!'•.•■;'■' 'lit 'illli Class, ^EA <5 3 33 IZZ& COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT THE WOKKS OF HORACE ENGLISH NOTES. NEW EDITION, WITH REFERENCES TO HARKNESS'S NEW STANDARD LATIN GRAMMAR. BY J. L. LINCOLN, LL. D., PE0FE8S0B OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITEBATTTEE IN BBOWN UNIYEBSITY. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, and 5 BOND STREET. 1882. #te. &w V* Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by D. APPLETON .& COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. The text of tln3 edition of Horace is that of Orelli, as it ex- ists in his second edition, published in two successive volumes in 1843 and 1844; the comparatively few readings of Orelli, which have not " >een adopted, are given at the foot of the page, with his name attached to them. As will be seen, the most important various readings are also given in foot-notes ; a plan which, it is believed, will, so far as it has been well exe- cuted, meet with the approbation of scholars and teachers. In preparing the Notes. I have derived invaluable aid from the edition of Orelli, already mentioned, and from the excel- lent work of Dillenburger, in many respects a model of a school edition of a classical author, published first in 1843, and, in a revised form, in 1848. These editions I have had constantly before me, and have freely consulted ; and the obli- gations I am conscious of owing them are so great and vari- ous, that I cannot specify them in detail, and can adequately state them only by a general acknowledgment. At the same time, it is not improper to say, that what I have gained from these editors, I have not appropriated by mere translation or compilation, but have so modified and changed by independ- ent examination and study, that I deem myself entitled to consider it, in some sense at least, my own ; and, moreover. iV PREFACE. that a large part of the Notes is solely the result of my pro- fessional labors and experience. The method which I have aimed to pursue in the prepara- tion of the Notes is the same as that which I followed in my edition of Livy, modified only by the character of the present author, and by the fact that the reading of his works belongs to a later stage of the course of study in our schools and col- leges. While I have endeavored to keep in view the study of the language in all its bearings, it has been a cherished object to take advantage of the means so variously and richly fur- nished by Horace for promoting the literary culture of the student. I have sought to explain only real difficulties, and these chiefly by suggestion and reference, and to give such and so much aid, as may at once stimulate and reward the pupil's industrious efforts ; and also not to supersede or inter- fere with the course of direct instruction and illustration which every good teacher is accustomed to follow with his classes. The commentary on the Epistle to the Pisos, or the Art of Poetry, is fuller and more extended than in any other part of the work ; a circumstance naturally occasioned by the peculiar character and merits of that celebrated piece. Of the editions I have consulted besides those already mentioned, the following are the only ones which it is neces- sary to name : the two of Diintzer, the one in four vols.. l2mo., 1840-44, and the other in one volume, 8vo., 1849 ; Wustemann's Heindorf's, of the Satires, 1843 ; Schmid's, of the Epistles, 1828-30; Th, Obbarius's, of the Odes, 1848; & Obbarius's, of the First Book of the Epistles, 1837-47; Lubker's, of the first three Books of the Odes, 1841 ; Girdle- stone and Osborne's, London, 1848 ; and Keightley's, of the Satires and the Epistles, London, 1848. PKEFACE. V I have also been able to avail myself of the Notes of Larabin, contained in the Aldine edition, published at Venice, \56Q, a fine copy of which, forming a part of the rare col- lection of Aldines in the private library of John Carter Brown, Esq., of this city, was kindly placed at my disposition by that gentleman. To this list of foreign editions, remain to be added those of American editors ; the well known edition of Mr. Gould, whose name, as I write it here, awakens within me the most grateful recollections, as it was my good fortune to receive from him, then the Principal of the Boston Latin School, my first instructions in Latin ; the larger and the smaller edition of Professor Anthon, which have done much for the study and appreciation of Horace, and to the merits of which I cheerfully bear my testimony, though I differ from the distin- guished editor in the principles which should be followed in the preparation of editions of the classics for the use of schools and colleges. The grammatical references have been chiefly made to Harkness's Latin Grammar, and to Zumpt's Grammar, and are indicated by the abbreviations, " H." and " Z. ; " the ab- breviated form, " Hand, Turs.," stands for Hand's Tursellinus, "Arn. Pr. Intr." for Spencer's edition of Arnold's Latin Prose Composition, published by the Messrs. Appleton, and " Diet. Antiqq." for Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Ro- . man Antiquities ; the occasional references to Freund's Lexi- con will now apply equally well to the admirable American work recently published, Andrews's Latin Lexicon ; the other references need no particular explanation. The Life of Horace, which has been written for the work, together with the brief estimate connected with it of the char- VI PREFACE. acter and writings of the poet, will perhaps be a source of some interest and value to the student. It is hoped that the superior mechanical execution of the volume will gain the attention and praise which it merits ; and I cannot but acknowledge the very liberal manner in which the Publishers have superintended it, sparing no paius or expense to make it as perfect as possible. I avail myself of this opportunity to make my grateful acknowledgments to Professors and Classical Teachers for the very favorable reception which they have given to my edi- tion of Livy ; and to express the hope that the present work, the result of a larger experience and of more extended labors, may be found not unworthy of their approbation. J. L. LINCOLN. Brown University, September 5t7i, 1866. CONTESTS Life of Horace .... Chronological Table Lyric Metres of Horace Index of the Metres . Carmixum Liber Primus . " " Secundus " Tertius . " " QcARTUS Epodon Liber .... Carmen Saecclabe Satirarum Liber Primus " Secundcs . Epistolarum Liber Primus " Secundus Epistola Ad Pisoxes De Arte Poetica . NOTES. Tue Odes, Book First " " " Secoxd . " Third " " " Fourth . The Book of Epodes . Introduction to the Secular Hymn Notes on the " " Introduction :w the Satire? The Satires, Book First " Secoxd Introduction' to the Epistles The Epistles, Book First " Second . Introduction to the Epistle to the Piaoa Notes on the " u Index of Proper Names . PAUli . is . . xxxi . xxxiii. • • xxxvii. . 1 . . 42 . 69 . , 114 . 140 • 165 169 . 205 . 242 . 2TS • 204 £1? . 34d . 369 . 403 • 421 436 • 437 489 . 440 • 468 4yd • 495 519 • 529 530 « 55£ LIFE OF HOKACE. Quintus IIoratius Flaccus was born on the 8th of December, in the year U. C. 689, B. C. 65, in the consulship of L. Aure- lius Cotta and L. Manlhis Torquatus. 1 His birthplace was Venusia, a municipal town in Apulia, close by the borders of Lucania; 2 where his father, who belonged to the humble class of freedmen, 3 owned a small farm, 4 with the care of which, yielding as it did but a scanty revenue, he united the business of a collector 5 of payments at auctions. On this farm, rot far from the banks of " the far-sounding Aufidus," 6 and amid the varied scenery of one of the most romantic districts of It*vly, the poet passed the years of his infancy and early boyhood. The story recorded in one of his Odes 7 of his preservation by u . the fabled wood-pigeons " from the bears and serpents of Mount Vultur — his earliest experience of the Muses' care 8 and the presage of his future fame — is a pleasant recollection of his childhood ; and the charming picture, in the same pas- sage, of the places in the neighborhood, and numerous allusions 5 1 O. 3, 21, 1 ; Epod. 13, 6 ; Epist. 1, 20, 27 j Suet. Vita Hor. 6. 3 0. 3, 4, 9-13 ; Sat. 2, 1, 34. 3 Sat. 1, 6, 6 & 45 ; Epist. 1, 20, 20 ; cf. O. 2, 20, 6; ib.3 : 30, 12. 4 Sat. 1, 6, 71 ; cf. Epist. 2, 2, 50. 6 Sat. 1 : 6, 86 ; Suet Vita. Hor. 1. a 0.4,9, 2; cf. 0. 3, 30, m 1 0. 3, 4, 9. 8 0. 3, 4, 20. y O. 3, 13, 1; ib. 30, 10; ib. 4 9, 2; ib. 4, 14, 25; Epod. 2, 42; ib 8, 16 ; Sat. 1, 1, 58 ; ib. 1, 9, 29 ; ib. 2. 2. S LIFE OF HORACE. in his writings to the people and the scenes of his early yearSj bear witness to the impressions they then made upon his sus- ceptible spirit, and to the fond remembrance with which he turned back to them in all his after life. The father of Horace, though of servile origin, was ac upright, intelligent man, and of a turn of mind that was generous and truly noble ; and whether from the workings of his own impulses, or from his discernment in the boy of signs of high promise, he early resolved to devote his time, his per- sonal efforts, and his slender resources, to the moral and intel- lectual culture of his son. The first fruits of this noble resolve were reaped by the poet, as he tells us himself, 1 in a fine strain of filial pride, when, in his boyhood, perhaps about twelve years of age, he had got beyond the first rudiments of learning. His worthy father, unwilling to send him to the municipal school of Flavius 2 at Venusia, boldly ventured to bring him to Rome, and to give him the liberal education of a knight's or a senator's son. 3 While, however, he was ambitious that the mind of his son should be trained and developed at the best schools and under the best intellectual influences of the metropolis, he was equally careful to keep his heart secure from its vicious allurements ; he always attended him in per- son to all his teachers ; 4 by judicious counsels and warnings he guarded and strengthened his expanding character ; 6 " so that the boy escaped not merely the taint, but even the re- proach of immorality." To one of his teachers, " the flogging Orbilius," 6 the poet has given an immortal fame ; with him he read the poems of Livius Andronicus ; 7 and the impressive lessons of the hard disciplinarian he seems to have long re- membered, though probably at the time, and certainly in after life, the writings of Livius, and indeed all the old Roman poetry, were not at all to his taste. 8 With Orbilius, or som<: Ouher teacher, he studied Homer f probably he read othei > Sat. 1, 8, 71-80. ■ Sat. 1, 6, 72. 8 Sat. 1 5 6, 77. 4 Sat, 1, 6, 81. s Sat. 1, 4, 105 seqq. Plagosum Orbilium, Epist. 2, 1, 70. 7 Epist. 2, 1, 69-71. Epist. 2, 1, passim. 9 Epist 2, 2, 41 ; cf. Epist. 1, 2, 1 & 2 LIFE OF HORACE. XI poets both Latin and Greek, and also went through the usual course of instruction in Rhetoric and Oratory. These school-years of the future poet fell in one of the most eventful periods of Roman history ; and doubtless many a day. as, by his father's side, he hastened along the streets to his usual tasks, or sat over his books under the uplifted rod of the stern Orbilius, his eyes and ears were rudely greeted, and his studies were suddenly broken up by the fierce scenes and tumults of political excitement. For it was then that the contest was raging between Caesar and Pompey ; it was the time of the famous passage of the Rubicon, and of Caesar's triumphant entrance into Rome, of the battle of Pharsalia, and the death of Pompey, of Caesar's return, and the brilliant scenes of the usurper's rule, destined so soon to end in that memorable act of " the Ides of March." At about the age of twenty, Horace went to Athens, which held nearly the same relation to the Romans of that time, as the German universities do to us. "We may easily imagine with what eager delight the young scholar hastened to that ancient seat of the Muses, where yet lingered, long after the loss of freedom, the lights of learning and the arts, with what enthu- siasm he touched the soil which all his youthful studies had taught him to reverence as the cherished home of genius, where every spot on which he gazed and the very air he breathed awoke in his breast the glorious memories of poets, orators, and philosophers. Of the studies he there pursued, under the inspiring influence of the genius of the place, we have to gather our knowledge partly from a few direct words, but chiefly from scattered hints and intimations in his works. Speculative inquiries could hardly fail to have some attractions for the young student in a city, where philosophy had, in a former age, employed in her service the greatest intellects the world has known, and had ever since engaged the ablest minds of every generation. In quest of truth, as we learn from himself, he resorted to the Academy ; l and in those quiet groves where 1 — inter silvas Acade^ii quaerere rerum; Epist. 2 : 2. 45 XII LIFE OF HORACE. Plato once taught his disciples, he listened to the touching? of Thcomnestus, who was then the chief of that celebrated school of philosophy ; probably, too, with something of the roving turn of mind, to which he often playfully alludes, he frequently strayed from the Academy to the lecture-room of Philodcmus ' the Epicurean, and of Cratippus the Peripatetic, who at this time numbered among his pupils the son of Cicero ; 2 and thus with the independent and practical spirit which always characterized him in later life, he heard all the great teachers of philosophy, and began to construct for himself, not a consistent speculative system, but a body of sound and valuable lessons, that might be taught and practised in the real life of the world. But we may well suppose that, guided by his prevailing tastes, he was constantly occupied at Athens with Attic literature, and especially with the immortal produc- tions of the Attic Muse. Doubtless he studied Homer again, perhaps in the identical copy he had thumbed over at school, and he now read the great poet with a sense of freedom and a lively intelligent interest he had never felt under the rule of Orbilius ; and to his more willing mind and more mature intellect the tale of Achilles' wrath, 8 and of the wanderings of Ulysses, now began to reveal, as they had never done before, all their wondrous significance. The masterpieces of the Grecian drama must also have found their place in this more genial course of study ; especially the plays of Aristophanes 4 and of other writers of the Old Comedy, which undoubtedly had a large share of influence in developing that singular aptitude for the nice observation and skilful painting of life and man- ners, which he afterwards displayed in a kindred species of poetry in his own language. With the lyric writers, too, he gained a familiar acquaintance, and in the study of these great models trained himself for the honors he was destined to win 1 Sat. 1, 2, 121. 8 Quamquam te, Marce fill, annum jam audientcm Cratippnm, fdfiif. Atlicnis, etc., Cic. de Offic. 1, 1. 8 Epist. 2, 2, 42. • 4 Sat. 1, 4, 1 &2. LIFE OF HORACE. XI 11 hti the "minstrel of the Roman lyre." 1 It was probably at this time that he applied himself to the composition of Greek verses ; s but warned by a vision from Romulus, 3 or rather by the teachings of his own good sense, he speedily abandoned the gratuitous * task, doubtless convinced " that no man can be a great poet except in his own native speech." The stay of Horace at Athens was brought to an abrupt and unwelcome close 5 by the political commotions of the times. From a place and from pursuits so congenial to his tastes, he was borne away by the storm of civil war 6 that broke out at Rome, on the death of Julius Caesar, and had now involved in its spreading influence the provinces east of the Adriatic. The Caesarian party, headed by Oetavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, was now in the ascendant at Rome. Brutus and the other conspirators, and all their adherents, had either fled from Italy or been cut down by the sword of proscription, and all things were gathering to that crisis which was to decide the fortunes of the Roman Commonwealth. Brutus, on his way to Macedonia 7 to secure that province with its legions, arrived at Athens ; and with the rallying cry of " the Republic," uttered in a place where liberty had so many and so brilliant associations, he readily kindled the patriotic ardor of the Roman youth who were there residing, and drew them to the ranks of his party. Horace was one of the number who yielded to the summons of the republican commander, and though a young man of but twenty-two, the son of a freedman, and a stranger to the service, he was at once raised to the rank of military tribune ; an appointment which, under the circumstances, might reasonably excite some pride in himself, as well as provoke the envious carping of the world. 8 In this capacity he entered the republican army af, 1 Roinanae fidicen lyrae, 0.4, 3, 23. 3 Sat. 1, 10, 31. a Sat. 1, 10, 32 & 33. 4 In silvam non ligna feras, etc., Sat. 1, 10, 34. * Dura sed emovere loco me tempora grato, Epist. 2, 2, 46 6 Civilisque rudem belli tulit aestus, etc., Epist. 2, 2, 47. 7 See note on Sat. 1, 7, 18. Sat. L G, 45-48 sriv LIFE OF HORACE. the end of the year 43 b. c. It is probable that he went orei into Asia at the beginning of the year 42, and was with Brutus and Cassius at their meeting in Sardis ; and at that time visited Clazomenae 1 and Lebedus, 2 and perhaps other places, 3 with which, in some of his poems, he seems to exhibit a personal acquaintance. But he was certainly present at Philippi, in the summer of 42, and took part in that decisive battle, which sealed the fate of the republic. He has re- corded, in one of his Odes, 4 his military experience at Philippi, confessing the abandonment of his shield and his hasty flight, and attributing his rescue to Mercury, the god of poets. This playful passage has been the subject of far too grave discussion by learned writers, who have labored in turn to accuse and to acquit Horace of rank cowardice ; but the truth seems to be, that along with the frank admission from the poet that he was not born to be a soldier, " the abandoned buckler," " the hasty flight," and the rescue by Mercury, "When Valor's self exhausted sank, And forced was e'en the boldest rank Th' ignoble dust to bite," point to a defeat which he shared with all his comrades, to the abandonment of a desperate cause, and to the flight from a field on which the republic itself had fallen for ever. With the battle of Philippi, Horace renounced war and politics, and, availing himself of the indulgence of the conqueror, made his way back to Rome ; by what route it is quite uncer tain, unless we accept the view suggested by a line in one of his Odes, 5 that he sailed for the western coast of Italy, and, on uhe voyage, escaped the peril of shipwreck off Cape Palinurus to which he there alludes. On his return to Rome, the prospects of Horace were bj 1 Sat. 1, 7, on which see the Tntrod. s Epist. 1, 11. 6. O. 1, 7, 11 ; Epist. 1, 3, 4 ; ib. 16, 13. 4 O. 2, 7, 8-16. s — inopemque paterni El Lafis et fundi. Epist. 2. 2. 50. LIFE OF HORACE. XV no means encouraging. His father had died during his ab- sence ; the little Venusian estate yielded him no longer its humble revenues, whether it had been sold, and the proceeds were now exhausted, or had been lately confiscated along with other Venusian lands, and assigned to some veteran of the triumviral army ; the son of a freedman, he had no rich family connections ; and, an ex-tribune in the republican army, he could hope for no favor from Octavianus and his associates. Casting about him for some way of support, he seems to have found sufficient means, from the remnant of his patrimony, or from some other source, to purchase the place of a quaestor's clerk, 1 the small emoluments of which supplied his immediate wants. But the condition of Horace at this time was far from hopeless, and many a son of genius has risen to eminence from circumstances much less propitious. He had ample means of help near at hand, and within himself, and these were to be fully developed by the pressure of necessity. Nature had been kind to him at his birth ; and, besides endow- ing him with rare intellectual gifts, had blessed him with a parent, who had furnished him with all the means of educa- tion, both at home and abroad, which the times afforded. His studies at Athens had widened and enriched his earlier literary culture ; and even his brief and hapless military experience, while it damped his youthful ardor, and taught him some salutary lessons of life, added directly to his poetic resources, by storing his mind with lively images caught from the camp and the field. The exigencies of his situation now forced him to enter his proper career of literature ; " bold poverty," to use his own emphatic words, " impelled him to write verses." 2 These words have given rise to much speculation touching the immediate motives and expectations of Horace ; but it seems obvious from the words themselves and from the scope of the 1 This is a point involved in obscurity. Suetcnius (Vita Hor.) says : icriptum quczstorium comparavit. The only direct allusion which Horace Diakes to his holding such an office, is in Sat. 2, 6, 36 & 37. a —paupcrtas impul.it audaz, TJt versus faccrcm ; Epist. 2, 2, 51. X\l LIFE OF HORACE. whole passage, 1 that he turned to poetry, at the impulse of B bold poverty," that he might thereby in some way or other better his condition, and rise to fame and fortune. Though some of the Epodes as well as of the Odes were probably composed at the ve ry beginning of his career, yet he chiefly gave himself at firsv to the composition of satire ; to which kind of poetry he was naturally drawn by the manners of the times, so fruitful in satiric themes, as well as by his own natural turn for the observation of character, and perhaps, too, by a sense of dissatisfaction with his present fortunes. His poetical talents soon attracted the attention of Virgil and Varius, who had already acquired some celebrity, and were high in favor with the great men of the day. These two poets, discovering in the young Horace a congenial spirit, cultivated his acquaintance ; and, generously aiming at his advancement in the world, procured 2 him an introduction to Maecenas, who was no less distinguished for his patronage of men of letters, than for the active part he bore in public affairs. Of this interview Horace has given an interesting account in a Satire, 3 written not long after it occurred. The poet approached the courtly statesman with some embar- rassment, but told him with a manly frankness the story of his humble origin and fortunes ; Maecenas received him with his usual reserve, and dismissed him with few words, and no proposals ; and, after the cautious interval of nine months summoned him again to his presence, and admitted him to the brilliant society of his house, and to a personal acquaintance with himself, which rapidly matured to an intimate and abiding friendship. With the commencement of this near relation to Maecenas which belongs to the year 38 E. C, we have reached the decisive epoch of the poet's life : it was the auspicious event, 1 The words sed, quod, non desit, etc.. are plainly opposed to what has <*one before, and the manifest meaning is. that, as he is now in com- fortr.ble circumstances, he is not. as he was then, compelled to write. 9 Sat. 1 6. 55. 3 Sat. 1. 6. 56-62. LIFE OF HORACE-. . XVI! which turned the tide of his fortunes, and shaped with a kindly influence the whole course of his subsequent personal and literary career. In the following year, along with his brother poets Virgil and Yarius, he accompanied Maecenas on a journey to Brundusium, an incident which he has celebrated by one of his Satires ; and the First Book of Satires, published two years later, every where abounds in familiar allusions to his patron and friend, besides containing two pieces directly addressed to him. During the interval of the publication of tne First and the Second Book of Satires, he received a welcome and substantial proof of the friendship of Maecenas in the gift of a small estate in the romantic country of the Sabines, about thirty miles from Home. This was the Sabine farm, — intimately associated with the life and poetry of Horace, the very name of which has a charm for every reader of his works. Its situation, extent, and scenery, and the capacities and uses of its lands, are all described in the poet's verses. 1 It was situated about fifteen miles north-east from Tibur, (the modern Tivoli,) in a secluded valley, 8 which was watered by " the cool Digentia," 3 and sheltered by the high Sabine hills alike from " the rainy winds and the fiery heat of summer ;" 4 in near view were " the sloping Ustica," 5 and the lofty Lucretilis ; and close by the farm-house were " the garden, the spring of never-failing water, and the little piece of wood-land," 7 to fulfill the long-cherished wishes of the poet. The place yielded corn, wine, and olives ; 8 and was large enough to sup- port in other times the families of five Sabine farmers, 9 and under its present and probably less thrifty proprietor to need the oversight of a steward, 10 and the labor of eight slaves. 11 The occupation of his Sabine farm was an important and memorable event in the history of Horace; it gave him a 1 Epist. 1, 16, 1-16 : ib. 1, 14 ; ib. 1, 18, 104 & 105 ; compare 0. 1, 17 j !b 22, 9; ib. 2, 18, 14; Epist. 1. 10. 6-23. 1 0. 1, 17, 17. 3 Epist. 1, 18, 104. * 0. 1, 17, 2-4. 1 O. 1, 17, 11. 6 1, 17, 1. 7 Sat. 2, 6, 1-3. 8 Epist. 1, 16, 1-3 ; ib. 1, 14, 23 ; ib. 1, 8, 4 & 5 ; conip. O. 1, 20, 1 ; ; b.3, 16, 29-31. 9 Epist. 1, 14, 1-3. 10 Epist. 1, 14, " Sat. 2, 7, 118 XVI U LIFE OF HOKACE. home of his own, with means of support and enjoyment, thai satisfied his moderate wants, and met the cherished longings of his heart ; l a delightful rural retreat, 2 remote from the smoke and noise and crowds of the city, 3 and congenial to study, and the exercise of his art. In its possession, he ex- presses his sense of full content ; 4 he would not exchange his Sabine vale for troublesome riches, 5 assured that he is far happier than the lords of vast estates. 6 Here he loved to repose in the deep shades of the valley, 7 or invigorate his body and spirit 8 by the pure air and romantic beauty of the adjoining hills ; here by his own hearth he gathered about him his country neighbors for cheerful and instructive discourse, 8 or entertained his friends from the city with a plain but cordial hospitality ; and here, from such scenes as these, whether amid the solitude of nature, or the glad festivities of the social hour, he caught the inspiring influence of many of his finest poems. From this time the life of Horace went on in even pros- perity ; passed chiefly in the retirement of the country, or in the stately mansion 10 of Maecenas at Rome, and devoted in turn to his poetic studies, and to the claims of friendship and society. The Epodes and Odes, his next works in the order of publication, if not of composition, bear witness to the intelligent and patriotic interest with which he watched the progress of public affairs, to his lingering apprehensions of renewed civil strife, 11 and his joy at the brightening pros- pect of settled peace and order. 12 His constant intercourse with Maecenas brought him into friendly connections with the eminent men of the time, 13 and at length drew upon him the favorable regards of Augustus. The relations of Horace with Augustus have been the sub- * Hoc eratin volis: Sat. 2. 2, 61. a Hae latebrae dulces, Epist. 1, 16. L5. J 0. 3, 29 ; 12 ; Sat. 2. 6, 28. 4 O. 2, 18, 14, satis beatus uiwis Sabinis. 5 0. 3, 1, 47 & 48. 6 O. 3, 16, 25-32. ' Epist. 1, 16, 5. 8 Sat. 2, 6, 18 & 19 : Epist. 1, 16,16. 8 Sat. 2, 6, 70-117. w Molem propinquam nubibus arduis, O. 3, 29, 10. 11 Epod. 7 : Epod. 16. 12 0. 4, 15. » Sat. 1, 5 31-33 • ib. 40-44 ; Sat, 1, 10, 81-88 LIFE OE HOEACE. XLX ject of undeserved animadversion ; his acquiescence in the emperor's sole dominion, his praises, in verse, of the majesty of his person, of the triumphs of his arms, and the peaceful glories of his reign, have provoked from hasty critics the charge of servile adulation, and of a weak abandonment of cherished sentiments. It was certainly a mark of good sense in the poet, and was a good fortune for the world, that at the fatal battle of Philippi he did not, like Brutus, throw himself upon his sword, or like a few of his comrades, impracticably adhere to an utterly hopeless cause. "When the battle of Actium and the overthrow and death of the profligate Antony had put an end to the bloody civil wars, and left Augustus the master of Rome and of the world, it was true patriotism and humanity in Horace to yield his homage to a government which restored tranquillity to his long-distracted country, and to lend his poetic talents to the promotion of its wise and peaceful policy. In his Odes in honor of Augustus, he expressed the senti- ments of the best and most enlightened classes throughout the empire ; and, in ascribing to him divine honors, 1 he clothed in a poetic form, familiar to the genius and the usage of an- tiquity, the prevailing admiration for one who was the most exalted personage of the time, and was justly regarded as "the tutelary guardian of peace, civilization, and progress." But while he acquiesced in the new order of things, and sang the praises of Augustus, he cherished with a Roman's pride the memories of the lost republic ; he portrays the virtues and the deeds of the statesmen and heroes of by-gone days ; s he speaks without disguise of his associations with the last republican army, of Brutus his leader, 3 and of his comrades in arms, 4 and renders enthusiastic homage to the unyielding spirit and noble death of Cato. 5 And in his personal rela- tions with Augustus, he always conducted himself with a noble dignity and freedom ; so far from courting his favor, he even 1 0. 3, 3, 11 & 12 ; Epist. 2, 1, 15 & 16. 9 0. 1, 12, 37-44; ib. 2, 15, 11-20; ib. 3 ; 5 ; 12-56 ; ib. 3, 6 : 33-48. 8 0. 2 : 7 ; 2. 4 0. 2, 7, 1-16 ; O. 3, 21. 6 0. 1, 12, 35; ib.2, 1,24 XX LLFE OF HORACE. declined the advances made by Augustus himself ; when, so- licited by him to accept the place of his confidential secretary, 1 he respectfully refused it ; and when afterwards assured by him, in his letters, of his undiminished regard, and urged to come without ceremony to his palace and his table, 2 the poet showed himself nowise disposed to avail himself of the tempt- ing offers of the emperor. 3 We have thus touched upon the leading events in the life of Horace. The struggles of his youth, overcome by the exer- cise of his poetic talents, were followed in manhood by ample and abiding consolations, — fame, independence, friends, the in- timacy of Maecenas, and the favor of Augustus. He com- manded a position agreeable to his tastes and wishes, and eminently favorable to the development of his poetic charac- ter. Enjoying free access to the court of Augustus, and to the brilliant circles of the capital, and thus brought into con- nection with all men of distinction in letters, in the state, and in the world, he was familiar with the manners and forms of character of Roman society, and with all the best intellectual and social influences of Roman life. And when weary of the tumults and busy scenes of the city, he could avail himself of all the advantages and pleasures of country life ; he could visit his favorite Tibur, 4 where, by " the headlong Anio and the grove of Tiburnus," he passed in rambling and study 1 " Ante ipse sujfficiebam scribendis epistolis amicorum; nunc occupa- tissimus et infirmus Horaiium nostrum te cupio adducere. Veniet igitui ab ista parasitica mensa ad hanc regiam, et nos in epistolis scribendis adjuvabit :" Epist. of Augustus to Maecenas, in Suet. Vita Hor. 2. 2 " Sume tibi aliquid juris apud me. tanquam si convictor mihifueris, etc. :" Augustus to Horace, in Suet. Vita Hor. 3. 3 " Neque enim, si tu superbus amicitiam nostram sprevisti, ideo nos qu-oque av&i>ir€p! — l-liiA 2. 4. XXXIV LYEIC METRES OF HOEACE. IV. — Iambic Stanza. In the first ten Epodes. Two verses : the first, Iambic Trimeter (622) ; second, Iambic Dimeter (624). Gr. 631,. XVI. 2. >^ w _|>-^- V. — First Asclepiadean Glyconic Stanza. In nine Odes : I., 6, 15, 24, 33 ; II., 12 ; III., 10, 16 ; IV., 5, 12. Four verses: the first three, Lesser Asclepiadeans (628, IV.); the fourth, Second Glyconic Catalectic (628, III). Gr. 631, IV. 4. J- > | -A_ w | m w | ^ A VI. — Second Asclepiadean Glyconic Stanza. In seven Odes : 1,5, 14, 21, 23 ; III., 7, 13 ; IV., 13. Four verses : the first two, Lesser Asclepiadeans (628, IV.) ; the third, Second Glyconic Catalectic with syncope in the third foot (628, III., Note 2) ; the fourth, Second Glyconic Catalectic (628, III.). Gr. 631, V. i;|->|-^IMI-— |-^a 3. ^>|A,w|l|^A 4. ^> l-A^Kvl^A VII. — Lesser Asclepiadean Stanza. In three Odes : I., 1 ; III., 30 ; IV., 8. Four Lesser Asclepiadeans (628, IV.). Gr. 631, VII. VIII. — Greater Asclepiadean Stanza. In three Odes: I., 11, 18; IV., 10. Four Greater Asclepiadeans (628, V.). Gr. 631, VIII. ^ > | -^ | l_ I -^ | l_ | -^ | ^ | ^ A IX. — Double Alcmanian Stanza. In two Odes : L, 7, 28. Four verses : first and third, Dactylic Hexameters (610) ; second and fourth, Dactylic Tetrameters (616). Gr. 631, IX. LYRIC METRES OF HORACE. XXXV X. — First Pythiambic Stanza. — In Epodes 14 and 15. Two verses: first, Dactylic Hexameter (610); second, Iambic Dimeter (624). Gr. 631, XVII. 1. -c^|-^|-^|-oo|-^|-^ 2. >^. v -|>^«| XI. — Greater Sapphic Stanza. In Ode I., 8. Four verses : first and third, First Glyconics Catalectic with syncope in the third foot (628, III., Note 1) (608, VII.) ; second and fourth, Greater Sapphics (628, VII.). Gr. 631, III. XII. — Trochaic Stanza. In Ode II., 18. Four verses : first and third, Trochaic Dimeter Catalectic (619) ; second and fourth, Iambic Trimeter Catalectic (623). Gr. 631, X. i}--~ i 2. 4. XIII. — Dactylic Archilochian Stanza. In Ode IV., 7. Four verses: first and third, Dactylic Hexameters (610); second and fourth, Catalectic Dactylic Trimeters (617, note). Gr. 631, XL XIV. — Greater Archil\)chian Stanza. In Ode I., 4. Four verses: first and third, Greater Archilochians (62S, X) ; second and fourth, Iambic Trimeter Catalectic (623). Gr. 631, XII. XV.— Ionic Stanza. In Ode III., 12. Three verses : first and second, Ionic Tetrameters (626, Note 2) ; third, Ionic Dimeter (626). Gr. 631, XIII. I-} XXXVI LYRIC METRES OF HORACE. XVI. — First Archilochian Stanza. In Epode 13. Two verses : first, Dactylic Hexameter (610) ; second, Iambico-Dactylic (624 and 617). Gr. 631, XIV. 1. ~" oc | — cc I — oc I — ac I — «-*-' 1 — — 2. >^-|>z w w|. ww |. wy |^ XVII. — Second Archilochian Stanza. In Epode 11. Two verses : first, Iambic Trimeter (622) ; second, Dactylico-Iambic (617 and 624). Gr. 631, XV. 2. ^ ww |-v W |«A|>^J-|>z w w XVIII. — Second Pythiambic Stanza. In Epode 16. Two verses : first, Dactylic Hexameter (610) ; second, Iambic Trimeter . (622). Gr. 631, XVIII. 2. >-^-| t-~~ I t~^~ XIX. — Alcmanian Stanza. In Epode 12. Two verses : first, Dactylic Hexameter (610) ; second, Dactylic Tetra- meter (616). Gr. 631, XIX. i. - ro i- ro "i-ooi-roi-v~i-« XX.— Iambic Trimeter (622). In Epode 17. Not grouped into stanzas. >^.^_ I > -l^-\ >^-^^ INDEX TO THE METRES. METRE METR E JEY:, vetusto i. Impios parrae - ii. /Equ am memento - i. Inclusam Danaen - V. Albi, ne doleas v. Intactis opulentior iii. Altera jam teritur xviii. Integer vitae - ii. Angustam amice i. Intermissa, Venus, iii. At, deoruni iv. Jam jam efficaci XX. Audivere, Lyce VI. Jam pauca aratro i. Bacclmm in remotis i. Jam satis terris ii. Beatus ille, - iv. Jamveris comites, V. Coelo supinas i. Justum et tenacem i. Coelo tonantem i. Laudabunt alii ix. Cum tu, Lydia, iii. Lupis et agnis iv. Cur me querelis i. Lydia, die, per omnes xi. Delicta majorum i. Maecenas atavis vii. Descende coelo i. Mala soluta iv. Diauam tenerae vi. Martiis caelebs ii. Diffugere nives ; xiii. Mater sa3va Cupidinum iii. Dive, quern proles ii. Mercuri, facunde ii. Divis orte bonis, v. Mercuri nam te, ii. Donareni pateras vii. Miserarum est XV. Donee gratus eram iii. Mollis inertia X. Eheu fugaces, i. Montium custos ii. Est mihi nonum ii. Motum ex Metello - i. Et thure et fidibus iii. Musis amicus - i. Exegi monumentum vii. Natis in usum i. Extremum Tanain v. Ne forte credas i. Faune, Nympharum ii. Ne sit ancillae ii. Festo quid potius die - iii. Nolis longa ferae v. Herculis ritu ii. Nondum subacta i. Horrida tempestas xvi. Non ebur, neque xii. Ibis Liburnis iv. Non semper imbres i. Icci, beatis i. Non usitata i, Ille et nefasto i. Non vides, quanto ii XXXV111 INDEX TO THE METRES. METRE. MEl'H Nox erat, X. Quern tu, Melpomene, iii. Nullam, Vare, - - viii. Quem virum - ii. Nullus argento ii. Quid bellicosus i. Nunc estbibendum, i. Quid dedicatum - i. crudelis adhuc, - viii. Quid fles, Asterie - vi. Diva, gratum - i. Quid immerentes - iv. fons Bandusiae, vi. Quid tibi vis, xix. matre pulchra i. Quis desiderio - - v. nata mecum, i. Quis multa gracilis • vi. navis ! referent - vi. Quo me, Bacche, - iii. saepe mecnm i. Quo, quo scelesti iv. Venus, regina - ii. Rectius vives, - ii. Odi profanurn i. Rogare longo iv. Otium divos - ii. Scriberis Vario - v. Parciusjunctas ii. Septimi, Gades ii. Parous deorum i. Sic te Diva - iii. Parentis olim iv. Solvitur acris hiems xiv. Pastor quum traheret - v. Te maris et terrae - ix. Persicos odi ii. Tu ne quaesieris, viii. Petti, nihil me, -xvii. Tyrrhena regum - i. Phoebe, silvarumque ii. Ulla si juris ii. Phoebus volentem i. Uxor pauperis Ibyci - iii. Pindarum quisquis - ii. Velox amoenum i. Poscimur. Si quid - ii. Vides, ut alta - - i. Quae cura patrum, - i. Vile potabis ii. Qualem, ministrum i. Vitas hinnuleo - - vi. Quando repostum - iv. Vixi puellia, i. Quantum distet - iii. Q. HORATII FLACCI CARMINUM LIBER PRIMUS. CARMEN L AD MAECENATEM. Maecenas atavis edite regibus, O et praesidium et dulce decus meum, Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicuni Collegisse juvat, metaque fervidis Evitata rotis palmaque nobilis 6 Terrarum dominos evehit ad deos ; Hunc, si mobilium turba Q,uiritium Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ; Ilium, si proprio condidit horreo, duidquid de Libycis verritur areis. 10 Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo Agros Attalicis conditionibus Nunquam dimoveas, ut trabe Cypria Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare. Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum 13 Mercator metuens, otium et oppidi 3. Olympium 7. nobilium. 13. demovean. CARMKUai Laudat rura sui ; mox reficit rates Q,uassas, indocilis pauperiem pati. Est qui nee veteris pocula Massici, Nee partem solido demere de die 20 Spernitj nunc viridi membra sub arbuto Stratus, nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrac. Multos castra juvant,et lituo tubae Permixtus sonitus,bellaque matribus Detestata. Manet sub Jove frigido 25 Yenator, tenerae conjugis immemor. Seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus, Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas. Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium Dis miscent superis ; me gelidum nemus ■ 30 Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori Secernunt populo, si neque tibias Euterpe cohibet, nee Polyhymnia Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton. duodsi me lyricis vatibus inseris, 36 Sublimi feriam sidera vertice. CARMEN II. AD CAESAREM AUGUSTU1H, Jam satis terris nivis atque dirae Grandinis misit Pater, et rubente Dextera sacras jaculatus arces Terruit Urbem, 17. tuta, de conjectura. 29. Te, de conj. [15 Inseres, Orellius. 36. Sublimis. C. ii. 2. rubentl. LLBER I. C. H. 3 Terruit gentes, grave ne rediret 5 Saeculura Pyrrhae nova monstra questae. Omne cum Proteus pecus egit altos Visere montes, Piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo. Nota quae sedes fuerat columbis ; 10 Et superjecto pavidae natarunt Aequore damae. Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortis Litore Etrusco violenter undis, Ire -dejec turn monumenta regis 15 Templaque Vestae ; Iliae dum se nimium querenti Jactat ultorem, vagus et sinistra Labitur ripa, Jove non probante, u- xorius amnis. 20 Audiet cives acuisse ferruin, Q,uo graves Persae melius perirent, Audiet pugnas vitio parentum Rara juventus. Ciuem vocet divum populus ruenne 25 Imperi rebus ? prece qua fatigent Yirgines sanctae minus audientem Carmina Yestam ? Cui dabit partes scelus expiandi Jupiter? Tandem venias, precamur, 30 10. palumbis. CARMINUM Nube candentes humeros amictus, Augur Apollo-; Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens, Quam Jocus circumvolat et Cupido ; Sive neglectum genus et nepotes 35 Respicis. auctor, Heu nimis longo satiate ludo, Q,uem juvat clamor galeaeque leves, Acer et Mauri peditis cruentum Vultns in hostem ; 40 Sive mutata juvenem figura Ales in terris imitaris, almae Filius Maiae, patiens vocari Caesaris ultor ; Serus in coelum redeas, diuque 45 Laetus intersis populo Q,uirini, Neve te nostris vitiis iniquum Ocior aura Tollat. Hie magnos potius triumphos, Hie ames dici pater atque princeps, 50 Neu sinas Medos equitare inultos, Te duce, Caesar. ijl. candenti. 39. Marsi, de conj. 46. Quirino. LIBER I. C. III. CARMEN III. 4D NAVEM, QUA VEHEBATUR VIRGILIUS ATIJENA8 PROFICISCENS. Sic le diva potens Cypri, Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, Ventorumque regat pater, Obstrictis aliis, praeter Iapyga, Navis, quae tibi creditum 5 Debes Virgilium, finibus Atticis Reddas incolumem, precor, Et serves animae dimidium meae. Illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci 10 Commisit pelago ratem Primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum Decertantem Aquilonibus, Nee tristes Hyadas, nee rabiem Noti Quo non arbiter Hadriae 15 Major, tollere seu ponere vult freta. Quern mortis timuit gradum, Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia, Qui vidit mare turgidum et Infames scopulos Acroceraunia ? 20 Nequidquam deus abscidit Prudens Oceano dissociabili Terras, si tamen impiae Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. Audax omnia perpeti 25 Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas. 8. Ut. 18. rectis, de conj. 19. turbidum. 20. aha Ceraunia. 22. dissoc.iabiles, de conj. CARM1NUM Audax Iapeti genus Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit. Post ignem aetheria domo Subduct urn, macies et nova febrium 30 Terris incubuit cohors, Semotique prius tarda necessitas Leti corripuit gradum. Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera Pennis non homini datis : 35 Perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor. Nil mortalibus ardui est. Coelum ipsum petimus stultitia, neque Per nostrum patimur scelus Iracunda Jovem ponere fulmina. 40 CARMEN IV. AD L. SESTIUM. Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni, Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas ; Ac neque jam stabulis gaudet pecus, aut arator igni ; Nee prata can is albicant pruinis. Jam Cytherea choros ducit Venus, imminente Luna, 5 Junctaeque Nymphis Gratiae decentes Alterno terram quatiunt pede, dum graves Cyclopum Vulcanus ardens urit officinas. Nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto, Aut flore, terrae quern ferunt solutae. 10 37 aidmm. 0. iv. 8. visit. LIBEK I. C. V. 7 Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis, Seu poscat agna, sive malit haedo. Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas Regumque turres. O beate Sesti, Vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat inchoare longam. 1.5 Jam te premet nox, fabulaeque Manes, I It domus exilis Plutonia ; quo simul mearis, Nee regna vini sortiere talis, N T ec tenerum Lycidan mirabere, quo calet juventns Nunc omnis, et mox virgines tepebunt. 20 CARMEN V. AD 1' YRRHAM. Q,uis multa gracilis te puer in rosa Perfusus liquidis urget odoribus Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro ? Cui flavam religas comam. Simplex mimditiis ? Heu quoties fidem 5 Mutatosque deos flebit, et aspera Nigris aequora ventis Emirabitur insolens, Q,ui nunc te fruitur credulus aurea ; Q,ui semper vacuam, semper amabilem 10 Sperat, nescius aurae Fallacis Miseri. quibus 12. agnam — haedum. 3.9. Lycidam. ( ;. V. 5. Quotiens. 8. ut mirabitur ; demirabitur, dt ccij. (JAJiMLNTJM Intentata nites ! Me tabula sacra* Votiva paries indicat uvida Suspendisse potenti 15 Vestimenta maris deo. CARxMEN VI. AD M. VIPSANIUM AGRIPPAM. Scriberis Vario fortis et hostium Victor Maeonii carminis alite, Q,uam rem cunque ferox navibus aut equis Miles te duce gesserit. Nos, Agrippa, neque haec dicere, nee gravem 5 Pelidae stomachum cedere nescii, Nee cursus duplicis per mare Ulixei, Nee saevam Pelopis do-mum Conamur, tenues grandia, dum pudor Imbellisque lyrae Musa potens vetat 10 Laudes egregii Caesaris et tuas Culpa deterere ingeni. Q,uis Martem tunica tectum adamantina Digne scripserit 7 aut pulvere Tioico Nigrum Merionen? aut ope Palladis 15 Tydiden Superis parem? 14 humida. C. vi. 2. aliti. 3. qua rem cunque. 7. duplices; Ulyssei. 14. Troio. LLBEE I. C. VII. Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum, Sectis in juvenes unguibus acrium, Cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur, Non praeter solitum leves. 20 CARMEN VII. AD MUNATIUM PLANCUM. 1 iaudabunt alii claram Rhodon, aut Mitylenen. Aut Epheson, bimarisve Corinthi Moenia, vel Baccho Thebas vel Apolline Delphos Insignes, aut Thessala Tempe. Sunt quibus unum opus est, intactae Palladis urbem 5 Carmine perpetuo celebrare, et Undique decerptam fronti praeponere olivam. Plurimus, in Junonis honorem, Aptum dicet equis Argos ditesque Mycenas. Me nee tarn patiens Lacedaemon, 10 Nee tarn Larissae percussit campus opimae, Q,uam domus Albuneae resonantis, Et praeceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus, et uda Mobiiibus pomaria rivis. Albus ut obscuro deterget nubila coelo 15 Saepe Notus, neque parturit imbres Perpetuos, sic tu sapiens finire memento Tristitiam vitaeque labores C. vii. 2. Epheauin 5. arces ; arcem. 6 et 7. celebrare, Indequc. 7. decerptae frondi, de conj. 9. dicit. J 5. detsrgit. 17. Perpetuo. 10 CAJRM1NUM Mollij Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis Castra tenent, seu derisa tenebit 2(1 Tiburis umbra tui. Teucer, Salamina patremque Cum fugeret, tarn en uda Lyaeo Tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona, Sic tristes affatus amicos : Quo nos cunque feret melior Fortuna parente, 25 Ibimus, o socii comitesque ! Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro ; Certus enim promisit Apollo, Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram. O fortes pejoraque passi 30 lVTecum saepe viri, nunc vino pellite curas ; Cras ingens iterabimus aequor. CARMEN VIII. AD LYDIAM Lydia die, per omnes Te deos oro, Sybarin cur properes amando Perdere ; cur apricum Oderit campum, patiens pulveris atque solis '? Cur neque militaris 5 Inter aequales equitat, Gallica nee lupatis Temperat ora frenis ? Cur timet flavum IMberim tangere ? cur olivum Sanguine viperino Cautius vitat ? neque jam livida gestat armis 10 27. auspice Teucri: C. viii. 6 et 7. equitet— Temperet. LIBEK 1. C. IX. 11 Brachia, saepe disco, Saepe trans finem jaculo nobiiis expedito ? Q,uid iatet, ut marinae Filium dicunt Thetidis sub lacrimosa Trojae Fun era. ne virilis 15 Cultus in caedem et Lycias proriperet catervas ► CARMEN IX. AD THALIARCHUM. Vides, ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte, nee jam sustineant onus Silvae laborantes, geluque Flumina constiterint acuto. Dissolve frigus, ligna super foco 5 Large reponens, atque benignius Deprome quadrimum Sabina, O Thaliarche, merum diota. Permitte divis cetera : qui simul Stravere ventos aequore fervido JO Deproeliantes, nee cupressi Nee veteres agitantur orni. Q,uid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere : et Quern Fors dieruin cunque dabit, lucro Appone, nee dulces amores 15 Sperne puer, neque tu choreas, C. ix. 7. Depone. 14. sora 3 12 CABMTNTJM Donee virenti canities abest Morosa. Nunc et campus et areae, Lenesque sub noctem susurri Composita repetantur hora, 20 Nunc et latentis proditor intimo Gratus puellae risus ab. angulo, Pignusque dereptum lacertis, Aut digito male pertinaci. CARMEN X. AD MERCURIUM. Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis, Qui feros cultus hominum recent urn Voce formasti catus, et decorae More palaestrae, Te canam, magni Jovis et deorum Nuntium, curvaeque lyrae parentem, Callidum, quidquid placuit, jocoso Condere furto. Te } boves ohm nisi reddidisses Per dolmn amotas, puerum minaci Voce dum tercet, viduus pharetra Risit Apollo. C. x. L Mercuri facunde, nepos Atlantis. LTBEK I. C. XL 13 Quin et Atridas, duce te, superbos Ilio dives Priamus relicto Thessalosque ignes et iniqua Trojae 15 Castra fefellit. Tu pias laetis animas reponis Sedibus, virgaque levem coerces Aurea turbam, superis deorum Gratus et imis. 20 CARMEN XL AD LEUCONOEN. Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quern mini, quern tibi Finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios Tentaris numeros. Ut melius, quidquid erit, pati ! Seu plures hiemes, seu tribuit Jupiter ultimam, Q,uae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare Tyrrhenum : sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi Spem longam reseces. Dum loquimur, fugerit invida Aetas, Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero C. xi 1. quaesieris scire, nefas. 4. tribuet. 14 CARMEN UM CARMEN XII. AD CAESAREM AUGUST UM. Q,uem virum aut heroa lyra vol ach Tibia sumis celebrare, Clio ? Quern deum ? cujus recinet jocosa Nomen imago Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris, 5 Aut super Pindo, gelidove in Haemo ? Unde vocalem temere insecutae Orphea silvae, Arte materna rapidos morantenl Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos, 10 Blandum et auritas fidibus canoris Ducere quercus. Quid prius dicam solitis Parentis Laudibus, qui res hominum ac deorum, Qui mare ac terras variiscjue mundum 15 Temperat horis ? Unde nil majus generatur ipso. Nee viget quidquam simile aut secundum : Proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores. 20 Proeliis audax, neque te silebo. Liber, et saevis inimica virgo C. xii. S. sumes. 3. recinit. 13. Quid prius? Dicam solitis Parentem 19. occupabit. 20, 21. Pallas honores, Proeliis audax. Neque. LLBEIl I. c. xn. 15 BelluiSj nee te, metuende certa, Phoebe, sagitta. Dicam et Alciden. puerosque Ledae, 25 Hunc equis, ilium superare pugnis Nobilem ; quorum simul alba nautis Stella refulsit. Denuit saxis agitatus humor, Concidunt venti, fugiuntque nubes, 30 Et minax — quod sic voluere — ponto Unda recumbit. Romulum post hos prius, an quietum Pompili regnum memorem, an superbos Tarquini fasces, dubito, an Catonis 35 Nobile letum. Regulum, et Scauros, animaeque magnae Prodigum Paullum. superante Poeno, Gratus insigni referam Camena, Fabriciumque. 40 Hunc, et incomptis Curium capillis Utilem bello tulit, et Camillum Saeva paupertas et avitus apto Cum lare fundus. Crescit, occulto velut arbor aevo, 45 Fama Marcelli : micat inter omnes Julium sidus, velut inter ignes Luna minores. 31. quia sic ; qua sic ; nam sic ; di sic. 35. anne Curti, Bentl. 41. intonais. 16 CAKMrNUM Gentis humanae pater atque custos, Orte Saturno, tibi cura magni 50 Caesaris fatis data ; tu secundo Caesare regnes. Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentes Egerit justo domitos triumpho, Sive subjectos Orientis orae 55 Seras et Indos, Te minor latum reget aeqims orbem : Tu gravi curru quaties Olympum, Tu parum castis inimica mittes Fulmina lucis. 60 CARMEN XIII. AD LYDIAM Cum tu, Lydia, Telephi Cervicem roseam, cerea Telephi Laudas brachia, vae meum Fervens difficili bile tumet jecur. Turn nee mens mihi nee color Certa sede manent ; humor et in genas Furtim labitur, arguens Q,uam lentis penitus macerer ignibus. Uror, seu tibi candidos Turparunt humeros immodicae mero 57. laetum ; ibid, regat. C. xiii. 4. jecor. 6. ma net LIBER I. C. XIV. 17 Rixae, sive puer furens Impressit memorem dente labris notam. Non, si me satis audias, Speres perpetuum, dulcia barbare Laedentem oscula, quae Yen us 15 Q,uinta parte sui nectaris imbuit. Felices ter et amplius, Q,uos irrupta tenet copula, nee malis Divulsus querimoniis, Suprema citius solvet amor die. 20 CARMEN XIV. AD REMPUBLICAM. O navis, referent in mare te novi Fluctus. Oquidagis? Fortiter occupa Portum. Nonne vides, ut Nudum remigio latus, Et malus celeri saucius Africo 5 Antennaeque gemant, ac sine funibus Vix durare carinae Possint imperiosius Aequor ? Non tibi sunt integra lintea, Non dij quos iterum pressa voces malo. 10 Quamvis Pontica pinus, Silvae filia nobilis, 13. audiee. C. xiv. 1. referunt. 6. gemunt 8. possunt. 1 8 cABMnnjM Jactes et genus et nomen inutile : Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus Fidit: Tu, nisi ventis 10 Debes ludibrium, cave. Nuper sollicitum quae mini taedium, Nunc desiderium, curaque non levis, Interfusa nitentes Yites aequora Cycladas. 20 CARMEN XV. NEREI VATICINIUM DE EXCIDIO TROJAE, Pastor cum traheret per freta navibus Idaeis Helenen perfidus hospitam, Ingrato celeres obruit otio Ventos, ut caneret fera Nereus fata : Mala ducis avi do-mum, 5 Q,uam multo repetet Graecia milite, Conjurata tuas rumpere nuptias Et regnum Priami vetus. Heu, heu ! quantus equis, quantus adest vhis Sudor ! quanta moves funera Dardanae 1 Genti ! Jam galeam Pallas et aegida Currusque et rabiem parat. 15. Tu nisi ventis Debes ludibrinm cave. C. xv. 9. Eheu. LEBER I. C. XV. 19 Nequidquam, Veneris praesidio ferox, Pectes caesariem, grataque feminis Imbelli cithara carmina divides : 15 Nequidquam th alamo graves Hastas et calami spicula Cnosii Vitabis, strepitumque, et celerem sequi Ajacem : tamen heu serus adulteros Crines pulvere collines. 20 Non Laertiaden, exitium tuae Genti, non Pylium Nestora respicis ? Urgent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer et Sthenelus sciens Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis, 25 Non auriga piger. Merionen quoque Nosces. Ecce furit te reperire atrox Tydides, melior patre : Quern tu, cervus uti vallis in altera Visum parte lupum graminis immemor, 30 Sublimi fugies mollis anhelitu, Non hoc pollicitus tuae. Iracunda diem proferet llio Matronisque Phrygum classis Achillei ; Post certas hiemes uret Achaicus 35 Ignis Iliacas domos. 20. Cultus. 21,22. Num— num. 94. Teucer, te ; Teucerque et, de conj. 35. Achaiue. 36. Pergameat). 20 CA.RMINUM CARMEN XVI AD AMICAM. O matre pulchra filia pulchrior, Q,uem criminosis cunque voles modum Pones iambis, sive flamma Sive mari libet Hadriano. Non Dindymene, non adytis quatit Mentem sacerdotum incola Pythius, Non Liber aeque, non acuta Sic geminant Corybantes aera, Tristes ut irae, quas neque Noricus Deterret ensis, nee mare naufragum, Nee saevus ignis, nee tremendo Jupiter ipse mens tumultu. Fertur Prometheus, addere principi Limo coactus particulam undique Desectam, et insani leonis Vim stomacho apposuisse nostro. Irae Thyesten exitio gravi Stravere, et altis urbibus ultimae Stetere causae, cur perirent Funditus, imprimeretque muris Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens. Compesce mentem ; me quoque pectoris C. xvi. 8. Si, de conj. LIBER I. C. XVIL 21 Tentavit in dulci juventa Fervor, et in celeres iambos Misit furentem. Nunc ego mitibus 25 Mutare quaero tristia, dum mihi Fias recantatis arnica Opprobriis animiunque reddas. CARMEN XVII. A. D TYNDARIDEM. Yelox amoenum saepe Lucretilem Mutat Lycaeo Faunus, et igneam Defendit aestatem capellis Usque meis, pluviosque ventos. Impune tutum per nemus arbutos 5 Quaerunt latentes et thyma deviae Olentis uxores mariti, Nee virides metuunt colubras Nee Martiales Haediliae lupos, Utcunque dulci, Tyndari, fistula 10 Yalles et Usticae cubantis Levia personuere saxa. Di me tuentur : dis pietas mea Et Musa cordi est. Hie tibi copia C. xvii 5 totum. 8. colubros. 9. hoeduleae. 14. Hinc. 22 CAKMINUM Manabit ad plenum benigno 15 Ruris honorum opulenta coma. Hie in reducta valle Caniculae Vitabis aestus, et fide Te'ia Dices laborantes in uno Penelopen vitreamque Circen. 20 Hie innocentis pocula Lesbh Duces sub umbra : nee Semeleius Cum Marte confundet Thyoneus Proelia, nee metues protervum Suspecta Cyrum, ne male dispari 25 Incontin entes injiciat manus, Et scindat haerentem coronam Crinibus, immeritamque vestem. CARMEN XVIII. AD Q.UINCTILIUM VARUM. Nullam, Tare, sacra vite prius severis arborem Circa mite solum Tiburis et moenia Catili. Siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit, neque Mordaces aliter diffugiunt sollicitudines. Q,uis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiern crepat ? 5 Gluis non te potius, Bacche pater, teque, decens Yenus ? A t ne quis modici transiliat munera Liberi, Centaurea monet cum Lapithis rixa super mero 25. nee. C. xviii. 5. increpat. 7. ac. LIBER I. C. XIX 23 DebeHata, monet Sithoniis non levis Evius, Cum fas atque nefas exiguo fine libidinum 10 Discernunt avidi. Non ego te, candide Bassareu, Invitum quatiam, nee variis obsita frondibus Sub divum rapiam. Saeva tene cum Berecyiitio Cornu tympana, quae subsequitur caecus amor sui, Et tollens vacuum plus nimio gloria verticcm, 15 A rcanique fides prodiga, perlucidior vitro. CARMEN XIX, AD GLYCERAM. Mater saeva Cupidinum Thebanaeque jubet me Semeles puer, Et lasciva licentia Finitis animum reddere amoribus. Urit me Glycerae nitor 5 Splendentis Pario marmore purius : Urit grata protervitas, Et vultus nimium lubricus adspici, In me tota mens Yenus Cyprum deseruit, nee patitur Scythas, 10 Et versis animosum equis Parthum dicere, nee quae nihil attinent. Hie vivum mihi caespitem, hie Yerbenas, pueri, ponite, thuraque, Bimi cum patera meri : 15 Mactata veniet lenior hostia. C. »x. 12. attinei. 24 CAEMINUM CARMEN XX. AD MAECENATEM Vile potabis modicis Sabinum Cantharis, Graeca quod ego ipse testa Conditum levi, datus in theatro Cum tibi plausus, Care Maecenas eques, ut paterni 5 Fluminis ripae, simul et jocosa Redderet laudes tibi Vatican i Montis imago. Caecubum et prelo domitam Caleno Tu bibes uvam ; mea nee Falernae 10 Temperant vites, neque Formiani Pocula colles. CARMEN XXL IN DIANAM ET APOLLINEM. » Dianam tenerae dicite virgines ; Intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium, Latonamque supremo Dilectam penitus Jovi. Vos laetam fluviis et nemorum coma, Quaecunque aut gelido prominet Algido, C. xxi. 5. comam. LIBEE I. C. XXIL 25 Nigris aut Erymanthi SilviSj aut viridis Cragi : Vos Tempe totidem tollite laudibus, Natalemque, mares, Delon Apollinis, 10 Insignemque pharetra Fraternaque humerum lyra. Hie bellum lacrimosum, hie miseram fameia Pestemque a populo et principe Caesare in Persas atque Britannos 15 Vestra motus aget prece. CARMEN XXIL AD ARISTIUM FUSCUM. Integer vitae scelerisque purus Non eget Mauris jaculis, neque arcu Nee venenatis gravida sagittis, Fusee, pharetra; Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas, 5 Sive facturus per inhospitalem Caucasum, vel quae loca fabulosus Lambit Hydaspes. Xamque me silva lupus in Sabina, Dum meam canto Lalagen, et ultra 10 G. xxii. 2. Mauri ; nee. 26 CAKMINUM Terminum curis vagor expeditis, Fugit inermem : Quale portentum neque militaris Daunias latis alit aesculetis. Nee Jubae tellus generat, leonum 1 5 A rid a nutrix. Pone me, pigris abi nulla campis Arbor aestiva recreatur aura, Quod latus mundi nebulae malusqiie Jupiter urget : 20 Pone sub curru nimium propinqui Solis, in terra domibus negata : Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, Dulce loquentem. CARMEN XXIII. AD C H L O E N . Vitas hinnuleo me similis, Chloe, Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis Matrem, non sine vano Aurarum et siluae metu. Nam seu mobilibus veris inhorruit Adventus foliis, seu virides rubum 11 expeditu?. C. xxiii. 5. vitis ; vepris, de conj. LIBER I. C. XXIV. 27 Dimovere lacertae, Et corde et genibus tremit. Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera, Gaetulusve leo, frangere persequor : 10 Tandem desine matrem Tempestiva sequi viro. CAEMEN XXIV. AD P. VIRGILIUM MARONEM, Q,uis desiderio sit pudor aut modus Tarn cari capitis '/ Praecipe lugubres Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam Pater Yocem cum cithara dedit. Ergo Q,uinctilium perpetuus sopor 5 Urget ? cui pudor, et justitiae soror Incorrupta fides, nudaque Veritas, Q,uando ullum inveniet parem 1 Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit : Nulli flebilior, quam tibi, Yirgili. 10 Tu frustra pius heu non ita creditum Poscis Ctuinctilium deos. Quodsi Threicio blandius Orpheo Auditam moderere arboribus fidem, C. xxiv. 8. invenient. 13. Quid? si -8 CAKMINUM Non vanae redeat sanguis imagini, 15 Q,uam virga semel horrida, Non lenis precibus fata recludere, Nigro compulerit Mercurius gregi. Durum : sed levius fit patientia, Q,uidquid corrigere est nefas. 20 CARMEN XXV. AD L Y D I A M . Parcius junctas quatiunt fenestras Ictibus crebris juvenes protervi, Nee tibi somnos adimunt, amatque Janua limen, Q,uae prms multum facilis movebat 5 Cardines. Audis minus et minus jam ; " Me tuo longas pereunte noctes, Lydia, dormis ?" Invicem moechos anus arrogantes Flebis in solo levis angiportu, [0 Thracio bacchante magis sub inter- lunia vento : Cum tibi flagrans amor, et libido, Quae solet matres furiare equorum, 15. Num. C. xxv. 2. jactibus. 5. faciles. LLBEE I. C. XXVI. 29 Saeviet circa jecur ulcerosum, 1 5 Non sine questu, Laeta quod pubes hedera virente Gaudeat pulla magis atque myrto, Arid as frondes hiemis sodali Dedicet Hebro. 80 CARMEN XXVL AD AELIUM LAMIAM, Musis amicus tristitiam et metus Tradam protervis in mare Creticum Portare ventis, quis sub Arcto Rex gelidae metuatur orae, Quid Tiridaten terreat, unice 5 Securus. O quae fontibus integris Gaudes, apricos necte flores, Necte meo Lamiae coronam, Pimple a dulcis ! Nil sine te mei Prosunt honores ; hunc fidibus no vis, 10 Hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro Teque tuasque decet sorores. 1? virenti. C. xxvi. 9. Piniplei. 10. Possunt. 30 CARMINTTM CARMEN XXVII. AD SODALES CON VIVAS, Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis Pugnare Thracum est : tollite barbarum Morem, verecundumque Bacchum Sanguineis prohibete rixis. Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces 5 Immane quantum discrepat ; impium Lenite clamorem, sodales, Et cubito remanete presso. Vultis severi me quoque sumere Partem Falerni ? Dicat Opuntiae 10 Frater Megillae, quo beatus Vulnere, qua pereat sagitta. Cessat voluntas ? Non alia bibam Mercede. Quae te cunque domat Yenus, Non erubescendis adurit 15 Ignibus, ingenuoque semper Amore peccas. Quidquid habes, age, Depone tutis auribus. Ah miser ! Quanta laborabas Charybdi, Digne puer meliore flamma ! 20 Quae saga, quis te solvere Thessalis Magus venenis, quis poterit dens ? C. xxvii. 13. voluptas. 19. laboras in Charybdi. LIBER I. c. xxv m. 31 Vix illigatum te triformi Pegasus expediet Chimaera. CARMEN XXYIII. ARCHYTAS Te maris et terrae nurheroque carentis arenae Mensorem cohibent, Archyta, Pulveris exigui prope litus parva Matinum Munera, nee quidquam tibi prodest Aerias tentasse domos, animoque rotundum 5 Percurrisse polum, morituro. Occidit et Pelopis genitor, conviva deorum, Tithonusque remotus in auras, Et Jovis arcanis Minos admissus, habentque Tartara Panthoiden iterum Oreo 10 Demissum, quamvis, clypeo Trojana refixo Tempora testatus, nihil ultra Nervos atque cutem morti concesserat atrae, Judice te non sordidus auctor Naturae verique. Sed omnes una manet nox 15 Et calcanda semel via leti. Dant alios Furiae torvo spectacula Marti : Exitio est avidum mare nautis ; Mixta senum ac juvenum densentur funera : imllum Saeva caput Proserpina fugit 20 Me quoque devexi rapidus comes Orionis, Illyricis Notus obruit undis. C xxviii. 18. avidis. 19. densantur 32 CARMINUM At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae Ossibus et capiti inhumato Particulam dare : sic, quodcunque minabitur Eurus 25 Fluctibus Hesperiis, Venusinae Plectantur silvae, te sospite : multaque merces, Unde potest, tibi defluat aequo Ab Jove Neptunoque sacri custode Tarenti. Negligis immeritis nocituram 30 Postmodo te natis fraudem committere ? Fors et Debita jura vicesque superbae Te maneant ipsum : precibus non linquar inultis, Teque piacula nulla resolvent. Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa : licebit 35 Injecto ter pulvere curras. CARMEN XXIX. AD ICCIUM Icci, beatis nunc Arabum invides Gazis, et acrem militiam paras Non ante devictis Sabaeae Regibus, horribilique Medo Nectis catenas 'I Q,uae tibi virginum, Sponso necato, barbara serviet ? Puer quis ex aula capillis Ad cyathum statuetur unctis, 31. Forsan. LIBER I. C. XXX. 38 Doctus sagittas tendere Sericas Arcu paterno 7 Q,uis neget arduis 10 Pronos relabi posse rivos Montibus, et Tiberim reveiti, Cumtucoempto-sundique nobilis Libros Panaeti Socraticam et domum Mutare loricis Hiberis, 15 Pollicitus meliora, tendis ? CARMEN XXX. AD VENEREM. O Terms, regina Cnidi Paphique, Sperne dilectam Cypron, et vocantis Thure te multo Glycerae decoram Transfer in aedem. Fervidus tecum puer, et solutis Gratiae zonis, properentque Nymphae, Et parum comis sine te Juventas, Mercuriusque. C. xxx. 13. not>ik*. o4 CARMINUM CARMEN XXXI. AD APOLLINEM. Quid dedicatum poscit Apollinem Vates ? quid orat, de patera novum Fundens liquorem ? Non opimae Sardiniae segetes feraces ; Non aestuosae grata Calabriae 5 Armenta ; non aurum aut ebur Indicum : Non rura, quae Liris quieta Mordet aqua, taciturnus amnis. Premant Caiena falce quibus dedit Fortuna vitem : dives et aureis 10 Mercator exsiccet culullis Vina Syra reparata merce, Dis carus ipsis : quippe ter et quater Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum Impune. Me pascunt olivae, 1 5 Me cichorea, levesque malvae. Frui paratis et valido mihi, Latoe, dones et, precor, integra Cum mente, nee turpem senectam Degere nee cithara carentem. 20 C. xxxi. 3. opimas — feracis. 9. Calenam, de conj, 10. ut. 15. pascant. 18. at ; ac. LIBER I. C. XXXTTT. 35 CARMEN XXXII. AD L Y R A M . Poscimur. Si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum Vivat, et plures, age, die Latinum, Barbite, carmen, Lesbio primum modulate civi ; 5 Qui ferox bello, tamen inter arm a, Sive jactatam religarat udo Litore navim, Liberum et Musas Yeneremque et illi Semper haerentem puerum canebat, 10 Et Lycum, nigris oculis nigroque Crine decorum. O decus Phoebi et dapibus supremi Grata testudo Jbvis, o laborum Dulce lenimeiij mihi cunque salve 15 Rite vocanti. CARMEN XXXIII. AD ALBIUM TIBULLUM. Albi, ne doleas plus nimio, memor Fmrnitis Glycerae, neu miserabiles C. xxxii. 1. Poscimus ; ibid, antro. 4 36 CAEMINUM Decantes elegos, cur tibi junior Laesa praeniteat fide. Insignem tenui fronte Lycorida 5 Cyri torret amor ; Cyrus in asperam Declinat Pholoen ; sed prius Apulis Jungentur capreae lupis, Q,uam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero. Sic visum Veneri, cui placet impares 10 Formas atque animos sub juga aenea Saevo mittere cum joco. Ipsum me, melior cum peteret Venus, Grata detinuit compede Myrtale Libertina, fretis acrior Hadriae 15 Curvantis Calabros sinus. CARMEN XXXIV. AD SE IPSUM, Parcus deorum cultor et infrequens, Insanientis dum sapientiae Consultus erro, nunc retrorsum Vela dare atque iter are cursus Cogpr relictos : namque Diespiter, Tgni corusco nubila dividens C. xxxiii. V Appulis. LIBEE I. C. XXXIV. 37 Plemmque, per purum tonantes Egit equos volucremque currum ; Q,uo bruta tellus, et vaga flumina, Quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari 10 Sedes Atlanteusque finis Concutitur. Yalet ima summis Mutare, et insignem attenuat deus, Obscura promens : hinc apicem rapax Fortuna cum stridore acuto 1 5 Sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet. CARMEN XXXV. AD FORTUNAM ANTIATEM. O diva, gratum quae regis Antium, Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu Mortale corpus vel superbos Vertere funeribus triumphos, Te pauper ambit sollicita prece 6 Ruris colonus, te dominam aequoris, Quicunque Bithyna lacessit Carpathium pelagus carina. Te Dacus asper, te profugi Scythae, Urbesque gentesque et Latium ferox, 1 Regumque matres barbarorum et Purpurei metuunt tyranni, 38 CARMINUM Inj arioso ne pede proruas Stantem column am, neu popuki frequens Ad arraa cessantes, ad arma 1 5 Concitet imperiumque frangat. Te semper anteit saeva Necessitas, Clavos trabales et cuneos inarm Gestans ahena, nee severus Uncus abest liquidumque plumbum. 20 Te Spes et albo rara Fides colit Velata panno, nee comitem abnegat. Utcunque mutata potentes Teste domos inimica linquis, At vulgus inndum et meretrix retro 25 Perjura cedit ; diffugiunt cadis Cum faece siccatis amici, Ferre jugum pariter dolosi. Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos Orbis Britannos, et juvenum recens 30 Examen, Eois timendum Partibus Oceanoque rubro. Eheu cicatricum et sceleris pudet Fratrumque. Q,uid ribs dura refugimus Aetas ? quid intactum nefasti 35 Liquimus ? unde manum juventus Metu deorum continuit ? quibus Pepercit aris ? O utinam nova C. xxxv. 17. serva 33. Heu, heu ! 3G. manue. LIBEK I. C. XXXVI. 39 Incude diffingas retusum in Massagetas Arabasque ferrum ! 40 CARMEN XXXYL IN HON ORE M PL01I1 NUMIDAE. Et tnure et fidibus juvat Placare et vituli sanguine debito Custodes Numidae deos, Qui nunc Hesperia sospes ab ultima, Caris multa sodalibus, 5 Nulli plura tamen dividit oscula. Q,uam dulci Lamiae, memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae. Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota, 10 Neu promptae modus amphorae, Neu morem in Salium sit requies pedum, Neu multi Damalis meri Bassum Threicia vincat amystide, Neu desint epulis rosae, 15 Neu vivax apium, neu breve lilium. Omnes in Damalin putres Deponent oculos, nee Damalis novo Divelletur adultero. Ijascivis hederis ambitiosior. 20 39. defingas ; recusum. C. xxxvi. 13. Nee multi. 40 CAEMINUM CARMEN XXXVII AD SODALES.- Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero Pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus Ornare pulvinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus, sodales. Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum 5 Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio Regina dementes ruinas Funus et imperio parabat Contaminato cum grege turpium Morbo virorum, quidlibet impotens 10 Sperare, fortunaque dulci Ebria. Sed minuit furorem Vix una sospes navis ab ignibus, Mentemque lymphatam Mareotico Redegit in veros timores 15 Caesar, ab Italia volantem Remis adurgens, accipiter velut Molles columbas, aut leporem citus Yenator in campis nivalis Haemoniae, daret ut catems 20 Fatale mon strum : quae generosius Perire quaerens, nee muliebriter C. xxxvii 12. Ebria : sed, Orelli. LIBER 1. 0. XXXVIII. 41 Expavit ensem, nee latentes Olasse cita reparavit oras. Ausa et jaeentem visere regiam 25 Vultu serenOj fortis et asperas Tractare serpentes, ut atrum Corpore combiberet venenum, Deliberata morte ferocior ; Saevis Libumis scilicet invidens, 30 Privata deduci superbo Non humilis mul-ier triumpho. CARMEN XXXVIII. AD PUERUM MINISTRCM. Persicos odi, puer, apparatus, Displicent nexae philyra coronae ; Mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum Sera moretur. Simplici myrto nihil allabores Sedulus euro : neque te ministrum Dedecet myrtus, neque me sub arta Vite bibentem. 24. lepetivit; de conj. Benil. penetravit ; remeavit; recreavit. 25. tacentem. C. xxxviii. 6. Sedulus curae. a. HORATII FLACCI CARMINUM LIBER SECUNDUS. CARMEN I. AD C. ASINIUM POLLIONEM. Motum ex Metello consule civicum Bellique causas et vitia et modos, Ludumque Fortunae gravesque Principum amicitias et arma Nondum expiatis uncta cruoribus, 5 Periculosae plenum opus aleae, Tractas, et incedis per ignes Suppositos cineri doloso. Paullum severae Musa tragoediae Desit theatris ; mox, ubi publicas 10 Res ordinaris, grande munus Cecropio repetes cothurno, Insigne moestis praesidium reis, Et consulenti. Pollio, curiae • LIBER II. C. I. 4 o Cui laurus aeternos honores 15 Dalmatico peperit triumpho Jam nunc minaci murmure cornuum Perstringis aures, jam litui strepunt ; Jam fulgor armorum fugaces Terret equos, equitumque vultus. 20 A.udire magnos jam videor duces !Non indecoro pulvere sordidos, Et cuncta terrarUm subacta Praeter atrocem animum Catonis. Juno et deorum quisquis amicior 25 Afris inulta cesserat impotens Tellure, victorum nepotes Retulit inferias Jugurthae. Q,uis non Latino sanguine pinguior Campus sepulcris impia proelia 30 Testatur, auditumque Medis Hesperiae sonitum ruinae? Qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris Ignara belli 1 quod mare Dauniae Non decoloravere caedes ? 35 Q,uae caret ora cruore nostro ? Sed ne, relictis, Musa procax, jocis, Ceae retractes munera neniae : Mecum Dionaeo sub antro Quaere modos leviore plectro. 40 16. Delraatico, Orellius. 33. Qais. 44 CARMItfUM CAEMEN II. AD C. SALLUSTIUM CRISPUM. Nullus argento color est avaris Abdito terns, inimice lamnae Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato Splendeat usu. Vivet extento Proculeius aevo, 5 Notus in fratres animi paterni ; Ilium aget penna metuente solvi Fama superstes. Latius regnes avidum domando Spiritum, quam si Libyam remotis 10 Gadibus jungas, et uterque Poenus Serviat uni. Crescit indulgens sibi dims hydrops, Nee sitim pellit, nisi causa morbi Fugerit venis, et aquosus albo 15 Corpore languor. Redditum Cyri solio Phraaten Dissidens plebi numero beatorum Eximit Virtus, popiuumque falsis Dedocet uti 20 Vocibus, regnum et diadema tutum Deferens uni propriamque laurum, C ii. 1,2. est, avaris Abditae terris. 3. Salusti, Orcllius. 7. agit. 18. plebis ; beatum. LLBEK II. c. m. 45 Quisquis ingentes oculo irretorto Spectat acervos. CARMEN III. AD Q . D E L L I U M , Aequam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem, non sec us in bonis Ab insolenti temperatam Laetitia, moriture Delli. Seu moestus omni tempore vixens, 5 Seu te in remoto gramine per dies Festos reclinatum bearis Interiore nota Falerni. Quo pinus ingens albaque populus Umbram hospitalem consociare amant 10 Ramis ? Quid obliquo laborat Lympha fugax trepidare rivo? Hue vina et unguenta et minium breves Flores amoenae ferre jube rosae, Dum res et aetas et sororum 15 Fila trium patiuntur atra. Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo Yillaque ? navus quam Tiberis lavit, C. iii. 9-12. Quo — Ramis, et — rivo? 11 que obliquo : qua obliquo ; qua et obliquo. 13 14. brevis — amoenoa 17. domu. 18. lavat. 4ft CAKMINUM Cedes, et exstructis in altum Divitiis potietur heres. 20 Divesne pnsco natus ab Inacho, Nil interest, an pauper et infima De gente sub dive- moreris, Victima nil miserantis Orci. Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium 25 Versatur urna serius ocius Sors exitura et nos in aeternum Exsilium impositura cymbae. CARMEN IV, AD XANTHIAM PHOCEUM. Ne sit ancillae tibi amor pudori, Xanthia Phoceu ! Prius insolentem Serva Briseis niveo colore Movit Achillem ; Movit Ajacem Telamone natum 5 Forma captivae dominum Tecmessae : Arsit Atrides medio in triumpho Yirgine rapta, Barbarae postquam cecidere turmae Thessalo victore, et ademptus Hector 10 23. die. 28. cumbae. LIBER n. C. V. 47 Tradidit fessis leviora toili Pergama Graiis. Nescias, an te generum beati Phyllidis flavae decorent parentes ; Rogium certe genus et Penates 15 Moeret iniquos. Crede non illam tibi de scelesta Plebe dilectam, neque sic fidelem. Sic lucre- aversam potuisse nasci Matre pudenda. 20 Brachia et vultum teretesque suras Integer laudo : fuge suspicari, Cujus octavum trepidavit aetas Claudere lustrum. CARMEN V. AD AM ANT EM LALAGES. Nondum subacta ferre jugum valet Cervice, nondum munia comparis Aequare, nee tauri mentis In venerem tolerare pondus. Circa virentes est animus tuae Campos juvencae. nunc fluviis gravem C. iv. 18. delectam. 19. adversam. 48 CAR3IINUM Solantis aestum, nunc in udo Ludere cum vitulis salicto Praegestientis. Tolle cupidinem Immitis uvae ; jam tibi lividos 10 Distinguet auctumnus racemos Purpureo varius colore. Jam te sequetur ; currit enim ferox Aetas, et illi, quos tibi dempserit, Apponet annos : jam proterva 15 Fronte petet Lalage maritum ; Dilecta, quantum non Plioloe fugax, Non Onions, albo sic humero nitens, Ut pura nocturno renidet Luna mari, Cnidiusque Gyges ; 20 Quern si puellarum insereres choro, Mire sagaces falleret hospites Discrimen obscurum, solutis Crinibus ambiguoque vultu. CABMEN VL AD SEPTIMIUM Septimi, Gades aditure mecum et Cantabrum indoctum juga ferre nostra et C. v. 12. Purpureus vario ; varios, de conj. 20. Gnidiua EIBER II. C. VI. 49 Barbaras Syrtes, ubi Maura semper Aestuat unda ; Tibur Argeo positum colono 5 Sit meae sedes utinam senectae, Sit modus lasso maris et viarum Militiaeque ! XJn.de si Parcae prohibent iniquae, Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi 10 Flumen et regnata petam Laconi Rura Phalanto. Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto Mella decedunt viridique certat 15 Bacca Venafro ; Ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet Jupiter brumas, et amicus Aulon Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis Invidet uvis. 20 llle te mecum locus et beatae Postulant arces ; ibi tu calentem Debita sparges lacrima favillam Vatis amici. C. vi. 18. apricus, de conj. 19. Fertilis. 50 CAEMmUM * CARMEN VII. AD POMPEIUM. O saepe inecum tempus in ultimum Deducte, Bruto militiae duce, Q,uis te redonavit Gtuiritem Dis patriis Italoque coelo, Pompei meorum prime sodalium ? 5 Cum quo morantem saepe diem men Fregi, coronatus nitentes Malobathro Syrio capillos. Tecum Philippos et celerem fugam Sensi, relic ta non bene parmula, 10 Cum fracta virtus, et minaces Turpe solum tetigere mento. Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer Denso paventem sustulit aere : Te rursus in bellum resorbens 15 Unda fretis tulit aestuosis. Ergo obligatam redde Jovi dapem, Longaque fessum militia latus Depone sub lauru mea, nee Parce cadis tibi destinatis. 20 Oblivioso levia Massico Ciboria exple, funde capacibus Unguenta de conchis. Quis udo Deproperare apio coronas LIBEE II. C. VIII. 51 Curatve myrto? quern Yenus arbitrum 25 Dicet bibendi ? Non ego sanius Bacchabor Edonis : recepto Dulce mihi furere est amico. CARMEN VIII. AD BARINEN. Ulla si juris tibi pejerati Poena, Barine, nocuisset unquam, Dente si nigro fieres, vel uno Turpior ungui, Crederem. Sed tu, simul obligasti 6 Perfidum votis caput, enitescis Pulchrior multo juvenumque prodis Publica cura. Expedit matris cineres opertos Fallere, et toto taciturna noctis 10 Sign a cum coelo, gelidaque divos Morte carentes. Ridet hoc, inquam, Yenus ipsa, rident Simplices Nymphae, ferus et Cupido, Semper ardentes acuens sagittas 15 Cote cruenta. C. viii. 10. tacitura. 52 CAKMLNTJM Adde, quod pubes tibi crescit omnis, Servitus crescit nova ; nee priores Impiae tectum dominae relinquunt, Saepe minati. 20 Te suis matres metuunt juvencis, Te senes parci miseraeque nuper Virgines nuptae, tua ne retardet Aura maritos. CARMEN IX. AD VALGIUM Non semper imbres nubibus hispidos Manant in agros, aut mare Caspium Yexant inaequales procellae Usque, nee Armeniis in oris, Amice Yalgi, stat glacies iners 6 Menses per omnes, aut Aquilonibus Q,uerceta Gargani laborant. Et foliis viduantur orni : Tu semper urges flebilibus modis Mysten ademptum ; nee tibi Yespero 1(1 Surgente decedunt amores, Nee rapidum fugiente Solem. C. ix. 3. Veraant. LIBER II. C. X. 53 At non ter aevo functus amabilem Ploravit omnes Antilochum senex Annos, nee impubem parentes 15 Troilon, aut Phrygiae sorores Flevere semper, Desine mollium Tandem querelarum ; et potius nova Cantemus Augusti tropaea Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten, 20 Medumque flumen gentibus additum Victis minores volvere vertices, Intraque praescriptum Gelonos Exiguis equitare campis. CARMEN X. AD LICINIUM MURENAM. Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum Semper urgendo, neque, dum procellas Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo Litus iniquum. Auream quisquis mediocritatem Diligit, tutus caret obsoleti Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda Sobrius aula. 22. vortices. 54 CAEMINUM Saepius ventis agitatur ingens Pinus, et celsae graviore casu 10 Decidunt turres, feriuntque sumrnos Fulgura montes. Sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem bene praeparatum Pectus. Informes hiemes reducit 15 Jupiter ; idem Summovet. Non, si male nunc, et olim Sic erit : quondam cithara tacentem Suscitat Musam neque semper arcum Tendit Apollo. 20 Rebus angustis animosus atque Fortis appare : sapienter idem Contrahes vento nimium secundo Turgida vela. CARMEN XL AD Q.UINCTIUM HIRPINUM. Q,uid bellicosus Cantaber et Scythes, Hirpine Q,uincti, cogitet Hadria Divisus objecto, remittas (duaerere, nee trepides in usum C. x. 9. Saevius. L0. Pinus, excelsae. 12 Fulmina. 18. ciths -ae. LIBEE II. C. XI. 55 Poseentis aevi pauca. Fugit retro 5 Levis ju ventas et decor, arida Pellente lascivos amores Canitie facilemque somnum. Non semper idem floribus est honor Vernis, neque uno Luna rubens nitet 10 Yultu. Quid aeternis minorem Consiliis animum fatigas ? Cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac Pinu jacentes sic temere, et rosa Canos odorati capillos, 15 Dum licet, Assyriaque nardo Potamus uncti ? Dissipat Evius Curas edaces. Q,uis puer ocius Restinguet ardentis Falerni Pocula praetereunte lympha 'I 20 Q,uis devium scortum eliciet domo Lyden ? Eburna, die age, cum lyra Mature t, in comptum Lacaenae More comas religata nodo. C. 'A. 15. cxlorata. 23. incomptam— comara. 56 CAKMINIW CARMEN XII. AD C. CILNIUM MAECENATEM. Nolis longa ferae bella Numantiae Nee dirum Hannibalem nee Siculum maro Poeno purpureum sanguine mollibus Aptari citharae modis, Nee saevos Lapithas et nimium mero (3 Hylaeum domitosque Herculea manu Telluris juvenes, unde periculum Fulgens contremuit domus Saturni veteris : tuque pedestribus Dices historiis proelia Caesaris, 10 Maecenas, melius ductaque per vias Regum colla minacium. Me dulces dominae Musa Licymniae CantuSj me voluit dicere lucidum Fulgentes oculos, et bene mutuis 15 Fidum pectus amoribus : Uuam nee ferre per] em dedecuit eh oris Nee certare joco nee dare bracina Ludentem nitidis virginibus, sacro Dianae Celebris die. 30 Num tu, quae tenuit dives Achaemenes, Aut pinguis Phrygiae Mygdonias opes C. xii. 2. durum. 6. domitosve. 12. minantium. 13. dulcis. LIBER II. C. XIII. 57 Permutare velis crine Licymniae, Plenas aut Arabum domo-s, Dum flagrantia detorquet ad oscula 25 Cervicerrij aut facili saevitia negat, Quae poscente magis gaudeat eripi, Interdum rapere occupat ? CARMEN XIII. IN A.RBOREM, CUJUS CASU REPENTINO PAENE OPPRESSUS FUERAT. Hie et nefasto te posuit die, Q,uicunque primum, et sacrilega manu Produxit, arbo-s, in nepotum Perniciem opprobriumque pagi ; Ilium et parentis crediderim sui 5 Fregisse cervicem et penetralia Sparsisse nocturno cruore Hospitis ; ille venena Colcha Et quidquid usquam eoncipitur nefas, Tractavit, agro qui statuit meo 10 Te, triste lignum, te cadueum In domini caput immerentis. Q,uid quisque vitet, nunquam homini satis Cautum est in horas : navita Bosporum C. xiii. 8. Colchica. 58 CAEMDfUM Poenus perhorrescit neque ultra 15 Caeca timet aliunde fata ; Miles sagittas et :elerem fugam Parthi, catenas Parthus et Italum Robur ; sed improvisa leti Yis rapuit rapietque gentes. 20 Q,uam paene furvae regna Proserpinae • Et judicantem vidimus Aeacum, Sedesque discretas piorum, et Aeoliis fidibus querentem Sappho puellis de popularibus, 25 Et te sonantem plenius aureo, Alcaee, plectro dura navis. Dura fugae mala, dura belli ! Utrumque sacro digna silentio Mirantur umbrae dicere ; sed magis 30 Pugnas et exactos tyrannos Densum humeris bibit aure vulgus. Quid mirum, ubi illis carminibus stupens Demittit atras bellua centiceps Aures, et intorti capillis 35 Eumenidum recreantur ansrues ? L o' Q^uin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens Dulci laborum decipitur sono ; Nee curat Orion ieones Aut timidos agitare lyncas. 4(J 23. discriptas; descriptas. 38. laborem. LLBER II. C. XIV, 59 CARMEN XIV. AD POSTUMUM. Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume, Labuntur anni, nee pietas moram Rugis et instanti senectae AfTeret indomitaeque morti ; Non, si trecenis, quotquot eunt dies, f> Amice, places illacrimabilem Plutona tauris, qui ter amplum Geryonen Tityonque tristi Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus, Ctuicunque terrae munere vescimur 10 Enaviganda, sive reges Sive inopes erimus coloni. Frustra cruento Marte carebimus Fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadriae, Frustra per autumnos nocentem 15 Corporibus metuemus Austrum : Visendus ater flumine languido Cocytos errans et Danai genus Tnfame damnatusque longi Sisyphus Aeolides laboris. 20 Linquenda tellus et domus et placens Uxor, neqne harum, quas colis, arborum L3. xiv. 1. Heu, lieu. 5. tricenis; trecentis. 18. Cocytus. 5 60 OABMINUM Te praeter invisas cupressos Ulla brevem dominum seqaetur. Absumet heres Caecuba dignior" 25 Servata centum clavibus, et mero Tinget pavimentum superbo, Pontificum potiore coenis. CARMEN XV. IN SUI SECULI LUXUM. Jam pauca aratro jugera regiae Moles relinquent, undique latius Extenta visentur Lucrino Stagna lacu, platanusque caelebs Evincet ulmos ; turn violaria et 5 Myrtus et omnis copia narium Spargent olivetis odorem, Fertilibus domino priori ; Turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos Excludet ictus. Non ita Romuli 10 Praescriptum et intonsi Catonis Auspiciis veterumque norma. Privatus illis census erat brevis, Commune magnum : nulla decempedis 27. superbum ; superbus ; superbis. C. xv. 10. aestus. LIBER II. C. XVI. 61 Metata privatis opacam 5 Porticus excipiebat Arcton : Nee fortuitum spernere cespitem Leges sinebant, oppida publico Sumptu jubentes et deorum Templa novo decorare saxo. 20 CARMEN XVI • AD POMPEIUM GROSFHUM. Otium divos rogat in paten ti Prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes Condidit lunam, neque certa fulgent Sidera nautis ; Otium bello furiosa Thrace, 5 Otium Medi pharetra decori, Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura ve- nale neque auro. Non enim gazae neque consularis Summovet lictor miseros tumultus 10 Mentis, et curas laqueata circum Tecta volantes. Vivitur parvo bene, cui paternum Splendet in mensa tenui salinum, C. xvi. 2. Pressus. 3. lumen. 62 ' CARMINUM Nec leves somnos timor aut cupidc 15 Sordidus aufert. Q,uid brevi fortes jaculamur aevo Multa ? quid terras alio calentes Sole mutamus ? Patriae quis exsui Se quoque fugit ? 2( ' Scandit aeratas vitiosa naves Cura, nec turmas equitum relinquit, Ocior cervis et agente nimbos Ocior Euro. Laetus in praesens animus, quod ultra est, ■ 25 Oderit curare, et amara lento Temperet risu. Nihil est ab omni Parte beatum. Abstulit clarum cita mors Achillem, Longa Tithonum minuit senectus, 30 Et mihi forsan, tibi quod negarit, Porriget hora. Te greges centum Siculaeque circum Mugiunt vaccae, tibi tollit hinnitum Apta quadrigis equa, te bis Afro 35 Murice tinctae Vestiunt lanae : mihi parva rura, et Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae Parca non mendax dedit, et malignum Spernere vulgus. 40 19. patria ? quis. 26 laeto. LIBEPw II. C. XVII. 68 CARMEN XVII. . AD MAECENATEM. Cur me querelis exanimas tuis ? Nee dis amicum est nee mihi, te prius Obire, Maecenas, mearum Grande decus columenque rerum. Ah ! te meae si partem animae rapit 5 Maturior vis, quid moror altera, Nee carus aeque nee superstes Integer ? Ille dies utramque Ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidum Dixi sacramentum : ibimus, ibimus, 10 Utcunque praecedes, supremum Carpere iter comites parati. Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igrieae, Nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas Divellet unquam : sic potenti 15 Justitiae placitumque Parcis. Seu Libra seu me Scorpios adspicit Formidolosus, pars violentior Natalis horae, seu tyrannus Hesperiae Capricornus undae, 20 Utrumque nostrum incredibili modo Consentit astrum. Te Jovis impio C xvii. 5. At te. 6. alteram. 8. Ilia. 14. Gigas; Gygee 17. Scorpius. 19. Fatalis. 64 CARMINUM Tutela Saturno refulgens Eripuit volucrisque Fati Tardavit alas, cum populus frequens 2f> Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum : Me truncus illapsus cerebro Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum Dextra levasset. Mercurialium Custos virorum. Reddere victimas 30 Aedemque votivam memento : Nos humilem feriemus agnam. CARMEN XVIII. AD A VARUM. Non ebur neque aureum Mea renidet in domo lacunar, Non trabes Hymettiae Premunt columnas ultima recisas Africa, neque Attali 5 Ignotus heres regiam occupavi, Nee Laconicas mihi Trahunt honestae purpuras clientae. At fides et ingeni Benigna vena est, pauperemque dives I 1VI e petit : nihil supra Deos laeesso nee potentem amicum C. xviii. 8. clientes. liber ii. c. xyin. 65 Largiora fiagito. Satis beatus unicis Sabinis. Truditur dies die, 15 Novaeque pergunt interire lunae. Tu secanda marmora Locas sub ipsum funus, et, sepulcri Immemor, struis domos, Marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges 40 Summovere litora, Parum locuples coiitinente ripa. Quid, quod usque proximos Reveilis agri terarinos. et ultra Limites clientium 25 Salis avarus ? Pellitur pateruos In sinu ferens deos Et uxor et vir sordidosque natos. Nulla certior tamen Rapacis Orci fine destinata 30 Aula divitem manot Herum. Quid ultra tendis ? Aequa tellns Pauperi recluditur, Regumque pueris, nee satelles Orci Callidum Promethea 35 Revexit auro captns. Hie superbum Tantalum atque Tantali Genus coercet ; hie levare functum Pauperem laboribus Yocatus atque non voeatus audit. ii* 25. Limitem. CG CAEMINUM CARMEN XIX. AD BACCHUM. Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus Vidi docentem, credite posteri, Nymphasque discentes et aures Capripedum Satyrorum acutas. Rvoe ! recenti mens trepidat metu, 5 Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum Laetatur. Evoe ! parce, Liber ! Parce, gravi metuende thyrso ! Fas pervicaces est mihi Thyiadas, Vinique fontem ; lactis et uberes 10 Cantare rivos, atque truncis Lapsa cavis iterare mella ; Fas et beatae conjugis additum Stellis honorem, tectaque Penthei Disjecta non leni ruina, 15 Thracis et exitium Lycurgi. Tu flectis amnes, tu mare barbarum, Tu separatis uvidus in jugis Nodo coerces viperino Bistonidum sine fraude crines. 20 Tu, cum Parentis regna per arduum Cohors Gigantum scanderet impia, Rhoetum retorsisti leonis Unguibus borribilique mala ; LIBER II. C. XX. 67 Q,uanquam choreis aptior et jocis 25 Ludoque dictus, non sat idoneus Pugnae ferebaris ; sed idem Pacis eras mediusque belli. Te vidit insons Cerberus aureo Cornu decorum, leniter atterens 30 Caudam, et rece'dentis trilingui Ore pedes tetigitque crura. CAEMEN XX. AD MAECENATEM. Non usitata nee tenui ferar Penna biformis per liquidum aethera Yates, neque in terris morabor Longius, invidiaque major Urbes relinquam. Non ego, pauperum 5 Sanguis parentum, non ego, quern vocas, Dilecte Maecenas, obibo, Nee Stygia cohibebor unda. Jam jam residunt cruribus asperae Pelles, et album mutor in alitem 10 Superne, nascunturque leves Per digitos humerosque plumae. C. xx. 1. Non — non. 11. Superna. 68 CARMINUAI Jam Daedaleo ocior Icaro Visam gementis litora Bospori Syrtesque Gaetulas canorus 15 Ales Hyperboreosque campos. Me Colchus et, qui dissimulat metuni Marsae cohortis, Dacus et ultimi Noscent Geloni, me peritus Discet Hiber Rhodanique potor. 20 Absint inani funere neniae Luctusque turpes et querimoniae ; Compesce clamorem, ac sepulcr Mitte supervacuos honores. 20. Iber. Q. HORATII PLACC1 CAKM.INUM LIBER TERTIUS. CARMEN I. Odi profanum vulgus et arceo : Favete Unguis : carmina non prius Audita Musarum sacerdos Yirginibus puerisque canto. Regum timendoram in proprios greges, 5 Reges in ipsos imperium est Jovis, Clari Giganteo triumpho, Cuncta supercilio moventis. Est, ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis, hie generosior 10 Descendat in Campum petitor, Moribus hie meliorque fama Contendat, illi turba clientmm Sit major : aequa lege necessitas 70 CAEMINUM Sortitur insignes et imos ; 1 5 Omne capax movet urna nomen Destrictus ensis cui super impia Cervice pendet, Don Siculae dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem, Non avium citharaeque cantus 20 Somnum reducent. Somnus agrestium Lenis virorum non humiles domos- Fastidit umbrosamque ripam, Non Zephyris agitata Tempe. Desiderantem, quod satis est, neque 25 Tumultuosum sollicitat mare, Nee saevus Arcturi cadentis Impetus aut orientis Hoedi, Non verberatae grandine vineae, Fundusque mendax, arbore nunc aquas 30 Culpante, nunc torrentia agros Sidera, nunc hiemes iniquas. Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt Jactis in altum molibus : hue frequens Caementa demittit redemptor 35 Cum famulis, dominusque terraB Fastidiosus : sed Timor et Minae Scandunt eodem, quo dominus, neque Decedit aerata triremi et Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 40 Quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis Nee purpnrarum sidere clarior libee in. C. II. 71 Delenit usus, nee Falerna Vitis Achaemeniumque costum ; Cur invidendis postibus et novo 45 Sublime ritu moliar atrium 7 Cur valle permutem Sabina Divitias operosiores ? CARMEN II. Angustam amice pauperiem pati Robustus acri militia puer Condiscat, et Parthos feroces Vexet eques metuendus hasta. Vitamque sub divo et trepidis agat 5 In rebus. Ilium ex moenibus hosticis Matrona bellantis tyranni Prospiciens et adulta virgo Suspiret : eheu ! ne rudis agminum Sponsus lacessat regius, asperum 10 Tactu, leonem, quern cruenta Per medias rapit ira caedes. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori : Mors et fugacem persequitur virum, 43. delinit. C. ii. 1. Angustam, amici. 5. dio. 14. prosequitur. 72 OAEMTNTJM Nec parcit imbellis juventae 15 Poplitibus timidoque tergo. Virtus, repulsae nescia sordidae, Tntaminatis fulget honoribus, Nec sumit aut ponit secures Arbitrio popularis aurae. 20 Virtus, recludens immeritis mori Coelum, negata tentat iter via, Coetusque vulgares et udam Spernit humum fugientc penna. Est et fideli tuta silentio 25 Merces : vetabo, qui Cereris sacrum Vulgarit arcanae, sub isdem Sit trabibus fragilemve mecnm Solvat phaselon : saepe Diespiter Neglectus incesto addidit integrum : 30 Rare- antecedentem scelestum Deseruit pede poena claudo. CARMEN III. Justum et tenacem propositi virum Non civium ardor prava jubentium, Non vultus instantis tyranni Mente quatit solida. neque Auster, lC. timidove. 27. Vulgavit. 23. frngilemque. C. iii. 1 ac libee in. c. in. 73 Dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae, 5 Nee fulminantis magna manus Jovis : l o J Si fractus illabatur orbis Impavidum ferient ruiiiae. flac arte Pollux et vagus Hercules Enisus arces attigit igneas, 10 Q,uos inter Augustus recumbens Purpureo bibit ore nectar. Hac te merentem, Bacche pater, tuae Vexere tigres, indocili jugum Collo trahentes ; hac Quirinus L5 Martis equis Acheronta fugit, Gratum elocuta consiliantibus Junone divis : " Ilion, Ilion Fatalis incestusque judex Et mulier peregrina vertit 20 In pulverem, ex quo destituit deos Mercede pacta Laomedon, mihi Castaeque damnatum Minervae Cum populo et duce fraudulento. Jam nee Lacaenae splendet adulterae 25 Famosus hospes, nee Priami domus Perjura pugnaces Achivos Hectoreis opibus refringit, Nostnsque ductum seditionibus Bellum resedit. Protinus et graves 30 7. illabetur. 10. Innisus. 12. bibet. 74 CARMINUM Iras et invisum nepotem, Troica quern peperit sacerdos, Marti redonabo ; ilium ego lucidas Inire sedes, ducere nectaris Succos, et adscribi quietis 35 Ordinibus patiar deorum. Dum longus inter saeviat Ilion Romamque pontus, qualibet exsules In parte regnanto beat! ; Dum Priami Paridisque busto 40 Insultet armentum et catulos ferae Celent inultae, stet Capitolium Fulgens triumphatisque possit Roma ferox dare jura Medis. Horrenda late nomen in ultimas 45 Extendat oras, qua medius liquor Secernit Europen ab Afro, Q,ua tumid ns rigat arva Nilus, Aurum irrepertum et sic melius sit urn. Cum terra celat, spernere fortior, 50 Q,uam cogere humanos in usus Omne sacrum rapiente dextra. Quicunque mundo terminus obstitit. Hunc tangat armis, visere gestiens Q,ua parte debacchentur ignes, 55 Qua nebulae pluviique rores. U2. Troia. 34. discere. 35. Sucos, Orelhus. 54. tanget, Orellius. LIBER III. C. IV. 70 Sed bellicosis fata Q,uiritibus Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii Rebusque fidentes avitae Tecta velint reparare Trojae. 60 Trojae renascens alite lugubri Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur, Ducente victrices catervas Conjnge me Jo vis et sorore. Ter si resurgat murus aheneus 65 Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis Excisus Argivis, ter uxor Capta virum puerosque ploret' Non haec jocosae conveniunt lyrae. Quo, Musa, tendis ? Desine pervicax 70 Referre sermones deorum et Magna modis tenuare parvis. CARMEN IV. A.D CALLIOPEN. Descende coelo et die age tibia Regina longum Calliope melos, Seu voce nunc mavis acuta, Seu fidibus citharaque Phoebi. 69. hoc — conveniet, Orellius ; haec — convenient. C. iv. 4. citharave. 76 CARMINUM Auditis ? an me ludit amabilis 5 Insania ? Audire et videor pios Errare per lucos, amoenae duos et aquae subeunt et aurae. Me fabulosae Vulture in Apulo. Altricis extra limen Apuliae, 10 Ludo fatigatumque somno Fronde nova puerum palumbes Texere, mirum quod foret omnibus, Q,uicunque celsae nidum Acherontiae Saltusque Bantinos et arvum 1 5 Pingue tenent humilis Forenti, lit tuto ab atris corpore viperis Dormirem et ursis, ut premerer sacra Lauroque collataque myrto, Non sine dis animosus infans. 20 Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos Tollor Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum Praeneste seu Tibur supinum, Seu liquidae placuere Baiae. Vestris amicum fontibus et choris 25 Non me Philippis versa acies retro, Devota non exstinxit arbos, Nee Sicula Palinurus unda. Utcunque mecum vos eritis, libens Tnsanientem navita Bosporum 30 5. Audiris? de conj. 10. Nutricis. 27. arbor. LLBER III. 0. IV. 77 Tentabo et ureutes arenas Litoris Assyrii viator. Visam Britannos hospitibus feros, Et laetum equino sanguine Concanum, Visam pharetratros Gelonos 35 Et Scythicum inviolatus amnem. Vos Caesarem altum, militia simul Fessas cohortes abdidit oppidis, Finire quaerentem labores, Pierio recreatis antro. 10 Vos lene consilium et datis, et dato Gaudetis, almae. Scimus, ut impios Titanas immanemque turmam Fulmine sustulerit caduco, Qui terram inertem, qui mare temperat 45 Ventosum, et urbes regnaque tristia Divosque mortalesque turbas Imperio regit unus aequo. Magnum ilia terrorem intulerat Jovi Fidens juventus horrida brachiis, 50 Fratresque tendentes opaco Pelion imposuisse Olympo, Sed quid Typhoeus et validus Mimas Aut quid minaci Porphyrion statu, 31. arentes. 37. Caesarem altum (educatum) militia. 38. addidit, Orellius; reddidit. 43. turbam. 47, turmas. 78 CAKMmUM Quid Rhoetus, evulsisque tmncis 55 Enceladus jaculator audax, Contra sonantem Palladis aegida Possent merries ? Hinc avidus stetit Yulcanus, hinc matrona Juno et Nunquam humeris positurus arcum, GO Q,ui rore puro Castaliae lavit Cnnes solutop, qui Lyciae tenet Dumeta natalemque siivam, Delius et Patareus Apollo. Vis consili expers mole ruit sua : 65 Vim temperatam di quoque provehunt In majus ; idem odere vires Omne nefas animo moventes. Testis mearum centimanus Gyas Sententiarum, notus et integrae 70 Tentator Orion Dianae, Yirginea domitus sagitta. Injecta monstris Terra dolet suis Moeretque partus fulmine luridum Missos ad Orcum : nee peredit 75 Impositam celer ignis Aetnam : Ineontinentis nee Tityi jecur Reliquit ales, nequitiae additus Custos ; amatorem trecentae Pirithoum cohibent catenae. 80 b'9. Gigas ; Gyges ; Cf. lib. 1, 17, 14. 78. Relinquit. LIBER III. C. V. 79 CARMEN V. IN LAUDEM CAESARIS AUGUST!. Coelo tonantem credidimus Jovem Regnare : praesens divus habebitur Augustus, adjectis Britannis Imperio gravibusque Persis. Milesne Crassi conjnge barbara 5 Turpis maritus vixit ? et hostium, Pro Curia mversique mores ! Consenuit socerorum in armis Sub rege Medo Marsus et Apulus, Anciliorum et nominis et togae LO Oblitus aeternaeque Yestae, Incolumi Jove et urbe Roma ? Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli, . Dissentientis conditionibus Foedis, et exemplo trahentis 15 Perniciem veniens in aevum, Si non periret immiserabilis Captiva pubes. Signa ego Punicis Affixa delubris, et arma Militibus sine caede, dixit, 20 Derepta vidi, vidi ego civium Retorta tergo brachia libero C. v. 8. arvis. 15. trahenti, de conj. 80 CARMLNUM Portasque non clausas et arva Marte coli populata nostro. Auro repensus scilicet acrior 25 Miles redibit ! Flagitio additis Damnum : neque amissos colores Lana refert medicata fuco, Nee vera virtus, cum semel excidit, Curat reponi deterioribus. 30 Si pugnat extricata densis Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis, Q,ui perfldis se credidit hostibus, Et Marte Poenos proteret altero, Qui lora restrictis lacertis 35 Sen sit iners timuitque mortem. Hie, unde vitam sumeret, inscius, Pacem duello miscuit. O pudor ! O magna Carthago, probrosis Altior Italiae minis ! 40 Pertur pudicae conjugis osculum, Parvosque natos, ut capitis minor, Ab se removisse, et virilem Torvus humi posuisse vultum : Donee labantes consilio Patres 45 Firmaret auctor nunquam alias dato, Interque moerentes amicos Egregius properaret exsul. 29. occidit. LIEEIt Ul. C. VI. 81 Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus Tortor pararet : non aliter tamen 50 Dimovit obstantes propinquos Et populum reditus morantem, Q,uam si clientum longa negotia, Dijudicata lite relinqueret, Tendens Yenafranos in agros 55 Aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum. CARMEN VI. AD ROMANOS. Delicta majorum immeritus lues, Romane, donee templa refeceris Aedesque labentes deorum et Foeda nigro simulacra fumo. Dis te mmorem quod geris, imperas : 5 Hinc omne principium, hue refer exitum. Di multa neglecti dederunt Hesperiae mala luctuosae. Jam bis Monaeses et Pacori manus Non auspieatos contudit impetus 10 Nostros, et adjecisse praedam Torquibus exiguis renidet. C. vi. 6. Hue cmne — . 9. Monaesie. 82 CARMINUM Paene occupatam seditionibus Delevit Urbem Dae us et Aethiops ; Hie classe formidatus, ille 1 5 Missilibus melior sagittis. Fecunda culpae saecula nuptias Primum inquinavere et genus et domos ; Hoc fonte derivata clades In patriam populumque fluxit. 20 Motus doceri gaudet Ionicos Matura virgo, et fingitur artibus ; Jam nunc et incestos amores De tenero meditatur ungui : Mox juniores quaerit adulteros 25 Inter mariti vina, neque eligit. Cui donet impermissa raptim Gaudia, luminibus remotis : Sed jussa coram, non sine conscio Surgit marito, seu vocat institor 30 Seu navis Hispanae magister, Dedecorum pretiosus emptor. Non his juventus orta parentibus Infecit aequor sanguine Punico, Pyrrhumque et ingentem cecidit 35 Antiochum Hannibalemque dirum: Sed rusticorum mascula militum Proles, Sabellis docta ligonibus li2. artubus ; frangitur. 27. intermissa. 2U. durum llbee in. c. vn. 83 Versare glebas et severae Matris ad arbitrium recisos 40 Portare fustes, Sol ubi montium Mutaret umbras et juga demeret Bobus fatigatis, amicum Tempus agens abeunte curru. Damnosa quid non imminuit dies ? 45 Aetas parentum, pejor avis, tulit Nos nequiores, mox daturos Progeniem vitiosiorem. CARMEN VII. AD ASTERIEN. Quid fles, Asterie, quern tibi candidi Primo restituent vere Favonii, Thyna merce beatum, Constantis juvenem fide, Gygen ? Ille, Notis actus ad Oricuni 5 Post insana Caprae sidera, frigidas Noctes non sine multis Insomms lacrimis agit. Atqui sollicitae nuncius hospitae, Suspirare Chloen et miseram tuis 10 43. Bubus. C. vii. 4. fidei 84 CAEMINUM Dicens ignibus uri, Tentat mille vafer modis. Ut Proetum mulier perfida credulum Falsis impulerit criminibus, nimis Casto Bellerophonti 15 Maturare necem, refert. Narrat paene datum Pelea Tartaro, Magnessam Hippolyten dum fugit abstinens ; Et peccare docentes Fallax historias mo vet : 20 Frustra : . nam scopulis surdior Icari Voces audit adhuc integer. At tibi Ne vicinus Enipeus Plus justo placeat cave : Q,uamvis non alius flectere equum sciens 25 Aeque conspicitur gramine Martio, Nee quisquam citus aeque Tusco denatat alveo. Prima nocte domum claude, neque m vias Sub cantu querulae despice tibiae, 30 Et te saepe vocanti Duram, difficilis mane. 14. compulerit. 20. menet. libee in. o. vm, 85 CARMEN VIII. AD MAECENATEM. Martiis caelebs quid agam Calendis, Quid velint nores et acerra thuris Plena, miraris, positusque carbo in Cespite vivo, Docte sermones utriusque linguae : 5 Voveram dulces epulas et album Libero caprum, prope funeratus Arboris ictu. Hie dies anno redeunte festus Corticem adstrictum pice demovebit 10 Amphorae, fumum bibere institutae Consule Tullo. Sume, Maecenas, cyathos amici Sospitis centum, et vigiles lucernas Perfer in lucem : procul omnis esto 1 5 Clamor et ira. Mitte civiles super Urbe curas : Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen, Medus infestus sibi luctuosis Dissidet armis, 20 Servit Hispanae vetus hostis orae Cantaber, sera domitus catena, C viii 10. dimovebit, Orellius. 15 Prefer. 86 CARMINUM Jam Scythae laxo meditantux arcu Cedere campis. Negligens. ne qua populus laboret, 215 Parce privatus nimium cavere : Dona praesentis cape laetus horac, Tiinque severa. CARMEN IX. AD LYDIAM HORATIUS. Donee gratus eram tibi, Nee quisquam potior brachia candidae Cervici juvenis dabat, Persarum vigui rege beatior. LYDIA. Donee non alia magis Arsisti neque erat Lydia post Chloen, Multi Lydia nominis Romana vigui clarior Ilia. HORATIUS. Me nunc Thressa Chloe regit, Dulces docta modos et citharae sciens, 10 26. cavere et. 27. rape ; ibid, horae, et, Orcllius ; horae, ic. C. ix. 5. aliam. LIBER 111. C.X. 87 Pro qua non metuam mori } Si parcent animae fata supers titi. LYDIA. Me torret face mutua Thuriui Calais films Ornyti, Pro quo bis patiar mori, 15 Si parcent puero fata superstiti. HORATIUS. Quid, si prisca redit Yenus Diductosque jugo cogit a&ieo ) Si flava excutitur Chloe, Rejectaeque patet janua Lydiae 1 20 Quamquam sidere pulchrior Ille est, tu levior cortice et improbo Iracundior Hadria, Tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens. CARMEN X. IN L Y C E N. Extremum Tanain si biberes, Lyce, Saevo nupta viro, me tamen asperas Porrectum ante fores objicere incolis Plorares Aquilonibus. Ml. Quamvis. 88 CARMINUM Audis, quo strepitu janua, quo nemus b Inter pulchra satum tecta remugiat Ventis ? et positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Jupiter? Ingratam Veneri pone superbiam, Ne currente retro funis eat rota. 1 Non te Penelopen difficilem procis Tyrrhenus genuit parens. O quamvis neque te munera nee preees Nee tinctus viola pallor amantium Nee vir Pieria pellice saucius 1 5 Curvat, supplicibus tuis Parcas, nee rigida mollior aesculo Nee Mauris animum mitior anguibus. Non hoc semper erit liminis aut aquae Coelestis patiens latus. 20 CARMEN XI. AD MERCURIUM. Mercuri. nam te docilis magistro Movit Amphion iapides canendo, Tuque, testudo, resonare septem Callida nervis, C. x. G. Situm. 18. animo. LIBER III. C. XI. 89 Nee loquax olim neque grata, nunc et 5 Divitum mensis et arnica templis, Die modos, Lyde q libus obstinatas Applicet aures, Quae, velut latis equa trima campis Ludit exsultim, metuitque tangi, 10 Nuptiarum expers et adhuc protervo Cruda marito. Tu potes tigres comitesque silvas Ducere et rivos celeres morari ; Cessit immanis tibi blandienti 15 Janitor aulae, Cerberus, quamvis fariale centum Muniant angues caput ejus, atque Spiritus teter saniesque manet Ore trilingui. 20 Q,uin et Ixion Tityosque vultu Risit invito, stetit urn a paullum Sicca, dum grato Danai puellas Carmine mulces. Audiat Lyde scelus atque notas 25 Virginum poenas et inane lymphae Dolium fundo pereuntis imo • Seraque fata, Quae manent culpas etiam sub Oreo. Impiae — nam quid potuere majus 7 SO C. id 18. caput, exeatque, de conj. Bentl. 30. numquid. 90 CAKMINUM Impiae sponsos potuere duro Perdere ferro. Una de multis, face nuptiali Digna, perjurum fuit in parentem Splendide mendax et in omne virgo 35 Nobilis aevunij Surge, quae dixit juveni marito, Surge, ne longus tibi somnus, unde Non times, detur ; socerum et scelestas Falle sorores, 40 Quae, velut nactae vitulos leaenae, Singulos, eheu ! lacerant. Ego illis Mollior nee te feriam neque intra Claustra tenebo. Me pater saevis oneret catenis, 45 Quod viro clemens misero peperci ; Me vel extremos Numidarum in agros Classe releget. I, pedes quo te rapiunt et aurae, Dum fa vet nox et Venus, i secundo 50 Omine, et, nostri memorem sepulcro Scalpe querelam. 52. Sculpe. LIEEE ni. C. XIII. 91 CARMEN XII. AD NEOBULEN. Miserarum est neque amori dare ludum neque dulci Mala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentes Patruae verbera linguae. Tibi qualum Cythereae puer ales, tibi telas Operosaeque Minervae studium aufert, Neobule, 5 Liparaei nitor Hebri, Simul unctos Tiberinis humeros lavit in undis, Eques ipso melior Bellerophonte, neque pugno Neque segni pede victus : Catus idem per apertum fugientes agitato 10 Grege cervos jaculari, et celer alto latitantem Fruticeto excipere aprum. CARMEN XIII. AD FONTEM BANDUSIAE. O fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro, Dulci digne mero, non sine rloribus, Cras donaberis hoedo, Cui frons turgida cornibus Primis et venerem et proelia destinat Frustra : nam gelidos inficiet tibi C. xii. 11. arto. 92 CAEMINUM Rubro sanguine rivos Lascivi suboles gregis. Te fl'agrantis atrox hora Caniculae Nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile 10 Fessis vomere tauris Praebes et pecori vago. Fies nobilium tu quc-que fontium, Me dicente cavis impositam ilicem Saxis, unde loquaces 15 Lymphae desiliunt tuae CAEMEN XIV. AD POPULUM R O M A NUM. Herculis ritu modo dictus, o plebs ; Morte venalem petiisse laurum, Caesar Hispana repetit penates Victor ab ora. Unico gaudens mulier marito • b Prodeat, justis operata divis : Et soror clari ducis et decorae Supplice vitta Virginum matres juvenumque nuper Sospitum. Vos, o pueri et puellae 10 8. soboles. 16. Nymphae. C. xiv. 6. justis — sacris liber ni. C. XV. 93 Jam virum expertae, male ominatis Parcite verbis. Hie dies vere milii festus atras Eximet curas : ego nee tumultum Nee mori per vim metuam, tenente 15 Caesare terras. I, pete unguentum, puer, et coronas Et cadum Marsi memorem duelli, Spartacum si qua potuit vagantem Fallere testa. 20 Die et argutae properet Neaerae Myrrheum nodo cohibere crinem ; Si per in visum mora janitorem Fiet. abito. Lenit albescens animos capillus 25 Litium et rixae cupidos protervae ; Non ego hoc ferrem, calidus juventa, Consule Planco. CARMEN XV. .IN CHLORIM. Uxor pauperis Ibyci, Tandem nequitiae fige modum tuae 11. expertes, de conj. ; nominatis. 19. si quae. C. xv. 2. pone. 94 CAEMINUM Famosisque laboribus : Maturo propior desine funcn Inter ludere virgines, 6 Et stellis nebulam spargere can did is. Non, si quid Pholoen satis, Et te, Chlori, decet : filia rectius Expugnat juvenum domos, Pulso Thyias uti concita tympano. 10 Illam cogit amor Nothi Lascivae similem ludere capreae : Te lanae prope nobilem Tonsae Luceriam, non citharae, decent, Nee flos purpureus rosae, 15 Nee poti, vetulam, faece tenus cadi. CARMEN XVI. AD MAECENATEM. Inclusam Danaen turris ahenea, Robustaeque fores, et vigilum canum Tnstes excubiae munierant satis Nocturnis ab adulteris, Si non Acrisium, virgmis abditae Custodem pavidum, Jupiter et Venus Risissent : fore enim tutum iter et patens Converso in pretium deo. 16. vetuia. liber in. C. XVI. 96 Aurum per medios ire satellites Et perrumpere amat saxa, potentius 1U Ictu fulmineo : concidit auguris Argivi domus, ob lucrum Demersa exitio : difndit urbium Portas vir Macedo, et submit aemulos Reges muneribus : munera navium 15 Saevos illaqueant duces. Crescentem sequitur cura pecmiiam Majorumque fames. Jure perhorrui Late conspicuum tollere verticem, Maecenas, equitum decus. 20 Q,u ante- quisque sibi plura negaverit, Ab dis plura feret : nil cupientium Nudus castra peto et transfuga divitum Partes linquere gestio; Contemptae dominus splendidior rei, 25 Q,uam si, quidquid arat impiger Appulus, Occultare meis dicerer horreis, Magnas inter opes in ops. Purae rivus .aquae silvaque jugerum Paucorum, et segetis certa fides meae, 30 Fulgentem imperio fertilis Africae Fallit sorte beatior. duanquam nee Calabrae mella ferunt apes Nee Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora C. xvi. 26. non piger. 9ti CAEMMUM Languescit mihi nee pinguia Gaiieib 35 Crescunt vellera pascuis, lmportuna tamen pauperies abest, Nee, si plura velim, tu dare deneges. Contracto melius parva cupidine Yectigalia porrigam. 40 Quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei Campis continuem. Multa petentibus Desunt multa ; bene est, cui deus obtulit Parca, quod satis est. manu. CARMEN XVII. AD AELIUM LAMIAM, Aeli, vetusto nobilis ab Lamo, — Gluando et priores tunc Lamias ferunt Denominates et nepotum Per memores genus omne fastos AuUore ab illo ducit originem, 5 Q,ui Formiarum moenia dicitur Princeps et innantem Maricae Litoribus tenuisse Lirim Late tyrannus ; — eras foliis nernus Multis et alga litus inutili 10 Demissa tempestas ab Euro Sternet, aquae nisi fallit augur LIBER III. U. XVIII. 07 Annosa comix. Dum potes, aridum Compone lignum : eras Genium mero Curabis et porco bimestri, L5 Cum famulis operum solutis. CARMEN XVIII. AD F A U N U M . Faune, Nympharum fugientum amator. Per meos fines et aprica rura Lenis incedas, abeasque parvis Aequus alumnis ? Si tener pleno cadit haedus anno, 5 Larga nee desunt Veneris sodali Vina craterae, vetus ara multo Furaat odore. Ludit herboso pecus omne campo Cum tibi Nonae redeunt Decembres : 10 Festus in pratis vacat otioso Cum bove pagus : Inter audaces lupus errat agnos : Spargit agrestes tibi silva frondes : Gaudet invisam pepulisse fossor 15 Ter pede terram. C. xvii. 13. Dum Dotis Orellius. C. xviii. 5. cadet, 12. pardus. 98 CAEMIOTM CARMEN XIX. AD TELEPHUM Quantum distet ab Inacho Codrus, pro patria non timidus mori, Narras, et genus Aeaci Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio : Quo Chium pretio cadum 5 Mercemur, quis aquam temperet ignibus, Quo praebente domum et quota Pelignis caream frigoribus, taces. Da Lunae propere novae, Da Noctis mediae, da, puer, auguris LO ]\lurenae : tribus aut novem Miscentur cyathis pocula commodis. Qui Musas amat impares, Ternos ter cyathos attonitus petet Yates : tres prohibet supra 15 Rixarum metuens tangere Gratia Nudis juncta sororibus. Insanire juvat : cur Berecyntiae Cessant flamina tibiae ? Cur pendet tacita fistula cum lyra 1 20 Parcentes ego dexteras Odi : sparge rosas : audiat invidus Dementem strepitum Lycus Et vicina seni non habilis Lyco. Spissa te nitidum coma, 25 Puro te similem, Telephe, Yespero, Tempestiva petit Rhode : Me lentus Glycerae torret amor meae. C. xix. 1. distat 12. Miscentor. libee in. C. XX. 09 CARMEN XX. AD PYRRHUM Non vides, quanto moveas periclo, Pyrrhe, Gaetulae catulos leaenae ? Dura post paullo fugies inaudax Proelia raptor, Gum per obstantes juvenum catervas 5 Ibit insignem repetens Nearchum : Grande certamen, tibi praeda cedat Major an illi. Interim, dum tu celeres sagittas Promis, haec dentes acuit timendos, 10 Arbiter pugnae posuisse nudo Sub pede palmam Fertur, et leni recreare vento Sparsum odoratis humerum capillis, Qualis aut Nireus fuit aut aquosa 15 Raptus ab Ida. C. xx. 7 ' , 8. tibi praeda cedat, Major uu ilia, de conj. Feerlkampii et Hauptii; recepit Cheilitis. LOO CAKMINUM CARMEN XXL AD AMPHORAM. O nata mecum consule Manlio, Seu tu querelas sive geris jocos Seu rixam et insanos amores Seu facilem, pia testa, somnum ; Quocunque. lectum nomine Massicum 5 Servas, moveri digna bono die, Descende, Corvino jubente, Promere languidiora vina. Non ille, quanquam Socraticis madet Sermonibus, te negliget horridus : 1 Narratur et prisci Catonis Saepe mero caluisse virtus. Tu lene tormentum ingenio admoves Plerumque duro : tu sapientium Curas et arcanum jocoso 15 Consilium retegis Lyaeo ; Tu spem reducis mentibus anxiis " Viresque, et addis cornua pauperi, Post te neque iratos trementi Regum apices neque militum arm a. 2fl Te Liber, et, si iaeta aderit, Yenus, Segnescjue nodum solvere Gratiae C. xxi. 10. negleget, Orellius. llbee ni. c. xxih. 101 Tivaeque producent lucernae, Dum rediens fugat astra Phoebus. CARMEN XXII. AD D I- A N A M . Montiuni custos nemorumque, Virgo, Quae laborantes utero puellas Ter vocata audis adimisque leto, Diva triformis, Imminens villae tua pinus esto, Quam per exactos ego laetus annos Verris obliquum meditantis ictum Sanguine donem. CARMEN XXIII. AD PHIDYLEN. Coelo supinas si tuleris manus Nascente Luna, rustica Phidyle. Si thure placaris et horna Fruge Lares avidaque porca, Nee pestilentem sentiet Africum Fecunda vitis, nee sterilem seges L02 CABMEfUM Robiginem, ant dalces alumni Pomifero grave tempus anno. Nam, quae nivali pascitur Algido Devota quercus inter et ilices, . 10 Aut crescit Albanis in herbis Yictima. pontificum secures Cervice tinget : te nihil attinet Tentare multa caede bidentium Parvos coronantem marino 15 Rore deos fragilique myrto. Immunis aram si tetigit manus, Non sumptuosa blandior hostia Mollivit aversos Penates Farre pio et saliente mica. 20 CARMEN XXIY. IN AVAROS. Intact is opulentior Thesauris Arabum et divitis Indiae, Caementis licet occupes Tyrrhenum omne tuis et mare Apulicum, Si figit adamantinos Summis verticibus dira Necessitas Clavos. non animum metu. C. xxiii. T.Rubigineiu. 12. securim. 19. Mollibit. LEBER LU. C. XXIV. 103 Non mortis laqueis expedies caput. Campestres melius Scythae, Quorum plaustra vagas rite trahunt domos, L0 Vivunt et rigidi Getae, Immetata quibus jugera liberas Fruges et Cererem ferunt, Nee cultura placet longior annua, Defunctumque laboribus 15 Aequali recreat sorte vicarius. Illic matre carentibus Privignis mulier temperat innocens Nee dotata regit virum Conjux, nee nitido fidit adultero. 20 Dos est magna parentium Yirtus et metuens alterius viri Certo foedere castitas, Et peccare nefas, aut pretium est mori. O quisquis volet impias 25 Caedes et rabiem tollere civicam, Si quaeret Pater urbium Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat Refrenare licentiam, Clarus postgenitis ; quatenus — heu nefas ! 30 Virtutem incolumem odiums, Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidL Quid tristes querimoniae, Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ? Quid leges sine moribus 35 Yanae proficiunt, si neque fervidis Pars inclusa caloribus Mundi nee Boreae finitimum latus Durataeque solo nives Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi 40 C. xxiv. 24. pretium mori. • 30. Carus. L04 CAEMINUM Vincunt aequora navitae, Magnum pauperies opprobrium jubet Quidvis et facere et pati Virtutisque viam deserit arduae ? Vel nos in Capitolium, 45 Q,uo clamor vocat et turba faventium, Vel nos in mare proximum Gemmas et lapides, aurum et inutile, Summi materiem mali, Mittamus, scelerum si bene poenitet. 50 Eradenda cupidinis Pravi sunt elementa, et tenerae nimis Mentes asperioribus Formandae studiis. Nescit equo rudis Haerere ingenuus puer, 55 Venarique timet, ludere doctior, Seu Graeco jubeas trocho, Seu malis vetita legibus alea, Cum perjura patris fides Consortem socium fallat et hospitem, 60 Tndignoque pecuniam Heredi properet. Scilicet improbae Orescunt divitiae : tamen Curtae nescio quid semper abest rei. 49. materiam. 60. hospitco. liber in. C. XXV. 3 05 CARMEN XXV. AD BACCHUM Quo me, Bacche, rapis tui Plenum? quae nemora aut quos agor in spec us, Yelox mente nova ? quibus Antris egregii Caesaris audiar Aeternum meditans decus 5 Stellis inserere et consilio Jovis ? Dicam insigne, recens, adhuc Indictum ore alio. Non secus in jugis Exsomnis stupet Evias, Hebrum prospiciens et nive candidam 10 Thracen ac pede barbaro Lustratam Rhodopen, ut mihi devio Ripas et vacuum nemus Mirari libet. O Naiadum potens Baccharumque valentium 15 Proceras manibus vertere fraxinos, Nil parvum aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar. Dulce periculum est, O Lenaee, sequi deum Cingentem viridi tempora pampino, 20 C. xxv. 2. quae in nemora. 6. conciliu. 12. ac mihi. 10G CAKMINUM CARMEN XXVI. AD VENEREM Vixi puellis nuper idoneus Et militavi non sine gloria : Nunc arma defunctumque bello Barbiton hie paries habebit, Laevum marinae qui Veneris latus 6 Custodit. Hie hie ponite lucida Funalia et vectes et arcus Oppositis foribus minaces. O quae beatam diva tenes Cyprum et Memphin carentem Sithonia nive, 10 Regina, sublimi tlagello Tange Chloen semel arrogantem. CARMEN XXYII. A. D GALATEA M. Impios parrae recinentis omen Ducat et praegnans canis, aut ab agro Rava decurrens lupa Lanuvino Fetaque vulpes : Rumpat et serpens iter institutum, Si per obliquum similis sagittae C. xxvii. 5. Rumpit. LIEER III. C. XXVIH. 107 Terruit mannos. Ego cui timebo, Providus auspex, Antequam stantes repetat paludes Imbrium divina avis imminentum, 10 Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo Solis ab ortu. Sis licet felix, ubicimque mavis, Et memor nostri, Galatea, vivas, Teque nee laevus vetet ire picus 15 Nee vaga comix. Sed vides, quanto trepidet tumultu Pronus Orion. Ego quid sit ater Hadriae novi sinus, et quid albus Peccet Iapyx. 20 Hostium uxores puerique caecos Sentiant motus orientis Austri, et Aequoris nigri fremitum, et trementes Verbere ripas. Sic et Europe niveum doloso 25 Credidit tauro latus, et scatentem Belluis pontum mediasque fraudes Palluit audax. Nuper in pratis studiosa riorum et Debitae Nymphis opifex coronae, 30 Nocte sublustri nihil astra praeter Yidit et undas. 7 cur timebo ; Ego quid — auspex ? 15. vetat. 17. trepidat. ( 22. astri. 23, 24. trementis Verbera ripae. 7 108 CAEMINUM Quae simul centum tetigit potcntem Oppidis Creten : Pater, o relictum Filiae nomen, pietasque, dixit, 35 Vict a furore ! Unde ? Quo veni ? Levis una mors est Virginum culpae. Vigilansne ploro Turpe commissum, an vitiis carentem TiUdit imago 40 Yana, quae porta fugiens eburna Somnium ducit ? Meliusne fluctus Ire per longos fuit, an recentes Carpere tlores ? Si quis infamem mihi nunc juvencurn 45 Dedat iratae, lacerare ferro et Frangere enitar modo multum amati Cornua monstri. lmpudens liqui patrios Penates, Impudens Orcum moror. O deorum 50 Si quis haec audis, utinam inter errem Nuda leones ! Antequam turpis macies decentes Occupet malas teneraeque succus Defluat praedae, speciosa quaero 55 Pascere tigres. Vilis Europe, pater urget absens : Quid mori cessas ? Potes hac ab orno 48. tauri. libee in. c. xxvin. 109 Pendulum zona bene te secuta Laedere collum. 60 Sive te rapes et acuta leto Saxa delectant, age te procellae Crede veloci, nisi herile mavis Carpere pensum. Regius sanguis, dominaeque tradi 65 Barbarae pellex. Aderat querenti Perfidum ridens Yenus et remisso Filius arcu. Mox, ubi lusit satis : Abstineto, Dixit, irarum calidaeque rixae, 70 Cum tibi invisus laceranda reddet Cornua taurus. Uxor invicti Jovis esse nescis ; Mitte singultus, bene ferre magnam Disce fortunam : tua sectus orbis 75 Nomina ducet. CARMEN XX^IIL AD L Y D E N . Festo quid potms die Neptuni faciam 1 Prome reconditum 59, 60. secuta e — Lidere collum. HO CATCMEm&f Lyde strenua Caecubum, Munitaeque adhibe vim sapientiae. Inclinare meridiem 5 Sentis, ac, veluti stet volucris dies, Parcis deripere horreo Cessantem Bibuli consulis amphoram. Nos cantabimus invicem Neptunum et virides Nereidum comas : 1 Tu curva recines lyra Latonam et celeris spicula Cynthiae. Summo carmine, quae Cnidon Fulgentesque tenet Cycladas et Paphon Functis visit oloribus ; 15 Dicetur merita Nox quoque nenia. CARMEN XXIX. AD MAECENATEM Tyrrhena regum progenies, tibi Non ante verso lene merum cado Cum flore, Maecenas, rosarum et Pressa tuis balanus capillis Jamdudum apud me est. Eripe te morae Nee semper udum Tibur et Aesulae Declive contempleris arvum et Telegoni juga parricidae. C. xxix. 5, 6 morae ; Ne-, Orellius LIBER HI. C. XXIX. Ill Fastidiosam desere copiam et Molem propinquam nubibus arduis : 10 Omitte mirari beatae Fumum et opes strepitumque Romae Plerumque gratae divitibus vices, Mundaeque parvo sub lare pauperum Coenae, sine aulaeis et ostro, 15 Sollicitam explicuere frontem. Jam clarus occultum Andromedae pater Ostendit ignem, jam Procyon furit Et stella vesani Leonis, Sole dies referente siccos : 20 Jam pastor umbras cum grege languido Rivumque fessus quaerit et horridi Dumeta Silvani ; caretque Ripa vagis taciturna ventis. Tu, civitatem quis deceat status, 25 Curas, et Urbi sollicitus times, Quid Seres et regnata Cyro Bactra parent Tanaisque discors. Prudens futuri temporis exitum Caliginosa nocte premit deus, 30 Ridetque, si mortalis ultra Fas trepidat. Quod adest, memento Componere aequus : cetera fluminis Ritu feruntur, nunc medio alveo J4. medio aequore, Orellius. 112 CARMINUM Cum pace delabentis Etruscum 35 In mare, nunc lapides adesos Stirpesque raptas et pecus et domes Volventis una, non sine montium Clamore vicinaeque silvae, Cum fera diluvies quietos 40 frritat amnes. Ille potens sui Laetusque deget, cui licet in diem Dixisse, Yixi : eras vel atra Nube polum Pater occupato, Vel sole puro : non tamen irritum, 45 Q,uodcunque retro est, efficiet, neque Diflinget infectumque reddet, Q,uod fugiens semel hora vexit. Fortuna saevo laeta negotio, et Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax, 50 Tran smutat incertos honores, Nunc mihi, nunc alii benigna. Laudo manentem : si celeres quatit • Pennas, resigno quae dedit, et mea Yirtute me involvo probamque 55 Pauperiem sine dote quaero. Non est meum, si mugiat Africis Malus procellis, ad miseras preces Decurrere et votis pacisci, Ne Cypriae Tyriaeque merces 60 HO. Svriae. liber in. C. XXX. 113 Addant avaro divitias mari. Tunc me, biremis praesidio scaphae Tutum, per Aegaeos tumultus Aura feret geminusque Pollux CARMEN XXX AD MELPOMENEN. Exegi monumentum aere perennius, Regalique situ pyramidum altius ; Q,uod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens Possit diruere, aut innumerabilis Amiorum series et fuga temporam. 5 Non omnis moriar multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam : usque ego postera Crescam laude recens, dura Capitolium Scandet cum tacita Virgin e pontifex. Dicar, qua violens obstrepit Aundus 10 Et qua pauper aquae Daunus agrestium Regnavit populorum, ex humili potens Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos Deduxisse modos. Sume superbiam Quaesitam meritis, et mihi Delphica . 15 Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam. 69., Turn. 64. ferat. Z. xxx. 12. Regnator. Q. H0RATI1 FLACCI CAEMINUM LIBER GIUAKTUS. CARMEN I. AD VENEREM. Intermissa, Venus, diu Rursus bella moves. Parce, precoi, precor ! Non sum, qualis erarn bonae Sub regno Cinarae. Desine, dulcium Mater saeva Cupidinum, 5 Circa lustra decern ilectere mollibus Jam durum imperiis. Abi, Q,uo blandae juvenum te revocant preces. Tempestivius in domum Paulli, purpureis ales oloribus, LO Comissabere Maximi, Si torrere jecur quaeris idoneum : Namque et nobilis et decens Et pro sollicitis non tacitus reis, Et centum puer artium, 15 Late signa feret militiae tuae. C. i. 9. in domo. LIBER IV. C. I. 115 Et, quandoque potentior Largi muneribus riserit aemuli, Albanos prope te lacus Ponet marmoream sub trabe citrea. 20 Illic plurima naribus Duces thura, lyraeque et Berecyntiae Delectabere tibiae Mixtis carminibus, non sine fistula: Illic bis pueri die 25 Numen cum teneris virginibus tuum Laudantes, pecb candido In morem Sahum ter quatient humum. Me nee femina nee puu? Jam, nee spes animi credula mutui, 30 Nee certare juvat mero, Nee vincire no vis tempora floribus, Sed cur, heu, Ligurine, cur Manat rara meas lacrima per genas ? Cur facunda parum decoro 35 Inter verba cadit lingua silentio ? Nocturnis ego somniis Jam captum teneo, jam volucrem sequor Te per gramma Martii Campi, te per aquas, dure, volubiles. 40 18. Largis. 20. Gypria. 22, 23. lyraquc et Bereeyiitia — tibia. 28. quatiunt. 116 CAKMINUM CARMEN II. AD JULUM A N T O N I D M , Pindarum quisquis studet aemulari, Iule, ceratis ope Daedalea Nititur pennis. vitieo daturus Nomina ponto. Monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres 5 Q,uem super notas aluere ripas. Fervet immensusque ruit profundo Pindarus ore, Laurea donandus Apollinarij Seu per audaces nova dithyrambos 1 Verba devolvit numerisque fertur Lege solutis : Seu deos regesve canit, deorum Sanguinem, per quos cecidere jusla Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae 15 Flamma Chimaerae : Sive, quos Elea domum reducit Palma coelestes, pugilemve equumve Dicit et centum potiore signis Munere donat. 20 Flebili sponsae juvenemve raptum Plorat, et vires animumque moresque Aureos educit in astra nigroque Invidet Oreo. LtBEE IV. C. H. 117 Multa Dircaeum levat aura cycnum, 25 Tendit, Antoni, quoties in altos Nubium tractus. Ego, apis Matinae More modoque, Grata carpentis thyma per laborem Plurimum, circa nemus uvidique 30 Tiburis ripa? vperosa parvus Carmina fingo. Concines majore poeta plectro Caesarem, quandoque trahet feroces Per sacrum clivum, merita decorus 35 Fronde, Sygambros : Quo nihil majus melius ve terris Fata donavere bonique divi, Nee dabunt, quamvis redeant in aurum Tempora priscum. 10 Concines laetosque dies et Urbis Publicum ludum, super impetrato Fortis Augusti reditu, forumque Litibus orbum. Turn meae, si quid loquar audiendum, 45. Vocis accedet bona pars, et, o Sol Pulcher, o laudande ! canam, recepto Caesare felix. Teque, dum procedis, Io triumphe ! Non semel dicemus, Io triumphe ! 50 C. ii. 49. Tuque, — Teque, dum procedit; Orellius. L18 CAEMINUM Ci vitas omnis, dabimusque divis Thura benignis. Te decern tauri totidemque vaccae, Me tener solvet vitulus, relicta JVTatre qui largis juvenescit herbis 55 Tn mea vota, Fronte curvatos imitatus ignes Tertium Lunae referentis ortum, Q,ua notam duxit niveus videri, Cetera fulvus. GO CARMEN III. AD MELPOMENEN. duem til, Melpomene, semel Nascentem placido lumine videris, Ilium non labor Isthmius Clarabit pugilem, non equus impiger Curru ducet Achaico 5 Yictorem, neque res bellica Deliis Ornatum foliis ducem. Q,uod regum tumidas contuderit minas, Ostendet Capitolio : Sed quae Tibur aquae fertile praefluunt, 10 Et spissae nemorum comae, Fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem. C. iii. 5. Achai'o. 10. perfluunt. LIBER IV. C. IV. 119 Romae, principis urbium, Dignatur soboles inter amabiles Vatum ponere me choros, lfi Et jam dente minus mordeor invido. O testudinis aureae Dulcem quae strepitum, Pieri, temperas, O mutis quoque piscibus Donatura cycni, si libeat, sonum, 20 Totum muneris hoc tui est. Quod monstror digito praetereuntium Romanae fidicen lyrae : Quod spiro et placeo, si piaceo, tuum est. CARMEN IV. AD URBEM ROM AM. Q,ualem ministrum fulminis alitem, Cni rex deorum regnum in aves vagas Permisit, expertus fidelem Jupiter in Ganymede flavo, Glim juventas et patrius vigor 5 Nido laborum propulit inscium, Vernique jam nimbis remotis Insolitos docuere nisus Yenti paventenij mox in ovilia Demisit hostem vividus impetus, L0 C. iv. 7. Vernisque. 120 CAEMINUM Nunc in reluctantes dracones Egit amor dapis atque pugnae : dualemve laetis caprea pascuis Intenta, fulvae matris ab ubere Jam lacte depulsum leonem, 15 Dente novo peritura, vidit : Videre Raetis bella sub Alpibus Drusum gerentem Yindelici ; — quibus Mos unde deductus per omne Tempus Amazonia securi 20 Dextras obarmet, quaerere distuli ; Nee scire fas est omnia ; — sed diu Lateque victrices catervae Consiliis juvenis revictae Sensere, quid mens rite, quid indoles 25 Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus Posset, quid Augusti paternus In pueros animus Nerones. Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis ; Est in juvencis, est in equis patram 30 Virtus, neque imbellem feroces Progenerant aquilae columbam : Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam, Rectique cultus pectora roborant : Utcunque defecere mores, 35 Indecorant bene nata culpae, 24. repressae. 36. Dedecorant. LIBER IV. C. IV. 121 Quid debeas, o Roma, Neronibus, Testis Metaurum flumen et Hasdrubal Devictus et pulcher fugatis Ille dies Latio tenebris, 40 Qui primus alma risit adorea, Dirus per urbes Afer ut Italas Ceu rlamma per taedas vel Eurus Per Siculas equitavit undas. Post hoc secundis usque laboribus 45 Romana pubes crevit, et impio Yastata Poenorum tumultu Fana deos habuere rectos, Dixitque tandem perndus Hannibal . Cervi, luporum praeda rapacium, 50 Sectamur ultro, quos opimus Fallere et effugere est triumphus. Gens, quae cremato fortis ab Ilio Jactata Tuscis aequoribus, sacra Natosque maturosque patres 55 Pertulit Ausonias ad urbes, Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus Nigrae feraci frondis in Algido, Per damna, per caedes, ab ipso Ducit opes animumque ferro. 60 Non hydra secto corpore firmior Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem, 42. Durus. 60. animosque. 122 CAKMESTUM Monstrumve summisere Colchi Majus, Echioniaeve Thebae. Merses profundo : pulchrior evenit : 65 Luctere : multa proruet integrum Cum laude victorem geretque Proelia conjugibus loquenda. Carthagini jam non ego nuntios Mittam superbos : occidit, occidit 70 Spes omnis et fortuna nostri Nominis, Hasdrubale interempto. Nil Claudiae non perficient maims, Q,uas et benigno numine Jupiter Defendit, et curae sagaces 7fi Expediunt per acuta belli. CARMEN V. AD CAESAREM AUG U STUM. Divis orte bonis, optime Romulae Custos gentis, abes jam nimium diu ; Maturum reditum pollicitus Patrum Sancto concilio, redi. Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae ; Tnstar veris enim vultus ubi tuus 65, Mersus ; exiet. 66, 67, 73. proruit, geritque, perficiunf. C. v. 4. consilio. LIBEE IV. C. V. 123 Affulsit populo, gratior it dies, Et soles melius nitent. Ut mater juvenem, quern Notus invido Flatu Carpathii trans maris aequora 10 Ounctantem spatio longius annuo Dulci distinet a domo, Votis ominibusque et precibus vocat, Curvo nee faciem litore dimovet, Sic, desideriis icta fldelibus, 15 Q,uaerit patria Caesarem. Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat, Nutrit rura Ceres almaque Faustitas, Pacatum volitant per mare navitae, Culpari metuit Fides ; 20 Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris, Mos et lex maculosum edomuit nefas, Laudantur simili prole puerperae, Culpam poena premit comes. Quis Parthum paveat, quis gelidum Scythen, 25 Quis Germania quos horrida parturit Fetus, incolumi Caesare ? quis ferae Bellum curet Hiberiae ? Condi t quisque diem collibus in suis, Et vitem viduas ducit ad arbores ; 30 Hmc ad vina redit laetus, et alteris Te mensis adhibet deum : 7. Effulsit. Ibid, gratior et dies — 14. demovet. 31. venit. L24 CAEMINUM Te mu! f a prece, te prosequitur mero Defuso pateris, et Laribus tuum Miscet numen, uti Graecia Castoris 35 Et magni memor Herculis. Longas o utinam, dux bone, ferias Praestes Hesperiae ! dicimus integro Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi, Cum Sol Oceano subest. 40 CARMEN VI. AD APOLLINEM. Dive, quern proles Niobea magnae Vindicem linguae Tityosque raptor Sensit et Trojae prope* victor altae Phthius Achilles, Ceteris major, tibi miles impar ; 5 Filius quamvis Thetidis marinae Dardanas turres quateret tremenda Cuspide pugnax. Ille, morjiaci velut icta ferro Pinus aut impulsa cupressus Euro, 10 Procidit late posuitque collum in Pulvere Teucro. 34. Diffuse 37. rex bone. C. vi. 6. quamquam ; Thetidos. 10. impressu. 11, 12 collum Pulvere Teucro, LIBER IV. C. VI. 125 Ille non inclusus equo Minervae Sacra mentito male feriatos Troas et laetam Priami choreis 15 Falleret aulam : Sed palam captis gravis, heu nefas heu, Nescios fari pueros Achivis Ureret flammis, etiam latentem Matris in alvo ; 20 Ni, tuis victus Yenerisque gratae Yocibus, divum pater annuisset Rebus Aeneae potiore ductos Alite muros. Doctor argutae fidicen Thaliae, 25 Phoebe, qui Xantho lavis amne crines, Dauniae defende decus Camenae, Levis Agyieu. Spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem Carminis nomenque dedit poetae. 30 Yirginum primae puerique claris Patribus orti, Deliae tutela deae fugaces Lyncas et carvos cohibentis arcu, Lesbium servate pedem meique 35 Pollicis ictum, Rite Latonae puerum canentes, Rite crescentem face Noctilucam, 17. caplos ; victor ; raptor. 19. latentes. 21. flexus. 25. Ductor ; Argivae. 126 CAKMmUM Prosperam frugum celeremque pronos Volvere menses. 40 Nupta jam dices : ego dis amicum, Saeculo festas referente luces, Reddidi carmen, docilis modorum Vatis Horatl. CARMEN VII. AD L. MANLIUM T O R Q, U A T U M Diifugere nives, redeunt jam gramma campis Arboribusque comae : Mutat terra vices et decrescentia ripas Flumina praetereunt : Gratia cum Nymphis geminisque sororibus audet 5 Ducere nuda choros. Immortalia ne speres, monet annus et almum Q,uae rapit hora diem. Frigora mitescunt Zepbyris ; ver proterit aestas Interitura, simul 10 Pomifer auctumnus fruges effuderit, et mox Bruma recurrit iners. Damna tamen celeres reparant coelestia Lunae : Nos, ubi decidimus, Quo pius Aeneas, quo dives Tullus, et Ancus, 15 Pulvis et umbra sumus. C. vii. 12. recurret. 15. pater Aeneas ; Orellius ; Tullus dives ; Tullus, dives et Ancus, LIBER IV. c. vin. 127 Q,uis scit, an adjiciant hodiemae crastina summae Tempora di superi ? Cimcta manus avidas fugient heredis, amico Quae dederis animo. 20 Cum semel occideris et de te splendida Minos Fecerit arbitria, Non, Torquate, genus, non te facundia, non te Restituet pietas ; Infernis neque enim tenebris Diana pudicum 25 Liberat Hippolytum. Nee Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro Yincula Pirithoo. CARMEN VIII. AD C. MARCIUM CENSORINUM. Donarem pateras grataque commodus, Censorine, meis aera sodalibus, Donarem tripodas, praemia fortium Graiorum, neque tu pessima munerum Ferres, divite me scilicet artium, 5 Q,uas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas, Hie saxo, liquidis ille coloribus Sollers nunc hominem ponere, nunc deum. Sed non haec mihi vis, non tibi talium Res est aut animus deliciarum egens. 10 Gaudes carminibus : carmina possumus Donare et pretium dicere muneri. 17. hodiemae — vitae. C. viii. 1. comraodis. 9. nee tibi. 12. rauneris. 128 CAEMINUM Nor incisa notis marmora publicis, Per quae spiritus et vita redit bonis Post mortem ducibus, non celeres fugae 15 Rejectaeque retrorsum Hannibalis minae, Non incendia Carthaginis impiae Ejus, qui domita nomen ab Africa Lucratus rediit, clarius indicant Laudes, quam Calabrae Pierides : neque, 20 Si chartae sileant quod bene feceris, Mercedem tuleris. Q,uid foret Iliae Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas Obstaret meritis invida Romuli ? Ereptum Stygiis rluctibus Aeacum 25 Virtus et favor et lingua potentium Vatum divitibus consecrat insulis. Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori ; Coelo Musa beat. Sic Jovis interest Optatis epulis impiger Hercules : 30 Clarum Tyndaridae sidus ab infimis Q,uassas eripiunt aequoribus rates : Ornatus viridi tempora pampino Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus. CARMEN IX. AD LOLLIUM. Ne forte credas interitura, quae, Longe sonantem natus ad AufidunL, 17. impendia ; stipendia, de conj. LIBEE IV. C. IX. 129 Non ante vulgatas per artes Verba loquor socianda chordis. Non, si priores Maeonius tenet . 5 Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces Stesichorique graves Camenae ; Nee, si quid olim lusit Anacreon, Delevit aetas : spirat adhuc amor, LO Yivuntque commissi calores Aeoliae fidibus puellae. Non sola comptos arsit adulteri Crines, et aurum vestibus illitum Mirata regalesque cultus 1 5 Et comites Helene Lacaena, Primusve Teucer tela Cydonio Direxit arcu ; non semel Ilios Yexata ; non pugnavit ingens Idomeneus Sthenelusve solus 20 Dicenda Musis proelia : non ferox Hector vel acer Deiphobus graves Excepit ictus pro pudicis Conjngibus puerisque primus. Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona 25 Multi ; sed omnes illacrimabiles Urgentur ignotique longa Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. Paullum sepultae distat inertiae Celata virtus. Non ego te meis 30 130 CAEMINUM Chartis mornatum silebo, Totve tuos patiar labores Impune, Lolli, carpere lividas Obliviones. Est animus tibi Rerumque prudens et secundis 35 Temporibus dubiisque rectus ; "V index avarae fraudis et abstinens Ducentis ad se cuncta pecuniae : Consulque non unius anni, Sed quoties bonus atque fidus 40 Judex honestiuu praetulit utili, Rejecit alto dona nocentium Yultu, per obstantes catervas Explicuit sua victor arma. Non possidentem multa vocaveris 45 Recte beatum : rectius occupat Nomen beati, qui deorum Muneribus sapienter uti, Duramque callet pauperiem pati, Pejusque leto flagitium timet. 50 Non ille pro caris amicis Aut patria timidus perire. C. ix. 31. sileri 41. utili et. 43. Vultu et. LIBER IV. 0. XI 13 J CARMEN X. AD LIGURINUM. O crudelis adhuc et Veneris muneribus potens, Insperata tuae cum veniet pluma superbiae, Et, quae nunc humeris involitant, deciderint comae, Nunc et qui color est puniceae flore prior rosae, Mutatus Ligurinum in faciem verterit hispidam, 5 Dices, heu ! quoties te speculo videris alterum : Quae mens est hodie, cur eadem non puero fuit ? Vel cur his animis incolumes non redeunt genae? CARMEN XL AD PHYLLIDEM. Est mihi nonum superantis annum Plenus Albani cadus ; est in horto, Phylli, nectendis apium coronis ; Est liederae vis Multa, qua crines religata fulges ; 5 Ridet argento domus ; ara castis Vincta verbenis avet immolato Soargier agno ; Cuncta festinat manus, hue et iiluc Oursitant mixtae pueris puellae ; 10 C. x 5 Mutatus, Ligurine — . 6. te in speculo. 8 132 CARMINUM Sordidum flammae trepidant rotantes Vertice fumum. Ut tamen noris quibus advoceris Gaudiis, Idus tibi sunt agendae, Qui dies mensem Veneris marinae 15 Findit Aprilem, Jure sollemnis mihi sanetiorque Paene natali proprio, quod ex hac Luce Maecenas meus affluentes Ordinat annos. 20 Telephum, quern tu petis, occupavit } Non tuae sortis juvenem, puella Dives et lasciva, tenetque grata Compede vinctum. Terret ambustus Phaethon avaras 25 SpeSj et exemplum grave praebet ales Pegasus, terrenum equitem gravatus Bellerophontem, Semper ut te digna sequare et ultra Gluam licet sperare nefas putando, 30 Disparem vites. Age jam, meorum Finis amorum, — Non enim posthac alia calebo Femina — condisce modos, amanda Voce quos reddas : minuentur atrae 35 Carmine curae. C xi. 13. advocere. libeb iv. c. xn 188 CARMEN XII. AD VIRGILIUM. Jam veris comites, quae mare temperant, Impellunt animae lintea Thraciae : Jam nee prata rigent, nee fluvii strepunt Hiberna nive turgidi. Nidum point, Ityn nebiliter gemens, 5 Infelix avis et Cecropiae domus Aeternum opprobrium, quod male barbaras Regum est ulta libidines. Dicunt in tenero gramine pinguium Custodes ovium carmina fistula 10 Delectantque deum 3 cui pecus et nigri Colles Arcadiae placent. Adduxere sitim tempora, Virgili ; Sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, juvenum nobilium cliens, 15 Nardo vina merebere. Nardi parvus onyx eliciet cadum, Qui nunc Sulpiciis accubat horreis, Spes donare novas largUs amaraque Curarum eluere efiicax. 20 Ad quae si properas gaudia, cum tua Velox merce veni : non ego te meis C. xii. 11. Delectante deuni,- -, 1G. mereberis 134 CARMINTJM Irnmunem meditor tingere poculis, Plena dives ut in domo. Verum pone moras et studium lucri ; 25 Nigrorumque memor, dum licet, ignium, Misce stul titiam consiliis brevera. Dnl co est, desipere in loco. CAKMEN XIII. IN LYCEN, Audivere, Lyce, di mea vota ; dl Audivere, Lyce : fis anus, et tamen Yis formosa videri, Ludisque et bibis impudens, Et cantu tremulo pota Cupidinem 5 Lentum sollicitas. Ille virentis et Doctae psallere Chiae Pulchris excubat in genis. Importunus enim transvolat aridas Quercus, et refugit te, quia luridi 1 Dentes te, quia rugae Turpant et capitis nives. Nee Coae referunt jam tibi purpurae Nee ciari lapides tempora, quae semel C. xiii. 14. cari. LIBER IV. C. XIV. 135 Notis condita fastis Inclusit volucris dies. Quo fugit veniis, heu, quove color ? decens Q,uo motus ? quid habes illius, illius, Q,uae spirabat amores, Qua.e me surpuerat mihi, 20 Felix post Cinaram, notaque et artium Gratarum facies ? Sed Cinarae breves Annos fata dederunt, Servatura diu parem Cornicis vetulae temporibus Lycen, 25 Possent ut juvenes visere fervidi, Multo non sine risu Dilapsam in cineres facem. CARMEN XIV. AD AUGUSTUM. Q,uae cura Patrum quaeve Quiritium, Plenis honorum muneribus tuas, Auguste, virtutes in aevum Per titulos memoresque fastos Aeternetj o, qua sol habitabiles lllustrat oras, maxime principum ! 17. quove color decens ] 28. Delapsam. C. xiv. 4. fastus. 136 CARMINUM Quern legis expertes Latinae Vindelici did i cere nuper, Quid Marte posses ; milite nam tuo Urusus Genaunos, implacidum genus, 10 Breunosque veloces et arces Alpibus impositas tremendis Dejecit acer plus vice simplici : Major Neronum mox grave proelium Commisit immanesque Raetos 15 Auspiciis pepulit secundis, Spectandus in certamine Martio, Devota morti pectora liberae Q,uantis fatigaret ruinis : Indomitas prope qaalis undas 20 Exercet Auster, Pleiadum choro Scindente nubes, impiger hostium Vexare turmas, et frementem Mittere equum medios per ignes. Sic taurilormis volvitur Aufidus, 25 Q,ui regna Dauni praefluit Apuli, Cum saevit, horrendamque cultis Diluviem meditatur agris, Ut barbarorum Claudius agmina Ferrata vasto diruit impetu, 30 Primosque et extremos metendo Stravit huraum, sine clade victor, i?G perfluit. LIBER IV. 0. XV. 137 Te copias, te consilium et tuos Praebente divos. Nam, tibi quo die Portus Alexandrea supplex 35 Et vacuam patefecit aulam, Fortuna lustro prospera tertio Belli seciindos reddidit exit us, Laudemque et optatum peractis Imperiis decus arrogavit. 40 Te Cantaber non ante domabilis, Medusque et Indus, te profugus Scythes Miratur, o tutela praesens Italiae dominaeque Romae. Te, fontium qui eel at origines, 4.5 Nilusque et Ister, te rapidus Tigris, Te belluosus qui remotis Obstrepit Oceanus Britannis, Te non paventis funera Galliae Duraeque tellus audit Hiberiae : 50 Te caede gaudentes Sygambri Compositis venerantur armis. CARMEN XV. CAE SARIS AUGUST I LAUDES Phoebus volentem proelia me loqu. Victas et urbes increpuit lyra, CARMLNUM Ne parva T.yrrhenurn per aequor Vela darem. Tua, Caesar, aetas Fruges et agris retulit uberes, 5 Et signa nostro restituit Jovi Derepta Parthorum superbis Postibus, et vacuum duellis Janum duirini clausit, et ordinem Rectum evaganti frena licentiae 10 Injecit, emovitque culpas. Et veteres revocavit artes, Per quas Latinum nomen et Italae Crevere vires famaque et imperi Porrecta majestas ad ortus 15 Solis ab Hesperio cubili. Custode rerum Caesare, non furor Civilis aut vis exiget otium, Non ira, quae procudit enses Et miseras inimicat urbes. 20 Non, qui profundum Danubium bibunt, Edicta rumpent Julia, non Getae, Non Seres inndive Persae, Non Tanain prope Humeri orti. Nosque et profestis lucibus et sacris 25 Inter jocosi munera Liberi, Cum prole matronisque nostris, Rite deos prius apprecati, C, xv. 9. Janum Quirinum, de conj. 15. or turn. 18. exiniit. 19. producit. LIBER IV. C. XV. 139 Virtute functos, more patrum, duces, Lydis remixto carmine tibiis, Trojamque et Anchisen et almae Progeniem Veneris canemus. 30 Q. HORATII FLACCI E P O D O N LIBER. CARMEN L A. D M A E C E N A T E M . Ibis Libumis inter alta navium, Amice, propugnacula, Paratus omne Caesaris periculum Subire, Maecenas, tuo. Quid nos, quibus te vita si superstite 5 Jucunda, si contra, gravis '/ Utrumne jussi persequemur otium, Non dulce, ni tecum simul, An hunc laborem mente laturi, decet Qua ferre non molles viros ? LO Feremus, et te vel per Alpium juga, Inhospitalem et Caucasum, Yel Occidentis usque ad ultimum sinum, Forti sequemur pectore Roges, tuum labore quid juvem meo, 1 5 C. i. 4. tui, de conj. 5. sit. 10. Quern. LIBER. C. H. 141 Imbellis ac firmus parum ? Comes minore sum futurus in metu, dui major absentes habet \ Ut, assidens implumibus pullis, avis Serpentium allapsus timet 20 Magis relictis, non, ut adsit, auxili Latura plus praesentibus. Libenter hoc et omne militabitur Bellum in tuae spem gratiae, Non ut juvencis illigata pluribus 25 Aratra nitantur mea, Pecusve Calabris ante sidus fervidum Lucana mutet pascuis, .Neque ut superni villa candens Tusculi Circaea tangat moenia. 30 Satis superque me benignitas tua Ditavit : haud paravero, Q,uod aut avarus, ut Chremes, terra, premam, Discinctus aut perdam nepos. CARMEN II Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis, Ut prisca gens mortalium, Paterna rura bobus exercet suis, Solutus omni foenore, N"eque excitatur classico miles truci, Neque horret iratum mare, 21. non uti sit. 26. meis. 28. 29. Nee ; supini, de conj. 34. perdam ut nepoa ! 42 EPODON Forumque vitat, et superba civiuin Potentiorum limina. Ergo aut adulta vitium propagine Altas maritat populos, 10 Aut in reducta valle mugientium Prospectat errantes greges : Inutilesque falce ramos amputans, Feliciores inserit ; Aut pressa puris mella condit amphoris, 15 Aut tondet infirmas oves ; Vel, cum decorum mitibus pomis caput Auctumnus agris extulit, Ut gaudet insitiva decerpens pyra, Certantem et uvam purpurae, 20 Q,ua muneretur te, Priape, et te, pater Silvane, tutor finium ! Libet jacere modo sub antiqua ilice, Modo in tenaci gramme. Labuntur altis interim ripis aquae, 25 Q,ueruntur in silvis aves, Fontesque lymphis obstrepunt manantibus ; Somnos quod invitet leves. At cum tonantis annus hibernus Jovis Imbres nivesque comparat, 30 Aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multa cane Apros in obstantes plagas, Aut amite levi rara tendit retia, Turdis edacibus dolos, Pavidumque leporem et advenam laqueo gruem 3I> Jucunda captat praemia. Q,uis non malarum, quas amor curas habet Haec inter obliviscitur ? C. ii, 18. arvis. 21. Quis. 25. rivis. 27. Frondesque. 28. invitat. 37. malorum. LIBER, c. n. 143 Quod si pudica mulier in partem juvet Domura atque dulces liberos, 40 Sabina qualis aut perusta solibus Pernicis uxor Apuli, Sacrum vetustis exstruat lignis focum, Lassi sub adventum viri, Claudensque textis cratibus laetum pecus, 45 Distenta siccet ubera. Et horna dulci vina promens dolio, Dapes inemptas apparet: Non me Lucrina juverint conchylia Magisve rhombus aut scari, 50 Si quos eois intonata fluctibus Hiems ad hoc vertat mare ; Non Afra avis descendat in ventrem meum, Non attagen Ionicus Jucundior, quam lecta de pinguissimis 55 . Oliva ramis arborum, Aut herba lapathi prata amantis et gravi Malvae salubres corpori, Vel agna festis caesa Terminalibus, Vel haedus ereptus lupo. 60 Has inter epulas ut juvat pastas oves Videre properantes domum, Videre fessos vomerem inversum boves Collo trahentes languido, Positosque vernas, ditis examen domus, 55 Circum renidentes Lares ! Haec ubi locutus foenerator Alphius, Jam jam futurus rusticus, Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam. Gtuaerit Calendis ponere. 70 43. Sacrum et vetustis. 54. Iom'us. 69. relegit. 144 EPODON CAEMEN III. AD MAECENATEM. Parents olim si quis impia manu Senile guttur fregerit, Edit cicutis allium nocentius. O dura messorum ilia ! Q,uid hoc veneni saevit in praecordiis 7 5 Num viperinus his cruor Incoctus herbis me fefellit ? an malas Canidia tractavit dapes ? Ut Argonautas praeter omnes candidum Medea mirata est ducem, 10 Ignota tauris illigaturum juga Perunxit hoc Iasonem : Hoc delibutis ulta donis pellicem, Serpente fugit alite. Nee tantus unquam siderum insedit vapor 15 Siticulosae Apuliae ; Nee munus humeris efficacis Herculis Inarsit aestuosius. At, si quid unquam tale concupiveris, Jocose Maecenas, precor, 20 Manum puella savio opponat tuo, Extrema et in sponda cubet. C. iii. 3. Edat. 8. tentavit. LIEEE. C. V 145 CARMEN IV. Lupis et agnis quanta sortito obtigit, Tecum mihi discordia est, Hibericis peruste funibus latus, Et crura dura compede. Licet superb us ambules pecunia, 5 Fortuna non mutat genus. Yidesne, Sacram metiente te Viam Cum bis trium ulnarum toga, Ut ora vertat hue et hue euntium Liberrima indignatio ? 10 :: Sec tu s flagellis hie triumviralibus Praeconis ad fastidium Arat Falerni mille fundi jugera, Et Appiam mannis terit, Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques, 15 Othone contempto, sedet. Quid attinet, tot ora navium gravi Rostrata duci pondere Contra latrones atque servilem manum, Hoc, hoc tribuno militum ?" 20 CARMEN Y. IN CANIDIAM VENEFICAM. ; * A t, o deorum quidquid in coelo regit Terras et humanum genus, C. iv 8. bis ter. C. v. 1. quisqms — ^regie. 146 EFODON Q,md iste feit tumultus ? et quid omnium Vultus in unum me truces ? Per liberos te, si vocata partubus 5 Lucina veris afTuit, Per hoc inane purpurae decus precor, Per improbatururn haec Jovem. Quid ut noverca me intueris, aut uti Petitaferro bellua?" 10 Ut haec trementi questus ore coustitit Insignibus raptis puer, Impube corpus, quale posset impia Mollire Thracum pectora ; Canidia, brevibus implicata viperis 15 Crines et incomptum caput, Jubet sepulcris capriflcos erutas, Jubet cupressus funebres Et uncta turpis ova ranae sanguine Plumamque nocturnae strigis 20 Herbasque, quas Iolcos at que Hibena Mittit, venenorum ferax, Et ossa ab ore rapta jejunae canis Flammis aduri Colchicis. At expedita Sagana, per totam domum 25 Spargens Avernales aquas, Horret capillis ut marinus asperis Echinus aut currens aper. Abacta nulla Yeia conscientia, Ligonibus duris humum * 30 Exhauriebat, ingemens laboribus, duo posset infossus puer Longo die bis terque mutatae dapis Inemori spectaculo. 3. aul quid, Orellius. 11. trementc. 15. illigata. 18. cupressoa, 21. ant. 25. expetita. 33 bis terve LIBEE. C. V. 147 Gum promineret ore, quantum exstant aqua 35 Suspensa mento corpora : Exsucta uti medulla et aridum jecur Amoris esse poculum, Interminato cum semel fixae cibo Intabuissent pupulae. 40 Non defuisse masculae lTBIdiriis Ariminensem Foliam, Et otiosa credidit Neapolis Et omne vicinum oppidum, Q,uae sidera excantata voce Thessala 45 Lunamque coelo deripit. Hie irresectum saeva dente livido Canidia rodens pollicem, Quid dixit aut quid tacuit ? "O, rebus meis Non infldeles arbitrae, 50 IN ox et Diana, quae silentium regis, Arcana cum fiunt sacra, Nunc, nunc adeste, uunc in hostiles domos Iram atque numen vertite 1 Formidolosis dum latent silvis ferae. 55 Dulci sopore languidae, Senem, quod omnes rideant, adulterum Latrent Suburanae canes, Nardo perunctum, quale non perfectius Meae laborarint manus. — 60 Q,uid accidit ? cur dira barbarae minus Venena Medeae valent ? Q,uibus superbam fugit ulta pellicem, Magni Creontis filiam, Cum palla, tabo munus imbutum, novam 65 Incendio nuptam abstulit. 37. Exsueca ; exusta ; exsecta. 55. Formidolosae ; cum. GO. laborarunt. 63. superba. 65. infectum. I 4:8 EPODOJS" Atqui nee herba nee latens in asperis Radix fefellit me locis. Indormit unctis omnium cubilibus Oblivione pellicum. — 70 Ah, ah, solutus ambulat veneficae Scientioris carmine. Non nsitatis, Vare, potionibus O multa fl-eturum caput, Ad me recurres, nee vocata mens tua 75 Marsis redibit vocibus. Majus parabo, majus infundam tibi Fastidienti poculum, Priusque coelum sidet inferius mari, Tellure porrecta super, 80 Q,uam non amore sic meo flagres, uti Bitumen atris ignibus." Sub haec puer, jam non, ut ante, mollibus Lenire verbis impias, Sed, dubius unde rumperet silentium, 85 Misit Thyesteas preces : u ' Venena magnum fas nefasque non valent Convertere humanam vicem. Diris agam vos ; dira detestatio Nulla expiatur victima. 90 Q,uin, ubi perire jussus exspiravero, Nocturnus occurram furor, Petamque vultus umbra curvis unguibus, Q,uae vis deorum est Manium, Et inquietis assidens praecordiis 95 Pavore somnos auferam. Vos turba vicatim hinc et hinc saxis petens Contundet obscoenas anus : 81. mei. LIBEK. C. VI. 149 Post insepulta membra different lupi Et Esquilinae alites ; 100 Neque hoc parentes, heu mihi superstites. Effugerit spectaculum." CARMEN VI. Q,uid immerentes hospites vexas, canis, Ignavus adversum lupos ? Q,uin hue inanes, si potes, vertis minas, Et me remorsurum petis 1 Nam, qualis aut Molossus aut fulvus Lacon, 5 Arnica vis pastoribus, Agam per altas aure sublata nives, duaecunque praecedet fera : Tu, cum timenda voce complesti nemus. Projectum odoraris cibum. 10 Cave, cave : namque in malos asperrimus Parata tollo cornua, Glualis Lycambae spretus infido gener, Aut acer hostis Bupalo, An, si quis atro dente me petiverit, ] 5 Inultus ut fiebo puer ? 102. Effugerint. C. vi. 2. adversus. 3, 4. verte — pete. 8. praecedat. 150 EPODCW CARMEN VII. AD POPTJLUM ROMANUM Quo, quo scelesti ruitis ? aut cur dexteris Aptantur enses conditi 7 Parumne campis atque Neptuno super Fusum est Latini sanguinis ? Non, ut superbas invidae Carthaginis 5 Rom anus arces ureret, Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet Sacra catenatus Via, Sed ut, secundum vota Parthorum, sua Urbs haec periret dextera. 10 Neque hie lupis mos nee fuit leonibus Unquam, nisi in dispar, feris. Furorne caecus, an rapit vis acrior 1 An culpa ? Responsum date. Tacent, et albus ora pallor irincit, 15 Mentesque perculsae stupent. Sic est : acerba fata Romanos agunt Scelusque fraternae necis, Ut immerentis fluxit in terram Remi Sacer nepotibus cruor. 20 3. vii. 12. Nunquara. 13. caecos. 15. et ora pallor albus. LIBEE. C. Yin. 151 CARMEN VIII. IN ANUM LIBIDINOSAM. Rogare longo putidam te saeculo, Vires quid enervet meas ? Cum sit tibi dens ater, et rugis vetus Frontem senectus exaret, Hietque turpis inter aridas nates 5 Podex, velut crudae bovis ? Sed incitat me pectus et mammae putres, Equina quales ubera, Venterque mollis et femur tumentibus Exile suris additum ! 10 Esto beata, funus atque imagines Ducant triumphales tuum, Nee sit marita, quae rotundioribus Onusta baccis ambulet. Quid, quod libelli Stoici inter sericos 15 Jacere pulvillos amant ? Illiterati num minus nervi rigent, Minusve languet fascinum ? Quod ut superbo pro voces ab inguine. Ore adlaborandum est tibi. 20 L52 epodoe CARMEN IX. AD MAECENATEM Quando repostum Caecubum ad festas dapes, Victore laetus Caesare, Tecum sub alta — sic Jovi gratum — domo, Beate Maecenas, bibam Sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyra, 5 Hac Dorium, illis barbarum, Ut nuper, actus cum freto Neptumus Dux fugit, ustis navibus, Minatus Urbi vincla, quae detraxerat Servis amicus perfidis? 10 Romanus, eheu ! posteri negabitis, Emancipatas feminae, Fert vallum et arma miles, et spadonibus Servire rugosis potest, Interque signa turpe militaria 15 Sol adspicit conopium ! At hoc frementes verterunt bis mille equos Galli, canentes Caesarem, Hostiliumque navium portu latent Puppes sinistrorsum citae. 20 lo triumphe ! tu moraris aureos Currus et intactas boves ? Io triumphe ! nee Jugurthino parem Bello reportasti ducem, Neque Africanum, cui super Carthaginem 25 Virtus sepulcrum condidit. C. ix. 5. mixtis. 17. At hue ; Ad hunc ; Adhuc ; At hunc. 20. sitae. 25. Africano LIBEE. C.X. 153 Terra marique victus hostis Punico Lugubre mutavit sagum. Aut ille centum nobilem Cretam urbibus Ventis iturus non suis, 30 Exercitatas aut petit Syrtes No to, Aut fertur incerto mari. Capatiores affer hue, puer, scyphos, Et Chia vina aut Lesbia ; Vel, quod nuentem nauseam coerceat, 35 Metire nobis Caecubum. Curam metumque Caesaris rerum juvat Dulci Lyaeo solvere. CARMEN X. IN MAEVIUM POETAM. Mala soluta navis exit alite, Ferens olentem Maevium. Ut horridis utrumque verberes latus, Auster, memento fluctibus. Niger rudentes Eurus, inverso mari, 5 Fractosque remos differat. Insurgat Aquilo, quantus altis montibus Frangit trementes ilices : Nee sidus atra nocte amicum appareat Qua tristis Orion cadit ; 1 Q,uietiore nee feratur aequore, Quam Graia victorum manus, 34. Aut Chia. L54 EPODON Cum Pallas usto vertit iram ab Ilio In impiam Ajacis ratem. quantus instat navitis sudor tuis, 1 5 Tibique pallor luteus, Et ilia non virilis ejulatio, Preces et aversum ad Jovem, Ionius udo cum remugiens sinus Noto carinam ruperit ! 2D Opima quodsi praeda curvo littore Porrecta mergos juveris, Libidinosus immolabitur caper Et agna Tempestatibus. CARMEN XL AD PETTIUM. Petti, nihil me, sicut antea, juvat Scribere versiculos, amore percussum gravi, Amore, qui me praeter omnes expetit Mollibus in pueris aut in puellis urere. Hie tertius December, ex quo destiti 5 Inachia furere, silvis honorem decutit. Heu me S per Urbem — nam pudet tanti mali — Fabula quanta fui ! Conviviorum et poenitet, In quis amantem languor et silentium Arguit, et latere petitus imo spiritus. 1 Contrane lucrum nil valere candidum Pauperis ingenium ? querebar applorans tibi, C. x. 19, 20. sinu Notus. 22. Projecta, de conj. ; juverit. C. xi. 2. perculsum. 8. ut poenitet. 9. amantem et languor 11. contraque. LIBER. C. XII. 155 Simul calentis inverecundus deus Fervidiore mero arcana promorat loco. Quodsi meis inaestuet praecordiis 15 Libera bilis, ut haec ingrata ventis dividat Fomenta vulnus nil malum levantia, Desinet imparibus certare summotus pudor. Ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram, Jussus abire domum, ferebar incerto pede 20 Ad non amicos, heu mihi postes et heu Limina dura, quibus lumbos et infregi latus. Nunc, gloriantis quamlibet mulierculam Yincere mollitie, amor Lycisci me terffct ; Unde expedire non amicorum queant 25 Libera consilia nee contumeliae graves, Sed alius ardor aut puellae candidae Aut teretis pueri longam renodantis comam. CARMEN XII. IN ANUM LIBIDINOSAM. Quid tibi vis, mulier nigris dignissima barris? Munera quid mihi, quidve tabellas Mittis, nee firmo juveni, neque naris obesae ? Namque sagacius unus odoror, Polypus an gravis hirsutis cubet hircus in alis, 5 Q,uam canis acer, ubi lateat sus. Q.uis sudor vietis et quam malus undique membris Crescit odor, quum pene soluto 15. inaestuat. 17. allevantia. 24. mollitia. C. xii 2. cur mihi. 156 EPODON Indomitam properat rabiem sedare ; neque illi Jam manet humid a creta colorque It'J Stercore fucatus crocodili, jamque subando Tenta cubilia tectaque rumpit ! Yel mea cum saevis agitat fastidia verbis : Inachia langues minus, ac me : Inachiam ter nocte potes, mibi semper ad unum 1 5 Mollis opus. Pereat male, quae te Lesbia, quaerenti taurum, monstravit inertem. Cum mihi Cous adesset Amyntas. Cujus in indomito constantior inguine nervus, Q,uanf nova collibus arbor inhaeret. 20 Muricibus Tyriis iteratae vellera lanae Cui properabantur ? Tibi nempe, Ne foret aequales inter conviva, magis quern Diiigeret mulier sua, quam te. O ego non felix, quam tu fugis, ut pavet acres 25 Agna lupos, capreaeque leones ! CARMEN XIII. AD AMICOS Horrida tempestas coelum contraxit, et imbres Nivesque deducunt Jovem : nunc mare, nunc siluae Threicio Aquilone sonant. Rapiamus, amici, Occasionem de die, dumque virent genua Kt decet. obducta solvatur fronte senectus. 5 Tu vina Torquato move consule pressa meo. 25. ego infelix. LIBER. C. XIV. 157 Cetera mitte loqui : deus haec fortasse benigna Reducet in sedem vice. Nunc et Achaemenio Perfundi nardo juvat et fide Cyllenea Levare diris pectora sollicitudinibus : 10 Nobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno : Invicte, mortalis dea nate puer Thetide, Te manet Assaraci tellus, quam frigida parvi Findunt Scamandri flumina, lubricus et Simois ; Unde tibi reditum certo subtemine Parcae 15 Rupere, nee mater domum caerula te revehet Illic omne malum vino cantuque levato, Deformis aegrimoniae dulcibus alloquiis. CARMEN XIV. AD MAECENATEM. Mollis inertia cur tantam diffuderit imis Oblivionem sensibus, Pocula Lethaeos ut si ducentia somnos Arente fauce traxerim, Candide Maecenas, occidis saepe rogando: 5 Deus, deus nam me vetat Inceptos, olim promissum carmen, iambos Ad umbilicum adducere. Non aliter Samio dicunt arsisse Bathyllo Anacreonta Teium, 10 dui persaepe cava testudine flevit amorem Non elaboratum ad pedem. Ureris ipse miser : quodsi non pulchrior ignis Accendit obsessam Ilion, 158 EPODOM Gaude sorte tua : me libertina, neque uno 1 5 Contenta, Phryne macerat. CARMEN XV. AD NEAERAM. Nox erat et coelo fulgebat luna seretio Inter minora sidera. Cum tu, magnorum numen Iaesura deorum, In verba jurabas mea, Artius, atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex, 5 Lentis adhaerens brachiis : Dum pecori lupus, et nautis infestus Orion Turbaret hibernum mare, Intonsosque agitaret Apollinis aura capillos, Fore hunc amorem mutuum. 10 O dolitura mea multum virtute Neaera ! Nam, si quid in Flacco viri est, Non feret assiduas potiori te dare noctes, Et quaeret iratus parem ; Nee semel offensae cedet constantia formae, 15 Si certus intrarit dolor. At tu, quicunque es felicior atque meo nunc Superbus incedis malo, Sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit Tibique Pactolus fluat 20 Nee te Pythagorae fallant arcana renati, Formaque vincas Nirea, C. xv. 8, 9. turbarit — agitarit. LIBER. C. XVI. 159 Eheu ! translatos alio maerebis amores; Ast ego vicissim risero. CARMEN XVI. A 1) P O P U L I M R O M A N U M , Altera jam teritur bellis civilibus aetas, Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit : U,uam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi, Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus, Aemula nee virtus Capuae, nee Spartacus acer, 5 Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox, Nee fera caerulea domuit Germania pube, Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal, Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas, Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum. 10 Barbarus, heu ! cineres insistet victor, et urbem Eques sonante verberabit ungula, Quaeque carent ventis et solibus ossa Q,uirini, Nefas videre ! dissipabit insolens. Forte, quid expediat, communiter aut melior pars 15 Malis carere quaeritis laboribus : Nulla sit hac potior sententia : Phocaeorum Velut profugit exsecrata civitas Agros atque Lares patrios, habitandaque fana Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis 20 Ire, pedes quocunque ferent, quocunque per undas Notus vocabit aut protervus Africus. 23. Heu heu. C. xvi. 14. vnleri. 2].ferunt, LOO EPODON Sic placet ? an melius quis habet suadere? Secunda Ratem occupare quid moramur alite ? Sed juremus in haec : simul imis saxa renarint 25 Vadis levata, ne redire sit nefas : Neu converse domum pigeat dare lintea, quando Padus Matina laverit cacumina, In mare seu celsus procurrerit Apenninus. Novaque monstra junxerit libidine 30 Mirus amor, juvet ut tigres subsidere cervis, Adulteretur et columba miluo, ( 'redula nee ravos limeant armenta leones, Ametque salsa levis hircus aequora. Haec, et quae poterunt reditus abscindere dulces ; 35 Eamus omnis exsecrata civitas, Aut pars indocili nielior grege ; mollis et exspes Inominata perprimat cubilia ! Vos, quibus est virtus, muliebrem tollite luctum, Etrusca praeter et volate litora. 40 Nos manet Oceanus circumvagus ; arva, beata Petamus arva, divites et insulas, Reddit ubi Cererem tellus inarata quotannis, Et imputata floret usque vinea, Germinat et nunquam fallentis termes olivaf;, 45 Suamque pulla ficus ornat arborem, Mella cava manant ex ilice, montibus altis Levis crepante lympha desilit pede. Illic injussae veniunt ad mulctra capellae, Refertque tenta grex amicus ubera ; 50 Nee vespertinus circumgemit ursus ovile, Neqae intumescit alta viperis humus. Pluraque felices mirabimur: ut neque largis Aquosus Eurus arva radat imbribus, 29. prorupent. 33. flavor fulvos ; saevos. 51 ovih. LIBER. C. XVII. 161 Pinguia nee siceis urantur semina glebis, 55 Utrumque rege temperante Coelitum. Non hue Argoo contendit remige pinus, Neque impudica Colchis intulit pedem : Non hue Sidonii torserunt cornua nautae, Laboriosa nee cohors Ulixei. 60 Nulla nocent pecori contagia ; nullius astri Gregem aestuosa torret impotentia. Jupiter ilia piae secrevit litora genti, Ut inquinavit aere tempus aureum : A ere, dehinc ferro duravit saecula, quorum 65 Piis secunda, vate me, datur fuga. CARMEN XVII. AD CANIDIAM VENEFTCAM. HORATIUS. Jam jam efficaci do manus scientiae, Supplex et oro regna per Proserpinae, Per et Dianae non movenda numina, Per atque libros carminum valentium Refixa coelo devocare sidera, 5 Canidia, parce vocibus tandem sacris, Citumque retro solve, solve ttirbinem. Movit nepotem Telephus Nereium. In quern superbus ordinarat agmina Mysorum et in quern tela acuta torserat. 10 61. austri. 63. sacravit. 65. Aerea dehinc. C. xvii. 5. Defixa. 162 EPODON Unxere matres Iliae addictum feris Alitibus atque canibus homicidam Hectorem, Postquam relictis moenibus rex procidit Heu ! pervicacis ad pedes Achillei. Setosa duris exuere pellibus 15 Laboriosi remiges Ulixei, Yolente Circa, membra : tunc mens et sonus Relapsus atque notus in vultus honor. Dedi satis superque poenarum tibi, Amata nautis multum et institoribus. 20 Fugit juventas, et verecundus color Reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurida ; Tuis capillus albus est odoribus, Nullum ab labore me reclinat otium : Urget diem nox et dies noctem, neque est 25 Levare tenta spiritu praecordia. Ergo negatum vincor ut credam miser, Sabella pectus increpare carmina, Caputque Marsa dissilire nenia. Quid amplius vis ? O mare, o terra ! ardeo, 30 Quantum neque atro delibutus Hercules Nessi cruore, nee Sicana fervida Virens in Aetna rlamma ; tu, donee cinis Inj miosis aridus ventis ferar, Cales venenis omcina Colchicis. 35 Quae finis aut quod me manet stipendium I Effare : jussas cum fide poenas luam, Paratus expiare, seu poposceris Centum, juvencos, sive rnendaci lyra Voles sonari : tu pudica, tu proba 40 Perambulabis astra sidus aureum. Infamis Helenae Castor offensus vicem I J. Luxere. 18. Relatus. 30. O mare et terra .33. Furens : urens 42 vice. LIBER. C. XVII. 1G15 Fraterque magni Oastoris, victi prece, Adempta vati reddidere lumina : Et tu, potes nam, solve me dementia, 45 O nee paternis obsoleta sordibus, Nee in sepulcris pauperum prudens anus Novendiales dissipare pulveres ! Tibi hospitale pectus et purae manus, Tuusque venter Pactumeius, et tuo 50 Cruore rubros obstetrix pannos lavit, TTtcunque fortis exsilis puerpera. CANIDIAE RESPONSIO. Q,uid obseratis auribus fundis preces ? Non saxa nudis surdiora navitis Neptunus alto tundit hibernus salo. 55 Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia Vulgata, sacrum liberi cupidinis, Et, Esquilini pontifex venefici, Impune ut Urbem nomine impleris meo ? Quid proderat ditasse Pelignas anus, 60 Velociusve miscuisse toxicum ? Sed tardiora fata te votis manent ; Ingrata misero vita ducenda est in hoc, Novis ut usque suppetas laborious. Optat quietem Pelopis infidi pater, 65 . Egens benignae Tantalus semper dapis ; Optat Prometheus obligatus aliti, Optat supremo collocare Sisyphus In monte saxum : sed vetant leges Jovis. Voles modo altis desilire turribus, 70 0i partumeius. 56. et tu. 60. proderit. 62. Si — manent ? 64. doloribus. 65 infidus. 67. alite. 164 EPODON LLBEK. Modo ense pectus Norico recludere. Frustraque vincla gutturi nectes tuo, Fastidiosa tristis aegrimonia. Yectabor humeris tunc ego inimicis eques, Meaeque terra cedet insolentiae. 75 An quae movere cereas imagines, Ut ipse nosti curiosus, et polo Deripere lunam vocibus possim meis, Possim crematos excitare mortuos Desiderique temperare pocula, SO Plorem artis in te nil agentis exitus ? 72. innectes. 91 nullum habcntis exitum ; nil habentus exitua. mi_j' Q. HORATII FLACCI CARMEN SAECULARE AD APOLLINEM ET DIANAM. Phoebe, silvarumque potens Dianaj Lucidum coeli decus, o colendi Semper et culti, date, quae precamur Tempore sacro, Q,uo Sibyllini monuere versus 5 Yirgines lectas puerosque castos Dis, quibus septem placuere colles, Dicere carmen. Alme Sol, curru nitido diem qui Promis et celas, aliusque et idem 10 Nasceris, possis nihil urbe Roma Visere majus. Rite maturos aperire partus Lenis, Dithyia, tuere matres, C. S. 5. Quod. L66 CARMEN SAECULARE. Sive tu Lucina probas vocari ' 5 Sen Genitalis. Diva, producas subolem Patrumque Prosperes decreta super jugandis Feminis prolisque novae feraci Lege marita. 20 Certus undenos decies per amios Orbis ut cantus referatque ludos, Ter die claro, totiesque grata Nocte frequentes. Vosque veraces cecinisse, Parcae, 25 Q,uod semel dictum est stabilisque rerurn Terminus servet, bona jam peractis Jungite fata. Fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus Spicea donet Cererem corona : 30 Nutriant fetus et aquae, salubres Et Jovis aurae. Condito mitis placidusque telo Supplices audi pueros, Apollo : Siderum regina bicornis, audi, 35 Luna, puellas. Roma si vestrum est opus, Iliaeque Litus Etruscum tenuere turmae, Jussa pars mutare Lares et urbem Sospite cursu, 40 27. servat, Orellvus. 39. urbes. CAE3IEJS- SAECULAEE. 167 Cui per ardentem sine fraude Trojam Castus Aeneas, patriae superstes, Liberum munivit iter, datnrus PI lira relictis : Di, prohos mores docili juventae, 45 Di, senectuti placidae quietem, Romulae genti date remque prolemque Et decus omne. Quaeqne vos bobus veneratur albis Clarns Anchisae Venerisque sanguis. 50 Impetret, bellante prior, jacentem Lenis in hostem. Jam mari terraque manus potentes Medus Albanasque timet secures ; Jam Scythae responsa petunt, superbi 55 Nuper, et Indi. Jam fides et pax et honos pudorque Priscus et neglecta redire virtus Audet, apparetque beata pleno Copia cornu. 60 Augur et fulgente decorus arcu Phoebus acceptusque novem Camenis, Qui salutari levat arte fessos Corporis artus, Si Palatinas videt aequus arces, r 65 Remque Romanam Latiumque felix 46. senectutis 49. Quique — irnperet. 65. aras. L68 CARMEN SAECULARE. Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper Proroget aevum. Q,uaeque Aventinum tenet Algidumque, Quindecim Diana preces virorum Curat, et votis puerorum arnicas Applicet aures. 70 Haec Jovem sentire deosque cunctos, Spem bonam certamque doraum reporto, Doctus et Phoebi chorus et Dianae Dicere laudes. 75 68. Prorogat. 71, 72. Curat ; ApplicaL Q. HORATII FLACCI S AT IE A BUM LIBER PRIMUS. SATIRA I. i^tai fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortein Seu ratio dederit seu fors objecerit, ilia Contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentes ? O fortunati mercatores ! gravis annis Miles ait, multo jam fractus membra labore. 6 Contra mercator, navem jactantibus Austris, Militia est potior. Q,uid enim? Con curritur : home 'Momenta cita mors venit aut victoria laeta. Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus, Sub galli cantum consultor ubi ostia pulsat. 10 [lie, datis vadibus, qui rure extractus in urbem est. Solos felices viventes clamat in urbe. Cetera de genere hoc, adeo sunt multa, loquaceni Delassare valent Fabium. Ne te morer, audi, S. i. 2. uila. 4. armis, de i,onj. 6. navim. 8. Momeiito aut cita. 10. cantu. 70 SATIEAEUM Quo rem deducam. Si quis dens, En ego, dicat, 15 Jam faciam quod vultis : eris tu, qui modo miles, Mercator : tu, consultus modo, rusticus : hinc vos. ^os hinc mutatis discedite partibus. Eia ! Quid statis ? — nolint. Atqui licet esse beatis. Quid causae est, merito quin illis Jupiter ambas 2(1 I rat us buccas inflet, neque se fore posthac Tarn facilem dicat, votis ut praebeat aurem? Praeterea, ne sic, ut qui jocularia, ridens Percurram : — quanquam ridentem dicere verum Quid vetat ? ut pueris olim dant crustula blandi 25 Doc tores, elementa velint ut discere prima ; — Sed tamen amoto quaeramus seria ludo. Llle gravem duro terrain qui vertit aratro, Perfidus hie caupo, miles, nautaeque, per omne Audaces mare qui currant, hac mente laborem * 30 Sese ferre, senes ut in otia tuta recedant, Aiunt, cum sibi smt congesta cibaria : sicut Parvula, nam exemplo est, magni formica laboris Ore trahit quodcunque potest atque addit acervo, Quern struit, haud ignara ac non incauta futuri. 35 Quae, simul inversum contristat Aquarius annum, Non usquam prorepit, et illis utitur ante Quaesitis sapiens, cum te neque fervidus aestus Demoveat lucro, neque hiems, ignis, mare, ferrum, - Nil obsiet tibi, dum ne sit te ditior alter. 40 Quid juvat, immensum te argenti pondus et ami Purtim defossa timidum deponere terra ? — Quod si comminuas, vrlem redigatur ad as'sem. — At, ni id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acervus 1 Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, 45 Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus : ut si 19. nolent nolunt. 23 Prqetereo. 29. Perfidus hie campo miles. 46. quam meus. LIBER I. S. T. 171 Reticulum panis venales inter onusto Forte vehas humero, nihilo plus accipias quam Q,ui nil portarit. Yel die, quid referat intra Naturae fines viventi, jugera centum an 50 Mille aret ? — At suave est ex magno tollere acervo. — - Dum ex parvo nobis tantundem haurire relinquas, Our tua plus laudes cumeris granaria nostris? Ut, tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna Yel cvatho, et dicas : magno de flumine mallem 55 Cluam ex hoc fonticulo tantundem sumere. Eo fit, Plenior ut si quos delectet copia justo, Cum ripa simul avulsos ferat Aufidus acer. At qui tantuli eget, quanto est opus, is neque limo Turbatam haurit aquam ; neque vitam amittit in midis. 6C At bona pars hominum, decepta cupidine falso, Nil satis est, inquit ; quia taiiti, quantum habeas, sis. — Quid facias illi ? Jubeas miserum esse, libenter duatenus id facit : ut quidam memoratur Athenis Sordidus ac dives, populi contemnere voces 05 Sic solitus : populus me sibilat ; at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in area. Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat Flumina. . . Quid rides ? Mutato nomine de te Fabula narratur : congestis undique saccis 70 Indormis inhians, et tanquam parcere sacris Cogeris, aut pictis tanquam gaudere tabellis. Nescis, quo valeat nummus? quern praebeat us am? Panis ematur, olus, vini sextarius, adde, Q,uis hurnana sibi doleat natura negatis. 75 An vigilare metu exanimem, noctesque diesque Formidare malos fures, incendia, servos, Ne te compilent fugientes, hoc juvat 7 Horum 19. conferat. 50. \iventis, de cenj, 55 malim 57. delectat. 59. tantulo. 77. malos, fures. L72 SATIKARUM Semper ego optarim pauperrimus esse bonorura. — At si condoluit ten ta turn frigore corpus, 80 Aut alius casus lecto te affixit, habes qui Assideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, ut te Suscitet, ac natis reddat carisque propinquis. — Non uxor salvum te vult non filius : omnes Vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque puellae. 85 Miraris, cum tu argento post omnia ponas, Si nemo praestet, quern non merearis, amorem ? At si cognatos, nulio natura labore duos tibi dat, retinere velis servareque amicos, Infelix operam perdas, ut si quis asellum 90 In campo doceat parentem currere frenis. Denique sit finis quaerendi ; cumque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus ; et finire laborem Incipias, parto quod avebas ; ne facias quod Ummidius quidam — non longa est fabula — dives, 95 Ut metiretur nummos, ita sordidus, ut se Non unquam servo melius vestiret ; ad usque Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victus Opprimeret, metuebat. At hunc liberta securi Divisit medium, fortissima Tyndaridarum. — 100 dtiid mi igitur suades ? ut vivam Naevius ? aut sic, Ut Nomentanus ? — Pergis pugnantia secum Frontibus adversis componere. Non ego, avarum Cum veto te fieri, vappam jubeo ac nebulonem. Est inter Tanain quiddam socerumque Yiselli. 105 Est modus in rebus ; sunt certi denique fines, duos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. Illuc, unde abii, redeo, nemo ut avarus 79. optarera. 81. afflixit. 88. An, si ; Orellius ; Ac si ; de conj. Etsi, Non si, Aut si. dil. quoque. 95. Nummidiug. 101. Quidne. 106. recti. 108. redeo. Nemon' ut — . LIBER I. S. EI. 173 Se pro bet, ac potius laudet diversa sequentes, Q,uodque aliena capella gerat distentius uber. 110 Tabescat, neque se majori pauperiorum Turbae comparet, hunc atque hunc superare laboret Sic festinanti semper locupletior obstat : Ut, cum carceribus missos rapit ungula currus, Instat equis auriga suos vincentibus, ilium 115 Praeteritum temnens extremos inter euntem. Inde fit, ut raro, qui se vixisse beatum Dicat, et exacto contentus tempore, vita Cedat, uti conviva satur, reperire queamus. — Jam satis est. Ne me Crispin i scrinia lippi 120 Compilasse putes, verbum non amplius addam. SATIRA II. Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolae, Mendici, mimae, balatrones, hoc genus omne Moestum ac sollicitum est cantoris morte Tigelli ; Q,uippe benignus erat. Contra hie, ne prodigus esse Dicatur metuens, inopi dare nolit amico, 5 Frigus quo duramque famem propellere possit. Hunc si perconteris, avi cur atque parentis Praeclaram in grata stringat malus ingluvie rem, Omnia conductis coemens obsonia nurnmis : Sordidus atque animi quod parvi nolit haberi, 1 Respondet : laudatur ab his, culpatur ab illis. Fufid.us vappae famam timet ac nebulonis, 113. obstet. 118. vitae. S. ii. 6. depellere. 174 SAT1EARUM Dives agris, dives positis in foenore nummis : duinas hie capiti mercedes exsecat, atque Q,uanto perditior quisque est, tanto acrius urget ; 15 Nomina sectatur, modo sumpta veste virili, Sub patribus duris, tironum. Maxime, quis non, J upiter, exclamat, simul atque audivit ? — At in se Pro quaestu sumptum facit hie. — Vix credere possis, Q,uam sibi non sit amicus, ita, ut pater ille, Terenti 20 Fabula quern miserum gnato vixisse fugato [nducit, non se pejus cruciaverit atque hie. Si quis nunc quaerat, Quo res haec pertinet? Illuc: Dum vitant stulti vitia, in contraria currunt. Malthinus tunicis demissis ambulat : est qui 25 Inguen ad obscoenum subductis usque facetus : Pastillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum. Nil medium est. Sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, Q,uarum subsuta talos tegat instita veste : Contra alius nuliam nisi olenti in fornice stantem. 30 Quidam notus homo cum exiret fornice, Macte Yirtute esto, inquit sententia dia Catonis : Nam simul ac venas inflavit tetra libido, Hue juvenes aequum est descendere, non alienas Permolere uxores. — Nolim laudarier, inquit. 35 Sic me, mirator cunni Cupiennius albi. Audire est operae pretium, procedere recte Qui moechis non vultis, ut omni parte laborent ; Utque illis multo corrupta dolore voluptas, Atque haec rara, cadat dura inter saepe pericla. 40 Hie se praecipitem tecto dedit : ille flagellis Ad mortem caesus : fugiens hie decidit acrem Praedonum in turbam : dedit hie pro corpore nummos , Hunc perminxerunt calones ; quin etiam illud 18. Dxclarnet. 25. Malchir.us. 38. Moechos, Orellius. LIBER I. S. H. 175 A.ccidit. ut quidam testes caudamque salacem 45 Demeteret ferro. Jure omnes ; Galba negabat. Tutior at quanto merx est in classe secunda, Libertinarum dico, Sallustius in quas Non minus insanit, quam qui moechatur : at hie si, Q,ua res, qua ratio suaderet quaque modeste 50 Munifico esse licet, vellet bonus atque benignus Esse, daret quantum satis esset nee sibi damno Dedecorique foret. Verum hoc se amplectitur uno, Hoc amat et laudat : Matronam nullam ego tango : Ut quondam Marsaeus, amator Originis ille, 55 Q,ui patrium mimae donat fundumque laremque, Nil fuerit mi, inquit, cum uxoribus unquam alienis. Verum est cum mimis. est cum meretricibus, unde Fama malum gravius quam res trahit. An tibi abunde Personam satis est, non illud, quidquid ubique 60 Omcit, evitare 1 Bonam deperdere famam, Rem patris oblimare, malum est ubicunque. Q,uid inter- est in matrona, ancilla peccesne togata ? Villius in Fausta Sullae gener, hoc miser uno Nomine deceptus, poenas dedit usque superque 65 Quam satis est,* pugnis caesus ferroque petitus, Exclusus fore, cum Longarenus foret intus. Huic si mutonis verbis mala tanta videntis Diceret haec animus : Quid vis tibi ? Nunquid ego a te Magno prognatum deposco consule cunnum 70 Velatumque stola, mea cum conferbuit ira ? Q.uid responderet ? Magno patre nata puella est. At quanto meliora monet pugnantiaque istis Dives opis natura suae, tu si modo recte Dispensare velis ac non fugienda petendis 75 Immiscere. Tuo vitio rerumne labores, 45,46. cuidam — Demeteret ferrum. 51. Munificum. 54. Hoc laudat. 63. peccesve. 68. videnti. 176 SATIRARUM Nil referre putas ? Q,uare, ne poeniteat te, Desine matronas sectarier, unde laboris Plus haurire mali est, quam ex re decerpere fiucais. Nee magis huic inter niveos viridesque lapillos — 80 Sit licet hoc, Cerinthe, tuum— tenerum est femur aut cms Rectius ; atque etiam melius persaepe togatae est. Adde hue, quod mercem sine fucis gestat, aperte Q,u od venale habet ostendit, nee, si quid honesti est, Jactat habetque palam, quaerit quo turpia celet. 85 Regibus hie mos est : ubi equos mercantur, opertos Inspiciunt, ne, si facies, ut saepe, decora Molli fulta pede est, emptorem inducat hiantem, Q,uod pulchrae clunes, breve quod caput, ardua cervix. Hoc illi recto : ne corporis optima Lyncei 90 Contemplere oculis, Hypsaea caecior ilia, Quae mala sunt, spectes. O eras ! o brachia ! Yerum Depygis, nasuta, brevi latere, ac pede Ion go est. Matron ae, praeter faciem, nil cernere possis, Cetera, ni Catia est, demissa veste tegentis. 95 Si interdicta petes, vallo circumdata — nam te Hoc facit insanum — multae tibi turn officient res, Custodes, lectica, ciniflones, parasitae, Ad talos stola demissa, et circumdata palla, Plurima, quae invideant pure apparere tibi rem. 100 Altera, nil obstat : Cois tibi paene videre est Ut nudam, ne crure malo, ne sit pede turpi : Metiri possis oculo latus. An tibi mavis Insidias fieri pretiumque avellier ante Q,uam mercem ostendi ? "Leporem venator ut alta 105 In nive sectetur, positum sic tangere nolit :" Cantat, et apponit : "meus est amor huic similis : nam Transvolat in medio posita, et fugientia captat." SI. Sit licet, o Cerinthe, tuum. 90. Lynceis LIBER I. S. II. 177 Hiscine versiculis speras tibi posse dolores Atque aestus curasque graves e pectore pelli ? 110 Nonne, cupidinibus statuat natura modum quern, Q,uid latura sibi quid sit dolitura negatum, Quaerere plus prodest, et inane abscindere soldo ? Num, tibi cum fauces urit sitis, aurea quaeris Pocula? num esuriens fastidis omnia, praeter 115 Pavonem rhombumque ? Tument tibi cum inguina, num, si Ancilla aut verna est praesto puer, impetus in quern Continuo fiat, malis tentigine rumpi ? Non ego ; namque parabilem amo Venerem facilemque. Illam: "Post paulo :" "sed pluris:" "si exierit vir:" 120 Gallis ; hanc Philodemus ait sibi. quae neque magno Stet pretio, neque cunctetur, cum est jussa venire. Candida rectaque sit ; munda hactenus, ut neque longa Nee magis alba velit, quam dat natura, videri. Haec, ubi supposuit dextro corpus mihi laevum 125 Ilia et Egeria est ; do nomen quodlibet illi, Nee vereor, ne, dum futuo, vir rure recurrat, Janua frangatur, latret canis, undique magno Pulsa domus strepitu resonet, vepallida lecto Desiliat mulier, miseram se conscia clamet, 130 Cruribus haec metuat, doti deprensa, egomet mi. Discincta tunica fugiendum est, ac pede nudo, Ne nummi pereant, aut pyga, aut denique fama. Deprendi miserum est ; Fabio vel judice vincam. U0. tolli; velli. 111. statuit. 124. Jet. 129. vel pallida ; vae ! pallida. 178 SATIRAKUM SATIKA III. Omnibus hoc vitium est cantoribus, inter amico^ lit nunquam inducant animum cantare rogati, Injussi nunquam desistant. Sardus "habebat Ille Tigellius hoc. Caesar, qui cogere posset, Si peteret per amicitiam patris atque suam, non 5 Q,uidquam proficeret : si collibuisset, ab ovo Usque ad mala citaret : Io Bacche ! modo summa Voce, modo hac, resonat quae chordis quatuor ima. Nil aequale homini fuit illi ; saepe velut qui Currebat fugiens hostem, persaepe velut qui 10 Junonis sacra ferret : habebat saepe ducentos, Saepe decern servos : modo reges atque tetrarchas, Omnia magna, loquens : modo : Sit mihi mensa tripes et Concha salis puri et toga, quae defendere frigus, Quamvis crassa, queat. Decies centena dedisses 15 Huic parco paucis contento, quinque diebus Nil erat in loculis. Noctes vigilabat ad ipsum Mane ; diem totum stertebat. Nil fuit unquam Sic impar sibi. Nunc aliquis dicat mihi : Q,uid tu ? Nullane habes vitia ? — Immo alia, et fortasse minora. 20 Maenius absentem Novium cum carperet : Heus tu, Q,uidam ait, ignoras te ? an, ut ignotum, dare nobis Verba putas 1 Egomet mi ignosco, Maenius inquit. Stultus et improbus hie amor est, dignusque notari. Cum tua pervideas oculis mala lippus inunctis, 2r> Cur in amicorum vitiis tarn cernis acutum, Q,uam aut aquila aut serpens Epidaurius ? At tibi contra Evenit, inquirant vitia ut tua rursus et illi. Tracundior est paulo, minus aptus acutis S. iii. 20. haud fortasse minora. 25. pvaevideas; male lippaa. LEBER I, s. in. 179 Naribus horum hominum ; rideri possit eo, quod 30 Rusticius tonso toga defluit, et male laxus In pede calceus haeret : at est bonus, ut melior vir Non alius quisquam, at tibi amicus, at ingenium ingeus Inculto latet hoc sub corpore. Denique te ipsum Concute, num qua tibi vitiorum inseverit olim 35 Natura aut etiam consuetudo mala ; namque Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris. X Illuc praevertamur, amatorem quod amicae Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia, aut etiam ipsa haec Delectant, veluti Balbinum polypus Hagnae. 40 Vellem in amicitia sic erraremus et isti Errori nomen virtus posuisset honestum. At pater ut gnati, sic nos debemus amici, Si quod sit vitium, non fastidire : strabonem Appellat paetura pater : et pullum, male parvus 45 Si cui iilius est, ut abortivus fuit olim Sisyphus : hunc varum distortis cruribus : ilium Balbutit scaurum pravis fultum male talis. Parcius hie vivit : frugi dicatur. Ineptus Et jactantior hie paullo est ? concinnus amicis 50 Postulat ut videatur. At est truculentior, atque Plus aequo liber : simplex fortisque habeatur ; Caldior est : acres inter numeretur. Opinor, Haec res et jungit, juiictos et servat amicos. At nos virtutes ipsas invertimus atque 55 Sincerum cupimus vas incrustare. Probus quis Nobiscum vivit, multum demissus homo : illi Tardo cognomen pingui damus. Hie fugit omnes Insidias nullique malo latus obdit apertum, Cum genus hoc inter vitae versetur, ubi acris 60 Invidia atque vigent ubi crimina : pro bene sano Ac non incanto, fie turn astutumqur vocamus. 3f>. num tibi quid. 10. Agnae. 57. multum demissus homo illr> - 10 180 SATIRARUM Simplicior quis et est, qualem me saepe libentei Obtulerim tibi, Maecenas, ut forte legentem Aut taciturn impeliat quovis sermone molestus : 05 Communi sensu plane caret, inquimus. Eheu, Quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam ! Nam vitiis nemo sine nascitur : optimus ille est, Qui minimis urgetur. Amicus dulcis, ut aequum esl, Cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce, 70 Si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet, amari Si volet : hac lege in trutina ponetur eadem. Qui, ne tuberibus propriis ofFendat amicum, Postulat, ignoscet verrucis illius ; aequum est, Peccatis veniam poscentem reddere rursus. 75 Denique, quatenus excidi penitus vitium irae, Cetera item nequeunt stultis haerentia : cur non Ponderibus modulisque suis ratio utitur, ac res, Lit quaeque est, ita suppliciis delicta coercet ? Si quis eum servum, patinam qui tollere jussus, SO Semesos pisces tepidumque ligurierit jus, In cruce suffigat, Labeone insanior inter Sanos dicatur. Quanto hoc furiosius atque Majus peccatum est ! Paulum deliquit amicus ; Quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis : acerbus 85 Odisti et fugis, ut Rusonem debitor aeris ; Qui nisi, cum tristes misero venere Calendae, Mercedem aut nummos unde unde extricat, amaras Porrecto jugulo historias captivus ut audit. Comminxit lectum potus mensave catillum 90 Evandri manibus tritum dejecit ; ob hanc rem. Aut positum ante mea quia pullum in parte catini Sustulit esuriens, minus hoc jucundus amicus Sit mihi 1 Quid faciam, si furtum fecerit, aut si 74. Ignoscat. 81. trepidumque. 85. habeare insuavis, acerbus: Odisti— 91. tortum j sculp turn. LIBER I. s. in. 181 Prodiderit commissa fide sponsumve negarit? 95 Quis paria esse fere placuit peccata, laborant, Cum ventum ad verum est : sensus moresque repugnant, Atque ipsa utilitas, justi prope mater et aequi. Com prorepserunt primis animalia terris, Mutum et turpe pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter 100 Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus : Donee verba, quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere : dehinc absistere bello, Oppida coeperunt munire, et ponere leges, 105 Ne quis fur esset, neu latro, neu quis adulter. Nam fuit ante Helenam cunnus teterrima belli Causa, sed ignotis perierunt mortibus illi, Q,uos Yenerem incertam rapientes, more ferarum, Viribus editior caedebat, ut in grege taurus. 110 Jura inventa metu injusti, fateare necesse est, Tempora si fastosque velis evolvere mundi. Nee natura potest justo secernere iniquum, Dividit ut bona diversis. fugienda petendis : Nee vincet ratio hoc, tantundem ut peccet idemque, 115 Qui teneros caules alieni fregerit horti, Et qui nocturnus sacra divum legerit. Adsit Regula, peccatis quae poenas irroget aequas ; Ne scutica dignum horribili sectere flagello. Nam, ut ferula caedas meritum majora subire 120 Verbera, non vereor, cum dicas esse pares res Furta latrociniis et magnis parva mineris Falce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum Permittant homines. Si dives, qui sapiens est, Et sutor bonus et solus formosus et est rex : 125 Cur optas quod habes ? — Non nosti, quid pater, inquit, Chrysippus dicat: Sapiens crepidas sibi nunquam Nee soleas fecit ; sutor tamen est sapiens. — Q,ui ? — 182 SATIRAEUM Ut, quamvis tacet Hermogenes, cantor tamen atque Optimus est modulator ; ut Alfenus vafer, omni 130 Abjecto instrumento artis clausaque taberna, Sutor erat, sapiens opens sic optimus omnis Est opifex solus, sic rex. Vellunt tibi barbam Lascivi pueri ; quos tu nisi fuste coerces, Urgeris turba circum te stante, miserque 135 Rumperis, et latras, magnorum maxime regum. Ne longum faciam : dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis, neque te quisquam stipator, ineptum Praeter Crispinum, sectabitur, et mihi dulces Jgnoscent, si quid peccaro stultus, amici : 14.0 Inque.vicem illorum patiar delicta libenter, Privatusque magis vivam te rege beatus. SATIRA IV Eupolis atque Cratinus Aristophanesque poetae Atque alii, quorum comoedia prisca virorum est, Si quis erat dignus describi, quod malus ac fur, Quod moechus foret, aut sicarius, aut alioqui Famosus, multa cum libertate notabant. 5 Hinc omnis pendet Lucilius, hosce secutus, Mutatis tantum pedibus numerisque ; facetus, Emunctae naris, durus componere versus. Nam fuit hoc vitiosus : in hora saepe ducentos, Ut magnum, versus dictabat stans pede in uno. 10 132. Tonsor. S. iv. 3. aut fur LIBER I. S. IV. 188 Cum flueret lutulentus, erat quod tollere velles : Garrulus atque piger scribendi ferre laborem, Scribendi recte ; nam ut multum, nil moror. Ecce, Crispinus minimo me provocat : Accipe, si vis, Accipiam tabulas ; detur nobis locus, hora, 15 Custodes ; videamus, uter pms scribere possit. Di bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli Finxerunt animi, raro et perpauca loquentis. At tu conclusas hircinis follibus auras, Usque laborantes, dum ferrum molliat ignis, 20 Ut mavis, imitare. Beatus Fannius ultro Delatis capsis et imagine ; cum mea nemo Scripta legat. vulgo recitare timentis, ob hanc rem, Quod sunt, quos genus hoc minime juvat, utpote pluies Culpari dignos. Quemvis media erue turba ; 25 Aut ob avaritiam aut misera ambitione laborat. Hie nuptarum insanit amoribus, hie puerorum ; Hunc capit argenti splendor ; stupet Albius aere ; Hie mutat merces surgente a Sole ad eum, quo Vesper tina tepet regio : quin per mala praeceps 30 Fertur, uti pulvis collectus turbine, ne quid Summa deperdat metuens, aut ampliet ut rem. Omnes hi metuunt versus, odere poetas. — Foenum habet in cornu ; longe fuge : dummodo risum Excutiat sibi, non hie cuiquam parcet amico : 35 Et, quodcunque semelchartis illeverit, omnes Gestiet a furno redeuntes scire lacuque Et pueros et anus. — Agedum, pauca accipe contra. Primum ego me illorum, dederim quibus esse poetis, Excerpam numero : neque enim concludere versum 40 Dixeris esse satis : neque, si quis scribat, uti nos, Sermoni propiora, putes hunc esse poetam. 15. Accipe jam. 25. elige ; enpe. 26. ab avaritia. 39. poetas. 41. si qui, Orellius. L84 S a TIE ARUM Ingenium cui sit, cui mens divinior, atque os Magna sonaturum, des nominis hujus honorem. Idcirco quidam, comoedia necne poema 4b Esset quaesivere ; quod acer spiritus ac vis Nee verbis nee rebus inest, nisi quod pede certo Differt sermoni sermo merus. — At pater ardens Saevit, quod meretrice nepos insanus arnica Films uxorem grandi cum dote recuset, 50 Ebrius et, magnum quod dedecus, ambulet ante Noctem cum facibus. — Numquid Pomponius istis Audiret leviora, pater si viveret? Ergo Non satis est puris versum perscribere verbis, Q,uem si dissolvas, quivis stomachetur eodem 55 Q,uo personatus pacto pater. His, ego quae nunc, Olim quae scripsit Lucilius, eripias si Tempora certa modosque, et quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias, praeponens ultima primis, Non, ut si solvas : " Postquam Discordia tetra 60 Belli ferratos postes portasque refregit," Invenias etiam disjecti membra poetae. Hactenus haec : alias, justum sit necne poema ; Nunc illud tantum quaeram, meritone tibi sit Suspectum genus hoc scribendi. Sulcius acer 65. Ambulat et Caprius, rauci male cumque libel lis : Magnus uterque timor latronibus : at bene si quis Et vivat puris manibus, contemnat utrumque. Ut sis tu similis Coeli Byrrhique latronum, Non ego sum Capri neque Sulci : cur metuas me 1 7( Nulla taberna meos habeat neque pila libellos, Q,uis manus insudet vulgi, Hermogenisque Tigelli. Nee recito cuiquam, nisi amicis, idque coactus ; Non ubivis, coramve quibuslibet. — In medio qui 49. insanit. 70. sun. 73. recitem. LIBER I. S. IV. 185 Scripta foro recitent, sunt multi, quique lavantes : 75 Suave locus voci resonat conclusus. — Inanes Hoc juvat, haud illud quaerentes, num sine sensu, Tempore num faciant alieno. — Laedere gaudes, Inquit, et hoc studio pravus facis. — Unde petitum Hoc in me jacis ? est auctor quis denique eorum, SO Vixi cum quibus ? Absentem qui rodit amicum, Qui non defendit alio culpante. solutos Qui captat risus hominum famamque dicacis. Fingere qui non visa potest, commissa tacere Qui nequit : hie niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto. 85 Saepe tribus lectis videas coenare quaternos, E quibus unus avet quavis adspergere cunctos, Praeter eum, qui praebet aquam : post, hunc quoque potus, Condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber. Hie tibi comis et urbanus liberque videtur, 9C Tnfesto nigris : ego si risi, quod ineptus °astillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum, Lividus et mordax videor tibi ? Mentio si qua De Capitolini furtis injecta Petilli Te coram fuerit, defendas, ut tuus est mos : 95 Me Capitolinus convictore usus amicoque A puero est, causaque mea permulta rogatus Fecit, et, incolumis laetor quod vivit in Urbe : JSed tamen admiror, quo pacto judicium illud Fugerit. Hie nigrae succus loliginis, haec est 100 Aerugo mera : quod vitium procul abfore chartis Atque animo prius, ut si quid promittere de me Possum aliud vere, promitto. Liberius si Dixero quid, si forte jocosius, hoc mihi juris Gum venia dabis. Insuevit pater optimus hoc me ; ] 06 Ut fugerem exemplis vitiorum quaeque notando. 79. Inquis. 87. amet, Orellivs. 100. fucus. L86 SATIEARCM Cum me hortaretur, parce, fiugaliter atque Viverem uti contentus eo, quod mi ipse parasset : Nonne vides, Albi ut male vivat films ? utque Barrus iuops ? magnum documentum, ne patriam rem 110 Perdeie quis velit. A turpi meretricis amore Cum deterreret : Scetani dissimilis sis. JNe sequerer moechas, concessa cum Yenere uti Possem : Deprensi non be 11a est fama Treboni, Aiebat. Sapiens, vitatu, quidque petitu 1 .15 Sit melius, causas reddet tibi : mi satis est, si Traditum ab antiquis morem servare, tuamque, Dum custodis eges, vitam famamque tueri Incolumem possum ; simul ac duraverit aetas Membra animumque tuum, nabis sine cortice. Sic me Formabat puerum dictis : et sive jubebat, Ut facerem quid : Habes auctorem, quo facias hoc : Unum ex judicibus selectis objiciebat ; Sive vetabat : an hoc inhonestum et inutile factu Necne sit, addubites, flagret rumore malo cum 125 Hie atque ille ? Avidos vicinum funus ut aegros Exanimat, mortisque metu sibi parcere cogit, Sic teneros animos alien a opprobria saepe Absterrent vitiis. Ex hoc ego, sanus ab illis, Perniciem quaecunque ferunt, mediocribus, et quis 130 Ignoscas, vitiis teneor ; fortassis et istinc Largiter abstulerit longa aetas, liber amicus, Consilium proprium : neque enim, cum lectulus aut me Porticus excepit, desum mihi. Rectius hoc est, . . . Hoc faciens vivam melius. Sic dulcis amicis 135 Occurram. Hoc quidam non belle : numquid ego illi Imprudens olim faciam simile ? Haec ego mecum Compressis agito labris ; ubi quid datur oti. 119. possim. 123. electis. 124. factum. 132. abstulerint LLBER I. S. V. 187 iiludo cliartis. Hoc est mediocribus illis Ex vitiis unum : cui si concedere nolis, 140 Multa poetaruin. veniet manus, auxilio quae Sit mihi ; nam multo plures sumus ac veluti te Judaei cogemus in hanc concedere turbam. SAT IRA V. Egressum magna me excepit Arieia Roma Hospitio modico ; rhetor comes Heliodorus, Graecorum longe doctissimus. Inde Forum Appi, Differ turn nautis, cauponibus atque malignis. Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos 5 Praecinctis unum ; minus est gravis Appia tardis. Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat deterrirna, ventri Indico bellimi, coenantes haud animo aequo Exspectans comites. Jam nox inducere terris Umbras et coelo dirTundere signa parabat. 10 Turn pueri nautis, pueris eonvrcia nautae Ingerere : Hue appelle ! Trecentos inseris ! . . . Qhe Jam satis est ! Dum aes exigitur, dum mula ligatur, Tota abit hora. Mali culices ranaeque palustres Avertunt somnos. absentem ut cantat amicam 15 Multa prolutus vappa nauta atque viator Certatim. Tandem fessus dorm ire viator Incipit, ac missae pastum retinacula mulae Nauta piger saxo religat stertitque supinus. 141. veniat ; auxilioque. S. v 1. accepit. 3. linguae. 6. Nirms. 7. teterrima. L88 SATIRARUM Jamque dies aderat, nil cum procedere lintrem 20 Sentimus : donee cerebrosus prosilit unus, Ac mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno Fuste dolat : quarta vix demum exponimur hora, Ora manusque tua lavimus, Feronia, lympha. Millia turn pransi tria repimus, atque subimus 25 Impositum saxis late candentibus Anxur. Hue venturus erat Maecenas optimus, atque Cocceius, missi magnis de rebus uterque Legati, aversos soliti componere amicos. Hie oculis ego nigra meis collyria lippus 30 Illinere. Interea Maecenas advenit atque Cocceius, Capitoque simul Fonteius, ad unguem Factus homo ; Antoni, non ut magis alter, amicus. Fundos Aufidio Lusco praetore libenter Lmquimus, insani ridentes praemia scribae, 35 Praetextam et latum clavum prunaeque batillum. In Mamurrarum lassi deinde urbe manemus, Murena praebente domum, Capitone culinam. Postera lux oritur multo gratissima ; namque Plotius et Varius Sinuessae Virgiliusque 40 Occurrunt, animae, quales neque candidiores Terra tulit, neque quis me sit devinctior alter. O qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt ! Nil ego contulerim jucundo sanus amico. Proxima Campano ponti quae villula, tectum 45 Praebuit, et parochi, quae debent, ligna salemque. Hinc muli Capuae clitellas tempore ponunt. Lusum it Maecenas ; dormitum ego Virgiliusque : Namque pila lippis inimicum et ludere crudis. Hinc nos Cocceii recipit plenissima villa, 6(J duae super est Caudi cauponas. Nunc mi hi pauci* 3 24 lavimur, de conj. LIBER I. S. V. 189 Sarmenti scurrae pugnam Messique Cicirri, Musa, velim memores, et quo patre natus uterque Contulerit lites. Messi clarum genus Osci ; Sarmenti domina exstat : ab his majoribus orti 55 Ad pugnam venere. Prior Sarmentus : Equi te Esse feri similern, dico. Ridemus, et ipse Messius : Accipio ; caput et movet O, tua cornu Ni ioret exsecto frons, inquit, quid faceres, cum Sic mutilus miniteris ? At ilii foeda cicatrix 60 Setosam laevi frontem turpaverat oris. Campanum in morbum, in facieni permulta jocatus, Pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa, rogabat : Nil illi iarva aut tragicis opus esse cothurnis. Multa Cicirrus ad haec : donasset jamne catenam 65 Ex voto Laribus, quaerebat : scriba quod esset, Deterius nihilo dominae jus esse. Rogabat Denique, cur unquam fugisset, cui satis una Farris libra foret, gracili sic, tamque pusillo ? Prorsus jucunde coenam produximus illam. 70 Tendimus hinc recta Bene vent um, ubi sedulus hospes Paene macros arsit dum turdos versa t inigni : Nam vaga per veterem dilapso flamma culinam Vulcano, summum properabat lambere tectum. Convivas avidos coenam servosque timentes 75 Turn rapere atque omnes restinguere velle videres. Incipit ex illo montes Apulia notos Ostentare mihi, quos torret Atabulus, et quos Nunquam erepsemus, nisi nos vicina Trivici Villa recepisset, lacrimoso non sine fumo, 80 Udos cum foliis ramos urente camino Q,uatuor hinc rapimur viginti et millia rhedis, Mansuri oppidulo, quod versu dicere non est, 60. minitaris, Orellius. 67. Nullo deterius ; Nihilo deterius ; Oreliius 70. producimus. 72. Paene arsit, macros dum — . L90 SATIKAHU-U Sigtiis perfacile est. Venit vilissima rerum Hie aqua ; sed panis longe puleherrimus, ultra 85 Callidus ut soleat humeris portare viator : Nam Canusi lapidosus ; aquae non ditior urna Qui locus a forti Diomede est conditus olim. Flentibus hinc Varius discedit moestus amicis. Inde Rubos fessi pervenimus, utpote longum 90 Carpentes iter et factum corruptius imbri. Postera tempestas melior, via pejor, ad usque Bari moeuia piscosi : dehiuc Gnatia, lymphis Iratis exstructa, dedit risusque jocosque, Dum, flamma sine thura liquescere limine sacro, 95 Persuadere cupit. Credat Judaeus Apella, Non ego ; namque deos didici securum agere aeviun: Nee, si quid miri faciat natura, deos id Tristes ex alto coeli demittere tecto. Brundusium longae finis chartaeque viaeque est. 100 SATIRA VI. Non, quia, Maecenas, Lydorum quidquid Etruscos Incoluit fines, nemo generosior est te, Nee, quod avus tibi maternus fuit atque paternus, Olim qui magnis legionibns imperitarent, Ut plerique solent, naso suspendis adunco . ( Ignotos, ut me libertino patre natum. Cum referre negas, quali sit quisque parente Natus, dum ingenuus, persuades hoc tibi vere, S. vi. 4. regiouibus imperitarunt ; imperitarint. 5. acuto. LI13EE I. S. VI. 191 Ante potestatem Tulli atque ignobile regnum Multos saepe viros nullis majoribus ortos 10 Et vixisse probos, amplis et honoribus auctos ; Contra Laevinum, Valeri genus, unde Superbus Tarquinius regno pulsus fngit, unius assis Non unquam pretio pluris licuisse, notante Judice, quo nosti, populo, qui stultus honores 15 Saepe dat indignis et famae servit ineptus. dui stupet in titulis et imaginibus. duid oportet Nos facere, a vulgo longe longeque remotos ? Namque esto, populus Laevino mallet honorem, duam Decio mandare novo, censorque moveret 20 Appius, ingenuo si non essem patre natus : Vel merito, quoniam in propria non pelle quiessem. Sed fulgente trahit constrictos gloria curru Non minus ignotos generosis. duo tibi, Tilli, Sumere depositum clavum fierique tribuno ? 25 Invidia accrevit, privato quae minor esset. Nam ut quisque insanus nigris medium impediit eras Pellibus et latum demisit pectore clavum, Audit continuo: Q,uis homo hie est? duo patre natus? Ut si qui aegrotet quo morbo Barms, haberi 30 Ut cupiat formosus, eat quacunque, puellis [njiciat curam quaerendi singula, quali Sit facie, sura, quali pede, dente, capillo : Sic qui promittit cives, Urbem sibi curae, Imperium fore et Italiam et delubra deorum, 35 duo patre sit natus, num ignota matre inhonestus, Omnes mortales curare et quaerere cogit. — Tune, Syri, Damae, aut Dionysi fllius, audes Dejicere e saxo cives aut tradere Cadrno ? — 13. pulsus fuit. 15. quern nosti. 18. longe lateque. 25. tribunum. 29. hie, aut quo ; hie, et quo. 31. Et cupiaU 35. Italiam. delubra. 102 SATIRARUM At Novius collega gradu post me sedet uno ; 4C Namque est ille, pater quod erat meus. — Hoc tibi Paul his Et Messala videris ? At hie, si plostra ducenta, Concurrantque foro tria funera, magna sonabit Cornua quod vincatque tubas ; saltern tenet hoc nos. Nunc ad me redeo libertino patre natum, 45 Quern rodunt omnes libertino patre natum, Nunc, quia sum tibi, Maecenas, con victor, at ohm, Quod mihi pareret legio Romana tribuno. Dissimile hoc illi est : quia non, ut forsit honorem Jure mihi invideat quivis, ita te quoque amicum, 50 Praesertim cautum dignos assumere, prava Ambitione procul. Felicem dicere non hoc Me possim, casu quod te sortitus amicum ; Nulla etenim mihi te fors obtulit ; optimus olim Virgilius, post hunc Varius dixere quid essem. 55 Ut veni coram, singultim pauca locutus, Infans namque pudor prohibebat plura profari, Non ego me claro natum patre, non ego circum Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo, Sed, quod eram, narro. Respondes, ut tuus est mos, 60 Pauca ; abeo ; et revocas nono post mense jubesque Esse in amicorum numero. Magnum hoc ego duco, Quod placui tibi, qui turpi secernis honestum, Non patre praeclaro, sed vita et pectore puro. Atqui si vitiis mediocribus ac mea paucis 65 Mendosa est natura, alioqui recta, velut si Egregio inspersos reprehendas corpore naevos, Si neque avaritiam neque sordes aut mala lustra Objiciet vere quisquam mihi, purus et insons, Ut me collaudem, si et vivo carus amicis ; 70 47. quia sim. 49. forsan. 53. possum. 66, alioquin. 67. reprentlas. 68. ac mala ; nee mala LIBER I. S. VI. 193 Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello Noluit in Flavi ludum me mittere, magni Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti, Laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto, Ibant octonis referentes Idibus aera ; To Sed puerum est ausus Romam portare doeendum Artes, quas doceat quivis eques atque senator Semet prognatos. Yestem servosque sequentes, In magno ut populo, si qui vidisset, avita Ex re praeberi sumptus mihi crederet illos. 80 Ipse mihi custos incorruptissimus omues Circum doctores aderat. Quid multa ? pudicum, Qui primus virtutis honos servavit ab omni Non solum facto, verum opprobrio quoque turpi ; Nee timuit, sibi ne vitio quis verteret, olim 85 Si praeco parvas aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor Mercedes sequerer ; neque ego essem questus ; at hoc nunc Laus illi debetur et a me gratia major. Nil me poeniteat sanum patris hujus ; eoque Non, ut magna dolo factum negat esse suo pars, 90 Quod non ingenuos habeat clarosque parentes, Sic me defendam. Longe mea discrepat istis Et vox et ratio ; nam si natura juberet A certis annis aevum remeare peractum, Atque alios legere, ad fastum quoscunque parentes 95 Optaret sibi quisque ; meis contentus honestos Fascibus et sellis nollem mihi sumere, demens Judicio vulgi, sanus fortasse tuo, quod Nollem onus, haud unquam solitus, portare molestum. Nam mihi continuo major quaerenda foret res, 100 Atque salutandi plures, ducendus et unus Et comes alter, uti ne solus rusve peregreve 79 si quis. 87. ad hoc ; ob hor. 102. peregre aut. 194 SATlKAROr Exirem : plures calones atque caballi Pascendi, ducenda petorrita. Nunc mihi cuito Ire licet mulo vel, si libet, usque Tarentum, 105 Mantica cui lumbos onere ulceret atque eques annus ; Objiciet nemo sord.es mihi, quas tibi, Tilli, Cum Tiburte via praetorem quinque sequuntur Te pueri, lasanum portantes oenophoruinque. Hoc* ego commodias quam tu, praeclare senator, 1 10 Millibus atque aliis vivo. Quacunque libido est, Incedo solus ; percontor quanti olus ac far : Fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum ; adsisto divinis ; hide domum me Ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum ; 115 Coena ministratur pueris tribus, et lapis albus Pocula cum cyatho duo sustinet ; adstat echinus Yilis, cum patera guttus, Campana supellex. Deinde eo dormitum, .non sollicitus, mihi quod eras Surgendum sit mane, obeundus Marsya, qui se 120 Vultum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris. Ad quartam jaceo ; post hanc vagor ; aut ego, lecto Aut scripto, quod me taciturn juvet, ungor olivo, Non quo fraadatis immundus Natta lucernis. Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum 125 Admonuit, fugio campum lusumque trigonem. Pransus non avide, quantum interpellet inani Ventre diem durare, domesticus otior. Haec est Vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique ; fits me consolor victurum snavius, ac si 130 Quaestor avus pater atque mens patruusque fuisset. 111. Multis a*que aliis, de conj. 126. fugio rabiosi tempora sigiii 130. victuras. 131. fuissent. LIBER I. S. VII. 195 SATIRA VII. Proscripti Regis Rupili pus atque venerium Hybrida quo pacto sit Persius ultus, opinor Omnibus et lippis notum et tonsoribus esse. Persius hie permagna negotia dives habebat Clazomenis, etiam lites cum Rege molestas ; 5 Durus homo atque odio qui posset vincere Regem, Confidens tumidusque, adeo sermonis amari. Sisennas, Barros ut equis praecurreret albis. Ad Regem redeo. Postqnam nihil inter utrumque Convenit ; — hoc etenim sunt omnes jure molesti, 10 Q,uo fortes, quibns adversnm bellum incidit ; inter Hectora Priamiden animosum atque inter Achillem Ira fuit capitalis, ut ultima divideret mors, Non aliam ob causam, nisi quod virtus in utroque Summa fuit ; duo si discordia vexet inertes, 15 Aut si disparibus bellum incidat, ut Diomedi Cum Lycio Glauco, discedat pigrior, ultro Muneribus missis — , Bruto praetore tenente Ditem Asiam, Rupili et Persi par pugnat, uti non Compositum melius cum Bitho Bacchius. In jus 20 Acres procurrunt, magnum spectaeulum uterque. Persius exponit causam ; ridetur ab omni Convent u ; laudat Brutum laudatque cohortem : Soiem Asiae Brutum appellat, stellasque salubres Appellat comites, excepto Rege ; canem ilium, 25 Invisum agricolis sidus, venisse. Ruebat Flumen ut hibernum, fertur quo rara seeuris. Turn Praenestinus salso multoque fluenti S. vii. 7. Confidens, tumidus, adeo — . 15. vexat ; verseL lmportunus amat laudari : Donee Ohe jam ! Ad coelum manibus srblatis dixerit, urge, et Crescentem tumidis infla sermonibus utrem. Cum te servitio longo curaque levarit, Et certum vigilans, duartae esto partis Ulixes, 100 Audieris, heres ; Ergo nunc Dama sodalis Nusquam est ? Unde mihi tarn for tern tamque fidelem ? Sparge subinde, et, si paullum potes, iliacrimare ; est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare. Sepulcrum Permissum arbitrio sine sordibus exstrue : funus 105 Egregie factum laudet vicinia. Si quis Forte coheredum senior male tussiet, huic tu Die, ex parte tua, sen fundi sive domus sit Emptor, gaudentem nummo te addicere. Sed me [mperiosa trahit Proserpina : vive valeque. 1 10 SATIRA VI Hoc erat in votis : modus agri non ita magnus, Hortus ubi et tecto vicinus jugis aquae fons Et paullum silvae super his foret. Auctius atque Di melius fecere. Bene est : nil amplius oro, Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec mihi munera faxis. Si neque majorem feci ratione mala rem, 93. increbuit. 100. sit. S. vi. 4. nihil. LIBEK II. 3. VI. 231 Nec sum facturus vitio culpave minorem ; Si veneror stultus nihil horum : O si angulus ille Proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum ! O si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, ut illi, 10 Thesauro invento qui mercenarius agrum [Hum ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico Hercule! si, quod adest, gratum juvat: hac piece te oro* Pingue pecus domino facias, et cetera, praeter Ingenium, utque soles, custos mihi maximus adsis. ] 5 Ergo, ubi me in montes et in arcem ex Urbe removi, Quid prius illustrem Satiris Musaque pedestri ? Nec mala me ambitio perdit nec plumbeus Auster Auctumnusque gravis, Libitinae quaestus acerbae. Matutine pater, seu Jane libentius audis, 20 Unde homines operum primos vitaeque labores [nstituunt, — sic dis placitum — tu carminis esto Principium. Romae sponsorem me rapis : Eia, Ne prior officio quisquam respondeat, urge ! Sive Aquilo radit terras, seu bruma nivalem 25 Interiore diem gyro trahit ; ire necesse est. Postmodo, quod mi obsit, clare certumque locuto, Luctandum in turba et facienda injuria tardis. Quid vis, insane, et quas res agis ? improbus urget Iratis precibus ; tu pulses omne, quod obstat, 30 Ad Maecenatem mernori si mente recurras. — Hoc juvat et melli est ; non mentiar ; at simul atias Ventum est Esquilias, aliena negotia centum Per caput et circa saliunt latus. Ante secundam [loscius orabat sibi adesses ad Puteal eras. — ■ 35 De re communi scribae magna atque nova te Orabant hodie meminisses, Quinte, reverti. — Lmpiimat his, cura, Maecenas signa tabellis. — 10. qua. 232 SATIRAKUM Dixeris, Experiar ; — Si vis, potes, addit et instat. Septimus octavo propior jam fugerit annus, 40 Ex quo Maecenas me coepit habere suorum In numero ; dumtaxat ad hoc, quern tollere rheda Vellet iter faciens, et cui concredere nugas Hoc genus : Hora quota est? Threx est Gallina Syro par? Matutina parum cautos jam frigora mordent ; 45 Et quae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure. Per totum hoc tempus subjectior in diem et horam Invidiae : noster ludos spectaverat una, Luserat in campo : Fortunae films ! omnes. Frigidus a Rostris manat per compita rumor : 50 Quicunque obvius est, me consulit : O bone, nam te Scire, deos quoniam propius contingis, oportet ; Num. quid de Dacis audisti? — Nil equidem. — Ut tu Semper eris derisor ! — At omnes di exagitent me, Si quidquam. — Quid? militibus promissa Triquetra 55 Praedia Caesar, an est Itala tellure daturus ? — Jurantem me scire nihil, mirantur, ut unum Scilicet egregii mortalem altique silenti. Perditur haec inter misero lux, non sine votis : O rus ! quando ego te adspiciam, quandoque licebit, 60 Nunc veterum libris, nunc somno et inertibus horis Ducere sollicitae jucunda oblivia vitae? O quando faba Pythagorae cognata simulque Uncta satis pingui ponentur oluscula lardo ? O noctes coenaeque deum ! quibus ipse meique 65 Ante larem proprium vescor, vernasque procaces Pasco libatis dapibus ? Prout cuique libido est, Siccat inaequales calices conviva solutus Legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis 44. Thrax. 48. Invidiae noster. Ludos, Orellius; spectaverit. 49. Luserit. 57. miratur LIBEK II. S. VI. 233 Poc ila, seu modicis uvescit laetius. Ergo 70 Sermo oritur, non de villis domibusve alienis, Nee, male necne Lepos saltet ; sed quod magis ad nos Pertiuet et ne scire malum est, agitamus : utrumne Divitiis homines an sint virtute beati ; Q,uidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahat nos ; 75 Et quae sit natura boni summumque quid ejus. Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit aniles Ex re fabellas. Si quis nam laudat Arelli Sollicitas ignarus opes ; sic incipit : Olim Rusticus uibanum murem mus paupere fertur 80 Accepisse cavo, veterem vetus hospes amicum, Asper et attentus quaesitis, ut tamen artum Solveret hospitiis animum. Q,uid multa ? neque ille Sepositi ciceris nee longae invidit avenae : Aridum et ore ferens acinum semesaque lardi 85 Frusta dedit, cupiens varia fastidia coena Vincere tangentis male singula dente superbo ; Cum pater ipse domus palea porrectus in horna Esset ador loliumque, dapis meliora relinquens. Tandem urbanus ad hunc : Q,uid te juvat, inquit, amice 90 Praerupti nemoris patientem vivere dorso ? Vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponere silvis ? Carpe viam, mihi crede, comes ; terrestria quando Mortales animas vivunt sortita, neque ulla est Aut magno aut parvo leti fuga. Quo, bone, circa, 95 Dum licet, in rebus jucundis vive beatus ; Vive memor, quam sis aevi brevis. Haec ubi dicta Agrestem pepulere, domo levis exsilit ; inde Ambo propositum peragunt iter, urbis aventes Moenia nocturni subrepere. Jamque tenebat 1 00 Nox melium coeli spatium, cum ponit uterque 70. humescit. 78. Nam si quis — . 83. llli. 234 SATIRAKra In locuplete domo vestigia, rubro ubi cocco Tincta super lectos canderet vestis eburnos, Multaque de magna superessent fercula coena, Q,uae procul exstructis inerant hesterna canistris. 105 Ergo, ubi purpurea porrectum in veste locavit Agrestem, veluti succinctus cursitat hospes Continuatque dapes, nee non verniliter ipsis Fungitur officiis, praelambens omne, quod arfert. Ille Cubans gaudet mutata sorte, bonisque 110 Rebus agit laetum convivam, cum subito in gens Valvarum strepitus lectis excussit utrumque. Currere per totum pavidi conclave, magisque Exanimes trepidare, simul domus alta Molossis Personuit canibus. Turn rusticus : baud mihi vita 115 Est opus hac, ait, et valeas ; me silva cavusque Tutus ab insidiis tenui solabitur ervo. SATIRA VII. Jam dudum ausculto, et cupiens tibi dicere servus Pauca, reformido. — Davusne ? — Ita^ Davus, amicurn Mancipium domino, et frugi. quod sit satis, hoc est, Ut vitale putes. — Age, libertate Decembri, Q,uando ita majores voluerunt, utere ; narra. — Pars hominum vitiis gaudet constanter, et urget Propositum ; pars multa natat, modo recta capessens, Interdum pravis obnoxia. Saepe notatus Cum tribus anellis, modo laeva Priscus inani, 109. oraelibans. 116. valeat. LIBER II. S. YH. 285 Vixit inaequalis, clavum ut mutaret in horas ; 10 Aedibus ex magnis subito se conderet, unde Mundior exiret vix libertinus honeste ; Jam moechus Romae, jam mallet doctus Athenis Vivere, Vertumnis. quotquot sunt, natus iniquis. Scurra Volanerius, postquam illi justa cheragra L5 Contudit articulos, qui pro se tolleret atque Mitteret in phimum talos, mercede diurna Conductum pavit : quanto constantior isdem In vitiis, tanto levius miser ac prior illo, dui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat. — 20 Non dices hodie, quorsum haec tarn putida tendant, Furcifer? — Ad te, inquam. — duo pacto, pessime? — Lau- das Forturiam et mores antiquae plebis, et idem. Si quis ad ilia deus subito te agat, usque recuses, Aut quia non sends, quod clamas, rectius esse, 25 Aut quia non firmus rectum defendis, et haeres, Nequicquam coeno cupiens evellere plantam. Romae rus optas, absentem rusticus urbem Tollis ad astra levis. Si nusquam es forte vocatus Ad coenam, laudas securum olus, ac, velut usquam 30 Vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis amasque, duod nusquam tibi sit potandum. Jusserit ad se Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire Convivam : Nemon' oleum feret ocius ? ecquis Audit ? cum magno blateras clamore fugisque. 35 Mulvius et scurrae, tibi non referenda precati, Discedunt. Etenim fateor, me, dixerit ille, Duci ventre levem ; nasum nidore supinor : 1 mbecillus, iners ; si quid vis, adde, popino. Tu, cum sis quod ego, et fortassis nequior, ultro 40 13. doctor. 18. idem. 34. fert. 35. furisque. 230 SAT1RARUM Insectere velut melior, verbisque decoris Obvolvas vitium ? Quid, si me stultior ipso Quingentis empto drachmis deprenderis ? Aufer Me vultu terrere ; manum stomachumque teneto, Dum, quae Crispini docuit me janitor, edo. 4:5 Te conjux aliena capit, meretricula Davum : Peccat uter nostrum cruce dignius ? Acris ubi me Natura intendit, sub clara nuda lucerna Quaecunque excepit turgentis verbera caudae, Clunibus aut agitavit equum lasciva supinum, 50 Dimittit neque famosum neque sollicitum, ne Ditior aut formae melioris meiat eodem. Tu, cum projectis insignibus, anulo equestri Romanoque habitu, prodis ex judice Dama Turpis, odoratum caput obscurante lacerna, 55> Non es, quod simulas ? Metuens induceris, atque Altercante libidinibus tremis ossa pavore. Quid refert, uri, virgis ferroque necari Auctoratus eas, an turpi clausus in area, Q,uo te demisit peccati conscia herilis, 60 Contractum genibus tangas caput ? Estne manto Matronae peccantis in ambo justa potestas ? In corruptorem vel justior. Ilia tamen se Non habitu mutatve loco peccatve superne, Cum te formidet mulier neque credat amanti ; 65 Ibis sub furcam prudens, dominoque furenti Committes rem omnem et vitam et cum corpore fa mam. Evasti : credo, metues doctusque cavebis ; Quaeres, quando iterum paveas iterumque perire Possis O toties servus ! Quae bellua ruptis 70 Cum semel effugit, reddit se prava catenis? Non sum moechus. ais ; neque ego, hercule, fur, ub' vasa 48. incendit. LIBER II. S. VII. 237 Praetereo sapiens argentea. Tolle periclum, Jam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis. Tune mihi dominus, rerum imperiis hominumque 75 Tot tantisque minor, quern ter vindicta quaterque Imposita haud unquam misera formidine privet ? Adde super, dictis quod non levius valeat : nam, Sive vicarius est, qui servo paret, uti mos Tester ait, seu conservus: tibi quid sum ego? Nempe 80 Tu, mihi qui imperitas, alii servis miser, atque Duceris, ut nervis alienis mobile lignum. — Qaiisnam igitur liber ? — Sapiens, sibi qui imperiosus, Quern neque pauperies neque mors neque vincula terrent: Responsare cupidinibus, contemnere honores 85 Fortis, et in se ipso totus, teres atque rotundus, Externi ne quid valeat per leve morari, In quern manca rait semper fortuna. Potesne Ex his, ut proprium, quid noscere ? Q,uinque talenta Poscit te mulier ; vexat, foribusque repulsum 90 Perfundit gelida ; rursus vocat : eripe turpi Colla jugo : Liber, liber sum, die age ! Non quis : Urget enim dominus mentem non lenis, et acres Subjectat lasso stimulos, versatque negantem. Vel cum Pausiaca torpes, insane, tabella, 95 Qui peccas minus atque ego, cum Fulvi Rutubae([iie Aut Pacideiani contento poplite miror Proelia, rubrica picta aut carbone, velut si Re vera pugnent, feriant vitentque moventes Arma viri? Nequam et cessator Davus, at ipse 100 Subtilis veterum judex et callidus audis. Nil ego, si ducor libo fumante : tibi ingens Virtus atque animus coenis responsat opimis ? Obsequium ventris mihi perniciosius est cur ? 81. aliis. 83. sibique. 238 SATIRARUM Tergo plector enim. Q,ui tu impunitior ilia, 105 Q,uae parvo sumi nequeunt, opsonia captas ? Nempe inamarescunt epulae sine fine petitae, Illusique pedes vitiosum ferre recusant Corpus. An hie peccat, sub noctem qui puer uvam Furtiva mutat strigili; qui praedia vendit, 110 Nil servile, gulae parens, habet ? Adde, quod idem Non horam tecum esse potes, non otia recte Ponere, teque ipsum vitas fugitivus et erro, Jam vino quaerens, jam somno fallere curam ; Frustra : nam comes atra premit sequiturque fuga- cem. — 115 Unde mihi lapidem ? — duorsum est opus ? — Uncle sa- gittas ?— Aut insanit homo aut versus facit. — Ocius hinc te Ni rapis, accedes opera agro nona Sabino. SATIRA VIII. Ut Nasidieni juvit te coena beati? Nam mihi quaerenti convivam dictus here llhc De medio potare die. — Sic, ut mihi nunquam In vita fuerit melius. — Da, si grave non est, Gluae prima iratum ventrem placaverit esca.— In primis Lucanus aper : leni fuit Austro Captus, ut aiebat coenae pater ; acria circum Rapula, lactucae, radices, qualia lassnm S. viii. 4. Die. liber n. s. viii. 239 Pervellunt stomachum, siser, allec, faecula Coa. His ubi sublatis puer alte cinctus acernam 1 Gausape purpureo mensam pertersit, et alter Sublegit quodcunque jaceret inutile, quodque Posset coenantes offendere : ut Attica virgo Cum sacris Cereris, procedit fuscus Hydaspes, Caecuba vina ferens, Alcon Chium maris expers, 15 Hie herus : Albanum, Maecenas, sive Falernum Te magis appositis delectat ; habemus utrumque. — Divitias miseras ! Sed quis coenantibus una, Fundani, pulchre fuerit tibi, nosse laboro. Summus ego, et prope me Viscus Thurinus, et infra, 20 Si memini, Varius, cum Servilio Balatrone Yibidius, quas Maecenas adduxerat umbras. Nomentanus erat super ipsum, Porcius infra, Ridiculus totas semel obsorbere placentas. Nomentanus ad hoc, qui, si quid forte lateret, 25 Indice monstraret digito : nam cetera turba, Nos, inquam, coenamus aves, conchylia, pisces. Longe dissimilem noto celantia succum : Ut vel continuo patuit, cum passeris atque Ingustata mihi porrexerat ilia rhombi. 30 Post hoc me docuit, melimela rubere minorem Ad lunam delecta : quid hoc intersit, ab ipso Audieris melius. Turn Yibidius Balatroni : Nos, nisi damnose bibimus, moriemur inulti ; Et calices poscit majores. Vertere pallor 35 Turn parochi faciem, nil sic metuentis ut acres Potores, vel quod maledicunt liberius, vel Fervida quod subtile exsurdant vina palatum. Invertunt Allifanis vinaria tota Vibidius Balatroque, secutis omnibus : imi 40 22. quos. 24. simul. !M0 SATIRA11UM Gonvivae lecti nihilum nocuere lagenis. Affertur squillas inter muraena natantes, In patina porrecta. Sub hoc hems : Haec gravida, mquit, Capta est, deterior post partum carne futura. His mixtum jus est : oleo, quod prima Yenafri 45 Pressit cella ; garo de succis piscis Hiberi, Vino quinquenni, verum citra mare nato, Dum coquitur ; — cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud ; — pipere albo, non sine aceto, Q,uod Methymnaeam vitio mutaverit uvam. 50 Erucas virides, inulas ego primus amaras Monstravi incoquere ; illutos Curtillus echinos, Ut melius muria, quod testa marina remittit. Interea suspensa graves aulaea ruinas In patinam fecere, trahentia pulveris atri, 55 Quantum non Aquilo Campanis excitat agris. Nos majus veriti, postquam nihil esse pericli Sensimus, erigimur. Rums, posito capite, ut si Filius immatums obisset, flere. Q,uis esset Finis, ni sapiens sic Nomentanus amicum 60 Tolleret : Heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus? Ut semper gaudes illudere rebus Humanis ! Varius mappa compescere risum Vix poterat. Balatro, suspendens omnia naso, Haec est conditio vivendi, aiebat, eoque 65 Responsura tuo nunquam est par fama labori. Tene, ut ego accipiar laute, torquerier omni Sollicitudine districtum, ne panis adustus, Ne male conditum jus apponatur, ut omnes Praecincti recte pueri comptique ministrent ? 70 Adde hos praeterea casus : aulaea ruant si, Ut modo ; si patinam pede lapsus frangat agaso. 53. quam. 75. pro. LIBER H. S. Tin. 241 Sed convivatoris, uti ducis, ingenium res Adversae nudare solent, celare secundae. Nasidienus ad haec : Tibi di, quaecunque pieceris, 7b Comrnoda dent ! Ita vir bonus es convivaque comis : Et soleas poscit, Turn in lecto quoque videres Stridere secreta divisos aure susurros. — Nullos his mallem ludos spectasse : sed ilia Redde, age, quae deinceps risisti. — Yibidius dum 80 Q,uaerit de pueris, num sit quoque fracta lagena, Q,uod sibi poscenti non dantur pocula, dumque Ridetur fictis rerum, Balatrone secundo : Nasidiene, redis, mutatae frontis, ut arte Emendaturus fortunam ; deinde secuti 85 Mazonomo pueri magno discerpta ferentes Membra gruis, sparsi sale multo, non sine farre, Pinguibus et ficis pastum jecur anseris albae, Et leporum avulsos, ut multo suavius, armos, Q,uam si cum lumbis quis edit. Turn pectore adusto 90 Vidimus et merulas poni et sine clune palumbeSj Suaves res, si non causas narraret earum et Naturas dominus ; quern nos sic fugimus ulli, Ut nihil omnino gustaremus, velut illis Canidia afilasset pejor serpentibus Afris. 95 75 precaris. 82. dentur. 88. albi. 95. atris. a. HORATII FLACCI EPISTOLARUM LIBER PRIMUS. EPISTOLA I. AD M A E C E N A T E M. Prima dicte milii, summa dicende Camoena, Spectatum satis et donatum jam rude quaeris, Maecenas, iterum antiquo me includere Iudo. Non eadem est aetas, non mens. Yeianius, armis Herculis ad postern fixis, latet abditus agro, 5 Ne populum extrema toties exoret arena. Est mihi purgatam crebro qui personet aurem : Solve senescentem mature sanus equum, ne Peccet ad extremum ridendus, et ilia ducat. Nunc itaque et versus et cetera ludicra pono ; 10 duid verum atque decens, euro et rogo, et omnis in hoc sum : Condo et compono, quae mox depromere possim. Ac, ne forte roges, quo me duce, quo lare tuter : Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri, Qluc me cunque rapit tempestas, deferor hospes. 15 LIBER I. E. I. 243 Nunc agilis fio, et mersor civilibus undis, Virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles ; Nunc in Aristippi furtim praecepta relabor, Et mihi res, non me rebus subjungere conor. Ut nox longa, quibus mentitur arnica, diesque 20 Lenta videtur opus debentibus ; ut piger annus Pupillis, quos dura premit custodia matrum : Sic mihi tarda fluunt ingrataque tempora, quae spem Consiliumque morantur agendi gnaviter id, quod Aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, 25 Aeque neglectnm pueris senibusque nocebit. Restat, ut his ego me ipse regam solerque elementis. Non possis oculo quantum contendere Lynceus ; Non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungi ; Nee, quia desperes invicti membra Gtyconis, 30 Nodosa corpus nolis prohibere cheragra. Est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra. Fervet avaritia miseroque cupidine pectus : Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis, et magnam morbi deponere partem. 35 Laudis amore tumes : sunt certa piacula, quae le Ter pure lecto poterunt recreare libello. Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator T Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, Si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem. 40 Yirtus est vitium fugere, et sapientia prima Stultitia caruisse. Yides, quae maxima credis Esse mala, exiguum censum turpemque repulsam, Q,uanto devites animi capitisque la bore ; Impiger extremos curris mercator ad Indos, 45 Per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes : Ne cures ea, quae stulte miraris et optas, Discere et audire et meliori credere non vis ? Quis circum pagos et circum compita pugnax. 244 EPISTOLARUM Magna coronari contemnat Olympia, cui spes, 5(1 Cui sit conditio dulcis sine pulvere palmae? Vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum : O cives, cives, quaerenda pecnnia primum est ; Virtus post nummos ! Haec Janus summus ab imo Prodocet, haec recinunt juvenes dictata senesque, 55 Laevo suspensi loculos tabulasque lacerto. Est animus tibi, sunt mores et lingua fidesque, Sed quadringentis sex septem millia desunt : Plebs eris. At pueri ludentes, rex eris, aiunt, Si recte facies. Hie mums aeneus esto : 60 Nil conscire sibi, nulla pallescere culpa. Roscia, die sodes, melior lex, an puerorum est Nenia, quae regnum recte facientibus offert, Et maribus Curiis et decantata Camillis ? Isne tibi melius suadet, qui rem facias, rem, 65 Si possis, recte ; si non, quocunque modo rem, Ut propius spectes lacrimosa poemata Pupi : An qui, fortunae te responsare superbae Liberum et erectum, praesens hortatur et aptat ? Quod fid me populus Romanus forte roget, cur 7(1 Non, ut porticibus, sic judiciis fruar Isdem, Nee sequar aut fugiam, quae diligit ipse vel odit : Olim quod vulpes aegroto cauta leoni Respondit, referam : Q,uia me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum. 75 Bellua multorum es capitum. Nam quid sequar, aut quern ? Pars hominum gestit conducere publica ; sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras, Excipiantque senes, quos in vivaria mittant ; Multis occulto crescit res foenore. Verum 80 E i. 58. Si— desint. LIBEK I. E. I. 245 Esto, aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri : Iidem eadem possunt horam durare probantes ? Nullus in orbe sinus Baiis praelucet amoenis, Si dixit dives, lacus et mare sentit amorem Festinantis heri : cui si vitiosa libido 85 Fecerit auspicium, eras ferramenta Teanum Tolletis, fabri ! Lectus genialis in aula est : Nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita : Si non est, jurat bene solis esse maritis. Quo teneam vultus mutantem Protea nodo ? 90 Quid pauper? Ride: mutat coenacula, lectos, Balnea, tonsores : conducto navigio aeque Nauseat ac locuples, quern ducit priva triremis. Si curatus inaequali ton sore capillos Occurro, rides : si forte subucula pexae 95 Trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet impar, Rides : quid, mea cum pugnat sententia secum, Quod petiit, spernit ; repetit quod nuper omisit, Aestuat, et vitae disconvenit ordine toto, Diruit, aedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis? 100 Insanire putas solennia me, neque rides, Nee medici credis nee curatoris egere A praetore dati, rerum tutela mearum Cum sis et prave sectum stomacheris ob unguem De te pendentis, te respicientis amici. 105 Ad summam: sapiens uno minor est Jove, dives, Liber, honoratus, pulcher, rex denique regum, Praecipue sanus, nisi cum pituita molesta est. 246 EPISTOLAKUM EPISTOLA II. 4lDLOLLIUM. Trojani belli scriptorem, maxime Lolli, Dum tu declamas Romae, Praeneste relegi : Q,ui, quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid utile, quid lion. Planius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore dicit. Cur ita crediderim, nisi quid te detinet, audi. 5 Fabula, qua Paridis propter narratur arriorem Graecia barbariae lento collisa duello, Stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus. Antenor censet belli praecidere causam : Quid Paris ? Ut salvus regnet vivatque beatus, 10 Cogi posse negat. Nestor componere lites Inter Peliden festinat et inter Atriden : Hunc amor, ira quidem communiter urit utrumque. Gtuidquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi. Seditione, dolis, scelere atque libidine et ira 15 Iliacos intra muros peccatur et extra. Rursus, quid virtus et quid sapientia possit, Utile proposuit nobis exemplar Ulixen, Q,ui domitor Trojae, multorum providus urbes Et mores hominum inspexit, latumque per aequor, 20 Dum sibi, dum sociis reditum parat, aspera multa Pertulit, adversis rerum immersabilis undis. Sirenum voces et Circae pocula nosti ; Q,uae si cum sociis stultus cupidusque bibisset, Sub domina mere trice fuisset turpis et excors, 25 Yixisset canis immundus vel arnica luto sus. Nos numerus sumus, et fruges consumere nati, E. ii. 4. Pltnius. 10. ^uod Paris, ut— . LIBEE I. E. H. 247 Sponsi Penelopae, nebulones, Alcinoique In cute curanda plus aequo operata juvenilis, Cui pulchrum fuit in medios dormire dies, et 30 Ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam. Ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones ; Ut te ipsum serves, non expergisceris ? Atqui Si noles sanus, curres hydropicus ; et ni Posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non 35 Intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis, Invidia vel amore vigil torquebere. Nam cur, Q,uae laedunt oculum, festinas demere : si quid Est animum, differs curandi tempus in annum? Dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet ; sapere aude ; 40 Incipe ! Q,ui recte vivendi prorogat horam. Rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis ; at ille Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum. Q,uaeritur argentum, puerisque beata creandis Uxor, et incultae pacantur vomere silvae. 45 Q,uod satis est cui contingit, nil amplius optet. Non domus et fundus, non aeris acervus et auri Aegroto domini deduxit corpore febres, Non animo curas : valeat possessor oportet, Si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti. 50 Q,ui cupit aut metuit, juvat ilium sic dornus et res, Ut lippum pictae tabulae, fomenta podagram, Auriculas citharae collecta sorde dolentes. Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcunque infundis, acescit. Sperne voluptates ; nocet empta dolore voluptas. 55 Semper avarus eget ; certum voto pete finem. Invidus alterius macrescit rebus opimis : Tnvidia Siculi non invenere tyranni Majus tormentum. Qui non moderabitur irae, Infectum volet esse, dolor quod suaserit et mens, 00 Dum poenas odio per vim festinat innlto. 248 EPISTOLARUJV] Ira furor brevis est ; animum rege ; qui nisi paret, Imperat: hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena. Fingit equum ten era docilem cervice magister [re viam, qua monstret eques ; venaticus, ex quo 65 Tempore cervinam pellem latravit in aula, Militat in silvis catulus. Nunc adbibe puro Pectore verba, puer, nunc te melioribus offer. Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem Testa diu. Q,uodsi cessas aut strenuus anteis, 70 Nee tardum opperior nee praecedentibus insto. EPISTOLA III. AD JULIUM FLORUM. Juli Flore, quibus terrarum militet oris Claudius Augusti privignus, scire laboro. Thracane vos Hebrusque nivali compede vinctus. An freta vicinas inter currentia turres, An pingues Asiae campi collesque morantur ? 5 Q,uid studiosa cohors operum struit ? Hoc quoque euro. Q,uis sibi res gestas Augusti scribere sumit? Bella quis et paces Ion gum diffundit in aevum? Q,uid Titius, Romana brevi venturus in ora, Pindarici fontis qui non expalluit haustus, JO Fastidire lacus et rivos ausus apertos ? Ut valet? ut meminit nostri ? fidibusne Latinis Thebanos aptare modos studet auspice Musa, An tragica desaevit et ampullatur in arte ? Quid mihi Celsus agit? monitus multumqui 1 monen- dus, !5 LIBEK I. E. IV. 249 Privatas ui quaerat opes, et tangere vilet Scripta, Palatinus quaecunque recepit Apollo ; Ne, si forte suas repetitum venerit olim Grex avium plum as, moveat cornicula risum Furtivis nudata coloribus. Ipse quid audes ? 20 Quae circumvolitas agilis thy ma ? Non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum est et turpiter hirtum : Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica jura Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen, Prima feres hederae victricis praemia. Q,uodsi 25 Frigida curarum fomenta relinquere posses, Quo te coelestis sapientia duceret, ires. Hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli, Si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari. Debes hoc etiam rescribere, si tibi curae, 30 Quantae conveniat, Munatius, an male sarta Gratia nequidquam coit et rescinditur ? At, vos Seu calidus sanguis seu rerum inscitia vexat Indomita cervice feros, ubicunque locorum Vivitis, indigni fraternum rumpere foedus : 35 Pascitur in vestrum reditum votiva juvenca. EPISTOLA IV. AD ALBIUM TIBULLUM. Albi, aostrorum sermonum candide judex, Quid nunc te dicam facere in regione Pedana r i Scribere, quod Cassi Parnaensis opuscula vincat An taciturn silvas inter reptare salubres, E. iii. 30. sit tibi curae. 2 & EPISTOLARUM Curantem quidquid dignum sapiente bonoque est ? 5 Non tu corpus eras sine pectore : di tibi formam, Di tibi divitias dederunt, arternque fruendi. Q,uid voveat dulci nutricula majus alumno, Q,ui sapere et fari possit quae sentiat, et cui Gratia, fama, valetudo contingat abunde, 10 Et mundus victus, non deficiente crumena ? Inter spem curamque, timores inter et iras, Omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum. Grata superveniet, quae non sperabitur, hora. Me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises, 15 Cum ridere voles Epicuri de grege porcum. EPISTOLA Y. AD TORQUATUM. Si potes Archiacis conviva recumbere lectis, Nee modica coenare times olus omne patella, Supremo te sole domi, Torquate, manebo. Vina bibes, iterum Tauro diifusa palustres Inter Minturnas Sinuessanumque Petrinum. 5 Si melius quid habes, arcesse, vel imperium fer. Jamdudum splendet focus et tibi munda supellex. Mitte leves spes, et certamina divitiarum, Et Moschi causam. Cras nato Caesare festus Dat veniam somnumque dies : impune licebit 1 Aestivam sermone benigno tendere noctem. Q,uo mihi fortnnam, si non conceditur uti? E. v. 6. Sin 12. Quo — fortuna ; Quid - fortuna ; Quo— fortunae. LIBER I. E. VI. 251 Parcus ob heredis curam nimiumque severus, Assidet insano : potare et spargere flores Incipiam, patiarque vel ineonsultus haberi. 15 Q,uid non ebrietas designat ? Operta recludit, Spes jubet esse ratas, ad proelia trudit inertem ; Sollicitis animis onus eximit, addocet artes. Fecundi calices quern non fecere disertum ? Contracta quern non in paupertate solutum 7 20 Haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor et non In vitus, ne turpe toral, ne sordida mappa Corruget nares, ne non et cantharus et ianx Ostendat tibi te, ne fidos inter amicos Sit, qui dicta foras eliminet, ut coeat par 25 Jimgatnrque pari. Butram tibi Septiciumque, Et nisi coena prior potiorque puella Sabinum Detinet, assumam ; locus est et pluribus umbris, Sed nimis arta premunt olidae convivia caprae. Tu, quotus esse velis, rescribe, et rebus omissis 3(1 Atria servan*2m postico falle clientem. EPISTOLA VI. AD NUMICIUM, Nil admirari prope res est una, Numici, Solaque, quae possit facere et servare beatum. Hunc solem et Stellas et decedentia certis Tempora momentis, sunt qui formidine nulla Imbuti spectent : quid censes munera terrae, 1 „ 17. inermem. E. vi. 5. spectant. 262 EPISTOLAKUM Quid maris extremos Arabas ditantis et Indos, Ludicra quid, plausus et amici dona Quiritis Quo spectanda modo, quo sensu credis et ore ? Qui timet his adversa, fere miratur eodem, Quo cupiens, pacto ; pavor est utrobique molestus, ]U Improvisa simul species exterret utrumque. Gaudeat an doleat, cupiat metuatve, quid ad rem, Si, quidquid vidit melius pejusque sua spe, Defixis oculis, animoque et corpore torpet ? Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, 15 Ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam. I nunc, argentum et marmor vetus aeraque et artes Suspice, cum gemmis Tyrios mirare colores : Gaude, quod spectant oculi te mille loquentem ; Gnavus mane forum et vespertinus pete tectum, 20 Ne plus frumenti dotalibus emetat agris Mutus, et — indignum, quod sit pejoribus ortus — Hie tibi sit potius, quam tu mirabilis illi. Quidquid sub terra est, in apricum proferet aetas ; Defodiet condetque nitentia. Cum bene notum 25 Porticus Agrippae et via te conspexerit Appt, Ire tamen restat, Numa quo devenit et Ancus. Si latus aut renes morbo tentantur acuto, Quaere fugam morbi. Yis recte vivere : quis nou I Si virtus hoc una potest dare, fortis omissis 30 Hoc age deliciis. Virtutem verba putas et Lucum ligna ? Cave, ne portus occupet alter, Ne Cibyratica, ne Bithyna negotia perdas ; Mille talenta rotundentur, totidem altera, porro et Tertia succedant, et quae pars quadret acervum. H6 Scilicet uxorem cum dote, ndemque, et amico.s Et genus, et formam regina Pecunia donat, 35. quadrat, Orellius. LIBEE I. E. VI. 258 Ac bene nommatum decorat Suadela Venusque. Mancipiis locuples eget aeris Cappadocum rex ; Ne fueris hie tu. Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt, 40 Si posset centum scenae praebere, rogatus, Q.ui possum tot ? ait : tamen et quaeram, et, quot habebo, Mittam ; post paullo scribit, sibi millia quinque Esse donii chlamydum ; partem, vel tolleret omnes. Exilis domus est, ubi non et multa supersmit, 45 Et d omnium fallunt, et prosunt furibus. Ergo Si res sola potest facere et servare beatum, Hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postremus omittas. Si fortunatum species et gratia praestat, Mercemtir servum, qui dictet nomina, iaevum 50 Glui fodicet latus, et cogat trans pondera dextram Porrigere : Hie multum in Fabia valet, ille Yelina ; Cui libet is fasces dabit, eripietque curule Cui volet importunus ebur. Frater, pater adde ; Ut cuique est aetas, ita quemque facetus adopta. 55 Si, bene qui coenat, bene vivit, lucet, eamus Quo ducet gula ; piscemur, venemur, ut olim Gargilius, qui mane plagas, venabala, servos Differtum transire forum populumque jubebat, Unus ut e multis populo spectante referret 60 Emptum mulus aprum. Crudi tumidique lavemur, Quid deceat, quid non, obliti, Caerite cera Digni, remigium vitiosum Ithacensis Ulixei, Cui potior patria fuit interdicta voluptas. Si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque 05 Nil est jucundum, vivas in amore jocisque. Vive, vale ! Si quid novisti rectius istis. Candidus imperti ; si non, his utere mecum. 57, ducit, Orellius. 254 epistolaetim: EPISTOLA VII. AD MAECENATEM. Q,uinque dies tibi pollicitus me rure futurum, Sextilem totum mendax desideror. Atqui Si me vivere vis sanum recteque valentem Q,uam mihi das aegro, dabis aegrotare timenti, Maecenas, veniam, dum ficus prima calorque 5 Designatorem decorat lictoribus atris, Dum pueris omnis pater et matercula pallet, Officiosaque sedulitas et opella forensis Adducit febres et testamenta resignat. Q,uodsi bruma nives Albanis illinet agris, 10 Ad mare descendet vates tuus, et sibi parcet, Contractusque leget ; te, dulcis amice, reviset Cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundine prima. Non, quo more pyris vesci Calaber jubet hospes, Tu me fecisti locupletem. — Vescere, sodes. — 15 Jam satis est. — At tu, quantum vis, tolle ! — Benigne. — Non invisa feres pueris munuscula parvis. — Tarn teneor dono, quam si dimittar onustus. — Ut libet : haec porcis hodie comedenda relinques. — Prodigus et stultus donat, quae spernit et odit : £0 Haec seges ingratos tulit et feret omnibus annis. Vir bonus et sapiens dignis ait esse paratus, Nee tamen ignorat, quid distent aera lupinis. Dignum praestabo me etiam pro laude merentis. Q,uodsi me noles usquam discedere, reddes 25 Forte latus, mgros angusta fronte capillos, E. vii. 3. recteque videre valentem 19. relinquis. 22. para turn. LIBER I. E. VII. 255 Reddes dulce loqui, reddes ridere decor am et Later vina fugam Cinarae moerere protervae. Forte per angustam tenuis vulpecula rimam Repserat in cumeram frumenti, pastaque rursus 30 Ire foras pleno tendebat corpore frustra ; Cui mustela procul, Si vis, ait, effugere istinc, Macra cavum repetes artum, quern macra subisti. Hac ego si compellor imagine, cuncta resigno ; Nee somnum plebis laudo, satur altilium, nee 35 Otia divitiis Arabum Uberrima muto. Saepe verecundum laudasti ; rexque paterque Audisti coram, nee verbo parcius absens : Inspice, si possum donata reponere laetus. Haud male Telemachus, proles patientis Ulixei : 40 Non est aptus equis Ithace locus, ut neque planis Porrectus spatiis, nee multae prodigus herbae ; Atride, magis apta tibi tua dona relinquam. Parvum parva decent. Mihi jam non regia Roma, Sed vacuum Tibur placet aut imbelle Tarentum. 45 Strenuus et fortis causisque Philippus agendis Clarus, ab omciis octavam circiter horam Dum redit, atque Foro nimium distare Carinas Jam grandis natu queritur, conspexit, ut aiunt, Adrasum quendam vacua tonsoris in umbra, 50 Cultello proprios purgantem leniter ungues. Demetri — puer hie non laeve jussa Philippi Accipiebat — abi, quaere et refer, unde domo, quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono. It, redit et narrat, Yulteium nomine Menam, 55 Praeconem, tenui censu, sine crimine, notum, Et properare locoet cessare et quaerere et uti Gaudentem parvisque sodalibus et lare certo 28 nitedula. 256 EPISTOL ART) M Et ludis, et post decisa negotia Campo. — Scitari libet ex ipso quodcunque refers : die 60 Ad coenam veniat. — Non sane credere Mena, Mirari secum tacitus. Quid multa ? Benigne, Respondet. — Negat ille mihi ? — Negat improbus, et te Negligit aut horret. — Vulteium mane Philippus Vilia vendentem tunicato scruta popello 65 Occupat, et salvere jubet prior. Ille Philippo Excusare laborem et mercenaria vincla, Q,uod non mane domum venisset, denique quod non Providisset eum. — Sic ignovisse putato Me tibi, si coenas hodie mecum. — Ut libet. — Ergo 70 Post nonam venies : nunc i, rem strenuus auge. Ut ventum ad coenam est, dicenda tacenda locutus, Tandem dormitum dimittitur. Hie, ubi saepe Occultum visus decurrere piscis ad hamum, Mane cliens et jam certus con viva, jubetur 75 Rura suburbana indictis comes ire Latinis. Impositus mannis, arvum coelumque Sabinum Non cessat laudare. Yidet ridetque Philippus, Et sibi dum requiem, dum risus undique quaerit, Dum septem donat sestertia, mutua septem 80 Promittit, persuadet, uti mercetur agellum. Mercatur. Ne te longis ambagibus ultra, Q,uam satis est, morer : ex nitido fit rusticus. atque Sulcos et vineta crepat mera, praeparat ulmos, Immoritur studiis et amore senescit habendi. 85 Verum ubi oves furto, morbo periere capellae, Spem mentita seges, bos est enectus arando : Offensus damnis, media de nocte caballum Arripit, iratusque Philippi tendit ad aedes. Quern simul adspexit scabrum intonsumque Philippus, 90 63. Neget, Orelhus. LIBEK I. E. VIII. 257 Durus, ait, Vultei, nimis attentusque videris Esse mihi. — Pol, me miserum, patrone, vocares. Si velles, inquit, verum mihi ponere nomen. Quod te per Genium dextramque deosque Penates Obsecro et obtestor, vitae me redde priori ! — 95 Qui semel adspexit, quantum dimissa petitis Praestent, mature redeat repetatque relicta. Metiri se quemque suo modulo ac pede verum est. EPISTOLA VIII. AD CELSUM ALBINOVANUM. Celso gaudere et bene rem gerere Albinovano, Musa rogata refer, comiti scribaeque Neronis. Si quaeret quid agam, die, multa et pulchra minantem Vivere nee recte nee suaviter : baud, quia grando Contuderit vites, oleamve momorderit aestus, 5 Nee quia longinquis armentum aegrotet in agris ; Sed quia mente minus validus quam corpore toto, Nil audire velim, nil discere, quod levet aegrum ; Fidis offendar medicis, irascar amicis, Cur me funesto properent arcere veterno ; 10 Quae nocuere sequar ; fugiam quae profore credam : Romae Tibur amem ventosus, Tibure Romam. Post haec, ut valeat, quo pacto rem gerat et se, Ut placeat juveni, percontare, utque cohorti. Si dicet, Recte : primum gaudere. subinde • 1 5 Praeceptum auriculis hoc instillare memento : Ut tu fortunam, sic nos te, Celse, feremus. 258 EPISTOLARUM EPISTOLA IX. AD CLAUDIUM NERONEM. Septimius, Claudi, nimirum intelligit unus, Q,uanti me facias : nam cum rogat et prece cogit. Scilicet, ut tibi se laudare et tradere coner, Dignum mente domoque legentis honesta Neronis, Munere cum fungi propioris cense t amici. 5 Q,uid possim videt ac novit me valdius ipso. Multa quidem dixi, cur excusatus abirem : Sed timui, mea ne finxisse minora putarer, Dissimulator opis propriae, mihi commodus uni. Sic ego, majoris fugiens opprobria culpae, 10 Frontis ad urbanae descendi praemia. Q,uodsi Depositum laudas ob amici jussa pudorem, Scribe tui gregis hunc, et fortem crede bonumque. EPISTOLA X. AD F U S C U M ARISTIUM. Urbis amatorem Fuscum salvere jubemus Ruris amatores, hac in re scilicet una Multum dissimiles, at cetera paene gemelli, Praternis animis, quidquid negat alter, et alter, Annuimus pariter vetuli notique columbi. E. x. 3. ad cetera. LIBER I. E. X. 259 Tu nidum servas, ego laudo ruris amoeni Rivos, et musco circumlita saxa nemusque. Q,uid quaeris ? vivo et regno, simul ista reliqui, Quae vos ad coelum fertis rumore sec undo, Utque sacerdotis fugitivus, liba recuso : 10 Pane egeo, jam mellitis potiore placentis. Vivere naturae si convenienter oportet, Ponendaeque domo quaerenda est area primum, Novistine locum potiorem rure beato 7 Est ubi plus tepeant hiemes? ubi gratior aura 15 Leniat et rabiem Canis et momenta Leonis, Cum semel accepit solem furibundus acutum ? Est ubi divellat somnos minus invida cura ? Deterius Libycis olet aut nitet herba lapillis ? Purior in vicis aqua tendit rumpere plumbum, 20 Q,uam quae per prontim trepidat cum murmure rivum ? Nempe inter varias nutritur silva columnas, Laudaturque domus, longos quae prospicit agros. Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret, Et mala perrumpet furtim fastidia victrix. 25 Non, qui Sidonio contendere callidus ostro Nescit Aquinatem potantia vellera fucum, Certius accipiet damnum propiusve medullis, Q,uam qui non poterit vero distinguere falsum. Quern res plus nimio delectavere secundae, 30 Mutatae quatient. Si quid mirabere, pones Invitus. Fuge magna : licet sub paupere tecto Reges et regum vita praecurrere amicos. Cervus equum pugna melior communibus herbis Pellebat, donee, minor in certamine Ion go, 36 Imploravit opes hominis, frenumque recepit : Sed postquam victor violens discessit ab hoste, 9. effertis. 24. expelles. 260 EPISTOLAROI Non equitem dorso, non frenum depulit ore. Sic, qui pauperiem veritus, potiore metallis Libertate caret, dominum vehet improbus atque 40 Serviet aeternum, quia parvo nesciet uti. Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim, Si pede major erit, subvertet ; si minor, uret. Laetus sorte tua vives sapienter, Aristi, Nee me dimittes incastigatum, ubi plura 45 Cogere, quam satis est, ac non cessare videbor. Imperat aut servit coilecta pecunia cuique, Tortum digna sequi potius, quam ducere funem. Haec tibi dictabam post fanum putre Vacunae, Excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus. 50 EPISTOLA XL AD BULLATIUM. Quid tibi visa Chios, Bullati, notaque Lesbos, Quid concinna Samos, quid Croesi regia, Sardis, Smyrna quid et Colophon ? Majora minorane fama ? Cunctane prae Campo et Tibenno flumine sordent ? An venit in votum Attalicis ex urbibus una, 5 An Lebedum laudas, odio maris atque viarum ? Scis, Lebedus quid sit : Gabiis desertior atque Fidenis vicus ; tamen illic vivere vellem, Oblitusque meorum obliviscendus et illis Neptunum procul e terra spectare furentem. 1U Sed neque. qui Capua Romam petit, imbre lutoque 40. vehit, Orellius. LEBER I. E. XII. 261 Adspersus volet in caupona vivere ; nee, qui Frigus collegit, furnos et balnea laudat, Ut fortunatam plene praestantia vitam. Nee, si te validus jactaverit Auster in alto, 35 Idcirco navem trans Aegeum mare vendas. Incolumi Rhodos et Mitylene pulchra facit, quod Paenula solstitio, campestre nivalibus auris, Per brumam Tiberis, Sextili mense caminus. Dum licet, ac vultum servat Fortuna benignum, 20 Romae laudetur Samos et Chios et Rhodos absens. Tu, quamcunque deus tibi fortunaverit horam, Grata sume manu, neu dulcia differ in annum ; Ut, quocunque loco fueris, vixisse libenter Te dicas : nam si ratio et prudentia curas. 25 Non locus, effusi late maris arbiter, aufert : Coelum, non animum, mutant, qui trans mare currant. Strenua nos exercet inertia : navibus atque duadrigis petimus bene vivere. Quod petis, hie est, Est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus. 30 EPISTOLA XII. AD ICCIUM Fructibus Agrippae Siculis, quos colligis, Icci, Si recte frueris, non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi. Tolle querelas : Pauper enim non est, cui rerum suppetit usus. Si ventri bene, si lateri est pedibusque tuis, nil Divitiae poterunt regales addere majus. Si forte in medio positorum abstemius. herbis 262 EPISTOLAEUM Vivis et urtica, sic vives protinus, ut te Confestim liquidus Fortunae rivus inauret : Vel quia naturam mutare pecunia nescit, 10 Vel quia cuncta putas una virtute minora. Miramur, si Democriti pecus edit agellos Cultaque, dum peregre est animus sine corpore velox : Cum tu inter scabiem tantam et contagia lucri, Nil parvum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures : 15 Q,uae mare compescant causae, quid temperet annum, Stellae sponte sua jussaene vagentur et errent, Quid premat obscurum lunae, quid proferat orbem, Q,uid velit et possit rerum concordia discors, Empedocles, an Stertinium deliret acumen ? 20 Verum seu pisces seu porrum et caepe trucidas, Utere Pompeio Grospho, et, si quid petet, ultro Defer : nil Grosphus nisi verum orabit et aequum. Vilis amicorum est annona, bonis ubi quid deest. Ne tamen ignores, quo sit Romana loco res : 25 Cantaber Agrippae, Claudi virtute Neronis Armenius cecidit j jus imperiumque Phraates Caesaris accepit genibus minor ; aurea fruges Italiae pleno defundit Copia cornu. EPISTOLA XIII. AD VINIUM ASELLAM. Ut proficiscentem docui te saepe diuque, Augusto reddes signata volumina, Yini, Si validus, si laetus erit, si denique poscet : Ne studio nostri pecces, odiumque libellis LIBER I. E. XIY. 263 Sedulus importeSj opera vehemente minister. 5 Si te forte meae gravis uret sarcina chartae, Abjicito potius, quam, quo perferre juberis, Clitellas ferns impingas, Asinaeque paternum Cognomen vertas in risum et fabula fias. Viribus uteris per clivos, flumina, lamas ; 10 Victor propositi simul ac perveneris illuc, Sic positum servabis onus, ne forte sub ala Fasciculum portes librorum, ut rusticus agnum, Ut vinosa glomus furtivae Pyrrhia lanae, Ut cum pileolo soleas con viva tribulis. 15 Ne vulgo narres, te sudavisse ferendo Carmina, quae possint oculos auresque morari Caesaris;oratus multa prece, nitere porro. Vade, vale ; cave, ne titubes mandataque frangas. EPIS^OLA XIY. AD VILLICUMSUUM. Villice silvarum et mihi me reddentis agelli, Quern tu fastidis. habitatum quinque focis et Q,uinque bonos solitum Variam dimittere patres, Certemus, spinas animone ego fortius an tu Evellas agro, et melior sit Horatius an res. 5 Me quamvis Lamiae pietas et cura moratur, Fratrem moerentis, rapto de fratre dolentis Insolabiliter, tamen istuc mens animusque Fert, et amat spatiis obstantia rumpere claustra, Rure ego viventem, tu dicis in urbe beatum : 10 Cui placet alterius, sua nimirum est odio sors. 264 EPISTOLARUM Stultus uterque locum immeriturn cansatur inique : In culpa est animus, qui se non effugit unquam. Tu mediastinus tacita prece rura petebas, Nunc urbem et ludos et balnea villicus optas ; 15 Me constare mihi scis, et discedere tristem, Q,uandocunque trahunt in visa negotia Romam. Non eadem miramur ; eo disconvenit inter Meque et te : nam, quae deserta et inhospita tesqua Credis, amoena vocat, mecum qui sentit, et odit, 20 duae tu pulchra putas. Fornix tibi et uncta popina Incutiunt urbis desiderium, video, et quod Angulus iste feret piper et thus ocius uva ; Nee vicina subest vinum praebere taberna Quae possit tibi, nee meretrix tibicina, cujus 25 Ad strepitum salias terrae gravis : et tamen urges Jampridem non tacta ligonibus arva, bovemque Disjunctum curas et strictis frondibus exples ; Addit opus pigro rivus, si decidit imber, Multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato. 30 Nunc, age, quid nostrum concentum dividat, audi. Q,uem tenues decuere togae nitidique capilli, Q,uem scis immunem Cinarae placuisse rapaci, Q,uem bibulum liquidi media de luce Falerni, Coena brevis juvat et prope rivum somnus in herba ; 35 Nee lusisse pudet, sed non incidere ludum. Non istic obliquo oculo mea commoda quisquam Limat, non odio obscuro morsuque venenat ; Rident vicini glebas et saxa moventem. Cum servis urbana diaria rodere mavis ; 40 Horum tu in numerum voto ruis ; invidet usum Lignorum et pecoris tibi calo'argutus et horti. Optat ephippia bos piger, optat arare caballus. Quam scit uterque, libens, censebo, exerceat artem. LIBER I. E. XV. 265 EPISTOLA XV. AD C . NUMONIUM V A L A M . Quae sit hiems Veliae, quod coelum, Yala, Salerni, Uuorum hominum regio et qualis via, nam mihi Baias Musa supervacuas Antonius, et tamen illis Me facit invisum, gelida cum perluor unda Per medium frigus. Sane murteta relinqui, 5 Dictaque cessantem nervis elidere morbum Sulfura contemni, vicus gemit, invidus aegris, Qui caput et stomachum supponere fontibus audent Clusinis, Gabiosque petunt et frigida rura. Mutandus locus est, et diversoria nota 10 Praeteragendus equus. Quo tendis ? Non mihi Cumas Est iter aut Baias, laeva stomachosus habena Dicet eques, sed equi frenato est amis in ore.— Major utrum populum frumenti copia pascat, Collectosne bibant imbres puteosne perennes 15 Jugis aquae : — nam vina nihil moror ilhus orae. — Rure meo possum quidvis perferre patique : Ad mare cum veni, generosum et lene requiro ; Quod curas abigat, quod cum spe divite manet In venas animumque meum, quod verba ministret, 20 Quod me Lucanae juvenem commendet amicae. — Tractus uter plures lepores, liter educet apros, Utra magis pisces et echinos aequora celent, Pinguis ut inde domum possim Phaeaxque reverti, Scribere te nobis, tibi nos accredere par est. 25 Maenius # ut rebus maternis atque paternis Fortiter absumptis urbanus coepit haberi, E. xv. 16. Dulcis aquae. 266 EPISTOLAEUM Scurra vagus, non qui certum praesepe teneret, Impransus non qui civem dignosceret hoste, Quaelibet in quemvis opprobria iingere saevus, 30 Pernicies et tempestas barathrumque macelli, Quidquid quaesierat, ventri donabat avaro. Hie, ubi nequitiae fautoribus et timidis nil Aut paulum abstulerat, patinas coenabat omasi Yilis et agninae, tribus ursis quod satis esset ; 35 Scilicet ut ventres lamna candente nepotum Diceret urendos corrector Bestius. Idem Quidquid erat nactus praedae majoris, ubi omne Yerterat in funmm et cinerem, Non hercule mirOr, Aiebat, si qui comedunt bona, cum sit obeso 40 Nil melius turdo, nil vulva pulchrius ampla. Nimirum hie ego sum ; nam tuta et parvula laudo, Cum res deficiunt, satis inter vilia fortis ; Yerum ubi quid melius contingit et unctius, idem Yos sapere et solos aio bene vivere, quorum 45 Oonspicitur nitidis fundata pecunia villis. EPISTOLA XVL AD QUINCTIUM, Ne perconteris, fundus meus, op time Quincti, Arvo pascat herum, an baccis opulentet olivae, Pomisne, an pratis, an amicta vitibus ulmo : Scribetur tibi forma loquaciter et situs agri. Continui montes, ni disso^ientur opaca 35. agnini 37. correctus. LIBER I. E. XVI. ' 267 Valle, sed ut veniens dextrum latus adspiciat sol, Laevum discedens curra fagiente vaporet. Temperiem laudes. Quid, si rubicunda benigni Coma vepres et prima ferant ? si quercus et ilex Multa fruge pecus, multa dominum juvet umbra? 10 Dicas adductum propius frondere Tarentum. Fons etiam rivo dare nomen idoneus, ut nee Frigidior Thracam nee purior ambiat Hebrus, Infirmo capiti fluit utilis, utilis alvo. Hae latebrae dulces, etiam, si credis, amoenae, 15 Ineolumem tibi me praestant Septembribus hons. Tu recte vivis, si curas esse, quod audis. Jactamus jam pridem onmis te Roma beatum : Sed vereor, ne cui de te plus quam tibi credas, Neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum : 20 Neu, si te populus sanum recteque valentem Dictitet, occultam febrim sub tempus edendi Dissimules, donee manibus tremor incidat unctis. Stultorum incurata pudor malus ulcera celat. Si quis bella tibi terra pngnata marique 25 Dicat, et his verbis vacuas permulceat aures : Tene magis salvum populus velit, an populum tu, Servet in ambiguo, qui consulit et tibi et urbi, Jupiter ; Augusti laudes agnoscere possis : Cum pateris sapiens emendatusque vocari, 30 Respondesne tuo, die sodes, nomine ? Nempe Vir bonus et prudens dici delector ego ac tu. Qui dedit hoc hodie, eras, si volet, auferet : ut, si Detulerit fasces indigno, detrahet idem. Pone, meum est, inquit ; pono tristisque recedo. 35 Idem si clamet furem, neget esse pudicum, Contendat laqueo collum pressisse paternum ; E. xvi. 8. benigne. 9, 10. ferant, juvat. 268 EPISTOLARUM Mordear opprobriis falsis, mutemque colores ? Falsus honor juvat et mendax infamia terret Quern, nisi mendosum et medicandum? Yir bonus est quis ? 40 Qui consulta patrum, qui leges juraque servat ; Quo multae magnaeque secantur judice lites ; Quo res sponsore et quo causae teste tenentur. Sed videt hunc omnis domus et vicinia tota Introrsum turpem, speciosum pelle decora. 45 Nee furtum feci nee fugi, si mihi dicat Servus : — Habes pretium, loris non ureris, aio. — Non hominem occidi ; — ]Non pasces in cruce corvos. — Sum bonus et frugi ; — renuit negitatque Sabellus : Cautus enim metuit foveam lupus, accipiterque 50 Suspectos laqueos, et opertum miluus hamum. Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore ; Tu nihil admittes in te formidine poenae : Sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis. Nam de mille fabae modiis cum surripis unum, 55 Damnum est, non facinus, mihi pacto lenius isto. Yir bonus, omne forum quern spectat et omne tribunal, Quandocunque deos vel porco vel bove placat, Jane pater, clare, clare cum dixit, Apollo, Labra movet metuens audiri : Pulchra Laverna, 60 Da mihi fallere, da justo sanctoque videri, Noctem peccatis et fraudibus objice nubem. Qui melior servo, qui liberior sit avarus, In triviis fixum cum se demittit ob assem, Non video : nam, qui cupiet, metuet quoque ; porro 65 Qui metuens vivet, liber mihi non erit unquam. Pordidit arma, locum virtutis deseruit, qui Semper in augenda festinat et obruitur re. 40. et mendacem; et raendicum. LTBEK I. E. XYII. 269 Vendere cum possis captivum, occidere noli : Serviet utiliter : sine pascat durus aretque, 70 Naviget ac mediis hiemet mercator in undis, Annonae prosit, portet frumenta penusque. Vir bonus et sapiens audebit dicere : Penthen, Hector Thebarum, quid me perferre patique Indignum coges? — Adimam bona. — Nempe pecus, rem, 75 LectoSj argentum : tollas licet. — In manicis et Compedibus saevo te sub custode tenebo. — Ipse deus, simul atque volam, me solvet. — Opinor, Hocsentit: Moriar ; mors ultima linea rerum est. EPISTOLA XVII. AD SCAEVAM. duamvis, Scaeva, satis per te tibi con&ulis, et scis, Q,uo tandem pacto deceat majoribus uti : Disce. docendus adhuc quae censet amiculus. ut si Caecus iter monstrare velit ; tamen adspice, si quid Et nos, quod cures proprium fecisse, loquamur. Si te grata quies et primam somnus in horam Delectat, si te pulvis strepitusque rotarum, Si laedit caupona, Ferentinum ire jubebo : Nam neque divitibus contingunt gaudia solis, Nee vixit male, qui natus moriensque fefellit. Si prodesse tuis paulloque benignius ipsum Te tractare voles, accedes siccus ad unctum. Si pranderet olus patienter, regibus uti K. xvii. 3. laedet : laedat. 270 EPISTOLARUM Nollet Aristippus. — Si sciret regibus uti, Fastidiret olus, qui me notat. — Utrius horum 15 Verba probes et facta, doce, vel junior audi, Cur sit Aristippi potior sententia ; namque Mordacem Cynicum sic eludebat, ut aiunt : Scurror ego ipse mihi, populo tu ; rectius hoc. et Splendidius multo est. Equus ut me portet, alat rex, 20 Orhcium facio ; tu poscis vilia rerum Dante minor, quamvis fers te nullius egentem. Omnis Aristippum decuit color et status et res, Tentantem majora, fere praesentibus aequum. Contra, quern duplici panno patientia velat, 25 Mirabor, vitae via si conversa decebit. Alter purpureum non exspectabit amictum, Q,uidlibet indutus celeberrima per loca vadet, Personamque feret non inconcinnus utramque : Alter Mileti textam cane pejus et angui 30 Vitabit chlamydem, morietur frigore, si non Retuleris pannum : refer et sine vivat ineptus ! Res gerere et captos ostendere civibus hostes, Attingit solium Jovis et coelestia tentat : Principibus placuisse viris non ultima laus est. 35 Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. Sedit, qui timuit, ne non succederet : esto : Quid, qui pervenit ? Fecitne viriliter ? Atqui Hie est aut nusquam, quod quaerimus. Hie onus horret, Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus ; 40 Hie subit et perfert. Aut virtus nomen inane est, Aut decus et pretium recte petit experiens vir. Coram rege suo de paupertate tacentes Plus poscente ferent ; distat, sumasne pudenter, A.n rapias. Atqui rerum caput hoc erat, hie fons. 45 21. vilia: verum. 13. sua. LIBER I. E. XVIII. 271 Indotata mihi soror est, paupercula mater, Et fundus nee vendibilis nee pascere firmus, Q,ui dicit, clamat : Victum date ! Succinit alter : Et mihi dividuo findetur munere quadra. Sed tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet 50 Plus dapis, et rixae multo minus invidiaeque. Brundisium comes aut Surrentum ductus amoenum, Q,ui queritur salebras et acerbum frigus et imbres, Aut cistam effractam et subducta viatica plorat, Nota refert meretricis acumina, saepe catellam 55 Saepe periscelidem raptam sibi flentis, uti mox Nulla fides damnis verisque doloribus adsit. Nee semel irrisus triviis attollere curat Fracto crure planum ; licet illi plurima manet Lacrima, per sanctum juratus dicat Osirim : 60 Credite, non ludo ; crudeles, tollite claudum. Quaere peregrinum, vicinia rauca reclamat. EPISTOLA XVIII. AD LCLLIUM. 8i bene te novi, metues, liberrime Lolli, Scurrantis speciem praebere, professus amicum. Ut matrona meretrici dispar erit atque Discolor, infido scurrae distabit amicus. Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope majus, Asperitas agrestis et inconcinna gravisque, Quae se commendat tonsa cute, dentibus atris, Dum vult libertas dici mera veraque virtus. Virtus est medium vitiorum et utrinque reductum. 272 EPLSTOL AHUM Alter, in obsequium plus aequo pronus et imi 10 Derisor lecti, sic nutum divitis horret, Sic iterat voces et verba cadentia tollit, Ut puerum saevo credas dictata magistro Reddere, vel partes mimum tractare secundas ; Alter rixatur de lana saepe caprina, 15 Pjopugnat nugis armatus ; Scilicet, ut non Sit mihi prima fides, et, vere quod placet, ut non Acriter elatrem ? Pretium aetas altera sordet. Ambigitur quid enim? Castor sciat, an Dolichos plus ; Brundisium Minuci melius via ducat an Appi. 20 Quern damnosa Venus, quern praeceps alea nudat. Gloria quern supra vires et vestit et ungit, Quern tenet argenti sitis importuna famesque, Quern paupertatis pudor et fuga : dives amicus, Saepe decern vitiis instructor, odit et horret : 25 Aut, si non odit, regit, ac veluti pia mater, Plus quam se sapere et virtutibus esse priorem Yult, et ait prope vera : Meae — contendere noli ! — Stultitiam patiuntur opes ; tibi parvula res est ; Arta decet sanum comitem toga ; desine mecum 30 Certare. Eutrapelus, cuicunque nocere volebat, Vestimenta dabat pretiosa : beatus enim jam Cum pulcbris tunicis sumet nova consilia et spes, Dormiet in lucem, scorto postponet honestum Omcium, nummos alienos pascet, — ad imum 35 Threx erit aut olitoris aget mercede caballum. Arcanum neque tu scrutaberis illius unquam, Commissumque teges et vino tortus et ira. Nee tua laudabis studia aut aliena reprendes, Nee, cum venari volet ille, poemata panges. 40 Gratia sic fratrum geminorum, Amphionis atque E. xviii. 19. docilis. 37. ullius. LIBER I. E. XVIII. 573 Zethi, dissiluitj donee suspecta severo Conticuit lyra. Fraternis cessisse putatur Moribus Amphion : tu cede potentis amici Lenibus imperiis, quotiesque educet in agros 45 Aetolis onerata plagis jumenta canesque, Surge et inhumanae senium depone Camenae, Coenes ut pariter pulmenta laboribus empta ; Romanis sollemne viris opus, utile famae Vitaeque et membris, praesertim cum valeas et 50 Vel cursu superare canem vel viribus aprum Possis. Adde, virilia quod speciosius arma Non est qui tractet : — scis, quo clamore coronae Proelia sustineas caropestria ; — denique saevam Militiam puer et Cantabrica bella tulisti 55 Sab duce, qui templis Parthorum signa refigit Nunc, et, si quid abest, Italis adjudicat armis. Ac, ne te retrahas et inexcusabilis absis, Quamvis nil extra numerum fecisse modumque Curas, interdum nugaris rure paterno. 60 Partitur lintres exercitus ; Actia pugna Te duce per pueros hostili more refertur ; Adversarius est frater, lacus Hadria, donee Alterutrum velox victoria fronde coronet. Consentire snis studiis qui crediderit te, 65 Fautor utroque tuum laudabit pollice ludum. Protinus ut moneam, si quid monitoris eges tu, duid de quoque viro et cui dicas, saepe videto. Percontatorem fugito : nam garrulus idem est, Nee retinent patulae commissa fideliter aures, 70 Et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum. Non ancilla tuum jecur ulceret ulla puerve Intra marmoreum venerandi limen amici, i\e dominus pueri pulchri caraeve puellae Munere te parvo beet aut incomnmdus angat. 75 274 EPISTOLARUM Qualem commendes, etiam atque etiam adspioe, ne mox [ncutiant aliena tibi peccata pudorem. Fallimur, et quondam non dignum tradimus : ergo Q,uem sua culpa premet, deceptus omitte tueri ; Ut penitus notum, si tentent crimina, serves 80 Til te risque tuo fidentem praesidio : qui Dente Theonino cum circumroditur, ecquid Ad te post paullo ventura pericula sentis ? Nam tua res agitur, paries cum proximus ardet, Et neglecta solent incendia sumere vires. 85 Dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amici ; Expertus metuit. Tu, dum tua navis in alto est, Hoc age, ne mutata retrorsum te ferat aura. Oderunt hilarem tristes tristemque jocosi, Sedatum celeres, agilem gnavumque remissi, 90 Potores bibuli media de nocte Falerni Oderunt porrecta negantem pocula, quamvis Nocturnos jares te formidare vapores. Deme supercilio nubem : plerumque modestus Occupat obscuri speciem, taciturnus acerbi. 95 Inter cuncta leges et percontabere doctos, Qlua ratione queas traducere leniter aevum ; Num te semper inops agitet vexetque cupido, Num pavor et rerum mediocriter utilium spes : Virtutem doctrina paret naturane donet ; 100 Quid minuat curas, quid te tibi reddat amicum : Quid pure tranquillet, honos an dulce lucellum : An secretum iter et fallentis semita vitae. Me quoties reficit gelidus Digentia rivus, Quern Mandela bibit 5 rugosus frigore pagus, 105 Quid sentire putas, quid credis, amice, precari J Sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus, et mihi vivam 87. metuet ; metuat. 93. tepores. 98. Ne te. 99. Nc. LIBER I. E. XIX, 21b Q,uod superest aevi, si quid superesse volunt di : Sit bona librorum et provisae frugis in annum Copia : neu fluitem dubiae spe pendulus horae ! 1 10 Sed satis est orare Jovem, quae donat et aufert : Pet vitam, det opes : aequum mi animum ipse parabo. EPISTOLA XIX. AD MAECENATEM. Prisco si credis, Maecenas docte, Cratino, Nulla placere diu nee vivere carmina possunt, Quae scribuntur aquae potoribus. Ut male sanos Adscripsit Liber Satyris Faunisque poetas, Vina fere dulces oluerunt mane Camenae. 6 Laudibus arguitur vini vinosus Homerus : Ennius ipse pater nunquam nisi potus ad arma Prosiluit dicenda. Forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis ; Hoc simul edixi, non cessavere poetae 1 Nocturno certare mero, putere diurno. Quid, si quis vultu torvo ferus et pede nudo Exiguaeque togae simulet textore Catonem, Virtutemne repraesentet moresque Catonis ? Rupit Iarbitam Timagenis aemula lingua, 15 Dum studet urbanus tenditque disertus habei i. Decipit exemplar vitiis imitabile : quodsi Pallerem casu, biberent exsangue cumin um. O imitatores, servum pecus, ut mihi saepe Rilem, saepe jocum vestri movere tumultus ! 20 14 276 EPisTOLAiiini Libera per vacuum posui vestigia princeps, Non aliena meo pressi pede. Q,ui sibi fidit, Dux regit examen. Parios ego primus iambos Ostendi Latio, numeros animosque secutus Archilochi, non res et agentia verba Lycamben. 25 Ac ne me foliis ideo brevioribus ornes, Quod timui mutare modos et carminis artem ; Temperat Archilochi Musam pede mascula Sappho, Temperat Alcaeus, sed rebus et ordine dispar, Nee socerum quaerit, quern versibus oblinat atris. 30 Nee sponsae laqueum famoso carmine nectit. Hunc ego, non alio dictum prius ore, Latinus Vulgavi fidicen ; juvat immemorata fere n tern Ingenuis oculisque legi manibusque teneri. Scire velis, mea cur ingratus opuscula lector 35 Laudet ametque domi, premat extra limen iniquus 1 Non ego ventosae plebis smTragia venor Impensis coenarum et tritae munere vestis ; Non ego, nobilium scriptorum auditor et ultor, Grammaticas ambire tribus et pulpita dignor. 40 Hinc illae lacrimae. Spissis indigna theatris Scripta pudet recitare et nugis addere pondus, Si dixi ; Rides, ait, et Jovis auribus ista Servas ; fidis enim, manare poetica mella Te solum, tibi pulcher. Ad haec ego naribus titi, 45 Formido, et, luctantis acuto ne secer ungui, Displicet iste locus, clamo, et diludia posco. Ludus enim gc-nuit trepidum certamen et iram, Ira truces inimicitias et funebre bellum. E. xix. 22, 23. fidet— reget. LIBEE I. E. XX. 277 EPISTOLA XX. AD LIBRUM SUUM. Vertumnum Janumque, liber, spectare videris, Scilicet ut prostes Sosiorum pumice mundus. Odisti claves et grata sigilla pudico : Paucis ostendi gemis, et communia laudas. Non ita nutritus. Fuge, quo descendere gestis. 5 Non erit emisso reditus tibi. Quid miser egi ? Quid volui ? dices, ubi quis te laeserit ; et scis In breve te cogi, cum plenus languet amator. Q,uodsi non odio peccantis desipit augur, Cams eris Romae, donee te deserat aetas ; 10 Contrectatus ubi manibus sordescere vulgi Coeperis, aut tineas pasces taciturnus iuertes, Aut fugies Uticam aut vinctus mitteris Ilerdam. Ridebit monitor non exauditus, ut ille, Qui male parentem in rupes protrusit asellum 1 5 Iratus ; quis enim invitum servare laboret ? Hoc quoque te manet, ut pueros elementa docentera Occupet extremis in vicis balba senectus. Cum tibi sol tepidus plures admoverit aures, Me libertine natum patre et in tenui re 20 Majores pennas nido extendisse loqueris, Ut, quantum generi demas, virtutibus addas : Me primis urbis belli placuisse domique ; Corporis exigui. praecanum, solibus aptum, Irasci celerem, tamen ut placabilis essem. 25 Forte meum si quis te percontabitur aevum, Me quater undenos sciat implevisse Decembres, Collegam Lepidum quo duxit Lollius anno. E. xx. 5. discedere. 7. quid — laeserit. Q. HORATII FLACCI EPISTOLAEUM LIBER SECUNDUS EPISTOLA I. AD AUGUSTUM Cum tot sustineas et tanta negotia solus, lies Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes, Legibus emendes, in publica commoda peccem, Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar. Romulus et Liber pater et cum Castore Pollux, 5 Post ingentia facta deorum in templa recepti, Dum terras hominumque colunt genus, aspera tella Componunt, agros assignant, oppida condunt, Ploravere suis non respondere favorem Speratum meritis. Diram qui contudit Hydram 10 Notaque fatali portenta labore subegit, Comperit invidiam supremo fine domari. Urit enim fulgore suo, qui praegravat artes Infia se positas ; exstinctus amabitur idem, Praesenli tibi maturos largimur honores, 15 LIBER H. E. I. 279 Jurandasque tuum per nomen ponimus aras, Nil oriturum alias, nil ortum tale fatentes. Sed tuus hie populus, sapiens et Justus in uno, Te nostris ducibus, te Gratis anteferendo, Cetera nequaquani simili ratione modoque 20 Aestimat, et, nisi quae terris semota suisque Temporibus defuncta videt, fastidit et odit : Sic fautor veterum, ut tabulas peccare vetantes, Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt, foedera regum Yel Gabiis vel cum rigidis aequata Sabinis, 25 Pontificum libros, annosa volumina vatum, Dictitet Albano Musas in monte locutas. Si, quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, Romani pensantur eadem Scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur : 30 Nil intra est oleam, nil extra est in nuce duri : Yenimus ad summum fortunae, pingimus atque Psallimus et luctamur Achivis doctius unctis. Si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit, Scire velim, chartis pretium quotus arroget annus. 35 Scriptor, abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter Perfectos veteresque referri debet, an inter Viies atque novos ? Excludat jurgia finis. — Est vetus atque probus, centum qui perficit annos. — Quid, qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno, 40 Inter quos referendus exit ? veteresne poetas, An quos et praesens et postera respuat aetas ? — Iste quidem veteres inter ponetur honeste, Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno. — Utor permisso, caudaeque pilos ut equinae 45 Paullatim vello, et demo unum, demo et item unum, Dum cadat elusus ratione ruentis acervi, E, L 16. nurnen, Orellius. 46. etiam: itidem. 280 EP1STOLARUM Q,ui redit in fastos et virtu tern aestimat annis, Miraturque nihil, nisi quod Libitina sacravit. BnniuSj et sapiens et fortis, et alter Homerus, 50 Ut critici dicunt, leviter curare videtur, Q,uo promissa cadant et somnia Pythagorea. Naevius in manibus non est, et mentibus haeret Paene recens ? Adeo sanctum est vetus omne poema. Ambigitur quo-ties, uter utro sit prior, aufert 55 Pacuvius docti famam senis, Accius alti : Dicitur Afrani toga convenisse Menandro, Plautus ad exemplar Siculi properare Epicharmi, Vincere Caecilius gravitate, Terentius arte. Hos ediscit et hos arto stipata theatro 60 Spectat Roma potens ; habet hos numeratque poetas Ad nostrum tempus Livi scriptoris ab aevo. Interdum vulgus rectum videt ; est ubi peccat. Si veteres ita miratur laudatque poetas, Ut nihil anteferat, nihil illis comparet, errat : 65 Si quaedam nimis antique, si pleraque dure Dicere credit eos, ignave multa fatetur, Et sapit et mecum facit et Jove judicat aequo. Non equidem insector delendave carmina Livi Esse reor, memini quae plagosum mihi parvo 70 Orbilium dictare : sed emendata videri Pulchraque et exactis minimum distantia miror. Inter quae verbum emicuit si forte decorum, Si versus paullo concinnior unus et alter, Injuste totum ducit venditque poema. 75 Indignor quidquam reprehendi, non quia crasse Compositum illepideve putetur, sed quia nuper : Nee veniam antiquis, sed honorem et praemia posci. Recte necne crocum Moresque perambulet Attae G7. LIBER II. E. I. 281 Fabula si dubitem. clament periisse pudorem 80 Cuncti paene patres, ea cum reprehendere coner, Quae gravis Aesopus, quae doctus Roscius egit : Vel quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt. Vel quia turpe putant parere minoribus, et, quae Imberbes didicere, senes perdeilda fateri. Sn Jam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat, et illud, Quod mecum ignorat, solus vult scire videri, Tugeniis non ille fa vet plauditque sepultis, Nostra sed impugnat, nos nostraque lividus odit. Quod si tarn Graecis novitas invisa fuisset, 90 Quam nobis, quid nunc esset vetus, aut quid haberet, Quod legeret tereretque viritim publicus usus ? Ut primum positis nugari Graecia bellis Coepit, et in vitium fortuna labier aequa, Nunc athletarum studiis, nunc arsit equorum, 95 Marmoris aut eboris fabros aut aeris amavit, Suspendit picta vultum mentemque tabella, Nunc tibicinibus, nunc est gavisa tragoedis ; Sub rmtrice puella velut si luderet infans, Quod cupide petiit, mature plena reliquit. 100 Quid placet a at odio est, quod non mutabile credas ? Hoc paces habuere bonae ventique secundi. Romae dulce diu fait et sollemne, reclusa Mane domo vigilare, clienti promere jura : Cautos nominibus rectis expendere nummos, 105 Majores audire, minori dicere, per quae Crescere res posset, minui damnosa libido. Mutavit mentem populus levis, et calet uno Scribendi studio ; puerique patresque severi Fronde comas vincti coenant et carmina dictant. 1 10 Ipse ego, qui nullos me affirmo scribere versus, 92. Quiritum. 105. certis. 282 EPISTOLARUM Invemor Parthis mendacior, et prius orto Sole vigil calamum et chartas et scrinia posco. Navim agere ignarus navis timet ; abrotonum aegro Non audet, nisi qui didicit, dare : quod medicorum est, 115 Promittunt medici ; tractant fabrilia fabri : Scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim. Hie error tamen et levis haec insania quantas Virtutes habeat, sic collige : vatis avarus Non temere est animus ; versus amat, hoc studet unum : Detrimenta, fugas servorum, incendia ridet, Non fraudem socio puerove incogitat ullam Pupillo ; vivit siliquis et pane secundo ; Militiae quanquam piger et malus, utilis urbi, Si das hoc, parvis quoque rebus magna juvari. 125 Os tenerum pueri balbumque poeta figurat, Torquet ab obscoenis jam nunc sermonibus aurem, Mox etiam pectus praeceptis format amicis, Asperitatis et invidiae corrector et irae ; Recte facta refert, orientia tempora notis 130 Instruit exemplis, inopem solatur et aegrum. Castis cum pueris ignara puella mariti Disceret unde preces, vatem ni Musa dedisset ? Poscit opem chorus et praesentia numina sentit, Coelestes implorat aquas docta prece blandus, 135 Avertit morbos, metuenda pericula pel lit, Impetrat et pacem et locupletem frugibus annum, Carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes. Agricolae prisci, fortes parvoque beati, Condita post frumenta levantes tempore festo 140 Corpus et ipsum animum spe finis dura ferentem, Cum sociis operum, pueris et conjuge fida, Tellurem porco, Silvanum lacte piabant, Floribus et vino Genium, memorem brevis aevi. Fescennina per hunc inventa licentia morem, 145 LIBER II. E. I. 283 Versibus alternis opprobria rustica fudit, Libertasque recurrentes accepta per annos Lusit amabiliter, donee jam saevus apertam In rabiem coepit verti jocus, et per honestas Ire domos impune minax. Doluere cruento 150 Dente lacessiti ; fuit intactis quoque cura Conditione super communi ; quin etiam lex Poenaque lata, malo quae nollet carmine quenquam Describi. Yertere modum, formidine fustis Ad bene dicendum delectandumque redacti. Ji^H Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes Intulit agresti Latio : sic horridus ille Defluxit numerus Saturnius, et grave virus Munditiae pepulere : sed in longum tamen aevum Manserunt hodieque manent vestigia ruris. 160 Serus enim Graecis admovit acumina chartis, Et post Punica bella quietus, quaerere coepit, Quid Sophocles et Thespis et Aeschylus utile ferrent. Tentavit quoque rem, si digne vertere posset, Et placuit sibi, natura sublimis et acer ; 165 Nam spirat tragicum satis et feliciter audet ; Sed turpem putat inscite metuitque lituram. Creditur, ex medio quia res arcessit, habere Sudoris minimum, sed habet comoedia tanto Plus oneris, quanto veniae minus. Adspice, Plautus 170 duo pacto partes tutetur amantis ephebi, Ut patris attenti, lenonis ut insidiosi ; Quantus sit Dossennus edacibus in parasitis, Q,uam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco : Gestit enim nummum in loculos demittere, post hoc 175 Securus, cadat an recto stet fabula talo. Q,uem tulit ad scenam ventoso Gloria curru, Exanimat lentus spectator, sedulus inflat : Sic leve, sic parvum est, animum quod laudis avarum 284 EPISTOLARUM Submit aut reficit. Valeat res ludicra, si me 180 Palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum. Saepe etiam audacem fugat hoc terretque poetam, Quod numero plures, virtute et honore minores, Indocti stolidique et depugnare parati, Si discordet eques, media inter carmina poscunt 185 Aut ursum aut pugiles : his nam plebecula plaudit. Veram equitis quoque jam migravit ab aure voluptas Omnis ad incertos ocuios et gaudia vana. duatuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas, Dum fugiunt equitum turmae peditumque catervae: 190 Mox trahitur manibus regum fortuna retortis, Esseda festinant, pilenta, petorrita, naves, Captivum portatur ebur, captiva Corinthus. Si foret in terris, rideret Democritus, seu Diversum confusa genus panthera camelo 195 Sive elephas albus vulgi converteret ora ; Spectaret populum ludis attentius ipsis Ut sibi praebentem mimo spectacula plura, Scriptores autem narrare putaret asello Fabellam surdo. Nam quae pervincere voces 200 Evaluere sonum, referunt quern nostra theatra? Garganum mugire putes nemus aut mare Tuscum : Tanto cum strepitu ludi spectantur et artes Divitiaeque peregriiae, quibus oblitus actor Cum stetit in scena, concurrit dextera laevae. 205 Dixit adhuc aliquid ? Nil sane. Q,uid placet ergo ? Lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno. Ac ne forte putes, me, quae facere ipse recusem, Cum recte tractent alii, laudare maligne ; Tile per extentum funem mihi posse videtur 210 Ire poeta, meum qui oectus inaniter angit, 186. gaudet. libee n. E. I. 285 Irritat, mulcet, falsis terroribus implet, Ut magus, et modo me Thebis, modo ponit Athenis. Verum age. et his, qui se lectori credere malunt, Q,uam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi, 215 Curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum Vis complere libris, et vatibus addere calcar Ut studio majore petant Helicona virentem. Multa quidem nobis facimus mala saepe poetae, — Ut vineta egomet caedam mea — cum tibi librum 220 Sollicito damns aut fesso ; cum laedimur, unum Si quis amicorum est ausus reprehendere versum ; Cum ioca jam recitata revolvimus irrevocati ; Cum lamentamur, non apparere labores Nostros, et tenui deducta poemata filo : 225 Cum speramus, eo rem venturam, ut, simul atque Carmina rescieris nos fingere, commodus ultro Arcessas, et egere vetes, et scribere cogas. Sed tamen est operae pretium cognoscere, quales Aedituos habeat belli spectata domique 230 Virtus, indigno non committenda poetae. Gratus Alexandro regi Magno fuit ille Choerilus, incultis qui versibus et male natis Retulit acceptos, regale nomisma, Phiiippos. Sed, veluti tractata notam labemque remittunt 235 Atramenta, fere scriptores carmine foedo Splendida facta linunt. Idem rex ille, poema Qui tarn ridiculum tarn care prodigus emit, Edicto vetuit, ne quis se praeter Apellem Pingeret, aut alius Lysippo duceret aera 24i | Fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia. Gtuodsi Judicium subtile videndis artibus illud Ad libros et ad haec Musarum dona vocares. Boeotum in crasso jurares aere natum. At neque dedecorant tua de se judicia atque 245 286 EPISTOLARUM Munera, quae multa dantis cum laude tulerunt, Dilecti tibi Virgilius Variusque poetae ; Nee magis expressi vultus per ahenea signa, Quam per vatis opus mores animique virorum Clarorum apparent. Nee sermones ego mallem 250 Repentes per humum, quam res componere gestas, Terrarumque situs et flumina dicere et arces Montibus impositas et barbara regna, tuisque Auspiciis totum confecta duella per orbem, Claustraque custodem pacis cohibentia Janum, 255 Et formidatam Parthis te principe Romam, Si, quantum cuperem, possem quoque; sednequeparvum Carmen majestas recipit tua, nee meus audet Rem tentare pudor, quam vires ferre recusent. Sedulitas autem, stulte quern diligit, urget : 26U Praecipue cum se numeris commendat et arte : Discit enim citius meminitque libentius illud, Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat et veneratur. Nil moror officium, quod me gravat, ac neque ncto In pejus vultu proponi cereus usquam, 265 Nee prave factis decorari versibus opto, Ne rubeam pingui donatus munere, et una Cum scriptore meo, capsa porrectus aperta, Deferar in vicum vendentem thus et odores Et piper, et quidquid chartis amicitur ineptis. 270 268. operta. 270. memptis. LIBER H. E. H. 287 EPISTOLA II. AD JULIUM FLORUM. Flore, bono claroque Melis amice Neroni, Si quis forte velit puerum tibi vendere natum Tibure vel Gabiis, et tecum sic agat : — Hie, et Candidus et talos a vertice pulcher ad imos, Fiet eritque tuus nummorum millibus octo, 5 Verna ministeriis ad natus aptus heriles, Litterulis Graecis imbutus, idoneus arti Cuilibet ; argilla quidvis imitabitur uda; Q,uin etiam canet indoctum, sed dulce bibenti. Multa fidem promissa levant, ubi plenius aequo 10 Laudat venales, qui vult extrudere, merces. Res urget me nulla : meo sum pauper in aere. Nemo hoc mangonum faceret tibi ; non temere a me Quivis ferret idem. Semel hie cessavit, et, ut fit, In scalis latuit, metuens pendentis habenae : — 15 Des nummos, excepta nihil te si fuga laedat ; Ille ferat pretium poenae securus, opinor. Prudens emisti vitiosum ; dicta tibi est lex : Insequeris tamen hunc et lite moraris iniqua 7 Dixi me pigrum proficiscenti tibi, dixi 20 Talibus officiis prope mancum, ne mea saevus Jurgares ad te quod epistola nulla rediret. Q,uid turn profeci, mecum facientia jura Si tamen attentas 7 Q,uereris super hoc etiam, quod Exspectata tibi non mittam carmina mendax. 25 Lucilli miles collecta viatica multis Aerumnis, lassus dum noctu stertit, ad assem E. ii. 22. veniret. 288 EPISTOLAltUM Perdiderat ; post hoc vehemens lupus, et sibi et hosti Iratus pariter, jejunis dentibus acer, Praesidium regale loco dejecit, ut aiunt, 30 Summe munito et multarum divite rerum. Clams ob id factum, donis ornatur honestis ; Accipit et bis dena super sestertia nummum. Forte sub hoc tempus castellum evertere praetor Nescio quod cupiens, hortari coepit eundem 35 Verbis, quae timido quoque possent addere menteni : I, bone, quo virtus tua te vocat, i pede fausto, Grandia laturus meritorum praemia ! Quid stas ? Post haec ille catus, quantumvis rusticus : Ibit, Ibit eo, quo vis, qui zonam perdidit, inquit. 40 Romae nutriri mihi contigit, atque doceri, Iratus Graiis quantum nocuisset Achilles. Adjecere bonae paullo plus artis Athenae, Scilicet ut possem curvo dignoscere rectum, Atque inter silvas Academi quaerere verum. 45 Dura sed emovere loco me tempora grato, Civilisque rudem belli tulit aestus in arma, Caesaris Augusti non responsura lacertis. Unde simul primum me dimisere Philippi, Decisis humilem pennis, inopemque paterni 50 Et Laris et fundi, paupertas impulit audax, Ut versus facerem ; sed, quod non desit, habentem Q,uae poterunt unquam satis expurgare cicutae, Ni melius dormire putem quam scribere versus ? Singula de nobis anni praedantur euntes : 55 Eripuere jocos, Yenerem, convivia, ludum, Tendunt extorquere poemata : quid faciam vis 7 Denique non omnes eadem mirantur amantque : Carmine tu gaudes, hie delectatur iambis, 44. vellcm, Orellius. LIBER II. E. II. 289 Me Bioneis sermonibus et sale nigro. 60 Ties mihi convivae prope dissentire videntur, Poscentes vario multum diversa palato. Q,uid dem ? quid non dem ? Renuis tu, quod jubet alter; Quod petis, id sane est invisum acidumque duobus. Praeter cetera, me Romaene poemata censes 05 Scribere posse inter tot curas totque labores ? Hic'sponsum vocat, hie auditum scripta relictis Omnibus officiis : cubat hie in colle Gluirini, Hie extremo in Aventino, visendus uterque : Intervalla vides humane commoda. — Yerum 70 Purae sunt plateae. nihil ut meditantibus obstet. — Festinat calidus mulis gerulisque redemptor, Torquet nunc lapidem, nunc ingens machina tignum, Tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris, Hac rabiosa furit canis, hac lutulenta ruit sus : 75 I nunc et versus tecum meditare canoros. Scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus, et fugit urbem, Rite cliens Bacchi somno gaudentis et umbra ; Tu me inter strepitus noctumos atque diurnos Vis canere, et contracta sequi vestigia vatum ? 80 Ingenium, sibi quod vacuas desumpsit Athenas Et studiis annos septem dedit insenuitque Libris et curis, statua taciturnius exit Plerumque et risu populum quatit : hie ego rerum Fluctibus in mediis et tempestatibus urbis, 85 Verba lyrae motura sonum connectere digner ? Frater erat Romae consulti rhetor, ut alter Alterius sermone meros audiret honores, Gracchus ut hie illi foret, huic ut Mucins ille. Qui minus argutos vexat furor iste poetas ? 90 Carmina compono, hie elegos. Mirabile visu 77. urbes. 80 contacta. 290 EPISTOLAEUM Oaelatumque novem Musis opus ! Adspice primuin, Quanto cum fastu, quanto molimine circum- Spectemus vacuam Romanis vatibus aedem ; Mox etiam, si forte vacas, sequere et procul audi, ( J5 Q,uid ferat et quare sibi nectat uterque coronam. Caedimurj et totidem plagis consumimus hostem, Lento Samnites ad lumina prima duello. Discedo Alcaeus puncto illius ; ille meo quis ? Q,uis. nisi Callimachus ? Si plus adposcere vis us, 10U Fit Mimnermus, et optivo cognomine crescit. Multa fero, ut placem genus irritabile vatum, Cum scribo, et supplex populi suffragia capto ; Idem, finitis studiis et mente recepta, Obturem patulas impune legentibus aures. 105 Ridentur, mala qui componunt carmina ; verum Gaudent scribentes, et se venerantur, et ultro, Si taceas ; laudant, quidquid scripsere, beati. At, qui legitimum cupiet fecisse poema, Cum tabulis animum censoris sumet honesti ; 110 Audebit, quaecunque parum splendoris habebunt, Et sine pondere erunt, et honore indigna ferentur, Verba movere loco, quamvis invita recedant, Et versentur adhuc intra penetralia Testae. Obscurata diu populo bonus eruet, atque • 1 L5 Proferet in lucem speciosa vocabula rerum, Q,uae priscis memorata Catonibus atque Cethegis Nunc situs informis premit et deserta vetustas : Adsciscet nova, quae genitor produxerit usus ; Vehemens et liquidus puroque simillimus amni, 120 Fundet opes, Latiumque beabit divite lingua ; Luxuriantia compescet, nimis aspera sano Levabit cultu, virtute carentia toilet ; Ludentis speciem dabit, et torquebitur, ut qui Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur. 125 LIBEK II. E. II. 291 Praetulerim scriptor delirus inersque videri, Dum mea delectent mala me vel denique fallant, Q,uam sapere et ringi. Fuit haud ignobilis Argis, Q,ui se credebat miros audire tragoedos, In vacuo laetus sessor plausorque theatro ; 130 Cetera qui vitae servaret munia recto More, bonus sane vicinus, amabilis hospes, Comis in uxorem, posset qui ignoscere servis Et signo laeso non insanire lagenae ; Posset qui rupem et puteum vitare patentein. 135 Hie ubi cognatorum opibus curisque refectus Expulit helleboro morbum bilemque meraco, Et redit ad sese : Pol, me occidistis, amici, Non servastis, ait, cui sic extorta voluptas Et demptus per vim mentis gratissimus error. 140 Nimirum sapere est abjectis utile nugis, Et tempestivum pueris concedere ludum, Ac non verba sequi fidibus modulanda Latinis, Sed verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. Q,uocirca mecum loquor haec tacitusque recordor: 145 Si tibi nulla sitim finiret copia lymphae, Narrares medicis : quod, quanto plura parasti, Tanto plura cupis, nulline faterier audes? Si vulnus tibi monstrata radice vel herba Non fieret levius, fugeres radice vel herba 150 Pronciente nihil curarier. Audieras, cui Rem di donarent, illi decedere pravam Stultitiam ; et, cum sis nihilo sapientior, ex quo Plenior es, tamen uteris monitoribus isdem ? At si divitiae prudentem reddere possent, 155 Si cupidum timidumque minus te, nempe ruberes, Viveret in terris te si quis avarior uno. Si proprium est, quod quis libra mercatur et aere, Quaedam, si credis consul tis, mancipat usus ; 292 EPISTOLAEUM Q,ui te pascit ager, tuus est, et villicus Orbi, 160 Cum segetes occat tibi mox frumenta daturas, Te dominum sentit. Das nummos, accipis uvani, Pullos, ova, cadum temeti : nempe modo isto Paullatim mercaris agrum, fortasse trecentis, Aut etiam supra, nummoium millibus emptum. [Crb Q,uid refert, vivas numerato nuper an olim ? Emptor Aricini quondam Veientis et arvi Emptum coenat olus, quamvis aliter putat ; emptis Sub noctem gelidam lignis calefactat ahenum ; Sed vocat usque suum, qua populus adsita certis 170 Limitibus vicina refugit jurgia : tanquam Sit proprium quidquam, puncto quod mobilis horae Nunc prece, nunc pretio, nunc vi, nunc morte suprema Permutet dominos et cedat in altera jura. Sic, quia perpetuus nulli datur usus, et heres 1.75 Heredem alterius velut unda supervenit undam, Q,uid vici prosunt aut horrea '} quidve Calabris Saltibus adjecti Lucani, si metit Orcus Grandia cum parvis, non exorabilis auro ? Gemmas, marmor, ebur, Tyrrhena sigilla, tabellas, 180 Argentum, vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas, Sunt qui non habeant ; est qui non curat habere. Cur alter fratrum cessare et ludere et ungi Praeferat Herodis palmetis pinguibus, alter Dives et importunus ad umbram lucis ab ortu 185 Silvestrem rlammis et ferro mitiget agrum, Scit Genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum, Naturae deus humanae, mortalis in unum- Gluodque caput, vultu mutabilis, albus et ater. Utar, et ex modico, quantum res poscet, acervo 1 90 To Ham, nee metuam, quid de me judicet heres, 161. daturus. LIBEK II. E. II. 293 Quod non plura datis invenerit ; et tamen idem Scire volam, quantum simplex hilarisque nepoti Discrepet, et quantum discordet parous avaro. Distat enim, spargas tua prodigus, an neque sumptum 195 Invitus facias neque plura parare labores, Ac potius, puer ut festis quinquatribus olim, Exiguo gratoque fruaris tempore raptim. Pauperies immunda domus procul absit : ego, utrum Nave ferar magna an parva, ferar unus et idem. 200 Non agimur tumidis velis Aquilone secundo : Non tamen adversis aetatem ducimus Austris ; Virions, ingenio, specie, virtute, loco, re, Extremi primorum, extremis usque priores. Non es avarus : abi. Quid ? Cetera jam simul isto 205 Cum vitio fugere ? Caret tibi pectus inani Ambitione ? Caret mortis formidine et ira ? Somnia, terrores magicos, miracula, sagas, Nocturnos lemures portentaque Thessala rides ? Natales grate numeras ? Ignoscis amicis ? 210 Lenior et melior fis accedente senecta ? Quid te exempta levat spinis de pluribus una ? Vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis. Lusisti satis, edisti satis atque bibisti ; Tempus abire tibi est, ne potium largius aequo 216 Bideat et pulset lasciva decentius aetas. 199. domu ; domo ; procul procul. Q. 1I0RATI1 FLaCCI EPISTOLA AD PISONES, DE ARTE POETIC A. Humano capiti cervicem pictor equinam Jungere si velit, et varias inducere plumas Undique collatis membris, ut turpiter atrum Desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne, Spectatum admissi risum teneatis, amici ? 5 Credite, Pisones, isti tabulae fore librum Persimilem, cujus, velat aegri somnia, vanae Fingentur species, ut nee pes nee caput uni Reddatur formae. Pictoribus atque poetis Q,uidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa potestas. 10 ScimuSj et hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicissim, Sed non ut placidis coeant immitia, non ut Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni. Inceptis gravibus plerumque et magna professis Purpureus, late qui splendeat, unus et alter 15 Adsuitur pannus ; cum lucus et ara Dianae Et properantis aquae per amoenos ambitus agros, 8. Finguntur. DE ARTE POETIC A. 295 Aut flumen Rhenum aut pluvius describitur arcus. Sed nunc non erat his locus. Et fortasse cnpressum Scis simulare, quid hoc, si fractis enatat exspes 20 Navibus, aere dato qui pingitur? Amphora coepit Institui : currente rota cur urceus exit ? Denique sit quidvis simplex dnntaxat et unum. Maxima pars vatum, pater et juvenes patre digni, Decipimur specie recti. Brevis esse laboro, 25 Obscurus fio ; sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt animique ; professus grandia turget ; Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae. Q,ui variare cupit rem prodigialiter unam, Delphinum silvis appingit, fluctibus aprum. 30 In vitium ducit culpae fuga, si caret arte. Aemilium circa ludum faber, unus et ungues Exprimet et molles imitabitur aere capillos, Infelix operis summa, quia ponere totum Nesciet : hunc ego me, si quid componere curem, 35 Non magis esse velim, quam pravo vivere naso Spectandum nigris oculis nigroque capillo. Sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, et versate diu, quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant humeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res, 40 Nee facundia deseret hunc, nee lucidus ordo. Ordinis haec virtus erit et Yenus, aut ego fallor, Ut jam nunc dicat jam nunc debentia dici, Pleraque difTerat et praesens in tempus omittat ; Hoc amet, hoc spernat promissi carminis auctor. 45 In verbis etiam tenuis cautusque serendis, Dixeris egregie, notum si callida verbum Reddiderit junctura novum. Si forte necesse est Indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum, 23. quod vis. 32. imus. 42. haud ego. 296 DE ARTE POETICA. Fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cethegis 5G Continget, dabituique licentia sumpta pudenter. Et nova fictaque nuper habebunt verba fidem, si Graeco fonte cadent, parce detorta. Quid autem Caecilio Plautoque dabit Romanus, ademptum Virgilio Yarioque ? Ego cur, acquirere pauca 55 Si possum, invideor, cum lingua Catonis et Enni Sermonem patrium ditaverit et nova rerum Nomina protulerit ? Licuit semperque licebit, Signatum praesente nota producere nomen. Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, 60 Prima cadunt : ita verborum vetus interit aetas, Et juvenum ritu fiorent modo nata vigentque. Debemur morti nos nostraque : sive receptus Terra Neptunus classes Aquilonibus arcet, Regis opus, sterilisve diu palus aptaque remis 65 Yicinas urbes alit et grave sentit aratrum, Seu cursum mutavit iniquum frugibus amnis, Doctus iter melius ; mortalia facta peribunt, Nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax. Multa renascentur, quae jam cecidere, cadentque 70 Quae nunc sunt in honore, vocabula, si volet usus, Quern penes arbitrium est et jus et norma loquendi. Res gestae regumque ducumque et tristia bella Quo scribi possent numero, monstravit Homerus. Yersibus impariter junctis querimonia primum, 75 Post etiam inclusa est voti sententia compos. Quis tamen exiguos elegos emiserit auctor, Grammatici certant et adhuc sub judice lis est. Archilochum proprio rabies armavit iambo : Hunc socci cepere pedem grandesque cothurni, 80 Alternis aptum sermonibus, et populares 53. cadant. 59. procudere. 62. virentque. DE AETE POETIC A. 297 Vincentem strepitus, et natum rebus agendis. Musa dedit ndibus divos puerosque deorum, Et pugilem victorem, et equum certamine primum, Et juvenum curas, et libera vina referre. 85 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, Cur ego, si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salutor ? Cur nescire, pudens prave, quam discere, malo ? Versibus exponi tragieis res comica nou vult : Indignatur'item privatis ac prope socco 90 Dignis carminibus narrari coena Thyestae. Singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decenter. Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore, Et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri 95 Telephus et Peleus, cum pauper et exsul, uterque Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba, Si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querela. Non satis est pulcbra esse poemata : dulcia sun to, Et quocunque volent, animum auditoris agunto. 1 00 Ut ridentibus arrident, ita flentibus adsunt Humani vultus. Si vis me flere, dolendum est Primum ipsi tib: ; tunc tua me infortunia laedent, Telepbe vel Peleu : male si mandata loqueris, Aut dormitabo aut ridebo. Tristia moestum 105 Yultum verba decent, iratum plena minarum, Ludentem lasciva, severum seria dictu. Format enim natura prius nos intus ad omnem Fortunarum habitum ; juvat, aut impellit ad iram, Aut ad humum moerore gravi deducit et angit ; 1 10 Post effert animi motus interprete lingua. Si dicentis erunt fortunis absona dicta, 92. decentem. 95, 96. pedestri. Telephus — . 101. adsint ; adflent, de con}. '298 -DE ARTE POETIC A. Romani tollent equites peditesque cachinnum. Intererit multum, divusne loquatur an heros, Matumsne senex an adhuc florente juventa 115 Fervidus, et matrona potens an sedula nutrix, Mercatorne vagus cultorne virentis agelli, Colchus an Assyrius, Thebis nutritus an Argis. Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge. Scriptor honoratum si forte reponis Achillem, 120 Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer, Jura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis. Sit Medea ferox invictaque, flebilis Ino, Perfidus Ixion, Io vaga, tristis Orestes. Si quid inexpertum scenae committis, et audes 125 Personam formare novam, servetur ad imum, Gtualis ab incepto processerit, et sibi constet. Dimcile est proprie communia dicere : tuque Rectius Iliaeum carmen deducis in actus, Q,uam si proferres ignota indictaque primus. 13U Publica materies privati juris erit, si Non circa vilem patulumque moraberis orbem, Nee verbum verbo curabis reddere fldus Interpres, nee desilies imitator in artum, TJnde pedem proferre pudor vetet aut operis lex. 135 Nee sic incipies, ut scriptor cyclicus olim : Fortunam Priami cantabo et nobile bellum. Q^uid dignum tanto feret hie promissor hiatu ? Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Q,uanto rectius hie, qui nil molitur inepte : 140 "Die mini, Musa, virum, captae post tempora Trojae Q,ui mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes." Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat, 114. Davusne. 119,120. finge, Scriptor. 139. Parturient. BE ABTE POETICA. 299 Aiitiphaten Scyllamque et cum Cyclopo Charybdm : 145 Nee reditum Diomedis ab interitu Meleagri, Nee gemino bellum Trojanum orditur ab ovo ; Semper ad eventum festinat, et in medias res, Non secus ac notas, auditorem rapit, et quae Desperat tractata nitescere posse, relinquit, • L50 Atque ita mentitur, sic veris falsa remiscet, Primo ne medium, medio ne discrepet imum. Tu, quid ego et populus mecum desideret, audi. Si plausoris eges aulaea manentis, et usque Sessuri, donee cantor, Yos plaudite, dicat, 155 Aetatis cujusque notandi sunt tibi mores, Mobilibusque decor naturis dandus et annis. Reddere qui voces jam scit puer, et pede certo Signat humum, gestit paribus colludere, et iram Colligit ac ponit temere, et mutatur in horas. 160 Imberbis juvenis, tandem custode remoto, Gaudet equis canibusque et aprici gramine campi, Cereus in vitium flecti, monitoribus asper, Utilium tardus provisor, prodigus aeris, Sublimis cupidusque et amata relinquere pernix. 165 Conversis studiis aetas animusque virilis Q,uaerit opes et amicitias, inservit honori, Commisisse cavet, quod mox mutare laboret. Multa senem circumveniunt incommoda ; vel quod duaerit, et inventis miser abstinet ac timet uti, 170 Vel quod res omnes timide gelideque minis trat, Dilator, spe longus, iners, avidusque futuri, Difiicilis, querulus, laudator temporis acti Se puero, castigator censorque minorum. Multa ferunt anni venientes commoda secum, 175 Multa recedentes adimunt. Ne forte seniles !57 rnaturis. 172. spe lentus, de coiij ; ibid pavidusque — de con.). 15 BOO DE AETE POETICA. Mandentur juveni partes, pueroque viriles, Semper in adjunctis aevoque morabimur aptis. Aut agitur res in scenis, aut acta refertur. Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem, 180 Q.uam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus, et quae Tpse sibi tradit spectator. Non tamen intus Digna geri promes in scenam, multaque tolles Ex oculis, quae mox narret facundia praesens : Ne pueros coram populo Medea trucidet, 185 Aut humana palam coquat exta nefarius Atreus, Aut in avem Progne vertatur, Cadmus in anguem. Q,uodcunque ostendis mihi sic, incredulus odi. Neve minor, neu sit quinto productior actu Fabula, quae posci vult et spectata reponi. 190 Nee deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus Incident, nee quarta loqui persona laboret. Actoris partes chorus officiumque virile Defendat, neu quid medios intercinat actus, Q,uod non proposito conducat et haereat apte 195 Ille bonis faveatque et consilietur amice, Et regat iratos, et amet peccare timentes ; Ille dapes laudet mensae brevis, ille salubrem Justitiam legesq ue et apertis otia portis ; Ille tegat commissa, deosque precetur et oret, 200 Ut redeat miseris, abeat fortuna superbis. Tibia non, ut nunc, orichalco vincta tubaeque Aemula, sed tenuis simplexque foramine pauco, Adspirare et adesse choris erat utilis, atque Nondum spissa nimis complere sedilia flatu : 205 Quo sane populus numerabilis, utpote parvus, Et frugi castusque verecund usque coibat. l'ostquam coepit agros extendere victor, et urbem 197. pacare tunientes, Orellius. 202. juncta. DE AETE POETICA. 301 Latior amplecti mums, vinoque diurno Placari Genius festis impune diebus ; 210 Accessit numerisque modisque licentia major. Indoctus quid enim saperet liberque laborum Rusticus urbano confusus, turpis honesto ? Sic priscae motumque et luxuriem addidit arti Tibicen, traxitque vagus per pulpita vestem. 215 Sic etiam fidibus voces crevere severis, Et tulit eloquium insolitum facundia praeceps, Utiliumque sagax rerum et divina futuri Sortilegis non discrepuit sententia Delphis. Carmine qui tragico vilem certavit ob hircum, 220 Mox etiam agrestes Satyros nudavit, et asper Incolumi gravitate jocum tentavit eo, quod Illecebris erat et grata novitate morandus Spectator, functusque sacris et potus et exlex. Verum ita risores, ita commend are dicaces 225 Conveniet Satyros, ita vertere seria ludo, Ne, quicunque deus, quicunque adhibebitur heros f Regali conspectus in auro nuper et ostro, Migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas, Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet. 230 Effutire leves indigna tragoedia versus, Ut festis matrona moveri jussa diebus, Intererit Satyris paullum pudibunda protervis. Non ego inornata et dominantia nomina solum Verbaque, Pisones, Satyrorum scriptor amabo ; 235 Nee sic enitar tragico differre colori, Ut nihil intersit, Davusne loquatur et audax Pythias, emuncto lucrata Simone talentum, An custos famulusque dei Silenus alumni. Ex noto nctum carmen sequar, nt sibi quivis 240 237. an audax. 302 DE ARTE POETICA. Speret idem, sudet multum, frustraque laboret Ausus idem: tantum series juncluraque pollet, Tantum de medio sumptis accedit honor's. Silvis deducti caveant me judice Pauni, Ne, velut innati triviis ac paene forenses, 215 Aut nimium teneris juvenentur versibus mquam, Aut immunda crepent ignominiosaque dicta. Offenduntur enim, quibus est equus et pater et res, Nee, si quid fricti ciceris probat et nucis emptor, Aequis accipiunt animis, donantve corona. 250 Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus, Pes citus ; unde etiam trimetris accrescere jussit Nomen iambeis, cum senos redderet ictus Primus ad extremum similis sibi. Non ita pridem, Tardior ut paullo graviorque veniret ad aures, 255 Spondeos stabiles in jura paterna recepit Commodus et patiens, non ut de sede secunda Cederet aut quarta socialiter. Hie et in Acci Nobilibus trimetris apparet rarus, et Enni In scenam missos cum magno pondere versus, 260 Aut operae celeris nimium curaque carentis, Aut ignoratae premit artis crimine turpi. Non quivis videt immodulata poemata judex. Et data Romanis venia est indigna poetis. Idcircone vager scribamque licenter 1 an omnes 265 Visuros peccata putem mea, tutus et intra Spem veniae cautus ? Vitavi denique culpam, Non laudem merui. Yos exemplaria Graeca Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna. At vestri proavi Plautinos et numeros et 270 Laudavere sales, nimium patienter utrumque, Ne dicam stulte, mirati ; si modo ego et vos 265. at omnes : at omnes. DE ARTE POETICA. 303 Scimus inurbanum lepido seponere dicto, Legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure. Tgnotum tragicae genus invenisse Camenae 275 Dicitur, et plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis, Quae canerent agerentque peruncti faecibus ora. Post huuc personae pallaeque repertor honestae Aeschylus et modicis instravit pulpita tignis, Et doc ait magnumque loqui nitique cothurno. 280 Successit vetus his comoedia, non sine multa Laude ; sed in vitium libertas excidit et vim Dignam lege regi : lex est accepta, chorusque Turpi ter obticuit, sublato jure nocendi. Nil intentatum nostri liquere poetae ; 285 Nee minimum meruere decus, vestigia Graeca Ausi deserere, et celebrare domestica facta, Vel qui praetextas vel qui docuere togatas. Nee virtute foret clarisque potentius armis, Q,uam lingua, Latium, si non offenderet unum- 290 duemque poetarum limae labor et mora. Vos, o Pompilius sanguis, carmen reprehendite, quod non Multa dies et multa litura coercuit, atque Perfectum decies non castigavit ad unguem. Ingenium misera quia fortunatius arte 295 Credit, et excludit sanos Helicone poetas Democritus, bona pars non ungues ponere curat, Non barbam, secreta petit loca, balnea vitat. Nanciscetur enim pretium nomenque poetae, Si tribus Anticyris caput insanabile nunquam 3(10 Tonsori Licino commiserit. O ego laevus,. Q,ui purgor bilem sub verni temporis horam ! Non alius faceret meliora poemata ; verum Nil tanti est. Ergo fungar vice cotis, acutum 294. Praesectum. 304 DE ARTE POETIC A. Reddere quae ferrum valet, exsors ip^a secandi : 305 Munus et officium nil scribens ipse docebo, Unde parentur opes, quid alat formetque poetam, Quid deceat, quid non, quo virtus, quo ferat error. Scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons : Rem tibi Socraticae poterunt ostendere chartae, 310 Verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur. Q,ui didicit, patriae quid debeat, et quid amicis, Gluo sit amore parens, quo frater amandus et hospes, Quod sit conscripti, quod judicis officium, quae Partes in bellum missi ducis ; ille profecto 315 Reddere personae scit convenientia cuique. Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo Doctum imitatorem, et vivas hinc ducere voces. Interdum speciosa locis morataque recte Fabula, nullius Veneris, sine pondere et arte, 320 Valdius oblectat populum meliusque moratur, Q,uam versus inopes rerum nugaeque canorae. Graiis ingenium, Graiis dedit ore rotundo Musa loqui, praeter laudem nullius avaris. Romani pueri longis rationibus assem 325 Discunt in partes centum diducere. Dicat Filius Albini : si de quincunce remota est Uncia, quid superat? Poteras dixisse : Triens. — Eu ! Rem poteris servare tuam. Redit uncia, quid fit ? — Semis. At haec animos aerugo et cura peculi 330 Cum semel imbuerit, speramus carmina fingi Posse, linenda cedro et levi servanda cupresso 7 Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae, Aut simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae. Q,uidquid praecipies, esto brevis, ut cito dicta 335 814. quid — quid. 318. veras. 319. jocis. 326. Dicas, de con). 328. superet ; ibid, poterat. DE ARTE POETICA. 305 Percipiant animi dociles, teneantque fideles : Orane supervacuum pleno de pectore manat. Ficta voluptatis causa sint proxima veris : Ne, quodcunque volet, poscat sibi fabula credi, Neu pransae Lamiae vivum puerum extrahat alvo. 340 Centuriae seniorum agitant expertia frugis, Celsi praetereunt austera poemata Ramnes : Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci, Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo. Hie meret aera liber Sosiis, hie et mare transit, 345 Et longum noto scriptori prorogat aevum. Sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus. Nam neque chorda sonum reddit, quern vult manus et mens. Poscentique gravem persaepe remittit acutum ; Nee semper feriet, quodcunque minabitur, arcus. 350 Verum, ubi plura nitent in carmine, non ego paucis Offendar maculis, quas aut incuria fudit Aut humana parum cavit natura. Quid ergo est ? Ut scriptor si peccat idem librarius usque, Q,uamvis est monitus, venia caret ; ut citharoedus 355 Ridetur, chorda qui semper oberrat eadem : Sic mihi, qui multum cessat, fit Choerilus ille, Quern bis terve bonum cum risu miror ; et idem Indignor, quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus. Verum operi Ion go fas est obrepere somnum. 360 Ut pictura, poesis : erit quae, si propius stes, Te capiat magis, et quaedam, si longius abstes : Haec amat obscurum : volet haec sub luce videri, Judicis argutum quae non formidat acumen ; Haec placuit semel, haec decies repetita placebit. 305 O major juvenum, quamvis et voce paterna 360. opere in Iongo. 306 DE ARTE POETIC A. Fingeris ad rectum, et per te sapis, hoc, tibi dictum Tolle memor : certis med'um et tolerabile rebus Recte concedi — con sultus juris et actor Causarum mediocris, abest virtute diserti 370 Messalae, nee scit, quantum Cascellius Aulus : Sed tamen in pretio est ; — mediocribus esse poetis, Non homines, non di, non concessere columnae. Ut grata s inter mensas symphonia discors Et crassum unguentum et Sardo cum melle papaver 375 OfFenduntj poterat duci quia coena sine istis : Sic animis natum inventumque poema juvandis, Si paullum summo decessit, vergit ad imum. Ludere qui nescit, campestribus abstinet armis, Indoctusque pilae discive trochive quiescit, 380 Ne spissae risum tollant impune coronae ; Q,ui nescit, versus tamen audet fingere ? — Quidni ? Liber et ingenuus, praesertim census equestrem Summam nummorum, vitioque remotus ab omni ?— Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva, 385 Id tibi judicium est, ea mens : si quid tamen olim Scripseris, in Meti descendat judicis aures, Et patris, et nostras, nonumque prematur in annum, Membranis hit us positis. Delere licebit, Q,uod non edideris ; nescit vox missa reverti. 390 Siivestres homines sacer interpresque deorum Caedibus et victu foedo deterruit Orpheus, Dictus ob hoc lenire tigres rabidosque leones. Dictus et Amphion, Thebanae conditor arcis Saxa movere sono testudinis, et prece blanda 395 Ducere, quo vellet. Fmt haec sapientia quondam, Publica privatis secernere, sacra profanis, Concubitu prohibere vago, dare jura maritis, 394. urbis. DE ARTE POETICA. 307 Oppida moliri, leges incidere ligno : Sic honor et nomen divinis vatibus atque 400 Carminibus venit. Post hos insignis Homerus Tyrtaeusque mares animos in Martia bella Versions exacuit : dictae per carmina sortes, Et vitae monstrata via est, et gratia regum Pieriis tentata modis, ludusque repertus, 11) 5 Et longorum operum finis : ne forte pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers et cantor Apollo. Natura fieret laudabile carmen, an arte, Q,uaesitum est. Ego nee studium sine divite vena, Nee rude quid possit video ingenium : alterius sic 410 Altera poscit opem res, et conjurat amice. Q,ui studet optatam cursu contingere metam, Multa tulit fecitque puer ; sudavit et alsit, Abstinuit venere et vino. Q,ui Pythia cantat Tibicen, didicit prius, extimuitque magistrum. 415 Nee satis est dixisse : Ego mira poemata pango, Occupet extremum scabies ; mihi turpe relinqui est, Et, quod non didici, sane nescire fateri. Ut praeco, ad merces turbam qui cogit emendas, Assentatores jubet ad lucrum ire poeta 420 Dives agris, dives positis in foenore nmnmis. Si vero est, unctum qui recte ponere possit, Et spondere levi pro paupere, et eripere atris Litibus implicitum ; mirabor, si sciet inter- Noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum. 425 Tu, seu donaris seu quid donare voles cui, Nolito ad versus tibi iactos ducere plenum Laetitiae : clamabit enim : Pulchre ! Bene ! Recte ! Pallescet super his, etiam stillabit amicis Ex oculis rorem, saliet, tundet pede terram. 48U 410. prosit. 308 DE AKTE POETICA. Ut, qui conducti plorant in funere, dicunt Et faciunt prope plura dolentibus ex animo : sic Derisor vero plus laudatore movetur. Reges dicuntur multis urgere culullis Et torquere mero, quern perspexisse laborant, 430 An sit amicitia dignus : si carmina coiides, Nunquam te fallant animi sub vulpe latentes. Q,uinctilio si quid recitares, Corrige, sodes, Hoc, aiebat, et hoc. Melius te posse negares Bis terque expertum frustra, delere jubebat, 440 Et male tornatos incudi reddere versus. Si defendere delictum, quam vertere, malles ; Nullum ultra verbum aut operam insumebat inanem, Q,uin sine rivali teque et tua solus amares. Vir bonus et prudens versus reprehendet inertes, 445 Culpabit duros, incomptis adlinet atrum Transverso calamo signum, ambitiosa recidet Ornamenta, parum claris lucem dare coget, Arguet ambigue dictum, mutanda notabit, Fiet Aristarchus. Non dicet : cur ego amicum 450 Oifendam in nugis ? Hae nugae seria ducent In mala derisum semel exceptumque sinistre. Ut mala quern scabies aut morbus regius urget ? Aut fanaticus error et iracunda Diana, Vesanum tetigisse timent fugiuntque poetam, 455 Q,ui sapiunt : agitant pueri, incautique sequuntur. Hie, dum sublimis versus ructatur et errat, Si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps In puteum foveamve, licet, Succurrite, longum Clamet, io cives ! non sit qui tollere curet. 4G0 Si curet quis opem ferre et demittere funem, Q,ui scis, an prudens hue se projecerit. atque 441. formatos, de con}.; ter natos, de conj. 443. sumebat DE AETE POETICA. 309 Servari nolit ? dicam, Siculique poetae Narrabo interitum. Deus immortalis haberi Dum cupit Empedocles, ardentem frigidas Aetnam 465 Insiluit. Sit jus liceatque perire poetis : Invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti. Nee semel hoc fecit, nee, si retractus erit, jam Fiet homo et ponet famosae mortis amorem. Nee satis apparet^ cur versus factitet : utrum 470 Minxerit in patrios cineres, an triste bidental Moverit incestus. Certe furit, ac velut ursus Objectos caveae valuit si frangere clathros. Indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus : Quern vero arripuit, tenet occiditque legendo, 475 Non missura cutem, nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. NOTES NOTES ON THE ODES. BOOK I ODE I. In this introductory ode, Horace exhibits, in union, two sentiments, inseparable fro'-i bis life and character— his love for his art, and his friendship for Maecenas. After illus- trating the various wishes and pursuits of men, he declares, with a noble enthusiasm. that he himself aspires to the exalted honors of poetry, and that he shall reach the height of his ambition, if, by his patron and friend, he shall be numbered among lyric bards. 1. AtaYiS — regibus ; i. e. atavis (or majoribus), qui reges erant; royal ancestors. The Cilnian gens, to which Maecenas belonged, traced its descent to one of the Lucumones, or sovereigns, of Etruria. Comp. similar expressions, in 0. iii., 29, 1 ; Sat. i., 6, 1-4. 3. Pulvereni Olym- pkum. The Olympic games, the greatest of the Greek national festivals, were celebrated at Olympia, in Elis. The interval of the celebrations was four years ; whence the chronological era of the Olympiad. These games continued to be observed down to a. d. 394. — See Diet. Antiqq. 4. Collcgisse. The Latin poets, and some prose writers, use the perfect infinitive in many places, where, in translation, the English idiom re- quires the present. Of this usage, we have here an illustration ; for others, see O. iii., 4, 52; Sat. i., 2, 28; ib. ii., 3, 187; Ars P. 168; ib. 455. See Zumpt, § 590 ; also Harkness, 537, 2). Reisig, in Vorlesgg., § 290, suggests that the poets resort to this use of the perfect, wher- t7er the present would be excluded by the metre. Jirvat. The ordinary construction requires here the subjunctive. The choice of the indicative illustrates a poetic usage, very common in Horace. See Hark- ness, Lat. Gram., 503, I., Note 3, 1). ; also Kriiger, p. 836, foot-note 2. Mcta — evitata. The two metae of the ancient Circus consisted each of three conical pillars, which stood at the two extremities of the low wall, called spina, which ran lengthways through the course. They 814 NOTES ON THE ODES. formed the turning-points of the course; and the charioteer who shunned or just grazed them, by coming as near as possible without hit- ting them, saved space, got round quickest, and won the prize. See Diet. Antiqq., and Rich's Companion, under Circus. 6. Terraruni douiinos. I prefer, with Orelli and Dillenburger, to join these words with the object of evehit, and not with deos. Exalts to the gods, as if they (i. e. the victors) were the rulers of the earth. The passage illus- trates the well-nigh divine honors, ascribed by the Greeks to the victor in the Olympian games. 8. TergemMs. The offices of Curule aedile, Praetor, and of Consul. 10. Libycis. Africa was one of the chief granaries of Rome. Observe in this word, and below, Cypria, Myrto- um, Icariis, etc., the use of particular expressions, because more forcible and lively than such general ones as mare,navis, etc. 12. Attalicis. Attalus III., king of Pergamus, who bequeathed his vast possessions to the Roman people. 15. Fluctilms, dative with luctantem, instead of the prose construction, abl. with cum. Horace has the same construc- tion with other verbs ; e. g. 0. i., 3, 13 ; ii., 6, 15 ; Epod. xi., 18 ; Sat. i., 2, 73. 18. Pauperiem. Not absolute poverty, which is expressed bj inopia or egestas, but narrow means ; paupertas, or pauperies, is opposed to divitiae, inopia to copia or opulentia, egestas to abundantia. Doderlein. 19. Massici. The Massic wine (from the Mons Massicus) was one of the best Italian wines, inferior only to the Setinian and the Faler- nian. The Massic and the Falernian were grown in Campania. See Diet. Antiqq. p. 1056. 20. Solido— die. The dies solidus was the chief portion of the day, devoted to the serious, business of life ; its cares and toils once over, then came the cocna, when one might indulge in social recreation. But the voluptuary, in his hot haste for sensual indulgence, is here said to take away a part from the solid day, in order to waste it upon the pleasures of the table. 21. Membra. An ex- ample of the so-called Greek accusative ; it is the ace. of the part to which any statement applies. It is incorrect to say, that such an ace. de- pends upon a word understood. See A. & S. % 234, ii. ; H. 378, 1„ 23. Litno tubae. Lituo, abl. governed by permixtus ; so below, 1. 30, Dis. But miscere and its compounds govern also the dat. See n. O. iv., 1, 22.— The tuba was deep-toned, the lituus shrill; the former was peculiar to the infantry, and was straight in its form ; the latter was pe- culiar to the cavalry, and was slightly curved at the extremity. — See Diet. Antiqq. 24. Matribns. Dat. for abl. with a or ab ; as often in poetry. So below, 1. 27, catulis. See Z. § 419; Hark. 388, 1 & 2. 15. Manet; i. e. pernoctat; see Sat. ii., 2, 234. Dillenb. Sub Jove. "r-irb Ai6s. The word Jupiter here, as often in poetry, means the air. 28. Teretes plagas. Teretes, firmly twisted. Plaga is from -n-XeKoo, vlico, to twist , and must be distinguished from plaga, from ir\i), an epithet of Bacchus, like the Latin Liber. 25. Quo— cunque. See note, O. i., 6, 3. 27. Tencro. The repetition of the word, and its position a! the end of the line, give emphasis and also a beautiful turn to the line. The expression auspice Teucro, for the more common auspicio, auspiciis Teueri, is to be traced to the augural system of the Romans. In mili- tary affairs, the commander-in-chief of an army took the auspices; hence, in the time of the commonwealth, a victory, for instance, was gained auspiciis consulis ; under the empire, auspiciis Caesaris. 29. Ambiguam. So that when Salamis was mentioned, it would be doubtful whether was meant the Salamis in the Saronic Gulf, or on the island of Cyprus. 30. Pejoraque passi. Comp. Virgil, Aen.. 1, 198 ; and Ho- mer, Odyg 12, 108 ; and Cic. Tusc. 5, 37. ODE VIII. Under the veil of Grecian names, the poet presents the picture of a Roman jouih abandoning for the fascinations of love the manly sports of the Campus Martius. 4. Paticns — SOlis. Once patient of its dust and heat. The sunny and ever-verdant Campus Martius, an ample area extending along the left bank of the Tiber, was the favorite resort of all the Romans, when the cares and toils of the day were over. It was the play-ground of the Roman youth, where they daily practised their warlike and athletic exercises. Horace here touches upon some of the sports which rnado up part of the busy, merry scene, that every day went on there at cer- tain hours. 6. Lnpatis — frenis. Biting curbs. Called lupata, from lupus, because the bits looked like the teeth of a wolf. — The swift and spirited Gallic horse was in great request with the Romans. 8. Ti- berim. The vicinity of the river, of course, invited to swimming. — Olivum; with which the wrestlers anointed themselves. 10. Armis. The arma are here the quoit and javelins, which made the arms livid by their weight. See a description of the discus in Diet. Antiqq. 14, Filinni— Tlietidis, etc. ; Achilles, who was sent by Thetis to the court of Lycomedes at Scyros, disguised in female apparel, but was de- tected by Ulysses (who was there selling wares as a pedler), from the fact of Achilles selecting arms for purchase. 1G 324 NOTES ON THE ODES. ODE IX To enter into the spirit of this ode, we must summon before us the occasion wind, oiobably suggested it. We may fancy the poet, with some of his friends, reclining »v tne festive couch. It is a stern winter's day. The Tiber has stopped in its course, the woods bend under the weight of the snow, and Mt. Soracte (perhaps visible from ths 7 ficlinium), capped with ice, glitters in the distance. The thoughts and conversation oi 'he guests, chilled, as it were, by tne wintry scene without, have taken a gloomy tun;, vfecn Horace, addressing the Thaliarchus, or master of the feust, bids his friends turn .1 eir thoughts rather tc the cheerful scene before them, thankfully to enjoy the blessingg within their reach, and leave the rest to the wise disposal of the gods. This view of the ode, first proposed, I believe, by Dillenburger, I prefer to the ordina- ry one whtM: makes Thaliarchus a proper name, used by the poet, in addressing one of his friends 1. Candidum. See n. 0. i. ; 4, 4. 2, Soracte. A mountain, about 2000 feet high, to the north of Rome, and distant nearly 25 miles. The modern name is Monte di Santo Silveslro, or. as it is sometimes called San Oreste. 3. Silvae lafoorantes, Osborne aptly compares, from Thomson's Winter : " low the woods Bow their hoar head."' 4. Constiterint ; from const 'store, to stand still; have stopped in then course, i. e. from freezing. These images of winter would never be used by a modern poet, of any place in southern Italy ; and it is well known that the climate of Italy is much milder than it was in the time of Horace. Such quantities of snow as are here described are now never seen in the vicinity of Rome ; in the streets of the city it seldom remains more than a day or two ; and " ice in the Tiber is now as un- known a phenomenon as it would be between the tropics." (Bunsen, quoted by Dr. Arnold in Hist. c. xxiii.) The change of climate is gen- erally ascribed to the felling of the woods and forests, and the conse- quent diminution of water in the low grounds in the country, and to the clearing and cultivation of the soil. — See, on this point, Dr. Arnold, as above cited ; also Hume's Essay on the Populousness of Ancient Na- tions; and Gibbon's Decline, etc., ch. ix., and Miscell. "Works, vol. iii., p. 246. 9. Simul ; =simulac, as soon as. 10. Straverc. Have laid. 14. Qaem — ennque. See n. O. i., 6,3. — Dierum depends upon - {lumcunque ; the expression =qucmcunque diem. 18. Areae. The ujuares, or promenades of the city. 21. Nunc et, etc. The poet describes a sort of game of forfeits. A girl hides herself, but betrays the place of concealment by a loud laugh, and loses the bracelet or ring, which is the forfeit. Dillenburger points to the select order of the words in lines 21, 22; the three pairs of words, latentis puellae. prodilct BOOK I. ODE XI. 325 -isus intimo angulo, are so put, that the first words have the same place In 21, as the last in 22. 24. Male pertinaci. Male— non admodum. The resistance is only feigned. Here Oshorne quotes again from Thom- son's Winter: " Snatched hasty from the sidelong maid, On purpose guardless, or affecting sleep." ODE X. Mercury is addressed as the god of eloquence, and the promoter of the civilization of mar, (1^1), as the messenger of the gods and the inventor of the lyre (5, 6) ; skilled withal in craft and cunning (7-16) ; and the conductor of the souls of men to the abodes of the blest (17-end). It will be observed, that this conception of Mercury is for the most part the same aa that of the Greek Hermes ; it is only the qualities mentioned and illustrated in 7-16, that are peculiar to. the Roman view of this god.— Comp. n. Sat. li., 3, 25. 2. Recentum ; i. e. of early times, rude men, whom Horace calls, in Sat. i., 3, 100, mutum et turpe pecus. Comp. also Ars. P. 391, seqq. — The regular form of this word is recentium. 3. Decorae. Grace-giving ; in allusion to the influence of the exercises of the gymnasia. The an- cients attached immense importance to physical education. See Diet. Antiqq. under Gymnasium. 6* Lyrae- -parenieni. According to the poets, Mercury invented the lyre, hy stretching strings across the shell of a tortoise. Hence the name testudo, as inO. iii., 11, 3. The ancient lyre was open on both sides ; but testudo is properly the later lyre, which had a sounding-board. See illustration of lyra on p. 68, and of testudo on p. 168. 9. BoTes ; the cattle of Admetus, kept, as the story was, by Apollo, which Mercury drove away and hid. See Class. Diet. 14. llio — relicto ; when Priam went, under Mercury's guidance, to the camp of the Greeks, to ransom the body of Hector. So Homer in II. 24, 336. 15. Thessalos ignes \ i. e. the watch-fires of Achilles's troops, who were Thessalians. — Trojae is in the dative case. 17. Reponis. " Lay to rest." Osborne. 18. Levera— turbam. Press on the light throng, i. e. the disembodied spirits. Cocrcere is in like manner used )f a shepherd driving his flocks. ODE XI. The poet seoks to dissuade Leuconce from giving heed to the false arts of astiologers •nd divinera. 1. Tn ne qaacsieris. Do not inquire. Quaesicris is used here abso- •VJb NOTES OX THE ODES. lately, and scire nejat, is parenthetical. In reference to the sentiment compare O. iii., 29 ; 29. 2. Ncc. See Z. () 529, 535. 3. lYnDieros. The calculations of the Babylonian astrologers on their tables of nativi- ty. So Cic. de Inv. 1, 19 : Contemnamus etiam BabylonioS et eos qui t Caucaso coeli signa servantcs numcris siellarum cursus et motus vcrscqauu- Pur. 6. Ymnni liques. The wine was clarified by straining it through a filter-bag of linen, saccus, or by means of the colum, a kind of metal sieve. — See Becker's Gallus, Exc. 4, to Scene 9; and T)\vX AntiqT t Colum. ODE XII. In this Lobie ode, the poet celebrates the praises of Augustus, by associating him witn gt ds and heroes, and distinguished Romans of earlier days. The ode was probably written a. u. c. 730, the year before the death of the young Marcellus, to whom allusion is intended in line 46, where see the note. 1. The first three stanzas form the introduction ; this line seems lo Le an imitation of Pindar, Olymp. 2, 1 : riva Sebv riv* ripcoa 5' auBpa. 2. Celebrare. See n. 0. i., 2, 8. 3. Jocosa imago. Sportive echo. The whole expression is imago vocis, which Virgil has in Georg. 4. 50 : Vo- cisque offensa resultat imago. Comp. O. L, 20, 6-8. 5. In this and the next line, the poet refers to the three celebrated homes of ancient song : Mt. Helicon in Boeotia, Pindus in Thessaly ; and Haemus in Thrace, the most ancient of all, famed for the storied deeds of Orpheus. Linus, and Musaeus. 7. Unde. Referring to Haemus. 9. Arte raaterna. From the Muse Calliope. 13. In the next five stanzas the poet sings the praises of gods and heroes. He begins with Jupiter So Virgil, Eel. 3, 60 : " Ab Jove principium Musae : Jovis omnia plena." 14. Landibas. Abl. governed by prius ; though the construction differs from the common construction of the abl. with the coinp., inas- much as we have here the abl. instead of the ace. of the object with yuam, while it is ordinarily instead of quam with the nom., or of quam with the accusative with the infinitive. 15. Mundam ; i. e. coelum, the heavens. The three mare, terra, and miindus, thus comprehending all nature. — -16. Boris. Seasons. So Ars. P. 1. 302. -17. Unde ; i. e. ex quo. Unde is alsc used in reference to a person, below, 0. ii., T2, 7 ; where Dillenb. refers to other passages: 0. i., 28,. 28 ; iii., 11, 38 ; Sat. i., 2, 58 and 78 ; L, 6, 12 ; ii., 6, 21. This use of wide also occurs in prose. Comp. Livy, 1, 8 and 49 ; 36, 11.— See Hand's Tursell. 3 p. 364. book i. ode xn. o27 ■ 19. Proxiuios. Tlie poet's conception is, that Jupiter is the Su- preme Being, and so immeasurably superior to all other beings, that none may rank second to him ; next in honor, though at a distant inter- val, is Minerva. The meaning of proximus is illustrated in Virgil 5, 320 : Prorunus huio, longo sed proximus intervallo. Coinp. Martial, xii., 8, 1: Roma, Cui par est nihil et nihil secundum. — - 2!. Proeliis audax. Comp. O. ii., 19, 21. 25. Alciden. Hercules, in Mythology the grandson of Alcaeus. Pueros Ledac. Castor and Pollux. 26. Pugnis* From pugnus. Comp. Sat. ii., 1. 26. 27. Alba. See notes 0. i., 4, 4; i., 7, 15 ; and comp. i., 3, 2. The poet, in this and the following lines, means to describe the appearance of this constellation as the precursor of fair weather. 31. Pouto. Dative ; the prose construction would be in pontum. So Virgil, Georg. 1, 401, campo recumbunt. 33. In this and the three following stanzas the poet mentions the names of Romans of earlier times, distinguished as kings or generals, or men of great moral worth. Romnlum — Ponipiii. Comp. Livy, 1, 21, — duo reges — alius alia via. ille bello, hie pace, civitatcm auxerunt. 34. Snperbos Tarqnini fasces. The epithet superbos ne- cessarily limits the allusion to the second Tarquin. as we cannot sup- pose, that, if Horace had intended Tarquinius Prisons, he would have selected the very epithet by which the younger Tarquin was always designated in Roman history. The expression is equivalent to imperiiim Tarquinii Supcrbi. Notwithstanding the odious character of this prince, his reign, brilliant alike in victories abroad, and in the great public works with which he adorned the city, forms an epoch in the early Ro- man annals ; and Horace might therefore well mention his name in con- nection with Romulus, who founded the state, and Numa, who gave it laws and peaceful institutions. Dillenb. aptly quotes Cic. Phil. 3, 4 : Quasi vro ille rem Romanam, a Romulo primum conditam, a Numa Pompilio legibus institutisque temperatam non omnium maxime auxerit et emplificaverit, qui, ut Cato libcrtate, ita ipse regno dignissimus fuit. See, on this passage and the whole ode, Buttmann, Mythologus, vol. 1. 55. Catonis nobile letunu Having mentioned the illustrious names of the kingly period, the poet turns with admiration to that of Cato. It is the Cato, commonly called Uticensis, who, despairing of the repub- lic, and determined not to survive its fall, put an end to his life atUtica, when that place was compelled to surrender to Caesar. Mistaken and wrong as he was in this last act of his life, and in the principles which prompted it, he yet deserves admiration for his purity of character and his manly support of what he believed to be just and right. In the party, to which he clung to the last, no one was so upright and honest as Cato of Utica. — It is a circumstance honorable alike to the poet and 328 NOTES ON THE ODES. to his sovereign, that praise is here, in such a connection, accorded to this hero of the last days of the republic. His name is mentioned again, and with like enthusiasm, in 0. ii., 1, 24. And Augustus, now that the new order of things was firmly established, could sympathize in this tribute of respect to a man, who had won the good opinion of his opponents, of whom Caesar himself had uttered the memorable words, " Cato, I envy thee thy death."' 37. Regnlnni. See O. 3, 6, where Horace has finely exhibited the patriotism of Regulus. Scau- ras. M. Aemilius Scaurus was consul in the year 638, and was distin- guished also as a censor. He built the Aemilian road. His son built the Aemilian theatre. Animae. See H. § 309. 38. Paullum. L. Aemilius Paullus, compelled by his colleague Terentius Varro to give battle to the Carthaginians at Cannae. Livy, in 22, 49, has recorded his fate, in preferring to die on the field, rather than flee. 40. Fa- briciuni. C. Fabricius Luscinus, the conqueror of the Samnites, b. c. 278. 41. Curiam. M. Curius Dentatus, the conqueror of Pyrrhus Comp. Cic. de Senect. c. 16. Incomptis. In allusion to the rude simplicity of the early Roman manners. 42. Cawillnni. M. Furius Camillus, who delivered Rome from the Gauls, b. c. 390. See Livy, 5, 46. 45. Crescit — aevo. Grows, like a tree, in the imperceptible lapse of time. The direct allusion is to M. Claudius Marcellus, celebrated in the second Punic war, as the opponent of Hannibal, and the conqueror of Syracuse ; but the poet probably intends, at the same time, a com- plimentary allusion to the young Marcellus, the son of Octavia, and the nephew of Augustus ; whose early death Virgil lamented in those beau- tiful lines in the Aeneid, 6,883, seqq., Tu Marcellus eris, etc. 47. Jnlium sidns. The whole Julian family, though the principal allusion is undoubtedly to Julius Caesar, and to the star or the comet which was said to have been visible for seven nights after his death. See Suetoni- us, Jul. 88; and comp. Virg. Bucol. 9, 47. 49. Having thus skil- lully prepared the way, the poet comes now to Augustus, whom, in this and the last two stanzas, he celebrates in lofty praise, as the vicegerent of Jupiter on earth. 54. Justo trinmplio. For what was necessary to a legitimate triumph, see Diet. Antiqq. p. 1016. 55. Orae. Dat. depending upon subjectos. 56. Seras. The Seres lived in Serioa which is supposed to have been a part of what is now the Empirt ol China. BOOK 1. ODE XIV. 329 ODE XIII. I he pa;; contrasts the misery of jealousy, with the happines3 secured by constancy £ love. it ftiflkiij bile. " Sidle nness." As tlie liver was held to be the seat of all violent passions, anger was expressed by splendida Hits, or iMrea i Persius, 3, 8 ; melancholy, by atra bills.— Osborne. 6. Maiient. This is the true reading, by the consent of all the MSS.. and Orelli, Dillenb,, and most other editors retain it. On the use of the plural with nee — nee, see Z. () 371. 10. Turparunt hmiieros. The rage of Telephus in his :! lovers' quarrels" seems to have been very striking. Orelli re- minds us of the more passionate nature of people living in a southern clime. Comp. 0. i., 17, 25. 16. Qainta parte. Orelli adopts the more learned explanation of this expression, which is this : " quinta. id est, absolutissima. Transfert ad amantium oscula t6 t^^-ktov uv. rr,i irefj.TrTT)v ovaiav Pythagoraeorum, qui est aether " (Boeckh Philolaus. p. 161). Tlie quintessence. 20. Saprenia die. The more common con struction would be cilius quam supmna die. ODE XIV. Quintilian (in Inst, viii., C, 44) cites this ode, as an illustration of the Allegory ; and u is a fine instance of that species of composition. Horace refers to a period, at which the R jman state, after being tossed and well-nigh wrecked by perpetual storms, is reaching at length a peaceful harbor, though still exposed to peril. Tate supposes, and, we think, correctly, that the poet has in mind that critical period, b. c. 29, when Octavianus con- sulted Agrippa and Maecenas, whether he should retain or resign the sovereignty. Horace agreed with Maecenas, that, in the event of Octavianus withdrawing to private life, the state would be thrown into new commotions ; and that in his sovereignty alone lay the sources of permanent peace and order.— See Schmitz's Hist. Rome, chap. xl. 1. XoYi flactns. For the explanation of these words, see the intro- duction. 2. Occnpa. Occupare means here to gain the harbor. The ship is just in sight of the harbor ; the state is just entering upon the tranquil administration of Augustus. 3. Tides. The verb has in it the general notion of perceive. 6. Gemant. Subj.. as well as pus- tint below, because dependent upon nonne vides. 7. Carinae. Horace uses the plural, though but one ship is referred to. It is a poetical usage. 10. Di. Images of tutelar deities, which were placed on an altar at the stern of the vessel. 11. Pontica piiins* Pontus abound- ed in those trees, which furnished the best ship-timber. Hence in the aext line silvae nobilis, for nobilis belongs to silvae, not Jum. 15. Tn 530 NOTES ON THE ODES. —care. J give here the punctuation of Dillenburger. He considers the words an illustration of the poetic construction, by which a noun is placed between two verbs, to both of which it belongs ; as if it were nisi ventis ludibrium debes, cave ludibrium. But we may translate the whole : beware lest you become the sport of the winds. 17. In the words sollicitum taedium the poet expresses the irksome solicitude which he had felt concerning the course of public affairs in the civil wars, when he himself had been attached to the unsuccessful party of Brutus and Cassius. This feeling had now given way to one of warm affec- tion for his country under the rule of Octavianus {deslderium). though he yet felt no light anxiety (non levis euro) lest the civil commotions might be renewed. 20. Cyclades. So called from kvkKos ; a cluster of islands in the Aegean. The epithet nitentes, from the marble with which they abounded. In 0. iii., 28, 14, they are called fulgentrs. ODE XV. In this ode, Horace, perhaps in imitation of Protcus's prophetic words to Menelans, in Homer, Od. 4, 360 seqq., represents the god Nereus predicting to Paris the calamities in store for himself and his country, as a retribution for his flagrant viola' ion of the laws of hospitality, in the seduction of Helen. Viewed in this light, the ode teaches an im- pressive lesson of the consequences of a single guilty act. The sentiment which it illus- trates, Dillenburger aptly compares with the words of Schiller, — Das ist der Fluch der bt'isen That, Dass sie fortzeugend Buses muss gebiiren. 1. Pastor. Paris; who had led a shepherd's life on Mt. Ida. 2, Pcrfidus hospitam. These words, thus purposely placed together, fix the attention upon the aggravated nature of Paris's offence, the source of all the calamities of Troy. Compare the passage, O. iii., 3. 26. 1. Caneret. Oracles and prophecies were ordinarily uttered in verse. Compare Sat. ii., 5, 58; Epode 13, 11. 5. Mala avi. Avi by me- tonymy for omine or auspiciis. With ill omen. Compare 0. iii., 3, 61 ; Epod. 10, 1. 6. Multo milite. With many a soldier. Conjnrata. So Virgil represents Dido, in allusion to the union of the Greeks against Troy, thus speaking (Aen. 4, 425) : Non,,ego cum Danais Trojanam exscrudere gentem Aulide juravi, etc. 9. Hen hen, etc. He sees with prophetic eye, and vividly portrays the sad picture of the ruin of Troy. In respect to the picture-like cha- racter of the passage, compare 0. ii., 1, 17 seqq. 10. Aegida. The aegis, alyis, literally, a ghat-skin, was in the ancient mythology, the hide BOOK L OL-E XVI. 331 of the goat Amalthea, which Homer usually represents as a part of the armor of Jupiter ; hence the epithet aegis-bearing, alyioxos. But Ho- mer also connects it With Minerva, e. g. II. 2, 447 ; compare Virg. Aen. 8, 435. Thus she is arrayed in several extant antique statues, for illus- trations of which see Diet. Antiqq. p. 26. Another statue, not there referred to, is preserved in the Vatican Museum, called the Minerva Med ica, the finest draped statue in Rome. 14. Caesariem. Mostly a poetic word. The generic word crinis Horace uses below, 1. 20 ; and also, in reference to Paris, in O. iv., 9, 13. 15. Divides. The simple and ordinary meaning of dlvidere is here the best ; to distribute, to sing now to one, now to another. Feminis is so placed as to depend alike upon grata and divides. In this address to Paris, Horace imitates Ho- mer, II. 3, 54 seqq. Dillenb. has well given the sentiment of the stanza : Nihil in pugna valet forma aut cantus, quibus in thalamis mulierculae, non in campis viri vincuntur. — — 17. Cnosii. Cnosus, a city of Crete, which abounded in the calamus, of which arrows were made. The Cretans were celebrated as bowmen. Comp. 0. iv., 9, 17.— — 19. Aja- cem. The son of Oileus. Comp. Homer, II. 2, 527. 22. Genti. For dak see H. 390, II, 2. 24. Teueer et. This is the true reading. The first foot is a trochee. So also below, 1. 36, where ignis is a trochee, lliacas being the correct reading. 25. Sive. Or if; as in 0. i., 2, 33, and many passages. Auriga is in apposition to Sthenelus. 31. Snb- Kmi— anhclitu. The image is that of a stag exhausted with running, and pausing for a moment and throwing up its head, to breathe more easily and recover itself. 32. Non— tnae. Words of bitter reproach. f 'omp. the words of Helen in II. 3, 430 seqq. 34. Achillei. See n, 0. i., 6, 7. 36. Ignis. See above, n. on 1. 24. ODE XVI. The poet, recanting in a penitent mood some earlier sat/xic effusion, dilates upon tr.d vehement nature, and upon the source and the sad effects of unbridled anger. The whole cde is full of irony, with all its elaborate gravity. 2. Criminosis. Abusive. Comp. Ars. P. 79. 5. Dillenburger points to the art exhibited in this and the next stanza ; the former has four illustrations, each preceded by non, to which correspond four in the latter, each in turn preceded by neque or nee. The force of the ar- rangement will be felt by translating according to the Latin order. ■ Dindymene. Cybele, so called from Mt. Didymus in Phrygia, the chief seat of her worship. 6. Incola Pythins. The indwelling Pythian Apollo; by whom the priests were inspired. The gen sacerdotum do- 332 NOTES ON THE ODES. pends alike upon incola and mentem ; a construction suggested by l)il lenburger. In support of this construction, Lubker cites Horace, 0. iii., 10, 3 ; also Pliny Nat. Hist, iii., 19, 23, Addua, Ticinus, Mincius, omnes Padi incolae; and ib. 12, 37, quae (ar'bores) incolarum esse nu- niero esse coepere. — Orelli explains thus : qui incolit adyta, in his qua- tit. 8. Corybantes ; the priests of Cybele ; aera, the cymbals, which they used at their festivals. See Diet. Antiqq. p. 314. 9. Norkus ensis. The iron of Noricum was in high repute. 13. Fertur, etc. In this stanza. Horace gives a version of his own to the story of Prome- theus, which is in admirable keeping with the ironical tone of the whole ode. The extravagant language in the preceding line, Jupiter — lumultu, for the thunderbolts of heaven, illustrates well the same point. — The punctuation of the stanza indicates the construction : et has the iorce of etiam. 17. Thyesten. See n. on O. i. ; 6, 8. 18. Tltimae— cur, etc. Ultimae, literally, the farthest, and therefore the first ; the ultimate causes. The verb stare means here to remain unchanged. So in Virgil, Aen. 1, 268, res stetit Ilia regno ; and ib. 2, 88 ; also 7, 553. Translate, Have ever remained the ultimate cause, why lofty cities, etc. 21. Hos- tile aratrum. A very ancient, and a most impressive emblem of the utter ruin of a city. Comp. the scriptural expression, Jeremiah xxvi., 8: " Z ion shall be ploughed like a field;" and Propertius, iii., 9, 41, Mocnia cum graio Neptunia pressil aratro Victor Palladiae ligncus artis equus. 25. Mitibus. In abl., depending upon mutare, which is con- strued like verbs of selling. See H. 422, X. 2 ; and comp. next ode, 2, and 0. iii., 1, 47; and Epod. 9,27. ODE XVII. Horace invites Tyndaris to his Sabine farm, and describes the air of tranquillity ajiu security which perv-ades the place, blessed as it is with the presence and protection of the rural deities. 1. Lucretilem — Lycaeo ; by enallage, for Lucretili — Lycaeum. See H. 422, N. 2, as referred to in preceding ode, 1.25. The Lucretllis was a hill near the poet's farm. Horace has minutely described the position of his farm in Epist. 1, 16. Lycaeus, a mountain in Arcadia, was sacred to Pan, the same deity as Faunus, the latter being the Latin name. 3. Defendit. For the construction of nouns with defendcre, see Z. () 469 4. Usque. Used poetically for semper. So also, Sat. i., 9, 15 and 19 ; Epist. i., 10, "24. For the difference between the words, see Doeder- ] em# 9, Martiales. An epithet frequently used with lupus ; doubt- less from the fierceness of the animal. Comp. Virg. Aen. 9, 566 ; also- BOOK I. ODE XVIII. 333 il. 8,681. Hacdiliae. This is the reading of all the MSS. All other readings are only conjectural. Haedilia is probably the name of a hill or a valley near the poet's farm. 11, Ustkae cnbantis. Oft/ie -loping Ustica. Ustica was the name of a neighboring hill and adjoin- ing valley. 15. Ad plenum. Adverbially for abundanter. Be- nigno— cornu. The Cornu Copiae. See Carm. Sec. 60; Epist. i., 12, 29. The story was, that Hercules contended with Achelous, who had as- sumed the form of a bull, and having conquered him, carried off one of his horns ; and that this was afterwards given by the Naiads to the Goddess of Plenty. — See Class. Diet., Achelous. 17. Reducta. Re- tired. 1 8. Fide Tcia. On the Teian lyre. Tcia, in allusion to the poet Anacreon, who was born at Teos. 20. Vitream. Literally, glassy, but here, figuratively, beautiful, from the brightness and trans- parent clearness of glass. 22. Semcleins— Tliyoneus. Two epithets of Bacchus from Semele, and Thyone, a name given to Semele, and derived from bieiv. 26. Incontinentes. Wanton. ODE XVIII. The poet, in recommending Varus to cultivate the vine on his estate at 1 lbur, at first pleasantly contends for the rightful uses of wine, and then describes the folly and mad- ness of excess in drinking. ' What Varus this was, is uncertain ; it is generally supposed that he was the person to whom Horace refers as a critic in Ars. P. 43S, and whose death he mourns in the 24th ode of this book. 1. Vite. See n. on laudibus, 0. i., 12, 14. Scveris. See Z. § 529, note. 2. CatilL See n. 0. i., 7, 13. 3. Nam. Nam in prose takes the first place in a sentence ; but the poets allowed themselves more freedom. Comp. 0. iv., 14, 9 ; Epod. 14, 6; 17,45. Neque— aliter. That is, than by the cultivation of the grape, and the use of wine ; in direct reference to the words in the first line. 8. Super woo. The use of the abl. with super, in the sense of over, is unusual. See H. 435, 2. Dillenb. refers to Virg. Aen. 9, 61, nocte super media. 9. Sithoniis. A Thracian people, who often came to deadly quarrels over their cups. See 0. i., 27, 1. Tacitus says of the ancient Germans : Crebrae, ut inter vinolentos, rizae, raro conviciis, saepius caede et vulneri- bus transiguntur. Germ. c. 22. Evius. An epithet of Bacchus fixm the Bacchanalian cry, evo?, evoe ; another is Bassareu just below, from Bao-o-apa, a female Bacchanal. 10. Exiguo fine libidinum. By the narrow limit of their depraved desires ; that is, the limit fixed by their desires. 11. Candide. Fair. So Ovid, Fast. 3, 772, Candid* Bacche. 12. Quatiam— rapiam. In the celebration of the ngies ot 334 NOTES ON THE ODES. Bacchus, the thyrsi were shaken as they were carried about in the pro- cession, and the sacred symbols were carried in baskets, covered with ivy and vine-leaves. Hence Horace says, non — siib divum rapiam, be- cause the exposure of these mysterious symbols was deemed impious. See Diet. Antiqq., Thyrsus ; and p. 363. 13. Berecyntio. From Bc- recyntus, a mountain in Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped. ODE XIX. The poet, who had fancied that his loves were ended, finds himself again led captive, by the charms of Glycera. lie therefore resolves on a sacrifice to Venus, with the hop3 that it may render this new visitation a gentle one. — The words in the first line occur ngain in O. iv., 1, G. 5* Glycerae. A fictitious name, formed from yAvicepd. It 'occurs also m Terence, Ovid, and Tibullus. 6* Pario marmorc. The mar- ble from the island of Paros was of the best quality, and was chiefly used in statuary. It retained its beauty even better than the famed Pentelican. The celebrated Venus di Medici is of Parian marble. 11. Versis— equis Parthum. The Parthians were celebrated for the dead- ly aim with which they discharged their arrows, even when on the re- treat. To this circumstance Virgil alludes, Georg. 3, 31. Comp. also n. O. i., 2, 51. 14. Verbenas. Verbenas (vervain) was used for all green herbs, and for the leaves and boughs of trees, taken from a sacred place and for sacred purposes. Comp. Livy, 1, 24; Virg. 12, 120. ODE XX. In this little ode, Horace Invites Maecenas to his Sabine farm ; telling him at the same time, in the familiar tone of friendship, that he must expect only such cheer as may hi yielded by the common wine, vin dupays, of the Sabine hills. 1. Vile Sabianm. The Sabine wine was held in low estimation, es- pecially when it was new. The Sabine of four years' age is however rlrunk by Horace and his friends; see 0. i., 9, 7. 2. Graeca — testa. Gra-eca, perhaps because it had once contained some choice Greek wine ; which gave a flavor to the Sabine. Testa, like fictile, is a general word for earthon-ware • the modern terra cotta. 3. Levi. From lino. Sealed up. The amphorae were stopped tight by a plug of cork, and then smeared over with pitch to make them impervious to the air. They were then put in the apofxeca. See n. O. iii.. 8, 11. The amphora BOOK I. ODE XXI. 335 was tall, and was furnished with two handles ; it was made narrow at the top, swelling in width towards the middle, and thence tapering and finally terminating in a point, so that it might be stuck into the ground, or into a stand. Some of these are still seen, standing upright, in the cellar of the " House of Diomed ' : at Pompeii. See Diet. Antiqq., Ampho- ra ; also ib. p. 1052. 5. Eques. Horace was fond of using this and similar expressions, from the fact of Maecenas always preferring to re- main in the equestrian order. Comp. O. hi., 16, 20. Patemi. Because the Tiber flows from Etruria, the country of Maecenas's ancestors. 8. Imago. Comp. n. 0. i., 12, 3. The Mons Vaticanus, on the right bank of the Tiber, was a continuation of the Janiculum, towards the north. The probable derivation of the word is vates. On this hill stand St. Peter's, and the adjoining palace of the Pope, with its galleries and gardens, known by the name of the Vatican. From its mention here, the theatre referred to would seem to have been the Theatre of Pom- pey, as this was in the Campus Martius, opposite the Vatican hill.— Horace has in Vaticani the second syllable short, but Juvenal and Mar- tial both have it long. 9. In this stanza, are mentioned four of the best Italian wines. The Caecubian was grown in a district near Amy- clae ; the Calenian at Cales, close by the ager Fakrnus; the Formian at Formiae, near the gulf of Caieta, the modern Mola di Gaeta. For the Falernian, see n. 0. i., 1, 19. 10. Bibes. The future has the same force as laudabunt, in 0. i., 7, 1. May drink ; i. e. at your own home you can drink of those more costly wines ; and such are always at your command. 11. Temperant ; literally mix, i. e. with water. Fill. ODE XXI. In this ode, the poet celebrates the honors of Apollo and Diana, adopting for his par- pose the form of an address to such a chorus of young men and maidens as were wont to eing at solemn festivals. 2. Intonsnm. This epithet is used of Apollo, to express the poetic idea of his perpetual youth. 4. Jovi. Dat., as often in poetry, in- stead of abl. with a or ab. See Harkness, 388, 3 ; Z. % 419. 5. Coma. The abl. here is joined with laetus, in the same way as with the verb laetari. In both cases, it is a particular application of the ablative c£ cause. Kriiger, § 388, 2, states the rule for both adjectives and verbs. Comp. A. & S. () 245, ii.; H. 416. 6. Algido. Mt. Algidus was iu Latium. about twenty miles from Rome ; now called Monte Porzio. — — 7. ErYmanth!. This hill was in Arcadia. 8. Silvis. Silva is ths 536 NOTES ON THE ODES. generic word fur wood; nemus, a part of a silva, a grove, as a pleasant place. See Doederlein; and comp. Ovid, Met. 1, 508: Est nemus Haemoniae, praerupta qucd undique claudk S'lna. €ragi. A mountain in Lycia. 10. Dclon, Apollo and Diana were born in a cave of Mt. Cynthus, on the island of Delos. 12. Fraterna. Mercury. See n. 0. i.. 10, 6. Humeruni. See n. O. i., 1, 21. Insignem agrees with Apollinem. 13. Hie bellam laci'inios-am, etc. The worship of Apollo and Diana in Italy seems to have been the same as that of the Sun and Moon in Greece, and in other countries. From the close connection of the sun and moon with health and the fertility of the earth, Apollo and Diana were worshipped as protective deities, Dei Averrunci, aooTrjpes ; to which the poet here refers. 15. Persas atque Britannos. On Persas, see n. O. i.. 2, 22. These two nations, both enemies of Rome, are here joined together, as their coun- tries designate respectively the eastern and the western limits of the empire. ODE XXII. The poet here touches upon one of his favorite themes, uprightness of life and charac- ter ; which he sets forth and illustrates by an incident in his own life, as always and every where a sure source of safety and happiness. The ode is addressed to Aristius Fuscus, to whom Horace alludes as an intimate friend, in Sat. i., 9, 61 ; Epist. 1, 10. 1. Titae. For the construction, see II. 399, III, 1. Sceleris. For a scelere, in imitation of Greek. 2. Noil cget. Osborne very appropri- ately compares with the sentiment of this ode, a passage from Milton's Comus : " She that has that is clad in complete steel : And, like a quivered nymph with arrows keen, May trace huge forests and unharbored heaths, Infamous hills and sandy perilous wilds ; No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer, Will dare to soil her virgin purity." — 5. Syrtes aestnosas. The sultry Syrtes ; i. e. the sandy, hot coast uf Libya, near by the Syrtis Major and Syrtis Minor, the modern Gulfs of Sidra and Cabes. Oomp. O. ii., 6, 3; ii., 20, 15; Virg. Aen. 5, 51. 7. Caucasum. A range of mountains, between the Euxine and the Caspian Sea. Fahnlosns SJydaspes. The fabled Hydaspcs. The Hy- BOOK I. ODE XXIV. 337 daspes was one of the tributaries of the Indus ; the epithet here used re- fers to the many stories about it, especially its golden sands. 10. Canto. On the tense, see Harkness, 467, III, 4. 11. Curis expeditis. The pro- saic construction would be curis expeditus. Dillenb. cites other similar instances in Horace, 0. ii. ; 12, 1; id. 16, 38. 13. Quale portentum. Such a monster as, etc. See Z. § 765, note. 14. Dannias. A name for Apulia, from Daunus, to whom its settlement was ascribed. Comp. O. iii., 30, 11 ; iv., 14, 26. 15. Jubae tellus. Mauritania. 17. Pigris campis. " Torpid plains." — Osborne. In this stanza the poet describes the frigid zone, and in the next the torrid. Dillenb. directs attention to the perspicuous arrangement of the words In these first two lines ; the adjectives pigris and aestiva being placed in the middle, and the nouns campis and aura at the end of the lines to which they belong. 22. Domibns negata. A poetic construction, which may be ex- plained by considering domibus dat. for in domus ; or an inversion for cm domus ncgatae. ODE XXIII. The poet compares Chloe, a coy and timid virgin, with the fawn that dreads to lonve thy side of its mother. 1. Hinnuleo. This form of a diminutive occurs rarely. See H. 321, N. 4. Silnae. A trisyllable, as in Epode 13, 2. 5. Veris— foliis. This expression, though a bold one, is poetical, and neither unintelligi- ble nor strange. Doubtless the plain expression in prose would be, folia inhorrescunt adventu veris ; but certainly a poet might use in English the expression, the spring rustics in the leaves, without being condemned by critics. The conjecture of Bentley, vepris inhorruit ad ventum, ia therefore, besides being in very bad taste, entirely gratuitous. 8, Tremit. Agrees with hinnuleus. 12. Viro. In dat. depending upon tempestiva. ODE XXIV. This charming ode Horace addressed to Virgil, on the death of their common friend, Cfiinctilius Varus. After dwelling upon the virtues of the deceased, mourned for by none so. much as by Virgil, for whom none could mourn too much, the poet recommends teeignation, and the patient endurance of what cannot be reversed. Quiuctilius died in the year of Rome, 730. 1. Desiderio. Dat., although with pudor alone the gen. would be 338 NOTES ON THE ODES. used ; in prose it would be, quis dcsiderii sit pudor, quis desiderio modus '/ So in Martial, viii., 3, 3, Sit tandem pudor et modus rapinis. — The word means here regret. 2. Cari capitis. As in Homer, 3, Threicio Aquilone. 20. Hefcrp. Hebrus, a river in Thrace; here called sodalis hiemis, on account of ibe long stay of the winter. BOOK 1. ODE XXVII. 339 ODE XXYI. This briel and beautiful ode, descriptive of the charms of liteiary pursuits, and the jeeurity they afford against care and disquietude, is addressed to L. Aelius Lamia, a Ko- nan of noble family, who distinguished himself in the war with the Cantabri. In the year of Rome 729, Teridates, who had succeeded to the Parthian throne, in roon Df his brother Phraates, who had been expelled for his cruelty, was compelled hi his turn ic» flee, on the approach of Phraates, -with a Scythian army. 3. Portare. See n. 0. i., 2, 8. Quis ; nom. with rex; others read quis for a quibus. 4. Metuatur; i. e. by the Romans. 5. Terida- tcn. See introduction. 9. Pimplca. The name of a hill and foun- tain in Thrace, sacred to the Muses. 10. No vis. Compare O. iii., 30, 13 sqq. ODE XXVII. As in the ninth ode of this book, the poet sketches here the picture of a feas nil, some of his friends. It would seem that some of the party had grown pugnacious ovei their cups; and the poet, after a severe rebuke upon their rude conduct, contrives to give a fortunate turn to the conversation, by challenging one of the guests to reveal the name of his mistress, and by then pleasantly bantering him upon his mistaken choice. 2, Thraeum est. Sco :i. 0. i., IS, 9. 4. Kixis. On the construction see Hark. 413, N. 1. 5. Vino. See Hark. 385, II. 2 ; Z. § 469. O.'Ininiane quantum. So nimium quantum, in Cic. Orat. 26. 87; niirnm quantum, Liv. 2, 11. With discrepat it is here parenthetical — differs, it is wonderful hoio much — but may be translated, as it has the force of an adverb, amazingly. Observe that, if instead of being parenthetical, it formed the principal clause, e. g. it is wonderful, how much, etc., the verb would be in the subjunctive. 8. Cubito press©. With your elbow resting on the cushion. This was the usual posture at a Roman meal. The guests reclined on the lecti, or sofas, with their left arm resting on the cushion. For the expression, see Sat. ii., 4, 39 ; and for a descrip- tion of the Roman table, see n. Sat. ii., 8, 20 seqq. 9. Severi. Like i.'ustcrum, also forte, Sat. ii., 4., 24, rough, dry, in distinction from dulce. See Diet. Antiqq. p. 1056. 10. Opuntiae Megillae. Opus was a town of the Locrians. 18. All miser. The words of the poet, on hearing the name. 19. Laborabas. The imperfect, because the poet has in mind the time, during which the person was reluctant to reply to his question. 21. Thcssalis. Thessaly was famous for its herbs and drugs, and for its sorcerers and magicians. 23. Vix — Pegasus. By the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, Bellerophon destroyed the Chi maera. Horace here compares the maiden with that monster. 340 NOTES ON THE ODES. ODE XXVIII. There is a diversity nf opinion respecting the form and the divisk ns of this «de But the pronouns te and me, in the connection in which they occur, make it sufficiently clear, that the form is a dialogue ; and we gather from the word nauta in line 23, and from Ar- chytas in line 2, together with *Jie request in lines 24 and 25, that the two parties are the shade of Archytas and a mariner. The first twenty lines are the words of the mariner. Chancing to discover, on the coast of Apulia, the unburied corpse of the shipwrecked Archytas, he addresses the quon- dam philosopher, and tells him with something of raillery in his words, that not even he, with all his attainments in science, could escape death, the common lot of men ; that, in spite of his lofty expectations as a disciple of Pythagoras, he was now denied a transition to the other world, and confined to the Matinian shore, simply for the want of a little earth for the decent burial of his body. With the words Me quoque, 1. 21, the unhappy shade replies to the mariner, assenting to the stern truth of all his words, and praying him to vouchsafe the last offices to his unburied corpse. Some make Archytas reply from line 7, and others from line 17 ; but the words judice te cannot well be ascribed to Archytas ; and the 16th and 17th lines are so closely connect- ed, that they must be ascribed to the same person. The ode teaches the truth, that death comes alike to all. the wise and the simple, the learned and the ignorant ; none are exempt. For the modern reader, it illustrates the strength and prevalence among the ancients, of the sentiment of respect for the rites of burial; a sentiment finely illustrated by Sophocles's tragedy of Antigone. 2. Arcliyta, Archytas of Tarentum was a Pythagorean philosopher, a friend and teacher of Plato, and was distinguished for his attainments in geometry and astronomy. To these attainments allusion is made in line 1, and lines 5, 6. He was shipwrecked and drowned, while on a voyage, in the Hadriatic sea. 3. Parva niunera ; i. e. adhuc tibi negata. The want of the trifling gift of a little dust. So in O. ii., 20, 8 ; ner Stygia cohibebor unda. It was esteemed a terrible evil if a body was not duly interred ; the shade, it was thought, must, for a hundred years, flit about the body, or wander along the banks of the Styx. Matin qui. From a hill of that name on the coast of Apulia ; now called Matinata. 7. Pelopis genitor. Tantalus, the fabled guest of Jupiter. 8. Ti- tlionns. Son of Laomedon, the ancient Trojan king ; carried away to Olym- pus by Aurora, and though blessed with length of da3 T s, not exempt from mortality. Comp. n. 0. ii., 10, 30. 9. Minos. King and lawgiver of Crete ; who, to recommend his laws to the people, pretended that li6 had divine instructions. The poets made him. in company with Aeacus and Rhadamanthus, a judge in Hades. 10. Panthoiden. It is said that Pythagoras, to illustrate his doctrine of the transmigration of souls, asserted that he had lived in the Trojan war in the person of Euphor- bus, and pretended to make good the assertion, by going into the tem- ple of Juno at Argos, and taking down and recognising the shield of Euphorbus. Ovid alludes to the same story in Met. 15, 160, seqq., where Pythagoras says : BOOK I. ODE XXIX. 341 Ip&t ego, nam memini, Trojani tempore belli, Panthoides Euphorbua eram — • • « Cognovi clypeum, laevae gestamina nostrae, Nuper Abanteis teviplo Junonis in Argis. 20. Fugit. Aoristic use of the Perfect; that is, the perfect is here ascd as the Greek aorist is frequently used, expressing something that is of ordinary occurrence. See H. 471, II, 3 ; and comp. Kiihner's G. Gr. § 25fi, 4 b. No head does cruel Proserpine spare. Dillenb. explains thus : nemo ta^i gravis, quern Proserpina, i. e. mors, fugerii, timuerit, ad quern non ac- cesserit. 21. Ononis. See n. Epod. 10, 10. 22. Illyricis. Properly of Illyria, on the opposite coast, in relation to Apulia ; but here the ex- pression applies to the whole Hadriatic. 25. Sic; so; i. e. in case you listen to my -words ; sic expresses here, as it often does, the condi- tion on which a wish or a prayer is made to depend. 26. Hespcriis \ of Italy; so csked, in reference to Greece. 27. Plcctantur. May the woods of Venusium suffer. Plecti, literally to be punished. The wish expressed is, that the fury of the storm may be spent upon the forests of Venusium, and the mariner escape all peril. 28. Unde ; refers to Jove Neptunoque, and \s=:ex quibus. Comp. n. 0. i., 12, 17. 30. ]Veg- ligis. Do you think lightly of committing — ? On account of the im- mense importance attached to the rites of sepulture, it was esteemed a sacred duty to inter a body which might be found unburied. The neg- lect of this duty was thought to involve a fearful retribution. 31. Forset; perhaps also ;— for tasse etiam, as in Virg. Aen. 11,50. 32. Debita — superbae. A just retribution and like contemptuous returns. 35. Licebit— curras ; you will be allowed to, i. e. you, may run on. On the construction, see Harkness», 499, 2 ; Z. § 624 ; and comp. n. O. i., 7, 1. ODE XXIX. On the occasion of a crntemplated expedition into Arabia Felix, Iccius, a friend of the poet, seems to have been allured by the tempting prospects of gaining riches and renown, and to have abandoned the calm pursuits of philosophy for the stern business of war. In this ode, the poet rallies bis friend, in a tone of pleasant irony, on this sudden and singu- _ar change in his life. This expedition was ordered by Augustus, b. g. 29; and was made by Ae'iua Gallus, then prefect of Egypt, b. c. 24.— See Schmitz's Hist. Rome, chap. 41. It Beatus — gazis. Beatus is often used for dives, pretiosus. The Arabians were proverbially rich. Comp. O. iii., 24, 1. 3. Sabaeae* a very rich province of Arabia Felix, whose capital was Saba. 5. Quae virginum barbara. In prose it would be, quae virgo barbara. 7. Puer ex aula ; i. e. regia. The expression is equivalent to puer re- gius. What royal page. In all these questions the irony of the poet is 542 . NOTES ON THE ODES. manifest. Now that you, the quondam philosopher, turn yourself tc feats of valor, the hitherto unconquered Sahaeans and Parthians must at length yield to Roman arms. Like another Achilles, you shall bear away the beauteous daughter of some eastern prince, and a page from his halls to be your cup-bearer. 9. Serteas. The Seres (see n. O. i., 12, 56), like all the eastern nations, were celebrated for skill in archery. Sagittas tendere, a bold expression for arcum tendere. So Virg. Aen. 5, 508, telumque tetendit. 12. Moiitibus. Dative case. Poetic for ad mantes. 11. Panaeti. Panaetius was a Stoic philosopher of Rhodes a contemporary and intimate friend of Scipio Africanus the younger, and of Laelius. Socraticam domum. The school of Socrates ; the writings of Plato, Xenophon, etc. 15. Loricis Hiberis. • On the construction, see n. 0. i., 16, 25. From the superior quality of the metal, the Spanish cuirasses were preferred to all others. ODE XXX. Venus is invoked and invited to abandon for a while her loved Cyprus, and to houot with her presence the home of Glycera. 1. Cnidi Papliiqnc. Cnidus, a city in Caria, where was the celebrat- ed statue of Venus by Praxiteles. Paphos, in Cyprus, the fabled spot to which Venus was wafted, after having risen from the sea near Cythe- ra. 4. Acdcni. Used poetically for aedes. 6. Gratiae. Comp. 0. i., 4, 6. "The 'zone unbound' indicates a graceful negligence."— Osborne. ODE xxxr. After the victory at Actium, Caesar Octavianus dedi rated to Apollo a temple on the Taiatine ; the same in which was deposited the Palatine ..brary. At a time of such gen- eral rejoicing, while so many are indulging extravagant hopes and wishes, the poet draws nigh the sacred shrine, ant' asks for what he deems the best of all blessings, health af body and of mind. The petition is substantially the same as that in Juvenal, Sat. 10, &:>6, Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. 1. Dedication Apollinem. The English idiom here differs from the Latin ; one can say in Latin, as in English, dedicate a temple to a god, ledem deo dedicate ; and also deum aede dedicate, or simply, as here, aeum dedicate. So Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2, 33, Ut Fides, ut mens, quas— dedica- tor videmus ; and Ovid, Fast. 6, 637, Te quoque magnifica, Concordia^ dedicat aede Livia. 2. Patera } a round dish, like our plate or sau- BOOK I. ODE XX XTL 3 48 tor. It was used in connection with sacrifices, especially for libations. XoYuni. New wine was always used in libations. 4. Segetes. I give from Orelli the reading of the MSS., opimae—fcraces. But sege- tcs, though meaning primarily the sown fields, yet certainly means here the crops, the fields of standing com. Not rich Sardinia's fertile crops. 8. Mordet. In like manner, rudere and terere are elegantly used of rivers, to express the gradual, silent action of the water in washing «way the banks. The Liris was a river of Campania, now the Garigli- zno. 9i Premant. Premere for putare, to prune. Catena refers tc Cales. in Campania, and is here transferred from the vine itself to the hook, with which it was pruned. The ace. vitem here depends both upon prcmant and dedit. 12. Vina — merce ; the wine he has taken in exchange for his Syrian imports. Spices and perfumes were brought from India and Arabia to Syria, and thence to Rome. — Leves malvae. Light mallows; easy of digestion. So in Epist. 2. 58, gravi malvae sal.u- bres corpori. 17. Frui paratis, etc. The petition is twofold, viz. 1, et valido mihi et, precor, integra cum mente, paratis frui ; 2, degcre se- nectam, nee turpem nee cithara carentcm; the infinitives depend upon dones. ODE XXXII. In this little ode, written, as appears from the first word, at the request of some friend, the poet seems to illustrate his own office as a poet, the character of his poetry, and the delight which it afforded himself; it was his to illustrate, in his native tongue, the lyric measures of Greece ; like Alcaeus, who even in the midst of war, sang ever of Venus and Bacchus, he too was given only to the lighter and more sportive themes of song; and poetry was the solace of all his toils, and the companion of his dail) life. 4. Barbite. Here, as in 0. i., 1, 34 (where see note). Horace pur- posely uses a word of Greek origin. By its contrast with the word La- tinum, the meaning of the poet is more distinctly expressed. 5. Lcsbio civi. Alcaeus, who flourished about 600 b. c. Civi is dat. de- pending upon modulate, which is here used passively. 6. Ferox bellOi Alcaeus took an active part in the struggles of his countrymen against the Athenians, and also against the tyrannical rulers of his na- tive land. — With ferox must be supplied in translation although, corres- ponding to tamen. Inter arma ; whether in the midst of arms ; the first live is omitted. 7. Sive, etc. Or whether he had fastened, etc. ; i. e. whether in the camp, or resting in some harbor, after a toilsome voyage. 10. Illi haerentcm. Haerere is generally construed with the abl. either alone or with in, but sometimes with the dat. Dillenb. gives the usage of Horace with this verb, as follows : with the dative, Sat, i., 10 B44 NOTES ON THE ODES. id; with abl. and in, Sat. i., 3, 32; or the ahl. alone. O. i., 2, 9; Sat. ii, t 3, 205. 15. Cnnque. Means the same as quoque tempore, or quando- cunque, and is to be joined with vocanti. See Z. § 128 ; also Freund's Lex., and Hand, Turs. 2, p. 174. ODE XXXIII. 1 his ode is addressed to Albius Tibullus, the elegiac poet, whom Horace endeavors to console for the faithlessness of his Glycera. 1. Plus nimio. Dillenb. refers to other expressions which Horace uses to express what is excessive ; phis aequo, Sat. i., 3, 52 ; Epist. i., 2, 29; i., 18, 10;. plus justo, 0. iii., 7, 24. 3. Cnr. Used here in the sense of quod or propterea quod. So also it occurs with verbs expressive of anger (see Epist. i., 8, 9) and wonder, and with verbs of accusing. Comp. Hand, Turs. 2, p. 177 ; cited by Orelli. 5. Tenui frontc. With the ancient artists and poets, a narrow forehead w y as a mark of beauty. Thus Horace again in Epist. i., 7, 26, nig.ros angusta fronte capillos ; and Martial, iv., 41, 9, Frons brevis — sit. 7. Pl'ius. Sooner. ODE XXXIV. Startled by the phenomenon of thunder in a cloudless sky, the poet recants the Epicu- rean doctrines he had once confessed (Sat. i., 5, 101), that the gods take no active concern in the affairs of the world ; and he now avows a belief in their presence and superintend- ing providence. 2. Insanientis sapientiae. A mad philosophy ; literally an insane wis- dom, an oxymoron, common both in Latin and in Greek. 5. Diespi- ter. An old name for Jupiter ; Dies (old form of the genitive) pater. Varro, Ling. Lat. 5, 66, cited by Dillenb. 7. Per purnm toiiantes. Such an event was naturally accounted a prodigy. Comp. Virg. Georg. 1, 487 ; Aen. 8, 527. 9. Bruta. Immovable. In 0. iii., 4, 45, Horace has terram inertem. So Virg. Aen. 10, 102, terra immobilis ; and Sene- ca, Thyest. 1020, immota tellus. 10. Tacnari. A promontory in La- conia, where there was a cave, through which, according to ancient tra- dition, was a descent to the infernal regions. Comp. Virg. Georg. 4, i61. 11. Apicem. The apex, properly a piece of olive-wood, worn by the flamines on the top of the head, came to be applied to the pileus, or priestly tiara (see Diet. Antiqq. p. 67). Here it means a crown. 15. Stridore \ rustling, i. e. of the wings, for Fortune was represented is winged. \6. Snstulit— posuisse. See n. O. L, 1, 4, on coUegissc. BOOK I. ODE XXXV. 345 ODE XXXV. The poet invokes Fortune as an all-powerful goddess (1-4) ; whose favor all solicit, ffliose frown all fear (5-16); who controls, however, the affairs of men, not by a blind lap rice, but by sure and unchangeable laws (17-20); whom Hope and Fidelity ever at- tend and honor (21-28) ; he implores her to preserve Augustus in his distant expeditious, >-d to save the state from ruinous and detestable civil wars (29-end). It will be seen that it is not the Greek Tvxv whom the poet invokes ; a capricious, s.i> j: txary deity, such as is described in the preceding ode, and in ode 29th of Book Third ; btrt ii.e. Fortuna of the ancient Italians, as she was conceived of and worshipped at Antium, l*rseneste, and other Latin towns. The ode was prooably written B. c. 27, the year in which Augustus ordered the Arabian expedition, referred to in introduction to ode 29th ; and in which, too, Augustus is said to have meditated an invasion of Britain. 1. Antium. The capital of the Volsci, in Latiurn, where was a cele- brated temple of Fortuna ; its site was near the modern Porto d'Anzo. 2. Praesens. Used in the sense of potens, able. Dillenb. refers in illustration, to 0. iii., 5, 2; Sat. ii., 3, 68; Epist. ii., 1, 134; also Cic, Tusc. i., 12, 28. 4. Funerikus. Abl. instead of in funera; a singu- lar construction, of which we have only one other instance, in Ars. P. 226 ; perhaps used by the poet, on account of the resemblance in meaning to the verb mutare. 6. Ruris colouns. Ruris depends upon colonvs, not, as some have it, upon dominant; its place is conclusive on thia point. But colonus does not simply mean husbandman {agricola or rus- licus), but one hired to cultivate the soil, a tenant. — Comp. 0. ii., 14. 12; Sat. ii., 2, 115; and see Diet. Antiqq., Praediuin. 7. BithyRa. This word, in particular, was used, perhaps, on account of the commerce between Bithynia and Rome ; or because the ship was made of timber from Bitl^nia. 8. Carpatkinm. See n. O. iv., 5, 9. 9. Profngi. Wandering ; in allusion to the nomadic habits of the Scythians. Comp. 0. iii., 24, 9. 14. Staiitcm colnumaui. Stans columna is metaphor- ical for a firm and secure government. The words neu populus, etc., il- lustrate what has gone before, showing the way in which the peace of the state may be invaded ; and the repetition of ad arma brings, as it were, to our ears the repeated shouts of a tumultuous assemblage ot people. 17. Sacva Necessitas.. All the objects which Horace here brings together in this description of Necessity, are emblematic of strength and firmness, and thus illustrate her invincible might. Herder very happily conjectured, that the poet's description was suggested by some painting or statue of Necessity, which was in the temple at Anti- ram. 21. Te spes, etc. In describing Hope and Fidelity, as the never-failing companions of Fortune, the poet means to teach, that the unfortunate are not quite abandoned by Hope, nor by faithful friends rare though they be. Albopanno' as an emblem of candor and inno 346 NOTES ON THE ODES. cence. 22. Abncgat, sc. se. This omission of the pronoun cxiir* also in prose, in the later Latin. 23. Mutata veste. In allusion to the Roman habit of wearing soiled garments, as a token of mourning and distress. 28. Dolosi ; for dolosiores qiiam qui ferant, too treadccr- ous to bear, etc. Comp. with this stanza, the words of Moore : " The friends, who in our sunshine live, When winter comes, are flown, And he who has but tears to give, Must weep those tears alone." 29. In ultimos orMs Britannos. Virgil has a similar expression, EL penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos, Eel. 1, 67 ; and Tacitus, Agric. 30, Britannos terrarun ac libertatis extremos. According to Dio Cassius, Augustus entertained the design of invading Britain ; the design, how- ever, was never executed. 31* Examen. In reference to the levy made for the invasion of Arabia Felix. See introduction to ode 29. 33. Eheu cicatrienni, etc. This is one of the many passages, in which Horace speaks with just indignation and horror of the bloody civil wars of the last years of the republic. Comp. 0. i., 2, 21, seqq. ; and 0. ii., 1, 29, seqq. 35. Dnra aetas. A hard-hearted generation. 39. Dif- fingas. The meaning of diffingere is to make something different from what it was before— -forge anew. It is a word rarely used. The order of translation is thus : dijpZngas retusum ferrum in, etc. ODE XXXVI. A convivial ode, in honor of the return of Plotius Numida from Spain, where he had been serving, under Augustus, in a war against the Cantabrians. He returned to Rome, a.u:c. 730. 2. DeMtO. Votive. 4. Hesperia ; i. e. Spain, which was, to the Romans, the " Far West.'' 1 7. Lamiae. The same, who is referred to above, 0. 26. 8. Rege. Orelli and Dillenburger both refer this word to Lamia, as the leader, and the so-called king in the sports of school-days; appealing to Epist. i., 1, 59; pueri ludentes, Rex eris, aiunt; and Justinian, 1, 5, Cyrus rex inter ludentes sorte eleHus. Puer- tiae. By syncope for pueritiae. 9. Mutatae tOgac. The toga prae- lezta for the toga virilis. See Diet. Antiqq. p. 987. 10. Cressa nota. Cre.ssa, i. e. alba, white, because chalk, creta, was brought from Cimolus, a small island near Crete. It was a custom of the Thracians, and per- haps also of the Greeks and Romans, to mark happy days by a while stone, and sad ones by a black one. Hence the proverbial expressions BOOK I. ODE XXX VII. 347 like the one in this line. Orelli refers to other illustrations, viz. Catul- lus. 107. 6, O lucem candidiore nota! Persius, 2, 1, Hunc, Macrine, diem numcra meliore lapitto ; Plin. Epp. 6, 11, O diem laetum notandum mihl candidissimo calculol 12. Morcni in Salinm. Solium by contraction for Saliorum. The proper adjective is Saliaris, which occurs in the next ode. The Salii, from salio, were priests of Mars, twelve in num- ber, who once a year went through the city in procession, carrying the ancilia, and leaping, and dancing, and singing the praises of Mars. See Livy, B. 1, c. 20. 13. Multi nieri. The genitive of quality; equiva- lent in translation, to bibacissima. II. Tlireicia amystide. Amy Ms, &/j.v(ttis. from a/uLva-Ti (a and fivco), without closing the lips, means the Thracian habit of draining a cup at a single draught ; and hence exces- sive drinking. Thus Anacreon's expression, a/a-vari irlvetv. Comp. n. O. i., 27, 2, in regard to the intemperate habits of the Thracians. 15. Rosae ; i. e. for garlands, which w T ere worn by the Romans on festive occasions, generally on the head, and sometimes around the neck; they were made of garden flowers, chiefly the rose, the violet, and the lily, twined with green leaves of ivy, or the myrtle, or of the apium. — Seo Becker's Gallus, Exc. 2, to Sc. 10 ; and compare below, 0. 38, 2 ; O ii., 3, 13. ODE XXXVII. This ode was written, a. u. c. 724, in the midst of the general exultation awaKensd at Rome by the intelligence of the capture of Alexandria, and the death of Cleopatra. The tone of triumph over the fallen queen is tempered by a tribute of admiration to her lofty pride and resolute courage: which finally induced her to put an end to her life, rather than submit tp the humiliation of being led in triumph by her conqueror. 1. IVuiic est bibenduni. Probably an imitation of Alcaeus : Nvv xp^i ue&va&riv. 2. Saliaribus dapibns. See n. preceding ode, 1. 12. It is here to be said, in addition, that the Salii partook of a banquet, at the conclusion of their festival, which was proverbial for its magnificence. 3. PuMnar. On extraordinary occasions, when a public thanks- giving had been decreed, a banquet was held, called lectisternium, when the images of the gods were placed on couches (pulvinar), and tables and viands were put before them. 4. Tempus erat. The imper- fect implies that it was a thing, which not only ought now to be done, but ought to have been done long since. Osborne well translates : Long since was it time. 5. Anteliac. Here a dissyllable. 9. Turpiuni morbo viroruni ; " id est, qui turpi morbo illicitae libidinis laborabant, morbosorum spadonum." Orellius. 13. Vix una. Nearly the whole if Antony's fleet consisting of three hundred ships, was" destroyed; bu< 17 348 NOTES ON TIIE ODES. Cleopatra escaped, at the beginning- of the engagement, with a fleet Oi sixty ships. 14, Lymphatam. Maddened. Orelli and Liibkcr quote passages, two from Ovid, viz. Heroid. 4, 47, and Halieuticon, 49 ; and one from Lucan. 7, 186. which show that the Latin writers seem to have intimately connected the condition of persons called lymphatici with fear and terror. In this place, Horace seems to ascribe the terror and madness of Cleopatra to the influence of wine. 14. Marrrtico. A sweet, light wine, produced on the borders of the Mareotis, In Egypt. 16. Afo Italia volantem. Ab Italia, because it had been the hope of the infatuated Cleopatra, with the aid of Antony, to conquer and rule Italy. 20. Haemoniae. A poetical name for Thessaly, perhaps from Haemon, its ancient king. 21. Quae. See Z. $ 368. 23. Latentes, hidden, i. e. some distant, unknown shores. Reparare means strictly to gain something in exchange for what one loses ; here, some new, distant kingdom, for her own, for Egypt. 30. Libnrnis. The Liburnae, also called Liburnicae (sc. naves), were vessels of war, made after a model invented by the Liburnian pirates. They were built sharp fore and aft, worked with oars as well as with sails, and had the mast amidship. They formed a part of the regular Roman navy, after the battle of Actium, where they were first used to great advantage. They were originally biremes, but afterwards of larger bulk. — See Diet. Antiqq. and Rich's Companion under Liburna. ODE XXXVIII. An ode, addressed in imitation of the Greek lyric poets, to the cupbearer at a feast. 1. Persicos. Here, as usual, this word is general; and the poet re- fers to the proverbial luxury of eastern nations. The word apparatus occurs very rarely in poetry. 2. IVcxae plrilyra Coronae. Chaplets were sometimes made of single rose-leaves, by fastening them to the philyra, a cord made of the bark of the linden-tree. Chaplets of this kind have been frequently found on monuments. See Becker's Gallus, Exc. 2, to Sc. 10. 5. Allabores. On this word see 0. i., 5, 8. It is here equivalent to labarando addas, add with labor, take pains to add,. Comp. in 0. ii., 7, 24, a similar use of the verb deproperare. 6. Se- dulns. To be joined with allabotes, the two being dependent upon uro with the usual omission of ut. See Harkness, 499, 2. BOOK II. ODE I. Addressed to Caius Asinius Pollio, a person of great abilities and virtues ; amaa distinguished alike xn the camp, and in the senate and the forum. He was consul, A. u. 0. 714, and, in the following year, gained a triumph for his victory over the Parthini, a Dal- matic or Illyrian people. It was to him that Virgil addressed his Fourth Eclogue ; and in Eel. 8, 10, Virgil also bears witness to the excellence of his Tragedies : Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno. He was now engaged in writing a history of the civil wars. Horace exhorts him to the execution of his task, though a delicate and perilous one ; he predicts, in glowing lan- guage, his success ; and closes the ode in indignant exclamations at the enormous mis- chief which these civil wars had occasioned. The ode was probably written in or about the year b. c. 28. 1. Ex Meiello consule ; a. u. c. 693, b. c. 60. when the first triumvirate was formed between Julius Caesar, Pornpey. and Crassus. L. Afranius was the colleague of Metellus. Ciyicuni. Poetic for civilcm. 4. Principnm aniicitias. The two triumvirates. The second was formed b.c. 43. by Octavianus. Antony, and Lepidus. 7. Incedis per ignes, etc. The poet describes by this figure, the danger which Pollio incur- red in writing the history of scenes which so recently transpired, some of the actors in which were still living. 9. Musa — tlieatriSt Pollio was a tragic poet. See introduction. Horace urges him to forego the exercise of his favorite art, tiU the proposed history be finished. H). Publicas res ordinaris. Ordinare, like a-wTarreiv, in the sense of componere. When you have set in order the history of public affairs. 11. Grande— Cecropio— cothurno. Cecropio—Attico, as Cecrops was, ac- cording to legend, the earliest monarch of Athens. The cothurnus was a shoe worn by tragic actors, having a thick sole, which helped to increase the stature of the actors, and give them a more imposing appearance. Like our word buskin, cothurnus is here used metaphorically for Tragedy. You- shall resume, in the Cecropian buskin, your grand task. The epithet Attic, because it was at Athens that the Greek Tragedy reached its acme. 13. Insigne, etc. Here the poet recounts the praises of Pollio, as a forensic speaker, a statesman, and a general. See introduction. 17. Fancying the work already completed, Horace in this and the next three stanzas describes its lively and dramatic style, by which the events are brought directly to the eye and ear of the reader. Compare 350 NOTES ON THE ODES. note on 0. i., 15, 9. 18. Perstringis. You stun. 23. Terrarnm. See H. 397, 3, N. 4. 24. Catonis. See n. 0. L, 12, 35. 25. Julio et, etc. The name of Cato at once recalls Thapsus and Africa. Juno al- ways befriended Africa and Carthage, and was opposed to the Romans. The poet, in the first two lines of this stanza, refers to the Punic wars, and the war with Jugurtha ; in the last two, the civil wars, and especially to the battle of Thapsus. The Africans, then defeated and subdued, are now avenged by the mad strifes of Roman against Roman, and the victims of the civil wars are offerings to the manes of Jugurtha. 27. Tellure. Abl. depending upon cesser at See Hark. Lat. Gram. 425, II, 2, N. 3. 32. Hcsperiae ; i. e. Italy, called H^speria, in reference to Greece. Observe the contrast between this word and Medis, the Parthians, who lived in the distant East. 34. Dauniae. See note 0. i., 22. 14. Here equivalent to Latinae. 38. Ceae, etc. As am essay the task of the Caean dirge. The allusion is to Simonides. the elegiac poet of Ceos, who flourished about 605 b.c. 39.- Dionaeo aDtro. Some Dionaean grot Dione was the mother of Venus. ODE II. This ode is addressed to Caius Sallustius Crispus, the grandson of the historian, by whom he was adopted and left an heir to a large fortune. He was distinguished for his wisdom and liberality. The poet teaches in the ode. that wealth is truly valuable only as it is wisely used, and that, only in the judgment of the ignorant and vulgar, is it in itself the chief good of life ; that he alone is truly rich, who is superior to avarice, and he alone the true ruler, who rules his own spirit. 2. Abdito terris ; i. e. in the mines ; the allusion is not to money hid away in the ground. Lamnae ; by syncope for laminae. 3. Nisi— nsu. Dependent upon inimice. The sentiment is, you hold money in no estimation, if it is not wisely used. 5. Proculeius. A Roman knight, brother of Terentia, the wife of Maecenas, distinguished for his affection for his brothers, with whom, after they had lost their patrh naony, he generously shared his own. AeYO. Poetic for ad aevum. 6. Animi. A poetic construction, in imitation of the Greek. The prose construction would be propter animum. 7. Metuente solvi. A bold idiomatic expression, which it is scarcely possible to translate. It is equivalent to metuente tie solvai-ur, fearing lest it grow feeble, which means, that it never grows feeble; the never-drooping wing. " Compare O. iii., 11. 10, metuitqve tangi==ta,ng\ se non patitur; O. iii., 19, 16, metu- ens tangere; 0. iv., 5 20 ; aclpari meluit fidi . = nemo est, qui earn vio. BOOK II. ode in. 351 lire velit ; Epist. i., 16, 60, metuens audiri. Virgil, Georg. 1. 216, Arctos mctuentes acquore tingi; from Aratus, 46, Hpuroi nvaueov ir€ Fortuitum eespitem ; the chance turf, i. e. every where found, and consequently cheap, for the roofs of cottages. Another feature of ihe simpler life of earlier days. Comp. Virg. Eel. 1, 69, tuguri congestum cespite culmen. — But while the poet ascribes to leges this contrast be- tween public and private buildings, he must mean by the word the es- tablished usage of those primitive times, which was stronger 'than all statutes. ODE XYI. Repose all men seek for ; but they seek it, where it can never be found, out of them selves. For not honors nor riches can get it, but humble desires, and a quiet soul (1-1(5). Why then seek elsewhere for peace, when it can dwell only within ourselves 1 For if in our own souls are care and a guilty conscience, these must go with us, wherever we go (17-24). Be glad, then, in the joys of life, and temper its ills with a quiet smile ; for no- thing earthly is completely blest, nor may all enjoy the same, but each has a different, lot (25-end). Thus does the poet describe the fatal error of men in the pursuit of repose, and show where alone true repose is found. The ode is addressed to Pompeius Grosphus, a Sicilian knight, to whom Horace also llludes in Epist. i., 12,22. 10. Lictor J whose business it was to put away the crowd from before the w T ay of the consul ; an admirable illustration here, for not the high- est honors may avail to put away care from the breast of man. 11, Laqncata tecta. Fretted ceilings. The panels {lacus, lacunar, laquear) in the ceilings of the Roman houses, especially of the dining-rooms, were variously ornamented with stucco work, and also inlaid with ivory, and gilding. These panels were made by the beams and rafters cross- ing each other at right angles.— See Becker's Gallus, Exc. 1, to Sc. 2. 13. \mtar parvoj sc. ei. He lives well upon a little. Parvo is in abl. The following relative cui belongs both to splendet and aufert.— By salinam and tenui mensa the poet indicates things at once simple ana indispensable. 15. Cnpido. Always with Horace of masculine gen- der.— See Hark. 100, 1 ; Z. ty 75. 17. Quid— mnlta. Fortes may be translated a« if it were fortiter, vigorously, with all vigor; brevi aevo join with jaculamur. 18. Terras nmtamns ; sc. terra; in accordancu BOOK II. ODE XV11. 363 with the construction explained in note, O. i., 1G ; 25. Exchange our land for lands warmed by another sun. Patriae is the true reading, and of course must be joined with exsul. — -22. Turnias equituin relinquit. The same striking figure occurs again in O. iii., 1, 37, post equitcm sedet atr% cura. 26. Lento ; quiet; the smile of one who is unmoved by the ills of life. 29. Abstulit, etc. Illustrations of the preceding sentiment, nihil est, etc. The career of Achilles was brilliant, but it was b 'ief, clarum — cita mors ; Tithonus lived long, but his powers declined, tonga senectus — minuit. 31. Et mini, etc. In like manner to thee are given some things, to me others ; to thee riches, and abundant pos- sessions ; to me a small estate, with the poetic gift. 34. Observe the elision at the end of the line, hinnit{um) Apia. 36. Murice. From the murex, a shell-fish found on the coast of Gaetulia, was obtain- ed an extract for a fine purple dye. It was also found near Tyre, and near Taenarus, a promontory on the coast of Laconia ; whence the Ty- rian and Laconian purple. The twice-dyed purple, §i&a have grown weary ; to which the sixteenth and the eighteenth odes of Book Second are ievoted, and many passages in other odes. He teaches in what true happiness consists — Dot in honors, nor in fame, nor in riches— in nothing outward, but alone in a contented tpirit, in a mind well regulated, and free from all inordinate desires. On this head, Ilorace may be compared with Bums, in his "First Epistle to Davie :" " If happiness hae not her seat And centre in the breast, We may be wise or rich or great, But never can be blest : Nae treasures nor pleasures Could make us happy lang. The heart's aye the part aye, That makes us right or wrang." 1. Odi 9 etc. "This first stanza." as Dillenburger remarks, t: is in- troductory," not merely to this ode, but " to the first six odes of this Book;" as these all have a like moral complexion, and aim in common to recall the degenerate Romans to the simple manners of ancient times, and to the cultivation of those virtues, which are necessary to private and public happiness.- Hence the poet, seeking to exercise the high functions of a moral teacher, styles himself a priest of the Muses, sacerdos Mitsarum; and in these first two lines, borrows the expressions, wont to be uttered by the priests, when about to reveal the sacred mys- teries Profanuni valgus. Comp. Virgil, Aen. 6, 258, Procul, o pro- cut, este profani ; and the Greek Ikcis, e/ca5 %uptias. The poet mentions as a fruitful source of corruption the violation of the marriage covenant, whose evils extended to the children (genus) and all the rela- tions of family (domos). 21. Motus Ionkos. Ionian dances ; prover- bial, like the Ionians themselves, for their voluptuous and lascivious character. 22. Artilms. Ablative case. 33. From no such pa- rentage as this, the heroes of former time ; Curius, the conqueror ol Pyrrhus, b. c. 274 ; Scipio, of Hannibal, at the battle of Zama, b. c. 202 ; and Glabrio, of Antiochus, b. c. 189. 38. Sabellis. The Sabines, who, by the unanimous testimony of ancient writers, best illustrated the hardy virtues of the ancient Roman character. Comp. Epod. 2, 41; Virg. Georg. 2, 531 ; Aen. 9, 603 ; Cic. pro Ligario, 11 ; Ovid, Am. II., 4,15. 41. Sol ubi. A charming sketch of the close of day. with which comp. Epod. 2, 60. seqq. ; and Virg. Eel. 2, 66. ODE VII. The poet consoles Asterie for the absence of her lover Gyges, and at the same tima warns her not to be unfaithful to her own vows. 3. Thyna. With Horace and other poets the same as Bithyna. The Thyni emigrated from Thrace. Pliny says, Hist. Nat. v. 32, Tenent om- nem oram Thyni, interiora Bithyni. 4. Fide. An old form of the genitive and dative. For the dative, it occurs in Sat i., 3, 95. Comp. Ov. Met. 3, 341 ; Virg. Georg. 1, 208. 5. Oricum. A town of Epi- rus, now Orso or Erikho. 6. Post ; i. e. after the rising. The Ca- prae sidera (the Capra cum Hoedis, and hence the plural sidera) means the goat Amalthea, who nursed the infant Jupiter, and according to the mythology was translated to the skies. The epithet insana has refer- ence to the storms which prevailed at its rising, which was on the 29th of September. 11. Ignibus. Exactly like our word flame for the object of love. 13. Proctnni. King of Argos, induced by the false charges of the offended Antaea, to attempt the death of Bellerophon. Homer tells the story in II. 6, 155. 14. Impnlerit— niaturare. The usual construction of impellere is with ut and the subjunctive. Tacitus however, uses the infinitive, in Ann. 11, 54, and 14, 60. 18. Magnes- 5am. Of Magnesia, a town in Thessaly. 26. Martio. Of the Cam- pus Martins. See n. O. i., 8. 4. 28. Alveo. Of the Tiber. Com- pare the expression in O. i.. 2. 14. KOOK III. ODE VIII. 381 ODE VIIT. Horace invites Maecenas to celebrate with him the festival of the. Calends oi Marcn. *, hich was also the anniversary of his narrow escape from sudden death by the, falling o! & tree. See introduction to O. ii., 13. 1. Calendis. A festive day with the Roman matrons, called the Ma- li onalia. -Maecenas might well wonder why his bachelor friend was so punctilious in its observance. 2. Quid YCliiit. What — mean. Flores. Garlands, with which the altars were crowned ; used also as offerings. 5. Docte. The poet sportively intimates, that even one so well versed as Maecenas in the literature of Greece and of Rome, and of course in all that pertained to sacred rites, might be surprised at his celebrating the Matronalia. 7, Funeratus. Funerare ordina- rily means to bury ; here used in the sense of neca?-e, exstingucre. 9. Anno redeunte. In {every) returning year. So Lubker rightly trans- lates it. As the year returns, or, as we say, comes round. The same expression in Sat. ii., 2, 83 ; and Virg. Aen. 8, 47. 10. Corticeni. See n. O. i., 20, 3. 11. Fumuni. In the room, called fumarium, smoJie-roo?}i, in the upper part of the house, where the wine in amphorae was exposed to the heat and smoke from the bath furnaces. This was done to ripen and mellow the wine. The general word for such a stzre- room is horreum or apotheca. See Diet. Antiqq., and Rich's Companion. 12. Tullo. L. Volcatius Tullus, who was consul b. c. 65 ; so that the wine was forty-two years old, as this ode was written b. c. 23. The names of the consuls of the year were put upon the amphorae, as a date. Comp. 0. iii., 21, 1 ; also Juvenal Sat. 5. 30: Ipse capillato diffusum consule potat, Calcatemque tenet bellis socialibus uvani. 13. Cyathos. The cyathus was not a drinking-cup, but a measure, holding the twelfth part of a sextarius, which was equal to about a pint. They used the cyathus as a ladle, in conveying the unmixed wine from the crater to the drinking-cups. — See Diet. Antiqq. — Centum is used here in the language of exaggeration. Comp. n. O. iii., 1.9, 11; and see Becker's Gallus, n. 10 to 10th Scene ; also Diet. Antiqq. Cyathus. 18. Cotisonis. Cotiso was king of the Dacians. a people who lived on the northern bank of the Danube, from whom Lentulus suffered a se- vere defeat, b. c. 19. 19. Medns. The Parthians ; see n. O. i., 2, 22 : sibi dissidet refers to the quarrel between Phraates and Teridates. ■ 23. Seytbac. The Geloni, referred to, O. iii., 4, 35 ; and 0. ii., 9, 23 26. Prbatns ; i e. " cum privatus sis. ; ' Dillenb. tt 82 NOTES ON TIIE ODES ODE IX. One of the class jf odes, cailed Amoebaean, from the Greek a/uLetfia), to exchange. It describes, in graceful dialogue, a quarrel between two lovers, and their reconciliation \ thus illustrating those words of Teience, Andria, iii., 3, 23, Amantium irae amoris reilin- tegratio est. 3. Dabat. For the prose circumdabat. 5. Alia. Ardere is used both with the ace. and the abl. Comp. 0. ii., 4, 7; iv. ; 9, 13; Epod. 14, 9. 7, JVominis. On this use of the genitive, see n. 0. i., 36, 13. 8. Uiai Or Rhea Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus, whom Virgil calls rcgina sacerdos. Aen 1, 273. 12. Animae. A term ot endearment. Comp. Sat. i., 5, 41 ; Virg. Aen. 11, 24; Cic. Fam. 14, 14. 11. Tlmrini. Opposed to Thressa above. Thurium was a town in Lucania. 20. Lydiae# Dative case, depending upon patet. 22. Improbo. Raging. Improbus is a common word with the poets. So Virg. Georg. 1, 146, improbus labor ; Ovid, Tristia, i., 11, 14, improba hievis. ODE X. This little ode belongs to the class, called by the Greeks TrapaKhavai&vpa, and cor responds, at least in respect to the time when it was sung, to a modern serenade. Allusion is made to such a song in O. L, 25, 7 ; and iii., 7, 30, 1. Extremnm. ' Remote. Biberes. Bibere fluvium is often used by the poets in the sense of habitare ad fluvium. Comp. O. ii., 20, 20" iv., 15, 21. It is the same as if the poet had said, in simple language, If you were a barbarous Scythian, living upon the remote Tanais. 3. Ineolis. So called by a beautiful figure, because they constantly pre- vailed there ; as if those winds were the incolae ejus regionis. See n. O. i., 16. 6. 5. Senilis. Probably what was called viridarmm, an in- closure in the peristylium of the house, set with trees, plants, and flow- ers, and adorned with statues. See Becker's Gallus, Exc. on the Roman House ; and Diet. Antiqq. Some refer nemus to the solaria, gardens on the roofs of the houses ; to which Seneca refers, Ep. 122 ; non vivunt contra naturam, qui pomaria in summis turribus serunt ? quorum silvae in Icctis domorum ac fastigia mutant! Comp. Epist. i., 10, 22. — : — 7. Veil- tis. Abl. of cause. Instead of ventis some have sentis, which is a mere conjecture of Bentley, and is totally uncalled for. 8. Jnpiter. For the air, as often in poetic use. O. i., 1, 25 ; i. 22, 19 ; Epod. 13, 2. Also book in. ode xi. 383 Virg. Georg. 1, 418. 10. Jfe currcnte. The figure seems to be taken from some mechanical arrangement, for instance, a rops round a pulley, by which something heavy is raised. The rope may slip from the hands, and run backward as well as the wheel, and the weight therefore {'all to the ground. The sentiment of the poet is : lest your lofty pride suffer a disgraceful fall. 12. Tyrrhcnus. The poet mentions her Tuscan origin, as a reason why she should not carry herself so haughti- ly. Athenaeus (12, 14) describes the Etrurians as an effeminate and corrupt people. Whether the description be correct or not (and Nie- buhr rejects it altogether), there is here at least some such allusion, 14. Tinctus viola. The yellowish, sickly color of the viola lutea. So Tibullus. i., 8, 52 ; sed nimius luto corpora tingit amor; and Virg. Eel. 2, 47, pallentes violas. 16. Curvat. Bends you to pity; in the sense of fleeter e } mover e ad miser icordiam. ODE XL The poet invokes his lyre, and Mercury, the god of the lyre, to aid him, in gaiaing the regard of the obstinate Lyce. 2. Ainphion. The fabled builder of the walls of Thebes. At the tones of his lyre, the stones sprang into their places, and the wall went up, without the labor of hands. Horace refers to Amphion, A. P. 391, and explains the stories of Orpheus and Amphion. 3. Tcstudo. See n. 0. i., 10, 6. 5. Loquax. Used in a good sense. Sonorous. 10. Exsultnni. Occurs but once. See n. 0. i., 5, 8. Metuit tangi. On this expression, compare n. O. ii., 2, 7. 13. Tigres— silvas. Compare O. i., 12, 7, seqq. ; and n. A. P. 391, seqq. 15. Immauis. Agrees with aulae. Tibi. In allusion to the descent of Orpheus to carry away Eurydice. IT. Cerberus. Very many reject this verse as spurious ; because the pron. ejus is superfluous, and prosaic ; and because so detailed a description is unnecessary, unusual, and also repulsive. But there is a similar example of ejus in 0. iv., 8, 18; it. may be said, too, that the poet dwelt upon the picture, to illustrate the invincible might of music and song ; and after all, if the passage be really objectionable on poetic or other grounds, we may recall the poet's own words in A. P. 358 : idem Indignor quandoque bonus dor- mitat Homerus. Fnriale. That is, like the Furies. 20. Ore trilingui. See O. ii., 19, 31. 21. Quin et. On this whole pas- sage, comp. 0. ii., 13, 37, seqq. Tityus is referred to, O. ii., 14, 8, and lii., 4, 77. 25 — 52. The poet cites the case of the Danaides as a warning, and exhibits for imitation the noble example of Hypermnaes- 384 NOTES ON THE ODES. tra The Danaides. the daughters of Danaus, with the single exception of Hypermnaestra, murdered their husbands, by the command of their father, on the night of their marriage. Comp. the allusion, 0. ii., 14. 18. — — 26. Inane. Their punishment consisted in being compelled to draw water for ever in perforated vessels. 33. Face. The Roman bride, on her way to her husband's house, was preceded by a boy, car- rying a torch. At the Greek nuptials, this office was performed by the mother of the bride. 35. Splendide mcndax. A singular phrase, which Osborne well pronounces good morality, as well as good poetry. [t is an illustration of what Horace means, in the passage A. P. 47, seqq., by callida junchira. Dillenb. compares Cic. pro Milone, gloriose mejitiri, and Tacitus, Hist. 4, 50, egregium mendacium. 40. Falle. Escape from. 45. Catenis. Ovid, Heroid. 14, 3, represents Hypermnaestra thus complaining : Clausa domo teneor, gravibusque coercita vinclis. 52. Qnerelam. A sad epitaph. In Ovid, Heroid. 14, 128, Hypermnaes- tra proposes this epitaph : " Exsul Hypermnaestra pretium pietatis iniquum Quam mortem fratri depellit, ipsa tulit." ODE XII. An ode, imitated from Alcaeus, describing the passion of Neobule for the beautiful *nd accomplished Hebrus. 2. Mala — lavere. To wash away the ills {of life). To drown care with ■wine. 3. Patrnae. "An uncle, with the ancients, seems to have been, contrary to our notion, the very impersonation of severity." Os- borne.— See Sat. ii., 3, 88: Ne sis patruus mihi. 4. Qnalnm. The calathus, basket, used by the women when sewing or spinning. Comp. Virg. Aen. 7, 805, non ilia colo calathisve Mitiervae Foemineas assueta maims; also in Liv. 1, 57, the picture of Lucretia, busy at the loom, with her attendants. 6. Nitor. Nominative to lavit. See notes on O. i., 8, Avhere the sports of the Campus Martins are also referred to. ■ 10. Idem. Also. See n. O. ii., 10, 16. 11. Cervos. See n. O. L 2, 3 BOOK m ODE XIV. 885 ODE XIII. An ode addressed by the poet to the fountain of Bandusia, in ai ticipation of u nacri fice which he intended to offer to its presiding divinity. The locality of the Fons Bandusiae has been much disputed. It is however now es- tablished, upon the evidence of documents bearing the date of the year 1103, that it was six miles distant from Venusia. On these have been found the words In Bandusino fume epud Venusiam. It is probable that Horace gave the name of this fountain, which he knew when a boy, to a favorite one of his later years on his Sabine farm ; the same to which he refers in Epist. i., 16, 12: Fons etiam, rivo dare nomen idoneus. 2. Mero. To be offered in libation. So also jloribus means that it was worthy of being adorned with flowers. 6* Gelidos. He writes in the summer season, when the coolness of the fountain rendered it especially grateful. Compare Epist. i., 18. 104, gelidus Digentia rivus. 9. Atrox. Fierce; of its extreme heat. Comp. O. iii., 29, 18. 10. Sescit. Cannot. So A. P. 390, nescit — reverli. And Juvenal, Sat. 3, 41, nescio mentiri. The idiom is precisely the same in French. ■ 13. Fontium. Partitive genitive. Tu quoque. Like other founts famed in verse, Castalia, Arethusa, etc. 16. Lymphae. In illustra- tion of the perverse reading Nymphae, Bentley wittily asks, Nymphae mm semel ex antro de siluerint. quid turn ? ODE XIV. An ode to Augustus, on the occasion of his return from Spain (B. c. 24), where he had reduced to subjection the fierce Cantabri. A parallel ode, but far sublime r, is the Second of Book Fourth 1. Modo« But just noiv. Indicates the rapidity of his movements in conducting the campaign to a successful issue. Herculis ritu. To be construed with dictus—petiisse, not with Caesar — rcpctit. Augustus braves a difficult and perilous campaign, just as Hercules was appalled by no labors. Plebs. Used in a good sense, as frequently in poetry, like populus. Comp. Virg. Georg. 2, 508. Dillenb. compares O. ii., 2, 18 ; but there plebi has in it something of contempt. 2. Yenalcni — laurnm. Laurum, petere morte venalem is an expression for readiness to meet death, intrepidity ; so was it here with Augustus, and with Hercu- les in his labors. 5. Fnico. Beloved; not distinguished, a quality expressed by the succeeding words clari duels. Mulier. Li via, the wife of Augustus 6. Operata. In the sense of the present; as if it 886 N01ES ON THE ODES. were et operator. Orelli adopts in this line the reading sacns instead of divis. 7. Soror. Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the widow ot Mark Antony. 9. Virginum. The brides of husbands, who had come back in safety from the campaign. 10. Pueri to be under- stood as the same as juvenum, and puellae same as virginum in the pre- ceding line. I adopt this explanation of Orelli, in preference to all others. 11. Male oininatis. Of ill omen. Comp. notes on the first stanza of 0. ill., 1. 13. Turning from others to himself, the poet expresses his OAvn joy at the return of Augustus. Atras — earns* The same expression in 0. hi., 1, 40. 18. Marsi— dnelli. The Social or Marsic war, b. c. 90-88, between Rome and the confederate Italian nations. See Schmitz's Hist. ch. 27. See n. O. iii., 8, 12, where a paral- lel passage from Juvenal is quoted. The poet seems to design a con- trast between that calamitous period of civil war and the present peace- ful times. 19. Spartacuni. A Thracian gladiator, who was the leader in the Servile War, b. c. 73-71. At the head of great numbers of slaves, he ravaged and laid waste a large part of Italy, but was at length defeated by Crassus. Si qua. Abl. used adverbially. If in anyway. 21. Die— properet Neaerae. Bid Neaera haste. The Subj. because put in the oratio obllqua. See Arn. Pr. Intr. 460 (c), 3. In il- lustration of properet cohibere, see O. ii., 11, 22. 23. Janitorem. The porter, invisus, odious to those who were put off or excluded by him. 2T» Ferreni. Not for tulissem ; the protasis is involved in calidus. which is equivalent to si calidus essem. ODE XV. Addressed to a woman of advanced years, and licentious life. 3. Famosis. Infamous. Labor is here used with famosus, in con- trast with the daily toils of a poor but honest woman ; as, for instance, one who earns her bread at the spinning-wheel, lanificium, alluded to below, 1. 13. Comp. Terence, Andr. i., 1, 47 : " Primum haec pudice vitam, parte ac duriter, Agebat, lana ac tela victum quaeritans ; Sed postquam amans accessit,"— . 10. Thyias. A Bacchanal. See n. 0. ii., 19,9. 14. Lueeriam. A town in Apulia, celebrated for its fine wool. 15. Flos purpureas rosae. Equivalent to purpureae rosae ; comp. O. iii., 1, 42; on the ex- pression, comp O. iii., 29. 3; iv.^10. 4, BOOK III. ODE XVI. 387 ODE XVI. All-powerful is gold. Not brazen towers, nor doors of oak, are proof against it ; 1101 guards and sentinels, be they ever so watchful. It breaks through rocks, it cleaves through the gates of cities, it is the undoing of kings and stern captains (1-16). But grea; riclus are attended with cares, and by a thirst for yet greater (17-20). Far happier the proprietor of an humble estate, than the avaricious lord of vast possessions. Ble* am I. with my narrow and yet sufficient means, rich with my small desires and contented mind (21-end). Thus does Horace express again some of his favorite sentiments, and congratulate himself on his own happy lot. 1. Danaen turris. The story was told of Danae, that she was shut up by her father, Acrisius, king of Argos, through fear of the oracular prophecy, that his daughter was to bear a son, through whose agency he would lose his life. — See Class. Diet. 3. Tristes ;=severae, strict. Munierantt See n. O. ii., 17, 28. 7. Fore. Dependent upon some verb readily suggested by risissent; e. g. sciebant. 8. In preti- uni deOt A bribe of gold ; the explanation of the story, that Jupiter gained access to the maiden in the form of a golden shower. 11. Aoguris. Amphiaraus, whose death, as well as that of his son Alcmaeon, was owing to the fatal bribe, the golden collar of Harmonia. by which his wife Eriphyle was induced by Polynices to persuade her husband to march against Thebes. See Class. Diet. II. Vir Macedo. "The man of Macedon;" Philip, of whom Cic. says, ad Att. 1, 16: Omnia castella expugnari posse dicebat, in quae modo asellus auro onustus ascen- der e posset. 16. Duces. Orelli and Dillenburger illustrate this by the instance of Menas. the freedman of Pompey the Great, who was commander of Sextus Pompey's fleet, then was bought over by Octavi- an, and afterwards abandoned him, and went back to Pompey. 20. Equitani decus. Horace uses here this mode of address, in allusion to Maecenas's preference to remain ir. the humble equestrian rank in which he was born. Comp. O. i., 20, 5. 32. Fallit sorte beatior. A con- struction more common in Greek than in Latin. Fallere is joined with a participle in the same way as is the Greek \av&dveiv, where it means, to escape the notice of, to be xmperceived by. In that sense it is also follow- ed by an ace, as here, fulgentem. Beatior is used like a participle, as above, 1. 25, splendidior, like the Greek adjective with ov, though the corresponding verb esse happens to have no participial form, and hence : it is wanting in these expressions. Beatus, too. here means rendering me happy, beatior, rendering me more happy, as in Epist. i., 10, 14; 0. i„ 29 1 ; ii., 6, 21. It only remains to be added, that fallit and beatm agree with the preceding subjects, fides — silva — rims, all of which ex- press together the poet's farm. ageUus* as Dillenb. has it, or praedium, 888 NOTES ON THE ODES. as Orelli. I subjoin from Orelli a corresponding Greek construction rbv tt\ov(tlov Aai/daz/ei 7roAu oA&KaTepov ov ; and from Dillenb. the follow- ing Latin paraphrase : agcllus metis, sorte quam pracbet, bcaliorem me red' dit, quam capcre potest is qui maxima habet et fertilissima latifundia. • 33. Calabrae mella. The poet makes a similar allusion to the fine honey of Calabria in O. ii., 6, 15. 34. Laestrygonia. The Formian wine, to which the poet refers, O. i., 20, 11, where see note. The tradition was, that the Laestrygones once lived in Formiae. Horn. Od. 10, 82; Ovid, Met. 14, 233. S5. Gallicis. Cisalpine Gaul. 39. Cnpidine. On the gender of cupido, see n. O. ii., 16, 15. Cicero says (Paiadoxa, 6. 3): Non intelligunt homines, quam magnum veciigal sit parsimonia. 41. Dlygdouiis. Phrygia, so called from the Mygdones, who peo- pled it, from Asia. 41. Alyattei. Second dec. form, like Ulixei, O. i., 6, 7, where see note. Alyattes Avas the father of Croesus, of Lydia. ODE XVII. Addressed to Aelius Lamia, the same to whom allusion is made in the 2Gth Ode of Book First ; where see the introduction. The poet alludes, probably in jest, to the antiquity of the family of Lamias, and invite* him to spend the morrow with him in festive mirth. 1. Lamo. The son of Neptune, and king of the Laestrygones ; see n. preceding ode, 1. 34. The Romans were fond of tracing their lineage far back to ancient kings. Thus Virgil. Aen. 5, 117, seqq., carries back to Trojan names several Roman families ; the Memmii to Mnestheus, the Sergii to Sergsstus, the Cluentii to Cloanthus. And Liv. 1, 49, says of Mamilius. ab Jlixe deaque Circa oriundus. And Cieero, Tusc. i., 16, 38, says, in sportive allusion to Servius Tullius, mco regnante gentili. 4. Fastos. Here the genealogical registers, stemmata, of the family. The so-called Fasti Consular es contained the names of the consuls of each year, and of other important magistrates. To these is not here the allusion, though in them appeared the name of the Lamias here addressed. Comp. 0. iv., 14, 4. 6. Formiamm. Formiae, on the borders of Latium and Campania. See n. preceding ode, 1. 34. 7. Innautem Maricae litoribus. That washes the shores of Marica. Mari- ca was the name of a goddess worshipped at Minturnae. a town in La- tium. Virg. Aen. 7, 47, says of Latinus, Hunc Fauno et nympha geni- mm Laurente Marica. 9. Late tyrannus. Language of sportive hyperbole. On the expression, comp. Virg. Aen. 1, 21, populum late regem. It is the zvpvKptlvv of Homer. 10. Alga. Fucus; when carefully gathered, used in dyekig; but when thrown upon the shore, book in. ode xix. 389 useless. So Virg. Eel. 7, 42, projecta vilior alga. 12. Aquae ; i. e. pluviae, of a shower. Virgil also mentions the crow, in describing the signs of a storm, in Georg. 3, 388. 14. Gcuium enrabis. The an- cients meant by Genius one's good angel or tutelary spirit, that guided one's destinies. Here, in imitation of such phrases as Genmm placare, invocare (as the Genius was propitiated by offerings), and of another class of expressions curure cutem, corpus, Horace says Genium curare ; which, like Genio inchdgere, came naturally to mean, to indulge one's tastes and desires in scenes *f festivity and mirth. Comp. A. P. 210. 16. Opernm ; a deviation from the usual construction, as solvere is ordinarily found with the abl. See H. 410, V, 4. ODE XVIII. An ode to Faunus, the Greek Pan, the god of flocks, and of the fields, and the woods. The festival was celebrated twice in the year ; on the Ides cf February, and on the None* of December. 3. Leiiis. Propitious; the Greek irpaos. 4. Alnmnis. " The nurslings of my flocks." Osborne. 7. Yetus ara. My old altar; long since erected here, and now venerable for age. 9. Herboso— Deceuibres. We must bear in mind the mild climate of Italy. 10. Nonae. See the explanation of the Roman month, H. 641-646. 13. Lupus — agnos. The presence of the god secures tranquillity ; makes the lambs, though among the wolves, safe from all harm. 15. Pepu- Usse. On thf tense, see n. 0. i., 1, 4. ODE XIX. "A party of friends assemble to arrange the preliminaries of a festive meeting, per haps in honor of Murena. One of them, Telephus, interrupts the proceedings by antiqua- rian and historical inquiries ; and Horace, in this ode, hanters him on his ill-timed pe- dantry, and anon fancying himself the symposiarch, prescribes the laws of the festival, gives toasts, and calls for music and chaplets."— From Girdlestone and Osborne. 1. Al) Inaclio. That is, the interval between Inachus, the first, and Codrus, the last, of the Argive kings. 2. Pro patria. Comp. O. iv., 9, 52. 3. Aeaci. The Aeacidae, as Achilles, Telemon. etc. All such inquiries would be tedious and pedantic. 5. Chium. The wine of Chios, Scio, one of the best of the Grecian Avines. Others were the Thasian. Lesbian, Sicyonian, Cyprian,. and, in the time of Pliny, the 390 NOTES ON THE ODES. wine of Clazoraenium. Becker's Gallus, p. 380 (Eng. edition). 6* Aqnaui — ignibus. Orelli and Dillenburger understand this expression of the warming of baths ; but it seems more natural to refer it to the calda or callda, a warm drink, the only one among the ancients, consist- ing of warm water and wine, mixed with spices, a sort of mulled wine Comp. Juv. Sat. 5, 63; and see Becker's Gallus, p. 381. 7. Domain. That is, who will furnish a house for our feast. Some were to find one thing, some another. Quota, sc. hora. 8. Pclignis. This Pelig- )iian cold; as bad as that of the Pelignian country, a proverbially cold region. The ode seems to have been written in winter. In respect to this point, as well as to the scene itself, this ode resembles the ninth of Book First. Comp. introduction to that ode. 9. Da lnnae novae ; sc. poculum ; a cup for the new moon. Lunae is the genitive, as always in such expressions ; as O. iii., 8, 13, cyathos amid. In the Year of Nu- ma, the months were lunar, and there was a new moon on the Calends of every month. Hence the ancient custom of drinking on the Calends in honor of a new moon ; which from these words seems to have been observed in the time of Horace. 10. Noctis mediae. Because the feast was to be protracted till that hour. 11. Tribus ant novem — cyatliis. The cyathus is explained in n. O. iii., 8, 13. The numbers here refer to the proportion of the wine to the water, and are easily understood from the lines that follow. Either nine cyathi of wine to three of water, which the poets will have (1. 13), or three cyathi of wine to nine of water, for moderate drinkers (1. 16). See Becker's Gallus. Exc. 3 to Sc. 9. 15. Tres snpra ; for supra tres, above three; as quoi inter, 0. iii., 3. 11 ; and Jlamma sine, Sat. i., 5, 95. 16. Metnens. Sec n. O. ii., 2, 7. 18. Berecyntiae. Phrygian; see n. O. i., 18, 13. The Phrygian tibie w r as one of a grave mode. See n. 0. iv., 15, 30; and the cut on p. 115. 28. Lentns. Slow — consuming; as lentis — ignibus, 0, i., 13, 8. ODE XX. The poet humorously describes a contest between Pyrrhus and some maiden f or the exclusive regards of Nearchus. 1. Quaiito periclo ; sc.tuo; at what peril to yourself '. 2. Gaetnlae — leaenae. That is : no less perilous to tear away Nearchus from his passionate mistress, than to snatch from the lioness her young. 3. Post panlo. For panlo post; as often also with prose writers. 5. Ofostantes catervas. In keeping with the figure of the preceding verse, the catervae are the venutores, the huntsmen of the lioness. 7. Cer- BOOK HI. ODE XXI. 391 ftinien. In apposition with all that has gone before. Praeda — majoi an illi. Major praeda is difficult of explanation, as praeda manifestly refers to Nearchus. Dillenb. leaves the matter thus: "quae sana expli- cate possit inveniri, nescto." Orelli adopts the conjecture of Peerlkamp, Cedet, major an ilia, explaining thus: " an ilia victrix futura sit;" which is ingenious, but changes too much the construction. But it seems unnecessary to take major praeda so absolutely. May it not mean the greater share of victory, i. e. the greater share, in the regards of Nearchus'? 11. Arbiter pngnae. Nearchus, who may decide in favor of either of the parties. Posnisge. In illustration of the per- fect here used, followed by recreare, Orelli quotes from Valerius Max. ii., 4, 2 : Senatus consultum factum est, ne quis in urbe — subseUia posuisse sedensve ludos spectare vellet. 12. Palniam. That is, of victory ; as is manifest from arbiter pugnae. The expression sub pede palmam poncr" finely expresses the haughty contempt of Nearchus ; and humerum — re- creare, his air of negligence and utter indifference. 15. Nirens. A Grecian chief famed for his beauty ; Horn. II. 2, 673 ; also Epod. 15 ; 22. 16. Raptns. Ganymede, carried off from- Ida to Olympus. ODE XXI. Expecting a visit from his friend Messala, and intending to set before him the oldest wine in his cellar, the poet indulges in a eulogistic description of the uses of wine. The friend, in honor of whom the ode was written, was Marcus Valerius Messala Cor- vinus. Born a. u. c. 6S5, and therefore four years older than Horace, at his first entrance into public life, he was attached to the party of Brutus and Cassius, but went over to An- tony, after the battle of Philippi. Still later, he joined the party of Octavianus, and was consul with him, a. u. c. 723. He was no less distinguished in peace than in war, being always fond of literary pur- suits, and favorably known as an orator and a poet. 1. Consule Manlio. The year a.u. c. 689, e.c. 65, when L. Manlius Torquatus was consul with L. Aurelius Cotta. This was therefore the year of the poet's birth. — In regard to the expression, comp. note, O. hi., 8, 12 ; and in regard to the fact, which it fixes, see Epod. 13. 6. 4. Pia testa. To be joined with nata. Pia is used poetically : mij good jar; like benigna. 5. Qnocnnqne lectnm nomine. For whatever pur- pose gathered. Nom,en is used in the sense of Jinis, usus ; and. tectum, properly used of the uvae, is here transferred to the wine made from them. The idea is : whatever the purpose you were destined to serve, when you were made. Orelli quotes Varro, R. R. i., 1, 6, in illustration of the meaning of nomen. See others in Freund's Lex. 7. Descen- ds. That is, from the apotheca or fumarium. See n. O. iii., 8, 11. 392 NOTES ON THE ODES» 8. Proniere. Depends upon descende. Comp. 0. iii., 28, 7. — -9* So- cratieis. Such as are found in Plato and Xenophon. Comp. A. P. 310. 10. Horridus. With too much sternness. 11. Prisci Catoni«. Cato Major, called also tb^ Censor. Cicero gives a pleasant description of his habits, in his de Senec. chaps. 14-16. Comp. Bibliotheca Sacra, for May, 1846, p. 237. 13. Lcne tormentnm. Gentle torture. Comp. Epist. i., 18,38; A. P^ 435. The poet means: As real tortures, the rack, etc., compel the guilty to confession, so wine, quasi lene tormen- lum, softens by its agreeable violence, men of hard natures. 16* Lyaeo. Abl. of instrument. On the word, comp. n. O. i., 7, 22. Com- pare with the whole passage, Ovid, A. A. 1, 237, seqq. 18. Cornua. Cornua, by a figure of eastern origin, indicates courage and strength. Voss translates : des Muthes Horner. — Ovid says, in ihe passage refer- red to in preceding note : tunc pauper cornua sumit. 22. Segnes— solvere. Slow to loosen; that is, who never loosen; the ever-united Graces. The Graces are always so represented in ancient as well as in modern art. Comp. the Greek x«P'Tes a-vQuylai. Eurip. Hipp. 1147. With Venus, the Graces (whom Horace calls decentes, O. i., 4, 6) were tc be present, to maintain the decorum of the occasion. ODE XXII. The poet dedicates a pine tree to Diana, and vows to the goddess a yearly sacrifice. 2. Laborantes ntero ; i. e. parturientes. 3. Ter. See n. Epist. ii., 1, 36. 4. Triformis. In heaven, Luna, on earth, Diana, and in the infernal regions, Hecate. Comp. Virg. Aen. 4, 511. 5. Villae. On his Sabine farm. 6. Exactos annos. Quotannis ; with every com- pleted year. 7. Obliqnum. In allusion to the way in which the teeth of the boa ■ are set. So Ovid says, Her. 4, 104, nee obliquo dente timen- dus aper. ODE XXIII. The poet assures the rustic Phidyle, that the favor of the gods is gained, not by sstf) offerings, but by piety, and a blameless life. 1. Snpinas. Up-turned ; i. e. the palms upward ; in distinction from pronas. This was usual with the ancients, in supplication. Comp. Virg, Aen. 3, 176 ; 4, 205; Liv. 26, 9. 2. Nasccnte Luna. On the Calends book in. ode xxi v. 393 See n. O. iii., 19, 9. 8. Grave tempus ; the autumn, on account of the prevailing- south winds. See 0. ii., II, 15. The adjective is also thus used in Sat. h., 6, 18 ; and Livy, 3, 6. 10. Devota ; i. e. des- tined for sacrifice. Comp. O. iv., 2, 55, vitulus — qui—juvenescit in mea vola. Comp. Virg. Georg. 3, 157, seqq. 16. Deos. The little images of the household gods, in the atrium of the house. 17—20. Ininm- ais — mica. Immunis means free from guilt, innocent. Sumptuosa is in the abl. For the force of the perfects tetigib, mollivit, see n. O. i., 28, 20. Orelli gives the construction thus : Immunis manus si tetigit aram, mollivit aversos Penates farre pio et saliente mica, non blandior (futura) sumptuosa hostia. ODE XXIV. As in the Fourteenth Ode of Book Second, so here also, the poet inveighs against the luxury and corruption of his countrymen, and draws in contrast a picture of the man- ners of ruder, but simpler and more virtuous nations. In allusion, doubtless, to the plane and efforts of Angustus, he declares, that he who would do aught for the real and perma nent good of the country, must bring about a total reformation of manners, and the resto ration of a purer and better discipline. 1. Intactis. By the Romans. Comp. O. i., 29, 1. 3. Caementis. See n. 0. iii., 1, 35, in connection with n. O. ii., 18, 21. 6. Summis verticibus. To he understood of the tops of houses, as is manifest from the preceding caementis ; for, by the caementa, the moles were formed, on which were erected villas and other buildings. Some understand sum. verticibus to refer to the heads of men, the owners of such villas ; but this view is not to be accepted. The image of dread Necessity fas- tening adamantine spikes into the tops of lofty buildings is sufficiently bold, but to represent Necessity driving such spikes into a human head is scarcely less than ludicrous, certainly quite unworthy of Horace. In illustration of Necessitas and of clavos, see O. i., 35, 18. 9. Campes- tres ; i. e. " in campis (the Steppes of Tartary) viventes ;" like vofj.d.5es, nomadic ; in allusion to the wandering, Arab-like life of the Scythians. They are called profugi in O. i., 35, 9 ; and iv., II, 42. Described by Homer, and many succeeding writers, as a people of simple manners, and upright life. Horn. II. 13, 9 ; Strabo vii., p. 461 ; Dio Chrys. Ov. 69, p. 369, R. 10. Planstra— donios. So Aeschylus, Prom. 709: vavovo* eV €vkvk\ois bxois. And Silius, 3, 291 : Scythis migrare per arva, Mos atque eirantes, circumvectare Penates. 10. Rite. According to their custom; as in Virg. Aen. 9, 352. 11. Getae. A Thracian people, who lived on the Danube, and the borders of the Euxine. 12. 1m- mctata. Virs:. Georg\ 1, 126, mentions it as one of the features of th" 394 NOTES ON THE ODES. primeval times, the golden age, that the land was not divided and mark- ed out hy boundaries. So also Ovid, Met. 1, 135. 13. Fruges et Cererem. By Hendiadys for fruges Ccrcris. 14. Longior annua* This feature of primitive life, Horace seems to have borrowed from Caesar's account of the Suevi, B. G. 4, 1 : Centum pagos habere dicun- tur, e quibus quotannis singula mitt'ia armatorum bcllandi causa educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserint, se atque ulos alunt. Hi rursus anno post in armis sunt ; Mi domi remanent. — Sed privati ac scparati agri apud eox nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet. — Comp. Tac. Germ. 26. 16. Aequali— scrte ; must be joined with vi- carius. Vicarius is he who succeeds, and he succeeds under just the same conditions. 18. Temperat ; like parcit; spares, i. e. is kindly to. So Cic. in Verrem, 2, 2. non solum sociis — consuluit, verum etiam — hostibus temperavit. 21. Dos est— virtus. As Horace says. 0. iv. 4, 29, fortes creantur fortibus et bonis. Plautus has also an illustrative pas- sage, which is quoted by Orelli and Dillenb. : it is in Ampbit, ii.. 2. 207 : Non ego Mam dotem mi esse duco, quae dos dicitur ; sed pudicitiam et pu- dorem et sedatam cupidinem, Dcum metum, parentum amorem, et cognaliim concordiam. — The form parcntium occurs very seldom, though similar ones are found, even in prose, e. g. civitatium. 24. Et peccare. With this line, illic (1. 17) must be repeated. Peccare refers to violation of castitas. Aut—alioquin, else, if otherwise. To commit (that offence) is (deemed) the utmost wickedness, or else (that is, if the offence is commit- ted), the penalty is death. 26. Civicam. See n. 0. ii., 1, 1. 27. Pater urbium. The poet probably alludes to Augustus. Comp introd. to Ode 6th of this Book. The words, however, arc not a title of Augus- tus, nor to be confounded with pater patriae. See n. 0. i., 2, 50. 35. As illustrative of the same sentiment, comp. the words of Tacitus, Germ. 19 : Bonae leges minus valent quam boni mores. 42. Magnum. Repeat the si from 1. 36. Opprobrium is in apposition with pauperies. 46. Turba faventium. Such donations were solemnly deposited in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, amidst the applauding shouts of the people. Favcre is often used in the sense of applaud. So Livy, 1, 25, clamore, qualis— faventium solet. 57. Graeco. Used in contempt; as the Roman sports were more manly and healthful. So Juvenal, with yet more reason, satirizes the adoption of Grecian manners, in Sat. 3. 67: u Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna. Quirine, Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo." 57. Legibus. There was such a law in Cicero's time. He speaks of persons condemned by it. in Oratt. Philippicae, 2, 23. Comp. Ovid, Trist. 2. 470. 60. Consorteui socium. Partner in business. 62. Properet. Used transitively, like deproperare, O. ii., 7, 24, where see book in. ode xxvi. 895 oote. 61. Curtae. Small; that is, in the opinion of the unsatisfied possessor. Comp. O. iii., 16. 28, inter opes inops; and Epist. i. 2, 56. ODE XXV. A dithyrambic ode, in which the rapt poet sings anew, and in yet loftier strains, the praises of Augustus. 2. Nemora. Like specus, depends upon in. See Z. § 778. Comp. the similar language, at the beginning of 0. ii. 19. 4. Autris. Abl. case ; the preposition omitted, as often in poetry. It means grottoes, and is a finer, more poetic word than specus. Audiar. Future tense ; and also dicam, 1. 7. 5. Meditans— inscrere. The infinitive, as fre- quently in poetic use, for ad inserendum. 6. Consilio. Comp. O. iii., 8, 17, consiliantibus divis. 9. Exsoninis. Ever-wakeful, literally, sleepless. Like exsanguis, exlex, and similar words, where ex has the same force. In this and the following lines, the poet in his rapture, compares himself to a Bacchanal, and contemplates, with like amaze- ment, the strange regions into which he is borne. 10. Hel>rum. A river in Thrace, where also the mountain Rhodope. 11. Barbaro. Of the Thracians, who, like the Phrygians, are always so designated by ths Greek poets. The allusion is to the wild orgies of the Bacchantes. 12. Ut» Join with non secus. Non secus — ut, not otherwise — than, just — as. 19. Lonaee. From Xrjvbs, god of the wine-press. Lenaean. 20. Cingentein sc. sibi. Comp. 0. iv., 8, 33. ODE XXVI. Scorned by the haughty Chloe, the poet, like a discharged soldier, will abandon the arias of love, but begs of Venus, as a last request, that his slighted love may net go una venged. 2. MHitavi. A frequent poetic figure. Comp. 0. iv., 1, 16 ; Ovid, Am. i. ; 9, 1. 4. Hie paries— latns. The poet represents himself in the temple of Venus, where he will hang iip his lyre, and the arma, mentioned in lines 6, 7 ; and this he "will do on the wall, to the left of the statue of the goddess, therefore on the right-hand wall of the tem- ple. 0. Cnstodit. Like Latus tegere in Sat. ii., 5, 18; but more ele- gant. 7. Fnnalia ; torches, made of ropes, covered with pitch ; vectes. crowbars • arcus, bows, added in jest, perhaps to use with the janitores, in terrorfP ; all these, instruments carried about by night-revellers, with 19 396 NOTES ON THE ODES. which to accomplish their purposes. 9. Cyprnm. Comp. 0. i., 3, 1 ; i., 30, 2. 10. Memphin. In this Egyptian city was a celebrated temple of Venus. On Silhonia, comp. n. O. i., 18, 9. ODE XXVII. The poet seeks to dissuade Galatea from braving the perils of a voyage in the season of autumn. Deprecating all evil omens (1-12), he urges a consideration of the autumnal storms, which she must needs encounter (13-24), and sets forth, in tones of warning, the story of Europa (25-76). In verses 1-7, the poet speaks of ill omens, which the wicked, not Galatea, may fear; and (9-12) asks for her only favorable auguries. 3. Rava. Grayish ; the color, according to Festus, between flavus and caesius. LammiiOe Lanuvium, a town on the right of the Ap- pia via, the road on which Galatea was to set out on her journey. See n. on 1. 12. 10. Divina ; prophetic, as in A. P. 218. 11. Oscinem corvnm. Birds furnished auguries in two ways ; by their singing, and by their flight; hence called oscines, and alites or praepetes. — — 12. So- ils ab ortu. On the east ; that is, from the left of the augur ; as the Romans, in taking the auspices, faced the south, and therefore had the east on their left, and the west on their right ; whence, with them, the lucky omens came from the left, since only from the eastern quarter of the heavens, as it was believed, could such omens come. The Greek augur faced the north, and therefore found his favorable auguries on his right. See Diet. Antiqq. 13. Sis licet. See n. 0. i., 28, 35. 15. Laevus. Here, contrary to ordinary Roman usage, the corvus and the picus gave lucky omens on the right. Dillenb. adds Ovid, Ibis, 128, a laeva moesta volavit avis. 18. Proims , ad occasum vergens, setting ; like devexus, 0. i., 28, 21. 19. Novi. I know by my own ex- perience ; referring, perhaps, to his voyage from Greece to Italy. Albas. See n. O. i., 7, 15. Its very clearness might however mislead the sailor .or voyager. Comp. n. 0. i., 3, 4. 21. Hostimn. A simi- lar imprecation in Virg. Georg. 3, 513. Comp. O. i., 21, 13, seqq. 28. Palluit audax. Palluit with ace. like silere, O. i., 12, 21. Audax is ebgantly put in contrast with credidit latus. The story was, that Euro- pa was carried off by Jupiter under the form of a white bull, across the ^ea from Phoenicia to the island of Crete. At first, charmed by the beauty of the creature, she boldly ventured to mount him, but soon was terrified by the monsters and perils of the deep. Translate : And yet, bold as she was, she soon grew pale at. 34— 36. Pater — furore. Father, alas for the name of daughter, which I have abandoned, and fof my fJial affection, overcome by mad folly ! The poet beautifully repre* book in. ode xxvin. 397 *ents Europa mute with terror, so long as she was on the sea ; but ai soon as she reaches the shore, she bitterly laments her rash folly in abandoning the name and affection of a daughter. 41. Porta— ebur- u a. Homer's ivory gate in Hades, through which came all false dreams. The true dreams came through a gate of horn. Od. 19, 562. 47. Amati. See above, n. on 1. 28. 51. Si quis— audis. Virgil, Aen. 4, 625, uses similarly the pronoun aliquis with a verb in the second person. 59. Pendulum — eollum. Join pendulum with ab orno. Laedere is used in its primary signification, dash against, break. 66. Aderat — Venus. " A correct taste will not be gratified by the counsel ascribed to her father, by the merriment of Venus on the occasion, or by the poor topic of consolation suggested to a mind tortured by shame and compunction." Girdlestone and Osborne. 70. Irarum. On the ge- nitive, see Harkness, 410, V, 4. — — 75. Sectus orbis; the same as sectio or dimidia orbis, in allusion to the then known divisions of the globe, Eu- rope and Asia. ODE XXVIII. An invitation to Lyde, to celebrate with the poet the festival of the Neptunalia. 1. Potius. That is, than pass the day with thee. Die Xeptuni. Die, the abl. of time. The festival of Neptune was observed on the 23d of July. 2. Reconditum. Hidden, stored away, old. Comp. n. on interiore nota, O. ii., 3, 8. 3. Strenua. Adverbial ; like sapiens, O. i., 7, 17, on which see note. Caecubum. See n. O. i., 20, 9. 5. Meridiem ; i. e. solem meridie inclinare, or se inclinare; as Liv. 9, 32, Sol meridie se indin&vU ; Juv. Sat. 3, 316, Sol inclinat. 7. Horreo, or Apo- theca. See notes, 0. iii. 8, 11 ; 21, 7. 8. Bibuli. M. Calpurnius Bibulus was consul with Julius Caesar, b. c. 59. 9. Invicem. Alternately; an amoebaean strain ; I, Neptune and the Nereides ; you, Latona and Diana ; and both together, Venus and Nox. 10. Nereidum. The fifty ocean-nymphs, daughters of Nereus. 13. Summo. In our last strain t her who. Summus in sense of extremus, as in Epist. i., 1, 1; Juv. Sat. 1, 5. On Cnidon, comp. O. i., 30, 1. 16. Dicetur. Agrees with Nox / as the punctuation, which is Bentley's, indicates. 1398 NOTES OX TI1E ODES. ODE XXIX. This ch.iraiing ode „e poet, from his Sabine farm, writes to Maecenas, heggrjg him to hasten away from the noise and smoke of the city, and forget for a while the cares oi state, amid the simple pleasures of rural life. He bids him remember that we must live wisely and well in the present, as the future is all uncertain, an., is hidden from mortal view. He who is content with what is given him, and who carriis within him a bravo and fearless conscience, — that man is independent of all the changes of fortune 1. Tyrrhena. See. n. 0. L 1, 1. 2. Verso. Broached; literally, turned on one side, to let out the wine. 3. Flore— rosarnm ; for chaplets ; so often referred to, in connection with festive occasion Cum translate together with. 4. Balanns. An eastern nut, which yielded a celebrated oil. The best came from Arabia. 5. Jamdndnm — est. Has been for some time at my house. See Arn. Pr. Intr. Pt. i., 413. 6. Xec semper— contempleris. With Dillenb. I give the preference to this reading, which is sustained by good MS. authority. The other reading, ne — contempleris, though a good MS. reading, and yielding, in general, the same sense as nee — contempleris, is yet inferior on account of the abruptness of the transition, which it requires, in passing from the preceding line ; whereas nec—et non joins directly the two clauses, contempleris having an imperative force ; match thyself from delay, and be not ever gazing upon — . The poet imagines Maecenas in his lofty palace on the Esquiline, surveying with wistful gaze the charming pros- pect before him, — those delightful hills that skirt the plain on the east, and those attractive spots. Tibur, Aesula, and Tusculum; longing for the quiet delights of rural life, and yet fastened to the city by public cares. The conjectural reading, ut semper udum, besides being jejune and prosaic, is quite gratuitous, being founded in a wrong apprehension of the word contemplari; as if it could apply only to objects quite near at hand. The mere mention (made by Orelli and Dillenl: iirger) of such Latin expressions as contemplari astra, Stellas, coelum, is sufficient to do away with such a view of this verb. Tusculum was about twelve, and Tibur sixteen miles from Rome, and always visible in clear weather from the high parts of the city. 6. Tibur. See 0. i., 7, 12. Aesula was between Tibur and Praeneste. 8. Telegonus, the son of Ulysses, who built Tusculum ; he had unwittingly killed his father. 9. Fas- tidiosani— copiam. " Cloying store." Dryden. 10. Molcm ; the pa- lace of Maecenas on the Esquiline, which was very high, and built in a pyramidical, tower-like form ; hence sometimes called turris. Horace refers to this palace in Epod 9, 3, sub alta — domo. Maecenas had an- other fine residence at Tibur, called by Suetonius (Nero. 38) turds Maecenatiana. 13. Vices ; change ; i. e. to the simplicity of a pool book hi. ode xxix. 399 man's home, which might well be an agreeable one. The poet urges it as an inducement to hasten away from Rome. Compare the w r ords ol Bishop Hall: "It is no ill counsel and not a little conducing to a con- tented want, that great persons should sometimes step aside into the homely cottages of the poor; and see their mean stuffs, coarse fare, hard lodgings, worthless utensils ; and compare it with their own deli- cate superfluities." In " Remedy of Discontentment." 15. Aulacis ; from aula ; the tapestried hangings of a hall, from the ceilings and along the sides ; ostro, the purple coverings of the couches, and other articles of furniture. »16. Explicnere. Are w mt to smooth ; another instance of the aoristic perfect. See note, O. i., 28, 20. 17. Pater. Cepheus, whose name was given to a star in the constellation of the Little Bear. It rose on the 9th of July. The poet means, that the heat of dog-days is at hand, another inducement to leave the city. 18. Procyon. UpoKvwy, Ante-Canis, the name of a star in Orion, which arose on the 15th of July, eleven days before Sirius, or the Canicula, the Dog-star. 19. Leonis. The sun enters Leo on the 20th of July. 22. Horridi. Sylvanus, a name for the rural god, like Pan, Fau- nus, etc. The poet calls him horridus, rough, investing him with a form and character like those of the forests and thickets over which he pre- sided. 25, Tfl — Trbi. Maecenas enjoyed the unlimited confidence of Octavianus, both before and after the latter had attained supremo power ; at several times, in the absence of Octavianus from Rome, Mae- cenas was intrusted with the administration of Rome and of all Italy. It is to such a political position as this, that the poet here refers, not to his being praefectus urbi, which was a regular municipal office, instituted after the establishment of the empire, at the suggestion of Maecenas. — The passages, which establish this view, are Tacitus, Ann. vi., 11 ; Sue- tonius. Aug. 37; Dio Cassius, L. ii., 21. — Urbi depends upon sollicitus. 27. Regnata Cyro Bactra. Bactra, formerly part of the Persian empire, was, in the time of Augustus, subject in part to the Parthians ; hence here used for the Parthian empire. Compare n. O. i., 2, 22 ; on regnata, see n. O. ii., 6, 11. Tanais ; the river, for the Scythians, w T ho lived near it. 31. Ultra fas. Fas means here what is in accord- ance with the law of reason. Beyond what is reasonable. 32. Quod adest. What is at hand, that is, praesentia, the present. 34. Medio alveo. In the middle of its bed, i. e. without overflowing either bank. In this image of the uncertain future, borrowed from the changeful course of a river, the poet has in mind the Tiber, now flowing on qui- etly to the Tuscan sea, now swollen to overflowing by the waters of the Anio, the Nar, and other tributary streams. 36. Adesos. Comp. n. on mordet, 0. i., 31, 8. 42. In diem; quotidie, singulis diebus ; every day. But in dies is more common. 43. Vixi. The context shows that the poet means, that one should cheerfully enjoy the present with 100 NOTES ON" THE ODES. out an excessive solicitude in regard to the future. J have lived ; tliut is, I have fully enjoj^cd what has been already given me, without being anxious about the future. " To-morrow do thy worst, for I have lived to-day." — Dryden. The fine exclamation of Titus, perdidi diem, arose from his regret, that he had let a day pass without doing a single act of benevolence. He who lives as a Christian ought, may invest the word Vixi with a yet deeper significance. 44. Polnm ; for coelum ; the heavens. 48. Quod — Yexit. Vexit means here avexit, as plainly shown by fugiens ; what the flying hour has once for all borne away ; that is ; the past. 54. Resigno. I give back. " Resignare antiqui dice- bant pro rescribere." Festus. Rescribere was the business word for pay back, pay one's debts. 55. Virtate me involve. / wrap myself in my own integrity ; as in a mantle ; expressing a lofty consciousness of one's own integrity, which lifts one above the changes of fortune. 56, Sine dote. The poet borrows the image from an honest but poor maid- en, who brings no dowry to her husband. — The celebrated William Pitt made a very happy use of these verses, in his speech in the House of Commons, in 1782, on resigning his office of Chancellor of the Exche- quer. The following is a part of the close of the speech : " It is impos- sible to deprive me of those feelings, which must always result from the sincerity of my best endeavors to fulfil with integrity every official engagement. — And with this consolation, the loss of power, Sir, and the loss of fortune, though I affect not to despise, I hope I shall soon be able to forget, Laudo manentem : si celeres quatit Pennas, resigno quae dedit probamque Pauperiem sine dote quaero." His biographer remarks, that the omission of et mea, etc., was generally considered as marking equally the modesty and good taste of Mr. Pitt. — Tomline's Life of Pitt, vol. i., p. 82. 55. Non est nieuin. It is not mine ; i. e. it is contrary to my nature and habits. 59. Votis pacisci ; to bargain with vows ; promise to offer costly sacrifices or gifts, on the condition (ne) that the merchandise be not lost. 64. Geininus. Cas- tor and Pollux, Gemini, the guardian titar of sailors. See O. i., 3, 2 ■ 12 ; 25. book in. ODE XXX. 401 ODE XXX. The pi«et confidently predicts his enduring fame as the first and greatest of the lyrk »ards of Rome. The sentiment which pervades the ode has heen similarly expressed by other Latin poets ; in some instances svidently in imitation of Horace. In Ovid, in particular, there are several parallel passages. Most striking are Iho con. eluding lines of the Metamorphoses : Jamque opus exegi, quod nee Jovis ira, nee ignes, Nee poterit ferrum, nee edax abolere vetuslas. — Parte tamen meliore mei super Alt a perennis Astra ferar nomenque erit indelebile nostrum ; Quaque patet domitis Romana potent ia terris, Ore legar populi, per que omnia saccula fama, Si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. Metam. xv., 871, seqq. Also in Amor, xii., 15, 7: Mantua Virgilio gaudet, Verona Catullo : Pelignae dicar gloria gentis ego. See also Amor, iii., 15, 19; and De Arte Am. iii., 339.— So Propertius, ih., 5, 5b: Carmina erunt formae tot monumenta tuae ; — A ut illis Jlamma aut imber subducet honores Annorum aut ictu pondera victa ruent. And Martial, x., 2, 8, and 12 : — Et meliore tui parte superstes eris. — Solaque non norunt haec monumenta mori. Comp. also Virg. Georg. iii., 8; and Ennius, quoted above, in notes on O. ii., 20. 1. Aere. Brazen statues and inscriptions. 2. Altins. The largest of the Egyptian pyramids were above 400 feet in height. 3. Impoteiis. Furious;— Sui non potens, veJiementer furens. 6* JVon omnis. Not all. The poet associates himself with his undying works. They are a part of himself, and he shares their immortality. 7. Libitinam. The goddess of funerals ; here by metonymy, for death. In her temple at Rome was kept a register of deaths, where was paid a small sum for the registration of the names. Here was sold every thing necessary for a funeral, and near by dwelt the undertakers (Libitinarii). — See Diet. Antiqq., Funus; and comp. Sat. ii., 6, 19; Epist. ii., 1, 49. 8. Dum Capitolinni. So long as the pontiff shall ascend the Capitol, i.e. in sempi- ternum, for ever ; since, with the Roman, the Vestal worship and all the rites of the national faith were to share the eternal destinies of the City. The Roman believed that the duration of his City and its proud Capitol was bounded only by the duration of time itself. His creed on this head is well expressed by what Byron says of the Coliseum : " While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand ! When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall ; And when Rome falls — the world." — Childe Harold c. iv. £02 NOTES ON. THE ODES. With which compare Gibbon's Decline, ch. 71. n. 52. And the issue haa more than answered to the proud prophecy of the poet. Long since has that monthly procession ceased to ascend the Capitol, long since the Ves- tal flame gone out upon the altar ; the Temple itself has crumbled to dust, and ancient Rome is in ruins ; but, in the immortal verse of Ho- race, yet live and will live for ever the solemn Vestal worship, and all the glories of the great City.— Comp. 0. iii., 5, 11 ; and Virg. Aen. 9, 448 ; Ovid, Trist. iii., 7, 51. 10. Dicar, etc. Dicar must be joined with pr -biceps — modos, and not directly with qua violens, etc. Orclli adopts the order of Acron, which is as follows : Dicar princeps Aeoliun carwien ad Italos modos deduzisse (ibi natus), ubi Aufidus obstrepit, et qua — populorum, ex humili potens. I shall be celebrated as the poet, who was the first to bring down, etc. Aufidus. Venusium, the poet's birth- place, was on the Aufidus. Comp. 0. iv., 9, 2. 11. Dannus, The name of a legendary king of Apulia, whence the country was °allcd Daunia. Compare 0. i., 22, 14. Pauper aquae alludes to the summer droughts in Apulia. 12. Regnavit pepulornm, A Greek construc- tion, r/p|e Aaup. Sou Harkness, 410, V, 3. Ex hnuiili potens. Forace often refers to bis humble origin. Comp. 0. ii., 20, 5 ; Sat. i., 6, 45, 46 ; Epist. i., 20. 20. 13. Pfinteps. Horace claims the merit of first using in Latin the lyric measures (modos) of the Greek poets, referruip. in Aeolium, to Alcaeus and Sappho. BOOK IV. ODE 1. It appears from the Life of Horace by Suetonius, that this Bock was published at the re most of Auguetus. It contains some noble odes, in honor of the deeds of Augustus and borne of the members of his family ; and besides these, there are are some effusions of an amatory character. To the last belongs the present ode, which was written about the year 14 b. c, when the poet was fifty years of age. Horace complains in playful strain, that in advancing age he is vexed with new de- sires by the cruel goddess of love ; and, deprecating her sway, bids her turn to a more youthful and a more worthy subject. The theme is similar to that in Ode 19 of Book First, of which compare the introduction. 4. Cinarae. Comp. O. iv., 13, 22; Epist. i., 7, 28; i., 14, 33. 6. Decern lustra ; fifty years ; one about fifty years old. Comp. n. 0. ii., 4, 21. The language, flectere, mollibus, durum, is borrowed from the man- agement of horses. 9. Tempestivius. More fitly. Domum, the ace. of place, on account of ales oloribus, as well as comissabere. 10. Paulli. Probably the son of Paullus Fabius Maximus, now about twen- ty years old ; to whom Ovid addressed some of his Epistles. Pur- pureis* Poetic for bright, glittering. See n. O. iii., 3, 12 ; comp. Virg. Aen. 1, 590, lumenque juventae purpureum. 12. Jecur. With the ancients, the seat of love, and of all the passions. Dillenburger makes torrere dependent upon both quaeris and idoneum; "si quaeris torrere jecur, quod idoneum sit ad torrendum." 14. Reis. Compare the address to Pollio, 0. ii., 1, 13. 16. Militiae. Comp. O. iii., 26, 2. 18. Muneribus ;=quam munera, as it depends upon the compara- tive potentior. Paullus is superior to his rich and liberal rival. 19. Lacns* Besides the Lacus Albanus, there were three other and smaller ones near by. Hence the plural. Paullus probably had a villa in the neighborhood. 20. Citrea. The African citrus, a kind of cypress. See Diet. Antiqq. under Mensa, and Becker's Gallus, p. 22. 22. Be- recyntiae. See n. O. iii., 19, 20. Tibiae, dative, depends upon mixtis, as in Epoa. 9, 5. Miscere occurs usually with the abl. ; but also with the dative, sometimes even in prose. See Hark. 385, 4, 3). The poet promises here an accompaniment, uniting the lyre, the tibia, and the fistula. Carminibus means modis, strains. Comp. O. iv., 15, 30. 24. Fistula. The Greek syrinx, invented by Pan. It was made o f ' ?even pipes, joined with wax. — See Diet. Antiqq.. Syrinx. 28. Sali £04 NOTES ON THE ODES. am. Sec n. O. i., 36, 12. 39. Gramina Martii. See n. O i., 8, 4; and comp. 0. iii., 12, 7. ODE II. This ode was occasioned by the victories won by Augustus, b. c. 15, over the German Iribes, and especially the Sygambri, on the right bank of the Rhine. In anticipation at lis expected return, Horace was probably requested by lulus to sing in a Pindaric ode these new triumphs of the emperor. As in the Sixth Ode of the First Book, so here too. the poet pleads the humtie character of his own Muse, and defers to Antonius himseli the lofty task. The task however he nobly executes, in the very act of declining it, and in the ode which he writes, eon^rs a new "honor" upon Augustus, "better than a hun- dred statues ;" centum potiore signis Munere aonat. lulus Antonius was the son of Mark Antony and Fulvia ; he married the daughter of Octavia. The ode was probably written in the beginning of the year 14 b. g 3. Vitreo ponto. To the glassy deep. Osborne compares Milton, in Comus : "Glassy, cool, translucent wave." Comp. 0. iii., 13, 1 ; Virg. Aen. 7, 759, vitrea — unda. Daturas nomi* iia. Icarus, whose fall gave a name to the Icarian sea. The poet, who would rival Pindar, is destined to like failure and disgrace. 5. An>- liis. A common figure, like the metaphors flumen orationis, flumen in~ genii, torrens oratio, and others. Cicero, Orat. 12, 39, comparing Hero- dotus and Thucydides, says: Alter — quasi sedatus amnis fluit; alter incitatior fertur. 6. Notas ; consuetas, accustomed. 7. Iniaiensns ; unconfined, transcending the ordinary limits of poetic license. Os with rotundum, magnum, is often used of language. Here in connection with amnis, it seems, as Orelli remarks, to point, in the comparison, to the mouth of the river, where its deepest waters pour into the sea. Quinti- lian mentions Pindar's beatissimam rerum verborumque copiam. " Pindar foams, and rolls on, unconfined, with his mighty depth of expression." Os- borne. Garve gives well profundo ore by mit tiefem Wortstrom. 9. Donaiidus. Worthy of being presented. In the following lines, 11-24, the poet mentions or indicates four principal species of lyric verse, in all of which Pindar was pre-eminent. 10. Dithyrambos. The Di- thyrambus was a song in honor of Bacchus, of a bold and free charac- ter, in respect both to its language and measure. Of this kind of verse, written by Pindar, there is extant but a single fragment. Nova-- BOOK IV. ODE II. 405 Terbai Particularly compound woi ds, of many syllables, in forming which Pindar indulged the utmost license. 12. Lege solutis. So described, because in the dithyramb, the poet was not confined to any particular, regularly recurring measures, but wrote at will in every va- riety. In the word ferlur Horace still keeps up the comparison of a river. 13. Deos— canit. The second kind of lyrics ; Paeans, in ho- nor of gods, demi-gods, and heroes, such as Theseus and Pirithous. who conquered the Centaurs, and Bellerophon, who killed the fire-breathing Chimaera. 17. Sive quos. The third kind. Epinicia, iiriviKia, in hc- vor of the victors at the public games, especially the Olympic. — Elea. See note, 0. i., 1, 3 ; also on caelestes comp. in same ode, line 6. 19. Signis. The statues, erected to the honor of victors, at Olympia. 21. Flebili. Alluding to the fourth class of lyric poems, Qpyjvoi, Threni, the dirges. 23. Mores aurcos. Translate literally ; golden morals. 25. Dircaemn — cycnuni. Dircaeum, from the fountain of Dirce, near Thebes, the native city of Pindar. On cycnum compare the intro- duction to 20th Ode of Book Second. Malta ; i. e. magna, vehemens; a strong breeze. 27. Apis. In this image of the swan and of the bee, Horace seems to ascribe genius to Pindar, and only talent to himself ; he compares the sublime poetry flowing out, as it were, spontaneously from the one, with the verses wrought out by the other only with labo- rious effort. Matinae. Mons Matinus, in Apulia, famous for its ex- cellent honey. 32. Fingo. The regular expression used for the labors of the bee ; fingere mel, Jlavos, like the Greek irXdrreiv. All these expressions illustrate the curiosa felicitas of Horace ; carpentis, labor em plurimum, operosa carmina Jingo. 33. Majore— plectro. Plec- trum, the staff, or quill, with which the lyre was struck ; here meta- phorical ; of higher strain. lulus Antonius is said to have written an epic in twelve books, descriptive of the fortunes of Diomed. 34. Quandoqne. For quandocunque, whenever ; comp. preceding ode, 1. 17. 35. Per sacrum clivaui. The Sacer Clivus was the Clivus of the Sacra Via, the steep Clivus, leading from the top of the Velian ridge which joins on to the Palatine (and on which now stands the Arch of Titus), down to the southeastern angle of the Forum. The ancient pavement of this part of the Sacred Way is still visible. Along this Clivus passed the triumphal processions on their way to the capitol. The Sacer Clivus is sometimes confounded with the Clivus Capitolinus, which was the ascent leading from the other extremity of the Sacred Way up th«j Capitoline hill. To the Sacer Clivus Horace also alludes in Epod. 7. 7 — Ut descenderet Sacra catenatus via-~ &nd Mar+ ; al, 1, 70: Icde sacro veneranda petes Paiatia clivo. — 40 G NOTES ON THE ODES. See Becker's Rom. Antiqq. i., p. 238; and Classical Museum, \vL 5. p, 235. 36. Syganibros. A fierce German tribe, who lived between thfa Rhine and the southern bank of the Luppia, the modern Lippe. 39. In auruiu — priscum ; i. e. aureum seculum priscum, the golden age of old. 43. Reditu. Comp. introd. to the ode. Though expected, Augustus did not return till the year b. c. 13. two years later, being de- tained by wars in Gaul and Spain. 44. Litibus orbuoi. On days either of public mourning or of public i-^joicing, there was proclaimed vhat was called Sijustitium, a suspension of all court-business (justitium mdicebatur). 49. Teque, — procedis. So read the most and the old- est MSS. A single MS. has procedit, a reading which Orelli adopts. The direct address is to Triumphus personified, and Io Triumphe was the shout in which all the citizens joined, as the procession passed on So in Epod. 9, 21 : "lo triumphe. tu moraris aureos Currus," etc. 53. Te. Ihe address now returns to Antonius. 54. Solvet; i. e. from my vows ; of which is direct mention, 1. 55, in mea vota, for the fulfilment of my vows. 57. Fronte. The horns of the calf are poetically compared with the crescent of the moon, when three days old. 59. IViveus Tideri. Like the Greek : \evnbs iSea&ai. The call was of a dun color, except in a single spot, perhaps on the forehead, which was white. — On duxlt, see Hark. 471, II, 3. ODE III As in the 30th Ode of Book Second, the poet here also addresses Melpomene, as hia patroness, his cherished Muse. The man, he says, on whom at his birth she looks with friendly eye, wins renown ; not indeed in Grecian games (2-5), nor in Roman arms (6-9), but in lyric song (10-12). Himself has Rome, the queen of cities, deigned to rank among her poets ; the Roman public awards him the title of master of the Roman lyre. All this belongs to Melpomene — the inspiration, the honor, all is hers (13-24). Dillenburger mentions with approval the opinion of Weber, that Horace wrote thia ode to express his joy at the praises which he gained from the emperor and the people, by his Secular Hymn. 3. Isthniius. The Isthmian Games, one of the four Grecian nationa] festivals ; so called from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were cele- brated every third year, in honor of Poseidon or Neptune. See Diet. Antiqq., under the word. 5. Curru Achaico. Probably refers to the Olympian chariot-races, as O. i., 1, 3. Achaico for Graeco. 8. Quod — coutuderit. For having crushed. The subjunctive with quo d, because BOOK IV. ODE IV. 407 the action is something only conceived of. See H. 516, II. 11, Spis- sae — comae* Thick foliage, as O. i., 21, 5, where see note.— — 17. Tes- tadinis. See note, O. i., 10, 6. Aureae is poetic, as in preceding ode, 1. 23. 18'. Pieri. This use of the sing, number, rather than Pieri- des, is rare. Ovid has. Fasti, 4, 222, Pieris orsa loqui. Orelli. — — 24. Qnod spiro. Quod is not the ace. of the relative, but a particle. Thai I am moved with poetic inspiration. ODE IV. This ode and the Fc urteenth of this Book celebrate the victo. "es of Drusus and Tibe- rius, the sons of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia, and the step-sons of Augustus, over- the Rhaeti and the Vindelici. The present ode, though chiefly devoted to the praises of Drusus, yet in the expression Nerones, 1. 28, and in the allusion to the Vindelici, 1. 18, also does honor to Tiberius ; while the fourteenth, in a similar manner, is chiefly in honGr of Tiberius, but does not omit the name of Drusus. The Rhaeti were defeated by Drusus b. c. 15, and soon after, the Vindelici by the two brothers together. After describing the valor of Drusus (1-24), the poet gracefully extols the careful educa- tion of the two brothers by Augustus (25-36), and in the remainder of the ode celebrates the honors of the Claudian family, and especially of Caius Claudius Nero, the conqueror of Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal. 1. Qualem, etc. In the comparison of Drusus with the eagle and the lion, in verses 1-18, the correlative talem must be supplied with Drusum, 1. 18: qualem — alitem, — qualemve — leonem, — talem Drusum ge- rentem — . Qualem ministrum fulminis alitem. As the winged minister of thunder. So Virg. A en. 5, 255, calls the eagle the armor-bearer of Jove ; and Pliny, Hist. N. 10, 3, 4, describes him as proof against light- ning ; negant unquam solam hanc alitem ezanimatam fulmine. — - 4. Ganymede flavo. In allusion to the story of Ganymede being carried off by the eagle. Comp. note, O. iii., 20, 16. Flavus; fair, the poetic word for beautiful, like ^av&os ; often used with coma, crinis, golden, as in 0. i., 5, 4. 9. Mox. Observe the connection with olim, 1. 5, and nunc, 1. 11 ; at first, by and by, now. 10» Dcniisit. With the force of a present indefinite, as also egit, 1. 12. See note, O. i., 28, 20. 11. Reluctantcs dracones. The commentators compare Pliny, Hist. Nat. 10, 4 : Acrior cum dracone pugna — ille multiplici nexu alas ligat, ita se implicans, ut simul decidat; and Virg. Aen. 11, 751. 14, 15. Ab ube» re Jam Lacte depnlsum. The weaning of the young of animals is ex- pressed in Virg. Eel. 7, 15, by depulsus a lacte (agnos), and in Georg. 3 f 187, by depidsvs ab ubere (equus). In this place Horace chooses to em- ploy both ab ubere and lacte with the same participle depulsus ; though lacte adds nothing essential to the meaning of ab ubere depnlsum, but 108 NOTES ON THE ODES only shows from the use of what the young lion is deprived, in being forced from his mother's side. Render, then, now weaned from the udder. Some translate ubere as an adjective, agreeing with lade; but we can- not believe that Horace would have used the same word as an adjective, with which his readers were familiar as a substantive in the expression depellere ab ubere. 17. Ractis — Alpibus. This part of the Alpine range, still called the Rhaetian Alps, is between the St. Gothard, in Northern Italy, and the sources of the Adige, in the Tyrol. Its name is from the Rhaeti, who lived on its southern sides, and whose territory lay between Lake Como and the river Adige, the northern part of Lorn- bardy, and the southern of the Tyrol. 18. Vindelici. This German tribe were the northern neighbors of the Rhaeti ; and their territory extended fj^m Lake Constance through the south of Bavaria, and the north of the Tyrol. Quibus — obarmct. Quibus depends upon obar- met ; but we translate such a dative by our possessive ; e. g. to whom custom — arms (their) right hands, i. e. whose right hands — custom arms, etc. Unde deductus depends upon quaerere. Obarmet is an unusual word, which we should not expect to find in Horace. Indeed the pas- sage quibus — sed is so heavy and prosaic, that its genuineness is ques- tioned, even by some of the best critics, who, omitting the whole, pro- pose to read thus : Vindelici ; et diu, etc. 24 • Juvenis. Drusus was at this time but twenty- three years of age. 27. Augusti paternus. Au- gustus, after his marriage with Livia, adopted and educated her chil- dren, Tiberius and Drusus. — See introduction. 29. Fortibus et bonis. In the ablative case. Dillenburger cites Ovid, Met. 11, 295, genitore creatus, and 13, 615, viro — creatas. 33. Boctrina sed. The poet, though he asserts the influence of a noble ancestry, yet insists upon the necessity of a right education, as essential alike to intellectual and to moral excellence. 35. lltcnnque ; quandocunque, whenever. 38. Metaurum flumen. The battle of the Metaurus, a river in Umbria, fought in b. c. 207, in which Caius Claudius Nero totally defeated Has- drubal ; a victory which inspired the Romans with fresh courage, and gave a decisive and favorable turn to their affairs. 41. Alma — adorea. Adorea, sc. donatio, means properly a donative of ador, spelt, grain ; given to soldiers after a victory ; hence, figuratively, as here, for victory, mili- tary glory. Smiled with benignant victory. 42. Ft. Ex quo, from the time when. 48. Deos— rectos. "Re-established. The statues were replaced, which had been thrown down by the invaders." Os- borne. 49. Perfidus. Horace writes like Livy, concerning Hanni- bal, and expresses the national sentiment touching their great enemy. Comp. Liv. 21, 4. But modern history is more just to the character of the great Carthaginian. See Arnold's Rom. Hist. vol. 2, p. 195 ; Schmitz's Hist. p. 195. 50. Cervi. As stags. The remainder of the ode is one of the finest passages any where to be found, in illustration of the BOOK rv. ODE V. 409 invincible might of the Romans ; and Horace gives it an additional sig- nificance, by putting it into the mouth of an enemy of Rome. 5T« Pertulit— ad urbcs. So Virgil, Aen. 1, 67 : "Gensinimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor, Ilium in Italiam portans, victosque Penates." 60. Ducit opes. This inherent energy of the Romans, by which they rose above their reverses, and made even losses and misfortunes arouse new strength and courage, is admirably illustrated in the Hancibalian war, immediately after the disastrous affair of Cannae. Observe how fine and just is this simile from the oak, especially in the words ab ipso jerro. 61. Hydra. The many-headed Lernaean hydra, destroyed by Hercules. See Class. Diet. 63. Summisere. The teeth of the dragon slain by Cadmus, were sown partly in Colchis, and partly in Thebes ; and in each place, as the story was, there sprang up armed men from the earth. Of these, Echion was one ; hence Thebes is called Echioniae. 65. Merses. Si is omitted. See Z. §780; comp. Epist. i., 6, 31 ; 10, 24. — Dillenb. With this passage should be compared the words of Hannibal, in Livy, 27, 14 : cum eo nimirum hoste res est, qui nee bo?iam, nee malam ferre fortunam potest. Seu vicit, ferociter instat vic- tis; sen victus est, instaurat cum victorious certamen. Evenit. So the best MSS. Orelli's reading (from Meineke) exiet was adopted merely to make the verb accord with proruet. The form exiet is not found in good writers. In Tibullus, i., 4, 27, the true reading is transiit, not tran- siet. Dillenb.- 68. Conjugibus. By their wives; i.e. of the Romans. Conjugibus is the usual dative after the part, in dus. 69. Nmitios. As e. g. after the battle of Cannae. See n. above, 1. 60. 73. Nil Clandiae. These may still be considered the words of Hannibal, whom the poet makes predict the achievements of the Claudian family. Thus the ode ends, as it began, with the praises of Drusus and his brother. ODE y. The poet begs Augustus to come back to Rome ; and describes the peace and good or ler nf the kingdom under his reign. Compare introduction to second ode of this Book, and the note on 1. 43. £. Abes jam minium din. Already too long have you been absent. He had been absent nearly three years. — On jam with the present see note, O. iii., 30, 5. 4. Concilio. Consilium'^, the regular prose expression for the senate, and for a deliberative assembly. Concilium is here used as a nobler expression, like concilium deurum. \ 410 NOTES OX THE ODES. wind, a head- wind to any one crossing the Carpathian sea, on the rein r a voj'age from Asia Minor to Rome. The Carpathian sea, so called from the island of Carpathus, in the Mediterranean, between Rhodes and Crete. 13. Votis, etc. Livy has a parallel expression in his Preface . cum bonis ominibus votisque et precationibus. 18. Faustitas. An unu- sual word, for felicitas. See list of such words in note, 0. i., 5, 8. 20. Cnlpari mctnit. Dreads to be blamed. See note, O. ii., 2, 7. 22. Mos et lex. Compare the expression in 0. hi., 24, 35. The word lex probably refers to the Marriage laws of Augustus, by which he endea- vored to check the prevailing licentiousness. See Diet. Antiqq. under Adulterium and Julia Lex et Papia Poppaca. 25. Paveat. Should fear?— who needs fear 1 On the subj. see Arn. Pr. Intr. 424; Z. § 530. On Parthum, compare n. 0. iii., 5, 4. Scythen. See n. 0. iii., 8, 23. 26. Horrida ; rough; in reference both to the country and to the people. Tacitus, Germ. c. 2, describes the country as informem terris, and c. 5, silvis horridam. 27. Ferae. The fierce Cantabri, in Spain. Compare 0. ii., 6. 2. 29. Condit. Condere with diem, means to go through the day from morning until the evening ; to pass the whole day, with the idea involved of bringing the day to a peaceful close. It is a poetical transition from the meaning of condere, to bury ; to put away the day, as one would lay away in the tomb a deceased friend. So condere noctem, lustrum. — Suis. There is here an emphasis in suis, as in the scriptural expression, "his ownYme and fig-tree." They are his own hills ; in the good order of Augustus's reign, his secure possessions. 30. Vidiias $ widowed; i. e. from which the vines have been sever- ed, in the prostration of agriculture during the civil wars. See n. 0. ii., 15, 4. 31. Redit ; i. e. home after the toils of the day. Alteris men- sis, the mensa secunda or the dessert of a Roman coena, during which li- bations were offered to the gods ; and here in honor of Augustus. (See note on O. iii., 3, 12.) The three parts of the coena were — 1, the gusta- torium or promulsis ; 2, the fercula or several courses, called also mensa •prima ; and 3, mensae secundae or alter ae. 35. Uti Graecia ; i. e. as Greece worshipped Castor and Hercules for their great services to their country, so all rank thee among their cherished gods. — Castoris and Herculis depend npon memor. 3T. Longas — ferias ; "id est, diu, pre- camur, vivas; aa in O. i., 2, 46, diuque Laetus, etc." Orelli. 39. Sicci, when sober ;=nondum poti. Uvidi, i. e. vino; after the coena, or a iatc banquet. BOOK IV. ODE VI. 411 ODE VI The last lin3s of this ode plainly allude to the Secular Hymn of Horace, ar/1 it in pro- 'uible that the whole was written as a kind of prelude to that celebrated Hymn. The poet invokes the aid of Apollo in executing his task ; and gives directions tc the :horus, appointed to sing the ode at the Secular Celebration. 1* Proles. The seven sons and daughters of Niobe,. -who were slain by Apollo and Diana. Magnae. Boastful. The story was, that Niobe, proud of her offspring, arrogated the honors offered to Latona. 2. Tityos. See n. O. iii., 4, 77. 4. Phthius. Of Phthiotis, a district in Thessaly, where lived the Myrnridones, who went with Achilles to the Trojan war. 11. Procidit late. The simile and all the language of this stanza are designed to present the image of a hero of gigantic form. Dillenburger compares Virg. Aen. 2, 626 ; Horn. Od. 24, 39, 40. 13. Minervae — mentito. The wooden horse was left by the Greeks as an offering to Minerva. 16. Falleret. This word, and ureret, 1. 29, have the force of a pluperfect. See Z. () 525. 25. Thaliae. For the Muse of Grecian song, to which is opposed Dauniae Camenae, for the Latin Muse. Comp. n. O. iii., 30, 11. 28. Agyieu. An epithet of Apollo, 'Ayvievs, fr. ayvid, a street, as the presiding deity of streets and public squares. In the streets of Athens, statues were erected to his honor. — The epithet Uvis—imberbis has reference to the idea of Apollo's perpetual youth. 29. Spiritom, etc. Horace here claims for himself that inspiration of genius {spiritual), and that practice in the rules of his art (artem), which together are requisite to insure the name of poet. Compare Ars. P. 408-411, where Horace contends for the union of genius and study. 31. Primae. He addresses the Secular Chorus (see introd.), composed of youths and maidens, chosen from the noblest families. 33. Tutela. T7ie care; i. e. the object of her care. On Deliae, see n. O. i., 22, 10. 35. LesMum pedem. The Lesbian or Sapphic measure, in which the Set nlar Hymn was written. Comp. O. i.. 1. 34. Poliicis ictum, the beat of the thumb, upon the strings of the lyre, to mark the cadences of the measure. The poet fancies himself the leader of the choir, magistcr chori, instructing them in the song and the dance, with the accompaniment of the lyre. 38. jVoctilucam. From nox and luceo, vvKTiXa/Lnrr^, that illumines the night. Face, with a torch, means here, light. Diana was represented with a torch in her hand. 39. Frngam. Poetic genitive. See H. 399, III, 2. Pronos, fast pass- ing ; as 0. ii., 18, 16. pergunt interire lunae. Nnpta. Addressing one of the maidens, probably the leader of the chorus, he suggests, by way of incitement, the delight with which she will some time look back to this festival and to the part she bore in its glad scenes. 42. Luces. £12 NOTES ON THE ODES. The festival continued three days. 43. Rcddidi \—canta.vL The son$ is learned from a teacher, then given back, i. e. sung. ODE VII. An ode, occasioned, like the Fourth of Book First, by the return of Spring. There too the poet dwells upon the thoughts suggested by the season; and compares, the chang- ing year with the life of man. In each alike, time ever hurries on ; but of the year, though it is always passing, there is always renewal, in the regular return of the seasons. Not so in human life ; it has but one Spring, one Summer ; and its winter once passed, the whole is closed for ever. "And pale concluding winter comes at last, And shuts the scene?' — Thomson. It is not certain who is the Torquatus, to whom the poet addressed this ode, as well as the Fifth Epistle of the First Book. Some suppose it to be the grandson, others the son of L. Manlius Torquatus, in whose consulship Horace was born. But of the grandson wo know nothing with any certainty, and of the son, we know, from Cicero's Brutus, c. 76, that he died in Spain many years before this ode was written. 2. Comaeo See note, O. i.. 21, 5. 4. Practercunt. Glide along; do not overrun. 5. Gratia. Compare n. O. i., 4, 6. Osborne hero adds, from Thomson's Summer : " The Seasons lead, in sprightly dance, Harmonious knit, the rosy-fingered Hours." 7. Almum. Benignant. A poetic epithet, used also with sol, Carm. Sec. 9. 8. Proterit. Pushes aside. Comp. 0. ii., 18, 15, truditur dies die. 12. Iners. Dull. 15. Dives. In accordance with the ideas of the vulgar, concerning the wealth and power of ancient kings, whose statues they daily saw in the Capitol. Orelli. 17. Quis scit an. An generally begins a second question, and means or ; but in the best Latin authors stands seldom as here, with a single indirect question. Orelli cites Hand, Turs. 1, p. 301 ; who supplies thus the first clause ; quis scit, utrum hodie jam nobis moriendum sit, an, etc. — See Z. § 353. Arn. Pr. Intr. 120. 19. Amico — ammo* Amicus animus is poetic, like the Greek naipw ; at the right time. ODE XIII. Addressed to Lyce, now grown old. See O. iii., 10. The poet dwells, with a hearty a^d not very amiable satisfaction, upon the wrinkle* tni ugliness of the once proud, disdainful beauty. . 6. Lentnm. Unyielding. 13. Coae— purpnrae. The silks of Cos, an island in the Aegean, were of a fine quality, and in great esteem. The Coan purple dye was also celebrated. 14. Tempora; for annos, years. Quae semel, etc. Which once for all fleeting time has entered in the public register. Condita agrees with quae ; literally, which — put away The Fasti Consulares are meant; see n. O. iii.. 17 ; 4. The poet ungra 418 NOTES ON TILE ODES. ciously alludes to the age of Lyce, which cannot be falsified by silken dresses, or costly jewels. 20. Surpuerat. By syncope for surripue- rat. 21. Artinm. Genitive, depending upon nota, as in 0. ii., 2, 6, where see note. 25. Cornicis vctulae. Vetulae is chosen as a con- temptuous word ; otherwise in 0. iii., 17, 23, annosa comix. ODE XIV. See the introduction to the Fourth Ode of this Book. After doing honor to the courage and the exploits of the young Tiberius, the poel dwells upon the praises of Augustus, whom he extols as the glory of the war, the defence of Rome and of Italy, and as the undisputed ruler of the whole world. 2. Plenis honornm mnueribns. Plenis is used in the sense of justis, adequate ; literally, with adequate gifts of honors, with adequate honors. 4. Titulos. Inscriptions upon statues and public monuments. On the word fastos, see n. O. iii., 17, 4. 7. Quein— didicere— quid, etc. By an attraction more common in Greek than in Latin, the subject of posses is made the object of didicere. Orelli compares Terence, Eun. 3, 6, 18 : Me noris, quam — siem ; ibid, 4, 3, 15 : ego ilium, nescio, qui fuerit. 10. Genaunos— Brcunos. Vindelician tribes, who lived among the Rhaetian Alps, near the sources of the river Oenus, the Inn. 13. PI as vice simplici* Not =plus quam semel, more than once, but duplex damnum intulit. It is opposed to pari vice, and means with more than a simple requital, since in the destruction of so many more than he had lost, he visited upon them a heavy retribution. Plus vice for the usual plus quam vice. Comp. n. 0. i., 13, 20. 21. Plciadnm. The Latin Vergiliae, seven stars in the constellation of Taurus. 24. Medios per ignes ;=per pugnam ardentissimam, the hottest of the fight. Orelli cites Silvius Ital. 14, 176, and Ovid, Met. 8, 76, where the same expression occurs. 25. Tauriforiais. River-gods were represented with a bull's head and horns, perhaps from the violence and roar of the waters. So in Virgil, Georg. 3, 371, taurino cornua vultu Eridanus; Aen. 8, 77, Cor- niger Fluvius. 26. Danni. See n. O. hi., 30, 11. 30. Ferrata ; i. e. ferreis loricis tecta. Dillenb. Mail-clad. 32. Humnm. Ace. depending upon stravit, as in O. iii., 17, 12 ; not, as others have it, for in humum. 33. Te— praebente. As all commanders were the legati of the emperor, who was the commander-in-chief, it was always under his auspices (auspiciis') that all military operations were conducted. Hence Tacitus, Ann. 2, 41, distinguishes between ductn and auspiciis ; " signa amissa ductn Germanici, auspiciis Tiberii" (the emperor). Tin- der the Empire, as the Republic, only the commander-in-chief took BOOK IV. ODE XV. 419 Jie auspices. Comp. Diet. Antiqq. under Auspicium. 34. Quo die. The 29th of August, b. c. 30, the year after the battle of Actium, on which Octavianus took Alexandria. Just fifteen years after (lustro— icrtio. 1. 37), on the same day, the Vindelici were conquered. 40. lmytYUs;=cxpeditionibus, campaigns. 41. Cantaber. See note, O. ii., 6, 2. 42. Scythes. See note, O. iii., 24, 9. Et Indus. "In b. c. 19, Pandion, king of India, sent envoys and presents to Augustus, at Samos." Osborne.- On Medus, see note, 0. i., 2, 22, and introduction to 0. iii., 5. 45. Qui celat. <: The fountains of the Nile have not yet been accurately ascertained, except as regards one of its feeders, the Blue River, which rises in Abyssinia, and flows through Nubia. The other, the White River, has not yet been explored, but its sources are supposed to be in the Mountains of the Moon." Osborne. — The poet here refers to the fact of Egypt being made a Roman province, after the capture of Alexandria. — —46. Ister. The Danube, on which lived the Dacians ; and the Gelone, see n. O. ii., 19, 23 ; and the Panno- nii. Tigris. In allusion to Armenia, subdued b. c. 34. 47. Bel- Inosus. Compare the expression in 0. iii., 27, 26 ; and on Britannis, comp. notes, 0. i., 35, 29; iii., 5, 3. 51. Sygambri. See note, 0. iv., 2,36. ODE XV. The poet records in song the results of the victories of Augustus ; peace, good ordei, the establishment of public morals ; abroad, the extended glory of the Roman name, and at home, security and happiness. 2. Increpuit lyra. These two words belong together. Reproved with the lyre; i. e. by striking the lyre. "The poet represents Apollo as a choragus, a leader of a choir. When the singers go wrong, he re- proves them and corrects their mistake. So Ovid, A. A. 2. 493 : " Haec ego cum canerem, subito manifestus Apcllo Movit inauratae pollice fila lyrae ;" And Virg. Eel. 6, 3 : '' Cum canerem reges et proelia, Cynthius aurem Vellit et admonuit." — Dillenburger. . 6. Signa. The standards lost by Crassus. See note, O. iii., 5, 4. 8. Postibns. See n. 0. iii., 5, 19. Compare the expression in Epist. i., 18, 56. 9. Janam quirini. The temple of Janus, generally 20 420 NOTES ON THE ODES. called Janus Quirinus (and here Quirini). from its being connected b\ an ancient tradition with Romulus. It was built at the north-western angle of the Forum, and had two gates, hence called Geminus or Bi- frons, one looking towards the east, the other towards the west. It was open in time of war, and closed in time of peace. Before the time of Augustus, it had been closed twice ; once in Nunia r s reign, and onre b. c. 285, after the First Punic War. In the time of Augustus it was closed thrice; after the battle of Actium, b.c. 31, after the overthrow of the Cantabri, b c. 25, and now for the third time after the subjuga- tion of the Rhoeti and the Vindelici.— See Becker's Handb. d. Rom. Alt. Thl. i., p. 118 ; and Classical Museum, vol. iv., p. 29. Ordineui. Governed by evaganti, which is here transitive, having the sense of transgress. See Z. § 386 ; A. & S. § 232, 2. On the measures of Augus- tus here referred to, see note, 0. iv., 5, 21. 21. Danubium. Allud- ing to the Vindelici and the Pannonii. On the word bibunt, compare 0. ii., 20, 20. 22. Getae. See note, 0. iii., 24, 11. 23. On Seres, see note, 0. i., 12, 56; and on Persae, note, O. i., 2, 22. 24. Tanaim. The Scythians, as in O. iii., 29. 27. 25. Lucibus ; for dicbus. Dies profesti were ordinary days, in distinction from dies fesli, which were holy-days. See Diet. Antiqq. under Dies. 29. More patrum. Cicero three times refers to a passage in Cato's historical work, entitled " Ori- gines," in which Cato describes a custom observed many ages before his time, of singing ballads, at banquets, in praise of illustrious men. The passages of Cicero are in Tusc. Quaest. 1, 2 ; ibid. 4, 3 ; Brutus. c. 19. Remixto. Horace has this word in A. P. 151. Orelli and Dillenb. refer to two passages in Seneca, Epist. 71, as the only ones be- sides these two of Horace, where the word occurs. 30. Lydis tibiis. In distinction from the Phrygian (see note. 0. iii., 19, 18), the Lydian pipe was adapted to a quick and lively st}de of music. The plural is used, tibiis, because the ancients played upon two pipes at the same time. They were called tibiae pares {equal), when they were both base, or both treble ; and tibiae rmpares, when one was base and the other treble. Each pipe was a separate instrument, having its own mouth piece, though both were played by the same musician. There was also a distinction of tibia dextra, and tibia sinistra; the former was held in the right hand, and produced the base notes, hence called by Herodotus the " male" or " manly" pipe ; the latter was held in the left hand, and produced the treble notes, hence called the " female " or " womanly " pipe. — See Diet. Antiqq., and Rich's Companion, under Tibia ; and the illustration on p. 139 of this volume. EPODES. The word Epode, from 'Er^Sos, an additional song, or a closing song s cieant originally the closing part of a lyric poem, which succeeded the Strophe and Antistrophe. Then it came to be the name of a species of lyric poetry, which consisted of alternate trimeter and dimeter iambics, or in general of alternate long and short verses. Archilochus was the first who wrote Epodes of this latter character, and most of these Epodes of Horace belong to the same class. Compare the words of Horace himself, in Epist. i., 19, 23. EPODE I. The poet declares himself ready to join Maecenas in the expedition against Antony, and to share with him all the perils of war. It is probable that the ode was written just before the battle of Actium, winch was fought b. c. 31. Horace had, however, no opportunity to make good his assurances of friendship, aa Maecenas remained at home in charge of the interests of Octavianus. 1- Libnrnis. See note, 0. i., 37, 30. — Ad alta. The ships of Antony were large, and furnished with towers (turres) of several stories (tabula- ta), from which the soldiers fought. 5. Qnid nos ; sc. faciamus. What shall I do ? — See Am. Pr. Intr. 425. Quibus— gravis. The or- der is thus: quibus vita, si te superstite (sit), jucunda; si contra, gra- vis. Dillenb. 9. Hunc laborem ; i. e. laborem hujus militiae, the campaign against Antony. 12, The same expression, which is used in this line, occurs in O. i., 22, 7, where see note. 21. Relictis. Da- tive, depending upon timet; for them when left; fears more for their safety when she leaves them. Non ut, etc. Non belongs to latura, and ut =etiamsi, although. See Z. happened five years before the battle of Actium. 12. EniancipatiiSa When a Roman renounced all right of property in a son or in a slave, he was said emancipare filium or servum, and the son or slave was email- cipatus. Hence the word comes to mean to give over to another, as if a slave, to enslave. Here Antony, in relation to the power which Cleopa- tra had over him, is said, together with his soldiers {miles), to be eman- cipate feminae, enslaved to a woman. In like manner. Cic. de Senec. c. 11, senectus honcsla est % — si nemini emancipata est. 13. Fert vallum et anna. Every Roman soldier was required to carry, besides his heavy arms, tAree or four stakes (valli), for the vallum or palisade of the camp. The poet mentions these elements of the Roman discipline, to exhibit more strongly, by contrast, the disgrace of Antony and his soldi ws in yielding to the influence and the power of the eunuchs of Cleopatra's court. — — 16. Conopium \ kooj/cd-jt^ov. " A musquito net, suspended over a sleeping couch, or over persons reposing out of doors, to keep off the gnats and other troublesome insects ; the use of which originated in Egypt." Rich's Companion. 17. At hoc frementes. But expressing their indignation at this, i. e. the sight of an eastern conopium in the army. By Galli the poet means the Galatians, under Deiotarus. who went over to Octavianus, just before the battle of Actium. 20. Si- nistrorsnni. Towards the left; i. e. in the direction of Egypt. The poet means to represent a part of Antony's ships retiring, through the same motives as the Gauls ; but backing into the harbor (puppes citae) to avoid the appearance of flight. Citae from ciere means directed ; the expression is = rcmis inhibitae. 21. Io Triumphe. Triumphvs addressed as a person. See note, 0. iv., 2, 49. 23. Jngurthino hello- From the v:ar zgainst Jugurtha; i. e. not so signal was the triumph of Marius over Jugurtha, or of the younger Scipio over Carthage. 27. Hostis ; i. e. Antony. Punico, i. e. purpureo, sc. paludamento. The pa- ludamentum was the cloak of a general or a superior officer, and the sag urn that of a common soldier. On the construction of pitnico, see note, O. i., 17,1. 30. Son suis \—adversis, opposing. 34. Cliia — LesMa. See note, O. iii., 19, 5; and on Caecubum, 1. 36, see note. 0. i.. 20, 9. 85, Quod— coerceat. The relative expresses purpose ■ 38. Lyaco# Set note, O. L, 7, 22. 430 NOTES ON THE EPODES, EPODE X. Maeviuo was an inferior p&et, and an envious satirist both of Horace and Virgil. Vii gi'l mentions him in Eclogue 3, 90 . Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Maevi. As he had just embarked for Athena Horace writes this ode, in which " he heartily wishes him all manner of ill-luck, and arr tiripates with glee his trepidation in a storm, or his death by shipwreck." a. Mala-alitc. Comp. O. i., 15, 5. 4. Anster. The Auster, tht Eurus, and the Aquilo, would all be opposing winds, in making the voy- age from Italy to Greece. The favorable wind was the Iapyx, which the poet mentions in the ode to the ship that was bound, with Virgil on board, on the same voyage. See 0. i., 3, 4. That whole ode indeed should be compared with the present. 5. Inverso. Disturbed. 10. Orion cadit. The setting of Orion, which was in November, was at- tended with storms. Comp. O. L, 28, 21; iii., 27, 18; Epod. 15, 7. 14. Impiam Ajacis. Alluding to the offence of Ajax, the son of Oileus. against Cassandra, in the temple of Minerva ; for this offence he was shipwrecked on his homeward voyage. Virgil has the same allusion in Aen. 1, 39. 15. Sudor. Comp. 0. i., 15, 9. lutum, an herb of a yellowish color. Comp. note, 0. iii., 10, 14. EPODE XL The poet complains, that he is so infatuated by love, that he can write no verses, nor give himself to any serious pursuit. 6. Honorem ; frondes, as in Virg. Georg. 2, 404. 8. Fabnla. The talk of the town; as in Epist. i., 10, 9. 11. Lucrum. In allusion to a rich rival. 13. Calentis ; sc. mei ; literally, of me, heated, my se- crets, when I was heated. 18. Imparibus. Dat. for abl. with cum, See note, 0. i., 1, 15. EPODE XIII. As in many other odes, the poet here, on some chill winter's day, turns his friends from lha storm that rages without, to the cheerful scene within ; and exhorts them to put away all apprehension for the future, and in festire mirth enjoy the fleeting present. 1. Contraxit. Has drawn in; by the clouds which cut off the view of the heavens. ■ 2. Jovera 5 for pluviam ; in accordance with the EPODE XIV. 431 tncieut representation that, in showers, Jove himself descended, to water and refresh the earth. Hence the word is so often used for aether, upper air, the sky. -3. Threicio. Because Thrace wa3 north of Greece. The Greek name for the North wind, Boreas, was also the name, in the mythology, of an ancient king of Thrace. Comp. O. i., 25, 11. &» De die. From the day; i, e. the present, trusting not to the future. 5. Obdncta — scnectus. Obducia, i. e. curae et tristitiae nubibus, literally, covered over with the clouds of care and sadness. Senectus hevQ=taedmm, moeror, vexation, gloom. " Let the gloom be relaxed on our clouded brow." Osborne. 6. Meo. because Tor- quatus was consul the year of the poet's birth, b. c. 65. Move; like vwveri, and descende, 0. iii., 21, 6, 7, where see note. Comp. note, O. ill., 8, 11. 8. AchaenieniOt See note, O. iii., 1, 44. 9. Cyllenea; that is, of Mercury (see n. 0. i., 10, 6), who was born, according to the mythological tradition, on Mt. Cyllene, in Arcadia. 11. Alumno. Achilles, said to have been a pupil of the Centaur Chiron. So Juvenal, Sat, 7, 207 : "Metuens virgae jam grandis Achilles Oantabat patriis in montibus.-'' 13. Assaraci. The father of Tros, and the grandfather of Anchi ses. So Homer, II. 20, 232. 15. Certo subtcminc. By the certain thread of destiny. See note, 0. iii., 4, 15. EPODE XIV. As in the Eleventh Epode, the poet here declares that the cruel force of lo»« «o keeps him in bondage, that he cannot keep his poetical engagements. 8. Ad nmMKcnm, means here, to an end. Umbilicus was the name of I he extreme end of the cylinder or stick upon which an ancient book was rolled.— See Rich's Companion, under the word, and Diet. Antiqq. under Liber. 9. Bathyllo. On the case, see notes, O. iii., 9, 5; iv., 9, 13. 12. Noil— pedem. To no elaborate measure. "11. Ilioni See a O, iv., 9 ; 18. 432 NOTES ON THE EPODES. EPODE XV. The pou; laments the inconstancy of Neaera. 4. In verba jurabas. Borrowed from the form of a military oath. The soldiers swore in verba consulis, or imperatoris. 5. Atque. In« stead of the usual quam. See Hark. Lat. Gram. 417, 1 ; Z. § 340, Note, at the end. 7. Infestus. See note, above, in Epod. 10, 10. 11. Mea Yirtute. This means on my account, per me. Orelli thus gives the sense : " omnes vires meas in id intendam, ut perfidiae tuae te vehemen- ter poeniteat." 15. Nee semel. Nor will his purpose yield to the beau- iy that has once become offensive. 19. Licebit. See note, O. i., 28, 35. 21. Rcnati. Alluding to Pythagoras's doctrine of the transmigra- tion of souls. Comp. O. i., 28, 10. EPODE XVI. Turning away with pain and disgust from the renewal of civil strife, the poet visi'j< m lancy the Fortunate Isles; and dwelling with delight upon those scenes of peace and joy, bids the Romans hasten away from their distracted, unhappy country, and seek an endur- ing home in those blest abodes. The ode seems to have been Written at the same time, and to refer to the same events, as Epode Seventh. 1. Altera aetas. A second generation. Second, in reference to the civil war of Sylla and Marius, which commenced b. c. 88. The bat- tle of Actium was fought fifty-six years after, in b. c. 32 ; so that if we take thirty years for a generation, there remain but four years to the completion of the second aetas, and the poet's words are literally correct. 2. Suis et ipsa. The prose construction would be suis ip- sius. Dillenb. 3. Marsi. Alluding to the Marsic war. See note, O. iii., 14, 18. 4. Porsenae. All the modern writers of Roman his- tory agree with Niebuhr, that Rome was conquered by Porsena. Taci- tus speaks explicitly of the surrender of the city, dedita urbe, Hist. 3, 72. See Arnold's Hist. c. 8 ; Schmitz's, p. 70. 5. Capuae. After the battle of Cannae, Capua aspired to the sovereignty of Italy. Livy has an admirable description of this city in Book 23, 6. Cicero has a memorable passage in Leges Agrar. 2, 32 : Majores tres solum itrbes in lerris omnibus, Carthaginem, Corinthum, Capuam statuerunt posse imperii gravitalem ac norien sustinere. — Spartacus. See note, O. iii., 14, 19. 6. Allobrox. The Allobroges lived in Gaul, in what is now Savoy and EPODE XVI. 433 Piedmont and a part of Dauphin^. They were reduced to the Roman power by Fabius Maximus. 7. Gerniauia. Probably the Cimbri and Teutoni, conquered by Marius and Catulus, b. c. 101. All writers agree in applying the epithet caerulea, blue-eyed, to the Germans. So Tac. Germ. 4; Juv. 13, 164. 8. Abominatus. Passive. Hated by •parents i as Liv. 31, 12, 8; and detestata, O. i., 1, 24. 13. Ossa Quiri- ni. Disregarding the tradition that Romulus was caught up into bea- ver, he seems here to describe his bones as sacredly defended in a sepulchre from the winds and the sun. Orelli, however, thinks that the poet means to describe Romulus as the ideal representative of the Romans, and that he really refers to the bones of the citizens thus rudely scattered around, in the city's desolation. 15. Forte quid. The particle si is here omitted, as in Sat. ii., 5, 74; Epist. i., 6, 56. The order is : " si forte quaeritis communiter (omnes) aut melior pars (cornp. 1. 37) quid expediat carere malis laboribus." Dillenb. — Carere depends upon expediat; what is expedient to get rid of, i. e. in order to get rid of. 17. Phocaeoruni. The Phocaeans, of Ionia, fled in exile from their city, rather than submit to Harpagus, the general of Cyrus. 18. Exsccrata. Having bound themselves by solemn oath. 25. Saxa reiia- rint. Simul means, as soon as. The Phocaeans threw a mass of iron into the water, and swore that they would not come back till it rose again, and swam upon the surface. 28. Matina. The Padus was in the north of Italy, and Mt. Matinus in Apulia. 35. Haec ; governed by exsecrata; having taken such oaths as these. 41. Circumvagus. Flowing around the earth ; in accordance with the ancient idea that the earth was a plain, and the ocean, like a river, flowed around it. 42. Divites— insulas. To these the poet has alluded in O. iv., 8, 27 v where see note. This charming description of those ideal abodes of perfect peace and joy is in accordance with the pictures of Elysium in Homer, Od. 4, 561-69 ; and in Virgil, Aen. 6, 638, seqq. 46. Pulla ; =matura, ripe. Suam in opposition to a grafted tree. 48. Levis. As an old commentator observed, the very verse here echoes the murmur of the raping stream. " Eleganter ipso versu susurrum aquae desilientis imi- tatus est," Comm. Cruqs. 50. Refertque, etc. So Virgil, Eel. 4, 21 :. "Ipsae laete doirram referent distenta capcllae libera — ." — — 53. Ut — radat. After mirabimur, though mirari is ordinarily con- strued with quod and the Indie, or Subj. See note, 0. iii., 4, 17, and Z. % 629, Note. 57. Non hue, etc. None come hither, from sordid mo- tives of commerce and traffic. Of which there is a three-fold illustra- tion, the ship Argc with Medea, the trading Phoenicians, and Ulysses. 65. Quorum ; i e. as easily deduced from what immediately pre- £34 NOTES ON THE EPODES. cedes, ferro duratorum saeculorum, or cujus ferreae aetatis ; a frigid from which (brazen age, the last and worst of all) is granted to the good, EPODE XVII. The poet ridicules, with oitter satire, Canidia and her sorceries. Affecting to recant, as if himself her victim, what he had before written (in Epode Fifth), he really repeats it all, and adds yet more ; and in the words of reply which he puts into her mouth, makea her criminate and ridicule herself. Compare the Fifth Epode, together with the introduction. 3. Dianae. Hecate, as in Epod. 5, 51. 4. Carminum. Forms, in verse, of charms and incantations. 7. Turbinem. The magical wheel, which, as it went round, involved the victim more and more in the wiles of the sorceress, and when turned back released him. 8. Nepotem Nereinin. Achilles, who at length healed, by the rust of his spear, the wound he had inflicted upon Telephus. 12. Hectorem. The idea is by implication, that the body of Hector was restored by Achilles, who could not resist the supplications of Priam. 17. Vo- lente Circa. So Circe, moved by the prayers of Ulysses, freed the vic- tims of her sorceries. 20. Amata, etc. Of course, in irony. As an old Scholiast says, urbanissima contumelia. 22. Lurida. When the body is wasted, and shows nothing but skin and bones. 25. IJrget diem, etc. Compare the poet's language in O. ii., 18, 15. — Est, like eon,— licet. And I may not. So Tacitus, Germ. 5, Est videre — vasa. 28. Safoella. So in Sat. i., 9, 29, Sabella — cecinit anus. The people seem to have been versed in magic arts. 29. Marsa. As in Epod. 5, 76, the Marsi are here represented as excelling in magic incantations. 31. Hercules. See note, Epod. 3, 17. 33. Virens. This is the reading of the most MSS., and is adopted by nearly all the Editors ; it is interpreted as referring to the color of sulphur flame, which Orelli describes as something "between light yellow, green, and blue." 35. Officina; with tu; you like a workshop. 36. Finis. On the gender, see note, 0. ii., 18, 30. 36. Stipendinm. This word, as it means in general, what one has to pay, is used here in the sense of poena. 39. Mendaci lyra. A refinement of irony and satire. In the same breath that he promises to sing her praises, he pronounces his lyre mendacious. 42. Infamis ; defamed; by Stesichorus (vati, 1. 44). The story was, that the poet was punished by Castor and Pollux with blindness for slandering Helen, and was afterwards cured by them, on his writing a recantation. 42. Yicem. On account of Helen. On the construction with ojfensus, see Z. §453. 46. Obsoleta. Pol- luted. The negative only makes more forcible the poet's allusion EPODE XVII. 435 to Canidia's mean origin. 48. Novendiaies dissipare. The sorcer- esses made use of the ashes of the dead for magical rites. In such rites they were thought more efficacious, when fresh and warm from the urn or the funeral pile. Hence they plundered the sepulchres as soon as possible after an interment ; which idea is expressed by novendi- ales, as the funeral rites usually continued for nine days. Allusion is made to the tombs of the poor, sepulcris pauperum, for those of the rich were carefully guarded. 50. Venter ; for filius. Pactumeius seems to have been the name of some boy she had tried to palm off as her own. 56. Ft til ; sc. fieri potest 1 Expresses indignation. See Z. ty 609. Cotyttia; sc. sacra, the impure rites of Cotytto, a Thracian goddess. 58. Pontifex. The pontifex maximus, being supreme in all reli- gious matters, had jurisdiction over burials, and every thing pertaining to them. On the Esquiline was a burial place (see note, Epod. 5, 100), and here the sorceresses would plunder the tombs. 60. Pelignas. Like the Sabelli and Marsi, the Peligni were famous for their skill in sorcery. -62. Sed tardiora — votis. But a destiny slower than you? icishes awaits you ; i. e. your wretched life shall be protracted contrary to your own ardent prayers for deliverance by death. 63. In hoc. For this purpose alone. 75. Terra cedet. The poet makes Canidia assume the proud air of a deity, under whom, as she strides on, the earth yields, as if unequal to the pressure. Orelli quotes Ovid, A. A. 1, 500: (Bacchus) " e curru Desilit; imposito cessit arena pedi." 16. Cereas imagines. The sorceresses went through their processes over waxen images, with the idea that the souls of the originals were all the while subject to their power. So Virgil, Eel. 8, 80: M Et haec ut cera liquesch Uno eodemque igni, sio nostro Daphnis ainore." NOTES ON THE SECULAR HYMN. /. The lestival of the Secular Games, together with the name itself, Ludi Saecul ti- res, was peculiar to the period of the Empire. The real object of its introduction and Brut celebration was to do honor to Augustus and to his government, the first ten years of which had just passed away. It seemed a fitting occasion, by means of a series of public games, at once to acknowledge and to secure the supreme power of Augustus, and to hand down his name to posterity, as the restorer of the state from strife and anarchy to harmony and established order. The Quindecemviri, in order to give greater eclat to the proposed games, sought to identify them with the existing Ludi Tarcntini, which had been celebrated but three times during the period of the Republic. They declared that these games had been celebrated once in every century or saeculum ; and having con- sulted the Sybilline books, of which they had charge, they formally announced that the time had now arrived for another celebration. 2. But the Secular Games differed essentially from the Tarentine. The latter were in every instance celebrated for the specific purpose of averting from the state some pressing calamity, and the services were in honor of Dis and Proserpina ; but, in the celebration of the former, the infernal deities held but a subordinate place, while their object, as we have seen above, was a purely political one. 3. On the above-mentioned announcement of the Quindecemviri, the jurist Ateius Capito was appointed to make the requisite arrangements, and Horace was directed to prepare an Ode. First of all, heralds were sent round to invite the people to a spectacle which they had never seen before, and would never see again. Next, in anticipation of the ceremonies, the Quindecemviri distributed among the free-bom citizens, on the Pala- tine and the Capito line, torches, sulphur, and bitumen ; and in these places, as well as in the temple of Diana on the Aventine, were alse distributed wheat, barley, and beans, aa offerings to the Parcae. The festival was solemnized in summer, and lasted three days and three nights. Games were held in a place in the Campus Martius called Tarentum, and sacrifices were offered to the following deities : Jupiter and Juno, Apollo, Latona, and Diana, the Par- cae, to Carmenta, Ceres, and to Dis and Proserpina. At the 6econd hour of the night, the ceremonies were opened by the emperor, who, by the river-side, sacrificed three lambs to the Parcae, upon three altars erected for the pur- pose. In the Tarentum a stage was erected, and on it was sung by a choir a festive nymn. On this first day the people went to the Capitol to offer sacrifices, and then re- turned to the Tarentum, to do honor to Apollo and Diana by singing choruses. On the second day, the most honored matrons of the city went to the Capitol, and sang hymns ; and the Quindecemviri sacrificed to the great divinities. On the third day, Greek and Latin choruses were sung in the temple of Apollo en the NOTES ON THE SECULAE HYMN. 137 Palatine, by three times nine boys and maidens. During these three days, feasts and games were going on throughout '.he city. The above account has been prepared from Hartung : 3 description of the Tarentnv Games, in Bel. d. Burner, vol. 2, 92, seqq., a translation of which may also be found in the Dictionary of Antiquities. I add from the Dictionary of Antiquities the following statement of the several cele- brations of the Seculat Games : " The first celebration of the Ludi Saeculares took place in the reign of Augustus, in the summer of the year 17 b. c. The second took place in the reign of Claudius, A. D. 47 ; the third in the reign of Domitian, a. d. 88 ; and the laat in the reign of Philippus, A. d. 248." The following scheme, proposed by Steiner, and adopted by Orelli and Dillenburgei represents the manner in which the Secular Hymn was probably sung by the two choirs of boys and of maidens : Stanzas 1 and 2, the Proodus. by the boys and maidens together. Stanza 10, by the boys. Stanza 9, the Mesodus, " 11, " " maidens verses 1 and 2, by the Days, " 3 (c 4 » 44 maidens Stanza 3, by the boys. 4, " " maidens. 5, « " boys. 6. '* " maidens. 7', " " boys. 8, " " maidens. Stanzas 16-19, the Efidux, by the boys and maidens together. 12, " " boys. 13, " " maidens, 14, ' " boys. 15, " " maidens 5. SyMllini — Ad'Sns. It was understood to be in obedience to the authority of the Sybilline books, that Augustus celebrated the Secular Games. 6. Lectas— castos. It was required that the boys and the maidens of the chorus should be of senatorial families, and the children of parents who were both alive, and had been married by the ceremony of the confarreatio, the most ancient and solemn of the Roman marriage forms. 10. Promis. Drawest out; i. e. from the darkness of night. Celas. Hidest; in darkness. Aliusque et idem. Different and yet the same; that is, as Osborne remarks, different in semblance, and yet in reality the same. 14. Ilithyia ; Elxei&vta, from eAet&w, an appella- tion of Diana. As if to do more honor to the goddess, he adds two appellations, Lucina from lux, an appellation of Juno also, and Genita- lis from genitum (gigno). 20. Lege. The allusion is to the Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus, which was passed b. c. 18 ; its object was -to encourage and regulate marriages. See note, O. iv., 5, 22, and Diet. Antiqq. under the word.- 23. Ter. See note, Epist. ii., 1, 36. 24. Frequentcs. Numerously attended. Translate the word, according to the Latin order, last in the stanza. 26. Semel. Once for ad. Stabilis rerum terminus. " The sure event of circumstances." Osborne. — Quod depends upon cecinisse, which is equivalent to in canendo. 31. Fetus. Here the fruits of the earth ; as in Virg. Georg. 1, 55, Arbo- rei fetus ; also ib. 2, 390 ; and Cic. Or. 2, 30. 33. Condito. Compare the poet's language in the last stanza but one of Tenth Ode of Book Second. 39. Jnssa pars. In apposition with turmae. Virgil repre- sents the voyage of Aeneas to Italy, and the settlement of the Trojans there, as done in obedience to the command of Apollo; in Aen. 3, 94: 438 NOTES ON THE SECULAR HYMN. 4,315. 41. Sine fraude. Without injury 47. Renique prolein- que. Wealth and (numerous) offspring. The second que is elided be- fore the vowel in et in the next verse. 49. Quaeque — inipetret. This is the true reading. Quaeque is governed by veneratur, which is equi- valent to venerando precatur. 51. Bellaiitc, etc. • The same sentiment in the celebrated line of Virgil, Aen. 6, 853 : "Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbnr." 54. Medus. Here means the Parthian, as so often in Horace. 55. Responsa. Compare the poet's words, O. iv., 15, 22. 60. Copia. See note, O. i., 17, 16. 65. Arces \ here in the sense of colles; and the Palatine hill is thus referred because, as already mentioned in the introduction, hymns were sung in the temple of Apollo, on the Palatine. 69. Aventinum. On the Aventine was a temple of Diana. The Algidus is also mentioned in 0. i., 21, 6, as a favorite haunt of Diana. 73. Haec— sentire. Haec; i. e. quae precati sumus. Give heed U fete prayers of ours. NOTES ON THE SA1IEES : are indebted to the Romans both for the word Satire and the 3 of composition which it designates. We find, however, that in the progress of Roman literature, both these underwent important changes. The word Satura. which properly means the same as farra- go, a mixture of various things, was applied, at a very early period, to a kind of composition, which treated discursively of various sub- j r : I a partly in prose, and partly in poetry, and. in the poetical parts, in verses of different measures. From a passage in Livy.* which is the principal authority on this point, it would also appear that this early Satura was a rude kind of drama, partly extemporaneous and partly written, which developed no regular plot, and in its broad burlesque resembled the +Fescennine verses of the ancient people of Italy. The satires of Ennius and Pacuvius. though perhaps not dramatic, were, at in their mixed and irregular character, examples of the ancient Satura. In later times, after the regular drama had been introduced by Livi- Ironicus. there arose the Satira or Satire, which, though not in- tended for the stage, yet in its aim to represent life, and in its adoption of something of the form of dialogue, shared some of the characteris- tics of the older Satura, Lucilius is mentioned by Quintilian as the first who gained distinction in this kind of writing, and he may be just- ly pronounced its inventor. He wrote in hexameter verse ; and took the material of his satire from the whole range of human life, its of good and evil, of virtue and of vice, of wisdom and of folly. It is this kind of Satire, which, both in its form and its subject- Tings of Horace illustrate. His Satires are sketches of life and manners, of .*-he life and manners of the Romans, in the reign of Augustus. His own words in several passages help us fce indies fee the "B fii 2 F See Did a;.:. \~. it Fesanmna. 440 NOTES ON THE SATIKES. particular style of satire in which he chose to write. In the First Satire of the First Book, he pleasantly inquires : " quanquam ridentem dicere veruni Quid vetat?" And in the Tenth of the same Book he says— 1 Ridiculum acri Fortius at melius plerumque secat res." In a word, it is the playful style of Satire, that which employs all the gentle arts of humor and raillery, in which Horace wrote, and in which he excelled. His satirical writings present a striking contrast to those of Juvenal, the master of grave, severe satire; and the contrast between these two satirists is easily explained by the difference of their personal character and of the times in which they lived. Horace was a man of genial temper and easy habit, a wise and well-bred man of the world and living in a time when there yet lingered something of honor and virtue in the luxurious life of Rome, he could make merry with the follies and even the vices of men. But Juvenal was a man of uncom- mon gravity and earnestness of character, and lived in a later and 'utterly corrupt age ; and he came forth among his countrymen like an inspired prophet, arrayed in awful dignity, and scourged their wicked- ness with unrelenting severity. We find imitations of Horace's style of satirizing in various modern writers, especially in Pope and Swift in English, and Boileau in French literature. Some of these imitations will be alluded to in the notes that follow. BOOK I . SATIRE I. The poet illustrates the discontent of men with their own lot, and finds its cause in tliA passion of avarice. The train of thought seems to be as follows : Introduction (1-27) : no one is content with his own lot, tut every ( ne envies another's ; and yet no one is willing to change his lot, if the opportunity be offered him. — With the implication that this discontent springs from avarice, the various pleas of an avaricious man for hoarding up wealth are stated and replied to (28-91) — These pleas being untena- ble, the miser ought to put an end to the mere amassing of wealth, and wisely use what he has gained. And yet he need not turn spendthrift, for taere is a due medium in all things (92-107). Conclusion (108-end) : it is thus true, that no miser is content with hi? lot; thus in the haste of all to be richer than their neighbor, but few lead a happy life. BOOK I. SATIRE I. 441 In the concluding lir.es, and especially lines 117 ,.19, the poet virtually answers the question with which he opens the satire. The passage begin. ning with 1. 108, particularly the words nemo avarus, explains the transition from the introduction to the principal part of the satire, and justifies us in supplying the thought, which we have given above in italics. 1—27. For the train of thought, see introduction. 1. Quani— ■ijrteni. To be joined with ilia in next line, by a construction common m prose and in poetry ; = ilia sorte, quam — . See Arn. Pr. Intr. 30. 3. I.audct. Supply in translation, quisque, corresponding to nemo inl. 1. 7. Quid euiin. An elliptical expression, like ri yap, which serves to cut off all objection or contradiction. We may explain by supplying dicis ? or objicis ? Cicero, when he uses quid enim, generally has another question immediately following ; e. g. quid enim % nonne concurritur ? See Z. % 769; Hand. Turs. 2, 386. 10. Sab galli cantum. At cock- crowing ; here, of course by hyperbole, for the very early hour at which the client arouses his counsel. The juris-peritus, or Juris Consultus, is our counscllor-at-law, or Jurist. See Diet. Antiqq. under Juris Consulti. 11. Datis vadibus. Dare vades is our expression give bail, used of a defendant who gives security for his appearance in court. The far- mer (rustiats), who must needs corne in from the country to appear in court at the trial, thinks it would be much happier to live in town, as he could then attend to judicial matters with less inconvenience. On the use of vas and of praes, see Diet. Antiqq. under Praes. — — 14. Fa- binni. We find the same name in next satire, 1. 1 34. Who he was, is not known ; the name probably designates some tedious talker or writer. 1 8. Partibus. Your parts, that you are to play in the drama of life. The expression is borrowed from the stage. 1 9. Noliiit. Tlicy would be unwilling ; nolint is the apodosis, corresponding to si — dicat. Beatis. Dative by attraction, as licet governs the dat. and the ace. pron. eos is omitted. See Hark. Lat. Gram., 536, 2, 3). 23. Practerea lu&O. Thte passage illustrates what is called anacoluthon (Harkness, 630, IV, 6 ; Z. § 739); the course of thought, interrupted by the pa renthesis, is resumed with sed, but in a construction different from that with which the sentence commenced. 25. Olim. Sometimes. See note. 0. ii., 10, 17. 29. Caupo. This is the reading of the most and the best MSS. ; the only other that has any manuscript authority, is the one given in the various readings. All the others are conjectural. Cau- po means innkeeper; hie is opposed to idle, and is emphatic; this, i. e. siu'h a one as we see among us every day. In Sat. i., 5, 4, Horace has muponibus malignis, where see note. 30. Hac mente. The first plea (see introd.) of the miser; that he gathers and lays up, like the ant. against a time of need. 33. Exemplo *, sc. Us. Their illustra- Hon; the one they always use. 36. Quae ; = at ea. but she. The poet turns the miser's own illustration against him. The ant lays ip 4:42 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. but wisely uses her stores, but the miser never uses his piles ut gold but ever goes on accumulating. Inversum annnm. So Cowper • " Oh winter, ruler of the inverted year, I love thee, all unlovely as thou seem'st, And dreaded as thou art !" -38. Cum. While. 40. Obstet. In the same construction as demoveat. 42. Furtim. Join with defossa. 43—51. The miser argues, but if you begin to break the pile, it will by and by be reduced to nothing ; to which the poet replies, that the money has no worth, if not devoted to necessary uses, and that for such uses small means will avail as well as large ones. Compare the sentiment in 0. ii., 2, 1-4. 43. Quod;=a£ id si. See above, note, 1. 36. 45. Triverit. The word has here a concessive force, sc. licet— ithough — suppose that — . See Hark. 515,111. 46. Ac. See n. Epod. 15, 5. 50. Naturae fines. Osborne aptly compares Seneca : si ad naturam vives, nunquam eris pauper ; si ad opiniones, nunquam eris dives. — Epist. 16. Viventi. The genitive is the usual case with refert; but viventi is here a dativus commodi. Dillenburger cites Tacitus, Ann. 15, 65, referre dedecori. See Z. § 408, 449. 51 — 60. The miser urges that it is pleasant to take from a great heap ; to which the poet replies, that a great heap is no better than a small one, if but the same quantity is taken from each. 54. Frna — cyatlio. The wrna was a large vessel, holding four gal- lons ; the cyathus about as large as our wine-glass. Vel means or even. 58. Aufidus* The poet heightens the force of the image in 1. 55 fiumine, by mentioning a particular, and as he is wont, his native, river. So in O. iv., 14, 25, with which compare O. iii., 30, 10; iv., 9, 2. 59, 60. In these, as in the two preceding lines, the language is partly figurative, partly plain. With the figure throughout : he who is con- tent to drink from the urna or cyathus, runs no risk of getting the muddy water of the river, or of falling into it, and losing his life. With- out figure : he who is content with a little, escapes irksome troubles, and the danger of missing the true ends of life. 61. Another plea for hoarding up money : Your social estimation is exactly in proportion to your means. A sentiment certainly as common in a Christian country : and in our own, as in Rome in the time of Horace ; one, too, that has just as much truth in it now, as it had then, and — no more ! The poet does not directly refute this argument, but goes on to show, how un- happy is the miser who professes to act upon such a view of life as it involves. Bona pars. Like our common phrase, a good many. So in Ars. P. 297. 63. Illi. With such a man as that. For dative, see Z. $ 491 ; Arn. Pr. Int. 291. 66. Solitns, sc. esse ; dependent upon me- raoralur Populus— gibilat. The illustration goes, indirectly at least, BOOK I. SATIRE I. 448 against the sentiment in 1. 62. The miser is despised and hissed at, not- withstanding his chests of gold. 68. Tantalus. The poet begins to mention the story of Tantalus, as an illustration of the miser's lot. 69. Quid rides. The miser smiles, and interrupts, but the poet goes on, and shows how pertinent is the illustration. 71. Sacris. As if they were sas.red; and, therefore, may not be touched. 72. Tabellis. Paint- ings; which are only to be seen. 80 — 87. But perhaps, in sickness, the miser has kind and anxious friends 1 Not at all ; all hate him. Nor is it strange. 88 — 91. A vain expectation, to keep the friendship of your relatives, without any effort on your own part. Si — velis forms the protasis, and infelix—perdas, the apodosis, of the sentence. The MSS. are divided between An, si and At si. With Jahn, Dillenburger, Kirchner, and others, I prefer the latter. 92. Dcnique ; in fine, i. e. to sum up what follows from our examination. See introduction. 93. Plus ; i. e. than you really need. 96. Ft metiretur ; instead of counting it ; because he had so much. 100. Tyndaridaruni \ mas- culine, as it includes the sons as well as the daughters of Tyndarus ; the fern, form would be Tyndaridum. The poet alludes to Clytemnes- tra, who slew her husband Agamemnon. 101. Ut — Naevius — No- mentanus. Like a Naevius, or a Nomentanus ; probably well-known spendthrifts of the time. Thus the miser, as men generally do, when hard pushed in argument, flies over to the other extreme. 102, 103. Pergis — componere. Join frontibus adversisvf\t\i componere. The figure is taken from two combatants, e. g. gladiators, set against each other for a combat ; to express which componere is often used. See Lexicon. Yon go on to set together, front to front, things that oppose one another. 105. The allusion in this line is probably to two persons who had diseases of an opposite nature. 108. Illnc— nemo nt. / return to the point, from which I started (namely), that no — . See close of introd. This is a difficult and disputed passage ; but in the above reading and interpretation, Orelli, Obbarius, Dillenburger, and Kirchner, all agree. 114. Carceribus. The carceres of the Circus, literally prisons, bar- riers, were the starting-places ; a kind of stalls, where the chariots and horses were stationed, till the signal was given for the race. 115. [Hum , sc. zquum. 120. Crispini. A loquacious philosopher of the day, and a poet withal, who is said to have written a work in verse upon the philosophy of the Stoics. In a spirit of good humor the poet adds the epithet lippi, which applied also to himself 'see Sat. >., 5, 30\ 21 444 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. SATIRE II. The poot satirizes the tendency of men to mn from one extreme Co another. This tendency is stated directly in verse 24; and in the remainder of the sat.re it is illustrated !sy different forms of licentiousness, then prevailing at Rome. 1. Anil) nl) aiarnni. Syrian female musicians, notoriously immoral, who frequented the Circus and other places of resort. Juvenal also alludes to them in Sat. 3, 62-65. — The word itself is from the Syriac. — The word collegia is added in jest, as if these girls formed regular asso- ciations, like the collegia pontificum, augurum, and others. Phar- maeopolae. Pedler quacks. Cicero refers to such a one in pro Cluentio, 14. 2# Mendiei. Mendicants ; e. g. the priests of Isis and Cyhele, who carried about an image of their deity, and begged alms ; perhaps, too, the Jews, to whom also Juvenal often alludes, especially in Sat. 6, 543. Mimae. Female pantomime players ; who acted in a kind of farce, generally low and indecent. In the regular drama, both Greek and Roman, women never played. Balatroncs* Buffoons. Festus derives the word from blateae, clots of mud cleaving to one's shoes or clothes after a journey. Orelli adds in explanation, " as mud to the shoes, so these buffoons stick to the rich." 3. Tigelli. Tigellius, a celebrated musician of the time, a native of Sardinia, a favorite of Julius Caesar and of Augustus. He was popular with the classes just before mentioned, because he was always ready to lavish his money upon tbsm. 4. Hie; this one; some one of a character, the opposite of that of TigeLius. T. Banc. Still another person. 8. Stringat. He wastes; literally strips off, the metaphor being taken from stripping the leaves of a tree. 13# This line also occurs in Ars. P. 421. 14t Quinas — mercedes. Mercedes means here interest on capital. The legal rate of interest at the close of the Republic, and under the Empe- rors, was twelve per cent, or one per cent, a month ; usually called cen- tesima, because at this rate in a hundred months a sum was paid, equal to the principal. This usurer cuts out; deducts five times the regular interest from the principal, capiti, i. e. gets sixty- per cent, for his capi- tal. is. Sumpta— virili. Usually at the age of seventeen years. It, Sab patribus duris. Boys under such strict care would be in need of money, and such ashad expectations could readily get it, though at enormous rates of interest, from the usurers. By the Roman law, persons under twenty-five were minors, and by the lex Plaetoria, fraud- ulent contracts with such were set aside, and the fraudulent party held liable to heavy penalties. The risk incurred, the usurers took well into the account in their rates of interest, when they lent money to minora BOOK I. SATIEE III. 445 — — 18. At ; but (some one may say), etc. 19. Yix — possis, etc. So far from it, he makes himself as miserable as Menedemus in Terence's Self- Tormentor ; the father, who drove his son away by hard treatment, and then led a wretched, penurious life, in order to punish himself. SATIRE III. Horace here exhibits with good sense and in his best vein, the propensity of men to see and condemn the faults of others, while they are blind to their own. Various illus- trations are given, and the distinction is pointed out between an honest desire to correct the faults of a friend, and a malignant fondness of dwelling upon them. Thence the poet passes (1. 76) to the necessity of a just estimation of human errors, objecting to the Stoic dogma, that all sins are equal; and closes the satire with a pleasant raillery of the Stoic idea of the Sapie?is or perfect sage. We may compare Burns's words, in illustration of a sentiment kindred to that which Ilorace dwells upon in this satire : " O wad some power the giftie gie us To see oursel's as others see us ! It wad frae monie a bkmder free us An' foolish aciion." 3. Sardus. See note, Sat. i., 2, 3. The epithet seems here contemp- tuous, as the Sardinians were in bad repute. Orelli mentions the pro- verbial expression, Sardi venales; alter alter o nequior. 4. Hie, that, by way of emphasis ; i. e. the well-known. See Harkness, 450, 4. Z. § 701. Hoc. So Cicero, Phil. 2, 32: habebat hoc omnino Caesar. It means, had this habit, hoc being equal to hoc consuetudinis. Caesar ; Octavianus, who was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar ; which explains palris in next line.-— Comp. note, Sat. i., 2, 3. 6. Ab ovo usque ad mala. A proverbial expression drawn from the order of the courses at a Roman coena, which began with eggs, and ended with fruit ; just as if we were to say, from the soup to the dessert, for the beginning and end of any thing. lo BaccliQ, Probably the chorus of some song, often sung by Tigellius. 7, 8. Summa— ima. With summa and with ima supply chorda, which is suggested by quat. chordis. Hoc, sc. voce, to which corresponds Voce, sc. ea. Quatuor chordis refers to the tetrachord or the lyre of four strings (see Diet. Antiqq. under Lyra). Gesner gives the true explanation thus: " Tigellius modo utebatur ea voce, quae summa chorda, ttj virarri, resonat, i. e. gravissima, -rj? fiapvraTri , modo ea (hac) quae ima chorda, tjj vfirri, eademque acutissima. ttj o^vrdrr}, "csonat." As the summa chorda was the deepest, the base, and ima chorda the highest, the treble, the meaning simply is that he sung {ute- batur voce) now to the base, and now to the treble of the resounding lyre. Other Editors, following the Scholiast, explain thus: modo summa voce £46 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. modo kac voce quae rcsonat, i. e. est in qualuor chordis \ma : but snnima chorda and ima chorda are the regular expressions for v-ko-tt] and Wjtt; or vcoTTj, sc. x°P^ '' besides summa voce, as Heindorf remarks, does not mean in the highest tone, but with a loud voice. — Chordis is abl. of instru- ment, resonare chordis being = per chordas sonar e or prodire ex chordis. To explain by quae est in chordis, is to use bad Latin ; see Hand, Turs. 3, p. 352. 11. Sacra ferret ; i. e. in opposition to currebat, in a state- ly, solemn step, like the Kav-qcpopoi, Athenian maidens, who in the pro- cessions, carried baskets, containing sacred offerings, such as chaplets, frankincense, etc. 12. Modo reges, etc. Boasting now of his friend- ship with the great, and now (sit mihi, etc.) declaring himself cuitent with the humblest style of living. 15. Decies centena; sc. millia sestertium ; round number for a large sum ; as we would say a million. Dedisses=si dedisses. 17. Erat. On the mood, see n. 0. ii., 17, 28. Loculis. Loculi, literally little places, here a box or chest, with compartments, for keeping money, valuables, etc. Comp. Epist. ii., 1, 175. 20. Iinmo alia, et fortasse minora. Yes, (I have faults, but) other ones, and perhaps smaller. The reading hand fortasse rests on too Blender authority. Hand contends that fortasse is never used with hand. See Turs. 3, p. 35. The poet concedes that he too has faults, but hopes they are not so deserving of censure as those of Tigellius, which he has described. 21. Maenins. See Sat. i., 1, 101. Novius; perhaps the same as in Sat. i., 6, 121. The poet means to say, that he is not like Maenius, but on the contrary censures such a self-love as his. 25. Cum tua — oculis, etc. It is worth while to compare here the language of Scripture in Matt, vii., 1-5.- — 27. Serpens Epidaurius. In allusion to the piercing sight of the serpent. At Epidaurus there was a temple of Aesculapius, to whom the serpent was sacred. 29. Acutis naribus — hominum ; i. e. people so sharp on the scent for their neighbors' faults. 31. Ru&icius qualifies tonso, and tonso is dative, depending on dejluit; flows off from, i. e. hangs loosely upon one whose hair is awk- wardly cut ; not cut in city style. On the care of the Roman gentleman in adjusting his toga, see Becker's Gallus, Excurs. on Male Attire. — Male; badly, i. e. very or too loose ; it does not belong to haeret, which needs no qualification, as it means, sticks to, i. e. pinches — the foot. Comp. 0. iv., 12, 7; Sat. i., 4, 66. 35. Concute.; shake, i. e. search— yourself; as in prose excutere is used, e. g. of the toga, shake it, to find any thing in it. 38 — 54. Let us judge as leniently of our friend, as a lover would of his mistress, or a father of his son. 38. Illuc prae- vertamnr. Praeverti means to turn one's self to a thing principally or in preference ; illuc^z&d. iJlud. Let us above all things turn to this (as an ex- ample). Quod, that. 40. Polypus ; the first syllable here long- though ordinarily short — in imitation, as Meineke thinks, of the Aeolie form irdcKviros. 45. Appellat pactum, etc. It will be seen that in BOOK I. SATIEE 111. 44 1 these illustrations, the father uses gentle names, euphemisms, for posi- tive bodily defects. What adds to the humor of the passage is, that the names are also names of noble Roman families. Sisyphus was a dwarf of the times. The other words the Lexicon will explain. 55 — T5. But men, forgetting that they too have faults, pursue a course directly the opposite of all this. 56. Smceruni— vas incrustare ; to coat over a clean vessel; i. e. metaphorical for — daub over virtues with the names of vices. 57. Mnltum demissus, very deficient in spirit. De- missus is generally used by Cicero in a good sense, modest; hence some Editors take here probus and demissus as opposed respectively ;o tardo and pingui ; but Orelli gives passages in which demissus is used in a bad sense, and the construction here plainly requires such a sense. 59. Malo; masc. ; sc. homini. 63. Simplicior. Simplex here is one who acts naturalby, from impulse, without stopping to reflect about what he says and does. 69. Ut aeqnnni est ; this belongs not to dulcis, but tc all that follows. TO. Cum ; conjunction, to be joined with compenset. Ploribus ; dat. depending upon inclinet. 71. Inclinet; sc. tru- tinam. 72. Hac lege. The lex is contained in pluribus — inclinet. 76. For the train of thought, see introduction. 77. Stultis ; in the sense of the Stoics, in opposition to their ideal Sapiens. 82. Latte- one. Generally supposed to be M. Antistius Labeo, a jurist, and a man of rude manners. 83. Hoc ; nominative, referring to what follo'ws. 86. Rusonem; a money-lender, and also a writer, whose stories (see 1. 89) the poor debtor must needs listen to, lest he offend his hard creditor. 87. Tristes ; so called, because then interest on money borrowed, or the principal itself, was due. Comp. n. Epod. 2, 69. 91. Tritum. Worn smooth; i. e. from long and constant use; by Evan- dcr, the Arcadian prince, whom ancient fable connected with Rome and the Palatine hill. See Livy, 1. 5. — The poet has here a pleasant hit at the passion of the rich Romans for objects of great antiquity, ancient plate, furniture, etc. Comp. Sat. ii.. 3, 20; and see on this point Beck- er's Gallus, p. 24. 92. Ante ; here used adverbially. 95. Fide. See note, O. iii., 7, 4. 97. Sensns, etc. Cicero has a similar view of this Stoic paradox, in de Finibus, 4, 19, 55 : " Sensus enim cujusque et natnra rerum atque ipsa Veritas clamabat quodammodo, non posse adduci, ut inter eas res, qxtas Zeno exaequaret, nUiil interesset." Compare also Cicero's admirable raillery of the Stoics in his Pro Mir-ena, chaps. 29, 30. 99. Cuin prorepserimt, etc. This Epicurean view of the origin of man and of human society is developed more fully in Liber I. of Lu- eritius de Nat. R. 100. Mutum. Dumb; i. e. like brutes, uttering only inarticulate sounds. Such was man originally, according to this view, when he first crept forth from the earth. Afterwards necessity and expediency brought about a conventional language ; and then, gradually, the laws and institutions of civilized society. 103. Verba 148 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. — noiuina : literally, verbs, names of things or nouns, i. c. language. 110. Editior, = superior; but nowhere else used in this sense. Orelli. — — 111 — 119. The poet still speaks the sentiments of the Epi- cureans. They allowed that man, by his constitution, could distinguish between good and ill, what is desirable and what undesirable; but not between justice and injustice, right and wrong. The latter distinction they founded in the usages of society. 115. Vincet ratio* Will ■fecb- son triumphantly prove. Vincere — evincere, to prevail over one's oppo- nent in argument ; in allusion to the efforts of the Stoics to carry their dogma by force of reasoning. 119. The scutica was an ordinary whip, the jla gellum a frightful scourge, which Keightley compares with the cat-o '-nine-tails. 120. Ut caedas— non vereor. Reisig (Lat. Gr. p. 569) has best explained this construction, by supplying illud before vereor ; to strike, etc., that I do not fear, etc. There is no need, there- fore, of the supposition, that the poet wrote ut loosely, instead of ne. 126. Car optas quod habes. These words must be joined in thought with the clause above : si tibi regnum, etc. In asking his question the poet makes that si emphatic : You say if men allow you to be king ; but if your sapiens is every thing, is king, if, in other words, you are already king, — why do you wish for what you have ? — The Stoic idea of the Sage, Cicero refers to in de Amic. c. 5 ; and dwells upon in de Offic. 3. 4. See note above on 1. 97. 127. Chrysippns, who was, next to Zeno, the most eminent of the Stoic philosophers. 129. Hermogenes, a celebrated singer, the same who is referred to in Sat. i., 9, 25; 4, 72.; 10, 80 ; but a different person, as Orelli thinks Kirchner has clearly shown, from the Tigellius, in Sat. i., 2, 3. 130. Alfenns. Orelli has Alfenius, on the authority of an inscription. Who the person was, is not well established. 136. Latras ; like a dog ; a comparison which the poet uses in his raillery, as the Stoics were, as Dillenburger remarks, at least semi cynici, kwikqi, kv&v. 137. Quadrante. The fourth part of an as, and the smallest piece of Roman coin. The public baths were originally instituted for the poor, and were always intended chiefly for their convenience ; hence the low price, a quadrans. See Diet. Antiqq under Baths. 139. Crispinum. See note, Sat. i., 1, 120. BOOK I. SATIRE IV. 149 SATIRE IV. In this satire, Horace defends himself against two classes of his critics. The oae, offended at the simplicity and gracsful negligence of his satires, denied them the name ol poems, and indeed to satire itself the name of poetry. The other alleged that he wrote with malignity, and spared not even his personal friends. The charges were, then, substantially these : that he was no poet, and that he was a Sialignant satirist. After some pleasant allusions to Lucilius, and to Fannius, an inferior poet of the day, and then to the general dislike of satire, Horace begins his defence at line 38, and replies to the first charge in lines 38-63, and to the second in the remainder of the satire. 1. Eupolis, etc. These three poets were the masters of the prisca or vetus, comoedia, the old comedy, of the Greeks. Vetus, old, in distinc- tion from the media, middle, and the nova, new. The Old Comedy, in its freedom in ridiculing the men and events of the day, and in intro- ducing living persons by name, was in its nature like the Roman Satire. and the Satire of modern times. Hence its mention here. — See note on Ars. Poet. 281-284. 6. Oninis ; i. e. entirely, expressing the resem- blance between Lucilius and the writers of the Greek comedy. Lucil- ius was the first Roman poet who wrote in the regular satire. He was born at Suessa, b.c. 148. 7. Mutatis, etc. The Greek comedy was written in iambic verse ; Lucilius wrote mostly in hexameters, some- times in iambic and trochaic verse. 10. Ft magnum, As if (it were) a great thing. Staus, etc., i. e. "without changing his position, a figure taken from the plays of boys or the feats of tumblers." Keight- ley, from Orelli. 11. Cum; the causal particle, since; the image from a muddy stream. 14. Crispinus ; who thinks every thing de- pends upon facility in writing. See note, Sat. i., 1, 120. — M'tnimo ; the lowest ; or, as we say of one who challenges, at t/ie largest odds, e. g. a hundred to one. 19. Follibus. He compares a tumid style with the puffing and blowing of a blacksmith's bellows. 21, 22. Ultro— ima- gine. Some suppose that these words mean, that the writings and bust of Fannius had been deposited in the public library ; but Franke's ex- planation is simpler and nearer the text, that the friends of Fannius had brought him capsae for his poems ; and also a bust for himself. Ultro, literally of their own accord ; the things were brought iciihout solicitation on the part of Fannius. The capsa, like the scrinium, in Sat. i., 1, 120, was a wooden case, with loculi, compartments, designed to hold books, writings, or other things. See Diet. Antiqq., also Biblio- theca Sacra, vol. iii., pp. 227, 228. -23. Timentis. Agrees with mei, implied in mea. 24. Utpote, etc. '• By attraction for — quippe cum plures culpari digni sint." Orelli. 25—38. Quemvis, etc. The poet qow illustrates the plures culpari dignos, and shows who they are that 150 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. dislike satire.. 28. Acre. Bronze. Read the article Aes in Diet Antiqq. 30. Qniii, = quin immo, nay even. 32. IJt, and also the preceding ne, depend upon meiuens. 34. Focnnm, etc. A common cry of the street, here humorously applied to a poet. A vicious ox or cow usually had a wisp of Lay fastened to its horns, as a warning to the oassers-by. 37. Lacu. By this word were designated the basins, sontaining a head of water, supplied from the aqueducts, to which, as to a city-pump, the poor might come, who could not afford to have the pipes in their own houses. They are here referred to, because they were naturally thronged by servants and loungers. 38. The poet (see introduction) admits that, in his Satires, he is not, in the highest sense of the word, a poet. We must bear in mind that these criticisms were made upon the satires ; the odes were written afterwards. 30. Poetis* See note, Sat. i., 1, 19. — Dederim; I should allow; the subj. softens the assertion. See Harkness, Lat. Gram., 485, 486, I. 40. Conclndere. To round. 42. Sermoni; i. e. prose. 45. Quidam. The Alexandrian critics. Their view seems to have been, that Comedy was restricted both in its language {verbis') and matter {rebus) to every day life, and did not rise to the dignity of poetry. 48. At pater. So may say an objector, in defence of comedy. (Comp. Ars. P. 93, 94.) — The language refers to a character common in comedy, as in the Adelphi, and in the Self-Tormentor of Terence. 52. Pomp on ins. Some dissolute young man of the time. The reply to the objector is : Just so Pomponius's father might talk, it is the language "of real and of common life. 58. Tempora; in reference to quantity, times ;=pedes, feet; modos, to rhythm, measures. 60. Ft si. After ut, repeat inve- nias ; as (you would find) if, etc. The meaning is : take from my verses the feet, rhythm, order, and you would not still find poetry there, as you would, after putting to the same process those verses of Ennius. Etiam means still, yet. — Solvas ; turn to prose. 64. See introduction. The poet wonders (65-78) that he should be so much feared, since he shuns publicity, and reads his satires only to his particular friends. 65. Snlcias— Caprius. Probably two well-known lawyers; the Scholiast says, informers. 66. Male ; = valde. — — 71. Pila. The Roman booksellers suspended the titles of their books on the door of their shop (taberna), or on the pillar of the portico, under which the shop was. See Becker's Gallus, Exc. 3 ; Biblioth. Sacra, Vol. 3, p. 229. 72. Tigelli. See note, Sat. i., 3, 129. 78— end. The poet now repels the charge of malignity ; and to show how abhorrent was such a tempei to his whole character, he dwells, as in other parts of his works, upon the judicious and careful training he had received from his father. 79. Inquit. Someone says; or it is said. — Hoc is accusative. — Studio; with eagerness ; on purpose. 86. Tribus lectis ; i. e. the Triclinium, See note. Sat. ii., 8, 20. Quaternos; four on each couch, and twelve its *>00K I. SATIBE V. 451 the company ; usually there were but three on a couch, and nine at the table. The rule of Varro was, that the number of guests at a dinner- party should not be smaller than the number of the Graces, nor greater than that of the Muses. 88. Qui— aquam ; either to drink, or for washirig. The whole expression for convivator, the host. — Hunc ; in same construction as cunctos; potus (part.) agrees with unus. 94. Capitolini. So called, because once governor of the Capitol. The Scho- liast says, that when in this office, Petillius stole the crown of Jupiter Capitolinus, but was acquitted on trial, through the favor of Augustus. 100. Loligmis. Loligo means a cuttle-fish ; the whole expression is metaphorical for rank malignity. 102. Ut si, etc. Dillenburger explains this construction thus : ut promitto, si quid aliud vere de me promittere possum, ita promitto abfore, etc. 105. Hoc is the abl., the usual case with suesco and its compounds ; Dillenb. makes it an ace. Me is the object of insuevit. Comp. Sat. ii., 2, 109. Also Tacitus, Ann. 2,52: ut lectos viros imperiis suesccret. 118. Custodis. Comp. Sat. L, 6, 81, and note. 123. Jndicibus selectis. A body of judices chosen, by the provisions of the Lex Aurelia, enacted b. c. 70, from the senators, equites, and tribuni aerarii ; they were 360 in number. It is not known whether the Lex Aurelia determined the number of judices in any given case, but it is conjectured that the number was seventy. They tried criminal cases. See Diet. Antiqq., under Judex. 121. An, join with addubites ; or can you doubt, &c. 133. Lectulus. My couch ; here the allusion is to reclining upon it for study, reading, writ- ing, &c.~ See Becker's Gallus, p. 42. Bibl. Sacra, vol. iii., p. 228. 137. Haec; i. e. what is said in preceding lines, from Rectius. 141 • Malta— maims. Horace humorously says, that all the poets, most of whom were far from friendly' to him, would turn to his aid in a body, and bring to terms such an enemy of poets. 143. Judaci. The comparison seems to turn upon the zeal of the Jews in proselyting. SATIRE .V. This Satire is a humorous description of a journey which Horace made from Rome to Brundusium, in the company of Maecenas and of other friends. It is generally supposed that the party was arranged by Maecenas, when he had occasion to go to Brundusium S. c. 37, to aid in settling terms of reconciliation between Octavianus and Antony; as he had done once before, B. c. 40, when tne alliance called foedus Brmidusinum was formed between the two triumvirs. The route from Rome to Capua, and thence to Beneventum, lay on the Appian Way, und thence to Brundusium on the side-road, called the Via Egnatia. The poet, and hit friends, must have travelled very leisurely, as ihey occupied certainly fifteen, and per- haps, as Orelli conjectures, seventeen, days in reaching Brundusium. which wns threa hundred and twelve miles from Rome 452 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. Becker has made a very happy use of this Satire in the Journey Scene of his '■ Gai- lus; or, Eoman Scenes of the Time of Augustus.'" I give from Heindorf ("VYustemann's edit.) the following table of the days, and of the places, with their relative distances. The miles are Eoman, which are a little shorter than the English mile. Rome. I. Aricia, now La Riccia . . 16. II. Forum Appii, " Borgo Lungo, near Treponti 20. III. Feroniae fanum. Anxur, or Tarracina, " Terracina . . 20. IV. Fundi, " Fondi . 12. Formiae, " Mola di Gaeta . 12. V. Sinuessa, " Bagnoli . 18. Villa, near the Campanian bridge 3. VI. Capua, now Capua . . . 22. VII. Cocceius' 1 Villa, near Caudium . . 21. VIII. Beneventum bow Benevento 12. IX. Villa, near Trivicum. X. " Oppidulum quod, 1 ' &c, 1. ST . . 24. XL Canusium, now Canosa. XII. Eubi, " Buvo 30. XIII. Barium, " Bari . . 21. XIV. Egnatia, " Monopoli 37. XV. Brundusium, " Brindisi . 44. 312. But perhaps the poet omitted two stopping-places between Barium and Brundu- sium, which are given in the Itinerarium Antonini ; if so, the above must be modi- fied as follows : XIII. Barium. XIV. Ad Turres . XV. Egnatia, now Monopoli XVI. Ad Speluncas XVII. Brundusium, now Brindisi 1. Aricia. On the distance, modern name, &c., of this town, and of all the towns mentioned in the Satire, see Table, at the end of the Introd. 3. Longe doctissimus. Probably said in jest, as we have no such account elsewhere of the person. F. Appi. So called from Appius Claudius Caecus, who built the Appia Via. 4. Na litis, boat- men; great numbers of whom lived at Forum Appii, who were em- ployed in forwarding passengers along the canal, from that place to Terracina. — Cauponibus malignis. The travel by the canals, and the number of boatmen, would naturally require numerous inns. Many of them doubtless were very low places, and their keepers may have deserved in an especial manner the epithet, maligni ; but this class of people, both in Greece and at Rome, was notorious for cheating and fraud of every description. 5o Altias — Praecinctis, literally for travel- lers higher girt ; i. e. more expeditious, as a traveller in haste would BOOK L SATIRE V. 458 gird up the loose Roman dress as high as possible, in order to get on more rapidly.-— On ac, see n. Epod. 17, 4. 6. Unnm; i. e. (with iter) one day's journey; he means to say, rapid travellers would make the journey from Rome to Forum Appii in one day; we took two for it. — Minus — gravis — tardis. Is less troublesome to the slow ; i. e. simply, those who journey leisurely get on with more ease and convenience than those who travel rapidly. 7. Ventri— bellrnn ; i. e. eat no supper. 9. Comites. Not merely Heliodorus, but all who had reached Forum Appii at the same time as himself, and were intending to take the night boat on the canal. 11. Pncri, the slaves of the passengers 16. Nauta — viator. Keightley seems to be right in taking nauta to be the boatman, who drove the mules, and viator some poor foot-passenger, who joined company with him. For a while they sang together ; but by and by, perhaps when they stopped to bait the mule, the viator lay down to sleep, and the nauta followed his example. — Others, and among them Becker (Gallus, p. 64), suppose the viator to be on board the boat ; and also the nauta, who guides the mule, as he sits or stands in the boat. 21. Prosilit, leaps forth ; i. e. on shore. 23. Qnarta — hora, ten o'clock, several hours behind the time, owing to the boatman's sleeping on the way. 24. Feronia. The name of an ancient Italian divinity. Her temple, Fanum Feroniae, together with the grove and fountain sacred to her, was three miles from Terracina, to which the travellers, after washing and taking breakfast, proceeded on foot. 26. Anxur; this was the Volscian name, Terracina the Latin ; the modern Terracina lies at the foot of the rocky hill, on which lay the ancient town. 29. Avcrsos amicos. Antony and Octavianus ; see Introd. When the earlier alliance was formed at Brundusium, Maecenas acted as the friend of Octavianus, and Cocceius, with Asinius Pollio, as the friend of Antony. Now, as appears from 1. 33, Fonteius Capito represented Antony. 32. Ad unguent factus homo : literally, made to the nail, — i. e. made accu- rately ; a perfect gentleman. The metaphor is taken from sculpture, as the artist judges of the accuracy of his work, especially of its smooth- ness of surface, by running the nail over it. Sculptors, also, when modelling in clay, make use of the nail in the finer parts of their work. — Comp. Ars. P., 294. 34. Praetore ; a pleasant hint at the man's fondness for official parade. He was the prefect, a kind of selectman, of a second-class town, but he carried himself as if he were the praetor urbanus, the Mayor of Rome itself. 35. Scribae. The Scribae were clerks in the pay of the state ; perhaps from this office Aufidius had been promoted to the prefectura. 36. Praetextani, etc. The toga praetezta was the robe with purple border, worn by the higher magis- trates. The latus clavus, or laticlavia, was a broad strip of purple woven into the front of the tunic, and was i badge of senatorian rank. 454 JSOTES ON THE SATIRES. Not content with these insignia, our pompous officer had a pan of <:oali> prunaeque batillum, carried before him, on which perhaps to burn in- cense, as if the presence of Maecenas in the town should be attended with sacrifices to the gods. 37. Manmrramni— urbe. Formiae (see n. O. iii., 17, 6), which the poet here calls the city of the Mamurrae, as if that were an eld noble family, in satirical aL vision to a man of ihat name, who had, by the favor of Julius Ciesar, amassed great wealth, but was of low origin, and of vulgar character, and universally despised 38. Murena — Capitone. Probably they each had a house and establishment at Formiae, and in their emulation to accommodate the poets, one furnished the lodgings, and the other the table. Murena has been mentioned in Introd. to 0. ii., 10. 40. Piotins. M. Plotius fucca, mentioned also Sat. i., 10, 81. See n. 0. i., 6, 1. 41. Animae quales ; for animae tales, qualibus. 44. Jucimao — auiico. Comp. Cic. de Amic. c. 5 : Quid dulcius, guam habere, quicum omnia audeas sic loqui, ut tecum? 45. Canipano ponti, now called Ponte Ceppani, over the Savone, the ancient Savo. Perhaps the villula belonged to the state, and was designed for the accommodation of magistrates, &c, when on a journey. 46. Parochi, purveyors ; public officers, who provided for those who were travelling in the service of the state. 49. Crudis. referring to Virgil, who seems to have suffered all his life from a feeble stomach. 51. Nunc mihi — Musa, etc. In imitation of the gravity of epic poetry, as the poet is about to describe an encounter of wits between two jesters or clowns of the party. Sarmentus, as appears from what follows, was originally a slave. The other is un- known. Cichirrus, KiKippos, was probably a nickname. 55. Doinma, the widow of M. Favonius. whose slave Sarmentus had been. 58. Caput et niovet, in imitation of a horse. Tua conm, etc. In prose it would be : nisi tuae fronti comu exsectum foret. ' 60. Miniteris. Better than minitaris. The sense is: since your aspect, as you are. is so threatening, what would it be, &c. 62. Campanula in niorbuni. The scholiast says that the Campanians w r ere subject to warts, which grew on the forehead, often to a great size. 63. Cyelopa. Poly- phemus. 64. Larva, etc. ; i. e. his own face would be mask enough, and his great size would supersede the need of buskins. 65. Cate- nam. The joke is upon the former servile condition of Sarmentus. Orelli explains thus : whether he had consecrated his chains, as the Roman boys did their bullae, or golden bosses, when they put on the toga oirilis. 66. Scriba. Since the death of Favonius, Sarmentus proba- bly had this place in the service of Maecenas. 71. Sedulns, etc The grammatical order is thus : sedulus hospes paene arsit, dum versai etc. 78. Atabulus, a wind blowing from the east. — now called Ah tino. 79. Erepsemus, for erepsisscmus. Trivici. This station, given above in the table, is not put down in the Itineraries. It is s'jp BOOK I. SATIRE VI. 45b pcsed to have been a public villa, near the modern Trivico. 83. Oppidnlo, etc. What town is here referred to is a point that has never been made out. Walckenaer (from whom Dillenb. quotes) has shown that it could not have been Equus Tuticus, as that was quite out of the road ; but he fails to make it certain that it was Asculum. 84t Venit, from veneo. 86. Ut, so that. 87. Ditior, agrees with locus, which refers to Canusium. The air of negligence in the construction agrees with the easy style of the whole satire. The poet means to say, that Canusium is as ill supplied with water as the last stopping place. 93. Lympliis ; here put for Nymphis. The poet seems to mean, that the badness of the water is owing to the anger of the Nymphs of the springs. 95. Liquesccre. " To this piece of heathen jugglery we have a counterpart in the false miracle, which, even up to the present time, is annually exhibited not far from the same place, namely, the melting of the blood of St. Januarius at Naples." — Osborne. Flamma sine. See n. O. iii., 19, 15. 96. Judaeus Apella. Apella was a common name among the Jews, and is here used for any Jew. The Jews at Rome were numerous at this time ; they belonged mostly to the class of libertini. They lived in a particular quarter, the regio Transtiberina, now called the Trastevere ; just as the Jews at Rome now do in the quarter called Ghetto. With a faith so different from the Roman, they were a proverb at Rome for credulity and superstition. Hence is apparent the meaning of Horace in this expression. 9T. Sccurum ; i. e. take no active interest in human affairs. The Epicurean doctrine of Lucretius de Rer. Nat., 5, 82 ; and 6, 56 ; Nam bene, qui did.icere, deos sccurnm agere aevum. SATIRE VI. The intimacy of Horace with Maecenas, and other distinguished men, drew upon hira the envy of many, who taunted him with his humble origin, and charged him with a vain love of social distinction. To the malicious insinuation of such persons we are in- debted for the present Satire. Opening with a compliment to Maecenas for his freedom from prejudices of birth, he descants upon the folly of pride of ancestry and of vain ambition (1-44). He then passes to a particular though familiar defence of himself against the envious charges of his enemies. He adverts to the origin and the basis of hia Intimacy with Maecenas (49-64) ; to his education and moral training, for which he was indebted to his excellent father, whose virtues made his son prouder of his parentage than if he had been the son of a noble (65-99) ; and lastly to his own simple and unam> titious manner of life, in which he was- far from all burdensome ambition, and was hap- pier than if he could boast of a long line of distinguished ancestors (100-end). The Satire was probably written at about the same time as the Fifth of this Book. 1. Noilj etc. Join non with suspendis, and quia with nemo — est Huidquid; join with nemo ;=eovu.m quidquid, etc.; and seen. Epod 150 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. 5. 1. 4. Legionibus, means here armies, as often in prose. 5. Naso, etc. ; quite the same as our vulgarism turn up your nose at ; but observe the different construction in the Latin and the English expres- sion. 7. Cnni, does not mean since, else the verb would be neges ; cum — negas must be closely connected with persuades, etc. 8. Inge- liims. Free-born. This is always the meaning of the word, when ap- plied to persons ; and though we might prefer the sentiment which we should have by translating, a man of worth, or of liberal character, etc., we must adhere to the uniform usage of Latin writers. 9. TaliL Survius Tullius. See Livy, 1, 40. 10. Xullis, has here the same force as when we say, "a man of no family." 12. Yaleri. P. Va- lerius Publicola. See Livy, 1, 2, and 8. 12. Unde,=« quo. See n. 0. i. 12, 17. 13. Fugit, historic present, which (as Madvig has shown) is not confined to regular and continued narration. Dillen- burger gives the following passages, cited by Madvig : Sat. i., 2, 56 ; ii., 3, 61; and adds Tibull., 2, 4, 55; Ovid, Met. vii., 290. 14. Lienisse. Licere means to be valued ; pluris, at more. 15. Qno. In abl. by attraction. IT. Titalis. See n. O. iv., 8, 13. The imagines were waxen images of one's ancestors, kept, like family portraits ot busts with us, in the atrium of a Roman house. They were carried in processions at funerals. 20. Novo ; i. e. a novus homo. Decio, Ap- pius, translate a Decius, an Appius ; i. e. men like Decius and Appius. Censor. The censor had the control of the lists of citizens, and had the power to decide every man's civil position. For good cause, he could strike off a senator from the list, or otherwise degrade any citizen. Appius Claudius Pulcher, censor, b. c. 50, was very strict in the exercise of his functions. 22. Vel merit o ; i. e. vel merito me moveret censor. Propria, etc., is a proverbial expression, probably drawn from Aesop's fable of the ass in a lion's skin. 23. Sed, etc. ; i. e. true as that is, yet all are carried away with a love of glory. 24. Tilli. A person who, as the scholiast tells us, had been removed from the senate, but afterwards restored, and also made Tribunus mili- tum. The tribunes of the first four legions wore the lattclavia, on which badge see n. Sat. i., 5, 36. 28. Nigris pellibus, four black thongs, or ties, which fastened in front the shoe worn by senators, which was higher than the ordinary shoe, and more like our boot. See Diet. Antiqq., p. 190. 34. Promittit 5 i. e. on becoming a senator, virtu- ally assumes such obligations. 38. Tune, etc. A question from one of the people to one so suddenly raised to high office. — The names in the line are those of slaves. 39. Saxo ; sc. Tarpeio ; the southern summit of the Capitoline hill, from which citizens were sometimes thrown down, who had been condemned for capital offences. Though the rock was formerly higher than now, and its side steeper, yet, at the present day, at one place on the Monte Caprino (the modern name of BOOK I. SATIRE VI 457 the Tarpeian Rock) you look down a precipice sixty or seventy feet in height. — Cadmo, the name of an executioner. 40. Gradn — uno ; an expression borrowed from the theatre, where the citizens sat according to rank. See n. Epod. 4, 16. 41. Pater quod erat ; i. e. a Ubertinus. Paulns— Messala, etc. The rejoinder of the poet; as if because yon have never been yourself a slave, like your colleague, you are therefore equal to a Paulus or a Messala • men who belong to the most ancient noble families. 43. Foro— funera. Funeral processions went through the forum, where the eulogy was generally delivered. Musicians always formed a part of these processions, flute-players, trumpeters, hornists, etc. — Magna, used adverbially, belongs to sonabib. Tenet — nos. Takes ; i. e. greatly pleases us. The poet means to hit the empty judgment of the crowd, who think well of the man, because he has stout lungs, and a stentorian voice. 48. Tribune Horace had been a tribune in the army of Brutus and Cassius. See Life of Hor- ace ; also Introd. to O. ii., 7. 49. Ut forsit, though perhaps. Forsit is found only in this passage. So Hand, Turs. ii., p. 713. — Honor em refers to the office of tribune. 51. Prava— procul. Join these words with dignos, being far from, etc. They form, as Dillenburger well says, a kind of accusative ; in Greek the participle ovras would be expressed. 55. Varins. See n. O. i.. 6, 1. 59. Satureiano. Satureium or Satu- rium was near Tarentum. 61. Nono— niense. The length of time seems to illustrate what is said of Maecenas in line 51, cautum, etc. 63. Turpi ; sc. honiine. The prep, ab is generally expressed with abl. after secerncre. See H. 414, I. 64. Vita et pectore puro, must be referred to Horace himself, not to palre. 71. Qui pauper, etc. Who though a poor man, etc. See a correct view of the whole passage in Am. Pr. Intr., p. 124, note r. 72. Flavi. Flavins was probably the master of the common school at Venusium. which would of course afford inferior advantages for education, compared with the schools of ^he metropolis. 72, 73. Magni— magnis. Used ironically to ex- press the airs of importance, which the centurions assumed ; very much as we say familiarly, big. 74. Suspensi $ = qui suspendebant.— Loculi is here put for capsa, or scrinivm (on which see notes, Sat. i., 4, 21 ; and the cut, p. 204), which the boys used, like our. satchel, to carry their books in. The tabula was a tablet, or table, which they perhaps used to write upon, or for arithmetical calculations, just as with us a boy would use a slate. Horace here means to say that the country school-boys carried these themselves ; in the city they were carried by the custos (see note below, 1. 81), as we learn directly from Juvenal, Sat. r. ? 117; Quern sequitur custos angusiae vernula capsae. 75. Aera, means here the money paid for instruction ; tuition. Juvenal has the same word in Sat, vii., 217, rhetoris aera. This, it seems, was paid od the Ides of the month. The meaning of the distributive octants is, thar 158 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. there were eight school months in the } ears, and that on the Ides of each of these eight months the tuition was carried. This is the expla- nation given by C. F. Herrmann, to whose interpretation of this passage I have elsewhere referred, viz. in Bibl. Sacra, vol. hi., p. 228. 79. In inagno nt populo. The ut is elliptical, and, referring to vestem servosque sequentes, is equal to ut fieri solet, or ut expectare potest. — Ut has sometimes in similar constructions a limiting force (which I have illus- trated in note on Livy i., 57), but, I think, not here. A very full vievi of this use of ut, Kiihner has given in his edit, of Tusc. Quacstt., 1, 8, 15. 81. Custos. The Roman boy, as well as the Greek, was sent to school under the care of a slave, who also carried his books, etc. The regular name of this slave was paedagogus, Trafiaywybs. St. Paul makes a fine metaphorical use of this custom in Galatians iii. 24 : The law was our schoolmaster (iraiZaywybs) to bring us to Christ. — Horace here says, in grateful praise of his worthy father, that he was himself his son's paedagogus. 86. Coactor. Collector. See Life of Horace. 87. Hoc ; abl. case ; = proplerea. 90. Dolo, used for culpa, fault, which is the legal sense of the word. 95. Ad ; = secundum, according to. 101. Salntandi, alluding to the Roman morning calls, whethei made or received. The word need not be limited to the visits of clients upon the rich. 104. Petorrita* The petorritum was a four-wheeled carriage, adopted by the Romans, in imitation of the Gauls. It is com- pounded of two Celtic words,— petor, four ; and rit, wheel. — See Diet. Antiqq. Curto, probably the same as our docked. Orelli uses it in the sense of vilis, exigui pretii. 109. Lasanam, means a vessel for cooking ; a kind of portable kitchen. The poet satirizes the praetor for travelling in so little state, and for carrying his provisions and cooking utensils, in order to save expense. 111. Millibus atqne aliis; neuter abl. like hoc, and to be joined to that by atque; and in a thousand other things, which he then proceeds to mention. This is Orelli's explana- tion, and seema better than that which makes millibus — aliis mascu- *, line, and connects them with tu. This latter view requires a double con- struction with the comparative ; a great objection. With either expla- nation millibus aliis is unusual for mille aliis. 113. Fallacem Cirenni. The Circus Maximus, between the Palatine and the Aventine, in which were exhibited the great Roman Games, and capable of accommodating, at the lowest estimate, 150,000 persons. As it was a place of great extent, close by the Forum, in the heart of the city, about it would naturally gather, even when no games were going on, fortune-tellers, pickpockets, and all the classes of rogues that infest a great city. Hence the epithet Fallacem, cheating. Yespertinum ; the Forum, being the great pub- lic place, was towards evening filled with groups of citizens, who met there, when business was over, to talk over the news, and the affairs of the day. 114. Divinis, fortune-tellers. 116. Lapis albus; i.e. a BOOK I. SATIRE VII. 459 gniall table, made of a slab of white marble. 117. Cyatho; the cya- thus has been explained in n. 0. iii., 8, 13. Duo pocula; perhaps one for wine, and the other for water. — Echinus ; this word, literally a sea- urchin, is here used for some vessel made in the shape of a sea-urchin, perhaps, as most suppose, a salt-cellar. 118. Patera guttus. Both of these were employed in making libations. The guttus was a sort of " cruet, having a narrow neck, so that the wine should only trickle out into the 'patera.'" — Keightley. On the patera, see n. O. i., 31, 2. 120t Obenndns Marsya ; i. e. that he will have no business to attend to early in the forum ; as there was a statue of the Satyr Marsyas in the forum, The younger Novius, according to the scholiast, was a notorious usurer, who had his stand near the statue, which, with its uplifted hand, seemed to be ordering him out of its sight. 122. Jaceo ; sc. in lec- tulo ; not to sleep, but to read or write, or study ; see n. Sat. i., 4, 134 The immediate mention of lecto aut scripto shows that this is the mean- ing. In Sat. i., 9, 35, we find the poet out at an earlier hour. 123. Scripto, as well as lecto, is in abL absolute with the antecedent of quod ; viz. eo, which is readily supplied. 123. Ungor Olivo, in preparation for the athletic exercises of the Campus Martius, as is manifest from 1. 126. "The daily bath, and previous to it, strong exercise, were in- separable, in the minds of the Romans, from the idea of a regular and healthy mode of life." — Becker's Gallus, Exc. 1 to Sc. 5. 126. Cam- puin. See preceding note. The lusus irigon, or trigonalis, was a game at ball, pila, in which three persons stood in the form of a triangle, and tossed the ball from one to the other. 127. Pransns. The meal called prandium was what we call lunch, or luncheon, and was taken at about noon. SATIEE VII. A pleasant report of a trial, perhaps attended by the poet himself, before the Court of Brutus, at the time praetorian governor of Asia Minor. The parties were Persius, an Ionian merchant, and P. Rupilius Rex, on whose cognomen (Rex) the principal jest in the Satire turns. The trial was probably held a* Clazomene, in the. year b. c. 42, the year of the battle of Philippi ; and Horace already had attached himself to the party amF the army of Brutus. This Satire was doubtless written soon after the battle jf Philippi ; and it is genersHy believed to be the earliest of the poet's compositions. 1. Proscripti. Rupilius, a native of Praeneste, and a Roman knight, Dad been proscribed by Octavianus, and therefore had fled to Brutus, to whose party he was now attached ; see line 25. 2. Hybrida. Hia father was an Asiatic Greek, and his mother a Roman woman. — — & £60 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. Lippis — tonsoribus. The medicinae and the tonstrinae, the apothee arks' and the barbers' shops were the places of resort for Roman loungers and idlers, where they talked over the city gossip. Horace means to pay, that this affair had already become the town talk. 5. Clazo- nieiiis. A town in Ionia, on the gulf of Smyrna, now called Vourla. 6* Q,ui posset ; i. e. of such a character that he could. — For the sub- junctive, see Hark. Lat. Gram. 500, 503, T. 8. Sisennas, Barros. Per- sons well known for the abusive language they were wont to use. ■ Equis albis. White horses seem to have been in repute for swiftness; or perhaps we may explain the metaphor by the fact, that white horses were preferred in triumphal processions. 10. Hoc — jure — Quo, etc. Jus, literally, right, here means the rightful grounds on which one pro- ceeds ; and hoc = eodem. Proceed upon the same grounds as. What the molesti, contentious people, have in common with the brave, the poet hu- morously says is this, — that they will never give up. 18. Muneribus. The poet pushes, for his purpose, the Homeric illustration rather too far, representing the amicable exchange of arms, as first proposed by the inferior party. 18. Bruto — Asiam. We have nowhere any his- torical account of a regular appointment of Brutus to the province of Asia Minor. At the time of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus was praetor. Subsequently he received, as propraetor, the province of Crete. Still later, when he had made himself master of Macedonia and Achaia, he was confirmed in the government of those provinces by a vote of the Senate. Meantime Cassius had by force gained the province of Asia Minor ; and here in the year 42 b. c. the two met together, once at Smyrna, and afterwards at Sardis, to concert their measures, and unite their forces against the triumvirs. It was probably in this way that Brutus, by virtue of his associate authority with Cassius in these east- ern provinces, was holding a praetor's court in Ionia. See Arnold's Later Rom. Com., ch. x., pages 369, 390, 388, and 422. 20. Compositum ; sc. par sit. Bithus and Bacchius were two gladiators, equally celebrated, aud an even match for each other. 20. Ill jusprocurrunt. In jus, quasi in campum. Legal and military expressions are purposely united. So below cohorten refers to those who sat as judices with Brutus. 22. Ridetnr ; the verb is here impersonal. 25. Excepto Rege. See above, n. on 1. 1. 25. Canem — sidus ; i. e. Canicula, the dog-star. 27. Fertur quo. Where the axe is rarely carried, because the force of the stream is great, and the place too perilous for the woodman. 28. Salso — fluenti 5 sc. ei, referring to Persius. 29. Expressa ar- busto. Arbustum, a place planted with trees to train vines upon, hence a vineyard. Drawn from the vineyard. Regerit, throws back, retorts. 30. Vindemiator. Must be pronounced, in reading the line, as a tvord of four syllables. . 31. Cessisset — cueulum. The dilatory vine- dresser, who \ras surprised in pruning his vines by the voice of the BOOK I. SATIRE VIII. 461 .uckoo, was saluted by the passer-by with the significant cry, " Cuckoo ' Cuckoo !" The reproach was a signal for a wordy, abusive contest, in which the vine-dresser, it seems, generally came off victor. 34. Reges— tollere. In allusion to Marcus Brutus as one of the conspirators against Julius Caesar ; and also probably to his ancestor, Junius Brutus, one of the most active in expelling the Tarquins. SATIRE VIII. Pnapus, with the Greeks the god of fruitf ulness, was regarded by the Romans as the god of gardens. Hence it was customary, to set up in every garden a statue of the god. In this Satire, Horace, designing to ridicule the magic arts of the day, makes the Priapua of Maecenas' Esquiline gardens relate the incantations and rites practised there by Ca- nidia and her companion Sogana. Compare Epode V. and XVII. with the Introductions. 4. Foriiiido. The Priapus in a Roman garden seems to have an- swered the same purpose as the scare-crows, hung up in corn-fields with us. — Dextra. The image had in its hand a club, or a scythe. So Virgil, fteorg. iv., 110 : " Et custos furum atque avium cum f alee saligna tutela Priapi." 6. Arimdo. " The reeds on the head of the image, which terrified the birds by their fluttering." — Osborne. 7. Novis. The gardens then just laid out by Maecenas on the Esquiline, and adjoining his lofty mansion, referred to O. iii., 29, 9; where see note. 8. Hue prias — cellis. "At no time (at Rome) were there universal burial-places for all classes. Whoever could afford it, acquired a place, outside the city, in the most frequented places, as on highways, and here erected a family sepulchre. The very lowest classes only, slaves and condemned criminals, had a common burial-place on the Esquiline, till the time of Augustus." — Becker's Gallus, Exc. to Sc. 12. See n. Epod. 5, 100. ■ 11. PantolaHo. The nickname of a spendthrift, because he was always borrowing. Nomentanus has been mentioned in Sat. i., 1, 102. Their wasteful habits, Horace means, will bring them to the grave of paupero and slaves. 12. Cippus. When land was given for a burial-place, u stone pillar was set up, on which were marked the dimensions of the lot thus appropriated, how many feet in width fronting the road (in fronte), and how much in depth, running back (in agrum); e. g. thus: In Agr. P.. x. ; In Fr. P., xx. That the ground might always be kep! &r the purpose, these letters also were inscribed, H. M. H. N. S. ; i, e 162 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. hoc monumenium heredes non sequitur. In accordance with tins custom the poet here mentions the cippus, and what was inscribed on it. 15. Aggere. The agger, or rampart of Tarquinius SuperbUs, between the Esquiline gate and the Colline. It was fifty feet broad ; and there- fore well adapted to promenading; and sixty feet high, whence the epithet aprico. Juvenal, Sat. viii., 43, describes it by the epithet ven- tosus. 17. Tantnm— quantnm ; = tam—quam. 23. Nigra palla. The palla had the same place in the dress of Roman women, as the toga in the dress of the men. It was always worn out of doors. It was very full like the toga, and had many folds {sinus) in it, which here Canidia would use to put the herbs in.— See Becker's G alius „ Exc. to Sc. 6. 25. Utrasque. We might ex- pect utramque, as the plural strictly is used of two parties, consisting each of several individuals ; but even in prose, some instances occur, like the present, where the plural is used in speaking of only two per- sons. See Z. (j 141. 30. Lanea. Two images; the one, and the larger, made of wool, represented Canidia ; the other, and smaller, made of wax, represented the victim of the sorceries. 36, Magna sepulchra, the mounds that covered the dead : some of these probably still remained, as the gardens were not yet finished. — Dillenburger. 30. The persons here named were notoriously immoral. To the second Horace gives a woman's name on account of his effeminacy. 42. Lupi barbam. " As a counter-charm against other witches." — Osborne. 50. Vincnla. These were threads of different colors, love-knots ; Virgil's Veneris vincula, see Eel. 8, 74, seq. SATIRE IX. This Satire is directed against a class of persons, who were doubtless extremely an- noying to Horace and his literary friends. These were empty pretenders to the name and honors of a literary man ; persons who, without any real merit, fancied themselves men of taste and wit, posts and scholars ; and who, bent upon getting into notice, fastened themselves upon all who r.ad any influence, and, with the importunity of vulgar natures, besought an introduction to the society of the great. Puffed up with a sense of their own importance, and inflamed with the success of a Virgil and a Horace, whom they regarded only as favorites of fortune, they imagined that they themselves needed only a little friendly aid, a mere lucky start, to secure them for ever an established place in the circle of Maecenas and his friends. In writing this fine piece of satire, which professes to be a description of % casual aii- renture with one of these importunate pretenders, it was doubtless the aiai and hope of Horace to rid himself once for all of the whole odious tribe. 1. Ibam forte. / happened to be going. — Via Sacra. This street ha? been described in note on Epod 4, 7. It is ordinarily written Sacra BOOK I. SATIRE IX. 46 ?> Via. — Sicut — mos. Join these words with the clause Nescio — nugarum. 8. Accnrrit. Runs up ; much better than occurrit, as it expresses the rude eagerness of the fellow ; as does, in like manner, in next line, the word arrepta. 4. Dulcissinie reruni. A familiar expression; my dearest fellow. Quid agis is our How do you do, like the Greek ri irpaTTeis; and the German Was machst du'? 6. Nuni quid vis? A polite form of expression, in taking leave of a person; any thing you wish ? Observe here the force of the verb occupare, which means to get itu start of one, to do a thing before some one else ; / anticipate him, with the question. -7. Noris, depends upon the preceding vis; velim (ut) noris nos. 8o MiSCrc. Colloquial for vehementer ; as we cometimes say wretchedly. - — 10. Ad imos talos. To my very heels. 11. Cere- bri Felicem* Happy in your angry temper. Bolanus was probably some hot-headed fellow, cerebrosus, who would, by some very summary method, have rid himself of the intruder. 14. Misere cupis. In this, and the next line, Horace makes the man affect the facetiousness of a familiar friend, and. like all vulgar people, carry the thing too far. 18. Cnbat. Lies ill. — Caesaris hortos. Bequeathed by Julius Cae- sar to the Roman people. They were on the Janiculum ; at least an hour's walk from the Sacra Via. 20. Iniquae — ascllus. A stubborn little ass. 21. Dorso 5 dative, depending: upon gravius ; onus, ace. upon subiit. 22. Viscum. In Sat. i., 10, 33, Horace speaks of two persons of this name. Nothing is known of them ; but from the con- nection, it may be inferred that they were poets. On Varium, see n. O. i., 6, 1. 25. Hermogenes. See n. Sat. i., 3, 129. 27. Quis te salvo est opus. A satirically formal expression, implying that of course in the welfare of a person of so much merit many must cherish an anxious interest. — Quis in the dat. and te in the abl., depend upon opus. 28. Composui. Literally, have laid by ; i. e. buried. What is included in the following lines as far as the 35th, we must imagine the poet uttering to himself; humorously inferring from the word com- posui, that, at this fellow had been the death of all his kindred, so too he would now be the death of him. 30. Divina mota. Both in aid., and agreeing with urna. The a in mota is elided, although long in quantity. Dillei b. gives other instances, as follows : Sat. i., 1, 101 ; ii., 3, 16; Epist. i., 2, 29; i., 7, 24; i., 14, 37; Virg. Aen. 2, 182. 35. Ad Vestae; sc. aedem. On its situation, see n. O. i., 2,15. 55. Qnarta parte diei; i. e. one-fourth of the day, or three hours, or 9 o'clock. The court probably opened at nine, and it was now past nine. 36. Vadato; i. e. ei, qui eum vadatus erat. — Dillenb. As dare tades was used of the defendant in a suit (see n. Sat. i., 1, 11), so va- dari, to require one to give bail, was used of the plaintiff. 37. Per« dere litem. If the defendant came to court at the appointed time, he was said to respond£re, to answer, — i. e. to appear ; if he failed to come 464 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. he was said descrere vadimonium, not to appear, and lost the case. 01 forfeited the sum named in the bail. 38. Me. The long vowel before amas is not elided, but shortened. See Z. bing a wound with salt. 4. Cliarta— eadem. See n. above on 1. 1.— S. D. Laberius, a Roman knight, who wrote Mimes, a species of farce 466 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. and acted in them himself at the games of Julius Caesar. II Tristi— jocoso : " From grave to gay, from lively to severe." 12, 13. RUetoris atque poetae— urbani. The first two illustrate the sermcne tristi, the third sermone jocoso. The satirist must combine the dignity of the rhetorician and poet with the gayety of the man of polished wit. 16. Illi — viris ; == to illi viri, quibus, etc. 17. Hoc ; i, e. the use of ridicule. Stare is a common expression for the success of a play, opposed to cadere, failure. 18. Hermogenes. See n. Sat. 1, 3, 129. The person referred to in simius iste is thought to be the same as Demetrius, mentioned 1. 90. 19. Calvus was an orator, but also wrote sportive verse. Catullus, the celebrated lyric poet; his poems have much the same place in Roman, as Thomas Moore's, in English, Literature. 20. See Introd. for the course of thought. 21. Seri studiornm. Literally, late in your studies, ye who study too late in life. Such persons are wont to be superficial in their tastes and knowledge; pedantic ignoramuses. — The Greeks called such btyiixaSrzis. 21. Qniue putatis. Two constructions united, putatisne, and qui putetis ; that you can think ! — See Z. § 352, at the end. 22. Pitho- lconti. Probably Pitholaus, an indifferent poet, who wrote some satiri- cal verses about Julius Caesar. 23. At, etc. So some one says, in defence of the introduction of Greek words. 24. Nota. See n. O. ii., 3, 8. The Chian was the best of the Greek wines. 25. Cum versum, etc. The sentence is manifestly elliptical. Supply e. g. ut hoc concedam. Granting you this when you make verses, I ask you yourself whether it is also to be conceded when, &c. He allows, for argument's sake, the practice of introducing Greek words in poetry, but asks if it can ever be tolerated in arguing a case in court. 26. Petilli. See n. Sat. i., 4, 94. 29. M. Valerius Poplicola Messala Corvinus ; see Introd. 0. iii., 21. Messala and his brother Pedius, the adopted son of Q. Pedius, nephew of Julius Caesar, were good speakers, and distin- guished for the purity of their diction. 30. Foris ; qualifies petita. 30. Canusini. The people of Canusium spoke a Latin that was largely intermixed with Greek. 34. In silvam feras ; proverbial ; like the English, carry coals to Newcastle. 36. Alpinus. M. Furius Bibaculus, of Cremona, who wrote a work on the legends of Ethiopia, descriptive, among other things, of the death of Memnon ; also a poem on the exploits of Julius Caesar, the first line of which Horace parodies in Sat. ii., 5, 41: the line was — Jupiter hibernas cana nive conspuit Alpes ; whence the nick-name of Alpinus. 37. Dcfingit, etc. Liter- ally, forms the muddy source of the Rhine ; i. e. manufactures (in bad verse) a muddy source of the Rhine. 38. Aede; i. e. Musarum. See Epist, ii. 2, 94 Tarpa. Spurius Maecius Tarpa, a celebrated critic: BOOK I. SATIRE X. 467 Mentioned also Ars. P. 387. 40. Davoquc Chrcnieta. Characters in the Andria of Terence ; Davus, a cunning slave, and Chremes an old man. whorn lie deceives. 42. Pollio. See Introd. to O. ii., 1-43. Pedestcr ; tragedy was written in iambic trimeters. 44. Yarins. See n. O. i., 6. 1. 44. Facetuni j means here the elegant, elegance. 43. Hoc erat; it was this (style); i.e. satire. 46. Ataeiiio. P, Terentius Varro, called Atacimis, from the river Atax, Aude, in Gallia Narbonensis, in which part of Gaul he was born. 48. Inventore ; i.e. Lucilius. 50. See Introd. Ut dixi; in Sat, i., 4 11. 53. Atti. L. Attius, born b. c 170. a w r riter of tragedies. 54. Enni. See n. 0. iv., 8, 23. 55. Non— rcprensis. Not as of one who is supe- rior to those who are censured by him; or whom he censures. 57. Illius ; (i. e. Lucilii) sc. natura. The inquiry is, whether the harshness of the versification be owing to the character of Lucilius himself, or the difficult nature of the subjects of his satire. 59. Ac ; = quam ; see n. Epod. xv.. 5. To understand what follows, it is only needful to remark that the poet, instead of simply saying mollius quam suos or quam Lucilianos (sc. versus) goes on to describe what kind of verses they were that he wrote. Pedibus — senis ; explanatory of hoc tantum; content only with this, to inclose any thing in six feet; i. e. to make out the six feet of a hexameter verse. As we might say, in describing an inferior poet, that he cared only to make out his rhymes. 62. Cassi. Some obscure poet ; a different one from the Cassius mentioned Epist. i., 4, 3. 63. Faina est, etc. Probably some Avag's remark, elicited by Cassius' having been such a voluminous poet, that his writings made his funeral pile, there were such piles of them. 64. Fnerit ; here the subjunctive has a concessive force. See n. Sat. i., 1, 45 ; he may have been, i. e. grant that he was. 66. Intacti ; = non tentati ; unattempted. 67. Poetarnm seniorum ; e. g. Ennius, Livius Andronicus, and others. 69. Deteret — recidcret, etc. Comp. with this whole passage, Ars P. 291-294 ; and 415 seqq. 71. Vivos \ i. e. usque ad carnem ; to the quick. 72. Stilnm vertas. The stilus was used in writing on waxen tablets. One end was sharpened to write with, and the other was made flat, to smooth again by it the waxen surface, by obliterating what had been written. The rule, then, often turn the stilus is metaphorical for often correct. 75. Dictari. The master dictated the passages, and the boys learned them by heart. As all books were copied by hand, and therefore dear, they were of course scarce. 77. Arbuscula ; an actress. 78. Pantilins. Some obscure poet, who got the name cimcx from his slanderous character. 79, Demetrins. A writer and actor of farces. 80. Tigelli. See n. Sat. i., 3, 129.— On Fannius.. see n. Sat. i., 4, 22. 81. Plotins, etc. All these arc thus mentioned in Sat. i.. b, 10. where see note. To Valpins 22 £68 NOTES OX THE SATIRES. Horace addressed Ode 9th of B. II. 83. Fnscns. The same friend ti whom Horace addressed the 22d Ode of B. I. On Viscorum see n. Sat i., 9, 22. 85. Pollio— Messaia. See Introd. to O. ii.,1; above 1. 29. 86. Bibnli. The two sons of M. Calpurnius Bibalus, one of Avhoni studied with Horace at Athens. Scrvius was the son of Serv. Sulpicius Rufus, and was tribune in b. c. 48. Furnius, according to an old com- mentator, was a writer of history. 91. Cathedras. The cathedra was an easy chair, used by women. Plorare is used in contempt, for read or recite. He will bid them whine their love-songs to women. BOOK II. SATIRE I. in publishing this Second Book, Horace bestows a prefatory satire upor. 2tie critics and detractors, who, it appears, had not been silenced by the earlier satires directed against them. The poet pretends to come for advice to C. Trebatius Testa, an eminent counsellor at law. Bent as he is upon writing satires, and yet pressed hard by these detractors, what is to be done in the premises (1-6) 1 Trebatius first advises him to keep quiet, which tin poet declares to be quite impossible ; then, if he must write, to praise Caesar; here the poet pleads, first, that he lacks the ability, and second, that he waits for that task, a fitting occasion (5-20). Warned by Trebatius, that satire will get him enemies, the poet stil persists that he must follow in the track of Lucilius, and, though a lover of peace, tha he will employ against all such enemies the weapons nature has given him, and for the uses intended by nature (21-60). Still warned by his counsel, that he may incur the ill- will of the great, the poet cites the example of Lucilius, who did not lose by his satin, the favor of Laelius and Scipio (60-79). At last Trebatius is content to advise that his poet-clien' write nothing that is libellous ; this advice Horace accepts with a pleasant jest, and with a confident mention of his favor with Augustus, which shows how little he cared for the whole tribe of his detractors (79-end). With this ingenious defence, Horace gives this Second Book of Satires to the Roman public. The whole tone of the Satire is that of one who is conscious of merit and of success, of one who has already gained an established reputation as a poet. Supported by the advice of a Trebatius, confident of the courtly favor of Caesar, he is only enter- al ined and amused by the charges of envious poets and malicious critics. This Satire has been imitated by Pope, in his Satire addressed to Mr. Fartescue. 2. Legem ; i. e. the law that regulates satire ; operls lex. comp. Ars. P. 135. Tendere ; the image borrowed from a bow: or from, a stringed instrument, as in 0. i., 1, 34, tendere barbibon. 4. Dediici. Exactly as we say of bad poetry, spun out. Comp. Sat. i.. 10, 44; Epist. ii., 1, 225, and Juvenal. Sat. vii., 54. Trebati. C. Trebatius Testa BOOK II. SATIRE I. 469 was a friend of Cicero, and is described by hini as the head of a school of jurists, also as a man of wit and conviviality. Cic. Epist. ad Fain. vii., 5, 10, 20. At this time he must have been upwards of sixty years of age. 7. Erat. See n. O. ii., 17, 28. Ter ; join with trans- nanto. - Fiicti. The Romans anointed themselves in preparation for athletic sports, and after these sports they bathed. Comp. n. Sat. i., 6, 123. The poet here makes Trebatius prescribe, like a physician, for sleeplessness. To this prescription, he humorously adds another, which we learn from Cicero, was quite in accordance with Trebatius' habits. See above n. on 1. 4. 12. Praeniia. The praise of Caesar, and poetic fame. Pope has it thus : " You'll gain at least a Knighthood or the Bays." 12. Pater. See above, n. 1. 4, at the end. 13. Horrentia. Bristling The pilum was the regular weapon of the Roman infantry ; it was a javelin, having a wooden shaft five and a half feet long, and an iron head, nine inches in length. See Diet. Antiqq. 14. Fracta. When Marius fought against the Cimbrian Gauls, he gave orders, that of the two nails which fastened the head of the pilum to the shaft, one should be made of wood; the result was, that when the pilum struck the shield of the enemy, the shaft was turned on one side, and the spear could not be sent back again. — Diet. Antiqq. 15. Partlii. See n. O. i., 2, 51. 17. Scipiadam; the younger Scipio, Africanus Minor. The patronymic is used instead of Scipionem, simply on metrical grounds. 20. Recalcitrat. The metaphor is from a spirited horse, who keeps off from him all rude hands. Used of Caesar, it seems hardly in good taste, but yet the fact and the manner of its use here, show that Horace must already have gained estimation in the eyes of Octavianus. and that he knew well how to keep and increase it. 22. Pantolabnm. See n. Sat. i., 8, 11 24. Icto ; i. e. with wine ; as soon as his head is heated with wine. Cicero in pro Muraena, 6, says : nemo fere saltal sobrius, etc. 25. Lucernis; dat. depending upon accessit; literally, is added to the lamps ; i. e. when, in intoxication he sees the lamps double. 26. Castor, etc. Comp. 0., i., 12, 26. 28. Claudere. Comp. n. Sat. i., 10, 59. 33. Votiva. . See n. O. i., 5, 13. 34. Senis. Seems here to be used, in reference to the time in which he lived ; as seniorum in Sat. i., 10, 67. Jerome says, in his Chronica ad 01. 169, 2, 46 (cited by Orelli), that Lucilius died at forty-six — Anceps = dubius ; in doubt whether a Lucanian or Apulian ; in allusion to the situation of Venusium, as he in the next line explains. So too he speaks of Mt. Vulturnus in O. iii. 4, 10, where see note. 36. Ad hoc. For this purpose. 37. Quo ne; for ul ne. Dillenburger com- pares Cic. ad Fan: 7. 2 : quo ne pluris emercvi. On ut ne see H. 499, 1 £70 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. — Vacuum; sc. agrum. 39. Scd. " Opposed to sequor hunc, 1. 34.' — Dillenb. 40. Ensis. Dillenburger aptly compares Juy. i., 165. Ense velut stricto— Lucilius infremuit. 43. Ft— pereat; sc. te precor. 45. Commorit ; future perfect j = provocarit. 46. Insigttis — cantaMtnr. Both words in a sad sense. Pope imitates thus : "Sacred to ridicule his whole life long, And the sad burthen of some merry song." 47. Crnam ; of the judges, into which they threw their votes. Cervius was an informer. 48. Albuti venenuitt; with which, according to feome, he poisoned his wife; according to others, his mother. 49. Twins. The name of a corrupt judge. — — 50. Ut, quo, etc. ; quo- modo fiat, ut, quo, etc. ; dependent upon collige. 52. Nisi iiitns, etc. ; i. e. except by instinct. 54. Dextera; the emphasis is on this word, not by his right hand, that is, not by violence. Pla is, of course, ironi- cal. 54, 55. Mirum, ut; = non magis miram quam. 61. Ma- jorum — amicus. Any one of your great friends. 62. Frigore. Meta- phorical for withdrawing of favor, exactly as our word coldness. As Scott says of " the Douglas," "he had endured— the king's cold lookP 65. Qui. The younger Scipio. 67. Metello. Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus. " The meaning here is, that Scipio did not take alarm at seeing men of high rank, fearing his own turn might come." Keightley. after Orelli. 68. Lupo. L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus, consul A. U. C, 611. He was satirized for his irreligion. 70. Unl aequus, etc. " To Virtue only and her friends a friend/' — Pope. 72. Sapientia. The people gave Laelius the cognomen of Sapiens. To this Cicero alludes De Amicitia, c. 2. 73. Disciucti; at ease; liter- ally, ungirded. 75. Lucili censum. Lucilius was of equestrian rank. 77. Fragili. Neuter dative. The metaphor is fron cracking a nut. 79. Diffindere. This reading of good MSS. is preferred by Orelli and Dillenburger, to the others, diffdere, diffingere and defringere. ft is a le'gal term, to put off, defer, and the whole line expresses the as- sent of Trebatius to what has been said. 83. Mala— bona. The poet puns upon the two meanings of mala, libellous and bad. 84. Cacsarc. See n. 0. i., 6, 2. 86. SoKentur ; for dissolventur. " Perhaps, as the phrases dissolvere leges, judicia, etc., were used, dissolvere tabulis ?night signify put an end to the prosecution ; tabulae being used foi libellus, what we call the indictment, which was written on tablets."— Keightley. BOOK II. SATIRE II. 471 SATIRE II. The poet inveighs against the luxury and extravagance of the times, and sets forth lie advantages of frugal and temperate living. In order to present his sentiments in a more lively manner, he puts them into the mouth of a plain, sensible farmer, O/ell'is, by name, whom Horace, when a boy, had known at Venusium. This piece has b*er. imitated by Pope, in his " Satire to Mr. Bethel." 1. Boni. Voc. plural. 3. Abnormis {a and norma); literally, ■.Tithoat rules, i.e. of philosophers and philosophic schools; self-instruct- ed. — Crassa Minerva. Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, the arts, &c, here metaphorically expresses ingenium, genius, talent, &c. " A genius, though of coarse texture. 7 ' — Osborne. So Cic de Amic. 5, pingui Miner- va. 5. Acie&4 sc. oculorum. Acics, meaning primarily a sharp edge, sharpness, is applied metaphorically, as here, to the sense of sight, vision. 6. Acelinis ; inclined to. A word rarely used. 10. Si Romana, etc. The poet turns from the participial construction to the conditional; instead of fatigatus, etc. Hunting and horse-riding were favorite sports with the Romans ; also to some extent a training for war; hence here Romana militia. 11. Graecari. Greek fashions were imitated by the Romans ; much in the same way, probably, as French modes by us. Comp. n. O. iii., 24, 57. 15. Sperne. Said in irony. Nisi ; join with dilutee. The poet refers to the favorite Ro- man drink, called mulsum, a mixture of wine and honey. Comp. notes, O. i., 1, 19; ii., 6, 14. 19. Partum, sc. esse; viz., that you could be content with such fare. 21. Ostrea. Read here as a dissyllable. 22. Lagois. Some kind of a bird, but of what species is unknown. 23. Eripiani. Used poetically for impediam or prohibebo. 25. Vattis ; the neuter abl., and governs rerum; by the vain shores of things. See Z. i. 17, 36, Fabricio. So named from L. Fabricius, its builder-. This bridge connected the Insula Tiberina with the opposite side of the river ; with the city on one side, and the Janiculum on the other. It is now called Ponte di quattro Capi. 37. Male re gesta. Refers to his failure in business; as above, 1. 18, 19. 42. Nil— qnin— addam. The construction with quin, because in nil addam is involved the notion of hindering; will add not a word to hinder you from, &c. See n. Sat. ii., 2, 23; and Hark. 504. 44, Portions. The a-roa ttoikiXt), at Athens, where Zeno taught the Stoic system of philosophy. On Chrysippus, see n. Sat. ii., 3,127. 51. Hoc — niodo— nt, etc. Hoc points back to velut, and forward to ut, which means so that. The sense is : Just as they all in common miss the true path, in this same way also are you insane, yet so that the man who laughs at you, is no less insane himself. 53. Candam trataat. The Roman boys, not unlike boys of later times, played their tricks upon passers-by, for instance, crazy or intoxicated people, by fastening tails upon them, and then fol- lowing them, and having a laugh at the appendage ; whence the meta- phor here. 54. Nihilnm. Adverbial ; nowise. Join with metueuda, 56. Varum ; = oppositum. 60. Fnfins. The name of an actor. In playing the part of Iliona. in the tragedy of that name, by Pacu- vius, he was to feign sleep, and be roused by the call of Catienus, who played the part of Deiphilus ; but he got so sound asleep from intoxi- cation, that not twelve hundred Catieni could wake him up. 65, 66. Esto. Accipe, etc. Conceding what has just been said in 64, 65, he now goes on to show that the creditor too is insanus. 68. Mercu- rins. See above, n. 1. 25. 69. Scribe, etc. He proceeds to say, that a creditor might as well give away his money outright, as lend it, trusting to the security of written bonds, be they ever so various in form. Decern; sc. tabulas or syngraphas, a Nerio : elliptical ; = " quales a Nerio dictari solent debitoribus ;" Orelli. Like those of Nerius. Nerius and Cicuta were money-lenders, who made out their notes in a variety of ways, so as to make sure of their debtor. TO. Catenas ; metaphori- cal for cautiones ; bonds. 72, Malis; abl. of mala, a jaw ; the sense is : laughing immoderately, as if he were using not his own, but another's jaws, and therefore didn't care if he perilled them. So the debtor makes himself merry over his creditor, who can get nothing out of him — — 73. Fiet apcr, etc. Suggested by Proteus, 1. 71, who could trans- form himself into any thing at will. So the debtor resorts to all kinds of expedients to evade his creditor. Comp. Virg. Georg. iv., 407 476 notes o:n the satires. 75. Peillli. The money-lender; thought to be the same as Cicuta above, Cicuta being a nickname. 76. Dictantis ; sc. formulara cautior.is ; similar to scribe, 1. 69. The lender would say, on giving the money, scribe cautionem pro, etc. 76. Rescribcre ; = solvere, to pay, Scribere, to borrow, because when the money was paid, the fact was written, entered on the banker's book; rescribere, the converse of this, to pay, because the entry was cancelled, on the money being refunded. Com. n. O. iii., 29, 54. 77. Andire, etc. Stertinius now goes on to illustrate the dogma, omnes stultos insamre. See Introd. 83. Anti- cyram — omjiem. The whole of Anticyra. Hellebore was a drug pre- scribed for insanity. Horace, in Ars P., 300, refers to the two places of the name of Anticyra, where this plant grew ; one was in Thessaly, the other in Phocis. 84. Summam ; of the property left them. 86. Damnati ; by the terms of the will. 87. Sive ego, etc. To be understood as the words of Staberius. 97. Etiain, et rex, etc. Certainly, this estimate of riches and of the rich man was not quite peculiar to Rome, and the times of Horace! Comp. n. Sat. i.. 1. 01. 100. Aristippus. A disciple of Socrates, and afterwards founder of the Cyrenaic school; he flourished about b. c. 366. 103. Nil agit, etc. He corrects himself for citing Arist^pus, because his exam- ple, though opposed to that of Staberius, is not necessarily a good one, and therefore nothing is proved by it. 110. Sacrum ; corap. n. Sat. i., 1, 71. 115. Intus ; i. e. in the apotheca. See n. O. iii , 8. 11 ; for the rest of the line, see n. O. iii., 19, 5 ; and O. i., 1, 19. 116. Nihil est ; he corrects himself for mentioning so small a number as a thou- sand, as if that were nothing at all. 128 — 133. Tnn' sanus, etc. The connection of thought is this : Sane you certainly are not, though you escape notice, merely because avarice is so common. If you were to stone people in the street, or injure slaves that had cost you a great price, all would vote you mad ; but, suppose you make way with a wife or mother privately, by hanging or poison — a thing so common — and not do an open act of murder, as did Orestes, — whatever the world may think, are you in your right mind'! 137. Quin, etc. Nay more — the comparison is in favor of Orestes ; after that one mad act, we find nothing more in him to blame ; but there is no end to the madness of the miser. 142 — 157. The miser loves his possessions even better than his life. 142. Intus. Literally, within, i. e. his loculi (below 1. 146), coffers, or his chest, area; put away. 143. Veientanum. Proverbially poor and cheap. 144. Campana. Of Campanian earthenware, instead of being, as usualj of gold or silver. 145. Quondam. Once. See n. O. ii., 10, 18. 146. Loculos. See n.Sat. i., 3, 17. 153. Inopem. Here means feeble; exhausted. 161. Non est, etc. The way is here prepared for the illustration of another form -tf human folly, viz. ambition. The answer to Cur, Stoice? is substar^ BOOK II. SATIRE III. 47? tially this. Because a man is not avaricious, it does not at once follow that he is sound in mind ; any more than it follows, that a man is sound in body because he has not a disease of the stomach. He may have some other disease ; so, too, a man may be made a fool through some other passion— he may be ambitious.— Craterum. Craterus was a celebrated physician. 166. Barathronc ? Barathrum, primarily an abyss, here for any deep place whence any thing- can never be recovered ; hence barathro donate = to squander. Applied to an ambitious man, the expression refers to largesses given to the people. The question here asked, is answered in what follows, by the advice given by Oppidius to his two sons. 175. Noinentauuni. See n. Sat. i. 1, 102. On Cicuta, Bee above, on 1. 69. 185. Agrippa. Seen. 0. i., 6, 6. 1ST. Ufa qnis, etc. To illustrate the folly of ambition, the Stoic now summons and examines Agamemnon. -Huoiasse. See n. O. i., 1, 4; and Z. § 590. 192. Erg f >. Refers oack to permitted.— Consulere, ask a ques- tion, the usual word in asking the advice of a lawyer. 195. Gaudeat, etc. The poet adopts here the sentiments of Nestor, in Iliad i., 255. 197. Miilc ovinm, etc. Ajax, maddened at the arms of Achilles being given to his rival Ulysses, slaughtered the sheep in the Grecian camp, fancying, in his fury, that he was slaying Ulysses, and the Atridae, who had favored Ulysses. 199. Natam. Iphigenia, who was given up by Agamemnon, to appease the wrath of Diana. According to the story, however, Iphigenia was spared by Diana, and carried from Aulis to Tauris, to be a priestess in her temple. See Class. Diet. 201. Quorsimi ; sc. haec spectant? To which the answer, immediately given, is this ; to show that you are really no less insane than Ajax. 205. Naves. The story was, that Diana had sent ad- verse winds, which detained the fleet. 208. Species alias veris. Ideas different from true ones. Veris is ablative. See Z. § 470; and comp. Epist. i., 16, 20; ii., 1, 240. 211. Desipit; i. e. as you say. 212. Titulos. See n. O. iv., 8, 13. 222. Vitrea. " Dazzling."— Keightley— Comp. the use of the word, O. i., 17, 20; iv., 2,3. 223. Circuratonuit. In imitation of the Greek epPpovrav, strike with thvnder, and thence, strike with frenzy. The priests of Bellona, the goddess of war, were wont to run about the streets, prophesying, and cutting themselves with knives ; this they did on the 24th of March, which was called dies sanguinis. — Cruentis, is neuter abl. depending upon gaudens — 224. Nunc age, etc. The third of the four forms of human folly, mentioned 1. 29, is now examined. 225. Yincet. See n. Sat. i., 3, 115. 227. Edicit. As if a praetor. 228. Tusci— vici. The Vicus Tuscus led from the S.W. corner of the Forum to the Vela- brum. It was a business quarter of the city, especially for all costly and expensive articles, hence also called Thurarius. Early tradition connected this part of the city with the Etruscans, who 'tived there and 4:78 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. there bad their shops. The epithet impia is here used, because tlu quarter was in bad repute. (: In Tttsco xico habitabant lenoncs, mere- trices" etc. Acron 229. Fartor. A poulterer. See Becker's Gallus, p. 139. Yelabro. The Velabrum was a low district lying between the Capitoline, the Palatine, and the Tiber. Here were shops, especially for the sale of all kinds of delicacies for the table. In its immediate neighborhood was the Forum olitorium, vegetable-market, the Forum boarium, the cattle-market, and the Forum piscarium, the fish-market Hence here omne macellum. 234. Lncana. See n. Sat. ii., 4, 40. 237. Decies; sc. centena millia sestertium ; a million sesterces. See A. and S. () 347 ; or Diet. Antiqq. under Sestertius. 239. Aesopi. The cebrated tragic actor ; he left an immense fortune. 210. Solidum. Neuter ace. ; entire; a million at once. The same story of foolish extravagance is told of Cleopatra. See Pliny. Hist. Nat. ix., 35. 241. Baccara, here means a pearl, though properly a berry. 244. Pravorniii. See above, n. 1. 223. Gemellum agrees with par. 246. Creta. Comp. n. 0. i. ; 36, 10.— 247-280. With the form of folly under discussion, he connects, in these lines, illicit love. 254. Polemon. An Athenian, who was reclaimed from extreme profligacy to a virtuous life, by once listening to the teachings of Xenocrates, whose school he entered, after a night of feasting and debauchery, merely to ridicule the philosopher. He afterwards became a distinguished philoso- pher, and was the successor of Xenocrates in the Academy. 255. Fasciolas. Bandages worn around the legs ; worn only by men of feeble health, or effeminate character. — Focalia. A muffler or wrapper; from fauces. 259. Amator, etc. Horace here imitates a passage in the Eunuchus of Terence, Act, i. sc. 1 ; where Phaedria, fancying himself slighted by Thais, is in hesitation whether to enter her house, and is ex- horted to more resolution by his slave Parmeno. 273. Gaudes. A lover counted it a good sign, if he hit the ceiling with the seed of the apple he was eating. 276. Igiieoi — scrutare. A metaphorical maxim of Pythagoras, by which he meant : do not still further irritate a man who is angry. Modo, iuquani, etc. I follow here the punctuation and interpretation of Orelli. Modo means lately, and the poet makes Stertinius adduce the example as one, that was fresh in the mind of his auditor. — - 277. Hellade. Apparently the name of a girl, whom he had slain in a fit of jealousy. 281—295. The fourth form of insane fully among men, viz., superstition ; illustrated by the case of a freed- man (281-87), and of a mother, (288-295.) 281. Compita. Crossways ; at which, by the order of Augustus, statues of the lares were set up , a pagan usage imitated by the Roman Church, in the images of the Virgin ; so often seen by the road-side, in Catholic countries. 283. Quid tarn niagiinni ? Some editors read Quiddam magnum addens, and explain Quiddam m. of a vow made at the moment; but there is BOOK II. SATIRE IV. 479 nothing to suggest the idea of a vow, and for such an idea Horace would uot have used such obscure language. The idea expressed by quid-magnum? simply is — it is but a small thing I ask of you. 283. Surpite; for surripite. 285. Litigiosns. Since by selling him for one sound in mind, he would inevitably have involved himself in a lawsuit for a fraudulent contract. 287. Meneni. Probably the name of some well-known crazy person. 289. Cubantis. See n. Sat. i., 9, .18. — — 290. Illo — die ; Thursday, of which the Roman name was dies Joins. The poet is generally supposed to refer here to some Jewish or Egyptian fast. This may be the case ; still fasting, as a religious ser- vice, was known both to the Greeks and the Romans. It formed a part of the services at the festival of the Eleusinia, and also of the Thes- mophoria. Livy mentions a fast in honor of Ceres ; in Book xxxvi, 36 ; Jejwnium instituendum Cerei esse, etc. The Commentators also cite, in illustration, Tertullian, de Jejunio, 15. 296. Octavus ; in humorous allusion to the seven wise of Greece — Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Chilo, Periander, Cleobulus. To the list must now be added, forsooth, Stertinius ! 299. Pendentia tergo. Perhaps in allusion to the fable of Aesop, in which he says that Jupiter has given every man two sacks ; one hanging at his breast, and, of course, readily seen, into which he puts the faults of his neighbors ; the other hanging at his back, into which he puts his own faults. 303. Quid? etc. The sense is: What 1 you think yourself sane 1 Just as little was Agave aware of her madness, when she carried about the head of her son, whom she had torn in pieces ! The story of Agave was the subject of Euripides' tragedy of the Bacchae. 308. Acdificas. The poet sportively makes the Stoic represent him as enlarging his Sabine villa, and trying to make it resemble the lordly mansion of Maecenas on the Esquiline. — Longos is meant for a pun, referring both to stature and to rank. 309. Bipedalis. Horace refers to his small stature in Epist. xx. 21 ; corporis cxigui. 310. Tarbonis. The name of a gladiator. 323. Rabiem. To this too the poet alludes in Epist. i. 20, 25, Irasci celerum. etc. SATIRE IV. In this Satire, Horace makes one Catius go through with a lecture, which he tells th» poet he had just the good fortune to hear from some person, whom he declares to be pro foundly versed in the mysteries of cooking and good living. The lecture, thus reported verbatim — is grave and formal in its air, and tracks the culinary art all through the courses of the Coena ; but is found to contain some precepts good enough, but quite com- mon and trite, mixed up with others which every borly sees to be arbitrary, unusual, and absurd and ridiculous. ISO NOTES OX THE SATIRES. It would seem, that the poet chiefly designed to show up, for the amusement of Maecenas and his friends, a class of vulgar persons, who were very fond of eating and drinking, and who prided themselves upon a minute and critical acquaintance with the kitchens and the tables of people of wea!'.h and fashion. But the Satire has also a wider scope : and that is, to ridicule all who are devoted to the pleasures of the table, and make the gratification of these pleasures the object of study and labor. 2. Ponere sigua; i. e. litteris consignare, to write down. Catius is hurrying- home to make a permanent record of the precious precepts he had heard. 3. Anytiquc ream. Socrates. Melitus was the prin- cipal accuser, and his partners were Anytus and Lycon. 9. Tenues. Nice. 12. Ovis. He begins ab ovo. See n. Sat. i. 3, 6. The cocna consisted of 1. The Gustatorium, various dishes designed' to stimulate the appetite ; 2. the Fcrcula, the several courses of fish, flesh, and fowl ; 3. the Mensac Secundae, or dessert. — Catius follows this order in the precepts given. 13. Alba. This is referred by Bently and Orelli to the yolk, by the Scholiasts to the shell, and still again by Fea to the albumen or the white; " non nostrum — tantas componere lites !" 15. Subarbaiio; i. e. grown in gardens close by the city and the Tiber. which were well watered. 16. Elutins. Elutus means washed off; hence watery, insipid. Dillenburger pronounces this dictum contrary to the judgment of writers on horticulture. 19. Mixto; i.e. with water ; the opposite of m'izium would be merum. 23. Ante gray em. Before the sun has grown oppressive ; i. e. early in the day. 24. Forti liiiscebat, etc. ; in making the midsum, already mentioned above, in n. Sat. ii. 2, 15. The best Avas made of old wine, as new was too strong for the purpose. 29. Albo— Coo. The Coan (from the island of Cos), was one of the second-class Greek wines. The epithet given it by Persius lubrica Coa explains the use of it here referred to : Sat. v., 135. 30. JVascentes. This notion, that shell-fish increase in size with the age of the moon, occurs often in ancient writers. 32. Baiaho. See n. 0. ii., 18, 20.—Lucrina. See n. O. ii., 15, 4. 33. Circeiis. A promontory on the coast of Latium. Misenum was on the Campanian coast, now Cape Miseno, which forms the northern extremi- ty of the beautiful bay of Naples. Juvenal, in Sat. iv., 140, mentions the skill of the epicure-senator, Montanus, in detecting by their flavor the place where oysters were taken : Circeis nata forent, an Lucrinum ad saxum, Rutupinove edita fundo — . 34. Pectinibus; comb-sheMsh (scallops), so called from their resem- blance to a comb. Patulis, from their facility in opening and closing their shell. 3T. Averterc ; literally turn off, i. e. get away, in an- ticipation of other purchasers. — Mensa is here the stall where high- BOOK II. SATIRE IV. 481 triced fish are to be had. 38. Ignarnni. Agrees with the subject ace. of avertere. Qnibus — aptias. For which the sauce is better suited ; i. e. which ought to be served boiled, or stewed. — Qnibus assis ; for ichich (i. e. for the sake of which) when roasted. Qicibus is the dativus com/nodi. 39. In cnbitnm. To his elbow; as they reclined, they leaned upon the left elbow, and took their food with the right hand. Here, the guest, having once thrown himself, satiated, into a recumbent posture, is tempted back by the savory dish. 40. Umber, etc. The precepts touch now upon what was called the caput canoe, the principal dish, the wild boar. The Roman connoisseur could always distinguish by the taste, from what part of Italy it came. The Tuscan and the Urn- brian were the best; the Lucanian was always in repute; the Lauren- tian, of inferior quality. Juvenal speaks of the boar being served up entire : totos-apros, animal propter convivia natum ! — Sat. i., 140. — So the precept here, as is manifest from curvat-lances. 44. Fecnndae. The ancients probably had a wrong notion (as Keightley remarks) of the fruit-fulness of the hare, as it "has young only once in the ) T ear, and goes only a month with young." Comp. with this line, Sat. ii., 8, 89. 48. Satis; sc. est. 54. Lino vitiata; i. e. by being strained through a filter-bag of linen. The better process was to strain it through the colum, a kind of metallic sieve. See Becker's Gallus, p. 377. 55. Snrrentina. So named from Surrentum, now Sorrento, which forms the southern extremity of the bay of Naples. The Sur- rentine wine was thin and wholesome, but not rich. Columella gives a rule for improving a wine, by mixing with it the lees of another wine of good quality, in the form of cakes. As the wine was muddied by the mixture, it was then fined, as at the present day, by eggs, which created a deposit of the sediment. This is the process here described, and it is probably familiar to all the readers of the poet. 58* SqnilliS- Shrimps. Cochlea means snail. 59. Lactnca. The Roman meal generally ended with a salad of lettuce, the object of which Was to cool the stomach after wine. The precept of Catius here was con- trary to the Roman custom. — —61. Immorsns; sc. stomachus. Im- morsus, literally, bitten into, i. e. sharpened, stimulated. He speaks of one, who has already drunk much wine, and, in order to drink more, needs to be stimulated by ham, (perna) and sausages (Jiillis). — Reficit; i. e. ad vina. — Others (and among them Dillenburger) read in morsas ; but it is drinking, and not eating, which is spoken of. — Omnia malit ; i. e. rather than the lactuca, and similar things. 65. Mnria; brine, or pickle. Catius recommends the pickle, made from the tunny-fish (thynni), which were caught at Byzantium, as that was in high repute It gave a strong smell to the jar ; hence putuit orca. 67. Hoc, etc Catius now goes into the details of the mixed sauce, having just de- scribed the simple. 68. Corycio. Of Mt. Corycus, in Cilicia. 182 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. 70. Piccnis, etc. Catius touches now upon the dessert ; see above n 1. 12. 71. Venucula. The origin of the name of this species ot grape, which was best suited for preserving, is unknown. — — 73. Hauc ego, etc. ; banc, sc. Albanarn uvam. Ego is repeated to give point to the pompous, boastful manner of the professor, who is laying claim to these great inventions in the culinary art. — Faecem, lees of wine; in Sat. ii., 8, 9, we have faecula coa. They were reduced by boiling to a sort of jam, or jelly. — Allec ; " a kind of caviare. It corresponded at the Roman table to our anchovies." — Keightley. 76. Immanc, etc. The lecture concludes with some precepts of a miscellaneous character. 76. Millia tenia; sc. sestertium, sesterces, as above Sat, ii., 3, 237. 79. Fnrta ligurit. The slave steals some of the sauce from the dish, and then with his dirty hands gives a cup to one of the guests. 80. Craterae. The crater a was the large vessel, in which the wine was mixed with water, and from which the cups were filled. 84r To- ralia ; hangings, valences, on the tori, couches ; they hung down to the floor, covering the lower part of the tori. See Becker's Gallus, p. 367. 88. Docte Cati, etc. The poet, having heard out the lecture, in an amusingly formal air, begs the favor of an introduction to the learned professor ; not content with drinking at the streams of such wondrous science, he longs to get access to the fountain-head. SATIEE V. Horace here satirizes a class of persons, which was hut the natural offspring of a state of society, in which riches were practically considered the chief good of life, and poverty not only an evil but a positive reproach. That such was the prevailing senti- ment in Roman society in the time of Horace, we may gather from numerous passages in the poet's writings, and especially from those significant lines in the Third Satire ol this book : Omnis enim res, Virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulchris Divitiis parent : and from the passage in the Twenty-fourth Ode of Book Third : Magnum pauperis opprobrium jubet Quidvis et facere et pati, Virtutisque viam deserit aiduae. Hence all men were striving to 1-i'-t!y guests, amusing therr, will: his credulity and his inaxpp BOOK II. SATIRE VIII. 489 litcee of high life, and annoying them with ostentatious and tedious i-tmarks on the merits of all the various dishes. The poet exhibits his skill and good taste in making Maecenas observe a polite silence in the conversation, and betray no disposition to join in the sport at the host's expense; though we may well imagine that he fully appre- ciated the nature of the occasion. This Satire has been imitated by Dean Swift. 1. Nasidieni. Pronounce in this line as a quadrisyllable. Beati. See n. O. i., 29, 1. 2. Dictus; sc. es. 3. De — die. In the time of Horace, the hour for the coena was 3 p. m. From Sat. ii.. 7, 34, we may infer that Maecenas dined at about sunset. The hcnr for the din- ner of Nasidienus was therefore an early one ; such a feast was called cotwivium tempestivum. Sic, etc.; i. e. sic juvit, ut, etc., so pleased me, that, etc. Ut with fiterit, therefore, expresses the result. 6* Lueanns aper. See n. Sat. ii., 4, 40. Leni Austro; a gentle south wind; in opposition to fervido, hot ; the former gave a high flavor to the meat of the boar, the latter spoiled it. 8. Radices ; radishes. -9. Pervellnnt; literally, pull at, i.e. sharpen. This clause qualia, etc., appears at first to end the enumeration, but the speaker seems to call to mind other things, and adds them to the list. All these articles, being alike fitted to stimulate the palate, were taken at the beginning of a dinner, and usually formed that part of the Roman coena, which was called the gustatorium. Some Editors think that the poet meant to represent the boar, that was served up by Nasidienus, as already tainted ; but there is in the language employed, no just ground for such an opinion. AUec, faecula Coa. See n. Sat. ii., 4. 73. 10. Alte cin ct us. The slaves, in waiting at table, always had their tunics girl high, to facilitate their movements. Hence, in Phaed. ii., 5, 11: Ex allicinctis unus atricnsihus. 13. Ut Attica virgO. See n. Sat. i., 3, 11. 15. Caecuba. See n. 0. i., 20, 9. Chinin ; sc. vinum. See n. O. iii., 19, 5. Maris expers. One of the means employed by the Greeks to season wines and improve their flavor was to mix sea-tvater with them in certain proportions. The Chian wine here spoken of had not undergone this process ; for what reason we can only conjecture ; perhaps simply because the Romans preferred that wine in its pure state, without the sharpening qualities which would be given it by sea- water ; or because the unmixed wine was considered (as Pliny seems to intimate, in Nat. Hist. xiv.. 7) more wholesome. 18. Divitiafl miseras. This line and the next are the words of Horace. 19. Putchre faerit. See n. Sat. ii., 2, 106. 20. Samnms ego, etc. The Roman Triclinium consisted of three lecli, or couches, placed around three sides of a table ; the fourth side was left open. Each lectus hfcd three places. The lecii were called lectus medius, lectus summus, lectus imus. There was a difference in the rank of the lecti, and of the several places on each lectus. The lectus medius was the most honorable, next 490 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. the lectus summits, and last, the lectus imus. On the lectus medius, tho highest place, therefore the highest at the table, was the first on the ] right (as you face the table), then respectively the middle and the third place ; on the lectus summits, which stood to the left of the medius , the first place was the one farthest from the lectus .medius, then the other two places in order ; on the lectus imus, the first place was the one nearest the lectus medius, and then the other two respectively. The guests reclined, each on his left arm, so that those on the imus and those on the summus were turned in opposite directions, the latter look- ing towards the medius, the former looking away from it. This sum- mary I have made up from Becker's Gallus, Exc. ii. to Sc. ix., where is given the fullest and most satisfactory account of the subject, with which I am acquainted. The account given in Diet. Antiqq. is different, and, I think, unsatisfactory. The following sketch, taken from Orelli, illustrates the Triclinium in general, and the arrangement of the guests, as described in the present passage : 6(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) •Maecenas. Vibiilius. Servilius* Jfledlus JLectuSc i 8 rt § ^ ft a i Jtltmas* 5 ^ SP a s | 1 s I * 2 S at 3 4 S Qa 3 * IKI 1 s t & s a BOOK II. SATIRE VIII. 491 £0. Thnrinns. Of Thurii, a town in Calabria ; probably so designated. to distinguish him from the brothers Visci, mentioned in Sat. i., 10, 83. ■ 22. Umbras. The word umbra, shadoiv, like ovcta in Greek, was used of an uninvited guest, introduced by one of the invited, as here by Maecenas. 23. Ipsam, i.e. the host. 25. Ad hoc; sc. aderat ; was present for this purpose. Nomentanus was a parasite of the host, and his business was to draw the guests' attention to the peculiar excellence of the various dishes, and to the new methods by which they were prepared. 26. Cetera turba; like the French nous autres; the rest of us, who were quite unskilled in the mysteries of cooking, and without the aid of Nomentanus would not have noticed the very rare flavor given by Nasidienus' cook to ordinary dishes i 29. Ut— patuit. Vel strengthens the meaning of continuo. As it at once appealed; i. e. the originality of the cookery was quite manifest, when these dainties were brought to my notice. The tone of the whole passage is of course ironical. 31. Minorem ad Innam. At the waning of the moon. 34. Damnose. A colloquial expression for drinking to excess at the ex- pense of the host, ruinously. Moriemnr inulti ; a burlesque use of an epic expression ; Virgil has it in Aen. ii., 670: nunquam m omncs hodie moriemur inulti. The meaning is, that they would, by hard drinking, revenge themselves upon the host and his parasite, for their stupid ob- servations. 36. Pai'ochi ; a word here used in jest for hospes, host. See n. Sat. i., 5, 46. 39. Allifaiiis; sc. poculis; drinking-cups of a very large size, which were made at Allifae, a town in Samnium. 40. iVocnere lageuis; i.e. did not drink freely, either for such reasons as those mentioned in lines 35, 36, or because they feared the displeasure of the host. 42. Mnraeua. A species of eel, the lamprey, one of the greatest delicacies on a Roman table ; with the nobility it was a pet fish, and was reared with care in their fish-ponds. 45. His; these ingre- dients ; viz. oleo, garo, etc. 45. Venafri. See n. O. ii., 6, 16. 46. Garo. Some kind of caviar, like e. g. anchovy-sauce. The Spanish fish here referred to was probably the scomber, mackerel. 48. Cocto Chinm. The meaning is, that the Italian wine should be poured in while the sauce is boiling, and the Chian added afterwards. 50# Quod, etc. Methijmnaeam ; of Methymna, a town of Lesbos. Vitio mu- taverit; vitio is dative, — in vitium ; turned to a fault, i.e. has vitiated, made sour. The idea of the whole is ; vinegar made from Lesbian wine. 51. Erncas. A species of cabbage; the rocket. — Iimlas. See n. Sat. ii., 2, 41. 53. Ut melins, etc. The muria has been ex- plained in Sat. ii., 4, 65. The clause quod remillit refers not to muria but to echinos illutos. The meaning is that the juice furnished by the echini is better thap the muria : As (being) better than the muria, that which (or what) the sea shell-fish leaves behind. — — 51. Aalaea. See n. O. iii.. 29. 15. -'S. Rnfas ; the cognomen of Nasidienus. 64. 23 492 NOTES ON THE SATIRES. Snspendens. See n. Sat. i., 6, 5. 67. Tcne— torquerier. The infini- tive, in exclamations, often stands thus absolutely. See A. and S. § 270, Rem. 2. 68. Xe panis, etc. These points are doubtless touched upon, with a mixture of malicious pleasantry, reflecting upon the tedious commendation which the host had been all the while bestowing upon the various arrangements of his dinner. TT. Soleas poscit. The custom was to put off the sandals, on taking the reclining attitude at table. Nasidienus now on rising, probably to go and give some orders to the servants, calls for his sandals. 81. Sit qnoque ; i. e. as well as the patina (see 1. 55) which had been broken by the accident that had occurred. 83. Fictis rernm ; they pretend to start some jokes, that they may have out their laughter without betraying to the parasites its real cause. 88. Jecur anseris. The liver of the gcose was as favorite a dish at Rome as it is now in some parts of Europe, especially at Strasburg ; where the pate de foie gras is a famous dish. Means were then used as now to increase the size of the liver. 93. Fngimusi This word does not mean that they abruptly took leave ; it is explained by what follows ut-gustaremus. They revenged themselves by not touching the dishes which had been so tediously praised. — ■ — M* Ms; dative cas?, — --95. Caaidfcu See Introd, to Epode v. and svil NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. The Epistles of Horace, the latest of his works, are the maturest fruits of his literary studies and culture, and of his observation and experience of human life. In the form of familiar communications tc personal friends, they disclose to us the interior of the poet's mind and heart, and the life of thought and feeling, that flowed on there in even current, in the last and best years of his life. It is this subjective cha- racter, that distinguishes the Epistles of Horace from his Satires. In his Satires, the poet contemplates the life that was going on without and around him ; he paints the manners of men and of the times, as he aaw and caught them, as they rose in the living world of Rome; and, even in the few places where he dwells upon himself, his starting point is in something external, in some opinions of other men, and generally in their envious judgments of his habits and character. But in the Epistles, the point of departure, if we may so say, is the poet's self; they reveal to us his own individuality ; they tell us in easy converse, and yet in finished verse, his own habitual thoughts and sentiments, whether on art, poetry, philosophy or letters ; his most cherished wishes and tastes, his experiences of the world, and what they have taught him, and all the way in which he is wont to view, to under- stand, and to enjoy human life. It is also precisely this subjective feature of these writings, which gives them their interest and their value, which has drawn and fastened to them so many minds and hearts, and ever instructed and delighted them. They teach us, from out the poet's own experience, so many lessons of good sense, moderation and wisdom, fitted to the conduct of our own every-day lives ; which charm us by their serene humor and graceful diction, and win us by their humane and friendly tone. We feel ourselves in communion with an earnest, tranquil, and yet genial, happy spirit, that has practically learned what we too need to know ; that has found out much, at least, of the secret of human life, and • knows how to impart it to others ; that has reached, after many wan £94 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. derings. after much thought and discipline, something of a sense of quiet and inward freedom, for which we are longing, and which he can help us attain. We may gather up from his words the materials for a philosophy of life, which is hetter as a practical guide than the specu- lative systems of the poet's time ; more noble and elevating than the Epicurean, more humane and humanizing than the Stoic; perhaps, in- deed, the truest and the best, that the unaided wisdom of man can frame. The poetical Epistle is a form of composition which Horace invented, and in which, though often imitated, he has never been equalled. Most of his imitators, while they have not failed to perceive and to admire that rare union of the utile and the dulce* the instructive and the en- tertaining, in which lies the secret of Horace's power, have yet pressed too far either the one or the other of these qualities, and so have verged either to the dry and didactic, or to the low and trivia 1; and even Pope and Boileau. have, with all their merit, fallen below the genial excellence of their original. In that wonderful mingling of thoughtful earnestness and playful humor, which, ever near together, and always just in place, dignify and enliven one another, now pointing a sober pre- cept with a sprightly jest, now drawing grave lessons from a gay fable, and; like the well attempered lights and shades of a fine picture, blend- ing " severe truth " and " faery fiction " into an harmonious whole, — in that singular union of poet and philosopher, the man of wit and genius with the man of sound sense and judgment, that we see every where in the Epistles of Horace, he appears at once the inventor and the unrivalled master of this species of composition. Finally, it is worthy of remark, in this brief estimate of these writ- ings, that, while they are the most original and the most perfect of the works of Horace, they are also the most characteristic of all the pro- ductions of the Roman Muse. They are the genuine poetry of the Ro- man life ; they embody in a most finished poetic form, those qualities of the national character, that for long centuries were at once the glory and the safety of Rome. That strong practical sense, that earnestness and love of order, those virtues of temperance, frugality, moderation, self-government, which mark and set apart the Roman from all other types of ancient character, — all these have found, in the Epistles of Horace, a just and poetic expression. There, while we see as in a mirror, the image of a Roman poet, — if not the most gifted of the poets of Rome, certainly the poet of largest experience, both in life and in art, and of incomparably the greatest influence, — we also behold the noblest and truest reflection of the Roman spirit and character. * See Ars Poetica, 34.1 ROOK I. EPISTLE I. £95 BOOK I. EPISTLE I. His Epistle was occasioned by the desire of Maecenas, that Horace ft&ould! gift him seJf with renewed ardor to the cultivation of lyric poetry. The poet declares, in reply that, with advancing years, he has lost his taste for the sportive effusions of the Lyric Mjse, and is now absorbed in the studies of philosophy (1-12). He then proceeds, — dis- claiming, at the same time, all allegiance to sect, and waiving all pretensions to the hi?h- est attainments in philosophy (13-40), to set forth and inculcate some of his favorite doc- trines of practical wisdom. He teaches that virtue i3 far better than money 1 , that a good conscience and a contented, independent mind are superior to all worlcMy goods (41-69); and he contrasts these teachings with the opinions and conduct of the multitude, which he shows to be various, uncertain, and inconsistent (70-end). 1. Prima — sumnia. First — latest; i. e. always a worthy theme for my muse, from the beginning to the very close of my life as a poet. 2. Donatum — rude. Horace compares himself with a gladiator who had gained an honorable discharge. In token of such discharge, a gladiator was always presented with a rudis, a staff, or foil. 3. Ludo. School; i. e. of gladiators. 6. JVe popnlnm, etc. A discharged gladiator was sometimes won back to the amphitheatre by prospects of high pay ; he then ran the same risks as an ordinary gladiator, and, if worsted in fight, was at the mercy of the populace. When appealed to, the populace turned up their thumbs {vertere pollicem) as a sign, that the gladiator should be killed, and turned them down (premere) as a sign that he should be spared. 9» Ilia ducat ; literally, draw his flanks, an action in horses indicative of difficult breathing ; become broken-winded. So Virgil, Georg. 3, in describing the diseases of horses. says, imaque longo Ilia singultu tendunt. 11. Omnis ill hoc. Comp. Sat. i., 9, 2. 13. Lare;. here, by metonymy, for domus; on domus, see n. 0. i., 29, 14. 14. Addictus, etc. The poet goes back to the image of a gladiator. Addictus, used primarily of an insolvent debtor given over to his creditor, was also used of a person who became a gladiator for hire, because he was bound to the master- of the school in which he was trained. Such a person also took an oath of allegiance to his master on entering his service. See Diet. Antiqq. under Next, and Gladiatores, 16. Nunc, etc. Preserving the image drawn from the sea, which is first used in the preceding line, the poet proceeds to describe himself pleasantly as a kind of Eclectic in philosophy, non* studying the Stoics and now the Epicureans. Agilis. The Stoics taught their disciples to mingle actively in public affairs. lf>. 406 NOTES ON THE EPISTLE'S. iristippi* See n. Sat. ii. 3, 100. 21. Opus dcDentibus 5 i. e. as hired servants. 27. Rcstat, etc. It remains for me, &c. ; i. e. with such feelings and views, it is my business to put to personal and prac- tical application the elementary principles of philosophy, and the time I devote to other things seems to be wasted and lost. Mis ; refers to what follows. 28. Lynceus ; who, according to fable, was so sharp-sighted as to be able to see through the earth. The poet first sets forth two examples (28-31), and then states the general principle (1, 32).- — 30. filyconis; an athlete, of the poet's time. 33. Cupidino. On the gender, see n. O. ii., 16, 15. 34. Verba— voces ; the former refers to the formulas of incantation, the latter to the tones of music, vocal or instrumental: both are here ised figuratively for the precepts 6T true wisdom. 36. Piacnla ; here means remedies ; the transition from its primary meaning expiatory sacrifices is explained by the fact, that diseases were referred to the anger of the gods, who had to be appeased and propitiated, before the diseases were removed. Here, too, the remedies are the teachings of wise men, as is manifest from the next line. 3T. Ter ; the favorite numeral with the ancients to denote repetition, indefinite number ; especially in all solemn rites Comp. O. i., 28, 36 ; iii., 3, 65; iii., 22, 3; Carm. Sec. 23; Sat. ii., 1, 7., 43. Rcpnlsam. See n. O. iii., 2, 17. 45. Ad Indos ; hyperbolice ; "usque ad terras remotissimas." — Orelli. 47. Ne cures. Ne, that not, seems here to express a consequence, for which we ordinarily find ut non. So that you may not care for. Comp. Arn. Pr. Intr. 77 ; Z. § 532. 50. Coronari— Olympia. Olympia is in the ace, in imita- tion of the Greek ancpavovcrOai 'OKv/xiria. So Ennius, quoted in Cic. de Senectute, c. 5, vicit Olympia. The poet argues thus; no combatant would be content with the village crown, who might wear the crown of the Olympian victor ; no one prefers things of less, to things of greater, value ; but yet virtue is better than silver and gold. 54. Janus gummas ; i. e. the whole forum ; or, as we should say, the Exchange, for the collective sentiment of business and moneyed men. Comp. n. Sat. ii., 3, 18. 56. Laevo, etc. See n. Sat. i., 6, 74; where these words are used of boys, going to school. So here the citizens, young and old, are pupils of Janus; i. e. are all engaged in business, and the accumu- lation of money, and bring to the forum, as it were to a school, — loculos tabulamque; i.e. their money-cases and tablet. 58. Quadringentis ; 400 sestertia, = 400,000 sestertii, sesterces {sestertium was a sum of money sestertius a coin), was the legal pecuniary qualification for admission to the equestrian order. The sum was circa $15,009. 59, Lu- denteSj = in suis ludis,in their sports; i. e. the boys choose their rex or leader, on the ground of character. Comp. n. O. i., 36, 8. 62* Eoscia. See n. Epod. iv , 3 16. 64. Cnriis et Camillis; see notes 0. BOOK 1. EPISTLE II. 497 i.. 12, 41 and 42. 65. Qui, sc. suadet; ut is omitted, according to Ilarkness, 499, 2. —Rem means here money. 67. Papi. The name of some tragic writer or actor. 69« Praeseas; the "word involves, besides mere presence, the idea of constant readiness to do one a sei- vice; who is ever at your side to exhort, &c. 73. Oiim. See n. Sat. ii., 6, 79. 78. Yidaas. See Introd. to Sat, ii., 5. 79. Excipiant, etc. Comp. Sat. ii., 5, 44. — 80. Foenore. See n. Sat. i., 2, 14. 83. Baiis. See n. 0. ii., 18, 20. 84. Scatit. See n. 0. ii., 18, 21. 86. Teaaaai, a town in Campania ; here in contrast with Baiae, aa it was in the interior. 89. Solis. In dat. with mariiis, 92. Coa- dacto. For variety's sake, the poor man hires a boat and makes an ex- cursion, but he gets weary of it, just as much as the rich man, who sails in his own trireme. 94. Toasorc. On the abl. see n. 0. i., 6, 2. 95. Pexae ; literally combed, but here means with the wool or nap on, still new. 96. Dissidet impar. Sits uneven. Comp. n. Sat. i., 3, 31. 99. Ordiae. Usually with the abl. after compounds of di or dis, a or ab is expressed. See Harkness, 385, 4, 2). 101. Soleaaia ; =: solen- niter, after the common fashion, like all other people ; i. e. you attach much less importance to these faults of character, than those irregulari- ties of personal appearance. 106. Sapieas, etc. The poet is hi earnest in insisting upon the pursuit of what is truly wise ; but to give the epistle a pleasant turn at the end, he has another hit at the wise man of the Stoics. Comp. n. Sat. i., 3, 124. Pitaita, a cold in. the head, with its usual inconveniences. Your wise man, with all his boasted independence of disease, must fain yield to these evils ! EPISTLE II. Lollius, to whom this Epistle is addressed, was the eldest son of the person oi that name, to whom Horace wrote the Ninth Ode of the Fourth Book. The young Lollius, now about seventeen years of age, was pursuing his studies at Rome, in preparation fir the offices of public life, and Horace, interested in the welfare of one who was a youth of talent and promise, and the son of a personal friend, writes to him from his quiet retreat at Praeneste, and seeks in a strain of paternal counsel, to turn him to the early study and practice of wisdom and virtue. He first sets before the young man the practical moral lessons which are taught by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey ; and then, in a tone at once familiar and earnest, inculcates some of those golden precepts, whose observance its necessary to the formation of right character, and to the conduct of a useful and happy iife. 1. Maxime, sc. natu. 2. Dedaaias. It was needful to the young Roman who aspired to civil honors, to make himself a public speaker; hence the study of elocution was an indispensable part of his education. 498 NOTES. ON THE EPISTLES. —On the tense of this verb, comp. n. 0. i.. 22. 10. Praeneste. See n. O. hi., 4, 22, 4. 1. Chrysippo. See n. Sat. i., 3, 127. Crantorwas a philosopher of the Academic school, the head of which was Plato. 7. Barbariae, sc. terrae ; here used for Phrygia. The Greeks used the word corresponding to barbaria for a foreign country. 10. lit salivas, etc. ; that is, that he will not' consent to the restoration of Helen ; in persisting in this purpose he perilled his own rank and per- sonal happiness. Regnet must refer to the rank and station of Paris as a prince. 11. Lites. The quarrel that grew out of the seizure of Briseis. See n. 0. ii., 3, 4. 11. Plcctuntar. Comp. n. 0. L 28, 27. — —19. This line and the following one are a free translation of the opening of the Odyssey. Comp. Ars. P. 141. 23. Sirenum— Circae. The Sirens of the Odyssey, who charmed by their melodious voices the passing mariner, and Circe, who by her magic cup, turned men to beasts, Horace here teaches were meant by Homer as illustra- tions of the seductive and degrading influence of sensual pleasures. 27. Nos namerus sumns. Nos is here — maxima pars hoiiuaum. exactly as in English the pronoun we is often often used for people in general, the world, &c. Comp. the same use of nos in Sat. i., 3, 55. Numerus, like the Greek &p&{x6s, means those who have only a numeri- cal value, people of worthless character ; mere ciphers. — The sense of the passage is this : as Homer's Ulysses is a rare example of temper- ance and wisdom, so the worthless suitors of Penelope, and the young men of Alcinous, i. e. the sensual Phaeacians, are illustrations of the generality of men. 29. Plus aeqao. See n. 0. i., 33, 1. 31^ Cessatum ducere coram. Cessatum is a supine, depending upon ducere ; and the whole expression is poetic for — " citharae cantu omnem curam abigere," (Orelli) to lull care to rest. 31. Noles, sc. currere, which in this line is meant for vigorous exercise. The poet teaches in the pas- sage, that, in regard to both health and to character, men learn by sad experience the necessity of care and discipline. 39. Est ; from edo ; see Harkness, 291. 11. Beata. Rich; see n. O. i., 29, 1. Pueris, dat. does not depend upon beata. 17. Son domus, etc. Comp. the passage O. ii. 16, 9. 51. Vas. Here metaphorical for the mind. 56. Semper— egct. Comp. 0. iii., 24, 64. 59. Irae. See Am. Pr. Intr. 220. 61. Festinat, = festinat exigere, or festi- nanter exigit ; comp. n. 0. i., 16, 21. Odio is dat, 69. Quo semel etc. Osborne aptly compares the lines of Moore : "You may break, you may ruin the vase, if you will, But the scent of the roses will hang round it still." BOOK I. EPISTLE III. 499 EPISTLE III. This is a friendly epistle to Julius Florus, who, as we gather from the testimony ol He race himself, was a young man of talents and cultivation, and not without some merit is a poet. The Epistle furnishes a pleasing proof of the established position which Horace now held at Rome as a poet and a man of letters, and of the kind of paternal in terest which he cherished in all young men who were aspiring to literary excellence. Julius Flcrus was now attached to the suite of Tiberius Claudius Nero, the step-son of Augustus, and afterwards successor to his imperial honors ; who had been dispatche j with an army to the east to place Tigranes on the throne of Armenia, and to settle the af- fairs of that kingdom. Horace makes inquiries concerning the present occupation of Tiberius and his com- mand, and of Florus himself (1-25), and then exhorts Florus to the study of philosophy V25-29). and to a full reconciliation with Munatius (30-35). 3. Thraca. The Greek form, instead of Thracia. Tiberius' route to Armenia was through Macedonia and Thrace, across the Hellespont '1. &.frcta), and through Asia Minor (1. 5. Asiae). 4. Torres. Two towers, one at Sestos, the other at Abydos on the opposite shores of the Hellespont. 6. Stndiosa. In early life, Tiberius was fond of literary pursuits, and at this time had in his train several literary men. Sin- diosa thus means learned. — Operum depends upon quid. 9. Quid, sc. struit. Of Titius nothing certain is known. He was one of the party, and, as is apparent from the passage, was a poet. 10. Piiidarici fontis. Metaphorical for the loftiest lyric poetry; in contrast with which, lacus-apertos represents lyric poetry of an ordinary kind. It is a pleasant hit — without, however, any purpose of disparagement — at the adventurous spirit of the young poet. — Expalluit is poetic for extimes- cuit. 14. Desacvit— arapullatur. Humorous words, to designate the passionate, and the grand, tone of tragedy. On ampullatur, comp. Ars. P. 97. 15. Milii. An instance of what is called the dativus ethicus. We may translate : what is my Celsus doing 7 See Hark. 389. 17. Palatums. See Intr. to 0. i., 31. 19. Plnmas. An allusion to the fable of the jackdaw shining in the plumes of the peacock. See Phae- drus, i., 3. -23. Civica. See n. O. ii., 1, 1. 26. Frigida cararnm fomenta ; cold remedies for care ; such as ambition, riches, which may help to relieve worldly anxiety, but yet tend of themselves to make the heart cold and empty ; hence called frigida. ■■ 27. Coelestis sapientia. " Socrates autem primus pJiilosophiam devocavit e coelo, et in urbibus collo- cavit, et in domos etiam introduxit, et coegit de vita et moribus. rebusqiie bonis et malis quaerere." Cic. Tusc. v., 10. 30. Cnrae, sc. sit tantae. 31. Munatius. Who this was is not known ; it is conjectured, a son of the Munatius, who is addressed in Ode Seventh of Book First. 26. Votiva. Comp. the passages, O. iv. 2, 55 ; i., 36, 2. £00 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. EPISTLE IV. An Epistle addressed to a brother poet, Albius Tibullus, at the time at his villa ut P'idum. Horace compliments him on his poetic gifts and attainments, on his gcod health, and his fortunate social position, and exhorts him not to be disturbed by cares oxv\ fears, but to live a quiet and cheerful life. £• Pedana. Pedum was on the road from Tibur to Praeneste. 3* Cassi Parmensis. A different person from the Cassius, satirized in Sat. i., 10, 61. This one had served in the army of Brutus and Cassius. and afterwards of Sextus Pompeius. Like Tibullus, he wrote elegies. 6. Non— eras. Never were. The imperf. denotes continuance ; i. e. during all the time I have known you, down to the present moment. I'h, Oomeni cred«, etc. Comp. similar expressions of this senti- ment, in O. i., 9, ]3; iii., 29,43; iv., 7, 17. 15. Me pingnem, etc. Horace pleasantly describes himself as such an Epicurean as the Stoics were fond of describing, and such a one, too, as many persons doubtless were; one who made the chief good to consist merely in sensual pleasure ; but his own Epicureanism was a quiet, cheerful enjoyment of life, together with an ascendency over base and corroding desires, Tibullus, and every one else who knew Horace and his manner of life, at once appreciated the jesting tone of these two concluding lines of the Epistle. EPISTLE V. An Epistle to Torquatus, the same friend of the poet, to whom is inscribed the Seventh Ode of Book First. Horace invites his friend to join him, on the eve of the birth-day of Augustus, at his frugal table, and bids him put aside the anxious cares of life, and give himself up to cheerful discourse, and all the gay and inspiring influences of the festive hour. This is one of those lighter pieces of Horace, which seem to bring us into the presence of the poet in his own home, and show us how he loved there to gather about him his friends, and with such cheer as his house might afford, share with them the delights of social converse. 1. Arckiacls. So named from Archias, the maker of them; probably simple, though tasteful, suited to men of moderate means. 3. Sn« premo— sole. Supremo = ad occasum vergente ; at sunset. I, Tanro. T. Statilius Taurus was consul the second time, a. u. c. 728. Ii the ode was written, as is generally supposed, a. u. c. 734, the wine would be five or six years old. Comp. n. 0. iii., 8, 12. Diffusa 5 i. e. BOOK 1. EPISTLE VI. 501 into the ampkorae. See n. 0. i., 20. 3. 5. Mintnrnas. See n. 0. iii., 17, 7. Pctrinus was the name of a hill near Sinuessa; it is now called Rocca di Monti Ragoni. 6. Imperinni fer ; submit to ray authority ; i. e. as the host, master of the feast. 7. Splendet. This refers to the polishing of the lares in the atrium. See n. Epod. ii., 66. It does not refer to the fire, as is plain from aestivam in 1. 11. 9. Mosclii. A celebrated rhetorician, then accused of poisoning-, and defended by Torquatus.— Porphyrion. 11. Aestivam. Augustus' birth-day was the 23rd of September ; so that strictly it was not a summer's night ; but aestiva is used because the night was of about the same k ngth as in summer. 12. Quo; sc. " datam esse credam." Dillenb. 14. Assidet ; poetic for similis est, resembles; literally, sits near to. 15. Comp. the sentiment, 0. ii., 7, 26; iv., 12, 28. 20. Panpertate. Comp. O. i., 18, 5. 22. Toral. See n. Sat. ii., 4, 81. 26. Butram, etc. Of the persons here named, Ave have no knowledge. 28. Uinlms. See n. Sat. ii., 8, 22. 30. Qnotus ; = quot comites. 31. Postico. By the back-door. A happy end to the Epistle. He tells his friend to dodge his clients who are waiting for him in the atrium, by making his exit at the back-door. EPISTLE VI. The sole means of securing a happy life is a dispassionate frame of mind (1, 2), free from the disturbing influence, alike of joy and of grief, of desire and of fear (3-14). Even virtue itself is not to be pursued beyond just and reasonable limits (15, 16). What folly, then, with passionate eagerness, to strive for gold, fame, worldly goods, all frail and perishable (16-27) ! As when in ill health, you seek the means of recovery, so, if you will live aright, use earnestly the true means (28, 29) ; if the true means of right living be virtue, then vigorously cultivate virtue (30) ; if you think virtue an empty word, then go, find the chief good in riches (31-43), or in honors (49-55), or in luxurious living (56-64), or in love (65, 66). These are my sentiments ; use them, if you have no better, if you have, impart yours to me (67, 68). Thus in the mingled tone of a philosopher and a poet, and in the discursive style of Bn epistle, Horace exhorts Numicius to the rational, even-tempered pursuit of a virtuous hfe. Of this Numicius we have no definite knowledge. 1 . Ml adniirari ; to regard nothing with passion ; it is the Greek (i7}5ev SavudCeiv, the a^avfj.avhen I, a poet, undertake to do any work myself. EPISTLE XV. Advised by his physician Antonius, Musa, to exchange the warm baths of Baiae foi cold bathing at either Velia or Salernum, Horace writes to Numonius Vala, requesting some definite information on the relative merits of these two places. Probably Vala owned real estate near Velia and Salernum. 1. Quae sit, etc. The clauses in lines 1,2; 14-16 ; 22-24 ; all depend upon par est, etc., in 1. 25. The passages 2-13, 17-21, are parenthetical Veliae. Velia was in Lucania ; Salernum in the Picentine district, and now called Salerno. 3* Antonius. Antonius Musa was a physician of the day, who practised hydropathy. His cold water-treatment waa of great serrice to Augustus; see Suet. Octav. 59, and 81. Illisj i. e. Baiis, or rather its inhabitants, who take it amiss that the poet quite their baths for other waters. 8. Caput— supponcre. Celsus pre- scribed pouring of cold water for weak heads and stomachs • what the 510 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. Italians call cloccia, and the French douche. 9. Clasiiiis. Clusiuni was in Etruria, and Gabii in Latiura. There were cold springs at both these places. 10. Diversoria nota; sc. equo. The poet must mean the inns on the road to Baiae, to which he, from the force of custom would turn of his own accord. But now, as is mentioned in next line his rider is not going to Baiae. 12. Laeva habena ; i. e. by pulling the left rein. One who was going to Baiae or Cumae would turn ofl from the Appian way to the right ; but, going to Salernum, would turn off to the left. The branch road to the two former places commenced at Sinuessa, and was called Via Domitiana ; that leading to Salernum commenced at Capua, and was called Via Aquillia. See Diet. Antiqq. under Viae. 13i Equi — in ore. This remark explains and, as it were, excuses the expressipn habena dices, inasmuch as the horse was to be addressed, not by the voice, but by the bits which were in his mouth. 15. Collectos; i.e. in cisterns. Fugis aquae = aqi'.ae fon- tanae, spring-water. Perennes adds the idea of never-failing. 16. Nam, etc. Elliptical. I make no inquiries about the wine, for I care nothing, &c. 2-1. Phacax. See n. Epist. i., 2, 28. 26. Maenius. Having (1. 24) touched upon bis hope of finding good living, he passes to the story of Maenius, humorously comparing himself with bim ; a man who lived luxuriously so long as he had abundant means, but when these were exhausted, made himself content with humble fare. 28. IVoii qui, etc. Explanatory of vagus. He lived on other people, going now to one and now to another's table, like a stray horse who had no regular manger. 29. Hoste. Here used in its original sense of stranger. The man when hungry was rude to all alike. 31. Peruicies, etc. These nominatives are put by apposition to the subject of donabat. The words are borrowed from comedy, and descriptive of a glutton and hanger-on upon the markets. 37. Bestius. The name of a miser, who was fond of preaching against extravagance. 39. Yerterat — einerem ; = consumpserat. 41. Turdo — vnlYa. These were, by Roman epicures, accounted great delicacies. 46. Fnndata ; made secure, i. e. collocata, safely invested. EPISTLE XVI. Quinctius, to whom this Epistle is addressed, seems to have been an ambitious mail, absorbed in the pursuit of civil honors, and rejoicing in the success he had already gained. He probably wondered, as such a man well might, how Horace could be content with the unambitious life he was leading in the retirement of his Sabine farm. • Horace, in this Epistle, first describes the spot in which he so loved to live, dwelling upon its delightful situation, its mild slimate, its verdure and its healthfulness (1-16) 1' urning, then, in direct address *o his friend, he congratulates him upon his gcod fortune BOOK I. EPISTLE XVI. 511 j) the world, but bids him remember that character is of higher val.ie than fame and Honor, that the favor of the multitude is apt to mislead and blind its votary, ani that it is fickle and often unworthily bestowed (17-40). He then illustrates the difference between a mere negative, and a real, positive virtue (41-62), and concludes by showing that none but the truly virtuous can lead a free and happy life. Nothing definite is known concerning the person to whom this piece is addressed. Perhaps it is the same as Quinctius Hirpinus, to whom Horace wrote the Eleventh of the Second Bock of Odes. 5. Continui niontes, ni— valle. The Valley of Ustica (see 0. i., 17, 11), now Valle Rustica, or, in a wider sense, the Valley of the Digentia (see Epist. i., 18, 104), now Valle di Licenza, in which lay the poet's farm, made a break in the otherwise continuous range of Sabine hills. 6. Sed. This word limits opaca. The valley was shady, but did not quite exclude the sun, which shone in upon one side in the morning, and on the other in the afternoon. Dextram Iatus— Iaevuin. The course of the stream, which ran south, determines the direction of the valley, which was due north and south ; and hence, too, the meaning of dex- trum and laevum, which were respectively the western and the eastern side of the valley. 7. Vaporct ; "vapore obducatP Orelli. Covers with vapor ; in allusion to the exhalations at sunset, with us as well as in Italy. — - 11. Dicas — Tarentum ; i. e. so charming is the place, you would say it was another Tarentum in full bloom. Tarentum was a favorite place with Horace. See 0. ii., 6. 9, seqq. 12. Rivo; i. e. the Digentia ; comp. above n. on 1. 5. Ut ; i. e. talis (or) ita ut. 16. Septenibrilms. See n. Sat. ii., 6, 19. IT. Audis. See n. Sat. ii., 6, 20. 20. Alinm sapiente. Alius is here used with the abl. in the same way as a\\os is used with the genitive. Comp. Epist. ii., 1. 210, Sat. ii., 2, 208. Also Cic. Fam. xi. 2; Nee quidqnam aliud libertate com- muni quaesisse. 25. Tibi ; for a te. 2T. Tcnc niagis, etc. These verses are quoted from the Panegyric on Augustus, written by Varius, 36. Furem; sc. me esse. -40. Medicandum; (the man) who needs to be cured; i. e. of his faults: the word follows up mendosum. 41. Consnltnm patrnm ; == senatus consulta, which made a part of the jus civile. 43. Tenentur. Are maintained. The opposite is causa cadere. 49. Sam bonus — renuit, etc.; i.e. if he thinks himself good merely on the ground of having done nothing grossly wrong, he deceives himself. On Sabellus, see n. iii., 6, 38. 53. Tu, etc., opposed to boni in preceding line ; they shun wrong from the love of virtue, you from fear of punishment. 57. Yir bonus. Ironical. ( Your) good man. The description following is a fine piece of satire npon a hypocrite. One is reminded by it of the outside religion of the Pharisees, as described by our Lord in the New Testament. 61. jancto. On the construction, see n. Sat. i., 1, 19. 64. In triviis u\nni. The poet probably refers to a trick the Roman boys had of 512 :notes on the epistles. fastening a piece of coin in the pavement, so as to have a laugh upon any one who should happen to see it, and try to pick it up. 65. Qui cupict, etc. See a parallel passage in E. i., 6, 10. 69. Captivunii The man who is lost to virtue, and is a slave of avarice, is like the coward who has flung away his arms, and is taken captive by the enemy. But, as the captive in war may be kept as a slave, so the avaricious man lives indeed, but for low aims and objects. 73. Pentheu, etc. An imitation of a passage in Euripides' Bacchae, where Bacchus, disguised as a priest, replies to Pentheus, the Theban king, who threatens him with chains and torture. T8. Yolam. In allusicn to suicide, which the Stoics taught was lawful. Seneca says, in De Provid. vi.,'5 : " Contemnite mortem quae vos aut finit aut trahsfert.— Patet exitus. Si pugnare non vultis, licet fugere. • 79. Ultima linea. A metaphorical use of the line drawn across the course in the Circus, to mark the goal. Cicero in de Senec. 23, has a similar metaphor: nee vero velim, quasi decurso spatio, a calce ad carceres revocari. EPISTLE XVII. The poet teaches Scaeva, some young friend of his, how he may gain the favor of the great, without any loss of self-respect. It seems to be his object at once to encourage an honorable ambition, and to censure an indolent spirit, which, under the pretext of inde- pendence, would content itself with obscurity. 3. Amiculus. The diminutive favors the friendly air of the piece. The poet adopts the tone of a familiar friend, rather than that of a teacher. 5. Fecisse. See n. 0. i., 1, 4. 8. Ferentinum. A small retired town in Latium, 48 miles s. e. of Rome. The sense is : if you study your personal comfort, shun the city and the society of the great. Orelli thinks the poet refers to a journey with a patron, to the noise and dust on the road, and the bad public houses. 10. Fefellit ; = vixit ignotus. See n. O. iii., 16, 32. 11. Tuis; your relatives and friends, whom, through a patron, you may aid. 12. Fnctum; = opulentum ; bo siccus = pauper. The expressions are sportively borrowed from a feast. We are not to infer that Scaeva was a poor man. — — 13. Si pranderet. The words of the Cynic Diogenes, said of Aristippus, when the latter was at the court of Dionysius of Syracuse. 14. Si sciret. The reply of Aristippus. See n. Sat. ii., 3, 100. 21. Officium facio. I pay my court. 22. Nnllius. Masculine, as is manifest from dante minor. 24. Fere ; limits aequum ; for the most part. 25. Quem J i. e. Diogenes. 25. Duplici. In allusion to to the $nr\ois, or double cloak which Diogenes wore, instead of the tunic and the pallium. BOOK I. EPISTLE XVHI. 513 SO. Milcti. The woollens of Miletus, in Ionia, were in high repute, Comp. Virg. Georg. 3, 306. 32. Refer. The story was, that Aristip- pus wore home from the bath the coarse cloak of Diogenes, leaying his own in its place, and that the Cynic preferred to freeze with cold rather than appear in public in a purple robe. 33. Res gerere 5 i. e. res magnas in bellis. 35. Placuisse. See n. above on 1. 5. 36i ]Yon« cnivis, etc. An old proverb from the Greek, used for any difficult en- terprise, which originally expressed the difficulties and expense attend- ing a voyage to Corinth. The commentators refer to Strabo, viii., 6. 20. 39. Hie; refers to fecit viriliter. On this, — namely, a course of manly action, what we are now discussing entirely depends. 41. Virtus ; means here manly excellence. 42. Experiens. Enterprising. 45. Hoc; i. e. to gain some substantial advantage. 50, Haberet plus dapis. He would not, by his greedy noise, have gathered others about him. 52. Ductus ; i. e. by a patron. ■ 55. Refert. Acts over again. 57. Veris. Like the fable of the boy, who cheated the people by crying Wolf ! when no wolf was near, and at last, when the cry was a real one, was the victim of his own trick. EPISTLE XVIII. This Epistle is addressed to the same Lollius, to whom He race inscribed the First Epistle of this Book. See the Introduction to that Epistle. The piece is a brief but comprehensive manual of rules and maxims on the art of living with the great. Complimenting Lollius upon his free and independent spirit (1^1), the poet mentions certain things to be avoided, viz., rudeness (5-9), gross flattery (10-14), a fondness for con- troversy (15-20), and vices of character, such as licentiousness, gaming, ostentation, avarice (21-36). He then warns him, neither curiously to pry inio secrets, nor divulgs them when intrusted to him (37-33), not to fail in adapting himself to the cherished tastes and pursuits if his patron (39-67) ; not to speak of others incautiously (68-71) ; not to be imprudent in recommending or defending people (76-85). He exhorts him, finally, to the Btudy of the character of his patron (86-95), and of philosophy, which alone can guide him in discerning and holding to what is truly good (96-103), and closes the Epistle by enumerating, in the form of a prayer, his own most cherished thoughts and wishes. 4. Discolor. Unlike ; not merely in the color of her dress, but in her whole appearance. 4. Scurrae, Dative case. See Harkness, 38c, 2. T. Toasa ; means here close-cut, which was a mark of rude man ners. Such a style was called caput ad cittern tondere. Dillenb. 10» Imi— lecti. See n. Sat. ii., 8, 20. 14. Partes— secundas. Comp. Sat. i , 9 s 46. 15, Lana — caprina. Proverbial for a thing of no conse- quence. 16. Scilicet, etc. The language of such a self-confident disputant. The expressions ut non, etc.. are elliptical ; e. g. To think 514 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. that, &c. — or, Is it possible that — 1 Thus : Is it possible, forsooth, that Hie chief reliance is not to be put in me, &c.1 18. Pretium, etc Still the words of such a vain talker. Literally, another life, as the price, is of no value ; i. e. the price of not boldly uttering my sentiments ; even such recompense were worthless for the loss of independence. 19. Castor— Dolickos. The names of gladiators. 20. Brundusium, etc. The connection of the Appian Way with Brundusium is suf- ficiently explained in Introd. to Sat. i., 5. The Minucian, built by Tiberius Minucius Augurinus, lay, on the route from Rome, to the left of the Appian, and went through the hilly country of the Marsians and the Samnites. 25. Decern. Indefinite for many. " Ten times as bad" (Keightley) as is such a rich patron, he will tolerate no such vices in an humble friend. 31. Eutrapelas ; ivrpdireXos, from rpeira), versatilis, facetus, a name given to P. Volumnius, a Roman knight, on account of his wit and versatility. 32. Dabat. Customary action. Was wont to give. — -Beatis cnini, etc. So reasoned Eutrapelus. By such means he could in the end easiest ruin any one. - — 38. Tortns See n. O. ill., 21, 13. 41. Ainpkionis. See n. 0. iii., 11, 2. His brother Lethus was described by the poets as a simple shepherd ; hence in 1. 42, the epithet sever o ; and hence their disagreement growing out of a want of sympathy. The particular point of illustration here is in 1. 43, in Amphion's accommodating himself to the prejudices of his brother. 46. Aetolis. Aetolia was the country of the hunter Meleager, and" the scene of the famous Calydonian hunt. See Class. Diet. 52. Specioskis; i.e. than yourself. He turns aside for a moment to dwell upon the accomplishments and military services ol Lollius. — — 53. Coronae. Of the ring. Comp. A. P. 381. 54. Cainpestria. Of the Campus Martius. See n. O. i., 8, 4. 55, Cantabrica. With the Cantabri. See Introd. to 0. ii., 6. 56. Par- thoruin. See n. O. iii., 5, 6. -57. Abest. Is wanting. The sense is, that the fate even of the most distant people is settled by Roman arms, 61. Fartitnr, etc. Illustrative of nugaris in preceding line. He bids him sometimes get up a sham sea-fight. Let the scene be the bat- tle of Actium, you being Augustus and your brother being Antony, your fish-pond be (lacus) the Hadriatic, boats your war-galleys, and the youth of the neighborhood the soldiers. The Romans were fond of such mock sea-fights. 66. Pollice. See n. Epist. i., 1, 6. 71. Scuiel emissnm. In reference to publication, Horace has a similar expression in A. P. 390. 80. Ut penitus notum— serves. In order that you may save one who is thoroughly known ; i. e. by leaving one to his fate, who has turned out ill, you will have the more power to protect those who are accused unjustly. Some Edcl. make ut — sicut or quemadmodum ; but ut in that sense would require a future, and could not be followed by the subjunctive. 82. Tlieonino. Of Theon ; some person of bad BOOK I. EPISTLE XIX. 515 sminence as a slanderer. 87. Tu dnni, etc. This metaphorical pre- cept, borrowed from the sea, belongs to what immediately precedes, viz. dulcis-metuit. Experience will teach one to beware lest he lose the hard-earned favor of his patron. 90. Potores, etc. The words bibuli— Odernnt are wanting in some MSS. But the words and the con- struction are illustrated by the passage in Epist. i., 14, 31, bibulum- Falerni. Bibuli is equivalent to avidi; de media nocte = "per mediae noctis tempus;" Hand. Turs. vol. ii., p. 205 (cited by Orelli). 93. Vapores. Just as we. too, speak of the heating effect of wine ; fumes. 99. Reruni mediocriter ntiiiam. The adidcpopa of the Stoics, which Cicero, de Fin. iii., 16. calls indifferentia ; such as honors, property, and the like." Dillenb. - 103. Fallentis. Used &,sfefcllit in Epist. i., 17, 10. A vita fallens is a retired, unobtrusive life.— So Juve- nal, Sat. x., 364: " Semita certe Tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae." 104. Digentia. The cool mountain stream which flowed through the valley, in which lay the poet's farm. See n. Epist. i., 16, 5. 105. Maadela. This place, now called Bardella, stood on a height, just at the entrance, from the south, of the valley of the Digentia. 107. Mini; for myself; i. e. in my own way, untrammelled and independent. 109. Bona librornm. With this wish, so characteristic of a scholar, or the companionship of books, compare the poet's words in Sat. ii., 6, 60. 109. In aimam; for a year; just enough to make me secure against a single bad season. 111. Sed, etc. The poet thus limits the wish expressed in the preceding line, reminding himself that it ia only outward blessings that he need ask for, and that an even mind he can secure by moderation and self-culture. EPISTLE XIX. In this, one of the most finished of these Epistles, Horace ridicules tlicse petty poets of his time, who were at once his envious critics and his servile imitators. He describes with infinite humor the absurd follies to which they were ever liable, through their stupid and servile imitation (1-20) ; and shows, in contrast, the freedom and independence which he has himself maintained, vrhLl* following in the footsteps of Grecian poets v2l-34). Finally, he reveals tba t&A Ciuse for his being decried in public by those who recretly admire his poetry, viz. his own indifference to the applause of the whole tribe o' email poets and critics, and his contempt of the low arts by which such applause is won (35-19). 1. Prisco — Cratino ; i. e. Cratinus. one of the poets of the prisca comoe- dia. or Old Comedy, of the Greeks. See n. Sat. i., 4, 1. 3. Potoriba;* 24 516 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. This may be the abl. ; see note, 0. i., 6, 2. But it would be in accordance with a wider usage, to consider it the dative, for the abl. with a or au Ut'; = ex quo, from the time that, ever since ; i. e. from the earliest origin of poetry. See n. O. iv., 4, 42. Male sanos ; = vesanos, mad because under the influence of the frenzy of poetic inspiration. See n. 0. iii., 4, 4 ; and comp. the passage in Ars. P. 295, seqq. 1% Satyris Faanis; i. e. admitted to his train as his constant companions, just as a consul would enroll soldiers in his army. Adscribere is a military word. — 6. Laudilms. In his epithets for wine, e. g. iirnvwp, Zv20 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. slides gracefully into his subject; but (he says) this estimate of the present, by which the Romans exalt you above all the heroes of the past, is quite reversed in their judgments of literature and of poets. See Introd. In uiio ; i. e. in hac una re. Uno is opposed to cetera just below. 23. Veterum; neuter gender— Eft, with preceding sic, and the verb dictitet, expresses result, so that. Tabnlas. The laws of the Twelve Tables, made by the Decemvirs. 25. Gabiis ; sc. cum ; so the preposition is omitted in O. iii., 25, 2. The treaty with Gabii Livy mentions B. I., 53 seqq., and with the Sabines, ib. 13 ; ib. 17. 26. Libros. The Annals of the Pontiffs. See Diet. Antiqq., under Annates. Volnmina ; old books of prophecies. — All these were among the oldest literary monuments, written in language well nigh obsolete. 27. Albano ; said in jest ; as if these adorers of the poet believed that the Muses ever lived on the Alban Mount, not Helicon and Parnassus. 31. Mil intra, etc. ; i. e. if we may argue from the superiority of the old Greek poets to that of the old Roman poets, we may maintain any absurdity whatever ; e. g. an olive has no stone in- side of it, or a nut has no shell outside. — Intra is here a preposition, and extra an adverb. Hand, Turs. ii., 681, and iii., 440, has other ex- amples of this construction. 45. Candae— eqnino. The commenta- tors adduce here the story told by Plutarch of Sertorius. To animate his soldiers to persevering effort, Sertorius set a soldier of great strength to pulling out the tail of a weak horse by a single exertion, and on the other hand a very feeble man to pulling out the tail of a noble vigorous horse, by plucking out a single hair at a time. 47. Eatione — acervi. Horace alludes to the Stoic method of arguing, called jrwpetTTj?, fr. a-apos, acervus, by which an opponent was silenced through his own repeated concessions. Hence the logical sorites, or cumulative argument, consisting of a series of syllogisms, in which the conclusion of each makes the premise for the next. — Thus Horace here, by taking away months and years, finally reduces to nothing his op- ponent's century. 48. Fastos ; sc. consulares. See n. 0. iii., 17, 4. 50. Ennins. See notes, O. iv., 8, 17 and 23. 52. Promissa. See the quotation from Ennius, at the end of Notes on B. ii. of the Odes. Somnia refers to the dream of Ennius, with which he opened his Annate*, in which he was told, that the soul of Homer had, according to the doc- trine of Metempsychosis, passed into his body. 53. Naevius. A dra- matic and epic poet, still older than Ennius ; and yet. as Horace says, hav- ing still a fame as fresh as if he were a modern writer. 56. Pacnvins was born at Tarentum, b. c. 221 ; he was a nephew of Ennius, and liv r ed on terms of intimacy with his rival Accius, who however was many years younger. 57. Afranius, a comic poet, wno flourished about 100 b. c, and resembled, in his plays, the Greek Menander. 58. Phmtns was a native of Sarsina, in Umbria, and flourished about BOOK II. EPISTLE I. 521 200 b. ;. ; earlier than Terence, who was ten years old when Plautus died. Propercre refers to the rapid movement of incidents in his plays. Terence, who was a native of Carthage, whence he was brought as a slave, and where he was afterwards favorably known, and befriended by Laelius and the younger Scipio, excelled Plautus both in the construction of his plots, arte, and in the elegance and purity of his diction. 59. Statins Caecilins was a dramatic poet, who flourished just before Terence. He died b. c. 168, a year after Ennius. 62. Livi ; Livius Andronicus, the earliest Roman dramatist, who flourished b. c. 240. — —63. Peccat. See n. on juvat O. i., 1, 4. 71. OrMlium. Orbilius Pupillus, who, after serving as a soldier, taught school at Rome ; where it appears Horace was his pupil. 75. Vendit ; sells, i. e. gains (it) favor. The subject of vendit is the two preceding lines. 79. Croenni. The stage was wont to be strewed with saffron and flowers. Quintius Attci was a Roman dramatic writer, who died b. c. 78. — -81. Patres; i. e. seniors, like senes below, 85. 82. Aesopns, the celebrated tragic actor, who lived in Cicero's time. Roscius was equally celebrated in the acting of comedy, and w r as also a contempo- :ary of Cicero, and a personal friend of the orator. 86. Saliare. Sung by the Salii, in honor of Mars. See n. 0. iii., 26, 12. Quintilian says of these songs (so antiquated had their language become) : Salioi'um carmina vix sacerdotibus suis satis intellecta, i., 6. 93, Bellis ; the Persian wars. 93. Nngari ; i. e. to give itself to poetry and the fine arts, which, compared with war, may be called nugae. 94. Vitinni ; i. e. a life of luxurious indulgence. So Tacitus, speaking of the Britons, in Agric. xxi., says : discessum ad delenimenta vUiorum. Horace refers to the decline of the public morals, which began in the time of Pericles. 102. Paces ; times of peace. 103. Romae, etc. The poet now turns to the prevailing tastes of the ancient Romans, which were averse to literature, and inclined only to the business of practical life. He has a similar passage in Ars. P. 323 seqq. 110. Fronde. Comp. O. i., 1, 29. 110. Dictant; i. e. recitant; recite in aloud and pompous true, as if they were dictating them to their guests. This is Orelli's explanation of the word, and is better than that which makes dictant — componunt. 112. PartMs. Comp. O. iv., 15, 23.' 113. Galanmm, etc. See cut on p. 204. 114. Navini, etc. Comp. the parallel passage in Ars. P. 379. 120. Non temere ; = non facile, as above, Sat. ii., 2, 116. 124. Militiae. Dative, for ad militiam. 126. Poeta 5 i. e. the true poet, in distinction from the crowd, whom he has- just been satirically describing. Comp. Introd « Fignrat. Refers to the effects of reading the poets in the schools. Com. Sat. i., 10, 75 ; and above 1. 71. 130. Orientia tenipora ; =adoles- centes ; the rising generation. 131. AegTam; sc. animi. 132. fastis, etc. The poet describes the sacred uses of poetry. The Car- 522 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. men Saeculare of Horace illustrates these words. See Introd. to that hymn. 135. Coelestes — aquas; rain from heaven. Comp. 0. iii. ; 10 ; 19; Carm. Saec. 31. 139. Agricolae, etc. The poet has here in mind the origin of the ancient drama, which, among the Greeks and the Romans, first sprung up at the rural festivals of the people. Similar allusions occur in Ars. P., e. g. 1. 405. 143. Silvanum. See n. 0. iii., 29, 23. 144. Geninui. See n. 0. iii., 17, 14. 145. Fescennina \ i. e. of the Fescennine verses; which formed " one of the earliest kinds of Italian poetry, consisting of dialogues (yersibus allernis) of extempore verses, with which the merry country folks ridiculed one another." See Diet. Antiqq., and comp. Introd. to Notes on the Satires. 152. Lex. The Twelve Tables made slander a capital offence. See Cic. de Rep. i\\, 10; and comp. Sat. ii., 1, 82. This statute Horace connects, by poetical conjecture, rather than on historical grounds, with the prohibition oi slanderous verses. 154. Fastis ; fustuarii, or beating to death with clubs, a mode of capital punishment practised by the ancient Romans. See Livy, v., 6. 156. Graecia capta, etc. Here, too, the view of Horace is poetical rather than strictly historical. Greece became a Roman province at the time of the capture of Corinth, b. c. 146 ;" but long before this period, and even before the capture of Syracuse, b. c. 212, to which event Livy, B. xxv., 40, dates "the commencement of the admiration among the Romans of Greek literature " — inde primum initium mirandi Graecarum artium — from the time of Ennius and Pa- cuvius, the influence of the Grecian muse had become predominant in Roman literature. Thus early did Greece take captive by her arts, the people destined to be her conqueror in arms. — Comp. Cato's character- istic words, Livy, xxxiv., 4; and Ovid, Fast, iii., 101. 158. Saturums; the name of the ancient and genuine Roman poetry. Livius Andronicus and Naevius wrote in it. See Macaulay's discussion of this measure, in his Preface to Lays of Ancient Rome. 161. Serus j sc. Romanus. 163. Thespis et. See notes, Ars. P. 276. and 279. 1 64. Vertere. In allusion to the versions and imitations by Roman poets of Greek tragedies and comedies. 167. Litnram. Comp. Ars. P. 290 ; also Sat. i., 10, 72. 170. Yeniae Hiiims. For the very reason, that comedy is drawn from every-day life, any reader sees and condemns in the writer all offences against probability. 170. Partes. Horace seems here to be ironical, really intending to criticise Plautus as inferior to his Greek models in the delineation of his characters. 173. Dossennns. Probably the name of some dramatic writer. Nothing cer- tain is known of him. Some Edd., following the opinion of K. 0. Miiller, take the word for the name of a standing comic character, but this view rests on insufficient evidence. 174. Socco. The soccus was a low shoe, worn by comic actors. With non idstricto, it here marks the loose style of Dossennus. Pulpita See n. Ars. P. 215. BOOK II. EPISTLE I. 523 115. Loculos. See n. Sat. i., 3, 17. 177. Qncm tnlit. The poet now speaks of those who are most influenced by a love of popular applause. On veiUoso, see n. Epist. i., 19, 37; comp. Sat. i., 6, 23. 182. Saepe etianit Horace here passes to the chief obstacle in the way of dramatic poets. — the taste of the people for the shows of the amphitheatre. 185. Eqnes. See n. Ars. P. 113. 186. Nam. See n. O. i., 18, 3. ■ 189. Preniuntur. In the ancient stage, the curtain was wound round a rol'er under the stage, and was let down at the beginning, and raised up at the end, of the play. 190 — 197. The poet describes in these lines, the exhibition of battles, triumphal processions, wild beasts, — alJ pleasing to the people, but fatal to the success of the drama. 191 Retortis. See n. O. iii., 5, 22. 192. Esseda, etc. The names of cha- riots, adopted by the Romans from the ancient Britons and Gauls, and used on public occasions. See description of them in Diet. Antiqq. 193. Ebur — Corintlms. Works of art in ivory, and Corinthian bronze 194. Democritns. The philosopher of Abdera, usually called the laughing philosopher, as Heraclitus of Ephesus was called the weeping philosopher, from the different view which they took of the follies of men. Juvenal has a parallel passage in Sat x., 28-53, which should be compared with the present one of Horace. 195. Genus; in apposition to confusa-p anther a camelo : u the beast half-camel and half-pard." — Howes. The poet means the camelopard or giraffe, first exhibited at Rome by Julius Caesar. 197. Ludis ipsis ; quaai ludos ipsos. See n. O. i., 12, 13. 198. Mimo. Put here for any actor, for histrione. 199. Ascllo — surdo. The poet unites the Greek "Opra tis eAeye jiv&ov with the Latin surdo narrare fabulav^, fr. Terence, Heaut. ii., 1, 10. 203. Artcs. See n. on 1. 193. 201. Divitiae ; refers to the costly dresses. 207. Tarcntiiio — veneno. Dye of Tarentum. Veneno = succo muricis, the purple extract from the murex, which was also found near Tarentum ; comp. n. O. ii. 16. 36. The variety here referred to w r as the violacea, from its bordering on the violet color. 210. Per extentimi ftmcni— ire. Proverbial for some- thing very difficult. 216. Mutius; i. e. the temple of Apollo on' the Palatine. See Introd. to O. i., 31; and Epist. i., 3, 17. 220. Ut vineta — inea. Proverbial for people who do something injurious to themselves ; here equivalent to saying — to blame myself and other poets. — In these lines, 820—228, Horace excuses Augustus for some- times paying too little attention to a poet's works, and at the same time laughs at poets (skilfully including himself) for obtruding themselves and their verses upon the emperor's notice. 231. Vir- tus; i. e. virtus Augusti. 233. Choerilas. An inferior poet of Iasus ( ■a town ip Caria, who was in the train of Alexander the Great. Curtius, viii., 17, thus speaks of him : Agis quidam Argivus, pessirnorum car- rtiinum post Choerilum condilor. — Comp. n. Ars. P. 357. Versibns 5 524 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. dative; as in Cic. pro Deiot. 13, quietem sencclulis acceptam refert do* mentiae tuae. 234. Pkilippos ; sc. nummos. Pieces of gold coin, sc called from Philip of Macedon. 240. Lysippo. A celebrated artist in bronze ; of Sicyon. — On the ablative, see n. Epist. i., 16, 20. 244. Boeotniii in crasso. Cicero gives the origin of this epithet, in De Fato, 4 (quoted by Orelli) ; Atlienis tenue coelum, ex quo acutiores etiam putan- tur Attici ; crassum Tkcois, itaque pmgues Thebani. . — — 246. Dantis ; sc. tui. 24T. Both Virgil and Varius had died before the composi- tion of this Epistle. 251. Repcntes. Comp. Sat. ii., 6, 17. 252. Arces. Comp. O. iv., 14, 11. 254. Auspiciis. Comp. n. O. iv. 14, 16. 255. Janum. Comp. n. 0. iv., 15, 9. 257. Si— possem. Comp. the poet's language in 0. i., 6. 259. Vires— rccusent. Comp. the poet's example here with his precept in Ars. P. 39. 264. Nil moror, etc. The poet expresses the sentiments which he thinks Augustus himself would cherish and utter ; as if he had said : if I were in your place, I should not care for, &c. 288. Capsa. Here used for san- dapila, a bier, in which the bodies of poor people wore carried to the grave. The word aperta is added with capsa, because a capsa, with nothing but indifferent books in it, might be left open, but would be kept carefully closed, if it contained valuable books. 269. Vicnai. See n. Sat. ii., 3, 228 EPISTLE II. This highly finished Epistle, full of illustration of the poet's life and character, wa addressed to Julius Florus. (See Introd. to Epist. L, 3.) Florus had complained, that Horace had not, in fulfilment of his promise, sent to him, while absent in the East, in the suite of Tiberius, any of his poetical compositions. The poet, in replying to his friend's complaint, professes to excuse himself for his silence. He contends, in a familiar illustration from a slave-dealer, that he had warn?d hie friend that he might not keep his word (1-25) ; and in another illustration from a sol- dier in the army of Lucullus, that the reasons which once urged him to poetical com position, now no longer existed (26-57). He proceeds to mention various grounds for his growing indisposition to write ; the capricious tastes of readers (58-64) ; the distract- ing cares, and the noise and tumult of a city life (65-36) ; the mutual admiration and flattery of small poets (8" -108) ; in contrast with which he describes the lofty aims and difficult task of the true poet (109-140). Finally, he alleges in his defence his confirmee? attachment to the study of philosophy, and thence slides, in his usual happy manner, into some of his favorite precepts of wisdom, with which he closes the Epistle (141-end). This Epistle has been imitated by Pope. 2. Si — velit. The apodosis to si-velit-agat is in line 16, Des nummos. Natum Tibure $ i. e. not just imported, but born and brought up in Italy, and near Rome. 4. Ad imos talcs. Comp. Sat. i., 9, 10 BOOK II. EPISTLE II. o25 i. e. sestertioruin. See Harkness, 64*7 ; and Diet. Antl.q. 6. Miiiisteriis. Dative case. 7. Litterulis. The slave- dealer cautiously uses the diminutive. The poet admirably takes off throughout the business tact of the man. -12. Meo — in aere, i.e. not alieno in aere, as aes alienum, another's money, means debt ; he is poor (indeed) but he is not in debt; hence has no need of forcing his wares upon any one. 13. Temere. Comp. Epist. ii., 1. 120. 15. Pendcntis. Doubtless the whip was hung up in the hall or in some public part of the house, to strike terror into the slaves. 16. Des, etc. See above at 1. 2. These are now the words of Horace. 17. Poenae, in respect to the penalty (of the law) ; because he has told you the faults of the slave, and therefore you can recover no damages. 22. Rediret, in reference to an epistle in reply, for which Florus had waited in vain. 23. Mecum, i. e. in my favor. 30. Regale, i. e. of king Mithridates. The story is taken from the celebrated campaigns of Lucuilus in the Third Mithridatic War. b. o. 74-67. 40. Zonam, the girdle which fastened the toga; in it the purse was kept, 43. Atlienae. The personal points touched upon in these lines (44-52) are noticed in the Life of Horace. 44. Curvo — rectum, used in a moral sense ; right from wrong. He is speaking of the Academy and of the study of philosophy, not of geometry. 47. Belli, depends upon rudem; comp.. on the whole line, 0. ii., 7, 9-1 G ; Sat. i., 6, 48. 53. Quae — cicutae. Hemlock was used as a cooling medicine; expur- gare — sanare, heal. Now that I am in fortunate circumstances, I were mad indeed not to enjoy my repose ; so mad, that no doses of hemlock, how great soever, could possibly restore me to sanity. 58 — 140. For course of thought see Introd. Carmine ; i. e. odes, lyric poetry 60. Bioneis sernionibus ; satires. Bion was a philosopher of sar- castic mood, and attached to the sect of the Cynics. 67. Sponsam — aaditom. Supiues ; on the former comp. Sat. i., 6, 23. 68. Cu« bat. See n. Sat. i., 9, 18. 70. Humane. In pleasant allusion to the distance from each other of the Quirinal and Aventine, which were at op- posite extremities of the city ; delightfully convenient. Yernni, etc. ; as if said in objection; but (you will say) &c. 71. Meditantibus. Comp. Sat. i., 9, 2. 72. Festinat, etc. With this description com- pare the more extended one of Juvenal, Sat. iii., 227 seqq. 76. i nunc, etc. Comp. Epist. i., 6,17. 78. Somno — umbra. So Juvenal, Sat. vii., 105. Sed genus ignavum. quod lecto gaudet et umbra. — — 80. Contracta — vestigia. The narrow tracks; "arta, nondum imitatorum turba protrita." Mitscherlich. 81. Ingenium, etc. " A man o/ . talent, who has studied many years in all the advantage of seclusion, often turns out unfit for authorship, and even for society ; how much *ess can I deem myself fit to compose lyric poetry, amid the tumults and conflicts of city life T— Osborne, from Orelli. 88. Meros ; = " nihil 526 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. aliud nisi, nothing but compliments." Dillenburger. 89. Gracchus t Tiberius or Caius ; both were distinguished orators. Comp. Cic. do Orat. i., 9. Mucins; Mucius Scaevola; there were two celebrated jurists of this name. See Cic. de Amic, C. i. 91. Mirabilc— opiis. The flattering words of the one to the other on his new poem. Your wonderful work, wrought by the Nine Muses! Caclatum the poet bor- rows from a sister art. Comp. the mixed metaphor in Ars. P. 441. 94. Aedein. The temple of Apollo (see Introd. to 0. i., 31.), and the library, in which were put the works and the busts of poets and other men of letters. Our poets enter, and gaze about with their minds full of the thought that here too their precious productions will find a place. 97. Cacdimnr. The image is taken from a gladiatorial match : we belabor one another with praises, like a pair of Samnite gladiators, who fight at a feast for the amusement of the guests, and keep battling each other till the lights are brought in. 98. Ad lamina. See n. Sat. ii., 7, 33. — This whole passage is a standing satire upon all cliques and clubs of literary men, which rest upon the basis of mutual flattery and admiration. 99. Discedo. / come off. 99. Pmicto \ = suffragio, vole. At a Roman election, each citizen had a waxen tablet, like our ticket, containing the names of the candidates ; he gave his vote by pricking the tablet, just opposite the name of the candidate of his choice. Afterwards, the tablets were collected and given to officers, called custodes, who checked them off, by pricking points on a larger tablet or register kept for the purpose. See Diet. Antiqq. under Tabula ; comp. Ars. P. 343. 100. Callimaehus. The celebrated Alexandrian poet, wmo lived about b. c. 280. 101. Mini- nenans. The amatory poet of Colophon ; b. c. 627. Comp. Epist. i., 6, 65. 104. Mente recepta ; when I have recovered my mind ; i. e. gotten over the frenzy of writing poetry. 105. Impnne, i. e. with- out any danger of my retaliating upon them. Comp. n. Epist. i., 19, 39. 109. At, qni. Horace now passes to a picture of the true poet. See Introd. 110. Censoris. The genuine poet will carry into his art the severe fidelity of an upright censor. The Censor had the sole charge of the lists of the Roman citizens ; and, for good cause, could degrade a senator or an eques from his order, or a citizen to the rank of aerariaus. Hence these expressions, parum honoris, honore indigna, vwvere loco, etc. 114. Intra penetralia \ the inmost recess, the sanctum of the temple of Vesta, to which none might enter but the Vestals themselves ; here used for the retirement of the poet's own home, in which are guarded, as it were, these cherished expressions of a hitherto unpublished work, and into which the public may not in- trude. 117. Priscis. Comp. Ars. P. 50. 119. IIsus. Comp. Ars. P. 71. 122. Luxuriantia, etc. The poet uses similar language in Ars. P. 440, 447. 125. MGTCtnr, - saltat ; dances a Satyr, i. e. so as BOOK II. EPISTLE II. 527 to represent a Satyi . So in Ars. P. 232, though the word is not followed by an accusative. — Horace here describes the ease of a good writer, who has the art to conceal the toil and effort which his style has cost him. 126. Praetulerini, etc. Horace really means to say, that such is his own ideal of what a poet ought to be, that he is always ill at case, when he tries to write himself. Far better the bliss of the com- placent poet, who is ignorant of what constitutes good poetry. The pott's words, together with the story that now follows, well illustrato Gray's familiar words: " Where ignorance is bliss, 'Tis folly to be wise." 128. Riiigi; used pioperly of dogs, when they snarl and show their teeth. 131. Signo. The seal put upon the flask. 137. Helleboro. Se-j Sat ii., 3, 82; Ars. P. 300. The ancients ascribed insanity to de- rangement of the organs that secrete the bile; hence atra Hois, /ttcAayxoAta, madness. The great remedy was the Hellebore of Anticy- ra. Ill-end. See Introd. — The precepts have reference chiefly to a love of wealth (to 1. 204); then to bad passions in general. 150. Fngeres ; = nolle s, or recusares. (Orelli) ; as in O. i., 9, 13. 158. Libra — et aere. Purchase of property was accompanied by a form of transfer, called in the Roman law mancipatw ; which was effected per aes et libram. The purchaser took hold of the thing (manu capere), and declaring. ' : 1 have bought this thing with this piece of money and these brazen scales," he struck the scales with the piece of money, and gave the latter to the seller as a symbol of the price. To the real ownership in property which was thus represented, Horace in this pas- sage pleasantly opposes the quasi ownership which one has from the use of the property, e. g. of the produce of lands, by paying a certain price.— See Diet. Antiqq. under Mancipium. 160. OrM. The name of the real owner of the land, which, as the poet argues, is yours inasmuch as you live upon it. 166. jYuinerato— olim ; on what teas paid lately or some time ago ; i. e. by you for the produce you have recently bought, or for the land itself purchased (by the owner) some time ago. 167. Emptor. " Join with quondam ; = is, qui quondam emit." Orelli. — —168. Aliter \ i. e. that they are not bought, but are his own. 1?0. Usque— quae, up to the place where. Populus — limit ibus. The poplar planted on the securely fixed boundaries; populus is collective, and the whole expression describes a line of poplars, that makes a boundary about which there can be doubt. 171. Refngit The aoristic perfect; see n. O. i., 28, 20; literally, avoids; prevents. ■ 177. Son— auro. Comp. O. ii., 18, 36. 180. Sigilla; little images. in Tuscan bronze, of the gods ; valuable ; in the time of Horace , from 528 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. their antiquity. 181. Gactalo : see n. O. ii., 16 ; 35. 182. Curat; see n. O. i., 1, 4. 184. Ilerodis. Herod the Great, who was made king of Judea by Antony, and after the battle of Actiura re- tained his throne, through the favor of Octavianus. Pliny, Hist. N., v. 14, speaks of the rich palm-groves of Jericho, and of the great revenues which they yielded the king. 187. Genius. See n. 0. iii., 17, 14. 190. Ex niodico. Comp. Sat. i., 1, 51. 192. Et tanien, etc. The poet means, that he would be sure to preserve a true medium. Here. too, comp. Sat. i., 1, 101 seqq. 197. Quinquatribus. The Quin- quatria was a festival, in honor of Minerva, which began on the 19th of March, and continued five days ; it was a season of vacation for the schools. 212. Spinis, metaphorical for viliis. 214. Lusisti, etc. The image in these lines is taken from a feast. The sense is : give up these enjoyments, that are no longer suited to your age. 215. Potum; participle; sc. te. 216. Lasciva— actas ; i. e. youth, an age which may with more propriety indulge in sport and g&yety. EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. This piec; ought not to be considered either as a systematic treatise upon .he Art o! Poetry, nor, on the other hand, as a desultory composition, destitute of all plan and order, hut rather as a poetical Epistle; in which Horace, addressing three of his personal friends, communicates his sentiments on the subject of poetry, preserving throughout a .rain of thought sufficiently connected for the familiar style of epistoUry writing. The persons to whom the Epistle was addressed, were Lucius Piso and his two son? The father was born b. c. 49, was consul b. c. 15. and was made prefect of the city b/ Tiberius. His name is mentioned with distinguished honor by the historian Tacitus in his Annals, vi. 10: Per idem tempus, L. Piso pontifex, rarum in tanta claritv.dine, fato obiit, nullius servilis sententiae sponte auctor, et quoties nccessilas ingrueret, sa- pienter moderans. Patrem ei censorium. fuisse memoraxi ; aetas ad octogesimucn annum processit ; decus triumphale in Thracia meruerat. Sed praecipua ex eo gloria, quod praefectus Urbi recens continuum potestatem et insolent ia par end i gravi- orem mire temperavit. Two of the earliest commentators tell us, that he was himself a poet; but on this point there seems to be no evidence. From the fact, that a consideia. ble part of the Epistle is addressed to the elder of the sons, there seems to be some ground for the conjecture of Wieland, that this son was given to poetical pursuits, and had either projected or already written some poetical work. The course of thought which the poet pursues, seems to be, in general, as followe (the details will be given in italics, in the Notes) : I. He first lays down and illustrates some general precepts applicable alike to all kinds of poetical composition (1-152). H. Thence he passes to a series of rules and his- torical notices of the drama, with chief reference to the Tragedy of the Greeks (15:3-234). IIL Then, after touching upon the aversion of Roman poets to slow and laborious composition (2S5-294), and the absurd notion, with which it was connected, respecting the frenzy of poetic inspiration (295-303), he goes through, in the rest of the piece, with a course of critical instruction for the poet ; whence he may derive his resources and hia culture, what are the noble aims and attainments of excellence in his art, and what the fatal consequences of ignorance and error (304-end). This Epistle, though it has some historic worth from the sketch which it gives of the origin and progress of the Grecian drama, yet derives its chief and inestimable value from that larger portion which is strictly critical. Written at the close of Horace's life, and the last of his works, it is a precious legacy to his country and the world, of a poet who, by long and laborious culture, had made himself a master in his art ; embodying the gathered results of his studies and experience in a series of rules and instructions, which are admirable alike in thought and expression ; which, by their truth, good sense, and wisdom, commend themselves to the reason and judgment, and by their inimitable language catch the attention, and fasten themselves in the memory. It is a brief but comprehensive body of criticism, which has proved itself a veritable Krrj/j.a is ael, » possession for all times ; in the words of La Harpe, "a lasting code of good taste;" w, in the kindred language of Hurd, " a kind of summary of the rules of good writing, to be gotten by heart by every student, and to whose decisive authority the greatest mas- ters in taste and composition must finally submit." The principal works which have been written in imitation of this Epistle are Vida'f Poetics (Poetic Lib. iii.), Pope's Essay on Criticism and Boileau's A~t Pcitique. 530 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES Special works, illustrative of the plan and contents of the Epistle, which have beeo consulted in preparing this edition, are the well known works of Hard, VVieland, and Col man, and the following: Des Q. H. Flaccus Buch Liber die Dichtkunst. u. s. w. ; erkliirt von Dr. F. v. Paula Bocheder, Studien-Rektor, u. Professor in Wiirzburs Passau : Friedrich Pustet, 1848. pp. 187 : Des Horaz Brief an die Pisonen, u. s. w. von Aug. Arnold ; Berlin, Posen u. Brom berg, bei E. S. Mittler. 1836. VIII. u. 40 S. in gr. 4. De Q. H. F. Ad Pisones Epistola. Commentatio, etc. Scripsit Guil. Theod. SCreubef: Phil. Doctor. Basiliae. 1S39. pp. 103. Epitfe d'Horace aux Pisons, sur l'Art Poetique. (Containing an Introduction, Text, French version, Notes, discussion of different readings and interpretations, Studies upon the precepts, and a poetical translation in French), par B. Gonod, Professeur do Rhetorique au College royal de Clermont, &c. Clermont-Ferrand, 1841, pp. 334. De Q. H. F. Epist. ad Pisones scripsit Engelb. Jos. Bilgcrs, &c. Bonnae ; 1841 pp. 58. I. 1 — 152. General precepts. The principal points are these: Sim- plicity and unity of design ; its necessity illustrated, and some of the modes of its violation (1 — 37) ; choice of a subject — order — use of words (38 — 72) ; the different species of poetry and their respective measures (73 — 85) ; the necessity of a practical knowledge of the province and cha- racter of each kind of poetry (86 — 89), illustrated (from the drama) in regard to the appropriate style of tragedy and comedy, their diction (90 — 118). and characters and subjects (119 — 135) ; the beginning of a -poem (not dramatic alone, but of any poem) (136 — 152). 1 — 23. In these lines, Horace inculcates this precept : that, in every poem, there must be simplicity and unity of design. 1 — 4. To illustrate by contrast the importance of unity, the poet describes a picture of a monstrous creature, composed of the most incongruous elements. — Comp. Virg. Aen. iii., 426 seqq. 2. Varias. Various-colored. 3. Ut ; so that ; in close connection with collatis. 6. Isti tabulae. Such a picture as that ; isti expresses contempt. 7. Yanae, having no re- gard to reality ; fantastic. 9. Pictorilms, etc. Supposed words of an objector. In prose an objection is generally introduced with at. 10. Aeqna \ not equal, but just, fair ; it may be here translated as an adverb ; have always justly had the license. The meaning is, not that both have this permission alike (which in the mouth of the objector were irrelevant), but that to both it is justly conceded. 12. Sed uoa nt 5 etc. In reply, the poet defines, negatively, the limits of the license, which is thus claimed and allowed. 14 — 23. The poet now mentions the violations of unity, which are occasioned by ambitious and irrelevant descriptions. 15. Late qui splendeat; the relative expresses purpose; to make a great shoio. 18. Rlienum; here an adjective; instead of flumen Rhenus. So in O. iv. 4, 38, Metaurum flumen. ■ 19. Et fortasse ; perhaps also. The connection is : the poet, who is guilty of such digressions, is like the painter, whose foik EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. 531 was in painting a cypress tree, and who therefore painted it everywhere. tfven in a sea-picture. 21. Qui pingitur. The poet alludes to a tabula votiva, on which see n. O. i., 5, 13. 23 — 37. Poets who are wanting in the skill and culture of the true artist, fail of the harmony, which is secured by unity, in two ways: 1, (25-31) by carrying too far an acknowledged excellence of style ; 2, (32-37) by devoting undue care to certain parts, so that other parts are neglected, and a symmetrical whole is not created. 25. Decipinmr, on the use of the first person, see Epist. ii., 1, 219. 26. Levia, the smooth ; smoothness. 27. Gran- dia, the sublime. — — 29. Prodigialiter, in a marvellous manner ; so that all readers may marvel at the writer's genius. 32. Unas ; = praetor ceteros, beyond all others ; comp. Sat. ii. 3 3, 24 ; ib. 6, 57 ; Epist 1., 9, 1. 31. Ponere, to form ; comp. the passage in 0. iv., 8, 8. 38 — 72. Horace proceeds to advise, that the writer choose a subject, which he can master; if he make such a choice, he will not be wanting, either in method or in eloquent expression (facundia). He briefly treats of method (42-45), and then more fuliy of expression, or the use of words (46-72). 40. Potcntcr, =pro suis viribus ; according to his powers. 41. Facnndia, this word does not occur in Cicero; but Horace uses it in the sense of Cicero's word elocutio ; including all that belongs to expression or lan- guage. 46—72. On the subject of expression the leading thoughts are these : old words may be rendered new by a skilful connection (46-48) ; new words may be coined for new ideas (48-53). which precept is justified by the example of early writers (53-59), and by the consideration, that lan- guage, like all human things, is liable to change and decay (60-69) ; old words may be revived; and, in genercl, usage is the arbiter of language ('70-72). 46. Serendis, from sero, scrtum, from which also the word sermo ; in arranging. 47. Dixcris egrcgic ; you will be distinguished, in your diction, from the crowd (egregie from e -and grex) ; " votre diction vous distinguera de la foule ;" Gonod. Callida — jimctnra. As illus- trations of this expression, Orelli quotes from Horace, splendidemendax i.O. hi., 11, 35, where see note), insanientis sapientiae (1, 34, 2), animac magnae prodigies (1, 12, 37). Gonod gives from Cicero, negligentia diligens, Orat. xxiii. ; and De Amic. vii.. Absentes adsunt, etc. To these may be added from Horace. Epist. i., 11, 28. Strenua nos exercet inertia; laborious idleness our powers employs; also 0. iii.,16, 25; ib. 28; and from Boileau, A. P. i., 59, Vabondance sterile. Pope has many ex- amples of this happy use of words. — Callidus is generally used of a person. — Persius, Sat. v., 17, has a parallel passage ; verba togae sequeris, junctura callidus acri. 50. Cittctutis, literally, who wore the cinctus, and, as this was a garment worn by the ancient Romans, the word is here = ancient. The cinctus was a garment "reaching from the waist to the knees, which was worn in early times, instead of the tunic, b$ persons of the male sex, engage! in activo or laborious employ 532 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES merits." Rich's Companion. 51. Pndenter, with modesty ; comp Epist. i., 17, 44. Quintilian, in like manner, guards the use of ne\s words: Usitatis tutius utimur ; nova noti sine quo dam per iculo jlngimus, i., 5, 71. 53. Parce, opposed to targe ; sparingly. Detorta=de- ducta, derivata. Freund cites Cato in Priscian, p. 871, P., Marrucini vocantur, de Marso nomen detorsum. Horace does not speak of Greek words adopted into Latin with a slight change, e. g. of termination, but of Latin words formed prudently according to the analogy of Greek ones. Orelli adduces, in illustration, centimanus, tauriformis, inaudax; and from Sidonius Apollin. praef. Carm. 14, essentia, indoloria, used by Cicero. Cicero refers to his practice in translating from the Greek, in De Orat. i.. 34. 155 : ut, cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem quaedam verba imitando quae nova nostris essent^ dum rnodo essent idonea. 54. Caceilio Plautoqne. Comp. Epist. ii., 1, 58, 59. 55. Vario. See 0. i., 6 ; 1. 56. Invideor, for invidetur miki, in imi- tation of the Greek, (pfroirov/xcu ; see Z. § 413. Catonis; Cato the Elder, or the Censor; as in Epist. ii., 2, 117. On Enni, see n. 0. iv., 8, 20. 59. Signatum — nota. The metaphor is from the mint; marked with the stamp of the present day. 60. Pronos in annus. Pronos = && finem vergentes, drawing to a close; comp. O. iii., 27, 18. In annos = quotannis, every year ; with the closing year. 61. Prima ; the earliest; "quae prius germinarunt." Dillenb. 64. Neptnnus, etc. In illustrating the change and decay to which all human things are subject, the poet here compliments Augustus by referring to the construction of the Portus Julius, or Julian Harbor. This great public work was made b. c. 37, by the advice of Agrippa, by uniting the Lu- crine with Lake Avernus, and then opening a communication between the basin thus formed, and the sea. Comp. n. 0. ii., 15, 4. Aqnii- onibus. The prose construction would be : aquilones a classibns ; comp. O. i., 17,3. 65. Regis ; = regium. Comp. 0. ii., 15,1. — - Pains, etc. This passage seems to refer to the draining of the Pontine marshes, in Campania. Suetonius says : (Caes. 44,) Julius Caesar siccare Pumptinas paludes meditabatur. We have no evidence that this enterprise, intended by Julius Caesar, was executed by Augustus. 67. AmniSt The poet probably refers to embankments, constructed by Augustus, to guard against the inundations of the Tiber. Comp. first n. on O. i., 2. 69. Nednnu Much less. This particle always has this meaning after a negative expression ; here, e. g. peribuni = non itabuni. See Z. § 573. Hand. Turs. iv., 150, thus explains the word : " per neduiti res tollitur omnino, atque dicitur non in considerationem venire. Id vero in negativa sententia earn rationem habet, ut res, quae dicitur, multo minus quam ante dicta suum locum obtineat ; in affirma- iiva autem, ut res, quae per se intelligitur, ne demonstranda quidem EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. 533 rideatur. Stct— vivax, stare = manere (as in Virg. Georg. iv., 209, stat fortuna domus), stand fast, endure ; its force is increased by vivax, which means long-lived ; much less shall the honor and grace of language for evereudure. 71. Usns. Comp. Epist. ii., 2, 119. 73—85. The poet describes the different kinds of poetry. — Epic, Elegiac, Dramatic, and Lyric— and their respective measures. 75. Iwpariter *, i. e. alternate hexameters and pentameters. . This adverb is peculiar to Horace, and is found only in this passage. Querinioilia ; lamentation ; i. e. for the death of friends ; a mournful song or elegy. Horace here fives, by implication, the derivation of eAeyos from e eAeyeiv. This view is thus supported by Hermann, in Zeitschrift fur die Alter thumsio., 1836, N. 66: " Lugendi formula est % % Xeye ; ex eaque et origo carminis elegiaci et appellatio explicari potest. Vix enim dubitandum videtur, quin anti.- quissimi illius lugubris carminis ea ratio fuerit, ut pentametrorum posterior pars haec esset : e e Aey e e Aeye. Illi igitur versus recto dicti sunt eAeyot." 76. Voti — compos. Voti compos, used of a per- son, means one who has obtained (is master of) his desire; senten- //a=sensus, feeling; the feeling of gratified desire; i.e. love and themes of love afterwards came to be written in this measure ; after the elegia ^prju-rjriK-f}. came the elegia ipuTitcr), erotic or amatory. 77* Exignos; in comparison with the epic, humble, both in subject and mea- sure. Anctor. Callinas wrote martial songs in this elegiac mea- sure about 635 b. c. ; Mimnermus first adapted it to erotic themes ; see at Epist. ii., 2, 101 ; i. 6, 65 ; comp. n. 0. ii., 1, 38. 78. Graininatici % the critics of the Alexandrian School, to whom the poet doubtless al- ludes with something of irony, on account of their many idle inquiries 79. Archilochttm. See n. Epod. vi., 13. 80. Socci— cothurni ; the sock — the buskin ; for comedy and tragedy ; see at Epist. ii., 1, 174. 81. Altcrnis, etc. This adaptedness of iambics to dramatic uses is easily explained by the quickness of the foot, the rapidity with which it is pronounced, and the distinctness by which the cadences are marked Aristotle says, that the iambic is best suited of all measures to conver- sation ; and that in fact men use it most in talking : Poet. 4. 83. Fidibus ; to the (strings of the) lyre ; i. e. to lyric poetry, and its freer, more various measures. 85. Curas \ anxious loves ; comp. Epod. ii., 37. 86 — 135. Having described the different kinds of poetry, he now lays down (86-88) and illustrates (89-135) the rule, that the pro- vince and distinctive character of each kind of poetry must be carefully ob~ served. The illustration is drawn from the drama. (The details will be £iven with each passage.) 86. Vices, = officia, munera, part, pro- vince. Comp. Sat. i., 10, 12. Descriptas, not = expositas, antea descriptas, but = divisas, set off. or marked out by certain laws ; fixed province. Colores, complexion (character) of different works. 89—98. Tragedy and comedy have each its own style (to 1. 92), y;t, to a certain 534 NOTES ON" THE EPISTLES. extent, each may partake of the style of the other (to 1. 98). 90, PrivatiSj i. e. suited to the every-day life of private persons, which it the province of comedy; in distinction from the life of public person- ages, e. g. kings and heroes, which is the province of tragedy. 91, Coena Thyestae. For the sake of speciality, the poet uses a particular tragic subject, instead of the general expression, res tragica. On this particular subject, see n. 0. i., 6, 6, 8. 94. Irat usque Clirenies. A common name in the comedies of Terence. The poet means that & comic character may be made to use. in the expression of passion, the loftier language of tragedy. Delitigat. This word occurs only here. 96. Teleplms-Peleus. Common tragic characters in the ancient drama. Both were unfortunate princes, who lost their thrones, and wandered in exile and poverty. For details, see Class. Diet. 97. Anipullas. Oomp. Epist. i. ; 3, 14. 98. Tetigisse. Seen. O.i., 1,4. 99—118. Poems must charm, and sway the passions (to 1. 105) ; the language, which the speaker uses, must suit his inward feelings (to 1. Ill), and his nature and outward circumstances (to 1. 118). 100. Animnni — agimto, carry the soul; like the Greek tyvxaywyea). 107. SeTernm scria, generally used (as here) the former of persons, the latter of things. Ruhnken, on Ter. Eun. iii., 3, 7 (quoted by Orelli.) 108. Prius, corresponds with post in 1. 111. The poet simply means, that the inward emotion precedes the outward expression ; nature first awakens the emotion, afterwards expresses it by language. 109. Jnvat, pleases (us). 113. Equites pcditesqnc, a comprehensive expression, borrowed from the army, meaning literally cavalry and infantry, or horse and foot ; so for the whole body of citizens, as in Livy, i., 44, Omnes cives Romani equites, peditesque ; and here for the whole audience, nobles and com- mon, high and low. 114. Divnsne, etc. Observe the contrast in the several expressions in these six lines, turning upon the nature of the persons, age, rank, occupation, country. Comp. n. O. iii., 4, 45. 119 — 135. The poet here treats of dramatic " characters and subjects" (Hurd) ; on these his doctrine is this : if they are old, let them be in ac- cordance with tradition {famam) ; if new, let them be throughout consistent. But on account of the difficulty that belongs to invention, it iz better to dramatize materials already existing (e. g. in the Iliad), which belong, by common right, to all writers ;' such materials may be appropriated (made one's own literary property) by avoiding, 1, commonplace, 2, mere translation, 3, servile imitation. 119. Famam ; = [xu&o v. the esta- blished tradition of early poets and other writers. The rule famam jequere is illustrated in 120-124. 120. Repouis; again represent. Bonoratnm \ honored, renowned; as in Cic. Leg. i., 11, 32; Or. 9. 121. Impiger— acer ; as in the Iliad,!., 165, and xix., 199; beginning of i. ; ix., 636; i. 295. 122. Nihil — arniis ; as in II. i., 300 seqq. Armis is abl, and sibi might be supplied with arrogct, as expressed EPISTLE TO THE PISOS 535 with ncget. A? rogel means acquire, win. 123. Ferox ; as described by Euripides; comp. n. Epod. iii , 12, 13. Ino — Orestes. Ino and Orestes were subjects of Euripides ; Ixion of Aeschylus ; Io is intro- duced in the Prometheus of Aeschylus. Ino was the wife of Athamas. The story was, that one of her sons was killed by her husband, and that she herself, being pursued by him, threw herself into the sea. The epithet perfidus refers to the story of Ixion's betraying Deioneus into a pitfall of fire, and of his abuse of Jupiter's hospitality; vaga to Io's being changed into a heifer, and driven over the earth by a gad-fly, through the vengeance of Juno. 125 — 127 Here is more fully given the precept in the latter half of 1. 119, relating to new characters. 128—130. Difficile est— dicere: tuque, etc. A difficult and con- troverted passage. I shall give first, what seems to ~ne the true inter- pretation, in detail and on the whole, and then add a brief statement and criticism of two interpretations, which are held by other Editors. 1. In the first place, of the most important expression, propria com- munia dicere. Of this the right view is given by Gesner, in explaining proprie dicere, as follows : " Proprie dicere est ita undique describere ac finire, utjam non commune quiddam aut generate videatur, sed individu- um, in quo omnia sunt deter minataP That is, commune means the ab- stract, the general, and so communia abstract ideas,, general conceptions. The opposite is proprium, the concrete, the particular, and propria, em- bodiments of abstract ideas in individual forms of character. — As illus- trative of commune in the above sense, comp. Cic. de Invent, i., 18 &48, & 52 ; de Off. ii., 10 ; Quintil. vii., 1, 28 ; xii., 10, 42 ; Tac. Ann. iii., 27. — To illustrate from Horace himself: the epithets just above in 1.121 contain so many communia or abstract conceptions, to which Homer's genius gave individual form and embodiment in the Achilles of the Iliad. So we. might illustrate of the Medea, the Ino, and the other cha- racters of the Grecian drama ; and so of other characters in ancient and in modern literature. Accordingly proprie dicere means to describe particularly, to individualize ; and the whole expression means : to form, from general ideas, individual characters. Now to proceed with the other expressions. Tuque $ the que expresses inference ; and so, and ac- cordingly. Iliacum carmen ; i. e. Iliadem. the Iliad ; of course men- tioned by Horace only by way of example. Deducis ia actus ; to draw out into acts ; i. e. make a drama of, dramatize. As to the con- struction of deducis with proferres, observe that it is briefly put for "fectius facis, si deducis — quam faceres, si proferres " (Orelli). If no*- we add, that proferres primus refers to the same thing as proprie dicere, we have the connection, and the sense, on the whole, as folic ws : the difficulty mentioned is suggested by the rule just before given for form- ing new characters ; the difficulty itself is that of invention, confessed- ly the greatest task of the poet, and requiring the highest gifts of go 536 ROTES ON THE EPISTLES. nius ; on account of this difficulty. Horace advises the dramatic treat- ment of (e. g.) the materials furnished by the Iliad. 2. By another interpretation, communia is explained as = nonduru occupata, a nemine adliuc tractata, i. e. things nev r er before handled, in sbort, new subjects ; and proprie means in a peculiar or 'original manner. The sense of the whole passage, which is given by this interpretation, is kindred to that which is stated above. But the method seems objec- tionable, because communia can mean untried or new subjects, only by way of inference : as thus : communia (it is said) means what is com- mon and open alike to all authors, just as the civil law calls the sea. the air, &c. communia, common to all men; now subjects, which are new, hitherto untried, are common to all writers ; and accordingly, communia means here new, untried subjects. It is clear that this method of inter- pretation is not a legitimate one. 3. The third interpretation, while it takes the same view of proprie as No. 2, takes an exactly opposite one of communia, and makes that = jam occupata et nota, i. e. things often handled and well known, in short, old subjects. The sense of the whole passage, given by this interpretation is this : it is difficult to handle common subjects in an original manner, and yet you had better do this, by dramatizing the Iliad, than be the first to handle new subjects. The obvious objection here is, that there is no such link in the original between the two parts of the passage as is expressed by and yet. The Editors, who interpret thus, translate tuque by and yet you; just as if Horace had written "tu tamen," "nihilominus tu" (Orelli). Indeed a Latin paraphrase of Vincentius Gaudius (quoted by a celebrated Editor from the British Critic, Vol. 5, p. 356, and adopted by him) has these words: "hunc tamen ego conatum tibi suadeo." Of this whole interpretation, it seems enough to say, that in order to establish it, it must be clearly made out that the que in tuque is equivalent to tamen. 131. For the course of thought, see above, n. on 119-135. Publica; opposed to privati juris, and = publici juris, of common right ; said of something, which is open to the use of all alike. In using the word materies, Horace had in- mind the store of myths and fables furnished by Homer, and by earlier and later writers. From these stores the Greek tragic writers drew their subjects, and they made these subjects their own by treating them in their own manner. For instance, the Electra (cited by Orelli) was a subject on which Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides each composed a tragedy. These same stores were still open to the Roman poets ; and hence for their guidance these precepts of Horace. But the same word may also be applied by us to similar stores of fiction (e. g. ballads) or of history, treasured up in the literature of any modern people. So too familiar instances of the original treatment of the materials of tra- lition and fiction are furnished by such plays as Shakspeare's Hamlet EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. - 53? Macbeth, King Lear; or Corneille's tragedy of tlie Cid; and, of the treatment of the materials of history, by Shakspeare's historical plays. 132. Moraberis Orbein. Orbis = kvk\os, circle or cycle, refers primarily to the whole series of the ancient fables of the early poets (see below, n. on scriptor cyciicus) ; but it seems to be used here in the secondary sense of a commonplace round of topics. By the dwelling vpo/b such a common and obvious round, the poet means a mere mechani- cal use of such materials. 134. In attain ; into a strait; i. e. con- fine yourself, by imitation, within narrow limits ; beyond which you would not venture to step (pudor vetet), or could not step, without vio- lating the law of the work. The words desilies in artum are generally thought to allude to Aesop's fable of the goat in the well. 138 — 152. The poet here speaks of the beginning of a poem; it should not be pompons, so that more be promised than can be performed (to 1. 139), but modest, as in Homer, so that the performance shall far surpass whatwai promised (to 1. 145) ; nor should it be fa,r-fetchcd and tedious, but pertinent and, lively, and hurry the reader into the action of the piece (to 1. 152). 136. Scriptor cyciicus. In explanation of this expression, I quote the following passages (putting in italics what specially bears upon it), from Grote's Hist, of Greece. Vol. II., pp. 165-167 ; ' : the Alexandrine literati, about the second century before the Christian era, arranged the multitude of old epic poets into a series found on the supposed order of time in the events narrated — beginning with the intermarriage of Uranus and Gaea, and the Theogony — and concluding with the death of Odysseus by the hands of his son Telegonus. This collection passed by the name of the Epic Cycle, and the poets, whose compositions were em- bodied in it, were termed Cyclic poets.''' — " Both the Iliad and the Odyssey were comprised in the Cycle, so that the denomination of cyclic poet did not originally or designedly carry with it any association of con- tempt. But as the great and capital poems were chiefly spoken of by them- selves, or by the title of their own separate authors, so the general name of poets of the Cycle came gradually to be applied only to the ivorst, and thus to imply vulgarity or commonplace." — " It is in this manner that we are to explain the disparaging sentiment connected by Horace with the idea of a Cyclic writer." 139. Parturiunt monies, etc. From the Greek proverb, derived from Aesop : TlSivev opos eTra p.vv airheKev. 111. Die milii, etc. The opening of the Odyssey. Comp. Epist. i., 2, 19. — Colman well compares here the opening lines of the Paradise Lost- — — 143. Xon fninum, etc. ; i. e. not begin with a sudden flash and end in smoke, but out of smoke to give a cheerful and enduring light. The poet's metaphor in the first instance may be taken from brilliant fire- works or from a single rocket ; in the second, from the kindling of a fire. But he means, of course : not a brilliant opening, which falls oti into a dull and worthless piece, but a simple, modest introduction 638 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. which is succeeded by a poem rich in tiie dazzling creations of genius. 145. Antipkaten $ king of the Laestryones, in Od. x., 80; Scylla and Charybdis, in Od. xii., 85 seqq., and the Cyclops in Od. ix., 187 seqq. 145, 146. Horace alludes to two instances of a far-fetched and tedious introduction ; the first (as is generally supposed) that of the Thebais of Antimachus, which professing to treat of the return of Oiomedes to Aetolia after the second siege of Thebes, began with re- counting the wonderful death of Diomed's uncle Meleager. . The story was that Meleager wasted away and died, when Althaea threw into the fire the billet, on which, as announced by the Fates, soon after his birth, his life depended. See Class JDict. The second poem was on the Trojan war, and started with the fable of Jupiter and Leda, and the birth of Helen and of Castor and Pollux from the two eggs of the swan. 148. Ad eventual ; i. e. the conclusion, or what is called the catas- trophe of a piece. This rule of the poet (see above n. 136-152) may be illustrated in all the great epics, both ancient and modern ; e. g. the Iliad and the Odyssey, the Aeneid, and the Paradise Lost ; so too in the master-pieces both of the ancient and the modern drama. The rule applies also to all fictitious writings in prose, such as novels and ro- mances. 151. Mentitur; invents; yeris falsa; truth with fiction. With Orelli and Dillenburger, it is better to connect ita and sic with the following ne, rather than with what has gone before ; notwithstanding the contrary opinion of Hand, in Turs. 3, p. 468. Orelli adduces Terence Heaut. iv., 5, 35 ; " ita tu istaec tua misceto, ne me aclmisceas." II. 153 — 284. Rules and historical notices of the drama. The prin- cipal points are these : The manners, characteristic of the ' several ages of human life (156-178) ; Propriety and probability to be consulted in actions to be represented on the stage (179-188) ; The number of acts and of actors in a play, the duties of the chorus, and the music of the theatre, in earlier and later times (189-219) ; The origin and conduct of the Satyric drama (220-250) ; The laws of Iambic verse (251-258), these often violated by Roman poets, Greek writers models for study and imitation (258-274) ; Historical notices of Greek Tragedy — Thespis — Aeschylus (275-280). and of the Old Comedy (281-284). 154. Aulaea. See n. Epist. ii. 1, 189. 155. Cantor \ i. e. histrio, the actor ; so called, because the declamation, in a Roman play, was accompanied by music, generally the flute ; the last actor addressed the audience with Vos plaudite ; hence these words are metaphorical for finis ; comp. Cic. de Senec. c. 19. 156. Aetatis — mores. With this whole passage, comp. Aristotle on the same subject, in -Rhetor, ii., 12, 13, 14 ; and Shakspeare, in As you like it, Act 2, sc. 7. 160. In horas ; same expression in Sat. ii., 7, 10. Comp similar ones above 1. 60, and O. iii., 29, 42. 161. ImberMs. Orelli prefers imberbu.s, to avoid the repetition of is. Castode. See n. Sat. L, 6, 81. 162. Cauipi. Sjc n O. i.. 8, 4. 165. Subliniis \ Aristotle EPISTLE 10 THE PISOS. 53M .ias (jLeya\6wuxos : " high-spirited ;" Moore. 168. Couinrisisse. See a. O. i., 1. 4. 172. Spe longus ; literally, long in hope; i. e. indulg- ing in distant expectations. This seems the true meaning. With it agrees spem—longam in 0. i., 4, 15, where see n. In this meaning, too, the expression well follows dilator. — Conip. Cic de Senec. 7. Nemo enim tarn senez, qui annum non putet posse vivere. — Others follow Forcellini, who explains, <; tardus et difficilis ad sperandum ;' : and they cite Aristotle's Sua-eATTzSes. Avidns. This is the reading of all the MSS. Pavidus is a conjecture of Bentley, as also lentus in this line. 173. Difficilis. So Cic. de Senec. 18: At sunt morosi — difficiles senes. 176. Xe — Biaudentur. Not to be translated as an imperative ; ne means here that not, and in this sense must he closely connected with morabimur. 179 — 188. Things acted upon the stage have a livelier effect than things narrated ; yet such things as are horrible and incredible are better suited to the narrative than the action of a play. — — 184. Facnndia praeseiis; literally a present eloquence; that is, the eloquent narrative of one who was present, viz., at the scene which he relates. So in Cic. Ep. ad Quint., cetera praesenti sermoni reserventur. 185. Ne pueros, etc. Horace proceeds to give two instances of the horrible, Medea, Alreus, and of the incredible, Progne, Cadmus. 185. Coram populo; as in the tragedy of Medea ascribed to Seneca; but in Euripides the action takes place elsewhere, and is related by the fryyeAos or messenger ; and so in general, in the Greek tragedies, such scenes are narrated, not acted. The modern drama, on the contrary / is not alwavs in accordance with the precept of Horace ; as, for instance, Shakspeare's plays, in which deaths and murders are so often repre- sented. 189. Qniuto actu. The rule to have just five acts was strictly observed by the Roman dramatists. The Greek tragedies had three parts, the TrpoAoyos, the eTreiaoSia and the e|o5os. Where the episodes were three in number, the play thus had five parts, corresponding to the five Roman actus ; but there was no fixed number of episodes. — Orelli. Without doubt (as Orelli suggests) the Roman actus were modelled upon those parts of the Greek tragedy. In modern literature, the French and the Italian drama each observe Horace's rule ; so, too, in their master-pieces, the English and the German. 191. Digaus vindice nodus. Nodus, literally knot, is the complicated difficulty of a play, the intrigue; vindex, avenger, rescuer, here one who can develop or unravel the intrigue, bring about the denouement. A writer, lacking invention, would be apt, in the catastrophe of the play, to have re- course to the supernatural, and rescue his hero by the interposition of a god ; hence the necessity of this rule of Horace. Euripides often availed himself of such means in the denouement of his plots. — Comp. Cicero, de Nat. D. i., 20: ut tragici poetae, cum explicare argument] Hxttuni non potestis, confugritis ad deum. 192. Nee quarts persona. 25 540 WIES ON THE EPISTLES. i. e. there must always be only three actors. After the introduction by Sophocles, of a third actor, the number of actors in the Gieek tra- gedies was always three. There might be more persons upon the stage. but only three took part in the dialogue. The actors were called, from the importance of their respective part, irpwTaywvKrT'hs, ado?- primarum partium, 5evTepayooyi- 265. Idtircoue, etc. The poet means to indicate two courses which poets might pursue, relying on the indulgence of the public; both oi them censurable, but the latter less than the former. The former is a total disregard of rules ; the latter only so much regard for rules, as may secure freedom from positive faults. 268. Non laudem niemi; i. e. my merit is a mere negative one. Osborne aptly quotes frora Pope's Essay on Criticism : " But in such lays as neither ebb nor flow, Correctly cold, and regularly low, That shunning faults one quiet tenor keep, We cannot blame indeed — but we may sleep." 270. Plautiiios numeros et Sales. Here again, as in Epist. ii., 1, 170, Horace criticises Plautus. His severe taste was offended by the rough- ness of his numbers and of his wit. It is singular that Cicero, on the other hand, speaks of Plautus as illustrating that " jocandi genus." which he styles " elegans, urbanum, ingeniosum, facetum." See De Ofnc. i., 29. 275—281. Notices of the Greek Tragedy,— Thespis, —Aeschylus (to 1. 280), and of the Old Comedy (to 284). 275. IgttO- tum — genus. The merit of Thespis, which gained for him the distinc- tion of the inventor of tragedy, was this : he combined with the songs of the chorus the ' recitations of an actor. This introduction of an actor gave a dramatic character to the performance, and w 7 as the first decided step in. the formation of tragedy, properly so called. Whether the actor was the choragus, and his part was only the narration of some story, or whether he was a person independent of the chorus, and his part consisted both of narration and of dialogue with the chorus, are points not fully settled. The latter view, however, is probably the true one. — Thespis was a native of Icarus, one of the country demes of Athens, and he first appeared upon the stage in the beginning of the 61st Olympiad, 536-534 b. c. — For further details, see Diet. Antiqq., under Tragoedia. 276. Plaustris vexisse. It is generally supposed, that this story of actors being carried about in wagons, which were used as a kind of stage, belongs to the beginnings of Comedy, not of Tragedy ; and that Thespis really used a platform for his representations. See Diet. Antiqq., under Tragoedia and Comoedia. 277. Faecibus ; the lees of wine, used as a kind of pigment, probably formed the first spe- cies of disguise for the performers of Thespis's plays ; Thespis after- wards introduced linen masks. 279. Aeschylus, etc. This great tragic writer began his career b. c. 500, being then in the 25th year of his age. In this passage Horace touches upon the improvements made by him in Tragedy. They were chiefly these : He added a second *etor, and thus further developed the dialogue. He entirely changed EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. 545 Uio relative proportions of the *wo elements of the drama, viz , the choruses and the recitations, by abridging the former, and expanding the latter into a regular plot. He also improved the theatrical appara- tus, by furnishing the actors with the cothurnus (see n. O. ii.. 1, 11), and with better and more various masks and dresses. In what respect he modified for the better the construction of the stage, Ave are not in- formed ; as the words modicis-tignis can hardly refer to the stage of the new stone theatre, the building of which was commenced soon after his first appearance. (See Diet. Antiqq., under Theatrum.) The fall of the old wooden fabric on the occasion of Aeschylus's first representation, and the consequent erection of the magnificent theatre on the S. R. descent of the Acropolis, may be regarded as emblematic of the for- tunes of Attic Tragedy before and after tnc time of Aeschylus,—— 281. Vctus — conioedia. (See n. Sat. i., 4, 2.) The old Athenian Comedy, of which Aristophanes was the master, flourished from 458-404. Its chie£ characteristic, to which Horace here alludes, was the unbounded freedom with which it satirized distinguished Athenian citizens, poets, philosophers, statesmen, and the parties and measures, political, social, literary, with which such citizens were associated. The Middle Comedy succeeded the Old, and continued to b. c. 340. It was less personal, and satirized classes rather than individuals, or if it satirized indi- viduals, represented them under fictitious names. The New Comedy continued from b. c. 340 to b. c. 260. This was like the comedy of modern times; it aimed at an imitation of ordinary life, and its subjects and characters were alike fictitious. 283. Lex est accepta. A law restrictive of the freedom of comedy was passed b. c. 440 ; a similar one, forbidding the ridicule of persons by name was passed b. c. 415. The political changes of the times were directly felt by the Old Come- dy ; political freedom was essential to its. being and life; and accord- ingly it flourished and fell, along with Athenian democracy. 284. Qbticnit. The Middle and the New Comedy had no chorus. III. 285 — 476. Critical Instruction for the poet. (See Introduction. The details will be given below, in their place.) 285 — 294. Horace comviends the emulous spirit of Roman poets, and their adoption of Roman subjects, but declares that they have failed of literary excellence through their haste and th'eir impatience of laborious composition ; and he inculcates upon the young Pisos the utmost care and correctness in writing. 2X7. Domestica ; opposed to foreign ; nation- al. 288. Praetextas; (sc. fabulas) for praetextatas ; that is, trage- dies, which represented a higher and nobler life ; so named, because the praetexta was the dress of magistrates, of priests, and of senators on festival days ; togatas, comedies, which represent ordinary life ; from the toga, the ordinary Roman dress. Docere is used with fabulam. like the Gr. SiSacr/fetj/. because the poet instructed the actors and 546 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. chorus in their parts ; hence exhibit or compose a play, by which lattei word we may here translate. 293. Litura. See n. Sat. i., 10, 72 291. Perfectuiii; agrees with quod ,-=." ita lit perfectum sit." Dillenb. Ad nnguem. See n. Sat. i., 5, 32. 295—304. Horace proceeds to ridicule those poets who affect to despise art and rely solely upon genius, and who, in their reliance upon genius, confound vulgar madness with poetic frenzy, and mere eccentricity with poetic genius. 296. Sanos; i. e. those who have not the true insania or furor-poeticus ,- eomp. n. O. iii., 4, 6. 297. Deoiocritns; he wrote irepi iroirjaeus and irtpi 'Op-hpov. Cicero alludes to his words in De Divin., i., 37 ; Negat sine furore Democritus quemquam poetam mag mem esse posse ; and also in De Orat., ii., 46: Saepe audivi poetam bonum neminem (id quod a'Demo- crito ct Platone in scriptis relictum esse dicunt) sine inflammatione ani- mo7 urn exislere posse et sine quodam afflatu quasi fur oris. Comp. Cic. pro Archia, c. 8. 300. Tribus ; see n. Sat. ii., 3, 83. The poet here means that a case so desperate as this, would not be cured by all the produce even of three Anticyras ; or, which is the same thing for the jest, by three times the amount of hellebore produced in Anticyra (in allusion to either of the two). 301. Lkiiio. The Scholiast tells us, that this was the name of a barber, who was made a senator by Julius Caesar, because he hated Pompey. It must have been a different per- son from the slave of that name, who was freed by Julius Caesar, and afterwards was made procurator of Gaul by Augustus ; mentioned by Dio. Cass., liv., 21. 301. Laevus; = stultus, as in Virg. Eel. i. ; 16; and Aen. ii., 54. 302. Bilem ; comp. Epist. ii., 2, 137. 304—308. Horace now, waiving all claim to the title and character of poet. assumes the office of a critic, and undertakes to teach what is necessary to the formation and guidance of the poet. Comp. Intr. 309 — 322. In opposition to the absurd notion he has just illustrated (in 295 seqq. I Horace insists upon good sense as essential to good writing (309) ; and recommends, in order to just views and exhibitions of charactei, the study of the Socratic or moral philosophy, and of human life (to 1. 318) ; adding, in practical illustration, that a poem, in which the manners art justly delineated, is always successful even if it have no other excellence (to 1. 322). -309. Sapere; a comprehensive word, which expresses the ability to think and judge aright on all subjects whatsoever (" recte eogitare atque judicare de omnibus rebus ;" Orelli) ; without which no one can be a poet, whatever other gifts and acquirements he may have. - — -310. Socraticae — ckartae; the teachings of Socrates; as embodied ia the works of his disciples, e. g. Plato and Xenophon ; in these moral teachings, the writer, especially the dramatist, may find his subjeci- matter (rem) ; the best illustrations of all that belongs to character, o/ all the various relations and duties of men. 312. Qui di (licit, etc- Here follows a mention of particular illustrations of the general wore 1 EPISTLE TO THE PISOS. 547 [rem) ; i. e. of particular relations and duties, of a citizen, a friend, &c. 314. Conscripti ; sc. senatoris; from the expression patres con- tcripti. See Livy, B. LI., c. 1. 317. Exemplar Titae iiionuuque ; i. e. the model which the life and manners of men present to him who ob- serves and studies them. 318. Vivas; life-like; caught from, and reflecting, real life. So Virg. Aen. vi., 849, vivos ducent de marmore vul- tus. 319. Morata recte; which rightly depicts the mores; a dif- ferent word from moratur, in 1. 321. 323 — 332. While the Greeks, animated alone by ambition, have excelled in letter s, the education of the Ro- mans has formed in them a love of money, which has been fatal to their succest in poetry. 323. Ore rotnndo ; well-rounded expression ; metaphorical for the highest, most perfect style of language ; like the Gr. arpoyyvKov o-Tol/ia, (TTpoyyv\7) \e£ts (see Passow, and Liddell and Scott). 325. Rationibns. Calculations. 325. Dicat, etc. A scene from a Roman school. — In dicat the poet makes the teacher use the third for the second person ;= tell me, &c. Comp. 0. i.. 27, 10. 328. Potcras dixisse. The encouraging words of the master. On the tense dixisse, see n. 0. i., 1, 4. 332. Cedro. Manuscripts were rubbed with oil of cedar, for their better preservation. — Cupresso; i. e. in capsae or scrinia, made of cypress. See n. Sat. i., 4, 21 ; and the cut on p. 204. 333 — 346. Poets aim either to instruct, or to delight, or both to instruct and delight (333, 334) ; they who aim to instruct, must study brevity (to 1. 337 inc.) ; they who aim to delight, must, in fiction, keep to what is 'probable (to 340 inc.) ; he who can unite the useful with the agreeable, will win all readers, he is the poet whose works will live (to 346). 335. CitO ; join with percipiant. 337. This line furnishes a reason why the didactic writer should aim at brevity. The image seems to be taken from a vessel, from which, when filled full, whatever else is poured in. flows away and is lost ; so with the mind, when filled with instruc- tion. 339. Ne, etc. These two lines illustrate, negatively, the pre- ceding rule; the former generally, the latter particularly. The subject of credi is in quodcunque. — Lamia is the name of a fabulous creature that was said to devour children. The Scholiast describes it thus : " est monstrum superne habens speciem mulieris, inferne vero desinit in pedes asininos." 341. Centuriae seiiiorum ; = senes, the old ; the expression is taken from the centuries of old men in the classes of the comitia centuriata, instituted by Servius Tullius. See Diet. Antiqq., under comitia. 342. Celsi— Ramnes ; the haughty Ramnes ; for the younger knights, and then for the young. The Ramnes, because the oldest of the three centuriae equitum (described by Livy, i., 13), here represent the young men of highest nobility. 343. Punctum ; vote ; i. e. the favor of every reader. See n.Epist. ii., 2, 99. Dulci ; see n. O. iv., 1, 22. 345. Soslis. See n. Epist. i., 20, 2. 347—365. In a poem of superior excellence, one or two blemishes are pardonable ; but the 548 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. pnscnce of one or two beauties cannot redeem a poem generally faulty (tol. 359) ; this truth is illustrated (to 1. 365) by a comparison of poetry with vainting. 347. Ignovisse. See n. 0. i., 1, 4. - — 352. Fudit; the word keeps up the metaphor in maculas. Comp. Sat. i., 6, 66. • 354. Scriptor — librarius; the transcriber; the slave employed to copy books. See Becker's account of the librarii, in Gallus, p. 236. Idem ; neut. ace. 357. Clioerilas. See n. Epist. ii., 1, 233. 358. Idem. Nom. masc. ; see n. O. ii., 10, 16. 359. Dormitat Homerns. It is unnecessary to suppose that Horace had in mind any particular fault of Homer ; he merely uses Homer as an example of a good poet. 361. Ut pictura. Perhaps the mention of Homer, and the thought of his graphic, picture-like poetry suggested this c raiparison of poetry with painting. So Cic. in Tusc. v., 39, says, in speaking of Homer : Traditum est etiam, Homerum caecum fuisse. At ejus picturam, non ooesin, videmus. Quae regio, quae ora, qui locus Graeciae, quae species formaque pugnae, quae acies, quod remigium, qui motus hominum, qui ferarum, non ita expictus est, ut, quae ipse non viderit, nos ut videremus, 364. Non formidat. The chief point in the comparison is, that the poem of high merit, the true poem, is that which will bear frequently repeated and the closest examination. 366—378. Having inculcated the necessity of excellence in poetry, the poet now shows the reasonableness of his doctrine : In such pursuits as are necessary to life, mediocrity is tolerated ; but from poetry, which is not indispensable, but is intended to please, mediocrity is excluded. 367. Sapis ; see above n. on 1. 308. 368. Tolle memor ; lay up in your memory. 368. Consultus juris — actor. Illustrations of certis-rebus. On cons. juris, see n. Sat, i., 1, 9. 371. Messalae. See n. Sat. i., 10, 29. 371. Cascellias Aulas. A Roman jurist; mentioned by Valerius Max- imus, 6, 2, 1, as vir juris civilis scientia clarus ; as this mention of him belongs to the year b. c. 41, he must have been, if still living, at the time of this allusion, a very old man. 372. Mediocribus ; on the construction, see n. Sat. i., 1, 19. 373. Columnae; the columns or pillars of the porticoes, under which were the booksellers' shops. See n. Sat i., 4, 71 ; i. e. the books of such poets are not worth (as we should say) the advertising, are unsaleable. 375. Sardo. The Sar- dinian honey was bitter. Roasted poppy-seed with honey was a favor- ite dish at the dessert of a Roman dinner. 379. — 384. And yet many, entirely destitute of the requisite capacity, venture to write poetry. Comp. with this passage, Epist. ii., 1, 114-117. 379. Campestribns ; of the Campus Martius. Comp. nn. 0. L, 8, 4 and 10. 381. Coronae; the ring; the crowd of spectators. 382. Nescit; sc. fin- gere. 383. Census; a participle; followed by summdm, as a Greek accusative; see n. 0. i., 1, 21. On equestrem summam, see n. Epist. i., 1, 58. 385 — 407. Turning again directly to Piso, he bids him consult EPISTLE TO THE PEOS. 549 Ms abilities, be "ore he write ; if he ever write, to submit his writings to faithful critics, and to beware of hasty publication (to 390); then, to awaken in him a just sense of the sacred dignity of poetry (see linea 406. 407), he passes to an enumeration of the ancient and noble offices of Ute art (to 407). 385. InTita — Minerva. Cicero, in de Off. i., 31, ex- plains this expression ; invita ut aiunt, Minerva, id est, adversante et repugnante natura. 386. Est. The true reading. Eslo is a mere conjecture. 38T. Meti. See n. Sat. i., 10, 38. 388. Xonam— in annum 5 indefinite ; = " in aliquod tempus," which is the expression of Quinctilian in a parallel passage, 10, 4, 2 : " Nee dubium est, optimum esse emend? r=di genus, si scripta in aliquod tempus reponuntur, ut ad ea, post interva^um, veiut nova atque aliena redeamus." 389. Intns ; i. e. in the sainium. On membranis, see n. Sat. ii., 3, 2. 390. Nes- tit, etc. See Epist. i., 18, 71. 391. Horace draws his firs* illustra- tions from the bards of the mythic period, Orpheus, Amphion, whose poetry he describes (to I. 401) as the parent of civilization, the source of religion,, laws, and the useful arts. Silvestres homines ; i. e. living in the woods ; " the barbarous natives of the wood'"'' Colman. Comp. n. O. i., 10, 2. Saccr. Virg. Aen. vi., 645. uses of Orpheus the expres- sion Threicius Saccrdos. Deorum ; i. e. of their will. 394. Dictns ob hoc. Comp. O. L, 12, 9-12. Thus Horace beautifully ex- plains the stories of the magical sway of Orpheus over nature and the beasts of the field ; it is the wondrous influence of music and poetry in promoting human civilization. 391. Amphion. See n. O. iii., 11, 1. ■ 396. Sapientia qnondam ; i. e. the office of the ancient sages or poets. Haec points to what follows, publica, etc. 401. Post lios, etc. He now mentions briefly the different kinds of poetry, and the ends they aimed at. 402. Tyrtaens. The poet-warrior, who in- spired, by his songs, the courage of the Lacedemonians in the 2d Mes- senian war. The commentators quote the words of Justin, 3, 5, con- cerning him : Carmina ezercitui pro condone recitaxit; in quibus horta- menta virhdis, damnorum solatia, belli consilia conscripserat. 403. Sortes. The lots or responses of oracles, which were in verse. See Diet. Antiqq. under the word. 404. Vitae — via; in allusion to in- structive or didactic poetry, e. g. the writings of Hesiod, Theognis, and others, see Manual Class. Lit., p. 168. Gratia regnm. This expres- sion is illustrated by the lyric songs of Pindar, in praise of the exploits and victories of kings. 405. Lndnsqne repertus ; dramatic poetry, which originated in the festivals (Dionysia) of the people, held at tbt* time of vintage. See n. above on 193-201 ; and Diet. Antiqq. Dionysia 408 — 415. The poet must unite with genius the laborious culture oj irt. 409. -Kec stndinm. On this question Cicero expresses the same opinion, pro Archia, 7 : Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximic/m atque iUustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, 550 NOTES ON THE EPISTLES. turn ill ud ncscio quid praeclarum ac singula? -e solere exist ere. 412. Qui studet. The necessity of art is illustrated in the case of the com- petitor in the foot-race (at the Olympian Games), and of the flute- player at the Pythian Games. Metam. See n. O. i., 1,4; and the illustration on p. 309. 414. PytMa; ace, sc. certamina. Comp. n. Epist. i., 1, 50. The Pythian Games were celebrated at Delphi; see Diet. Antiqq. The poet refers to the musical contests at the Games. 416 — 452» He who would be a true poet, must not be self -complacent (to i 418); nor give heed to selfish flatterers, to whom he will be especially ex- posed, if he happen to be rich (to 1. 437) ; but submit to the guidance of the nonest and faithful critic (to 1. 452). 417. Occnpet— scabies ; plague take the hindmost ; an expression, borrowed (according to the Scholiast) from the sports of boys, as it was the usual cry of the boy who out- stripped his fellows in running. 421. Dives agris, etc. Tnis line is repeated from Sat. i., 2, 13. 422. Unctum; sc. cibum or convivium ; a "savory," (Osborne) sumptuous banquet. 423. Levi; light, who has no credit. 430. Saliet ; i. e. for joy. Tundet pede ; = saltabit; comp. O. iii.. 18, 15. So Orelli, who thus explains the connection of saliet with tundet: " exsiliet, quin etiam saltabit." 431. Conducti ; used for all who were hired to mourn at a funeral ; more general than pracflcae, on which see n. 0. ii., 20, 21. 433. Derisor; as the oppo- site of-vero laudatore, =falsns laudator, flatterer. 435. Torqucre mero ; to put to the wine-torture ; i. e. to make wine (as a quasi torment- urn), a test, or means of extorting, character. See n. O. iii., 21, 13. 435. Perspexisse. See n. O. i., 1, 4. 431. Vulpe ; i. e. pelle vulpina. 438. Quinctilio. He now draws, in contrast to the flatterer, a pic- ture of an honest and faithful critic, selecting for the purpose the ex- ample of Quinctilius Varus (the literary and personal friend, whose death he had mourned in O. i., 24). 439. Aiebat ; the indie, although si-recitarcs precedes ; instead of si-recxtabas, — aiebat (or dicebat) or si- recitares, — diceret. See Z. ty 519, b. Negares *, sc. si. 441. Tor- uatos incudi* An instance of a mixed metaphor; drawn from the turner's lathe, and the smith's anvil. The text-books of rhetoric furnish similar instances from the poets, ancient and modern. 444. Quin — amares ; subjunctive, because it is oratio obliqua ; Quinctilius would have said, in oratio recta, quin amas. — So Orelli ; and the explanation is better than that which makes the subj. dependent upon the idea of hin- dering supposed to be involved in milium —insumebat. 447. Signum ) the obelus (t), or the Greek Theta, put to a line by the ancient critics, t- show that it was bad or spurious. Comp. Ters. iv., 13; "Et potio es nigrum vitio praefigere theta." 450. Aristarclms ; an Arislarchus ; in allusion to the famous Alexandrian critic of that name. So Cic. ad Att. i., 11: "mearum orationem tu Arislarchus es." 453 — 476. In conclusion, to illustrate the last point he had proposed to himself as a EPISTLE TO THE PIS OS. S51 critic, viz., quo fa at error (1. 308), Horace draws tlie picture of a bad poet; who, despising all study and, counsel, and infatuated by self-love, is an object of universal contempt and aversion. Dillenburger well says : " Respondet exitus initio, imago insani poeto£ imagini monstruosae figurae." -453. Morbus regins, also called arquatus, means the jaundice; so called, according to Pliny and Celsus, from its requiring costly remedies and constant amusement. Yet our expression, king's evil, is used of scrofula. 455. Tetigisse ; see n. 0. i., 1, 4. 457. Sublimis; u with head erect." Colman. 460. Xon sit; non is here used for ne ; and the subj. has an imperative force. 465. Em- pedocles; the philosopher of Agrigentum (see n. Epist. i.. 12, 18). who flourished about 450 b. c. Horace humorously quotes one of the fables, told about his death ; the time and manner of which were unknown. 467. Occideiiti ; dat. depending upon idem ; see Hark. Lat. Gram., 391, X. 1. 470. Xec satis apparet, etc. Horace adds a satirical ground for not trying to save such a poet : perhaps this madness of verse- making is a visitation from heaven for some act of impiety. Factitet ; keeps making. 471. Bidental ; a name given to a place which had been struck by ligbtning, and on which, therefore, a two-year-old sheep (bidens) was offered up as an expiatory sacrifice. It was customary to build an altar on the spot, and surround it with a fence, and to venture into it was deemed sacrilege. 472. Certe ; in connection with utrum — an, etc., but certainly (at any rate) he is raging mad; whstevei the cause, the fact is certain. INDEX PROPER NAMES [C. stands fo: Odes, Sat. for Satires, Ep. for Epodes, and E. for Ep istleu ) Academics ; inter silvas Academi quaere re rerum, E. 2, 2,45. Accius. Nil comis tragici mutat Lucilius Acci % Sat. 1 10, 53 ; aufert famam senis Accius aid, E. 2, L, 56; iambus in Acci no- bilious trimetris apparet rarus, A. P. 258. Achaemenes. C. 2, 12, 21. Achaemenius. Achaemenium costum, C. 3. 1. 44. Achaemenio perfundi nardo, Ep. 13,8. Achaicus i iecto, C. 2, 11,1. Jam Scythae laxo medi- tantur arcu cedere campis, C. 3, 8, 23 ; cam pestres Scythae, C. 3, 24, 9 ; gelidum Scythea C. 4, 5, 25. Cythae superbi nuper, Carii sec. 55. Scythicus. C. 3. 4, 36. Sectanius. Vide Scetanius. Semele. C. 1, 19, 2. Semeleus. Thyoneus. C. 1, 17, 22. September. E. 1, 16, 16. Septicius. E. 1, 5, 26. 572 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. Septimius. Septimi, Gades aditure me- cum, C. 2, 6, 1. Septimius, Claudi, nimirum Uitelligit unus, • - Quanti me facias, E. 1, 9, 1. Seres; subjectos Orientis orae Seras, C. 1, 12, 5G; quid Seres parent, C. 3, 29, 27. Seres infidive Persae, C. 4, 15, 23. Sericus. C. 1,29,9. Servilius Balatro. Sat. 2, 8, 21-33-40- 83. Servius (Sulpicius). Sat. 1, 10, 86. Sestius (£.). C. 1, 4, 14. Sestus. Vide Abydus. Sextilis. Sextilem totum mendax desi- deror, E. 1,7, 2; E. 1, II, 19. Sibyllinus. Sibyllini versus. Carm. sec. 5. Sicanus. Ep. 17. 32. Sicilia. Sat. 2, 6, 55. Siculus. Siculum mare Poeno purpureum ranguine, C. 2, 12. 2. Siculae vaccac, C. 2, 16,33. Siculae dapes, C. 3, 1, 18. Sicula Palinurus unda, C. 3, 4, 28. Siculas undas, C. 4, 4, 44. Siculi tyranni, E. 1, 2. 58. Fruc- tibus Agnppae Siculis, E. 1, 12. 1. Siculi Epicharmi, E. 2, 1, 58. Siculi poetae, Art. poet. 463. Sidonius. Sidonii nautae, Ep. 16, 59. Sidonio ostro, E. 1, 10, 26. Silenus. Art, poet. 239. Silvanus ; horridi dumeta Silvani, C. 3, 29,23; pater Silvane, tutor finium! Ep. 2, 22 ; asrricolae prisci Silvanum lacte piabant. E. 2, 1, 143. Si?nois. Ep. 13. 14. Simon. Art. poet. 238. Sinuessa. Sat. 1, 5, 40. Sinuessanus. Ep. 1, 5, 5. Siren ; improba Siren, desidia, Sat. 2, 3, 14. Sirenum voces nosti, E. 1, 2, 22. Sisenna. Sat. 1, 7, 8. Sisyphus; damnatusque longi Sisyphus Aeolides laboris, C. 2, 14, 20 ; optat supre- mo collocare Sisyphus in monte saxum, Ep. 17, 68 ; vafer Hie Sisyphus, Sat. 2, 3, 21. Sisyphus. Sat. 1, 3, 47. Sit'honii. Sithoniis non levis Euius, C. 1, 18, 9. Memphin carentem Sithonia nive, C. 3, 26, 10. Smyrna. E. 1, 11, 13. Socraticus. Socraticam et domum, C. 1, 29, 14. Socraticis madet sermonibus Messa- la, C. 3, 21, 9. Socraticae chartae, Art. poet. 310. Sol; rapidum SMem, C. 2, 9, 12. O Sol pulcher' C. 4,2,46; cum Sol Oceano sub- est, C. 4, 5, 40. Alme Sol ! Carra. sec. 9. Sophocles. E. 2. 1, 163. Soracte. C. 1, 9, 2. Sosii; liber, ut prostes Sociorum pumice mundus, E. 1, 20, 2, hie meret aera liber Sosiis, Art. poet. 345. Spartacus. Spartacum vagantem, C. 3, 14, 19. Spartacus acer, Ep. 16, 5. Spes. C. 1, 35, 21. Staberius. Heredes Staberi summam in- cidere sepulcro, Sat. 2, 3, 84. Staberi pru- dentem animum, ib. v. 89. Stertinius. Si quid Stertinius veri crepat, Sat. 2, 3, 33. Stertinius, sapientum o^tavus, lb, v. 296. Stertinius. E. 1, 12, 20. Stesichorus . C. 4, 9, 8. Sthcnelus ; sciens pugnae, C. 1, 15, 24 ; non pugnavit Sihenelus solus dicenda Musis proelia, C. 4, 9, 20. Stoicus ; libelli Stoicl. Ep. 8, 15. Cur, Stoice 1 Sat. 2, 3, 160. Stbice, ib. v. 300. Slygius. Nee Stygia cohibebor unda, C. 2, 20, 8. Stysiis fluctibus, C. 4, 8, 25. Styx. C. 1, 34, 10. Suadela. E. 1, 6, 38. Suburranus. Ep. 5, 58. Sugambri ; feroces Sugambros, C. 4, 2, 36 ; caede gaudentes Sugambri, C. 4, 14, 51. Sulcius ; acer. Sat. 1, 8, 65. Sulla. Sat. 1, 2, 64. Sulpicius Servius. Sat. 1, 10. 86. Sulpicius. C. 4, 12, 18. Surrentinus. Sat. 2, 4, 55. Surrentum. E. 1, 17, 52. Sybaris. C. 1, 8, 2. Sygambri. Vide Sugambri. Syrius. C. 2, 7, 8. Syrtes. Syrtes aestuosas, C. 1, 22, 5 ; bai- baras Syrtes, O 2, 6, 3. Syrtes Giatulas, i\ 2, 20, 15 ; exercitatas Syrtes Noto, Ep. 9, 3j. Syrus. Sat. 1, 6, 38. Syrus. Sat. 2, 6. 45. St/rus. C. \, 31, 12. T. Taenarus. C. 1, 34, 10. Tanais ; extremum Tanain, C. 3, 10, 1. Tanais discors, C. 3, 29, 28. Tanain pro'pe flumen orti, C. 4, 5, 24. Tanais. Sat. 1,1, 105. Tantarus ; superbum Tantalum atque Tantali genus, C. 2, 18, 37 ; egens benignae Tantalus semper dapis, Ep. 17, 66. Tanta- lus a labris sitiens fugientia captat flumiiia. Sat. 1, 1, 68. Tarentinus. E. 2. 1, 207. Tarentum. Neptiino sacri custode Ta- renti, C. I, 28, 29. Lacedaemonium Taren- tum, C. 3, 5, 56 ; usque Tarentum, Sat. 1, 6, 105 ; molle Tarentum, Sat. 2, 4, 34 ; imbelle Tarentum, E. 1,7,45. Dicas adductumpro- pius frondere Tarentum, E. 1, 16, 11. Tarpa (Sp. Maecius). Quae neque in aede sonent certantia iudice Tarpa, Sat. 1, 10, 38. Si quid tamen olim scripseris, in Maeci descendat judicis aures, Art. poet. 387 Tarquinius ; superbos Tarquini fasces., C. 1, 12, 35. Tarquinius regno pulsus fugit Sat. 1, 6, 13. Tartara. C. 1, 28, 10. Tartarus. C. 3, 7, 17. Taurus (T. Statilius). E. 1, 5, 4. Teanum. E. 1, 1, 86. Tecmessa. C. 2, 4, 6. Teius ; fide Tela, C. 1, 17, 18. Anacreon ta Te'ium, Ep. 14, 10. Telegonus. C. 3, 29. 8. TeJemachus. E. 1, 7, 40. Telephus. Movit nepotem Telephus Ne^ reium, Ep. 17, S; tragicus Telephus et Pe- leus, pauper et exul uterque, Art. poet. 96. Telephe et Peleu ! ib. v. 104. Telephus. Telephi cervicem roseam, C, 1, 13, 1 . Puro te similem, Telephe, Vespe INDEX OF PKOPEK NAMES. 5T8 *"» ! C. 3, 19, 26. Telephum, quera tu petis ;et. C. 4, 11, 21. Tellus ; domitos Herculea manu Telluris juvenes, C. 2, 12, 7. FertJlis frugum peco- risque Tellus, Carm. sec, 29 ; agricolae pris- ci Tellurern porco piabant, E. 2, 1, 143. Tempe. Thessala Tempe, C. 1, 7, 4. Vos Tempe totidem toilite laudibus, C. 1, 21, 9. Zephyris asitata Tempe, O. 3, 1, 24. Tempestates. Ep. 10. 24. Terentius. Terenti fabula, Sat. 1, 2, 20. DiaJogus ex Eunucho expressus, Sat. 2, 3, 262. ~Dicitur vincere Caecilius gravitate, Terentius arte, E. 2, 1, 59. Teridates. Vide Tiridates. Terminalia. Ep. 2, 59. Terra. C. 3, 4, 73. Teucer. Teucer Salamina patvemque cum fugeret, C. 1, 7, 21 ; i\U desperandum Teu cro duce et auspice Teucro, ib. v. 27. Sala minius Teucer, C. 1. 15,24; non Teucrum riolavit Ajax, Sat. 2, 3, 204. Teucrus. C. 4, 6, 12. Thalia. C. 4, 6. 25. Thaliarchus. C. I, 9, 8. Thebae. Baccho Thebas insisnes, C. 1,7, 3. Ecliioniae Thebae, C 4, 4, 64 ; Sat. 2, 5, 84. Pentheu, rector Thebarum ! E. 1, 16, 74 ; poeta, qui modo me Thebis, modo ponit Athenis, E. 2, 1, 213. Thebis nutritus, an Argis, Art. poet. 118. Thebanus. Thebanae Semeles, C. 1, 19, 2 ; ridibus Latinis Thebanos aptare modos, E. 1, 3, 13. Amphion, Thebanae conditor arcis, Art. poet. 394. Theoninus. E. 1. IS, 82. Theseus. C. 4, 7, 27. Thespis. Sophocles et Thespis et Aes- chylus, E. 2, 1, 163. Ignotum tragicae genus mvenisse Camenae dicitur et plaustris vex- isse poemata Thespis, Art. poet. 276. Thessalus. Thessala Tempe. C. 1,7, 4. Thessalos isrnes, C. I, 10, 15. Thessalis ve- nenis, C. 1, 27, 21. Thessalo victore, C. 2, 4, 10 ; voce Thessala, Ep, 5, 45 ; portenta Thessala rides ? E. 2, 2, 209. Thetis ; marinae filium Thetidis, C. 1, 8, 14. Thetidis marinae, C. 4, 6, 6; dea natus Thetide, Ep. 13, 12; mater caerula, ib. v. 16. Thraca. Thracane vos moratur? E. 1,3, 3 : ut nee frigidior Thracam nee purior am- biat Hebrus, E. 1. 16. 13. Thrace ; bello furiosa Thrace, C. 2, 16, 5 ; nive candidam Thracen, C. 3, 25, 11. Thraces ; scyphis pugnare Thracum est, C. 1, 27, 2. Thracis Lycmgi, C. 2, 19, 16 ; ioipia Thracum pectora, Ep. 5, 14. Thracius. Thracio vento, C. 1, 25, 11 ; animae Thraciae, C. 4, 12, 2. Threicius. Threicio Orpheo, C. 1.24. 13. Threicia amystide, C. 1, 36, 14. Threicio Aquilone, Ep. 13, 3. Thressa. C. 3, 9. 9. Threx. Threx Gallina. Sat. 2,6,45; ad inaum Threx erit, E. I, 18, 36. Thurarius Vicus. E. 2, 1, 269. Thurinus. Thurini Ornyti, C. 3, 9, 14. .Vrscus Thurinus, Sat. 2, 8, 20. Thyistes. lrae Thyesten exitio sravi Btiavere, C 1, If. 17; cbena Thyestae.~Art. poet. 91. Thyesteus. Ep. 5, S6. Thyias ; pervicaces Thyiadas, C. 2,19,9: pulso Thyias concha tyinpano, C. 3, 15, 101 Thynus. C. 3, 7, 3. Thyoneus. C 1, 17, 23. Tiberiru/s. Tiberinis in undis, C. 3, 12, 7 ; lupus Tiberinus, Sat. 2, 3, 31. Tiberino flumine, E. 1. 11,4. Tiberis ; flavus, C. 1.2, 13. Iliac soniux, ib. v. 17 ; uxorius amnis, ib. t. 19 ; flavum Tiberim, C 1, 8, 8. Tiberim reverti, C. 1, 29, 12 ; flaw s Tiberis, C. 2, 3, 18. Trana Tiberim prope Caesaris hortos. Sat. 1, 9, 18. Ter uncti transnanto Tiberim cet, Sat. 2, 1, S ; puer nudus in Tiberi stabit, Sat. 2, 3. 292, E. 1. 11, 19. Tiberius Claudius Nero. Vide etiam Nero; immanes Raetos pepulit, ib. v. 15. Claudius, ib. v. 29. Claudius Augusti pri- visnus, E. 1, 3, 2. Tiberius. Sat. 2, 3, 173. Tibullus Albius, Albi, C 1, 33. Ejus miserabiles elegi. ib. v. 2. Albi, nostrorum sermonum candide judex, E. 1, 4, 1. (.Vide totain Epistolam.) Tibur ; densa Tiburis umbra tui, C. 1, 7, 21; mite solum Tiburis, C. 1, 18, 2. Tibur Argeo pesitum colono. C. 2,6, 5. Tibur su- pinum. C. 3, 4, 23 ; udum Tibur, C. 3, 29, 6 ; uvidi Tiburis ripas, C. 4, 2, 31. Tibur fertile, C. 4, 3, 10; vacuum Tibur, E. 1, 7, 45; cut amem Tibure Romam, E. 1, 8, 12; puerurn naium Tibure, E. 2,2,3 Tiburnus. C. 1,7, 13. Tiburs. Tiburte via, Sat. 1, 6, 103. Pi- cenis cedent pomis Tiburtia, Sat. 2, 4, 70. Tigellius (3i.); cantoris morte Tigelli, Sat. 1, 2. 3. Sardus habebat ille Tigelliua hoc. Sat. I, 3, 3. Tigellius Hermogenes. Sat. 1, 3, 129, Sat. 1, 4, 72. Invideat quod et Hermogenes, ego canto, Sat. 1, 9, 25; comoediac priscae vires pulcher Hermogenes nunquam legit, Sat. 1, 10, 18. Fannius Hermogenis convlva Tigel- li, ib. v. 80; te, Tigelli, discipularum intex jubeo plorare cathedras, ib. v. 90. Tigris. C. 4, 14, 46. Tillius (Cimber) ; quo tibi, Tilli, sumere depositum clavum 7 Sat. 1, 6, 24. Tilli, prae- torem quinque sequuntur te pueri, ib. 107. Timagenes. E. 1, 19, 15. Timor. C. 3, 1, 37. Tiresias. Hoc quoque, Tiresia. cet. Sat. '^, 5, 1 ; nulli quidquam mentite, ib. v. 5, ib, 60. Tiridates. C. 1, 26, 5. Tisiphone. Sat. 1. 8, 34. Titanes. C, 3, 4, 43. Tithonus ; remotus in auras, C. 1 23, 8. Longa Tithonum minuit senectus, C. 2, 16. 30. Titius. E. 1, 3. 9-10. Tityos. Piutona, qui Geryonen Tityoo- que tristi compescit unda, C. 2, 14, 8; incon- tinemis Tityi iecur. C. 3, 4, 76. Tityos voltu risit invito, C. 3, 11, 21. Tityos raptor, C. 4,6,2. Torquatus (vel L. Manlius Torquatus.-) C. 4. 7, totum. Idem ibrtasse : Supremo to sole domi, To-quate, manebo, E. 1, 5, 3. Torquatus [L. Manlius). Ep. 13, 5. 574 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. Trausius. Sat. 2, 2, 99. Trebatius Testa (C.) Trcbati, quid fa- *iam, praescribe ! Sat. 2, 1, 4 j docte Trc- bati ! ib. v. 78. Trebonius. Sat. 1, 4, 114. Triquetrus. Sat. 2, 6, 55. Triumphus; io Triumphe! C. 4, 2, 49; !o Triumphe ! Ep. 9, 21 et 23. Trivicum. Sat. 1, 5, 79. Troes. C. 4, 6, 15. Troja v. I/ion ; sub lacrimosa Trojae fune- ra, C. 1, 8, 14 ; iniqua Trojae castra, C. 1, 10, 15; avitae Trojae, C. 3, 3, 60. Trojae renas- certs alite lugubri fortuna, ib. v. 61. Trojae al- tae, C. 4, 6, 3. Trojamque et Anchisen, C. 4, 15, 31 ; ardentem Trojam, Carm. sec. 41 ; classem deducere Troja,Sat. 2,3, 191. Haud i la Trojae me gressi, Sat. 2,5, 18; domitor Trojae Ulixes, E. 1, 2, 19; captae post tern- pora Trojae, Art. poet. 141. Trojanus. Trojana tempora, C. 1,28, 11. Trojani belli scriptorem, E. 1, 2, 1 ; bellum Trojanum, Art. poet. 147. Troicus ; pulvere Troico, C. 1, 6, 14. Trojca sacerdos, C. 3, 3, 32. Troilus. C. 2, 9, 16. Tullius (Servius). Sat. 1, 6, 9. Tullus (Host.ilius). C. 4, 7, 15. Tullus (L. Volcatius). C. 3, 8, 12. Turbo. Sat. 2, 3. 310. Turius. Sat. 2, 1, 49 Tusculum. Ep. 1, 29. Tuscus. Tusco alveo, C. 3, 7, 28. Tus- cis aequoribus, C. 4, 4, 54 ; amnis ostia sub Tusci, Sat. 2, 2, 33. Tusci turba imp'ia vici, Sat. 2, 3, 228 ; mare Tuscum, E. 2, 1, 202. Tydides ; ope Palladis Tydiden superis pareni, C. 1, 6, 16; atrox Tydides melior patre, C. 1, 15, 28. Tyndaridae. Clarum Tyndai'idae sidus, C. 4, 8, 31 ; fortissima Tyndaridarum, Sat. 1, 1, 100. Tyndaris. C. 1, 16, 1, Cfr. v. 10. Typhoeus. C. 3, 4, 53. Tyrius. Tyriae merces, C. 3. 29, 60 ; mu- ricibus Tyriis, Ep. 12, 21. Tyrias vestes, Sat. '2, 4, 84. Tyrios mirare colores! E. 1, 6, 18. Tyrrhenus ; mare Tyrrhenum, C. 1, 11, 6. Tyrrhenus parens Lyces, C. 3, 10, 12. Tyrrhenum omne, C. 3, 24, 4. Tyrrheua regum progenies, C. 3, 29, 1. Tyrrhenum per aequor, C. 4, 15, 3. Tyrrhena sigilla, E- 2, 2, 180. Tyrtaeus. Art. poet. 402. Umber. Sat. 2, 4, 40. Umbrenus. Sat. 2, 2, \3>l. Ummidius. Sat. 1, 1, 95. Ustica. C. 1, 17, 11. Utica. E. 1, 20, 13. U. Ulixes ; duplicis Ulixei, C. 1,6, 7. Laer- tiaden, C. 1, 15, 20 ; laboriosa cohors Ulixei, Ep. 16, 60 ; laboriosi remiges Ulixei, Ep. 17, 16; inclitum Ulixen, Sat. 2. 3, 197. Ajax non violavit Ulixen, ib. v. 204 ; dolosus, Sat. 2, 5, 3. O Laertiade ! ib. v. 59. Quartae esto partis Ulixes heres, ib. v. 100 ; utile ex- emplar, Ulixem, E. 1,2,18; domitor Troiae, ib. v. 19; remigium vitiosum Ithacensis Ulixi, E. 1, 6,63; patientis Ulixi, E. 1,7, 40. Ulubrae. E 1, 11,30. Vacuna. E. 1, 10, 49. Vala Numoniua. E. 1, 15, tota. Valerius Luevinus. Vide Luevinus. (S»'« 1, 6, 12.) Valerius Messala. Vide Messala. Valgius Rufus. Amice Valgi ! C. 2, 9, 5. Inter Horatii intimos amicos memoratar, Sat. 1, 10, 82. Varia. E. 1, 14, 3. Varius (L.) Scriberis Vario fortis— Mae- onii carminis alite, C. 1, 6, 1. Varius Vir- giliusque, Sat. 1, 5, 40, ib. v. 93. Virgilius, post hunc Varius, dixere quid essem, Sat. 1, 6, 55; pluris ainicum non Varium facies, Sat. 1, 9, 23 ; forte epos acer ut nemo Varius ducit, Sat. 1, 10, 44. Plotius et Varius, ib. 81 ; conviva Nasidieni, Sat. 2, 8, 21. Varius mappa compescere risum vix poterat, ib. v. 63; dilecti tibi^irgilius Variusque poetae, E. 2, 1, 247. Virgilio Verioque, Art. poet. 55. Varro Atacinus (P.) Sat. 1, 10, 46. Varus. C. 1, 18, 1. Fortasse idem cum Quinctilio Varo, C. 1, 24. Ergo Quinctilimn perpetuus sopor urget ! Varus Pompeius. C. 2, 7, totum. Varus. Ep. 5, 73. Vaticanus. C. 1, 20, 7. Veia. Ep. 5, 29. Vejanius. E. 1, 1, 4. Veiens. E. 2, 2, 167. Veientanus. Sat. 2, 3, 143. Velabrum. Sat. 2, 3, 229. Velia. E. 1, 15, 1. Velina tribus, E. 1,6, 52. Venafranus. Venafranos agros, C. 3, 5, 55. Venafranae baca olivae, Sat. 2, 4, 69. Vena/rum ; virion' Venafro, C, 2, 6, 16 oleo, quod prima Venafri pressit eel la, Sat 2, 8, 45. Venus. Vide Cytherea. Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens, C. 1, 2, 33. Diva potens Cy- pri, C 1,3, 1; iam Cytherea choros ducit Venus, C. 1, 4, 5; oscula, quae Venus quinta parte sui nectaris imbuit, C. 1, 13, 15. Vene- ris praesidio ferox, C. 1, 15, 13 ; decens Ve- nus, C. 1, 18. 6 ; in me tota ruens Venus Cy- prum deseriiit, ib. v. 9. Quae te cunque domat Venus, C. 1, 27, 14. Venus, regina Cnidi Paphique, C. 1, 30, 1. Musas Vene- remque, C. 1, 32, 9. Veneri placet, impares formas sub iuga aenea mittere, C. 1, 33, 10; me melior cum peteret Venus, ib v. 13. Quern Venus arbitrum dicet bibendi I C. 2, 7, 25. Ridet hoc Venus ipsa, C. 2, 8, 13. Quid, si prisca redit Venus ? C. 3, 9, 17. In- atam Veneri pone superbiam, C. 3. 10, 9 , dum favet Veaus, C. 3, 11, 50. Si non Acri- sium Jupiter et Venus risissent, C. 3, 16, 6. Veneris sodali craterae, C. 3, 18, 6; si laeta aderit, Venus, C. 3,21,21. Marinae Vene- • C. 3, 26, 5 ; quae beatam diva lencs Cy- INDEX OF PEOPER NAMES. 575 pron, ib. v. 9 ; perfidnm ridens Venus, C. 3, 27, 67; intermissa Venus diu rursus bella moves? C. 4, 1, 1. Veneris gratae, C. 4, 6, 21. Veneris muneribus poteris, C. 4, 10, 1 ; mensem Veneris marinae Aprflem, C. 4. 11, 15; almae progeniem Veneris canemus, C. 4, 15,32. Clams Anchisae Venerisque san- guis, Carm. sec. 50 Venerem incertam, Sat. 1, 3, 109. Suadela Venusque, E. 1, 6, 38; damnosa Venus, E. 1, 18, 21. Venusinus. Venusinae silvae, C. 1, 28, 26. Venusinus arat finem sub uuumque co- lonus, Sat. 2, 1, 35. Ver. C. 4. 12, 1. Veritas. C. 1, 24, 7. Vertumnus. Priscus Vertumnis, quot- quot sum, natus iniquis, Sat. 2, 7, 14.' Ver- tumnum Ianumque, E. 1, 20, 1. Vesper. Veipero surgente, C. 2, 9, 10; puero te similem, Telephe, Vespero ! C. 3, ie, 26. Vesta; templaque Vestae, C. 1, 2, 16 : minus audientem carmina Vestam, ib. v. 28; aeternae Vestae, C. 3, 5, 11 ; yentum erat ad Vestae, Sat. 1, 9,30; intra penetralia Vestae, E.2, 2. 144. Vibiclius. Sat. 2, 8, 22-33-40-80. Villius Sat. 1, 2, 64. Vindelici ; videre bella Drusum gerentem Vindelici, C. 4, 4, 18; legis expertes Latinae Vindelici, C. 4, 14, 8. Vinnius Asella. E. 1, 13, tota. v Vipsa.nius Agrippa v. Agrippa. Virgilius Maro ; animae dimiuium meae, C. 1, 3, 6-8. Virgili ! C. 1, 24, 10. Varius Virgili usque, Sat. 1, 5, 40 (cfr. ib. v. 48) ; op- timus Virgilius, Sat. 1, 6, 55 ; molle atque facetum Virgilio annuerunt gaudentes rura Camenae. Sat. 1, 10,45. Maecenas Virgilius- que, ib. v.' 81 ; dilecti tibi Virgilius Variusque poeta, E. 2, 1, 247. Virgilio Varioque, Art. poet. 55. Virgilius. C. 4, 12, totum ; juvenum no- bilium cliens, ib. v. 15. Virtus. Phraaten — numero beatorum ex- imit Virtus, C. 2, 2, 19. Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae, C. 3, 2, 17 ; neglecta Virtus, Carm. sec. 58; super Carthaginem Virtua sepulchrum condidit Africano, Ep. 9, 25. Viscus ( Vibius) ; non Viscum pluris ami- cum facies, Sat. 1, 9, 22; haec utinam Vis- corum laudet uterque ! Sat. 1, 10. 83, Viscus Thurinus. Sat. 2, 8, 20. Visellius. Sat. 1, 1, 105. Volanerius. Sat. 2, 7, 15. Volcanus ; graves Cyclopum Volcanus ar- dens urit officinas, C. I, 4, 8; avidus Volca- nus, C. 3, 4, 59 ; pro igni, Sat. 1, 5, 74. Volteius Mena. E. 1, 7, 55, ib. 64, et 91. Voltur. C. 3.4,8. Voranus. Sat. 1, S, 39 X ei V.. Xanthias Pkoceus. C. 2, 4, totum. Xanthus. C. 4, 6, 26. Zephyrus. Zephyris agitata Temp«, C, 3,1,24. Frigora mitescunt Zephyria, O 7, 9; te cum Zephyris reviset, E. 1, 7, 13. Zethus. E. 1,18,42. The grammatical references in this edition are to the standard {Revision of 1881) edition of Harhness's Latin Grammar / out, for the convenience of students having the previous edition, the following table is inserted, giv- ing the corresponding sections in both editions. ODES. Book I. Ode. Note. New. Old. 1... 4... 537, 2) 542,2. 1... 4...503, T.,N.3,1)..501, 2. 1... 21.. .378,1 380,1. 1. ..24. . .383, 1 and 2 388, II. 3. 2. ..26. ..51, 5 45,5, 1). 6... 18... 378 380,2. 16... 25... 422, N. 2 416,2. 17... 1...422, N. 2 416,2. 21... 5... 416 414. 22. . . 1. . .399, III. 1 399, 3, 4>. 27. . . 4. . .413, 1ST. 1 425, 2, 2). 27... 5... 385, II. 2 385,4. 28... 35... 499, 2 493,2. 38... 6... 499, 2 493,2. Book II. Ode. Note. New. Old. 1. ..23. . .397, 3J.4 396, III. 3), (4). 1... 27... 425, II. 2, N. 3.. 422, 2. 4. . .13. . .529, 3, N.' 2 526, 2, 2). 6... 7... 399, III. 2 399,3,4). 7. ..19. ..119, 2 117,2. 9... 18... 410, Y. 4 409,4. 13. ..25. ..68 92,3. 13... 37... 410, V. 4 409,4. 14... 20... 410, III. K 2... 410. 17... 28... 476, 2 475,2. Book III. Ode. Note. New. Old. 5... 14... 385, 2 385,4. 6. . .17. . .399, 3 399, 2, 2). 17... 16... 410, V. 4 409,4. 18. . .10. . .641-646 707-710. 27. . .70. . .410, V. 4 409, 4. 30... 12... 410, V. 3 409,3. Book IV. Ode. Note. New. Old. 1... 22... 485, 4, 3) 3... 8.. .516,11 520,11. 6... 39... 399, III. 2 399,3,4). 9... 29... 385, 2 385,4. 11... 8... 240, 6 239,6 EPODES Epode. Note. New. 3 3 240,3 15 5 417,1 .417,4. S A T I E E 9 . Book I. Satire. Note. New. Old. I... 19.. .536, 2, 3) 545,11.1. I. . .23. . .636, IV. 6 704, III. 1. I... 45... 515, III 515,11. III... 4... 450, 4 450.5. VI... 63... 414, 1 425,3. VII... 6... 503, 1 501,1. IX... 55... 503, 1 501,1. Satire. 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