HANDY HELPS IN TUB Study and Reading OF ENGLISH HISTORY BY ANNIE E. WILSON HANDY HELPS IN THE; Study and Reading OR ENGLISH HISTORY BY ANNIE E. WILSON PRICE, 25 CENTS. J* y>w v> t> (0 7 Copyright, 1SS7. Standard Publishing Co., Cincinnati, 0., Print. HANDY HELPS IN THE STUDY AND READING OF ENGLISH HISTORY. GENEALOGY OF THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, SHOWING DURATION OF REIGN, MARRIAGE CONNECTIONS, AND ORDER OF SUCCESSION. SAXONS AND DANES. i. Egbert. r. 827-837 (over all England). 2. Ethelwolf. r 837-855- 3. Ethelbald. 4. Ethelbert. r. 860-866. 6. Alfred, r. 871-901. 7. Edward I. r. 901-925. 8. Athelstan. r. 925-940. 17. Harold I. r. 1035-1040. 20. Harold II. Beatrix, m. K. of Denmark. I I Harold K. of Denmark, n. Edwy. Sweyn, K. of Denmark r. in Eng. 1014-1015. 16. Canute. m. Emma, widow of Edmund Ironside. r. 1017-1035. I r- 955-959- 18. Hardicanute. r. 1040-1042. 9. Edmund I. r. 940-946. I 12. Edgar, r. 959-975- 10. Edred. r. 946-955. 13. Edward II. 14. Ethelred II. r - 975-979- r. 979-1016. m. Emma of Normandv. 19. Edward III. 15. Edmund II. r. 1042-1065. (Ironside.) m. Editha. r. 7 mos. of yr. 1016. Edward (the Outlaw). I Edgar Atheling. Margaret m. K. of Scotland. I Matilda. m. Henry I. of Eng. ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS AFTER THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 21. William I. r. 1066-1087. m. Matilda of Flanders. Robert. 22. William II. (Rufus). 23. Henry I. (Beauclerc). r. 1100-1135. m. Matilda of Scotland. Matilda. ! 25. Henry II. (Plantagenet). r. 1154-1189. m. Eleanor of Aquitaine. Adela. m. Stephen of Blois. I , 24. Stephen, r. 1135-1154. 26. Richard I. (Cceur de Lion), r. 1189-1199. m. Berengere of Navarre. 27. John, r. 1199-1216. m. 1 Alice of Morlaix. 2 Isabel of Glouce^'rr, 3 Isabel of AngouleuiL. cS. Henry III. r. 1216-1272. m. Eleanor of Provence, HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. Edmund Crouchback. 29. Edward I. r. 1272-1307. in. 1 Eleanor of Castile. 2 Margaret of France. 30. Edward II. r. 1307-1327. m. Isabel of France. 31. Edward III. „*: r 327-i377- m. Philippa of Hainault. Lionel (2d son). Phihppa. ra. Edmund Mortimer. Roger Mortimer. Anne. — m Edmund. Duke of York. Richard Duke of York, m. Ann Cecil Nevil. Richard. , Duke of York. John Beaufort. John Beaufort. I John of Gaunt (3d son). Black Prince, m. 1 Blanch of Lancaster, m. Jane of Kent. 2 Constance of Castile. 3 Catherine Swynford. 32. Richard II. I r- 1377 -I399- m. i Anne of Bohemia. 2 Isabel of France. 38. Richard III. 36. Edward IV |r. 1483-1485. r. 1461-1483. m. Ann Nevil. m. Elizabeth Woodville. Margaret Beaufort. m. Edmund Tudor (Son of Owen Tudor & Catherine of France.) 33. Henry IV. (Lancaster), r. 1399-1413. m. 1 Mary Bohun, 2 Jane of Navarre. , , Henry VII. (Tudor). jj. Edward & Richard, Elizabeth. r. 1485-1509. Supposed to have been m. Henry VII. m. Elizabeth of York, murdered in the Tower. 34. Henry V. r. 1413-1422. m. Catherine of France (who afterward married Owen Tudor). ! 35. Henry VI. r. 1422-1461. m. Margaret of Anjou. HOUSES OF TUDOR, STUART AND BRUNSWICK. 39. Henry VII. r. 1485-1509. m. Elizabeth of York. Margaret. m James IV. K. of Scotland. James V. Mary, Queen of Scots. 44. James I. (of England). r. 1603-1625 m. Anae of Denmark. 42. Mary, r. I553-IS58. 40. Henry VIII. r. 1509-1547. m. Six wives. 41. Edward VI. r. J547-I553- 43. Elizabeth. r. 1558-1603. Mary. m. 1 Louis XII. of France. 2 Charles Brandon. Frances, m. Henry Grey. Lady Jane Grey. 45. Charles I. r. 1625-1649. m. Henrietta Mary of France. S Protectorate of Cromwell. 1653-1658. 46. Charles II. Mary. 47. James II. r. 1661-1685. m. William, Prince of Orange. r. 1685-1689. m. Catherine of Portugal. | m. Anne Hyde. 48. William III.— m.— Mary, r. 1689- 1702. Jam (1st Pretender). Charles Edward (2d Pretender). 49. Anne, r. 1702-1714. Elizabeth. m. Frederick, Elector Palatine. Sophia, m. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover. 50. George I. r. 1714-1727. m. Sophia of Zell. 51. George II. r. 1727-1760. m. Caroline of Anspack. I Frederick. 52. George III. r. 1760-1826. m. Charlotte ol Mecklenburg. I 53. George IV. r. 1826-1830. m. Caroline of Brunswick. Charlotte. 54. William IV. r. 1830-1837. Edward Duke of Kent. Victoria, r. 1837- m. Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 1066-10S7. : i the Reign of William the Conqueror, in English History. ■:th. From Shakespeare. '.;'. The Last of the Saxon Kings. Bmhaer. Green's History of the English People or short his- tory I, Knight, Markham, Pinnock's Goldsmith, Yonge, and Dickens, are all acknowledged authorities, and one or more may be found in almost every house. Any one of these will answer the purpose. Only when special help or information is to be found in any particular one it will be designated. Contemporary Sovereigns. 1199-1216. Through the Reign of King fohn, in English History. Sir Walter Scoffs " Tales of a Grandfather." First five Chapters. h tmioe. Fran :z Philip I. 1. Bertha of Holland. 2. Bertrade of Anjou. Wales. Grymth I. Blethyn ap'Rhywallon. Trahaern ap Caradoc. Grymth II. Scotland. Malcolm III. .'■fji'-f^ret cf England. Donald VII. I0S7-II99. The Reigns of William II., Henry I, Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I. , in English History. Strickland's Queens of England, Volume I. Talisman. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Wales. Grymth II. Owen. David I. Llewellyn II. Joan of England. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Scotland. Philip II. William I. 1. Isabella of Hainault. Emergarda of Beaumont. 2. Ingerburga of Denmark. Alexander II. 3. Agnes of Merania. Joan of England. Mary of Coucy. Portugal. Sancho. Doulce of Barcelona. Alphonso II. Vrraca of Castile. Contemporary History. Philip II. (Augustus) and Richard Cceur de Lion go on a crusade together, but do not agree, and Philip returns home. Alexander II. of Scotland joins with the English barons in their revolt against King John, but sends an army to support his son, Henry III., against his revolt- ing nobles. Portugal is already gaining some renown in wars against the Moors. FRANCE. Louis VI. Adelaide of Savoy. Louis VII. 1. Eleanor of Guienne. 2. Constance of Castile. 3. Alice of Cham: Philip II. (Augustus 1. Isabella of Hainault. 2. Ingerburga of Denmark. Scotland. -i-ar. Alexander. Eiizai-:-. .''England. David I. Maud, Heiress of Northumberland. Malcolm IV. am I. (the Lion.. Emergarda of Beaumont. Contemporary History. During this period France had civil war, war with England, and war with the Pope. Both Louis VJJL and Philip II. went on a crusade. ^Ya:es, also, had war with England, both in the time of Henry II. and of John. Llewellyn II. finally submitted, and married the daughter of King John. David I. of Scotland espoused the cause of Matilda, and had war with Stephen. Richard I. formed friendship with William I. of Scotland. 1216-1272. Through the Reign of Henry III, in English History Strickland s Queens of England, Volume II. Scottish Chiefs. Jane Porter. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Scotland. Philip II. Alexander II 1. Isabella of Hainault. 1. Joan of England. 2. Ingerburga of Denmark. 2. Mary of Coucy. 3. Agnes of Merania. Louis VIII. Alexander III. Blanche of Castile. 1. Margaret of England. Louis IX. 2. Yolanda of Dreux. Margaret of Provence. Wales. Llewellyn ap Jorwerth. Joan of England. David II. Llewellyn III. ap Gruffydd. Eleanor de Montpied. Contemporary History. Alexander II. of Scotland married Joan or Jane, daughter of King John of England. This child, as the old chron cler, Matthew Paris, says, had already twice stopped a cruel war. Alexander III. of Scotland also married an English princess. There were occasional wars and constant enmity between England and the Welsh. Louis IX. of France, called Saint Louis, and Henry IIL of England, mar. ried sisters. HAKDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY 1272-1307. Through the Reign of EX • . I, in . Tales of a Grandfather, Chafttr- VI, VII., VIII. The Sea- Kings of the . ?zn. Rez: Gecrgi 7j -V r Tr&nsatd. rOO ?RARY Sovere: SN5. - Alexjaa I A : t >nso III. Vj^jv: -•'£» t -.'j«/ : Bmmtm^mt ■ UC : IfatMrni : ^.-"f^«. Mi-. Don B2L0I. -•i i -.--: Frame : III. : ftmteHm »f Awmgtm. Ph. • iil . Jane lima ■ Ifwnwrrm. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. Margaret, daughter of the kir.g ::' Nrrway. granddaughter and heiress of A exander III. of Scotland, and betrothed to Prince Edward of England, died while yet a child. It was the son of this Edward of England who was first called Prince of Wales, the father having con- quered that country. Edward I. of Eng.ir. 1 and Philip III. of France wert cousins, their mothers having been sisters. See Green's History or short history) of the English People on this period for sketches of Roger Bacon and Simon de Montfort. 1307-:;:- Throug " Xdzoard II, in English E: Tales of a G Chatters:: Castle Dangerous. Sir Wader Scott. mn r \xt S ""■"> a Scon Mmtj :■' • wit. s IV. XI France. - X 2. Cle- I Phi :: 1mm .'" B mr r mmJ y. Charles IV. 1. Blanche. 3 '-•■■ ~.Y. This Robert Bruce St - the . is hero of whom sc many thrilling a - are told, both in history and rom::.:e. Nor was :ne in the historv of Scot- at that time. The stories of Douglas or Randolph are equally interim In France an ir : . . . skw was pre: r the desolating wars wit] III o England S "id, up tc had a hard ::r^ggle for life. In the eighth :;.- the Moors had cenq^ered almost the whole country, but a small band of pa had retired to the moun.a founded a kingdom ; from when ec - - had won st foot by foot, the land of forefathers. The little seedling had now grown into tnree kingd le and Leer sad Angus, though the M held possession of some of the fairt - rtkan of the : As our res T-r. the royal families of England and Spain. Richard I. won his belove ■ Cas- tile, while Eleanor of Eaglaad rr=rr.r phonso III. - Mar . : f - • : - ..... ugh the Rr . zrd III, ir. I siary. . afo : T ~ a Grand - XII. , XIII, XIV., ar: Lances of L ynwoo d. n ncits. 7 1 - . haries IV. £ ^. :":es. "rr - :.-: ~ - igi r.s: e=:"-. : .re- in Scotbuad, .-.'..-:. there aen succession. During g lived the . . ' I g - " WicI ; - '377- ■■■■ i" /":. X:. ■: HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. Tales of a Grandfather, Chapters XVI, XVII., XVIII Fair Maid of Petth. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. Robert II. Elizabeth of Muir. Robert III. Arabella Drummond. Francs. Charles V. Jane of Bourbon. Charles VI. Isabel ef Bavaria. Castile Henry II. Jane of Penaficl. John I. 1. Eleanora of Aragon. 2. Beatrice tf Portugal. Henry III. Catherine. Contemporary History. Under the reign of Charles V., called the Wise, the French recover almost all the places previously taken by the English, but his son succeeds to the throne when only twelve years old. There are numerous family quarrels among the nations during this epoch : Navarre with Castile, Brittany with France, etc. Four of Ireland's petty kings have yielded submis- sion to the king of England, though it requires constant warfare to keep them in subjection. A strange thing happened in the church at this time. There were two Popes ; this caused a schism in the church which lasted for years. During this period, also, the Turks began to cast longing eyes over into Europe. They were foiled in their first attempts, but at length gained a footing in what is called "Turkey in Europe," from which they have not even yet been entirely dislodged. 1400-1413. Through the Reign of Henry IV., Dating from Richard II.' s Death, in English History. Strickland 's " Queens of England," Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Scotland. Charles VI. Robert III. Isabel o/" Bavaria. Arabella Drmmmcnd. Spain. Henry III. Catherine. John II. 1. M. of Aragon. a. Isabel of Portugal. Contemporary History. There was civil war in Scotland and rebellion in Wales against England. France, also, with a king subject to fits of insanity, was divided between the houses of Orleans and Burgundy. Henry III. of Castile and John of Portugal each married a daughter of John of Gaunt of England. Volume III. Shakespeare's Henry IV. 1413-1422. Through the Reign of Henry V., in English History* Tales of a Grandfather, Chapters XIX, XX, XXI. Shakespeare's Henry V. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. France. James 1. Charles VI. Joan of Beaufort. Isabel of Bavaria. Spain. John II. 1. M. of Aragon. 2. Isabel of Portugal. Contemporary History. It was James I. of Scotland who was detained so many years as a prisoner in England. France was still rent by factions, and the ambitious young king of England took advantage of these dissensions to revive the claims of the English crown to the throne of France. As one condi- tion of the peace, he married Catherine, daugh- ter of the king of France. Philippa, sister of Henry V. of England, married Eric, king of Sweden and Denmark. The schism which had divided the Latin church for nearly forty years, was finally settled during this reign. * CHART OF THE HOUSES OF YORK AND LANCASTER. HENRY III. Edmund Crouchback. Henry of Lancaster. Henry of Lancaster. Edward I. Edward II. Edward III. Lancaster ;}„.{»> third son. Black Prince. Henry IV. (Lancaster.) Lionel, Edmund, second son. Duke of York. Philippa, m. Edmund Mortimer. Richard II. Roger Mortimer. - Annie — 1 (Mortimer.) — Richard. Duke «f York. HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. France. Charles VII. Mary of Anjou. I422-I471. Through the Reign of Henry VI., in English History. Shakespeare 's Henry VI. The Wats of the Roses. Edgar. Contemporary Sovereigns. Castile. John II. 1. M. of Aragon. 2. Isabel of Portugal. Henry IV. Blanche of Navarre. Scotland. James I. Joan of Beaufort. James II. Margaret of Gueldres. Contemporary History. That which is most memorable in this period of the history of France is the singular career and notable achievements of a peasant girl, Joan of Arc. The kings of Castile were much under the influence of favorites, which got them into trouble, as it always does, but the country was, for the most part, at peace with Aragon and Granada, and, except for a brief war with Portugal, with the rest of the outside world. James I. of Scotland was murdered, and the country thereby plunged into the confusion and discord of a regency. But James II., after a brief struggle for power with the Douglas, established a firm control over his country, and enjoyed comparative tranquility. 1471-1483. Through the Reign of Edward IV, in English History. Tales of a Grandfather, Chapters XXll., XX. II. Last of the Barons. * J Bulwer. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. James III. Margaret of Denmark. of the aggrandizement of the house of Austria. Either by marriage or conquest, Navarre, Ara- gon and Castile were about this time united, and turned their combined power against the Moors. France. Louis XI. 1. Margaret of Scotland. 2. Ch*i lot te of Savoy. | Spain. Germany. Ferdinand and Isabella. Albert II. Elizabeth of Luxemburg. Contemporary History. Frederick HI. of Germany reigned during a most interesting age, though it did not reflect much credit upon him. The destruction of the Greek empire and the appearance of the vie. torious crescent upon the Danube failed to call forth the character of hero'which was demand ed in him. Nevertheless, he left his family's fortunes much more prosperous than at hi accession. The marriage of his son, Maximilian with the heiress of Burgundy, was the beginning 1483-1485. The RHgns of Edward V. and Richard III, in English History. Shakespeare 's Richard III. Anne of Geierstein. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. France. James III. Charles VIII. Margaret of Denmark. Anne, heiress of Brittany. Spain. Germany. Ferdinand and Isabella. Albert II. Elizabeth of Luxemburg. Contemporary History. The period of history for this month, though embracing two reigns, includes only the space of two or three years ; too short a time to chronicle many changes among national neigh- bors. The conflicting statements and widely- diverse opinions found in different historians of the period will furnish sufficient entertainment for the curious. To such we would suggest More, dramatized by Shakespeare, on one side, " Walpole's Historic Doubts," on the other. Gardiner is full, and apparently impartial, and Knight gives a good summary of the argument* for and against. 1485-1509. Through the Reign of Henry VII, in English History. Marmion, and Lady of the Lake. ^Scott's Poetical Works. Mary of Burgundy. J. P. R. /ames. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. France. James III. Charles VIII. Margaret of Denmark. Anne of Brittany. James IV. Louis XII. Margaret oj England. 1. Jane of France. 2. Anne of Brittany. 3. Mary of England. Spain. Germany. Ferdinand and Isabella. Frederick III. Philip and Joanna. Eleanor of Portugal. Charles I. Maximilian. Elizabeth of Portugal. 1. Mary of Burgundy. 2. Blanche of Milan. Contemporary History. James IV. of Scotland, by his marriage with the daughter of Henry VII. of England, pre- pared the way for the permanent union of the two kingdoms under James VI. of Scotland, I. HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. of England. The son and daughter of Fred- erick III. of Germany married a princess and prince of Spain, thus throwing the weight of these two great powers into one scale, and un- settling the balance of Europe for the greater part of a century. The hand of the heiress of Brittany created quite a stir among the princes, which ended in her marrying two suc- cessive kings, Charles VIII. and Louis XII., of France. By the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, Castile and Aragon were united. Their daugh- ter, Catherine, was first wife to Henry VIII. of England. It was during this period, and under the special protection of Ferdinand and Isabella, that Columbus discovered America. I 509-1 547. Through the Reign of Henry VIII. , in English History . Shakespeare's Henry VIII. Household of Sir Thomas More. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. James IV. Margaret of England. James V. 1. Magdalen of France. 2 Mary of Lorraine. Miry France. Louis XII. i. Jane of France. 2. Anne of Brittany. 3. Mary of England. Francis I. 1. Claude of France. Francis, Dauphin of France. 2. Eleanor of Austria. Spain. Germany. Ferdinand. Maximilian I. 1. Isabella of Castile. Mary of Burgundy. 2. Germaine of France. Blanche of Milan. Charles of Spain and Germany. Elizabeth of Portugal. Contemporary History. The history of the wars in Italy was virtually the history of continental Europe for the greater part of the reign of Henry VIII., France, Spain and the Pope contending for the right to rule over the different Italian States. Pope Julius II. was ambitious to expel all foreign armies from the country and render Italy free, save for the supreme sway of the See of Rome, but death overtook him before he had fully attained his object, and however strongly his successor might have desired to follow out his policy, his pontificate stands, upon the record of history, chiefly remarkable for the rise of the great Ref- ormation. The brilliant figures of Charles V. of Spain and Germany, and Francis I. of France, made illustrious the latter part of this period. The sovereigns of Scotland also became en- tangled to their hurt by yielding to the influence of France against their neighbors, relatives and natural friends, the English. I547-I553- Th> ugh the Reign of Edward VI, in English History. Tales of a Grandfather, From Chapter XXIII. to Chapter XXXI. The Monastery. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. France. Mary. Henry II. Francis II. of France. Catherine de Mtdicis. Spain and Germany. Charles V Elizabeth of Portugal. Contemporary History. Charles V. was wise, politic and popular, and managed to hold the power over his immense domains (Spain and the Empire) as few others could have done, but found himself utterly un- able to force his Protestant subjects to "return to the bosom of the church." The king of France, Henry II., was inferior to his prede- cessor, but there were many noted characters in France at this time, the Duke of Guise, Marshal de Vielleville, Gaspard de Coligny, etc. 1553-1558. Through the Reign of Mary, in English History. Strickland's " Queens of England." Volume V. The Abbott. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. France. Mary. Henry II. 1. Francis II of France Catherine de Medicis. 2. Henry, Lard Darnley. Spain. Germany. Philip II. Ferdinand I. Mary of England. Anne of Hungary. Contemporary History. Ferdinand I., the brother of Charles V., fell heir to his German dominions. Philip II., his son, became king of Spain. It was this Philip II. who married Mary, queen of England, and who made such a determined, uncompromising effort to bring the Netherlander back into the Romish church. Under him, the Duke of Alva won an unenviable notoriety for cruelty and bigotry, and against him William of Orange won a high place in history for indomitable courage, energy and perseverance. Dur ng this period Calas, which had been in possession of the English since the time of Edward III., was recovered by the French. 1 558-1603. Through the Reign of Elizabeth, in English History. Handy helps in English history. Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. Kenilworth. Patrick F. Tytler. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Scotland. Germany. Mary. Ferdinand I. i. Francis II. of France. Anne of Hungary. 2. Lord Darnley. Maximilian II. 3. Earl Bothwell. Mary, Daughter of James VI. Charles V. Anne 0/ Denmark. Rudolphus II. France. Spain. Francis II. Philip II. Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary of Portugal. Charles IX. Mary of England. Elizabeth of Austria. Elizabeth of France. Henry III. Anne of Austria. Louisa of Lorraine. Philip III. Henry IV. Margaret of Austria. Margaret of Valois. Contemporary History. Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II., held almost undisputed sway through the reigns of her three sons, and she is supposed to have been one of the prime movers in the terrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, which cast such a horror over all Europe. Philip II. was more successful in his struggle against Protestantism in Spain than he w.as in the Netherlands. Both Ferdinand I. and his son, Maximilian, seem to have learned the lesson of moderation so little known elsewhere in Europe. The dif- ference of religious opinion between the Scot- tish sovereigns and their subjects was a source of great trouble, as it always is. 1603-1625. Through the Reign of James I., in English History. Life of Francis Bacon. R. W. Church. English Men of Letters Series. Judith Shakespeare. William Black. Contemporary Sovereigns. Germany. Rudolph II. Matthias. Anne of Austria. Ferdinand II. Mary of Bavaria. Eleanor of Consagues. Sweden. Gustavus Adolphus. Eleanor of Brandenburg. France. Henry IV. Margaret of Valois. Mary de Medici. Louis XIII. Anne of Spain. Spain. Philip III. Margaret of Austria. Philip IV. 1. Elizabeth of France. 2. Mary Anne of Austria. Contemporary History. It was Henry IV. who granted the Edict of Nantes, the great bulwark of French Protest- antism. The weak Emperor of Germany, Rudolph or Rudolphus, allowed a great deal of his em- pire to slip away from him. Ferdinand, who became his successor as king of Bohemia, was entirely unacceptable to his subjects, and an at- tempt was made to place Frederick V. on the throne instead, but the latter had not the neces- sary strength and energy to hold his position. When the conflict came, Ferdinand triumphed, and Frederick fled a refugee to Holland. This was one small corner of a desolating war, which raged from Bohemia to the mouth of the Scheldt, from the Po to the Baltic, known in history as the "Thirty Years' War." One of the most brilliant heroes of this war was Gustavus Adol- phus of Sweden. 1625-1648. Through the Reign of Charles I., in English History. Life of Oliver Cromwell. Carlyle. Mask of Comus and Elegy of Lycidas. Milton. For those who have time for more than this, we would suggest " Macaulay's Essay on Hampden," and the recently puhlished " Life of Gustavus Adolphus," by John L. Stevens, LL.D. The poems of Milton, given above, were written during this period. Those who have access to Green's History of the English People will find there fine sketches of Elliott, Earl of Stafford, and Buckingham. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Louis XIII. Anne of Spain. Louis XIV. Mary Theresa of Germany. Ferdinand II. 1. Mary of Bavaria. 2. Eleanor of Consagues. Ferdinand III. Austro-Spain. Mary of Spain. Spain. Sweden. Philip IV. Gustavus Adolphus. 1. Elizabeth of France. Eleanor of Brandenburg. 2. Mary Anne of Austria. Christina. Contemporary History. The man who molded, for the most part, the history of France, and shared the responsibility of almost every political event of Europe during this period was Cardinal Richelieu, Minister of State. The result of his administration in France was the establishment of the absolute authority of the sovereign. It was during this period that the "Pilgrims" landed on the coast of Massa- chusetts, and found a home there. Ireland, once the home of letters, arts, science and biblical study, had, even in the time of Henry II., sunk to a condition of barbarism and superstition. Nearly all of the English kings, from that time on, that were at all aggressive, had attempted the civilization of Ireland, but either they had tried the wrong way, or the Irish were incorri- gible, for each effort seemed to leave the island- ers worse than before. The would-be benefac- tors succeeded only in inspiring them with hatred and distrust of the English. to HANDY HELPS IN" ENGLISH HISTORY. i 648- 1 660. Through the Supremacy of Cromwell, in English History. Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell. Anne Manning. Woodstock. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Francs. Spain. Louis XIV. Philip IV. Mary Theresa of 1. Elizabeth of France. Austro-Spain. 2. Mary Anne of Austria. Germany. Ferdinand III. Sweden. Mary of Spain. Christina. Leopold I. Charles X. 1. Margaret of Spain. Hedwige of 2. Claudia. Holstein-Gottorf. 3. Eleanora of Newburgh. Portugal. John IV. Louisa of Gasman. Contemporary History. Spain had reached the zenith of her greatness in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, and had been gradually declining ever since in agriculture, commerce and mechanical arts. The Portuguese, who had been for awhile under the rule of Spain, took advantage of the succession of weak princes to claim their independence. Germany was still in a state of depression from the thirty years' war, and had, moreover, to contend with the unscrupulous ambition of its young French neighbor, Louis XIV. Nevertheless, Ferdinand ruled with wisdom and moderation, and Ger- many was at peace. Leopold, his son and suc- cessor, was mild and inactive ; so the country suffered. Cromwell laid a heavy hand upon poor Ireland ; but, when his work was done, the island was at his feet for the time. The war of the Fronde commenced in France in the early part of the reign of Lous XIV. 1660-1685. Through the Reign of Charles II. , in English History. Paradise Lost. Milton. Peveril of the Peak. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Spain. Louis XIV. Philip IV. Mary Theresa of Spain. 1. Elizabeth of France. 2. Mary Anne of Austrea. Carlos II. Germany. t. Mary Louise of France. Leopold I. 2. Mary of Newburgh. 1. Margaret of Spain. Sweden. 2. Claudia, (His Cousin). Charles XI. 3. Eleanora of Newburgh. Ulricd\f Denmark. Portugal. > Alphonso VI. Mary of Savoy. Pedro II. 1. Mary of Savoy. v^ 2. Mary Palatine. Contemporary History. By this time Louis XIV. had begun in earnest to show his claws. His first campaign alarmed Europe, and England, Holland and Sweden formed the " triple alliance " against him, but Louis managed to have influential friends in each country, controlled by his money. William of Orange, the young Stadtholder, was his most determined and powerful opponent. The German princes, with a few noble excep- tions, looked on with indifference at the aggres- sive movements of Louis, but were aroused to activity at last by a revolt of the Hungarians and a fresh invasion of the Turks. The affairs of Spain grew worse and worse ; civil dissensions were added to general decay. Portugal, after gaining its independence, seemed, for awhile, to promise better things; but, like Spain, had to contend against the disadvantage of weak and wicked kings. 16S5-1702. The Reigns of James II. and William III, in English History. Macaulay 1 s History of England. We give but this one book for this month, as Macau- lay's history covers so completely the whole period. This may be rather more than the usual quantity of reading, but we are confident that no one who allows himself to become interested in it will be willing to do less. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Spain. Louis XIV. Carlos II. Mary Theresa of Spain. 1. Mary of Orleans. 2. Mary of Newburgh. Poland. Prussia. John Sobieski. Frederick I. Mary of La Grange. 1. Elizabeth of Frederick Augustus I. Hesse- Cassel. Christina of 2. Sophia of Hanover. Brandenburg-Bayreuth. 3. Sophia of Mecklenburg. Germany. Leopold 1. Contemporary History. Louis XIV. still ruled in France, and, thanks to his able advisers and full coffers, to a consid- erable extent in all Europe. Leopold I. was still emperor in Germany also, but a spirit of royal aspirations was abroad among his princes. The house of Hanover was raised to the elec- toral dignity, and, in the next generation, placed a king upon the English throne. On the death of the gallant John Sobieski, Frederick Augus- tus, prince of Saxony, was elected king of the Poles, and Frederick, elector of Brandenburg, and Duke of Prussia, assumed the title, no man hindering, of king of Prussia. HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. ii i 702-1 714. The Reign of Queen Anne, Life of Addison, Henry Esmond. in English History. English Men of Letters Series. Thackeray, Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Germany. Louis XIV. Leopold I. Mary Theresa 1. Margaret of Spain, of Austro-Spain. 2. Claudia. 3. Eleanor a 0/ Newburgh. Poland. Joseph I. Frederick Augustus I. Wilhelmina of Hanover. Christina of Charles VI. Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Elisabeth of Brunswick, Prussia. Russia. Frederick William I. Peter I. 1. Elisabeth of 1. Eudoxia Lapoukin. Hesse-Cassel. a. Catherine I. 2. Sophia of Hanover. 3. Sophia of Mecklenburg. Spain. Disputed Succession. Sweden. Charles XII. The death of Charles II. of Spain proved a matter of the greatest moment to all Europe, because his successor was to be chosen either from the house of Bourbon or the house of Austria, and this seriously involved the balance of power in Europe. The two principal claim- ants were Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, and Charles, second son of Leopold, Emperor of Austria. The war ended, leaving Philip upon the throne, but under a solemn covenant to renounce for himself and heirs all claim to the throne of France. While all Southern Europe was thus contending over the throne of Spain, the Swedish king was cre- ating some commotion among the Northern powers. Because he was only a boy of fifteen, his neighbors thought it good time to settle all reasonable or unreasonable claims upon his do- minions, however long or justly disputed. But they found Charles XII. better able to defend himself than they supposed, though he did suc- cumb at las: to overpowering numbers. 1714-1727. The Reign of George /., in English History^ The History of tin Four Georges, Vol I, Justin AfcCarthy. Waverly, Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Spain. Louis XV. Philip V. Mary Lecsinska of Poland. Louisa Mary of Savoy. Russia. Germany. Peter I. Charles VI. i, Eudoxia Lapoukin. Elisabeth of Brtinswick, a. Ctherim I. Prussia. Frederick William I. l. Sophia of England. The death of Louis XIV. left the throne of France to his great-grandson, Louis XV.,* child of six years. The crown in the hands of a child excited the cupidity of Philip, notwithstanding his renunciation of all claim, and though there were marriages, and an outwardly friendly inter- course, there was real enmity and jealousy. Meanwhile Russia, under the vigorous efforts of Peter the Great, and his wife, Catherine I., was pushing its way to the ranks of civilized nations. 1 727-1 760. The Reign of George LL, in English History, Life and Times of Prince Charles Stuart. Ewald. Red Gauntlet. Sir Walter Scott. Contemporary Sovereigns. Russia. France. Peter II. Louis XV. Anne. Alary Leczinska. (Biron, Duke of Courland.) Ivan III. Spain. Elizbeth. Philip V. Louisa Mary of Savoy. Germany. Louis. Charles VI. Louise of Orleans. Elizabeth of Brunswick. Ferdinand. Charles VII. Mary of Portugal. Mary Amelia, d. of Joseph I. Maria Theresa. Prussia. Francis, Duke of Lorraine. Frederick William I. Sophia of England. Frederick t" the Great. Elizabeth of Brunswick. Poland. Frederick Augustus II. Mary Joseph of Austria. The principal matter of interest in Europe during this period was the contest between the two young sove eigns, Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, and Maria Theresa, the youth- ful Empress of Austri , and many are the pages, both of history and romance, which have been filled with the thrilling events thereof. Russia had various changes in government. Philip V. of Spain died, and was succeeded by two of his sons in succession. 1760-1820 The Reign of George LLL, Madame d'Ar&lay's Diary. The Virginians, in English History. Thackeray. Contemporary Sovereigns. Russia. Peter III France. Louis XV. i2 HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. Catharine II. Mary Leczinska. Catharine II. Louis XVI. Paul I. Marie Antoinette. Republic. Spain. Napoleon Bonaparte. Charles III. Mary of Saxony. Denmark. Charles IV. Christian VII. Louisa of Parma. Caroline Matilda Ferdinand VII. of England. Mary of Naples. Frederick VI. Joseph Bonaparte. Mary of Hesse- Cassel. Portugal. Austria. Maria. Francis I. and Maria John VI. Theresa. Charlotte of Spain. Joseph II. I. Isabel of Parma. Prussia. 2. Josepha of Bavaria. Frederick the Great. Leopold II. Frederica of Brandenburg. Maria Louisa of Spain. Frederick Wm. II. Francis II. 1. Caroline of Brunswick. 1. Elizabeth of Wurtemburg 2. Charlotte Augusta 2. Maria Theresa of Naples of England. 3. Marie Beatrix of Austria Frederick Wm. III. Louisa of Mecklen- burg-Strelitz. Presidents of the United States. George Washington 1789-1797 John Adams 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 James Madison 1809-1817 During the long reign of George III. there was war between the American colonies and England, which resulted in their gaining entire independence of the mother country and estab- lishing a republican government for themselves; and the great, the most terrible of the revolu- tions of France, during which various phases of government were tried, until finally Napoleon Bonaparte seized the reins and established a despotic empire. Catharine II. was one of the most noted sovereigns of Europe at this time, but her memory is tarnished by the part she took in the partition of Poland, and her otherwise wicked life. I 820- 1 830. The Reign of George IV., Memoirs of Madam Bunsen. Tale of Two Cities. in English History. Charles Dickens. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Louis XVIII. Charles X. Denmark. Frederick VI. Mary of Hesse- Cassel. Portugal. John VI. Charlotte of Spain. ( Dona Maria. \ Miguel. Russia. Alexander I. Louisa of Baden. Nicholas 1. Charlotte of Prussia. Spain. Ferdinand VII. Alary of Naples. Prussia. Frederick Wm. III. Louisa of Mecklenburg. Sweden. Charles XIII. Hediuige of Holstein. Charles John XIV. Desiree Clary. Austria. Francis II. 1. Elizabeth of Wurtemburg 2. Maria Theresa of Naples 3. Marie Beatrix of Austria Naples. Sardinia. Ferdinand IV. Charles Felix. Francis I. Charles Albert. Ferdinand II. Presidents of the United States. James Monroe 1817-1825 John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 Bonaparte, after a brief and brilliant career of ambition, and having by force ol arms com- pelled almost every government on continental Europe to yield to his power, was himself in turn obliged to succumb to the combination of all Europe against him under the leadership of England. On his abdication a brother of the murdered Louis XVI. was restored to the throne, under title of Louis XVIII. Spain suffered greatly from the despotic ambition of Bonaparte, who placed his own brother on the throne. And John VI. of Portugal took refuge with his fam- ily in their American colony of Brazil. Mean- while, Austria, Russia and Prussia had formed between them "the Holy Alliance," for mutual defense and protection. 1830-1837. The Reign of William IV., in English History. The Government of England. Wm. Edivard Hearne. St. Ronan's Well. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Prussia. Louis Philippe. Frederick Win. III. Marie Amelie of Naples. Louisa of Mecklen- Sweden. burg-Strelitz. Charles John XIV. Spain. Desiree Clary. Ferdinand VII. Naples and Sicily. *■ Maria Christina. Ferdinand II. 2 - lobelia. Austria. ^v S ^ RDI ?Iu • Francis II. Charles Albert, i. Elizbaeth of Wurtemburg Russia. 2. Maria Theresa of Naples Nicholas I. 3. Maria Beatrice of Austria Frederika Louisa of Ferdinand I. Prussia. Caroline, daughter of Vic- United States. . tor Emanuel. Andrew Jackson. Portugal. Miguel. Maria Restored. The ambition of Bonaparte had unsettled nearly every government in Europe, and a wave of revolutionary spirit followed soon after. Spain and Portugal were rent with contending factions. France grew once more disgusted with the Bour- bon family, and by a sudden turn of the social wheel placed Louis Philippe on the throne. Belgium and Holland fought themselves free from a union into which they had been forced by the autocratic powers of Europe. Russia's Polish provinces were in arms, and there was much excitement in the German States. Even in the United States Gen. Andrew Jackson did HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 13 not find his eight years' administration all smooth sailing. There was some trouble with the In- dians, and a right serious crisis with South Car- olina, besides the bank troubles. 1837-1861. From the Beginning of the Reign of Victoria, in English History. The History of Our Chun Times. Justin McCarthy. Sibyl. D' 'Israeli. Contemporary Sovereigns. France. Russia. Louis Philippe. Nicholas I. Marie Amelie of Naples. Frederika Louisa of Prussia Louis Napoleon. Alexander II. Eugenie de Montijo. Maria Alexandrovna of Hesse- Da rmstadt. Spain. Isabel II. Prussia. Don Francisco de'Assis. Frederick William IV. Elizabeth of Bavaria. Portugal. Dona Maria. Austria. 1. Augustus qf Leuchten- Ferdinand I. berg. Caroline. 2. Ferdinand of Saxe- Francis Joseph I. Coburg-Gotha. Sophia of Bavaria. Pedro V. Denmark. Sweden. Christian VIII. Oscar I. Charlotte Frederika of Josephine, daughter of Eu- Mecklenburg-Schwerin. gene Beauharnais. Frederick VII. Charles XV. 1. Wilhelmina Maria of Louise of Holland. Denmark. 2. Caroline Charlotte of Mecklenburg- Strelitz. United States. Martin Van Buren 1837-1841. Wra. Henry Harrison 1841-for one month. John Tyler 1841-1845. James K. Polk 1845-1849. Zachary Taylor 1849-for one year. M Hard Fillmore 1850-1853. Franklin Pierce 1 853-1857. James Buchanan .1857-1861. In this period again we have in France an- other of her characteristic coups d'etat, which places Napoleon III. in power and sends Louis Philippe into exile. Then there is the famous Crimean War, begun by Russia against the Turks, but into which France and England are both drawn to face the Russian aggressor and prevent, for the time, his further aggrandize- ment , and the Hungarians' brave struggle for independence ; the war in Italy, which ended with Victor Emanuel proclaimed king, and considerable insurrectionary agitation in Ger- many. The United States also have a war with Mexico, and a good deal of trouble over the new States being formed. 1861- The Reign of Victoria, Continued, in English History. Life of the Prince Consort. Martin. The Queen. Mrs. Oliphant. Contemporary Sovereigns. Prussia. Austria. William I. Francis Joseph I. Augusta of Saxe-Weimar- Sophia of Bavaria. Eisenach. Italy. Russia. Victor Emanuel. Alexander II. Archduchess Adelaide Maria Alexandrovna of of Austria. Hesse- Da rmstadt. Alexander III. Portugal. Princess Dagmar of Den- Louis I. mark. P{ a , daughter of Sweden. Victor Emanuel. Charles XV. Princess Louisa Denmark. of Holland. Christian IX. Oscar II. Louisa of Hesse. Sophia Wilhelmina of Nassau. Greece. William George I., Spain. (son of Isabel II. Christian IX. of Denmark). Don Francisco de'Assis. Olga, Amadeus of Aosta, daughter of Grand-Duke son of Victor Emanuel. Constantine of Russia. Alfonso XII. Marie Christine of Aush ia The Republic of France. President— M. Thiers 1871-1873 Marshal MacMahon _i873-i878 M. Jules Grevy.. 1878 United States. Abraham Lincoln.. 1861-1865 Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 U. S Grant. 1869-1877 Rutherford B. Hayes ...1877-1881 James A. Garfield _i88i-for 6 mos. Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885 The war of the Confederacy was the next matter of interest. Four years of bloody war- fare between the Northern and Southern States, and the questions of slavery and States' rights permanently settled. Victor Emmanuel, having succeeded in founding a uniterl kingdom of Italy, dies and leaves his son upon the throne. Spain, having banished her queen for misconduct, and given unintentional grounds for the Franco- Prussian War, accepts as king the son of her ex- iled queen, and settles down into uneventful existence. Prussia, Emperor William and Bis- marck seem to receive fresh aggrandizement from every turn of fortune's wheel, especially from the Franco-Prussian War, which leaves poor Louis Napoleon a captive, soon to die. France is at last a republic. Has she learned sufficient moderation to accept liberty without claiming license ? Note. — We have tried to select, as far as possible, such books as can be easily obtained, even among those published in cheap editions ; though one or two may have crept in of those which are more rare. , 14 HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. Sovereigns of England, William I Began to Reign. 1066 William II i°8 Henry I "°° Stephen "35 Henry II "54 Richard I. ...n8 John Henry III. .1199 .1216 Edward I — 1172 Edward II. Edward III. Richard II 1377 Henry IV .. 1399 Henry V. . Henry VI. Popes. Elected Alexander II. ...1061 Gregory VII 1073 Victor III - 1086 Urban II 1088 Pascal II 1099 Gelastius II ...1118 Calixtus II - "19 HONORIUS II "34 Innocent II . "3° Celestine II "43 Lucius II , "44 Eugenius III - "45 Anastasius IV. "S3 Adrian IV "54 Alexander III "59 Lucius III - - "81 Urban III... - "85 Gregory VIII "87 Clement III "88 Celestine III - "91 Innocent III "98 Honorius III 1216 Gregory IX 1227 Celestine IV — 1241 Innocent IV. ^.. 1243 Alexander IV... 1234 Urban IV - 1261 Clement IV - 1265 Gregory X — 1272 Innocent V 1276 Adrian V 1276 John XXI 1276 Nicholas III 1277 Martin IV - - ...1281 Honorius IV. - — .1285 Nicholas IV. 1288 Celestine V 1294 Boniface VIII 1295 Benedict X 1303 Clement V 130s John XXII _ 1316 Benedict XI 1334 Clement VI 1342 Innocent VI 1352 Urban V 1362 Gregory XI. 1370 Urban VI 1378 Boniface IX 1390 Innocent VII 1404 Gregory XII 1406 Alexander V 1409 John XXIII - - 1410 Martin V 1417 Eugenius IV 1431 Nicholas V 1447 Calixtus III,..-., .,....,..1*55 HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 Pius II 1458 Edward IV 1461 Edward V 1483 Richard III. Henry VII 1485 Henry VIII - 1509 Edward VI . 1547 Mary... 1553 Elizabeth 1558 James .1 1603 Charles I --1625 Cromwell 1649 Charles II. 1660 James II 1685 William and Mary 1689 Anne , 1702 George I 1714 George II 1727 George III 1760 George IV 1820 William IV 1830 Victoria. _, .„., ,.1837 Paul II. 1464 Sextus IV 1471 Innocent VIII. 1484 Alexander VI 1492 Pius III 1503 Julius II ; 1503 Leo X 1513 Adrian VI 1522 Clement VII 1523 Paul III 1534 Julius III. 1550 Marcellus II 1555 Paul IV 1555 Pius IV 1559 PiusV 1566 Gregory XIII 1572 Sextus V --1585 Urban VII _ 1590 Gregory XIV 1590 Innocent IX. --1591 Clement VIII _ _ 1592 Leo XI 1605 Paul V 1605 Gregory XV 1621 Urban VIII 1623 Innocent X 1644 Alexander VII 1655 Clement IX 1667 Clement X 1670 Innocent XI ...1676 Alexander VIII 1689 Innocent XII 1691 Clement XI 1700 Innocfnt XIII. 1721 Benedict XIII. — 1724 Clement XII 1730 Benedict XIV 1740 Clement XIII 1758 Clement XIV 1769 Pius VI 1775 Pius VII 1800 Leo XII 1823 Pius VIII 1829 Gregory XVI 1S31 Pius IX... Leo XIII. .1846 .1S7S 1 6 HANDY HELPS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. REIGNING SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE MD ISIS. (1887.) EUROPE. Government. Chief Executive. Title. AUSTRIA is formed of the German") Monarchy, Austria and the Magyar V Dual State (Emperor of Aus- ■< tria, and King of ( Hungary. Kingdom, Hungary J FRANCE _ BULGARIA Reigning Prince. Emperor. King. King. King. GERMANY, composed of 26 divisions. Empire .. NORWAY AND SWEDEN are un- ) der the same government J THE NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL SERVIA SPAIN King RUSSIA SWITZERLAND Republic .. Kingdom Principality Empire Principality.. Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom President Elected for one year. Pres.dent. King. Reigning Prince. Queen. Reigning Prince. King. King. King. DENMARK (Iceland is a tributary)... MONTENEGRO Nicholas I GREAT BRITAIN combines Eng- ) land, Ireland, Scotland and Wales., f ROUMANIA Charles I BELGIUM GREECE ITALY Humbert I.. ASIA. TURKEY PERSIA AFGHANISTAN SIAM CHINA JAPAN... INDIA ... SIBERIA -{ Government. Abdul Hamid II. Nassr-ed Din Abdurrahman Khan. Chulalou Korn I Tsai-tien - Despotic Empire Empire _ Empire Kingdom Empire Changing from a des- potic empire to a con- stitutional monarchy. Dependency of Eng- land A possession of Rus- PENINSULA OF TONQUIN, ANAM"c6cHl"N CHiNA," SAIGON "and" CAM" BODIA Chief Executive. Mutsu Hlto Earl of Dufferin. Czar of Russia. Title. Stilt an. Shah. Ameer. King. Emperor. Mikado. Governor General or Viceroy. Occupied and gov- erned by a French army. We hope to publish within a few months, or earlier, a little budget of companion sketches in English history, and hope those who find help in this modest pamphlet will let us know of thei r wish for the other.