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PREFACE 
 
 Venerable usage has assumed, and society has es- 
 tablished the enactment, that every one who appears 
 a candidate for public favour or patronage, shall offer 
 for himself or his work something explanatory by way 
 of preface. The fixed maxim of the author of the fol- 
 lowing sheets, being that of " Doing at Rome as they 
 do there," when not opposed to any positive duty, 
 would induce compliance with the former ; and in the 
 true feeling of the Lacedemonian spirit, he bows with 
 that deference to the latter, which he considers due to 
 the community at large. Fashion, however, having 
 suggested the propriety of short prefaces, he cheerfully 
 avows himself a willing disciple of modern taste in that 
 particular, as well to avoid prolixity, as to be enabled 
 to occupy his limited pages with what appears to him 
 to be matter of more moment. 
 
 For himself, therefore, he would say, that having 
 been from early youth familiarized with Anatomy, also 
 during a long period a student of mental and abstruse 
 sciences, and for the last twenty years pleasurably en- 
 gaged in the vocation of public education, he has had 
 opportunities of observing the unfolding, growth, and 
 bias of the human mind, with peculiar advantages, 
 which very few individuals have possessed ; and he 
 long practised the principles of Phrenology, without 
 knowing even its nomenclature. Under a conviction of 
 
 B 
 
II 
 
 its great Utility, as well to the present, as incalculably 
 to benefit (he rising generation, (in its judicious ap- 
 plication by those under whose tutelage their mental 
 
 faculties must be matured,) and at the solicitations of 
 a numerous circle of friends, whose judgment lie holds 
 in high respect, he has ventured to oiler an arrange- 
 ment of the leading features of the science in epitome, 
 in a form and dress, he believes, altogether novel, and 
 as clear and concise as his experience could BUggest; 
 for he requests it may be invariably understood, that 
 truth has been imperative with him, and he has been 
 uniformly guided in his researches and experiment! to 
 attain it; and would direct others, only by the same 
 road, to the same meta, to which he himself has been 
 travelling. 
 
 For his little book, lie has only further to observe, 
 that, in order to promote a practical acquaintance with 
 the subject, it is arranged into four progressive Ties- 
 sons, with select Questions at the end, for exercise; 
 and having been taught to believe that it would bo 
 useful (the only object of his solicitude), he submits 
 it to the decision of that ordeal which will stamp its 
 genuine value, with a hope, that its manner and cos- 
 tume may possess sufficient interest to warrant public 
 notice. 
 
 u Ce n'est pas le tout que d'offrir, 
 t{ II faut savoir faire accepter." 
 
!9r*lumnav$ 3&emarftiS. 
 
 "Know thyself" was thought a maxim of such 
 consummate wisdom, as to have been deserving a place 
 on the portico of the Temple of Apollo, and that in 
 letters of gold. Self-knowledge, which alone can di- 
 rect to self-government, and thus regulate our inter- 
 course with society, has had the testimony of approval, 
 from the wise and good, in every age of the world ; 
 and, however little interested the greater part of man- 
 kind may have been in this important inquiry, and a 
 " Knowledge of the world" held up as the chief object 
 of pursuit, and, notwithstanding the avidity with which 
 this study is generally embraced, yet, from its having 
 been set about the wrong way, the most protracted life 
 seems scarcely long enough to acquire even a super- 
 ficial acquaintance with this branch of knowledge, from 
 the varied springs of action influencing different indi- 
 viduals ; and after a long and ardent examination of 
 the various schemes of ethics, the philosopher turns 
 to contemplate himself, at a time when his mental 
 powers are fatigued or exhausted, and his infirmities 
 render him unfit to adopt the suggestions of this truly 
 valuable precept. u The proper study of mankind" 
 should commence at home ; and although many systems 
 have existed, both ancient and modern, to unveil us to 
 ourselves and each other, from the Astrology of the 
 Chaldeans to the Physiognomy of Lavater, none offer 
 
2 
 
 a facility and tangible demonstration equal to that 
 which Phrenology appears to hold out, the practical 
 knowledge of which this little volume professes to 
 teach. 
 
 That this science, which proposes for its object 
 the amelioration, if not the perfection of the mental 
 faculties, as far as perfectibility may be attainable, 
 should have met with opposition, may appear somewhat 
 extraordinary; but, on its first introduction, from its 
 principles being imperfectly understood, and, beside, 
 supposed to interfere with opinions, which, from their 
 being of a religious consideration, invariably excite 
 the most serious alarm in the human mind, the sur- 
 prise will vanish. It will, however, be found, by 
 adverting to the history of the progress of intellect 
 and science in general, that precisely the same has 
 taken place in every period and stage of society. 
 
 Democritus, of Abdera, who is the first on record 
 that applied his anatomical observations to the expla- 
 nation of the animal economy, was thought mad by 
 his countrymen. With what feelings of regret do 
 we contemplate the fate of the immortal Socrates, 
 who was pronounced by the Oracle to be the wisest 
 man in all Greece, falling under the imputation, of his 
 misguided fellow citizens, of impiety, and a corrupter 
 of the morals of the Athenian youth, when he was 
 labouring to establish the love of virtue and improve 
 their theocracy ? cc He stirreth up the people, and 
 goeth about to destroy the Law and the Prophets," 
 were the charges exhibited against the Redeemer of 
 the World, by those very men, whose legitimate 
 
profession it was, to have discerned in the purity of 
 his character, and the stupendous miracles of which 
 they were the daily witnesses, the fulfilment of that 
 law, and the confirmation of those prophetic writings, 
 about which they were, in their mistaken zeal, so 
 clamorous. 
 
 Nor less virulent was the Ecclesiastical opposition 
 raised against the celebrated Galileo, who, in a be- 
 nighted age of human intellect, demonstrated what 
 were then termed heretical opinions relative to the 
 theory of the earth's motion. 
 
 Neither was our countryman, {he mild, the unas- 
 suming Harvey, more fortunate, to whom is attributed 
 the discovery of the circulation of the blood : with 
 what acrimony was his ingenious theory, and even his 
 personal character assailed by his brethren ? Both 
 physicians and anatomists were alarmed by a circum- 
 stance which seemed to destroy the foundation of those 
 systems they had fondly cherished, and, finally, in vain 
 attempted to detract from the merit of that which they 
 were unable to refute. 
 
 Should inquiry arise, Why is this feeling of oppo- 
 sition ? Whence is this aberrant principle of the mind, 
 that inclines it to hesitate, or treat with asperity, 
 rather than to promote the suggestions of scientific 
 discovery ? It may be replied, that confirmed habits 
 of thinking, however erroneous, are not easily over- 
 come, nor early prejudice readily removed; that popu- 
 lar caprice and conjectural hypothesis, rather than 
 patient investigation and philosophical research, too 
 frequently warp the most matured judgment, even in 
 
minds of highly gifted talent, whether celebrated for 
 scientific attainment, or exemplary for genuine and 
 unassuming piety ; and although, perhaps, we may be 
 led to wonder at the obduracy, or seeming stupidity, 
 of men, who in various periods have exhibited so little 
 candour, and still less liberality of sentiment towards 
 those who have laboured for the general benefit of 
 their fellow creatures, it is but too apparent that, even 
 in this surprising age of intellectual illumination, 
 which borders on morbid sensibility, many are found 
 pursuing a similar method, by censuring before they 
 examine, or examining upon hasty and crude princi- 
 ples by no means judiciously assumed; nor need we 
 recur to the public benefit resulting from vaccine ino- 
 culation, or the introduction of gas-light, for a reason 
 why this novel science should have been thought 
 objectionable. 
 
 To avoid an impeachment of a like nature, it is 
 recommended to all, into whose hand this little book 
 may chance to come, and who may feel doubtful as 
 to the verity of this curious but important science, 
 to examine the subject dispassionately, compare facts, 
 and judge for themselves; as, they may be assured, 
 they carry the full weight of conviction on their own 
 shoulders, and can scarcely avoid witnessing an ex- 
 emplification of its truth, every day and in every walk 
 of society ; when little hesitation can be entertained 
 as to the result of their enquiries, agreeably to the 
 aphorism adopted as a motto in the title-page : " As 
 a lover of riches finds wealth, so a lover of truth 
 shall find truth." 
 
ON THE HEAD. 
 
 The great difference observable in the form and 
 size of the human head, has afforded occasion to philo* 
 sophers, at various periods, to exercise their ingenuity 
 to account in one way or other, from the phasnomena, 
 for the several degrees of intellectual capacity met with 
 among mankind, until it has become in some measure 
 associated in ordinary phraseology; and we occasionally 
 hear of long-headed, wrong-headed, and thick-headed 
 individuals, in allusion to the extensive or limited 
 degree of their understanding. 
 
 It is a known fact, that the forehead of the African 
 is lower, and retreats more suddenly, than that of the 
 European in general ; and that the Oriental head is as 
 remarkable for its rounded form, as the Caribbean is 
 for its depressed, flat, and elongated shape. Variations 
 of similar kinds occur also, characteristic of every 
 nation and tribe; and from the differences likewise 
 observable in their habits, pursuits, and intellectual 
 attainments, numerous hypotheses have been adopted, 
 and theories proposed, whereby, from the configuration 
 of the head, the extent of mental capacity might be 
 ascertained; among which, that of the facial angle of 
 Camper appears to have been the most ingenious. 
 
 But upon an attentive observation we shall find, 
 agreeably to the adage, u as many men so many minds," 
 there being no two minds precisely accordant, so no 
 
6 
 
 two heads are ever to be met with exactly alike, 
 whether national or individual. There is, moreover, 
 a very manifest difference in the heads of the sexes; 
 the female head being not only smaller in proportion, 
 but generally longer, and more compressed laterally, 
 than that of the male: of greater elevation at the top, 
 and fuller towards the posterior parts ; hence the 
 observation, that " men think, but women feel," is 
 strictly founded in truth, notwithstanding it appears to 
 have been reserved for Phrenology to assign the cause, 
 the organs of the feelings being seated in the occipital 
 region ; and although the different manner of thinking 
 and feeling, in the sexes, has been suspected by some to 
 arfse from a difference of structure in the cerebral fibre, 
 and by others supposed to be attributable to the effect 
 which established custom and habit has produced in the 
 diversified mode of their education, this science clearly 
 demonstrates that the Author of Nature, in the forma- 
 tion of the sexes, designed them to fulfil very different 
 offices, which, when harmoniously united, contribute to 
 that beautiful arrangement abundantly calculated to 
 promote the beneficent intentions of the Deity, in the 
 preservation and happiness of the species. The more 
 agreeable qualifications of the female being the do- 
 mestic and gentle virtues, prudence, desire of approval, 
 attachment to home, and love of their offspring; while 
 the great and respectable qualities designate the manly 
 character. Regard for personal dignity, the power to 
 defend public and individual right, to protect the weak, 
 to construct, to contend, to examine causes, and com- 
 pare effects, mark his natural bias, and constitute his 
 
most pleasureable pursuits. Notwithstanding we some- 
 times hear of masculine women, and effeminate men, 
 yet these are to be considered as occasional aberrations 
 from Nature's general rule of formation; but where 
 they occur are equally demonstrable from the respec- 
 tive organic constitution. 
 
 From the observation of these facts, it may be dis- 
 covered on what data Phrenology erects the structure 
 of its science: to ascertain with precision how far these 
 data were correct, it became requisite to examine the 
 heads, and to procure the crania, of various nations, 
 and different individuals of the same nation, and com- 
 pare their known habits and propensities with the 
 developement ; and these again with the instinctive 
 impulses of inferior animals, whose untutored habits 
 proclaimed the undisguised language of nature. All 
 this has been done; and the most satisfactory conclu- 
 sions, resulting from such investigation, unequivocally 
 proved. The situations of the mental organs have 
 been precisely determined, the individual faculties 
 clearly ascertained, and their effective degrees, or 
 states of activity, indubitably established, from several 
 thousand examples, selected as well from the human 
 species inhabiting every temperature of climate, as from 
 the various inferior families of animated nature. 
 
9W<J6£9lWJ£<A2rUM<§. 
 
 As every new science must be defective in its 
 nomenclature, which can arrive at perfection only as 
 the science itself advances toward maturity, so various 
 appellations have been assumed for the mental faculties, 
 and different arrangements of their series adopted by 
 different phrenologists, as judgment or discovery may 
 have dictated the modification; notwithstanding, the 
 situations of the organs, and their primitive functionary 
 properties, have remained the same. The difficulty 
 which a numerical character (at first attached to each 
 organ) presented to novitiates, especially as from 
 sedulous investigation the increased number of mental 
 faculties were ascertained, suggested the propriety of 
 substituting the initial letter of the faculty in preference 
 to the previously adopted figure, which will not be 
 subject to variation, whatever improvements discovery 
 may add to this mental science. 
 
 The commencement of the order of the faculties 
 offers, likewise, a more natural series, of more ready 
 application, as well as calculated to excite a more 
 agreeable feeling, than that which commences the judi- 
 ciary operation with the lowest of the animal propensi- 
 ties. Accordingly, the faculties of the mind have been 
 considered as divided into two orders, namely, the 
 Sensitive, which experience emotions, feel desires, (as 
 well from innate excitement, as from external impres- 
 
9 
 
 sions,) and, independently of our choice, urge to the 
 fulfilment of their several impulses; and the Intellectual, 
 which, by the ministration of the external senses, as 
 auxiliaries or intermedia, procure knowledge, and tend 
 to guide the feelings in the direction of their choice. 
 
 These are again subdivided into two genera; the 
 first genus of each order being the common endow- 
 ment of the human species with the inferior families of 
 animated nature; the second is, in its fullness, the 
 exclusive prerogative of mankind, notwithstanding: 
 some of the animal tribes, as they ascend in the scale 
 of created beings, are possessed of what may be termed 
 the rudiments, or an obscure manifestation, of many of 
 the faculties that compose this genus. 
 
 Of the intellectual class, which commences the 
 series, the first genus consists of those faculties which, 
 from impressions conveyed to the mind, form concep- 
 tions, and ideas, respecting the properties and relations 
 of external objects; occupying the lower ridge of the 
 forehead, and compose the Perceptive group, namely, 
 
 INDIVIDUALITY, FORM, SIZE, WEIGHT, COLOUR, ORDER. 
 
 and NUMBER. 
 
 Above these range that class, which, by means of 
 reiterated observations impressed by the perceptive 
 powers, apply their results to the promoting the 
 agreeable arts and conveniences of life ; and may be 
 designated the Scientific group (tinted light brown in 
 the frontispiece) : 
 
 EVENTUALITY, LOCALITY, TIME, MELODY, and 
 CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 The second genus of this class, which form the 
 reasoning powers of the mind, and constitute Ration- 
 
10 
 
 ality, compare, reflect, and decide upon the ideas 
 furnished by all the other organs; claiming the superior 
 region of the forehead, and form the Philosophic group, 
 (coloured dark brown in the frontispiece ,) consisting of 
 the organs of 
 
 COMPARISON, CAUSALITY, and WIT. 
 
 The faculty of verbal memory, which, as it were, 
 embodies thought, and by the medium of which 
 arbitrary symbols are recognized, and the sensations 
 and desires of all the faculties communicated, has its 
 organ seated at the back of the orbit of the eye, 
 (marked L.) 
 
 The first genus of the second order, namely, the 
 Feelings, consists of such faculties as appear to be 
 essential to the perpetuation, preservation, and comfort 
 of animal existence, and implanted for the fulfilment of 
 these beneficent purposes by the Creator; and can only 
 become noxious from their perversion, or abuse, by 
 vice and folly. They present a double group of Pro- 
 pensities, and a third, that may be denominated Senti- 
 ments. The first constitutes the domestic affections, 
 occupying the occipital part of the brain, (coloured 
 orange in the frontispiece,) namely, 
 
 AMATIVENESS, PHILOPROGENY. HABITATION, and 
 
 ATTACHMENT. 
 
 The second, that group of feelings, whose object is the 
 preservation of animal nature, opposing danger, pro- 
 viding food, and affording gratification in the enjoyment 
 of the repast, (tinted red in the frontispiece,) namely, 
 
 COURAGE, DESTRUCTION, and FLAVOUR. 
 
 And thirdly, the prudential group, suggesting the pro- 
 priety of temperance, industry, and of curbing such 
 
11 
 
 passions as, by their undue gratification, would subject 
 to want, or disturb the individual's repose (coloured 
 
 yellow) : 
 
 ACQUISITION, SECRECY, and CAUTION. 
 
 The second genus commences with certain regu- 
 lating powers of the mind, and (tinted green in the 
 frontispiece :) 
 
 LOVE OF APPROBATION, SELF-ESTEEM, FIRMNESS, 
 
 and JUSTICE. • 
 
 And which, like the former, seek their gratification in 
 the accomplishment of their respective desires, each in 
 its own way; and seem to have been implanted for the 
 purpose of guiding, and influencing, the direction of 
 the other feelings, and by a cogency of their nature, as 
 it were, urge to a compliance with their solicitations; 
 the two former being common to man and the inferior 
 animals, the two latter constituting the human genus. 
 
 The Imaginative group embraces a class of subjects, 
 which, without possessing any tangible existence, with- 
 out meeting us in our every day walk, possess a peculiar 
 charm in their perspective contemplation; and aid the 
 mind to soar in the airy regions of fancy, and futurity 
 (coloured blue) : 
 
 HOPE, IDEALITY, and MARVEL. 
 
 And lastly, the Beneficent group of Moral Sentiments, 
 faculties, implanted by the Author of Nature, to excite 
 to the fulfilment of those commandments on which, we 
 are assured, "hang all the Law, and the Prophets;" 
 tending to promote the universal happiness of all 
 (tinted carmine) : 
 
 IMITATION, BENEVOLENCE, and VENERATION. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIUM. 
 
 (vide model, NO. I.) 
 
 It may probably be asked, notwithstanding the 
 difference in the magnitude and shape of heads, how 
 can we be assured that the brain assumes a corres- 
 ponding- form, when it is known to be enclosed in the 
 skull, and this again enveloped in integuments, and 
 so forth? 
 
 Anatomy has decided the question, that the brain, 
 notwithstanding the softness of its consistence, never- 
 theless gives shape to the Cranium, in which it is 
 enclosed, just as the crustaceous tenement of the crab 
 is adjusted to the animal that inhabits it; and in con- 
 sequence, the figure may be ascertained by a careful 
 manipulation; there are, however, some exceptions 
 which demand notice. 
 
 The Cranium, or that part of the skull which 
 envelopes the brain, and is constituted to shield it from 
 external injury, is composed of eight separate plates, 
 or pieces, curiously united by various connections, tech- 
 nically termed sutures and articulations, and named 
 from their situations: the frontal or coronal, two pari- 
 etals, two temporal, the occipital, sphenoid, and the 
 ethmoid bones. In infancy the frontal is composed of 
 two distinct bones, which afterwards unite into one; 
 there are, however, instances where they have remained 
 in a separate state during maturity. 
 
13 
 
 The corners of the frontal, and parietals, are not 
 yet ossified, but form and unite with the growth of 
 years; in many cases receiving, in after life, small 
 additional portions between the parietal plates, either 
 at the frontal or lambdoidal sutures, as the animal pro- 
 pensities, or the intellectual faculties of the mind, may 
 have been called into greater activity, and consequent 
 increase. For, although the ossification of the skull is 
 not the result of the brain, but of particular vessels, by 
 which the bony mass is secreted, as is the case in all 
 other parts of the body, yet it is ever deposited in 
 accordance with the size, growth, and structure of 
 the brain. 
 
 The exceptions from this general rule are, first, 
 when a sinus is formed, and which, from its situation, 
 is named a. frontal sinus, and arises from the expansion 
 and extension of the Diploe, that soft, spungy sub- 
 stance, which every where pervades between the two 
 tables of the skull. It is generally met with larger in 
 those persons who have possessed the observing facul- 
 ties in a more than ordinary degree of activity, which 
 occasioning a greater heat, and consequently a greater 
 flow of blood, to that part, may cause a more copious 
 increase of the stratifying humour than in ordinary 
 cases, and is chiefly found in the crania of aged persons. 
 It may be, however, prudent for novitiates to make a 
 trifling allowance, generally, in offering an opinion on 
 the four first faculties, namely, Individuality, 
 Form, Size, and Weight, under the impression that 
 a small sinus may exist. 
 
 Another variation, but of more rare occurrence, is 
 
14 
 
 presented in the case of Hydrocephalus (or watery 
 head) ; a disease not unfrequently originating in the 
 too early excitation of the mental organs, before the 
 nervous fibres have attained sufficient strength, which 
 producing inflammation of the brain and its mem- 
 branes, of which an effusion of serum is the conse- 
 quence. Children of a weakly constitution, who have 
 been suckled for an undue period, are very liable to 
 this disease. And this may further be adduced in con- 
 firmation of the fact, that nature accommodates the 
 harder parts to those that are more soft; for in cases 
 where the Hydrocephalus occurs, the skull is not only 
 expanded by the pulpy substance of the brain, but 
 actually distended, and that, sometimes, to a surprising 
 degree, by the accumulation of mere water. 
 
 A third exception is exhibited, in cases where the 
 muscle that is sometimes found extremely full, extend- 
 ing along the temporal ridge, (on the sides of the head,) 
 from the anterior part of the organ of acquisition 
 to the posterier part of secrecy, not unfrequently 
 taking in part of ideality and caution. Athletic 
 persons, and those inclined to be stout, are of all others 
 the most liable to have this formation ; and in cases 
 where it may be suspected to exist, the part should be 
 examined by a careful manipulation, before an opinion 
 be offered as to the state of developement of the organs 
 in that region of the head. 
 
 t 
 
Sttuattottg of tfve ©rgang. 
 
 Individuality. The situation of this organ is 
 on the lower part of the forehead, just above the 
 bridge of the nose, and when large gives an appear- 
 ance of fulness to the part between the eyebrows. 
 
 Form is placed at the internal angle of the orbit 
 of the eve, and produces, when full, an extension to 
 the bridge of the nose, separating the eyes (as it were) 
 wide apart. 
 
 Size. The organ of Size is just over that of 
 Form, and nearly under Locality, at the inner angle of 
 the eyebrow; and if large, produces a heavy appear- 
 ance to the brow. 
 
 Weight. This organ adjoins that of Size, on the 
 outer side, immediately under Locality, and if largely 
 developed with Size, affords an overhanging appear- 
 ance to the brow. 
 
 Colour is seated on the middle of the eyebrow, 
 and when large, presents an agreeable round to the 
 arch, or rather an obliquity to the external part. 
 
 , Order is placed on the Outer side of the organ of 
 Colour, and if full, gives a squareness of form to the 
 part of the brow anterior of Number, sometimes 
 making the angle rather acute. 
 
 c 
 
16 
 
 Number is situated at the external angle of the 
 eyebrow, and when large, produces a roundness, or 
 extension of that part, on the exterior side of Order. 
 
 Eventuality is situated in the centre of the 
 forehead, immediately above Individuality, and under 
 Comparison; having a portion of the organ of Locality 
 on each side of it; and when large, produces a fulness 
 in the middle line, inclining to an oval form.. 
 
 Locality. This organ is on each side of Indi- 
 viduality and Eventuality, giving a prominence of a 
 pear-like shape to that part above the brow, just over 
 the organs of Size and Weight. 
 
 Time has its organ running obliquely from Loca- 
 lity, and often appears as if it were a continuation of that 
 organ, assuming a round shape; but if Wit and Melody 
 be large, they produce together with it a general 
 fulness, without partaking of any determinate form 
 separately. 
 
 Melody is placed on the lateral part of the fore- 
 head, and when large, gives a rounded form between 
 Number and Construction; and if the latter be also 
 large, it requires judgment to separate them. 
 
 Construction. The organ is on the temple, 
 giving a fulness forward of Acquisition, and is not 
 unfrequently closely united with Ideality, from which 
 it receives considerable assistance; and if combined 
 with Melody, much experience is requisite to define 
 them distinctly. 
 
17 
 
 Comparison is situated on the centre of the supe- 
 rior part of the forehead, on each side of which is Cau- 
 sality, and shews an elevation, or fulness, on the frontal 
 bone, generally assuming a round appearance. 
 
 Causality. The seat of this organ is on the 
 superior part of the forehead, on each side of Compa- 
 rison, and adjoining that of Wit: it will in general 
 be observed of a round form, unless Eventuality be 
 large, when it assumes with it one oblong fulness at 
 that part of the forehead. 
 
 Wit is placed on the exterior part of the forehead, 
 forward of Ideality, and on the outer side of Causality; 
 when very prominent, it gives a decidedly marked 
 appearance to that part. 
 
 Language has its organ situated behind the 
 orbit of the eye ; that convolution of the brain 
 resting on the upper obituary plate, and when large, 
 urging it forward by depression of the part, mani- 
 fests a fulness of the eye, an apparent large diameter 
 of the orbit, or by a general prominence, and not unfre- 
 quently by an united assemblage of these several modes. 
 Amativeness. The organ is placed at the pos- 
 terior part of the head, between the mastoid processes 
 behind the ear, and the Occipital protuberance above 
 the middle of the neck; the space between these will 
 afford an indication of the extent of the organ. 
 
 Philoprogeny is situated directly above Ama- 
 tiveness, on the middle line, between the two portions 
 of Courage : its general appearance is oval, but it will 
 occasionally be met with round, accordingly as the 
 hemispheres of the brain may be more or less separated 
 at this part. 
 
18 
 
 Habitation is situated at the back part of the 
 head, above Philoprogeny, and under Self-esteem, on 
 the middle line ; having attachment on each side, it is 
 not unfrequently met with in combination with Philo- 
 progeny, resembling with it an inverted heart. 
 
 Attachment has its organ placed on each side 
 of Habitation, and over a part of Courage, presenting 
 an oval shape, although when very full, it may be 
 observed more rounded in form. 
 
 Courage is placed at the posterior part of the 
 head, behind the mastoid processes, between Philopro- 
 geny and Destruction, and in general presents a fulness 
 behind the ear. 
 
 Destruction. The situation of the organ is 
 above, and round the upper part of the ear: it occupies 
 a large portion of the middle lobe of the brain, pro- 
 ducing an elongated appearance, and sometimes occa- 
 sions a projection of the upper part of the ear. 
 
 Flavour. This organ is united in combination 
 with the anterior part of Destruction, above the front 
 of the ear, below Acquisition ; and when large, gives a 
 full rounded appearance; but it requires skill in judg- 
 ing of its peculiarly influential properties. 
 
 Acquisition is placed on the upper part of the 
 temporal bone, on the anterior angle of the parietals, 
 between Construction and Secrecy; with which latter, 
 when large^ it is mostly associated, frequently pre- 
 senting an oval appearance. 
 
19 
 
 Sec res y is seated at the side of the head, above 
 the organ of Destruction, and nearly in a line from 
 the orifice of the ear to the top of the head; and if 
 Caution (which is directly over it) be much developed, 
 it gives great width to that region of the head. 
 
 Caution lies on the upper part of the sides of the 
 head, between the organs of Justice and Secresy : it 
 occupies a large portion of that lobe of the brain, and 
 when full, produces a squareness of appearance at 
 that part. 
 
 Approbation is situated on the upper lateral 
 posterior part of the head, on each side of Self-esteem, 
 directly under Justice, and adjoining Caution; and 
 when large, produces a squareness at that part of the 
 head. 
 
 Self-esteem is in the centre of the upper 
 part of the posterior region of the head, on the 
 middle line, above Habitation, and under Firmness, 
 assuming an oval form, between the two portions of 
 Approbation. 
 
 Firmness has its organ on the upper part of the 
 crown of the head, on the middle line, between Justice, 
 and over Self-esteem : it generally offers a round 
 appearance, and if Justice be likewise large, gives a 
 prominence to the part. 
 
 Justice is seated on each side of Firmness, and 
 directly over Caution; and when largely developed, 
 presents a little protuberance, especially if the organ 
 of Hope be but moderate. 
 
20 
 
 
 Hope is on the upper part of the head, on each 
 side of Veneration, adjoining the anterior part of 
 Justice, and behind Imitation and Marvel: it assumes 
 no particular form, only presenting in general a fulness 
 in that region. 
 
 Ideality. This organ is situated on the side of 
 the head, over Construction and Acquisition, between 
 Marvel, Hope, and Caution: it assumes an elongated 
 appearance; but when the three latter are large, it 
 produces a fulness at that part. 
 
 Marvel lies a little forward of the organ of Hope, 
 between Imitation and Ideality; and generally offers 
 an oval form, running obliquely from Wit. 
 
 Imitation is placed on each side of Benevolence, 
 forward of Hope, and adjoining Marvel, on the supe- 
 rior part of the forehead; and usually assumes an 
 elongated appearance. 
 
 Benevolence is situated on the upper part of 
 the forehead, on the middle line, between Comparison 
 and Veneration, having Imitation on each side, and 
 when full, (if Imitation be also large,) it presents 
 with it one considerable extension. 
 
 Veneration. This organ is placed in the centre 
 of the upper part of the head, and when large, pro- 
 duces an arched appearance; but when Benevolence, 
 and Firmness, are full, this faculty may be mistaken 
 as small, when in fact it is otherwise. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRAIN. 
 
 (vide MODEL, NO. III.) 
 
 The organs of the mental faculties, whose situations 
 have been pointed out, as observable on the head, 
 constitute the Encephalon, or Brainy mass, which is 
 contained within the Cranium, and to which, (as was 
 remarked,) it gives determination. It consists of an 
 apparently soft, poulticeous matter, termed medulary ; 
 interspersed with other substances of rather a more 
 solid, cineritious consistence, of a greyish colour: these 
 substances are disposed into protuberances, or convo- 
 lutions, and enclosed in membranes, of which the 
 most exterior is called the dura mater, its several parts 
 having received names by Anatomists, but of no im- 
 portance in our present enquiry. Immediately within 
 this, adhering to the brain, and closely investing its 
 convolutions, is a very fine transparent membrane, 
 called the pia mater; but what is properly the pia 
 mater, and which enters between the convolutions, is 
 separated from the dura mater by a still more delicate 
 membrane, called membrana arachnoidea, from its sup- 
 posed resemblance to the spider's web. 
 
 The substance of the brain is divided into two 
 equal parts, called hemispheres, which constitute the 
 
22 
 
 cerebrum, or brain properly so called; occupying the 
 entire space of the coronal, with a great portion of the 
 occipital region of the skull. In the posterior part is 
 situated the cerebellum, or little brain ; this rests on 
 the basilar portion of the occipital bone, divided like- 
 wise into two lobes, one of which lies on each of the 
 upper cavities of the occiput, that are separated by the 
 interior crucial ridge. Lastly may be noticed, the part 
 called the medulla oblongata, situated between the 
 lobes of the cerebellum, and the middle portions of the 
 brain; and this filling up the great occipital hole, 
 forms the bond of union with the spinal marrow. 
 
 Phrenological investigation has shewn, that the 
 'substance heretofore supposed medullar y, and con- 
 sidered as one congregated mass, is composed of an 
 innumerable assemblage of very minute fasiculi, or 
 bundles of nerves, disposed in layers, and interwoven 
 with transverse cords, which, emanating from ganglions 
 or nodes, present a curious retiform contexture, 
 branching in every variety of ramification, vertically 
 or laterally, suited to its position and destined office. 
 These bundles are universally arranged in pairs, which 
 correspond to each other in influential properties, 
 though not always in exact developement in each of 
 the hemispheres, and which they unite by means of 
 their fibrils in the middle line ; consequently the 
 faculties, in their operation of consciousness, are per- 
 ceived as single, as in the cases of the visual and 
 auditory nerves, and other organs of the body, which 
 are uniformly associated in pairs, and will afford an 
 explanation how it may be possible to injure, or even 
 
23 
 
 to remove to a given extent, portions of the cerebral 
 mass, without entire deprivation of mental conscious- 
 ness, or extinction of the vital spark. 
 
 The grey cineritious substance, is considered by 
 Dr. Spurzheim (the philosophical coadjutor of Dr. 
 Gall, and great improver of this science) to be the 
 deposites, from whence the nerves receive their struc- 
 ture, and increase, and may be denominated the matrix^ 
 or basis of their formation. 
 
 Before parturition, the whole brain presents little 
 more than this cineritious mass, and it is only by 
 degrees that the soul manifests its presence, in spon- 
 taneous motion. From the ichthycal state, the instinc- 
 tive sensations of hunger and thirst, obscure perceptions 
 of pain, and its opposite, and, at length, the imperfect 
 functions of the external senses, mark the animal 
 ^existence. The excitation of the mental faculties, 
 exhibited in Individuality, Form, Size, &c. soon 
 become apparent, whereby the nurse is distinguished 
 
 trom others, and familiars from strangers. By degrees, 
 he inclinations and propensities are awakened, and, 
 as the fibres of the brain increase and acquire strength, 
 determinate ideas of external objects assume their 
 legitimate character. Childhood is succeeded by ado- 
 lescence, and the impetuosity, arising from increased 
 circulation of the fluids, glow in every feature — all is 
 energy: as the brain advances towards its perfect 
 developement, so the sentiments and faculties, moral 
 and intellectual, manifest their respective functions 
 with greater promptitude, successively, until it attains 
 its maturity; when experience crowds upon observa- 
 
24 
 
 tion, Comparison and Causality elicit the respectable 
 powers, and stamp the character of the man. For 
 some years, the brain exhibiting little change, remains 
 as it were stationary; but, in proportion as the Indi- 
 vidual advances in age, and the vital heat diminishes, 
 the faculties of the mind, as well as the animal functions 
 of the body, appear to retrograde : the cerebral fibres 
 become firm, the convolutions diminish in volume and 
 elasticity, and the whole brain undergoes a visible, 
 though gradual, decline; (from the slow progression 
 of which, many aged persons are induced to suspect 
 their faculties to be such as they were in the meridian 
 of life; they are however mistaken.) The superior 
 faculties become weak, and the upper fibres of the 
 convolutions reclining on the lateral regions, together 
 with the effort to preserve the temperature, increases 
 their irritability; hence Caution, Acquisition, &c. act 
 more sensibly at this period of existence: Peevishness 
 and Irresolution become apparent; Benevolence cools 
 into apathy, or surrenders its powers to Approbation; 
 Veneration clings to existing objects, and Firmness 
 experiences a torpor: thus the brain, like every part 
 of nature, undergoes a growth, stationary state, and 
 decline, with its relative functions, until Shakspeare's 
 last age of man closes the scene, and he assumes the 
 universal motto of mortality, "hicjacet." 
 
INFLUENCES OF THE FACULTIES* 
 
 Individuality. This is one of the first faculties 
 that manifests its activity on our appearance upon the 
 theatre of human affairs. The Infant exerts it to dis- 
 cover its nurse from others ; new objects, and new 
 ideas, are the pleasureable pursuits of its full deve- 
 lopement : it becomes a valuable stimulus to the 
 acquisition of scientific knowledge, urging the mind 
 to examine every novel subject presented to observa- 
 tion, induces a quickness of conception, as its inactivity 
 produces a listlessness in matters of that nature. 
 
 Form is of general use in every branch of pro- 
 fession, it discriminates and judges of shape and pro- 
 portion, it is invaluable to the Portrait Painter, 
 Sculptor, &c. It may be readily discovered in child- 
 hood, by the propensity to indulge in scribbling, with 
 pen or pencil, various objects : it assists Individuality 
 in the recognition of persons, and presents to the 
 recollection objects and forms, which may have pre- 
 viously passed under our notice: its defect induces a 
 desultory manner of examining objects. 
 
 Size. The full developement of this organ, pro- 
 duces a correct idea of estimation relative to propor- 
 tion, length, height, or bulk ; is important in most 
 branches of mechanical art, Surveying, &c. To the 
 Landscape Painter it is essential, as in perspective it 
 equally applies to objects receding in the distance, 
 and to Artists in general, whether designing from 
 nature, or otherwise : its excess annoys with every 
 deviation from just proportion. 
 
26 
 
 Weight, or the faculty of judging momentum in 
 general : friction, resistance, and gravity, are the 
 objects of its selection. Those who indulge in the 
 gymnastic exercises find its developement highly 
 valuable, as it suggests the resistance necessary to be 
 employed against any opposing force : it is extremely 
 useful to the practical mechanician, nor less requisite 
 in the most delicate works of art. 
 
 Colour discriminates that which constitutes har- 
 mony, or otherwise in teints, and a just distribution of 
 light and shadow in painting: it produces what may 
 be considered taste in colouring; it is an essential to 
 the Flower Painter, and contributes to the pleasure 
 experienced in viewing parterres tastefully disposed, 
 or nature's exquisite skill in the enamelled meadows. 
 It greatly assists females in the display observable in 
 their costume; while its inordinate state produces a 
 most ridiculous glare. 
 
 Order. As this disposes to a correct arrangement 
 of multifarious objects, in a chaste and uniform series, 
 whether it relate to furniture, books, papers, or neat- 
 ness of costume, so it inclines to an orderly distri- 
 bution of domestic concerns, and assists the superior 
 organs in the association of ideas : it very much helps 
 the mathematician, and calculator in general. Habits 
 of cleanliness much depend upon its manifestation. 
 
27 
 
 Number. This faculty influences to the powers of 
 arithmetical calculation, and the science of numbers: 
 it receives much assistance from Order, and if the 
 developement of the reflecting powers be large, it will 
 induce a fondness for mathematical pursuits, and the 
 sublime purposes of Geometry; but individually, arith- 
 metic appears to be the particular function of the part, 
 or an excessive love for counting. 
 
 Eventuality. This invaluable faculty appears to 
 afford a stimulus to the due observation of transactions 
 of interest passing around; marking the periods, or 
 circumstances, under which they severally exist: it 
 involves much of the actual business of real life, and 
 is indispensable to the Politician, Historian, Biogra- 
 pher, and every one interesting himself in public 
 affairs; it likewise forms an agreeable trait in the 
 associate in party conversation. 
 
 Locality induces a desire for seeing different 
 places, gives a faculty of determining localities, or 
 prompts to visit different countries: it affords the 
 pleasure experienced in perusing Travels and Voyages; 
 it becomes a valuable requisite to the Historian, the 
 Geographer, and not less so to the Landscape Painter, 
 as it will enable him frequently to preserve picturesque 
 scenery without recurrence to his sketch-book. 
 
98 
 Time, lis properties are (<> perceive duration, to 
 
 distinguish the lapse of intervals, and correct adjust- 
 ment of rhythm, or measure of periods: a good 
 dcvclopoment is useful to the Chronologer, and an 
 essential in forming the good composer, or performer 
 of music, as it acls very much with Melody and Onhr. 
 In social intercourse, i(s influence suggests a punctual 
 
 observance of appointment!) or engagements. 
 
 Melody. lis special faculty is concerned with 
 musical harmony ; and the degree of its developcment 
 regulates the oar in relation to concord, harmony, or 
 otherwise: it allords the delight experienced by melo- 
 dious tones, and directs the justness of emphasis in 
 elocution. It is indispensable) in connexion with 
 7V///r-, in forming the correct musician, and with Con- 
 struction, in constituting the excellent composer of 
 
 music; Thorough I>ass being much dependant on the 
 
 latter faculty, with which it is closely connected. 
 
 Construction. This faculty is essential in every 
 mechanical profession, its function being to contrive, 
 or construct, (the mode of execution, whether tasteful, 
 
 or otherwise) being the effect of combination :) it 
 
 excites a desire for building, and yields the pleasurable 
 feeling of having work people about, and directing 
 their operations. It is not unfre<pirntly closely asso- 
 ciated with Ideality, when it becomes the parent of 
 the most ingenious productions. 
 
29 
 
 Comparison. It is the office of this faculty to 
 compare the effective powers of the mind, examine 
 their differences, judge of their assimilations, and 
 induce the drawing of analogies : it pays deference to 
 parity of reasoning, in preference to philosophical 
 disquisition ; it forms combinations, and aids in the 
 study of the philosophy of language. It assists the 
 Historian, Biographer, and the popular Divine, in 
 inducing its deductions by the force of illustrative 
 example. 
 
 Causality. Its function is to prompt the mind to 
 be solicitous in the enquiry relative to the causes of 
 all phenomena, and to examine, by consecutive parity, 
 the identity of Nature's first principles : it considers 
 the relation between cause and effect; and is invaluable 
 to every man of science. In conjunction with Compa- 
 rison, it forms the true philosophic mind; but is too 
 apt, (undirected by moral feeling,) to step beyond 
 the limits of our powers, and question the most awful 
 subjects. 
 
 Wit, Gaiety, or Mirt/ifubiess, all which names 
 have been applied to this organ, whose office appears 
 to be, that of reducing compound ideas into their dis- 
 junctive elements. This animating faculty produces a 
 gay and lively feeling, a pleasant and agreeable manner 
 of intercourse with society: it influences the taste for 
 jest, and enlivens the conceptions of the Musician, 
 Poet, and Painter; and sways whatever depends on 
 the ludicrous conceptions of the mind. 
 
so 
 
 Language. The Hermes of the mind (as Mercury 
 the ready messenger of the Gods) is ever obedient to 
 its dictates; and from its situation at the back of the 
 eye, proclaims undeviatingly, (though tacitly,) through 
 that organ, the sensations of the soul. A full develope- 
 ment embodies its emotions with facility, induces a 
 volubility of speech, and promptitude to express our 
 conceptions; as likewise the retention of verbal signs. 
 But the ability to cultivate universal Phylology, 
 requires a combination of the superior faculties. 
 
 Aiviativeness. As this faculty appears to have 
 been implanted for the most noble purposes, and seems 
 to involve the blessing pronounced at the creation, so 
 it is by far the largest of the animal organs. It leads, 
 in youth, to the strongest, and most unalterable, 
 affections; and in mature age, to the indissoluble bonds 
 of mutual regard: when, however, it is unfortunately 
 influenced, it leads to occurrences detrimental to the 
 individual, and offensive to society. 
 
 Philoprggeny. Its function, as its name implies, 
 is the love of Offspring; and produces the excitement 
 that manifests itself in the tender care exhibited by 
 parents towards their progeny. With a combination 
 of the beneficent feelings, it induces to the love of 
 children generally; and begets a solicitude for their 
 comfort and amusement; feels pleasure in their com- 
 pany, and enters sympathetically into their little joys 
 or sorrows. 
 
31 
 
 Habitation actuates in its more extended views 
 to the noble sentiment of love of country, an irre- 
 sistible attachment to particular places of residence, 
 and, in some cases, to cause a reluctance at changing 
 one apartment for another. It draws the mind of the 
 distant traveller to contemplate with feelings of delight 
 his anticipated return to home, and inspires the warrior 
 with additional ardour to defend his native soil; and, 
 in combination with Philoprogeni/, renders the maternal 
 parent happy in her seclusion. 
 
 Attachment. The warmth of friendship, the love 
 of society, and attachments in general, acquire their 
 energy from the developement of this organ; which 
 presents several modifications. When full, it produces 
 the most unalterable esteem and regard, it even extends 
 its sphere of activity to all around, both animate and 
 inanimate: in suitable combinations it stimulates to 
 form early associations for life. 
 
 Courage, Comb advenes s, or Perseverance, gives 
 the feeling to contend, defend, or carry our objects 
 onwards : it produces an energy to undertake difficul- 
 ties, and is a noble attribute to the manly character; 
 it enables the Senator, the Barrister, and those situated 
 in public life, to contend for the object they have 
 in view. Favourably constituted, it dictates with 
 propriety, and contends with becoming ardour; if 
 otherwise, it gives a propensity to cavilling and 
 contention. 
 
 D 
 
32 
 
 Destruction. According to temperament and 
 combination, this faculty produces the pleasurable 
 sensations experienced from field sports, witnessing 
 executions, or destroying whatever may appear ob- 
 noxious, or to present an impediment in the way of 
 any gratification in which we may feel disposed to 
 indulge. With the Carib, and hardened criminal, its 
 excitation extends to a thirst for the destruction of 
 their fellow creatures. 
 
 Flavour. This faculty influences, and regulates 
 the subjects of taste, as to the kind and quality of food 
 which nature demands, and appetite approves : it 
 acquires energy from Destruction, and while an inor- 
 dinate developement forms the Glutton and Epicure, 
 a moderate degree directs with prudent selection; and 
 according to temperament and combination, regulates, 
 and makes choice at the festive board with delicacy, 
 or obtrusive impetuosity. 
 
 Caution gives the power of prudently considering 
 of circumstances, and deciding with care and circum- 
 spection ; consequently becomes very useful in the 
 ordinary transactions of life : it induces precaution, 
 raises doubtings and hesitations, delaying the determi- 
 nation of a project until the morrow, in order to 
 reconsider the subject; it creates suspicion as to the 
 purity of the intentions of others, and continually 
 suggests the admonitory clause, u take care." 
 
33 
 
 Secrecy. Its influential properties being the pro- 
 pensity to conceal, the subjects of secrecy depending on 
 combination : under its guidance, the Statesman con- 
 ceals his maxims of policy, the General his plans of 
 operation, the ingenious Artisan his inventions; and 
 in the ordinary walk of life, thoughts and opinions, 
 intentions and property, become alike the objects of 
 concealment. The faculty only becomes offensive in 
 its abuse. 
 
 Acquisition. The primitive power being to accu- 
 mulate, gives a desire for speculation : in youth, it 
 urges to the pursuit of literary studies; in active life, 
 it inspires the spirit of commerce and adventure. The 
 pleasure arising from collecting medals, books, paint- 
 ings, or curiosities, receives energy from this organ. 
 When unfavourably constituted, it forms the depredator 
 on the property of others, frequently regardless of 
 consequences. 
 
 Self-esteem takes a very active part in forming 
 the character: national pride, and personal endowment, 
 whether real or imaginary, are equally the objects of 
 its activity. If the reflecting faculties be large, it 
 stimulates to the noblest exploits; it inspires a self« 
 confidence to emulate the most praiseworthy enter- 
 prizes; it exalts the mind above the ordinary weakness 
 of human nature; and proves an effectual spur towards 
 advancing our success in life. 
 
34 
 
 Approbation. The just value entertained for 
 reputation, the pleasure felt in possessing the favour- 
 able opinion of others, and the desire for notoriety, 
 are the results of a full developement of this sentiment. 
 It stimulates to a thirst for fame, and love of praise : 
 under its influence the Statesman seeks popularity, the 
 Artisan the desire to oblige, and the Domestic the wish 
 to obtain the good will of his employer; and may be 
 productive (from variety of combination) of either 
 virtue or vice. 
 
 Firmness gives decision of character, constancy, 
 and determination, to all the other faculties : it upholds 
 #nd fixes their activity, and being constituted in the 
 midst of the superior organs, contributes to promote 
 the equanimity of the faculties, by strengthening some, 
 and restricting such as may tend to enslave the mind. 
 It affords composure under every occurrence, and con- 
 stitutes a mind at all times master of itself. 
 
 Justice. The feeling of conscientiousness, with 
 respect to right and wrong, is one of great importance: 
 to it belongs the office to judge, acquit, or condemn, 
 and even to punish. Its sentence stamps us equally 
 guilty, or otherwise, to ourselves, to society, and even 
 in the eye of our Maker: it produces a delicacy of 
 encroaching in the slightest degree on the rights of 
 others, and feels indignant at any act contrary to the 
 rules of equity and justice. 
 
35 
 
 Hope inclines to look on the bright side of every 
 event; and buoys up the mind under the most pressing 
 difficulties. Those may be accounted fortunate who 
 possess this faculty in any considerable degree of deve- 
 lopement: it is the cheering companion of industrious 
 effort, and gilds the gloomy path of the traveller with 
 prospective views of comfort and repose; it teaches the 
 mind to soar even beyond mortality, and to contem- 
 plate the beatitudes of a future state. 
 
 Ideality produces the sentiment of the sublime 
 and beautiful: it influences the conceptions of the 
 mind, producing grandeur of invention, and splendour 
 of execution; it enlivens and beautifies the objects 
 of its research, prompts to embellishment, and is 
 essential to the Poet, Sculptor, Architect, and Painter; 
 it produces an elevated strain of language in the 
 Author, gives a glow to sentiment, and exalts the 
 imagination. 
 
 Marvel. This faculty leads the mind to search 
 for the surprising, wonderful, and supernatural: it 
 contributes to establish credence in mystery, and 
 miracle ; it directs aright, (under proper combinations) 
 the religious feelings, inclines to the study of Theolo- 
 gical works, and holds Ecclesiastical Institutions in 
 high respect ; is also influential in guiding the Artist in 
 depicting the subjects of Romance and Fable. 
 
36 
 
 Imitation. In childhood, by the means of this 
 faculty, much of information is acquired, by the habit 
 of imitating those among whom they are associated; 
 and it is a known truth, that more of moral character 
 is established by example, than by precept: it sheds its 
 influence over most of the affective powers of the 
 mind, useful and pleasurable to ourselves, and to 
 society. In the Arts, it stimulates to the most lively 
 representations, and adds what is termed expression 
 in painting. 
 
 Benevolence produces mildness of character, and 
 liberality of sentiment, in passing judgment on the 
 conductor errors of others: it influences the temper 
 in producing a benignity of manners, excites sympathy 
 for the suffering, and hospitality towards the distressed 
 members of society; and in its fullest extent, comes 
 up to the beautiful description given of Charity by the 
 Apostle Paul. 
 
 Veneration carries a due respect for Religion 
 and its Institutions: it venerates the aged, the parent, 
 and all that is respectable; it leads alike to the pious 
 adoration of the Supreme Being, and the blind zeal 
 of enthusiasm. Under its direction the Gentoo makes 
 provision for the vermine that infest his house, the 
 female immolates herself on the funeral pile, and the 
 gloomy Pagan prostrates himself before the image of 
 his vindictive Deity, with all that fervent devotion 
 which a sense of his wants can be supposed to inspire. 
 
ON GENERAL CHARACTER. 
 
 The foregoing are the influential properties of the 
 mental faculties, when their several organs are in a 
 healthy state, and under an equability of constitutional 
 temperament. But if excessive energy on the one 
 hand, or debilitated inertness on the other, stimulate 
 or retard the operation of the powers, the equilibrium 
 is disturbed, and effects proportionally dissimilar will 
 be observable in the respective characters, from a 
 phlegmatic torpidity to a feverish irritability; and 
 these likewise exhibiting a variety of manifestations, 
 as they may be differently associated, in a combined 
 series, with the rational principles, or merely animal 
 desires: for it must not be inferred, because every 
 individual of the human species is endowed, from 
 creation, with the whole of those faculties which have 
 been enumerated (Idiots excepted), and are all with 
 which we are at present acquainted, that any one is 
 possessed of them in equal size of organs, or degree 
 of activity; it requiring only the marked energy of a 
 very few faculties, preponderating over the dormant or 
 less vigorous powers, to form what is termed Character, 
 whether national or individual. Hence may be ob- 
 served the vivacity and versatility of the French, from 
 the prevalence of the animating faculties under a san- 
 guine temperament; the patient investigating genius 
 
38 
 
 of the Germans, by reason of the reflecting powers; 
 the circumspection of the Chinese, in the manifestation 
 of the prudential sentiments ; and the terrific barba- 
 rity of some of the uncultivated Indian tribes, arising 
 from the preponderance of the animal propensities 
 undirected by moral feeling. The like courts our 
 observation in the every day walk of society : the 
 pious, the mora], the generous, and the exalted cha- 
 racter; and likewise the reverse of these are every 
 where to be met with, and will be found to arise prin- 
 cipally from the developement, or activity, of certain 
 classes of feelings, whose predominating and indulged 
 influence, over the other faculties of the mind, deter- 
 mine the general habits, and (though perhaps uncon- 
 sciously) regulate the tenour of the conduct of the 
 person so organized. It is, moreover, a remarkable 
 fact, that in whole nations, where the superior powers 
 exert their energy, we may discover a proportionate 
 degree of urbanity of manners, as on the contrary, 
 where the lower or merely animal propensities are 
 allowed to assume the ascendancy over the Intellectual 
 faculties, the more of the Barbarian is discoverable: 
 the restraining motives are withdrawn, impetuosity is 
 exhibited on every impulse of the passions, and the 
 rude, the brutal, and the sensual feelings, become 
 apparent in the character; and in proportion as mora- 
 lity and civilization become cherished, in the same 
 degree (both history and experience assure us) the 
 people improve in the arts of refinement, probity, and 
 taste. 
 
39 
 
 The ||£rccptt!lt faculties which contribute to 
 form the mechanician, in combination with the Scien- 
 tific, and under the guidance of the Reflective powers, 
 constitute the exalted genius whose productions, like 
 those of No. 4,* excite universal admiration. But these 
 acquire energy from the feelings, which constitute the 
 Artisan a reputable member of society, or otherwise : 
 stimulated by the Domestic group, the exertion is ani- 
 mated by family comforts. If the selfish feelings pre- 
 dominate, all is subservient to Individual gratification; 
 but these still modified by the Regulating Sentiments, 
 as Self-esteem, Approbation, Firmness, and Justice, 
 exert their respective influences, or blend their asso- 
 ciated effects in the Character. 
 
 The Scientific group acquires additional energy 
 from the feelings in the same way, which manifest 
 themselves in the labours, whether of the Artist, the 
 Geographer, the Musical Composer, or the Architect; 
 each selecting the objects suited to gratify the promi- 
 nent features in his character: thus among Painters, 
 in the pencil of the one, may be traced the influence of 
 the Domestic affections, in another Courage or Destruc- 
 tion, in a third the splendour excited by the desire of 
 admiration, or the pompous pageantry of pride. Even 
 constitutional temperament is discernible in the selec- 
 tion of colours ; while the Ideal group adds brilliancy 
 of conception, such as influenced all the stupendous 
 performances of the extraordinary Artist, No. 5. 
 * Vide characteristic models. 
 
40 
 
 The llilftccttttg powers of the mind are not less 
 influenced by the mild and benevolent, or the stern and 
 cynical faculties ; the natural bias of Philosophers 
 urging them to contemplate, with very different optics, 
 the systems of nature, or ethics, according as the 
 amiable or the rigid feelings may have directed their 
 judgment. Hence the varied schemes of ancient theo- 
 rists, on one or other of which, most of the moderns 
 have raised the structure of the mind, as they found 
 their feelings or propensities harmonize with their 
 Prototype. In No. 6 may be viewed the ascetic Philo- 
 sopher, who fitted only for the recluse, his seclusion 
 added depth to his vast research, and profundity to 
 his conceptions and understanding. 
 
 The £)OKtC0ttC affections, under the regulation 
 of the superior faculties, present the most amiable 
 picture that nature can offer to our contemplation; yet 
 these act differently, and become variously modified by 
 the impulse of accessory feelings, according as they 
 assume the prerogative of dictation. The Preservative 
 group urge to a jealousy of domination, while the 
 Prudentials suggest sentiments of parsimony: these 
 are again influenced by the Regulating class of senti- 
 ments; whilst under the guidance of Beneficence and 
 Veneration, we may conceive a character such as 
 No. 7 presents, and eulogized in the pages of French 
 history. 
 
41 
 
 The ]j3r£0irft&tito£ faculties. Notwithstand- 
 ing their indispensable properties, or however valuable 
 under the restriction of Justice, Propriety, and true 
 Patriotism, become the most obnoxious when they 
 acquire the ascendancy in the character. A more ex- 
 traordinary instance of their ungoverned impetuosity 
 cannot perhaps be adduced than No. 8; which, if 
 guided by the nobler faculties, might have constituted 
 a brave and magnanimous Commander, a judicious, yet 
 inflexible Legislator, a steady and firm corrector of 
 the abuses which had crept into the State, at the 
 Imperial helm of which he was placed; but bereft of 
 the higher sentiments, the Individual sunk into depra- 
 vity, and every species of barbarity. 
 
 The llrufrltttt&l sentiments becoming conspi- 
 cuous in the habits, render the character circumspect 
 in all his dealings, watchful over his interests, and 
 sparing of his remarks, whether of persons or things ; 
 and though he utter nothing but truth, yet he does not 
 consider himself (unless properly called upon) to 
 declare the whole truth. If the lower feelings unite 
 their energy, the principles are not always quite 
 correct ; but associated with the Moral Sentiments, and 
 Justice, the Individual, though seldom courted, always 
 commands respect: a striking instance is afforded in 
 No. 9, where the Royal personage, though destitute of 
 true friends, yet ever possessed the respect even of his 
 enemies. 
 
„ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 The lirQUlattng powers, being implanted for 
 the purpose of exerting an influence over the other 
 mental feelings and sentiments, tend rather to bias and 
 restrain the too active impulses of the other faculties, 
 than manifest themselves collectively; but where they 
 shine conspicuous in the Character, they exalt the 
 being above the ordinary weakness of mortals, and 
 render them objects of admiration : for as great men 
 have seldom small vices, the lower passions become 
 eclipsed, or assume milder names, under the dazzling 
 splendour which this group maintains. An example is 
 afforded in No. 10, where, in other circumstances, the 
 propensities would have debased the character, they 
 became in a measure obscured in the great display of 
 mental ability. 
 
 The Emacjtttatitot group communicates vivacity 
 to the whole mind, and gives an animating glow to the 
 conceptions of the Poet, Painter, Philosopher, and 
 Divine. It forms the cheerful friend, and lively asso- 
 ciate, and adds a gay and agreeable turn to conver- 
 sation : it inclines the Individual, where it predo- 
 minates, to rove in the flowery fields of fancy, and 
 enables him to meet the disastrous occurrences of life, 
 as transient evils. Under the inferior combinations, 
 it stamps the character with levity ; but with a large 
 developement of the Reasoning powers, it contributes 
 to form the most exalted Genius, such as evidenced in 
 No. 11, whose vast and versatile conceptions will meet 
 admiration to the latest posterity. 
 
4 
 
 o 
 
 The f&Otal sentiments, when predominant in 
 the Character, exert a powerful controul over the 
 whole mind, and in the present state of society demand 
 an energetic dictation of the Reflecting faculties to 
 direct their impulse ; evincing that the restraining 
 motives, as well as the active duties of morality, are 
 essential to promote the happiness of mankind. Reve- 
 rence for the Deity, and charity towards mankind, may 
 without their guidance become morbid, and produce 
 abuses : a Wolsey or a Bonner, equally with an 
 Addison or a Howard, may be actuated by this group 
 of faculties. But where the Rational powers maintain 
 the complete mastery of the mind, they manifest their 
 unassuming influence, and shed a mild lustre over the 
 whole character, as exemplified in No. 12. 
 
 The limited plan of this work will only allow a 
 suggestion here, that in order to curb one cogent organ, 
 or class of feelings, it will be prudent to counteract its 
 impetuosity, by calling forth the activity of another; 
 first of a somewhat dissimilar quality, then others more 
 remote : the object is not to be achieved at once, and 
 should ever be undertaken with care. No unreason- 
 able request should be proposed to irritable youth, nor 
 should stubbornness be provoked: command of temper, 
 also, will have a powerful effect on juvenile passions, 
 and no less influence those of maturer years. 
 
PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 One of the impediments to the advancement of 
 Phrenology, has arisen from the mistaken opinions of 
 the Amateurs of this Science; who, supposing a mere 
 acquaintance with the names, situations, and individual 
 properties of the mental organs, quite sufficient to 
 qualify them to decide on the characters of others, 
 have, on these slender attainments, ventured to deter- 
 mine the necessary developement requisite (in their 
 -estimation) to constitute a reputable member of society; 
 and to anathematize such as did not appear to enjoy 
 so copious, or so ponderous, a cranium as their own; 
 and from a promptitude (generally observable in 
 novitiates) to display their skill, with " Oh, you must 
 allow me to examine vour head," have so committed 
 themselves, that many persons who previously were 
 disposed to give credence to the doctrine, have been 
 thus disappointed, or discouraged, by the incorrect 
 judgment of their Phrenological friend; and, in conse- 
 quence, have not only relinquished farther inquiry con- 
 cerning it, but also withdrawn even the good opinion 
 they had conceived for it, from its apparent futility. But 
 it should be remembered, that the errors of Empiricism, 
 afford no just impeachment against the science of me- 
 dicine: various contingent and auxiliary circumstances 
 must be duly weighed, and maturely considered, before 
 an opinion be offered on individual endowment, since 
 human character is so infinitely varied. 
 
45 
 
 That the size of the head affords no correct estimate, 
 will appear from general observation. It is no unfre- 
 quent occurrence to meet with persons who have large 
 heads, but who display no particular mental excellence; 
 while, on the contrary, some of less dimensions excel 
 in brilliancy of talent: Mr. P. Cotter O'Brien, the 
 Irish giant, who measured eight feet six inches and a 
 half, exhibited far less mental energy than the Por- 
 tuguese dwarf, Cardoza, whose height was only 
 twenty-four inches. 
 
 The disproportion of the head to the body will 
 generally be found to be attended with weakness of 
 the mental powers, as in the various cases of Idiocy, 
 where the cranium being distended with serum, becomes 
 too large, or, on the other hand, is rendered diminu- 
 tive from the brain being checked in its due formation 
 and growth. A little observation will, however, 
 familiarize the student with what may be termed large, 
 moderate, and small heads ; but no two heads must 
 ever be compared with each other, for particular 
 mental endowments, not even of the same sex, but 
 each one examined individually for itself, and con- 
 clusions drawn relative to character, according as the 
 developement of faculties, temperament, education, 
 habits, and intercourse with society may justify. The 
 knowledge of the influence of constitutional tempera- 
 ment, which regulates the organic activity, is of great 
 importance; and though generally mixed and blended 
 in such variety, as to present some difficulty, may 
 nevertheless be ascertained by a careful observation 
 of what are termed the four primitive humours. 
 

 
 46 
 
 The Lymphatic, or Phlegmatic Temperament, 
 manifests itself in the dull and gross habit: the vessels 
 lie deep, and appear small, the pulse is languid, com- 
 plexion pale, the hair light, and a general lassitude is 
 apparent in all the movements; every transaction is 
 with them a matter of course, they observe the bustle 
 of all nature around them with indifference, equally 
 exempted from the delights, or poignant sorrows, that 
 so much affect others. 
 
 The Sanguineous humour predominating, produces 
 a firm consistence of body, fleshy, though not fat; 
 veins full, and brisk pulsation of the arteries; the skin 
 smooth, good complexion, and an animated counte- 
 " nance; blue eyes, brown hair, lively habits, exhibiting 
 much promptitude : soon affected by external impres- 
 sions, which as quickly subside. 
 
 The Bilious, or Choleric temperament, affords a 
 moderately full and firm set of muscles; pulse quick 
 and full, a strong and decided expression of coun- 
 tenance, skin hot and dry to the touch, yellowish 
 brown complexion, dark hair; manifest generally great 
 ardour; quick, hasty, and persevering, but inconstant. 
 
 The Nervous, or melancholy temperament, is 
 evidenced in a slender swarthy pale skin, cold to the 
 touch; fine thin hair, delicate state of health, small 
 muscles, rapidity of action, contemplative, and apply 
 with passionate ardour to any object of pursuit, but 
 soon exhausted, being inadequate to the endurance of 
 much fatigue. 
 
47 
 
 The influence of these humours on the constitutional 
 habits, must be blended (mentally) in the same way 
 the Painters unite their colours, and form teints on the 
 palette; their mixture being* not only complex, but 
 assuming a character which varies with the different 
 periods of existence, known as the Spring, Summer, 
 Autumn, and Winter of Life; neither are the consti- 
 tutional temperaments, in general, less influential with 
 individuals than these revolutionary seasons on the 
 globe, regulating the energies and activity of the 
 different ages of human life: similar modes of exertion, 
 whether mental or corporeal, not being predicable of 
 childhood with those of maturity, or these again with 
 the decline of existence. 
 
 A difference of sex produces a varied manifestation 
 of like faculties; the masculine character being directed 
 by understanding, the feminine guided by feeling. 
 Thus in Philoprogeny, each parent regards, and fre- 
 quently cherishes, in the offspring, the dominant, 
 though perhaps latent, feature in their own character: 
 hence maternal management of boys, after a certain 
 age, is properly relinquished; while the regulation of 
 the girls is still retained. The feeling of courage is 
 variously exhibited, the valour of the male displaying 
 itself in feats of prowess; that of the female in the 
 exercise of a more pliant weapon. The power to 
 construct prompts, in the one sex, to works of archi- 
 tecture, mechanical, or pictoral composition ; in the 
 other it affords an ability to regulate the costume, select 
 furniture, &c. with elegance and taste : and so of the 
 other faculties. 
 
 £ 
 

 48 
 
 Particular regard likewise must be had to the 
 healthy, or diseased state of the organs : the opportu- 
 nities that may have been afforded of education, and 
 exercise; the influence of climate, custom, or habit; 
 and the associations with, or seclusion from, society. 
 As boys, bred under the management of maiden aunts, 
 or grandmothers; and classical daughters, under the 
 tutelage of relict fathers, or uncles, equally present a 
 distorted character; an anomaly not reconcileable to 
 any positive rule. 
 
 These preliminary considerations having been duly 
 weighed, the head should be viewed in profile, and a 
 vertical line imagined to extend from the centre of the 
 «rown to the orifice of the ear;* the region before the 
 line is the frontal, and that posterior, the occipital: 
 the proportions between these will indicate whether 
 the intellect, or feelings, claim precedence in the 
 character. An horizontal line, ideally passing from 
 the middle of the forehead to the occiput, at the organ 
 of habitation, will subdivide the head into two hemis- 
 pheres: the superior, or coronal, above the line; and 
 the inferior, or basilar, below; from which may be 
 judged, how far the sentiments, and powers strictly 
 human, preponderate over the animal propensities. 
 The attention must then be directed to the functions as 
 associated into groups, and lastly the individual organs, 
 which may be noted on a Phrenological tablet, with an 
 asterisk of four, five, or six points, for moderate, full, 
 or very marked, as Astronomers designate the magni- 
 tudes of the stars; placing a cipher for small organs, 
 
 * Vide model No. 2. 
 
49 
 
 and thus regulate the judgment by a preponderance 
 of testimonies. And here it may be necessary to 
 observe, that, beside the exceptions to ordinary 
 formation, noticed in the description of the head, 
 cranium, and brain, some variations claim the 
 attention of the student; namely, that the organs do 
 not always assume precisely the like appearance on 
 every head. Also when two or three organs are asso- 
 ciated in a full developement, the adjoining ones may 
 be mistaken as small, when they are only so in relative 
 proportion : thus, when the Perceptive faculties are 
 large, they may produce a somewhat sunken appear- 
 ance to the eye, whereby the judgment may be deluded 
 with regard to Language. Construction also, when 
 combined with Melody, will present some difficulty 
 even to the experienced Phrenologist ; the like when 
 combined with Secresy and Acquisition, which may 
 induce a suspicion that Construction is small, when in 
 fact it is otherwise. The female head being more 
 narrow laterally in its proportions than that of the 
 male, may appear to justify the old adage, "that a 
 woman cannot keep a secret," the reverse of which is 
 the fact; for the cerebral fibres being more extended 
 in volume in that region, afford great scope of 
 activity to the prudential group, which forms a prin- 
 cipal trait in the female character : the same remark 
 applies in every case, where the extension of an organ 
 may counterbalance one apparently more prominent. 
 Nor should censure rashly be passed on those per- 
 sons, to whom Nature has denied a " towering front," 
 to recommend them to our intimacy or friendship, or 
 
50 
 
 which does not present at first view a splendid intellect; 
 from considerations previously suggested on the effects 
 of application, &c. even in some of the Caribbean 
 Indian tribes, who repress the expansion of the powers 
 of rationality, by compressing the frontal bone, so that 
 in maturity they can see objects above the forehead, 
 yet the convolutions of those faculties still exist. 
 Many possess abilities of which they are unconscious, 
 from their never having been placed in circumstances 
 to call forth their activity; others again fancy that they 
 possess talents to which in reality they have no claim. 
 Previous acquaintance with the individual may some- 
 times warp the judgment, and it may be prudent to 
 suspend offering Phrenological opinions on the Climac- 
 terical periods, which every person experiences once, 
 and in some cases oftener, every lunar month, on which 
 days the mind experiences a lassitude, depression of 
 the animal spirits, and a susceptibility to irritation of 
 temper. It is especially to be borne in memory, that 
 the science does not profess to be of a predictive nature, 
 still less does it involve a fatal necessity : the cerebral 
 organs are only instruments of the mind, or intermedia, 
 whereby it is enabled to cogitate, and hold intercourse 
 with the external world, in the same manner, that, by 
 the ministration of the bodily organs, it operates all the 
 personal and relative functions, without which their 
 fulfilment would be impossible, and according as the 
 one, or the other, are brought into a state of perfec- 
 tibility by discipline and exercise, the more promptly 
 and energetically do they execute their office. 
 
51 
 
 From the manifold difficulties that presented them- 
 selves during the early investigations of Dr. Gall, 
 he recommended to his auditors not to practise the 
 doctrine, on account of its extreme intricacy; on the 
 contrary, his philosophical coadjutor, and the im- 
 prover of the science, Dr. Spurzheim, advises every 
 enquirer to examine and repeat his observations, in 
 order to obtain self-conviction ; and to consider it an 
 imperative duty to be well acquainted with the subject, 
 and that, before he makes any application of it. Cer- 
 tainly the investigation ought to commence at home ; 
 every one should first dispassionately examine, and 
 contemplate his own mental powers, agreeably to a 
 former remark, "that he carries the full weight of con- 
 viction on his own shoulders;" by this method he may 
 readily acquire a practical self-knowledge, of all attain- 
 ments the most valuable, as it has ever been considered 
 the most difficult. By a knowledge of his propensities 
 and desires he may be the better enabled to keep a 
 watchful guardianship over them, lest, by their exces- 
 sive energy, or undue indulgence, they may betray 
 him into errors, injurious to himself or others, and 
 become a source of inquietude or regret. By an atten- 
 tive observation of the various sentiments and per- 
 suasions which bias the judgment, and too often lead 
 to mistaken conclusions, he may allow every one the 
 free enjoyment of his own peculiar notions and pre- 
 judices, from a consciousness that he expects a like 
 indulgence, and thereby be led to exact from others no 
 more than he would cheerfully bestow, and thus create 
 
52 
 
 in his mind a liberality of sentiment and charitable 
 mode of feeling towards all. By duly cultivating and 
 strengthening his intellectual faculties, he may not 
 only have a surer ally to aid him in the regulation of 
 his passions, his taste, and his conceptions, but likewise 
 contribute to the general stock of useful knowledge, 
 and be the better qualified to assist his weaker brethren. 
 By a due and careful contemplation of this science, 
 every one may discover how far he is indebted to natu- 
 ral formation, how much he owes to the fostering care 
 of parental regard, what share education has had in 
 forming his habits, and what he may claim upon the 
 score of his own exertions ; and thus knowing the 
 talents committed to his trust, he may, like a " wise 
 steward," improve them to the glory of the <c Donor of 
 every good gift," and by an endeavour to promote the 
 welfare of all around him, and in contributing to gene- 
 ral happiness most effectually establish his own. 
 
gtlttt (SufstuMs (ov <&xmm. 
 
 What motto graced Apollo's Temple — What does 
 Phrenology propose for its object — Why was it thought 
 objectionable — Who was Democritus — What were the ac- 
 cusations against Socrates — Why was Galileo persecuted— 
 What did Harvey discover — Why does every new discovery 
 meet opposition — What is recommended to the Phrenologi- 
 cal student — What is the difference between the African 
 and European head — The Oriental — The Caribbean — Who 
 proposed the facial angle — What difference exists between 
 the Male and Female Head— Why are they dissimilar — 
 What became requisite to establish Phrenology — Into how 
 many Orders are the mental faculties divided — What are 
 their properties — Into how many Genera — By what created 
 beings possessed — What constitute the faculties of Intel- 
 lect — Wherein do the feelings consist — What are the regu- 
 lating powers — What compose the sentiments. 
 
 What is the Cranium — How many are the bones, and 
 name them — What gives form to the Cranium — What are the 
 exceptions — What is the Frontal Sinus — Its supposed cause 
 — What is the Diploe — What is the Hydrocephalus — What 
 may cause this disease — What is the Temporal Muscle- 
 How detected — Where are Individuality, Form, Size, 
 Weight, Colour, Order, and Number — What caution is 
 requisite in judging of the four first Organs — Where are 
 Eventuality, Locality, Time, Melody, and Construction — 
 What difficulty does Construction sometimes present — 
 Where are Comparison, Causality, and Wit — The Organ 
 of Language — What varieties does it present — Where are 
 Amativeness, Philoprogeny, Habitation, and Attachment — 
 Courage, Destruction, and Flavour — Acquisition, Secrecy, 
 and Caution — Approbation, Self-Esteem, Firmness, and Jus- 
 tice — Hope, Ideality, and Marvel — Imitation, Benevolence, 
 and Veneration. 
 
54 
 
 Of what is the Brain composed — What is the Dura 
 Mater — The Pia Mater — The Membrana Arachnoidea — 
 What space does the Cerebrum occupy — Where is the 
 Cerebellum situated — What is the Medulla Oblongata — 
 W 7 hat does the Medullary Substance consist of — What 
 causes Consciousness to appear as single — What is the 
 Cineritious Substance supposed to be — What are the 
 first manifestations of Consciousness — What causes Impe- 
 tuosity in Youth — When is Perfect Character assumed — 
 What causes Weakness of the Mental Faculties — What 
 are the Properties of Individuality, Form, Size, Weight, 
 Colour, Order, and Number — Eventuality, Locality, Time, 
 Melody, and Construction — Comparison, Causality, and Wit 
 — Language — What are the effects of Amativeness, Philopro- 
 geny, Habitation, and Attachment — Courage, Destruction, 
 and Flavour — Acquisition, Secresy, and Caution — Appro- 
 bation, Self-Esteem, Firmness, and Justice — Hope, Ideality, 
 and Marvel — Imitation, Benevolence, and Veneration. 
 
 What constitutes Character — What is characteristic in 
 the French, German, Chinese, and Indian Tribes — To what 
 do the Perceptive Faculties conduce — The Scientific — The 
 Reasoning Powers — The Domestic Affections — Preservative 
 Group — Sentiments of Prudence — Regulating Powers — 
 Imagination — Moral Sentiments — What Considerations are 
 essential previous to judging — What are the four Primitive 
 Humours — Name their Influence — What Powers guide the 
 Masculine Character — The Feminine — How is the Head 
 examined — Why is this mode necessary — What cautions 
 are requisite — W 7 hat is particularly to be remembered — 
 What useful inferences may be drawn from a knowledge of 
 the Propensities — The Sentiments — The Intellectual Facul- 
 ties — What is the result of these enquiries. 
 
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