LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Shelf Q.^;t G 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
Philip the Second, of Spain. See page 95. 
 
Kings, Queens and Barbarians 
 
 y. 
 
 OR, 
 
 TALKS ABOUT 
 
 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 BY 
 ARTHUR OILMAN, M. A., 
 
 AUTHOR OF •' FIRST STEPS IN ENGLISH LITER ATURB.' 
 
 I doubt rot through the Ages one increasing purpose runs, 
 And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. 
 
 LccKSLEY Hall. 
 
 NEW EDITION, ENLAEGSp.^fW^^^^ 
 
 D. LOTHROP AND COMPANY' 
 
 30 AND 32 Franklin Street, 
 
 /^^■)) 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. A concise history of 
 English Literature for the use of schools, i vol., i6mo, pp. 235, with 
 charts. ^!.oo. 
 
 " It is all that can be desired." — Joseph G. Coggswell, LL. D 
 " It is the best thing out." — Prof. S. H. Carpenter. 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL HISTORY. A Suggestive Outline. 
 I vol., i6ino, with Maps and Charts. Pp. 400. $1.50. 
 " We have been delighted wiih the simplicity of the plan and the care 
 
 with which it lias been executed The number of facts which 
 
 the author has compressed into these outline sketches is really surpris- 
 ing ; tlie chajDters on the Middle Ages and Feu.dalism afford striking ex- 
 amples of his power of succinct but comprehensive statement. In his 
 cl-.oice of representative periods and events in the histories of Nations 
 he shows very sound jud.i^ment, and his characterization of conspicuous 
 historical figures is accurate and impartial." — Literary World, 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 or CONGRESS 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 Copyright, iSSi, 
 By Arthur Gilman. 
 
 ;>f),b 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HEN the celebrated Doctor Johnson 
 was asked by a friend if he would ad- 
 vise one to read a voluminous work 
 on China, the philosopher replied, " Why yes, 
 as one reads such books — that is to say, con- 
 sult it." 
 
 Of many large books with which our library 
 shelves are burdened, we may say the same. 
 Large books are to be consulted — small ones 
 read. The opinion appears to be growing, 
 that the worth of our volumes increases in 
 proportion as their size decreases. 
 
 Specially is this true of works of history for 
 the young. If the author can fix the mind 
 upon certain salient points, important char- 
 acters, or great eras, he may expect to make 
 a vivid impression upon the young imagination. 
 
iv PREFACh. 
 
 In this volume an attempt is made to pre- 
 sent a series of grand events in the history of 
 the world from the Golden Age of Greece to 
 the palmy days of France. 
 
 The sketches are merely suggestive, but it 
 is hoped they will in some degree fulfill the 
 three offices of history, in giving healthful 
 pleasure, educational stimulus, and moral les- 
 sons. 
 
 The episodes delineated must be familiar to 
 all who aspire to be considered well-educated. 
 If the imagination be stirred enough to lead 
 the young reader to further and more careful 
 studies, he will not regret the time spent on 
 the little vokime now open before him. 
 
 ** Books that yoii may cany to tJie fire, and 
 hold readily in yonr Jiand, are the most tisef?il, 
 after all,'' said Doctor Johnson, in another 
 place. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Chapter I *^*^ 
 
 The Golden Age of Greece. 
 
 Pericles, the brilliant young Democrat. 
 Cimon, the ambitious Aristocrat. 
 
 Chapter II j* 
 
 The Golden Age of Rome. \ 
 The Punic Wars. 
 
 Chapter III. . . » • • • aa 
 
 The Golden Age of Rome. 
 The Three-man Power. 
 The Emperor Augustus. 
 
 Chapter IV *l 
 
 The Dark Ages. 
 
 Three Barbarians. 
 
 Chapter V. ., 
 
 The Dark Ages. 
 Three Kings. 
 
 Chapter VI -, 
 
 The Dark Ages. 
 
 Two more Kings. 
 
 Chapter VII , , .60 
 
 The Dark Ages. 
 
 A Hermit and a Pilgrimage. 
 The Crusades. 
 I 
 
2 CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter VIII • ^9 
 
 The Dark Ages. 
 
 Just before Dawn. 
 The Morning Star. 
 
 Chapter IX. 77 
 
 The Age of Leo X. 
 Sunrise. 
 
 A Great Church. 
 A Great Reformation. 
 
 Chapter X 87 
 
 The Age of Charles V. 
 
 Hernando Cortcz and Mexico. 
 Philip II. 
 
 Chapter XI , • . • 96 
 
 The Golden Age cf England, 
 Three Queens. 
 Queen Mary. 
 Good Queen Bess. 
 Mary the beautiful Queen of Scots. 
 
 Chapter XTI 109 
 
 The Golden Age of England, 
 The Puritans. 
 
 Chapter XIII II9 
 
 The Golden Age of France. 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 Chapter XIV 12^ 
 
 A General Talk. 
 
 What to do next. 
 
 List of the Characters mentioned. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 3 
 
 Chapter XV. 142 
 
 A Shut Up People. 
 The Chinese. 
 Marco Polo. 
 The Opium War. 
 
 Chapter XVI 154 
 
 The Gorgeous East. 
 India. 
 Jugglers. 
 
 The Black Hole of Calcutta. 
 A Good Mother and a Diligent Boy. 
 
 Chapter XVII 165 
 
 The Farther East. 
 
 Chinese and Japanese. 
 
 Myths and how they are made. 
 
 Commodore Perry. 
 
 Chapter XVIII . 173 
 
 The Land of the Pharaohs. 
 Dark Africa. 
 Three Women. 
 
 One Hundred Dates 181 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Philip the Second of Spain . . . Frontispiea 
 
 Athens as seen from Mars' Hill . . . . ix 
 
 The Forum at Rome 25 
 
 Mohammed 64 
 
 John Wiclif 75 
 
 St. Peter's Church at Rome 82 
 
 Leyden Street, Plymouth, Mass. . . . no 
 
 The Palace at Versailles . . , • . 125 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE. 
 
 Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
 And eloquence. MiLTON. 
 
 i 
 
 HEN I get to New York," said little 
 Gerty Gladwyn, ,"I shall ask Aunt 
 Twinie how old Pericles was. I'm sure 
 she doesn't know ! " 
 
 " What do you mean, Gerty ? " I asked. 
 
 "Don't you remember our talk in the li- 
 brary ?" she replied. 
 
 " Oh, yes ! Well, how old was he ? " 
 
 " Five hundred years." 
 
 " No, no, no ! I told you that Pericles lived 
 in the fifth century before Christ was born, not 
 that he was five hundred years old." 
 
 " Now I remember. And you said he lived 
 in Greece, and that Greece is a country beyond 
 Rome, where you went when Lily was a baby, 
 and before Pearl was born." 
 
6 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " Very well, my dear, would you like to know 
 more of Pericles, and of his country ? " I in- 
 quired. 
 
 " Oh, yes ! " Gerty replied. " When we go 
 back to the Mount, you will take us into the 
 library, and tell us, will you not, papa } " 
 
 It was a month after this chat in the cars, 
 when the Thanksgiving turkey had been sacri- 
 ficed, and all their little aunts and uncles had 
 kissed and bidden good-by to Gerty and Pearl 
 and Lily, that we found ourselves in the library 
 at the Mount, looking out of its cheerful win- 
 dows, over the frozen lake and snowy hills. 
 True to her tastes, Gerty wanted papa to read 
 to her. Lily wished him to talk and show her 
 pictures, and Pearl preferred to amuse herself 
 by pulling the postage stamps from the envel- 
 opes in the waste-paper basket. So little Pearl 
 was transferred to the nursery, and papa talked 
 with her older sisters about the Golden Age of 
 Athens, and Pericles, the Greek Democrat. 
 
 " Pericles lived at Athens between four and 
 five centuries before Christ," I began. 
 
 " What is a century .? " interrupted Lily. 
 
 " A century is a hundred years." 
 
 " Oh, how long a time ! " exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 " Pericles lived more than four hundred years 
 before Christ, and he was so remarkable a 
 
THE COLDEN ACE OF GREECE. 7 
 
 young man, and accomplished so much for Ath- 
 ens that the period is called the Age of Pericles, 
 as if he were the man above all others who 
 had benefited the city. 
 
 " Let us look for a moment at the m^p. Here 
 is a very great sea, between Africa and Europe. 
 It is called the Mediterranean Sea, because it 
 lies between these two great bodies of land. 
 You see two promontories that thrust them- 
 selves out into the sea." 
 
 " I see one," said Gerty. " It looks just like 
 a boot, and is called Italy." 
 
 " Here is the other. Its shape is very irreg- 
 ular, and it is called Greece. This is the coun- 
 try we are talking about. You notice that it is 
 nearly divided by the long gulf of Corinth. In 
 the southern end you see the country of Laco- 
 nia, and its capital, Sparta. Athens is in the 
 southeast corner of the northern half, and was 
 a very remarkable city. 
 
 " Sparta was ruled by a sort of aristocracy. 
 That is, a comparatively small number of the 
 inhabitants, who considered themselves better 
 than the others, made slaves of them, and then 
 governed the land just as they pleased. 
 
 " At Athens the case was different. All the 
 people united to make the laws there, and to 
 elect the rulers, although a few were found even 
 
8 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 there who wished to have matters all their own 
 way. 
 
 " The chief man of this aristocratic party in 
 Athens, at the time of which I am speaking, 
 was a distinguished general named Cimon, and 
 he does not appear to have been a very bad 
 man, either. 
 
 " Among the democrats the leader was Peri- 
 cles, and there was a constant strife between 
 him and his party, on the one side, and Cimon 
 and his party on the other. Pericles was of an 
 old and noble family, and must have had some 
 inducements to join the aristocrats, but he 
 showed his good sense by taking the part of 
 the people, and making himself one with them. 
 
 "Four hundred and sixty-four years before 
 Christ, the people of Sparta found themselves 
 in trouble, because the inhabitants of Messenia, 
 which you see on the map just west of Laco- 
 nia, made war against them. In their trouble 
 they sent to Athens for help, which was a 
 strange thing for them to do, because they had 
 just before that been making arrangements to 
 light against the Athenians." 
 
 " Did the Spartans get the help they asked 
 for } " Gerty inquired. 
 
 *' Yes, the aristocratic party happened to be 
 in power, and Cimon was permitted to go to 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE, g 
 
 help subdue the Messenians. The Spartans 
 had twice before had wars with these people, 
 and had succeeded in making slaves of the 
 whole of them. This time the war was carried 
 on for ten years, until at last the poor Messe- 
 nians were defeated again. But Cimon had not 
 done himself credit in the eyes of the Spartan 
 aristocrats, and had been sent home before the 
 war ended. 
 
 " During the absence of Cimon, young Pericles 
 had been very prominent at all the public meet- 
 ings in Athens. He was fine looking, very 
 wise and prudent, and very eloquent. The cit- 
 izens of Athens had become exceedingly fond 
 of fine speakers, and as they prided themselves 
 upon their good taste, they were very ready to 
 receive such a young man as Pericles. These 
 reasons made it impossible for Cimon to gain 
 popularity when he came back from the south. 
 He had no success to boast of, and though he 
 spent large sums of money to win the favor of 
 the people, and labored hard, he failed." 
 
 " Did Pericles spend as much money to make 
 himself popular ? " asked Gerty. 
 
 " No," said I, " Pericles was too honorable to 
 resort to such means, and though he wished to 
 have the good opinion of all, he preferred to 
 earn it by giving them means of enjoyment 
 
10 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 that they could call their own, rather than tha*. 
 they should be dependent upon rich men, even 
 if they were as liberal as Cimon. By not de- 
 scending to any low tricks he retained the re- 
 spect of the citizens, even when they did not 
 agree with him in opinion." 
 
 " What became of Cimon ? " said Lily. 
 
 " In the year 459," said I, " Cimon was ban- 
 ished from Athens, which humbled the aristo- 
 crats very much. Whenever there was a public 
 meeting, this class was present in as large num- 
 bers as possible, always managing to sit in a 
 compact body, and not mix with the mass of 
 the people. By this means they were able to 
 act in concert, and to oppose more effectively 
 popular measures. It was not long before they 
 brought themselves into contempt, and lost all 
 the influence they ever had. Pericles gained 
 as the aristocrats lost ground, and henceforward 
 as long as he lived he remained at the head of 
 public affairs in Athens." 
 
 *' I'm glad of that ! " exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 "What did he do when he had gained so 
 much power .? "asked Lily. 
 
 " I will tell you. He had spent his earlier 
 years in such studies as he thought would be 
 useful in public life, had been trained by Damon, 
 Zeno, Anaxagoras, and other distinguished 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE. 
 
 IZ 
 
 teachers, and when he came to exercise an in- 
 fluence almost unlimited, he was able to use it 
 rightly." 
 
 "How did he exercise it?" Gerty asked 
 again. 
 
 " He thought," said I, " that Athens ought 
 to be the seat of great pohtical power, the home 
 of the fine arts, and the centre of taste and re- 
 finement. He wished, also, that the people 
 should be proud of their city, and interested in 
 the doings of state. All these ends he labored 
 hard to accomplish." 
 
 " How long did he govern the city ? " Gerty 
 inquired. 
 
 "Pericles controlled affairs in Athens," I 
 replied, "for forty years, during which time he 
 erected many wonderful buildings, and caused 
 the production of works of art, that are now 
 scattered throughout the great cities of Europe, 
 where for hundreds of years they have been 
 the admiration of all who have studied them. 
 They are now accepted as models of beauty 
 and grace, and are as yet unsurpassed. 
 
 " At this period, literature, architecture, paint- 
 ing, and sculpture rose to the highest perfec- 
 tion they have yet reached, so that even in 
 ruins, the monuments now found in Athens 
 call forth unqualified praise. What must they 
 
12 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 have been when fresh from the studio of the 
 artist ! 
 
 *' I cannot mention all the great men of this 
 golden age, but among them, none stand higher 
 than Phidias, the greatest sculptor of all an- 
 tiquity. Under his direction the Parthenon, 
 or temple of Minerva, and 'numerous other 
 unrivaled buildings were erected on the Acrop- 
 olis. Some of his works are now carefully 
 preserved at the British Museum, in London, 
 where they were deposited in 1803 by Lord 
 Elgin." 
 
 " Athens must have been a busy city in 
 those days ! " exclaimed Gerty, with interest. 
 
 "Yes," said I, " it was. The construction of 
 so many buildings caused the whole city to be 
 full of business and animation. All classes of 
 workmen were employed, and Plutarch, the 
 historian, tells us that plenty was diffused 
 aniong persons of every rank and condition. 
 
 Another distinguished man of this age was 
 Socrates. He was what is called a philoso- 
 pher, or lover of wisdom, and is thought by 
 many to have been the most just, the most 
 exalted, the completest type of humanity to 
 which classical antiquity, v/ith its wonderful 
 creations, ever gave birth." 
 
 " How long was Pericles so popular ?" Lily 
 asked. 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE. 13 
 
 " The popularity of Pericles continued until 
 his death, which occurred four hundred and 
 twenty-nine years before Christ, although some 
 were at times jealous of him, and he was unsuc- 
 cessfully assailed by his enemies. Two years 
 before his death Athens became involved in a 
 war, brought about by the envy of the neigh- 
 bor states, who did not like to see so great 
 prosperity there. This gave much trouble and 
 was effectual in putting an end to advance. 
 So the city never prospered again as it had 
 done during the forty years of which we have 
 been speaking. 
 
 " Now, my children, if you have been inter- 
 ested in this short history of one Golden Age, 
 I will tell you a:t another time of the Augustan 
 Age of Rome, and, in the mean time, you will 
 do well to read any good book that will tell 
 you more about Pericles and his age." 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. 
 
 THE PUNIC WARS. 
 
 In the most high and palrny state of Rome, 
 A little ere the mightiest Julius (ell — Hamlet, 
 
 OU said you would tell us about the 
 Golden Age of Rome, papa," said 
 h Gerty, as she opened the library door 
 on Christmas morning. 
 
 " I love to hear about golden things," chimed 
 in Lily, and little Pearl trotted after to ask if 
 she could look at papa's watch, for she loved 
 golden things too. 
 
 " Do you remember," I began, " what I told 
 you about the Golden Age of Athens ? " 
 
 " Yes," said Gerty, " but I had rather hear 
 you talk about Rome, because you have been 
 there, and because I loved to hear mamma read 
 the letters you sent us from there." 
 
 "What were the people of RomxC doing, when 
 Pericles was ruling in Athens .''" inquired Lily. 
 
 ** That was a long time before the Age of 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. 15 
 
 Augustus, of which I promised to tell you," 
 said I, " but, since you wish it, I will answer 
 your question. The city of Rome was founded 
 three hundred years before Pericles was born, 
 or seven hundred and fifty-three years before 
 Christ. It was just at the time that Isaiah 
 lived in the land of Judea, and when he wrote 
 his sublime prophecies of the coming of our 
 Saviour. At that time Sennacherib was king 
 of Assyria, and Hezekiah v/as king of Judah." 
 
 " I have read about this in the Bible," said 
 Gerty. 
 
 " The early history of Rome is not trust- 
 worthy," I continued, "and no one can be 
 quite sure of what was really done there. The 
 people were divided into two classes, called 
 patricians and plebeians, at a very early period. 
 The patricians were members of the original 
 families of the city, and formed an aristocracy 
 of blood, while the plebeians were the common 
 people, and were of far greater numbers." 
 
 " I don't know what an ' aristocracy ' is," said 
 Lily. 
 
 " A true aristocracy would be a government 
 in which the best people should rule, but as it 
 is difficult to find out who are the best people, 
 it has become a government in which a few 
 rule over a great many. I told you about the 
 
1 6 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 aristocrats of Athens. They pretended to be 
 descendants of heroes that no one knew any- 
 thing about. The aristocrats of Rome pre- 
 tended to have descended from those who first 
 settled the country. After they had once ob- 
 tained power and riches, they had advantages 
 to teach their children, and to make them wise 
 and wealthy, that the plebeians did not pos- 
 sess." 
 
 " I should think the poor people never could 
 have got any power at all," Gerty said, inter- 
 rupting me. 
 
 '' Not long after the time of Pericles," said I, 
 " the plebeians of Rome in some way got the 
 idea that they ought to have something to 
 say about the government, and they troubled 
 the patricians more or less until, in the year 
 452, a few of their representatives were sent 
 over to Greece to study the laws there. When 
 they returned the Roman laws were changed, 
 the old officers gave up their places, and ten 
 men called decemvirs, were appointed to rule. 
 They pleased the people very much at first, but 
 after a while they became so haughty and ar- 
 bitrary that their tyranny could not be allowed, 
 and they were put out of office." 
 
 " I am glad for the poor people ! " exclaimed 
 Lily. 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME, 1 7 
 
 " It was not far from this time," said I, " that 
 the barbarians who Hved in the mountains 
 north of Rome came down in great numbers 
 and overthrew the city, leaving it in ruins. 
 The inhabitants who remained were dispirited, 
 and were with difficulty kept from going some- 
 where else to live. If they had done so, there 
 would have been no Golden Age of Rome, for 
 there would have been no Rome, — only a heap 
 of ruins." 
 
 " The city was built again, however, but 
 very carelessly, for the streets were narrow and 
 crooked, and the houses low and mean." 
 
 "What a shame that the horrid barbarians 
 spoiled so fine a city, and gave the Romans so 
 much trouble ! " interrupted Gerty. " I should 
 not like to have them come here and burn up 
 our house with all our clothes and books and 
 beautiful wax dolls." 
 
 " Nor our paper dolls and new muffs," added 
 Lily. 
 
 " There is no fear of such a thing nowa- 
 days, but tJicn people were rude and loved to 
 burn and destroy. 
 
 " I see that I cannot tell you about the times 
 of Augustus to-day, because you have asked so 
 many questions about what occurred before 
 his day. He did not begin to rule until thirty 
 
1 8 SEVEN HISTORIC ACES, 
 
 years before Christ, and the city passed through 
 two periods before that. The first is caljod 
 the Heroic period, and the second the period 
 of Degeneracy." 
 
 "I don't know what 'heroic' means," — "I 
 don't know what 'degeneracy' means," ex- 
 claimed Gerty and Lily at once. 
 
 " You know that a hero is one who is brave 
 and does great deeds. A nation is called he- 
 roic when it is valorous, large-hearted, and does 
 great deeds. If the man should afterwards 
 grow mean or cowardly, he would be said to 
 degenerate or go backward. So it was with the 
 Romans, as we shall see." 
 
 " Tell us about it, please," said Gerty. 
 
 "About three hundred and forty years before 
 Christ," I continued, " they became involved in 
 wars with the people who lived north and south 
 of them, and in less than a hundred years these 
 people had all been conquered by Rome. Then 
 a new set of wars came on. 
 
 If you look over the Mediterranean Sea you 
 will find in Africa a city called Tunis. Not 
 far from that place there was in ancient times 
 a city of importance called Carthage. It had 
 been settled by the people from Tyre, — of 
 which we read in the Bible, and its name meant 
 New City. The inhabitants were called Phoe- 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. IQ 
 
 nicians by the Romans, and were great mer- 
 chants and business men, sending their ships 
 into every part of the world. Their language 
 was called Punic. The people became wealthy 
 and powerful, and could hardly fail of getting 
 into war in those days, for nations were even 
 more jealous of each other than they are now." 
 
 " Did war actually break out .? " said Lily. 
 
 " Yes," said I, " a war broke out between the 
 people of Rome and Carthage in the year 265 
 and lasted twenty-two years. At first the Ro- 
 mans were defeated, but in the end they con- 
 quered, though at the cost of an immense sum 
 of money and a great many lives. After a peace 
 of twenty-two years a new war broke out, and, 
 after seventeen years of fighting, Carthage was 
 again defeated. Then there was another peace, 
 and it lasted fifty-two years. At the end of that 
 time a Roman general named Scipio, invaded 
 Africa, attacked Carthage, took it by storm, 
 burned it to the ground, and sold the people for 
 slaves. Then he passed a plough over the place, 
 and sowed salt in the furrows." 
 
 " Oh, how terrible ! What did he plough up 
 Ihe city and sow it with salt for } " asked Gerty. 
 
 " He did so as an indication that it should 
 never be built again, but should remain barren 
 niins forever." 
 
20 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES 
 
 " I think Scipio was a cruel, mean man," said 
 Lily, " and I don't want to hear any more about 
 him." 
 
 " I will not tell you any more about him. 
 While these wars, which were called the first, 
 second, and third Punic wars were going on, the 
 people of Rome became more rich, learned, and 
 civilized than they had ever been before. They 
 never equaled the Greeks in intellectual cul- 
 ture, though they imitated them, because they 
 found greater pleasure in the theatre and in 
 fights of men and animals, than in the produc- 
 tions of the mind." . 
 
 " What occurred next ? " asked Gerty. 
 
 "After the Punic wars were over," said I, 
 "the Romans indulged in luxury of all kinds. 
 The rich ruled over the poor, and the land was 
 tilled by slaves captured in war. The free, 
 honest, substantial farmers of old times disap- 
 peared, and there was great distress and misery. 
 A war occurred called the Social war, because 
 it was between the different classes of society. 
 Two wars called Civil wars also occurred, and 
 finally Julius Caesar, who had gained great 
 victories in Gaul and Britain, became chief 
 ruler of the Empire for life, and was called the 
 Father of his Country. In the spring of the 
 year 54 before Christ, Julius Caesar was killed by 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. 21 
 
 one of his friends, Brutus. This brings us to 
 the time when Augustus began to reign." 
 
 " Please go on, papa." 
 
 " Not to-day. The nation was now in a state 
 of degeneracy. The city was full of crime and 
 luxury, and there is nothing ' golden ' about 
 the picture. So we will leave it until another 
 time." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. 
 THE AUGUSTAN ERA. 
 
 But yesterday, the word of Caesar might 
 
 Have stcod against the world. — Antony and Cleopatra. 
 
 OU told US, papa, that Julius Caesar was 
 killed by one of his friends named 
 Brutus. I have been reading of a 
 great marble statue that has been regarded for 
 three thousand years as one at the foot of which 
 this was done." 
 
 " Are you quite sure you read that } " I asked 
 Gerty, when she made the above declaration. 
 
 " Yes, here is the book. It is one of your 
 old Guides," she replied. 
 
 " I see you are correct, my dear ; but the 
 guide-book is wrong. I told you Caesar was 
 assassinated forty-four years before Christ, and 
 you know it is eighteen hundred and sixty-nine 
 years after his birth now. How long ago does 
 that make Caesar's death t " 
 
 " Oh ! I see ; it is nineteen hundred and thir- 
 
Tim GOLDEN- AGE OF ROME. 23 
 
 teen years!" exclaimed Lily, who had been 
 quietly listening. 
 
 " You learn from this that there are errors in 
 some books. Here is one that would have told 
 you better than the guide-book. It is called a 
 " Brief Biographical Dictionary," and contains 
 twenty-three thousand names and the dates at 
 which the characters lived.^ Whenever you 
 hear of any one of whom you know very little, 
 this book will tell you when he lived, and if you 
 gain the habit of consulting it, you will acquire 
 a great deal of knowledge." 
 
 " I suppose," said Gerty, " there was a great 
 deal of trouble in Rome when the father of his 
 country was killed. Were any others put to 
 death t " 
 
 " We shall come to that in a few moments. 
 When Caesar was buried, one of his kinsmen 
 Mark Antony, made a very eloquent and artful 
 speech to the people in praise of their dead 
 ruler. He distributed a great many presents 
 to the people and thus gained their favor." 
 
 "Did all the citizens favor Antony, papa ? " 
 asked Gerty. 
 
 " The Senate opposed him, and conferred re- 
 wards upon the conspirators." 
 
 " What are * conspirators ' t " asked Gerty. 
 1 Published by Hurd and Houghton, New York. 
 
24 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "They are any who conspire, or unite to- 
 gether to do wrong acts, my dear. 
 
 "Among those who were opposed to Antony 
 was the great orator Cicero, who wrote fourteen 
 violent declamations, or Philippics, against him. 
 The Senate offended a nephew of Caesar, whose 
 name was Augustus, and he united with An- 
 tony. These two then gained the aid of an offi- 
 cer of the army, named Lepidus, who brought 
 his troops to the opposition of the Senate. By 
 this union the three men overcame all resist- 
 ance, and forming a Triinnvirate, divided the 
 empire to suit themselves." 
 
 " What is a Triumvirate ? " Gerty inquired. 
 
 " It is a government by three men," I an- 
 swered. 
 
 " Did they divide the empire equally } " asked 
 Lily. 
 
 *' It happened," said I, " that Lepidus was a 
 very weak man, and the two others gave him a 
 small portion ; Antony took the eastern part, 
 and Augustus was best suited to remain ruler 
 of Rome itself, and of the central part of the 
 empire. It was a part of this agreement that 
 each of the three rulers should make a list of 
 the citizens whom he wished to put to death. 
 This was done, and a very large number of the 
 best men of the city were soon after destroyed. 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. 25 
 
 Among them was Cicero, whose head and right 
 hand were placed on the rostrum in the Forum." 
 "Please tell us what the rostrum was," Gerty 
 asked. " You saw it, did you not, when you 
 were in Rome 1 " 
 
 " I went to the spot where the rostrum was," 
 I replied, " but it has changed so much that 
 one can gather little idea of its former splendor. 
 It was the stage from which the orators ad- 
 dressed the people, and was situated in the 
 place of public meetings called the Forum. 
 Some of the pavement and columns are there 
 now, and they are of the most beautiful marble 
 I ever saw." 
 
 "Aunt Giulia had some ornaments of mar- 
 ble, when she came home: were the columns 
 like that .? " Lily inquired. 
 
 "Some of those ornaments," I answered, 
 "were made of pieces found in the Forum, for 
 the buildings are so ruined that pieces are con- 
 stantly breaking oif. 
 
 " I told you that Antony was a bad man. 
 He was very reckless and dissipated. Augus- 
 tus, on the other hand, was a cool calculator, 
 and it was not long before he managed to over- 
 come both his companions, and to make him- 
 self sole ruler of the Roman world." 
 
 "I am very anxious to know how he ruled 
 the city," Gerty remarked. 
 
26 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " When he found himself the only ruler," I 
 continued, " he had no one to fear very much, 
 for, as we have seen, the able men had all been 
 destroyed. He was crafty enough to make the 
 people think him a republican ruler, and did 
 not call himself king. The world has been 
 unable to decide what his true character was. 
 Some think he was a hypocrite all through life, 
 while others contend that he only used bad 
 means to gain power, and then began to be 
 good. This is not the way men generally act. 
 If a tyrant gains power by improper means, he 
 usually exercises it in improper ways. When 
 you see any book that has any account of Au- 
 gustus, you will do well to read it, and see 
 whether you can decide the question." 
 
 " Did you ever see any of the fine build- 
 ings that were made when Augustus was Em- 
 peror } " inquired Gerty. 
 
 " I rode," said I, " over some of the solid 
 bridges and roads, and saw some of the won- 
 derful aqueducts and temples that were made 
 then. The water I drank came through one of 
 those aqueducts, and there are many long rows 
 of arches that formerly supported others which 
 are now in ruins. Some of them are forty miles 
 long, and reach far away into the mountains." 
 
 " Oh, how I wish I could go to Rome ! " ex- 
 claimed both the children together. 
 
THE GOLDEN ACE OF ROME. 2J 
 
 "Did you see any of the heathen temples, 
 papa ? " Gerty asked. 
 
 " I saw a number of them in ruins," I said, 
 " but there is one which is used for Christian 
 worship now, of wliich I will tell you. It was 
 built by a nephew of Augustus, and called the 
 Pantheon, which meant the temple of all the 
 ^ods. The best judges say it is one of the 
 noblest triumphs of mind over matter in the 
 world. It has stood firm through wars, fires, 
 and earthquakes ; and though it has been 
 stripped of most of its decorations, it charms 
 the beholder by its grandeur and beauty. " 
 
 " Does it look like our church t " inquired 
 Lily. 
 
 " Not at all. It is circular in shape, with 
 walls twenty feet thick, and is surmounted by 
 a dome. The top of the dome has an opening 
 in it, forty feet wide, which is twice the width 
 of many houses in New York. This is one 
 hundred and fifty feet from the floor, and lets 
 in the light and air, and rain also, when that 
 falls." 
 
 " I should think that would spoil the carpet," 
 exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 "And the cushions in the pews," added 
 Lily. 
 
 "There is no danger of that," said I, "for 
 
28 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 there are no pews nor carpets nor cushions, nor 
 are there in any of the churches in Rome, old 
 or new. The walls and floor and high dome 
 are all of solid stone." 
 
 Lily thought it must be very cold there in 
 winter. 
 
 "And do all the people stand up?" Gerty 
 wished to know. 
 
 " Generally they stand," I replied, " but there 
 are sometimes chairs that may be hired to sit 
 on. There are two obelisks in Rome," I con- 
 tinued, '' that came from Egypt. One of them 
 is said to be as old as the time of Joseph and 
 Moses. Augustus brought them there at a 
 great expense. He built a great many fine 
 buildings that we cannot even mention, and 
 boasted that he found the city brick and left it 
 marble." 
 
 " I can see," exclaimed Gerty, " why this was 
 called a Golden Age, if the city was so greatly 
 improved. Please tell us a little about the 
 writers of the time of Augustus." 
 
 " First there was Virgil, who wrote a poem 
 on farming, and another which is called the 
 *' iEneid," after the style of the greatest of the 
 Greek poets. Homer. They are both studied 
 in schools and colleges now. Horace was an- 
 other writer, and his humorous poems and 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. 29 
 
 letters are also studied now. Then there was 
 Ovid, who was educated at Athens, and who 
 wrote first love poems, and stories about the 
 gods, and some short pieces. Titus Livius, 
 Sallust, and Cornelius Nepos were historians. 
 The first composed a complete history of Rome 
 in many volumes. Sallust wrote accounts of 
 the wars of Jugurtha and Catiline, and Corne- 
 lius Nepos wrote biographies of great men, be- 
 sides some history." 
 
 ** Did Rome ever become greater than it was 
 at the time we have been speaking of?" asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 " It was not long," said I, " before it began to 
 lose its high position, and in a hundred or two 
 years it had become much inferior. The 
 Golden Age did not last. But it was in one 
 respect the brightest period in the history of 
 the world, for the plains of Judea were then 
 pressed by those ' blessed feet which were 
 nailed for our advantage on the bitter cross.' 
 A brighter light shone from the mountains of 
 Galilee, than proud Rome could boast — a light 
 which has enlightened all the ages, and will 
 Bhine until 
 
 " The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, 
 The solemn temples, the great globe itself, 
 Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve ; 
 
30 SEVEN- mSTORTC AGES. 
 
 And, like an insubstantial pageant faded, 
 Leave not a rack behind ! " 
 
 " One question more, papa : when did Au- 
 gustus die ? " said Gerty. 
 
 " He lived until he was seventy-six years old, 
 and died fourteen years after Christ's birth." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 THREE BARBARIANS. 
 
 His rude hut by the Danube lay, 
 There were his young barbarians all at play, 
 There was their Dacian mother. — Childe Harold. 
 
 N the day that President Grant was 
 inaugurated, the snow fell so fast, and 
 the wind blew so hard, that Gerty and 
 Lily and Pearl could not go out, and asked 
 papa to talk to them again about the times 
 long ago. 
 
 " Will you tell us more about Rome, papa.? " 
 asked Gerty. 
 
 " No," I replied ; *' if you wish to know more 
 about that city I will give you books to read. 
 To-day I shall tell you of three men of whom 
 you will hear more when you are older. You 
 remember finding Italy on the map once, let 
 me see if you can do it again." 
 
 " Here it is ! " exclaimed Lily, rather proudly. 
 
 "In the southern part," 1 continued, "you 
 
32 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 see the city of Cosenza. It lies on the little 
 river Crate that runs northward, and empties 
 into the gulf of Taranto. Just where you see 
 the city another river enters the Crate, called 
 the Busento. The city is very strongly forti- 
 fied, and contains about nine thousand inhab- 
 itants." 
 
 " What kind of a country is it, there papa ? " 
 asked Lily. 
 
 " You know, my dears, that Italy is a very 
 beautiful country, and this part is no exception. 
 Cosenza lies in a picturesque valley ; the hills 
 are covered with (graceful vines, from which 
 wine is made, and the climate is delightful. 
 It is more than a hundred miles south of 
 Naples. Fourteen hundred years ago a very 
 singular occurrence took place there." 
 
 " Do tell us what it was, papa ! Now, Pearl, 
 be quiet ! " exclaimed Gerty, impatient to hear 
 the story. 
 
 "At the time of which I spoke, there came 
 one day to the banks of the river Busento a 
 great many rough men with uncombed hair and 
 shaggy beards. They began to dig, and kept 
 busy, I don't know how long, until they had 
 made what we should have called a great canal, 
 and when it was done they turned the river 
 into it." 
 
THE DARK AGES. 33 
 
 "That must have left the old stream dry, 
 did it not ? " inquired Lily. 
 
 " Yes, the old bed of the Busento was dry, 
 and that leads me to speak of the strange 
 things which were done then. Some of the 
 men walked out into the middle of the old bed, 
 and dug a great hole, almost big enough for a 
 small cellar. When this was finished, a huge 
 box was brought there, lowered into the pit, 
 and buried up. When the hole was filled the 
 canal was also filled up, and the river turned 
 back into its place again. Then the men who 
 dug the canal and buried the box were all 
 killed." 
 
 " Do tell us what was in the box ! " ex- 
 claimed the three little girls at once. 
 
 " If we could have lifted the cover," said 
 I, " of that mysterious chest, we should have 
 been surprised to find the body of a great, 
 coarse barbarian, covered with ornaments and 
 with jewels, and gems and works of art about 
 it. The men might not have been willing to 
 tell us where the gems came from, but they 
 came from Rome, and the great, coarse barba- 
 rian, when he was alive, took them from that 
 city. The name of the man who was buried 
 was Alaric, a strange name you think, perhaps. 
 He and his rough followers were called Goths, 
 3 
 
34 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 and their home was hundreds of miles north 
 of Cosenza, away off on the banks of the river 
 Danube. They had all been governed by the 
 Romans, but you remember that empire lost 
 much of its power after the Golden Age. 
 Alaric and his people found this out, and in 
 the year 405 they came down and attacked the 
 city. Finally they conquered it, but on being 
 paid a sum of money, they did not destroy it. 
 Five years after this, Alaric felt that the Ro- 
 mans had deceived him, and he became so 
 angry that he entered the city with his sol- 
 diers, and they burned and tore down many of 
 the fine buildings, and killed a large number 
 of the inhabitants. He then marched south- 
 ward to Cosenza, which he attacked and cap- 
 tured. But there he was suddenly attacked 
 himself, by disease, and died. I have told you 
 how he was buried." 
 
 " But you have not told us why the people 
 who buried him were killed," said Lily. 
 
 " The men who buried him were prisoners 
 that he had taken in war," said I, "and they 
 were killed in order that they could not tell 
 anybody where Alaric and his riches were 
 buried." 
 
 " Here are some verses which describe what 
 we have just been talking about. I will let 
 
THE DARK AGES. 35 
 
 Gerty read them. They were written by Ed- 
 ward Everett." 
 
 Gerty read as follows : — . 
 
 "DIRGE OF ALARIC THE VI SI-GOTH. 
 
 " When I am dead, no pageant train 
 Shall waste their sorrows at my bier, 
 
 Nor -worthless foiiip of homage vain 
 Stain it with hypocrllic tear ; 
 
 For I will die as I did live, 
 
 Nor take the boon I cannot give. 
 
 * Ye shall not raise a marble bust. 
 Upon the spot where I repose ; 
 Ye shall not fawn before my dust. 
 
 In hollow cii'cnmstance of woes ; 
 Nor sadptured clay, with lying breath, 
 Insidt the clay that moulds beneath. 
 
 " Ye shall not pile with se)~vile toil 
 Your monuments upon my breast, 
 Nor yet within the common soil 
 
 Lay down the wreck of power to rest / 
 Where man can boast that he has trod 
 On him that was the Scourge of God. 
 
 ** But ye the mountain stream shall turn. 
 
 And lay its secret channel bare. 
 And holloxv for your sovereign'' s urn 
 
 A resting-place forever there: 
 Then bid its everlasting springs 
 Flonxt back upon the king of kings : 
 And nex :r be the secret said, 
 Until the deep give Jip his dead. 
 
36 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 " 3Iy gold and silver' ye shall fling 
 
 Back to the* clods that gave them birth 
 The captured croivns of viany a hing. 
 The ransom of a conquered earth i 
 For c'cji thojigh dead, 1 ivill conti'ol 
 7'he trophies of the Capitol. 
 
 " But when beneath the mountain tide 
 Ye''ve laid your monarch do7vn to rot, 
 Ye shall not rear upon its side 
 
 Pillar or mound to mark the spot ; 
 For long enough the 7vorld has shook 
 Beneath the terrors of my look ; ^ 
 And, no-iO that I hare run my race, 
 The astonished realms shall rest a spaced"* 
 
 *' It was, however, not Alaric who called him- 
 self the 'Scourge of God,' as we shall soon 
 see," said I ; " but let us look at the map of 
 Europe again. Can either of you find Austria ? " 
 
 " Here it is, papa," Gerty promptly an- 
 swered, " almost in the middle of the map." 
 
 " Do you see a great river, and two towns 
 named Buda and Pesth on it } " I continued. 
 
 " I can see them," exclaimed Lily ; " the river 
 is the Danube, and the towns are exactly oppo- 
 site each other." 
 
 " Buda," I continued, " is a very ancient city, 
 and was for a long time the capital of Hungary. 
 It has a population of about forty thousand, and 
 is connected with the larger and handsomer 
 
THE DARK AGES. 
 
 37 
 
 city of Pesth by a fine suspension bridge. Buda 
 is built on the slopes of a range of hills, and 
 is overlooked by a stern old feudal castle. It 
 has been besieged more than twenty times by 
 hostile armies." 
 
 " What is a feudal castle, papa t " inquired 
 Lily. 
 
 " Some other day I shall tell you all about 
 that word, but let me go on with my story now. 
 A little more than four hundred years after 
 Christ, there was a great wooden fortress on 
 the site of this ancient city, called Etzelburg, 
 which meant the castle of Etzel. In it there 
 lived a fierce barbarian of small stature, with a 
 broad chest, a huge misshapen head, small, 
 deep set, piercing eyes, a flat nose, and a tan- 
 colored face. He once lived away off to the 
 northeast in China, or some other part of 
 Asia, and when he came among the Huns, — 
 as the people about Etzelburg were called, — 
 he told them that he owned the sword of their 
 god of war, which gave him power to subdue 
 the whole world." 
 
 " He was a terrible man ! What was his 
 name, papa ? " Gerty asked. 
 
 "He was named Etzel," I said, " but he gave 
 himself the title of the Scourge of God. He is 
 now called Attila, and he ruled all the barba- 
 
38 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 rians who lived between the borders of France 
 and China." 
 
 " That was a broad country," said Gerty ; 
 " he must have had a great many people under 
 him." 
 
 " He had, indeed," I continued, " a great 
 many subjects, and was able to raise an army 
 of over half a million men, so that he came to 
 be called also the Terror of the IVoridy 
 
 "It seems to me I never heard of such ter- 
 rible men before. It almost frightens me to 
 think of them," Gerty exclaimed. 
 
 " Let me tell you what Attila did. Forty 
 years after Alaric had sacked the city of Rome 
 this Terror of the World marched against it 
 with his immense army. He was met by an- 
 other army, and a battle followed, in which one 
 hundred and sixty thousand, or, as some state, 
 three hundred thousand men were slain ! It 
 was one of the greatest battles of all time." 
 
 " Was Attila conquered .^ " asked Lily. 
 
 ** He was not conquered ; but he retired, and 
 the next year came down with another great 
 army and devastated northern Italy." 
 
 " He did not destroy Rome again, did he ? " 
 
 *'No, he did not. A large sum of money was 
 given hun, and he went back again : but it was 
 considered a miracle that he did not destroy 
 
THE DARK AGES, ^q 
 
 more than he did. In a few years he died, and 
 the great and terrible nation of lluns was 
 broken up. It had only been held together by 
 fear of Atilla." 
 
 " Who was the other man you promised to 
 tell us of, papa } " Gerty asked. 
 
 " The third man belonged to another people, 
 called Vandals. They first Hved on the north- 
 ern coasts of Germany, but they moved south- 
 east, and settled in Pannonia, as a part of 
 Austria was then called. They afterwards went 
 west, and established a powerful kingdom in 
 Spain. You will see Andalusia on the map of 
 Spain, and_ its name was formed from the word 
 Vandal. They built a great fleet and sailed 
 over into Africa, where they raised another 
 strong nation on the ruins of the Roman do- 
 minions at Carthage. Here the Vandals be- 
 came the terror of all surrounding nations. 
 Their greatest king was Genseric, and he it 
 was who directed them, and gained power for 
 them. You remember that I told you that the 
 Roman general Scipio destroyed Carthage 
 two hundred years before Christ." 
 
 " Oh ! I remember that," exclaimed Gerty. 
 *' And Scipio ploughed up the place and sowed 
 salt over it." 
 
 " That was six hundred years before Gen- 
 
40 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 seric lived. When he was established at Car- 
 thage, he came over to Rome, attacked the city, 
 took it, and allowed his soldiers to pillage it 
 fourteen days, just as the Romans had done to 
 Carthage." 
 
 " Can you now tell me," said I, " the names 
 of the three men we have talked about, and 
 their nations } " 
 
 " Oh ! yes," exclaimed Gerty. " Alaric, the 
 Goth ; Attila, the Hun ; and Genseric, the 
 Vandal." 
 
 " Right. Can you tell me where they came 
 from .? " 
 
 " Let me think," said Lily ; " they all came 
 from the north, did they not } " 
 
 *• They all came from the north, but exactly 
 where they came from we cannot tell. Perhaps 
 the Goths once lived in Sweden, or near it. 
 The Huns came from northern Asia, or what 
 was known as Scythia, an undefined region 
 lying between Europe and Asia." 
 
 " I thought there was no territory between 
 Europe and Asia," said Gerty. 
 
 " They do join together now," I replied ; "but 
 in ancient times their boundaries were indefi- 
 nite. But to continue. The Vandals came from 
 the northern coasts of Germany, travelled to 
 Spain, and afterwards to Africa. These peoples 
 
THE DARK AGES. 4I 
 
 were alike in one respect. They were all 
 barbarians." 
 
 " You have spoken of barbarians before, 
 papa," said Lily. " Please tell us exactly what 
 a barbarian was." 
 
 " The Greeks and Romans called all whose 
 language they did not understand, barbarians. 
 The name was formed by imitating the sound 
 of confused voices." 
 
 " Bar-bar-bar-bar," exclaimed Gerty deliber- 
 ately. " I see how that was. It does sound 
 like confusion." 
 
 " The name was afterwards made to mean 
 rude and uncivilized people, because the Greeks 
 and Romans considered themselves the only 
 polished people. We mean rude and savage 
 people, when we say barbarians now." " I un- 
 derstand," said Gerty. 
 
 " The Goths, Huns, and Vandals," I said, "by 
 turns, ravaged the great Roman empire, as we 
 have seen, and almost entirely destroyed its 
 civilization. Literature and the refining arts 
 languished. The world became involved in 
 moral and intellectual darkness, from which it 
 ook nearly a thousand years to recover. There 
 was, in the words of Milton, 
 
 * No light, but rather darkness visible, 
 
 and it is very properly called the Dark Age" 
 
42 SEVlLiY HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "Was it dark all the thousand years ?" in- 
 quired Lily. 
 
 " There was very little light and progress," 
 I answered, " but I cannot tell you more about 
 it now. We have seen how the barbarians put 
 out the light of civilization ; at another time we 
 can learn more about it." 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 THREE KINGS. 
 
 Brief as the liglitninp; in tlie cnllied nipilit, 
 That, in a spleen imfolds both Iieaven and earth, 
 And, ere a man liath jiower to say, — lieholdl 
 The jaws of darkness do devour it up: 
 So quick bright things come to confusion. 
 
 Midsummer NighCs Dream, 
 
 AS it dark all through the thousand 
 years of the Age we are talking 
 about ? " asked Gerty again, as we all 
 gathered around the library table, to continue 
 our conversation. 
 
 " Do you remember that dark night when we 
 came from New York, so late, last autumn .? " 
 I replied. 
 
 " Yes," said Gerty. 
 " Was it all dark then .? " 
 " Yes, it was very dark. The sun went down 
 long before we reached home, and it was so 
 cloudy that we could not sec a single star/' 
 said she. 
 
44 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "But," interrupted Lily, "don't you remem- 
 ber when we reached the top of the hill, how 
 brightly the lamp shone from our dining-room 
 window, long before we reached it. And the 
 light away off at Mr. Ingersoll's house on the 
 other hill, and the little Hght that we saw over 
 on the other side of the lake, — don't you re- 
 member them, Gerty } " 
 
 " Oh, yes ! though it was very, very dark, 
 there were some very bright little hghts on the 
 hills about us," she replied. 
 
 " Just so it was in the Dark Age," I said. 
 "There were some bright lights. They did not 
 make the Age light, no more than the little 
 lights we saw that dark night, made the town 
 light. I will now tell you about three of the 
 lights of the Dark Age." 
 
 " Do, do ! papa," said Gerty ; " you fright- 
 ened us with the horrid, great, rough barbarians, 
 and I do wish to hear of something light again." 
 
 "We found France on the map, the other 
 day, did we not .? " 
 
 " Yes, and here it is again, between Spain 
 and the German empire," laid Lily. 
 
 " If you look over the history of France you 
 will find that about three hundred years after 
 the times we last spoke of, a man came there 
 whose name is celebrated und always will be." 
 
THE DARK AGES. 45 
 
 " What was his name, papa, and how did he 
 iOok ? " inquired Lily. 
 
 " F'irst I will tell you how he looked. He 
 was more than six feet high. His head was 
 round, his eyes large "and animated, his nose 
 was quite prominent, and his countenance was 
 ioyous and cheerful. He had beautiful gray 
 hair, and a long venerable beard. His dress 
 was simple, and habits of exercise tended to 
 develop his physical frame." 
 
 " He was a noble man and worthy to be a 
 king," said Gert3\ 
 
 " He was a king," said I, " and the greatest 
 of his time. His name was Charlemagne, and 
 he lived at Aix-la-Chapelle." 
 
 " His name is harder to pronounce than 
 either Alaric or Etzel," said Lily. 
 
 " And," Gerty added, " the name of the place 
 is harder still." 
 
 " His name means Charles magnus," I con- 
 tinued, ^' and magnus is a Latin word meaning 
 great. Aix-la-Chapelle is also formed from 
 Latin words, and means the chapel or church 
 of the springs. Aix is pronounced just like 
 our word aches. The place received its name 
 from the medicinal springs for which it is cele- 
 brated." 
 
 " I don't care to hear about the city, papa," 
 
46 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 interrupted Lily, " what did this great man with 
 the hard name do ? " 
 
 " You are right my child. It is not of so 
 much importance where we live, as what we 
 are, and what we do." 
 
 '* If Charlemagne was a great light in the 
 Dark Age," said Gerty, " how did he show 
 it?" 
 
 " You would be too much wearied," I replied, 
 " if I were to tell you one half what he did to 
 prove his greatness. I will answer your ques- 
 tion in as few words as possible. Shakespeare 
 says there is no darkness but ignorance. Now 
 learning will disperse this darkness ; Charle- 
 magne thought so, and determined to estab- 
 lish schools in his kingdom. He needed a 
 teacher himself, and sent to Italy, and invited 
 a man named Peter to come to Aix-la-Chapelle 
 to teach him grammar. He sent to England, 
 and urged Alcuin, who was one of the most 
 learned men of the time, to come and instruct 
 him in the sciences. Besides these, he invited 
 other wise men around him and formed a school. 
 By these means the spark of learning was kept 
 alive, and Charlemagne became more learned 
 than any other king. He could read Greek and 
 Latin, and could speak and write in the latter 
 tongue, which is saying a great deal I do not 
 
THE DARK AGES. 47 
 
 intend to tell you how great his kingdom was, 
 nor what wars he carried on, for if you look into 
 any history of France or Germany, you can 
 readily learn all you wish to know about those 
 things." 
 
 " When did Charlemagne die ? " asked Lily. 
 
 " He was born in 742, and died at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle in 814, saying, as he folded his arms 
 over his bosom, 'Lord, into tJiy hands do I com- 
 iiiit my soul!' Another saying of his I wish 
 to have you remember, as exhibiting his views. 
 ^ If yoiL would be distingiushedl said he, 'let it 
 be by your merits, not by yojtr garments! 
 
 "About a dozen years before Charlemagne 
 died, there was an English exile in his court, 
 whose name was Egbert. He had resided 
 there for some years, and had received instruc- 
 tion in the wisdom of the school of Alcuin. He 
 returned to his native land, became king, used 
 his power wisely, and consolidated the small 
 governments into one which was called Eng- 
 lish. That he was a man of ability we know 
 from what he did, but we have another reason 
 for thinking so. When he left the court of 
 Charlemagne, that monarch made him a pres- 
 ent of his own sword, as a token of respect, 
 which he would not have done, if he had not 
 known Egbert to be a worthy man." 
 
48 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " Why do you mention king Egbert ? " in- 
 quired Lily. 
 
 " Merely," said I, " because he was one of the 
 smaller lights of the Dark Age, and because I 
 wish you to remember him as the first king of 
 England." 
 
 " Who was the third light that illuminated 
 this Age .'' " said Gerty. 
 
 " It is said, that if we had looked into a small 
 hut in the southwestern part of England, about 
 a hundred years after the birth of Charlemagne, 
 we might have seen him sitting before a fire on 
 the hearth." 
 
 " What kind of a man was he ? " asked little 
 Pearl. 
 
 " I cannot tell you exactly how he looked, but 
 I know, that if the story is true, he was not 
 very well dressed. There were some cakes on 
 the hearth, and as there was no one else in the 
 hut, it appeared as though the man was cooking 
 them. Still he gazed into the fire, and though 
 the cakes began to smoke and sizzle and burn, 
 he did not offer to touch them." 
 
 " What a careless man ! " exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 "His face was careworn," said I, not noticing 
 the interruption, " and he looked tired. When 
 the woman who lived in the hut came in and 
 chided him for allowing the cakes to burn, he 
 
THE DARK AGES. 49 
 
 said he had been thinking about something 
 else." 
 
 " Do you know what he was thinking of ? ** 
 asked Lily. 
 
 " He was troubled about the condition of 
 England, and was probably thinking how he 
 could improve it. His name was Alfred." 
 
 "That is the first sensible name you have 
 nientioned since we began to talk about the 
 Ages, papa," said Gerty. 
 
 " You like it, my dear, because it is English, 
 and you have heard it before. Alfred was 
 called the Great, and is said to have been the 
 best and greatest king England has ever had. 
 He loved his people, and made good laws for 
 them. He taught them to work in the useful 
 arts, and what is better, he set them a good ex- 
 ample, working hard himself It is now a thou- 
 sand years since he was born, but though he 
 lived so long ago, the people of England still 
 love his memory. He died in 901, and left 
 on record these words, * / have striven to live 
 worthily ' — which was true." 
 
 " I love to hear about such men !" said Lily. 
 
 " I have now," said I, " answered your ques- 
 tion whether it was all dark at this time. We 
 see that there were some lights in the Dark 
 Age. They appear very great when we get 
 4 
 
50 SEVEN- HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 close to them, but there was so much ignorance, 
 that the influence of the best of them was not 
 so great as it ought to have been. They worked 
 well, and were like light-houses, for they dis- 
 persed the darkness just about them, and illu- 
 mined the long night somewhat, cheering men's 
 hearts until the sun rose, and daylight rendered 
 them unnecessary. When they died they left, 
 like Washington, 
 
 'Their memory, 
 A light for after times I ' " 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 TWO MORE KINGS. 
 
 One may smile, and smile, and be a villain ; 
 
 At least, I am sure it may be so in Denmark. — Hamlet* 
 
 Here was a gentleman of Normandy — Hamlet, 
 
 H, we had the nicest journey ! The cars 
 went so fast, and the day was so pleas- 
 ant ! And now we are having a de- 
 lightful time with our aunts and cousins." 
 
 So Gerty writes me from the city, whither 
 she and Lily went one fine spring morning, 
 not long ago. I thought surely the city sights 
 and spring fashions would crowd the Ages out 
 of her mind ; but no, she writes me an ac- 
 count of " a good long talk with Aunt Rhoda, 
 about the Dark Age." 
 
 " We thought it would be so pleasant here," 
 she writes, " that we could go out to walk, and 
 see the beautiful shops, or to drive in the park, 
 and see the fine horses and carriages, every 
 day, but it has not proved so. When Lily and 
 
52 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 I awoke on Tuesday morning it was quite 
 dark. We pushed away the curtains and drew 
 up the shade, but even that did not help us 
 much. Big rain-drops pattered fast against the 
 window-panes, and threatening black clouds 
 rolled over our heads. We had to light the 
 gas to dress, and even in the dining-room, we 
 found it burning when we went down-stairs. 
 After breakfast, Aunt Rhoda said she could 
 not go out, even to school. 
 
 " * Come up into the nursery, and tell us a 
 story then,' said Lily. 
 
 " ' Yes,' said I, ' our papa tells us stories that 
 are^true, do you know any true stories, Auntie "i ' 
 
 " Then Auntie wanted to know what kind of 
 stories you tell us, and aftef I had explained 
 all about the Seven Ages, she promised to tell 
 us a story or two about the same times. 
 
 "The nursery here is a large room with two 
 great book-cases in it, besides the furniture 
 usually found in nurseries, and fine large pho- 
 tographs of scenes in Europe are hung on the 
 walls. One of these is a view of the Pantheon, 
 and when I saw it, I remembered what you 
 told us about its great dome with the hole in 
 the top. Now I am sure that there is such a 
 building, and I know just how it looks. I wish 
 you would get us photographs of the buildings 
 and men you tell us of ! 
 
THE DARK AGES. 53 
 
 "We sat around one of the book-cases, and 
 Auntie said, * has your papa told you of Canute 
 of England ? ' 
 
 " ' No,' said I, ' he has not.' 
 
 " * Well, then,' said she, ' I will tell you 
 about him to-day. He was not an English- 
 man. We will look on the map and find the 
 place he came from. It is a little country 
 jutting out toward Norway, from Prussia, and 
 almost surrounded by water.' 
 
 " Lily was quick, and asked whether it was 
 Denmark. 
 
 " ' Yes,' said Auntie, ' it is Denmark, the 
 country of the Danes. Several of the kings 
 of England came from that little peninsula.' 
 
 " * How did it happen,' I asked, * that the 
 Danes ruled England ? ' 
 
 " ' They never could have conquered the 
 English,' said Auntie, ' if it had not been for 
 the dissensions among the inhabitants them- 
 selves. They had been trying to accomplish 
 this for two hundred years, and as you become 
 better acquainted with the history of the earlier 
 British kings, you will learn they all had a good 
 deal of trouble with the Danes. In the year 
 1002 the king who reigned in England thought 
 that the shortest way to be rid of this people 
 was to kill all who were in his dominions. He 
 
54 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 therefore gave his subjects orders to put every 
 Dane to death on the thirteenth day of Novem- 
 ber of that year, which day was the feast of 
 St. Brice.' 
 
 " ' Did the people do this terrible deed, 
 Auntie ? ' I asked. 
 
 " ' Yes, my dear. The massacre began in 
 a little town twenty-four miles from London, 
 called Wei Wynne. You may remember it bet- 
 ter when I tell you that it vv^as the village in 
 which the poet Dr. Young lived, many years 
 'later, and where he wrote his " Night Thoughts." 
 It was one of the most bloody massacres the 
 world ever saw.' 
 
 " * Was there ever such another massacre } ' 
 inquired Lily. 
 
 " ' Yes,' said Auntie, ' there have been two 
 in later times, which are celebrated. One is 
 known as the " Sicilian Vespers," and occurred 
 on the thirtieth of March, 1282, when about 
 eight thousand French were slaughtered in 
 Palermo on the island of Sicily. The other 
 was in France in 1572, when from seventy to 
 one hundred thousand people were slaughtered 
 on ** St. Bartholomew's Day " only because they 
 were Protestants. But we must not forget our 
 subject. The massacre of St. Brice enraged 
 the Danes very much, and they determined to 
 
THE DARK AGES. 55 
 
 conquer the English. To do this they sent 
 an army into the country, and, so difficult was 
 the undertaking, it was not until after ten 
 years of hard fighting that the king of Den- 
 mark made himself also king of the EngUsh. 
 The second of the Danish kings is the one of 
 which I wished to tell you something. His 
 name was Canute, and when he came to the 
 throne he overturned most of the institutions 
 of the country, but being desirous of popular- 
 ity, he erected churches for the conquered in- 
 habitants, elevated the clergy to a higher con- 
 dition in the realm, made a new and good code 
 of laws, and in other ways proved himself a 
 wise prince. He conquered Norway, and laid 
 claim also to the crown of Sweden. 
 
 " ' You spoke of Alfred the Great. Canute 
 was like him in that he made merciful laws. 
 He said that punishment should be merciful 
 before God, and tolerable in the sight of man. 
 He would not permit any to be put to death 
 for slight causes.' 
 
 " ' Canute was more merciful than I should 
 have expected a Dane could be, after what 
 happened on St. Bricc's Day,' said I. 
 
 '* ' He had dedicated his life to Gocl, he said, 
 and perhaps that accounts for his mercy. He 
 said also, "let him who givcth judgment con- 
 
56 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 sider what he himself desireth when he pray- 
 eth thus : Forgive 7 is our trespasses as ive for- 
 give them that trespass against lis." It would 
 be well if we all could remember this.' 
 
 "'I will,' said I. 
 
 " ' So will i; added Lily. 
 
 "This was all Auntie told us that day, but 
 we have had another conversation about an- 
 other king of England who was not English. 
 
 *'*His name was WilHam,' said she, 'and he 
 came from Normandy, as a part of France was 
 then called. He made a claim to the throne 
 of England which had very little foundation in 
 right, but by pretending that his war for the 
 crown was a holy one, he prevailed upon thou- 
 sands of adventurers to put themselves under 
 his leadership. So many valiant military vaga- 
 bonds joined his army, that in the year 1066 
 he was able to sail from France with a large 
 fleet of vessels and to land sixty thousand men 
 on English soil' 
 
 " * What part of France did he sail from } ' 
 I asked. 
 
 " ' From the mouth of the river Somrae, 
 which, you see, empties into the English Chan- 
 nel. The army landed in the county of Sussex, 
 near the town of Hastings. The day that Wil- 
 liam landed, King Harold fought a great battle 
 
THE DARK AGES. 57 
 
 with an invading army from Norway, and when 
 the news of the trouble at Hastings reached 
 him, he was sitting at a banquet in the old city 
 of York, far away in the northeast of the island. 
 Without losing any time he marched directly 
 to London and gathered a large army to re- 
 pel the new invaders. While Harold was thus 
 marching down upon them, the Normans were 
 feasting on the English farmers' harvests and 
 cattle, and had also entrenched themselves 
 on an elevated position about nine miles from 
 Hastings.' 
 
 " ' What was the name of the place, Auntie ? ' 
 
 " ' It was then called Senlac, but William 
 changed it to Battle.' 
 
 " ' Please go on, Auntie ! ' said Lily. 
 
 " ' The English under Harold pitched their 
 camp directly opposite that of the Normans, 
 and on the thirteenth of October, as night 
 closed in, each army could plainly see the 
 watch-fires of the other. The English were 
 confident they could drive away the Normans 
 as they had just done the Norwegians, and 
 spent the night in revelry. The Normans 
 silently engaged in devout prayer for success. 
 In the morning William advanced with his in- 
 vading army, across a narrow valley, having a 
 Uttle consecrated banner carried before him. 
 
58 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 The English placed themselves in a solid body, 
 ivith the men of Kent in front, and received 
 the Norman bowmen and horsemen with their 
 murderous battle-axes. Thus the two armies 
 contended for six hours, when the invaders pre- 
 tended to fall back. The Enghshmen thought 
 the hour of triumph had come. They broke 
 their solid ranks, left their fine position, and 
 followed their enemy down to the -plain. Then 
 the Normans wheeled about, and after hard 
 fighting, came off victorious, though fifteen 
 thousand of them were left on the field. Great 
 numbers of the EngHsh were also slain, and 
 among them was Harold.' 
 
 *' ' Was William the king of England, then ? ' 
 I asked. 
 
 " ' Before assuming the title, he was wise 
 enough to ask the consent of the people. The 
 clergy and nobihty sanctioned his claims, and 
 he was crowned as William the First.' 
 
 " ' Did he make a good king 1 ' Lily wished 
 to know. 
 
 " * That is a difficult question to answer. 
 He is generally described as a merciless tyrant, 
 but before he died he repented so far as to 
 forbid that any man should be punished with 
 death.' 
 
 ** ' Not even for murder ? ' I inquired. 
 
THE DARK ACES. .59 
 
 " ' I suppose not. But he was wrong if he 
 did not put murderers to death, for the Bible 
 commands that.' 
 
 '* ' Did all of William's French followers re- 
 main in England } ' 
 
 "'I suppose most of them did. A great 
 many others also came over. The customs of 
 France were introduced as well as a great 
 many of the French words. Did you ever 
 hear of the " Curfew Bell ? " ' 
 
 " ' Oh yes ! papa says he heard it in Eng- 
 land. It rings every evening, and was in- 
 tended to warn people to put out their fires 
 and lights at a certain hour.' 
 
 " ' I am glad to see you remember what your 
 father tells you. William brought over this 
 custom.' 
 
 "' Is this the king who is called the " Con- 
 queror" .? ' I asked. 
 
 "* Yes, he is,' Auntie replied. 
 
 " ' How long did he reign ? ' Lily inquired. 
 
 "'He reigned twenty-one years in England, 
 and died in 1007, ^S'cd sixty. He was buried 
 in France.' 
 
 *' So ended our talk v/ith Auntie." 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 A HERMIT, AND THE CRUSADES. 
 
 Therefore, friends, 
 As far as to tne sepulchre of Christ, 
 Forthwith a power of English we shall levy, 
 To chase these Pagans, in those holy fields, 
 Over whose acres walked those blessed feet. 
 Which, foin-teen hundred years ago, were nailed 
 For our advantage, on the bitter cross. — Ki7ig HeJiry IV, 
 
 HE season of sunshine and leaves has 
 come, and we at the Mount are enjoy- 
 ing the smiHng New England land- 
 scape, the refreshing shade, and the swelling 
 flowers which 
 
 " Blow like sweet roses in this summer air." 
 
 We have our talks under the hickories, where 
 we have carried a few chairs and a plain table. 
 I said to-day that we had almost finished the 
 Dark Age, and Gerty reminded me that I 
 promised to explain what I meant once when 
 I spoke of 2i feudal castle. 
 
 " Just read," said I, " what the dictionary 
 says on the subject." 
 
THE DARK AGES. 6l 
 
 So Gerty read, " Feud, a stipendiary estate in 
 land, held of a superior by services!' '' Look 
 a little further," said I. 
 
 She continued, " Feudalism, the Feudal Sys- 
 tem.. That is, estates in land held of a superior 
 on condition of military servicer 
 
 " Pretty hard reading," sighed Lily. 
 
 " Well," said I, " that may help us some, 
 but you see we cannot learn what we wish 
 from the dictionary alone. Let me see if I 
 can make it plain to you. It was the strong- 
 hold of Attila which I told you was called a 
 feudal castle, was it not } " 
 
 "Oh, yes, it was called Etzelburg," said 
 
 Lily. 
 
 "Very true," said I, "and Attila was a 
 feudal chief. You remember how very igno- 
 rant the people were then. A vast number of 
 these were followers of Attila. He made them 
 follow him by promising them gifts of various 
 kinds. Other chiefs did the same, and these 
 ignorant men owned nothing, but received all 
 they had as gifts from their superiors, on con- 
 dition that they would serve the chiefs in war. 
 The poor men were bound to obey, or lose 
 their bread and butter. Thus a multitude of 
 nations and sovereigns were formed, and these 
 petty rulers constantly disputed. Their dis- 
 
62 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 piites were only settled by the shedding of 
 blood. They were often not settled for a long 
 time, but continued from one generation to an- 
 other, until the children who fought had no 
 reason for doing so, except that their fathers 
 had quarrelled. These quarrels were called 
 fends, from an old Latin word, and the system 
 was called the Feudal System." 
 
 " I think the ' system ' was very bad. But 
 I don't exactly understand what a system is," 
 Gerty interposed, apparently a little mystified. 
 
 "A system," said I, "is any set of things 
 put together, and the feudal system was that 
 set of circumstances, habits, and customs which 
 is found connected with the feuds of which 
 we have been talking. This system was bad 
 in many respects, but it had some good points. 
 You may have heard of the institution of cJiiv- 
 airy which was an outgrowth of the feudal at- 
 tachment of the warriors to their chieftains." 
 
 " Please explain what chivalry means," Lily 
 urged. 
 
 " 1 cannot do so fully to-day," said I, '' but it 
 was a romantic system that encouraged valor, 
 bravery, devotion to religion, and it exalted and 
 protected woman. I shall show you some 
 books, when you are a little older, that will 
 give you charming pictures of the knights and 
 ladies of the age of chivalry." 
 
THE DARK AGES. ,63 
 
 " Do go on ! " exclaimed Gerty, as she no- 
 ticed mc hesitate and turn over the leaves of 
 a black-covered book on the table. 
 
 " Should you like to hear about Peter the 
 Hermit, and his pilgrimage ? " I asked. 
 
 " Yes, yes," they all exclaimed, and I be- 
 gan : — 
 
 " In the Dark Age there lived in the north 
 of France an ignorant and restless man named 
 Peter " — 
 
 " Peter who } " interrupted Lily. 
 
 "Peter the Hermit, of course," exclaimed 
 Gerty, rather provoked. 
 
 " This man served in the army and became 
 an officer. He was married and had a family, 
 but his wife died and he became a hermit. 
 A hermit is one who goes into a quiet place 
 and lives alone in order that he may meditate 
 or engage in devotions. It was fashionable in 
 those days to take trips to Jerusalem on foot, 
 to see the places where our Saviour had been, 
 and where He was buried. Peter did not want 
 to be out of the fashion, even if he v\^as a her- 
 mit, and so he went to the Holy Land. When 
 he saw that the city of Jerusalem was in the 
 hands of infidels, as the followers of the false 
 prophet Mohammed were called, he was quite 
 indignant. 
 
64 SEVEN HISTORIC ACES. 
 
 " Who was Mohammed ? " Gerty inquired. 
 
 " You may ask your teacher at school who 
 Mohammed was," said I. " To be sure Chris- 
 tians would visit the place, but it was only al- 
 lowed because the infidels made money out of 
 them. Peter was a very excitable man, and 
 when he returned home he talked a great deal, 
 and pretty loudly too I imagine, about how 
 badly the Christians were treated at Jerusalem. 
 The ignorant people to whom he talked thought 
 the eastern countries were very delightful places, 
 almost like paradise, and soon their imagina- 
 tions began to picture the charms of life among 
 the palms and olives in the most brilliant colors. 
 The sun rose in the east, and it was to them a 
 place of ease and luxury. 
 
 * The gorgeous East, with richest hand, 
 Showers on her Kings barbaric pearl and gold.* 
 
 So they thought, at least, and each was sure 
 that a little of the shower would drop on him, 
 if he could only get to the enchanted land." 
 
 " The kings are very rich there now, are 
 they not } " inquired Gerty. 
 
 " We speak even now of ' oriental magnifi- 
 cence,' because the people who live toward the 
 sun-rising are delighted with display and glitter- 
 ing gems. But to go on. From talking, Peter 
 went to preaching, and at last he set out to 
 
Mohammed. See page 64. 
 
THE DARK AGES. 6$ 
 
 travel over all Central Europe, exciting the 
 people to rise up and march against the in- 
 fidels." 
 
 " How did Peter look ? " Gerty asked. 
 
 " He was a small man, but with a peculiar 
 intelligence and fire in his eyes, and of a pow- 
 erful eloquence. He rode on a mule, and wore 
 usually a brown mantle that fell down to his 
 heels and he had his arms and feet bare. He 
 ate little or no bread, and lived on fish and 
 wine. He was one of the most extraordinary 
 men, that Europe ever produced. His voice 
 acted like magic. Everywhere the people who 
 crowded about him were charmed by his glow- 
 ing words, and readily consented to follow him 
 to Palestine." 
 
 '' Then they really started, did they ? " said 
 Lily, with interest." 
 
 " Yes, they did. Peter was made com- 
 mander, and he gave them for a watchword, 
 ' God wills it ! ' He ordered all his followers to 
 wear on their breasts a cross made of red stuff, 
 from which they were cal'ed crusaders. 
 
 " How is that, papa t " said Gerty thought- 
 fully, "'crusaders because they wore crosses/ 
 I don't exactly understand that." 
 
 " Ah ! I forgot to say that these people did 
 not speak English. Peter was more familiar 
 
66 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 with Latin, in which ci'iix means cross, or with 
 French, in which croix means cross, and it was 
 from these words that the word cjvisade was 
 derived which we have changed to crusade. 
 About a milUon people were infatuated enough 
 to engage in the crusade under Peter and his 
 followers." 
 
 " Did these people expect they should all 
 become rich ? " inquired Lily. 
 
 " I do not think they did. They had various 
 motives for joining the great crowd. I suppose 
 some were only romantic, and wanted a new 
 excitement ; others were very religious and 
 were really horrified to think how the infidels 
 desecrated the Holy Land ; many more were 
 deluded with the idea that if they died in so 
 holy a war they should go directly to heaven ; 
 while many may have joined just because it 
 was a big crowd. Then, again, anybody who 
 was in trouble, or was discontented, might have 
 had a prospect held out by Peter, of a pleasant 
 change of condition, if he would only put on 
 the cross." 
 
 " I can very easily see," said Lily, " that such 
 reasons would excite men \-ery much, and, as 
 you say, make a great many follow a leader 
 who had the ad\"^ntage of a sort of religious 
 character. I have never read of the Crusades, 
 
THE DARK AGES. 6/ 
 
 and in truth never knew anything about them 
 before, and a great question in my mind is, Did 
 Peter and his people conquer Palestine ? " 
 
 "Bravo!" said I. "I see you are learning. 
 Your remark shows more thought than I had 
 expected." 
 
 "Oh, papa !" exclaimed Gerty, with an of- 
 fended air, " do answer the question." 
 
 " They made themselves masters of Jerusa- 
 lem," I replied, " and of the greater part of Ihc 
 country, but it was not by Peter's management. 
 There was another leader, Godfrey, who came 
 from France, who deserves more credit than 
 Peter." 
 
 " Were they ever able to conquer the whole 
 country ? " Gerty inquired, for she was very 
 much interested now. 
 
 "Unsuccessful as the first was, none of the 
 other Crusades accomplished so much. Eu- 
 rope was excited five times more, and thou- 
 sands upon thousands perished in the wars and 
 pilgrimages, but all the efforts failed." 
 
 " How dreadful to think of such things ! " 
 Lily interposed. 
 
 " And dreadful as they really were, the Cru- 
 sades v/ere of great benefit to all Europe. 
 Men's ideas were enlarged, and trade was 
 vastly increased by the constant travelling of 
 so many thousands of people. Those, too, who 
 
68 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 returned home were more enlightened, polished, 
 and better informed. Thus for one hundred 
 and ninety-six years Europe was undergoing 
 the process of civilization and education." 
 
 " Did you say there were only six Crusades, 
 papa } " 
 
 " There were two or three other minor ex- 
 peditions," I answered, " which are sometimes 
 called by the name, and among them was the 
 * Children's Crusade.' It is said that in the year 
 12 12 ninety thousand children set out for Pal- 
 estine under command of a child. They ought 
 to have remained at home and studied geogra- 
 phy, for they knew nothing about the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, and so expected to go all the way 
 by land. They marched from various parts of 
 Germany right down to Genoa, and were very 
 much surprised to come to water. Not know- 
 ing what to do they scattered, and some were 
 murdered, others starved to death, while a great 
 number were sold for slaves." 
 
 **' Oh, dear ! I'm so sorry for the little chil- 
 dren ! " exclaimed Pearl, in mournful tones. 
 " What did their mothers say } " 
 
 " I do not know. Do you think you can re- 
 member all I have told you in this long talk } " 
 
 " You are not done, are you t " asked Gerty, 
 apparently surprised. 
 
 " Is not this enough for to-day } " I asked. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 JUST BEFORE DAWN, 
 
 Lool:, the morn, in russet mantle cla.1, 
 
 Walks o'er tlie dew of yon h\y,h eastern hill. — Hamlet. 
 
 HE warm July snn had risen bright, 
 and now shone out of a cloudless sky 
 over the hills and valleys of Berkshire. 
 As it descended toward the west, the Httle girls, 
 tired of play, called at the library door to have 
 another historical talk. I found that Gerty had 
 been reading in some book about the close of 
 the Dark Age. She said she supposed the next 
 would be called the Light Age, as she had read 
 about a man called the Morning-star of the 
 Reformation. 
 
 " Ah ! " said I, ''you are in advance of me, 
 for it is of Wiclif that you have read, and he is 
 the man I had intended to speak of to-day." 
 
 *' No matter, papa," said Lily, " / have not 
 read anything, and I am sure Gerty cannot un- 
 derstand what she reads half so well as what 
 you tell us." 
 
70 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " or course I can't ! " Gerty exclaimed, "and 
 we both wish you would tell us just what you 
 intended to." 
 
 " Listen then,", said I. 
 
 " About a hundred years after the Crusades, 
 there reigned in England a very powerful king 
 who kept the nation at war with one people or 
 another, for no other reason than that he was 
 ambitious and loved to fight. His name was 
 Edward, and among his expeditions were sev- 
 eral against France, which is not very far from 
 England." 
 
 " I know," said Lily, " that there is only a 
 narrow channel between France and England." 
 
 " Of all the great battles king Edward fought, 
 I shall only tell you about one. It was Satur- 
 day the twenty-sixth day of this month, in the 
 year 1346" — 
 
 "Just five hundred and twenty-three years 
 ago," interrupted Gerty, with an appearance of 
 pride at her skill in arithmetic. 
 
 " Yes," I continued, " on that morning Ed- 
 ward's army of ten thousand brave English- 
 men was quietly lying on the ground near 
 Cressy, waiting for an attack from a French 
 army of very many more men. The English 
 had been for seven weeks in France, marching, 
 fighting, drinking, and carousing by turns." 
 
THE DARK AGES. 71 
 
 " W^iere is Cressy ? " Gerty asked. 
 
 " Here it is, Gerty/' said Lily, " not very far 
 from the place where papa said that William 
 the Conqueror set sail for England. It is just 
 north of the river Somme." 
 
 " That is ' Ci6cy/ " said Gerty still not satis- 
 fied. 
 
 " Very true. That is the French way of 
 spelling the name. We call it Cressy," I ex- 
 plained. " This little English army contained 
 a large number of yeomen" — 
 
 " What is a 'yeoman }■ ' " inquired Gerty. 
 
 " The institutions of chivalry," I continued, 
 " were now declining, but they had left their 
 mark upon society. By degrees there had been 
 formed three classes among the people. These 
 were warriors, teachers, and producers. The 
 first and second classes held the titles and priv- 
 ileges. The third was composed of those who 
 worked at \-arious trades, and comprised the 
 farmers, who are very important producers. 
 Many of the farmers did not own the land on 
 which they worked. Those who owned small 
 pieces of land were called yeomen. The 
 knights pretended to be the only soldiers, but 
 on the field of Cressy, victory was won by the 
 spirit and bravery of the yeomen, and the 
 power and prestige of the mailed knights be- 
 
72 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 gan to wane. It was not long after this that 
 the yeomen began to ask the question, 
 
 When Adam delved and Eve span, 
 Where was then the gentleman ? ' 
 
 They thought that God never created any 
 with greater rights than others ; and very great 
 events were the consequence of their think- 
 ing." 
 
 " How about the battle of Cressy, papa ? " 
 asked Lily. 
 
 " The Englishmen were quiet, as I said, and 
 the French advanced, crying, * Let us slay 
 them all ! ' But all of a sudden the sky became 
 dark. There was a partial eclipse of the sun, 
 and afterwards a storm of rain accompanied 
 with loud peals of thunder. When this ceased 
 the autumnal sun shone out bright, and showed 
 that the armies were close together. The 
 splendid rays of the sun shone directly in the 
 eyes of the Frenchmen, and confused them. 
 The English yeomen stirred not until the right 
 moment, and then each strong arm drew the 
 bow-string and the arrows of death flew with 
 terrible accuracy toward the enemy's ranks. 
 Like a great hedge the archers of England 
 held their position, and their steady courage, 
 arising from their spirit of independence, gained 
 the day. For the first time the strong arm 
 
THE DARK ACES. 73 
 
 of the British yeoman and the firm spirit of 
 British freedom were asserted on a grand 
 scale." 
 
 " Please go on ! " exclaimed the girls, as I 
 hesitated. 
 
 " Edward had a son who was with him in 
 this great battle," I continued. " His name 
 was Edward, too, but he is usually called the 
 Black Prince, on account of the color of his 
 armor. He was pretty young for war, but his 
 father gave him a prominent position, and he 
 did well." 
 
 " How old was the Black Prince } " Gerty 
 asked. 
 
 "At the time of the battle of Cressy he was 
 only sixteen years old. Ten years later he 
 fought another battle with the French, at 
 Poitiers, a town which you will find over two 
 hundred miles south of Cressy. On this oc- 
 casion the French had a much larger army 
 than the English, but the pluck and spirit of 
 the little army, and the good management of 
 the Black Prince, won the victory again." 
 
 ''That is wonderful!" Gerty exclaimed, "I 
 should not expect a small army to conquer a 
 large one." 
 
 " No great commander ever had more won- 
 derful and unexpected success," said I, " but this 
 
74 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 was not more surprising than the kind and 
 chivalric way in which Prince Edward behaved 
 to the French king whom he had defeated. 
 Instead of exulting over him, he came out and 
 met King John with all the marks of regard and 
 sympathy. He tried to comfort him and make 
 him his friend, telling the captive that his' valor 
 was worthy of high praise, and that the victory 
 was due to the chances of war or to that su- 
 perior providence which controls all the efforts 
 of the human heart and prudence." 
 
 Lily wished to know how the French king 
 felt and acted. 
 
 "The captive," I. continued, ** was very sad, 
 but Edward's poHte words and acts made his 
 pain less." 
 
 " Papa," said Lily, " you told us that the 
 Dark Age was now about at an end. Did 
 these wars of Edward and the I^lack Prince 
 have anything to do with tlic close .'' " 
 
 " I do not mean," said I, "that the Dark Age 
 closed at any particular time. Intelligence had 
 been constantly spreading during a long period, 
 and we are told that the high-roads of Europe 
 were crowded with young persons going to the 
 great schools which had been established in 
 many of the great cities. The Crusades had 
 created a religious enthusiasm, and the brilliant 
 
John Wiclif. Sec page 75. 
 
THE DARK ACES. 75 
 
 wars of Edward the Third, and the Black Prince, 
 aroused a spirit of patriotism and national pride 
 in the English yeomen. The yeomanry of Eng- 
 land now began to claim rights and privileges, 
 which their children have constantly enlarged." 
 
 " Now," Gerty said, " I suppose that as we 
 are so near the dawn of a brighter era, you can 
 tell us about the Morning Star, for it rises be- 
 fore day, auntie told me." 
 
 " We have had so long a talk already," I said, 
 " that I shall only say a few words about Wiclif. 
 An old writer said of him that he 'stepped forth 
 like a valiant champion, even as the morning 
 star being in the midst of a cloud, so doth he 
 shine and glisten in the temple of God.' He 
 was an unfailing foe to popish tyranny, and it 
 is in this respect that he is generally called the 
 Morning Star." 
 
 " He was a clergyman, I believe," added 
 Gerty. 
 
 " Yes, and like most clergymen of his day, 
 he was not only a great writer but a great 
 student. He translated the whole Bible into 
 English for the. first time, which is a great 
 deed. He is looked upon by many as the first 
 of the reformers of whom Martin Luther, who 
 lived nearly two hundred years afterwards, was 
 the greatest." 
 
76 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "In what year did Wicliflive ? " asked Lily. 
 
 "He was born about 1324," I answered, "and 
 died in 1384. During his life bad men treated 
 him badly, and after his death their hate led 
 them to dig up his bones and burn them." 
 
 " Oh, how horrible ! " exclaimed the girls. 
 
 " It was horrible, indeed. His ashes were 
 thrown into a small stream that flows by his 
 old home at Lutterworth, and from that little 
 stream an old writer says they were carried 
 to the river Avon, then into the Severn, and 
 finally into the ocean. Wiclif's teachings were 
 good, and spread far and wide, until like his 
 dust they are now scattered over all parts of 
 the world. The following lines will help you 
 remember this : — 
 
 " * The Avon to the Severn runs, 
 The Severn to the sea ; 
 And Wiclifs dust shall spread abroad, 
 Wide as the waters be.' " 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 AGE OF LEO X. 
 
 A CHURCH AND A REFORMATION. 
 
 Thou:;h you, and all the kings of Cliristendom, 
 
 Are led so grossly by this meddliiig priest, 
 
 Dreading thj curse that money nny buy out ; 
 
 And, by the merit of vile gold, dross, dust, 
 
 Purch.^se conupted pardon of a man, 
 
 Wiio, in that sale, sells pardon from himself ; 
 
 Tliough you and all the rest so grossly led, 
 
 This jugg'ing w tchcr.ift wiih rever.ue cherish; 
 
 Yet, I alone, alone do me oppose 
 
 Agahist the Pope, and count his friends my fees. 
 
 Kifig John. 
 
 WAS musing alone under the hick- 
 ories. A rustle in the bushes behind 
 me, and I heard 
 
 " Brown eyes, 
 
 Straight nose j 
 Dirt i)ies, 
 Rumpled clothes ! " 
 
 Little Pearl danced out from her hiding- 
 place with a hug and a kiss for papa, and 
 another voice gayly sounded in the same direc- 
 tion. It said, — 
 
yS SEVEN lUSTORIC ACES. 
 
 *• If the butterfly courted the bee, 
 
 And the owl the porcupine ; 
 If churches were liuilt on the sea, 
 
 And three times one was nine ; 
 If a gentleman, sir, was a lady — 
 
 The world would be upside down." 
 
 And that was all I heard, for it was Lily, 
 and just as she had said " upside down," her 
 sister Gerty appeared, saying, in a sharp voice 
 and with the disdainful air that elder sisters 
 can put on, — 
 
 " Hush, children ! Do you think papa wishes 
 to hear such nonsense ? I have come out with 
 this great atlas to hear some history. Let us 
 sit down and behave ourselves." 
 
 " I'm going to the sand-rock to make sand- 
 pies," said Pearl. " I don't want to hear sto- 
 ries to-day." 
 
 " I will sit with you, sister Gerty," said Lily, 
 " if papa will give us an interesting story." 
 
 " I will tell you," said I, " of a great church 
 that I saw once, which took a hundred and 
 seventy-six years to build, and of some of the 
 consequences of its building. Can either of 
 you tell me who discovered America, and when 
 he did it.?" 
 
 After a little thought Gerty replied, — 
 
 " Christopher Columbus, about 1492." 
 
 ** Exactly right," said I; "can you tell me 
 where he was born ? " 
 
AGE OF LEO X. 79 
 
 "I know," exclaimed Lily, "for you went 
 there once, and told us about it. He was born 
 in Italy." 
 
 " At the time of his birth," I continued, " a 
 remarkable man ruled in Italy. He was of a 
 distinguished family called the Medici, though 
 he is oftener called Leo, for he was the Pope 
 of Rome, and the tenth who had been called 
 Leo. For one hundred and fifty or two hun- 
 dred years before he became Pope, Leo's fam- 
 ily had been growing rich and powerful." 
 
 I noticed Gerty turning over the leaves of 
 the atlas, and now she looked up and asked in 
 what part of Italy Columbus was born, and 
 whether it was near Rome. We looked over 
 the map together. 
 
 " Here is the city of Genoa, on the gulf of 
 the same name," said I, " and it was there that 
 the discoverer of America was born. A little 
 farther south you see Livorno, which we call 
 Leghorn, and back in the country is Pisa, 
 where the leaning tower is. Still farther down 
 is Civita Vecchia, and east of it is Rome. You 
 see we have gone a good many miles from 
 Genoa. There is another city for us to find. 
 Do you see a little river that runs into the sea 
 just north of Leghorn ? " 
 
 " Yes, it is the Arno," answered Gerty. 
 
80 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 *' If you follow that river up," said I, " you 
 come to Pisa, of which we just spoke, and then 
 to Firenze, which we call Florence." 
 
 " I see that, too," Lily said. 
 
 '* We must find one more place," I contin- 
 ued. " Where is Constantinople ? " 
 
 After a short look Gerty told us that Con- 
 stantinople is on the Sea of Marmora, and is 
 the capital of the Turkish empire. 
 
 I explained that many years ago the city was 
 Greek, and was the home of many learned men 
 of that nation, and that afterwards it fell into 
 the hands of the Romans. 
 
 " About fifty years before Columbus dis- 
 covered America," so I went on, " the heathen 
 Turks drove out many learned men from Con- 
 stantinople, and compelled them to look for a 
 home somewhere else. The Medici family en- 
 couraged them to go and live in Florence, 
 which the learned men were very glad to do, 
 and that city thus got a great name." 
 
 " Did these men go to live in any other cities 
 in Italy .?" asked Gerty. 
 
 "Yes," I replied, "they went to Pisa and 
 other cities, and established schools that be- 
 came very much celebrated. But none of the 
 schools are so well known as was one of the 
 professors at Pisa. His name was Galileo. He 
 
AGE OF LEO X. 8 1 
 
 invented the pendulum which you may hear 
 ticking in the old clock in the corner of the 
 library. You see there a long rod with a weight 
 at the end, and it swings and swings all the 
 time. In the cathedral at Pisa, GaUleo saw 
 a long iron rod hanging from the high ceiling, 
 with a chandelier on the lower end." 
 
 " You saw it too, did you not t " Lily inter- 
 posed. 
 
 " Yes, I did. Well, this rod and chandelier 
 swung too, a little, so it is said, and suggested 
 the pendulum to Galileo." 
 
 " Do let papa go on, Lily ! I wish to hear 
 about the great church that took so long to 
 build," Gerty exclaimed, a little pettishly. 
 
 '' I was about to say," I continued, " that the 
 Medici family not only encouraged learned men 
 to make Italy their home, but they employed 
 artists, sculptors, and architects, to erect fine 
 buildings and to ornament them with statues 
 and paintings." 
 
 "That was just what Augustus did in the 
 Golden Age of Rome," exclaimed Lily. 
 
 " And what Pericles did at Athens in the 
 Golden Age of Greece," said Gerty. 
 
 " About the time that the learned men were 
 driven by the Turks from Constantinople," I 
 went on to say,^ " which was some fifty years 
 6 
 
82 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 before Columbus discovered America, one of 
 the Popes designed the great church we are 
 speaking of, which was to be erected in Rome, 
 and to be dedicated to St. Peter. After John 
 de' Medici, for that was his name, became Leo 
 X., he enlarged the first plan, for you know the 
 Medicis liked to make their buildings very 
 grand. He employed Raphael the greatest 
 artist of the time, to work on it, but neither 
 Leo, nor Raphael, nor Michael Angelo, another 
 great artist who devised the immense dome af- 
 terwards, lived to see the church completed." 
 
 " How many years did you say it took to 
 complete it," asked Lily. 
 
 " Let us see how we can remember how long 
 the church was buikling. You said Columbus 
 discovered America in 1492. Do either of you 
 know in what year the Pilgrims landed at Ply- 
 mouth V 
 
 '•I do," said Gerty ; "in 1620." 
 
 " How many years were there between these 
 events } " I asked. 
 
 ** One hundred and twenty-eight years," said 
 Lily, who knew more of arithmetic than of 
 history. 
 
 " If you can remember these two dates," said 
 I, " you can easily remember, also, when St. 
 Peter's Church was built, how many years it 
 
AGE OF LEO X. Z^ 
 
 took to do it, and some other things of which 
 we shall soon speak." 
 
 " But you said St. Peter s Church was begun 
 nearly fifty years before America was discov- 
 ered, did you not } " Gerty inquired. 
 
 " I did say so," I answered, " and the church 
 was not completed until six years after the 
 Pilgrims had landed at Plymouth." 
 
 " I think I can remember that," said Lily. 
 
 " You know that I promised to tell you some- 
 thing of the consequences of building this ex- 
 travagant church, and we must devote a few 
 minutes to that," said I. " The Pope of Rome 
 has nowadays pretty hard work to get enough 
 money to pay his expenses, and, in fact, runs 
 in debt every year." 
 
 " I thought he was just as rich as he could 
 be," exclaimed Lily. 
 
 " He makes a great show," I replied, "but it 
 is so costly to live as he does, that he has to 
 borrow a great deal of money, besides taking a 
 great many presents which the Romanists 
 send him from all over the world. In the days 
 of Leo X. it was somewhat different, but when 
 he wished to build this great church, and to 
 ornament it so extravagantly, he found he had 
 not money enough. He therefore offered to 
 sell indulgences^ to raise money." 
 
54 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "What are 'indulgences ? '" asked Gerty. 
 
 " They are papers sold by the Pope, with his 
 great seal on them, by which he pretends to 
 take away the penalty due to men for sins," 
 said I. 
 
 " Does not the Bible teach that no one but 
 God can pardon sin ? " Gerty continued. 
 
 " We cannot stop now to discuss that ques- 
 tion," I said. " However we should decide it, 
 makes no difference with our story. Leo sent 
 out agents to offer indulgences to the people. 
 One of these named Tetzel, went to Germany 
 and promised, to those who would pay for it, 
 absolution from all excesses, sins, and crimes, 
 however enormous they might be, and told the 
 people that when any one cast money into his 
 box for the soul of a dead person, it would fly 
 up to heaven so soon as the coin tinkled in the 
 bottom. By such means he created a great 
 excitement, and obtained large amounts of 
 money. But while the people bought the in- 
 dulgences in so great numbers, there were some 
 who looked into the Bible, as Gerty suggested, 
 to see what was said on the subject there." 
 
 " Who were these ? Do tell us, papa ! " said 
 Gerty. 
 
 " One of them was a poor monk, named Mar- 
 tin Luther, a brave man. He opposed Tetzel's 
 
AGE OF LEO X. 85 
 
 trade, and though he was in great danger he 
 was ' armed so strong in honesty/ as Shakes- 
 peare says of another, that he cared not for 
 threats and risks. Luther's preaching was so 
 forcible that the people began to refuse to 
 buy indulgences to sin, and the trade finally 
 stopped." 
 
 " Did the sale of indulgences and the excite- 
 ment both stop together .? " asked Gerty. 
 
 " It was the year 15 16," said I, ''when Tetzel 
 began to preach. Luther began to oppose him 
 the next year. In 15 18 Tetzel's influence was 
 gone, and in 15 19 he died. The excitement 
 did not die, however, but became much greater. 
 We know that the Dark Age had now passed, 
 that the printing-press had been invented, and 
 that learned men were spreading their thoughts 
 over Europe by means of books, and intelligence 
 was increasing. These facts made the people 
 more anxious to hear what Luther had to say, 
 and better able, alsc, to judge of the truth of 
 his words. Luther was a member of the 
 Romish Church, and continued to be such, 
 though he opposed what he thought was wrong 
 in its teachings. But at last he and those who 
 agreed with him, solemnly protested against 
 these errors, and in the year 1530 separated 
 from the Roman Catholic Church. Ever since 
 
86 SEVEN' HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 that time those who have agreed with Luther 
 have been called Protestants!' 
 
 " Then the building of the great Romish 
 cathedral led to the Reformation that I have 
 heard of? " said Gerty. 
 
 " Yes," said I, '• it did indirectly, though, as 
 we have seen, the world had been prepared by 
 other events, for advances in freedom of thought, 
 as well as for reform in religious matters." 
 

 
 imn:^ 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE AGE OF CHARLES THE FIFTH. 
 
 Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back, 
 
 When gold and silver becks me to come on ! — A'///^ yoAft. 
 
 EAR papa ! " Gerty exclaimed one day, 
 " I was much interested in what you 
 told us about Luther and his times in 
 Germany, and have been wondering whether 
 all people were at that time involved in disputes 
 about religion, as he and those about him were." 
 
 " I am glad you have enough curiosity and 
 thought to ask this question. It is a very nat- 
 ural one, and I shall try to-day to show you 
 that in Germany and elsewhere some other 
 matters engaged a great deal of attention. 
 Have you forgotten when Columbus discov- 
 ered America ? " 
 
 " We have not forgotten that, and never 
 shall," both Gerty and Lily answered, " because 
 America is our home, and we love it. It was 
 discovered in the year 1492." 
 
 " Just at that time/' I went on, " there was a 
 
S8 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 sickly little boy playing about one of the small 
 towns in the old province of Estremandura, in 
 the western part of Spain. His parents were 
 of a high family but poor, and the little fellow 
 was often quite ill, and on several occasions 
 came very near losing his life by disease. His 
 parents, poor as they were, sent him to school, 
 and, when he was fourteen years old, to college ; 
 but he did not like study, and after spending 
 two years at college, he ran away and went 
 home. This was nine years after the discovery 
 of this continent, and as he was no better con- 
 tented at home, little Hernando, for that was 
 his name, made up his mind to go to the new 
 world to seek his fortune." 
 
 ** What did his father and mother say to 
 that t " asked Lily. 
 
 ** I do not know what they said, but I can 
 tell you what they did. They probably thought 
 they could not manage Hernando at home, or, 
 perhaps, they concluded the sea air and the new 
 climate would do his health good, or for some 
 other reason, they not only allowed him to go, 
 but gave him their blessing, and some money 
 when he started." 
 
 '' I don't believe Lily knows where Spain is," 
 said Gerty, as she spread the map of the world 
 before her younger sisters. 
 
THE AGE OF CHARLES THE FIFTH. 89 
 
 " Yes, I do," Lily rejoined. '' We looked it 
 out when we were talking about the Vandals. 
 Here is the New World, too, on the Western 
 Hemisphere, and here is Germany, northeast 
 of Spain. We have talked of all these countries 
 before." 
 
 *' Look at the Western Hemisphere and see 
 whether you can find Mexico," said I. 
 
 Quick as thought Lily replied, ** Here it is, 
 between the Gulfs of Mexico and California." 
 
 " And here, in the middle of Mexico, is a 
 city of the same name," added Gerty. 
 
 " Very good ! " said I. " Young Hernando 
 sailed first for the West India islands, where 
 he not only work«ed to get gold, which he loved 
 very much, but also distinguished himself in 
 the conquest by the Spanish army of one of 
 the islands, which you see is called Cuba. This 
 army was commanded by a general named Ve- 
 lasquez, who had come out with Columbus on 
 h-is second voyage." 
 
 " You have only told us Hernando's first 
 name," Lily suggested. 
 
 " His family name was Cortez," said I, " and, 
 as he is known by that name in history, we had 
 better call him by it in our talk. He was a 
 graceful young man when he left home, and was 
 now able to perform the exercises of a soldier 
 
90 SEVEN- msTORIC AGES. 
 
 wonderfully well. He had also grown mature, 
 and was cool and experienced. His character 
 and accomplishments led to his appointment 
 as commander of an expedition to Mexico, for 
 the Spaniards always coveted gold, and having 
 heard of the riches of that country, determined 
 to conquer it. After making preparation Cor- 
 tez sailed and landed on the coast of Mexico 
 in the year 15 19. The natives were surprised 
 at his horses, and frightened by his cannon. 
 Cortez found that the king's name was Mon- 
 tezuma. 
 
 " * Has your king silver and gold ? ' asked 
 Cortez. 
 
 *' ' He has,' the people replied. 
 
 " ' Then let him send it me/ said the Span- 
 iard, * for I and my companions have a disease 
 of the heart that is cured by gold.' " 
 
 " He forgot the Bible when he said that," 
 Gerty exclaimed. " Do you remember the 
 verse auntie taught me } — 'He that loveth sil- 
 ver shall not be satisfied with silver ; nor he 
 that loveth abundance ivith increase! " 
 
 "Yes, he forgot that," said I, " but he 
 learned afterwards that it is true. Cortez 
 marched up to the city of Mexico, which Lily 
 uist now pointed out, and Montezuma received 
 him with great pomp, giving him a beautiful 
 
THE AGE OF CHARLES THE FIFTIL 9 1 
 
 palace to live in. I wish I could stop and tell 
 you all about this splendid city, but we have 
 not time. Cortez said it was the most beauti- 
 ful thing in the world, and he envied Monte- 
 zuma for owning it. Notwithstanding the 
 kindness with which he was treated, Cortez 
 suddenly made the Mexican king a prisoner 
 in his own magnificent palace, and threatened 
 to kill him, if he called for help." 
 
 •' What a wicked man Cortez was ! " ex- 
 claimed Gerty, indignantly. 
 
 " He placed Montezuma in irons," I contin- 
 ued, " and finally forced an immense amount 
 of gold from him, and caused him to swear to 
 be a subject of the king of Spain, Charles the 
 Fifth. But he had much trouble before he 
 conquered the Mexicans, and in the course of 
 the wars Montezuma and Guatimozin, who was 
 king after him, both lost their lives." 
 
 " It shocks me," said Lily, " to know that 
 all the great soldiers we hear of were so very 
 cruel." 
 
 " Too often they are cruel," said I, " and es- 
 pecially when fighting to get gold, for then 
 they appear to think nothing too bad for them 
 to do. Like Faulconbridge in Shakespeare's 
 play they are ready to be cursed by the priest's 
 terrible ' bell, book, and candle ' curse, or to 
 
92 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 suffer any distress to gain their ends. Cortez 
 was no exception. He gained much gold for 
 himself and his king at the expense of cruelty 
 and murder ; but he was treated cruelly him- 
 self and never was rewarded as he expected to 
 have been. But I cannot tell you more about 
 him now." 
 
 " Please tell us about King Charles, then," 
 Gerty urged. 
 
 " When Columbus wished ships to sail west- 
 ward he received aid, as you have learned, from 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, who reigned in Spain, 
 and Charles was a grandson of this Ferdinand. 
 He was much younger than Cortez, and was 
 only sixteen years old when he became king." 
 
 " That was pretty young," Gerty interposed. 
 
 " But no younger than the Black Prince was 
 at the battle of Cressy," added Lily. 
 
 " He was quite young, though," said I, " and 
 especially for so great a kingdom as he was 
 called to rule. He became king of Spain and 
 all its scattered colonies on the death of his 
 mother's father, and in two or three, years his 
 father's father died, and that made him em- 
 peror of Germany also. He was not born in 
 Spain, but in Belgium, and had been educated 
 there, and as his father was not a Spaniard, 
 Charles did not possess the sympathy of his 
 
THE AGE OF CHARLES THE FIFTH. 93 
 
 subjects in Spain. Besides this, he was stern 
 and grave, while his subjects were lively, 
 spirited, and gay. He was the first king of 
 Spain called Charles, and the fifth emperor of 
 Germany of the name. He is therefore called 
 Charles I. of Spain, and Charles V. of Germany. 
 Charles was very ambitious, and boasted of the 
 extent of his dominions, saying that the sun 
 never set on them, which indeed it never did, 
 for he ruled countries on both sides of the globe, 
 so that when it was night in one part it was 
 bright day in some other part." 
 
 " Do you understand that, Lily } " asked 
 Gerty, with her patronzing air. 
 
 " Of course I do ! " Lily rejoined, a little of- 
 fended at the insinuation of her elder sister. 
 
 " One of the first acts of Charles's reign in 
 Germany," I continued, " was the trial of Martin 
 Luther for heresy, or for his opposition to the 
 Romish Church. This occurred at the city of 
 Worms, in 1521, and of it you will read in his- 
 tory." 
 
 " What a queer name for a city ! " said Lily. 
 
 " It may sound oddly to you, but it does not 
 to the Germans, who do not pronounce it as 
 you do. We cannot consider all the events of 
 this age to-day, but you may remember that it 
 was a very important era in Germany and 
 
94 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Spain, as we have already seen it was in Italy, 
 and as you will also find it was in England." 
 
 "Who was kins; of Ensfland at the time?'' 
 inquired Gerty. 
 
 " Henry the Eighth was king of England," 
 I answered, *' and Erancis the Eirst of Erance. 
 You will remember Henry and Erancis from a 
 celebrated meeting they had in Erance, which 
 was so magnificent as to be always known as 
 the " Eield of the Cloth of Gold." Perhaps I 
 may tell you about that one day. But let us go 
 back to King Charles. Besides working hard 
 to make his dominions greater and greater, 
 which caused him to engage in bloody wars, he 
 also tried to make all his subjects Romanists. 
 This was the reason he tried to keep Luther 
 from preaching Protestantism, and this, too, 
 was one of the aims of Cortez in Mexico. But 
 neither of them was immediately successful, 
 for though Mexico is now a Roman Catholic 
 country, the natives under Montezuma and 
 Guatimozin strongly resisted the efforts of 
 Cortez to introduce that belief, and Germany 
 is now a Protestant country." 
 
 " How long did Charles the Eifth reign } " 
 Lily inquired. 
 
 "Your question," said T, "brings us to one 
 of the most remarkable acts of this great kinof. 
 
THE AGE OF CHARLES THE FIFTH. 95 
 
 Some years before his death he conchided that 
 he could not continue to direct and lead in 
 matters of state so successfully as he had long 
 done, and so, gathering a splendid assembly in 
 the city of Brussels, he resigned a portion of 
 his power to his son, who became Philip the 
 Second of Spain. At another time he gave up 
 the empire of Germany to his brother Ferdi- 
 nand. When he had transferre\ all cf his 
 dominions to other hands, he retired to a 
 convent. The place which he selected for his 
 home was the convent of St. Yuste, among the 
 romantic mountains in the north of Estreman- 
 dura, in Spain. There he had prepared a very 
 elegant suite of apartments, and they were 
 furnished with every luxury that taste and 
 art could supply. There, surrounded by the 
 peaceful beauties of nature without, and with 
 gold and paintings, statuary and books within, 
 he spent his last days feasting his body, and 
 employing his mind with the movements of 
 those public affairs that he had tried in vain to 
 control. He died in 1558, an exemphfication 
 of the lines — 
 
 " * Kings are like stars — they rise and set — they have 
 The worship of the world, but no repose. ' " 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 THREE QUEENS. 
 
 In lier diys every man shall eat in safety 
 
 Under his own vine, wiiat he ]3lants ; and sing 
 
 The merry songs of peace to all his neighbors ; 
 
 God shall be truly known. Shakespeare. 
 
 
 OU told ns that the king of England 
 who reigned at the time of Charles V. 
 was named Henry, and I have been 
 wishing to know more about him." So Gerty 
 opened our conversation one warm autumn 
 day. 
 
 " There would be a great deal to interest us 
 in the history of King Henry," I replied, " but 
 now that your curiosity is exxited, I shall let 
 you read about it. Our talk to-day will be 
 about three queens, two of whom were his 
 daughters. Two of these were named Mary, 
 and the other Elizabeth. The first Mary was 
 born about the time Charles was crowned king 
 of Spain, and became queen of England in 
 1553. ^vhich was two 3^ears before Charles gave 
 up the authority to his son." 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND, 97 
 
 " When was Queen Elizabeth born ? " asked 
 Lily. 
 
 " When her sister Mary was crowned, Eliz- 
 abeth was twenty years old," I replied, "and 
 having been very carefully educated, was a 
 young lady of many accomplishments," 
 
 " Was not Mary well educated too ? " Gerty 
 inquired. 
 
 " Certainly," said I, " Mary was highly edu- 
 cated, but she grew up to be a very different 
 woman from her sister." 
 
 "Did they not have the same teachers?" 
 asked Lily. 
 
 " They did not, and for more than one reason. 
 You may be surprised when I tell you that little 
 Mary was engaged to be married to one of her 
 cousins, almost before her school-days began." 
 
 " How old was she 1 To whom was she 
 engaged t My school-days have already begun, 
 may I be engaged, papa .? " Gerty exclaimed al- 
 most out of breath. 
 
 " Mary was about seven years old," I con- 
 tinued without answering Gerty's questions, 
 "and the young gentleman was fourteen years 
 older than she. You have heard of him. His 
 name was Charles " — 
 
 " Oh ! Charles the Fifth ! " exclaimed Gerty. 
 " Was Mary engaged to Charles the Fifth ? " 
 7 
 
^S SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " Right," said I. " Little Mary was engaged 
 to be married to Charles V., and to please him, 
 she was educated after the Spanish fashion. 
 Her father did not like the Pope, nor the 
 Romanists, but was willing to do anything to 
 please so powerful a ruler as Charles, and for 
 this poor reason he made a little Romanist 
 of his daughter, whom he said he loved very 
 much." 
 
 *• Did King Henry really love Mary ? " Lily 
 asked. 
 
 " I suppose he really did," said L 
 
 " When was Mary married 1 " asked all the 
 girls at once. 
 
 " Of course you do not suppose she was 
 married very soon after her engagement, and 
 her long engagement proved not the best 
 thing in the world. Before little Mary was 
 old enough to be a wife, her lover changed 
 his mind, and afterwards married another lady 
 named Isabella." 
 
 " Did Mary ever marry any one } " asked 
 Lily. 
 
 *' Yes," I replied, " a number of years later 
 she married Philip, king of Spain, who was a 
 son of her cousin Charles. Philip did not love 
 Mary, and lived in Spain the most of his time, 
 while she was deeply in love with him, and 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND. 99 
 
 allowed his views to exert a great influence 
 over her actions." 
 
 " Was this the queen whom I have heard 
 called Bloody Mary ? " asked Lily. 
 
 " The same," I answered, " and well she 
 deserves the title. She was a very strong 
 Romanist, and thought every one who differed 
 from her in religious faith ought to be pun- 
 ished. She caused nearly three hundred per- 
 sons to be burned to death in three years, 
 only because they were Protestants.'' 
 
 " How terrible ! " exclaimed little Pearl. 
 "When I only burned my hand the other 
 day, it made me cry for pain, and I think it 
 must be dreadful to be burned to death ! " 
 
 " It is dreadful," I said, " to sit here in our 
 comfortable library and talk about it, but to 
 be tied up to a stake surrounded with faggots, 
 and there to be burned by cruel men, must be 
 indeed fearful ; and yet Mary was so barbarous 
 as to have two babies burned in this way, and 
 more than fifty women " — 
 
 " It makes me shudder to think of it," said 
 Gerty. " Let us hear now about the other 
 queens." 
 
 *' Well," said I, "first there is Elizabeth. She 
 is called. Good Queen Bess, which shows that 
 her reputation is very different from her sister's. 
 
ICO SEVEN- HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 This affectionate title is given her because she 
 is loved." 
 
 " Please papa, tell us about her life when she 
 was young," Gerty urged. 
 
 " Oh do ! " exclaimed Lily. " I love to think 
 of the great people as once children, and feel 
 better acquainted with them for it." 
 
 " Little Elizabeth was born in her father's 
 palace at Greenwich," said I "on the seventh 
 of September, 1533, and, a few days after, 
 was christened at the same place, the cele- 
 brated Archbishop Cranmer being her god- 
 father. Shakespeare gives a poetical account of 
 this ceremony at the end of the last act of his 
 play of Henry VI I L" 
 
 " What was her mother's name ! " Lily asked. 
 "Elizabeth's mother was named Anne Bullen .? " 
 I replied, " and she was younger than Catherine, 
 the mother of her sister Mary. After a few 
 years Anne's husband caused her to be put to 
 death, and then he married another woman 
 named Jane Seymour." 
 
 "What was poor Queen Anne put to death 
 for 1 " Lily inquired with much interest. 
 
 " The story of Anne Bullen's sad death, and 
 the causes of it, form a very interesting chapter 
 of history, but we can hardly stop to con.sider 
 it to-day. Her daughter Elizabeth was very 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND. lOI 
 
 carefully educated, and, like Mary, was much 
 courted by persons who wished to marry her. 
 However, she never was married. She became 
 quite learned, understanding Latin, French, 
 Italian, Spanish, and other languages, and be- 
 ing able to write pretty good poetry. Her 
 most distinguished teacher, Roger Ascham, 
 was the first writer on education in our lan- 
 guage." 
 
 " Do ladies learn so many things nowadays, 
 papa?" asked Gerty. 
 
 " Very few do, my dear," I answered, " but 
 I think it would be a good plan for some of 
 them to study more than they do. Don't 
 you } " 
 
 Both the older girls agreed with me, and I 
 continued : " Elizabeth differed from her sister 
 in that she was a Protestant, and when Mary 
 died in 1558, the people were almost wild with 
 joy, for they hated her, and were glad Eliz- 
 abeth was to be queen. They had reason to 
 be glad, as we shall see. Among her first 
 acts, the new queen, on the first Christmas 
 Day, put herself at the head of the Protestant 
 world, and sent friendly messages to the Prot- 
 estant sovereigns. Not long after she restored 
 the Church of England service in the churches, 
 gave people the right to use the Bible in their 
 
102 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 own language, and thus forever constituted 
 Protestantism the religion of England. Were 
 these not acts proper to rejoice over ? " 
 
 "Indeed they were ! " Gerty exclaimed, and 
 then suddenly changing the subject, she said, 
 " I have found a very old paper which has in 
 it a picture of Queen Elizabeth looking at a 
 Christmas play. Here it is." 
 
 "A very fine picture,'' I said, examining it, 
 "but not so old as you suppose. I took it 
 myself from the * London, Illustrated News' for 
 Christmas, 1858." 
 
 " That was before I was born, though," said 
 Gerty. 
 
 " Let us look at the picture," said I. " Here 
 is the proud queen on her canopied throne, 
 with her royal arms behind her, and the ele- 
 gant train of her robe spreads in graceful folds 
 over the steps. See those rings on her fingers, 
 .and the pearls and precious stones in her hair 
 end about her great ruffled collar ! Around 
 her, too, are her courtiers. Gentle Will Shakes- 
 peare, as he is called, is bowing to the queen, 
 for it is his play of * Love's Labor's Lost,' which 
 is in progress. Just in front of the royal party 
 is the stage, on which Don Armado and Moth 
 are discoursing about love. We can only imag- 
 ine who, besides the queen and the poet, con- 
 
THE GOLDEN' AGE OF ENGLAND. 103 
 
 stitute the audience, and perhaps we will do 
 as well to go on with our history." 
 
 " Oh ! how I do wish I had lived then ! " ex- 
 claimed Lily, " I should like to have sat at the 
 foot of the throne with that little page ! " 
 
 •' What else did Queen Elizabeth do ? " asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 " The picture you have just showed me," I 
 said, " reminds me that her reign, which was 
 very long, is remarkable for the great writers 
 who lived at the time. 
 
 " First among them was Shakespeare, who 
 wrote poems and plays so full of wisdom and 
 beauty, that no one has ever equaled him in 
 any country. I shall only mention three others, 
 Edmund Spenser, who was a graceful poet. 
 Lord Bacon, who was a deep philosopher, and 
 Walter Raleigh, of whom Sir Walter Scott has 
 given an attractive picture in his novel of 
 * Kenil worth.' Besides these writers there were 
 noble and scientific men who went out in ships 
 to discover and conquer new countries. The 
 people were active and enterprising, and the 
 queen encouraged them so much and so com- 
 pletely gained their good- will that for very 
 many years the day she became queen was 
 called Queen Elizabeth's Day, and was cele- 
 brated with enthusiastic love." 
 
104 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " You have forgotten, papa, that I asked what 
 the queen did, not what the people did," sug- 
 gested Gerty. 
 
 " What the people do," said I, " is often of 
 much greater importance than what the sov- 
 ereign does." 
 
 " Then please tell us about the other Mary, 
 and you may do it in your own way," said 
 Gerty. 
 
 "The year 1542," said I, as the girls ar- 
 ranged their seats anew about the table, — "the 
 year 1542, was a very exciting one in Scotland. 
 At the end of that year, and just one week 
 before her father died, a little girl was born, 
 who was afterwards known as Queen of Scots, 
 and who was destined to have as stormy and 
 excited days all through life, as her father had 
 seen the few months before she was born. Her 
 mother was Mary of Lorraine, a daughter of 
 the Duke of Guise, who founded in France a 
 celebrated family which became very prominent 
 in upholding the Romish religion, and had a 
 good deal to do with the Massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, of which we spoke once, you re- 
 member." 
 
 Gerty was always glad to have me speak of 
 anything of which I had told them before, and 
 low she exclaimed : " I remember that 1 " 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF EiVGLAA'D. 105 
 
 "This little girl was courted by a number 
 of persons, and when she was six years old, 
 was engaged to be married, to a young prince 
 named Francis, whose father was king of 
 France." 
 
 " What was his father's name ? " Lily asked. 
 
 " King Henry the Second," I repUed. *' He 
 was very active in persecuting Protestants, and 
 had a large number of them burned, just as 
 Queen Mary did. Because the little six-year- 
 old princess was engaged to a French prince, 
 she was sent over to France to be educated, 
 with four companions, each of whom was also 
 named Mary." 
 
 " That was funny ! " exclaimed Pearl. " Five 
 Marys all together ! " 
 
 "If you had gone with the Marys you would 
 have found the people about the king were all 
 Romanists. Henry's wife was Catherine de 
 Medici, of the same family to which Leo X. 
 belonged. She became the mother of three 
 kings of France, one of whom, Charles the 
 Ninth, she incited to give orders for the Mas- 
 sacre of St. Bartholomew. The court of flenry 
 n. was devoted to love and literature, and in 
 these things little Mary was educated. She 
 became a brilliant scholar, and was a beautiful 
 and gay young woman." 
 
I06 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 " Was she ever really queen ? " Lily asked. 
 
 "Yes," said I, "she became queen of both 
 France and Scotland, but her husband soon 
 died, and then she was only queen of Scot- 
 land. She returned to Edinljurgh and lived in 
 the famous Holyrood Palace. Mary's Romish 
 friends were now desirous of making her queen 
 of England, and made some moves to that 
 end." 
 
 " What did Elizabeth say to that t " asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 " Of course she did not like such pretensions 
 at all," said I, " and so she made a prisoner of 
 beautiful Mary, having her conveyed from one 
 pleasant castle to another, where she could 
 exert no power, for nineteen years. The story 
 of her confinement is as interesting as a novel, 
 and I hope you will read it when you are older. 
 Walter Scott has woven some of the romantic 
 incidents of her life into his novel entitled 
 * The Abbott,' and gives a faithful picture of 
 the poor, but charming queen. At the end 
 of the nineteen years beautiful Mary's head 
 was cut off, and she was released from her 
 earthly troubles." 
 
 " Did Queen Elizabeth do this 1 " Lily asked 
 with interest. 
 
 " A good many think she ordered the execu- 
 
THE GOLDEN- AGE OF ENGLAND. 10/ 
 
 tion, but she said it was done contrary to 
 her wishes, and pretended to be sorry for it. 
 Elizabeth lived and reigned sixteen years after 
 this, and when she died in 1603, Mary's son, 
 who was born at Holyrood, became king of 
 England and Scotland. He is called James 
 the First of England, and James the Sixth of 
 Scotland." 
 
 "Was he a Romanist like his mother? " asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 " No. He was educated in Scotland, and 
 was not much under his mother's influence. 
 One great event of his reign was the transla- 
 tion of the Bible in the year 161 1." 
 
 Gerty now looked on the library shelves, and 
 said she wondered whether the great Bible 
 there was King James's. 
 
 " Read the title," said I. 
 
 " The Holy Bible. An exact Reprint of the 
 Edition of \6\\',' she read. 
 
 "Yes," said I, "that is the Bible, just as it 
 was printed then. If you examine it, you will 
 find very little difference between it and the 
 copies in common use. Some of the words are 
 not spelled as we spell them now, and it seems 
 as though the letters ?/ and v, and 2 and/, had 
 changed places, but though, as you say, it looks 
 funny, the sense is the same." 
 
I08 SEVEN- HISTORIC ACES. 
 
 "We must hear a little more about Eliza- 
 beth, papa," said Gerty. 
 
 " I have only to add," said I, " that her reign 
 was very long and is considered the Golden 
 Age of England. She was a very plain woman 
 in appearance, and somewhat vain, but she was 
 a great sovereign. It is, however, rather the 
 large number of distinguished statesmen, sol- 
 diers, and scholars who were about her, which 
 gives the period its exalted place in the world's 
 history. Can you now give me the names of 
 the three queens of whom we have been talk- 
 ing?" 
 
 " I can ! " exclaimed Gerty. " Bloody Mary, 
 Good Queen Bess, and Mary Queen of Scots." 
 
 " Right," said I. ^' And now that we have 
 done let me say, that when you wish an interest- 
 ing book to read you will find some more about 
 Queen Elizabeth and her times, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's story of ' Kenilworth.' If you should 
 ever visit London, go to the beautiful West- 
 minster Abbey, and then you will be interested,, 
 as your papa was once, in examining the mon- 
 uments and reclining statues of all the Three 
 Queens." 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 THE PURITANS. 
 
 The Puretan would be judged by the Word of God. 
 
 John Seldox, a. d. 1650. 
 
 HY have we had no talks about our 
 
 own country ? 
 one 
 
 Gerty asked her papa 
 " Surely it would be 
 very interesting to learn all about it. We have 
 spoken several times of its discovery in 1492 
 by Christopher Columbus, but to what has oc- 
 curred during the three centuries since that 
 time we have hardly referred." 
 
 ** This is a very good time for us to take up 
 our own history," I replied, " for more reasons 
 than one. Perhaps you saw something in the 
 book on the library table the other day, about 
 ' Forefather's Day.' Can either of you tell me 
 what day that is ? " 
 
 "I saw the book," Gerty replied, "and I 
 remember that it spoke of the twenty-first 
 of December as ' Forefather's Day.' " 
 
no SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "It is SO called," I continued, "because on 
 that day in the year 1620 the Puritan fathers 
 of New England landed at Plymouth, on Cape 
 Cod, in what is now the State of Massachusetts. 
 It was, as you notice, during the reign of King 
 James the First, of whom we just spoke. We 
 shall talk to-day about the Puritans in England, 
 and shall naturally refer to the history of Amer- 
 ica ; but as it was a hundred and fifty years 
 after the landing of the Pilgrims that our 
 government was formed, its history is hardly 
 old enough to take its place among the Ages." 
 
 "Please tell us about the Puritans, then, 
 papa," said Lily. 
 
 " But who were the * Pilgrims ' .'* I notice you 
 spoke just now of them," said Gerty. " Were 
 they Puritans } " 
 
 " You have asked a very good question, and 
 I am glad to answer it, for many who are much 
 older than you, and even some who think they 
 know enough to write books, appear not to 
 know that the two words do not describe the 
 same people. We know that our forefathers 
 who lived as long ago as the days of good 
 Queen Bess, belonged to the Church of Eng- 
 land, and in their worship used a book of prayer 
 almost the same that is now used in the Epis- 
 copal Church in America." 
 
-<ir''' ^^^^<^^^xi^il^' 
 
 Leyden Strict, r'yn.o t'l. VaBs. ^ec pajjo 11 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND. \\l 
 
 " Oh, I knew that," exclaimed Lily, " for I 
 have read parts of the little Prayer-book that 
 you used when you were in England, and all 
 the difference I could see was, that instead of 
 the prayer for the President, there are prayers 
 for Queen Victoria and her family." 
 
 '' Well," I continued, " as long ago as the 
 year 1550, which was in the reign of Edward 
 the Sixth, a certain clergyman named John 
 Hooper refused to be consecrated as bishop in 
 the robes prescribed by the Church of England. 
 He intended to protest against practices that 
 he considered too much like those of the Church 
 of Rome." 
 
 " I admire a man who will make such a pro- 
 test ! " exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 '' So do I," Lily added. 
 
 " You are right. These practices were, 
 some of them, at least, very harmless, and 
 most gooti people, nowadays, would think it 
 not worth while to protest against them. But 
 Hooper and others who sympathized with him 
 were strong men, and wished to stop the first 
 tendency toward Romanism. When Mary 
 reigned he and they removed to Geneva and 
 other places for safety, and it was thirteen 
 years before the next decisive step was taken. 
 In the year 1563 Bishop Coverdale refused to 
 
112 SE VEN HISTORIC A GES. 
 
 subscribe to tbe liturgy and ceremonies of the 
 Church of England, and four years afterwards 
 many of the Puritan clergymen separated them- 
 selves from the Church of England entirely. 
 It was from the last class that the ' Pilgrim 
 Fathers ' came. So you see that the Puritans 
 were members of the Church of England, while 
 the Pilgrims were not." 
 
 " That is vei-y plain," said Gerty. '' But I 
 should have supposed that some effort would 
 have been made to keep these people from 
 going out of their Church." 
 
 " There were cruel laws enacted against 
 them," I answered, " and they were persecuted, 
 but their numbers continually increased, so 
 that there were many thousands of* Brownists* 
 in England besides those who had gone to 
 America." 
 
 *' Who were the ' Brownists,' " asked Gerty. 
 
 " One of the preachers who separated from 
 the Church of England was Robert Brown, and 
 his name was afterwards given to those who 
 agreed with him in his views. Here is a little 
 book of the period, in which the word Puritan 
 is spelled Purctan, and from that you can see 
 the origin of the name. It meant that those 
 who held it longed for purity in themselves, 
 and to have the whole Church /?/r^." 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND, II3 
 
 " I think such persons ought not to be 
 troubled by persecutions," said Gerty. 
 
 " Ow^l anybody be persecuted ? " asked Lily. 
 
 " No," I replied. " All persecution is wrong. 
 But it made the Puritans all the more strong, 
 and Mr. Carlyle, who is a very forcible writer, 
 and admires the Puritans, says they were the 
 last heroes of the world, and believed 'That 
 an Almighty Justice does verily rule this 
 world ; that it is good to fight on the Lord's 
 side, and bad to fight on the devil's side.' " 
 
 " We all believe that, papa," said Lily ; " are 
 we all heroes t " 
 
 " It is not the belief that makes us heroes," 
 I replied, " but it is the way in which we meet 
 persecution. If we were to be persecuted for 
 our belief, and were to suffer heroically, we too 
 should be heroes. But you must let me go on 
 with my story. In 1620 the Pilgrims landed 
 in America. The struggles between the Cav- 
 aliers and the Puritans in England did not 
 stop, however, when they sailed away on the 
 Mayflower. 
 
 " Who were the * Cavaliers' } " asked Lily. 
 
 " Those who supported the established 
 Church were called Cavaliers, and the mem- 
 bers of the other party, because they wore short 
 hair, Roundheads. Five years after the Pil- 
 
114 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 grims sailed, King James the First died, and 
 his son Charles the First became king. The 
 troubles between the Cavaliers and Roundheads 
 grew worse. They were not confined by any 
 means to religious affairs. The Paritans said 
 they wished to see purity in the government 
 also. Wars followed, and daring these Oliver 
 Cromwell, an officer in the army of the Round- 
 heads came into great prominence. He was a 
 very earnest and forcible man, and, though 
 his character has been bitterly assailed by 
 many enemies, Mr. Carlyle places him above 
 all the heroes of Greece and Rome, saying that 
 he ' was the soul of the Puritan revolt, without 
 whom it had never been a revolt transcendently 
 memorable and an epoch in the world's his- 
 tory.' The result of the wars was that King 
 Charles was defeated, and beheaded in the 
 year 1649. Oliver Cromwell then became 
 ruler with the title of Protector, instead of 
 King." 
 
 " Did Cromwell rule England long } " asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 "No," I replied. "He died in 1658, and in 
 1660, a son of the late king took his place on 
 the throne of England as Charles the Second. 
 He was a dissipated man, and ruled very badly. 
 He died in 1685, and was succeeded by his 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND, UJ 
 
 brother, who is called James the Second. 
 James was another bad ruler, and in 1688 was 
 obliged to give up the throne, and the line of 
 sovereigns of the Stuart family, to which Mary 
 Queen of Scots, the two Charleses and two 
 Jameses belonged, ended. Now let us return 
 to our Pilgrims. Where did we leave them } " 
 
 "Why, we left them separated from the 
 Church of England, on the cold shores of Ply- 
 mouth, in December, 1620," Gerty promptly 
 answered. 
 
 " Yes, there they were," I continued. 
 " Gerty, will you read this paragraph which I 
 have marked in one of Mr. Carlyle's essays. 
 They had come over to America on the Maj/- 
 flozver, remember." 
 
 Gerty read, " Thou little Mayjlozver hadst in 
 thee a veritable Promethean spark ; the life 
 spark of the largest Nation on our Earth, — so 
 we may already name the Transatlantic Saxon 
 Nation. They were seeking leave to hear 
 sermons in their own method, these Mayflower 
 Puritans ; a most honest, indispensable seaixh : 
 and yet like Saul the son of Kish, seeking a 
 small thing, they found this unexpected great 
 thing. Honor to the brave and true ; they 
 verily, we say, carry fire from Heaven, and have 
 power that themselves dream not of. Let all 
 
Il6 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 men honor Puritanism, since God has so hon- 
 ored it." 
 
 " I am sure Mr. Carlyle thinks as highly of 
 our forefathers as we can," said Gerty, as she 
 laid down the volume. " I don't understand 
 what he means by a ' Promethean spark.* " 
 
 " If you will open the * Dictionary of Noted 
 Names of Fiction,' and read you will find that 
 Prometheus was one of the heroes of the old 
 Mythology of Greece who is said to have made 
 men of clay, and then to have given them life 
 in some way by stealing fire from heaven, 
 Shakespeare says in * Love's Labor's Lost * 
 of women's eyes, that 
 
 ' They sparkle still the right Promethean fire,' 
 
 meaning that they interest, excite, stimulate, 
 those who look at them. As I glance into the 
 three pairs of little girls' eyes before me, I 
 think Shakespeare was right. Mr. Carlyle 
 means that the Pilgrims were the ones who 
 gave the first life to the American nation." 
 
 " But they did not make the first settlement 
 here, did they } " asked Lily. 
 
 " No, my dear. Mr. Carlyle says very truly 
 in another place that though, ' It was properly 
 the beginning of America, there were strag- 
 gling settlers before ; some material as of a body 
 was there ; but the soul of it was this 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND. Iiy 
 
 Puritanism was only despicable, laughable then ; 
 but nobody can manage to laugh at it now. It 
 is one of the strongest things under the sun at 
 present/ " 
 
 " Please tell us about some of the settlers 
 who came to America before the Pilgrims," 
 said Gerty. 
 
 " Do, please do, tell us about Pilgrim," said 
 Pearl, who had been too drowsy to attend to 
 the previous conversation, and had only waked 
 up in time to hear Gerty's last word. 
 
 " Papa isn't talking about your * Pilgrim's 
 Progress,' " said Lily, seeing Pearl's mistake. 
 
 " Spain was the first to send colonies to this 
 country," I resumed, " and we have talked of 
 what Pizzaro and Cortes did in Mexico and 
 Peru. Spain made the first settlement on our 
 own coast, at St. Augustine, in Florida, but the 
 power of Spain declined, and her colonies did 
 not thrive. Next Portugal colonized Brazil, 
 and settlers from France came to Canada, and 
 Louisiana. There was an English settlement 
 also at Jamestown, in Virginia, as early as 1607, 
 and New York was settled by the Dutch in 
 1 6 12, but we have no time to study these in 
 detail now. For a hundred years ail the set- 
 tlers in what is now the United States were 
 }oyal to England. They were of very different 
 
1 1 8 S£ VEN HISTORIC A CES. 
 
 origin and character, for there were the Puritans 
 in the East, the Romanists in Maryland, the 
 Quakers in Pennsylvania, the Dutch in New 
 York, and those who still adhered to the Church 
 of England in Virginia." 
 
 " The inhabitants were of as varied origin 
 and religious views as was possible," said 
 Gerty. 
 
 "A little more than a hundred years ago all 
 the colonies determined that it was best to be 
 no longer governed by the king of England, and 
 after issuing in a solemn way, a document 
 called the " Declaration of Independence," they 
 went to war, and at last were acknowledged to 
 be a free and independent nation." 
 
 " Which I hope we shall always be," said 
 Gerty. 
 
 " So do I," said Lily. 
 
 " And me too ! " exclaimed little Pearl, not 
 knowing what she wished, but only anxious to 
 be with her sisters. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE GOLDEN AGE OF FRANCE. 
 
 A GREAT PALACE AND A GREAT KIXG. 
 
 Oh, that deceit shouM dwell 
 In such a gorseous palace. 
 
 Ronteo and yitlici. 
 
 [F you will look back at the first chapter 
 of our talks about the Ages you will see 
 r^'^i^l that Gerry began our pleasant task by 
 making some mistaken remarks on the Age of 
 Pericles, and that we were on the cars at the 
 time. We were on our way to the Thanksgiv- 
 ing turkey then, and now, as we begin to speak 
 of the last one of our Seven Ages, we are just 
 ready for another railway trip, for the President 
 has called us to give thanks again, and we are 
 looking forward with joy to a meeting of uncles 
 and aunts, nieces and nephews, grandpapa and 
 grandmamma, granddaughters and grandsons, 
 and brothers and sisters, about the central 
 home table. While wo have chatted in our 
 library the various members of the circle which 
 is now to be formed again, have looked down 
 
120 SEVEN HISTORIC ACES. 
 
 upon the world from the tops of the Green and 
 White Mountains in their native land, from the 
 frosty old Alps in Switzerland, and the l-ofty 
 Grampians of Scotland. In their travels they 
 have crossed lake and ocean, have shot down 
 the rapids of the St. Lawrence and the arrowy 
 Rhone, have sailed among the beauties of the 
 picturesque Rhine and the romantic Hudson. 
 They have crossed the great prairies of America 
 and the wet lowlands of Holland. One of them 
 has journeyed several thousand miles to see the 
 sun darkened, and the moon refusing to give 
 her light. Another walking through the gay 
 palaces to which the French resort, has seen 
 the riches of Versailles, that wonderful creation 
 of the wonderful monarch of whom we shall 
 now speak. 
 
 I had hinted to the girls that this was to be 
 our subject, and several times Jhey had eagerly 
 inquired when I should begin. To-day the 
 wind whistled among the trees, but the sun 
 shone very brightly through the western win- 
 dows as we gathered around the library fire. 
 
 " We have talked about Greece, Italy, Ger- 
 many, Spain, and England," said I, " and now 
 we have something to say about France. We are 
 to speak of a little boy king who became very 
 celebrated, ruled a great nation, was engaged 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF FRANCE. 121 
 
 in many wars, and built on2 of ths greatest 
 palaces of the world. We have spoken several 
 times of the date at which the Pilgrims landed 
 at Plymouth, as it helps us remember other 
 dates. Eighteen years after that event, the 
 queen of France became the mother of a little 
 boy. She was so glad and the people were so 
 glad that they called him God-given." 
 
 " I thought all babies were given by God," 
 said Lily. 
 
 *' In one sense they are," said I, " but to 
 return to our baby-prince. When he was five 
 years old his father, Louis XIII., died, and 
 he became king of France. ' He could not 
 govern the country at that age, of course, and 
 therefore his mother, who was named Anne, 
 and an Italian named Mazarin managed affairs 
 for him." 
 
 " What did the little fellow do, while his 
 mother and the Italian were governing France 
 for him t " asked Gerty. 
 
 " What was his name 1 " asked Lily. " You 
 forgot to tell us, papa." 
 
 " His name was Louis," said I, " and as his 
 father was the thirteenth of the name among 
 the French kings, our hero was called Louis 
 XIV. You ask what he did. He ought to 
 have been studying, but he was not taught 
 
122 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 many things. He was allowed to play, and 
 especially with guns and drums. It must have 
 been pretty noisy at St. Germain, where he 
 lived, for he was a vahi, proud, and stubborn 
 boy, and when he wished to drum, I think he 
 would have done it loud and long. He was 
 forced to sleep on worn and ragged sheets, and 
 was not allowed • to dress so richly as many 
 princes dress, because Mazarin was avaricious, 
 and loved to save money. Boys who are 
 brought up stingily by their parents often turn 
 out spendthrifts, and we shall see that when 
 Louis became older he spent his money very 
 lavishly. Daring this time France was very 
 much disturbed by riots and rebellions, and 
 the poor little king was obliged to wander from 
 place to place, and often to occupy very poor 
 quarters. He was not able to live peaceably 
 in Paris, which is the capital of France, until 
 after he was fourteen years old." 
 
 "That is very different from the life I sup- 
 posed young kings led," said Gerty. 
 
 " So I supposed," said I. " Little princes 
 and kings often have very hard times indeed. 
 The trouble this little Louis had, made him 
 long for quiet, and determined him to niake 
 his people behave themselves better, too. This 
 was one reason why he built the great palace 
 
THE GOLDEN- ACE OE ERANCE. 123 
 
 I spoke of, and it led him to rule the people 
 very strictly also. When he came to live in 
 Paris he declared himself of age, but he still 
 remained very much under the influence of 
 Mazarin, who was a Romish cardinal." 
 
 " I do not know what a cardinal is," said 
 Gerty. 
 
 " I supposed you did not," I replied, " but 
 I tell you some things which you do not fully 
 understand, in order that you may be led to 
 think and ask questions. You may ask auntie, 
 or look in the dictionary, if you do not under- 
 stand any word I use. I tol 1 you Louis had 
 not been thoroughly educated, and Cardinal 
 Mazarin took advantage of his ignorance. The 
 young king had good sense, however, and a 
 sound judgment." 
 
 " Was Louis ever married } " Gerty asked. 
 
 " Yes, in i65d, when he was twenty-two years 
 old, he married a young lady named Maria 
 Theresa, who was descended from Philip IL of 
 Spain and Charles V. of Germany. Louis him- 
 self was descended from the de' Medici family, 
 to which Leo X. belonged. Maria was hand- 
 some, and good-natured, but of no great intel- 
 lect. She was just of her husband's age, and 
 though he did not love her much, he treated 
 her better than most kings have treated their 
 
124 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 "Well," said Lily, "how did Louis govern 
 after he was married ? " 
 
 "The next year after, that is in i66i," said 
 I, "Cardinal Mazarin died, and then Louis 
 determined to be king in reality, and he began 
 to show great force of character, as well as love 
 of order and power." 
 
 " HoTv did he show these traits ? " asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 " He did so in a variety of ways," said L 
 " When you read the history of his times, you 
 will find that he was engaged in many wars. 
 After each war there was a peace, and to help 
 you learn about the wars, I will now give you 
 the names of some of the treaties of peace. 
 There were the 
 
 Treaty of A ix-la- Chapel le in 1 66^y 
 
 Peace of Nimegnejt, in 1678, 
 
 Treaty of Rati sb on in 1684, 
 
 Peace of Ryswicky in 1697, 
 
 Treaty of UiJ^echt, in 171 3, and 
 
 Treaty of Radstadt, in 17 14." 
 
 " Oh ! papa," exclaimed Lily, " we can never 
 learn anything about these hard names ! " 
 
 " Lily," said Gerty, " I will tell you how to 
 learn all about them. We can find them all 
 mentioned in Miss Edwards's History of France, 
 I suppose, and we can learn a great deal more 
 
I 
 
 ' 'I 
 
 Isis 
 
 i" 
 
 I; 
 
 i' ''■ 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF FRANCE. 12$ 
 
 in larger histories, or in some encyclopaedia. 
 At least, I intend to search and see." 
 
 "Just right," said I, "I wish you to know 
 who made the treaties I have mentioned, and 
 what they had been fighting about before the 
 peace was made. Now there were in France, 
 during the reign of Louis XIV., a great many 
 distinguished men of letters, warriors, states- 
 men, and philosophers, and these were brought 
 near the king to help carry out his grand designs. 
 I told you he built a great palace. He was born 
 at St. Germain, near Paris, which had been the 
 home of the kings of France for many, many 
 years. He did not like the old place, however, 
 and as soon as he was married began to build 
 his great palace at Versailles. There he laid 
 out elegant grounds, and made drives, lakes, 
 and fountains which cost the French people, 
 immense amounts of money." 
 
 " Did you see this palace } " asked Lily. 
 
 " Yes," I replied, " I went all through the 
 grounds, and all over the palace. I did not see 
 the fountains play, for they cost thousands of 
 dollars every time they are shown, and are 
 therefore only allowed to play once a month, 
 on Sunday." 
 
 " I think it must be a grand sight," said 
 Gerty. " I saw a picture of them in " Appleton's 
 
126 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Journar' the other day, and I wish I could see 
 them really." 
 
 " Bat you would have to stay away from 
 church," Lily mildly suggested. 
 
 " I did not think of that," Gerty replied, "but 
 I think I should like to see them, anyhow." 
 
 " I should like to give you an idea of the size 
 of the palace at Versailles," said I. " One side 
 of it is a quarter of a mile long, and it is full of 
 splendid rooms, containing pictures, statues, and 
 other costly ornaments in great profusion. But 
 I must change the subject. Shakespeare says : 
 * The evil that men do lives after them,' which 
 is true in the case of the great Louis XIV. 
 You have heard of the Huguenots " — 
 
 " Oh yes ! " Gerty interrupted me by exclaim- 
 ing. " Here is a book that tells all about them." 
 
 " I remember hearing that little cousin Bertha, 
 was called de la Vergne, because her mother's 
 ancestors were Huguenots, but I never knew 
 what Huguenots, were," added Lily. 
 
 "Huguenots were French Protestants," I ex- 
 plained. " Although Louis was a Romanist, he 
 found these people so devotedly patriotic that 
 he did not disturb them for many years. But 
 after he had reigned forty-two years, he revoked 
 the laws that gave them protection in their re- 
 lio^ion. Finding that he could not make Roman- 
 ists of them, he gave his people power to im- 
 
THE GOLDEN AGE OF FRANCE. \2J 
 
 prison, torture, and kill them. This caused a 
 terrible time. P^orty or fifty thousand Hugue- 
 nots fled to England, where they became valu- 
 able citizens. Seven hundred of their churches 
 were destroyed, and a \Q\-y large number of the 
 people were cruelly put to death. Louis thought 
 he had made France all Romish, but his coun'try 
 had sustained a great loss, and it will always be 
 a blar^k spot on his character." 
 
 How many terrible events we do read of in 
 history ! " exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 "This was a religious disturbance," said I, 
 "and you remember that w^e found that such 
 are the most bloody of all wars or revolutions." 
 "I remember," said Gerty, *' St. Earlhol- 
 omew's Day, the Sicilian Vespers, and the Mas- 
 sacre of St. Brice. They were all terrible." 
 
 " Now," said I, "we must end our talks about 
 the Ages, and I will give you the names of some 
 of the celebrated men and women who lived in 
 the Golden Age of France. Louis XIV. reigned 
 from 1643 to 1 71 5, and it was one of the longest, 
 as well as one of the most despotic reigns any 
 sovereign has ever had." 
 
 " Now papa, please give us the names you 
 spoke of," said Gerty. 
 
 "There was Cardinal Richelieu, who died 
 when Louis was four years old ; Cardinal Maza- 
 rin, of whom we have spoken ; the Prince of 
 
128 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Conde ; Colbert ; Louvois ; Turenne ; William 
 of Orange ; Charles the Second, king of Eng- 
 land ; Madame de Maintenon ; the Marchioness 
 de Montespan ; Madame de Sevigne ; Corneille ; 
 Racine ; Moliere ; La Fontaine ; Boileau ; Bos- 
 suet ; Bourdaloue ; Massillon ; and Fenelon. 
 I wish you would make a list of these names 
 on the left hand side of a sheet of paper, then 
 find out what each one was distinguished for, 
 and when he was born and died. Write this 
 information after each name thus : — 
 
 " ' La Fontaine, poet, writer of fables, — born 
 1621, died 1695." 
 
 " ' Bossuet, orator, theologian, — born 1627, 
 died 1704.' " 
 
 " I can do that, papa," said Gerty. 
 
 " When you have done it all," said I, " bring 
 your papers to me. I think you will find it will 
 teach you a great deal about the times of Louis 
 XIV. in a very pleasant way." 
 
 " I wish you had told us to do that for all the 
 Ages," said Lily. 
 
 " You dear little girl ! " I exclaimed. " You 
 are always anticipating me. I was just about 
 to advise you to do the same for each period 
 we have discussed. When you need help go to 
 your teachers or come to me. But we must 
 stop. We are done with all of our Ages, but 
 I hope you will not forget them." 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 CHARACTERS IN THE SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Enough has been said, I think, to show that history contains no mean 
 revelations. — Dr. Arnold. 
 
 NCE more the children are gathered 
 around the library table, and they have 
 not forgotten the request made of them 
 that was mentioned in the last chapter. They 
 have each brought papers covered with names 
 and dates and records of facts. It is surprising 
 to find how much interested they have become 
 in learning more about the characters we have 
 talked of 
 
 Gerty says she has studied the life of King 
 John of England, of whom we have not spoken. 
 She says she thought he was a good king, be- 
 cause he signed the " Magna Charta," but that 
 she found him to have been one of the meanest 
 kings England ever had. You see Gerty read 
 more than the subjects we have talked about, 
 and she says she is glad she has, for otherwise 
 she would not have known what the " Magna 
 9 
 
130 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Charta" was, and we read about it often. She 
 says it protects Englishmen against the abuses 
 of the king's power as feudal superior, and that 
 King John signed it in 1215, only because he 
 was forced to do so. 
 
 Gerty was more especially interested, how- 
 ever, in Mary Queen of Scots, and has read 
 about her a good deal. 
 
 Lily thinks that Elizabeth was a great and 
 wonderful queen, and is drawn towards her 
 much more than towards any of the other 
 characters. So I think it will be with all who 
 read this little book. One will like one char- 
 acter, and another will like a different one. I 
 do not expect all to be equally interested in 
 every Age even, though it is well for us all to 
 be informed about all parts of history. 
 
 In this book we have only made a beginning, 
 but we have learned something about a number 
 of different countries, and several periods of 
 history that we often read of and hear men- 
 tioned. I shall now end with a list of the prin- 
 cipal characters we have talked of, and will 
 give the dates at which they lived, just as I re- 
 quested the children to write them. I shall 
 also give the page of this book upon which 
 they are each mentioned. 
 
 Look over the list, and see if you would not 
 
CHARACTERS. 13I 
 
 like to know more about som-s character. If 
 you find such an one read about him in a good 
 history. See what he did more than you al- 
 ready know. See what he was remarkable for, 
 what men and women were about him, and 
 what influence they all had. It is very likely 
 this will lead you to read a good deal, as you 
 notice one name after another about which you 
 have curiosity, and thus you will find yourself 
 studying history without thinking that it is 
 study, and your fund of historical information 
 will increase in a very pleasant way. Gerty 
 has just told me that her Roman history is as 
 interesting as a story-book, which is very true, 
 for it is a true story about men who have really 
 lived and acted. Is it not more rational to like 
 to study what is true than what is false, — to 
 read some history rather than nothing but 
 novels and other stories that are made by 
 men t 
 
 Some stories are very good and very interest- 
 ing, and I do not mean that we should not 
 read them at all, but that we shall do well to 
 read a good deal of history also. 
 
 Now I will give you, as I promised, the list of 
 all the kings, queens, barbarians, and civilized 
 people whose names have occurred so far in 
 this book. Besides, I shall add a table of one 
 
132 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 hundred events in the history of the world. If 
 you can commit so many dates to memory, it 
 will be very well to do so. 
 
 LIST OF THE CHARACTERS IN THE SEVEN 
 HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Alaric, king of the West Goths and con- 
 queror of the Roman Empire, died a. d. 410. 
 Page 33. 
 
 Alfred, called the Great, king of England, 
 born 849, died 901. Page 49. 
 
 Alcuin, an English scholar, born at York 
 about 725, died at Tours, France, in 804. 
 
 Anaxagoras, an illustrious Greek philosopher, 
 born B. c. 500, died 428 b. c. Page 10. 
 
 Marc Antony, a Roman triumvir, and friend 
 of Julius Caesar, born b. c. 83, died 30 b. c. 
 Page 23. 
 
 Roger Ascham, the learned teacher of Queen 
 Elizabeth, born 15 15, died 1568. Page lOi. 
 
 Attila, king of the Huns, called "The 
 Scourge of God," died in 453. Page 37. 
 
 Augustus, emperor of Rome, from b. c. 31 
 to A. D. 14, born b. c. 63, died a. d. 14. 
 Page 24. 
 
 Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, chancellor 
 of England under James I., and one of the 
 
CHARACTERS. 133 
 
 greatest philosophers of the world, born 1561, 
 died 1626. 
 
 " Black Prince," Edward, Prince of Wales, 
 son of Richard III., born 1330, died 1376. 
 Page 73. 
 
 Nicholas Boileau-Despreaux, a French poet, 
 satirist, and critic, born 1636, died 171 1. Page 
 128. 
 
 James B6nigne Bossuet, a French bishop, 
 preacher, and writer, born 1627, died 1704. 
 Page 128. 
 
 Louis Bourdaloue, a French Jesuit preacher, 
 born 1632, died 1704. Page 128. 
 
 Marcus Junius Brutus, a Roman warrior, 
 and murderer of Caesar, born b. c. 85, died 
 
 B. C. 42. 
 
 Anne Bullen, wife of King Henry VIII., born 
 1507, died 1536. Her name is also spelled 
 Anne Boleyn. Page 21. 
 
 Caius Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, con- 
 queror of Gaul, born b. c. 100, assassinated 
 B. c. 44. Page 20. 
 
 Canute the Great, king of Denmark and 
 England, born about 995, died 1035. Page 53. 
 
 Catiline, Lucius Sergius, a Roman conspira- 
 tor, died B. c. 62. Page 29. 
 
 Charlemagne, emperor of France, born 742, 
 died 814. Page 45. 
 
134 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Charles IL, king of England, born 1630, 
 died 1685. Page 128. 
 
 Charles V., emperor of Germany, and king 
 of Spain, as Charles I., born 1500, died 1558. 
 Page '67. 
 
 Marcus Tiillius Cicero, a learned Roman 
 orator and statesman, born b. c. io5, died b. 
 c. 43. Page 24. 
 
 Jean Baptiste Colbert, a French financial 
 statesman, born 16 19, died 1683. Page 128. 
 
 Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, 
 born 1435, died 1505. Page y^. 
 
 Louis Conde, called the Great, a French 
 warrior and politician, born 1621, died 1686. 
 Page 28. 
 
 Pierre Corneille, called the Great, a French 
 dramatic poet, born i6o5, died 1684. 
 
 Cornelius-Nepos, a Latin historian who 
 flourished at the time of Augustus. Page 29. 
 
 Hernando Cortez, a Spanish warrior, who 
 conquered Mexico, born 1485, died 1554. 
 Page ^Z. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, the great Puritan leader, 
 born 1599, died 1658. Page 114. 
 
 Damon, a Greek musician of the time of 
 Pericles. Page 10. 
 
 Don Armado, a fantastical Spaniard in 
 
CHARACTERS. 135 
 
 Shakespeare's "Love's Labor's Lost." Page 
 102. 
 
 Edward IIL, o-ne of the Norman kings of 
 England, of the Plantagenet line, born 13 12, 
 died 1.377. Page 70. 
 
 Egbert, king of England, who united the 
 Heptarchy into one kingdom, reigned from 
 802 to 839, and died about 839. Page 47. 
 
 Thomas Bruce, earl of Elgin and Kincar- 
 dine, collector of Grecian antiquities, born 
 1766, died 1 84 1. Page 12. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen of England, daughter of 
 Henry VHI. and Anne Bullen, born 1533, died 
 1603. Page 96. 
 
 Philip Faulconbridge, a son of King Richard 
 I, and one of the characters in Shakespeare's 
 *'King John." Page 91. 
 
 Francis de Salignac de la Mothe F^nelon, a 
 pious French archbishop, author of " Telcma- 
 que," born 1651, died 1715. Page 128. 
 
 Ferdinand V. of Spain, husband of Isabella 
 of Castile, born 1452, died 1516. Page 92. 
 
 Francis L of France, born 1494, died 1547. 
 Page 94. 
 
 Galileo Galilei, a distinguished Italian as- 
 tronomer, born 1564, died 1642. Page 81. 
 
 Genseric, king of the Vandals from 429 to 
 477, born 406, died 477. Page 39. 
 
136 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, cru- 
 sader, and first Christian king of Jerusalem^ 
 born about 1058, died iioo. Page 67. 
 
 Guatimozin, last king of Mexico, murdered 
 by Cortez, 1522. Page 91. 
 
 Claude de Lorraine, first duke of Guise, an 
 illustrious French warrior, born 1496, died 
 1550. Page 104. 
 
 Harold II., king of England, fell at Hastings, 
 1066. Page 56. 
 
 Henry VIII., king of England from 1509 to 
 1547, born 1491, died 1547. Page 96. 
 
 Hezekiah, king of Judah from b. c. 726 to 
 B. c. 698, born about b. c. 751, died b. c. 698. 
 Page 15. 
 
 Homer, called the P'ather of Song, the great 
 Greek epic poet, flourished probably about 1000 
 B. c. Page 28. 
 
 Isabella, queen of Castile, called the Catho- 
 lic, wife of Ferdinand of Aragon, born 145 1, 
 died 1 504. Page 92. 
 
 James II., king of England from 1685 to 
 1688, grandson of James I., born 1633, died 
 1 701. Page 115. 
 
 John, king of England, supposed to have 
 murdered Prince Arthur in 11 99, signed the 
 Magna Charta in 1215, was born 1166, died 
 12 16. Page 129. 
 
CHARACTERS. 137 
 
 Jugurtha, king of Numidia, starved in prison 
 by the Romans 104 b. c. Page 29. 
 
 John de la Fontaine, French fabulist, born 
 1621, died 1695. Page 128. 
 
 Leo X., John de' Medici, Pope of Rome, 
 patron of the arts, born 1475, died 152 1. Page 
 
 79. 
 
 Marcus ^Emilius Lepidus, a Roman triumvir, 
 died B. c. 13. Page 24. 
 
 Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus), Roman his- 
 torian, born B. c. 59, died A. d. 17. Page 
 29. 
 
 Louis XI II,, son of Henry IV. and Maria de' 
 Medici, king of France from 16 10 to 1643, 
 born 1601, died 1643. Page 121. 
 
 Louis XIV., the most magnificent of the 
 Bourbon kings of France, reigned from 1643 to 
 1715, son of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria, 
 born 1638, died 171 5. Page 121. 
 
 Francis, Marquis de Louvois, minister of war 
 under Louis XIV., enemy of Colbert, coun- 
 seled the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 
 born 1641, died 1691. Page 128. 
 
 Martin Luther, the great German reformer, 
 born 1483, died 1546. Page 75. 
 
 Mohammed, son of Abdallah, of the family 
 which had charge of the sacred temple of 
 Mecca, claimed descent from Ishmael, was an 
 
138 SEVEN' HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 Arabian prophet, born 570 or 571, died 632. 
 Page 64. 
 
 Frances d'Aubigne, Madame de Maintenon, 
 was secretly married to Louis XIV., and exerted 
 a great influence over him for thirty years, born 
 1635, died 1719. Page 128. 
 
 Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Philip 
 IV. of Spain, and wife of Louis XIV. before 
 Madame de Maintenon, born 1638, died 1683. 
 Page 122. 
 
 Mary of Lorraine, mother of Mary Stuart, 
 Queen of Scots, was a daughter of Claude, 
 duke of Guise, and wife of James V. of Scot- 
 land, died in 1560. Page 104. 
 
 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, born in 1542, 
 was beheaded at Fotheringay Castle, 1587. 
 Page 104. 
 
 Jean Baptiste Massillon, the most celebrated 
 pulpit orator of France, born 1663, died 1742. 
 Page 128. 
 
 Julius Mazarin, a French cardinal, was suc- 
 cessor of Richelieu as prime minister, born 
 1602, died 1661. Page 115. 
 
 Catherine de' Medici, wife of Henry II. and 
 mother of Charles IX., king of France, born 
 15 19, died 1589. Page 105. 
 
 Michael Angelo Buonarroti, a celebrated Ital- 
 ian painter, born 1474, died 1564. Page Z2. 
 
CirARACTERS, 1 39 
 
 Jean Baptiste Poquelin de Moli^re, the best 
 comic dramatist of France, born 1622, died 
 1673. Page 128. 
 
 Frances, Marchioness de Montespan, one of 
 the favorites of Louis XIV., born 1641, died 
 1707. Page 128. 
 
 Montezuma, emperor of Mexico from 1436 
 or 1438 to 1471, died in 1471. Page 90. 
 
 Moth, a playful and versatile page in Shakes- 
 peare's play of "Love's Labor's Lost." Page 
 102. 
 
 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), a love poet of 
 the Romans, born d. c. 43, died a. d. 18. 
 
 Pericles, the greatest statesman of Athens, 
 born about 500 b. c, died 429 b. c. Page 5. 
 
 Peter the Hermit, preacher of the first cru- 
 sade, born about 1050, died 11 15. Page 6^. 
 
 Peter of Pisa, the venerable instructor of 
 Charlemagne in grammar. Page 46. 
 
 Phidias, a Greek sculptor and the most cele- 
 brated artist of antiquity, born about B. c. 490, 
 died B. c. 432. Page 12. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the most remark- 
 able men of the time of Queen Elizabeth, born 
 1552, died 1618. Page 103. 
 
 Raphael Sanzio, a celebrated Italian painter, 
 born 1483, died 1520. Page 82. 
 
 Armand Jean du Plessis Richelieu, a French 
 
140 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES. 
 
 cardinal and prime minister, born 1585, died 
 1642. Page 127. 
 
 Sallust (Caius Sallustius Crispus), a cele- 
 brated Roman historian, born B. c. B)6, died 
 B. c. 34. Page 29. 
 
 Scipio Africanus the Elder, one of the great- 
 est men of his age, was a Roman general, born 
 B. c. 234, died about b. c. 183. Page 19. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott the great novelist and poet, 
 was born in 1771, died 1832. Page 106. 
 
 Sennacherib, king of Assyria, died about 
 B. c. 700. Page 15. 
 
 Madame Marie de Rabutin-Chantal Mar- 
 chioness de S^vign6, celebrated letter-writer, 
 born 1626, died 1696. Page 128. 
 
 William Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist 
 who has written in the English language, born 
 1564, died 16 1 6. Page 103. 
 
 Socrates, a celebrated Athenian philosopher, 
 born B. c. 468, died 399 b. c. Page 12, 
 
 Edmund Spenser, English poet, author of the 
 " Faerie Queene," born about 1553, died 1599. 
 Page 103. 
 
 John Tetzel, a Dominican monk who sold 
 indulgences in Germany, born about 1450, died 
 15 19, of the plague. Page 84. 
 
 Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount de 
 
CHARACTERS. I^I 
 
 Turenne, marrshal of France, and general, born 
 1611, died 1675. Page 128. 
 
 Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro), celebrated 
 Roman poet, author of the "^neid," born b. c. 
 70, died B. c. 19. Page 28. 
 
 John Wiclif, an English reformer, born about 
 1324, died 1384. Page 66. 
 
 William the Conquerer, king of England, 
 son of Robert, duke of Normandy, born 1027, 
 died 1087. Page 56. 
 
 WilUam the Silent, of Nassau, prince of 
 Orange, born 1533, assassinated at the instiga- 
 tion of Philip II. of Spain, 1584. Page 128. 
 
 Edward Young, an English poet, author of 
 "Night Thoughts," born 1684, died 1765. Page 
 54. 
 
 Zeno of Elea in Greece, a celebrated phi- 
 losopher, said to have founded the Eleatic 
 school of philosophy, flourished about 500 B. c. 
 Page 10. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 
 
 " Rivers witli lo'.v, ?qim bridcjes; everywhere 
 
 Women ann cliil'V?n; beardless msn, witli queues, 
 In tiinic>, short wde trnnss-s. silken slioes, 
 Some with the peaked cars of Mandarins ; 
 
 H.-hold the ruby biittoi biiriiing; thr-rs, 
 And yonder severed head that chastly grins; 
 
 Old hill-side tombs, where mourners still repair: 
 lunutuerous bustle, immortal calm — 
 And this is China I " 
 
 Richard H. Sicddard, 
 
 T was just as I bad expected. The 
 ^\x\<s> were interested in the history 
 that I had given them, and were not 
 at all satisfied to stop with the knowledge of 
 "Seven Ages." They read their lists of char- 
 acters over time and again, and learned the 
 *'One Hundred Dates" by heart. 
 
 Several times they came to me and asked 
 me to tell them something of other periods. 
 When I found that they were really in earnest 
 in desiring to learn, and did not want to be 
 amused merely, I determined to please them, 
 
 142 
 
Cliiiu SL' Girl a Home. See p.age H-^. 
 
A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 143 
 
 in spite of my first plan to limit my stones to 
 the Seven Ages. 
 
 Times changed with us, however, before I 
 came to this conclusion, for we left our plea- 
 sant home at the Mount, and are now living in 
 a rural city, where we all have much more to 
 interest us, and to stimulate us in our desire 
 for knowledge. 
 
 The first of my " Hundred Dates " happened 
 to be the one that gave me my first text ; for a 
 family from China came to our town to live, 
 and we all became accustomed to seeing the 
 children at play on the Common before our 
 windows, for they attended a school just over 
 the open space opposite our house. 
 
 At first the sight of the little fellows was 
 very strange to the girls. They did not know 
 that they were both boys, for the boys and 
 girls in China do not have the same sort of 
 clothes as we are used to seeing. It is a good 
 thing for children, and, in fact, for all of us, to 
 see things that are different from those that 
 we are accustomed to, for if we see but one 
 way of living or dressing we are apt to think 
 that our own way is the only good one. It is 
 cne of the advantages of travel that it shows 
 us how other people live and act. 
 
 The study of history is profitable in the 
 
144 ^^ ^^^ HISTORIC A GBS. 
 
 same way, for it tells us of the great deeds of 
 others, and of past ages. Some children think 
 that our country is very old, because they 
 have heard of the landing of the Pilgrims, and 
 of the great revolutionary war, which happened 
 long, long ago. 
 
 I remember that when I was travelling, I 
 thought that many of the buildings which I 
 saw in England were very old, but when I was 
 in Rome, I found others that were much older. 
 The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth about two 
 hundred and fifty years ago, but there are 
 buildings in England that are nearly a thou- 
 sand years old. Think of that. There is a 
 great deal of difference between two hundred 
 and ten hundred years. 
 
 Ten hundred years seems to carry us back 
 to ** antiquity," as the old folks say ; but when 
 I was in Rome, I thought I had found anti- 
 quity itself, for the buildings there were many 
 of them built long before the time of Christ, 
 — that is more than twenty hundred years 
 ago. Our nation is not three hundred years 
 old. The English people are nearly one thou- 
 sand years old, and there were cities in Italy 
 that date back to a much earlier period, — in 
 fact, Rome was founded more than twenty-five 
 hundred years ago. 
 
A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 145 
 
 " Rome must be the oldest city in the world," 
 exclaimed Gerty. 
 
 " That is a very natural thought," I replied, 
 "but you will find that you are mistaken." 
 
 " Gerty has forgotten Bible times, I guess," 
 said Lily. " I think that Adam lived before 
 Rome was founded." 
 
 '' Of course he did," put in little Pearl, who 
 was fresh from a talk with her aunt on the 
 subject, but understood little that we had been 
 saying. 
 
 "If you were to ask the father of the 
 Chinese boys, whom you can see now from the 
 library window, how old China is, he would 
 tell you that it was established six thousand 
 or eight thousand years ago. I do not think 
 that he could prove it, but it is certain that 
 China is a very old country." 
 
 " I think that the people in a country that is 
 so old, ought to know more than the Chinese 
 seem to know," said Lily. 
 
 " How much do you thiftk they know.?" I 
 asked. 
 
 '* I think they know very little," Gerty 
 replied. " For I remember that you had a 
 great deal of difficulty in getting any infor- 
 mation from the father of the boys, when he 
 
 called on us." 
 10 
 
146 S£ VEN HIS TORIC A GES, 
 
 ** Of course it was difficult for me to get any 
 information from him, because he does not 
 understand our language. He speaks Chinese, 
 and I suppose that his children think that it is 
 strange that we do not understand that." 
 
 " That never occurred to me," said Gerty, 
 "but I suppose they must think we are as 
 strange as we think them." 
 
 *' That is just what I wanted to say myself, 
 but I wished to have you say it for me, if I 
 could get you to do so. These Chinese, by 
 coming to us, have taught us some of the facts 
 that we should have learned by going to their 
 country. You see that they must have much 
 knowledge, for they are able to make elegant 
 cloths, and to dress finely. Their taste is not 
 the same as ours, but that does not prove that 
 it is not good. It is not good English taste, 
 but it is good Chinese taste." 
 
 " How strange we should look if we were to 
 be set down in a Chinese city, among a popu- 
 lation of persons all dressed like the few that 
 we see here," said Gerty. " I wonder if the 
 boys would run after us, as the American boys 
 ran after these little Chinese, when they first 
 came "i " asked Lily. 
 
 The thought of causing such a commotion 
 in the streets of a Chinese city made all the 
 
A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 147 
 
 girls lauo^h. I told them that I had never 
 been in China, but that travellers say that the 
 Chinese are too polite to act as the American 
 boys did. 
 
 " Then they have one good trait," said 
 Gerty, *' that is good both in China and 
 America." 
 
 " Yes," I replied, " they are very polite, but 
 not all of their ways of politeness are such as 
 we should like at first." 
 
 " Have they any books ? " asked Lily. 
 
 *' Yes, they have many books ; and they tell 
 us that they made paper long before we or our 
 ancestors knew how to do it. They are very 
 proud of their learning. They say that when 
 the people of England and the other portions 
 of Europe were barbarians, the people of 
 China were highly civilized. It seems as 
 though this boast might be founded on fact, 
 for we know that most of our late inventions, 
 excepting the steam-engine and the telegraph, 
 were in use in China centuries ago." 
 
 "I did not know this," said Gerty, ''and I 
 should not have thought it possible, if I had 
 seen those Chinese only who work in the shoe- 
 factories and have laundries in the city. The 
 family in this town is different from those. 
 The boys learn as well as other boys in the 
 
148 SE VEN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 school, and the father seems to be learned. 
 He can write English as well as anybody." 
 
 " But the girls seem to know nothing," ex- 
 claimed Lily, " and the mother does not even 
 now speak English." 
 
 " I have heard somewhere," said Gerty, 
 "That the Chinese do not teach girls and 
 women anything. Is that true?" 
 
 ** I fear it is too true," I replied. " That is 
 the case in all Eastern countries. But it is 
 not long since women were not taught as 
 much as they are now, in our own country. 
 We seem to be just learning that women 
 have the same mind that men have, and 
 that it should be developed, just as that of 
 men is." 
 
 " How old is the Chinese nation, really, since 
 you say that it would be difficult to prove that 
 it is so old as the Chinese say that it is," asked 
 Gerty. 
 
 " I think that it can be traced back about 
 twenty-five hundred years before Christ, which 
 is about the time of Abraham. That is long 
 before there were any civilized people in Eu- 
 rope. It was nearly four thousand years be- 
 fore America was even discovered, and still 
 longer before there were any civilized people 
 living on this continent." 
 
A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 149 
 
 " I cannot imagine such long periods of 
 time," said Lily. 
 
 " Very true, my dear, and it is difficult for 
 any of us to do it." 
 
 "I cannot understand," said Gerty, "Why 
 the Chinese have not been changed in their 
 habits, and why they have not become more 
 like other people in all these long years," said 
 Lily. 
 
 " There are several reasons for it. One is, 
 that Eastern nations do not change their 
 manners for ages. If you v^^ere to go to 
 Palestine, you would find that the inhabitants 
 live just as they did in the time of Abraham. 
 The Chinese do not appear to be so slow and 
 loth to make progress as the people of Pales- 
 tine are, but they have shut themselves up in 
 their own land for ages, so that they never 
 found out how other nations lived." 
 
 " I know one man who went to China ever 
 so long ago," said Lily, " for I have read an 
 interesting book about him and his travels." 
 
 " What was his name t " said I. 
 
 "His name was Marco Polo. He went 
 from Venice and visited many countries." 
 
 " O, I have read about him," exclaimed 
 Gerty. There is a beautiful red book in the 
 library, by your friend Mr. Towle, that tells 
 
I50 SEVEN HISTORIC AGES, 
 
 all about his travels. He called China * Ca- 
 thay/ which reminded me of a line in ' Locks- 
 ley Hall,' which I learned by heart, you 
 remember. It is 
 
 * Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.' " 
 
 ** I should alter it to 
 
 * Better fifty years in our land tlian a cycle of Cathay.' 
 
 I don't thmk that I should like fifty years of 
 Europe." 
 
 " I should like it better than ' a cycle of 
 Cathay,'" said Lily. 
 
 " Marco Polo went to China more than nve 
 hundred years ago ; but it was three hundred 
 years after that before many more people from 
 other nations were permitted to enter the 
 kingdom. In the year 1807, ^ missionary 
 named Morrison went to the city of Canton, 
 and translated the Bible into the Chinese lan- 
 guage. Since that tin^e there have been many 
 English and Americans in China." 
 
 " We have always got our tea from China, 
 have we not .'' " asked Lily. 
 
 *' We have not 'always* had tea to drink," I 
 replied. '* Do you know when tea was first 
 used in Europe .''" 
 
 '*Tea was first used in Holland at about 
 l6oo, In 1767, a duty was levied on it in 
 
A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 151 
 
 America by the government of England. 
 You remember that this tax led to the 'Bos- 
 ton Tea-Party,' in 1773." 
 
 '• Yes, and the ' Boston tea-party' led to the 
 Revolutionary War, and that to the establish- 
 ment of our nation," said Gerty. 
 
 "Speaking of war reminds me of a time 
 when the people of China had a war with Eng- 
 land, and seem to me to have been in the right, 
 when the English were in the wrong." 
 
 '* Do tell us about it," exclaimed Gerty and 
 Lily together. 
 
 " It was in the latter part of the last century 
 that the English tried to send to China large 
 quantities of a drug called opium. It is 
 smoked by the Chinese, and makes them 
 stupid. The Chinese government did not like 
 to have the people use opium, and tried to 
 keep the English from sending it into China 
 from India." 
 
 '' I think that it was very mean in a Chris- 
 tian nation, like England, to try to force the 
 people of China to use a drug that did them 
 so much harm." 
 
 *• It seems to me worse than *mean.' It was 
 wrong. The Chinese were so much in earnest 
 that, in 1838, they made the use of opium a cap- 
 ital crimC; and sent a great army to Canton, in 
 
152 SB VEN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 1839, which took opium that would have sold 
 for twenty million dollars, and destroyed it. 
 That was a good loss. It was better that the 
 opium should be burned in the air, than in 
 the pipes of the poor Chinese. The * Chris- 
 tian ' English determined to force the Chinese 
 to allow the trade in opium ; a war was de- 
 clared by England, and in 1842, the Chinese 
 were forced to sign a treaty allowing the Eng- 
 lish to keep up the trade." 
 
 " I am ashamed of the English," exclaimed 
 Gerty, with indignation. 
 
 " Good came of the wickedness," I replied, 
 " for the Chinese were obliged, after this war, 
 to permit other nations to trade with them, 
 and that was the beginning of progress ; for, as 
 I told you, we all need to know something of 
 what others are doing, and how they are doing 
 it. The Chinese nation has been much en- 
 lightened since that time, and, one of these 
 days, may have an influence among the nations 
 of the world." 
 
 " If the Chinese were shut up, in the way 
 you describe, they could not have known much 
 about the history of other nations," said Gerty. 
 
 •• No," I replied ; " strange as it appears to 
 us, Chinese schoolboys could have known 
 nothing of the great men of whom_, you know 
 
A SHUT UP PEOPLE. 153 
 
 SO much. They had never heard of Caesar nor 
 Alexander, of Cicero nor Demosthenes, of Na- 
 poleon nor Washington, of Columbus nor Ves- 
 puccius." 
 
 " They could not have heard of Christ," said 
 Lily. 
 
 ** No, they never heard of Christ until the 
 missionaries went to them. You know that 
 missionaries are so anxious to do good that 
 they go to the most out-of-the-way parts of the 
 world, and they often are ahead of all other 
 discoverers. They have done a great deal of 
 good besides preaching to the heathen." 
 
 " I am glad of that," said Pearl. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE GORGEOUS EAST. 
 
 *' Ere the blabbing enstern scout, 
 The nice mcrn on ihs Indian steep, 
 From her cabined loop hole peep, 
 And to the telltale si'.n descry 
 Our concealed solemnity." 
 
 Camus. 
 
 NE morning Gerty came into the 
 library, sa3'in<2:, " Papa, I saw in the 
 paper something about the ' Empress 
 of India,' and it seems as if the person re- 
 ferred to was the queen of England. I do 
 not see how the queen of England can be 
 also empress of India." 
 
 " Do you know anything about the history 
 of India ?" I asked. 
 
 " Not much. I know very little of the coun- 
 try, except that it is away off in Asia, not quite 
 so far away as China, of which you talked to 
 us last." 
 
 "India," I continued, "is a vast country. If 
 you will take the atlas, I can explain it to you 
 
 154 
 
THE GORGEOUS EAST. 155 
 
 better. You see that it is bounded on the 
 north by a range of mountains called the 
 Himalayas. These mountains run entirely 
 across the continent of Asia, a distance of 
 seventy-five hundred miles." 
 
 " That is twice as far as across the Atlantic 
 ocean, and it takes a steamship ten days or 
 more to go that distance. How very long the 
 Himalaya range of mountains must be," said 
 Gerty, who had been studying her geograpliy 
 lesson that morning. 
 
 *' India is the countr}^ Vv^here those wonder- 
 ful jugglers live, of whom uncle Henderson 
 told us, is it not .? " asked Pearl. 
 
 "Yes," I replied, "it is. If you will look at 
 the map, I will show you where your uncle 
 saw the wonderful tricks performed. You see 
 the name of the City of Bombay, on the 
 western coast of the country. The city is on 
 an island, and on the side looking towards 
 the mainland, instead of that looking to the 
 sea. It has a fine harbor. On the mainland 
 you will see mountains. On the summits of 
 these highlands there are places where there 
 is cool air, when the people of Bombay are 
 parched with -drouth and are sweltering with 
 heat. On the highlands you will find the town 
 of Matheran." 
 
1 56 SE VEN HISTORIC A GES. 
 
 " Here it is," exclaimed Lily. " I see it. 
 It is not on the line of the railway that goes 
 to Calcutta, but a little to the south of it." 
 
 "Yes," I said, "■ the railway cannot go to so 
 high a place as Matheran. The station is 
 called Narel. Your uncle said that he stopped 
 at that station, and was taken up the ascent 
 on the back of a 'tattoo,' which is a small 
 pony. The town of Matheran is so high, and 
 the ascent so steep, that it took your uncle 
 four hours to get to it from the station. But 
 when he arrived, he found that he was well 
 paid for the trouble. The scene from the 
 town heights stretches far away to sea, 
 the air is cool, and the roads that go around 
 the table-land are on the edge of the preci- 
 pice, so that as one drives he is charmed at 
 every turn." 
 
 " Do tell us about the jugglers," exclaimed 
 little Pearl, who began to be impatient, the 
 description of the country being something 
 which she cared little for. 
 
 "The jugglers," I continued, "are a set of 
 people like the gypsies. They come from the 
 country, at the times when there are most 
 visitors at Matheran, and perform their tricks." 
 
 " Do you remember any of them ? " asked 
 Gerty. 
 
■^■^■^ 
 
 
 L. 
 
 GLtKb. ( S,. /,/^r, [^(, j 
 
THE GORGEOUS EAST. 157 
 
 " I will tell you some. They seem very 
 wonderful, even to me. One trick was that 
 of * the basket and the child.' The child was 
 but about eight years old. He stood in the 
 basket, which was but little larger than he, 
 and gradually disappeared. As soon as he 
 was fairly inside the jugglers pierced the 
 basket in every direction with knives. It 
 seems as if the child would be surely cut to 
 pieces. They went further. They pounded 
 the basket until it was almost flat, and it 
 seemed as if nothing could be in it. Then 
 they formed a circle around the basket and 
 began to sing. Soon a voice was heard from 
 the woods. It was not long before it seemed 
 to come from the basket. Then the basket 
 seemed to swell, when the lid was taken off, 
 and the child jumped out, alive and well." 
 
 "I can scarcely believe that," exclaimed 
 Lily. 
 
 " It is almost past belief; but you remember 
 the tricks that we saw last winter at Selden 
 Hall. They were wonderful. We saw a woman 
 disappear from a chest, in a remarkable way, 
 that we could not understand. Another of 
 the tricks of these men is done with a top. 
 It is made to spin on a stick, as we saw a 
 Japanese juggler do it. This man balances 
 
158 5^ VEN HIS TORIC AGES. 
 
 the stick on his nose and makes the top still 
 spin, but he makes it stop, also, whenever his 
 audience says, 'stop.' It is not so wonderful 
 that he can balance it on the stick, for you 
 remember we saw a top spinning on the edge 
 of a sword, but how he can make it stop and 
 sta"rt again, is more than I can tell." 
 
 '* Can you tell us what is meant by ' the 
 Black Hole of Calcutta?' " asked Gerty. " I have 
 read of it a number of times." 
 
 " Calcutta, you will see by the map, is on 
 the other side of the great peninsula, from 
 Bombay. It is an elegant city, and there are 
 many English people there. You know that 
 the Queen of England is called also the ' Em- 
 press of India.' The English have conquered 
 India. It took them a great while to do it ; 
 the struggle occupied about two hundred 
 years." 
 
 *' You don't mean to say that the English 
 and the Indians were fighting for two hundred 
 years, do you }" said Lily. 
 
 " No. I mean that it was about two hun-, 
 dred years from the time that English people 
 first began to try to get possession of India, 
 until the great victory of the battle of Plassey, 
 in 1757, when the supremacy of the British 
 government was established. The 'Black Hole ' 
 
THE GORGEOUS EAST. 159 
 
 is connected with an event that occurred in 
 1756. The city of Calcutta was captured by 
 the Hindus on the 20th of June, of that year, 
 and the Enghsh, who were not able to get 
 away to the ships, were shut up in a little 
 room that had but one very small window 
 There were one hundred and forty-six persons. 
 The weather was very hot, and in the mornino- 
 It was found that only twenty-six of the prison° 
 ers were left alive. A monument fifty feet 
 high was afterwards erected on the spot to the 
 memory of the persons who died in that terri- 
 ble night." 
 
 " I never heard anything so horrible," ex- 
 claimed Gerty. 
 
 " You will hear of many frightful deeds as 
 you read history," said I. « History deals a 
 great deal with wars, and war is a terrible 
 thing. It grows out of the evil passions of 
 men, and it gives them the best opportunity to 
 develop themselves. It is this that made the 
 poet Southey exclaim : 
 
 " ' These chronicles of crimes f I'll read no more ; 
 For I am cue who wiilingly would love 
 His fellow-kind. O, gentle poesy ! 
 Receive me from the world's polluted scenes, 
 From dungeon horrors, from the field of war, — 
 Receive me to your haunts, that I may nurse' 
 My nature's better feelings ; for my soul 
 Sickens at man's misdeeds 1 ' 
 
1 60 SE VEN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 ^*The history of the conquest of India by the 
 English will interest you all one of these clays, 
 but I will tell you but one thing more about 
 the country. It is connected with our lan- 
 guage." 
 
 " Then I do not care to hear it," exclaimed 
 Pearl, as she started quickly towards the 
 library door. 
 
 "Very well," said I, ''you may go, but I 
 want Lily and Gerty to wait a moment." 
 
 *' I will wait as long as you will talk about 
 language," said Gerty. 
 
 " Once upon a time," I began. 
 
 " Is it a true story ^ " Lily asked, interrupt- 
 ing me. 
 
 " Yes," I replied. I suppose you thought that 
 it might be a fairy tale that I am about to give, 
 because they sometimes begin as I began. 
 No, all that I shall say is true. Once upon a 
 time there lived in England a lady whose hus- 
 band died leaving to her care a little boy 
 about three years old." 
 
 " How long ago was it really } "asked Lily. 
 
 "Really, it was about one hundred and 
 thirty years ago. The widow was a good 
 housekeeper, but she was a good student, 
 also, and she determined to make a scholar of 
 her little boy. She studied with him every 
 
THE GORGEOUS EAST. i6l 
 
 day. She was very wise, and tried to make 
 the little fellow want to know many things. 
 She did this by exciting his curiosity. When 
 he asked her a question, she was very apt to 
 say, ' read and you will know.* " 
 
 "Why, that is just what j/ou say to us so 
 often," said Lily. 
 
 " Yes, that is true. I know that you will 
 remember twice as long anything that you 
 find out for yourself than what I tell you. 
 That is the reason that I get so many encyclo- 
 pedias and dictionaries. I want you to have 
 the habit of looking for facts yourselves. But 
 we must not forget our little boy. He studied 
 hard, because he loved to do it, and after a 
 while he went to school. His teachers found 
 him a remarkable boy. He went to the uni- 
 versity and became wonderful for the ease and 
 love with which he learned languages. He 
 studied the languages of Rome, Greece, Italy, 
 France, Spain, Portugal, Palestine, Arabia, 
 Persia, Turkey, Bengal, India, China, Russia, 
 Africa, Sweden, Holland, Wales, Germany and 
 other countries." 
 
 " I do not see how any man could have 
 
 learned so many different languages," said 
 
 Gerty, " the mere list of them is too much for 
 
 me to remember." 
 11 
 
l62 SE VEN HISTORIC A GES. 
 
 "I said that he was a remarkable man," 
 said I. " After he had shown a great deal of 
 interest in the languages of the East, he was 
 sent to India to be a judge, for he was a wise 
 student of law, also. In India he could not 
 help studying the languages of the country, 
 for his curiosity had been so much cultivated 
 by his mother that it did not stop working. 
 He learned that "there was a very old language 
 in the country, that had been spoken ages 
 before, and he studied it. It was called 'San- 
 scrit.' As he studied, he put the words of 
 different languages side by side, and found 
 that words having the same meaning in dif- 
 ferent countries often had forms very much 
 alike." 
 
 " O, I've seen that," exclaimed Gerty. "I 
 have seen that the words for mother are very 
 much alike in French, German, and English. 
 They all have ' m ' in them, at least." 
 
 " Sir William Jones, for the little boy bore 
 that name, when he went to India, was able to 
 compare many more languages than three, and 
 he found that the old language of India was 
 the mother of all, or almost all that he v/as 
 acquainted with in Europe. He formed a 
 society to study this subject, and though he 
 
THE GORGEOUS EAST. 163 
 
 died a young man, he was followed by 
 scholars who proved what he thought was 
 true, and now we look upon India as the home 
 of our language. It is a much more interest- 
 ing country to us now than it was before the 
 son of good Mrs. Jones went there. When 
 you grow older, I hope that you will be in- 
 terested to put words from different languages 
 side by side, and see how m.uch alike they are. 
 You must remember that perhaps we should 
 not now know so much about the study of 
 languages in this way, if William Jones had 
 not had so good and wise a mother. You will 
 be interested to read the life of Sir William 
 Jones, and to read this short history of India, 
 by Mrs. Feudge, who lived there many years. 
 It is. full of pictures." 
 
 "I never sav/ such houses and churches," 
 said Lily, as she turned the leaves of Mrs. 
 Feudge's book. " They are very great, and 
 must have cost a vast sum of money." 
 
 "Yes," I replied, "the buildings of India 
 are remarkably grand. They are very old, 
 and that would be a reason for finding them 
 different from any that we see at home, but 
 the country is very warm, and that is a good 
 reason why the houses should be different 
 
1 64 SE VEN HIS TORIC A GBS. 
 
 from ours. It is now time for me to go to my 
 afternoon work, and I must leave you with 
 this book. Read it slowly, and whenever you 
 do not understand anything, I will explain it 
 to you, if I can." 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE FURTHER EAST. THE LAND OF THE 
 RISING SUN. 
 
 " She stretches forth her hands, 
 Plucks cocoas and bananas in woods of oak and pine. 
 
 Grapes on every vine, 
 And walks on gold and silver, and knows her power increasodt 
 Nor fears her nobles longer — the Lady of the East ! " 
 
 Richard H. Stoddard. 
 
 \H 
 
 PAPA," said Gerty, one morning, "I 
 have noticed that the Chinese whom 
 I see in the streets, and those who 
 have called on us, all dress in the clothes that 
 they wear in their own homes, but the Japa- 
 nese here dress just as we do. That is, the 
 men from Japan dress as you do. I have not 
 seen any ladies from Japan." 
 
 "There is a great difference between the 
 Chinese and Japanese, though their homes are 
 not far distant from each other, as it seems to 
 us ; but you must remember that we see few 
 of the higher orders of the Chinese, and the 
 Japanese whom you see are generally those 
 
 165 
 
I ^ SE VEN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 who have come here to get a western educa- 
 tion. Those who leave their own country to 
 get an education must be of a higher order 
 than those who go away to get money." 
 
 " I have noticed that there is a more intelli- 
 gent look to the Japanese than to the Chinese 
 and I suppose this is the reason. What sort 
 of a country is Japan } " 
 
 " If you mean, what sort of a climate has it } 
 I should reply that there is no very great dif- 
 ference between it and our own. In some 
 portions of the land the summers are very hot, 
 and in the north the winters are as cold or 
 even colder than our own. The empire of 
 Japan is composed of a number of islands. 
 There are four large islands and a number of 
 small ones. The people are able to manufac- 
 ture many things with great skill." 
 
 "O, I remember," exclaimed Gerty, " when 
 I went with aunty to the centennial exhibition, 
 in Philadelphia, that I saw many things from 
 Japan that were very elegant. They did not 
 look like the things that we are accustomed to, 
 but they were rich and convenient." 
 
 "The country is very ancient, but we can- 
 not yet find out the particulars of its history, 
 for we cannot decide what events are mythical, 
 and what belong to real history." 
 
THE FURTHER EAST. 167 
 
 " What do you mean by * mythical ?'" asked 
 Lily. 
 
 " Most eastern nations, and some in Europe, 
 begin their history with stories of heroes. 
 The early history has been forgotten, and in- 
 stead of it, stories have been invented about 
 wonderful heroes. The Greeks had many 
 such stories. They mixed the stories of the 
 men of the ancient time with those of the gods 
 of their mythology." 
 
 " I remember," said Gerty, " that I have 
 studied about the gods of Greece and Rome, 
 and the study v.'as called * mythology.* Miss 
 Thaxter told me about the myths, and I knew 
 what they were, but I have forgotten." 
 
 " Let us look into the dictionary." 
 
 "The dictionary says that a myth is *a fan- 
 ciful narrative, in some respects founded upon 
 real events.' I see how it is. The story of 
 our own lives might become mythical in time. 
 In the course of time you might be put down 
 in the books as a great hero, who had three 
 daughters, named Gerty, Lily, and Pearl, who 
 were taught many good things by you, and 
 became so wise that all the people of the 
 world came to see them and they told every 
 one who came the answers to all their ques- 
 tions. At last you might become a god, like 
 
1 6S SE VEN HIS TORIC A GES, 
 
 Jove, and we three graces, like the real three 
 graces. No, I forgot, the three graces were 
 not ' real,' were they ? They were * myths/ 
 After the passage of ages we might be for- 
 gotten as men and women, and be only in- 
 distinctly remembered as remarkable for some- 
 thing, exactly what, no one could say." 
 
 "You forget, Gerty," said I, 'Uhat in the 
 old times when myths were begun, there were 
 no newspapers, and books. Now, if there 
 were any danger of our becoming myths, all 
 that our descendants would have to do would 
 be to look into some book or paper, and they 
 would find the truth." 
 
 "Yes, but could not a myth be made of 
 some one who has not got his name into the 
 papers ? " asked Lily. 
 
 *' I think that any one who was not well 
 enough known to be mentioned in print now- 
 adays, could not be of importance enough to 
 be made into a myth. But I must go on with 
 what I have to say about Japan. If we leave out 
 the mythological portion of its history, we still 
 find it a pretty old country, for its history goes 
 back to about the time of Isaiah. Still, there is 
 little to interest us in the doings of the people 
 until about the time when Henry VIII. was 
 ruling England. Some sailors from Europe 
 
THE FURTHER EAST. 169 
 
 were wrecked on one of the islands, and that 
 was the first time that any one from our 
 western world had seen the Japanese. Some 
 time later, the great Roman Catholic mission- 
 ary, Xavier, went to the country, but did not 
 remain long, as he made little progress in his 
 work. Twenty years before the Pilgrims 
 landed at Plymouth the first Englishman ar- 
 rived in Japan, and at about the time that 
 Jamestown was settled, the Dutch were ad- 
 mitted to the country to trade. A {qw years 
 later, all foreigners were expelled, and it was 
 not until 1854 that they were again admitted." 
 
 " How did it happen that they were admitted 
 again .^ " asked Gerty. 
 
 "The story is pretty familiar to me," I 
 replied, "for I was a boy at the time, and 
 remember that it caused a great deal of in- 
 terest. The United States government sent a 
 naval officer to Japan, to see if he could not 
 make some arrangement for trade with the 
 country." 
 
 " Who was the officer .'' " said Lily. 
 
 " It was Commodore Matthew C. Perry, a 
 son of the Commodore Perry who fought the 
 •battle of Lake Erie,' in the war with Eng- 
 land, in 181 3. I remember the matter better 
 for two reasons. One was that Commodore 
 
1 70 SE VEN HISTORIC A GES. 
 
 Perry lived in the same street that I did, in 
 New York, and the other is that the govern- 
 ment published a book giving an account of 
 his doings, which had a great number of bril- 
 liantly colored pictures showing how the Japa- 
 nese people looked, and how the Commodore 
 had his interviews with their rulers. I used 
 to look over these pictures with great interest. 
 I fear that I did not read what the Commo- 
 dore wrote about his doings. I cared very 
 little for the opening of a new country to the 
 commerce of the world, but I have learned 
 since to appreciate it, and am glad that I 
 looked at the pictures at the time. This 
 shows that we are impressed in our younger 
 days with things that we do not understand. 
 It did me good, I am sure, to look at these 
 pictures. That is one reason why I tell you 
 many things about past times though I do not 
 believe that you are always interested in all of 
 them, nor that you will remember all that I 
 tell you. The day will come when you will 
 look back, and say to yourselves, *I remember 
 that papa used to tell me about this thing and 
 that in his library, but I did not understand 
 it all then. I am glad that he told me.' " 
 
 "That day has already come," said Gerty. 
 "' have already found that I know some 
 
THE FURTHER EAST. 171 
 
 things that the other girls at school do not 
 know, and it is all because I have heard you 
 talk about them, and because you have made 
 me look into the dictionary and the encyclope- 
 dia about them." 
 
 "A historian says that the changes which 
 have occurred in Japan during the past few 
 years, are almost as wonderful as the stories 
 of romance. He says that the nation had a 
 'new birth ' at the time that Commodore Perry 
 went there. They began to learn from others, 
 which I have told you \t is always well for us 
 to do. I want you to be on the lookout to 
 learn all that you can from others. The 
 Japanese were shut up, and did not know how 
 other nations lived. They went on in the 
 way that their forefathers had gone. But now 
 they are introducing the inventions and im- 
 provements, and it will not be many years 
 before Japan is one of the most enlightened 
 nations of the world." 
 
 " I shall always watch the news from Japan," 
 said Gerty, " and remember that its ' new 
 birth ' occurred when you were a boy." 
 
 " But it was a long time ago, for you are so 
 old," exclaimed Lily. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE LAND OF THE PHARAOHS. 
 
 " The sun bids 
 His evening farewell to the Pyramids, 
 As he hath done, age after age, till they 
 Alone on earth seem ancient as his ray." ^ 
 
 Moo re's A Iciphron^ 
 
 T seems to me," said Gerty, one day, 
 as we sat in the library, " that you 
 must have told us something about 
 almost all of the countries of the world, in our 
 talks." 
 
 "O, no," exclaimed Lily, "we have not 
 heard anything about Palestine, of which the 
 Bible tells." 
 
 " Yes," said Gerty, " papa told us something 
 about Palestine when he was talking about the 
 crusades." 
 
 "O, that was so little that I did not count 
 it," said Lily. 
 
 " It is true," said I, " that I have not told 
 you anything about the history of Palestine, 
 
 172 
 
LAND OF THE PHARAOHS. 1 73 
 
 but I think you know something of that coun- 
 try already, and you will find no trouble in 
 learning all that you want to about it. We 
 have had some talks about it which we did not 
 call real talks about history, but they were, 
 just the same. If you will look back you will 
 remember that I have taken you over the 
 history of Europe from the time of Pericles to 
 the coming of the Pilgrims to Plymouth, but 
 in a very general way. You will have much 
 to learn when you get older." 
 
 " You have told us little about our own 
 land," said Lily. 
 
 " That is true. I know that you have books 
 in the library and in your own room that tell 
 about this country, and that as soon as you go 
 to school you will be taught about it." 
 
 " I wish that you would tell us about it to- 
 day," said Lily. *' I want to know more about 
 it now." 
 
 " No," said I. " I shall tell you about a 
 more ancient people, to-day. I have told you 
 little about Asia, and nothing about Africa. 
 And yet there is one of the most ancient 
 countries of the world in Africa." 
 
 *' I thought that there was nobody in Africa 
 but black people, and that we had to send 
 missionaries to them," said Lily. 
 
1 74 SE VEN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 "The people of Africa are dark," said I, 
 " but the people of Egypt, which is in the 
 northern part of the continent, were very 
 civilized and learned ages before there was 
 any civilization in Europe. Do you not re- 
 member that Moses was educated in the learn- 
 ing of the Egyptians?" 
 
 "Yes," I remember that," said Lily, "but I 
 did not think much about it." 
 
 "Besides all this," I continued, "there were 
 great nations in Asia which we have not even 
 mentioned. You have read of the empires of 
 Persia and Babylon, and Assyria." 
 
 " Yes," said Gerty, " I remember these 
 names, and I once learned a poem by Byron, 
 called 'The Destruction of Sennacherib?' It 
 is about the Assyrians." 
 
 " All of these countries we shall pass over. 
 I shall tell you of Egypt to-day. Its history 
 runs back twelve hundred years before the 
 time of Moses. That was long, long before 
 the days of Abraham. We can scarcely 
 imagine such a great length of time. The 
 history of Egypt is full of myths, such as we 
 spoke of the other day, and I shall not tell you 
 much about it ; but there are three women, of 
 whom vou will like to know somethinof. 
 
 " The first was called Cleopatra. Her name 
 
LAND OF THE PHARAOHS. 175 
 
 meant 'glory of her country.' You will find 
 her mentioned in Tennyson's *A Dream of 
 Fair Women,' where she is described as 
 
 One sitting en a crimson scarf uniolled ; 
 
 A queen, with swartliy cheeks and bold black eyes, 
 
 Brow-bound wiih burning gold.' 
 
 She was queen of Egypt, and was born about 
 seventy years before Christ. You can read 
 all about her life in a book by Jacob Abbott. 
 She was very learned, but very bad. She 
 lived in great luxury, and the history of her 
 deeds is very interesting. She died, or rather 
 killed herself, thirty years before Christ. 
 
 " Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, was for a 
 short time queen of Egypt. She was quite a 
 different character from Cleopatra. Her hus- 
 band had been king of Palmyra, and after his 
 death, she carried on the government. She 
 was a good ruler. It was not long after she 
 became queen of Egypt that she was taken 
 prisoner by the Roman Emperor, and carried 
 in triumph to Rome. There she was taken 
 through the great city in the procession which 
 celebrated the Emperor's victory, in order that 
 every one might see her. She was decked in 
 her fine clothing and wore her jewels, but was 
 shackled with chains of gold. She was kept 
 in Rome as prisoner the rest of her life. 
 
1 76 SE VBN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 "Hypatia is the third woman of whom I 
 spoke. She was more worthy than the other 
 two, for she is famous for her knowledge. 
 Her father taught her philosophy and mathe- 
 matics, and she became a remarkable teacher 
 herself. Few women have been so famous for 
 learning as Hypatia was. She was cruelly 
 murdered one day when she was passing 
 through the streets of Alexandria, by some 
 persons who were jealous of her influence. 
 Hypatia died about three hundred and seventy 
 years after Christ." 
 
 " I do wish men would not be so cruel," 
 exclaimed Lily. 
 
 " You remember what I told you about 
 history. It is a record of many bad deeds of 
 men and of some good ones. Here is a short 
 history of Egypt. You will find the pictures 
 very interesting, and I think they will lead 
 you to read the book. See what wonderful 
 buildings and monuments there are in these 
 cuts." 
 
 " Is there a picture of the ' obelisk ' that we 
 heard has been set up in the Central Park, in 
 New York ? " asked Gerty. 
 
 *' Yes. Here it is, lying in the sand. There 
 were two of the same sort. They were called 
 * Cleopatra's Needles.' I suppose that some 
 
lillll 
 
 ]iii i i i I !i' 
 
LAND OF THE PHARAOHS. 177 
 
 one thought that a needle was a proper thing 
 for a woman to have, and so gave that name 
 to these monuments." 
 
 " I do not beheve that Cleopatra used her 
 needle much, judging from what you have told 
 us about her," said Lily. 
 
 "No, probably she did not. There is a 
 wonderful canal in Egypt. It is called the 
 Suez canal, and was built only a few years 
 ago, in order that vessels might sail from the 
 Mediterranean sea to India and the East with- 
 out having to go all the way around Africa." 
 
 " What a long distance it saves," exclaimed 
 Gerty. " I never before thought that ships 
 have to go a great way around to get to* places 
 that are not really far apart. Think how far 
 a vessel would have to sail to get from Boston 
 to San Francisco, and how long a time it 
 would take. We can go on the cars in a few 
 days. I think that cousin Mary said, when 
 she lived in California, that it took her about 
 a week to go from New York to her home. 
 It would take her many weeks to go by sea, 
 would it not ? " 
 
 " Yes. It would take many weeks. A 
 
 steamer can go in a definite time, but no one 
 
 can tell how long a sailing vessel will take. 
 
 When gold was discovered, it took a long 
 
 12 
 
1 78 5^ VEN HIS TORIC A GES. 
 
 time to get to California, for there was no 
 railway, and those who went were obliged to 
 go in wagons, or by ship. The railway was 
 finished but a few years ago. But we are 
 getting too far from Egypt." 
 
 " I have been looking at these pictures of 
 the wonderful buildings of Egypt. Some of 
 them are very mysterious to me. I cannot 
 see what the sphyn.K was built for, nor even 
 the pyramids." 
 
 " No," said I, " there are many mysteries 
 about the land of the Pharaohs. You cannot 
 understand them, but it is entertaining to read 
 about them, The study of history always 
 entertains the fancy. We try to see how the 
 people of other times actually lived. The 
 words of the writer are not enough. We pic- 
 ture the scenes that he writes of. This leads 
 us to study more, and that enlarges our in- 
 formation. The study of history ought to 
 make us better, we should try to get good 
 from all that we read. As we look at the 
 pictures in this history of Egypt, we learn 
 how the people of old made bricks, how they 
 watered their dry fields, and did many other 
 acts. That shows how history teaches, but it 
 teaches in many other ways. One thing it 
 tells us all the time. It shows how one gene- 
 
LAND OF THE PHARAOHS. 179 
 
 ration passes away, and another, and another, 
 and shows us that we are not to remain here 
 forever. This is a serious lesson. We should 
 be led by it to do our work well. To make 
 our lives what they should be. We should 
 try to take the good and the truly great as 
 our examples, and to avoid all that history 
 shows us of the deeds of the wicked." 
 
1 
 
 ^^^^^ 
 
 p 
 
 ^^^^B 
 
 ONE HUNDRED DATES. 
 
 IN GENERAL HISTORY. 
 
 Chinese Empire said to have been founded . . b. c. 2650 
 
 Babylon founded by Nimrod 2100 
 
 Abraham flourished 2000 
 
 Moses flourished 1500 
 
 Trojan War ended 11 84 
 
 Sparta a kingdom 1102 
 
 David flourished 1050 
 
 Carthage founded 880 
 
 Olympian era began 776 
 
 Rome founded 753 
 
 Sennacherib's army destroyed 720 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar began to reign in Babylon . . 600 
 
 Solon, archon of Athens 594 
 
 Fall of Tyre 572 
 
 Persian Empire founded by Cyrus .... 559 
 
 Rome a republic 510 
 
 Pericles born at Athens about 500 
 
 Ezra and Nehemiah rebuilt Jerusalem . . . 460 
 
 Herodotus born 450 
 
 Socrates died by poison 399 
 
 Alexander the Great born 356 
 
 Demosthenes died by his own hand .... 322 
 
 Septuagint version of the Bible, in Greek . . . 284 
 
 Punic wars began 265 
 
 Hannibal crossed the Alps 218 
 
 Scipio invaded Africa 204 
 
 Fall and ruin of Carthage X46 
 
1 82 ONE HUNDRED DATES. 
 
 fugurtha taken prisoner lo6 
 
 Catiline defeated and slain 62 
 
 Julius Cxsar made governor of Gaul ... 58 
 
 Second Triumvirate formed by Octavius, Antony, and 
 
 Lepidus 43 
 
 Cxsar Augustus, emperor 30 
 
 Death of Augustus A. D. 14 
 
 The crucifixion of our Saviour 33 
 
 Nero, emperor of Rome 54-68 
 
 Jerusalem destroyed by Titus 70 
 
 Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed ... 79 
 
 Christians persecuted by Uomitian .... 95 
 Christians persecuted by Decius .... 250 
 
 Christians persecuted by Diocletian .... 303 
 Constantine the Great, emperor .... 306 
 
 First Council of Nice 325 
 
 Huns in Europe 375 
 
 Rome besieged, taken, and plundered by Alaric . .410 
 
 Gcnseric in Africa 429 
 
 Saxons in Britain 449 
 
 Attila retreated to Hungary 452 
 
 Rome plundered by the Vandals 455 
 
 Mohammed flourished 571-632 
 
 Saracens took Jerusalem 637 
 
 Mohammedans landed in Spain . . . . 710 
 
 Charlemagne became sole monarch .... 771 
 
 Egbert began to rule England 827 
 
 Alfred the Great 871-901 
 
 America discovered by Icelanders .... looi 
 
 Massacre of Danes in England 1002 
 
 Canute the Great 1017-1035 
 
 William the Conquerer became king of England . . 1066 
 
 First Crusade 1095-1099 
 
 Second Crusade Ii49 
 
 Third Crusade Ii95 
 
 Fourth Crusade 1203, 1204 
 
 Children's Crusade 1212 
 
SE VEM HISTORIC A CES. I T 3 
 
 Magna Charta granted 1215 
 
 Fifth Crusade 1228 
 
 *' Sicilian Vespers " I283 
 
 Popes removed to Avignon 1309 
 
 Chaucer born . . 1328 
 
 Battle of Cressy 1346 
 
 Wiclif translated the Bible 1380 
 
 Heretics first burned in England .... 1401 
 
 Siege of Orleans 1428 
 
 Printing invented 1440 
 
 Cape of Good Hope discovered i486 
 
 America discovered by Columbus .... 1492 
 Luther denied the Pojje's supremacy . . . .1519 
 
 Pizarro in Peru 1533 
 
 \Villiam Shakespeare born 1564 
 
 Massacre of St. Bartholomew 1572 
 
 Elizabeth, queen of England 1558-1603 
 
 The Invincible Armada destroyed .... 1588 
 
 Edict of Nantes 1598 
 
 New York settled by the Dutch .... 1612 
 
 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth 1620 
 
 Boston settled 1630 
 
 Maryland settled . . 1633 
 
 Rhode Island colonized 1636 
 
 New Haven settled . . . . . . . 1638 
 
 Charles the First executed 1649 
 
 Oliver Cromwell died 1658 
 
 New Jersey settled 1665 
 
 Pennsylvania granted to William Penn . . . 1681 
 
 Witches hanged at Salem, Massachusetts . . 1692 
 
 Louisiana settled 1699 
 
 Anne, queen of England 1702 
 
 Peter the Great, czar of Russia from . . . 1689-1725 
 
 Georgia colonized 1732 
 
 The " Stamp Act " passed 1765 
 
 Declaration of the Independence of the United States 1776 
 
 Independence of the United States acknowledged . J 782 
 
BOOKS FOR CLERGYMEN. 
 
 The Teachers' Ilelper, by "Pansy" — Mrs. George L. 
 Alden, — is a volume which no teacher of Sunday-school 
 children can afford to do Avithout. It is exactly what its 
 name signifies, a helper. No writer of books in this country 
 is better qualified to give advice to teachers than Pansy, and 
 could the volume now before us be put into the hands of 
 every one entrusted with the Scriptural teaching of children, 
 and further, could its suggestions be carried into practice, 
 the results would be surprising even to the most experienced 
 of Sunday-school workers. The Helper is intended as a 
 manual for the instruction of younger scholars, chiefly 
 series of class exercises to be pursued, based on the lessons 
 of the author's long experience as a teacher; explains how 
 lliey should be conducted; attacks certain popular notions 
 respecting the capacity of little children to learn and under- 
 stand, and shows their absurdity; urges patience, earnest- 
 ness and the exercise of judgment on the part of the teach- 
 ers: and proffers an amount of good, sound advice on the 
 whole vast subject, that cannot help being an aid and en- 
 couragement to any faithful or interested teacher. 
 
 Poetry is a hardly less powerful agency in arousing and 
 Interesting the mind in religious matters tlian prose. Hymns 
 and spiritual songs play airiniportant prirt in devotional ex- 
 ercises and many hearts ai-e impressed by the part which the 
 preacher fails to reach. The publishers have not been un- 
 mindful of this fact, and llicii- list includes several impor- 
 tant volumes designed to fill this need. Prominent among 
 them are Roundell Palmer's Book of Praise, containing the 
 choicest hymns wiiich have been written, gathered from all 
 sources; lie Leadeth Me, a collection of poems by English 
 authors of a purely devotional character; Songs of the Spirit, 
 edited by Bisiiop Odenheimer, and The Bock of Arjes. a 
 volume of religious poeti-y compiled by the Rev. S. F. Smith- 
 D.D. All these are published in two editions — one for 
 holiday presentation purposes and one in popular and 
 cheaper form. For religions gift books adapted to any sea, 
 son of the year are the small qwdvioB, Jesus Lover of my Soul, 
 The Ninety and Nine, and Miss Lathbui7's Out of Darkness 
 into Light. 
 
NEW PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Some Cuiuous Schools; or, Climbing the Ladder. Bos- 
 ton: D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.00, This is a new and 
 enlarged edition of one of tLe most popular volumes in last 
 season's list. It is not merely a book of entertaining 
 sketches, but a series of descriptions of institutions devoted 
 to peculiar or technical purposes, -which hold place in pur- 
 pose and method outside the usual educational establish- 
 ments. They include " The Children's Hour (Xew York 
 Art School)"; ''Boston Whittling School"; "Reform 
 School at Mettray"; "The Training School Ship Minne- 
 sota"; "English and American Sewing Schools"; "The 
 Boston School for Deaf Mutes"; "The Flower School at 
 Corlear's Hook"; "Philadelphia School of Reform"; 
 " Cadet Life at West Point " ; " The Perkins Institution for 
 the Blind"; "The Chinese Mission School"; "Lady Bet- 
 ty's Cooking School" ; " A Day Nursery," and "Some 
 Indian Schools." The descriptions are all by popular writers, 
 and the illustrations were drawn expressly for them by such 
 artists as Mi5=s L. B. Humphrey, Jessie Curtis, Mary A. 
 Lathbury aud Herman Faber. 
 
 Two Young Homesteaders. By Mrs. Theodora R. 
 Jenness. With 36 illustrations by Robert Lewis. Boston: 
 D. Lothrop & Co. Price $1.50, Here is a story of life on 
 the Kansas border, its characters drawn from real life, and 
 told in the most fascinating way. Mrs. Jenness is coming 
 to the front as one of the best writers of magazine stories in 
 the country, and her reputation might easily rest upon this 
 single serial. It is a series of life pictures in the far West, 
 descriptions of the experiences of border settlers. The 
 " two young homesteaders " are a plucky young girl and her 
 brother, who attempt to carry on a small farm in Western 
 Kansas. It gives a capital idea of the difficulties with which 
 pioneer settlers have to contend, and of the perils which 
 they sometimes have to undergo. Every boy and girl ought 
 to read it, and those who do so cannot fail while enjoying it 
 to draw lessons of strength and self-reliance from it. 
 
BOOKS FOR CLERGYMEN. 
 
 The list of D. Lothrop & Go's more important booivs is 
 especially rich in works prepared to meet the wants of 
 clergymen, Sunday-school superintendents and teachers. 
 Among them are collections of sermons by eminent preach- 
 ers, full of thought, and abounding in practical suggestions; 
 essays upon doctrinal points; di.'icussions of various methods 
 of preaching and teaching; cliurch history and biography; 
 books of scriptural reference and exegesis, and collections of 
 poetry of a devotional character. They are invaluable as 
 working tools for carrying on the practical work of the 
 church. Some of thorn have been before the public for 
 yeais and have gained a high and Rccurc place in the esti- 
 mation of the clergy and teachers alike; others, not less im- 
 portant or helpful in character, are new, and result from 
 hUer needs in the church and Sunday-school. 
 
 Iloio to Conduct Prayer Meciuvjs, by Rev. Lewis O 
 Thompson, conies prominently under this list, a volume 
 which has attained a wiile popularity. Dr. Thompson's 
 theory of what a prayer-meeting should be is based upon tlie 
 fact that it is, in the main, a g.ithci'ing of professing Chris- 
 tians for conference and edification, and not a revival ser- 
 vice for the conversion of tiie impenitent. The inquiry 
 meeting lias taken the i>\acQ of the former revival prayer- 
 meetings to a great extent, and lias been found far more 
 efllcacious in producing results. A brief introduction is 
 furnished by the Rev. J. IT. Vincent, D. D., in wliich the 
 work is warmly commended to the notice of all Christian 
 workers, for its sound, practical sense, and deep religious 
 puipose- Nor will Dr. Vincent be alone in his estimate of 
 its worth. It should be read by every pastor, by every 
 class leader, by every church member. It will serve to elear 
 away many false impi-essions, inspire fresh ardor and en- 
 thusiasm among luke-warm church goers, and will be an 
 efficient aid in the promotion of Christian feeling and 
 Christian work. 
 
T] 
 
LIBRARY OF CONUHt&a 
 
 018 487 293 6