.^"^""^ 4? .♦_„ v^"^ r .*'•• J'"^*. .- '• %.*" -'Mm-, ^^.Z -IK: %.*" •* '-^^^^ -^ 0* V ♦. • \>^''' ^ 'k-. Marquette Sailing Dowti the Mississippi. " On the 17th of June (1673), they saw on their right the broad meadows, bounded in the distance by rugged hills, where now stands the town of Prairie du Chien. Before them, a wild and rapid current coursed athwart their way, by the foot of '""^ ^.f ^^J^J^^^Pf thick in forests. They had found what they sought, and ' with a joy,^ wrUes Marquette, ' which I cannot express.' they steered forth their canoes on the eddies of the Mississipp.. — Parkman. Junior Class History Ul^ITED STATES; TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH QUESTIONS, EXERCISES, COPIOUS NOTES, ETC. FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ETC. JOHN J. ANDERSON, A.M., Author of a ''Ch^ammar School History of the United States" a " Manual of General ^rs. „ „ „. , „ ^ . ^ „ ,, rpf^^ Histmic - - - - Eeader,''' etc., etc. History,''^ a "History of England,'" " The Histmical Reader, " The United States Read> "-^ i«<74 NEW YORK: CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, No. 5 Barclay Street. 1874. Anderson's Historical Series. A Junior Class History of the United States. inustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. Price, $1.00. A Grammar School History of the United States. Annotated; and iUustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than forty maps, many of which are colored. 300 pp. 16mo. Price, $1.20. A Pictorial School History of the United States. Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.65. A Manual of General History, illustrated with beautifuuy colored maps showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 419 pp. 12mo. Price, $2.00. A School History of England, illustrated with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the country at different periods. 300 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.60. Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated with colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Price, $2.00. i lie rilStOriCal rveacler, embracing selections in prose and verse, from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Difficult Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 12mo. 544 pp. Price, $1.80. The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent American historians, orators, statesmen and poets, with explanatory observations, notes, etc. The whole arranged so as to form a complete class-manual of United States History, to which are added a Vocabulary of Difficult Words and a Biographical Index of Authors. 12mo. 414 pp. Price, $1.50. A School History of Rome. in preparation. A School History of Greece, in preparation. A School History of France. in preparation. An Introductory School History of the United States. From 1492 to 1875. A class-book for advanced grades on the catechetical plan. Illustrated with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. Price, 60 cents. A Common School History of the United States. On the catechetical plan. Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. 16mo. Price, $1.00. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874 by JOHN J. ANDERSON, in the oflace of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PEEFAOE This work is designed, as its title indicates, for elementary classes. The narrative is brief and simple. Expressions not easily intelligible by pupils of a grade sufficiently adA^anced to commence the study of history, have been carefully avoided ; but, at the same time, no attempt has been made to lower the style to the grade of a book for the nursery. All the important facts in the history of our country have been included in the text. Additional statements, referring to certain matters of detail — interesting incidents, anecdotes, biographical sketches, etc. — are supplied by notes. These, when read in connection with the text, cannot fail to make the study of the history more entertaining to the young pupil, and will aid in durably impressing upon his memory the main facts of the history. The arrangement is adapted to the topical method of reci- tation — the best for history, since this branch of study should, as far as possible, be made the means of training the pupil so that he may acquire the habit of full, ready, and accurate expression. Hence, verbatim repetition should be discouraged, and the general topical headings at the com- mencement of the jjaragraphs used as much as possible at first, the questions at the foot of the page being employed, when necessary, to bring out a fuller statement by the pupil. Preface, The manner in which the dates have been inserted will commend itself to the good sense of the teacher. Only those of importance are given, and not generally so as to form an essential part of the narrative. The maps and map questions will prove a very valuable aid in explaining the text where places are referred to ; since no clear knowledge of historical facts can be obtained with- out a distinct acquaintance with the location of the places with which they are connected. The plan, in this respect, pursued by the Author in his previously-published works, has been carefully adhered to in this. Most of the illustrations have been engraved specially for this work, and will, it is believed, not only serve to render it attractive to young minds, but will aid very greatly in deep- ening the impression made by the narrative. As a supplement to the series of School Histories pre- viously presented by the Author to the public, it is hoped that this book may supply the demand, now so urgent, for a brief and simple, yet complete, manual of United States History. OOl^TE^TS. PERIOD I. Discoveries akd Settlements. CHAPTEB PAGE I. Discovery of America 11 II. Other Discoveries by the Spanish 22 III. Discoveries by the French and English 27 IV. Virginia 31 V. New England 42 VI. New York and New Jersey . . 61 VII. Pennsylvania and Delaware 69 VIII. Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia 73 IX. French Colonies and Wars 80 X. Civil Progress and Social Condition of the Colonies 96 Chronological Summary 102 Topics for Review 104 PERIOD II. From the Close op the French and Indian War to THE Adoption of the National Constitution. XI. Causes of the American Revolution 105 XII. The War for Independence 110 XIII. Events to the Adoption of the Constitution 144 Topics for Review 148 Contents, PERIOD III. From the Ii^auguratiok of Washikgtoi^ to the Present Time. CHAPTEK PAGE XIV. Washington's Administration 149 XV. Administrations of Adams and Jefferson 154 XVI. Madison's Administration 162 XVII. Administrations from MaIdison to Polk 171 XVIII. Administrations from Tyler to Lincoln 182 XIX. Lincoln's Administration. The Great Civil War. 197 XX. Johnson's and Grant's Administrations 228 XXI. Civil Progress op the Nation 231 Chronological Summary 239 Topics for Review 242 APPENDIX. Declaration op Independence Constitution op the United States HOW TO TEACH HISTORY. Lessons should he assigned and recitations heard, not so much in con- formity iDith rules as in accordance with circumstances. ASSIGNIJ^G THE LESSON. 1. ''Give out" a short lesson, at tlie same time designating a map to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, among other things, the location of the important places mentioned in the lesson. ^^ Let it be understood that no lesson is learned by a pupil until he has learned how every place mentioned in it is located. 2. Let the lessou be read by the class, care being taken to have all the proper names correctly pronounced. Endeavor, also, to give interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throwing in his- torical incidents, and referring to authors. RECITATIOI^. 3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. In this duty the teacher may be aided very much by a system of examinations carried out by the pupils themselves, who will derive benefit in many respects by the exercise. 4. Bring out the facts of the lesson with clearness, particularly the relation of causes to results. If any question is not fully answered, put others to elicit what has been omitted. Then ask the first ques- tion again, requiring it to be properly answered. Of course the teacher should in all cases aim to have his questions answered with intelligence. Use outline wall-maps, and question freely on the geography. Occa- sionally have the maps drawn on the blackboard. ^^ Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear that the pupil is acquainted with the location of the places referred to in it. REVIEWS. 5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition ])lan, by written diagrams, or brief sketches, should occasionally be used. The " Topics for Review," at different places in the book, will furnish an exhaustive supply of subjects for these brief composition exercises, as well as for off-hand oral narratives. 6. Do not require dates too freely, — the month and the day of the month in no case, unless there is a special reason for it. Take the date of an important event as a turning point ; and, when it is well fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the train of events as causes, and on the other the train of results. History of the United States. PERIOD I. DiSCOYEEIES AIS-D SeTTLEMEI^TS. CHAPTEK I. The Discovery of America. LANDING OF Columbus. 1. The Conti- nents Most pu- pils, before they commence the study of this book, will have seen a map of the Eastern and the Western Hemisphere These, they know, represent the two halves of the surface ot the earth, which is round like a ball. They have also^eamed ofHispaniola, St. Domingo, or Hayti .' 1 2 History of the United States, that each hemisphere contains a large extent of land, one being called the Eastern Continent and the other the Western Continent. 2, The Western Continent — Now, although we know of events that happened in the Eastern Continent thousands of years ago, scarcely anything was known of the Western Con- tinent, or of its inhabitants, until about four hundred years ago. Previous to that time, people knew only of parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and of the latter chielly those parts that lie on or near the Mediterranean Sea. 5. The Nortlmnen, or Normans, — In the northern part of Europe, in a country called Norway, there lived about a thousand years ago, a very bold and hardy race of people, who built small ships in which they sallied forth and made voyages to distant countries. They were fierce warriors as well as seamen. No dangers, either of the land or the ocean, could daunt them. As they lived in the north, they were called Northmen, Norsemen, or Normans. 4. discovery of Greenland Some of these people, between eight and nine centuries ago, venturing a long way out on the ocean, came to the island of Iceland, and afterwards discovered that part of America Avhich is called Greenland, where they made settlements. But these, after flourishing more than a hundred years, perished, and were almost entirely forgotten. It is certain, also, that the Nortli- men visited Labrador, Newfoundland, and, perhaps, ^New England, and that the last named they called Vineland, from the abundance of grapes which they found there.* * " They called the land Vineland (or Vinland), by reason of the grapes and a kind land. The story goes that Lief, the Fortunate, almost as soon as he landed, missed a little old German servant of his father, Tyrker by name, and was vexed thereat : during the night he seeks him, and meets him Text Questions.— 1. What are the Continents? 2. When did the Western Continent become known ? What was known of the Eastern Continent ? What of Africa ? 3. Who were the Northmen ? What was their character ? Why were they called Northmen, or Normans ? 4. How were Iceland and Greenland dis- covered? When were settlements made ? What other places did the Northmen visit ? What country did they call Vineland ? Discovery of America, 13 5, Progress of Geography — But there came a time, long after the voyages of these daring Northmen, when peo- ple began to desire to know what was on the other side of the great ocean which washed the shores of their countries. Bold navigators arose who studied geography, made maps and charts of the seas over which they had sailed, and tried to find a way by which they might learn more of the surface of the globe on which they lived. In these efforts they were greatly aided by the mariner's compass, which had recently come into use. 6*. The Shape of the Earth. — Most people would not believe that the earth was a globe. They thought it was flat, and that if any one should sail across the ocean, he might come to the end of the earth, and would be in dan- ger of falling off.- The men of science, however, were of a different opinion: they believed the earth to be round, and they wished to learn more about its surface ; but these men were comparatively very few. 7. Coliunhus, — One of the boldest and wisest among them was Cliristojjher CohwiMis, a na- tive of Genoa {jen'-o-ah), in Italy. He had studied the subject for years, and had made himself fa- miliar with all that was then known of the science of geog- raphy, of which he was very fond. He had also made many voyages. This great man formed coming back with smackino; lips, and talking highly excited in his old na- tive German tongue ; and when they got him to talk Norse, he said, ' I have news for you. I found vines and grapes for you.' ' Is this true, foster father? ' ' It 'is/ says the German, ' for I was brought up where there was never a lack of grapes ! ' " — Charles Kim/slei/. 5. How was progress made hi Geoo;raphv? By Avhat were navigators aided? 6. What wass tlionglit of the sliape of the earth ? What did the men of science be^ lieve? 7. Who was Christopher Columbus ? His si udie;^ and voyages? His proj- ect to sail westward ? Its object ? Chkistopher Columbus. 14 History of the United States, the bold project of sailing westward across the vast ocean, where no ships had ever before been known to go. The object of this undertaking was to find a short way to a cer- tain rich country in the southeastern part of Asia and the islands near it, called India, or the Indies. 8. The Indies — the route to it, — Many persons had already gone to -this country and these islands, and had brought back very exciting accounts of the riches to be found there, as well as of the singular character of the people, the animals, the plants, etc.* A considerable commerce was carried on with these countries ; and rich silks, precious stones, spices, and other valuable products were brought thence ; but the journey to and from the Indies was long and dangerous. Vessels sailed through the Mediterranean Sea to the northeastern part of Africa, where they were un- laden, and the goods were carried on the backs of camels across the Isthmus of Suez, and thence again by ^lip down the Red Sea, and through the Indian Ocean to the Indies. Sometimes the goods were carried overland through Asia, with great labor, difficulty, and expense. 9, Cities inade rich by trade with India, — Venice, Florence, and Genoa, cities in the northern part of Italy, actively engaged in this trade with the East, and thus became > the chief marts for all the rich merchandise. They con- sequently became very rich and prosperous, and excited the envy of other cities and nations, who greatly desired to share in this profitable trade. This they felt they would be able to do, if another way to reach the Indies could be found. * The first and most extensive traveler among the eastern nations was Marco Polo, a Venetian, who passed seventeen years in the service of the Khan of Tartary, during which he visited the chief countries and cities of Eastern Asia, among them Japan, the existence of which was not previously known. He returned to Venice in 1295 ; and subsequently a very interesting account of his travels was written, which had a wonderful effect in encourag- ing geographical research. It led to the two great discoveries : of America, by Columbus ; and of the Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese. 8. What is said of the Indies ? The route thither ? 9. What cities engaged in the trade ? What did other cities desire ? Discovery of America. 10, The Portuguese entei'prises. — The people of Por- tugal had made great efforts to accomplish this by sailing southwardly along the west coast of Africa, hoping to be able, if they could sail far enough, to find a way around it, and thus render the passage of the Isthmus of Suez un- necessary. The foremost in encouraging this undertaking was Prince Henry of Portugal, who sent out many vessels, one after the other, each of which succeeded in going farther than the preceding one. It was not, however, until after the voyage of Columbus, that any of the Portuguese vessels suc- ceeded in reaching the Cape of Good Hope, and passing around it into the Indian Ocean (1497). 11, Ideas and plan of Columbus, — Columbus believed that the shortest way was to cross the Atlantic Ocean; for, while he knew that the earth was round, he did not know its size, and therefore had the idea that the shores of Asia were on the other side of that ocean, being, of course, igno- rant of the fact that a great continent lay between Asia and Europe. He felt sure he was right ; and that, if he could obtain the aid he required in order to supply himself with ships and other necessary things for a long voyage, he should make great discoveries. 12, Sow Ms plan was received, — Most of those to whom he spoke of his plan, laughed at it. The idea that there could be people on the other side of the earth, walking with their heads downward, seemed to them absurd. Some thought that, since the earth is round, a ship, in going a long way across the ocean, would be sailing down hill, and that it could never return. Others spoke of terrific monsters living in the regions beyond the great sea. Few sailors could be persuaded to think of such a voyage. IS, Why Columbus was confident, — But Columbus was too wise and brave to have any such notions and fears. 10. What had the Portuguese accomplished? What is said of Prince Henry? When was the Cape of Good Hope first passed? 11. What did Columbus believe was the best way to reach India ? Why ? 12. How was his plan received? What was thought of it ? 13. What made Columbus feel sure that he was right ? Discovery of America. 17 He was confident that beyond the great sea there existed lands which were inhabited by human beings. Indeed, he knew that pieces of carved wood, and even human bodies had been borne by westerly winds across the ocean, and thrown by the waves upon the shores of the islands called the Azores', the most westerly land then known. 14:. Sow the King of Portugal treated him The King of Portugal was the first monarch from whom he asked the assistance he needed; but this monarch was mean and dishonest. After hearing the views of Columbus, he secretly sent out a ship to make the discovery, and thus obtain all the honor and profit for himself; but the Portuguese captain, after sailing some time without seeing any glimpse of land, re- turned, and reported that Columbus was mistaken. 15. From tvhom he obtained ai^Z.—Columbus had pre- viously made proposals to his native city, Genoa, but without success. From Portugal he went to Spain, and petitioned Ferdinand and Isabella, who reigned over that countr}^, to undertake the enterprise. For a long time his efforts to convince them of the truth of his views were unsuccess- ful; but finally, when he told the good and pious Queen Isabella of all the lands which he expected to dis- i&abella. cover, and the heathen people who were to be converted to Christianity, she became deeply interested in the plan, and offered to pawn her jewels to obtain the money needed to procure the ships, men, and provisions, required to carry it into effect. 16. Sailing of Columbus, — At last, aided by Isabella, the preparations for the voyage were completed. With three small 14. To whom did he first apply for aid ? What did the Kins of Portugal do ? 16. To whom did he next apply ? What induced Isabella to offer him aid ? 16. How and when did he sail ? From what port ? What appointment had he received ? History of tJie United States. ships and about ninety sailors, Columbus set out from a port in the southern part of Spain, called Palos {pah'-loce), (Aug. 12, 1492), after he had spent about twenty years in arranging his plans and getting the aid needed to carry them into effect. He had been appointed by the queen admiral of the fleet, and was to be yiceroy of all the countries which he should dis- cover. 17, Incidents of the voyage, — For sixty days Columbus and his companions continued to sail westward, but without discovering land : they saw nothing but the vast ocean all around them. Then the sailors became alarmed, and re- solved they would go no farther. They even threatened to throw their brave admiral into the sea. But Columbus re- mained firm; he persuaded, entreated, and threatened by turns, the mutinous men ; and finally told them that if in a few days he did not find land, he would return. 18, Discovery of land, — Soon, however, the signs that they were approaching land became very numerous. Birds w^ere seen, fresh branches of trees floated near them, and the wind wafted the fragrance of flowers and foliage to the ships. At length, about ten o'clock on the night of Oc- tober 11th, Columbus himself saw a light, and the next morning land was plainly in view (October 12, 1492). The heart of Columbus beat with joy. 19, The island and its 2)eo2)le. — This land was found to be a beautiful island, and very soon the Spaniards saw the inhabitants flocking to the shore to see the strange ships — objects unlike anything they had ever seen before. These people were without clothing, and seemed to be a simple and harmless race. Columbus called them Indians, for he thought he had reached one of the islands of the Indies. 17. What were the chief incidents of the voyacje ? How did he quiet the mutinon? sailors? 18. What siirns of land became visible? When was land discovered? 19. What was it found to be? Describe the natives? What were they called by Columbus ? Wliy ? Discovery of America. 19 20, Lmiding of Colunihus — Soon the Spaniards landed, Columbus leading them, clothed in a gorgeous dress of scar- let, and bearing .the royal standard in his hand. They all threw themselves on their knees, kissed the ground, and re- turned thanks to God for their preservation, and for the great discovery they had made. Columbus drew his sword and solemnly took possession of the island in the names of Ferdinand and Isabella, naming it San Salvador, which means Holy Saviour.'^ 21, Conduct of the sailors and natives, — The sailors who had been so mutinous were then very repentant. They knelt before Columbus and begged his forgiveness, promis- ing thereafter to obey his commands. Indeed, they almost worshiped him as a superior being. As for the simple na- tives, it may be imagined with what awe and wonder they gazed on this scene. At first they fled to the woods in terror, but seeing that no attempt was made to harm them, they re- turned and approached their strange visitors. 22, Description of the natives, — They were a copper- colored people, having straight, coarse, black hair, but no beards ; and their faces and bodies were painted with various colors. They were greatly pleased with the glass beads and other trinkets which the Spaniards gave them, and freely ex- changed for these such provisions as they had, and the little ornaments of gold which they wore.f The latter chiefly caught the attention of the Spaniards, who desired to know where they got that metal. The natives pointed to the so2ith as the place where it abounded. * This island is one of a large gronp of islands, called the Ba-ha'-mas. The natives called it Guanahani {gwah-nah-hah'-ne). f " So loving, so tractable, so peaceable are the people," says Columbus in his journal, " That I declare to your Majestibrf there is not in the world a better nation, nor a better land. They love their neighbors as themselves ; and their discourse is ever sweet and gentle, and accompanied with a smile ; and though it is true that they are naked, yet their manners are decorous and praiseworthy." — Irving' s Life of Columbus. 20. Describe the landing of Cohimbus. wT did he call the island ? 21. What was the conduct of the sailori? ? Of the nativo.-? 22. Character of the natives? Their goid trinkets?? 20 History of the United States, 23. Other discoveries of Columbus, — After staying a few days at San Salvador, Columbus sailed in a southerly direction, and soon discovered other islands, the largest of which was named C^iia. Another large island he called His-- pmi-i-o'-la {Little Spain). On all these islands, he was treated with kindness by the natives ; and on his departure he left a small colony at Hispaniola.* 24. Return of Columbus — other voyages, On his re- turn to Spain, Columbus was received with very great honor ; and the news of his wonderful discovery produced great interest and astonishment. \ He afterward made other voy- ages ; and, in 1498, succeeded in reaching the continent of South America, near the mouth of a large river, called the O-rin-o'-co. He was not, however, aware that it was a con- tinent, still supposing the lands he had found to be islands near Asia. 25. Columbus in chains — his death, — In his third voy- age, the Spaniards rebelled against his authority, and sent liim back to Spain in chains. In this condition he appeared * Hispaniola was afterwards called San Domingo. The name of Hayti {ha -tee) was given to it after the French were expelled in 1803. t " To receive him with suitable pomp and distinction, the sovereigns had ordered their throne to be placed in public, under a rich canopy of brocade of gold, in avast and splendid saloon. Here the king and queen awaited his arrival, seated in state, with the Prince Juan beside them, and attended by the dignitaries of their court, * * all impatient to behold the man who had conferred so inctilculable a benefit upon the nation. At length Columbus entered the hall, surrounded by a brilliant crowd of cavaliers, among whom, says Las Casas, he was conspicuous for his stately and commanding person, which, with his countenance, rendered venerable Vjy his gray hair, gave him the august appearance of a senator of Rome ; a modest smile lighted up his features, showing that he enjoyed the state and glory in which he came. As Columbus approached, the sovereigns arose, as if receiving a person of the • highest rank. Bending his knees, he offered to kiss their hands ; but there was some hesitation on their part to permit this act of homage. Raising him in the most gracious manner, they ordered him to seat himself in their presence, a rare honor in this proud and punctilious court." — Irving's Life of Columbus. 23. What other discoveries did Columbus make? Where did he leave a small colony? 24. How was Cohunbus received on his return ? What other voyage did he make ? When did he discover the Continent? What did he suppose it to be? 25. What happened in his third voyage? How was he treated by the queen ? By the king ? His fourth voyage ? Discovery of America. 2 1 before Isabella, wlio was greatly moved at the sight, and ordered the chains to be taken off. The king, however, treated him with base ingratitude, never restoring him to his ofhce as viceroy, which had been promised him. He after- wards made a fourth voyage, in which he explored a part of the coast of Darien (1502). » 26, Columbus, poor and neglected, died in Spain in 1506, being about seventy years of age. The king, who had treated him so ungratefully while he lived, gave him a pompous funeral. * It is sad to think that this great and good man should not have received the rcAvards to which he was entitled for pointing out the way to a new world. The Spanish courtiers, too, were jealous of his fame and of the respect with which the good queen treated him. f 27, Origin of the name America, — The success of Co- lumbus induced many other navigators to make voyages across the Atlantic ocean, among them Amerigo Vespucci {ah-md-re' -go ves-poot'-chee), an Italian (1499), who, on his return, wrote an interesting account of the country dis- covered. This account was published some time after, and thus the continent came to be called after him, America. X * His body was deposited in a convent at Val-la-do-lid', Spain, but was afterward removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years after, it was taken across the Atlantic to Hispaniola, and finally, two hundred and sixty years later, was carried with great ceremony to the cathedral at Havana, its pres- ent resting place. t " A short time after his return from his first voyage, the Grand Car- dinal of Spain invited Columbus to a banquet, where he assigned him the most honorable place at table. A shallow courtier present, impatient of the honors paid to Columbus, and meanly jealous of him as a foreigner, abruptlv asked him whether he thought that, in case he had not discovered the Indies, there were not other men in Spain who would have been capable of the enterprise. To this, Columbus made no immediate reply, but, taking an egg, invited the company to make it stand on one end. Every one attempted it, but in vain ; whereupon he struck it upon the table so a*s to break the end, and left it standing on the broken part ; illustrating in this simple man- ner that when he had once shown the way to the New World, nothing was easier than to follow it." — Irvinr/'s Life of Columbus. t " The name America was first applied to the New World in a work 26. When and how did lie die? His funeral ? 27. How did the country receive the name of America ? Who was Amerigo Vespucci ? 2 2 History of the Uiiited States. CHAPTEK II. Other Discoveries by the Spaniards. 1, jyiscovery of the Pacific Ocean, — For some time the Spaniards continued to explore the regions in the northern part of South America ; and in 1513 one of the boldest, named Bal-bo'-a, with a small company, crossed the Isthmus of Da-ri-en', and after many hardships reached the shore of the great ocean that stretches beyond. Ignorant of the ex- tent of the vast body of water that he saw spread out before him to the southward of the Isthmus, he called it the South Sea. 2, Magellan's voyage, — ^hi years afterwards, a Por- tuguese navigator, named Ma-gel'-lan, commanding a Span- ish squadron consisting of five ships, sailed from Spain to the southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, and discovered the strait which was named after him. Passing through this strait, he reached the ocean previously discovered by Balboa, and sailed across it. This ocean he called the Pacific, that is, peaceful, for he experienced very mild weather on entering it, and for several days after. 3, Voyage round the tvorld, — Unfortunately, this bold sailor was slain in a battle with the warlike natives of one of the Phil-ip-pine' Islands ; but his ship kept on the voyage written by Martin Waldseemuller, under an assumed name, and printed in Lor-raine', Germany, in 1507. This has been clearly proved by Humboldt. * * The Spaniards carefully avoided the use of the name America in their histories and official documents, in not one of which, anterior to the middle of the last century, can the word be found."— Greenhow's Hist, of Oregon and California. A copy of Waldseemuller's book is among the " Literary Curiosities," under a glass case in the British Museum. Another copy was procured by the Hon. Charles Sumner, during liis last visit to Europe. It is not known that there is a third copy in existence. The work is in Latin. Map Questions.— Where is Florida? (Map, p. 10.) Mexico? (Map. p. 10.) Straits of Magellan ? (Map of S. America.) Philippine Islands ? (Pacific Ocean.) Text Questions.— 1. Whit was done by Balboa? What did he call the body of water he discovered? 2. Who was Magellan? What voyage did he make? What did he discover? What ocean did he cross ? Why was it called the Pacific? Discoveries and Explorations. 23 westward, passed the Cape of Good Hope, and in this way reached Spain, thus completing the first Y03^age ever made around the Avorld (1519-22). This yoyage, of course, proved America to be a different continent from the Eastern Conti- nent, and it was therefore called the We8tern Continent, or Neio World. The islands among which Columbus had sailed were named the West Indies. 4. Voyage of Poti-ce' de Le-oii'. — Among a large group of these islands, called the Bahamas, it had been reported that there was one which contained a very wonderful spring which would restore to youthful health and vigor any one who should drink of it, or bathe in its waters. Hearing of this report, a soldier of distinction, named De Leon [clci Jd-on'), who had sailed with Columbus in some of liis voyages, determined to go in quest of it (1512), for he was of advanced age, and eagerly desired to be young once more. 5. Discovery of Florida — He sailed about for some time among these islands, but the fountain of perpetual youth was nowhere to be found. While thus engaged, however, he came to a very beautiful country, to which he gave the name of Florida, or the Land of Flowers, for the trees all along its shores were covered with bright and fragrant blossoms. It was Easter Sunday when this land was reached, and the mariners had abundance of flowers to celebrate that festival. De Leon, a few years afterward, returned to his newly-found land, and was mortally wounded in a battle with the natives. * 6. Discovery of Mexico— the inhabitants, — A short time after the discovery of Florida, Mexico was discovered, and the Spaniards were very much surprised to find that the inhabitants of that country, instead of being naked * " Wounded by an arrow, he returned to Cuba to die. * * The dis- coverer of Florida had desired immortality on earth, and gained its shadow." —Bancroft's His. U. S. 3. When and how was he slain ? How far did one of his ships sail ? What did this prove ? 4. What report existed in regard to the Bahamas ? What did this prompt? Who was Ponce de Leon? 5. What land did he reach? Why was it called Florida ? How did the death of de Leon occur ? 6, What was the character of the Mexicans ? Their king ? To what race did they helong ? 24 History of the United States. barbarians like the Indians, were a civilized nation, living in cities and towns, and having a regular government. Their temples and palaces were spacious and magnificent ; and the people were dressed in garments of cloth, and wore ornaments of gold and silver. Their king, who was named Mon-te-zu'- ma, it was said, was very rich. These people belonged to a race called the Aztecs. 7. Expeditio7i of Corfez—Cor'-tez, a brave but cruel soldier, was sent with about six hundred men to take pos- session of this country. He landed with his small army on the shores of Mexico in 1519 ; and, in order to com]3el his men to think only of conquest, by cutting off all hope of return, he destroyed his ships. He then marched through the country to the capital, situated about two hundred miles from the place of his landing, although messengers had been dispatched by Montezuma to the strangers, bearing rich presents, but forbidding them to advance into the country. 8. Death of Montezuma, — Nevertheless, the Spaniards were treated with great kindness and civility by Montezuma, on their arrival at the capital of his dominions ; but the designs of the strangers were soon apparent to the Mexi- cans, and they soon began to give tokens of hostility. To check this, Cortez artfully made a prisoner of the king, and induced him to counsel his people to submit. At this they were so much enraged, that they hurled stones and arrows at their monarch ; and from the effects of the injuries which he thus sustained he soon after died. CoiiTEZ. 7. Who was sent to conquer them ? What did he do on landing? 8. How were the Spaniards treated by Montezuma ? What caused the king's death ? Discoveries and Explorations. 2 5 9, Conquest of Mexico, — The Mexicans thereupon rose upon the Spaniards, drove them from their city, and pur- sued them with great fury. On the retreat, Cortez, finding that he must give battle or be destroyed, made a stand against his foes, and although his men were so few, he gained a vic- tory ; for the Spaniards wore armor and had fire-arms, against which the Mexicans had no means of contending. Aided by native tribes who had become dissatisfied with the rule of their king, Cortez returned to the city and made an entire conquest of the country (1521). 10, Cruelty of the Spmiiards, — It was the desire for gold that prompted these Spanish chieftains and their fol- lowers to such deeds of hardship and daring. To satisfy this cra^dng, they were guilty of the most shocking cruelties and crimes. Thus, after capturing the Mexican King Gua-ti- mo'-zin, the successor of Montezuma, these ruthless soldiers laid him on a bed of burning coals, to compel him to disclose where he had concealed his riches ; and a short time after- wards, Cortez ordered him to be hanged.* Thousands of the unfortunate Mexicans were slain by this relentless chief, and his soldiers, in completing the conquest of the country. 11, Spaniards in Florida, — Having found so much wealth in Mexico, the Spaniards thought they should be equally successful in exploring Florida ; \ and this belief was * " Gua-ti-mo'-zin bore whatever the refined cruelty of his tormentors could inflict, with the invincible fortitude of an American Avarrior. His fellow-sufferer, overcome by the violence of his ano:uish, turned a dejected eye towards his master, which seemed to implore his permission to reveal all he knew. But the high-spirited prince, darting on him a look of au- thority mingled with scorn, checked his weakness by asking, ' Am I now reposing on a bed of flowers V Overawed by the reproach, the favorite per- severed in his dutiful silence, and expired." — Eoberffiofi's History of America. t "It must be recollected that the name of Florida then designated a vast extent of country, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico, northwestwardly, towards unknown regions. The division of the country, as marked upon the maps, were Florida at the south, extending to the north of Chesapeake, and meeting New France." — Fairbanks' s History of Florida. 9. What followed ? How was Mexico conquered r 10. What was the motive of the Spaniards in these conquests? What cruelties did they commit ? Their treat- ment of Gnatimozin ? 11. What ideas were entertained in regard to Florida? Whose ambition was incited by reports of its wealth ? Who was De Soto ? 2 26 Histo7^y of the United States. strengthened by the reports of some persons who had wandered through a part of that country. These statements particu- larly incited the ambition and avarice of a rich and brave cavalier, named De Soto, who had already gained wealth and distinction in the con- quest of Peru. 12. De Soto\*i Expedition, — He therefore sought and obtained per- mission from the king of Spain to conciuer this country, at his own ex- De Soto. ^ ^' pense, and was also appointed gov- ernor of Cuba. He soon succeeded in collecting a company of gay cavaliers, all brave, and thirsting for conquest and riches like himself, and caused ten vessels to be equipped for the voyage. With these and his little army of about six hundred men, he set sail for the New World in 1538. After stopping at Cuba and leaving his wife to govern that island, he sailed to Florida, and in the summer of 1539, commenced his march towards the fancied land of gold. 13. Discovery of tJie Mississippi. — For nearly three years, he and his companions wandered in the wilderness, suffering dreadful hardships ; for the natives were warlike and hostile, and constantly opposed the invaders' march. In 1541, they reached the banks of the Mississippi River, which they crossed and penetrated into the region beyond.* Worn out at last with hardships, care, and disappointment, for there were no signs of the M Dorado, or land of Gold, which he expected to find, De Soto returned to the Mississippi. There he was stricken with disease, and death, in a few days, relieved him of his miseries. * De Soto crossed the Mississippi not far from the 35th parallel of lati- tude ; and wandei-ed over the region probably as far north as the Missouri. 12. What permission and appointment did he obtain ? What preparations did he make ? When did he land in Florida? 13. How long did the Spaniards wander in ihe wilderness ? What river did they reach and crosa ? Where did De Soto die ? 1498.] Discoveries and Explorations. 27 14:. End of the Expedition, — His followers were greatly troubled by his death, for it was the fear of the great white chief that prevented the Indians from making an attack upon the invaders. The Spaniards, therefore, endeavored to conceal De Soto's death from the natives by sinking his remains in the waters of the great river which he had dis- covered.* A short time afterward, they succeeded in build- ing some frail boats, in which they sailed down the Missis- sippi to the Gulf, and finally reached a Spanish settlement. , CHAPTER III. Discoveries by the French akd Eitglish. 1, First Discoveries by the English, — The discoveries and explorations of the Spaniards were chiefly confined to the regions bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and the Ca- ribbean Sea, and the islands of the West Indies. A few 3^ears after the first voyage of Columbus, the English, under an Italian navigator named John Cab'-ot, reached Labrador ; and his son Sebastian, the following year (1498), sailed along the coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay. 2, Verrazzani's Voyage — The French, some time after this, sent out ships to make discoveries in the New World. Under an Italian navigator, named Verrazzani (ver-rat- * "Their condition, on the death of their commander, was most forlorn. Few of their horses remained alive ; their bacgaoe had been destroyed, and many of the soldiers were without armor and "weapons. In place of the .crallant array which, more than three years before, had left the harbor of Espiritu Santo, a company of sickly and starving men vere laborinjr among the swampy forests of the Mississippi, some clad in skins, and some in mats woven from a kind of wild vine." — Parhman. Map Questions. —(Map. p. 10.) Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? The St. Law rence River? New Brunswiclv ? Nova Scotia ? Newfoundland? Quebec? Cnpe Cod? Maine? Lake Champlain ? St. Augustine ? Elizabeth Islands ? What part of the country was called Carolina ? What, Virjrinia ? Text Questions.— 14, What was done with De Soto's remains ? Whv ? Plow did his followers escnpe? 1. To what were the discoveries and explorations of the Spaniards confined ? What were the first explorations made by the English ? 28 History of the United States. [1534. tsah'-ne), they sailed along the eastern shore of North Amer- ica from Cape Fear, entered the harbors of New York and Newport, and continued their voyage beyond Nova Scotia. Verrazzani called the country which he had seen New France. His voyage was made in 1524. S. Discovery of the St, Lawrence, — A few years after this (1534) the French, under another navigator, named Cartier verkazzani. [car-te-d'), discovered the great river St. Lawrence, and tried to form a settlement on its banks, but they were not successful. Quebec, the oldest town in Canada, was not founded till 1608. 4. Settleinents of the French Protestants, — But long before this, the French Protestants tried to find, in the regions farther south, a home where they might live in peace and worship God in freedom. They made a settlement in Carolina (1562), but this was soon after abandoned ; * and then they attempted another in Florida (1564), but the set- tlers were killed by the Spaniards, who claimed all that region as their own. The Spaniards then (1565) founded St. Au- gustine, now the oldest town in the United States. 5. Acadia and Port Moyal, — Many years afterward * 'Trom the beacli at Hilton Head (Carolina), they watched the receding ships growing less and less on the vast expanse ot blue, dwindling to faint specks, then vanishing on the pale verge of the waters (1562). They were alone in those fearful solitudes. From the North Pole to Mexico, there was no Christian denizen but them." — Parhnan. This was on the departure of Ribaut [re-ho'), the chief of_ the expedition. " Twenty-six men remained to keep possession of the continent." There, after Avaiting in vain several months for the return of Kibaut, they, put to sea in a small vessel which they had constructed. The sufferings which they endured on the voyage, because of their want of food, were frightful, but a remnant of their number at length reached France. " One day they cast lots for the life of one of their number, who was sacrificed, and .his flesh di- vided equally." — Fairhank's History of Florida. 2. Give an account of Verrazzaiii's voyage. What name did he give to the coun- try? 3 When and by whom was the St. Lawrence River discovered? When was Quebec founded ? 4. Where, before this, did tiie French Protestants try to settle ? What is Slid of the settlement in Carolina? In Florida ? What town was settled by the Spaniards in 1565 ? 1605.] Discoveries by the French and English. 29 (1605), Protestants from France settled in a region called by them Acadia, which included the present provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Their first town was named Port Royal, for it had a magnificent harbor. 6, Chainplain. — An expedition, under a leader named Champlain, entered the St. Lawrence in 1608;* and the next year, with an Indian war-party, Champlain sailed up the lake which now boars his name, being the first European to gaze upon its expansive waters and picturesque shores (1609). 7. Drake's Voyage, — During the reign of the famous Queen Elizabeth, a very remarkable voyage was made by Francis Drake, a noted English captain. After cruising about for several months, he passed through the strait of Magellan, and entered the Pacific Ocean, for the purpose of plundering the Spanish settlements on the coast of South America. Sailing north as far as the 42 d parallel, he stopped at one of the harbors — probably San Francisco Bay — to refit (1579) ; and thence steered across the Pacific, returning by that route to England (1580). This was the first voyage round the world after that of Magellan, f * " Five years before, he had explored the St. Lawrence as far as the rapids above Montreal. On its banks, as he thought, Avas the true site for a settle- ment, a fortified post, Avhence, as from a secure basis, the waters of the vast interior might be traced back to their sources, and- a western route discovered to China and the East. Fain, too, would he unveil the mystery of that boundless wilderness, and plant the Catholic faith and the power of France amid its ancient barbarism." — Parhnan. t The western coast of North America was first explored by the Span- iards. Expeditions, sent by Cortez, examined the California peninsula. Alarcon {uk-lar'-son), 6ent by the governor of Mexico in 1540, ascended the Colorado River beyond the Gila (he'-lah) ; and Coronado {ko-ro-nah' -do) , also sent at the same time, wandered for three years over the regions now known as Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (1.540-1543). In 1542, Cabrillo [cab-reel' -yo) , commanding two vessels, sent by the Mexican governor, examined the coast as far as the northern limits of San Francisco Bay ; but, dying, his pilot, Fer-re'-lo, next year continued the exploration as far north, probably, as the latitude of 43 degrees. 5. When and by whom was Acadia settled ? What did it include ? What was the first settlement? 6. What is said of Champlain's expedition? What lake did he discovoi ? 7. What remarkable voyage was made during Queen Elizabeth's reign ? What route did Drake take ? In what year did he reach England ? 30 History of the United States, [isss. 8, GilherVs Voyage — During the same reign, the Eng- lish made several attempts to form settlements in the New World. Sir Humphrey Gilbert tried to plant a colony on the island of Newfoundland (1583), but failed, and on his return, his vessel foundered, and all on board perished.* 9. lialeiffh's Expedition,— Virginia. — The next year, the celebrated courtier. Sir Walter Raleigh (rmo'-le), sent out two vessels, with a similar purpose. These sailed to the coast of Carolina, and the voy- agers landed on Roanoke Island. They found the region very de- lightful ; and, on their return, told the queen of its beauty and fertility, who, therefore, said it should be called Virginia, for it had been discovered during the reign of the virgin* queen. 10. Other Expeditions by the EnglisJi. — Other expeditions were sent out by Raleigh, f but they did not succeed in making a permanent settle- * " Gilbert hncl sailed in the Squirrel, a bark of ten tons only, and, there- fore, convenient for entering harbors, and approaching the coast. On the homeward voyage, the brave admiral would not forsake his little company, with whom he had encountered so many storms and perils. A des])erate resolution ! The Aveather was extremely rough ; the oldest mariner had never seen 'more outrageous seas.' The little frigate, not more than twice as large as the long-boat of a merchantman, ' too small a bark to pass through the ocean sea at that season of the year,' was nearly wrecked. The general, sitting abaft with a book in his hand, cried out to those in the hind, ' We are as near to heaven by sea as by land.' That same night, the lights of the Squirrel suddenly disappeared ; and neither vessel, nor any of its crew, was ever seen again." — Bancroft. f The tobacco plant was first carried to England by some of Raleigh's re- turning colonists, and he introduced the habit of smoking it. "It is related that when his servant entered his room with a tankard of ale, and for the first time saw the smoke issuing from his master's month and nostrils, he cast the liquor in his face. Terribly frightened, he alarmed the household with the intelligence that Sir Walter was on fire." 8. What was done during Queen Elizabeth's reisn? Give an account of Gilbert's voyage. 9. Give an account of the expedition sent out by Raleigh. Why was the country called Virginia? Raleigh. 1602.] Virginia, 31 ment. Bartholomew Gosnold, a noted captain, who dis- covered Cape Cod* in 1602, also tried to plant a colony, selecting for its site one of the Elizabeth Islands, which he had discovered and named \\ but the settlers became alarmed at the Indians, and, discouraged by the want of supplies, soon returned to England. The southern shores of Maine were also explored by the English about this time (1603). CHAPTER lY. VlRGII^IA. -Z. Although the English had failed, in the expeditions they had sent out, to make settlements in the newly-discovered regions beyond the ocean, they were not discouraged. Ea- leigh could send no more ships to America : he was kept in prison by King James, the successor of the great queen ; for he had been condemned on a charge of treason.]; But the accounts given of the fertility, delightful climate, and wealth of Virginia, made many desire to go there, to bring back some * Cape Cod was the first spot in New England ever trod by Englishmen. f " The westernmost of the islands was named Elizabeth, from the queen — a name which has been transferred to the whole group. There is on the island a pond, and within it lies a rocky islet. This was the position which the adventurers selected for their residence. Here they built their store- house and their fort : and here the foundations of the first New England colony were to be laid." — Bancroft. J During his imprisonment he wrote a History of England. Being re- leased, in order that he might point out a gold mine which he said existed in the northern part of South America, and having failed in the expedition, he was, on his return, beheaded, under the sentence which for several years had been forgotten CI6I8). " He met death with the most heroic indiiference. Before he laid his head upon the block he felt the edge of the ax, and said, with a smile upon his face, that it was a sharp medicine, but would cure the worst disease. When he was bent down, ready for death, he said to the executioner, finding that he hesitated, ' What dost thou fear ? Strike, man ! ' So the ax came down and struck his head off, in the sixty-sixth year of his age." — Dicken.fs England. Text Questions.— 10. What other expeditions were sent out by the English? Who discovered Cape Cod ? Where did Gosnold attempt a settlement ? With what result? What exploration was made in 1603 ? 1. What induced lurtlier attempts to settle Virginia? 32 History of the United States, I Map Questions.— Name Ave rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. What two capes* are at the entrance of the bay ? To what large body of water is Chesapeake Bay tributary ? An^.— The Atlantic, Ocean. How was Jamestown situated ? Into what body of water docs the Chowan River flow? What other river flows into Albemarle Sound ? How is the Island of Roanoke situated ? 1607.] Virginia. 33 Seal, of Virginia. The command of its rich products, or to find a home in which they might Hve in ease and idleness. ^. London Company, — A number of rich men, noble- men, merchants, and others, formed a company called the London Com- pany, and obtained from the king a grant of land Ipng between the thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth par- allels, which they were empowered to settle and govern. This company provided three small ships, provisions, tools, etc., and sent out a colony con- sisting of one hundred and five men, who were to make a settlement in Virginia, was given to Captain Christopher Newport. 3. Settlement at Jamestotvn, — They were directed to settle on Roanoke Island, but Avere driven by adverse winds northward into Chesapeake Bay, and discovered a river, which they named James River, in honor of the king. They found the country very delightful, and sailing up this stream about fifty miles, they selected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown (1607). 4. Character of the Colonists — The men sent out were but poorly fitted to settle in a wild country. Of the one hundred and five, only twelve were laborers, and there were but few mechanics ; of the latter only four were carpen- ters. The greater number were poor gentlemen, bankrupt tradesmen, and idle adventurers — men who, having wasted their fortunes in dissipation, were eager to repair them in order to renew their former life of slothful enjoyment. Such men Avere of little use in cutting down trees and bnilding huts ; and hence the work went on slowly. 5. Dissensions afnong the Colonists, — Even before they 2. What was the London Company ? What grant was made to it ? What expe- dition was sent out ? 3. Where was a settlement made ? 4. What was the char- acter of the settlers ? 2* 34 History of the United States. [1607. landed, quarrels had broken out among the emigrants, and these became more bitter as they were compelled to en- dure the labor and hardships of a life in the wilderness. They selected for their president a man named Wing'-field ; but he was mean and selfish ; and as their troubles increased from want and sickness, it was found that he had arranged to desert them, taking away their provisions and their only vessel. They accordingly deposed him, and appointed in his place one Rat'-clille. He, however, proved entirely incajpable of the task of governing the colony (1607). 6, John Sinith, — But there was one man among the emigrants who was equal to the task. This was the famous Captain John Smith.* Jealous of his fame and his great abilities, the leaders of the expedition had quarreled with him on board of the ship, and had placed him. in confinement, but, on landing, he had been released. Finding that he was not allowed to be of use in the settlement, he had busied him- self in exploring the country, and had some wild and romantic ad- ventures with the Indians. 7. Smith and Pocahontas — Once, as he narrated, he was captured by the savages, and conducted to the great chief Pow-ha-tan', who, after considerable deliberation, condemned him to death. Smith was accordingly bound, and his head * Smith had traveled through a large part of Europe, and had passed a very adventurous life. He had fouirht against the Turks ; had been cap- tured in battle, and made a slave ; had been rescued from slavery through the compassion of his Turkish mistress, and had been sent by her to Russia, where he was treated as a serf. Rising against his task-master, he slew him, and fled from the country. Thence, in search of new adventures and dan- gers, he went to Morocco ; and at length returned to England in time to embark in the enterprise of settling the New World. (See page 43, 1[ 2.) 5. What trouhles arose ? Who was marie president ? His character and conduct ? His successor ? 6. What is said of John Smith ? JoHK Smith. 1608.] Virginia. 35 placed on a block, while the Indian warrior stood ready to despatch him with his club, Avhen Pocahontas, the young daughter of Powhatan, rushed betAveen the ca^^tain and his foe, and begged her father to spare him. The stern savage was moved by the appeal, and ordered that the prisoner should be released.* 8, Conduct of the Indians, — At first, the Indians had been friendly to the settlers ; but the dissolute and un- ruly characters among the latter often treated the natives with insult, and robbed them of their corn. This produced liostilities which caused great suffering and distress in the colony. Pocahontas, however, was very friendly, and she and her companions often came to the fort to supply the English with corn. 9, Adniinistrcition of Smith, — Owing to the inefficiency of Ratcliffe, the colonists felt compelled to rely u2)on Smith to conduct their affairs. By his prudence and vigor he saved the colony ; for, on his return from his Indian ex- pedition, he found only forty of the settlers remaining, and the strongest of these were preparing to escape with the pin- nace ; but Smith turned the guns of the fort upon them, and compelled them to return. Smith, a few months later, was made president of the council (1608). 10, The Gold Excitement — Before this, one hundred and twenty new settlers had arrived, chiefly "vagabond gentlemen and goldsmiths ; " and finding a kind of glittering earth, which they thought was gold, there was for a time "no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." Captain Newport, indeed, returned to England with his vessel freidited with this worthless stuff. Mean- * Smith's own words are : " Pocahontas, the kind's clearest dauo^hter, j^ot his head in her ai*mes, and laid her owne upon his to save him fi'om death." This story is not now believed. It is thoujj:ht that when Smith wrote the ac- count (in 1622), he did so for the purpose of drawing attention to his adventures. 7, What story did Smith narrate of Pocahontas? 8. What was the conduct of the Indians ? 9. What was done by Smiih '? 10. What addition was made to the Bettleraent ? Describe the gold excitement. How did Smith employ himself ? 36 History of the United States. [leos. while, Smith, disgusted with the folly of the settlers, emjoloyed himself in exploring Chesapeake Bay and its tributary rivers, of which he made a map (1608). 11. Neiv A7'rivals.—^e\ei\iy other settlers arrived, of whom two Avere females ; and the Company sent out a demand that the colonists should send back a " large lump of gold," or should discover how the South Sea might be reached. The Attempt at Desektion Frustrated. They had become disappointed at the failure to realize any wealth from the expeditions, and threatened the settlers that they should be " left in Virginia as banished men," if they did not pay the costs of the expedition. 11. Starving Time. — Smith continued to manage the affairs of the colony Avith vigor and success ; but having been injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he was compelled to 11. What further addition to the s'^ttlenient was made? What did the London Company demand ? 12. Wliy did Smith leave the colony ? What hardships were suffered ? What is this period called ? 1610.] Virginia. 37 return to England to obtain surgical aid. There were nearly live hundred men in the colony when he left ; but so idle and lielpless were they, tliat in a few months famine and disease, and the hostilities of the Indians had reduced their number to sixty. This dreadful period, extending over the first half of 1610, was long remembered as the " starving time." 13, New Charter, — In the meantime, another charter had been obtained by the London Company, according to which Lord Delaware had been appointed governor of the colony (1609). Captain Newport, with Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Som'-ers, was sent to Virginia with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants, in ad- vance of the governor. A severe storm scattered the fleet, and the vessel containing the three commissioners was wrecked on the Somers, or Ber-mu'-da Islands. One of the other vessels foundered, so that only seven reached the James River. (See Map, p. 10.) 14, Arrival of Gates and Jiis Associates, — Those who had been Avrecked on the Bermudas succeeded at last in con- structing two small vessels, in which they reached James- town, expecting to find a flourishing colony ; but instead of that there was a dreadful scene of famine and death. The few that remained alive had resolved to leave the settlement, and sail to Newfoundland, where they hoped, by begging food from the fishermen, to be enabled to return to England. They were prevented from burning the fort and town only l)y the energy of Sir Thomas Gates, who, in the absence of the governor, ruled the colony (1610). 15, Lord Delaware's Administration, — They were sail- ing down the river when they met the vessels of the new governor, Lord Delaware, who had arrived with more em- igrants and supplies. This inspired them with fresh hope 13. What chaiiee occurred? Who was appointed governor? Who were sent in advance? What disaster happened? Where are the Bermuda Islands? (See Map, p. 10.) 14. How did Gates and his party reach Jamestown? How did they find the colony? What followed? 15. Where did they meet the fleet of Lord Dela- ware ? What followed ? What is said of Delaware ? 38 History of the United States, [I610. and courage, and they returned. Under Lord Delaware, who was a prudent and kind-hearted man, the colony prospered. The idle and reckless settlers had died, and those who re- mained seemed disposed to work and be industrious.* Un- fortunately, Lord Delaware was soon compelled by ill-health to return to England, leaving the colony to be ruled by a deputy (1610). 16*. Marriage of JPocahofitas—her Death, — In 1613 Pocahontas was married to a young Englishman named John Eolfe (rolf). This event had the effect of confirming friendly rela- tions with Powhatan and his tribe, as well as with some of the neighbor- ing tribes of Indians. Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas was taken to England by her husband, Avliere she was received as a prin- cess, being presented at court, and treated with marked attention by all classes. When about to return , , , . , , -, Pocahontas. to her native country, she sud- denly died, leaving a son from whom are descended many well-known families of Virginia. 17* Cultivation of Tobacco — At first the settlers cul- tivated the land in common ; but this did not 23romote in- dustry, and it was found best to give each man a few acres to till for himself. The cultivation of tobacco commenced in 1615, and soon became the general pursuit. There were no more gold-seekers ; " the fields, the gardens, the public * " At the beginning of the day, they assembled in the little church, which was kept neatly trimmed with the wild flowers of the country ; next, they returned to their houses to receive their allowance of food. The settled hours of labor were from six in the morninc; till ten, and from two in the afternoon till four. The houses were warm and secure, covered above with stron^' boMrds, and matted on the inside after the fashion of the Indian wig- wams." — Bancroft. 16. To whom was Pocahontas married? The effect of the marriage on the In- dians? Her visit to England? Her death? Her descendants ? 17. What is said of the cultivation of tobacco ? 1619.] Virginia, 39 squares, and even the streets of Jamestown were planted with tobacco," which became not only the staple product, but served as money for the colonists. 18, Legislative Assemhly, — The real prosperity of Vir- ginia dates from the arrival of Sir George Yeardley {yarcl'-le), in 1619. He put an end to the cruel martial law, by which the colony had been ruled, and established the principles of free government by permitting the colonists to elect their OAvn legislature. In July, 1619, delegates from each of the eleven plantations met at Jamestomi. This was the first legislative assembly in the IN'ew World. 19, Introduction of Slavery, — Slavery was introduced into the English colonies in 1619. In that year a Dutch trading vessel from Africa sailed up the James Eiver, and landed twen- ty negroes, who were sold as slaves to the colonists.* The cultivation of cotton was commenced two years after (1621). 20, Iniportafioti of Wives, — As yet there were but few families in the colony, and the men worked only with the intention of amassing enough wealth to enable them to return home. In 1620, the treasurer of the Company in- duced one hundred and fifty young women of good reputa- tion to embark for Virginia. The young planters eagerly paid one hundred pounds of tobacco each in order to obtain a wife, that being at first the expense of each woman's passage. Afterwards, the price was raised to one hundred and fifty pounds. Domestic ties soon bound the settlers to their new homes, and the idea of returning to England was abandoned. * " These negroes the planters purchased on trial, and the bargain was found to be so good that in a short time negroes came to be in great demand in Virginia. Nor were the planters long indebted to the chance visits of the Dutch ships for a supply of negro laborers ; for the English merchants em- barked in the traffic, and instructed the captains of their vessels visiting the African coast to barter for negroes as well as for wax and elephants' teeth. * * Before the middle of the seventeenth century all Europe was implicated in the buying and selling of negroes." — Robert Chambers. 18. Who arrived in Kil 5? His measures ? First legislative assembly ? 19. What was introdnced in ifil9? In what way? 20. What were imported in 16-20? How paid for ? What effect had this upon the prosperity of the colony ? 40 History of the United States. [1622. 21, Indian Massacre — About this time Powhatan, the father of Pocahontas, died. This was an unfortunate event for the colonists ; for his successor, jealous of the increas- ing numbers of the white settlers, commenced a war against them, during Avhich, in one day, the Indians massacred about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children (March 22, 1G22). The settlers, in return, slaughtered great numbers of the savages, and drove the rest into the wilderness. The numbers of the settlers were greatly re- duced, but peace was secured for more than twenty years. 22, Virginia a Royal Province, — The London Com- pany had spent vast sums of money in the settlement of Virginia, and as yet had received but very slight returns. The king, however, becoming displeased with the manner in which they discussed their aifairs at the public meetings, took away their charter ; and Virginia thus became a royal province (1G24). 23, Groivfh of the Colony, — Prom this time the col- ony continued to prosper. The people raised large quanti- ties of tobacco, cotton, and corn, which they exchanged for such goods as they needed from England and other countries. The soil was very fruitful, and the climate delightful ; so that Virginia was said to be ^Hhe best poor man's country in the world." In 1G48, the population amounted to 20,000, not- withstanding a second massacre by the Indians four years before. 24i, Virginia during the English Civil War, — During the great civil war in England between King Charles I. and the Parliament, the people of Virginia were generally on the side of the king ; but when the w^ar was over, and the king was defeated and beheaded, they submitted to the forces sent by Cromwell, who was at the head of the English gov- 21. What led to an Indian war? Its result? 22. When and how did Virginia become a royal province? 23. Describe the growth of the colony. What is said of the country ? What was its population in 1048? 24. W^hat happened during the English civil war? At its close? On the restoration of the king ? What was Vir- ginni called ? 1660.] Virginia, 41 ernment. On the return of Charles II. to the throne, in 1G60, they gladly acknowledged him. On account of their faithfulness to the royal authority, A^irginia was often spoken of as the " Old Dominion." 25, Ojypressive Measures of England, — The colonists were obliged to submit to many oppressive measures on the part of tlie mother country. By a law called the Naviga- tion Act, the^ were forbidden to export or import any goods except in British vessels, and they were not allowed to ship any of their staple products to any country except England. This law caused great discontent in the colony ; and was the means of exciting a rebellion called Bacon's Rebellion, from the name of a popular leader, Nathaniel Bacon. 26, Bacon's Hebellion, — Sir William Berkeley had been governor for many years, and had been quite popular ; but the people became dissatisfied with him because he carried out so strictly the oppressive measures of England, and also because he took no sufficient means to suppress the hostile attacks of the Susquehanna Indians. In 1676, a large num- ber of the colonists revolted from his authority, and set up a government under Nathaniel Bacon. 27, Death of Bacon During the civil war that fol- lowed, Jamestown was burned,* and many plantations were laid waste. In the midst of it, however. Bacon died ; and the insurrection immediately ended, his followers laying down their arms, on the promise of a general pardon. Berkeley, however, was very severe in his punishment of the rebels, many of whom were executed (1677). f 2S, Calxiepper's Aclministratioti In 1673, Charles II. * "I find no vestiges of the ancient town (Jamestown), except the ruins of a church-steeple and a disordered group of old tombstones. The ruin of the steeple is about thirty feet high, and mantled to its very summit with ivy." — Wm. Wirt. t " More blood was shed than, on the action of our present system, would 25. By what measureni was Virginia oppressed? TcT what did they lead ? 26. What were the causes of Bacon's Rebellion ? 27. What occurred during the war? How did it end ? What followed ? 28. To whom was Virginia granted ? How long did it continue under Culpepper ? What followed ? 42 History of the U^iited States. [leoe. granted the whole of Virginia to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, two of his favorites, for the term of thirty- one years. After the recall of Berkeley, in 1677, Culpepper assumed the government, which he administered till 1684, when the king revoked the grant, and Virginia once more be- came a royal province, and so remained till the Kevolution in 1776. CHAPTER V. New Ei^gland. 1, The Tlymoutli Company — It has already been stated that King James, in 1606, granted to the London Comj^any the land lying between the thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth parallels, called South Virginia, this being the southern part of the territory which the English claimed on account of the discoveries made by the Cabots. The northern portion, lying between the forty-first and the forty-fifth parallels, he granted to a company called the Plymouth Company.* This Com- pany, in 1607, began to form a settlement at the mouth of be shed for political offences in a thousand years, * The old fool/ said the kind-hearted Charles II., alludintr to Berkele}^ ' has taken away more lives in that naked country, than I, for the murder of ray father.' * * It Avas on the occasion of this rebellion, that English troops were first introduced into the English colonies in America." — Bancroft. * " This patent conveyed a grant of the land along the coast for fifty miles, on each side from the place of their first habitation, and extending one hundred miles into the interior." — Edward Everett. \ " Captain George Popham was their president. They went to work building a fort, storehouse, dwellings, and even a atsscI. * * She was called the " Virginia," and her size was thirty tons. Her first voyage Avas made the next year to Virginia, and thence to England. Therefore the Kennebec River, which has since sent out so many vessels, has the honor of producing the first vessel built by English hands in America."— Varneifs Hist, of Maine. " The first decked vessel {having a full deck) built Avithin the limits of the old United States, of Avhich Ave have any accounts, Avas constructed on the banks of the Hudson, Avitbin the present limits of New York, during the summer of 1614."— Cooper's Naval Hist. U. S. 1614.] New England, 43 the Kennebec River, f but misfortunes discouraged the set- tlers, the most of whom returned to England, and the others went to Jamestown, Virginia. 2, Smith's Exploration.— After this, nothing was done till 1614, when Captain John Smith, having recovered from the injuries which he had received in Virginia, w^ent on a voyage of trade and discovery to the region near Cape Cod. He explored -the coast from the cape as far as the Penobscot Eiver, and called the whole region JVew E^iglaiid.^ 3, Tlie Puritans, — There were at that time in England a large number of people wdio did not believe that it was right to worship God in the manner required by the laws of the country, and as they were very strict in their religious notions and mode of living, they were nicknamed Puritans. But King James was determined that all should attend the parish churches as provided by law, and would not allow any of the people to choose their own ministers and places of worship, as many thought they had a right to do. 4, The result was, these people were obliged to meet secretly, often at night, to worship as they thought right, and when discovered, they were punished, sometimes by im- prisonment. At length some of them left their homes in England with their pastor, John Robinson, and lived for a time in Holland ; but hearing of the newly-discovered lands beyond the ocean, and thinking that in such a country they * Smith published a " Description of New Encrland," which was printed in 1616. This contains a very carious and interestins: map of the country which he explored. On this map was the name of Plymouth. " On his re- turn to Ens;land, Smith was permitted to present a copy of his map and of a journal of his voyaije to the king's second son, afterwards Kinc Charles I., who, at his solicitation, gave names, principally of English towns, to some thirty points upon the coast." — Palfreij's History of Neic Ew/hnid. Map Questions.— (Map, p. 45.) Where is Cape Cod? Cape Cod Bay? Ply- mouth? Salem? Boston? Little Harbor? Dover? Merrimac River ? Piscataqua River ? Providence ? Text Questions.— 1. What arrant was made to the Plymouth Company ? What settlement did they attempt. 2. Who explored the coa?t of New England? Give an acconnt of it? 3. Who were the Puritans? Whv persecuted? 4. What did some of them do ? What induced them to leave Holland ? 44 History of the United States. [1620. could live, and worship God, in entire freedom, they resolved to go there. 5. Sailing of the May/lower, — After much trouble, they obtained a grant from the London Company ; and leaving their aged pastor and others who could not undertake so long a voyage, they left Holland in a vessel called the Speedwell, a JE RMA.N O C EAN and sailed to Southampton, in England. There they were joined by some other Puritans, in a vessel called the May- flower ; and the two ships soon set sail, but had not gone far when the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they were compelled to return. At last, after putting back a second 5. In what veppel did they sail from Holland ? Whom did they leave in Holland ? What port, in England, did they reach? With how many and what vessels did they sail from Southampton ? Why did they not continue their voyage to America? To what port after leaving Southampton did they go? (See map above). With how- many vessels did they leave Dartmouth? With how many and what, Plymouth? 1620.] New England, 45 time, and leaving the Speedwell at Plymouth, they sailed from that port in their only ship, the Mayflower (Sept. 16, 1620). 6, The number of the Pilgrims* was one hundred and one, men, women, and children, f The most distinguished MASSACHUSETTS BAY Map of Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay. among them were John Carver, whom they afterward chose as their first governor. Elder Brewster, their pastor, Miles Standish, their military leader, William Bradford, and Ed- ward Winslow. After a stormy voyage of about two months, they reached the coast near Cape Cod, having l^een carried * The Pilgrims, or Pilirrim Fathers, as they are often called, belonged to a sect of the Puritans called Indejiendents, who believed in an entire separa- tion from the Church of England. Others were opposed only to its cere- monies, mode of government, and form of prayers. f One died during the voyage, and one was born. " So there were just one hundred and one who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as many arrived in Cape Cod harbor." — Prince's Hist, of New England. 6. How many sailed ? Who were the leaders ? What is said of their voyage 46 History of the United States. [i620. considerably north of the place at which they had intended to land (N^ov. 10).* 7. Exploration of the Country.— A^ it was late in the season, and they were exhausted by their long voyage, thev determined to seek a landing j^lace without further delay. They therefore sailed into Cape Cod Bay, and sent out a riAtlvED BY THE NATIVES. in d small boat to select ace for their settlement. Some of those were sent inland, while the others cruised along the shore. It was a dismal country, being covered with pine forests ; and the explorers only caught a distant glimpse of the natives, who fled from them. Once, however, they were attacked, but they soon dispersed the savages, f It was only after five weeks' search that they found a fit place for their settlement. * " After they had discovered land, they were altogether ignorant where it was." — Huhhard's Hist, of New England. f " The following morning, at daylight, they had just ended their prayers, 7. What exploration was made ? Describe the country. 1620.] New England. 47 8, Ijcinding of the JPilgrhns.—Thej selected a harbor which, oil Smith's map,^was called Plymouth; and they also called the place Plymouth.* They landed on the 21st of December, 1620, f having previously, in the cabin of the Mayflower, drawn up a body of laws which they made a solemn vow to obey. The character of the Pilgrims was well suited to such an undertaking. They were earnest and de- voted men, ready to brave all dangers and endure any hard- ships in the performance of their duty and in defense of their religion. 9, Their first Winter, — During the first winter their suf- ferings were dreadful. With no houses but the few rude log- cabins which they had hastily constructed, and which scarcely protected them from the intense cold, Avith a scanty supply of food, and enduring so much fatigue- and hardship, it is no wonder that many should have perished. By spring only forty-six of their number were living. Among those who had died were Governor Carver, his wife and child. Their second governor was William Bradford. 10, Treaties with the Indians, — At first they were in fear of the Indians, who were sometimes seen lurking in the woods, but fled as soon as the English approached them. One day, however, an Indian, to their surprise, boldly entered and were preparing breakfast at their camp on the beach, when they heard a yell, and a flight of arrows fell among them. The assailants turned out to be thirty or forty Indians, who, being fired upon, retired. Neither side had been harmed. A number of the arrows were picked itp, 'some whereof were headed with brass, others with hart's horn, and others with eagle's claws.' " — Pal fret/' s Histonj of New Eiir/land. * " All landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in grateful re- membrance of the last town they left in their native country." — Hannah Adams's N. E. Hist. ( Published in 1799). It is by no means certain that the Pilgrims had evor seen Smith's map. f By the old style of reckoning it was Dec. 11. AVhen the practice of cel- ebrating the anniversary of Plymouth began, in 1769, eleven, instead of ten days were erroneously added to the recorded date, to accommodate it to the corrected calendar, adopted in England in 1752. This led to the custom of celebrating the anniversary on the 22d day of December. 8. Where rlid the Pilgrims hmd? When ? What is said of their character? 9. Describe their piifterings the first winter ? How many sui'vived ? Who were among the deceased ? Who was the second governor ? 48 History of the United States, neas. the settlement, and exclaimed, "Welcome, Englishmen!" This was a chief named Samoset, who had j^icked up a little knowledge of English among the fishermen on the coast of Maine. In a few days Massasoit [mas-sa-soW), the great chief of the Wam-pan-o'-ags, came with a number of his warriors to ])iiy the strangers a friendly visit. The Pilgrims made a treaty with the chief, and afterward with Ca-non'-i- cus, the chief of the Nar-ra-gan'-setts. * 11, Growth of the Plyniouth Colony, — For some time the settlers suffered greatly for the want of provisions ; and it was not until the lands were divided among the settlers that the Colony commenced to prosper, f Their numbers did not increase fast, for only good and pious men were desired to join them. Ten years after their settlement they obtained a grant of the land which they occupied, from the Council of Ply- mouth, who liad succeeded to the powers and rights of the Plymouth Company. The colony, at that time, numbered about three hundred persons. 12, As the Puritans were still persecuted in England, very many desired to seek freedom in the wilds of New England. Some of these obtained from the Council of Plymouth a grant of land l^dng north of the Plymouth Colony, and bor- dering on Massachusetts Bay ; and in 1628 a number of 2)er- sons came out under John En'-di-cott, and settled at a ^jlace Avhicli they called Salem. Others soon followed, settling at * At first Canonicus was inclined to be hostile. He sent to Plymouth a bundle of arrows, bound with a rattlesnake's skin, this bein^^ the Indian mode of declaring war. Governor Bradford filled the skin with powder and ball, and sent it back. Canonicus took it for a fatal charm ; and the super- stitious Indians passed it from villaijo to village, till it came back to Ply- mouth. They did not dare to touch it. f ''■ In August, 1623, the colony of New Plymouth remained as yet very feeble. The best dish that could he set before the third supply of cx)lonists, about sixty in number, was a lobster, a piece of fish, and a cup of ' fair spring water.' As to bread, there was none in the colony." — Hildreth. 10 What was the conduct of the Indians ? Describe Samoset's visit. What treaties were made? 11. What is said of the growth of the colony? What grant did they obtain in 1630 ? Their numbers then ? 12. What led to tl^e settlement of Salem ? What other settlements were made ? 1630.] . New England, 49 Salem and Oharlestown. This was the commencement of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a charter being granted by Charles I. the following year (1629). 13, SeUl^ment of Boston — Men of fortune and intel- ligence were induced to emigrate to the colony by obtaining the right to manage the government free from the control of the Company in England. John Winthrop was chosen the lirst governor of the Colony of Massachusetts ; and in 1630 he came out with about three hundred families, intending to settle at Charlestown ; but as the place was found to be want- ing in good water, they removed to a little peninsula, called by the Indians Shawmut,* but which the settlers called Bos- ton, in memory of Boston in England, from which many of them had emigrated, f 14:, This colony, after a short time, was very prosperous. % Dorchester, Eoxbury,§ Lynn, and other places near Boston, were settled in 1630 ; and, in a short time, the whole coast region lying between Plymouth Colony and the Merrimac was dotted with thriving settlements. For a time the voters of the colony met at Boston and selected their magistrates ; but as the population increased, they chose their representatives to * This word signified " living fountains," from the excellent water found at the place. The English called it Triraount (now Tremont), from its three principal hills, afterwards named Copp's, Beacon, and Fort, or, as some suppose, from the three peaks of Beacon Hill. The first settler at this place was an eccentric person named William Blackstone. f "At this time (1630), there was a feeble colony in Virginia; a very small Dutch settlement in New York ; a population of about three hundred at Plymouth ; about as many more English inhabitants divided between Salem and Charlestown ; a few settlers scattered up and down the coast, and all the rest a vast wilderness, the covert of wild beasts and savages." — Edward Everett. X During 1 630, at least fifteen hundred persons came from England. In ten years not less than twenty thousand had been brought over. In 1674 there were at least fifteen hundred families in the town of Boston, and the popu- lation of New England was probably about one hundred and twenty thousand. ^ Dorchester, Roxbury, and Charlestown are now parts of the city of Boston. 13. Who settled Boston? Why so called? Its Indian name? 14. What other places were settled ? Describe their mode of government. What restrictive law was made ? I . 5o History of the United States, [less. meet as a "General Court" for the purpose of making laws, levying taxes, and performing other acts of government. Among the laws made, was one which confined the right to vote and hold office to those who belonged to some Congre- gational Church. 15, Roger Williams — But there Avas a brave and eloquent young minister who resisted this law as unjust and unwise. He maintained that all should enjoy their civil rights as citizens and freemen, whatever their relig- ious opinions might be, and that the government had no right to restrict the liberty of conscience. Although the Puritans had suf- fered so much from religious per- secution in England, they could not assent to this doctrine ; and consequently Roger Williams was banished from the colony (1635). A Mrs. Hutchinson, who persisted in holding meetings of her own sex, and asserting similar opinions, was also banished. About twenty years later, the Quakers, who attempted to settle in this colony, were expelled for a similar reason (1656).* 16, Harvard College — In 1636, the General Court at Boston appropriated about two thousand dollars to found a public school or college ; and, two years afterward, the Rev. John Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars to the institution, which, in his honor, was named Harvard College. It is located at Cambridge, near Boston. * " Some who had been banished came a second time ; they were impris- oned, whipped, and once more sent away." Four were executed ; but the severity of the laws produced a reaction in public feeling, and the Quakers at last were allowed to enjoy their opinions in peace. 15. Who was Roger Williams? His opinions ? What punishment was inflicted upon him ? Who else was banished ? What other persecution occurred ? 16. What led to the foundation of Harvard College ? Its location ? Roger Wix^liams. J 1636.] New England, Seal op Khode Island. Ehode Island. 17 n Settlement of Trovidence, — Roger Williams, after his banishment from Massachusetts, sought refuge with the Narragansett Indians, among whom _ he remained for several months. He then fixed his habitation at a spot w^hich he had purchased from the Indians, and which he named Provi- dence,* in memory of "God's merci- ful providence to him in his distress." Numbers flocked there to make their home w4th him, for he proclaimed entire freedom in civil and religious rights. This was the beginning of the little State of Rhode Island (1636). 18, Bhode Island Plantation* — In 1637, William Cod- dington and others accepted an invitation from Williams to settle near him ; for they, too, were dissatistied with the religious intolerance at Boston. Coddington and his com- panions bought from the Indians the beautiful island called Rhode Island (1638), f for forty fathoms of white wampum, worth about one hundred dollars. Here they formed settle- ments afterwards known as the Rhode Island Plantation ; while those of Williams were called the Providence Plantation. 19. Union of the Settlements, — This whole region w^as * William Blackstone, the first settlei* at Shawmut, who had pointed out to Wiiithrop and his companions the advantages of that place, had, before the settlement of Providence, migrated to the banks of the river now called after him, being dissatisfied with the " Lord's brethren" in Boston, as he said. There Williams found him engaged in preaching to the Indians, and the two men often held communion with each other. Blackstone planted the first apple or hard in Rhode Island. t " An island of a reddish appearance Avas obseiwed lying in the bay ; this was known to the Dutch as Rhode, or Red Island. Hence the name of the island and State of Rhode Island." — Brodhead's History of New York. 17. Give an account of the settlement of Providence. Why so called? 18. What other colony was established ? What purchase was made from the Indians ? 52 Histoi^y of the United States. [1622. afterwards claimed by the Plymouth Colony ; but AYilliams went to England and obtained a free charter, whereby the two settlements of Ehode Island were united, in 1644, under one government. New Hampshire. 20. First Settlements, — The Council of Plymouth, in 1622, granted to Ferdinand Gorges {gor'-jez) and John Mason, two of its members, all that portion of New Eng- land that extends from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, " and this was called La-co'-nia." The next year emigrants, sent out by them, settled at Little Har- bor, near the present town of Ports- mouth, and at Dover. These were the first settlements in this region. 21, Grant of Netv Hampshire, — In 1629, Mason ob- tained a separate grant to himself of the region lying between the Merrimac and the Pis-cat'-a-qua, and extending sixty miles into the interior. To this new province was given the name of New Hampshire, after the county in England in which Mason had lived. Gorges retained his right to the other portion of the original tract, which received the' name of Maine.* Seal, of ISi-w HAJii-sHiRE. Portsmouth and Vici * Authors do not a2:ree as to how and when Maine received its name. One writer says : " It was called the Main land, to distinguish it from the islands along the coast, which were valuable for fishing purposes." Varney, in his History of Maine, says : " In 1639, Gorges procured a royal grant of land extending from the Piscataqiia to the Kennebec. The name of the ter- ritory under the new charter was changed to Maine, in honor of the Queen (Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.), whose patrimonial estate, as Princess of France, was the French province of 3£apie." 19 When and how were the two settlements united ? 20. What grant was made in 1H22 9 What was the region called ? What settlements were made ? 21. V J'"^ grant was made to Matron ? Wliat name did he give to it ? Why ? What is said of the other portion of Laconia ? I 1641.] New Enp'land. 53 22. Subsequent History, — A number of lisliiug settle- ments were ' made in these territories, but they were too scat- tered to form any general government. In 1641, the people of the different settlements placed themselves under the gov- ernment and protection of Massachusetts ; but in 1680 the two colonies were separated by order of the king, and New Hampshire became a royal province. Twice, after this, it was united to Massachusetts ; but from 1741 to the Kevolu- tion it remained an independent colony. CO^^NECTICUT. 23. First Settlements The valley of the Connecticut River was soon discovered to be a fertile and pleasant region; and the Dutch, who had established trading-posts on the Hudson River, eagerly desired to take possession of it. In 1633, they Iniilt a fort where Hartford now stands, in order to trade with the Indians for their furs. This post they called Good Hope. 24:^ The same year, a company from Plymouth, under Captain Holmes, sailed up the river, and passing the Dutch fort, built a trading-house at Windsor, seven miles above. Two years after this (1635), a company of sixty men, women, and children journeyed from Massachusetts through the wilderness to the valley of the Connecticut, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. The next year the Rev. Thomas Hooker conducted a large company of emigrants from Newtown (now Caml^ridge), near Boston, and settled chiefly at Hartford. * Springfield, in Massachusetts, on the Connecticut, was settled by a few of these emigrants. * The journey was made in June, 1636. Guided only by the compass, a 22. What is said of the settlements in these lands ? How were they governed between 1641 and 1780 ? Were they again under the government of Massachusetts ? When finally separated ? 23. What is said of the valley of the Connecticut ? What fort was built by the Dutch ? Its name? 24. Settlement of Windsor? Describe the next emigration. Describe Hooker's emigration. What settlements were made ? Seal of Connecticut 54 History of the United States, tiess. 25. At about the same time, a colony was planted at the mouth of the Connecticut Kiver, under a grant obtained from the Council of Plymouth by Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, and was named in their honor Saybrook. A tliird ■vrciH-inr oe LONG ISLAND SOUND colony was established in Connecticut in 1638, called the New Haven Colony. This was founded by a large body of emigrants who came from England under the guidance of party of one hundred men, women, and children toiled throajrh the wilder- ness, where there were no roads, nor for hundreds of miles a single house at which they mio:ht obtain a nifj-ht's shelter. In the company were women with infants in their arms, and little children scarcely able to walk. Their chief food was the milk of the herds and flocks which they drove before them. Hooker was an English clergyman, A^ery earnest and eloquent, whom Gov- ernor Winthrop had persuaded to come to the colonies. An old writer said of him, " He is the one rich pearl with which England more than repaid America for the treasures from her coast." Map Questions.— (Map, p. 54.) Into what body of water does the Connecticut River flow? Where is Hartford ? Windsor? Wethersfield ? New Haven ? Say- brook ? Long Island ? Swanzey ? (Map, p. 45.) Mt. Hope ? Text Questions.— 25. Give an account of the settlement of Saybrook. W^hen and by whom wms the New Haven Colony established? What lands did they pur- chase from the Indians ? Where were settlements planted ? Who was the governor of New Haven ? For what period ? 163T.] New England. 55 Theophilu^ Eaton, a man of large fortune, and John Daven- port, a distinguished Puritan minister. They purchased from the Indians all the land lying betAveen the Connecticut Eiver and the line that now separates New York and New England, and planted various settlements not only in this territory, but on the other side of the Sound, on Long Island. For twenty successive years Eaton was elected governor of New Haven. 2(y, Peqiiod War These settlers had come to a delight- ful region, but they were surrounded by perils. Their neigh- bors, the Dutch, were unfriendly, for they looked upon them as intruders ; but their worst foes Avere the hostile tribe of Indians called the Pe'-quods. AVith these, in 1637, they were compelled to Avage a fierce Avar, during which they endured terrible hardships ; Ijut Indian cunning and ferocity Avere no match for European courage and skill, and the tribe was destroyed.* The very name of Pequods in a short time ceased to be mentioned. \ 27 n Union of the Connecficut Colonies. — Three colonies at first occupied the territory noAV known as Connecticut : the Connecticut Colony, embracing Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, the people of Avhich acknoAvledged the authority of Massachusetts ; the Saybrook Colony ; and the Ncav Haven Colony. In 1644, Saybrook Avas united to Connecticut. Then there Avere tAvo colonies, Connecticut and Ncav Haven, Avhich, in 1665, were formed into one, under a royal charter granted by Charles II., King of England. * When this war first broke out, Rosier Williams, hearing that the Pequod ambassadors were urging tlic Narragansotts to join them, crossed the bay in a small canoe, and hastened to the Indian camp to persuade them to remain friends of the English. The Narragansett chiefs greatly esteemed him, and heeded his wise and eloquent words. t Sas'-sa-cus, their chief, fled to the Mohawks, and was put to death by them. Those who were taken piisoners were made slaves or dispersed among the Narragansetts and Mohegans. The fate of the Pequods was a terrible lesson to the other Indian tribes. 26. What perils encompassed the^ettlers? With whom did they make war ? What was the result ? 27. What three colonies were there at first iu Connecticut ? Which were uiiited iu lG-14 ? Which in 1655 ? 56 History of the United States, • [I643. Other Events ik New England. 28. Union of the New England Colonies, — The first union of any of tlie American colonies took place in 1643. In that year, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven agreed to unite in order to protect themselves against the hostilities of the Dutch and the French, and the attacks of the Indians. Ehode Island being claimed by Plymouth was not admitted into this union. It lasted for nearly fifty years. 29, The New England colonies prized very highly the charters Avhicli they had received, and were in constant anx- iety lest the English king should take them away. When James II. came to the throne, he took measures to bring all these colonies under the royal authority. With this j^urpose, he appointed Sir Edmund Andros gover- nor of all New England, and afterward of New York and New Jersey. SO, Andros landed in Bos- ton in 1G86, bringing with him two com- panies of Eng- lish soldiers, — the first sent to New England. He at once assumed the government of the colonies, and annexed Plymouth and Ehode Island to Mas- 28. What was the first union of American colonies ? What was its object ? What colony was not admitted ? Why ? How long did the union last ? 29. Wtiat caused anxiety to the New England colonies ? Wliat did James II. do ? What appointment did he make ? 30. State the proceedings of Andros. What took place at Hartford ? The Chabteb Oak. 1687.] New England. Sy sacliusetts. He soon afterward appeared, with a company of troops, before the Connecticut Assembly at Hartford, and de- manded that the charter of the colony should be given up. 31, A discussion arose, which was continued to nightfall, Avhen the charter was brought in and laid on the table, An- dros stepped forward to take it, when instantly the lights were put out; and when the candles were relighted, the charter had disappeared. It had been carried away and hidden in the hollow of a large oak tree, Avhich was afterward called the Charter Oak (November 10, 1687). 32, The people suffered very much from the tyranny of Andros and his officers, until King William of Orange came to the throne of England, when they seized their hateful governor and some of his associates, and sent them to Eng- land to answer for their misdeeds. The colonies then re- sumed their former modes of government ; and the charter of Connecticut was taken from its hiding-place in the hollow oak. 33, King PMlij^s War — Al^out forty years after the Pequod war, another fierce Indian war broke out in New England, known as King Philip's War. King Philip, as he was called by the English, was the son and successor of Mas- sasoit, who had been the fast friend of the colonists. But the whites had now greatly increased in number, the whole population in New England being about sixty thousand, while the Indians were only half that number.* 34, Between Narragansett Bay and Plymouth were the Wam-pa-no'-ags, of which tribe Philip was the chief ; and the * The Indians were much more to be feared than in the time of the Pe- quod s ; for many of tliem had guns and ammunition instead of bows and arrows, and hatchets and knives of steel instead of the rude weapons made of stone or bone which they formerly used. Many of them had become skill- ful marksmen. 31. How was the charter taken away ? Where was it concealed ? 32. How were the people released from the government of Andros? What took place afterward? 33. When did another Indian war break out? Its cause? What was the population of New England at the time ? 34. Where did the Wampanoags dwell ? What caused ill-feeling among them ? What brought on the war ? 58 History of the Ujiited States, [I675. farms and villages of the whites were rapidly encroaching upon the hunting-grounds of this tribe. Philip had expressed a desire to check this ; and a converted Indian, who had lived for a time among the tribe, told the colonists of his hostile ^^^^:t-. Settlers attacked by Indians. designs. This man was afterward found murdered, and three of Philip's men were seized, and hanged for the crime. 55. Philip and his men, thirsting for revenge, at once commenced the war (1675), and burned Swanzey, one of the Plymouth towns. The alarm was given, and he was pur- 1675.] ^ New England, 59 sued by a force from Plymouth and Boston, as far as his home at Mount Hope, which he was forced to abandon, seek- ing safety in a SAvamp. The savages becoming desperate, then burnt vilhige after village, and carried death and deso- lation throughout the country.* 36. The Narragansetts, being suspected of giving aid to the hostile tribe, were attacked, and almost destroyed. At last King Philip was tracked to his hiding-place, and shot by an Indian of his o^vn tribe. \ This closed the war, after it had continued about fourteen months, during which more than six hundred men in the prime of life had fallen in bat- tle, and nearly twenty villages had been burned. % * The colonists led a fearful life during this war. No house was safe from an attack, and no person could walk out without dan