Book rr-T^ t ' H ^^ THE NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY CONCORD NEW HAMPSHIRE 1922 THE NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY Personnel List of Committees Record of Organized Work Financial Statement concord new hampshire 1922 ^. Printed at THE RUMFORD PRESS CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE U. S. A. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAY 181922 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Personnel 1 Committee of One Hundred 1 Executive Committee and Officers 2 Subcommittees 3 Food Production, 1917 3 Emergency Food Production, 1918 .... 3 Recruiting 3 Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation .... 4 Emergency Help and Equipment 4 Industrial Survey 4 Transportation 5 Finance 5 Coordination of Aid Societies 5 Aid for Dependent Soldiers and Sailors ... 6 Military Equipment and Supplies .... 6 Aviation 6 Mobilization and Concentration Camps . . 6 Naval 7 State Protection 7 Research. 7 Speakers Bureau 7 Americanization 8 War Historian 8 Non-War Construction 8 Woman's Committee 8 Four Minute Men 8 Chairmen of Special War Activities .... 8 Chairmen of Local Committees 9 II. Beginnings of the Movement 13 III. Organization 18 IV. The Legislature 30 V. Keeping in Touch with the Towns 34 VI. The Work of the Executive Committee .... 49 VII. Recruiting 68 iv CONTENTS VIII. Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation 82 IX. Emergency Help and Equipment 92 X. Industrial Survey 96 XI. Transportation 101 XII. Public Service Reserve Ill XIII. Curtailment of Non-War Construction . . . 116 XIV. Americanization 121 XV. The Historian 126 XVI. Conclusion 133 XVII. Financial Statement 136 THE NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY PERSONNEL COMMITTEE OF ONE HUNDRED ON PUBLIC SAFETY Governor, Henry W. Rolland H. Spaulding, North Rochester Samuel D. Felker, Rochester Robert P. Bass, Peterborough Henry B. Quinby, Lakeport Charles M. Floyd, Manchester Nahum J. Bachelder, Andover Harry W. Spaulding, Manchester James B. Crowley, Nashua Nathaniel W. Hobbs, Concord Fred N. Beckwith, Dover Samuel T. Ladd, Portsmouth George F. Rich, Berlin George H. Fames, Jr., Keene Clarence E. Rowe, Laconia J. Levi Meader, Rochester Fred H. Brown, Somersworth A. A. Beaton, Franklin J. Wesley Adams, Derry Jesse M. Barton, Newport George W. Barnes, Lyme Frank U. Bell, Lebanon Ernest L. Bell, Plymouth Samuel K. Bell, Exeter J. A. Bernier, Manchester James F. Brennan, Peterborough Orton B. Brown, Berlin Sherman E. Burroughs, Manchester Clarence E. Carr, Andover Winthrop L. Carter, Nashua Edward H. Catlin, Hill William D. Chandler, Concord Winston Churchill, Cornish Keyes, North Haverhill Arthur E. Clarke, Manchester Richard A. Cooney, Portsmouth W. C. Coughlin, Keene George E. Cummings, W'oodsville Samuel S. Drury, Concord Bertram Ellis, Keene Charles S. Emerson, Milford Fred W. Estabrook, Nashua Walter B. Farmer, Hampton Falls George J. Foster, Dover Edward J. Gallagher, Concord John M. Gile, Hanover John G. M. Glessner, Bethlehem Frank W. Hamlin, Charlestown Fernando W. Hartford, Portsmouth Arthur M. Heard, Manchester George E. Henry, Lincoln Allen Hollis, Concord Ernest M. Hopkins, Hanover George T. Hughes, Dover Roy D. Hunter, W'est Claremont Frank Huntress, Keene John C. Hutchins, No. Stratford John B. Jameson, Antrim Shirley M. Johnson, Goffstown Edwin E. Jones, Colebrook A. B. Jenks, Manchester Frank Knox, Manchester Earl C. Lane, Berlin George B. Leighton, Dublin William Marcotte, Manchester Willis McDuffee, Rochester NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Lyford A. Merrow, Ossipee William R. Mooney, Nashua Walter A. Morgan, Dover Arthur P. Morrill, Concord Herbert B. Moulton, Lisbon Robert C. Murchie, Concord J. B. Murdock, Portsmouth David E. Murphy, Concord Francis P. Murphy, Newport True L. Norris, Portsmouth Bion L. Nutting, Concord Ralph D. Paine, Durham Frank N. Parsons, Franklin Edward N. Pearson, Concord Harlow S. Person, Hanover C. H. Pettee, Durham Arthiu- J. Pierce, Bennington E. Bertram Pike, Pike Rosecrans W. Pillsbury, Londonderry A. J. Precourt, Manchester James W. Remick, Concord Montgomery Rollins, Dover L. H. Shattuck, Manchester Hovey E. Slayton, Manchester J. Brodie Smith, Manchester W. Parker Straw, Manchester Frank S. Streeter, Concord Frank J. Sulloway, Concord P. H. Sullivan, Manchester William H. Sweeney, Laconia Omar S. Swenson, Concord Marcel Theriault, Nashua Lester F. Thurber, Nashua Charles E. Tilton, Tilton Henry B. Tilton, Portsmouth Omar A. Towne, Franklin J. D. Upham, Claremont J. A. Vaillancoutt, Berlin Thomas R. Varick, Manchester George A. Wagner, Manchester Burtt E. Warren, Nashua Elbert Wheeler, Nashua David M. White, Lancaster Gordon Woodbury, Bedford EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE John B. Jameson, Antrim, Chairman Rolland H. Spaulding, North Rochester, Vice-Chairman Clarence E. Carr, Andover Arthiu- B. Jenks, Manchester *Winthrop L Carter, Nashua Bion L. Nutting, Concord *Frank H. Dixon, Hanover *Harlow S. Person, Hanover Arthur M. Heard, Manchester James P. Richardson, Hanover Roy D. Himter, West Claremont Frank S. Streeter, Concord Lester F. Thiu-ber, Nashua *Robert Jackson, Concord, Secretary Richard W. Husband, Hanover, Secretary Joseph W. Worthen, Concord, Asst.-Secretary Henry W. Shelton, Hanover, Supervisor of Records *Robert M. Chase, Concord, Assistarit in charge of Accounting and Purchasing Harry H. Dudley, Concord, Treasurer *Resigned. ON PUBLIC SAFETY SUB-COMMITTEES FOOD PRODUCTION. CONSERVATION AND DISTRIBUTION (1917) Huntley N. Spaulding, North Rochester, Chairman William H. Ranney, Derry, Vice-Chairman J. Wesley Adams, Derry Arthur S. Andrews, Hudson George W. Barnes, Lyme Frank J. Beal, Plymouth P. A. Campbell, Dixville Fred M. Caswell, Manchester William C. Coughlin, Keene Eugene S. Daniel, Greenland Richard T. Eastman, Groveton Walter B. Farmer, South Hampton John D. Gardiner, Nashua Warren Hale, Dixville W. D. F. Hay den, Dover William F. Holbrook, Keene Arthur B. Hough, Lebanon Leland James, Laconia, R. F. D. Robert W. Jameson, Antrim John C. Kendall, Durham William Marcotte, Manchester Nathaniel E. Martin, Concord Merrill Mason, Marlboro Walter C. O'Kane, Durham Richard Pattee, Plymouth E. Bertram Pike, Pike Rosecrans W. Pillsbury, Londonderry John W. Prentiss, Alstead George M. Putnam, Contoocook Ashton Rollins, Dover Edward B. Saunders, Nashua Edward M. Slay ton, Manchester Frederick W. Taylor, Durham Marcel Theriault, Nashua Samuel O. Titus, Rollinsford EMERGENCY FOOD PRODUCTION COMMITTEE (1918) Huntley N. Spaulding, North Rochester, Chairman Ralph D. Hetzel, Diurham, Executive Manager Andrew L. Felker, Concord George M. Putnam, Hopkinton Fred A. Rogers, Plainfield George H. Whitcher, Concord RECRUITING *Frank Knox, Manchester, Chairman A. B. Jenks, Manchester, Chairman Richard A. Cooney, Portsmouth, Vice-Chairman Joseph B. Mxu-dock, Portsmouth, Vice-Chairman Rockingham County Norman H. Bean, Portsmouth Strafford County James S. Chamberlin, Durham Carroll County William N. Rogers, Sanbornville Belknap County Fletcher Hale, Laconia Merrimack County Frank P. Ripley, Franklin * Resigned. Hillsboro County Robert P. Johnston, Manchester Cheshire County Paul F. Babbidge, Keene Sullivan County Henry S. Richardson, Claremont Grafton County Frank U. Bell, Lebanon Coos County J. A. Vaillancourt, Berlin NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE HYGIENE, MEDICINE AND SANITATION John M. Gile, M. D., D. E. Sullivan, M. D Charles P. Bancroft, M. D., Concord Henry S. Beckford, M. D., Laconia Ernest L. Bell, M. D., Plymouth E. C. Blaisdell, D. D. S., Portsmouth George A. Bowers, D. D. S., Nashua Damase Caron, M. D., Manchester W. T. Crosby, M. D., Manchester H. K. Faulkner, M. D., Keene G. S. Foster, M. D., Manchester Emdon Fritz, M. D., Nashua John H. Gleason, M. D., Manchester J. B. Hammond, D. D. S., Somersworth H. Heffinger, M. D. Edwin P. Hodgman, M. D., Laconia Edwin E. Jones, M. D., Colebrook Howard N. Kingsford, M. D., Hanover Frank E. Kittredge, M. D., Nashua George W. McGregor, M. D., Littleton William A. Young, Hanover, Chairman , Concord, Secretary Carleton R. Metcalf, M. D., Concord Abraham W. Mitchell, M. D., Epping Sibley G. Morrill, M. D., Concord Daniel C. Norton, M. D., Manchester A. Wilford Petit, M. D., Nashua Andrew J. Sawyer, D. D. S., Manchester A. W. Shea, M. D., Nashua Henry L. Smith, M. D., Nashua Ferdinand A. Stillings, M. D., Concord A. Gale Straw, M. D., Manchester Frank S. Sulloway, Concord Fred S. Towle, M. D., Portsmouth Samuel R. Upham, M. D., Claremont Charles R. Walker, M. D., Concord Irving A. Watson, M. D., Concord Clarence P. Webster, D. D. S.. Franklin Russell Wilkins, M. D., Concord James B. Woodman, M. D., Franklin D. D. S., Concord EMERGENCY HELP AND EQUIPMENT Louis H. Shattuck, Manchester, Chairman Orton B. Brown, Berlin, V ice-Chairman Charles A. Holden, Hanover, Executive Secretary Irving W. Brown, North Hampton W. A. A. Cullen, Portsmouth Perry H. Dow, Manchester Whitfield A. Erb, Nashua Leonard J. Farrell, Manchester Dionesus Gillis, Berlin John Frank Goodwin, Wolfeboro George E. Henry, Lincoln John C. Hutchins, North Stratford Samuel F. Langdell, Manchester Ralph C. Marden, Manchester Wilbur L. Marshall, Colebrook Horace E. Osgood, Nashua Joel F. Sheppard, Dover William F. Sullivan, Nashua Omar S. Swenson, Concord George L. Theobald, Concord Cassius M. White, Keene INDUSTRIAL SURVEY Frank H. Dixon, Hanover, Chairman John T. Amey, Lancaster Thomas W. Fry, Claremont Richard A. Brown, Concord William R. Gray, Hanover James F. Cavanaugh, Manchester Roscoe S. Milliken, Nashua Guy E. Chesley, Rochester Thomas Officer, Claremont Albert L. Clough, Manchester R. H. Porter, Durham Herbert L. Flather, Nashua Allan L. Priddy, Hanover ON PUBLIC SAFETY D. Sidney Rollins, Newport J. Brodie Smith, Manchester Herbert Sullivan, Berlin *Frederick W. Taylor, Durham Henry B. Tilton, Portsmouth William E. Whitney, Sunapee Eben M. Willis, Concord TRANSPORTATION *Hovey E. Slayton, Manchester, Chairman William C. Spear, Manchester, Chairman Frank H. Dixon, Hanover Thomas J. Guay, Laconia Rufus N. Elwell, Exeter Fred P. Learned, Woodsville Frederick E. Everett, Concord *Frank A. Merrill, Concord William H. Folson, Exeter William R. Mooney, Concord *Elwin C. Foster, Manchester Perley P. Pillsbury, Manchester J. W. Goldthwait, Hanover Henry C. Robinson, Concord J. Duncan Upham, Claremont FINANCE Lester F. Thurber, Nashua, Chairman John K. Bates, Portsmouth Bernard Q. Bond, Rochester Frank P. Carpenter, Manchester Irving W. Drew, Lancaster George A. Fairbanks, Newport Josiah E. Fernald, Concord David A. Gregg, Nashua William F. Harrington, Manchester Edmund Little, Laconia Wallace L. Mason, Keene Walter M. Parker, Manchester Albert J. Precourt, Manchester Henry E. Richardson, Littleton Abraham M. Stahl, Berlin Roger G. Sullivan, Manchester Alvah W. Sulloway, Franklin George A. Tenney, Claremont Fred V. Weeks, Plymouth Arthur G. Whittemore, Dover COORDINATION OF AID SOCIETIES Ernest M. Hopkins, Hanover, Chairman J. E. Bernier, Manchester Edward N. Pearson, Concord Harry E. Burton, Hanover Lewis Perry, Exeter Arthur T. Cass, Tilton William H. Riley, Concord Stephen S. Jewett, Laconia Leslie P. Snow, Rochester Henri T. Ledoux, Nashua Patrick H. Sullivan, Manchester J. C. Mandelson, Nashua Frank J. Sulloway, Concord John R. McLane, Manchester George H. Turner, Bethlehem Jerry P. Wellman, Keene * Resigned. NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE AID FOR DEPENDENTS OF SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Montgomery Rollins, Dover, Chairman William H. Bellows, Littleton Cyrille Brodeur, Nashua Albert 0. Brown, Manchester Harold W. Brown, Dover George A. Carpenter, Wolfeboro John Conway, Manchester John B. Gilbert, Berlin John G. M. Glessner, Bethlehem James W. Hill, Manchester William F. Knight, Laconia Woodbury Langdon, Portsmouth Herbert B. Moulton, Lisbon David E. Murphy, Concord Ralph D. Paine, Durham Walter R. Porter, Keene Frank W. Sargeant, Manchester John F. Stark, Nashua Charles W. Stevens, Nashua George B. Upham, Claremont James A. Wellman, Manchester John R. Willis, Manchester MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES William Parker Straw, Manchester, Chairman James F. Brennan, Peterboro Francis P. Murphy, Newport Harry H. Blunt, Nashua Clinton E. Parker, Concord John J. Colony, Keene Thomas G. Plant, Moultonboro Lewis Dexter, Manchester Ralph D. Reed, Manchester Herman E. Feineman, Rochester Richard W. Sulloway, Franklin Henry H. Knapp, Laconia William C. Swallow, Manchester George E. Trudel, Manchester AVIATION Thomas R. Varick, Manchester, Chairman Charles W. Aiken, Franklin Philip C. Lockwood, Manchester Frank E. Anderson, Nashua William H. Moses, Tilton Robert P. Bass, Peterboro Calvin Page, Portsmouth Norwin S. Bean, Manchester Eugene Quirin, Manchester Samuel K. Bell, Exeter John Scammon, Exeter William R. Brown, Berlin Louis E. Shipman, Plainfield Charles L. Jackman, Concord George F. Thiu-ber, Nashua Charles E. Tilton, Tilton MOBILIZATION AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS Jason E. Tolles, Nashua, Chairman Daniel J. Daley, Berlin Arthur J. Moreau, Manchester Jeremiah J. Doyle, Nashua Eugene P. Nute, Farmington Ralph F. Hough, Lebanon Edward J. Rossiter, Claremont Edgar H. Hunter, Hanover Edward K. Woodworth, Concord ON PUBLIC SAFETY 7 NAVAL Joseph B. Murdock, Portsmouth, Chairman William D. Chandler, Concord Frank Knox, Manchester Wmston Churchill, Cornish Robert L. Manning, Manchester George P. Crafts, Manchester George D. Mayo, Laconia Lewis W. Crockett, Manchester L-ving G. Rowell, Sunapee Fernando W. Hartford, Portsmouth Thomas R. Varick, Manchester STATE PROTECTION Elbert WTieeler, Nashua, Chairman Charles M. Floyd, Manchester, Vice-Chairman Walter G. Africa, Manchester William E. Marvin, Portsmouth Edwin J. Bartlett, Hanover James H. Mendell, Manchester William B. Burpee, Manchester Lyford A. Merrow, Ossipee Edward H. Catlin, Hill Joseph E. Mooney, Manchester Harry B. Cilley, Manchester Arthur P. Morrill, Concord Thomas F. Dwyer, Lebanon Arthur J. Pierce, Bennington Charles S. Emerson, Milford James W. Remick, Concord Irving S. Goodwin, Nashua Merrill Shurtleff, Lancaster Frank W. Hamlin, Charlestowu Riilph W. Smith, Keene Michael J. Healey, Manchester William J. Starr, Manchester Allen Hollis, Concord Edmund Sullivan, Berlin Earl C. Lane, Berlin Charles W. Tobey, Manchester RESEARCH Charles E. Hewitt, Durham, Chairman Gordon F. Hull, Hanover Vasco E. Nunez, Nashua SPEAKERS' BUREAU Edwin F. Jones, Manchester, Chairman Harry J. Brown, Concord, Vice-Chairman Elwin L. Page, Concord, Secretary Andrew L. Felker, Concord John S. B. Davie, Concord Harry F. Lake, Concord Charles M. Floyd, Manchester Arthur P. Morrill, Concord Perley A. Foster, Concord Gov. Henry W. Keyes, North Haverhill Ralph D. Hetzel, Durham J. Wesley Adams, Derry Arthur B. Jenks, Manchester E. W. Butterfield, Concord William Marcotte, Manchester Winthrop L. Carter, Nashua Huntley N. Spaulding, North Rochester Richard A. Cooney, Portsmouth P. H. Sullivan, Manchester Mrs. Mary I. Wood, Portsmouth 8 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE AMERICANIZATION Frank S. Streeter, Concord, Chairman Maro S. Brooks, Exeter, Executive Secretary Ralph C. Fitts, Manchester, Secretary E. W. Butterfield, Concord *Bion L. Nutting, Concord Richard A. Cooney, Portsmouth Edward M. Parker, Concord Harriet L. Huntress, Concord F. W. Rahmanopp, Berlin Mrs. R. W. Husband, Hanover Winfield L. Shaw, Manchester *Henri T. Ledoux, Nashua William C. Swallow, Manchester Wilfrid J. Lessard, Manchester *Erville B. Woods, Hanover WAR HISTORIAN Richard Wellington Husband, Hanover Committee Ad\130RT to the Historian Clarence E. Carr, Andover Frank S. Streeter, Concord NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION Clarence E. Carr, Andover, Chairman Edward N. Pearson, Concord Frank W. Sargeant, ISIanchester NEW HAMPSHIRE DIVISION, WOMAN'S COMMITTEE, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (Auxiliary Committee) Mrs. Mary I. Wood, Portsmouth, Chairman Miss Anne Hobbs, Concord, Vice-Chairman Mrs. Albertus T. Dudley, Exeter, Secretary Mrs. Susan C. Bancroft, Concord, Treasurer Mrs. Wesley Adams, Derry Mrs. Richard W. Husband, Hanover Mrs. O. B. Brown, Berlin Mrs. George F. Morris, Lancaster Mrs. Alpha H. Harriman. Laconia Mrs. David E. Murphy, Concord Miss Harriet L. Huntress, Concord Mrs. William H. Schofield, Peterborough Mrs. George D. Towne, Manchester FOUR-MINUTE MEN *Harry F. Lake, Concord, Chairman Louis E. Shipman, Plainfield, Chairman CHAIRMEN OF SPECIAL WAR ACTIVITIES Huntley N. Spaulding, North Rochester, Federal Food Administrator *Charles M. Floyd, Manchester, Federal Fuel Administrator Hovey E. Slayton, Manchester, Federal Fuel Administrator RoUand H. Spaulding, North Rochester, Chairman Second Red Cross War Fund * Resigned. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 9 Allen Hollis, Concord, State Director National War Savings Committee Charles W. Tobey, Manchester, Chairman Liberty Loan Committee Mrs. W. H. Schofield, Peterborough, Chairman Women's Liberty Loan Committee Mrs. R. W. Husband, Hanover, Field Representative American Red Cross Wyman K. Flint, Antrim, Chairman Emergency Health Committee CHAIRMEN OF LOCAL COMMITTEES Acworth Almon Clark Alexandria Howard F. Wallis Allenstown B. L. Millen Alstead C. J. NeweU Alton E. H. Rollins Amherst Charles P. Dodge Andover George W. Stone Antrim Robert W. Jameson Ashland L. W. Packard Auburn Fred H. Hall Barnstead Isaac E. Harriman Barrington W. S. Davis Bartlett Granville K. Howard Bath A.N. Blandin Belmont Allen M. Agle Bennington Arthm- J. Pierce Benton L. H. Parker Berlin W. Robinson Brown Bethlehem George H. Turner Boscawen F. L. Gerrish Bow Robert W. Upton Bradford Carl A. Danforth Brentwood Charles Flanders Bridgewater Harris W. Hammond Bristol H. Carroll Field Brookfield Charles Willey Brookline Orville D. Fessenden Campton George E. Little Canaan Frank D. Currier Candia John D. Underbill Canterbury Frank H. Merrill Carroll J. F. WTialen Center Harbor . . Frank H. Morse Charlestown Frank W. Hamlin Chatham Harry Chandler Chester George A. Hosley Chesterfield Oran E. Randall Chichester George W. Lake Claremont J. D. Upham Clarksville Afton C. Hall Colebrook Cushman H. Parsons Columbia Fred G. Parsons Concord Burns P. Hodgman Conway James L. Gibson Cornish William E. Beaman Croydon Albert I. Barton Dalton Rev. D. C. Hershey Danbury Gilford A. Martin Danville Clarence M. Collins Deerfield Romanzo B. Fogg Deering Arthur O. Ellsworth Derry W. H. Ranney Dorchester George N. Burnham Dover George J. Foster Dublin Milton D. Mason Dummer Ernest C. Stiles Dunbarton Fred L. Ireland Durham C. H. Pettee East Kingston . . . A. L. Mackie Fasten Alfred T. Young Eaton Everett A. Stanly EflHngham Eugene Tewksbury Enfield Howard Pierce Epping Dr. A. W. Mitchell Epsom Walter H. Tripp Exeter William A. Francis Farmington Frank A. Adams Fitzwilliam John S. Blair Francestown Edwin W. Farnum Franconia Edward D. Parker Franklin Dr. A. A. Beaton Freedom R. G. Foster Fremont Stephen A. Frost Gilford Leland M. James Gilmanton J. W. Sanborn Gilsum Phen M. Wright Goffstown Shirley M. Johnson Gorham B.C. Smith Goshen Arthur W. Nelson Grafton A. A. Howe 10 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Grantham J. M. Howe Greenfield Walter L. Hopkins Greenland Wm. A. Odell Greenville Frederick W. Ely Groton Chas. D. Jewell Hampstead Daniel A. Emerson Hampton Herbert L. Tobey Hampton Falls. . .W. B. Farmer Hancock Edson K. Upton Hanover Harry E. Burton Harrisville Orin L. Farwell Hart's Location . Jos. M. Monahan Haverhill E. Bertram Pike Hebron A. S. Adams Henniker William M. Bean Hill Jean M. Shaw Hillsboro Charles A. Jones Hinsdale W. F. Robertson Holderness Laurence J. Webster HoUis Willis C. Hardy Hooksett E. D. Talford Hopkinton Arthur C. Huntoon Hudson Dr. H. O. Smith Jackson John B. Hurlin Jafifrey W. F. Coolidge Jefferson George C. Evans Keene George H. Fames Kensington Frank A. Mace Kingston Frank W. Parker Laconia C. E. Rowe Lancaster Merrill Shurtleff Landaff Calvin Heath Langdon Henry Haile Dole Lebanon F. U. Bell Lee Lewis H. Snell Lempster Elbert E. Hurd Lincoln Thomas B. Moore Lisbon William H. Merrill Litchfield George C. Goffe Littleton Charles E. Gosselin Londonderry . . . . R. W. Pillsbiu-y Loudon E. P. Jenkins Lyman Ephriam Corey Lyme David A. Grant Lyndeboro Will F. Herrick Madbury Edward L. Young Madison Edson S. Nickerson Manchester E. C. Foster Marlborough .... Merrill Mason Marlow Warren M. Davis Mason Albert B. Eaton Meredith Charles Hewitt Merrimack John E. Haseltine Milan H. S. Lockhart Milford C. S. Emerson Milton Forrest L. Marsh Mont Vernon . . . Joseph G. Carleton Moultonboro . . . .James E. French Nashua James B. Crowley Nelson Harry R. Green New Boston B. P. Newton Newbury Elwin C. Lear Newcastle Oliver B. Marvin New Durham .... Dana P. Jones Newfields C. A. Pollard New Hampton . . . Edwin Chase Newington George W. Pickering New Ipswich .... Philip F. Gordon New London .... Calvin Sargent Newmarket Thurman A. Priest Newport Jesse M. Barton Newton John E. Hayford Northfield united with Tilton North Hampton. .Oilman H. Moulton Northumberland .E. H. Macloon Northwood Walton S. Adams Nottingham Arthur McDaniel Orange William R. Eastman Orford Edward P. Stone Ossipee S. O. Huckins Pelham Sherman Hobbs Pembroke C. B. Rogers Peterborough . . . .George D. Cummings Piermont E. V. Howard Pittsburg Charles H. Johnson Pittsfield Edward A. Lane Plaistow Fred P. Hill Plainfield Albion E. Long Plymouth A. F. Wentworth Portsmouth S. T. Ladd Randolph John H. Boothman Raymond William G. Brown Rindge Harris H. Rice Rochester Herman E. Feineman Rollinsford J. D. Roberts Roxbury T. M. Dillingham ON PUBLIC SAFETY 11 Rumney George P. Loveland Rye Wallace S. Goss Salem William E. Lancaster Salisbm-y John Shaw Sanbornton Frank H. Hunkins Sandown John W. Lovering Sandwich Charles B. Hoyt Seabrook Ellsworth Brown Sharon !. J- F. Fitzgerald Shelburne Lawrence Philbrick Somers worth ... C. H. Wells South Hampton . Frank M. Jewell Springfield Geo. D. Philbrick Stark J. W. Emery Stewartstown . . . George D. Keysor Stoddard Frank Harlow Strafford James H. Stiles Stratford O. M. Holman Stratham W. Leslie Dining Sullivan Charles M. Hubbard Sunapee Moses F. Knowlton Surry Hollis W. Harvey Sutton H. L. Pillsbury Swanzey H. W. Brown Woodstock . . Tamworth Frank A. WTiiting Temple W. W. Colburn Thornton Simeon Frye Tilton Stanton E. Smith Troy Franklin Ripley, Sr. Tuftonboro John A. Edgerly Unity Frank Reed Wakefield W^illiam N. Rogers Walpole F. A. Spaulding Warner C. W. Adams Warren Archie A. Head Washington Albert T. Wright Weare Hiram E. Grant Webster Ben P. Little Wentworth Ralph A. Gove Wentworth's Loc. N. H. McGinley Westmoreland . . . Forrest W. Hall Whitefield Fiank B. Lewis Wilmot F. E. Goodhue Wilton Stephen A. Pierce Winchester F. P. Kellom Windliam Henry Y. Gilson Windsor Joseph K. Nelson Wolfeboro Harry L. Miles . Frank A. Fox The following members of the Committee of One Hundred, or of its Sub-Committees, entered the Service in the United States Army: Fred N. Beckwith, Dover, First Lieutenant, Artillery Ernest L. Bell, Plymouth, Captain, Medical Corps John M. Gile, Hanover, First Lieutenant, Medical Corps Frank Knox, Manchester, Major, Artillery Robert C. Murchie, Concord, Major, Judge Advocate General's Department Harlow S. Person, Hanover, Major, Inspector General's Department W. Parker Straw, Manchester, Major, Ordnance Charles E. Tilton, Tilton, First Lieutenant, Q. M. C. Carleton R. Metcalf, Concord, Captain, Medical Corps Fred S. Towle, Portsmouth, Captain, Medical Corps James B. Woodman, Franklin, Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps J. W. Goldthwait, Hanover, Captain, Military Intelligence Department George F. Thurber, Nashua, Captain, Q. M. C. Edgar H. Hunter, Hanover, Captain, Q. M. C, Construction Division Gordon F. Hull, Hanover, Major, Ordnance Russell Wilkins, Concord, Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps D. E. Sullivan, Concord, Captain, Medical Corps Robert M. Chase, Concord, Lieutenant, Artillery Rear Admiral Joseph B. Murdock, Portsmouth, retired, recalled to active duty in the Navy. 12 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The following entered upon responsible positions in war work in civilian capacity: Ernest M. Hopkins, Assistant to the Secretary of War on Industrial Relations Gordon Woodbury, American Red Cross, France Winthrop L. Carter, Emergency Fleet Corporation, Philadelphia Frank H. Dixon, U. S. Shipping Board, Washington John R. McLane, Assistant on Industrial Relations, Department of War Charles E. Holden, in charge of instruction. Training Detachment at Dartmouth College Charles E. Hewitt, in charge of instruction. Training Detachment at New Hampshire College Erville B. Woods, Statistician, National War Labor Board William R. Gray, Chief of Contract Accounts Division, Committee on Education and Special Training, Department of War Perley A. Foster, Y. M. C. A., Siberia Robert W. Jameson, American Red Cross, France II BEGINNINGS OF THE MOVEMENT Two years and eight months of careful observation of the war as it raged in Europe showed the American nation that success in warfare today depends upon sound business methods much more than it does upon excitement or mere enthusiasm. Before we ourselves declared war we realized thoroughly that our part in it would be insignificant unless we organized effectively to the end that each effort might attain maximum results. The most impressive fact about our participation in the struggle is that for the first time in tlie history of warfare a very considerable portion of the work was dependent upon ci\dlian activity and civilian organization. The part played by the private citizens of New Hampshire in preparation for making the power of the state most useful and valuable is of noteworthy magnitude. A list of the war activities apart from those concerned with actual operations in the field and fiu'nishing supplies to the troops would be an index of the degree to which civilian aid was invoked. The noble spirit of work and sacrifice engendered caused each citizen to feel that he too had some small share in the success of the cause. When we consider the universal participation in Liberty Loans, Food Production and Conservation, Red Cross activity. War Savings, economy in money and labor, and in numerous other features of the war period, we begin to realize that the war was not merely one of armies but of peoples as well. Nor did the people merely follow when directed in these matters. On the contrary, civilians were largely in charge, and usually ser\nng voluntarily. Perhaps of especial interest is the fact that even the administration of the Selective Service Act, whereby almost one half of our army was secm-ed, was entrusted to ci\alians. During the weeks immediately preceding om- entrance into the war, the governors of the New England states were anxiously considering the condition of preparedness of the several states to meet the emer- gency that all felt was sure to arise. The Governor of Massachusetts definitely undertook to place that Commonwealth upon a war basis somewhat earlier than did any of the other states of New England; and, indeed, somewhat earlier than any other state in the Union. The Governor of Massachusetts appointed a Committee on Public 2 13 14 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Safety, which began its active work in the middle of February, and had accompHshed a most valuable service before the time when the Congress voted that a state of war existed. The next state, in order of time, to adopt measures in preparation of war, was Connecticut, whose Legislature passed an act authorizing the taking of a census of human resources (man power). On the 9th of March, 1917, Governor S. W. McCall of Massachu- setts invited the other governors of the New England States to attend a conference in the State House at Boston on March 13, in the belief that it might prove not only possible, but highly desirable, that the New England states should take united action aiul adopt co-operative measm-es to assist the nation. The following is the letter of invita- tion addressed to Governor Keyes: "Hon. Henry W. Kkvks, Governor of New Hampshire, Concord, N. H. Dear Governor Kei/e.s: "After careful consideration, I am of the opinion tliat it would be well for the Governors of the several New England States to come together with their Adjutants General and discuss plans of common interest in the present disturbed condition of affairs. Accord- ingly I take pleasure in inviting you and your Chief of Staff or Adjutant General to a conference in the executive offices at the State House, Boston, on Tuesday next, March 13, at 4 P. M. I .should be pleased to have you consider yourself while in Boston the guest of this Commonwealth. Will you therefore plea.se advise me promptly by tele- graph your pleasure in the matter, and oblige. "Sincerely yoiu-s, "(Sig.) S. W. McCall." Owing to duties which seemed imperatively to demand his personal attention. Governor Keyes recjuested that the date of the meeting be changed; but, finding that a postponement was impossil)le, he decided to attend the meeting on the day apj)ointed, feeling that the crisis was so great, and the necessity for immediate joint action so pressing, that other state duties must give way. At this meeting, each governor outlined what his own state was doing by way of military preparation, and expressed the feeling that very much more should be done and that there was need of special committees or other authorities to carry on the work satisfactorily. It was felt also by all who were present that it would be wise for the United States, as a whole, to engage vigorously and immediately in the work of practical preparation for the possibility of the otitbreak of war. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 15 To that end, the governors present adopted and signed the following declaration : "We, the undersigned governors of the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, hereby pledge our support and the sup- port of oiu- respective States to the President of the United States in carrying out his announced policy to protect American lives and property upon the high seas. To the end that this may effectively be accomplished, and that we may be able to defend American ships and American rights and the honor and integrity of our country, we urge upon the national government the supreme importance of recruiting the army and navy to a war footing, and the immediate manufacture of ample military supplies and equipment, and their speedy distribution among the depots in the various States, so that in case of need they may be instantly available. It is our profound conviction that the practical preparation which is necessary to enable even our present small army and navy to fight should be prosecuted with all possible vigor. Therefore, we urge upon the na- tional government the necessity of making forthwith the most energetic preparations for our national defense upon land and sea." On March 27, Governor Keyes appointed a Committee on Public Safety, consisting of ninety private citizens and the mayors of ten cities of New Hampshire, to co-operate with the civil and military authorities in the work of preparedness. A letter was addressed to each member of the Committee of One Hundred as follows : "Concord. N. H., March 28, 1917. This is to notify you of your appointment as a member of the New Hampshire Com- mittee of One Hundred on the Public Safety and to express the hope that you will make the personal sacrifice necessary to aid in this very urgent and important work by giving the state and nation the benefit of your valuable services. At the recent conference of Governors in Boston, this form of organization was agreed upon by all the New England States for individual and co-operative work. In Massachusetts it now is in successful operation and I believe it to be of great importance that we should follow suit as soon as possible. A meeting for organization, conference and the making up of sub-committees, v,'\l\ be held at 11.30 a. m., Friday, March 30, in the Council Chamber at the State House, and I sincerely hope and trust you will find it possible to attend. Ycurs very truly, (Sig.) Henry W. Keyes, Governor." The following is a copy of the minutes of the meeting of the Com- mittee of One Hundred, held on March 30, 1917: A meeting of the New Hampshire Committee of One Hundred on the Public Safety, appointed by His Excellency, Governor Keyes, was held in the Council Chamber in the State House, Concord, N. H., on Friday, March 30, 1917, at 11.30 a. m. Governor Keyes, the Chairman, presided. On motion, Nathaniel W. Hobbs of Concord was elected Secretary, and Harry H. Dudley of Concord, Treasurer. A roll call showed the presence of about 75 per cent of the committee notified of the meeting. 16 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE On motion of President Hopkins of Dartmouth College, it was voted that the chair- man appoint a committee of five to recommend a list of names for members of the Executive Committee; the Executive Committee, when chosen, to have the power of naming the chairman and members of necessary sub-committees. The chairman appointed as the committee: President Hopkins of Dartmouth College Charles S. Emerson of Milford E. Bertram Pike of Pike Omar A. Towne of Franklin Thomas R. Varick of Manchester The committee reported, recommending the following for members of the Executive Committee: John B. Jameson, Antrim, Chairman Rolland H. Spaulding, North Rochester Frank S. Streeter, Concord Arthur M. Heard, Manchester Arthur B. Jenks, Manchester Winthrop L. Carter, Nashua Harlow S. Person, Hanover Clarence E. Carr, Andover Roy D. Hunter, Claremont The report of the committee was acceptetl. On motion of Frank Knox, it was voted that the Executive Committee, subject to any further vote of this body, be and hereby is empowered to effect a working organization, to decide upon and appoint sub-committees for such purposes as it may determine; to make plans, determine policies and carry them out; and, in general, to conduct the affairs of this Committee on Public Safety, and that the Executive ( ommittee be empowered to increase the number of its membership. Governor Keyes addressed the committee, telling what the departments of the state were doing for the public safety, and introduced Cliarles F. Weed of Boston, President of the Boston Ciiamber of Commerce and member of the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety, who addressed the committee on the unpreparedness of the country and on the activities that should be undertaken. The following resolutions, introduced by John B. Jameson, were unanimously adopted : "Whereas, a state of war now exists between the United States and Germany; and "Whereas, this condition has been forced upon us in spite of our utmost endeavors to avoid it by all honorable means; and Whereas, in the prosecution of this war and while professing friendship for us, the Government of Germany has ignored its treaties, repeatedly broken its pledges, insti- gated and encouraged sedition in our land, murdered our citizens upon the high seas and conspired to bring conflict between us and nations with which we are now at peace: "Be it resolved by the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety: First, that we urge the national government to recognize that a state of war exists and to immediate action in maintaining our honor and safeguarding our interests, and pledge to oirr government our full loyalty and support; Second, that we urge upon our Congress, soon to assemble, the imperative necessity for the immediate enactment of such legislation as shall make it possible to preserve our rights as a nation in any contingency; ON PUBLIC SAFETY 17 "Third, that we also urge upon Congress the necessity of retaining in positions of na- tional trust and responsibility only those men known to be loyal, that precedents in either body be not allowed to interfere with national efficiency in committee chair- manship or otherwise, and that all partisanship be submerged in patriotic appreciation of the needs of the hour; "Fourth, that we urge upon the people of our state a serious realization of conditions that confront us and quick action in preparing for the most effective maintenance of our rights and honor; "Fifth, that copies of these resolutions be forwarded to the President of the United States, to the President of the National Senate, the Speaker of the National House of Representatives, and to the Senators and Representatives of New Hampshire in Con- gress." The following also addressed the committee: President Hopkins of Dartmouth College Acting President C. H. Pettee of N. H. State College J. Wesley Adams Richard A. Cooney Frank S. Streeter Montgomery Rollins On motion of J. Duncan Upham, a vote of thanks was extended to Charles F. Weed. On motion, it was voted to adjourn to the call of the chairman. A true record. Attest : (Sig.) NATn.4.NiEL W. HoBBS, Secretary. Chairman John B. Jameson announced that a meeting of the Executive Committee would be held immediately upon the adjournment of the meeting of the Committee of One Hundred. Ill ORGANIZATION The Executive Committee was composed of men representing differ- ent localities in the state, and various occupations. The Chairman, John B. Jameson of Antrim, Treasurer of the United Life and Accident Insurance Company, a business man having large interests in New Hampshire and in the West. The Vice-Chairman, RoUand H. Spaulding of North Rochester, former Governor of New Hampshire, and Vice-President of the J. Spaulding & Sons Co., Rochester. Clarence E. Carr of Andover, lawyer, manufacturer, farmer and member of many philanthropic and political organizations. Winthrop L. Carter of Nashua, Treasurer of the Nasjiua Gummed and Coated Paper Co., and President of the New Hampshire ]\Ianu- facturers' Association; afterward resigned to accept service with the Emergency Fleet Corporation at Philadelj^hia. Arthur M. Heard of jNIanchester, President of the Amoskeag National Bank, President of the New Hampshire Bankers Association, Director of the Federal Reserve Bank, Boston. Roy D. Hunter of West Claremont, farmer, member of the Board of Trustees of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Arthur B. Jenks of Manchester, President of the Stale Board of Trade and Vice-President of F. M. Hoyt & Co., shoe manufacturers. Harlow S. Person of Hanover, Director of the Tuck School of Ad- ministration and Finance; afterward resigned to enter the office of the Sub-Committee on Storage Facilities, a section of the General Muni- tions Board; later became Major in the Quartermaster Department, afterward transferred to the Department of the Inspector General. Frank S. Streeter of Concord, lawyer, President of the New Hamp- shire Defense League, member American Section International Joint Commission, 191 1-1912, active in many business, charitable and politi- cal organizations. Bion L. Nutting of Concord, State Factory Inspector, and formerly President of the New Hampshire Federation of Labor, was added by vote of the Committee. 18 • ON PUBLIC SAFETY 19 Frank H. Dixon of Hanover, Professor of Economics in Dartmouth College, Chief of the Bm-eaii of Railway Economics, also Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Industrial Survey, was added by vote of the Committee upon the resignation of Professor Person; later resigned to enter the service of the Shipping Board. James P. Richardson of Hanover, Professor of Political Science in Dartmouth College, was added by vote of the Committee upon the resignation of Professor Dixon. Lester F. Thurber of Nashua, President of The Second National Bank of Nashua, President of the White Mountain Freezer Company, was added by vote of the Committee, upon the resignation of Mr. Carter, The Executive Committee held its first meeting on the afternoon of March 30, immediately upon adjournment of the meeting of the Committee of One Hundred. The Committee at once proceeded to frame an outline of the organization of state sub-committees to deal with the various topics incident to the preparation of the state to assist the Federal Government in the prosecution of the war. The Committee met thereafter almost continuously for several days, frequently holding two sessions in one day, engaged in per- fecting the state organization, and finally succeeded in forming fifteen sub-committees. Each sub-committee was composed of men whose occupations or professions made them experts in the subject to which they were assigned. The following sub-committees were formed : Chairmen Industrial Survey Professor Frank II. Dixon, Hanover Finance Lester F. Thurber, Nashua Co-ordination of Aid Societies President Ernest M. Hopkins, Hanover Aid for Dependents of Soldiers and Sailors . . Montgomery Rollins, Dover Recruiting Major Frank Knox, Manchester Emergency Help and Equii)menl Louis II. Shattuck, Manchester Food Production, Conservation and Distribu- tion Huntley N. Spaulding, North Rochester Military General Elbert Wheeler, Nashua State Protection General Elbert Wheeler, Nashua Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation John M. Gile, M. D., Hanover Transportation Hovey E. Slayton, Manchester Mobilization and Concentration Camps . . . General Jasou E. Tolles, Nashua Military Equipment and Supplies Major William Parker Straw, Manchester Aviation Thomas R. \'arick, Manchester Naval Admiral Joseph B. Murdock, Portsmouth 20 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE As occasion arose, the following sub-committees or activities were also created: Speakers' Bureau Edwin F. Jones, Manchester Historian Professor R. W. Husband, Hanover Research Dean Charles E. Hewitt, Durham Four-Minute Men Harry F. Lake, Concord (Later Louis E. Shipman, Cornish) Americanization General Frank S. Streeter, Concord Public Service Reserve Clarence E. Carr, Andover Curtailment of Non-War Construction Clarence E. Carr, Andover In the meantime a special committee of the Executive Committee was appointed to draft a statement of the functions of each of the sub-committees. In a general way the functions assigned to the sub- committees were based upon those that had already been assigned to similar sub-committees in Massachusetts, but with variations corre- sponding to the special situation and needs of New Hampshire. The total number of names appearing on the list of the various sub-com- mittees was two hundred and ninety-nine, made up of residents of all parts of the State. A chart was then i)rinted showing the relations of all the sub-com- mittees, the names and residences of the members and a statement of the functions of each sub-committee. This task occupied the atten- tion of the Executive Committee until the 5th of April. On the 7th of April, at the invitation of the Executive Committee of the Massa- chusetts Committee on Public Safety, the members of the New Hampshire Executive Committee and the chairmen of the sub- committees spent the day at the State House, Boston, in conference with the Massachusetts officers. It is interesting to note that the members of the Committee, while on their way to Boston, read in the morning papers the declaration made by the Congress on April 6 that a state of war existed between the United States and the Govern- ment of Germany. As a result of this conference, the New Hampshire Committee succeeded in accomplishing its organization very rapidly and thoroughly. On various other occasions the Massachusetts Committee was very helpful to the New Hampshire Committee, both in matters of organization and in methods of dealing with problems that arose. The Committee on Public Safety was given headquarters in the Committee Room on the third floor of the State House, known as Room 156. After a short time it was found that this room was not an ON PUBLIC SAFETY 21 adequate office in which to conduct the business of headquarters. Immediately upon the adjournment of the Legislature, the Senate Chamber and two adjoining small offices were put at the disposal of the Committee on Public Safety, while rooms 156 and 157 were given over to the work of the sub-committee on Food Production, Conserva- tion and Distribution. The sub-committee on Emergency Help and Equipment occupied room 158 in the State House, but after a few weeks it was necessary that this room be used for other purposes and that sub-committee was transferred to a place in the Senate Chamber. The organization and conduct of the work at the headquarters was placed in charge of Richard W. Husband of Hanover, Professor of the Classical Languages in Dartmouth College, and Henry W. Shelton of Hanover, Assistant Professor in the Tuck School, was appointed Supervisor of Records. The work increased to such an extent that Joseph W. Worthen of Concord, lawyer, was appointed Assistant Secretarj% and Robert M. Chase, a senior in Dartmouth College, was made Assistant in Accounting and Purchasing. Mr. Robert Jackson was compelled to resign from the Secretaryship owing to his hea\y burdens as Vice-President of the L. H. Shattuck, Inc., Shipbuilding Company of Newington, N. H., and R. W. Hus- band was appointed Secretary in his place. With this change in per- sonnel, the position of Office Manager was abolished and the new Secretary assumed the duties of the two offices. Upon the completion of the formation of the state sub-committees, it was considered expedient that a local Committee on Public Safety be established in every town and city of the state. For the purpose of getting an organization started, the following letter was sent to the selectmen of all towns in the state: April 11, 1917. To the Selectmen of all Towns: Gentlemen: The Executive Committee of tlie Committee of One Hundred on Public Safety, appointed by Governor Keyes, feels that it is imperative to have in every town in the state a local Committee on Public Safety to co-operate with our state organization. The magnitude of the work in which we are engaged makes it absolutely necessary for us to have at once every assistance possible from every possible source in order to accomplish the best results. It is vital to the welfare of our state that every citizen be aroused to the situation and be impressed with his individual duty to act. To this end we ask that you appoint immediately — on receipt of this letter — a local Executive Committee on Public Safety (in case this has not already been done in your town) and forward to us the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the Chairmen, Secretaries, and Members. 22 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE If your town has already organized, please send report just the same. Enclosed find cards for the purpose, which you should fill out completely. The size of this committee is a matter for your own discretion, but we would suggest that a committee of five or seven is usually more effective than a larger one. We would also suggest that your Executive Committee may increase the membership of the local committee if desired. This committee should be chosen from your most prominent, active and responsible men — men who are alert and will realize the need of doing something, who will have the welfare of the community at heart, and are prepared to make some sacrifice for the public good. Our Executive Committee recommends that if you have in your town a member of the original Committee of One Hundred appointed by Governor Keyes, that man be also made a member of your local Executive Committee. There is a great deal to be done and your local Committee on Public Safety will occupy the same place in relation to your town that our Committee of One Hundred occupies in relation to the slate. The matter of food supply is causing very grave concern throughout tlic State and nation among those who are most familiar with j)re.sent conditions and prospects. As the time for planting is almost here, not a minute sliould be wasted. Please have your Executive Committee on Public Safety appoint a sub-committee on " Food Production, Conservation and Distribution," and also a sub-committee on "State Protection," and report the names of these two sub-committees to us on the respective cards enclosed in onler tiiat our sub-committees for the same work may get immediately in touch with them. Your Executive Committee will likely be called on to appoint other sub- committees, but this will be determined by future developments. It is probably unnecessary to impress upon you the extreme importance of this work to our Stale, or to suggest that nothing else should interfere with a prompt response. The enfliiisiasm with which people from all parts of the State are co-operating with us leaves no doubt that they are alive to the necessities and determined to do their share. The rcsi)on.se has been splendid and most inspiring. Awaiting yoiu" reply, ^ ours for victory, (Sig.) John B. Jameson, Chairman. At the same lime tlie mayor in each of the ten cities of the State was commtmicated witli by telephone and requested to appoint a com- mittee in his city. Immediate returns from the circuhir letter began to arrive at headquarters and within twelve days over 95 per cent of the ])oj)ulation was organized to some degree. Enclosed with the letter sent to the selectmen on April 11 were three cards to he filled out; one to contain the names of the men ap])ointed by the Board of Selectmen as members of a local Executive Committee on Public Safety, one to contain the names of members of a local Committee on Food Production, Conservation and Distribution and one the name of a Committee on State Protection. The two last named committees were to be appointed by tlie local Executive Committee. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 23 In order that towns which had not yet formed local committees might be stirred up to active participation in the movement, a post card was sent to the selectmen of those towns which had not responded. The following is a copy of this card : STATE OF NEW H.VMPSHIRE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY April 17, 1917. Gentlemeji: On April 11 we sent you a request for the appointment of a local Committee on Public Safety, and two sub-committees. So far we have had no response. As this plan is of the greatest importance to the State, and as any delay will retard our whole work, will you not give this matter your immediate attention.'' Chairman of Executive Committee. As soon as returns were received from the towns that local Execu- tive Committees had been appointed, a circular letter was sent to each local chairman giving the reason for the appointment of a local committee and then in a general way giving an outline of the work that must be accomplished. Before the end of April each city in the State had its organization, and almost e^'ery town. On April 24, a meeting of representatives of the local committees throughout the State was held in Representatives' Hall, State House, at which over four hundred and fifty members of local committees were present. Mr. Jameson, Chairman of the Executive Committee, presided, and short addresses were given by the following chairmen of the State sub-committees: Mr. Huntley N. Spaulding. Mr. Louis H. Shattuck, Gen. Elbert Wheeler, Mr, Montgomery Rollins, Mr. Thomas R. Varick, Rear Admiral Joseph B. Murdock, and ]\Ir. Richard A. Cooney, Vice-Chairman of the Sub-Commillee on Recruit- ing. The formal speech of the day was given by Mr. L. A. Clinton of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, who spoke particularly of the necessity for a very material increase in food pro- duction during the coming season. This was followed by a brief statement made by Professor W. C. O'Kane of the New Hampshire State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts upon the organization and the plans of the Central Food Committee. The meeting was then thrown open for discussion, in which many of those present ])artici- pated, asking questions for the sake of information from Mr. Felker, State Commissioner of Agriculture. The meeting was a great success and undoul)tedly was a source of much inspiration to both the state sub-committees and the town committees. 24 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE When the organization of towns was completed there were about thirty-five hundred members of the local committees. It is to be noted that the New England states were organizing under a common impulse, but each somewhat independently. They had no connection with any other part of the country, nor with the Federal Government. The fundamental idea was that if the Department of War, or of the Navy, or any other section of the Government closely associated with the making of war, issued a summons for the mobiliza- tion of resources, or for a census of man power, or for any other service. New Hampshire would be so organized that the State could respond at once. Only a short time after the creation of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety, the Council of National Defense re- quested each state to form a body which could be connected with the Council in a nation-wide movement. At this point, therefore, it becomes advisable to give in outline the structure of the Council of National Defense. The Council of National Defense was created under an act of Con- gress, approved August 29, 1916; and in the same act authority was granted for the creation of an Advisory Commission of seven persons to act with, under, and by the authority of the Council. (For mem- bership and organization see below.) By the terms of the act the Council was, among other things, charged with the "co-ordination of industries and resources for the national security and welfare," and with the "creation of relations which will render possible in the time of need the immediate concentration and utilization of the resources of the nation." In performing its functions the Council was further charged with the following duties: 1. To supervise and direct investigation, and make recommendations to the President and heads of executive departments as to (a) The location of raihoads with reference to the frontier of the United States, so as to render possible expeditious concentration of troops and supplies at points of defense. (b) The co-ordination of military, industrial and commercial purposes in the location of extensive highways and branch lines of railroads. (c) The utilization of waterways. (d) The mobilization of military and naval resources for defense. (e) The increase of domestic production of articles and materials essential to the support of armies and of the people dm'ing the interruption of foreign commerce. (f) The development of seagoing transportation. (g) Data as to amounts, location, method, and means of production and availability of military supplies. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 25 (h) The giving of information to producers and manufacturers as to the class of supplies needed by the military and other services of the Government, the re- quirements relating thereto, and the creation of relations which will render possible in time of need the immediate concentration and utilization of the resources of the nation. 2. To report to the President or to the heads of executive departments upon special inquiries or subjects appropriate thereto. 3. To submit an annual report to Congress, through the President, giving as full a statement of the activities of the Council and the agencies subordinate to it as is consistent with the public interest, including an itemized account of the expenditiu-es made by the Council, or authorized by it, in as full detail as the public interest will permit, providing, however, that when deemed proper the President may authorize, in amounts stipulated by him, unvoucliered expenditm-es and report the gross so authorized not itemized. The Council of National Defense was composed as follows : Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, Chairman Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfield Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson An Advisory Commission, composed of seven members as follows: Daniel Willard, Transportation and Communication Howard E. Coffin, Munitions and Manufacturing (including standardi- zation) and Industrial Relations Julius Rosenwald, Supplies (including clothing), etc. Bernard M. Baruch, Raw Materials, Minerals and Metals Dr. Hollis Godfrey, Engineering and Education Samuel Gompers, Labor (including Conservation of Health and Welfare of Workers) Dr. Franklin Martin, Medicine and Surgery (including General Sanitation) Each member of the Advisory Commission was placed in charge of the supply or the manufacture of the materials or equipment relat- ing to his own special department. Each member of the Advisory Commission divided his large field among several committees, in order that every minute detail might be under the direction of men experienced in that field. As the business of the management of the war became larger and more complicated, certain departments of the work of the Council of National Defense were changed from the con- trol of the Council of National Defense and placed under the manage- ment of especially created Boards, which were oflScial or semi-official. Among the most important of these are the War Industries Board; 26 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE the Munitions Standards Board; the Aircraft Production Board; the Commercial Economy Board; the Fuel Administration. In some instances the chairmen of the Boards having jurisdiction over specific topics were taken over from the Council of National Defense into the management of the newly created Boards and in the end the elaborate system of the Council became nmch simplified as a result of this lop- ping-off process. On April 10, 1917, the Secretarv^ of War, who was Chairman of the Council of National Defense, wrote to the Governor of every State asking that a State Council of Defense be appointed to form a link between the residents of tlie State and the Council of National Defense with the view of effecting the active participation in some form of activity by every citizen of the country. The Governor of New Hampshire, on April 16, sent the following response to the Secretary of War: Concord, N. II., April IG, 1917. Hon. Nf.wton D. Baker, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: In reply to your recent letter of inquiry, tliere has been organized in this state the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety, corresponding in scope to the State Council of Defense, which you snggest, and I will a.sk its chairman, Hon. John B. .lame- son, Concord, N. II., to communicate to you information as to its activities and pro- cedure. Its purpose is, I know, to co-operate in every possible way with similar organi- zations in other states and with the Council of National Defense Yours very truly, (Sig.) IIenhy W. Keyes, Governor. On the next day Cliairman Jameson also wrote to the Secretary of War the following letter: April 17, 1917. Hon. Newton D. B.\ker, Sccretari/ of ]]'ar. Chairman, Council of National Defense, Washington, D. C. My dear Sir: Your letter of April 10th, addressed to Hon. Henry W. Keyes, Governor of New Hampshire, has been handed to me for reply. Governor Keyes, about two weeks ago, appointed a Committee of One Hundred on Public Safet J'. This Committee has organized by the election of officers as indicated in the heading of this letter. This Committee has appointed various sub-committees, a complete list of which. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 27 with their functions, is enclosed herewith. All these sub-committees have held meet- ings for organization and are very active in carrying on the work assigned to them. We are concentrating their work at the present time along the line of food production, but every other sub-committee is working. We would be glad to co-operate in any way possible that you may suggest. Very truly yours, (Sig.) John B. Jameson, Chairman. Thus the New Hampshire Committee on Pubhc Safety, organized before the actual outbreak of war, was taken over as a part of the national system. As the relation between State and Federal Govern- ment assumed its full strength, it appeared that the various divisions of the Council of National Defense, various Federal departments and many official or voluntary war organizations through the Council of National Defense endeavored to bring their message to each state. The natural channel was found to be through the State Councils of Defense or Committees on Public Safety. The Council of National Defense devised a special section, called the "Section on Co-operation with States," to act as a clearing house for the messages that were in this way being sent to the people of the various states. Later this section became known as the State Councils Section. The importance of the arrangement thus outlined was soon manifested and its useful- ness became greatly increased as the many departments or bodies closely or remotely associated with the conduct of war perceived through it their opportunity of bringing home their particular objects to the people. It was by this channel that the Provost Mar- shal General sometimes operated; also the Adjutant General, the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Education, the Bureau of Naturalization, the Department of Justice, the American Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., K. of C. Its usefulness was further seen in the fact that through it a means was discovered whereby appoint- ments in the various states could be made to Federal or vohmtary war positions such as Food Administrator, Fuel Administrator, Direc- tor Public Service Reserve, Director of the Employment Service, Four-Minute Men, Director of Liberty Choruses. In the meantime the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense was carrying on its work somewhat independently. During the summer of 1918 it became evident that the work of women and that of men could be better correlated and systematized by combining the Woman's Committee with the State Councils Section. A new 28 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE name, the "Field Division of the Council of National Defense," was adopted, but unfortunately too close to the time when war was over to have the full effect of such amalgamation realized. The function of the Woman's Committee was largely that of acting as a clearing house between Federal departments and the women of each state. This was also the definite function of the State Councils Section of the Council of National Defense. For these reasons it was particularly appropriate that the two committees should be united. The line, therefore, from the Federal Government reached through a Federal Department to the Field Division of the Council of National Defense, thence to the state Committee on Public Safety, and from that Committee to a local Committee on Public Safety, from which the message came to each household or resident of the community. The letter written by Chairman Jameson to the Secretary of War states that all the sub-committees appointed by the Executive Com- mittees were already at work. Later developments, however, showed that certain of the duties thus assigned might better be undertaken under direct control of a federal agency, while others proved to be either unnecessary or imi)ossible of accomplishment. The immediate result of the appointment of a Federal Food Ad- ministrator at Washington was the appointment of a Food Administra- tor in each state. His functions related to conservation and distribu- tion, but did not touch that of production. The sub-committee in New Hampshire, therefore, imdertook the encouragement of food production under the auspices of the Committee on Public Safety, while it operated in other particulars according to the regulations provided by the Federal Food Administrator. For the year 1918, a special Emergency Food Production Committee was appointed by the Committee on Public Safety, which bore the expenses connected with production in botli years. A full account of the work accomplished in increasing production of food is contained in the published record of the New Hampshire Food Administrator, and is for this reason not included here. At the outset it was expected that the ('ommittee would find it necessary to meet all of its expenses through private subscription. The Sub-Committee on Finance accordingly had made plans for a campaign to collect funds when the New Hampshire Defense League (Frank S. Streeter, President) offered to assume this responsibility. By means of vigorous organization and personal effort the League collected nearly $40,000.00, over $30,000.00 of which was given to the ON PUBLIC SAFETY 29 Committee on Public Safety. "V^^^en this fmid was exhausted the State suppHed the needs of the Committee under the authority of an act "to provide for the public safety," as approved by the Governor on April 19, 1917. Meantime, certain patriotic citizens made con- tributions individually and these, when added to the other sources of income, met all requirements, imder a process of strict economy. The Committee on Aid for Dependents of Soldiers and Sailors had just begun its activity when the Legislature passed a bill authorizing the appointment of a state committee having the same fmictions. The duties assigned to the Sub-Committee on State Protection, it was found, were soon assumed by the Federal Department of Justice, and thereafter that Department with the co-operation of the Execu- tive Committee of the Committee on Public Safety took charge of all affairs in the State involving any form of disloyalty. It was soon discovered that nothing useful could be accomplished in the State by working independently in connection with the matters undertaken by the sub-committees on Co-ordination of Aid Societies, Military Affairs, Mobilization and Concentration Camps, Military Equipment and Supplies, Aviation, or Naval Affairs. The work performed by other sub-committees will be treated in this sketch with a sufficient degree of fullness to show both their method of operation and their actual accomplishment. IV THE LEGISLATURE By great good fortune the Legislature of New Hampshire, which assembles only biennially, had been in session for several weeks prior to our entrance into the war. The legislators had felt keenly the approach of war, and displayed a fine spirit of loyalty to the country in the critical and trying days of indecision and gradual abandonment of hope that war could be avoided. The feeling, so general in New Hampshire, that we should make at least certain obvious preparations before being precipitated into a struggle of huge and unknown propor- tions, was strongly reflected in the character of the legislation passed during that period. It is probable that the realization of the imminence of the use of armed force was responsible for the bill to provide additional pay for all members of the New Hampshire National Guard who had served on the Mexican Border. A bill passed shortly thereafter provided for the protection of state roads. This may be explained as due to an expectation that the highways in the near future might be used for the transportation of troops and materials of war. Interference with this kind of transportation might be anticipated from attempts already manifest in other parts of the country. On the same day an act was passed which, because of its later im- portance, is here cited in full: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court Convened: Section 1. The governor and the governor and council are directed to render to the government of the United States, in the present crisis, any assistance within the power of the state; and they are authorized eitlier to that end or for the purpose of providing for the pubHc safely, to organize and employ any and all resources wittiin the state, whether of men, properties or instrumentalities, and to exercise any and all power con- venient or necessary in their judgment. Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of every public official in the state to furnish to the governor or to the governor and council such information and assistance as he or they may require in the execution of this act. Sect. 3. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, is hereby author- ized to draw his warrant upon any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated and the state treasurer is hereby authorized, under the direction of the governor and council, to borrow upon the credit of the state such further sums, not exceeding in all one million dollars, as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act, and for that purpose 30 -' ON PUBLIC SAFETY 31 may issue bonds or notes in the name and on behalf of the state, at the lowest rate of interest obtainable, in such form and in such denominations and on such time as the governor and council may determine. This bill was approved by the Governor on March 27, 1917, in a form which provided for the use of a sum not to exceed five hundred thousand dollars. A little later the Legislature amended the bill increasing this sum to one million dollars, and in that form it was approved by the Governor on April 19. The importance of the act may be realized from the fact that, from the powers thus conferred on the Governor and from the fund thus created, the financing of the State Guard was made possible, the Governor was enabled to increase his force as made necessary by the great volume of work due to the business of war, and the Committee on Public Safety derived more than half of the money expended by it during the period of its existence. Provision was also made whereby any or all armories owned by the state might become available "to organized bodies of the citizenry of this state for the purpose of military drill and instruction." By the same act cities and towTis were "authorized to include military drill and physical exercises in the courses of instruction provided by them in the public schools." In accordance with the permission thereby granted, companies were formed in several of the larger high schools in the state. The first section of an act concerning the militia reads as follows: "All male citizens and all male residents of this state who have or shall have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, not exem|)ted by law, shall be subject to military duty and designated as the militia." It is interesting to note that registration by this act included precisely the ages adopted by Act of Congress in its second Selective Service Act, passed fifteen months after the entrance of the United States into war. Under this act the organized militia, known as the National Guard, is treated as a part of the permanent military establishment, while the unorganized militia was to be called into service as needed, upon order issued by the Governor. Such service was to be conditioned upon "war, invasion, rebellion or riot or reasonable apprehension thereof." No provision was made in the act for the training of this portion of the militia. Apart from the thorough organization of the National Guard, the chief immediate value of the act consisted in the granting of power to the Governor to make use of the man-power of 32 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE the state in case of emergency. Happily it has not been necessary to put this authority into operation during the war against the Central Powers. Of more permanent value is the registration of man-power as actually carried out and filed in the office of the Adjutant-General. Since a new registration is to be conducted annually of those who reach the age of enrollment, there will at all times be filed a complete record of the available military force of the State. It is expected that this will be valuable in many ways not connected with military necessity. The laws passed before April 6, 1917, have been treated somewhat fully, since they indicate very distinctly the high patriotism of the State Legislature, and prove that, in the view of the lawmakers, fore- thought would tend to assure success or to mitigate the severity of the effects of a condition of warfare. The laws inspired by the actual beginning of hostilities were not less important, but may be mentioned more briefly. In New Hampshire, as in other states, provision was made for a State Guard, composed of those who were exempt from national military service. A bill was passed to supplement the federal pay of private soldiers in order that it would reach a total of thirty dollars a month, but this law became inoperative when the pay of all ranks was increased nationally. One of the most beneficial acts of the Legislature created a Com- mittee on Aid to Dependents of Soldiers and Sailors. Since this law was in operation about nine months before the American Red Cross had fully organized its Home Service work, the Committee was for this period the sole agent for relie\ang the distress of those dependent upon absent members of the families. The law was perhaps unduly strict in requiring that the person requesting financial assistance must have been "wholly" dependent on the man in the service. It was, nevertheless, extremely useful throughout the whole course of the war. The same humanitarian instinct was manifest in the act to provide a home for soldiers or sailors suffering total disability. It is yet too early to estimate the usefulness of this measure, but it seems probable that it will be less necessary than was feared, owing to the opportunity for re-training offered by the Federal Board for Vocational Education. For protection against designing alien enemies or disloyal persons, an act was passed to punish those found guilty of malicious or wilful injuries to buildings or property of the state or of any city or town within the state, or to manufacturing plants or places of storage, or to bridges, dams, property of light, power, telegraph or telephone companies, or to the water supply, or to other property of public use- ON PUBLIC SAFETY 33 fulness. To insure effective protection, the powers of armed guards were greatly increased. The Governor was granted power to demand by proclamation information concerning aliens within the state, and to require all aliens to register. All of these acts later became un- necessary through the passage of the federal Espionage Act. An act to regulate the sale, possession and use of explosives and firearms remained useful, even after the Federal Government had legislated upon the same topic. A final series of measures dealt with the preservation of good economic conditions in the state or with maintaining a steady supply of war material to the national forces. The law relating to the pro- hibition of coercion of labor during time of war or invasion, and of instigation of strike or lockout, was drastic, and happily conditions did not at any time warrant its application. For the same purpose it was enacted that, upon request of the Council of National Defense, the Governor might suspend the operation of the labor laws of the state. This law also was never invoked, largely because the incessant demand for increased production was met by lengthening the hours of labor with additional pay for overtime work. The criticism of this law in some quarters was not justified. A bill tending in the opposite direc- tion was passed, protecting women and minors against an excessive number of hours of labor in factories. The whole accomplishment of this Legislature in the interest of enabling the state to assist the nation in carrying on the war was ex- tremely creditable, and reflects in a high degree the loyalty of the lawmakers, and their close observation of the dangers which should carefully be avoided during a severe strain and crisis. KEEPING IN TOUCH WITH THE TOWNS The work of securing a local organization in each city and town in the state was undertaken on April 11, and within twelve days organi- zations had been formed embracing 95 per cent of the inhabitants of tlie state. In all but a few towns, there were now local Executive Committees, and, in the great majority, there were Committees on Food Production, and on State Protection. The first important movement designed to show to the people of the state the great seriousness with which the preparation of New Hampshire for engaging in war must be regarded took the form of a meeting held in Representatives' Hall, State House, Concord, at 11 A. M., on April 24. To this meeting members of local committees from every portion of the state were invited. A brief account of the meeting is given in an earlier chapter. Two days after this meeting, a letter was sent to the chairmen of local committees, showing them that the work of arousing the towns to a realization of the seriousness of the war, and of its probable effects upon local conditions, rested with the chairman in each case. These chairmen were urged to assist the Committee on Food Produc- tion to the best of their ability, inasmuch as that was the most imme- diately pressing prol)lem. At the same time, posters were sent to each town, of which the one on the opposite page is a copy. This was followed by a letter on May 2, still stronger in its expres- sion, stating clearly that there must be immediate co-operation by all the local committees in an increase in crops. It was felt that at this period of the year the best service that could be rendered by the Executive Committee of the Committee on Public Safety was that of urging everybody to put aside other war measures and concentrate upon the problem of food. Meanwhile, reports kept coming to headquarters that there were foreigners, particularly alien enemies, in the State, who were looked upon with suspicion by the citizens. About the same time, many reports were in circulation that airplanes were flying here and there over the state, and that there was suspicion that wireless stations had 34 ON PUBLIC SAFETY 35 COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY STATE HOUSE, CONCORD, N. H. PEOPLE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE WAKE UP! WE ARE AT WAR! WAKE UP I We are unprepared. The greatest danger lies in the indifference of our citizens. We must get ready for the worst and DO IT NOW. We may be called upon for as great sacriBces as the people of Europe. GET READY IT IS BETTER TO BE SAFE THAN SORRY This means you — yoiu- family — and your friends. Every man, woman and child in New Hampshire CAN AND MUST DO SOMETHING The Responsibility is Yours The Need Is Great The Time Is Noio Our Committee is working gratuitously for you, not for itself. Every city and town in the State has, or soon will have a local committee on Public Safety through which organized work should be done. WE URGE Assistance to alx, Recruiting Efforts in your locality. Those men disqualified to serve in the National Guard should take an interest in the Home Guard. Immediate Attention to the very important question of Food Supply. The situa- tion is serious. Work with your local committee. Economy in all Directions. Promptness in Recognizing and Reporting Suspicious or Disloyal Actions to your local authorities or to us and considerate treatment of aliens as long as they behave themselves. Helping Your Local Committee on Public Safety in Every Way. Committee of 100 on Public Safety. Appointed by Governor Keyes. John B. Jameson, Chairman. 36 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE been established in somewhat inaccessible localities. It seemed clear that the people of the state were becoming somewhat nervous, and possibly even hysterical; so that, on May 4, it was deemed necessary to send a letter to the local Committees on State Protection in the effort to show them just what attitude they should adopt toward alien enemies, and particularly toward the question of protecting private property and vulnerable points where damage might most easily be done by an enemy. The letter contained the following paragraph from the Proclamation of War by President Wilson: "All alien enemies are enjoined to preserve the peace towards the United States; and to refrain from crime against the public safety and from violating the laws of the United States and of the states and territories thereof; and to refrain from actual hostility or giving information, aid or comfort to the enemies of the United States; and to comply strictly with the regulations which are hereby or which may be from time to time promulgated by the President; and so long as tliey shall conduct themselves in accordance with law they shall be undisturbed in the peaceful pursuit of their lives and occupations; and be accorded the consideration due to all peaceful and law-abiding persons, except so far as restrictions may be necessary for their own protection and for the safety of the United States; and toward such alien enemies as conduct themselves in accordance with law, all citizens of the United States are enjoined to preserve the peace and to treat them with all such friendliness as may be compatible with loyalty and allegiance to the United States." The next topic of importance with which the local committees were vitally concerned was that relating to Registration Day. The Execu- tive Committee urged towns to make that day a semi-holiday in accordance with the desire of the Federal Government. The Depart- ment of War had urged that a very considerable celebration be planned, and the Committee on Public Safety believed with the Secretary of War that it was highly desirable that some form of program should be carried out in every community. The towns were advised to make for themselves a form of celebration that would be proper, and sug- gested the following as a basis upon which they might act: "1. The local Committee on Public Safety, together with city or town officials, should constitute a committee to formulate and carry out a program. "2. The United States Chamber of Commerce recommends that there be a parade on that day wherever possible: The participants in the parade on that day may be boy scouts, school children, organizations such as labor, or fraternal. The parade should be accompanied by a band, if there is one in the town. «* "3. After the parade, or in the evening, when the registration is successfully pro- gressing, a rally could be held, at which speakers would show that registration and its consequences are but the performance of duties involved in citizenship. Here is the opportunity to stimulate patriotic sentiment, to arouse the community to a high sense of its responsibility, and to emphasize its participation in a noble enterprise which it shares on that day with all other communities of the Nation." ON PUBLIC SAFETY 37 The rules regarding the selective draft were very unclear in the minds of the citizens, especially on the two subjects of who were sub- ject to draft and the formalities of actual registration. An abstract of the book of regulations, send out by the Federal Government, was made and distributed in every town in the state. The next definite task assigned to the local committees was one which had been submitted to each state by the Council of National Defense, On May 9, each local executive committee was asked to inform the office at headquarters as to the number of retail grocery stores in New Hampshire, and the number of delivery wagons and motor trucks operated by grocery stores. The response to this letter showed that there were approximately 1136 grocery stores; 791 horse drawn vehicles; and 302 motor delivery trucks, in use in the state. When the Council of National Defense had received information from all the states in the union upon this topic, the Council earnestly re- quested each Committee on Public Safety, and each State Council of Defense, to urge upon the grocers that the number of deliveries per week be greatly reduced. They based this request upon their investi- gation as to the cost of delivering goods, and expressed the result of their investigation in the following words: "In ordinary retail grocery stores tlie common figure for delivery expense is three per cent of the net sales. In the stores selling fancy groceries, and therefore catering to a class of trade requiring more expensive service, the delivery expense is even higher. "Our figures show that in department stores the total delivery expense, including every step from the time the package is wrapped up until it reaches the customer, ranges from one per cent to five and six-tenths per cent of the sales. The average figures for department stores in large cities is about four per cent. The cost of delivery in depart- ment stores and large specialty stores ranges from eight cents to twenty-five cents a package. "To a great extent, however, the stores themselves are at fault for the large number of small packages delivered; they have not sought to encourage customers to take packages with them, nor have they properly endeavored to facilitate the rapid serving of customers." At the same time, the Council requested that retail stores of all kinds take under serious consideration the question of allowing goods, once taken from the store on approval, to be returned. It was shown that the privilege of returning goods added very materially to the cost of goods through the additional delivery, the wrapping of parcels, and the somewhat frequent deterioration in the goods thus allowed to be taken from the stores. One further recommendation made by the Council of National 38 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Defense was that wholesale bakers should discontinue the practice of permitting retail merchants to return unsold bread. It had been dis- covered that a very considerable percentage of the bread that was being baked throughout the country was not sold by the retailer and was ordinarily wasted. The manufacturers in such cases permitted the retailers to return such bread to them. This wasteful practice, it was felt, could be obviated, provided the merchant were to examine more carefully than had been his custom to find out exactly the state of his trade, and send orders to the manufacturers for only those amounts which he was reasonably sure he could dispose of. The results of this whole movement were at first somewhat un- noticed but later the full effect began to be seen when the necessity for economy became evident in all respects. The grocery concerns of necessity diminished the number of their deliveries, inasmuch as it was impossible to find the necessary labor. Apart from this, however, the people of the state gradually discovered the true meaning of the proposals made and gladly refrained from asking that deliveries of goods be made to them. Thereafter, until the end of the war goods of all kinds were commonly carried home by the purchasers. The exact results of the move against the return of unsold bread are hard to estimate inasmuch as flour was scarce during all the remaining months of the war, but it is reasonable to assume that at least a portion of the amount shipped abroad may have been saved through the discontinuance of this practice. The Executive Committee passed the following vote on May 14: "Besolved, that it is the sense of this Committee that the use of fireworks on July 4 be discouraged." On the next day the Committee sent a letter to the local committees in the state giving the reasons for this action by the Executive Com- mittee and urging the local committees to do their utmost to prevent the use of fireworks on July 4 of that year. The following paragraphs occurred in the letter: " For several years there has been a constantly increasing demand for a ' safe and sane ' Fourth of July. In a time of national peril the arguments gain immeasurably greater force, for then, especially, it is necessary to avoid extravagance and to safeguard human life. Every ounce of powder and explosives is required for the war, and their imneces- sary use lessens our chances of victory. "We earnestly beg oiu" executive committees, and our Committee on State Pro- tection, to do everything in their power to induce merchants not to handle fireworks this season, and to persuade citizens not to piu"chase nor use fireworks or explosives. "Since the legislature is no longer in session, it is impossible to have laws passed at ON PUBLIC SAFETY 39 present against the sale or use of fireworks. We are, therefore, dependent on public sentiment and the active work of our local committees to reduce this unecessary and dangerous practice to a minimum." The recommendation of the committee met with some protest on the part of merchants who had already laid in their stock of fireworks, but the most pronounced protest came from one of the manufacturers who denounced the committee most heartily on the ground that it was interfering with legitimate business in an unwarranted manner. This protest, however, passed unnoticed and the use of fireworks almost totally disappeared. The same resolution was passed in the summer of 1918 relating to the use of fireworks on the Fourth of July of that year and this time there was no protest. It is probably even more safe to say that there was very slight manufacturing of fireworks throughout the country, so that the day passed in absolute quietness. The next subject of importance referred to the town committees had to do with tramps. Reports came frequently to headquarters that there were an unusual number of tramps going about the state. It was decided to warn the local committees that the tramp law of New Hampshire was unusually strict and that it should be enforced on the ground that this was no year in which loafers should be toler- ated or in which food could be wasted in case food were given to tramps. Along with this letter a copy of the tramp law of New Hamp- shire was forwarded to the towns. Even at this time, the Committee became aware that two months after war had been declared there were still many people who felt that the call to activity and to sacrifice made by the Committees on Public Safety, and by the Government, were unnecessary. It was felt keenly that many persons were not doing their utmost, either in work or contributions or in active sympathy, to further the cause of war. This condition called forth from the Chairman of the Execu- tive Committee a rousing letter on the general subject of slackers, which is here given in full : FORWARD Our sailors are already abroad, fighting for the cause of world freedom, our soldiers will soon follow. President Wilson says: "America has now the opportunity to show all the world what it means to have been a democracy for one hundred forty-five years, and to mean every bit of the creed which we have so long professed." The vast resources of oiu Country are being rapidly mobilized, not alone men, muni- tions, ships and supplies, but also labor, food, fuel, relief and scores of other items indis- pensable to carrying on the war. 40 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The eyes and the hopes of the whole world are on us, and the future of civilization itself depends upon our work. If Germany wins the war we shall have "German civilization" in America. WE CANNOT FAIL New Hampshire must and will do her part. This will involve sacrifices, but we should be glad of the opportunity to serve. The question now is whether we will fight for ourselves, or whether we will ignomin- iously ask others to fight for us. This is no time for slackers. WHO IS A SLACKER? The man who refuses to do his full part in the great struggle ahead of us, whether on the farm, in the factory or on the firing line. The man who refuses to work — somewhere or somehow — whether he be one of the "idle rich" whom necessity does not call, or whether he be the "corner loafer" who spends his time idling about town — a public nuisance. The man, frequently of good intent, who is still mentally asleep and complacently chewing his cud of security, although the gravest of dangers confronts his country, his family and himself. The man who is wasteful or extravagant, whether at home, or on the farm, or in the shop, or in the office. The man who is now raising the price of his potatoes, or flour or any other necessity, in order to take advantage of his neighbor's greatest need. The man who realizes that conditions are serious, but thinks he should be exempt and "some one else "called. The pathetic liltle fellow who feels personally called ui)on to run the war from his own doorstep, and therefore with no knowledge of his own, takes every opportunity to criticize or condemn the work of those on whom the official responsibility rests, but who does nothing whatever himself. Women can be slackers also. HOW TO "GET" SLACKERS Arouse public sentiment against these "near-Germans" to such an extent that even a mild slacker will be ashamed of himself and get to work. Appeal to their patriotism first. If this doesn't work, ridicule them and make them uncomfortable. Keep after them until they realize that there is no half-way ground for a real American. NEW HAMPSHIRE "EXPECTS EVERY MAN TO DO HIS DUTY" Committee on Public S.\fety, (Sig.) John B. Jameson, Chairman. This letter was followed, a week later, by another that was composed upon somewhat similar lines, showing the reason for the opinions expressed in the earlier letter. The following extracts will illustrate ON PUBLIC SAFETY 41 the means adopted to bring to the full consciousness of the people the gravity of the military situation of the United States : '"It is a fight for our own life and the defense of the Country.' "The above are the words of Gen. Clarence R. Edwards, Commander of the Depart- ment of the Northeast, at Boston last night. "It is even more than that. This war — our war — will determine, perhaps for cen- turies, whether mankind will be free or slave. WTiether 'German civilization,' with its attendant subjugation of all the rights of the individual, will govern the world or whether the people will rule themselves. "Our Country will be the deciding factor in this great question of the ages. When England and France have passed their maximum power, which will happen before long, the United States must beat Germany, or be beaten by her. Our future freedom and happiness depends on how we accept the great responsibility placed upon us. "The full enormitj' of the peril is not yet realized by our citizens. Too many are still complacently ignoring the fact that we are in the war, and too many are foolishly hoping for 'something to happen' to end the terrible conflict. Nothing will happen unless we make it happen, and this means that every person, from the greatest to the least, must take part with all his might." One of the serious questions that confronted local committees, and many individuals, was that of guarding property. It usually hap- pened that owners of private property, that seemed at all subject to injury by enemies, desired to have their property protected by a mili- tary guard furnished by the state. Letters and telephone messages came frequently to headquarters, asking that the State furnish de- tachments of the National Guard for service on bridges, dams, fac- tories, and other places where injuries might be very disastrous. The reply had to be made that there was no force available under state control that could furnish guards for private property. The explana- tion was that the National Guard had already been Federalized and was, therefore, not under state control. The only body of men that could receive orders from the State Government was the State Guard. This body was being formed by a specially appointed Military Emer- gency Board, which had sought in vain to secure uniforms and rifles for the men who had enrolled. For this reason, it was impossible to accede to the request of those who were anxious to have their property guarded, and the advice was given that the selectmen of each town appoint a sufficient number of special police to undertake guard duty where it was desirable, or that the owners of property appoint their own. In a letter sent to the towns June 5, the sections of the statutes re- lating to armed guards were quoted, and the towns were urged to endeavor to solve their difficulties in their own way. 42 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Meanwhile, from time to time, short documents were prepared and scattered throughout the state, calculated to give the inhabitants of the state some idea of the hugeness of the task of carrying on the war, and of the feelings and beliefs that inspired the Germans in the present contest. For example, extracts from speeches made by the Kaiser were printed, and thousands of copies were sent to various citizens. Also, certain statements made by influential Germans were quoted in a separate list and sent throughout the State. These latter were taken from the collection made by William Archer, and called "501 Gems (?) of German Thought." Early in the autumn of 1917 complaints were frequently made to the committee that the farmers of the state found it practically im- possible to take care of the sheep which the Department of Agriculture, backed by the committee, was recommending all owners of pasture land to keep. It was found that the excessive number of dogs through- out the state imperiled the lives of the sheep and frequently decimated the flocks. A warning was sent to all towns and cities of the state that dogs should not be allowed to run at large and this recommenda- tion was received favorably and no further complaint on that score was heard. During the same summer the Committee on Public Information of Washington formed an organization called "four-minute men," whose function was to address groups or assemblies of persons on some topic of immediate interest and to occupy not more than four minutes in telling the story. The Committee on Public Information sent a re- quest to the Committee on Public Safety tliat such an organization be formed in New Hampshire and that the persons connected with the organization should appear when occasion arose in all moving picture establishments and other places. Upon receipt of recommendations from Washington outlines of speeches to occupy four minutes were sent to all who joined the organization. Thereafter, in almost all the moving picture theaters in New Hampshire four-minute speeches were frequently given. Somewhat later the movement extended until four- minute men began to appear at meetings of the Grange and other similar assemblies. In October, 1917, a request was made by the Committee on Public Safety that each town should appoint a local historian who should undertake to make records for preservation by the state and for deposit in the town library, covering all the activities of the town during the period of the war. A local historian was also requested to make a ON PUBLIC SAFETY 43 service record of all members of the army or navy. The work of the Local Historians, as they came to be called, formed the basis of the work of the State War Historian. In November of the same year a pamphlet called "Pleasure as Usual" was issued as a supplement to the series of talks prepared by Professor Dixon under the title of "War Is the Nation's Business," The new pamphlet urged most strongly that purchases of goods be restricted to absolute necessities on the ground that the call for luxuries created an "increasing demand" while there was in the country "rela- tively diminishing output," since so many establishments were turn- ing to the manufacture of absolute necessities or war materials, and inasmuch as this transfer could not possibly be avoided it seemed un- reasonable that private persons should continue the search for unneces- sary articles. The pamphlet mentioned especially the running of au- tomobiles for pleasure, the purchase of gownas, serving of elaborate dinners, together with several other matters wherein either simplifica- tion of life or the absolute refusal to indulge in such luxuries would be beneficial. Early in December occurred the explosion at Halifax which created fearful hardship and distress. The committee immediately sent a most urgent appeal to its local committees for contributions to relieve the suffering of the stricken city and the request was accompanied by a very strong proclamation issued by Governor Keyes, in which he took account of the generous instincts of the people of New Hampshire to- gether with the comfort which they then enjoyed in contrast with the death and privation which suddenly overwhelmed the city of Halifax. The people responded promptly and generously and the funds col- lected were immediately dispatched by Governor Keyes to aid in the mission of mercy which had been undertaken under the auspices of the Red Cross organization of Boston. In the early spring of the year 1918, just prior to the time at which the town meetings were to occur, the chairman of the committee sent a rousing letter to each town and addressed to the citizens of New Hampshire, requesting the moderator at each town meeting to have the letter read when the citizens were assembled. The report came back after the meetings were held stating that in all cases the letter was read in full and created a marked impression. The following extracts will give some idea of the aims and nature of this document: 44 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE "Germany is winning this war. Let us not deceive ourselves — up to the present time Germany is the victor; Germany, the wild beast among the nations, that after 40 years of deliberate and cunning preparation, burst forth upon the peaceful world intent upon its subjugation by means so atrocious and barbarities so horrible as to be almost past belief." "The supreme question now is, shall mankind be permitted to enjoy the God-given freedom of this world; shall we be allowed the free enjoyment of life and friendly inter- course with our fellow men; or shall we allow ourselves and the generations to come to be subjugated by that bloodthirsty nation whose philosophy is that might alone makes right, and whose only answer to the appeals for human justice and right is the mailed fist and the dripping sword." "We must win, and we will win if the people of this land do their full duty, — if you men do your duty. This war is your war. Wliat right have we to freedom unless we are willing to sacrifice for it? What right have we to ask the boys of this country, of this town, to imperil their lives for oiu- freedom and happiness unless we back them up at home? They are going across by the hundreds of thousands to the battle fields of Europe for you. Our allies have been fighting om- battles over there since the war began. They are nearly exhausted and anxiously awaiting relief from us. If we fail, the cause of liberty is lost." "Economize; save food, save clothing, save money. We must feed and arm and supply our soldiers. We must feed our allies. They are fighting for and with us. The Food Administrator knows what is needed and his orders must be obeyed. Restrictive measiues are for our own good. "Buy Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps. "The money you thus loan the Government will help win the war, and there is no safer investment on earth. " Give to the Red Cross, Red Triangle and other authorized war efforts to the limit. "Raise food and still more food. The cost is of secondary importance. Remember that people must eat to live and will pay the necessary price for food. "Men on the farms! Plow every furrow with the thougiit that you are plowing through the Kaiser. "Men in factories! Strike every blow with the thought that you are hammering at the Kaiser." To accompany this letter was one which was written by Governor Keyes to the same purpose and showing such splendid appreciation of the feeling of the state that it is worth while to quote in full: Concord, N. IL, March 6, 1918. To the Moderator of the Town Meeting: The one great question before every American citizen today is the winning of the world war. ^\Tiat we can do to that end, at home as well as abroad, should be the subject of oiir constant and thoughtful consideration. A valuable opportunity for such consideration will be given by our annual town meetings on March 12; and it seems to me very desirable that this opportunity be improved universally and system- atically. Therefore I ask the moderator of every town meeting in New Hampshire to ON PUBLIC SAFETY 45 suspend the business of the meeting for fifteen minutes, or more, beginning at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, and to devote this period of time to thought and speech con- cerning the war. The State Committee on Public Safety sends herewith a message to the people of the State on this subject, which I ask you to read or have read at the time designated, and which will furnish the text for patriotic addresses by your own people to such extent as you may think best. I believe the result will be to arouse New Hampshire in an even greater degree to the vital importance of patriotic thought, speech and action by every man, woman and child within the limits of our state. New Hampshire has responded nobly to every war demand thus far made upon her. But she must do much more, must give much more, with cheerful and courageous determination, before victory finally and certainly comes. That time-honored institution of self-government, the New England tov.Ti meeting, is a most fitting occasion upon which to pledge ourselves anew to the cause of world freedom. I ask you to see that in your town this is done. Henry W. Keyes, Governor. On IMay 9, 1918, a nicst enthusiastic war conference was held in the Auditorium at Concord at which members of local committees from all parts of the state were urged to be present. The meeting was addressed by Major Rulledge Smith, of the Council of National Defense, Mr. Arthur Beston, representing the Committee on Pubhc In- formation, Mr. Frederick C. Walcott, of the Federal Food Administra- tion, and Major Laughlin Maclean Watt, of the Gordon Highlanders. The Auditorium was filled with representatives of the committees who had assembled in Concord eager to hear the message which was brought to them from the center of activity in the country. The speeches given at the three sessions held that day were most impressive and had a tremendous influence upon the spirit of the people for the remaining months of the war. Immediately, towns and cities were urged to follow up the impression created by the state conference by means of local conferences under the direction of the Committee's Speaker's Bureau. Many who had been present at the state confer- ence volunteered to address local meetings. Large numbers of meet- ings were held to the great advantage of those who had not been privileged to attend the state conference itself. A short time later, a message was received from the Council of Na- tional Defense asking in behalf of the Alien Property Custodian that an effort be made to locate all property of alien enemies within the Hmits of the state. The local committees undertook to perform this service and did so with remarkable thoroughness. The results of the investigations conducted by the local committees were fon^-arded to the Alien Property Custodian and it is interesting to know that by the 46 NEW HAMPSHffiE COMMITTEE time the investigation was undertaken there was comparatively little property in the state held by alien enemies. Many such aliens had disappeared prior to the beginning of the war and had disposed of their property. Only here and there, usually in the cities, was there any trace left of real estate still held by their former owners. In addition to matters which were conveyed to the local committees on the sole authority of the State Committee on Public Safety or the semi-unofficial Council of National Defense there was ample oppor- tunity throughout the course of the war for a close co-operation with federal and state agencies. The Secretary of War requested the Committee on Public Safety to place its local organizations at the disposal of draft boards in the autumn of 1917 in order to help the boards make up the records desired by the Department of War at the close of the first draft of 687,000 men. Soon thereafter the Navy Department requested gifts of binoculars, spy glasses, etc., for use in the navy. This request was forwarded owing to the fact that few lenses had been made in the United States prior to that time and the demand for them was then unusually great. The Treasury Department requested the Committee on Public Safety to give its assistance to the state Liberty Loan Committees. Representatives of the Liberty Loan Committee requested the Com- mittee on Public Safety to co-operate with them in securing the largest possible subscription to the first Liberty Loan in New Hampshire. The committee sent out about 4000 copies of a letter describing the Liberty Loan and the terms of payment, urging also advantages secured by subscription to the bonds as well as the fact that it was a national duty that all should subscribe to the loan. A letter was sent to clergy- men of all denominations asking them to direct the attention of their parishioners to the subject. It was urged that clergymen do this in their Sunday service, if possible, and in any other way they might think feasible. The committee assisted the Liberty Loan Committee to district the state in such a way that every town might have easy access to a bank where the business of subscribing to the bonds and making deposits might be centered. With each successive loan the committee gave its assistance in every way in which the request for assistance was made. The Treasury Department also requested that the attention of all families of soldiers and sailors should be brought to the fact that the War Risk Insurance Bureau offered soldiers and sailors the best form of life insurance which they could possibly obtain. It seemed advisable ON PUBLIC SAFETY 47 that the men should know as much about this insurance as they could before they were taken into camp and it was also felt that it would be highly desirable that the families of soldiers and sailors should urge the boys to take out such insurance. The information upon this sub- ject was coupled with information regarding allotment and allowance to families, on the ground that the financial matters which would soon become of importance to the soldier or sailor should be known while he was still a civilian in order that all concerned might discuss the mat- ter in common. One further request came from the Treasury Depart- ment, viz., that the committee should give what aid it could to the campaign for the sale of War Savings Stamps. The committee sent circulars to all cities and towns describing the method by which the stamps miglit be purchased and then exchanged for War Savings Cer- tificates. The local committees assisted in the appointment of repre- sentatives of the State War Savings Director and thereafter gave what help they could in furthering the sale of stamps. The Provost Marshal General asked the aid of the Committee on Public Safety toward the enforcement of the " work or fight " rule which he promulgated in the summer of 1918. At this time there was little necessity for anything beyond the mere published desire of the Provost Marshal General, for the people had reached a point where they were willing to act in accordance with any rule which obviously was intended to bring about a condition of greater productivity and universality in the prosecution of the war. About the same time, the Adjutant Gen- eral of the Army urged the Committee on Public Safety to put forth their best effort in the detection of deserters from the army. The request came in this manner for the reason that many men who were classed as deserters had not deliberately abandoned their duty but rather had overstayed their leave of absence without a realization of the seriousness of their offense. On this account it was realized that it would be extremely unfortunate if the full penalty of the army regula- tions should be put into effect against such men. Moderation was to be shown and therefore a civilian body like the Committee on Public Safety was urged to use its best effort to induce those absent without leave to return to their duty as soon as possible. The Federal Department of Labor in instituting its employment service asked for the help of the Committee on Public Safety, and in September, 1918 a conference was held in Concord of representatives of the local committees as well as of others in the state who would be interested in the formation of an organization whereby problems con- 48 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE nected with the scarcity of hibor might be discussed and decisions reached for the adjustment of the difficulties. In December of 1918 the committee united with the Federal Director of the Employment Service for New Hampshire in devising a method whereby community boards might be established for the purpose of adjusting all matters relative to the scarcity of labor in their sections. The chief purpose at this moment was to see to it that the most essential industries were supplied with labor, even if those less essential might be stopped en- tirely. Somewhat later the employment service requested the help of the committee in the establishment of local employment agencies for the purpose of securing employment for soldiers and sailors who were returning to their homes when they were discharged from the army or navy. In addition to co-operation with these official agencies the Committee on Public Safety gave what assistance it could to various civilian or semi-official bodies. For example, the Salvation Army appealed to the committee for help in raising its first million-dollar war fund. The American Library Association requested the co-operation of the com- mittee in the collection of books to be sent to camps, cantonments and abroad for the use of soldiers and sailors. The American Red Cross in each of its campaigns asked the com- mittee to assist them in organizing the state to make the campaigns most effective. Other matters in which the committee was connected with the operation of the Red Cross are described elsewhere. It would be interesting to trace the development of the responses which were received from the towns in connection with the various successive requests and instructions sent out by the committee. That, unfortunately, is impossible, partly because reports were not regularly made by the towns to the state committee and partly through mere lack of space. The daily and weekly newspapers of the state kept the state com- mittee informed as to the progress of their work through the whole of New Hampshire and these reports were very inspiring and served to encourage those working at headquarters to continue their efforts. The records of the activities of the various towns are at this time in process of preparation and it is expected that a majority of the libraries of the state will obtain documents locally describing the work of the war organizations in their vicinity. VI THE WORK OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE After the initial meeting of the Executive Committee, which was held on the thirtieth day of March, 1917, a period of two weeks was occupied in the appointment of sub-committees and in perfecting the organization extending throughout all cities and towns in the State. Thereafter, the Executive Committee was able to devote itself to conferring with sub-committees and to discussing methods whereby the state might be best prepared to serve the nation. In this section the principal subjects brought up for discussion will be treated, together with the means employed to put the decisions of the Committee into operation and to bring about an acceptance of its expressed opinions. A Committee was appointed to confer with the Governor on what, if any, further legislation might be desirable or necessary in order to place New Hampshire on a better war basis. Several important modifications in pending legislation were suggested to the Legislature by this Committee and were adopted and certain new bills were enacted by the Legislature upon the recommendation of the Commit- tee. These have been treated or mentioned in the section dealing with legislation. Among the bills thus passed and appearing to be of the greatest consequence was an act to provide for dependents of soldiers and sailors. Others may here be mentioned which were enacted as a result of conference between the special Committee and legislators or com- mittees of the Legislature, such as the act to provide for the public safety, legislation dealing with conditions of labor, hours of labor, and the employment of women and children, a bill dealing with the coer- cion of labor and the instigating of strikes and lockouts, and a bill defining and extending the duties of armed guards. On April 16 the question of the conservation of daylight was con- sidered by the Committee. The opinion was unanimous that a method of conserving daylight should be practiced in the United States similar to that already practiced in the majority of the countries then at war. The New Hampshire Committee voted to endeavor to secure joint action by all the New England States, looking toward a representation 49 50 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE upon the subject to the Federal Government. On May 1 a meeting of delegates from all the Committees on Public Safety in New England was held in Boston, called together by the New Hampshire delegate, Mr. Arthur B, Jenks. At this meeting a resolution was unanimously adopted favoring the passage by Congress of the pending House Reso- lution introduced by Mr. Borlund of Missouri, "To Save Daylight and to Provide Standard Time for the United States." It was further decided that each delegate present should try to secure the signature of the Governor of his State, and that of the Chairman of the Com- mittee on Public Safety, endorsing the resolution, and return to the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety. This was done, and the New Hampshire Committee forwarded the resolution to the President of the United States, and to the Senators and Represent- atives in Congress from New England, asking them to support the pending House Resolution of Mr. Borlund. The resolution offered by Mr. Borlund prevailed in Congress and Daylight Saving became the rule throughout the United States during the spring and summer season of 1918. The so-called new time con- tinued in effect until October 27, when the clocks were restored to standard time for the winter of 1918-1919. Prior to this time the Executive Committee considered the advisability of maintaining the Daylight Saving Plan throughout the winter. It was pointed out that considerable advantage would accrue to the industries in maintaining the summer schedule, both in the matter of saving coal by reason of the fact that under standard time extraordinary pressure fell upon power plants at an early period during each afternoon and because an earlier closing time left free for other employments the desirable hours of the early evening. The Committee passed a resolution on September 9, 1918, favoring the continuation of the Daylight Saving Plan through the winter months and through succeeding seasons. When publication was given to this vote of the committee a protest arose from representa- tives of agricultural interests and from the Department of Public Instruction. The agricultural interests in general maintained that during the summer season the Daylight Saving Plan worked hardship from two points of view. The first of these was the impossibility of working in the fields during the early morning hours, owing to the dew, and in the winter months work about the buildings was greatly hampered by the necessity of using artificial light. The second objec- tion was that it had been found impossible to keep employees working ON PUBLIC SAFETY 51 during the early evening hours, which are the best hours for farm work, with the result that at least an hour each day was lost. These objections were not maintained unanimously by the farming interests. From the standpoint of the Department of Public Instruction it was pointed out that the difficulties of opening rural schools at nine o'clock, in accordance with the Daylight Saving Plan, were very great for the reason that children were obliged to travel to school during the dark hours and because it was impossible to have school buildings properly heated by that time. In consequence of these protests the Committee reconsidered its earlier action and made no representations upon the subject to the Federal Government. The discussion was found to have been unnecessary so far as it related to the summer months in view of the fact that the Dayhght Saving Bill was to be in force during each summer season and not confined to the season then under dis- cussion. The history of the interest of the Committee in the whole matter is here given merely as an indication of the views of New Hampshire with reference to the subject as a whole. A plan proposed by the Superintendent of Education and endorsed by the Chairman of the Food Committee, whereby instruction in gardening during the summer vacation should be given to boys and girls in high schools, and the supervision of this work should be in charge of teachers now giving instruction in the high schools of the State, was approved by the Committee, and the Committee voted to underwrite the expense of such instruction and supervision, up to $4,500, in so far as appropriations were not made by the towns in- terested to cover the cost of the enterprise. For the second season of the war the plan of the Superintendent of Education was merged with the nation-wide creation of a Boys' Working Reserve. ]\Ir. George H. Whitcher, Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction, was appointed to take charge of the extension of this movement in New Hampshire. Shortly thereafter, in accord- ance with a request from the Council of National Defense, Mr. Whit- cher was also made Director for New Hampshire of the United States School Garden Army. This movement required no financing with the exception of a special situation in Milford, to which the sum of $200 was paid in order that the school garden work might have ade- quate supervision, and the children making school gardens might have proper instruction in the planting and care of their gardens. Several requests were submitted to the Committee by the Council of National Defense that a Boys' Working Reserve Corps be formed 52 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE in New Hampshire. The plan proposed was that boys in groups should be placed in semi-military camps in different sections of the State; that they should live either in houses suitable for their purpose or in tents; that they should spend at least a part of their summer working upon farms or in gardens. A later suggestion was made by the Council of National Defense that the boys should be transferred, if found desirable, to different industries. The Committee considered this question at several meetings but did not endeavor to create such a corps. The Committee felt that the time was inopportune since about ninety per cent of the boys of high school age were actually during the season of 1917 employed in farm or garden labor. The difficulty of securing proper supervision of the boys in scattered rural communities, and various other matters, convinced the Committee that it would not be feasible to create a corps of this kind in New Hampshire. Early in the year 1918 it became obvious that the State would re- quire the use of every possible facility in order to assure the crop production considered essential by the Federal Food Administration and the Federal Department of Agriculture. The movement to create a Boys' Working Reserve was again placed before the New Hampshire Committee and it was decided to appoint Mr. George H. Whitcher, Deputy Superintendent of Education, in charge of voca- tional training as State Director of the Boys' Working Reserve. The result of his exertion and enthusiasm was the creation of large groups of boys which planted and cared for thousands of gardens in various sections of the State. When a final estimate was made of the crop production of the season it was found that the work of the boys in their small gardens had been extremely valuable and had contributed materially to the decided increase in production over the past season. During the autumn of the year 1918 it was felt that this movement should be extended much beyond the limits it had reached during the season just closing. A representative of the national organization, Prof. C. P. Clark of Dartmouth College, was appointed to increase among the boys throughout New England an interest in the Re- serve. The new office worked in close co-operation with the Federal Employment Service. The coming of peace and the refusal of Con- gress to make appropriations for the Employment Service caused a cessation of the activities of the Boys' Working Reserve so that it was virtually disbanded in the Spring of 1919. The National Research Council requested Dartmouth College to ON PUBLIC SAFETY 53 free Professor Goldthwait, head of the Department on GeologJ^ for certain expert service in connection with the gathering of information regarding rapid highway and railroad construction in New Hampshire. The President of Dartmouth College offered to detach Professor Goldthwait and asked the Committee on Public Safety to make recom- mendations to the State regarding the scope of the work that might be done profitably by this agency. The Committee appointed Mr. Goldthwait a member of the Committee on Transportation and re- quested him to act in conjunction with the Commissioner of Highways in ascertaining the location of suitable road building materials in the neighborhood of the New Hampshire seacoast. Mr Goldthwait, together with two assistants, devoted about two months to the work of making the survey, and at the completion of his observations pre- pared a very careful and valuable report, accompanied by maps showing the location of all road building material beds existing from the lower Merrimack Valley and eastward to the boundary of the State. The results thus tabulated have been found of extreme value to the Department of Highways with the result that the survey has been continued in successive summers in other parts of the state since the close of the war. The military training of school children was discussed at several different meetings of the Committee, but no definite action was taken. The Committee had the benefit of advice from the Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction. On April 27, 1917 the question of establishing minimum prices on staple agricultural products was considered, and the Committee voted that it seemed desirable that the National Government should estab- lish a minimum price on such products in view of the present world menace and dearth of food. At the next meeting a telegram from the Secretary of Agriculture was laid l)efore the Committee stating that no agency at present has power to fix prices on food products, but suggested that Congress confer power on the Government to fix both minimum and maximum prices. The object of setting a minimum price was to encourage greater production, and the object of a maxi- mum price to decrease the opportunity on the part of dealers to make large profits out of the necessities of the consumer. In August, 1917, the potato crop promised to be extremely large, and farmers' associations became anxious with reference to the price. Following the suggestion made by the Federated County Farmers' 54 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Associations of New Hampshire, the following resolutions were adopted : Whereas, the farmers of the nation were asked by those in highest authority to increase production of food stufiFs this year to the limit of their resources; Whereas, the farmers of the nation have responded to this appeal and have mate- rially increased production; assuming unusual financial obligations to that end; Whereas, in New Hampshire and New England a large part of this increase is in potatoes; Whereas, the prospects of yield in potatoes indicate for the country a surplus of more than one hundred million bushels; and Whereas, such surplus, without Government intervention, will result in abnormally low prices, involving disaster to those who responded to the patriotic appeal to increase production: therefore be it Resolved, That we request the Food Administrator, Mr. Huntley N. Spaulding, to present to the New England Potato Committee and the National Food Administrator the following plan, and to urge its immediate adoption: That the President of the United States, tlirough the National Food Administrator, announce at once such a minimum price per bushel for potatoes, effective March 1, 1918, as shall be found upon investigation to be fair and equitable. At the same time a proposal was made by the same associations that the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety solicit and provide capital for financing the purchase or erection of suitable storehouses for the farm production of the several counties of the State. Upon investigation, however, it was discovered that ample facilities were already in existence, making it unnecessary to take further action. The Committee on different occasions discussed the question of National Prohibition as a war measure, and on May 14 the Committee voted to urge Congress and the Administration to use every means in their power and pass such laws as might be necessary to prohibit the manufacture and sale of spirituous and intoxicating liquor during the continuance of the war, except for mechanical, medicinal and sacra- mental purposes. A copy of this resolution was forwarded to the President of the United States and to the New Hampshire representa- tives and Senators in Congress. The railway mail clerks on the Portland Division of the Boston & Maine presented a petition to the Committee asking that they use their influence with the Federal Post Office Department to secure a re-establishment of the rules hitherto in force regarding leave of ab- sence. The Committee was informed that the scale of pay for sub- stitutes during periods of absence on the part of regular mail clerks was such that the mail clerks were unable to devote the period of their absence from duty to tilling their farms on account of the financial ON PUBLIC SAFETY 55 arrangements involved. The Committee referred the matter to the New Hampshire Congressional delegation with the recommendation that they take such steps as they might deem proper and necessary. On May 5 the Committee was informed that each county organiza- tion connected with the New England Milk Producers' Association was to hold a meeting on May 7. The Committee expressed itself in favor of having national legislation in the interest of the raising of food animals, and requested the Chairman of the Committe on Food Production to telegraph to each chairman of the county meetings, asking that support be given to the opinion of the Committee on Public Safety. On May 10 the attention of the Committee was drawn to the im- portance of maintaining a maxinmm of farm labor, and to the fact that recruiting for the army was progressing in rural districts to the detriment of increased production of crops. The Chairman of the Committee on Recruiting was informed of these facts and agreed with the Committee that there was great necessity for discretion among recruiting parties in inducing men to enlist who had been engaged in agricultural work. The shortage of coal, not only in New Hampshire, but in the other New England States, induced the Committee to unite with the other Committees on Public Safety in New England to study the situation and endeavor to secure better provision for the future if possible. A joint committee, representing the several states of New England, held a meeting in Boston and decided to make a survey of coal on hand in the New England states in comparison with that on hand at the same time in the year 1916. It was discovered that there was in stock this spring less than two-thirds of the amount of anthracite and bituminous coal in stock in the previous year. The joint committee made representations to the Federal Government and had a fair degree of assurance that coal trains would be dispatched from the mines direct to several of the cities of New England, thus obviating the delays hitherto occurring in the transportation of the coal to be used in New England. When gradually the supply of available coal diminished and actual famine was threatened, a movement arose in New Hampshire, as it did elsewhere, to counteract the lack of coal by providing a supply of wood. Inquiries were made throughout the State as to the amount of wood on hand remaining from the preceding season; also the amount actually cut in each town. WTien the information thus obtained was 56 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE analyzed it became evident that unless very decided measures were adopted to increase the amount of wood that would normally be cut the State would in all probability find itself in a serious plight. The State Department of Forestry and the New Hampshire Association for the Preservation of Forests united earnestly and most effectively with the Committee in urging upon owners of wood lots, or even smaller tracts of wood, to endeavor to provide the State with fuel for the coming winter. The Federal Fuel Administrator, both personally and through his district committees, worked constantly for the same object. The amount of wood made available in this manner for heat- ing purposes was so large that to a considerable degree it offset the shortage of coal so that there were probably few instances of actual suffering in the State for lack of heat. It is not intended to imply that householders had a normal supply of fuel even with the addition of wood, but in some manner everyone got along with a fair degree of comfort. It was perhaps unavoidable that the price of wood advanced so materially that the substitution of wood for coal became a great financial burden. When it was proposed that bonds be issued by the Federal Govern- ment, to be known as Liberty Loan Bonds, the Committee on Public Safety was requested to give publicity to the fact that such bonds were to be sold and to arouse some enthusiasm for the purchase of the bonds. The New Hampshire Committee sent letters to members of its local committees throughout the State, explaining the nature of the bonds in the simplest language, and urging everyone to subscribe. At the beginning of the campaign to raise one hundred million dollars as a Red Cross War Fund, the Committee united with the Red Cross Organization in order to assist in the raising of the quota as- signed to New Hampshire. The Committee passed a resolution endorsing heartily the campaign of the Red Cross and appointing a committee of three to confer and co-operate with a committee ap- pointed by the Red Cross. This joint committee was to direct the raising of the fund in New Hampshire. The Committee on Public Safety placed its organization at the disposal of the Red Cross and actively participated in the work of the week. At the outbreak of war the Red Cross was organized on a state basis, with a state chapter and many chapters scattered throughout the state subordinate to it. In the summer of 1917, the National Red Cross undertook to organize in a totally different manner by dividing ON PUBLIC SAFETY 57 the United States into 13 divisions, each of which should include several states and be under the direction of a division superintendent. New Hampshire became a part of the New England Division, and the State chapter was dissolved. During the lengthy negotiations neces- sary for making this transfer, the Committee on Public Safety took part in the discussions,^ — merely in an advisory capacity. After the new organization was perfected the work of the Red Cross in New Hampshire was directed from the headquarters in Boston. From time to time the New England Division requested the Committee on Public Safety to show an interest and to give its assistance in new undertakings and new sections of the organization. Thus when the Home Service Section was organized, a Field Supervisor was appointed for New Hampshire, Mrs. R. W. Husband of Hanover, who appeared before the Committee to explain the principles involved in this new activity. The Committee by vote expressed the heartiest sympathy with this movement and a desire to further its operation in every way possible. During the summer of 1918 an epidemic of Spanish influenza arose, apparently brought to the United States from European countries, and spread from one state to another until it covered every state in the Union. The Committee on Public Safety actively assisted the Red Cross in providing physicians and nurses, both professional nurses and practical nurses, for the aflflicted towns and cities of the state. At the time the epidemic became serious the State Board of Health was made the central point of activity in combating the disease. From the office of the Board directions as to care of health on the part of those who had not yet suffered, as well as the care of those suffering, were given, and physicians and nurses were obtained. It is worthy of note that many of the towns in the State organized most efficiently to meet the disease by having as headquarters a central point of in- formation and distribution of necessities, by organizing a motor corps to carry nurses from one part of the town to another and by providing in large numbers of cases food and volunteers who took care of hy- gienic conditions in afflicted households. Before the epidemic had passed away a Committee called "The New Hampshire Emergency Health Committee" was formed through the co-operation of the State Board of Health, the Red Cross and the Committee on Public Safety. This Emergency Health Committee was composed of the following members : 58 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE NEW HAMPSHIRE EMERGENCY HEALTH COMMITTEE (Adjunct to the State Board of Health) Wyman K. Flint, Chairman, Dr. C. P. Bancroft, Liaison Officer, American Red Cross State Board of Charities and Correc- tions Dr. Charles Duncan, Vice-Chairman, E. W. Butterfield, State Board of Health Supt. of Public Instruction Mrs. R. W. Husband, Secretary, John B. Jameson, Woman's Committee, Council of National Committee on Public Safety Defense This Committee was charged with the duty of investigating the extent of the spread of influenza in the state, of assisting towns to organize adequately to meet the situation locally, of devising methods whereby suffering caused by the epidemic might be ameliorated and of building a permanent emergency organization. They sought in this work the co-operation of local Boards of Health, local committees on Public Safety and chapters and branches of the American Red Cross. The headquarters of the Emergency Health Committee and those of the Field Supervisor of the Home Service Section were transferred to the building occupied by the Committee on Public Safety in order that there might be a still closer link between the two organizations. The Governor and the Legislature of New Hampshire desired to maintain for employees in factories during the course of the war the same standards in respect to hours of labor and conditions of health and safety that were in vogue prior to the opening of war. The ex- perience of England showed that it was unwise to increase materially the number of hours per week which persons in factories devoted to their work; and showed also that it was unwise to lower in the slightest degree the standards of health, comfort and safety in factories. The Council of National Defense about the time war was declared requested each state to modify its laws so that it might be possible to bring it to pass that factories producing articles necessary for the Government should be able to do so in much greater quantities than seemed possible under existing laws and conditions. It was specifically requested that upon recommendation of the Council of National De- fense the State laws relating to hours of labor might be temporarily abrogated. In harmony with the plea thus stated, an act was passed by the New Hampshire legislature in the spring of 1917 to the effect that the Governor, upon the request of the Council of National Defense might suspend or modify laws limiting hours of labor for such time as ON PUBLIC SAFETY 59 should be specified in the order issued by the Governor for that pur- pose but no longer than the duration of the war. The request of the Council of National Defense met with vigorous opposition on the part of the American Federation of Labor and other bodies, with the result that the Council very decidedly modified its views, and later stipu- lated that such suspension of labor laws was expected to be extremely rare. The enactment of this measure by the New Hampshire Legis- lature was taken by the American Association for Labor Legislation as a proof that.New Hampshire had receded from its ordinary position regarding maintenance of good conditions of labor. The Survey repeated the declaration of this Association, intimating that it was an established fact that New Hampshire had receded. The Committee on Public Safety took notice of these statements and informed the Secretary of the American Association of the exact facts connected with the New Hampshire enactment, and appended to this statement the view of the Governor of New Hampshire with reference to possible suspension of the labor laws of the State. The Governor was of the opinion that such suspension should take place, it at all, only under circumstances so critical as imperatively to demand it, and then only for the briefest period to accomplish the purpose. The article in the Survey was answered to the same effect by the Secretary of the Com- mittee, and the answer thus made was published in the Survey. The history of industrial employment during the war shows that the Council of National Defense has never requested the suspension of labor laws in any instance; and shows also that the actual number of hours per week asked of employees has diminished. The single exception to this statement is in cases where employees have volunta- rily worked overtime at considerably advanced pay. From time to time strikes arose in industrial plants, and in several cases an appeal was made to the Committee on Public Safety to exert its influence to effect a termination of the strike. The strikes that occurred during the course of war were of many different kinds. In certain cases the object of the striking employees was to improve their working conditions ; and in other cases the question at issue concerned the extent of the machinery the employee was expected to operate. In every case in which the Committee on Public Safety interested itself the point was made clear that the Committee was not interested in the question of wages except in so far as the wages obtained might influence the output of the factory concerned. The chief interest of the Committee in all disputes was in maintaining the maximum pro- 60 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE duction for the Government. The committee had a particular interest in equipment, supplies and food for soldiers and sailors. It was solely upon this ground that the Committee at any time participated in negotiations looking toward a termination of any controversy that arose. On several occasions the services of members of the Committee were offered to mediate between the parties to the strikes. In general, the attitude of the Committee met with the approval of both the employer and employee. In furtherance of this attitude on the part of the Committee there was at one time discussion of the advisability of appointing a commit- tee of five to adjust labor disputes on the basis of a similar committee appointed by the Massachusetts Legislature of 1917. This was not carried into effect owing to the desire to avoid any appearance of infringing upon the duties and powers of the State Board of Arbitra- tion and Conciliation as well as because the labor disputes that arose in the state were for the most part readily settled. Somewhat later the subject again arose and the following resolution was adopted by the Committee: Whereas, in the consideration of controversies between employer and employee, the State Labor Commissioner and the State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation are limited to a request from either or both parties; and Whereas, it is the desire of the Committee on Public Safety to assist in every way in the settlement of labor troubles in cases of industries necessary to the conduct of the war: Voted: To recommend to the Governor and Council that a Commission, composed of three men, be appointed by the Governor and Council, under the authority conferred by Section 1, Chapter 97, Laws of 1917, with the following functions: To investigate, either upon request of interested parties, or upon its own initiative or otherwise, any disputes or controversies between employers of labor and their employ- ees involving the production of articles or material essential to the war, and to endeavor to effect a just settlement of such disputes. In case of its inability to secure a satisfactory adjustment in any instance, to recom- mend to the Governor such action as it may deem wise in order to preserve the unin- terrupted operation of industries necessary to the conduct of the war; To anticipate, so far as is possible, any instance of industrial unrest affecting a war industry, and to volunteer its good offices in the avoidance of any prospective con- troversy. The resolution thus passed by the Committee was not carried into effect for the reason that almost immediately after its adoption the Council of National Defense requested the appointment of a sub- committee to establish an employment service exchange system. This topic was discussed with the Commissioner of Labor and as a result of the discussion it was voted that the resolution adopted at an earlier ON PUBLIC SAFETY 61 meeting be modified and the following resolution adopted as a sub- stitute : Resolved: That it is the sense of this Committee that it is of the highest importance that there should be created, as a sub-committee of the Committee on Public Safety, a Committee on Industrial Relations, consisting of five members, the make-up of this committee to represent as broadly as possible the v^arious interests in the State concerned with labor problems; and that the duties of this Committee should be: (a) To discover and assemble labor force; to classify and analyze such labor; and when found necessary so far as possible to transfer labor from non-essential to essential industries. In the accomplishment of this object the Committee should work with and use all existing labor agencies; should have power to extend and create agencies as re- quired; and should employ such expert assistance as is necessary to accomplish the above object. (b) Inasmuch as the consideration of controversies between employers and employ- ees, by the State Labor Commissioner and State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation are limited to a request from either or both parties, it should be the duty of this Com- mittee to investigate, either upon request of the interested parties, or upon its own initiative or otherwise, any dispute or controversy between employers of labor and their employees involving the production of articles essential to the war. (c) It should be the duty of this Committee to further and accelerate in any way possible the investigation of workmen's compensation and health insurance, as provided for in a resolution of the New Hampshire House of Representatives on March 29, 1917; and to further the extension of any movement tending toward protection and safety of employees; and to perform any other duties which shall promote efficiency and conserva- tion of labor; and Resolved: That the sanction of the Governor for the establishment of such sub-com- mittee, and his approval of the expenses involved, be requested. It was assumed that the Committee on Industrial Relations would act only in situations that were not open to the State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation or to the Labor Commissioner and would, apart from controversies, be able to give assistance to the Federal Government in its aim to convert gradually non-essential industries to essential industries, and to forestall unemployment and migratory habits of labor. When it was discovered that the Legisla- ture had instructed the Commissioner of Labor to establish a free employment agency in each town of the State, it was seen that a portion of the functions outlined above were already provided for under authority of the Legislature, and that it would be inadvisable to continue the idea of the Committee. At the same time it was felt that it might be wise to have an advisory committee on Industrial Relations to co-operate with State agencies and the Federal Labor Department and furnish such aid to those two agencies as might be found practical. 62 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The interest of the Committee in the supply of labor and its desire to utilize the man power of the State to the utmost was qualified in one very essential respect. It was brought to the attention of the Committee that an effort was being made to induce children to leave school somewhat earlier than usual in order that they might work in factories. It was also brought to the attention of the Committee that for purposes of propaganda the schools were being used to a most marked degree. After consultation with the State Superintendent of Public Instruction a resolution was passed to the effect that the school should be used for the solicitation of funds or for the spread of propa- ganda only when such movements were heartily recommended by the Superintendent of Public Instruction and acted upon favorably by the Committee on Public Safety. The occasion for such action was that the Committee thoroughly agreed with the Superintendent of Public Instruction that education of children should not be un- necessarily interfered with and that it was very important that all the subjects included in the public school curriculum should at this junc- ture receive not only as much attention as usual but more attention, in the belief that a greater burden of responsibility would in years of reconstruction fall upon those of present school age rather than upon those of more advanced years. One of the most serious problems in connection with the waging of any war is the guarding of the soldiers when in camps against the evil effects of conditions in the neighborhood of those camps. It was found that saloons, gambling places, and houses of prostitution, came into existence wherever large numbers of soldiers were located. To prevent these conditions from arising during the present war the Coun- cil of National Defense appointed representatives in the vicinity of each camp whose duties were to consist in seeing that the laws relat- ing to conditions near camps should be enforced, and in providing that recreational facilities should be made possible for soldiers, and other proper attention given to saving the soldiers from the evil effects too commonly attendant upon camp life. The Committee on Public Safety fully concurred in the belief that the Commission on Training Camp Activities could perform admirable service, and agreed to co-operate with a Community Organizer for New Hampshire in the event that a training camp should be established within the boundaries of the state. The Committee discussed at several successive meetings the attitude it should adopt upon the question of "Business in War Time" or ON PUBLIC SAFETY 63 "Business as Usual." After serious consideration it was decided that it was the duty of the Committee to accept as its poHcy and belief the view being advocated by many persons who held that in a time of serious warfare, when all the resources of the country were needed for the prosecution of the war and for the service of the Government in its many activities directly and indirectly concerned with war, busi- ness could not proceed as usual. For these reasons the Committee issued bulletins advocating food economy, elimination of waste in the household and elsewhere, the saving of money in all reasonable ways, and the conduct of business and manufacturing enterprises in such a way that the Government may best be profited thereby. The most significant and important discussion in the Committee relating to economy arose from a series of talks prepared by Prof. Frank H. Dixon of Dartmouth College under the title "Business as Usual." These talks were prepared shortly after the United States entered the war. By this time all the European countries involved in the war, as well as Canada upon our own continent, had changed their mode of business to such a degree that all kinds of business not regarded as absolutely indispensable for conducting the war effectively were suspended. The prime motives for this very general shift in business were the necessity for conserving materials and labor, and the equal necessity of devoting all available money to the purchase of bonds that would furnish the means for procuring war equipment. A discussion of this subject in New Hampshire, as well as in other parts of the country, was based upon two questions. The first of these was the duration of the war. It was felt by some that unless the war should last for more than a single season after the United States en- tered, a violent change in the nature of the industries of the country would ultimately prove to be disastrous. The second point frequently raised was that only by keeping money in constant and abundant circulation with attendant business prosperity would the Government be able to secure the funds for the purchase of military and naval supplies. After lengthy discussion at several meetings of the committee it was decided that a series of four talks prepared by Professor Dixon should be published in the name of the Committee. The wisdom of this move was soon manifest, for within a short time urgent pleas arose from various parts of the Federal Government that the utmost econ- omy be practised. Economies became compulsory by order of the Priorities Division of the War Industries Board. Undoubtedly the 64 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE action of the New Hampshire Committee was of some influence in quickening the transfer of industry throughout the country, and it is very probable that the whole movement would have been hastened to the great advantage of the country if the New Hampshire Commit- tee had taken action earlier. In harmony with the ideas expressed in the documents published on the question of "Business as Usual" the Committee advocated throughout the State the desirability of avoiding the undertaking of new business enterprises so long as the war lasted. For the same reason the opinion of the Committee was spread broadcast that the giving of unnecessary gifts at Christmas of 1917 should be avoided. By this time the people of the State were ready to accept such sugges- tions and to act upon them. Somewhat along the same line was the movement for a reduction in the number of daily deliveries of groceries and other household supplies purchased at retail. The primary object here was the saving of labor. The State was somewhat slow to adopt this suggestion, but after a time it fell readily into the strict observance of the single delivery system by not insisting that merchants deliver more frequently. In fact, long before the end of the war it was almost impossible for mer- chants to find employees to work upon delivery wagons owing to the fact that after so many men had been taken into the Army and Navy the comparatively few who were left found more remunerative occupa- tions elsewhere. In October, 1917, the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Bill was before Congress and each State Committee was requested to express its opinion upon the desirability of enacting this measure into law. In New Hampshire a special committee was appointed to investigate and report. The report later submitted by the special committee was accepted and it was voted that the senators and representatives of the State of New Hampshire be informed that the Committee on Public Safety believed that this bill should become a law with an amendment to the effect that the Government should guarantee that the policies would be continued after the expiration of the war. Otherwise the insurance companies doing regular business in times of peace would be practically compelled to furnish insurance at a serious loss. It is of course well known that an amendment somewhat to this effect was adopted. The National Committee on Industrial Safety appealed to the Governor of New Hampshire for the appointment of a New Hamp- shire representative on the National Committee on Industrial Safety. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 65 The Governor laid the matter before the Executive Committee and the Committee acted favorably upon the request, heartily endorsed the principles of a guarantee to laborers in industrial concerns, and appointed a New Hampshire representative on this Committee. The Council then requested the appointment of four men in the State to be chairmen of divisions and to supervise the work of the Council relat- ing to structural safety, fire prevention, accident prevention, dust and fumes. It was especially requested that state officials be secured, if possible, to undertake this work. Four men were appointed in this capacity. The work of the National Committee seems to have been cared for otherwise, and the men thus appointed were not assigned duties in accordance with expectation. The Council of National Defense appointed a sub-committee on Women's Work. The Council then formed a committee of women in each state to superintend the work of women in connection with the war and to increase the effectiveness of women's work. It was re- quested by the Council of National Defense that Committees on Public Safety and State Councils of Defense should co-operate with the women's committees in order to make women's work more effec- tive and to avoid possible duplication. The New Hampshire Com- mittee on Public Safety debated this question at several meetings in order to devise a plan whereby the work of women might be fully insured and overlapping of the work of a woman's organization and that of the State Committee on Food Production might be avoided. It was decided to make the State Woman's Committee an auxiliary committee of the Committee on Public Safety. The expenses of the Woman's Committee were met by the Com- mittee on Public Safety excepting in so far as they could more properly be assigned to certain other war activities, such as the Food Admin- istration and the Liberty Loan Committee. After the Woman's Com- mittee had been in existence for over a year, the National Woman's Committee and the State Councils Section of the Council of National Defense were amalgamated and the request was made that in each state the work of the Committee on Public Safety and that of the Woman's Committee be more closely associated than was the case in the past. In November, 1917, a special committee was appointed to consider the desirability of constructing a budget in accordance with which subscriptions for the various enterprises useful in the prosecution of the war might be made for the year 1918. The purpose of the study- ing of this subject was the elimination, if possible, of an excessive 66 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE number of drives and campaigns that were likely to be conducted in the interest of the many war activities. It was known that several towns and cities throughout the country had created war budgets, and it was felt that it might be desirable for the State as a whole to undertake the creation of a similar fund. A few weeks later a docu- ment came to the Committee from the Illinois State Council of De- fense giving an outline of a system of granting endorsement to cam- paigns for subscribing money and carrying on war activities throughout the State. The two matters were somewhat closely linked together, and at the moment the Committee voted to make announcement that they would thereafter investigate any state-wide project for the raising of money for war purposes and would endorse such proposals as they deemed worthy of support and advisable. After studying the question of a state budget for several weeks, the special committee made a report that they were unable to recommend a definite state-wide plan for New Hampshire, nor yet were they satisfied that they could definitely reject an attempt to make such a plan. The special committee never got beyond that point in their discussion. They found the question too complicated and difficult for clearly determining upon what course would be most advisable. In this connection it is worth noting that the largest of the war activi- ties, such as the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A., seemed to be opposed to a state-wide plan of the kind contemplated. It will be recalled, however, that later the Y. M. C. A. did unite with six other organiza- tions in conducting a single campaign, the funds derived from which were to be distributed to the various organizations represented by a percentage basis. This was the nearest approach the country made to a centralized war treasury. The system adopted in New Hampshire of granting endorsement to those war activities which seemed particularly worthy of support worked out to the mutual advantage of the State and the funds them- selves. The people of the State looked to the Committee on Public Safety for its endorsement or refusal of endorsement, and threw them- selves with energy into those campaigns which were supported by the State Committee. Those enterprises which did not have such support failed to secure much co-operation in the state. During the summer of 1918 the Connecticut Council of Defense made a series of recommendations to the Secretary of War to the effect that a list of auxiliary war agencies which were entitled to national support should be prepared and that the budgets of all such approved agencies should be examined with reference to their necessities on the ON PUBLIC SAFETY 67 understanding that no national solicitation should be sanctioned without examination and official approval of the budget. It was further suggested that a fair and well considered plan for apportioning quotas among the several states be established and that upon the basis of the quotas subscriptions should be made and oversubscriptions should not be encouraged. The New Hampshire Committee strongly- supported the recommendation of the Connecticut Council and for- warded its approval to the Secretary of War. Thereafter, the Council of National Defense did, in fact, make a list of approved war activities, but did not reach the point of establishing a plan for state quotas which might be adopted in any nation-wide drives that were thereafter conducted, although the Council served a very useful purpose in bringing about a combination of seven organizations, which in the autumn of 1918 conducted a joint campaign. The Committee took an interest in the Child Welfare work of the Children's Bureau during what was named "Children's Year," from April 6, 1918 to April 6, 1919. The object of this movement was to improve health conditions among children and thereby prevent to the largest possible degree the number of deaths among children from avoidable causes such as annually occurred. It was proposed that a state-wide census of children be taken under the direction of the Children's Bureau and that this census should include certain facts connected with the health of the children of the state. The Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense undertook the carrying out of the census and did succeed in collecting information concerning a very large percentage of the children and in weighing and measuring them. The census cards were then deposited in the office of the State Committee on Public Safety in the expectation that the Committee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation would secure an analysis of the information contained on the cards and advocate measures that would be effective in improving health conditions among the children. Be- fore the full returns were made by the Woman's Committee the Com- mittee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation had been disbanded owing to the conclusion of the war and the termination of the activities of the Medical Section of the Council of National Defense which superintended the activities of each State committee. The Executive Committee held altogether seventy-seven meetings at the great majority of which every member was present. The meeting for dissolution occurred on June 17, 1921, but on December 31, 1918, the office was virtually closed, except for occasional matters which still demanded some attention. VII RECRUITING The first meetings held in the state for the definite purpose of en- couraging recruiting took place on Sunday evening, April 1, 1917, in two theatres in Manchester. The meetings were called under the auspices of the New Hampshire Defense League and were arranged by Frank Knox, Editor of the Manchester Union and Leader. The princi- pal speakers were Dean Craven Laycock of Dartmouth College and former Congressman John A. Sullivan of Boston, both of whom spoke at each of the theatres during the evening. There was the utmost enthusiasm, which laid the foundation for the later and remarkable extent of enlistment in all branches of the service from Manchester. The Committee on Public Safety, immediately upon its organiza- tion, appointed a sub-committee on Recruiting, and assigned to it these functions: "To effect organizations throughout the state for co- operating with the military authorities in the recruiting of land and naval forces and to stimulate enlistment by all proper means." Major Frank Knox of Manchester was appointed chairman, Richard A. Cooney of Portsmouth, vice-chairman, and Admiral Joseph B. Murdock, to represent the interest of the Navy. Mr. Knox decided to conduct the work from his office in the Union- Leader Building on Hanover Street, Manchester, and it was there that all of the preliminary arrangements were made and the activities of the sub-committee conducted during Mr. Knox's term of office. The first step taken was the appointment of a chairman for every town in the state and for each ward in the cities. To this end, the following letter was sent out to men whose names were secured through the assistance of the county chairmen. May 2, 1917. Dear Sir: You have been appointed the representative for .... on the Committee on Recruiting which is a Sub-Committee of the Committee on Public Safety appointed by Governor Keyes. Your duties consist of maintaining a recruiting headquarters — where none is pro- vided by military authority — to furnish information to young men seeking enlistment, in arranging for any recruiting rallies which may be held in your town, and such other local duties as would appropriately fall upon such an oflBcer. It is essential that New Hampshire promptly provide its quota of men for the National ON PUBLIC SAFETY 69 Guard, the Regular Army, and the Navy, all of which are to be filled exclusively by volunteers. This involves an energetic campaign. Please advise me by return mail of your acceptance of this appointment, and further instructions will then be issued to you. Yours respectfully, ,^. ^ ^ ^ (Sig.) Frank Knox, Chairman of Recruiting Committee. At the first meeting which was held by the New Hampshire Equal Suffrage Association after the declaration of war, that Association offered to the Committee on Public Safety the services of Mrs. Mary Post, who for two years had been their State Organizer. The Com- mittee on Public Safety, having accepted this offer of Mrs. Post's services, Mr. Knox asked that she might assist him in the recruiting campaign which he was outlining. This being considered advisable, Mrs. Post and one stenographer constituted the working force of the Committee during its activities covering a period of three months beginning May 1, 1917. The first big work undertaken by Mr. Knox after committees had been secured in practically every town was a series of recruiting rallies. An itinerary was made out for two tours, one to cover the central and east-central portions of the State and one to visit towns up the Connecticut River as far as Hanover. Through the co-operation of the Conunittee on Transportation, eight automobiles were procured for these trips, four for each party. Each party consisted of several speakers and a detail of soldiers and sailors, in addition to officers of the National Guard and examining surgeons. Albert O. Shaw of Greenland, Packard Motor Car Co. of Manchester, Council & McKone Co. of Manchester, Manchester Auto Garage Co. of Man- chester, H. E. Slayton of Manchester, H. C. Lintott of Nashua, Pollard Auto Co. of Nashua, Hall Bros, of Concord, and Howard Johnson of Manchester, donated their cars. Enrollment cards were printed, which, although not binding on those who signed them, were a pledge of service. Information was given on the back of the cards regarding the va- rious departments of each of these four branches of the service, the regulations concerning age and dependents, the period of enlistment, and the pay, with possibilities of advancement; and men were urged to signify their willingness to enlist by signing at that time. Thousands of striking posters, representing Uncle Sam with his finger pointed directly at the observer, and bearing the inscription, "Uncle Sam Wants You," were sent to every town in the state. 70 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE ENROLLMENT CARD for enlistment in the NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW HAMPSHIRE OR THE ARMY OR NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES I promise my services and pledge my word to answer the call whenever my State or the Nation calls for volunteers for the war with Germany in order to recruit the Guard, the Army, or the Navy up to war strength. Name Residence Street City or town Occupation Age Married or Single I prefer to serve in The New Hampshire National Guard. The U. S. Navy. The U. S. Army. The Marine Corps. (Cross out three.) Instructions were sent to the chairmen of towns included in the itineraries that all local arrangements for these meetings were to be made by them. Where time and conditions were favorable, open air meetings were held, while, at other places, it seemed advisable to use some hall. A bugler from the Army accompanied each party and served to draw the crowds, although in many places, arrangements had already been made for a band and for a parade through the town, thus securing good publicity. The newspapers of the state gave hearty co-operation, and the undertaking was widely advertised through stories, and in some cases, through editorial comment. The cars which carried the party were appropriately decorated with flags and bore such inscriptions as "War — Enlist Now!" The start was made from the Union-Leader office, and two large rallies were held at the mill gates at noon on Monday, April 30. The towns visited by the party going southwest were Merrimack, Reed's Ferry, Nashua, Milford, Wilton, Greenville, Peterborough, Keene, Winches- ter, Charlestown, Newport, Hanover, W. Lebanon, Lebanon, Sunapee Harbor, New London and Claremont . Those included in the central tour were Suncook, Concord, Penacook, Bristol, Franklin, Tilton, Lakeport, Laconia, Meredith, Ashland, Plymouth, No. Conway, Wolfeboro, Farmington and Rochester. The speakers included many men of prominence in the state who patriotically gave their services to this cause. Among them were ON PUBLIC SAFETY 71 Stanton Owen, Lieut. Paul F. Hulburt, Frank P. Hobbs, Oscar F. Moreau, John H. Bartlett, Capt. G. P. Elliott, Capt. Herbert Rouse, Capt. E. E. Bennett, George A. Wood, Stephen Jewett, William N. Rogers and John H. Neal. During the week's tour, 500 men enrolled for the service, and two mass meetings held on Sunday evening, May 6, at the Auditorium and Palace Theatres in Manchester, added 150 to this number from the city of Manchester alone. Mr. Knox had planned to have these Sunday evening rallies the culmination of a good week's work and spared no efforts to arouse the interest of the people. The results showed that his efforts had not been in vain. The doors of both theatres opened at seven o'clock, and long before eight, the hour set for the meetings, both theatres were filled to overflowing, and thou- sands had been turned away. The exercises began with a parade of three companies of the National Guard, accompanied by a band of thirty-two pieces. The parade started at the Armory and went up Elm as far as Bridge Street, where it countermarched and came to attention before the theatres, as the speakers and veterans entered. Mayor Harry W. Spaulding presided at the Palace, where the speakers were Judge Thomas W. Riley of Maiden, Mass., Edwin F. Jones, Major Robert P. Johnston and Major Thomas H. Madigan, Jr., of Manchester. The speakers at the Auditorium were James T. Williams, Jr., Editor-in Chief of the Boston Transcript, and Capt. E. E. Bennett of the U. S. Army. At this meeting Mr. Knox presided. "Just how the war spirit imbued the 1,500 people who filled galleries, parquet, and circle in llie Auditorium may be told briefly thus : Major Knox was paying a glowing tribute to the 'boys of '61,' grizzled veter- ans who were grouped on the platform with the young manhood enlisted in the army and naval forces, and with the only too apparent longing on their faces to be young again, that they, too, might be numbered in the great expeditionary force to France. Like a rifle shot rang out the assertion: "'And they have offered their services to the governor of New Hampshire to do what they can again in this crisis.' "There was one other incident that roused patriotic spirit to its utmost. It occurred just at the opening of the meeting. The curtain was dropped for a brief space upon a setting in which were inter- mingled the veterans of '61, young men of the Coast Reserve, the bat- 72 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE tery and every arm of service represented in this city, and bluejackets from the Navy. Rifles were stacked on either side of the stage. "The hghts in the house were put out for an instant, the curtain rose and a bugler, well to the front, sounded the call to the colors. As the band struck up the 'Star Spangled Banner,' a huge American flag decended in the rear of the stage, backing the naval and military ensemble. Everyone in that big audience was on his feet at once, every soldier and sailor saluted, and when the national anthem had died away, tense feelings found relief in loud and continued applause. " It is interesting to contrast the published reports of these meetings with those of the similar meetings held in Manchester a little more than a month earlier. The meetings of May 6 were characterized by fre- quent and tremendous applause and the greatest outwardly-manifested enthusiasm. The Manchester Union said of the earlier meetings: "Noisy, demonstrative enthusiasm was lacking. In its place there was that underlying feeling of a patriotism too deep for words — patriot- ism felt, implied, but not expressed. It was the patriotism of a long- suffering American public, ready, now that the die is seemingly cast, to give up everything rather than let the traditions of a glorious repub- lic fade." At that time war had not yet been declared. Those were days of great anxiety and emotional strain, days in which feeling was deep, when there was violent wrenching of the spirit of a peaceful people, inconsistent with noise and shouting. WTien we had once taken our rightful place by the side of those nations which were fight- ing for the preservation of popular freedom, this tension was relaxed, and at every gathering the smallest reference to our armed forces or to one of our public officials was the signal for an enthusiastic out- burst of applause. The number of enrollments secured by this method in one week was so encouraging that the committee decided to follow it up by similar tours covering new territory. This was accordingly done, a party leaving Manchester on May 7, going west and north as far as White- field. The itinerary included Goffstown, New Boston, Antrim, Hillsboro, Henniker, Bradford, Warner, Contoocook, Andover, Canaan, Enfield, Orford, Haverhill, Woodsville, Bath, Littleton, Whitefield, and Lisbon. Other speakers who gave their time and ability to make this work a success were Robert Manning, Major R. P. Johnston, Rev. A. M. Dunstan, Major Thomas H. Madigan, Jr., Capt. Neil Loynachan, Lieut. Frank J. Abbott, Sergeant Francoeur, Capt. P. J. Lynch, and First Boatswain's Mate Harry Percival. ^ ON PUBLIC SAFETY 73 Mr. Knox, in the midst of all this active work, had applied for admission to the Officers' Training Camp, and, having been accepted, tendered to the Committee on Public Safety his resignation as Chair- man of the Recruiting Committee, and his place was, for a short time, taken by Major Robert P. Johnston of Manchester, under whose direction a fourth recruiting tour was made. This trip included Raymond, Epping, Dover, Kingston, Hampton Falls, Portsmouth, Salmon Falls, Somersworth, Newmarket, Newfields, Exeter, Chester, Salem and Durham, and was commenced by a rousing meeting on Merrimack Commom. When the final count was made of the enrollment cards which had been signed as a result of these four recruiting tours and of the state- wide organization, it was found that 1,297 men had signified their willingness to answer the call of the Nation. Of these, the majority, 771, gave preference to the National Guard. The next in point of favor was the Navy, which enrolled 340, followed by the Army with 126, and the Marine Corps with 60. Further efforts to arouse patriotic feeling were made by sending out the following letter in the hope that it would bring the public to a keener realization of the war : May 19, 1917. Dear Sir: The Committee on Recruiting has, as you know, conducted an energetic campaign during the past month, having held enthusiastic rallies in fifty-two towns scattered over the state. Meetings of the same nature are already planned to be held next week in sixteen additional towns in Rockingham County. Hearty co-operation has been given us by the local representatives of the committee in towns visited but we are in need of still more vigorous and state-wide activity. Where no rallies have been held, we would suggest that you arrange a local rally, securing some speaker for the occasion and doing all you can to arouse interest and create an atmosphere charged with patriotism. We stand ready to help you in any way possible and the enrollment cards which may be signed should be sent in to this office at once. With the National Guard still lacking 745 men of its full peace strength and the Navy more than 700 short of the required number we should furnish, we are not in an enviable position. At this date New Namsphire stands next to the last state on the list in the recruiting of oiu* Navy and this record must be speedily altered if our reputation for patriotism is to remain intact. WTiat New Hampshire has done in the past will not avail much to the present genera- tion if it fails to rally its men now for the greatest struggle Democracy has ever waged. It is none the less a bitter and a desperate conflict because it does not lie at our very door. We are called upon to hasten to the aid of a brave and valiant people who have already borne too long the burden of this struggle. Let us not delay in contributing our full share to their support and to the defense of freedom and democracy. Will you to this end follow out oiu" suggestions and try to have yoiu* town do its part 74 NEW HAMPSHffiE COMMITTEE in raising New Hampshire to the place where she belongs in this national crisis, sending those who are fit to the firing line, and seeing that the men who are needed on the farms carry their share of the biu-den. Very truly yours, Robert P. Johnston. Chairman of Committee on Recruiting. Mr. Johnston, however, was unable to devote a great deal of time to the work, and as the possibilities of such a committee began to develop on rather a large scale, Mr. A. B. Jenks of Manchester was appointed chairman. This was considered especially advisable, as Mr. Johnston was already chairman of Hillsboro County. Mr. Knox's office was very generously placed at the disposal of the Recruiting Committee for any period during which it might serve their purpose, but it was deemed advisable, as the scope of the work increased, to secure an oflSce on Elm Street. Accordingly, a large office at 828 Elm Street was rented, and the headquarters were moved there on June 1. Mr. Jenks's first undertaking was an extensive campaign planned for Registration Day, June 5. The following letter was sent out: Telephone 1800. Dear Sir: Having been appointed by the State Executive Committee on Public Safety, Chair- man of the State Public Safety Recruiting Committee, I have been in conference with Gov. Henry W. Keyes and Adjutant General Howard and I have their hearty approval of the following plan : First, I may state it is necessary to recruit our State National Guard to war strength immediately. New Hampshire is far behind in this work and there is urgent need of quick action, and it is our patriotic duty to help make the following plan a success. The Chairman of the Recruiting Committee in every city and town (and this means you) is asked to immediately appoint such other members on the Committee as you feel necessary to carry out the following plan of work: On Tuesday of next week, June 5, which is Registration Day, your Committee is asked to establish a Recruiting stand in every place of Registration in your town or city during the horns of Registration to secure as many enrollments during the day as possible. You should arrange to have as many members of your committee engaged in this work as may seem, in your judgment, wise. I would say there should not be less than three at any time (and six would be better) . You might add two or three young ladies, whose work would be very effective, to talk with these young men after they register, and try to get them to enroll in the State National Guard. We must have our State National Guard filled by voluntary enlistment, or the Governor will have to make a draft, and New Hampshire don't want this procedure. It is the patriotic duty of the best citizens in your community to aid in this work and make June 5 a memorable day for New Hampshire. Now that you have the outline of the plan, I sincerely hope you will begin immediately to get your committee and make yoiu- arrangements. You should have a table and ON PUBLIC SAFETY 75 chairs with plenty of pens and ink. I will send you in due time badge to be worn by your committee, blanks for enrollment and further instructions. Please sign and re- tiu-n the enclosed card at once. Respectfully yoiu-s, (Sig.) A. B. Jenks, Chairman. Manchester, N. H., May 28, 1917. The card referred to was a postal bearing on the back the following: I will follow your suggestions as to Recruiting Plan for June 5th. You may send me . . . .badges for Recruiting Committee. Signed Town Sign This Card and Mail Today. This plan met with a hearty response from most of the chairmen. Mr. Jenks's suggestion that these committees in the various towns should be supplemented by women was given more weight by a re- quest from the Woman's Committee of the Council of National De- fense, with the approbation of President Wilson and Secretary Baker, asking that copies of President Wilson's message to Congress upon the declaration of war should be distributed to all men who presented themselves for registration. This request came to the temporary chairman of the New Hampshire branch, Miss Anne White Hobbs, at whose request the New Hampshire Equal Suffrage Association re- sponded in many places to the appeal for this particular duty and were present at the registration booths all day on June 5. By this means, thousands of copies of this inspiring message were placed in the hands of the young men of the state who were of draft age. Packages of enrollment cards and badges bearing appropriate in- scription for the recruiting officers were sent out to each chairman. The matter was widely advertised in about fifty papers of the state. The advertisement was almost full-page in size and carried at the head pictures of Washington, Lincoln and President Wilson with the Capitol in the back-ground, below which was the following: YOUNG MEN OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Your COUNTRY calls YOU to Service THE NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW HAMPSHIRE MUST BE RECRUITED TO WAR STRENGTH AND YOU ARE ASKED TO ENLIST On Tuesday, June 5th Your Duty Should Be REGISTRATION DAY PLAIN 76 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Below this were figures representing the soldiers of '76, '61, and of '17, clasping hands. To the right of this was the following: "If on next Tuesday you sign an enrollment card in addition to registering, you wiU have done, by this loyal act, your full duty to your State and to your Country. "After you have registered, see the Recruiting Committee and enroll for service in the New Hampshire National Guard." and to the left: "At every Registration Place throughout the State there will be a Recruiting Com- mittee to explain the divisions of service for which recruits are wanted. " On Tuesday next, June 5, when you go to register make up your mind you will take the whole step and enroll in the New Hampshire National Guard. Be identified with a volunteer company." Mr. Jenks requested that the returns should be sent in promptly on June 6, and preparations had been made in the office to list these enrollments as fast as received on large charts, each chart representing a county, so that it was possible to see at a glance just what results had been obtained in every town of the state, and showing also what branches of the service the men had chosen. A system was inaugurated in the very beginning of the Committee's work, by which a daily report was sent to the Adjutant General, and to the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Recruiting Offices, of all names which had been received for their particular branch of service. In the case of the National Guard, the Adjutant General gave these names to his examining officers, who visited, as soon as possible, the to"s\Tis, and gave these men their physical examination. With the Army, Navy and the Marine Corps, it was different, and applicants for any of these branches of the service were requested by those in authority to present themselves at the nearest recruiting station for their branch, to take the examination. By this means the work of the Public Safety Recruiting Committee was planned to be immediately followed by that of the military authorities, so that the enthusiasm or patriotism which had been aroused by one means or another, should crystallize in the form of actual enlistment. As a result of this campaign, more than 2,000 enrollment cards were signed, preference again being given to the National Guard, and the other branches of the service in the order before named. Most of these returns were made very promptly, although there were naturally scattering cards returned during a period which covered several weeks. The results were considered very gratifying and were thought to have ON PUBLIC SAFETY 77 fully warranted the considerable expense involved. Letters of thanks were sent out to all the chairmen on June 27, and the office was kept busy looking up individual cases and sending out to different towns information regarding particular branches of the service, such as the Quartermaster's Department, Ambulance Corps, Truck Companies, Aviation Corps, Hospital Corps, etc. About this time, word came from the Department of the Northeast that New Hampshire was to recruit a Quartermaster's Reserve Corps, which should consist of 204 men, including wagon masters and their assistants, clerks, chauffeurs, harness makers, horseshoers, black- smiths, storekeepers, stenographers, and cooks. This part of the work was undertaken and very efficiently carried on by Major Robert P. Johnston. Most of the work was conducted from Mr. Johnston's home, but application blanks were also given out and information supplied by the Recruiting Committee. The examinations of these applicants were held at the Armory, and the Corps was very quickly filled, leaving the applications of many men on file for consideration in case a second Corps should be recruited at some later time. The next call to which the Recruiting Office responded was that of the President for volunteers for the regular Army, and the week of June 25 being set aside for that purpose by the President, the efforts of the State work were centered for that period on this object. A big demonstration was planned for Nashua, to which the Mayor gave his hearty co-operation and aid, but unfortunately, a severe storm pre- vented the plan from being carried out. In Manchester it was thought that the best way to bring the matter before the public, aside from newspaper publicity, was to take the audiences which were to be found already gathered in the theatres, and present the subject to them. The week's campaign was really started on Saturday evening, June 23, when Mr. A. B. Jenks spoke to the large crowds assembled in the pavilion at Massabesic Lake. As Mr. Jenks left for the West the following morning further arrangements for the week were made by Mrs. Annie Sa-s\i:elle, who was appointed by Mr. Johnston to under- take this work. The manager of every theatre in town was inter- viewed, and all consented readily to permit a short speech to be made at some proper point in their program. As the result of this arrange- ment, the needs of the regular Army and the desirability of volunteer- ing was brought before the Manchester public every night during the week of June 25. The speakers were A. B. Jenks, Robert P. Johnston, Mrs. Sarah E. Council, Capt. E. E. Bennett, Robert Manning, George 78 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE L. Kibbee, Thomas H. Madigan, Jr., C. D. Barnard, Ex-Mayor C. C. Hayes, David W. Perkins, and J. A. Broderick. The following letter was sent to all the newspapers of the state: June 25. 1917. Dear Sir: Will you kindly aid, through the columns of your paper, in the form of stories and editorial comment, the recruiting for the regular Army, which has been called for by President Wilson's proclamation to be furthered by a special drive this week. New Hampshire lacks 569 men for the regular Army and must recruit at least 100 men daily, if she is to make good at the final roll call of the States on Saturday night. Your County should provide .... men, and so far has enlisted only .... Thanking you for this valuable assistance, I remain. Very respectfully yours, A. B. Jenks, Chairman. It was also requested that the matter should be mentioned in the churches on June 24. The response to this appeal, however, was not very satisfactory. Reports came from many towns that the general feeling was that, inasmuch as the draft system had been adopted, it s'hould prevail and the call for volunteers was untimely. In some of the smaller towns, the chairman took the pains to visit every man of draft age in the town but without success. The fact that sufficient notice of this recruiting week was not given, to allow any extensive preparation for the work, also militated against its success. About this time the committee was requested by the Department of the Northeast to undertake recruiting for New Hampshire's quota of the Second Officers' Training Camp, 72 men being the number allotted to this state for these camps. This duty was also accepted, and 500 application blanks were received at the office. The Adjutant General had been requested to supply the Recruiting Office with information as to the number of men enlisted in the Na- tional Guard from each town in the state. Capt. E. E. Bennett was asked to supply the same information regarding enlistments in the regular Army, and as soon as these facts were received, a letter was sent to every town stating just how many men that town should provide for these branches of the service and how many had actually enlisted up to that time. This, of course, with a strong appeal that the chairmen should do all in their power to fill the quota. It was found that 28 towns in the state had filled their quota for the National Guard and the Army. These towns were: Antrim, Ashland, Brookline, Derry, ON PUBLIC SAFETY 79 Exeter, Franklin, Hancock, Harrisville, Haverhill, Hill, Hudson, Keene, Laconia, Langdon, Lebanon, Litchfield, Manchester, Milford, Nashua, Newmarket, Sandown, Stratham, Sunapee, Tilton, Unity, Warner, Weare, and Whitefield. Following the receipt of this circular letter, numerous decided pro- tests came in, stating that many more men were enlisted from certain towns than were credited to those towns, and the office was kept busy straightening out these tangled threads. The discrepancies proved to be due in practically every case to the fact that men had enlisted at a rally in some other town and had failed to give their home town as their place of residence. The small farming communities were naturally especially anxious to get full credit for every enlistment. It was thought for a time that perhaps the town might be made the unit when the draft allotments came, but Governor Keyes could not arrange this, and the larger unit, the county, was decided upon. Wide publicity was given to the fact that men of the right type were urged most earnestly to seek admittance to the Second Officers' Training Camp. The newspapers in all parts of the State, throughout the entire work of the Committee, gave their most hearty co-operation in everything which they undertook to bring before the public. At first, applications came in slowly, owing to the fact that undue stress had been laid upon the desirability of men being at least thirty-one years of age, and also that it was desirable for them to have had military training. This deterred many men who possessed really fine qualifications, and when it was found that the clause referred to had been productive of such undesirable results and that very few men were seeking admission to the Camp, it was made known in every possible way that younger men might very easily possess the necessary qualifications to make good officers and that such men should not hesitate to apply in spite of either youth or lack of previous military experience. As soon as this correction was made, the applications came in in greater numbers, and resulted finally in more than 225 being filed. Since many of the military surgeons had been called out of the state, the Adjutant General found himself handicapped in the ex- amination of men who had enrolled for service in the National Guard, and as the time of mobilization, July 25, drew near, many men were found, scattered over the state, who had not yet been examined by the surgeons. Accordingly the following letter was sent out on July 19: 80 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Dear Sir: As the time set for the draft draws near, we feel that, as your town has not filled its quota for the National Guard and the Army, a little attention given to this matter just now might bring good results. If you feel that there is any last thing which you can do to further the work of our committee, we are sure that your patriotism will prompt you to do it at once, as in a short time the opportunity for just this sort of service will have passed. If there are any men in your town who have enrolled for the National Guard and have not yet been examined, they will have to report at the mobilization camp in Concord on the 27th or 28th of July for this examination as the examining surgeons cannot visit your town, and if they are accepted, they can enlist at once. None but single men are accepted either in the Guard or in the Army. The work done by our local chairmen has been most praiseworthy, and thanking you for your part in it, I remain. Very respectfully yours, A. B. Jenks, Chairman. As the work of the Committee drew near its end, an effort was made to get all of the exact information possible regarding actual results accomplished in the way of enlistments through the activities of the Committee. Capt. E. E. Bennett of the regular Army, stationed in Portland and having charge of the recruiting for New Hampshire, reported that, of the 349 names which had passed through his hands, 82 men had enlisted and 50 were not accounted for, the remainder presumably having failed to pass the examination. Besides this num- ber Sergeant Bloom, who had been sent out on a recruiting tour, re- ported that he secured in Littleton twenty-three men through the assistance of Charles E. Gosselin, the local Chairman, and that William A. Lewis of Lancaster was at that time aiding him materially in his work. Chief Boatswain's Mate Harry Percival, in charge of the Naval Recruiting Office in Manchester, stated that the Committee had been instrumental in securing for him 119 men. Major Huey, in command of the Marine Corps in Portsmouth, reported 57. The greatest number of enrollments was for the National Guard, and here the greatest difficulty was encountered in securing exact figures. On July 24 the infantry was reported to have 1,842, the cavalry 91, the battery 190, the field hospital 79, the signal corps 75, and the coast artillery 686, a total of 2,963, showing an increase in enlistment of 1,148. It would be difficult to enumerate the great variety of information that was asked for at the ofiice of the Committee. There were weeks ON PUBLIC SAFETY 81 when the small office force was kept more than busy all day long with correspondence, telephone calls, and personal interviews. In a small way, the office might be said to have constituted the general bureau of information, and toward the end of its activities, it was realized that it might have filled even more completely that particular sphere, owing to the fact that the various military and naval organizations seemed to be familiar only with their own particular branch. The total number of names which passed through the office, in the form of enrollment cards, during its entire operation was 634 for the Navy, 349 for the Army, 136 for the Marine Corps, and 2,227 for the National Guard, making a grand total of 3,346 for all four branches of the service. VIII HYGIENE, MEDICINE AND SANITATION The Sub-Committee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation had for its Chairman Dr. John M. Gile of Hanover, Dean of the Dartmouth Medical School, former President of the New Hampshire Medical Society and former member of the Council of the Governor of New Hampshire. The functions of this sub-committee were: "In co-operation with military and other pertinent authorities to make plans and effect organization for the purpose of maintaining an extraordinary watchfulness over the general health of communities; to assist in the maintenance of the health of the state troops and of the Home Guard; in the establishment of sanitary conditions in state camps; in the enlistment for active service of suitable skill; and to assist in the establishment, maintenance and administration of hospitals." The Committee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation held its first meeting in Room 156, State House, Concord, on April 13, 1917, and practically every member was present. The following matters were discussed and acted upon. First: The request of the Navy Department for the immediate graduation from Class A, Medical Schools, of those students who secure appointments to the Reserve Corps; the protection of their standing when they return; and the possibility of beginning the next session of the schools at the close of the present session and the gradua- tion of the class of 1918 in January, Shortly after the declaration of war it appeared that the government would call upon certain medical schools to maintain a session continuously through the summer and thus graduate another class earlier than its regular time. Such men, it appeared, would come in conflict with the law of New Hampshire for licensing of physicians, and should men thus graduated ahead of time later apply for license in New Hampshire they would, under the then existing law, have to be rejected. The law of the State, under which the Board of Medical Examiners acted, specified that the medi- cal training of men who applied for license to practice should have included four periods of nine months each in four different years. The Committee took this matter under consideration and succeeded in getting a bill passed by the Legislature in the last two days of its 82 ^ ON PUBLIC SAFETY 83 session that gave the Board of Medical Examiners authority to make special exception in the cases of men thus graduated. The following is a copy of the bill: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened: Section 1. Amend paragraph 4 of Section 7 of Chapter 167 of the Laws of 1915 by adding at the end thereof the following: The provisions of this paragraph may be sus- pended in whole or in part by order of the board of medical examiners on account of war or other threatened or existing national calamity, so that said paragraph as amended shall read as follows: (4) Has studied the treatment of human ailments not less than four school years of not less than nine months each, in a medical school registered as maintaining at that time a standard satisfactory to the board, and has graduated from such school. The provisions of this paragraph may be suspended in whole or in part by order of the board of medical examiners on account of war or other threatened or existing calamity. Sec. 2. This act shall take effect upon its passage. According to this bill the four periods of nine months need not be in four different years. Second: Securing medical men for the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps of Navy and Army, and protection of their practice while in service; free care of the families of enlisted men during their absence. A committee was appointed to present these subjects to the next meeting of the New Hampshire Medical Society. Third: A committee was appointed to forward a movement among the dentists to mobilize and secure enlistments to the Dental Reserve Corps or other organizations. The following topics were discussed but not acted upon: (1) Civil side of war sanitation; (2) mobilizing health officers and departments; (3) control of non-military concentration camps; (4) co-operation with military officers; (5) medical supervision of industrial workers; (6) formation of Sanitary Reserve Corps; (7) securing opportunity for preliminary examinations of recruits to help eliminate the unfit; (8) the starting of sanitary training detachments in mills. At the meeting of the New Hampshire Medical Society held on May 16, 1917, the following resolution was presented by Dr. Fred S. Towle of Portsmouth, and passed: Be it Resolved, That during the continuance of the present war it is the duty of those who do not enter upon active service to conserve in every way in their power the practice of those who do, and to restore said practice to the men in service on their return; and that some proper pro rating should be made during a man's absence of the fees collected from those recognized as belonging to his regular clientele. WTiile the Society realizes that no exact plan for the accomplishment of the above purposes can be devised, it believes that if every man will approach the matter in the spirit of true patriotic devotion, the general measiu-e will be in a large degree achieved. 84 NEW HAMPSHffiE COMMITTEE A year before the United States entered the war the American Medical Association had appointed a committee known as the Com- mittee of American Physicians for Medical Preparedness. In addi- tion to a national committee, the Association had also established a committee in each state, and by good fortune, the Chairman of the New Hampshire Committee was the same person as the Chairman of the Sub-Committee of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety. On the first of March, 1917, the organization set up by the American Medical Association was recognized by the Council of National De- fense as an accredited committee of the Medical Section of the Council. Two chief functions were assigned to this section: (1) To secure enlistments in the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps ; and (2) to take an inventory of hospitals existing in the United States. Early in the same month the Committee of American Physicians instructed each State Committee to appoint a County Committee of five in each county having a population of 10,000 or more, and assign to the County Committee the duty of securing or encouraging enlist- ments. Such a committee was appointed in each county in the State of New Hampshire, and immediately sent circulars to all physicians and surgeons within the age limits, giving instructions to them as to methods to be pursued with reference to enlistment and urging enlist- ment upon as many as could possibly leave their home practice. The State Committee of the Medical Section of the Council of National Defense and the Sub-Committee of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety were found to have many duties in com- mon, and the membership in the two was to a considerable extent identical. For these reasons the two committees were able to work together in harmony and even to hold joint meetings. The first joint meeting was held in the State House, Concord, on June 4, under the chairmanship of Dr. John M. Gile, Chairman of both committees. The meeting first discussed the question of organi- zation raised by the Council of National Defense in a letter of May 24 addressed to the Chairman of the State Committees of the Commit- tee of American Physicians. It was decided, however, that no change in organization was at present necessary inasmuch as both bodies represented at the meeting were working in complete harmony. Moreover, since the chairman of both committees was the same person, it resulted that the activities of the two bodies could be cor- related to excellent advantage. Somewhat later the feeling developed ON PUBLIC SAFETY 85 that a closer union would be the means of greater effectiveness, and at a second joint meeting, held on August 1, 1917, the two committees were formally amalgamated, with Dr. Gile as Chairman and Dr. D. E. Sullivan of Concord as Secretary. An Executive Committee was appointed consisting of the Chairman, Secretary, William A. Young of Concord, H. K. Faulkner of Keene, T. W. Luce of Portsmouth and Frank E. Kittredge of Nashua. The next question discussed at the meeting of June 4 related to the conservation of the practice of physicians absent from home on mili- tary duty, and the adequate protection of the health of the State ; and it was voted that one physician in each town or community in the state be appointed to call a meeting of all the physicians in his locality for the purpose of drawing up and publishing in the local papers an agreement to conserve the practice of any physicians absent from home on military duty; and that the Chairman and two others ap- pointed by him nominate the persons to call such meetings. The Chairman appointed Dr. Emdon Fritz of Manchester, and Dr. Charles R. Walker of Concord. In accordance with the opinion of the State Committee the County Medical Societies were requested to pass the following resolutions: Resolved, That during the continuance of the present war it is the duty of those who do not enter upon active service to conserve in every way in their power the practice of those who do, and to restore said practice to the men in the service on their return; and that some pro rating should be made during a man's absence of the fees collected from those recognized as belonging to his regular clientele. While the society realizes that no exact plan for the accomplishment of the above purposes can be devised, it believes that if every man will approach the matter in the spirit of true patriotic devo- tion, the general measure will be in a large degree achieved. County representatives met on September 27 and reached the definite decision to "recommend to the physicians throughout the state that of all the money received from professional attendance on persons recognized as patients of a physician now in the service of the Country's defense, one-third should be paid to the physician or his family." It was suggested that a notice to this effect be displayed in a conspicuous place in each physician's office. It was also voted that the Chairman and Dr. D. E. Sullivan of Con- cord circularize the physicians of the state: first, to find out how many physicians had already joined the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps; and second, after that information was secured, to communicate with a selected group of those not already enlisted and endeavor to induce 86 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE them to seek enlistment. As a result of this vote, the following letter was sent to the physicians of the state: Dear Doctor: The Sub-Committee of the State Committee of Safety on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation desires to secure for file and statistical purposes the names of all physicians in New Hampshire who have received their commission in the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps, together with the rank held. Will you, therefore, kindly make prompt response to the following questions: (1) Have you been commissioned as a Medical Officer in the United States Army or Navy? (2) Of what rank? (3) If you have not received commission, have you made application and taken examinations? (4) If you have not done so, are you so situated that it would be possible for you? The need for men in this service is becoming very pressing and New Hampshire's quota is far from full. It seems obvious that within a year the governjment will require one out of every four men in practice for service, and all towns and cities having in practice in their midst four men or more should endeavor to secure for this service the above mentioned proportion. It is especially desirable that the younger men who have not as yet acquired large personal and community responsibilities should make generous response to this call; particularly since it is certain that with the prospect of rapid ad- vancement such service will inevitably be an advantage rather than a detriment to their future career. Let the response to this call prove that New Hampshire medical men are awake to the great urgency of a world condition. Very truly yours, (S) John M. Gile, Chairman. D. E. Sullivan, Secretary. A committee of three was appointed, to be called a Committee on Publicity, to inform the people of the State concerning the arrange- ments made to maintain the practice of absent physicians and to endeavor to gain their co-operation in carrying the system into effect. The three men appointed were R. W. Husband, Chairman, Dr. William A. Young, Concord, and Dr. W. T. Crosby, Manchester. Conferences between the chairman of this special committee and the oflBcers developed the belief that nothing could be accomplished by publicity of the kind contemplated. The many difficulties involved led the officers to relieve the special committee of the duties which had been assigned to it. A committee of three, Ernest L. Bell of Plymouth, James B. Wood- man of Franklin, Daniel G. Norton of Manchester, was appointed to consider the formation of a Red Cross Ambulance Corps in New Hampshire. It was suggested to the Red Cross, the medical ofiicers ON PUBLIC SAFETY 87 of the New Hampshire National Guard and the Medical Reserve officers that their representatives participate in the work of this special committee, and if it should be decided that such Ambulance Corps be created, to assist in securing volunteers to enter the service in this manner. The plan found favor with all the New Hampshire organizations concerned, and a request was made to the War Depart- ment for permission to form a company to be known as the New Hampshire Company. The War Department replied that they did not look with favor upon the formation of ambulance companies apart from the regular Army Ambulance Corps, and for this reason no further effort was made either to raise funds or to secure the per- sonnel for such company. Through the efforts of the joint committee, the physicians of the State were organized for the prompt physical examination of recruits for the National Guard, the Regular Army and the National Army in case the army officers in charge of physical examinations should at any time require their assistance. These voluntary examiners were called upon by the officers of the New Hampshire National Guard for assistance in making examinations. When the National Army was being formed, the Department of War appointed its owti examining physicians in connection with each Local Board, and did not require the service of the physicians who had volunteered to act in this capacity. Many of the dentists in the State, of whom several were members of this committee, not only secured recruits for the Dental Corps of the Army, but also very generously set aside a certain amount of their time each week for the treatment of teeth in the case of men who wished to enlist but were prevented by dental conditions. It has been estimated that throughout the United States the service thus rendered free by the dentists would, under normal conditions, have cost approximately one million dollars; and it is safe to assume that New Hampshire dentists bore at least their part of the labor involved and the expense entailed. For several months the chief work undertaken by the Committee of Physicians was that of recruiting for the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps, and later for medical officers in the United States Army. These efforts continued even to midsummer, 1918. Early in June 1917, the New Hampshire Committee was informed that it was necessary for the United States to bring its Medical Corps up to a strength of 40,000, and that New Hampshire still needed to 88 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE enlist fifty physicians in order to fill its quota. Thereupon an investi- gation was made of the physicians still practising in the State who had not entered the service, and a careful enumeration was made of the medical resources of each section of the State. Upon the basis of this investigation certain physicians were selected who were definitely and strongly urged to enter the service. To each of these physicians a letter was sent, of which the following is the concluding paragraph: " You were one of the men found eligible, and the enclosed questionnaire is sent you with the request that you will fill it out and send it within the prescribed time to the office of the secretary. Fifty New Hampshire doctors must apply for commissions before July 1. You are one of the doctors selected to have that honor." The definiteness of this letter and the urgency of the appeal had their reward so that New Hampshire's quota was readily filled. By the end of the war there were 155 New Hampshire physicians who had obtained commissions in the Army or Navy. The next undertaking of the Committee was in connection with the circulation of information regarding the spread of venereal diseases. The Department of War, and particularly the office of the Provost Marshal General, urged that each state take most active and ener- getic measures to inform the people regarding the rapid spread of these diseases in camps and through the civilian population. In accordance with the desire of the Department of War, the New Hampshire Committee, in March, 1918, passed the following resolu- tion: "That the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety be advised that its Sub-Committee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation recommends and urges the distribution of printed matter on venereal diseases to all men placed in Class 1 by the Local Boards, and to others later, and that the envelopes containing the pamphlets be marked 'personal.'" Following the suggestion of the sub-committee, copies of a pamphlet called "Keep in Fighting Trim" were sent to all men who had been accepted for service. In April, 1918, the Children's Bureau, Washington, inaugurated a campaign to last for one year in the interest of better health among the children of the country. It was planned to take a census of all children five years of age and under and endeavor to secure certain facts regarding the physical condition of these children. It was hoped that when the information was collected, a definite health program could be inaugurated which might lead to more intelligent care of the great mass of our children. In addition to the information desired by the Children's Bureau, the New Hampshire Committee felt that ON PUBLIC SAFETY 89 certain other facts might be obtained which would be of very definite service in the inauguration of a campaign of this nature and be of interest also to the State Board of Health. The taking of the census and the filling in of the so-called "weighing and measuring" cards were assigned by the Children's Bureau to the State Woman's Com- mittee. At a joint meeting of the Committee of Physicians and representatives of the New Hampshire Woman's Committee, it was decided that a certain series of questions should be printed and the answers filled out by the local representatives of the Woman's Com- mittee, and both the cards from the Children's Bureau and the special state cards should be returned to state headquarters. Thereupon the results were to be analyzed under the direction of the State Committee of Physicians and plans laid for the inauguration of a health campaign. The census cards were filled out, the weighing and measuring was done, the results tabulated, and the cards were all deposited in the office of the Committee on Public Safety. Before this was completed, however, the war was over and many activities necessary for the analysis planned had already ceased. One further topic discussed by the state committee had reference to the problem of combating tuberculosis in the state. The Commit- tee in this matter worked through the New Hampshire Anti-Tubercu- losis Association, whose secretary. Dr. Robert B. Kerr of Manchester, prepared a full and excellent program of work for the Association to last throughout the period of the war. The lines of work undertaken by Dr. Kerr were: (1) A campaign for increasing the appreciation on the part of the public and the military authorities of the importance of tuberculosis as a war prolilem; (2) The development of anti-tuber- culosis machinery in New Hampshire; (3) Improved method in the examining of recruits and supervision of those rejected because of tuberculosis; (4) Establishment of tuberculosis hospitals and sana- toriums; (5) Control of tuberculosis in the civil population ; (6) Creation of medical and nursing forces to meet the war tuberculosis problem. The admirable work accomplished by the New Hampshire Anti- Tuberculosis Association is deserving of the highest praise, and particularly when the obstacles in the way were so numerous and almost insurmountable. One of the greatest difficulties encountered by the Association was that of securing information regarding those who had been discharged by the military authorities owing to tuber- culosis. In the accomplishment of this task, the Secretary of the Association evolv-ed a plan, in conjunction with Mrs. R. W. Husband, 90 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Field Representative of the American Red Cross in New Hampshire, as follows: "The Association sends a letter to the Home Service worker in the man's home town asking her to make a complete investigation. Enclosed with the letter is a social history blank, which the Home Service worker is requested to fill out and return to the State War Historian. Upon its receipt it is possible to determine what particular aid the man needs and to render appropriate assistance in each case." All cases which thus came to the notice of the Secretary of the Associa- tion were handled with skill and excellent results. This concludes the narrative of the activities of the Committee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation; and it is fitting to append a letter of gratitude received from the Chairman of the General Medical Board of the Council of National Defense addressed to the State Chairman : Upon the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, the strenuous war time activities of the committees of the Medical Section of the Council of National Defense automatically ceased. As the unfinished business in the hands of the committees at that time is now approaching completion, you are hereb}^ notified of the termination of your war duties as a State Committeeman on April 1, 1919. Not until the history of our part in the great war is written will the people realize the important r61e the medical profession of the United States played in making our country a deciding factor in winning the war. Do you realize that in the year before our entry into the conflict the commissioned officers in the Medical Departments of the Army and Navy numbered less than five hundred in each service and that practi- cally 40,000 civilian doctors had been added to these two Corps by the time hostilities had ceased? When the story is told of the enrollment of these thousands of doctors, it must give the largest credit to our many state and county committees who labored so patriotically and continuously to carry out the recommendations of the organization under which they worked, the Council of National Defense, and thus aided the admin- istrative departments of the Surgeons General of the Army, the Navy, the Public Health Service and the Provost Marshal General. The work of these committees under the direction of the General Medical Board had to do with activities of which the following is a brief summary: Recruiting medical officers; standardization of medical and surgical supplies; co-operation in controlling venereal diseases; mobilizing five thousand dental surgeons; establishing committees on hygiene, sanitation, general surgery, orthopedic surgery, opthalmology, otology, rhinol- ogy, and larnygology, general medicine, nursing, women physicians and medical schools; organizing medical advisory boards; the study of industrial medicine; securing through individual classification of the members of the profession through the medium of the Volunteer Service Corps. I want you to know that those of us who have had the responsibility of organizing and enrolling the medical profession and resom-ces appreciate the value of your work and thank you for it from the bottom of our hearts. This includes the Secretary of the Navy who is one of its members and the President of the United States, who appointed the Council and on two occasions has said, in speaking of our state and country com- ON PUBLIC SAFETY 91 mittees: "Will you not be kind enough to convey to them a message of sincere appre- ciation from me of their services as authorized governmental agencies? . . . The health of the Army and Navy and the health of the country at large is due to the co- operation which the public authorities have had from the medical profession." Finally, in sending this communication to you after our two years in stressing work together, I want to thank you personally for your ever prompt response to my calls for help and for the evidence you have always shown me of your loyalty, fidelity and friendship. Yours very truly, Franklin Maetin. IX EMERGENCY HELP AND EQUIPMENT The Sub-Committee on Emergency Help and Equipment had for its chairman Louis H. Shattuck, of Manchester, President of the J. H. Mendell Company, and for its Vice-President Orton B. Brown, of Berlin, of the Brown Brothers Company. At the first meeting of the Committee, held on April 13, 1917, Charles A. Holden, Professor of Civil Engineering in Dartmouth College was elected Executive Secretary. The functions assigned to this sub-committee were : "To make a survey of the state with respect to bridges, dams, water works, and other public works, the maintenance of which is essential to the military and general welfare of the state; "To effect such organization and make such plans as will enable them at a few hours* notice to reconstruct bridges, dams, lay tracks, or perform other emergency engineering tasks of magnitude." Although not expressed in the statement of functions of the sub- committee the sole point in the mind of the Executive Committee in appointing such a group and in defining its functions was that appre- hension was felt lest disloyal persons or alien enemies might be tempted to do some material damage to those structures which were likely to be essential to the state and nation in the prosecution of the war. To guard against the possibility of injury from such sources, it was felt that an organization should be perfected which might readily adopt measures for repairing damage of this nature. At the first meeting of the sub-committee the state was divided into thirteen sections, in each of which one or more members of the sub- committee resided. The member of the sub-committee resident in each section was to assume charge of making a survey of his part of the state with respect to those public utilities which were specified in the functions of the sub-committee. A representative and an alternate was to be appointed in each city and town of the state, his work to be under the direction of the mem- ber of the sub-committee in charge of the section. The state was again divided into three districts, each to be supervised by an officer of the sub-committee specially charged with this duty. The northern 92 ON PUBLIC SAFETY 93 district, called District A, had for its manager Orton B. Brown, of Berlin, with an alternate, Robert Smith, of Berlin. The central dis- trict, called District B, had for its manager Omar S. Swenson, of Concord, with alternate, George L. Theobald. The Southern district, called District C, had for its manager Perry H. Dow, of Manchester, with alternate, Louis H. Shattuck. The representative of the sub- committee in each town was to collect information with reference to valuable equipment, material, labor, engineers and contractors within his territory. Forms were prepared and sent to the local representatives upon which they should make their report, one form for each kind of infor- mation called for by the sub-committee. The blanks were carefully made and when filled out contained extensive and very minute in- formation. The equipment inventory showed the names and addresses of those possessing building equipment, together with a description of such things as derricks, engines, boilers, cement mixers, jacks, trucks, pile drivers, pile hammers, and tools. The inventory of materials contained such items as beams, brick, cement, lumber of various kinds, nails, ropes, and crushed stone. The labor inventory showed the number employed as bridge erectors, carpenters, highway builders, masons, telephone linemen and water works builders. When this information had been gathered by the local representa- tives, it was forwarded to the state committee and transcribed upon specially colored cards designed for use in the classification and de- scription of the information that was received. Since this was emergency work, every efiFort was made to have the survey taken promptly and the reports submitted as quickly as possible. The work was completed within a period of about six weeks. For the purpose for which it was originally intended this whole enterprise practically proved to be unnecessary, for little damage was reported to any structure within the state in the whole period of the war. In fact, during the time while the United States was participat- ing in the conflict only one accident of the nature contemplated by the Committee on Public Safety occmred, and this could not be at- tributed to a design on the part of any individual. Investigation seemed to show that the breaking of the dam in question was due to natural causes. Through the period of the war the information thus gathered was kept on file in the office of the Committee on Public Safety. It was a splendid undertaking, which would have proved its value had any 94 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE accident occurred. Moreover, it would have been a record thoroughly worthy of preservation in the state as an account of such material resources of the state in the spring of 1917, except for one fact. This fact is that, much to the regret of the sub-committee and of the Com- mittee on Public Safety, in certain spots in the state the survey was neglected, so that the results of the labor of the sub-committee will not be available as showing fully and completely the state's condition at that time. It is especially regrettable in view of the fact that a somewhat similar survey undertaken by the Committee on Industrial Survey was eminently successful and will constitute one of the best records of the state at that time available for future historians. In a letter sent to town representatives the procedure to be adopted in case of accident to any structure which was regarded as essential to the military and general welfare of the state was explained. It was stated in the letter that the Emergency Help and Equipment Com- mittee would take action only if the interested parties could not, or would not, adopt adequate methods for replacing the structure. The local representative was expected to telephone to the manager of his district immediately, informing him of the nature of the damage done and requesting instruction from the District Manager with reference to his duty. He was, however, informed that in case the damage was of such kind that additional loss would be done to the structure by delay, or affect seriously the plans of the state, he was expected to undertake some protective work immediately. Along with the letter a map of the state was sent to each local representative in which the state was divided into squares numbered on one side and lettered on the other, thus forming a basis for an adequate description of each small part of the state. For example, a local representative having his map before him might telephone to the District Manager, " There is a bridge destroyed in the northeastern part of Z-79." The Dis- trict Manager looking upon his map would know that the bridge destroyed was one in the central portion of the town of Stewartstown. An agreement was entered into between the Committee on Public Safety and the Governor of the state to the effect that the special committee on Emergency Help and Equipment might undertake re- pairs to structures involving an expenditure of less than $5,000, but that in case more serious damage was done the Governor and Council should be consulted before definite plans were laid for replacement or extensive repairs. By good fortune, no occasion arose for the use of the information filed by the sub-committee. It is quite possible that ON PUBLIC SAFETY 95 persons living in the state who may have had designs upon such of the structures as the sub-committee was taking charge of were deterred from their plans upon learning of the watchfulness of the committee, but it is much more probable that the guarding of vulnerable spots by guardsmen brought in from Massachusetts and Vermont was sufficient to prevent outrages of this kind. When these were withdrawn and the State Guard was formed, it would have been very difficult for any disloyal person to have committed an outrage without running the risk of speedy detection. It is, however, undoubtedly the case that the most potent factor in the situation was that little disloyalty existed and that whatever manifestations came to the attention of the com- mittee were immediately investigated by the Department of Justice. For these reasons, the state remained unharmed in all respects during the whole course of the war. X INDUSTRIAL SURVEY The Sub-Committee on Industrial Survey had for its chairman Frank H. Dixon, Professor of Economics at Dartmouth College. The functions assigned to the sub-committee were as follows : "To complete, so far as the industries of New Hampshire are concerned, the national industrial survey begun by the Naval Consulting Board; to make a survey of the exist- ing and potential military resources of the state; to advise with manufacturers concern- ing the production of supplies; and in general to deposit in the Records Bureau informa- tion for state and federal authorities concerning the uses in any exigency to which the industrial equipment and skilled workers of the state may be applied." The Committee held its first meeting in Room 156, State House, Concord, April 12, at which fifteen members of the Committee were present. Mr. Allan L. Priddy of Hanover was appointed Executive Secretary, and the Tuck School, Hanover, was designated as head- quarters of the Committee. The Tuck School placed at the disposal of the Committee filing facilities and other office equipment that would aid in the systematic and rapid handling of schedules such as it was expected that the Committee would receive from manufacturers in the state. In 1916 the Committee on Industrial Preparedness of the Naval Con- sulting Board in Washington made a survey of those manufacturing concerns of the United States which had an annual output of $100,000, or more. Two hundred and three concerns of New Hampshire had filed reports with the Committee on Industrial Preparedness, and the Committee on Industrial Survey asked permission of the manufac- turers of New Hampshire that an abridged copy of those reports might be made from the files at Washington. With but one exception, this permission was readily granted and an abstract of tlie records was made in Washington under the personal supervision of the Chair- man of the Committee. The records were filed at headquarters. The letter sent to these manufacturers was as follows : Dear Sir: As Chairman of the Committee on Industrial Survey — a sub-committee of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety — I am WTiting to request that you grant us per- mission to make copy of the return made by you last year to the Committee on Indus- trial Preparedness of the U. S. Naval Consulting Board. A post card is enclosed upon 96 y ON PUBLIC SAFETY 97 which such authorization may be made. As the information was furnished confiden- tially, it will be impossible to obtain it from the Naval Board without authority from you. It is, of course, understood that the information collected by us is strictly confidential and to be used only in the interest of state and national defense. May I urge, in the public interest, a prompt and favorable reply to my request.' Yours truly, (Sig.) Frank H. Dixon, Chairman. An abridgement of the schedule of the Naval Consulting Board was prepared, practically identical with that used by the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety. This new and abridged schedule was sent to between 400 and 500 of the manufacturing concerns in New Hampshire having an output of less than $100,000, with the following letter accompanying the schedule: To the Manufacturers of New Hampshire: An Industrial Survey is being undertaken by the Committee on Industrial Survey in order to make the manufacturing facilities of the state promptly available for state and national defense. You are therefore earnestly urged to fill out the enclosed blank as fully as possible. A partial return is better than no information. If you operate more than one plant, either within or without the state, we would like a separate return for each plant and will furnish you additional blanks on request. It is of course understood that the information collected by us is strictly confidential and to be used only in the interest of state and national defense. This Is a Patriotic Duty. Will You Not Kindly Attend to It Promptly? Yours very truly, (Sig.) Fr-vvk Haigh Dexon, Chairman. The response was very gratifying and every important industry and almost every concern of considerable size reported in full to the Com- mittee. The schedule sent out asked for information upon seven different topics. First, Business and Administrative, calling for the name, character of the organization, the post office address, number of plants and names of officers. Second: Plant, calling for information concern- ing location, number of buildings, surroundings, ground area, building construction, size of building, power and elevators. Third: Manu- facture and Production, including normal yearly slack season, principal products manufactured, and whether goods had been supplied for the army or navy during the preceding two years. Fourth: Labor, in- cluding number of clerical force, number of skilled and unskilled opera- 98 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE lives, kind of work performed by women, number of hours per day, number of shifts per day, approximate percentage of employees who were not American citizens. Fifth: Transportation, including rail- road shipping point with trucking distance, car capacity of sidings in or adjacent to plant and shipping facilities by water. Sixth : Possible Future Arrangements, that is, whether the concern would consider accepting United States Army and Navy business in time of war, on cost plus reasonable profit basis, and whether the concern would favor the enrolling of skilled labor in an "Industrial Reserve." Seventh: Inventory, asking for a description in writing of the work for which equipment is best fitted, together with classes of tools and types of machinery or producing equipment. Each member of the committee undertook to secure in his own locality an accurate and complete census of inactive or abandoned plants, vacant buildings, unused machinery and unoccupied factory land. Much information was secured in this manner and filed at the headquarters of the committee. Among the original undertakings of the committee was the making of a classification of horses needed for war purposes and taking a census of the supply available in the state. For this purpose a special sub-committee was appointed, consisting of four members of the Committee on Industrial Survey. The sub- committee, however, discovered soon after beginning their work that an inquiry into the number of horses available in the state had a tend- ency to increase the price put upon horses by their owners. To avoid this fictitious and enhanced valuation of horses in the state, the com- mittee asked the Executive Committee to relieve them of this work, and the request was granted. It was believed that many automobiles, either touring cars or trucks, might prove to be of value in the interest of quick transportation and the committee undertook to secure from owners of motor vehicles offers to have their cars used in the public service. A letter was sent by the chairman of the committee to each local Committee on Public Safety in all the cities and towns in the state, with accompanying cards for the volunteer enrollment of motor vehicles. The following is a copy of the letter sent: To the Chairman of the Local Committee on Public Safety: We are sending you, under separate cover, cards for the Voluntary Enrollment of Motor Vehicles. It is our purpose to enroll the largest number of motor vehicles for volimtary service in such preparedness measures as may require their use. Will you be good enough to arrange for the effective distribution of these cards to all owners of motor vehicles in the Town of These cards, when filled ON PUBLIC SAFETY 99 out, should be returned by your committee to the Hanover office; returns to be made at least once each week. You will then be furnished a list of the cars enrolled in your town, in order that you may respond promptly to all local applications for motor transporta- tion. Each person who offers his car will receive a plate, which he may attach to the car as an indication that it has been enrolled for public service. These plates will be sent out from this office as rapidly as the enrollment cards are received. When cars are actually in service, they will carry a pennant to be provided by the Transportation Committee. We are authorized by the Executive Committee to state that when cars are in actual volunteer service, owners who request it will be reimbursed for garage and hotel expenses. Additional cards will be furnished on request. Very truly yours, (Sig.) Frank Haigh Dixon, Chairman. Motor vehicles were divided into four classes as follows : Class A. Motor trucks to be ready at 6 hours' notice for use one day Class B. Motor trucks to be ready at 48 hours' notice for thirty days Class C. Touring cars or Runabouts to be ready at 6 hours' notice for three days Class D. Motor Cycles to be ready at 6 hours' notice for three days Between six and seven thousand cards altogether were sent out in this way. The cards asked the owner to give the make of his car, the maker's number, the year of manufacture, horse power and capacity, and to state also whether he would furnish a driver or not. In reply to the requests thus sent out, about 1300 owners offered the service of their cars. The most difficult problem which the Committee had to face was that of attempting to decide what the manufacturers of New Hamp- shire could do in the way of furnishing goods for the Government out- side of their normal product. The only feasible way that this could be accomplished seemed to be to secure lists from the Government of articles desired, with specifications, and then submit these lists to the various manufacturers whose plants seemed to meet the necessary requirements. Unfortunately it was impossible to obtain lists of articles from the Government, with the result that this part of the pro- gram could not be carried out. During the course of the war, manu- facturers learned gradually what these articles were, how to set about securing contracts and what changes in plant were necessary in order that the contract might be fulfilled economically. It is certain that much valuable time might have been saved, and the state might have profited, if the plans of the committee could have been forwarded. 100 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The final part of the work of the committee consisted in tabulating the results of their elaborate inquiry among manufacturers. When the schedules were returned, filled out as requested, they were ana- lyzed under the immediate direction of the Chairman and Executive Secretary. The schedules were classified according to industries into the following eleven general classes : Class A. Textiles, Raw and Finished, including Ready-made Clothing Class B. Lumber and Lumber Products, including Furniture Class C. Pulp, Paper and their Products Class D. Boots and Shoes and their Accessories Class E. Leather and Leather Products, other than Boots and Shoes Class F. Minerals, Metals and their Products, including Hardware and Small Tools Class G. Machines and Machine Tools Class H. Stone, Clay and their Products Class I. Printing and Publishing Class J. Drugs and Chemicals Class K. Miscellaneous The information obtained with reference to the concerns falling into each class was put in a separate table in such a way that the extent of each kind of industry was spread out in a graphic manner. The tables thus formed were filed at the headquarters of the Committee on Public Safety, to be used by state and federal officials for the purposes speci- fied. The tabulations as finally completed were used by the Depart- ment of War as giving the most complete data upon the manufactur- ing possibilities of the state. We are led to believe that the Department of War found them valuable in letting contracts. From the stand- point of the state, this work gave a most admirable summary of in- dustrial possibilities, which will be of great advantage as a permanent historical document. XI TRANSPORTATION The Sub-Committee on Transportation, appointed by the Execu- tive Committee, had for its chairman, Mr. Hov^ey E. Slayton, Presi- dent of F. M. Hoj-t & Company, shoe manufacturers, of Manchester, and who, in that capacity, had become thoroughly expert in the trans- portation problems of New Hampshire. The duties assigned to this sub-committee were as follows: "In co-operation with the military authorities, to make plans and efTect organiza- tion for the utilization of all transportation equipment within the state — steam, elec- tric, motor and horses — for the purpose of securing upon short notice speedy and comfortable transit of troops, equipment and supplies from one point to another." The Committee held its first meeting April 10, in Room 156, State House, Concord, every member being present. M. S. Sullivan of Manchester was appointed secretary of the com- mittee. It was explained by the chairman that the Committee on Industrial Survey would furnish the Committee on Transportation with data relative to horses, motor vehicles, etc., and with information regarding the products of manufacturing plants and possible future arrangement in case the Federal Government might need to use those plants. The most important task to be undertaken immediately was that of becoming familiar with the transportation facilities of the state, the location of main lines, the most important lines to be kept open, the location of armories, etc., and the equipment (freight and passenger) that would be required and available at certain points. A committee, comprising Messrs. Robinson and Merrill of Concord, delegated to collaborate with Mr. Storrs, Engineer for the Public Serv- ice Commission, was requested to obtain the necessary data from the Adjutant General's office, and prepare a map showing the following: 1. The steam railroads in New Hampshire. 2. The electric railways in New Hampshire. 3. The location of various armories and company headquarters, wherever it might be necessary to furnish transportation from headquarters to armories or from armories to any point in the state or out of it. 101 102 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE 4. The size and character of the companies (whether light artillery, infantry or cavalry) and the number and kind of cars necessary to move them — marking this in- formation on the margin of the map opposite the points where troops might be stationed. This map was prepared, and a statement relative to the location of the New Hampshire militia, and the equipment required to move it was presented. The necessity for guarding bridges, tunnels, etc., was discussed since it was presumed that this work might be considered as within the functions of the Committee on Transportation. The effort was made by Governor Keyes, without success, to have the Federal Government call out the New Hampshire troops for that purpose. Instead, the Government called out three Massachusetts companies, to which was assigned the duty of guarding vulnerable points on the railroad along the Merrimack River, while a company from Fort Ethan Allen, Ver- mont, was assigned to similar duty along the Connecticut River. The Recruiting Committee wished to secure fifteen or more automo- biles to be distributed equally in the western, central and eastern parts of the state and to be used in travel northward over the three main boulevards for the purpose of seciu-ing recruits. The committee named the following members to secure the desired number of automo- biles in their respective districts and to report back to the Committee. Keene District J. Duncan Upham, Claremont Merrimack Valley William C. Spear, Manchester Portsmouth District William H. Folsom, Exeter These men submitted to the Committee at its next meeting, held on April 17, lists of owners whose cars would be at the call of the Com- mittee, and who could readily be reached through the member sub- mitting their names. It was arranged that hotel and garage expenses of chauffeurs and machines would be defrayed by the Committee on Public Safety, upon presentation of bills to the Recruiting Committee in whose service the automobiles were enlisted. The office at headquarters in the State House, Concord, furnished the Chairman of the Committee on Transportation, and others who needed it, a list of the chairmen of the local Committees on Public Safety throughout the state, and by the aid of these local chairmen, automobiles were secured from those who had enrolled their machines for service for the use of the office of the Adjutant General in sending out medical officers to examine men who had enrolled for service in the National Guard in the various towns in the state. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 103 It was found by the Committee on Industrial Survey undesirable to take a census of horses in the state because it would cause an advance in the price of horses and because it was believed that horses could not be obtained for service except by pm-chase. It was the consensus of opinion of the members of the Committee on Transportation that horses would not be required for transportation work; that automo- biles and motor trucks would be sufficiently available; and that this Committee would not require from the Industrial Survey Committee any statistical information regarding horses. The Committee on Transportation definitely offered its services and information on transportation matters to the following sub- committees: Food Production, Conservation and Distribution Military State Protection Mobilization and Concentration Camps Military Equipment and Supplies Naval and made it known to them that it would be glad to co-operate with them in the effort to solve any problems that they might have in regard to transportation, no matter what the form, — whether steam railroad, electric railway, or motor vehicle. The Sub-Committee on Transportation was divided into three divi- sions; one to have charge of steam railroad transportation; one to care for transportation by electric railways; and the third to have charge of transportation by autos, trucks, etc. Sub-committees were appointed as follows: Steam Railroad Transportation Electric Railway Transportation W. H. Mooney, Nashua EKvin C. Foster, Manchester H. C. Robinson, Concord Y. P. Learned, Woodsville F. A. Merrill, Concord Motor Vehicle Transportation William C. Spear, Manchester Thomas J. Guay, Laconia William H. Folsom, Exeter Mr. Robinson of Concord was appointed Vice-Chairman, with power to call a meeting of the Committee at any time which might seem necessary. The question of a concentration camp at Concord, transportation 104 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE of troops and supplies from same, etc., question of rail connections between camp and railroad, etc., was considered, and upon the sug- gestion of laying tracks between the railroad and the camp, Mr. Merrill commented as follows: "The present camp grounds at Concord are one and one-half miles distant from the railroad. In order to get railroad connection, it would require about three miles of track, which would probably cost about one hundred thousand dollars. It would probably take six months to build that track. "Now, as to the situation with regard to material. The first thing needed is rails. The Boston & Maine, more than a year ago, when buying its rails for 1917, made an iron-clad contract that they be delivered in April. We have just received word that they hope to deliver it by August 17. We cannot place an order today for rail for de- livery within two years. Before we can furnish rail for three miles of track, we must get new rail. The situation is extremely acute. We cannot get deliveries; we cannot place orders, and we are getting along by using our scrap material, which, in ordinary times, we would not think of using. Considering these conditions, it seems to me that it is of great importance in making arrangements for concentration camps and all such things, to arrange them in such a way as to use existing tracks where we can, or, where we cannot, to make tracks as short as we can; that is, bringing the camps as near as we can to the railroad. We have been obliged to refuse to put in industrial tracks for big industrial concerns, because we have not the material with which to do it. We are extremely short of material and labor. We ought to get these items down as low as possible to get results." The question then arose as to what location in the state was more conveniently placed in regard to transportation facilities and possessed more advantages than the Concord concentration camp, and it seemed to be the opinion of the committee that no place in New Hampshire was so adequately situated for this purpose as Rockingham Park, Salem, near which the Boston & Maine have track enough to handle 50,000 people a day, and which has drill grounds, water, and almost every other requirement. The question of Rockingham Park for such a camp was referred to the Governor (by the following letter) without prejudice to any other location. Manchester, N. H., Apr. 21, 1917. To His Excellency, Hon. Henry W. Keyes, Governor of New Hampshire: Honorable and dear Sir: In accordance with resolution adopted by the Committee on Transportation, of the Hew Hampshire Committee on Public Safety, in conference Tuesday, April 17, I would respectfully submit, for consideration by your Excellency and Council, the advisability of establishing New Hampshire's mobilization and concentration camps as near as possible to existing railroad tracks. In discussing transportation matters at our meeting, with particular regard to the speedy movement of troops from one point to another, attention was called to the delay and inconvenience involved in the movement of troops, equipment and supplies from ON PUBLIC SAFETY 105 the present concentration camp in Concord to the raikoad on account of the distance separating one from the other. The Camp Grounds at Concord are situated one and one-half miles away from the railroad. In order to get connections, three miles of track would be necessary, at a cost approximating one hundred thousand dollars, and probably six months would be required to lay same. As to the situation in regard to material, we are advised by the Boston & Maine officials that their rails for 1917, ordered more than a year ago for delivery in April, would not be delivered until August, and that they could not today place an order for rails for delivery within two years. As new rail would have to be purchased for the laying of three extra miles of track, it is obvious that the connecting of the present camp grounds and the railroad is utterly impracticable at this time. Without rail connections, it is the opinion of our committee, in which all members concur, that the camp as now located does not afford, for the speedy movement of troops and impedimenta, the facilities which New Hampshire's concentration camp should possess in times such as these. With railroad tracks adjacent to the camp, food and other commodities necessary for the maintenance of the great number of men and horses could be transported in carload lots and delivered direct to the camp, thus eliminating the labor and delays of re-loading upon trucks at depot and transporting from depot to camp grounds. Similar advan- tages would also obtain with regard to the expeditious movement, from camp to other points in or out of the state, of men, horses, food, etc. As a natural result of this conviction on the part of the Committee, opinions were exchanged as to possibly available locations having railroad connections, and, at the same time, possessing as near as possible the complete essentials of a thoroughly modern and efficient concentration camp. All members were in accord in the conclusion that, to the best of their knowledge, there is no place in New Hampshire so adequately suited for this purpose as Rockingham Park at Salem. There the Boston & Maine Railroad has track enough to handle fifty thousand people every day; there is everything in the way of track facilities, drill grounds, water, etc., and about the only other requirement lacking is a few houses, which could be built at a nominal expense. The above, in brief, is an outline of the recorded opinions of the Committee on Trans- portation, which I have been requested to convey to you for consideration and such action as you may deem expedient. I am certain you need no assurance that, in this procedure, we are prompted purely by motives of public interest and national zeal, with the end in view that New Hampshire shall be ready to perform her full duty to the nation in this time of need. Respectfully yours, (Sig.) H. E. Slayton, Chairman Committee on Transportation. New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety. At this meeting of the Committee on Transportation, the opinion of the members was given as to the probable date of cessation of hos- tiHties in which the greater part of the world was involved, with the following result: There were twelve predictions, nine of which held that the war would close in 1917, the earliest one being July 4; two in 1919 between July 1 and October 1; and one on January 1, 1920; the average date being March 1, 1918. 106 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The third meeting of the Committee on Transportation was held May 15, Room 100, State House, Concord, every member, with the ex- ception of one, being present. Mr. Foster, Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Electric Railway Transportation, submitted the following report: Concord to Manchester That the Concord and Manchester branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad will be prepared: On one hour's notice, night or day, to transport 500 people from Concord to Manchester. Time required for trip — one hour and thirty minutes (1 hr. 30 min.) Telephone numbers: F. P. Fosgate, Ass't Siipt. Office 37 Concord House 1020 D. H. Carpenter Office 418-W House 588-J Manchester to Iludson Bridge That the Manchester Street Railway will be prepared: On four (4) hours' notice, to transport 500 people from Manchester to Hudson Bridge, at any time, and ordinarily on shorter notice. Time required for making trip would not be over one hour from City Hall, Manchester, to Hudson Bridge. Telephone numbers: T. H. Kendrigan, Supt. Office 1525-R Manchester House 497 J. Brodie Smith Office 491 House 56 E. C. Foster, Pres. Office 491 House 496 Iludson Bridge to Rockingham Park, Salem That the Massachusetts Northeastern Street Railway Company will be prepared: On three hours' notice, to transport 300 people from Hudson Bridge to Rocking- ham Park, Salem, between the hours of 8.00 a. m., and 3.00 p. m. Time required for trip, approximately one hour. Telephone number: J. H. Matthews, Div. Supt. 22 Salem, N. H. Hudson Bridge to Hampton Beach That the Massachusetts Street Railway Company will be prepared: On three hours' notice to transport 300 people from Hudson Bridge to Hampton Beach, between the horns of 8.00 a. m. and 3.00 p. m. Time required for trip would be approximately three hours, fifteen minutes. Telephone number: J. H. Matthews, Div. Supt. 22 Salem, N. H. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 107 Hampton Beach to Portsmouth That the Electric Railway will be prepared: On two or three hours' notice, to transport 400 people an hour from Hampton Beach to Portsmouth. Time required for trip, one hour, fifteen minutes. Telephone numbers: W. E. Dowdell, Gen. Inspector Office 33 Portsmouth House 703-W Car House 977-W Portsmouth AtWetic Club 610 From the above information, you will please observe that it would be possible to transport 300 people every two hours from Concord to Manchester, to Hudson Bridge, to Rockingham Park, or to Portsmouth, between the hours of 8.00 a. m. and 12.00 noon, inclusive, making a total of 900 people. The time from Concord to Rockingham Park would be approximately 3^ hours, and the time from Concord to Portsmouth would be approximately 7 hours. Night service might be furnished, but it is not desirable. In conducting its various investigations, the Committee kept con- stantly in mind two points. What plans the Federal Government had for mobilizing troops was quite unknown, and it was considered de- sirable that such information as the state could obtain regarding its transportation possibilities might be of service to the nation in the event that ra])id mobilization of troops at any point in New Hamp- shire should become a part of the federal scheme; and the further possibility of local trouble with consequent obligation of concentrating armed troops at certain points. There was still throughout the country a feeling of uneasiness concerning the attitude which resident aliens, especially alien enemies, might adopt both toward compulsory military service and toward Industrial Establishments engaged in producing miHtary supplies. It seemed only a reasonable measure of precaution to guard against any difficulties that might arise from any source. Fortunately no disturbance in the state arose from any cause whatever. The spirit of our citizens was such that enlistment in the army and navy was rapid, taking men into the service by draft was found acceptable, and this method of increasing our forces was later viewed with enthusiasm. The two points of mobilization considered by this Committee were used by the Federal Government for a short time. The camp at Concord, named Camp Keyes in honor of New Hampshire's war Governor, was made the place of mobilization for the New Hampshire National Guard during the weeks preceding the federalization of these troops, but it was not used after that time. The camp in Salem, Rockingham Park, was used also for only a few weeks during the 108 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE period of preliminary training for the Fourteenth Regiment of Engi- neers, which had been recruited largely from New Hampshire. The plans prepared by officers of the Boston & Maine Railroad, who were also members of the Committee on Transportation, were utilized in conveying troops to these two points. As men were taken from time to time into the service by the sixteen Local Boards of the state, the regular train schedules were generally found adequate, so that no special or unusual facilities were necessary. The Executive Committee, at the suggestion of the Commissioner of Highways, requested the Sub-Committee on Transportation to undertake a survey of road-building materials in the neighborhood of the New Hampshire seacoast. To carry this request into execution, J. W. Goldthwait, Professor of Geology in Dartmouth College, was appointed a member of the sub-committee and was assigned this task. The work was started at once and occupied the summer of 1917. Mr. Goldthwait received the constant advice and assistance of the De- partment of Highwaj^s. An excellent map showing the location of gravel pits and useful rock in the southeastern part of the state, to- gether with a comprehensive report upon geological conditions, was filed with the Committee, and a copy was given to the Department of Highways. So valuable to the state were the investigations that they were continued as a peace-time measure under the auspices of the Department of Highways. Owing to the methods adopted in transporting troops and supplies, it appeared that the Committee on Transportation would have no further duties, a situation which continued until the autumn of 1918. By this time all the railroads of the country had been placed under a Federal Railway Administrator, owing to the necessity for utilizing to the best advantage the railway transportation possibilities of all systems. The immense increase in the amount of supplies to be transported, the inadequacy of terminal facilities and the great need for quick transfer of goods again rendered relief obligatory. At this point the Committee on Transportation was once more called into activity. To give assistance to the Federal Administrator, a National High- ways Transportation Committee was appointed. Two main points were placed before the Committee whereby the use of highways might relieve the congestion in the railroads and might prove of benefit to the people of the country. The first of these was the establishment of Return Loads Bureaus. It had always been noted that trucks were ON PUBLIC SAFETY 109 commonly employed to transport goods from one point to another, and, having completed this immediate work, returned empty to the point of departure. It was seen that the transportation of goods by truck could be increased possibly one hundred per cent by de\asing a plan whereby these trucks might carry return loads. This increase in carrying power would result in enhanced earning by the truck, together with a probable decrease in cost to the shipper. The plan adopted was that of having bureaus or depots at the chief shipping points, at which the owner or driver of a truck might call after disposing of his load and secure any freight going in his homeward direction. The second innovation considered by the National Highways Transport Committee was the creation of Rural Motor Express routes. The object was to relieve the railroads of the burden of short hauls and to reach agricultural communities not having easy access to railways. It was planned to give the farmers an opportunity of having his prod- uce, milk and other supplies transported regularly and quickly to market, and prol)ably to bring goods from the towns visited back to the farmer, in order that he might less frequently be under the ne- cessity of giving up his work to go to town for ordinary supplies. The functions of the Sub-Committee on Transportation were en- larged to enable it to undertake the solution of these two problems. At the same time, Mr. Sla>i:on, Chairman, was compelled to resign, owing to his appointment as Federal Fuel Administrator for New Hampshire. Mr. William C. Spear, a member of the Committee and President of the Manchester Automobile Company, succeeded him. This appointment was eminently fitting as the new duties of the Committee were the immediate concern of automobile men. It soon developed that a third duty might be put upon the Highways Transport Committee. A shortage of gasoline threatened to become serious, and it was expected that this Committee would be asked to take a census of all motor cars licensed in the state and classify them according to their usefulness at the time. It was expected that the consumption of gasoline must be reduced by fifty per cent in order that a sufficient quantity might be available for shipment abroad. Had this gone into effect the ordinary use of cars would have been almost eliminated. Other factors in this problem were the supply of labor, steel and rubber. In accordance with the plan of organization devised by the National Committee, the state was divided into five districts for the purpose of supervision. 110 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The districts were as follows: HUlsboro and Merrimack Counties Mr. Mooney, Chairman Rockingham and Strafford Counties Mr. Folsom, Chairman Cheshire and Sullivan Counties Mr. Upham, Chairman Belknap and Carroll Counties Mr. Guay, Chairman Grafton and Coos Counties Mr. Learned, Chairman The following appointments of men to take charge of specified activities were made: Return Loads Bureau Mr. Pillsbury Railroad Co-operation Mr. Robinson Rural Motor Express Mr. Elwell Publicity and Education The Chairman Throughout the period of reconstructing the Committee much help was given by the Regional Chairman, Mr. J. Randolph Coolidge, Jr., of Boston, who visited the state on three occasions, giving valuable information and advice. The reorganization was completed just as the winter of 1918-1919 was coming on, and it was clear that the highways of the state could not be advantageously used until the period of deep snow had passed. Just at this time, also, the armistice was signed and it appeared that the plans of the committee, as a war-time measure, would become unnecessary. For these reasons the committee disbanded without attempting to inaugurate the system it had devised. XII PUBLIC SERVICE RESERVE On November 19, 1917, the Executive Committee considered a let- ter received from the Council of National Defense and one from Dr. James A. B. Scherer, Field Representative of the Council, with refer- ence to the appointment of a sub-committee to have charge of estab- lishing an emplo>Tnent exchange system in the state. The duties of the sub-committee were not outlined very definitely and the exact re- lation of the new office to existing federal or state offices was not made clear. In general, the objects of the establishment of the sub-com- mittee were: To furnish labor to essential war industries; to seek to prevent unemplojTnent ; to take a census of labor and to devise methods for training those who were unskilled to enable them to perform more skilled labor. It was suggested that a state director of the employ- ment exchange system be appointed and that he should establish offices at various points throughout the state. The Executive Committee decided to appoint a special committee to make a study of the existing system and the requirements, and report to the Executive Committee at a later meeting. This was done and an outline was drawn up for the duties of a sub-committee to be specially appointed. The plan thus evolved was approved by the Governor, provided the new sub-committee could work with the state Bureau of Labor in accordance with an Act passed by the Legislature of New Hampshire in 1917, and provided also that the Federal Labor Administrator, who was later to be appointed, should be brought into close connection with the sub-committee. On January 11, 1918, the Governor received a request from the Sec- retary of Labor that a Director of the Public Service Reserve be ap- pointed,upon whom should rest the duty of enrolling labor needed in essential industries, andespeciallyto conduct drives for special purposes as required. Acting upon this request, the Governor and the Com- mittee on Public Safety, in January, 1918, unanimously nominated Clarence E. Carr to this position. The recommendation was tele- graphed to the Secretary of Labor. On the following day Mr. Carr received a telegram from William E. Hall, National Director of the Public Service Reserve, which read: 111 112 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE "On recommendation Governor and State Council of Defense, you have been ap- pointed by Secretary Wilson Federal State Director United States Public Service Re- serve for New Hampshire. Appointment papers, credentials and full instructions will be mailed. Wish you the greatest success in this important war emergency work." On January 19 Mr. Hall -wTote a letter to Mr. Carr confirming the appointment as stated in the telegram, adding also that the first cam- paign to be conducted would have reference to building up a reserve of men willing and able to work on ships. Within a few days letters were received from the Council of National Defense requesting infor- mation as to whether New Hampshire had appointed a State Federal Director. Reply was made to the effect that the National Director had notified Mr. Carr of his appointment, stating, however, that the descriptive literature and forms for enrollment which had been promised did not come, although the Director had been urged most strongly to begin his campaign at once. At least part of the diflBculty lay in the fact that the Council of National Defense and the Federal Department of Labor could not reach a mutual understanding. The Department of Labor was al- ready considering the establishment of a Federal Employment Service and was not willing to foster a different enterprise that might later con- flict with its own intentions. But it was widely believed that at least some of Mr. Carr's political opponents were taking this opportunity of preventing Mr. Carr from getting a position in which he might add to an already fine reputation. The only official recognition from the Department of Labor that was ever forthcoming appeared in the form of a letter dated July 1, 1918, in which the statement was made that Mr. Carr's appointment had been extended for an indefinite period beginning July 1, 1918. Seeing that the call for workers in shipyards was very urgent, work was immediately begun in the state for enrollment of all skilled work- men who expressed a willingness to assist the government in this man- ner. An immediate call was sent out by the government for the enrollment of 250,000 men. The quota assigned to New Hampshire was 4,000, which was later reduced to 1,700. The government announced that priority had been given to ship- building to the extent of placing shipyard workers in a deferred classi- fication under the Selective Service Act. The United States Shipping Board therefore requested that men at work in shipyards should be exempted from call for military duty or should be placed in some de- ON PUBLIC SAFETY 113 ferred classification similar to that adopted by the Federal Selective Service Act. The first step taken in the campaign in New Hampshire was the appointment of local representatives. In each town and city a repre- sentative was appointed, who was requested to secure the largest possi- ble enrollment among skilled mechanics in his town. At the same time a member of each local trade union was appointed for the same pur- pose. A letter was also sent to employers of labor in the state explain- ing to them the desire of the federal government and asking their co-operation in an equitable adjustment of labor conditions. Within a comparatively short time, the cards, circulars of informa- tion and Public Service Reserve buttons were obtained and distributed throughout the state. A scale of wages paid in the various trades carried on in the shipyards was prepared and distributed. Very soon thereafter a serious question arose concerning the housing conditions and expenses of living in the towns adjoining New Hampshire ship- yards, and the Director prepared a statement relating to these topics for wide circulation among those who were considering enrollment. At the end of this campaign the total enrollment was 2,500, in addition to about 400 who were placed, by means of recruiting trips or through the State Free Employment office, at work in the Portsmouth Naxn^' Yard or one of the shipyards of the state. Just how many actually went to work in the shipyards as a result of the campaign in the state cannot be ascertained definitely, but it may be assumed that several hundred were placed in this manner. The showing of New Hampshire in this respect is regarded as exceptional, especially since it was ascer- tained that even before the campaign began there were about 2,500 residents of the state who had, through the initiative of the cor- porations themselves, gone to shipbuilding concerns in the state to work. In the conduct of this campaign too much praise cannot be given to the New Hampshire Commissioner of Labor, who generously placed his office and office force at the disposal of the Federal Director, and gave the utmost assistance by way of advice. So successful was the work undertaken by the Federal Director that special letters of com- mendation were received from the Department of Labor, from which the following extract may be given: The Department of Labor is very grateful indeed for your unselfish service and for the generous financial support which the State and your good self have given the Public Service Reserve. I know that I can rely upon your generosity and patriotism to aid in 114 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE seeing that the fine organization you built up operates and functions under the general direction of Mr. Sawyer. Again expressing to you the deep gratitude of the Department of Labor, and with best wishes, I am, t^ . , , „ Faithfully yours, WiLLTAM E. Hall, National Director. In the letter of January 11 to Governor Keyes from the Secretary of Labor, it was stated that "the PubHc Service Reserve is an integral and important part of the co-operative system of Employment Serv- ice in the organization of which this Department is counting on the assistance of State Councils." At that time the Emplojonent Service was in its infancy, was by no means well known throughout the coun- try, and the reference to it by the Secretary of Labor conveyed no very clear impression. Throughout the next three months the instruc- tions received from the National Director of the Public Service Re- serve and from the Department of Labor commonly referred to the enrollment of labor and not to the placing of labor. Nevertheless the State Director assumed that it was his duty to supply such labor as he could to the shipyards in the time of their need. On April 16 a statement was received giving in outline the relation of the Public Service Reserve to the LT nited States Employment Serv- ice, which by this time had been organized in many states of the Union. The particular parts of the statement of relationship which are here of interest are as follows : "The Public Service Reserve is the recruiting and enrolling branch of the Service. It deals primarily with men who are not applicants for jobs but who are willing to leave their present employment when national needs require their services elsewhere. It seeks and uses the co-operation of other organizations and volunteer agents. Through such volunteer agents and co-operating organizations it should extend its activities into every community. State Directors and local agents of the Public Service Reserve are au- thorized to act as Field Agents of the U. S. Employment Service, under the instructions of the Employment Service. Such services on the part of Reserve Officers are not compulsory, but in so far as Reserve Agents undertake to place men or to direct appli- cants to jobs, they must do so under the instructions of, and report their action to, the nearest office of the U. S. Emploj'ment Service. "Officers of the U. S. Public Service Reserve should immediately turn over to the officers of the U. S. Employment Service in their respective States, records of all Re- serve members who desire immediate employment or who wish to be considered as applicants for jobs; such men to be treated in the same way as other applicants for positions by the Employment Service." At this time also it was learned that the Department of Labor had appointed Enos K. Sawyer of Franklin to be Federal Director for New ON PUBLIC SAFETY 115 Hampshire of the United States Employment Service. Mr. Carr was eager to work in harmony with the newly appointed Director of the Employment Service and was also eager to place at his disposal all information with reference to labor conditions in the State which he had gathered during his three months' campaign. On July 30 a State Advisory Board was appointed to act with the Director of the Employment Service, and of this Board the Director of the Public Ser\ace Reserve was ex-officio a member. Somewhat later it was considered advisable by the Department of Labor to form Community Boards at strategic points throughout the State, and in the formation of such Boards the wide acquaintance and experience of the Director of the Public Service Reserve was of great advantage. On September 6 Mr. Carr announced to his local representatives that the Department of Labor considered it to the best interest of more industries that there should be an amalgamation of the offices of the Director of the Public Service Reserve and that of the Director of the Emplo;yTuent Service, and that for this reason he was resigning from his office and that thereafter both offices should be held by Mr. Sawyer. It may be interesting to note that at the end of November, 1918, the Department of Labor, realizing that as thousands of men were released from war work and many were also released from the army, the United States Employment Service was faced with the necessity of finding employment for these men. Otherwise there would be a vast amount of unemployment throughout the countr5^ The Employ- ment Service, therefore, called upon the Committee on Public Safety to form Bureaus for returning soldiers in every city and large town. In the matter of forming these Bureaus, the former Director of the Public Service Reserve took a very active part and gave excellent assistance to the EmplojTnent Service. The work of the Bureaus was to be carried on voluntarily wherever possible. They were instrumen- tal in placing returned soldiers and sailors until the time when the Employment Service was forced to suspend operations owing to the failure of Congress to make the necessary appropriations for the con- tinuation of their work. XIII CURTAILMENT OF NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION The Council of National Defense, in a bulletin sent out on Septem- ber 11, 1918, requested the Committee on Public Safety to act as the representative of the War Industries Board in passing upon proposed construction in order that all building which was not absolutely necessary might be stopped. This was part of a new plan instituted by the War Industries Board, by which permits from the Board were to be required for all construction projects, with a few exceptions re- lating principally to government work. The plan was adopted only because of the imperative necessity for conserving labor, materials and capital for war purposes. The procedure advised was that the person interested in a construc- tion project should apply, with a full statement of the facts under oath, to the appropriate local representative of the Committee on Public Safety. This local representative would then investigate the necessity for the proposed construction and transmit his recommendation, with a summary of the facts, to the State Committee for review. If the State Committee decided in favor of the construction it should at once send its recommendations, with a full statement of all the facts, to the Non-War Construction section of the Priorities Division of the War Industries Board. The Non-War Construction section would then grant or withhold the permit and notify the State Committee on Public Safety, and also the individual concerned, of its action. If the State Committee decided against the proposed construction it would notify the person concerned that his project had been disapproved. The Committee on Public Safety immediately met and passed a resolution endorsing the policy outlined in the bulletin of the Council of National Defense and authorized the appointment of a special com- mittee to administer the system therein described and advised that a local representative of the Committee be appointed in each town and city of the State to carry out the plans announced in this bulletin. A few days later a letter was received from the Regional Director of the Capital Issues Board in which the suggestion was made that the Capital Issues Committee and the Resources and Conversion Section be represented on the State Committee on Curtailment of Non-War 116 V ON PUBLIC SAFETY 117 Construction. It was decided that a sub-committee of three persons should be appointed to superintend the work in the State, and that if it seemed advisable to this committee an advisory board might be appointed to represent the various interests involved. Owing to the fact that the restrictions upon building were in operation for only a comparatively short time, it did not become necessary to appoint an advisory board as seemed at first desirable. The State Committee of three was appointed under the chairman- ship of Clarence E. Carr, and the appointment was accepted by the Council of National Defense and by the War Industries Board. An outline of the relation of the state work to the Federal bodies concerned may be of interest. The President of the United States appointed the War Industries Board in March, 1918, its duty to con- sist in providing measure whereby industries of vital concern to the successful carrying on of the war might be protected even at the risk of discontinuing less essential business and industry. A special divi- sion of the Board, named the Priorities Division, was appointed, to which was assigned the task of classifying industries and business according to their relative importance toward the supply of war mate- rial and other merchandise of greatest value to the country at this time. When it became clear that the least essential industries must be cur- tailed in order to conserve especially labor and materials, various plans were adopted. Among them was the establishment of a Non-War Construction section intended to limit the consumption of labor, steel, lumber and other building materials, since all of these were now of utmost value in relation to the enterprises already undertaken by the Federal Government in ship-building, providing food for the peoples in the allied countries of Europe, obtaining supplies of all kinds for the army and navy, and satisfying the most necessary uses of the civil population of the United States. Immediately following the appointment of the State Committee, the chairman of the Executive Committee sent a letter to the chairman of each local committee throughout the State asking him to serve as the representative of the Committee on Non-War Construction or appoint a competent substitute for himself. The letter also contained a strong statement of the necessity for the new restrictions and gave an account of the procedure to be followed. Within a few days local representatives were very generally appointed throughout the State. In cases, however, where delay in making appointment occurred, a second and even a third letter was sent insisting upon an immediate 118 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE response to the original request. In the last of these letters, the local chairman who had been dilatory was informed that until he took posi- tive action absolutely no building, however small, could proceed within the town he represented. On September 24 the State Committee held its first meeting, at which the chief question discussed related to the most effective form of publicity in order that every resident of the State might at the earliest moment be made acquainted with the restrictions to be placed upon building operations. All the newspapers of the State carried stories on the subject; posters were printed and circulated broadly; contrac- tors were notified; and in all other available ways the information was spread broadly. Few restrictions or regulations during the course of the war aroused such immediate attention. War on the huge scale of the present day affects every individual in the nation involved in the war, and perhaps no restriction caused this condition to be realized more immediately and profoimdly than did the curtailment of building projects. The impression created by this restriction was felt to no less degree because no penalty was imposed or suggested for the violation of the regula- tions. The only method devised or ap])arently considered for carry- ing the restriction into execution Avas through the operation of the power of the Federal Government to prevent transportation of non- essential materials. It was soon discovered that ])roducts or manu- factured articles regarded as war necessities received the preference on all railroads now under the control of the Federal Government. It became indeed ])ractically impossible for a contractor to obtain any equipment or building materials until he had received permission to begin or continue his operations. In large undertakings it was also found very difficult for indivichials or companies to borrow money, either for building or for carrying on their business, unless banks or the Capital Issues Committee or the Committee on Curtailment of Non-\Yar Construction was satisfied that the project or business was quite necessary at the time. An additional ruling to the effect that work on highways must be discontinued, greatly enhanced the impression created by the original restrictions. This recommendation was made by the War Industries Board to the State Commissioner of Highways, who thereupon issued orders that all work upon state highways and upon highways receiv- ing aid from the State should be discontinued l)y November 1, The War Industries Board had expected to have the necessary forms ON PUBLIC SAFETY 119 printed at once upon which applications for permits to build could be made. Permit forms and report blanks for the use of the State Com- mittee were also to be forwarded. Owing to the congestion in the Government printing office these were delayed, and the state commit- tee was compelled to devise blanks for its own use. A docket book was also devised, in which a full record was made of each application received from any part of the State, together with the decisions ren- dered. On November 12, 1918, which was the day following the signing of the armistice, the War Industries Board concluded that the most stringent regulations might be removed, and accordingly sent word to the State Committee permitting all farm and ranch buildings to pro- ceed without restriction, also roadways and other structures under- taken by the United States Railroad Administration or by any other transportation company. The same permission was granted to the American Railway Express Company, to any telegraph or telephone line, to federal, state or municipal authorities in the construction of highways, bridges, parks and playgrounds, and the construction or improvement of any public utilities. In addition to these matters of official or semi-official character the right was given to companies or individuals engaged in any occupation connected with the manufac- ture or storing of food, to the building or alteration of churches, school- houses and hospitals, provided these did not exceed a cost of $25,000. A general relaxation was made with reference to the construction of any new building or structure for any purpose whatsoe\'er provided the cost did not exceed $10,000; and any existing building or structure owned by any company or individual might be repaired or altered or extended provided it did not involve an aggregate cost of more than $25,000; and lastly, any building begun prior to September 3, 1918, where a substantial portion of the building had already been con- structed, might be completed. At the same time all limitation on the production of building materials was removed. Only seven days later another message was received containing the following statement: "From the best information obtainable here, we believe that there is now available sufficient labor, fuel, transportation and building materials to warrant the withdrawal of all restrictions on building projects. We feel it the duty of this Board to aid the public and the industries to return to normal conditions as quickly as possi- ble, and unless there be sound objections to this course by state com- mittees, it is our purpose to take immediate action along this line." 120 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE The operation of the War Industries Board in this particular, so far as it related to New Hampshire, lasted for a period of only seven weeks. During that time the State Committee received li^i applica- tions for permission to build or alter buildings already in existence. It developed that a considerable number of these did not require a permit. The fact that application was made for such permits shows the desire on the part of all who were concerned in building to obey explicitly the terms of the restrictions instituted by the War Industries Board. Comparatively few applications had to be rejected owing to the fact that the local representatives of the State Committee gave sound ad- vice to those who proposed l)uilding, and usually succeeded in per- suading those who contemplated building not to apply for a permit. The restrictions were received in splendid spirit by the people of the State, and only one or two instances arose of any tendency to criticise the decision rendered by the State Committee. In this connection it is interesting to note that the criticisms expressed even in these few in- stances were based upon the supposition that the State Committee was more lenient than it might well have been. The adverse decisions by the State Committee were accepted readily and in a spirit of hearty recognition of the necessity for the regulations imposed by those responsible for adequate production of all materials required for war purj)oses and the conservation of labor needed in such production. Upon the termination of the work along this line, the State Committee sent to each of its local representatives the following letter: The exigency calling into existence the "Non-War Construction Sections," has passed. The "War Industries Board," through its C'hief of that department, has can- celled restrictions in such construction and our duties cease. The undersigned desire to thank you personally for the interest you have taken in the matter, and for such assist- ance as you have rendered. The response to every call made to the people of New Hampshire in all our Great War work has shown a devotion, patriotism, comprehension, and conscience, under trial, such as has characterized the stiite from its earliest colonial days. We have learned and unlearned much. The moulding together of our people and our purposes, an infinite patience in dealing with the social questions sure to confront us and a broader vision of international opportunities and responsibilities, is an obligation that now rests upon us, one and all. We cannot go back to the ante-war period. There is before us a great "Non-War" work to do, where each must do his part. Very truly yours, (Sig.) Clarence E. Carr, Edw.\rd N. Pearson, Frank W. Sargeant, Committee on Non-War Construction. y XIV AMERICANIZATION On March, 8, 1918, the Executive Committee passed the following resolution: Whereas, a unified American people is essential to a successful prosecution of the war and to the maintenance of the solidarity of the nation in the future; and Whereas, unification cannot be complete so long as five million foreign-born whites, of the thirty-three millions now resident in the United States of foreign origin, do not speak the English language and are, therefore, without adequate knowledge of American institutions and without proper sympathy for them; and Whereas, anti-American propaganda is being conducted among aliens tending toward the disintegration of the national spirit; and Whereas, we firmly believe that the unification of all the elements of the population is of supreme importance; and Whereas, the Federal Government has entrusted to the United States Bureau of Education the important task of Americanization of Aliens; and Whereas, the Bureau of Education has requested the Committee on Public Safety to appoint a committee to take charge of the work of Americanization in the State of New Hampshire; Resolved: That a Sub-Committee on Americanization of Aliens be appointed to undertake a program of Americanization in New Hampshire according to the plans out- lined by the United States Bureau of Education. The Committee chose General Frank S. Streeter to be the Chairman of the Sub-Committee and requested him to submit names to the Executive Committee for election to membership. The selection of members was made carefully and when the Committee was completely organized it represented the principal interests and geographical sec- tions of the State. On April 3, Hon. PVanklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, called a meeting in Washington of Governors of the States and Chairmen of Committees on Public Safety at which a general statement of prin- ciples was made in these words : 1. The adoption of the policy that the Federal Government should co-operate with States and through the States with the local communities in carrying on an extensive, intensive, and immediate program of Americanization through education, especially for non-English-speaking foreign-born adults. 2. That the industries employing large numbers of non-English-speaking foreign- born persons should co-operate with local communities. State, and Federal Govern- ments in carrying out this proposition. 121 122 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE 3. That adequate appropriations should be provided by the Congress to be expended through appropriate Governmental agencies for the foregoing purpose. 4. That in all schools where elementary subjects are taught they should be taught in the English language only. It was decided by the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety to adopt those principles with such modifications as from time to time might seem wise. The Committee then urged the Sub-Committee on Americanization to proceed with their work as rapidly as possible in accordance with these principles. At the first general meeting of the Committee on Americanization the chief point of discussion related to the organization of a local com- mittee in each city. It was, at that time, the opinion of the Committee that such local groups should be formed for these three purposes: (1) to bring influence to bear upon the school board of the city ; (2) to in- fluence the attitude of the City Council; (3) to induce the Chamber of Commerce to bring its influence to bear upon the school board and the city council. Further investigation convinced the Committee that it would be- unwise to organize local groups in the cities, but that the program of Americanization should be carried on directly by the State Committee, acting in conjunction with existing city, school, patriotic, industrial and social organizations. The Committee put forth as their first and chief objective that non- English-speaking aliens of the State should be taught to " Speak, Read, Write and Understand the English Language." It was believed that this objective might best be reached provided evening schools were opened in the cities by the Department of Public Instruction with the co-operation of the industries employing aliens. After careful con- sideration it was decided that the campaign should be conducted through three agencies: (1) the Church Schools, (2) Industrial Plants, (3) State Department of Public Instruction. The schools in which an extension of the teaching of English was desirable were almost wholly under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church. The negotiations between the Committee on Americanization and the Catholic Church, together with a statement of the splendid results obtained, have been made known through the publication of a separate pamphlet and through the biennial report of the Department of Public Instruction. A direct and systematic effort was made to discover the number of non-English-speaking employees in the various industrial plants in the ON PUBLIC SAFETY 123 State. To this end an Industrial Census Card was drafted which was to be filled out by all workers in industrial plants. The following was the form of census card adopted: INDUSTRIAL CENSUS Educational Qualifications — Citizenship — Social Status of Non-English- Speaking Employees (Front side of card) 1. What is your name? 2. Where do you live (street and number)? 3. WTiere are you employed? Dept Factory No 4. Can you speak English? 5. Can you read English?. . . .6. Can write English?. . 7. Can you read your native language? .... 8. Can you umte your native language? .... 9. Sex (male or female)?. ... 10. Age?.. 11. In what country born? 12. Occupation. (What work do you do?) 13. What do you earn per week?. ... 14. Are you married or single? 15. If you are married does your wife or husband work? 16. How many children have you living at home under 16 years of age? 17. How many years have you been in the United States? 18. Have you first naturalization papers? 19. Have you second naturalization papers? Please answer questions on both sides of this card. (Back side of card) 20. Mark the race to which you belong with a cross thus (x) .Albanian ....Polish-Austrian .Polish-German . Polish-Russian . Portuguese . Russian (excl. Polish-Finnish and Lith.) . Swedish . Syrian .Tiu-kish .Armenian . Austrian (excl. of Polish) . French-Canadian . Finnish .German (excl. of Polish) . Greek . Italian . Lithuanian . Norwegian . If of any other race, write name of race here Please answer questions on both sides of this card. A Summary Card also was drafted, making provision for a sum- mary of the information obtained in each plant from the Individual Census cards. These were intended to furnish knowledge regarding the extent to which it would be advisable to establish evening schools in the cities and towns of the State. Letters of instruction regarding the taking of an Industrial Census were sent to 449 industries. The replies were unusually complete. Reports from 180 plants showed that all employees of those plants spoke English. Summaries were 124 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE received from 210 which had non-Enghsh-speaking aliens in their em- ploy. In addition to this there were 44 towns or cities in which employees of factories expressed a desire to attend evening schools. The total report showed that approximately 7,000 desired to attend evening schools for the purpose of learning the English language. In the meantime the State Department of Public Instruction was in close and hearty co-operation with the Americanization movement. Mr. E. W. Butterfield, Superintendent, and Miss Harriet L. Huntress, Deputy, were members of the Committee and furnished the connec- tion that was most necessary. On June 24, a conference between the Committee and School Superintendents of the State was held at which the following general conclusions were reached: (1) That pressure must be brought on school boards to secure necessary appropria- tions to provide competent teachers and equipment; (2) that Catholic Chiu-ch leaders could be of great assistance and their aid should be earnestly sought; (3) that it is advisable to promote a course "Teaching English to Immigrants" the last week of the Institute Course at the Keene Normal School, August 12-16, 1918; (4) that a State Su- pervisor and Instructor would be of great assistance to school superintendents; (5) that the education of non-English-speaking women was a most important problem and that the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, would be a most effective agency in that work. A plan was adopted whereby teachers might receive special train- ing in the teaching of English to non-English-speaking residents. A course of one week was to be conducted during the period of the In- stitute Course at the Keene Normal School. For the sake of women who could not readily attend evening schools it was planned to give informal instruction in the homes. This work was under the direction of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense. In September the Committee secured the services of Mr. Maro S. Brooks, Superintendent of Schools at Exeter, as supervisor of evening schools, with the title of Executive Secretary of the Committee on Americanization. A letter was sent to school officials of the State informing them of this appointment and requesting their co-operation. Meantime the New Hampshire Federation of Labor in annual ses- sion had endorsed the Americanization movement and urged "all employers of labor to assist in this work for the benefit of labor, for the benefit of industry and for better citizenship." The establishment of evening courses, the securing of the interest of industrial leaders and the movement in Church Schools were proceed- ing with gratifying results when the end of the war came. The Com- ON PUBLIC SAFTEY 125 mittee remained in existence for some time thereafter, continuing its plans. In conference with the Governor and the Superintendent of Public Instruction a new Educational Bill was drafted which was adopted later by the State Legislature. By this bill a State Board of Education was formed. The Chairman of the Committee on Ameri- canization became Chairman of the Board and several of his associates became members. The later history of the Americanization movement becomes a part of the history of education in the state as developed by the State Department of Public Instruction. XV THE HISTORIAN About the middle of August, 1917, the Committee on Public Safety received a letter from the National Board for Historical Service sug- gesting that a State Committee on History be appointed. The Executive Committee thereupon appointed its secretary to be the State War Historian. The Secretary of the Committee, Richard Wellington Husband, was Professor of the Classical Languages in Dartmouth College and had been loaned by the College to the Com- mittee on Public Safety for the period of the war. The writings of the Secretary upon the subject of Roman Criminal Law and Roman Po- litical History had given indication of his interest in historical subjects and had afforded him practice in the treatment of documentary evi- dence. At the same time it was voted that local committees on Public Safety be requested to compile a record of the men from their towns who were engaged in the military or naval service. Immediately after the establishment of the Committee on Public Safety it was felt that all the records of any kind relating to the plans, policies and operations of all sub-committees should finally be cen- tralized in the office of the headquarters of the Committee, and such request was sent to all sections of the Committee. It was also voted that the chairmen of all sub-committees be requested to send to the Executive Committee the minutes of all their meetings, including the minutes of the Executive Committee of each sub-committee. This plan was carried out faithfully, and the material thereby collected formed an excellent basis for the later investigation of the State War Historian. It may be noted that the Executive Committee con- sidered policies to be adopted throughout the State, passed judgment upon matters of somewhat temporary or immediate importance, but established State committees to have charge of subjects which were likely to require attention for a considerable length of time. The difficult feature of the work of the historian was that of collect- ing the military and naval records of all persons of the State who had entered the service. It was decided that not only should those be listed who were in the service of the United States Army or Navy, but also those who were in the service of any of the allied countries. The 126 ^ ON PUBLIC SAFETY 127 obstacles in the way were numerous and at first sight appeared in- surmountable. No organization during the Great War bore the name of any of the states, and no organization was composed exclusively of the men of one state. In addition to this the residents of each state voluntarily enlisted wherever they saw fit, with the result that it was impossible to secure any complete list of names of enlisted men from recruiting stations. In view of these facts it immediately became manifest that it would be advisable to have a local historian appointed in each township and city of the state, whose duty would be that of getting together in systematic form the material of importance for a local history and to constitute a portion of the state record. Each local Committee on Public Safety was requested to appoint a historian. This was done, and within a short time all townships and cities in the state, to the number of about two hundred and thirty, had their local historians. Names were secured by the State War Historian from the Local Boards as men were inducted, from the Navy recruiting stations within the state and from the headquarters of the Army recruiting ofiicers of northern New England. The names thus secured were card catalogued in the office of the State War Historian and arranged alphabetically by towns. War record blanks were printed, each of which had space allotted to those facts in connection with the persons in service which were assumed to be of interest in a permanent record. Such facts about each man in the service as had been gathered from the som-ces mentioned above were transferred from the card catalogue to blanks, and the blanks containing the history of all persons in the service from each town and an additional supply of unfilled blanks was sent to the appropriate local historian. Each local historian was requested to enter on the blanks whatever information could be obtained locally to supplement the information received from the office of the state historian. Each local historian was also charged with the duty of making a thorough canvass of his town to discover other persons who had entered the service and who were not known to the state headquarters. It was found that on the average only about one-third of those in the service when the compiling of records began had actually been listed at state headquarters as a result of examining the records of recruiting stations and those of the selective service boards. Other names were added to the list at state headquarters through the personal investigation of the local historians. The local historians' work was commonly facilitated by lists pre- 128 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE pared by lodges, churches, industrial plants and other organizations, which formed honor rolls of their own members who had been called to the colors. The local historian brought his account of each person in the service up to date as nearly as possible and once a month returned to state headquarters all blanks upon which he had put new informa- tion. The facts recorded on the blanks were then transferred to cards at state headquarters, and the blanks returned to the local historian to continue the record. Local historians were urged to make returns to the state headquarters once a month, even in cases where the record was very incomplete, since each item of information frequently proved to be extremely useful. Certain parts of the information called for on the war record blanks were intended to constitute a permanent record; other parts were merely for temporary use. The temporary uses to which the cata- logue was put related to information necessary to the Red Cross, the State Committee on Aid to Dependents of Soldiers and Sailors, the office of the Adjutant General of the State, and various societies. Since the information that was recorded came normally from the families of those in the service errors were apt to creep in. This was especially true in connection with the organization to which a soldier belonged, his company and regiment, for the average person is ex- tremely inaccurate in his memory of numbers and strange technical terms. Nevertheless, experience showed that the address on letters written by the soldiers to their families containing this information was usually correct so that errors were not so frequent as might be anticipated. Local historians usually made their reports regularly and conducted their investigations with the greatest enthusiasm. If at any time a local historian became lax in submitting his reports, the State War Historian requested that a report be made promptly. Any serious delinquency resulted in a suggestion to the local committee that a new appointment would be desirable. Fortunately this did not often occur. The interest of local historians was stimulated by the weekly publi- cation of a small and simple "News Letter to Local Historians" con- taining a statement of New Hampshire casualties, a small list of honor famiUes, a hst of newly announced commissions, a list of the towns whose historians had submitted reports during the preceding week, and such special items as would seem to be of interest or value to the histo- rians. Occasionally a short supplementary article appeared, such as a ON PUBLIC SAFETY 129 description of the use of the stars on a service flag, or an interesting personal item. As a further stimulus to local historians, and as a matter of general interest to the state, a tabulation was made and published about once in three months giving a list of the towns in the state, the name of the local historian in each, and the number of persons reported as in the service up to that time. This was commonly followed by a computation of the percentage of the popu- lation of each town with the colors. Such a computation served the double purpose of stimulating town pride and of warning historians whose towns stood low in the list that possibly they had not discovered the names of all who should be included in their honor rolls. At state headquarters three card indexes were maintained. The first index, commonly called in the office the "town file," contained the full military or naval history of each person in the service. The cards in this index were arranged alphabetically by towns. The second index contained a complete alphabetical file covering the whole state. On each card appeared simply the name and the residence of the per- son. The third index, called the "organization file," had its cards arranged alphabetically according to the organization in which each person was classed. The various branches of the service were filed separately so that at- any one time the number of residents of the state in each branch might be ascertained. At the outset local historians were frequently somewhat slow in making their reports for the reason that they did not realize the im- mediate value of the work they were doing. As interest increased their work became more enthusiastic and more promptly performed. To such an extent was this the case that the State War Historian was encouraged to make to the Committee on Public Safety on July 1, 1918, a full report of the work that was being done by the local his- torians. It was very evident that the organized effort was successful beyond our greatest hope, and it was fm-ther evident that New Hamp- shire was gaining more rapidly than other states in knowledge of its men who were serving their country or one of the allied countries. This was made so clear to the Committee on Public Safety that they passed a resolution "that the committee express its appreciation of the work reported by the State War Historian, including the work of the local historians and its confident belief that the gathering and compila- tion of the details relating to New Hampshire residents now in the country's service will constitute one of the most important records of the history of the state." 130 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE Toward the end of the same month, the Council of National Defense recommended that each local community maintain an honor roll and grant community recognition to distinguished serv- ice. The Committee on Public Safety adopted the suggestions of the Council of National Defense and made them known to the local committees. At the same time it was voted that an appropriate letter be sent, in the name of the Committee on Public Safety, to the next of kin of all men reported in the casualty lists as having died in line of duty. Meantime many difficult problems were arising which required the utmost care and the closest investigation to settle. The problems related chiefly to the inclusion or exclusion of names and to the town which should have the credit for the service of any individual. The State War Historian thereupon requested the Committee on Public Safety to appoint a special committee to confer with the historian and to assist him in drafting a set of rules for the guidance of local his- torians in compiling their records. In accordance with this request, Frank S. Streeter and Clarence E. Carr were appointed to act as an advisory committee to the State War Historian. A set of rules was drafted and submitted to the committee for dis- cussion at its next meeting. The committee accepted the rules as drafted and thereby made them the basis for the state record. It was decided that all persons regularly enrolled in the military or naval forces of the United States or its allies were entitled to a place in an honor roll and entitled to representation on a service flag. The term "military or naval forces" was meant to include only such per- sons as fell within the list enumerated in the Soldiers' and Sailors* Civil Rights Bill. It was decided that no person should be entitled to a place in an honor roll who had been discharged from the mili- tary or naval forces for a cause existing prior to his entrance into the service. The next point of difficulty was that of crediting a person to the proper town. The rule as finally adopted was that the names of those only should be included who had tlieir domicile within that town. For this reason the desire of the man himself would not be taken into account and his post office address was merely evidence, but not con- clusive, of his residence in a town. A soldier or sailor who was less than twenty-one years of age at the time of his entrance into service should be credited to the town in which his parents at that time had their domicile. ON PUBLIC SAFETY 131 In the application of these rules the greatest difficulty was ex- perienced in the cases of those men who had changed their residence within a short time before their entrance into the service. In such cases both towns concerned frequently made claims, and it was often extremely difficult to decide between the claimants. It is a pleasure to report that almost without exception the decisions rendered by the State War Historian and his Advisory Committee were accepted gracefully by local historians and by the towns, even at times when perhaps they were not thoroughly convinced. Local historians were urged to secure photographs of all members of the military or naval forces from their respective towns and have them deposited in the town library or other appropriate library. Librarians were requested to co-operate with local historians in secur- ing these photographs. In some instances this program was carried through with the utmost success; in other cases no effort seems to have been made to follow the suggestion of the State Committee. The State War Historian endeavored also to secure from local his- torians for filing at state headquarters some account of the life history of all New Hampshire members of the military and naval forces who were cited for bravery or for distinguished service and of those who died in line of duty during the war. A printed form of special charac- ter was prepared to be filled out by local historians with reference to such men in their respective communities. When the armistice was signed it was computed that there were on record in the office of the State Historian at least 95 per cent of the names of all New Hampshire men who had been in the service, and a very satisfactory account was filed of a large percentage of these. As rapidly as men were discharged they were seen by the local historians and requested to examine their war record blanks as prepared by the local historian, correct any errors, and when they had been corrected and filled out to the fullest extent, they were signed by the discharged man himself and sent to the state office for permanent filing. In the spring of 1919, the Adjutant General's office was charged with the duty of organizing the evidence to be presented by soldiers and sailors who requested the state bonus which had been voted by the New Hampshire Legislature. Copies of discharge papers, or other adequate evidence that the men had been in service, were de- posited in the office of the Adjutant General. These also were placed at the disposal of the State War Historian and were found to be ex- tremely valuable in correcting any remaining errors in his record and 132 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE in adding certain other items of information regarding the nature of the service in which the men had been engaged. With the enthusiastic assistance and co-operation of state officials of the American Legion, and of local bodies, the labors of local historians and of the State War Historian were greatly expedited. Particular mention should also be made of the great help given by the Home Service workers of the American Red Cross. The work was stopped before completion owing to lack of state appropriation. y XVI CONCLUSION The activities of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety- were practically terminated at the signing of the armistice on Nov^em- ber 11, 1918, but meetings were held up to December 23, 1918, on which date the Chairman reported that he had interviewed Governor Keyes and Governor-elect Bartlett in regard to the advisability of continuing the Committee and that both had requested that the Com- mittee be not disbanded at present. At the expiration of his term of oflBce, Governor Keyes sent the following letter to the Chairman: — STATE OF NEW HAMPSHmE EXECUTIVE CHAMBER Concord, N. H., December 27, 1918. Hon. John B. Jameson, Chairman, New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety, Concord, N. H. My dear Mr. Jameson: I wish to thank you and through you the other members of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety for patriotic service rendered in connection with the war work of our state. From personal observation I am well aware of the great amount of valuable time, labor and counsel which you and your associates have devoted, without recompense, to this essential and diflScult duty; and the excellence of the results obtained is fully appreciated, I believe, by the people of the state, as it certainly is by me. I am proud of the record of New Hampshire in connection with the participa- tion of our nation in the World War; and in many of the factors contributing to the perfect whole of that record I see the guiding hand of your committee. Please accept for yourself and convey to your associates my heartfelt thanks, personal and official, and for the complete and cordial co-operation of the New Hampshire Com- mittee on Public Safety with the Chief Executive of the State during my administra- tion as Governor. Yours very truly, (Signed) Henry W. Keyes, Governor. Governor Bartlett, immediately upon assuming office, requested the continuance of the Committee as follows: — 133 134 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE EXECUTmE CHAMBER Concord, January 3, 1919. Hon, John B. Jameson, Chairman, Committee on Public Safety, State House, Concord, N. H. Dear Sir: In view of the fact that valuable service may still be rendered the State and Nation by the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety and its local committees during the post-war period, I wish to ask that the organization be continued, at least until the peace treaty is signed and the war thereby ended. It is very apparent that if this splendid voluntary organization is permitted to disband now, it will be most difficult, if not impossible, to recreate it. Will you, therefore, please bring this request to the attention of the Committee of 100 and transmit it to your local committees throughout the State.' Yours very truly, (Signed) John H. Bartlett, Governor. In accordance with the above request, the Committee continued its official existence until the passing of the following resolution by the Governor and Council: the state of new HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF SECRETARY OF STATE Concord, March 7, 1921. Hon. John B. Jameson, Concord, New Hampshire. My Dear Sir: Under date of January 5, 1921, the following vote was passed by His Excellency, John H. Bartlett, Governor, and the Honorable Council: "Resolved, that the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety be and hereby is terminated; that its work is most highly valued and appreciated by this administration; and that it is our request that the history of its service, now in preparation, be com- pleted." Yours very truly, Edwin C. Bean, Secretary of State. The final meeting of the Executive Committee was held on June 17, 1921, at which time the above resolution was read. The financial statement of the Committee (as published below) was presented. The Chairman and Secretary were duly authorized "to make publication of the history of the acti\'ities of the Committee in proper form and in proper manner and that the balance of funds now on hand be devoted to that purpose." ON PUBLIC SAFETY 135 It teas voted "that the Chairman and Secretary be authorized to transact in the name of the Committee such business as may be required to be done" and that — "The Sub-committees created by the Committee on Public Safety be discharged, and that the Chair- man be instructed to notify the Chairmen of the Sub-committees of said discharge, and to thank them for their serxaces." XVII FINANCIAL STATEMENT The total amount of money expended mider direction of the Exec- utive Committee of the New Hampshire Committee on PubHc Safety was $100,818.35. This amount was contributed in part by the State, in part by other organizations, and in part by individuals, as shown below. No official or member of the Committee received any compensation whatever for his work. The financial statement, divided into two parts, with copy of the certificates of audit by the Bank Commission, is appended hereto. FINANCIAL STATEMENT Receipts Receipts to April 1, 1918 $71,300.75 Through the New Hampshire Defense League $30,582.92 Civic Federation 5,000.00 State of New Hampshire 12,000.00 State of New Hampshire (refund) 151.58 State of New Hampshire 20,000.00 G. M. KimbaU 10.00 Daniel Kidder 5.00 Henry T. Hurlburt 25.00 A. Ruemely 25.00 Charles E. Tilton 500.00 R. N. Harris 10.00 N. E. Telephone & Telegraph Co 250.00 George A. Carpenter 500.00 New England Spinning Mills 50.00 Loan by John B. Jameson 1,000.00 Concord Electric Company 200.00 Local committees Tilton and Northfield 100.00 H. L. H. Curtis 15.00 Interest on bank balance 238.51 Refunds from various committees 549.77 Refund Red Cross 54.00 Refund Welch Bros 5.00 Refund Concord Mailing Company 27.97 A friend 1.00 136 ^' ON PUBLIC SAFETY 137 D18BTJE8EMENT8 Cash expended to AprU 1, 1918 $59,895.31 Executive Committee $8,597,04 Advertising $54.60 Clerical 2,570.73 Mail and express 1,643.58 Printing 1,065.90 Supplies 1,788.29 Travel (including hotel) 963.50 Miscellaneous 25.00 Telephone and telegraph 483.44 Equipment, repairs to 2.00 Food Committee 21,832.92 Clerical $1,410.39 Salaries, garden supervisors 3,412.50 Salaries 414.09 Mail and express 478.34 Salaries, canning instructors 1,860.00 Expenses, canning instructors 2,718.67 Salaries, organizers 3,787.50 Expenses, organizers 4,016.20 Printing 1,686.03 Supplies 236.61 Travel (including hotel) 1,213.39 Miscellaneous 381.15 Telephone and telegraph 218.05 Finance Committee 8.00 Treasiu-er 4.33 Speakers' Bureau 120.61 Publicity 296.87 Co-ordination of Aid Societies Committee 12.13 Mobilization and Concentration Camps Committee 4.61 Aid to Dependents of Soldiers and Sailors Committee .... 8.00 Emergency and Help Equipment Committee 701.28 Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation Committee 16.00 Military Committee 103.76 Naval Committee ''^•69 State Protection Committee 8.63 Recruiting Committee 3,641.32 Industrial Survey Committee 338.11 Transportation Committee 324.21 Lumberman's Unit 12,000.00 Miscellaneous ^'^l Woman's Committee 4,026.89 Home Demonstration Work 6,269.70 Research Committee 159.51 Equipment 410.09 Loan by J. B. Jameson, repaid 1,000.00 Cash on hand, April 1, 1918 $11,405.44 138 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE CERTIFICATE OF AUDIT STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF B.VNK COMMISSIONERS Commissioners James O. Lyford, Chairman, Frederick S. Nutting, Gut H. Cutter. Concord, April 22, 1918. To His Excellency The Governor, and The Honorable Council: In accordance with your instructions and at the request of the Public Safety Com- mittee, we have examined their accounts from the time of the organization of the Com- mittee, March 30, 1917, to and including March 30, 1918. We have found vouchers for all pajTnents, and have listed herewith the receipts and disbursements of the Committee for that period. The receipts, $71,300.75, as here listed, are made up of $37,278.92 contributed by individuals and corporations, $32,000 allotted to the Committee by the State, $238.51 interest on Bank balances, $783.32 refunds, and a loan of J. B. Jameson of $1,000 which was repaid. The payment to the Lumbermen's Unit was made in one check. Other payments were made in accordance with the schedule herewith submitted. Very respectfully yours, James O. Lyford, Frederick S. Nutting, Guy H. Cutter, Bank Commissioners. COPY OF RESOLUTION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL APPROVING ABOVE executive council chamber Manchester, June 14, 1918. Upon motion of Councilor Swart, the following resolution was adopted: "Resolved, That the audit of the accounts of the Public Safety Committee from the time of the organization of the Committee March 30, 1917, to and including March 30, 1918, as submitted by the Bank Commissioner and dated April 22, 1918, be ac- cepted, and that the expenditures of the Committee as shown therein, be approved." ON PUBLIC SAFETY 139 CONTINUATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT Receipts Cash on hand April 1, 1918 $11,405.44 Receipts from April 1, 1918, to July 11, 1921 29,517.60 Check returned by Rev. A. S. Yantis $3.31 W. A. Curtis 30.00 State of New Hampshire 18,700.00 Emergency Food Production Committee 18.11 Interest on bank balance 55 .00 Emergency Food Production Committee 25 . 00 Interest on bank balance 45 . 21 State of New Hampshire 7,700.00 J. C. Derby (refund) .95 Emergency Food Production Committee 26 . 25 R. E. Gardner (refund) 1.15 Emergency Food Production Committee 4 . 40 Red Cross (refund) 15.00 Americanization Committee 22 . 50 Sale of Cabinet 36 . 45 Interest on bank balance 27 . 73 Rumford Printing Co. (refund) 4 . 25 Interest on bank balance 14 . 79 State of New Hampshire 1,000.00 Sale of typewriters 130 . 00 Miscellaneous cash 35 . 63 Loan by John B. Jameson 500 . 00 Interest on bank balance 3 . 67 Sale of typewriters 40 . 00 Sale of typewriters 35 . 00 Red Cross (refund) 15.00 State of New Hampshire 1,000.00 Interest to July 1, 1921 27.50 $40,923.04 140 NEW HAMPSHIRE COMMITTEE D18BXJH8EMENT8 Cash expended from April 1, 1918 to January 1, 1920 $40,378.49 Executive Committee $5,481 .04 Clerical $1,740.93 Mail and express 891 . 08 Printing 98 . 90 Supplies 1,356.90 Travel (including hotel) 928. 17 Miscellaneous 149.58 Telephone and telegraph 315.48 Finance Committee 1,095 . 91 Speakers' Bureau 216 . 59 Publicity 875 . 32 Emergency Help and Equipment Committee 4 . 00 Food Committee 14,309 . 93 Clerical 2,364 . 47 Salaries 1,705.01 Mail and express 416.72 Printing 2,522.61 Supplies 912.59 Travel (including hotel) 4,119.95 Miscellaneous 184 . 18 Telephone and telegraph 1,223. 10 Expenses (organizers) 871 .73 Recruiting Committee 33 . 38 Transportation Committee 80 . 83 Woman's Committee 530 . 60 Home Demonstration Work 6,110.08 Home Economics Division 1,428 .59 Americanization Work 4,723 . 48 Boys' Working Reserve 200 . 00 Public Service Reserve 128 . 47 Emergency Health Committee 23 . 35 Non-War Construction Work 229 . 55 Urban Work 1,435.45 Historian's Work 4,057.40 Clerical 2,849.14 Mail and express 528 . 07 Supplies 585 . 67 Telephone and telegraph 44 . 05 Printing 50.47 Loan by John B. Jameson, repaid 500.00 Balance on hand July 11, 1921 $544.55 y ON PUBLIC SAFETY 141 CERTIFICATE OF AUDIT STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE OFFICE OF BANK COMMISSIONERS Commissioners James O. Lyford, Chairman, Frederick S. Nutting, Gut H. Cutter. Concord, July 11, 1921. To Whom It May Concern: This is to certify that I have this day audited the books of the Committee on Public Safety from April 1, 1918, to date, and find the above receipts and disbursements correctly stated and the balance of $544.55 as shown on the books covered by the amount on deposit in the Mechanicks National Bank of Concord, N. H. (Signed) Gut H. Cutter, for Bank Commissioners. July 11, 1921. After the above audit showing a balance of $544 . 55 The Committee received from sale of typewriter 30 . 00 Making a total of $574 .55 The Committee paid out for printing $13.50 For mimeographing 11 .00 24.50 Leaving a balance of $550 . 05 I hereby certify that the above balance of $550.05 was used to pay for the printing and distribution of the History of the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety, in accordance with the vote of the Executive Committee on June 17, 1921. John B. Jameson, Chairman. March 1, 1922. PreservationTechnofogiej A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION