
 10,006 
 2,829 
 2,659 
 2,278 
 
 476 
 288 
 323 
 419 
 399 
 774 
 310 
 109 
 387 
 541 
 324 
 414 
 508 
 619 
 477 
 353 
 316 
 397 
 
 7,434 173 1,415 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 41 
 
 51 
 
 75 
 
 146 
 
 132 
 
 59 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 92 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 
 114 
 
 122 
 
 46 
 
 105 
 
 78 
 
 66 
 
 11 
 
 148 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 8 70 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 16 93 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 138 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 65 
 
 1,513 
 
 29 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 104 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 106 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 72 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 78 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 86 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 204 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 262 
 
 1,388 
 
 88 
 
 98 
 
 5 
 
 34 '179 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 29' 199 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 124 
 
 , J 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 148 
 
 93 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 455 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 S ta o 
 S""8 
 
 2 o 
 
 ■a g 
 
 G ,„ m 
 
 M S | 
 
 J« a 
 
 »«S 
 
 Union Vale, 
 Washington. 
 
 1,498 
 2,833 
 
 644 
 1,372 
 
 Total Dutchess co.. 
 
 52, 398 
 
 16,034 
 
 ERIE CO. 
 
 >; ( First Ward, 
 
 •3 1 Second Ward , 
 
 o \ Third Ward, 
 
 (* I Fourth Ward, 
 
 = t Fifth Ward, 
 
 Total Buffalo city,. 
 
 Alden, 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 Aurora, 
 
 Black Rock, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Brandt, 
 
 Chictawaga, 
 
 Clarence, 
 
 Colden. 
 
 Collins, 
 
 Concord, 
 
 Eden, 
 
 Evans, 
 
 Hamburgh 
 
 Holland, 
 
 Lancaster, 
 
 Newstead 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Tonawanda, 
 
 Wales, 
 
 Total Erie co.. 
 
 3,531 
 3, 400 
 1,829 
 5,483 
 3,970 
 
 18,213 
 1,984 
 2,451 
 2, 908 
 3,625 
 1,745 
 1,088 
 1,137 
 2,271 
 1,088 
 4,257 
 3,021 
 2,174 
 1,807 
 3,727 
 1,242 
 2,083 
 2,653 
 1,743 
 1,261 
 1,987 
 
 60 
 478 
 427 
 610 
 294 
 588 
 345 
 250 
 565 
 247 
 1,419 
 854 
 436 
 573 
 933 
 328 
 477 
 642 
 632 
 314 
 550 
 
 62, 465 
 
 11,022 
 
 78 
 177 
 
 540 
 
 4,801 
 
 169 
 
 123 
 247 
 111 
 91 
 199 
 
 346 
 362 
 149 
 809 
 185 
 
 239 
 31 
 29 
 32 
 23 
 
 771 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 1,851 
 90 
 97 
 
 185 
 
 298 
 30 
 7 
 12 
 94 
 33 
 
 130 
 88 
 66 
 56 
 
 197 
 33 
 79 
 
 114 
 55 
 32 
 75 
 
 354 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 893 
 
 3,622 
 
 426 
 
 268 
 
 56 
 25 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 211 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 376 
 
 ESSEX CO. 
 
 2,716 
 2,212 
 1,061 
 1,681 
 2,258 
 
 730 
 1,505 
 
 455 
 2,595 
 74 
 1,660 
 Ticonderoga I 2,169 
 
 Chesterfield, . . 
 Crown Point, . 
 Elizabethtown, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Jay, 
 
 Keene, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Minerva, 
 
 Moriah, 
 
 Newcomb, 
 Schroon, 
 
 453 
 551 
 220 
 359 
 492 
 238 
 366 
 125 
 440 
 15 
 442 
 382J 
 
 20 
 
 317 
 
 113 
 
 66 
 
 131 
 
 197 
 
 16 
 
 94 
 
 16 
 
 284 
 
 18 
 
 128 
 
 166 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 7 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 18 
 
456 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Westport, 
 
 Willsborough, 
 
 Wilmington, 
 
 Total Essex co. 
 
 FRANKLIN CO. 
 
 Bangbr, 
 
 Belmont, 
 
 Bombay, 
 
 Brandon, 
 
 Chateaugay, 
 
 Constable, 
 
 Dickinson, 
 
 Duane, 
 
 Fort Covington, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Malone, 
 
 Moira, 
 
 Westville, 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 1,932 
 1, 658 
 
 928 
 
 23,634 
 
 Total Franklin co. 
 
 FULTON CO. 
 
 Bleeckcr, 
 
 Broadalbin, 
 
 Ephratah, 
 
 Johnstown, 
 
 Mayfield, 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 Oppenheim , 
 
 Perth, 
 
 Stratford, 
 
 Total Fulton co.. 
 
 GENESEE CO. 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 Alexander, 
 
 Batayia, 
 
 Bergen, 
 
 Bethany, 
 
 Byron, 
 
 Darien, 
 
 Elba, 
 
 Le Roy, 
 
 Pavilion,* 
 
 1,239 
 
 472 
 1,446 
 
 531 
 2,824 
 1,122 
 1,005 
 
 324 
 2,094 
 
 192 
 3,229 
 
 962 
 1,028 
 
 16.518 
 
 346 
 2,738 
 2,009 
 5,409 
 2,615 
 1,526 
 2,169 
 737 
 500 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 478 
 428 
 235 
 
 5,224 
 
 226 
 135 
 244 
 105 
 720 
 188 
 177 
 
 71 
 287 
 
 55 
 682 
 146 
 180 
 
 136 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 .£6 cti 
 
 .a k u 
 
 I *J — _o 
 
 & O'u 
 
 1,789 
 
 3,216 
 
 18, 049 
 
 1,798 
 2,242 
 4,219 
 1,832 
 2,286 
 1,907 
 2,406 
 3,161 
 4,323 
 1,219 
 
 138 
 1,244 
 
 780 
 1,959 
 1,430 
 
 848 
 1, 158 
 
 153 
 
 327 
 
 8,037 
 
 526 
 566 
 879 
 267 
 563 
 195 
 703 
 843 
 370 
 133 
 
 64 
 
 99 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 128 
 
 8 
 
 123 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 147 
 
 515 
 
 27 
 
 249 
 
 140 
 
 500 
 
 149 
 
 86 
 
 91 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 1,281 
 
 65 
 109 
 289 
 
 78 
 
 96 
 113 
 
 88 
 153 
 288 
 
 53 
 
 v to 
 £ *-• 
 
 « = S 
 
 « 2 2 
 
 .-J to bo 
 
 25 
 
 132 
 
 53 
 
 SB 
 
 o-8 
 
 S9 
 
 * Taken from the town of Covington on the division of the above county in 1841 ; the 
 population &c. is estimated at one half of the number returned for Covington. 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 457 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Pembroke, 
 Stafford, . 
 
 Total Genesee co. 
 
 GREENE CO. 
 
 Athens.. 
 
 Cairo, 
 
 Catskill, 
 
 Coxsackie, 
 
 Durham 
 
 Greenville, 
 
 Hunter, 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 New Baltimore, 
 
 Prattsville, 
 
 Windham, 
 
 Total Greene co. 
 
 HAMILTON CO. 
 
 Arietta 
 
 Gilman, 
 
 Hope, 
 
 Lake Pleasant, 
 
 Long Lake, 
 
 Morehouse, 
 
 Wells, 
 
 Total Hamilton co 
 
 HERKIMER CO 
 
 Columbia, , 
 
 Danube, 
 
 Fairfield, , 
 
 Frankfort, 
 
 German Flats, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Litchfield, 
 
 Little Falls, 
 
 Manheim, 
 
 Newport, ,...., 
 
 Norway, , 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Russia, 
 
 Salisbury, 
 
 Schuyler, , 
 
 Starks, 
 
 Warren, , 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 1,970 
 2,561 
 
 29, 924 
 
 388 
 862 
 339 
 539 
 815 
 338 
 019 
 813 
 306 
 613 
 -117 
 
 30, 446 
 
 209 
 98 
 711 
 296 
 59 
 169 
 365 
 
 1,907 
 
 2,129 
 1,960 
 1,836 
 3,096 
 3,245 
 2,369 
 1,672 
 3,881 
 2,095 
 2,020 
 1,046 
 692 
 2,298 
 1,859 
 1,798 
 1,766 
 2,003 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 584 
 631 
 
 6,260] 183 
 
 333] 
 
 622 
 
 701 
 524 
 595 
 594 
 384 
 753 
 594 
 346 
 625 
 
 6,071 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 220 
 78 
 14 
 41 
 
 101 
 
 510 
 
 483 
 399 
 
 1,062 
 582 
 573 
 
 1,122 
 448 
 
 1,027 
 924 
 965 
 651 
 422 
 
 1,224 
 837 
 513 
 402 
 518 
 
 5 
 13 
 13 
 33 
 31 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 109 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 18 
 20 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 S ta 
 
 111 
 
 140 
 
 1,583 
 
 204 
 146 
 534 
 375 
 184 
 
 84 
 192 
 113 
 
 93 
 169 
 142 
 
 2,236 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 197 
 
 69 
 297 
 391 
 158 
 
 83 
 486 
 139 
 209 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 172 
 181 
 
 38 
 141 
 
 96 
 
 Mi & Si 
 
 •5s » 
 .Sfe» 
 
 > £ V 
 
 £S.£ 
 
 Z O H 
 
 71 
 
 199 
 
 c w o 
 
 a> o fl 
 i-3"3i'3i 
 
 Ss 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 173 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 47 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 145 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
458 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Wilmnrt, . 
 Windfield, 
 
 Total Herkimer co., 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 60 
 1,652 
 
 37, 477 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 47 
 397 
 
 12,569 
 
 353 
 
 82 
 
 2,866 
 
 — in S3 
 
 ,5sd 
 Si* 
 
 •Z.O 
 
 O.S 
 
 a «l w 
 
 -iJ'm'Sb 
 
 220 
 
 JEFFERSON CO. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 Alexandria, 
 
 Antwerp, 
 
 Brownville, 
 
 Champion, 
 
 Clayton, 
 
 Ellisburgh. 
 
 Henderson, 
 
 Houndsfield, 
 
 LeRay, 
 
 Lorraine. 
 
 Lyme, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Pamelia, 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 Rodman, 
 
 Rutland, 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 Wilna, 
 
 Total Jefferson co. 
 
 KINGS CO. 
 
 ( First Ward, 
 
 Second Ward,. . 
 Third Ward,... 
 Fourth Ward,.. 
 £<{ Fifth Ward, ... 
 Sixth Ward, ... 
 Seventh Ward,. 
 Eighth Ward, . . 
 Ninth Ward,... 
 
 pq 
 
 Total Brooklyn city. 
 
 Bushwick, 
 
 Flatbush, 
 
 Flatlands, 
 
 Gravesend, 
 
 New Utrecht, 
 
 Total Kings co. 
 
 2,966 
 3,475 
 3,109 
 3, 968 
 2,206 
 3,990 
 5,349 
 2,480 
 4,146 
 3,721 
 1,699 
 5,472 
 3,001 
 2,104 
 1,888 
 1,702 
 2,090 
 5,027 
 2,591 
 
 60, 984 
 
 2,148 
 5,447 
 3,834 
 6,827 
 7,415 
 4,043 
 4,521 
 944 
 1,054 
 
 36, 223 
 
 1,295 
 
 2,099 
 
 810 
 
 799 
 
 1,283 
 
 47,613 
 
 750 
 816 
 737 
 790 
 509 
 807 
 
 1,338 
 629 
 684 
 906 
 441 
 
 1,238 
 610 
 373 
 492 
 443 
 539 
 460 
 414 
 
 162 
 
 93 
 
 95 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 195 
 
 266 
 
 116 
 
 232 
 
 107 
 
 14 
 
 145 
 
 79 
 
 38 
 
 83 
 
 15 
 
 120 
 
 422 
 
 229 
 
 12, 976 
 
 467 
 
 2, 451 178 
 
 15 
 76 
 54 
 181 
 297 
 211 
 354 
 193 
 216 
 
 1,597 
 249 
 533 
 190 
 198 
 347 
 
 3.234 
 
 184 
 269 
 273 
 411 
 161 
 220 
 110 
 32 
 13 
 
 177 
 967 
 362 
 843 
 1,031 
 438 
 669 
 91 
 
 1,673 
 
 7 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 1,770 
 
 4,666 
 92 
 187 
 32 
 22 
 43 
 
 6,160 
 
 51 
 
 206 
 
 52 
 
 86 
 
 779 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1,280 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 29 
 
 1,443 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 459 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 5 * 
 .22 
 
 •- 1 m rt 
 ..„ « El 
 
 Sf •* =° 
 .S? c £ 
 
 > * a> 
 
 Sg ™ 
 
 £ o'S 
 
 "a a 
 
 o o> 
 
 P.T3 
 
 -og 
 
 « 5 S 
 
 u a, 
 1" 
 
 o > 
 
 LEWIS CO. 
 
 Denmark, 
 
 Diana, 
 
 Greig, 
 
 Harrisburgh, 
 
 Leyden, 
 
 Lowville, 
 
 Martinsburgh, , 
 
 Pinckney, 
 
 Turin, 
 
 Watson, 
 
 West Turin 
 
 2,388 
 
 883 
 
 592 
 
 850 
 
 2,438 
 
 2,047 
 
 2,272 
 
 907 
 
 1,704 
 
 1,707 
 
 2,042 
 
 Total Lewis co. 
 
 17,830 
 
 641 
 
 228 
 164 
 280 
 508 
 490 
 602 
 284 
 456 
 513 
 538 
 
 18 
 
 4,704 
 
 102 
 
 136 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 155 
 
 166 
 
 141 
 
 19 
 
 109 
 
 55 
 
 107 
 
 937 
 
 25 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 74 
 
 38 
 
 LIVINGSTON CO. 
 
 Avon, 
 
 Caledonia, 
 
 Conesus, 
 
 Geneseo, 
 
 Groveland 
 
 Leicester, 
 
 Lima, 
 
 Livonia,. 
 
 Mount Morris, 
 
 Sparta, 
 
 Springwater, . . 
 York 
 
 Total Livingston co. 
 
 MADISON CO. 
 
 Brookfield, 
 
 Cazenovia, 
 
 De Ruyter, 
 
 Eaton, 
 
 Fenner, 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Lebanon, 
 
 Lenox, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Nelson, 
 
 Smithfield, 
 
 Stockbridge, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Total Madison co. 
 
 2,999 
 1,987 
 1,654 
 2,892 
 2,000 
 2,415 
 2,176 
 2,719 
 4,576 
 5,841 
 2,832 
 3,049 
 
 35, 140 
 
 3,695 
 4,153 
 1,799 
 3,409 
 1,997 
 1,130 
 3,738 
 1,794 
 5,44^ 
 2,344 
 2,100 
 ■1,699 
 2,320 
 4,390 
 
 40, 008 
 
 636 
 526 
 376 
 598 
 522 
 669 
 443 
 613 
 973 
 986 
 724 
 793 
 
 19 
 
 52 
 
 220 
 90 
 61 
 193 
 110 
 140 
 148 
 191 
 355 
 532 
 147 
 221 
 
 7,859 
 
 137 
 
 2,408 
 
 961 
 803 
 414 
 829 
 581 
 273 
 696 
 495 
 ,305 
 635 
 644 
 362 
 639 
 994 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 43 
 
 143 
 
 399 
 
 135 
 
 296 
 
 62 
 
 51 
 
 315 
 
 58 
 
 297 
 
 82 
 
 77 
 
 70 
 
 95 
 
 302 
 
 9,631 
 
 158 
 
 2,382 
 
 4S 
 
 35 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 221 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 1 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 9 
 2 
 11 
 5 
 2 
 
 52 
 
 16 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 14 
 6 
 8 
 
 11 
 7 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 229 127 
 
460 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Ho. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 a 2 
 
 .s * o 
 
 K <= 
 
 
 MONROE CO. 
 
 f 1st Ward, 
 
 „ . , 2d Ward, 
 
 Rochester | 3J WarJ ; 
 
 Cliy - I 4th Ward, 
 [5th Ward, 
 
 Total Rochester city,. 
 
 Brighton, 
 
 Chili, 
 
 Clarkson, 
 
 Gates, 
 
 Greece 
 
 Henrietta, 
 
 Irondequoit, , 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 Ogden, 
 
 Parma, 
 
 Penfield, 
 
 Perrinton, 
 
 Pittsford 
 
 Riga, 
 
 Rush, 
 
 Sweden, 
 
 Webster, 
 
 Wheatland, 
 
 Total Monroe co.. 
 
 2,816 
 4,685 
 4,203 
 3,832 
 4,655 
 
 20,191 
 2,336 
 2,174 
 3,486 
 1,728 
 3,669 
 2,085 
 1,252 
 3,435 
 2,404 
 2,652 
 2,842 
 2,513 
 1,983 
 1,984 
 1,929 
 3,133 
 2,235 
 2,871 
 
 143 
 
 73 
 
 131 
 
 85 
 98 
 
 478 
 645 
 445 
 634 
 714 
 
 40 
 36 
 101 
 37 
 40 
 
 236 
 527 
 480 
 819 
 332 
 778 
 613 
 322 
 664 
 532 
 568 
 580 
 611 
 420 
 473 
 452 
 558 
 630 
 446 
 
 MONTGOMERY CO 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 Canajoharie, 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 Florida, 
 
 Glenn, 
 
 Mohawk, 
 
 Minden, 
 
 Palatine, 
 
 Root 
 
 St. Johnsville 
 
 Total Montgomery co 
 
 ~~ NIAGARA CO. 
 
 Cambria, 
 
 Hartland, 
 
 Lewiston, 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 Newfane, 
 
 64, 902 
 
 5,333 
 5,146 
 2,103 
 5,214 
 3,678 
 3,112 
 3,507 
 2,823 
 2,979 
 1,923 
 
 35,818 
 
 10,041 
 
 2,099 
 2,350 
 2,533 
 9,125 
 2,372 
 
 744 
 771 
 570 
 908 
 649 
 535 
 431 
 643 
 688 
 277 
 
 6,216 
 
 1,722 
 
 564 
 
 1,404 
 
 2,433 
 
 460 
 
 530 
 6 
 8 
 7 
 3 
 18 
 4 
 
 2,916 
 117 
 
 93 
 134 
 
 61 
 152 
 
 81 
 
 40 
 248 
 109 
 120 
 166 
 114 
 
 89 
 
 80 
 103 
 188 
 
 92 
 261 
 
 254 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 745 
 
 5,164 
 
 153 
 
 981 
 338 
 96 
 1,020 
 433 
 413 
 221 
 122 
 100 
 224 
 
 122 
 31 
 1 
 56 
 56 
 4 
 32 
 
 411 
 
 3,984 
 
 315 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 190 
 
 10 1 
 
 69 
 
 59 
 117 
 868 26 
 
 61 1 4 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 461 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED DM 
 
 S cd 
 
 C--T3 
 
 a g 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Pendleton 
 
 Porter, 
 
 Royalton, 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 Wheatland, 
 
 Wilson, 
 
 Total Niagara co.. 
 
 1,277 
 1,098 
 2,177 
 3,549 
 1,742 
 1,057 
 1,753 
 
 534 
 264 
 396 
 728 
 431 
 691 
 389 
 
 92 
 17 
 95 
 176 
 26 
 30 
 47 
 
 31,132! 
 
 10,016 
 
 289 
 
 1,657 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 78 
 
 189 
 
 27 
 
 N.YORK CITY & CO 
 
 First Ward, 
 
 Second Ward , 
 
 Third Ward, 
 
 Fourth Ward, 
 
 Fifth Werd 
 
 Sixth Ward, 
 
 Seventh Ward, . 
 
 Eighth Ward, 
 
 Ninth Ward , 
 
 Tenth Ward, 
 
 Eleventh Ward, 
 
 Twelfth Ward, , 
 
 Thirteenth Ward, 
 
 Fourteenth Ward, 
 
 Fifteenth Ward, , 
 
 Sixteenth Ward,.-,. 
 
 Seventeenth Ward, 
 
 Total N. Y. city k. co 
 
 ONEIDA CO. 
 
 (First Ward, 
 Second Ward,.. 
 Third Ward,... 
 Fourth Ward,.. 
 
 Total Utica city, 
 
 Annsville, 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 Boonville, 
 
 Bridgewaler, 
 
 Camden, 
 
 Deerfield, 
 
 Florence, 
 
 Floyd, 
 
 Kirkland, 
 
 Lee, 
 
 Marcy 
 
 10,629 
 6,394 
 11,581 
 15, 770 
 19, 159 
 17, 198 
 22, 982 
 29, 073 
 24, 795 
 29, 026 
 17,052 
 11,652 
 18,517 
 20, 235 
 17,755 
 22, 273 
 18.619 
 
 312,710 
 
 1,738 
 2,392 
 
 3,781 
 
 4,871 
 
 10 
 
 91 
 
 2,488 
 
 109 
 
 2,773 
 
 2, 782 
 
 37 
 
 1,765 
 
 409 
 
 2,175 
 
 505 
 
 5,519 
 
 1,072 
 
 1,418 
 
 427 
 
 2,331 
 
 506 
 
 3,120 
 
 310 
 
 1,259 
 
 326 
 
 1,742 
 
 536 
 
 2,984 
 
 599 
 
 2,936 
 
 703 
 
 1,799 
 
 616 
 
 1,609 
 
 1,313 
 
 1,344 
 
 199 
 
 28 
 
 873 
 
 1, 383 
 
 961 
 
 729 
 
 408 
 
 32 
 
 199 
 
 263 
 
 333 
 
 1,412 
 
 200 
 
 479 
 
 703 
 914 
 2,438 
 1,616 
 2,811 
 1,235 
 2,969 
 4,621 
 2,945 
 5,311 
 3,876 
 813 
 2,718 
 3,449 
 2,390 
 1,518 
 3,033 
 
 11,365 
 
 43,390 
 
 212 
 2 
 9 
 
 23 
 7 
 
 12 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 
 19 
 5 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 253 
 
 54 
 
 145 
 
 332 
 
 59 
 
 132 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 
 321 
 
 183 
 
 66 
 
 164 
 
 200 
 
 89 
 
 999 
 
 164 
 
 208 
 
 529 
 
 179 
 
 176 
 
 221 
 
 49 
 
 27 
 
 123 
 
 133 
 
 137 
 
 46 
 
 58 
 
 94 
 232 
 293 
 108 
 160 
 
 88 
 145 
 323 
 187 
 166 
 
 25 
 
 66 
 107 
 177 
 503 
 
 58 
 197 
 
 3,502 
 
 2,929 
 
 140 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 8 
 
 14 
 6 
 5 
 3 
 
 32 
 9 
 2 
 
 53 
 
 3 
 5 
 9 
 5 
 9 
 6 
 6 
 4 
 8 
 22 
 
 ii 
 
 2 
 
462 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Marshall, 
 
 New Hartford,. 
 
 Paris, , 
 
 Remsen, , 
 
 Rome, 
 
 Sangerfield, , 
 
 Steuben, , 
 
 Trenton, 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Verona, 
 
 Vienna, 
 
 Western, 
 
 Westmoreland, 
 
 Whitestown, 
 
 Total Oneida co 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 2,251 
 3,819 
 2,844 
 1,638 
 5,680 
 2,251 
 1,993 
 3,178 
 3,043 
 4,504 
 2,530 
 3,488 
 3,105 
 5,156 
 
 85,310 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 550 
 638 
 669 
 533 
 949 
 599 
 734 
 846 
 680 
 1,202 
 553 
 801 
 817 
 680 
 
 16, 297 
 
 675 
 
 
 115 
 786 
 317 
 
 61 
 462 
 196 
 
 47 
 217 
 280 
 235 
 115 
 277 
 163 
 1,279 
 
 6,229 
 
 S3 
 
 III 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 5 
 1 
 
 98 
 5 
 1 
 4 
 
 15 
 191 
 
 25 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 65 
 
 557 
 
 H 
 
 ■aS 
 
 enSE 
 
 ONONDAGA CO. 
 
 Camillus, 
 
 Cicero, 
 
 Clay, 
 
 De Witt, 
 
 Elbridge, 
 
 Fabius, 
 
 La Fayette, 
 
 Lysander, 
 
 Manlius, 
 
 Marcellus, 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 Otisco, 
 
 Pompey, , 
 
 Salina, 
 
 Skaneateles, , 
 
 Spaffiord, , 
 
 Tulley, 
 
 Van Buren, 
 
 Total Onondaga co 
 
 3,957 
 2,464 
 2,852 
 2,802 
 4,647 
 2,562 
 2,600 
 4,306 
 5,509 
 2,726 
 5,658 
 1,906 
 4,371 
 11,013 
 3,! 
 1,873 
 1,663 
 3,021 
 
 589 
 463 
 549 
 684 
 569 
 567 
 680 
 810 
 956 
 513 
 
 1,050 
 550 
 
 1,155 
 532 
 697 
 458 
 378 
 541 
 
 30 
 11 
 9 
 21 
 65 
 16 
 12 
 23 
 
 107 
 16 
 18 
 11 
 34 
 
 251 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 153 
 169 
 119 
 166 
 339 
 136 
 112 
 264 
 651 
 198 
 265 
 
 83 
 
 238 
 
 1,256 
 
 451 
 
 67 
 104 
 159 
 
 48 
 112 
 3 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 177 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 67,911 
 
 11,741 
 
 681 
 
 4,930 
 
 528 
 
 ONTARIO CO 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 Canadice, 
 
 Canandaigua, 
 
 East Bloomfield, . . . . 
 
 Farmington, 
 
 Gorham, 
 
 Hopewell, 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 Naples, 
 
 1,953 
 1,341 
 5,652 
 1,986 
 2,122 
 2,779 
 1,976 
 2,912 
 2,34a 1 
 
 561 
 378 
 1,020 
 577 
 734 
 656 
 481 
 643 
 558 
 
 41 
 345 
 113 
 
 82 
 114 
 
 70 
 158 
 143 
 
 18 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK 
 
 463 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Phelps, 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 South Bristol, 
 
 Victor, 
 
 West Bloomfield, 
 
 Total Ontario co. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 ORANGE CO. 
 
 Blooming Grove, 
 
 Cornwall, 
 
 Crawford, 
 
 Deerpark, 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Hamptonburgh, 
 
 Minisink, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Mount Hope, 
 
 Newburgh, 
 
 New Windsor, 
 
 Wallkill, 
 
 Warwick, 
 
 Total Orange co.. 
 
 ORLEANS CO. 
 
 Barre 
 
 Carlton, 
 
 Clarendon, 
 
 Gaines, 
 
 Kendall, 
 
 Murray, 
 
 Ridgeway, 
 
 Shelby, 
 
 Yates, 
 
 Total Orleans co 
 
 OSWEGO CO. 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Amboy, 
 
 Boylston, 
 
 Constantia, 
 
 Granby, 
 
 Hannibal, 
 
 Hastings, 
 
 Mexico 
 
 5,563 
 1,937 
 7,073 
 1,375 
 2,393 
 2,094 
 
 43,501 
 
 2,396 
 3,925 
 2,075 
 1,607 
 3, 889 
 1,379 
 5,093 
 3,914 
 4,100 
 1,565 
 8.933 
 2, 482 
 4,268 
 5,113 
 
 50, 739 
 
 5,539 
 2,275 
 2,251 
 2,268 
 1,692 
 2,675 
 3,554 
 2,643 
 2,230 
 
 25, 127 
 
 1,503 
 1,0"0 
 481 
 1,476 
 2,385 
 2,269 
 1,983 
 3,729l 
 
 1,158 
 520 
 
 1,238 
 344 
 765 
 504 
 
 10,137 
 
 569 
 
 524 
 1,274 
 
 623 
 1,793 
 
 574 
 2,939 
 
 839 
 1,082 
 
 774 
 1,061 
 
 845 
 2,347 
 2,639 
 
 17,883 
 
 1,570 
 690 
 716 
 609 
 474 
 712 
 848 
 651 
 565 
 
 6,835 
 
 323 
 
 243 
 150 
 253 
 579 
 648 
 457 
 755 
 
 53 
 
 20 
 
 169 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 
 £S 
 
 92% 
 
 11 
 
 360 
 123 
 511 
 46 
 145 
 168 
 
 438 2,507 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 167 
 
 238 
 
 94 
 293 
 101 
 118 
 236 
 
 30 
 381 
 209 
 333 
 119 
 697 
 119 
 370 
 263 
 
 3,363 
 
 281 
 67 
 60 
 95 
 31 
 86 
 
 269 
 57 
 
 100 
 
 1,046 
 
 111 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 150 
 29 
 21 
 50 
 
 135 
 
 95 
 
 34 
 
 68 
 
 162 
 
 16 
 
 59 
 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 137 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 12 
 
 366 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 11 
 51 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 7 
 43 
 
 7 
 22 
 27 
 
 233 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 5 
 8 
 6 
 18 
 22 
 6 
 
 17 
 7 
 
 11 
 9 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 108 
 
 122 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 86 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 32 
 
464 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Orwell 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Palermo, 
 
 Parish, 
 
 Redfield, 
 
 Richland, 
 
 Sandy Creek, 
 
 Schroeppel, 
 
 Scriba, 
 
 Volney, 
 
 West Monroe, , 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 Total Oswesro co 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 1,733 
 
 80S 
 4,665 
 1,928 
 1,543 
 
 50 
 4,050 
 2,420 
 2,098 
 4,051 
 3,155 
 
 918 
 
 842 
 
 43, 619 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. IN 
 
 425 
 173 
 
 448 
 447 
 285 
 148 
 774 
 625 
 400 
 505 
 578 
 220 
 169 
 
 8,605 
 
 87 
 
 18 Kl 
 
 37 
 16 
 
 222 
 
 63 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 328 
 67 
 85 
 
 150 
 
 219 
 21 
 35 
 
 1,831 
 
 .5 « « 
 
 3l«i 
 
 £ o'C 
 
 291 
 
 OTSEGO CO. 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 Butternuts, 
 
 Cherry Valley, 
 
 Decatur, 
 
 Edmeston, 
 
 Exeter, 
 
 Hartwick, 
 
 Laurens, 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Middlefield, 
 
 Milford 
 
 New Lisbon, 
 
 Oneonta, 
 
 Otego, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Pittsfield, 
 
 Plainfield, 
 
 Richfield, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Unadilla 
 
 Westford, 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 Total Otsego co. 
 
 PUTNAM CO. 
 
 Oarmel, 
 
 Kent 
 
 Patterson, 
 
 Phillipstown, 
 
 Putnam Valley, 
 
 2,154 
 4,057 
 3,923 
 1,071 
 1,907 
 1,423 
 2,490 
 2,173 
 2, 0S5 
 3,319 
 2,095 
 1,909 
 1,936 
 1,919 
 4,120 
 1,395 
 1,450 
 1,680 
 2, 382 
 2,272 
 1,478 
 2,390 
 
 555 
 828 
 934 
 291 
 563 
 372 
 617 
 532 
 472 
 756 
 442 
 581 
 370 
 599 
 838 
 344 
 438 
 470 
 1,311 
 475 
 369 
 579 
 
 138 
 
 295 
 
 213 
 
 43 
 
 87 
 
 68 
 
 169 
 
 95 
 
 101 
 
 191 
 
 76 
 
 94 
 
 122 
 
 79 
 
 526 
 
 123 
 
 72 
 
 100 
 
 166 
 
 114 
 
 69 
 
 112 
 
 49,628 
 
 2,263 
 1,830 
 1,349 
 3,814 
 1,659 
 
 12,736 
 
 630 
 505 
 410 
 550 
 463 
 
 228 3,053 
 
 87 
 57 
 41 
 559 
 51 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE' OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 465 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 3 a> 
 
 "3H 
 
 
 « s s 
 
 o o d 
 
 Southeast, 
 
 1,910 
 
 570 
 
 13 
 
 121 
 
 Total Putnam co. 
 
 12,825 
 
 3,128 
 
 QUEENS CO. 
 
 Flushing, 
 
 Hempstead. 
 
 Jamaica, 
 
 North Hempstead, . . . . 
 
 Newtown, 
 
 Oyster Bay ; 
 
 Total Queens co 
 
 4,124 
 7,609 
 3,781 
 3,891 
 
 5,054 
 5,865 
 
 739 
 1,550 
 666 
 879 
 918 
 1,3S 
 
 100 
 
 916 
 
 39 
 
 207 
 365 
 2S2 
 235 
 217 
 306 
 
 27 
 
 41 
 16 
 30 
 12 
 24 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 30, 324 
 
 RENSSELAER CO. 
 
 ( First Ward, 
 
 Second Ward, 
 
 Third Ward, 
 
 Fourth Ward, 
 
 Fifth Ward, , 
 
 Sixth Ward, 
 
 Seventh Ward, 
 
 [Eighth Ward, 
 
 3,234 
 
 3, 778 
 2,774 
 3,557 
 
 800 
 1,326 
 3, 037 
 
 828 
 
 Total Troy city, 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 Grafton, 
 
 Greenbush, 
 
 Hoosick, 
 
 Lansingburgh, 
 
 Nassau, 
 
 Petersburgh, 
 
 Pittstown, 
 
 Sand Lake, 
 
 Schaghticoke, 
 
 Schodack, 
 
 Stephentown, 
 
 19,334 
 1,794 
 3,051 
 2,019 
 3,701 
 3, 539 
 3, 330 
 3,236 
 1,901 
 3, 784 
 4,303 
 3,389 
 4.125 
 2; 753 
 
 Total Rensselaer co.. 
 
 RICHMOND CO. 
 
 Castleton, 
 
 Northfield, 
 
 Southfield 
 
 Westfield,' 
 
 Total Richmond co. 
 30 
 
 6, 138 
 
 263 
 
 1,612 
 
 137 
 
 194 
 
 192 
 
 170 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 27 
 
 261 
 452 
 301 
 483 
 133 
 250 
 326 
 73 
 
 202 
 
 143 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 59 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 4 
 
 119 
 421 
 513 
 369 
 743 
 657 
 108 
 732 
 460 
 705 
 1,072 
 491 
 795 
 655 
 
 796 
 10 
 15 
 27 
 29 
 18 
 89 
 22 
 7 
 8 
 27 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 
 2,279 
 
 53 
 
 66 
 
 30 
 
 200 
 
 264 
 
 414 
 
 278 
 
 65 
 
 218 
 
 226 
 
 453 
 
 142 
 
 99 
 
 208 
 
 "2 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 "26 
 
 218 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 r 
 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 17 
 11 
 10 
 18 
 8 
 6 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 3 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 6 
 1 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 
 60,259 7,840 
 
 1,093 
 
 4,787 
 
 271 
 
 4, 275 
 2, 745 
 1,619 
 2, 326 
 
 192 
 177 
 226 
 249 
 
 10, 965 i 844 
 
 186 
 
 96 
 
 58 
 
 6 
 
 503 
 
 137 
 
 120 
 
 26 
 
 139 
 312 
 
 124 
 76 
 
 346 
 
 7S6 
 
 651 
 
 352 
 
 64 
 6 
 
 15 
 5 
 
 90 
 
466 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 ROCKLAND CO. 
 
 Clarkstown, 
 
 Haverstraw 
 
 Orangetown, 
 
 Ramapo, 
 
 Total Rockland co. 
 
 SARATOGA~c6T 
 
 Ballston, 
 
 Charlton, 
 
 Clifton Park, 
 
 Corinth, 
 
 Day, 
 
 Edinburgh, 
 
 Galway, 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 Hadley, 
 
 Half Moon, 
 
 Malta, 
 
 Milton, 
 
 Moreau, 
 
 Northumberland, .... 
 
 Providence, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 
 
 Stillwater, , 
 
 Waterford, 
 
 Wilton, 
 
 Total Saratoga co.. 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 2,533 
 3,449 
 2,771 
 3,22 
 
 SCHENECTADY CO. 
 
 £ /"First "Ward, 
 
 3 - J Second Ward, . . . . 
 
 8*n Third Ward, 
 
 £ ° (.Fourth Ward,.... 
 
 u 
 
 m Total Schenectady city 
 
 Duanesburgh, 
 
 Glenville, 
 
 Niskayuna, 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 Rotterdam, 
 
 Total Schenectady co. 
 
 11.975 
 
 2,044 
 1,933 
 2,719 
 
 1,365 
 
 942 
 
 1,458 
 
 2,412 
 2, 803 
 865 
 2,631 
 1,457 
 3,166 
 1,576 
 1,672 
 1,507 
 2,624 
 3, 3S4 
 2,733 
 1,824 
 1,438 
 
 40, 553 
 
 1,509 
 1,55 
 
 1,242 
 2,476 
 
 6,784 
 3,357 
 3, 06,* 
 693 
 1,201 
 2,284 
 
 17,387 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 727 
 590 
 421 
 
 807 
 
 2, 545 
 
 378 
 396 
 472 
 755 
 522 
 739 
 467 
 799 
 508 
 652 
 332 
 399 
 632 
 509 
 273 
 5S9 
 386 
 601 
 131 
 535 
 
 100 
 
 2 S 
 
 163 
 537 
 267 
 
 187 
 
 1,154 
 
 10,075 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 116 
 
 170 
 
 437 
 918 
 853 
 195 
 286 
 648 
 
 3.33' 
 
 249 
 
 199 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 101 
 
 58 
 
 142 
 
 79 
 
 18 
 
 72 
 
 134 
 
 218 
 
 17 
 
 152 
 
 60 
 
 244 
 
 122 
 
 91 
 
 73 
 
 232 
 
 390 
 
 171 
 
 212 
 
 52 
 
 170 
 
 ■!« 
 
 
 11 
 13 
 27 
 13 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 64 40 
 
 ■\ 
 3 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 2,638 
 
 169 
 216 
 138 
 
 374 
 
 897 
 95 
 92 
 31 
 51 
 
 114 
 
 17 
 7 
 7 
 5 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 2 
 U 
 46 
 15 
 28 
 3 
 
 13 
 8 
 9 
 1 
 2 
 9 
 
 11 
 9 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 14 
 7 
 3 
 7 
 2 
 
 194 
 
 57 
 
 13 
 
 223 1,280 
 
 76 
 
 217 111 
 
 94 
 
 74 
 
 111 
 
 83 
 
 362 
 23 
 17 
 4 
 2 
 9 
 
 417 
 
 20 
 6 
 
 15 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 47 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 467 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 SCHOHARIE CO. 
 
 Blenheim, 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 Cobleskill, 
 
 Conesville, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Jelferson, 
 
 Middleburg, 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 Seward, 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 Summit, 
 
 Total Schoharie co.. 
 
 SENECA CO. 
 
 Covert, 
 
 Fayette, 
 
 Junius, 
 
 Lodi, 
 
 Ovid, 
 
 Romulus, 
 
 Seneca Falls, 
 
 Tyre, 
 
 Varick, 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 Total Seneca co.. 
 
 STEUBEN CO. 
 
 Addison, 
 
 Bath, 
 
 Bradford, 
 
 Cameron, 
 
 Campbell, 
 
 Canisteo, 
 
 Cat on. 
 
 Conhoclon, 
 
 Dansville, 
 
 Erwin, 
 
 Greenwood, 
 
 Hornby, 
 
 Hornellsville, 
 
 Howard, 
 
 Jasper, 
 
 Lindley, 
 
 Orange 
 
 Painted Post, 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 3, 
 
 725 
 404 
 
 85Q 
 583 
 621 
 117 
 033 
 843 
 53 t 
 088 
 52( 
 Oil 
 
 32, 358 
 
 1,563 
 3,731 
 1.594 
 2. 236 
 2,721 
 2,235 
 4,281 
 1,506 
 1,971 
 3. 036 
 
 24,874 
 
 1,92( 
 
 4,915 
 
 1,547 
 
 1,359 
 
 852 
 
 941 
 
 797 
 
 2, 96S 
 
 2,725 
 
 785 
 
 1,13* 
 
 1,048 
 
 2,121 
 
 3,247 
 
 1,18 
 
 638 
 1,824 
 1,674 
 
 No. OF FEltfcONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 457 
 444 
 324 
 629 
 252 
 382 
 339 
 652 
 881 
 371 
 443 
 342 
 
 ,516 
 
 373 
 749 
 427 
 519 
 472 
 637 
 481 
 456 
 465 
 229 
 
 4,808 
 
 516 
 460 
 284 
 453 
 169 
 341 
 242 
 968 
 660 
 173 
 384 
 219 
 645 
 1, 189 
 379 
 195 
 376 
 270 
 
 149 
 
 « 12 
 
 109 
 88 
 40 
 
 112 
 66 
 27 
 36 
 76 
 
 151 
 26 
 49 
 29 
 
 809 
 
 112 
 28 
 
 126 
 96 
 18 
 
 468 
 50 
 85 
 
 186 
 
 1,224 
 
 79 
 
 295 
 64 
 45 
 51 
 25 
 21 
 
 145 
 81 
 74 
 40 
 42 
 93 
 
 148 
 30 
 28 
 71 
 
 257 
 
 104 
 3 
 
 149 
 
 P-3 
 
 c s 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 36 
 
 91 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 9 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 12 
 14 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 65 
 
 11 
 13 
 
 35 
 4 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 94 
 
 11 
 33 
 
 3 
 15 
 7 
 5 
 3 
 9 
 2ll 
 
 21 
 
468 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEVV-YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 § a 
 
 "Jig 
 
 S «i ° 
 
 «~* 
 
 > g o> 
 
 « o > 
 
 o v 
 c-a 
 •a g 
 
 S «, « 
 
 i e ™ 
 o o 3J 
 J"S c 
 
 = S 
 1=1 Ji 
 
 Prattsburgh 
 
 Pultney, 
 
 Reading, 
 
 Troupsburgh, 
 
 Tyrone, 
 
 Urbana, 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 Wheeler, 
 
 Woodhull. 
 
 Total Steuben co.. 
 
 2, 455 
 1,784 
 1,541 
 1,17 
 2, 122i 
 1,8S4, 
 1 , 3771 
 1,294 
 827 
 
 46, 138 
 
 759 
 592 
 341 
 407 
 401 
 347 
 294 
 432 
 277 
 
 11,773 
 
 12 
 
 2 | 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 67 
 76 
 19 
 114 
 124 
 6 
 
 30 
 29 
 
 160 2,203 
 
 119 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 in 
 1 
 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 6 
 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 189 
 
 100 
 
 ST. LAWRENCE CO. 
 
 Brasher, 
 
 Canton, 
 
 DeKalb, 
 
 De Peyster, 
 
 Edwards, 
 
 Fowler, 
 
 Gouvemeur, 
 
 Hammond, 
 
 Hermon 
 
 Hopkinton, 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 Lisbon, 
 
 Louisville, 
 
 Madrid, 
 
 Massena, 
 
 Morristown, 
 
 Norfolk, 
 
 Oswegatchie, 
 
 Parishville, 
 
 Pierrepont, 
 
 Pitcairn, 
 
 Potsdam, 
 
 Rossie, 
 
 Russell, 
 
 Stockholm, 
 
 Total St. Lawrence co 
 
 "SUFFOLK CO. 
 
 Brookhavcn, 
 
 Easthampton, 
 
 Huntington, 
 
 Islip, i 
 
 Riverhead, 
 
 Shelter Island, 
 
 Smithtown, 
 
 2, IIS 
 3,465 
 1,531 
 1,074 
 
 956 
 1,752 
 2, 538 
 1,845 
 1,271 
 1,147 
 1,845 
 3, 503 
 
 693 
 4,511 
 2,726 
 2,809 
 1,723 
 5,719 
 2, 250 
 1.430 
 
 396 
 4,473 
 1,553 
 1,373 
 2,995 
 
 56, 706 
 
 7, 050 
 2, 07f : 
 6,562 
 1,909 
 2,449 
 379 
 1,93; 
 
 3^1 
 722 
 398 
 261 
 231 
 348 
 526 
 399 
 310 
 235 
 379 
 937 
 363 
 
 1,015 
 56S 
 592 
 326 
 760 
 489 
 359 
 95 
 
 1,261 
 195 
 
 676 
 
 12, 190 
 
 1,736 
 549 
 
 1,676 
 
 478 
 
 037 
 
 87 
 
 518 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 123 
 
 238 
 
 17 
 
 80 
 
 165 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 37 
 
 53 
 
 77 
 
 39 
 
 31 
 
 41 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 42 
 
 207 
 
 83 
 
 83 
 
 101 
 
 426 
 
 77 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 194 
 
 105 
 
 21 
 
 67 
 
 1!) 
 
 2, 11 
 
 385 
 
 116 
 
 454 
 
 6: 
 
 115 
 
 8 
 
 117 
 
 110 
 
 381 
 106 
 220 
 130 
 101 
 28 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 is 
 
 r, 
 
 17 
 
 43 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 191 
 
 62 
 7 
 
 38 
 7 
 
 22 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 o 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 5 
 4 
 11 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 117 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 469 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 Z>-a c 
 
 
 (£ . 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 5 0J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 = H 
 
 B 
 
 g-o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 S § 
 
 Si* 
 
 2; o'E 
 
 
 Southampton. 
 Southold, .... 
 
 6, 205 
 3. 90' 
 
 1,233 
 1 , 04o! 
 
 110 
 39 
 
 294 
 176 
 
 436 
 
 278 
 
 28 
 32 
 
 Total Suffolk co. 
 
 32,469 
 
 7, 959 
 
 376 1,727 1,736 
 
 20S 
 
 30 
 
 SULLIVAN CO. 
 
 Bethel, 
 
 Cochecton, 
 
 Fallsburgh, 
 
 Forrestburgh, 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 Lumberland, 
 
 Mamakating, 
 
 Neyersiak 
 
 Rockland 
 
 Thompson, 
 
 Total Sullivan co.. 
 
 TIOGA CO. 
 
 Barton, 
 
 Berkshire, 
 
 Candor, 
 
 Newark, 
 
 Nichols, 
 
 Owego, 
 
 Richford, 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Total Tioga co. 
 
 TOMPKINS CO. 
 
 Caroline, 
 
 Danby, 
 
 Dryden, 
 
 Enfield, 
 
 Groton 
 
 Hector, 
 
 Ithaca, 
 
 Lansing 
 
 Newfield, 
 
 Ulysses, 
 
 Total Tompkins co 
 
 ULSTER CO. 
 
 Esopus, 
 
 Hurley, 
 
 1,483 
 
 622 
 1,782 
 
 433 
 1,569 
 1,205 
 3,4iv 
 1,631 
 
 ' 82<; 
 
 2,610 
 
 297 
 132 
 492 
 60 
 310 
 144 
 873 
 600 
 388 
 755 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 138 
 
 73 
 
 68 
 103 
 251 
 119 
 
 555| 
 
 "217 
 
 35 
 
 138 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 3 
 
 25 
 1 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 2 
 9 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 15,62? 
 
 3,851 
 
 2, 324 
 
 956 
 
 3,370 
 
 1,616 
 
 1,986 
 5, 340 
 939 
 1,532 
 2, 464 
 
 20, 527 
 
 45 1 ; 
 
 57( 
 444 
 34( 
 
 618 
 
 652 
 65t 
 672 
 56^ 
 
 971 
 
 740 
 292 
 985 
 445 
 492 
 1,316 
 271 
 537 
 696 
 
 5,774 
 
 41C 
 53 
 1,08 
 
 826 
 744 
 1,037 
 427 
 740 
 760 
 492 
 
 93 1,110 
 
 186 
 
 135 
 
 72 
 153 
 
 89 
 105 
 320 
 
 51 
 
 84 
 130 
 
 177 1,139: 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 120 
 
 37, 948 
 
 1,930 
 
 2, 201 J 
 
 6,560 
 
 290 
 463 
 
 203 
 
 28 
 
 m 
 
 10 
 
 95 
 
 83 
 
 240 
 4 
 220 
 147 
 449 
 166 
 112 
 172| 
 
 1,731 
 
 89 
 1661 
 
 SO 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 46 
 2 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 10 
 3 
 4 
 
 15 
 4 
 
 103 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 6 
 14 
 11 
 46 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 16 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 6 
 
 105 
 
 35 
 
 136 
 
 64 
 
470 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Kingston, . 
 
 Marbletown, 
 
 Marlborough , 
 
 New Paltz, 
 
 Olive, 
 
 Plaltekill, 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 Saugerties, 
 
 Shandaken, 
 
 Shawangunk, 
 
 Wawarsing, 
 
 Woodstock, 
 
 Total Ulster co 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 5, 824 
 
 3,813 
 
 2, 523 
 
 5,40Si 
 
 2,023 
 
 2,125 
 
 2,674 
 
 6,216 
 
 1,455 
 
 3, 886 
 
 4, 044 
 
 1,691 
 
 45, 822 
 
 752 
 873 
 505 
 144 
 455 
 524 
 617 
 861 
 340 
 908 
 700 
 342 
 
 7,774 
 
 159 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 8 
 
 343 
 
 669 
 284 
 200 
 289 
 
 58 
 
 72 
 125 
 675 
 
 62 
 188 
 370 
 
 83 
 
 3,220 
 
 138 
 83 
 22 
 37 
 
 87 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 131 
 
 590 
 
 £•3 
 
 ■= IS 
 
 c-8 
 
 41 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 13S 
 
 WARREN CO. 
 
 Athol 
 
 Bolton, 
 
 Caldwell, 
 
 Chester, 
 
 Hague, 
 
 Horicon 
 
 Johnsburgh, 
 
 Luzerne, , 
 
 Queensbmy, , . . . . 
 
 Warrensburgh, 
 
 Total Warren co.. . 
 
 WASHINGTON CO. 
 
 Argyle, 
 
 Cambridge, , 
 
 Dresden, 
 
 Easton , 
 
 Fort Ann, 
 
 Fort Edward, 
 
 Granville 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 Hampton, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Hebron, 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 Kingsbury, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Salem, 
 
 White Creek, 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 Total Washington co 
 
 1,210 
 
 937 
 
 693 
 
 1,633 
 
 610 
 
 659 
 
 1,139 
 
 1,284 
 
 3,789 
 
 1,468 
 
 197 
 150 
 
 202 
 
 100 
 167 
 242 
 347 
 
 187 
 
 13,422 
 
 1,592 
 
 86 
 
 3,111 
 
 2, 005 
 679 
 2,988 
 3,559 
 1,726 
 3,846 
 3,382 
 972 
 2,164 
 2, 498 
 1,730 
 2,773 
 784 
 2, 855 
 2,195 
 3,813 
 
 754 
 
 667 
 
 190 
 
 937 
 
 651 
 
 275 
 
 775 
 
 80 
 
 236 
 
 672 
 
 638 
 
 554 
 
 494 
 
 248 
 
 633 
 
 610 
 
 548 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 16 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 20 
 64 
 171 
 58 
 
 436 
 
 68 
 55 
 15 
 75 
 
 244 
 38 
 
 217 
 
 159 
 52 
 64 
 88 
 22 
 
 153 
 11 
 
 156 
 72 
 
 296 
 
 41,0801* 9,6S4' 330 1,785 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 143 
 
 282 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 172 
 
CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 471 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND 
 TOWNS. 
 
 WAYNE CO. 
 
 Arcadia, 
 
 Butler, 
 
 Galen, 
 
 Huron. 
 
 Lyons, 
 
 Rlacedon. 
 
 Marion, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Palmyra, 
 
 Rose, 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 Sodus, 
 
 Walworth, 
 
 Williamson, 
 
 Wolcotl, 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 Total Wayne co.. , 
 
 WESTCHESTER CO. 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Eastchester, 
 
 Greenburgh, 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 Lewisborongh, 
 
 Mamaroneck, 
 
 Mount Pleasant, . 
 
 New Castle, 
 
 New Rochelle, 
 
 North Castle, 
 
 North Salem, 
 
 Pelham, 
 
 Poundridge, 
 
 Rye, 
 
 Scarsdale, 
 
 Somers 
 
 Westchester, 
 
 White Plains, 
 
 Yonkers. 
 
 Yorktown, 
 
 Total Westchester co 
 
 WYOMING CO. 
 
 Attica, 
 
 Bennington, 
 
 Castile, 
 
 China, 
 
 42,05? 
 
 2,822 
 
 5,592 
 
 1,502 
 
 3,361 
 
 1,139 
 
 1,619 
 
 1,416 
 
 7,30 
 
 1,529 
 
 1,816 
 
 2, 058 
 
 1,161 
 
 789 
 1,407 
 1,803 
 
 255 
 2,082 
 4,154 
 1,087 
 2,96* 
 2,819 
 
 48,686 
 
 2,710 
 2,368 
 2, 833 
 1,437 
 
 749 
 
 571 
 
 831 
 
 506 
 
 590 
 
 394 
 
 334 
 
 299 
 
 462 
 
 442 
 
 43 
 
 969 
 
 317 
 
 228 
 
 434 
 
 7,563 
 
 545 
 721 
 259 
 491 
 256 
 363 
 249 
 731 
 385 
 276 
 362 
 291 
 125 
 184 
 256 
 64 
 512 
 787 
 176 
 537 
 727 
 
 8,297 
 
 445 
 44' 
 352 
 271 
 
 § to 
 
 48 
 
 160 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 62 
 
 — w cs 
 
 ., ■-■ - 
 c — * 
 
 314 
 
 49 
 24 
 
 43 
 328 
 12? 
 
 84 
 100 
 301 
 
 87 
 
 40 
 169 
 
 83 
 
 99 
 139 
 
 2^ 
 
 2,203 
 
 33 
 
 175 
 731 
 124 
 211 
 
 17 
 131 
 105 
 475 
 
 78 
 121 
 159 
 
 58 
 
 43 
 129 
 139 
 4 
 101 
 350 
 
 64 
 229 
 139 
 
 192 
 
 104 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 2001 3,583 
 
 23 
 
 87 
 .1 65 
 4 119 
 6 1 30 1 
 
 347 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 18 
 
 2 
 37 
 
 7 
 14 
 
 3 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 192 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 40 
 1 
 
 37 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 26 
 26 
 15 
 
 294 
 
 18 
 
472 
 
 CENSUS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIES AND- 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Covington,* 
 
 Gainesville, 
 
 Java, , 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 Orangeville, 
 
 Perry, 
 
 Sheldon, 
 
 Warsaw, 
 
 Wetherstield, 
 
 Total Wyoming co 
 
 YATES CO. 
 
 Barrington, 
 
 Benton, 
 
 Italy, 
 
 Jerusalem, 
 
 Middlesex, 
 
 Milo, 
 
 Potter 
 
 Starkey, 
 
 Total Yates co., 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 1,219 
 2,367 
 2,331 
 2, 445 
 1,949 
 3,032 
 2.353 
 2,841 
 1,72? 
 
 29, 663 
 
 1,868 
 
 3,911 
 1,634 
 2,935 
 1,439 
 3,986 
 2,245 
 2,426 
 
 20, 444 
 
 No. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 
 
 134 
 530 
 457 
 468 
 432 
 287 
 463 
 496 
 370 
 
 5,152 
 
 390 
 724 
 297 
 585 
 251 
 518 
 282 
 390 
 
 3,437 
 
 69 
 
 21 
 
 124 
 
 53 
 29 
 28 
 48 
 23 
 184 
 23 
 78 
 25 
 
 79! 
 
 71 
 322 
 
 54 
 137 
 
 39 
 434 
 125 
 193 
 
 1,375 
 
 13 
 
 81 
 
 a g 
 
 St, 
 
 91 
 
 64 
 
 20 
 
 * This town was divided on the erection of Wyoming county in 1S41 ; the popula- 
 tion, &c. is estimated at one-half the number returned, the other half is put down 
 under the new town of Pavilion, Genesee county. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, 
 
 AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 
 In 1790. 
 
 In 1800. 
 
 In 1810. 
 
 In 1820. 
 
 In 1830. 
 
 In 1840. 
 
 340, 120 
 
 586, 756 
 
 959,049 
 
 1,372,812 
 
 1,918,608 
 
 j 2,428,921 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 
 In 1790. | In 1800. | In 1810. | In 1820. | In 1830. | In 1840 ^ 
 3, 829, 82? j 5,305,925 | 7,239,814 | 9,638,131 p27866,020 | 17.068,666 
 
CENSUS OF THE UATTED STATES. 
 
 473 
 
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474 STATISTICS, &c 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. 
 
 General Statistics of the State of New- York, compiled from the 
 United States Census of 1840. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 Barley, 
 
 Oats, 
 
 Rye, 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 Corn, 
 
 Wool, 
 
 Hops, ' 
 
 Wax, 
 
 Potatoes, 
 
 Hay, 
 
 Hemp and Flax, 
 
 Tobacco, 
 
 Silk Cocoons. 
 
 Sugar, 
 
 Wood, 
 
 Products of the Dairy , ■ 
 
 " Orchard, 
 
 Family -made goods, 
 
 Wine, 
 
 Total value, • 
 
 HORTICULTURE. 
 
 Produce of market gardens, •• 
 
 " nurseries and florists, • 
 
 Total value,- 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. 
 
 Lumber produced, ■ 
 
 Tar, pitch, turpentine, &c. 
 
 Pot and Pearl Ashes, 
 
 Skins and Furs, 
 
 All other productions, 
 
 Total value. 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 Smoked and dried fish, 
 
 Pickled fish,- 
 
 Sperm oil, 
 
 Whale and fish oil, 
 
 Whalebone, &c. 
 
 Total value 
 
 MINES. 
 
 Cast Iron, 
 
 Bar Iron, 
 
 Lead, 
 
 Other metals, 
 
 Salt, 
 
 Granite and other stone, 
 
 Total value,- 
 
 Total Production.. 
 
 12,2S6,41S 
 
 2, 520, 068 
 
 20, 675, 847 
 
 2,979,323 
 
 2,387,366 
 
 10,972,286 
 
 9, 845, 295 
 
 447, 250 
 
 52, 795 
 
 30, 123,614 
 
 3,127,047 
 
 1,130 
 
 744 
 
 1,735 
 
 10,048,109 
 
 3,059,923 
 
 Bushels 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Bushels 
 Tons 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Cords. 
 
 6, 799 Gallons 
 
 402 Barrels 
 7,613 Tons. 
 
 5 Qnt'ls. 
 
 22,224 Bbls. 
 
 400, 251 Gallons 
 1,269,541 " 
 
 29,088 Tons. 
 53,693 " 
 
 670,000 Pounds 
 
 2,867,884 Bushels 
 
 Average Aggregate 
 price. value. 
 
 $1 20 
 68 
 44 
 65 
 50 
 75 
 35 
 12 
 25 
 2* 
 10 00 
 
 188 00 
 
 06 
 
 30 
 
 06 
 
 4 00 
 
 2 00 
 100 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 95 
 
 37 
 
 30 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 03 
 
 £14,743,702 
 
 1,713,646 
 
 9,097,373 
 
 1,936,560 
 
 1,143,942 
 
 8,229,214 
 
 3, 445, S53 
 
 53,670 
 
 13,199 
 
 7, 530, 903 
 
 31,270,470 
 
 212, 440 
 
 44 
 
 520 
 
 602, 886 
 
 12,235,692 
 
 10,496,021 
 
 1,701,935 
 
 4, 636, 547 
 
 6,799 
 
 $109,071,416 
 
 499, 126 
 75,980 
 
 $575,106 
 
 3,691,302 
 
 804 
 
 761,300 
 
 15.656 
 
 143, 332 
 
 $4,812,294 
 
 10 
 
 55, 560 
 380,238 
 469,730 
 344, 665 
 
 , 250,203 
 
 872, 640 
 
 4, 295, 440 
 
 20,100 
 
 84,564 
 
 716,971 
 
 1,541,480 
 
 $7,531,195 
 
STATISTICS, &c 
 
 475 
 
 Woollen, 
 Cotton, ••■ 
 
 Silk, 
 
 Flax,- 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Mixed, 
 
 Tobacco, 
 
 Machinery, 
 
 Hardware, cutlery, &c.-- 
 
 Cannon, 
 
 Small arms, 
 
 Precious metals, 
 
 Various do. 
 
 Granite, marble, &c. •••• 
 
 Bricks and lime, 
 
 Hats and caps, 
 
 Straw bonnets, 
 
 Sole leather, 
 
 Upper " 
 
 Other " 
 
 Soap, 
 
 Tallow candles, 
 
 Sperm and wax candles,- 
 
 Distilled liquors, 
 
 Fermented do. 
 
 Gunpowder, 
 
 Drugs, paints, &c. 
 
 Turpentine and varnish, 
 Glass, 
 
 Earthenware, &c. 
 
 Sugar, 
 
 Chocolate, 
 
 Confectionary, 
 
 Paper, playing cards, &c. 
 
 Cordage, 
 
 Musical instruments, 
 
 Carriages and wagons, 
 
 Flour, 
 
 Produce of flour and other mills, 
 
 Ships built, 
 
 Furniture, 
 
 All other manufactures, 
 
 Total Production. 
 
 Average 
 price. 
 
 112 
 
 8,308 
 
 1,252,890 Sides. 
 827,993 " 
 
 11,939,S34 Pounds. 
 4,029,783 " 
 
 353,000 " 
 
 11,973,815 Gallons 
 
 6,059,122 '' 
 
 1,185,000 Pounds 
 
 Aggregate 
 value. 
 
 1,861,385 Barrels 
 
 60 00 
 15 00 
 
 4 50 
 2 50 
 
 3,537,337 
 
 3, 640, 237 
 
 2,415 
 
 46, 429 
 
 1,497,067 
 
 831,670 
 
 2,895,617 
 
 1,566,974 
 
 5,600 
 
 124,620 
 
 1,106,203 
 
 2,456,792 
 
 966,220 
 
 1,198,527 
 
 2,914,117 
 
 160, 249 
 
 5, 63S, 005 
 
 2,069,9S2 
 
 6, 232, 924 
 
 596,991 
 
 442,286 
 
 123,550 
 
 2, 993, 453 
 
 1,211,S24 
 
 142,200 
 
 977,816 
 
 431,467 
 
 411,371 
 
 159,000 
 
 385, 000 
 
 5,000 
 
 386, 142 
 
 762, 759 
 
 792,910 
 
 472,910 
 
 2,364,461 
 
 11,168,310 
 
 16,953,280 
 
 797,317 
 
 1,971,776 
 
 9,616,206 
 
 $39,955,812 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Agriculture, 
 
 Horticulture, 
 
 Products of the Forest, 
 
 Fisheries, ■ 
 
 Mines, 
 
 Manufactures, 
 
 Estimated value of Annual Productions,- 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 $109,071,416 
 
 575, 106 
 
 4,812,294 
 
 1,250,203 
 
 7,531,195 
 
 89,955,812 
 
 $213,196,026 
 
 Horses and Mules, 
 
 Neat Cattle, 
 
 Sheep, 
 
 Swine, 
 
 Poultry of all kinds, estimated value,- 
 
 474, 543 
 1,911,244 
 5,118,777 
 1,900,065 
 
 $1,153,413 
 
476 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 LIVE STOCK, &c. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, •••• 
 
 Kroome, 
 
 Cattaraugus,- 
 Chautauque, • 
 Chenango, ••• 
 Chemung, •••• 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Cortland, •••• 
 Columbia, ••• 
 Delaware, •••• 
 Dutchess, •••• 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Franklin, •••■ 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, •••• 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, ••• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery,- 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 New-York, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Otsego, i 
 
 Oneida, • 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Onondaga, •••• 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rockland, 
 
 Rensselaer, • •• 
 Richmond, — 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schoharie, • ••• 
 St. Lawrence,. 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Schenectady, • 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Tompkins, — 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Westchester, •• 
 Washington, •• 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Yates, 
 
 9,937 
 9,738 
 4,110 
 6,099 
 11,306 
 8, 329 
 4,667 
 13,276 
 6,023 
 6,734 
 9,864 
 8,073 
 10,120 
 5,224 
 10, 848 
 3,373 
 4, 635 
 17,032 
 5,561 
 322 
 9,504 
 17,629 
 3,019 
 3,931 
 10,859 
 9, 3SS 
 16,873 
 9,948 
 7,604 
 7,797 
 9,245 
 6,639 
 12,331 
 16,455 
 11,928 
 15,182 
 9, 688 
 2,062 
 6,617 
 2,658 
 9,493 
 912 
 6,473 
 2,513 
 10, 394 
 8,907 
 11,088 
 10, 379 
 3,969 
 11,544 
 7,572 
 4,120 
 9,921 
 6,295 
 9,918 
 11,242 
 2,428 
 6,067 
 
 25, 784 
 45, 864 
 23, 646 
 35, 566 
 63,515 
 64, 322 
 21,406 
 45,516 
 21,013 
 33, 739 
 32, 699 
 66, 982 
 44, 247 
 22,017 
 39,734 
 17, 800 
 19,982 
 55,498 
 22, 495 
 2,056 
 55,437 
 78, 694 
 5,978 
 31,130 
 29,849 
 42,191 
 36, 335 
 26, S06 
 20,7 
 3,395 
 54, 799 
 18,123 
 66, 035 
 92, 669 
 34, 300 
 46, 020 
 36, 369 
 14,971 
 14,181 
 6,695 
 32, 174 
 2,517 
 22, 236 
 18,057 
 40,810 
 37, 633 
 61,455 
 43, 476 
 10,808 
 21,222 
 28,908 
 21,576 
 38,459 
 26,131 
 39,159 
 33,298 
 9,826 
 16,989 
 
 57,478 
 129, 655 
 60, 669 
 66, 525 
 136,315 
 197,746 
 37,976 
 18S, 152 
 55, 555 
 99, 160 
 123,063 
 135,843 
 215,950 
 79, 835 
 81,442 
 39,024 
 32, 525 
 154,393 
 39, 326 
 3,263 
 80,182 
 165,390 
 49 
 36,665 
 163,395 
 204,616 
 132,970 
 36, 588 
 40,531 
 262 
 50,218 
 69, 563 
 235,979 
 177,070 
 172,190 
 159, 650 
 63,842 
 14,945 
 26, 477 
 17, 392 
 134, 864 
 136 
 46,751 
 19, 476 
 96, 656 
 71,258 
 125,821 
 148, 133 
 18,094 
 63, 824 
 86, 526 
 43,220 
 60,940 
 20, 043 
 210,610 
 100,986 
 22,776 
 86, 876 
 
 W 
 
 49,068 
 30, 043 
 12,880 
 22, 533 
 42, 224 
 27,311 
 18,110 
 63, 153 
 17,795 
 19,043 
 54,911 
 27, 738 
 65,777 
 14,658 
 37, 208 
 12.213 
 14,042 
 48, 792 
 19,357 
 1,034 
 33, 957 
 60,618 
 8,360 
 18,076 
 37, 856 
 30, 757 
 69, 399 
 29, 108 
 28, 344 
 13,998 
 47, 084 
 27,933 
 47, 637 
 66,543 
 46, 837 
 61,733 
 39, 233 
 12,998 
 21,518 
 11,511 
 27,916 
 3,180 
 20, 534 
 10,047 
 51,601 
 31,865 
 41,889 
 34, 309 
 13,063 
 26,981 
 23,772 
 14,987 
 46,228 
 165,187 
 27, 668 
 44, 130 
 9,053 
 18,476 
 
 "SE 
 
 
 Total, 474,543 1,911,244 5,118,777 1,900,065 $1,163,413 10,49J, 02! 
 
 $24,966 
 14,160 
 9,876 
 10,365 
 29,141 
 9,749 
 17,403 
 22, 694 
 12,006 
 12,798 
 29,606 
 13,812 
 42, 678 
 9,430 
 15, 825 
 7,234 
 8,052 
 24, 535 
 14, 320 
 865 
 18,915 
 22, 655 
 7,804 
 5,293 
 13,001 
 12, 246 
 26, 758 
 15,165 
 13,539 
 2,069 
 24, 636 
 23, 082 
 25,781 
 37,709 
 20, 477 
 21,305 
 17,580 
 12,172 
 62, 186 
 49, 392 
 30, 335 
 8,001 
 40, 191 
 9,231 
 34,121 
 16,688 
 12,510 
 12,948 
 11,151 
 12,719 
 10, 526 
 9,279 
 66, 495 
 66,646 
 25,178 
 19,081 
 7,129 
 10, 215 
 
 $125,343 
 138,686 
 60, 664 
 97, 580 
 267,220 
 266, 394 
 62, 648 
 185,937 
 SI, 439 
 137,367 
 201,666 
 279,205 
 643, 834 
 94, 827 
 108,661 
 79, 290 
 61,173 
 173,801 
 157,203 
 11,976 
 671,361 
 407, 807 
 246, 230 
 137,177 
 96,278 
 194,670 
 172,744 
 120,236 
 48,320 
 22,400 
 669,866 
 95, 180 
 383, 123 
 837,391 
 72, 629 
 164,289 
 133,992 
 149, 232 
 142,412 
 12,927 
 272,716 
 26,606 
 149,637 
 105,891 
 167,403 
 86,808 
 260,509 
 105,689 
 86, 069 
 51,522 
 100,804 
 85,410 
 233, 3S3 
 356,997 
 171,396 
 136,893 
 14,647 
 75,116 
 
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 CEREAL GRAINS. 
 
 •177 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, •••• 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus,- 
 Chautauque,- 
 Chenango, •■• 
 Chemung,---- 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Cortland, •••• 
 Columbia,"" 
 Delaware,"" 
 Dutchess, ■••• 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Franklin, •••• 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Herkimer,--- • 
 Jefferson, ■-■• 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, •• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery,- 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 New- York, ■•• 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Onondaga, ••• 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rockland, •••• 
 Rensselaer, •• 
 Richmond,- •• 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Saratoga, •••• 
 Schoharie, ••• 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Schenectady,- 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Tompkins, ••• 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Westchester,- 
 Washington, • 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Yates, 
 
 21 
 333 
 
 66 
 1-.'? 
 314 
 
 HO 
 192 
 57 9 
 
 75 
 lOfl 
 
 28 
 
 01 
 171 
 
 60 
 207 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 911 
 
 17 
 3 
 
 SI 
 406 
 
 24 
 
 95 
 923 
 200 
 ,074 
 
 34 
 451 
 
 94 
 
 7nl 
 
 149 
 
 338 
 
 770 
 
 655 
 
 13s 
 
 12 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 105 
 
 8 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 279 
 
 390 
 
 13 
 
 39s 
 
 377 
 
 107 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 
 49 
 
 571 
 
 12 
 
 352 
 
 ZS 
 
 653 
 354 
 
 26 
 254 
 353 
 406 
 203 
 627 
 145 
 276 
 1,107 
 464 
 1,360 
 170 
 424 
 
 89 
 245 
 692 
 309 
 
 13 
 680 
 447 
 
 72 
 144 
 305 
 343 
 523 
 422 
 215 
 1 
 417 
 180 
 693 
 657 
 462 
 538 
 215 
 
 96 
 343 
 
 47 
 819 
 
 33 
 258 
 126 
 496 
 497 
 334 
 387 
 216 
 232 
 288 
 180 
 223 
 449 
 448 
 482 
 103 
 162 
 
 Total, 12, 286, 418 2, 520, 068 20, 675, S47 2, 979, 32312, 287, 885 10, 972, 286 
 
 145,941 
 4,56' 
 
 31 
 1 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 'f 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 323 
 
 12S 
 175 
 29 
 5 
 15 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 li">5 
 
 35 
 
 247 
 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 66 
 
 162 
 
 129 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 16s 
 
 99 
 
 136 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
47' ; ! 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 VARIOUS CROP?. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus, • 
 Chautauque, ■ 
 Chenango, •••• 
 Chemung, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Columbia, •••• 
 Delaware, •••• 
 
 Dutchess, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton, •••• 
 Herkimer, • •••■ 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 King3, • 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, ••• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery, • 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 New-York, ••- 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Onondaga, •••• 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rockland, •••• 
 Rensselaer, ••■ 
 Richmond, ••• 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, ■ 
 
 Saratoga, 
 
 Schoharie, 
 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Schenectady, ■ 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Tompkins,--- • 
 
 Tioga, ■ 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Westchester, • 
 Washington,- • 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Yates, 
 
 Total, 
 
 108, 677 
 199, 180 
 
 79, 365 
 108, 179 
 265, 938 
 405, 155 
 
 75,996 
 335, 525 
 108,968 
 182,408 
 242, 777 
 235,032 
 413,635 
 162, 639 
 122,200 
 
 67,584 
 
 61,583 
 30S,012 
 
 67, 366 
 
 4,078 
 
 168, 348 
 
 366,705 
 
 150 
 
 69, 173 
 309, 16.3 
 365,964 
 265, 363 
 
 69, 600 
 
 81,874 
 
 108,876 
 150,456 
 451,064 
 321,358 
 365, 553 
 316, 139 
 136,739 
 
 28, 868 
 
 43,200 
 
 7,132 
 
 296,054 
 
 172 
 
 84, 008 
 
 33,948 
 217,201 
 134,257 
 236, 863 
 240,551 
 
 37,714 
 170, 304 
 163,485 
 
 77,924 
 117,390 
 
 52,805 
 407,616 
 184,797 
 
 45,721 
 166,574 
 
 373 
 2,224 
 
 1,050 
 7,177 
 6,774 
 1,044 
 2,615 
 1,434 
 181 
 50 
 
 25,021 
 
 411 
 
 4,440 
 
 289 
 2,906 
 
 5,460 
 
 637 
 
 107, 280 
 
 16,761 
 
 10 
 
 1,845 
 
 1,533 
 
 168,605 
 
 38, 724 
 
 14,523 
 
 7,907 
 
 2,600 
 
 101 
 1,834 
 
 331 
 5,767 
 
 260 
 3,560 
 
 312 
 
 29 
 
 1,203 
 
 2,100 
 
 6,876 
 
 623 
 
 144 
 
 239 
 
 93 
 
 2,000 
 
 Oh 
 
 1,388 
 
 1,079 
 
 294 
 
 789| 
 
 2,294, 
 
 732 
 
 1,331 
 
 2,423 
 
 872 
 
 699 
 
 377 
 
 644 
 
 128 
 
 906 
 
 510 
 
 40 
 
 454 
 
 1,283 
 
 730 
 
 1,162 
 911 
 
 148 
 
 2,298 
 
 1,089 
 
 967 
 
 720 
 
 2,282 
 1,194 
 2,941 
 2,673 
 789 
 39 
 
 155 
 
 91 
 620 
 200 
 63 
 603 
 796 
 
 1,430 
 486 
 547 
 
 1,856 
 816 
 820 
 7S0 
 
 1,307 
 
 4,362 
 
 395 
 
 2,045 
 
 809 
 
 347 
 
 640, 532 
 583, 945 
 303,812 
 452, 353 
 778,219 
 772,671 
 269, 233 
 687, 305 
 484, 325 
 675, 506 
 660,819 
 779, 424 
 
 694. 136 
 470,235 
 556, 382 
 468, 706 
 402, 954 
 608, 288 
 302,902 
 
 45, 264 
 
 850, 865 
 
 1,345,818 
 
 95, 805 
 
 634,316 
 
 348, 369 
 
 676,649 
 
 721,520 
 
 559, 829 
 
 288, 692 
 
 18,585 
 
 359, 563 
 
 303,314 
 
 1,293,109 
 
 1,574,109 
 
 395, 844 
 
 800,317 
 
 699. 137 
 142, 584 
 214,121 
 
 48,117 
 759, 346 
 47,712 
 170, 236 
 236, 336 
 
 1,019,632 
 600, 396 
 
 1,412,272 
 680, 958 
 240, 535 
 199, 387 
 339, 557 
 368, 198 
 264,698 
 6^0, 920 
 851,545 
 612,701 
 221,134 
 170,318 
 
 47, 362 
 64, 733 
 28,214 
 48,762 
 88,372 
 103, 529 
 28,481 
 67,144 
 35, 04S 
 69, 562 
 66, 213 
 84,007 
 85, 869 
 42, 424 
 65,016 
 24, 929 
 26, 372 
 89, 176 
 
 47. 048 
 3,130 
 
 96, 854 
 115,895 
 5,437 
 43,254 
 46, 884 
 66,749 
 52, 259i 
 69,270; 
 23, 061 
 747 
 75, 368 
 33,010 
 106,910 
 178,266 
 52, 904 
 64,045 
 47, 666 
 21,897 
 31,437 
 20,917 
 72, 026 
 3,610 
 42,991 
 24, 678 
 63,131 
 53,612 
 99,813 
 69,999 
 17, 742 
 
 38. 049 
 46,961 
 34,050 
 79, 239 
 77,673 
 83, 638 
 38,428 
 17,601 
 27,668 
 
 9,845,295 447,250152,795 30,123,6141 3,127,047 1,130 6-8 
 
 22 5-6 
 24 ]-S 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 41 3-4 
 105 
 
 12 3-4 
 26 1-2 
 
 4 
 
 13 1-4 
 
 24 
 
 1-2 
 
 5 
 
 1-2 
 
 19 
 
 1-2 
 
 4 
 
 
 14 
 
 1-2 
 
 16 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 21 
 
 1-3 
 
 1 
 
 1-4 
 
 11 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 3-4 
 
 112 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 33 
 
 3-4 
 
 1 
 
 1-4 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 1-2 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 91 1-4 
 3 
 
 3 1-4 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 29 1-4 
 
 25 3-4 
 
 19 1-2 
 60 3-4 
 
 2 1-6 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 205 
 
 4 1-4 
 
 20 3-4 
 3 
 
 3 1-2 
 
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 VARIOUS CROPS. 
 
 479 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 (£S 
 
 <o % 
 
 o"3 
 
 to «,- 
 
 « a. 
 
 £S3 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Allegany, •••• 
 
 Broome, 
 
 Cattaraugus,- 
 Chautauque,- 
 Chenango, ■•• 
 Chemung, •••• 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Cortland, 
 
 Columbia, •••• 
 Delaware, ••• 
 Dutchess, •••■ 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Franklin, •••• 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Genesee, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Hamilton,"*- 
 Herkimer, ••• 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Kings, 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 Livingston, •• 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montgomery,- 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 New- York, ••• 
 
 Orange ; 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Otsego, 
 
 Oneida, 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 Onondaga, ••■ 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Queens, 
 
 Rockland,- ••• 
 Rensselaer, •• 
 Richmond, ••• 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Saratoga, ••• 
 Schoharie, ••• 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 Steuben, 
 
 Schenectady, • 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Tompkins, ••• 
 
 Tioga, 
 
 Ulster, 
 
 Westchester, • 
 Washington, 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Warren. 
 
 Yates, 
 
 24,366 
 567,735 
 
 62,054 
 553, 235 
 839, 222 
 344,018 
 
 74, 296 
 206, 545 
 184,934 
 429, 690 
 839 
 398,967 
 
 113,357 
 334,040 
 227, 049 
 
 80, 129 
 
 530, 633 
 
 150 
 
 35,156 
 311,138 
 512,254 
 
 124 
 
 12 
 
 396 
 
 257, 476 
 119,438 
 215,619 
 181,119 
 51,691 
 44,059 
 
 150,786 
 351,748 
 286, 502 
 183,273 
 178, 520 
 264, 980 
 73 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 30, 548 
 
 200 
 10 
 
 45,359 
 
 20,910 
 
 133,766 
 
 848, 132 
 
 341,948 
 
 4,423 
 
 25, 845 
 
 88, 747 
 
 116,760 
 
 28,945 
 
 14 
 
 25 1-2 
 
 4,246 
 159,554 
 43,821 
 39, 384 
 
 $33, 
 11 
 
 6 
 13 
 49 
 17 
 21 
 48 
 20. 
 
 6^ 
 30. 
 13^ 
 49: 
 17 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 69 
 16 
 19 
 
 37 
 103 
 
 41 
 78. 
 40. 
 35 
 36 
 17, 
 3R 
 26 
 45. 
 6 
 
 28! 
 12 
 31 
 17 
 M 
 29 
 J 3 
 27 
 17 
 13 
 37 
 204. 
 24. 
 41 
 
 Total, • 
 
 170 39,384 3,337 30, 
 
 1,735 3-4 10,048, 109 1058,923 $ 1,701, 
 
 (il 'J 
 000 
 746 
 857 
 S 1 
 S3S 
 730 
 36a 
 20S 
 306 
 SOI 
 618 
 041 
 004 
 971 
 389 
 925 
 618 
 636 
 os: 
 
 C46 
 665 
 308 
 820 
 
 t<;t 
 572 
 561 
 507 
 871 
 800 
 991 
 767 
 341 
 606 
 324 
 333 
 931 
 122 
 504 
 
 s;o 
 
 053 
 148 
 
 560 
 004 
 859 
 
 629 
 823 
 S64 
 171 
 267 
 839 
 936 
 309 
 893 
 554 
 078 
 583 
 213 
 
 3,230 
 
 46 
 105 
 
 168 
 
 2 
 
 1,026 
 5 
 16 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 1,600 
 
 227 
 10 
 
 ,935 6 799,$4,636,547 
 
M)