f: i LIVE STOCK A COMPLETE COMPENDIUM FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER AND STOCK OWNER INCLUDING Horses^ Cattle, Swine, Sheep and Poultry BEING ALSO COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR EMBRACING THE EFFECTIVE METHODS OF OBJECT TEACHING WITH WRITTEN INSTRUCTION BY Hon. Jonathan Periam and A. H. Baker, M. D., V. S. PUBLISHED BV THE THOMPSON PUBLISHING COMPANY ST. LOUIS CHICAGO WACO 1907 ^> LIBRMRY of CONGRESS Two Cootes BecelvM MAY 29 '90/* CLASS^ a XXc, No. COPY B. CopyriRht, 1907, by The Thompson Publishing Co. PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition marked an industrial epoch. It was a combination of the world's great interests. It focalized its productions, its activities and its achievements. The conspicuous feature was the representation of all the peoples of the earth. Little less conspicuous was its assemblage of the best representative breeds of live stock from every civilized country. It created a floodtide of inter- est in live stock and attracted the wide attention that so marvelous a collection of the noted animals of the world justified. It illustrated the world's best achievements in animal husbandry. That it should stimulate an interest in all the subjects pertaining to domestic animals such as gave an impetus to that interest throughout every section of the American continent was a necessary result. Every distinct breed of horse, bred up to its perfection in form and beauty, spirit and action — every well defined breed of cattle, representing the highest evolution of cattle breeding; the varieties of sheep and the hog in like perfection, characterized the marvelous collection of domestic animals. Ever>' State in the American Union contributed to the great collection. England, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Australia and Canada made their best contributions to this marvelous live stock assemblage. It was a veritable combination of the best individuals of all the profitable breeds of domestic animals in the entire world. Such opportunity for reproducing the highest class of representative animals for the American farmer and stock owner had never before been pre- sented. It was an opportunity not to be lost. By contract with the ofEcial photographers of the Exposition, and with the consent and active, interested co-operation of the various owners of these animals, they were photographed for this publication and for the educational and monetary advantages of the American farmer and stock owner. They are here presented with characteristics and qualities appropriately described. The purpose of this work is defined in its title. That it is compre- hensive and up-to-date in its vast detail, the table of contents and the general treatment will show. That the subjects treated are intimately and vitally associated with the success and financial interest of every owner of live stock will likewise appear. That these subjects are vn VIII publisher's preface. practically treated so as to contribute to an exhaustive knowledge of live stock of every kind, in health and in disease, their study and application will demonstrate. The learning, character and experience of the distinguished authors furnish, if necessary, a further guarantee. L/Ong lives devoted to this line of authorship and teaching have given them singular qualifications for so important a task. The modern method of "Object-teaching," so popular in our higher schools, has been utilized to an extent never before equalled. Its striking appropriateness will not fail to impress and instruct. In addi- tion to simple teachings by word, it instructs through the eye as well, and with a definiteness in both respects that will enable any one to become well versed in a practical knowledge of the value, use, care, disease and treatment of domestic animals. In the interest of this method of teaching we have gathered appropriate illustrations from many sources and availed ourselves of the courtesies of many individ- uals owning livestock, and of publishers having control of explanatory engravings. For these we return sincere acknowledgments, and es- pecially to Hon. F. D. Coburn, the efficient, distinguished and widely known Secretary of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, who gener- ously placed at our disposal nearly one hundred engravings appropri- ately illustrating noted animals representative of types taken from his very admirable comj^ilations, the Twelfth and Fourteenth Biennial Re- ports of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. With the exception of a few reprints of English books which are narrow in scope and design, poorly applying to the necessities of this country, there is not another similar work of reputable, competent authorship, covering the subjects embraced. Those of special preten- sions are mere compilations by non-professionals, who assume pro- fessional titles, and thus impose upon the credulity and trifle with the valuable interests of the farmer and the stock owner. The full index, the plan and arrangement, the careful system through- out, are such that any fact in its contents can be readily found; so that, as a work of ready reference, as well as general study, it will be found especially convenient as well as reliable. Impressed with the belief that it fills the all important requirement of availability for ready and unerring use, and that it is a thoroughly practical work — one that will serve the farmer as a valuable hand-book, both for study and constant reference, and which will enable him to turn the industry of stock breeding, raising, buying and selling, to greater profit — it is respectfully submitted with the confident hope of approval, The Publishers, si tf I o . W g ^ ° O X oH ,. «! a AUTHOR'S PREFACE. We have reached a period of progressive farming — a period of the application of the best and most approved methods with the view to the largest and most profitable results. It is a period of sharp compe- tition when every industry to be successful must be directed with the detailed knowledge of facts and conditions that determine results — success or failure. In the general material progress, live stock interest has more than kept pace. It has widened in scope and method and extended in its markets till it has compassed the earth. In its highest development it is demanding the application of scientific and practical up-to-date information. At no period in history has the farmer and his product occupied positions so commanding. The political econo- mists have discovered the importance and the dignity of the farmer's position as the producer of the world's wealth as contrasted with the mere trafficker in what the farm produces. In that product live stock stands as one prime essential in all pervading extent, in quick conver- tion to money, in vast volume and in profit. In the evolution of quality its progress has been marvelous. In the care-taking and in improved breeding is this progress and profit due. This book is designed to meet a popular demand ever\'where felt in supplying the facts and direction to the farmer and stock owner essential to the most successful and profitable methods. Advanced methods and information in definite fact and detail are of prime necessity to his best profit. This work is primarily designed to supply the need of the busy farmer and stock owner. It is a patent fact that in this book-making age there is no well authenticated, systematic work accessible to the farmer in which the known facts and principles of the art of improving and breeding domestic animals, and of the causes, symptoms, prevention and cure of diseases, are presented in convenient form for study and reference. Yet such is the fact, notwithstanding the paramount impor- tance of live stock to the farmer, and the wonderful progress that has been made in its improvement. The present effort to supply this want has been made in response to frequent solicitation, and especially sug- gested by oft repeated inquiries received as agricultural and live stock journalists, for such a work covering comprehensively the ground occupied by this volume. The importance of the subject cannot well be IS X author's preface. overestimated when we consult statistics giving the millions of dollars invested in live stock in this great country, and it becomes especially- important, when we consider that the bulk of this immense value is distributed among those of minor wealth, as the farmer and small stock owner, who have no access to educated veterinary practitioners, and who are not fully informed as to the practical principles applicable to the most successful an* I profitable breeding, training and general care of domestic animals. Long experience and observation lead to the belief that a carefully arranged and classified work giving the facts in the art of breeding and general care of live stock, derived from the experience of the practical and most successful stock men, will be of incalculable benefit to every owner of domestic animals. In the following pages the value of kind treatment has been urged with marked frequency, and the fact is mentioned with no apologetic intent. It is urged as a policy both humane and profitable. What can be done to improve the condition and advance the comfort of these true friends of humanity is in the interest of economy. There is a much needed reform in the breeding, care and treatment of domestic animals, and the endeavor is here made to direct the way and point out its advantages. In treating of the various breeds of live stock, it has been the pur- pose to give the special characteristics, with the excellences and defects in each, so that the reader may know exactly which will serve best his exact purpose. In this, partiality for any one breed has been avoided and an honest effort made to point out the adaptability of each to spec- ial purposes. This much needed information will enable the reader to select for special objects with unerring judgement. There has been an undeviating purpose to avoid the too common custom of advocating the claims of any one breed or class of breeders, at the expense of another, or in contradiction to correct statement. The methods of advertising specialties, too common in such books, have been scrupulously avoided. The authors have long been impressed with the almost universal want of ability to judge accurately of the value of a horse, cow, or other ani- mal of the farm, as also of its particular features of excellence, from general appearance, manner and physical form. Yet this is suscepti- ble of almost exact knowledge. Intelligent study of these, with proper information ought to enable any one to determine the character- istics of a horse or cow, and whether it is best adapted to the purpose for which it is wanted. Not only can the matter of physical constitution and adaptability to a specific purpose be determined, but it is also within the power of the intelligent observer to detect vicious habits, disease and AuThorVs preface. 5ci unsoundness by the same analytic observation. A special feature of this work has been to give this information in such clear, specific, and analytic form, both by written word and illustration, as to make any intelligent reader a good judge of the value and qualifications, so to speak, of any horse, cow or other domestic animal. The age of an animal has an important bearing in estimating both value and use. To cover this point of vital interest we have, in the Horse and Cattle department, introduced illustrated C/iar/s givingthe formation of the teeth at the various ages, accompanied by such explanation and instruction as will enable any one, by a little study and observation, to ascertain with almost perfect accuracy the ages of these animals at any period. The value of this knowledge cannot well be overestimated. With this infonnation, and the ability to understand special characteristics and defects, instruction on which is herein given and illustrated in such careful detail, the arts of the jockey wiW be effectually provided against. The subject of training has received elaborate consideration, and as the value of an animal depends greatly on the care and success with which it has been trained^ it is believed that the attention given to it will be productive of valuable results. In this, as in other departments, gentle and humane methods are advo- cated as the most satisfactory and effective. Allied to this, the direc- tions and facts given concerning proper shelter, and convenience and economy in building, derived from personal experience running from the primitive shelter of the prairies, fifty years ago, to the present elaborate and costly barn, are deemed of interest and value. In the veterinary departments special efforts has been made to give the causes producing diseases, so that knowing the cause the disease may be obviated. Prevention is better than cure, and this fact is emphasized throughout the volume. Equal care has been observed in describing and giving symptoms^ so that the reader may, with as un- erring certainty as possible, know the nature of the disease, and hence what to do. When the services of a skilled veterinary surgeon are required it has been candidly advised, and care has been taken to distinguish between popular treatment and that requiring scientific and skillful management. In prescribing remedies, the effort has been to give those within the reach of the farmer — such as he can procure, prepare and easily adminis- ter. In like manner, unfamiliar words and technical phrases have been avoided as far as possible, consistent with scientific accuracy of state- ment. Clearness and conciseness of expression have been carefully con- sulted, and, to further conduce to a correct understanding, an elaborate xri ' author's preface. glossary is appended thoroughly explanatory of the meaning of every word in the book not familiar to everyday life. In the attainment of clearness, the generous and prodigal liberality of the Publishers in illustrating, by accurate, well executed and strik- ing engravings, every department and chapter of the work, deserves special mention. As aiding and strengthening the enforcement of fact, this feature, made at enormous outlay, is of a practical value impossi- ble to exaggerate. In conclusion, the hope is indulged that the farmer and stock raiser who will attentively read these pages, and reduce to practice the suggestions therein given, will find such increase of success, profit and pleasure in his noble calling as to justify his good opinion and unqualified endorsement of this late, and fully up-to-date volume. If so, the authors' purpose in writing this book will have been accomplished. THE AUTHORS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. THE HORSE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTER ISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. his ancient and modern history. Page. Connected with Man from the Earliest Historical Period. — I. The Horse in Ancient History.— II. The Horse in Civilization. — III. Preserving Breeds in Purity.— IV. The Wild Horse of To-day. — V. Fossil Horses. — VI. Horses of Asia. — VII. European Horses.— VIII. Artificial Breeding and Diseases.— IX. Opinions Re- lating to Breeding.— X. In-Breeding of Horses.— XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics.— XII. A Careful Study Necessary.- XIII. About Object Les- sons 41 CHAPTER II. ILLUSTRATING THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSK. I. Frame-work the Index of Value.— II. Master the Details of the Slieletoa.— III. Division of tiie Several Parts.— IV. Comparative Anatouiy of Man and the Horse. —V. Analyzing the Skeleton.— VI. Tlie Foot.— VII. The Head and Neck. —VIII. Bones and Muscles of the Front Limbs. — IX. The Hind Limbs 'yl CHAPTER III. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HORSE. L The Economy of the Muscular Covering. — II. Muscles of the Head and Neck.— III. Muscles of the Shoulder and Back.— IV. Muscles of the Hinder Parts.— V. Muscles of the Fore Limbs. — VI. Muscles of the Leg and Foot.— VII. Studying the Structure. — VIH. Internal Economy of the Horse. — IX. External Parts of the Horse 74 CHAPTER IV. OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE AS INDICATING VALUE. L Action the First Requisite of a Good Horse. — H. Fast Walking Horses.— HI. Horses for Different Kinds of Work. — IV. The Head Illustrated Outwardly. — V. The Body and Limbs.— VI. B id Fore Quarters. — VH. The Body as Seen from the Front. — VIU. "NVhat a Critical Horseman Said.— IX. Front View, Showing Bad XIII XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Fore Quarters. — X. The Hinder Parts Illustrated. — XI. The Propelling Power. — XII. What the Ancients Knew of Horses. — XIII. What One Need not Expect 90 CHAPTER V. THE horse's teeth, AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. I. The Dental Formula.— II. The Teeth are the True Index of Age.— III. The Foal's Teeth. — IV. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horse. — V. Allowances to be Made. — VI. Illustrating by the Chart 117 CHAPTER VI. BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. I. Influences of Country and Climate. — II. The Farm Horse. — III. The Clydes- dale Horse. — IV. The Norman-Percheron. — V. The Percheron of To-day. — VI. The Conestoga Horse. — VII. Road Horses. — VIII. Trotting Horses. — IX. Hunting Horses. — X. Light Driving Horses. — XI. Coach Horses. — XII. The Cleveland Bay. — XIII. The French Coach Horse. — XIV. The Hackney. — XV. Ponies. — XVI. The Vermont Draft Horse. — XVII. The Narragansett Pacer 125 CHAPTER VII. THOROUGHBRED HORSES. I. English Thoroughbreds. — II. Herbert's History of the English Horse. — III. The First London Race Course. — IV. Horses Taken to England by .Crusaders. — V. Bone and Bulk Imparted to the English Horse. — VI. The Horse in the Times of Henry VIII and James I. — VII. American Thoroughbreds. — VIII. The Arabian 147 CHAPTER VIII. ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. I. The Breeding of Trotters. — II. Progenitors of Fast Trotters — Messenger. — III. Imported Bellfounder.— IV. The ^lodern Trotter.— V. What Goldsmith Maid Was Like. — VI. The Movement in Trotting. — VII. Disuse of the Trotting Faculty.— VIII. Highly Bred Horses.— IX. Strains of Trotting Blood 163 CHAPTER IX. THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. I. Importance of Accurate Knowledge. — II. Breed From Mature Animals. — III. No Profit in Inferior Horses. — IV. Heredity in Animals. — V. Peculiar Or- ganic Structure. — VI. Heredity of Disease.— VII. Atavism or Breeding Back- Breed to None but the Best. — VIII. Variation and Development. — IX. Trans- mission of Qualities. — X. The Impress of Color and Form. — XI. Relation of Size in Sire and Dam.— XII. Breed Only From Pure Sires.— XIII. The Best are Cheapest in the End. — XIV. Selection of Stallion and Mare. — XV. Service of the Stallion.— XVI. The Period of Gestation— Treatment. — XVII. Treatment After Foaling. — XVIII. How to Know if a Mare is in Foal. — XIX. How to Know the Foaling Time. — XX. The Foaling Stall. — XXI. Abortion, or Slinking the Foetus.— XXII. How to Raise a Colt 176 CHAPTER X. ASSES AND MULES. I. The Mule and Hinny Defined. — II. The Ass. — III. Antiquity of the Mule. — IV. Breeding-Jacks. — V. Longevity of the Mule. — VI. The Value of Mules for Labor. — VII. Mules are not Vicious. — VIII. The Breeding of Mules 197 Table of contents. xv Page. CHAPTER XI. now TO TUAIN A HORSE. I. Tlie Old System and the New. — II. The American Way Better than the EngUsli. — III. Difference Between Breaking and Training. — IV. First Lessons. —V. Learn- ing to Lead. — VI. To Malie a Colt Come to You. — VII. Lessons in Sound Signals. — VIII. Flexions. — IX. The Proper Age for Work. — X. Harnessing and Driving. —XL The Age for Real Work.— XIL How to Subdue a Wild Colt.— X 11 1. Hand- ling a Vicious Colt. — XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. — XV. Training a Stallion for Service. — XVI. Training for Draft. — XVII. How to Have a Good Plow Team. — XVTII. Forming a Good Saddle Horse. — XIX. The Different Gaits. — XX. Training to Tret in Harne.ss. — XXI. Forming a Trotter. — XXII. To Train a Racer.— XXIII. Saddling.— XXFV^. Harnessing 20(i CHAPTER XH. STABLES AND OTHER SHELTER. L The Economy of Comfort. — H. How to Build Stables. — IH. AVliere to Keep Har- ness. — IV. Temperature and Ventilation. — V. The Arrangement of Stalls. — VI. Construction of Mangers and Racks.— VII. The Hay and Straw Loft. — VIII. An Economical Granary. — IX. The Wagon and Carriage Floor. — X. The Harness Room.— XI. The Stable-Yard and Out-Sheds. — XII. Grass Lots near the Stable. — Xni. A Good Supply of Water.— XIV. Cleaning the Stable -22 chaptp:r xni. FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMING. L The Good that a Sieve WiU Do.— 11. How to Feed.— HI. When to Feed. —R^ Wliat to Feed.— V. Condiments.— VI. How to Make Mashes.— VII. How to Make Gruel.— VIU. The Quantity of Grain to Feed.— IX. Hay and Straw.— X. Groom- ing.— XL When to Groom.— XII. General Stable Care.— XIH. Blankets and Other Clothing -30 CHAPTER XIV. HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSE. I. The Economy of Humane Treatment. — H. Common Sense in all Things.— HI. Thrift and Unthrift Contrasted.— FV. Cruelty and Improvidence vs. Thrift and Kindness. — V. Why the Horse Requires Intelligent Management. — VI. How to Know an Intelligent Iklaster.— VII. Pictures from Real Life.— VIU. ITie Kind Man Will Have a Willing Team.— IX. The "Good Fellow's" Crueltj.— X. How to Use One's Means -"^^ CHAPTER XV. HOW TO BUT AND SELL A HORSE. [. Accurate Knowledge Necessary.— H. Buying Cheap Horses.— IH. A Guarantee of Soundness.— IV. Know What you Buy for.— V. The Proportions of the Horse.— VI. Description of Eclipse.— VIL What Constitutes a Good Horse.— VUI. Models for Buying.— IX. The Racing and tlie Trotting Form.— X. The Roadster.— XL Saddle Horses.— XII. A Horse of High Form.— XIII. Buying for Blood.— XIV. Choosing the Brood Mare.— XV. Selecting the Stallion.— XVI. How to Detect Vices and Defects.— XVU. Some Faults and Imperfections. —XVm. What is Unsoundness?—.^. . -^ 249 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART II. DISEASES OF THE HORSE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. symptoms and general treatment. Page. I. Introduction. — n. Outward Manifestations of Disease. — in. Symptoms of Ii ternal Diseases. — TV. Importance of Prompt Treatment. — V. Know What You are Treating. — VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. — VII. Explanation of Terms Used. — VIII. Graduation of Doses. — IX. How Often to Give Medicines. — X. Forms of Medicines, and How to Administer 270 CHAPTER II. FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES. E. Corns.— n. Quittor. — IH. Quarter and Sand Cracks. — IV. Seedy Toe. — V. Prick- ing from Nails. — VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis. — VII. Chronic Founder or Laminitis. — VIU. Pumiced Feet 280 CHAPTER III. FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Thrush. — II. Navicular Disease. — III. Contraction of the Foot. — IV. Gravel. — ^V. Canker.— VI. Calks.— VH. Fracture of the Bone of the Foot.— VIII. Stone Bruises.— IX. Side Bone 293 CHAPTER IV. SHOEING AND CARE OF THE FEET. I. Wliat a Shoer can do.— H. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. — HI. Where the Bearing Should Eest. — IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them.— V. Care of the Feet in the Stable.— VI. The Floor of the Stall 304 CHAPTER V. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. T. Bone Spavin.— II. Bog Spavin. — HI. Occult Spavin. — IV. Blood Spavin. — V. Thoroughpin.— VI. Curb.— VII. Ring Bone.— VIII. Splint.— IX. Sprain of Back Tendons of the Fore Legs. — X. Broken Down 308 CHAPTER VI. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Capulet or Capped Hock and Elbow. — II. Fractures. — III. Open Joint. — IV. Broken Knees. — V. Knee Sprung. — VI. Cocked Ankles. — VII. Windgalls. — VHI. Shoulder Lameness and Sweeny. — IX. Cramp of the Muscles of the Thighs 322 CHAPTER VII. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CONTINUED. t. Stifled. — II. Hip Lameness and Hipped. — III. Stocking. — IV. Elephantiasis or Lymphangitis.— V. Scratches or Crocked Heel. — VI. Grease. — VII. Mud Fever. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII Page. —VIII. Purunculus or Carbuncle. — IX. Dislocations.— X. Wounds.— XI. Sore Shins. — XII. Osteophytes, Following Sore Shins. — XIII. Porcelaneous Deposit. — XIV. String Halt. — XV. Interfering. — XVI. Overreaching. — XVII. Forging.— XVIII. Rupture of Muscles.— XIX. Atrophy of the Muscles 338 CHAPTER VIII. BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. I. Caries. — II. Necrosis. — III. Osteo Porosis. — V. Exostosis of the Jaw. — VI. Broken Back.— VII. Sprain of the Back.— VIII. Broken Ribs.— IX. Broken Tail.— X. Fracture of the Skull.— XI. Tumors.— XII. Goitre.— XIII. Inflamed Parotid Gland. — XIV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct.— XV. Fistulous Withers.— XVI. Poll Evil.— XVII. Inflamed Jugular Vein.— XVIII. Saddle Galls.— XIX. Sit Fasts.— XX. Surfeit.— XXI. Dropsy.— XXII. Chordes.— XXIII. Hernia.— XXIV. Warts.- XXV. Rat-Tail.— XXVI. Itchy Tail— XXVII. Itchy Skin— XXVIII. Melanosis.— XXIX. Hide Bound.— XXX. Eczema 3r>7 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. I. Tumor in the False Nostril. — II. Polypus. — III. Catarrh. — IV. Nasal Gleet. — V. Laryngitis, Roaring and Whistling. — VI. Quinsy. — VII. Bronchitis. — VIII. Pneumonia. — IX. Heaves. — X. Congestion of the Lungs. — XI. Pleur- isy.— XI I. Hydrothorax. — XIII. Chronic Cough 378 CHAPTER X. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE ALIilENTARY CANAL. I. Teeth — Ache, Decay, Filing. — Wolf Teeth. — II. Tongue Laceration. — III. Sore Mouth. — IV. Lampas. — V. Pharyngitis. — VI. Choking. — VII. Gastritis. — VIII. Stomach Staggers. — IX. Dyspepsia. — X. Spasmodic Colic. — XL Flatu- lent Colic. — XII. Rupture of the Stomach. Intestines or Diaphragm. — XIII. Constipation. — XIV. Diarrhoea and Superpurgation. — XV. Dysentery. — XVI. Enteritis. — XVII. Peritonitis. — XVIII. Calculi. — XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie 394 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. — 11. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. — III. Apoplexy. — IV. Megrims. — V. Tetanus or Lockjaw. — VI. Paralysis. — VII. Sunstroke 415 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. I. Inflammation of the Endocardium.— II. Enlargement of the Heart.— III. At- rophy of the Heart.— IV. Induration of the Heart— V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart.— VI. Obesity of the Heart.— VII. Cyanosis or Blue Disease. VIII. Rupture of the Heart.— IX. Rupture of a Blood Vessel. — X. Aneur- ism.— XI. Phlebitis, or Inflammation of a Vein.— XII. Thumps 423 CHAPTER XIII. GENERAi DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. I. Influenza— Epizooty— "Pink Eye."— II. Purpura Hemorrhagica.— III. Rheu- matism. — IV. Abscesses. — V. Erysipelas 427 xviii table of contents. ^' Page. CHAPTER XIV. CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 1, Glanders and Farcy. — 11. Strangles. — III. Rabies or Hydrophobia. — IV. Horse Pox or Equine Variola 431 CHAPTER XV. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. I. JSTephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — II. Congestion of the Kidneys. — HI. Cystitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder. — IV. Paralysis of the Bladder. — V. Eversion of the Bladder. — VI. Spasm of the. Neck of the Bladder. — VH. Rup- tm-e of the Bladder — VIH. Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling. — IX. Haema- turia, or Bloody Urine. — X. Suppression of the Urine, or Dysuria. — XI, Drib- bling of the Urine, or Enuresis. — XII. Stricture of the Urethra. — XIH. Gonor- rhcea.— XrV. Foul Sheath.— XV. Urinary Calculi 441 CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. Of the Male : — I, Inflammation of the Testicles. — H. Hydrocele, or Dropsy of the Scrotum. — HI. Evil Results of Castration, — IV, Wounds of the Penis. — V. Gon- orrhoea, — VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis, — VII, Masturbation, Of the Female : — VIH, Parturition, — IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb, — X. Inflammation of the Ovaries, — XI, Leucorrhoea. — XH, Puerperal Fever, — Xin. Mammitis.— XTV Hysteria,— XV, Abortion 451 CHAPTER XVII. DISEASES OF THE LIVER, I. Congestion of the Liver, — H, Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver (Acute or Chronic), — IH. Ceroma, or Fatty Degeneration, — IV. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous Degeneration. — V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows. — VI, Biliary Calculi, or Gall- stones, — VII, Hypertrophy. — VIH, Atrophy, — IX. Softening, or Ramollisse- ment, with Rupture 458 CHAPTER XVIII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. I. Specific Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindness, — II, Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunc- tivitis, — III. Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye. — FV. Glaucoma. — V. Iritis. — ^VI. Leucoma. — VH. Cataract. — VHI. Filaria Oculi, or Worm in the E5'e, — IX, Entropium. — X. Ecti-opium, — XL Torn Eyelids, — XH. Cancerous Tumor in the Eye. — XIH. Obstruction of the Lachrymal Duct 462 CHAPTER XIX. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE HORSE. I. Intestinal Worms,— U. Bots.^IH, Lice,— TV, Mange, — V. Ringworm 470 CHAPTER XX. VICES IN THE STABLE. 1. Cribbing.- H, Wind Sucking.— IH, Gnawing the Manger, Clothing, etc— TV. Kicking while Eating Grain. — V. Wasting the Grain, — VI. Pulling Back, and Breaking the Halter,— VH. Balking 471 table of contents. xix Page CHAPTER XXI. CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES, AS RELATED TO HYGIENE. I. Necessity for Stables.— II. Construction of Stables.— III. Feeding and Watering Stock.— IV. The Care of Stock when in Stable.— V. Additional Directions for Giving Medicines. — VI. Detection of Disease 481 CHAPTER XXII. OPERATIONS. I. Anaesthetics, and How to Use Them. —II. Bandages. — III. Bleeding.- 1\'. Blister- ing.— V. Casting.— VI. Castration.— VII. Extirpation of the Eye.— VIII. Kiring. —IX. Lithotomy.— X. Lithotrity.— XI. Xeurotomy.— XII. Nicking and I)oc"k- ing.— XIII. Opening an Abscess.— XIV. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Abdomen.— XV. Tricking.- XVI. Probing and Opening a Fistula.— X^' II. Spaying.— XVIII. Sutures.- XIX. Tapping the Belly for Flatulence.— XX. Tenotomy. — XXI. Tracheotomy 4!»1 CHAPTER XXUI. CONCERNING THE VETERINARIAN'S CERTIFICATE OF SOUNDNESS. t. Examinations in this Country and in Europe. — II. What the Veterinarian Should See to, for His Client.— III. Conditions Modifying the Certificate. — FV. The Seller's Guarantee Should Cover Vices ;303 CHAPTER XXIV. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. I. General Rules. — U. Poisoning from Drugs, Minerals, etc. — III. Poisoning while Grazing. — IV. Poisoning of (he Skin. — V. Poisoning from Stings ■')0."> CHAPTER XXV. INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINES. I. What Instruments to Keep, and Itow to Use Them. — II. Surgical Apparatus and Appliances. — III. A Cheap and Serviceable Surgical Outfit. — IV. Veterinary Medicines and Doses. — V. When and How Often may the Dose be Repeated? — VI. Simple Directions for Preparing and Using Medicines. — VII. Weights and Measures '.12 CHAPTER XXVI. RECIPES FOR THE HORSE. Recapitulation of Recipes in Part II oiio XX TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART III. CATTLE.— HISTORY, xMANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. eakly history and typical breeds of cattle. Page. I. Wild and Semi-wild Herds.— 11. The First Chroniclers and Breeders of Cattle. — III. The Original Tj'pe. — IV. Undomesticated Herds of Europe and Asia. — V. Spanish- American Breeds. — VI. The Devons. — VII. The Herefords. — VIII. The Dm-ham or Teeswater Breed. — IX. Irish Cattle. — X. Scotch and Highland Cattle. —XI. Swiss Cattle— XII. Dutch Cattle.— XIII. Fossil Cattle.— XIV. The Wild Cattle of England — XV. Native Districts of some Breeds 53i CHAPTER II. STRUCTURE OF THE OX. I. Comparative Description. — II. A Good Cow Described in Verse. — III. Skeleton of the Ox.— IV. Analysing the Head.— V. External Parts of a Fat Ox.— VI. Teeth of the Ox.— VII. Age of Cattle Told by the Chart 552 CHAPTER III. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. I. — Ancient and Modern Breeding. — II. Cattle of the Campagnas. — HI. Pioneers of • Improved Stock. — IV, Illustrations of Noted English Breeds. — V. Do Not At- tempt to Form a Breed.— VI. How a Breed is Formed.— VII. Breeding for Cer- tain Uses. — VIII. Variation in Type. — IX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in Line. — X. Altering the Character by Crossing. — XI. Influence of Shelter and Feeding. — XII. Heredity in Cattle. — XIII. Hereditary Influence of Parents. — XIV. Atavism. — XV. Peculiarities of Ancestors Perpetuated. — XVI. How the Short-Horns were Bred up.— XVH. Short-Horns During the Last Fifty Years.— XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains.— Xyv. The Three Principal Types of Cattle.. 5(50 CHAPTER IV. THE BREEDING OF CATTLE. I. Early Systems of Breeding. — II. Bakewell's Ten Eules.— HI. What the Breeder Must Know. — rV. Compare Kesults. — V. The Assimilation of Food. — VI. The Breeder Must be a Good Farmer.— VII. Breeding for Beef .—VIII. Breeding for Milk.— EX. Breeding for Labor.— X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk.— XI. Some Facts About Beef .— XH. Value of Sires in Different Herds.— XHI. Know What You Breed for. —XIV. Definition of Terms.— XV. How to Start a Herd.— XVI. How the Herd will Grade.— XVH. Taking a Line Cross.— XVIH. Some Speci- mens of Close Breeding.— XIX. The Gestation of Cows 575 CHAPTER V. SHORT-HORN CATTLE. I. Short-Horn Breeds.— H. The Old Teeswaters.— HI. Origin of Modern Short- Horns.— IV. WhatMade Them Famous.— V. TheBullHubback.— VI. Beef From the Old Teeswaters.— Vn. Short-Horns in America.— VHI. The Great Ohio Im- portation.— IX. Kentucky and Other Importations.— X. Importation of Bates TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXI. Paor. Cattle.— XI. Canadian Short-Horns.— XII. Westward March of the Short- Horn. — XIII. Short-Horns as Beef Makers. — XIV. The Patton Family of Short-Horns. — XV. Grade Cows and Steers. — XVI. Short-Horns Critically Described.— XVII. The Head.— XVIII. The Neck.— XIX. The Body.— XX. The Legs Short and Straight.— XXI. The Ix)in Broad.— XXII. Wide in the Crops.— XXIII. The Back Straight and Broad.— XXIV. The Ribs Barrel- Shaped.— XXV. The Touch.— XXVI. The Hide.— XXVII. The Hair.— XXVIII. The Color.— XXIX. Beef Points Illustrated.— XXX. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Bulls.— XXXI. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows.. 588 CHAPTER VT. THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEYS AND GUERNSEYS. A Fashionable Breed.— II. The Guernseys.— III. The Alderney in Youatt's Time. — IV. The Jersey of To-day. — V. Crossing the Jerseys. — VI. The Jer- sey Described. — VII. Milk Mirrors. — VIII. Guenon's Theory of Milk Mirrors. IX. Their Practical Utility.— X. The Escutcheon Marks.— XI. Good Milk- ers in all Breeds.— XII. Value of Heredity.— XIII. Influence of Good Diges- tion and Assimilation. — XIV. The Milk Veins. — XV. The Udder and Twist Veins. — XVI. Mr. Sharpless' Opinion.— XVII. Symmetry Essential Whatever the Breed. — XVIII. The Jersey not a Dairy Cow. — XIX. Scale of Points for Jersey Cows and Heifers. — XX. Rules in Awarding Prizes. — XXI. Scale of Points for Jersey Bulls. — XXII. Estimating the Value of Points. — XXIII. Color and Size. — XXIV. From a Practical Stand-point 614 CHAPTER VII. MIDDLE HORNED CATTLE — THE HEREFORDS. The Valuable Breeds of Middle-Horns.— II. The Hereford Color.— III. The Herefords Fifty Years Ago. — IV. Youatt's Testimony. — V. The Herefords in America. — VI. The Importation of 1840. VII. Hereford Grades Forty Years Ago. — VIII. The Ohio Importation. — IX. Herefords in Canada. — X. Early Imported Herefords not Fairly Tried.— XI. The Herefords West.— XII. The Hereford as a Work Ox.— XIII. The Hereford Cow.— XIV. Points of the Hereford.— XV. The Hereford of To-day in England.— XVI. High and Au- thoritative Praise. — XVII. Distribution in the Southwest and Far West 636 CHAPTER VIII. MIDDLE HORNED CATTLE — THE DEVON AND THE SUSSEX. Antiquity of the Devons, — II. The Devons Comparatively Small Cattle. — III. Natural Grazing Grounds of the Devons. — IV. Working Qualities of the Dev- ons. — V. Their Deceiving Appearance. — VI. Points of the Devon. — VII. Not- able Characteristics. — VIII. The Legs of the Devon. — IX. The Body and Tail. — X. The Devon Cow. — XI. Mr. Allen's Testimony. — XII. They are Active and Handy.— XIII. In the First Class for Beef.— XIV. Weight of the Devons.— XV. Sussex Cattle.— XVI. The Sussex Color.— XVII. Distinguish- ing Marks of the Sussex. — XVIII. The Sussex Cow. XIX. Glamorgan Cattle. 646 CHAPTER IX. POLLED CATTLE. Polled Cattle in General. — II. The Galloways.— III. Points of the Galloway. IV. The Limbs and Head.— V. The Skin.— VI. The Color.— VII. The (Jallo- ways in America. — VIII. Polled Angus Cattle. — IX. Color of the Polled An- gus. — X. Angus Cows as Milkers. — XI. The Angus Compared with the Gallo- way 661 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. CHAPTER X. DAIRY CATTLE — THE AYRSHIRES. I. The Antiquity of Ayi'shire Cattle. — 11. Ayrshire Ancestry. — ^III. The Ayrshire as a Milker.— IV. Quality of the Milk.— V. Mr. Youatt's Opinion.— VI. Quality of the Flesh. — VII. The Ayrshires in America. — VIII. Ayrshire Points Eighty Years Ago. — IX. The Ayrshire of To-day. — X. Points of Ayrshii-e Cattle. — XI. Escut- cheon or Milk Mirror.— XII. The Points Summed Up.— XIU. The Body.— XIV. The Skin.— XV. Milk Points. —XVI. The Head.— XVIl. The Neck, Body and Limbs. — XVIU. Importance of Good Teats. — XIX. Color, Style and Condition. 667 CHAPTER XI. DAIRY CATTLE— THE DUTCH BREEDS. I. Antiquity of Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Kace. — II. Friesian and Batavian Cattle. — III. Dutch Cattle Older than those of Holstein. — IV. Establishment of Regular Cattle Mai'kets. — V. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland. — VI. Facts about Dutch Cattle. — VII. Varieties Described. — VTII. Paces of Dutch Cattle. — EX. Dr. George 3Iay's Testimony. — X. Breeds of North and South Hol- land and West Friesland. — XI. Their Color and Form. — XH. Yields of Milk. — XHI. Feeding Qualities —XIV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed.— XV. The Earliest Importations. — XVI. TheLeroy Impoi-tation. — XVII. The Chenerylm- jjortation. — XVIII. What Prof. Roberts Says. — XIX. Measurements Adopted for Dutch Friesian Cattle. — XX. How to Select Dairy Cows 679 CHAPTER XII. THE RAISING ANlv ECONOMICAL FEEDING OP CATTLE. r. Importance of Proper Care while Young. — H. Difference between Good and Bad Care.— III. The Starved Calves at Grass.— IV. The Other Side.— V. Good Wai- ter Keeping for Calves. — VI. When and How to Castrate. — VII. Young Beef. — VHI. Heavy Steers. — IX. Full Feeding and Early Maturity. — X. Economy in Feeding. — XI. The True Policy with Young Stock. — XII. Feeding the Young Calves. — XIII. Feed Grass and Oats Early. — XIV. Where the Profit Comes In. — XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor. — XVI. Reaching Results. — XVII. When and How to Feed. — XVIH. Out-Door Feeding Where Corn is Cheap. — XTX. A Good Condiment.— XX. So-called Perfect Foods 693 CHAPTER XIII. PASTURAGE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT. [. Study the Conditions. — H. Provide against Droughts. — HI. Kinds of Feed to Raise.— IV. Pasture the Poor Man's Wealth.— V. The Valuable Clovers.— VI. Alfalfa or Luzerne. — Vlf. Clovers Not Generally Valuable.— VIII. Forage and Feeding Plants. — IX. Grass is the Most Valuable. — X. Grasses of Special Value. — ^XI. The Coming Grasses for the West. — XII. The Time to Pasture. — XIH. Feeding in Winter. — XIV. Watering. — XV. Feeding in Summer. — XVI. Econ- omy of Full Summer and Winter Feeding.— XVII. Summing Up. — XVni. Fin- ishing a Steer.— XIX. When to Sell 704 CHAPTER XIV. HERDING AND GRAZING. I. Great Herds of the Southwest. — II. Losses from Cold and Neglect. — UI. Cattle do not Wander Far. — IV. Thi-ee Things Necessary in Herding. — V. How to Raise TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXIII Pack. Water.— VI. Tanks and Pools for Stock.— VII. Have the Pool Deep.— VIII. Underground Supply. — IX. Protection against Storms 712 CHAPTER XV. THE HUMANE MANAGEMKNT AND CARE OF CATTLE. A Merciful Man is Merciful to his Beast. — II. What Constitutes Good Care and Kindness. — III. How to Manage a Kicker. — IV. To Prevent Sucking. — V. Devices to Prevent Goring. — VI. Driving to and from Pasture. — VII. Amenities of the Barn Yard. — VIII. As between Good and Bad Management. — IX. Assimilation of Food. — X. Two Ways of Looking at it. — XL The Profits of Humane Treatment 718 CHAPTER XVI. THE TRAINING AND WORKING OF CATTLE. The Difference Between Training and Breaking. — II. When the Whip is Neces- sary. — III. Two Ways of Doing It. — IV. Advantages of Training Young. — V. What an Ox should be Taught.— VI. Training the Calf. — VII. Training to Lead.— VIII. Training a Bull.— IX. Training a Milch Cow.— X. How to Milk Properly. — XL Do not Feed at Milking Time. — XII. How to Manage a Kicking Cow. — XIII. How to Train Steers. — XIV. Train Them while They are Young. — XV. A Summing Up. — XVI. A Sailor as a Teamster 725 CHAPTER XVII. SHELTER FOR CATTLE. The Economy of Shelter.— -11. The Natural Heat Must Be Kept Up.— III. Food, as Related to Shelter. — IV. Four Classes of Stockmen. — V. How to Shelter. — VI. Something that will Bear Repeating. — VII. A Cheap and Good Shed. VIII. A Framed Shed with Loft— IX. Cattle Ties. — X. Barns for Various Uses. — XL The Basement and Other Floors.— XII. An Oblong Barn.— XIII. A Barn- with Wings. — XIV. A Model Barn Basement. — XV. Main Floor of Model Barn.— XVI. Round and Octagonal Barns. — XVII. Build for the End Desired.— XVIII. Summer Shelter 735 CHAPTER XVIIl. DAIRYING AND DAIRY BUILDINGS. A Profitable Industry. — II. Our Dairy Products.— III. The Dairy Buildings. IV. How the Factory is Built. — V. The Management of Milk. — VI. Patent Creameries. — VII. Driving off Animal Odors. — VIII. Temperature of the Dairy Room. — IX. Butter Making in Europe. — X. Dairy Butter in the West. — XL How to Color Butter.— XII. Salting.— XIII. How to Pack Butter.— XIV. Preparing a Package for Use. — XV. Cheese Making — Cheddar Cheese. — XVI. Cheshire Cheese. — XVII. How to Prepare Rennets. — XVIIL Dairy vs. Creamery and Factory 747 XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART IV. DISEASES OF CATTLE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. generai, principles. Page Importance of this Department of Practice. — II. Patliology of Cattle and of the Horse Compared. — III. Action of Remedies in Cattle. — IV. The Only Safe Principles for Most Cattle Owners. — V. Familiarize Yourself with the Phe- nomena of Health. — VI. The Pulse, Respiration and Temperature. — VII. Other Special Signs of Disease 761 CHAPTER II. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia. — II. Rinderpest or Cattle Plague. — III. Texas Fever, Spanish or Splenic Fever. — IV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and Mouth Disease, or Epizootic Aphtha. — V. Anthrax. — VI. Variola Vaccinse or Cow-Pox. — VII. Tuberculosis and Phthisis Pulmonalis. — VIII. Cancerous Ulcers or Osteo Sarcoma. — IX. Lumpy Jaw 765 CHAPTER III. NON-CONTAGIOrS BLOOD DISEASES. Plethora. — II. Anaemia. — III. Rheumatism. — IV. Uraemia. — V. Septicae- mia and Pyaemia. — VI. Cancerous Ulcers and Osteo Sarcoma. — VII. Purpura Hcemorrhagica. — VIII. Asthenic Haematuria, or Red Water in Cattle. — IX. Malignant Catarrh. — X. Malignant Sore Throat 784 CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Simple Catarrh or Cold. — II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Throat. — III. Bronchitis. — IV. Pneumonia. — V. Pleurisy. — VI. Hydrothorax. — VII. Em- pnysema of the Lungs 791 CHAPTER V. DISEASES or THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue; and Paralysis of the Tongue. — II. Hoven, or Tympanitis. — III. Impaction of the Rumen, or Maw-Bound. — IV. Impaction of the Omasum, or Fardle-Bound. — V. Dyspepsia. — VI. Constipa- tion. — VI. Diarrhoea, or Scours. — VIII. Dysentry. — IX. Enteritis. — X. Peritonitis. — XI. Hernia. — XII. Strangulation, or Gut-Tie 799 CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — II. Retention of the Urine, or Dysuria. — III. Incontinence of Urine, or Enuresis. — IV. Albuminuria, or Albuminous Urine. — V. Hsematuria, or Bloody Urine. — VI. Cystitis, or In- flammation of the Bladder.— VII, Lithiasis, or Gravel.— VIII. Calculi 811 table of contents. xx\' ^ Page. CHAPTER VII. DISKASKS OK THE ORGANS OF GKNKUATIOX. I. Malpresentations, etc., in Parturition. — II. Prolonged After-pains. — in. Reten- tion of tlie After-birth. — TV. Abortion and Miscarriage. — Y. Uterine Hemor- rhage, or Flooding— VI. Inversion of the Womb — YII. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb. — Viil. Puerperal Fever, or Metro-Peritonitis. — IX. Parturient Apoplexy. — X. Leucorrhoea, or Whites. — ^XI. Gonorrhoea. — Xn. Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Udder. — XITT. Sore Teats. — XTV. Nymphomania and Sterility 81« CHAPTER VIII . DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. — II. Apoplexy. — HI. ilpilepsy. — IV. Paralysis. — V. Tetanus. — ^VI. Rabies or Hydrophobia. — ^VH. Nervous Debility at Parturition 835 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. l. Simple Eczema. — II. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis. — HI. Erysipelas 838 CHAPTER X. PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. I. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis). — H. The Gadfly and Grub ((Estrus Bo- vis) . — HI. Lice. — rV. Tapeworm. — V. Mange. — VI. Ringworm 840 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EYE. I. Ophthalmia or Conjunctivitis. — II. Fungus Haematodes, or Bleeding Cancer. — IH. Torn Eyelids. — IV. Inversion and Eversion of the Eyelids. — V. Foreign Sub- stances in the Eye 844 CHAPTER XII. ACCIDENTS, ETC. I. Choking. — II. Fractures. — HI. Wounds. — IV. Dislocations. — V. Sprains. — VI. Wens 84G CHAPTER XIII. OPERATIONS. ) . Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Belly. — H. Tracheotomy. — IH. Tapping the Rumen (Paunch) for Iloven. — IV. Rumenotomy. — V. Castration. — VI. Spaying. — VII. Tapping the Bladder of the Ox or Bull. — VIH. Sutures and Bandages. — [X. Caesarian Operation. — X. Bleeding 850 CHAPTER XIV. RECIPES FOR CATTLE. Recapitulation of Recipes in Part IV 854 XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART V. SWINE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. history and statistics of swine. Page. I. Origin and Antiquity of the Hog. — 11. The Native American Species.— III. Swine of Europe, Asia and Africa. — IV. The Wild Hogs of Europe. — V. Teeth of the Hog. — VI. Brought to America by Columbus. — VK. Three Great Swine Pro- ducing States. — Vni. Importance of the Pork Interest 865 CHAPTER II. BREEDS OF SWINE. [. Sires of Improved Breeds. — II. Chinese Swine. — III. Neapolitan Swine. — IV. The Hog of India.— V. English Breeds— the Berkshire.— VI. The Essex.— VII. The Black Dorset.— VIH. The Suffolk.— IX. The Yorkshire.— X. Lancashire Breeds XI. American Breeds.— XH. The Chester Wliite.— XIII. The Poland-China.— XIV. The Cheshires.— XV. Jersey Ked Swine.— XVI. Duroc Swine.— XVH. Summary of Breeds 869 CHAPTER III THE BREEDING AND CARE OF HOGS. I. Practical Value of Improved Breeds. — H. Care in Selection. — HI. Age of Breed- ing Swine. — IV. How to Select Breeding Animals. — V. Form and Feeding Qual- ities. — VI. The Care of Breeding Stock. — VII. Farrowing. — VHI. Weaning the ?igs. — IX. Castration. — X. Gestation of Sows. — XI. Necessity of Good Care. — XII. Kinging a Hog 888 CHAPTER IV. THE FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF SWINE. L Feed the Breeders for Health. — II. The Proper Food for Swine. — HI. Summer Feeding for Pork. — IV. Grasses and Clovers. — V. Roots. — VI. Grain the Main Reiiance. — VH. Feeding in the Fields. — VHI. Gleaning in the Fields and After Cattle. — IX. Value of Mast for Hogs. — X. Hog-feeding in the South. — XI. Feeding in Close Pens. — XII. Hog Barns. — XIH. The Best Form of Hog Barn. — XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs. — XV. Economy of Full Feeding from Birth 895 PART VI. DISEASES OF SWINE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. MALIGNANT AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES. I. The Prevention of Disease. — II. Malignant Epizootic Catarrh. — IH. Contagious Fever of Swine. — IV. Contagious Pneumo-Enteritis. — V. Splenic Fever, or TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXVII Page. Malignant Anthrax. — VI. Summary of Treatment for Malignant Diseases. — VII. Rules for Disinfection. — VIII. Difliculty in Giving Medicine to Swine. — IX. Watch Symptoms Early, and Use Preventives ^'^ CHAPTER II. THE COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE. Inflammatory Diseases. — II. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs. — HI. Quinsy, or Inflammation of the Tonsils. — TV. Apoplexy, Staggers, or Congestion of the Brain.— V. Colds, or Rising of the Lights. — VI. Catan-h or Snuffles. — VII. Measles and Trichina. — VIII. Trichina Spiralis. — IX. Other Intestinal Parasites. — X. Parasites of the Skin — Mange or Scab. — XI. Lice. — XII. Diarrhoea. — XJII. Leprosy.— XrV. Skeleton of the Hog 912 PART VII. SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY.— EMBRACING ORIGIN, BREEDS, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT; WITH FACTS CONCERNING GOATS. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS. I. Native Country of Sheep. — II. Their Diversified Character. — III. Anatomy of the Sheep.— IV. Top and Vertical Views of Skull.— V. Dentition of Sheep.— VI. Points of Sheep Explained. — VII. Divisions of Fine Wool. — VIII. Comparative Value of Fine and Coarse Wool. — IX. Ranging and Flocking of Different Breeds. — X. Regions Adapted to Sheep. — XI. Points of Excellence of the Principal Breeds. — XII. Standard for American Merinos. — XIII. Standard for i\Iiddle- Wooled Sheep. — XIV. Standard for Cotswold Sheep 92.'j CHAPTER II. VARIETIES OF SHEEP AND TIIEIU CHARACTERISTICS. I. Long-Wooled English Sheep. — II. Lincoln Sheep. — III. Romney Marsh Sheep. — rV. Leicester Sheep. — V^. The Cotswolds. — VI. Xew Oxfordshire Siieep. — VII. The Oxford-Downs.— VIII. Middle and Short- Wooled British Breeds.— IX. >Vliite-faced Mountain Sheep. — X. Black-faced Highland, or Scotch Sheep. — XI. IIaini)shire-Downs. — XII. Shropshire-Downs. — XIII. South-Downs. — XIV. Other Breeds of Great Britain. — XV. Dorset Sheep. — XVI. Fine-Wooled Sheep.' — XVII. American Merinos. — XVIII. The Atwood and Hammond Merinos. — XIX. The Rich iMcrinos. — XX. About Sheep in General. — XXL Tlie Average Wool per Sheep. — XXU. Summary of British, Breeds - 930 CHAPTER in. BREEDING AND CARE OF SHEEP. I. Constant Watchfulness Neces.sary. — TI. The Breeding Age of Sheep. — HI. Crossing. — IV. Coupling. — V. The Proper Time for Coupling. — VI. Gestation. — VU. Keep a Record of the Breeding. — VIII. Management and Training of Rams. — EX. Pasturage for Sheep. — X. Water.— XL Protection from Insects. — XU. Early XXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page and Late Pasture and Feeding. — XIII. Winter Feeding. — XIV. Sheep Barns. — XV. Grading the Sheep. — XVI. Feeding Troughs and Racks ^XVII. Castra- tion and Docliing. — XVIII. Weaning the Lambs. — XIX. Lambing Time. — XX. The Nursery.— XXI. Tagging Sheep.— XXII. Washing and Shearing.— XXIII. Tying the Wool. — XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Sheep. — XXV. A word About Goats.— XXVI. A Profitable Industry.— XXVII. Habits of the Angora. — XXA^III. An Assistant to the Farmer. — XXIX. Angoras in the United States.— XXX. Capabilities of the Milch Goat 962 PART VIII. DISEASES OF SHEEP.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, TREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. GENEKAL DISEASES. Referring to Scientific Terms. — II. Inflammatory Diseases. — III. Distemper or Epizootic Catarrh. — IV. Grubs in the Head. — V. Hydatids on the Brain. — VI. Apoplexy. — VII. Inflammation of the Brain.— VIII. Inflammation of the Eyes. — IX. Swelled Head. — X. Vegetable Poisoning. — XI. Tetanus or Lockjaw. — XII. Paralysis or Palsy. — XIII. Rabies or Canine Madness 997 CHAPTER II. PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. Scab, Ticks and Lice.— II. Foot Rot.— III. Foul in the Foot. — IV. Swollen Foot and Gravel.— V. Maggots from Blow Flies. — VI. Intestinal Worms. — VII. The Rot or Liver Fluke. — VIII. Lung Worms.— IX. Sheep Worried by Dogs. — X. Sprains, Strains and Bruises. — XL Care When Lambing. — XII. Navel 111 1002 PART IX. POULTRY.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND VARIETIES OF FARM BIRDS. Origin of the Word Poultry. — II. Types and Native Country of Barn-Yard Fowls. —III. Changes Due to Breeding.^ — IV. Division of Fowls. — V. The Wild Turkey.— VI. Ducks.— VII. Geese.— VIII. The Swan.— IX. Pheasants. X. Guinea Fowls. — XI. Peafowls.— XII. Anatomy of the Hen 1013 CHAPTER II. BARN- YARD FOWLS. English Breeds — Dorking Fowls. — II. Silver Gray Dorkings. — III. Gray Dorkings. — IV. Fawn-Colored Dorkings. — V. Black Dorkings.— VI. Bolton Grays, or Creoles. — VII. French Fowls — Houdans. — VIII. La Fleche Fowls. — IX. Creve Coeurs. — X. Breda or Guelder Fowls. — XL Spanish Fowls. — XII. Hamburg Fowls — Black Hamburg. — XIII. Penciled Hamburgs. — XIV. Leghorn Fowls. — XV. White Leghorns. — XVI. American Breeds. — XVII. Dominique Fowls.— XVIII. Ostrich Fowls.— XIX. Plymouth Rock Fowls 1024 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXIX CHAPTER III. GAME FOWLS, AND OTHER BARE BREEDS. Page I. Game Fowls and their Varieties.— II. Earl Derby Games.— III. Brown-Breasted Red Games.— IV. Duck-Winged Games.— V. White Georgian Games.— VI. Game Bantams.— VII. Other Bantams.— VIII. The Seabright Bantam.— IX. Japanese Bantams.— X. Frizzled Fowls. — XI. Rumpless Fowls.— XII. Silky Fowls 1047 CHAPTER IV. ASIATIC FOWLS. I. The Various Asiatic Breeds.— II. Dark Brahmas.— III. Light Brahmas.— IV. Cochin Fowls.— V. General Characteristics of Cochins.— VI. White Cochins.— VII. Buff Cochins.— VIIL Partridge Cochins 1059 CHAPTER V. INCUBATORS AND BROODERS. — ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION. I. The Antiquity of Artificial Incubation. — II. Incubators vs. Hens. — III. When Chicks Bring Money.— IV. Keep Up With the Times.— V. Care While in the Brooder. — VI. Feeding Young Chicks. — VII. How To Make an Incubator.— VI I I. How to Operate the Incubator. — IX. A Cheap Home-Made Incubator.— X. How to Make the Brooder 1074 CHAPTER VI. BREEDING AND MANAGE>rENT OF POULTRT. I. A Study of Points Necessary.— II. Explanation of Points.— III. Points of the Head.— IV. The Pluma.ge Illustrated and Exolained.- V. Ideal Shane of Fowls.— VI. Breed to a Fixed Type.— VII. Number of Hens to Each Cock. — VIII. How to Mate.— IX. Breeding Upon a Mixed Flock.— X. Incubation of Various Fowls.— XI. General Management of Fowls.— XII. Proper Food for Fowls.— XIII. PouTtry Houses and Coops.— XIV. Feed Boxes and Drinking Fountains.— XV. Breeds for Market.— XVI. Breeds for Eggs.— XVII. How to Fatten.— XVIII. Killing and Dressing Fowls.— XIX. Packing and Shipping to Market.— XX. Glossary of Terms Used by Poultry Fanciers 1083 CHAPTER VII. • THE TURKEY, AND ITS VARIETIES. I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey.— II. The Bronzed-Black Turkey.— III. The ■ Common Turkey.— IV. The Ocellated Turkey.— V. English Turkeys.— VI. Rare Varieties.— VII. The Care of Turkeys 1099 CHAPTER VIII. GEESE AND THEIR VARIETIES. I. The Management of Geese.— II. Embden or Bremen Geese.— III. Toulouse Geese.— IV. White Chinese Geese.— V. Hong Kong Geese.— VI. The African Goose.— VII. The Canada or Wild Goose.— VIII. Egyptian Geese 1106 CHAPTER IX. VARIETIES OF DOMESTIC DUCKS. I. Ducks on the Farm.— II. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm.— III. Alyesbury Ducks— IV. Rouen Ducks.— V. The Common White Duck.— VI. Cayuga Black Ducks.— VII. Muscovy Ducks.— VIII. Black East India Ducks. — IX. Call Ducks.— X. Pekin Ducks.— XI. Other and Rare Ducks 1113 XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART X. DISEASES OF POULTRY.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. THE CARE AND TREATMENT OF SICK FOWLS. Page I. Division of Diseases into Groups. — II. Apoplexy. — III. Vertigo. — IV. Paraly- sis. — V. Crop-Bound. — VI. DiaiThoea. — VII. Catan-h. — VIII. Bronchitis. — IX. Roup. — X. Gapes. — XI. Pip. — XII. Consumption. — XIII. Inflammation of the Egg Passage. — XIV. Leg Weakness. — XV. Rheumatism. — XVI. Poul- try Lousiness 1123 PART XL BEES.— HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH DIREC- TIONS FOR THEIR SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT CHAPTER I. VARIETIES AND PECULIARITIES OF BEES, I. Natural History of Bees. — II. The Three Genders of the Honey Bee. — HI. Varities of the Honey Bee. — IV. The So-called Queen or|Mother Bee. — V. The Number of Eggs Laid. VI. Drones or Male Bees. VII. Neuter or "Worker Bees. VIII. Varieties of Honey. — IX. Wax and How it is Formed. — X. Plants Adapted to the Production of Honey r 1131 CHAPTER II. THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF BEES. 1. Hives. — II. Number of Swarms Profitably Kept on a Farm. — III. Swarming. — IV. Hiving New Swarms. — V. Taking the Honey. — VI, Wintering Bees. — VII. Implements of Use. — VIII. A Motherless Swarm.— IX. Fastening Empty Combs in Frames. — X. Feeding Bees. — XI. Enemies of Bees. — XII. Foul Brood.— XIII. Conclusion 1139 QI^OSSARY OP SCIENTIFIC TERMS, IN GENERAL USE 1147 PART XII. CANADIAN SUPPLEMENT. HOG CHOLERA" 1177 SWINE. I, Judging Hogs of Bacon Type.— H. The Fat Hog. 1185 BREEDS OF SWINE. I. Large Yorkshires. — II. Tamworths.— Ill Berkshires 1191 HORSE BREEDING. I. The Law of Heredity.— II. The Law of Variation.— III. The Law of Habit.— IV. The Law of Atavism or Striking Back. ^ — V. The Law of Correlation. — VI. The Law of Fecundity or Power to Repioduce. — VII. In-Breeding and In-and-In- Breeding.— TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXI Pagk VIII. Cross Breeding.— IX. The Relative Influence of Parents.— X. Influ- ence of a Previous Impregnation. — XI. Intra-Uterine Influence. — XII. Sex at Will.— XIII. Carriage Horse.— XIV. Saddle Horses and Hunters.— XV. Cobs.— XVI. Roarsters.— XVII. Points of the Horse.— XVIII. The Ex- ternal Conformation of the Horse.— XIX. Conformation of the Heavy Draft Stallion. — XX. Conformation of Mare or Gelding. — XXI. Conformation of Coach Stallion. — XXII. Conformation of Carriage Mare or Gelding. — XXIII. Confoiniation of the Hackney Stallion. — XXIV. Conformation of the Slanriard-Bred Stallion. — XXV. Conformation of the Thorough-Bred Stallion. — XXVI. Conformation of the Thoroughbred Gelding or Mare 1203 DAIRYING AND DAIRY ULII.DINGS. The Dairy Cow. — II. Feed. — III. Butter Making. — IV. Special Points on Butter Making. — V. Creameries. — VI. Cheddar Cheese. — VII. Salting the Curd. — VIII. Curing the Cheese. — IX. Farm Cheese. — X. Dairy Buildings. —XI. Town and City Milk and Cream Trade.— XII. Condensed Milk. — XIII. Imitation Butter. — XIV. The Testing of Milk. — XV. Marketing Dairy Pro- duce 1247 The Selection of Breeding Stock 1275 ILLUSTRATIONS Baker, A. H V Periam, Jonathan IV THE HORSE Page Morgan colts, 1 and 2 years old Frontisiece Abdominal injury, unnatural atti- tude 407, 411 — Nose strained upward 407 Abscess within the brain 3C3, 420 Acute founder, position taken in.... 290 American Jumping Horses — "Won- derland and Roseberry" 229 Animoniacal Blister, application of. . 412 Ankle boots in common use 354 Aphtha 490 Dack of horse, good and bad 1239 Ball, old way of giving 486 — Proper way of giving 488 Bandage, many-tailed 492 Belgian stallions, imported 127, 133 "Belshazzar" — Shire stallion 1245 Bit, injury by the 396 Bleeding 492, 493, 494 Blood sucking louse of horse 474 Bloody urine 447 Bone spavin 308 Bones of the hock (cut 11) 73 — of head and neck (cut 7) C5 — and muscles of forelegs (cut 8) 69 —of the knee (cut 9) 70 — and articulations of foot (cut 10) 71 — of hinder parts (cut 2) 57 Bony tumor 359 Bets 472, 473 — fastened to stomach 473 Broken knee, brace for — manner of probing dirt sac. — manner of opening dirt sac. Bronchitis, fit subject for — painful cough of — horse dressed for Calks or treads on the coronet. . Canker of the sole — of the frog 328 330 330 383 384 385 299 298 298 Caries of the lower jaw 357 "Carnot and Trappiste" — Belgian stallions 133 "Casino" — Percheron stallion 199 Champion gaited saddle stallion — "Highland Chief" 50 — mare — "T.ady Glenn" 146 Chart of horse's teeth 117 Chest, opening of skin of 499 — water flowing from 500 Page Choking 398 —with flatulence 399 Circulatory apparatus, Plate II xlviii Cleveland bay stallion— "Royalty". . 237 Clydesdale Stallion 91, 255 —"Hiawatha" 1209 —"Sir Christopher" 1215 Coach horse 40, 46, 176 — Hi Coffin bone, exostosis of 487 Colic, spasmodic, first stage of 402 — second stage of 403 —third stage of 404 — flatulent, horse dying of 405 Congestion, a cise of 386 — of kidneys 443 Countenance of horse with rabies... 439 Cough, painful from bronchitis 384 Coughing, act of 392 Cow hocks, or Sickle 314 Cracked heel 343 Crampon, to prevent slipping 305 Crib biting 307 Cribbing 477 Crow-bait, cause of dropsy. 371 Cruel man's team 246 Deformed hoof 292 Device to cure habit of pulling 221 —of kicking 227 — for a stifled horse 339 Dermanyssus of horse (or hen louse) 473 Dermatophagus equi 474 Dermatocoptes equi 474 Digestive apparatus, Plate III I Dishing on the trot 318 Diseased horse — outward manifesta- tions (diagram) 318 Dissection of thoroughpin and bog spaim (diagram) 313 "Dorothy Derby 2d" — Pony mare... 180 Drastic poisoning 507 Draft horses, imported 67 Drench, giving to horse 270 Dropsy, or crow-bait 371 Dysentery, chronic 55 "Eldorado III" — Prize winner at in- ternational 55 Elephant leg 342 English shire stallion, "Honest Tom" 159 —"Holland Major" 241 Enlargement of hock joint, forming thoroughpin 313 XXXIII XXXIV ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Enlarged knee, caused from speedy cut 353 • Enteritis, a test 411, 412 Eye affected by Serena .' 465 — searcliing for foreign bodies 464 —inflammation, manner of shading 466 — imperfect vision 467 — extirpation 496 Exostosis of coffin bone (diagram).. 487 External parts of the horse (cut 8) 89 Face of horse, tumor in false nostril 378 False quarter, or deficiency on outer wall 284 —relieved of bearing on the shoe. . 28G Flexor tendons of forelegs (diagram) 319 Fistulous withers 366 Foot, diagram of, showing severed nerve 295 — show^ing cofiin bone 301 — bottom of, showing wing of cof- fin bone (diagram) 302 — with ringbone 316 — showing stone caught between sole and shoe 301 —veins of 306, 487 — reason of spavin 309 —healthy, raised in an easy trot.. 309 — that can not be raised from • ground 309 — low heeled, flat foot 297 —strong, upright, high heeled 297 — view of, showing toe pared 287 Forceps 379 Fore quarters, front view, showing bad conformation 102 — showing good breast and limbs.. 103 — side view, bad conformation 106 — good shoulders lOi "Forrest Squirrel" 116 Founder, position of horse in acute. . 290 — soaking feet in hot water 290 —movement of horse suffering from 291 — fit subject for 383 French Draft Horses 65, 240 — coach horse .' 121 — coach stallion "Perfection" 154 — coach stallion imported 240 — coach mare trotting 185 — coach mare in action 1224 — coach mare "Palestine" 260 — coacher, walking I73 — coacher, "Tamar" 248 —draft horse, "Old Louis Napo- leon" 203 — coach horses, premium winners at World's Fair opposite ix Frog, canker of the 298 Front and back view of bones of foot (cut 6) 64 Gadfly at various stages 472 Gaited saddle mare, "Lady Glenn".. 146 Gastritis, horse suffering from acute 399 Page Gastritis, chronic 400 Gastro-enteritis 506 General Grant's famous "Linden Tree" 254 German coach horses 81 — coach stallion 45, 141, 144 — coach mare 138 Girton Ensign 5733 (18040) 53 Giving drench to horse 279 Glanders 435, 436 Gleet, nasal 381 Gnawing the manger '. 478 Goitre or Bronchocele 365 "Goldfinder," thoroughbred colt 122 "Good Fellow's" barn 247 — gates 247 "Goodwin" — Saddle-bred stallion . . . 150 Gonoides Stylifer of the turkey 473 Grapes 344 Grease, various stages 344, 345 Grinder, sawed across 119 Hackney mares, premium winners at World's Fair xli — mare, "Silver Bell" 192 — ponies, prize winners 144 — stallion, "Squire Rickel" xlv —"Royal Majesty" (7972) 61 — Truman's "Bonny Gabriel" 63 — Copalder's "Bonny Gabriel" (8105) 95 — "Ely Assurance" 129 —"Ely Wise Lad" 129 Halter, good form for 209 Head open to view (cut 1) 74 —carried naturally and unnaturally 218 Heads, side and front view, good — 9rr 1237, 12.^8 —bad 99, 1237. 1238 Head covered with warts 374 Heel, cracked 343 Hidebound, prolific cause of 377 Highbred Clydesdale stallion 91 "Highland Chief" 50 "Hiawatha" — Clydesdale stallion. . . .1209 Hind quarters.107, 110, 111, 112, 1239, 1241 Hipped horse 340 Hock joint, showing enlargement of bog spavin 311 — blistered 494 — bony tumor 308 — diseased 483, 494 — capped 322 Hoematopinus, or blood-sucking louse 474 "Honest Tom" — English shire stallion 159 Hoof, deformed 292 — cracked, closing by thin wire.. 285 Horse suffering from partial paralysis of hind legs 360 — from abscess in brain 363 ■ — from inflammation of brain.. 364, 415 — afflicted with surfeit 370 — with blistered throat 380 —with cold 379 IT.T.USTRATIONS XXXV Page Horse, with pneumonia 387 — with heaves 389 — with hydrothorax 391 — with toothache 394 — with parrot mouth 395 — with sore mouth 396 — quidding 395 — choldng 39S, 399 — with scalded mouth 397 — with congestion of kidneys 443 — with bloody urine 447 —with glanders 435, 436 — with hemorrhage from liver.... 461 — with hydrophobia 439 — with influenza 429 — with purpura 430 — with rabies 439 — with strangles 438 — with tetanus, feeding 489 — dying of abscess on brain 363 — dying of flatulent colic 405 —suffering from acute gastritis.. 399 — suffering from chronic gastritis.. 400 — sulfering from sleepy staggers. 401 — suffering from spasmodic colic 402, 40;i 404 Imperfect vision, frequent result of 467 Imported Belgian stallions 127 — Belgian stallions, "Carnot and Trappiste" 133 — draft horses 67 — draft horses xliv —English shire stallion, "Holland Major" 241 — French coach stallion 240 — German coach horses 46, 138 — German coach stallion, "Hanni- bal" 141 — coach stallions, prize winners. . 145 Inflammation of brain 364, 415, 416 —of jugular vein 368, 369 — of eyes, manner of shading 466 — of kidneys 442 Influenza, horse with 429 Itchy skin, or prurigo 375 "Joe Young." trotting stallion 169 "Joe Patchen," pacing stallion 167 Joint oil, lines marking 328 Kicking, device to cure habit of 227 Kidnels, test for inflammation of . . . . 442 — horse with congestion of 443 Kind man's team 246 Lachrymal duct 469 "Lady Glenn," gaited saddle mare.. 146 Lampas, burning for 397 — iron 397 laryngitis, effect of 382 Leg of horse, points of 482, 1241, 1242 Leg of Horse, cleaning, wrong and proper way 484, 485 — fractured, slings for 326 "Leonatus," thoroughbred stallion 259 P.lge "Linden Tree." General Grant's horse 254 Longitudinal section of horse, show- ing internal economy (cut 7). . 88 Lymphatic gland of throat swollen. . 380 Mange 475 — the spread of 470 "Marske," sire of English eclipse 235 "Matchless of Londesboro," at rest and in action 256, 257 Megrims, expression characteristic of 418 Melanosis, predisposed to 375 — dock of horse afflicted with 376 "Miss Woodford" 187 "Miss Constance" 96 Missouri mules . . .' 200 Mule, prize-winning 201 Morgan filly 136, 266 —colts 51, 92 — stallion, prize winner 140 Muscles in walking (cut 2) 75 — of head and neck (cut 3) 77 — of shoulder and adjacent parts (cut 4) 80 Muscular covering, rear side view (cut 5) 82 Muscles of hind quarters (cut 6) . . . . 83 Nasal gleet 381 Nervous system, Plate I xlvi Neurotomy, diagram showing nerve severed 295 Nose bag, for steaming horse with cold 380 Nose strained upward 407 Obstruction of lachrymal duct 469 "Old Louis Napoleon," French draft horse 203 Oldenburg German coach stallions, pair of 160 One of the famous ones 244 Opening eye when searching for for- eign bodies 464 — skin 499 Ophthalmia, simple 464 — specific 462 Osteophytes of pastern bone 483 Outward manifestations of disease.. 272 Pacing stallion, "Joe Patchen" 167 — "John R. Gentry" 170 "Palestine," French coach mare.... 260 "Parole" : 469 Paralysis, partial, of hind legs 360 — partial, gait of a horse with 421 Pastern and pedal bones, diagram. 316 Percheron, in action 191 — premium winners at World's Fair vl — prize winning 112. 195, 196 — mare, "Zaza" 86 — six year old 13] — stallion. "Casino" 199 Percheron stallion, "Fronton" 162 — saddle stallion 137 "Perfection," French coach stallion.. 154 Pentastoma toenoides 472 XXXVI ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Playing with grain 479 Pneumonia 387 Points of horse 1225 Poisoning, drastic 507 Poll evil during first stage 3G7 — during second stage 3G8 Polypus 379 Pony mare, "Dorothy Derby 2nd"... 180 — stallion, "Sir Horace" 188 Pricking from nails 287 "Proctor Knott" 187 Prurigo, or itchy skin 375 Pulling, device to cure habit of 221 Purpura 430 Quarter, false 284, 2SG — crack 284 ■ — crack cut across the top 285 — crack showing hoof broken part of way 285 "Queen of the Shires," shire mare.. 157 Quittor, in active suppuration...... 282 —after it has broken at the top. . . . 282 Rabies, countenance of horse with.. 439 Rear view of horse, good form 354 Rear view three-year-old Percheron horses opposite xliii Registered hackney ponies 144 Respiratory organs in head of horse (diagram) 378 Resting with hind feet higher than fore feet 307 Ringbone, diagram showing 316 Ringworm 476 Roadsters, team of 1222 Roadster, three-year-old 93 Roaring, test for 504 "Royalty," Cleveland bay stallion.. 237 Saddle-bred stallion, "Goodwin".... 150 — stallion. "Copeland" 174 — stallion, prize winner 137 Sand crack, pared away at sides and bottom 286 — crack, dressed, shod and ban- daged 286 Sarcoptes equi 475 Scale of measurements of horse.... 251 Scratches 487 Sectional view of bones of foot (cut 4) 62 Seedy toe, showing separation of wall 2S6 Serena, eye affected by 465 Seton needle, stitching with a fixed. . 349 — In throat of horse 393 Sick horse . 489 Sickle or cow hocks 314 "Silver Bell," hackney mare 192 "Sir Christopher" — Clydesdale stal- lion 1215 Shire stallion — "Blaisdon Pluto" 59 Shire Stallion, "Draymaster" 85 — "Belshazzar" 1245 Shire filly — "Miss Constance" 96 — mare, "Queen of the Shires" 157 Page Shire mares, premium winners iii Shetland ponies in light driving.... 179 — ponies vi Shelter of the provident man 245 — of the improvident man 245 Shoe, plain 306 — diagram of 287 —left on too long 296 Skeleton shown against outline of liv- ing horse (cut 1) 54 —of horse (cut 3) 60 Sleepy, or stomach staggers in horse 401 Slings for horse with fractured limb 326 "Smuggler" — trotting stallion 243 Soaking feet in hot water in case of founder 290 Sole, canker of 298 — showing new corn 280 ■ — usual position of corn 281 — showing nail wounds 288 — weak 289 Spasmodic colic, different stages of 402, 403, 404 Spavin, bone 308 —bog 311 — position when feeling for 308 Speedy cut, causing enlarged knee.. 353 Splints, diagram of 317 Sprain of the back, test for 361 "Squire Rickel"— hackney stallion... xlv Suffolk stallion— "His Grace" 126 — stallion — "Epatant" 149 —horse— "Cloot V" 149 Surfeit, horse afflicted with 370 Sutures, uninterrupted 500 —quilled 501 Staggers, stomach or sleepy 401 Stifled horse, device for 339 Stitching with a fixed Seton needle. . 349 Stone caught between sole and shoe 301 Strangles, opening abscess of 499 — horse with 438 String halt, a bad case of 352 Tandem team 1204 Teeth, chart of horse's 117 Tendons, injured (diagram) 482 Tetanus, test for 418, 419 — feeding horse with 489 Thoroughpin, enlargement forming. . 313 Thoroughbred stallion "Leonatus".. 259 —colt "Goldfinder" ^... 122 Throat swollen and blistered. ...'... 380 Tracheotomy, performing (diagram) 502 Trichodectes, or bird louse of the horse 474 Trotting stallion, "Robert McGregor" 68 — stallion, "Allerton" 165 — stallion, "Smuggler" .., 243 — stallion, "Joe Young" 169 Urinary organs, symptoms attending disease of 441 Unthrifty home 245 Veins of horse's foot 306, 487 ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXVII Page Vertical section of lower leg and foot (cut 5) 62 Warts, head covered with 374 Welsh ponies 208 Wind galls 334 Withers, fistulous 3G6 "White Socks" 153 Page "Wonderland and Roseberry," jump- ing horses 229 Worms, symptoms of 471 — appearance of colt suffering from 471 Yearling Morgan filly 2G6 Zebrulas, exhibited at Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition 204 Zebrula mares 205 CATTLE. Page Aberdeen-Angus bull, "Delamere". . . 565 —bull, "Kyma's Heir" 665 — heifer, "Scottish Queen" 681 , — cattle, Heatherton herd 578 Actinomycotic ulcer on parotid gland 781 Actinomycosis of lower jaw 781 — of upper jaw 782 "Alice Heaton.' Dutch belted 738 Angus bull, Red Polled 659 Apoplexy, parturient 831 Ascites, or dropsy of the belly 824 Ayrshires, group of 528, 545, 656 Ayrshire cows 528, 587, 673 — cattle 545 —cow, high grade 660, 668 — cow, imported, "Flora 3rd" 598 — dairy cows 673 — heifer, "Lola of Rosemont" 598 — cow, "Mary Bryant" 860 — cow, "Patti" 1251 —cow, "Lady Stirling 3rd" 1261 Bad handling of cow 719 Baden bull 715 Badly wintered calf 694 Bandage, many-tailed for wounds. . . . 847 Balling iron 801 "Bapton Daisy," Shorthorn heifer. . 600 Barn, models for 742, 74.^, 744 "Bean Real's Maid," Hereford heifer 638 Beef points illustrated 608 Belted cattle, Dutch 688, 738, 739 Black leg 775 — tongue 775 Bleeding, ox prei)ared for 853 Box stalls for fattening show cattle. . 744 Brazilian cow of native breed 533 Broken team, under the whip 726 Bull of Baden, Germany 714 Bullocks, outline of fat 554 — vertical section of head 554 Calf, badly wintered and well win- tered 694 Cannula and Trochar 800 — fluid flowing through 850 Carbuncular erysipelas 775 "Cassiopeia," Guernsey cow 627 Catarrh, malignant 789 — application of steam with jet. . . . 791 Caustics, excessive use of 782 Cheese factory 1270, 1274 Page Compartments of stomach of rumi- nants 799 "Constance XV," Shorthorn heifer.. 1255 Creamery, ground plan of 749 —diagrams for 1261, 1269 "Crimson Robe" 594 Cross-breed steer, "General" 544 Danish cow 688 —bull, "Faurholm" 688 Dairy cows, four 605 "Dairy Model," Shorthorn cow 612 "Delamere," Aberdeen-Angus bull.. 565 Dentonia Jersey bulls 1246 — Jersey cows 1260 — Ayrshire herd, "Silver Prince". .1261 — Ayrshire herd, "Lady Stirling 3rd" 1261 Devon bull, "Moxhem" 597 Devon cattle, pure bred 576 —heifer, "Fashion 5th" 647 — steer 648 Diarrhoea, calf suffering from 805 Dislocation of patella 848 — of patella, method to prevent. . . . 848 "Dolly's Duke," Guernsey bull 649 Durham, herd of polled 529, 560 — bull and cow as developed fifty years ago 539 Dutch Belted cattle 688 — cow, "Alice Heaton" 738 — bull, "Harry Bryon" 739 —cow 859 Dropsy of belly, or ascites 824 Eczema, chronic, or "rat-tails" 838 Emphysema of lungs 798 English Longhorn cow 758 Epizootic aphtha 722, 773 "Fashion 5th" — Devon heifer 647 "Faurholm"— Danish bull -. . . 668 "Fill Pail" — Guernsey cow 612 Flemish cow 574 "Flora 3rd" — Imiiorted Ayrshire cow 598 Fractures of bone, transverse and oblique 847 French ox 717 Fungus haematodes 847 Gadfly of ox (Oostrus bovis) 840 "Gail Rivers" — Jersey cow 505 Gallican ox 717 Galloway steers, group of 546 XXXVIII ILLUSTRATIONS Page Galloway bull 703 — heifer, "Liberia" 655 — prize winner 1259 Gamasus of musty fodder 842 "General" — cross-breed steer 544 German bull 798 "Gipsy King" — Shorthorn bull 562 "Glenwood Girl 6th" — Guernsey cow 860 Gloss-anthrax or black tongue 775 "Golden Hero" — Jersey bull 616 Good handling of cow 719 Good old way, the 727 Guernsey bull, "Dolly's Duke" 649 — cow, "Fill Pail" 611 — cow, "Cassiopeia" 627 — cow, "Glenwood Girl 6th" 860 Grub of gadfly 840 Happy Family 722 "Harry Bryon" — Dutch Belted bull. . . 739 Head, vertical section of 554, 555 Heatherton herd of Aberdeen-Angus cattle 578 "Henbury Gentle" — Jersey cow 597 Herefords, group of 608, 1253 Hereford bull, improved 642 — bull, "Mark Hanna" 674 — bull, "Prime Lad" 537 — heifer, "Bean Real's Maid " 638 Highland, West, feeding ox 541 — cow of Ireland 574 — imported 704 —bull 715 — bull, "Laoitch" 682 Holland cow, points of 013 — cow 849 Holstein cow, "Margaret Cornelius". 1248 — cow and calf 692 — bull, young 7 . 690 Holstein-Fresian cow, "Piebe Laura" 860 — cow, "Segis Inka" 559 — cow, "First Premium" 687 — cattle, group of 671 Hook, jointed 817 — straight 817 Hooking, to prevent a cow from 720 Hoven, ox suffering from 800 — where to tap rumen 801 Hydrocephalus, with malpresentation 824 Inflammation of kidneys, ox suffering from 811 Intestinal trichina spiralis, maguj- fled "916 Inversion of womb 828 Jerseys, group of 619 Jersey bull (noted prize winner) 527, 1246 — bull, "Golden Hero" 616 —bull, "Pedro's Pretty Pogis".... 645 — bull, points of 632 Jersey Lily 1250 Jersey cow, "Laska" 628 — cow, "Jersey Venture" 530 — cow, "Gail Rivers" 565 — cow, "Oneida" 589 Page — cow, "Henbury Gentle" 597 — cow, champion 577 — cow, points of 630 —cow 618 Kerry cattle 599 Kicking, to prevent cow from.. .. 719 Knife, concealed 818 — making incision with 850 "Kyma's Heir" — Aberdeen-Angus buil 665 "Lady Stirling 3rd" — Ayrshire cow.. 1261 "Laska" — Jersey cow 628 "Laoitch"— Highland bull 682 Laryngitis, or sore throat 793 "Liberia" — Galloway heifer 655 Lice, cow affected with 841 Limburger cow of Germany 859 Limousine beef cattle, French 703 "Lola of Rosemont" — Ayrshire heifer 598 Longhorn bull 551 — cow, head of 551 Louse, bird 841 —calf 841 —ox 841 Lumpy jaw 781 Lungs, emphysema of 798 Malpresentations (diagrams) 818-824 "Margaret Cornelius" — Holstein cow. 1248 "Mary Bryant" — Ayrshire cow 860 "Mark Hanna" — Hereford bull 674 "Master Recorder" — Shorthorn bull 590 Messkirch breed of cow, Baden.... 746 Mexican oxen 533 Milk mirror on Holstein cow 624 — mirror on Jersey cows 626 Milking, manner of holding the pail. , 731 — device for holding the pail 731 "Moxhem" — Devon bull 597 Nose bag, for steaming cow with cold 792 Norman cow 653 Oestrus bovis, or ox gadfly 840 "Oneida" — Jersey cow 589 Outline of Sussex cow 658 Ox, section of head (diagram) 555 — vertical section of head 554. — Shorthorn in prime condition. . . . 556 — skeleton of (diagram) 553 — trained by power of kindness. . . 726 — prime condition of 556 —"The Good Old Way" 727 — one way of ringing 729 Outline of fat bullocks .- 554 — of cow 564 Paralysis of tongue from injury.... 800 Pasture of Farmer "Well-to-do".... 723 "Pedro's Pretty Pogis" — Jersey bull. . 645 "Piebe Laura" — Holstein Friesia'_. cow 860 Pleuro-pneumonia (diagram) 766 Pleurisy, acute 790 Polish bull 783 Polish cow 839 Polled Angus bull, red 659 — cattle, English group of red 666 ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXLX Page Polled Angus heifer ami bull, red. . . . 663 —Durham, herd of 529, 5G0 Points for Shorthorn bull 608 — for Jersey cow and heifers 629 —for Jersey bull 632 "Prime Lad" — Hereford bull 537 Purpura haemorrhagica, or swelling jaws 788 Rat tails, or chronic eczema 838 Red polled Angus bull 659 —polled heifer and bull 663 — polled cattle, English group of.. 666 Rinderpest 770 Ringing a bull, one way of 729 "Roscoe" — Shorthorn bull 734 "Ruberta" — Shorthorn cow 593 Rumen, tapping the 802 — exposed for removal of contents 803 "Scottish Queen" — Aberdeen-Angus heifer 681 "Segis Inka" — Holstein Friesian cow 559 Shelter, shiftless farmer's barn 736 — thrifty farmer's barn 737 — primitive 737 Shorthorns, group of 543 Shorthorn bull, "Gipsy King" 562 — bull, "Master Recorder" 590 —bull, points of 608 — bull, "Roscoe" 734 — bull calf, "Sittyton Conqueror". .1257 — cow, "Dairy Model" 612 — cow, "Ruberta" 593 — heifer, "Bapton Daisy" 606 — heifer, "Constance XV" 1255 — cow in outline 564 — show herd, bull and four cows. . . 561 — ox in prime condition 556 "Silver Prince" — Dentonia Ayrshiie herd 1261 "Sittyton Conqueror" — Shorthorn bull calf 1257 "St. Valentine" 568 Sore throat, or laryngitis 793 — throat, malignant 790 Pago Stomach pump 830 Sucking, to prevent a cow from. .720, 721 Sussex cow, outline of 658 — steer, "Young Daisy" 65G Swelling jaws, or purpura haemoi'- rhagica 788 Swiss cattle, standard brown 545 — cattle, pair of brown 595 — bull, brown 534 — cow, brown 615 — contrivance for slaughtering cat- tle 757 Tapeworm, head of 842 Tapping the rumen 802 Teat syphon 778 Teeswater bull and cow as developed fifty years ago 539 Texas tick 841 Tick, Texas 841 Trochar and cannula 800 Twisted rope, to tie over vulva 828 Throat, sore 79( , 793 Udder, method of supporting 833 Umbilical hernia, truss for 810 Urethral canal, etc., of ox (diag'-am) 812 Urine, operation for removing 853 Uterine hemorrhage, exaggerated il- lustration 827 Vagina, to prevent inversion of 828 Values of meat cuts 760 Vicious bull, hampering a 721 Well wintered, calf 694 Welsh cow 637 —ox 635 West Highland, feeding ox 541 — cattle, imported 704 — cow of Ireland 574 —bull 715 White Hungarian bull 843 Womb, inversion of 828 Wooden gag 801 — gag, securing with 802 "Young Daisy" — Sussex steer 656 SWINE. Pago Belted, or Hampshire hogs 872 Berkshire hogs 861 — sow 873 Black Dorset sow 876 Bladder worm in swine 915 Blood sucking louse in pigs 918 Breeding sow in good condition 891 Cheshire, improved 885 Chester, white 878 — white, Suffolk and small York- shire 880 — white, old style 882 Chester, white, boars, group of 890 — white, breeding sow 900 Page Chinese boar 869 —sow '. ! ! 870 Cysticercus cellulosa 915 Durocs, group of 896 —sow 886 Essex and Neapolitan cross 872 —boar and pig 875 —sow 876 — swine, premium winners 904 Eustrongylus gigas or kidney worm. . 917 Hampshire, or belted hogs 872 Haematopinus, or blood sucking louse 918 Kidney worm, or eustrongylus gigas. 917 Lancashire hogs, short-faced 878 XL ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Lard worm, or stephanurus dentatus 917 "Meddler"— Poland China boar 894 Muscle trichina spiralis, magnified.. 91G Neapolitan boar and sow 871 — and Essex cross 872 Points of hog for bacon type 1189 Poland China hogs, prize winners... 862 — boar of twenty years ago 884 —boar, "Meddler" 894 —hogs 902 Ringing a hog 894 Short-faced Lancashire hogs 878 Skeleton of the hog 919 Stephanurus dentatus, or lard worm 917 Page Suffolk, Chester White and small Yorkshire 880 Taenia solium, head of 915 Tam worth sows 864, 1193 —sow 889 —boar 874 Trichina spiralis, intestinal 916 — encysted, muscle 916 Wild hogs in West and Southwe?i . . 86C Yorkshire boar 888, 1198 — sow 1194 Yorkshires, group of 86(;, 863 Yorkshire (small) Suffolk and Ches- ter White 880 —white 881 SHEEP. Page American Tunis 951 — Dorset ram 978 —milk goats 988, 993 Angora buck, prize winner 982 — goats, prize winners 986 — goats, group of 985 — kid, prize winner 984 Berdes Leicester, group of . 938 Black faced ram 950 "Cervero," largest Spanish Merino in the world 921 Cheviot 944 — lambs, yearlings ■ 961 — weiher sheep 924 "Col. D'Arbes" — Hampshire Down shearling ram 954 Cotswold ewes, group of 940 • — ewes 941 Cotswold, Leicester and Lincoln sheep 972 Delaine ram, Ramboullet ram and two ram ewes 936 Demodex 1002 Distomum lanceolatum or liver fluke. 1007 Division of wool 929 Dorsets 922, 928, 958 Dorset horn, group of 942 — horn, shearling ram 955 Fasciola hepatica, or liver fluke.... 1007 Feeding trough 974, 977 Gadfly, or grub 998 "Gibson's 155" — Lincoln ram 949 "Gibson's 162"— Lincoln ewe 948 Hampshire downs 945, 950, 976 — Downs shearling ram, "Co!. D'Arbes" 954 — ewes 953 Head of sheep, vertical section 927 Leicester lambs 952 — sheep, group of 95C, 960 — Cotswold and Lincoln 972 Lincoln ewe, "Gibson's 162" 948 Pag-e Lincoln ewe, "Gibson's 155" 949 — Leicester and Cotswold 972 Liver fluke, or fasciola hepatica. .. .1007 • — fluke, or distomum lanceolatum. .1007 Lung worm, or strongylus filaria. . . .1007 Merinos, group of 935 Milk goats 988, 989. 990, 991, 993 Navel ill, or swelling umbilicus. .. .1008 Oxford Downs, group of 943 — ram 947 Points of sheep explained 928 Persian sheep, group of 968 Rack, improved for preventing waste 977 Rambouillet rams, group of 923 — ram and ewes, De Laine ram. . . . 936 Rot .1009 Scab in sheep, common 996, 1003 — in sheep, advanced stage 996 Schwarzwald goat 992 Shropshires 945 Shropshire downs 971 — ewes 976 — ewes, yearlings 957 —rams 937, 963 Skeleton of sheep 926 Skull of polled sheep 927 Southdown sheep 967 —lambs 975 — ram and ewe lambs 946 Spanish Merino, largest in the world 921 Suffolk sheep 969 Strongylus filaria, or lung worm.... 1007 Tick, with eggs 1004 Trichodectes 1004 Toggenburg goats, imported 992 Tunis, American 951 —African 980, 981 Wether sheep, cheviot 924 — sheep, cross-bred 964 Wintering sheep 970, 973 Wool, division of 929 ILLUSTRATIONS. POULTRY. XLI Bantam, Seabright — cock. Black-tailed Japanese Bearded silver Polish hen Black Cochins, trio of — Javas, pair of — Minorca cockerel — Polish fowls, pair of white crest- ed — Spanish — Spanish, white faced Blue Andalusian hen Brahma fowl, wattled —fowl, light 1052, 1057, — fowl, light and dark — light half-breeds — light group of .• Breda, or Gueldre Brooder, in position — sectional view — tank, showing how to construct. — lower part, underground — the mother Buff Cochin cock, back view of — Cochin cock — Cochin hen — Cochin, pair of — Leghorn cockerel Cayuga ducks Cochin, back view of buff — pair of buff —buff cock —buff hen — trio of black — partridge 1030, 1UC5, — white fowls Dominique, American, head of male. — American, male — fowl Dorking cock, white — cock, silver gray Ducks, black Cayuga — Cayuga, pair of Duck, Colored Rouen, trio — White Aylesbury, pair of —White Call — White Crested, pair of — White Muscovy, pair of — White Pekin, group of —White Pekin — wild and African cross Feeding hopper Foraging for themselves Fountain, a good form of Callus sonneratii Game hen, Cornish Indian — Malay cock —Red Pyle 104G, — Earl Derby — Brown-Breasted Red Game, White ( ieorgian Page Page .1053 Game. Silver Duckwing 1056 .1071 — Long-tailed Japanese 1056 . 1014 —White Indian 1026 . 1019 —Black-breasted Red 1029 . 1027 Gape worm 1128 .1039 Geese, brown Chinese 1108 — colored Egyptian 1116 1031 — Embden-Toulouse cross. . .1111, 1118 1041 — Embden-African cross 1109, 1119 1050 — Embden white 1107 1028 —gray African 1107 1016 — gray Toulouse 1109 1124 —gray wild 1122 1060 —Toulouse, standard 1112 1067 Gueldre or breda 1016 1008 Guinea fowl, speckled 1021 1016 —fowl, white 1021 1081 Hamburg, black 1034 1036 1081 —silver spangled 1012, 1033 1082 —golden penciled 1035 1082 Houdans, pair of 1089 1082 Hopper, feeding 1093 1028 Incubator, complete 1079 1062 —egg drawer 1078 1063 —inner box 1076 1019 —interior of 1077 1016 — ready for egg drawer 1079 1018 — sectional view of 1079 1028 —tank 1078 1019 Javas, black • 1027 1062 Langshans, pair of black 1032 1063 —black and white 1042 1019 —cross with Black Hamburg 1043 1066 Leghorn cock, single comb brown... 1038 1061 — cock and hen, single comb 1072 1073 — cockerel, rose-comb white 1071 1068 —white 1058 1040 — white single comb cock '. .1067 1025 Louse, bird 841 1071 —hen 473 1122 Narragansett turkey, male 1098 1018 Ostrich fowls 1043 1114 Partridge cochins 1030 1120 Peacock 1022 1119 Plymouth Rock, barred. . .1044, 1073, 1124 1116 — white 1045 1117 Points of poultry illustrated 1110 1083, 1086, 1087, 1275-1278 1115 — head of cock 1084 1122 — outer and inner wing 1085 1093 — ideal shape of fowl 1088 1091 Redcap cock 1073 1 092 Rumpless fowls 1055 1015 Silky fowls 1054 1036 Silver laced Wyandottes lOlO 1046 — spangled Hamburgs 1012,1033 1056 — Polish hen, bearded 1014 1048 Skeleton of the hen 1023 1049 Stool feeding hopper 1093 1051 Sultan cock 1071 XLII ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Page Turkey, adult bronze, male 1102 Turkey, Narragansett, male 1098 —bronze 1100 1101 white Dorking cock 1025 -hens, buff nOi ^^ii^i Turkey cock 1017 —hens, slate 1103 ■, ., i /^7n -hens, young, ocellated 1104 Wyandottes 1070 — white 1102 — silver laced, male and female. . .1010 BEES. Pago Page Bee keeper and swarm 1132 Honey knife 1144 Bellows and smoking tube 1144 Larvae in comb 1147 Centrifugal extractor 1145 Moth 1147 Comb, utilizing pieces of 1146 Shuck's bee feeder 114C Cook's division board and feeder. . .1140 Q^een 1134 Drone .^. . ••••••• • 1J34 _cell,' furnishing' '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'. ^1134 Frame, filled with comb 1142 ^^ ., ...„ —movable hive 1141 Veil • 1143 —small ,. 1142 Worker 1134 d m ft w ;> Tl bJD Pi o O 2 >> n z^ Pi C!j W O ffi a Q m Pi \ W Ph o Q .ti O en o Q Pi <1 w o Pi J < ai w d PART I. II THE HORSE. HISTOKY, MANAGEMEIS^T AIS^D CHAKACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. w m ^ Pi o O rn H ri fe ■u <5 -_, p:! O W -a ffi c; o Z a w M tf O te O ^ Q a W >. 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V i-, d) r! ^ Dh o ^ l^ ' o r- '~' a a> ^ •^3 o d) be "-* n »— 1 ^ h4 o :i > ■*-> jr •'- C/5 C 10 ''■C' CO 05 THE HORSE. CHAPTER I. HIS ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. CONNECTED WITH MAN FROM THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL PERIOD, 1. THE HORSE IN ANCIENT HISTORY. H. THK HORSE IN CIVILIZATION. HI. PRKSERVING HREEUSIN PURITY. IV. THE WILD HOKSES OK TO-DAY V. FOSSILHORSES VI. HORSES OF ASIA. VII. EUROPEAN IIORSKS. VIII. ARTIFICIAL BRKEDINO AND DISEASES. IX. OPINIONS RELATING TO BREEDING. X. IN-BREEDING OK HORSES. XI. VALUE OK HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS. XII. A CAREFUL STUDY' NECESSARY. XIII. ABOUT OBJECT LESSONS. The period when the horse was first subjected to the use of man extends so far back beyond the origin of written history, that no mention is made by writers of the native country of this noble animal. That his native territory Avas the hill and plain reo;ions of tropical or sub-tropical Asia, there is, however, little doubt, since it is in such regions, the world over, that this animal, upon rcgainino; his freedom and becoming semi- wild, soonest midtiplies into vast herds. In none of the most ancient inscriptions is the horse found represented in a wild state, but always in connection with man. The fabulous stories of the centaur, a creature half human and half horse, arose from the imagination of those savage tribes who were conijuered by more enterpris- ing and partl}^ civilized foes, who had acquired the art of subjecting the horse to use. It is stated that a Thessalian tribe, the Lapitha?, first subjected the horse, and hence acquired the name. But the horse was known in a civilization far anterior to that of this Thessalian tribe, though no record is made of the horse in a wild state even by his earliest masters. Hence we infer that the horse was not a native of Egypt, but was intro- duced from some other countrj^ into the civilization of that land, the earliest on record except that of China. I. The Horse in Ancient History. The first record made of the horse in sacred writings, is in the time of Joseph in Egypt, at which period the horse had been subjected to harness. At the time of the Exodus under Moses, the horse was extensively used in war. The Grecian mythological stories give accounts of the use of horses in war, particularly at the siege of Troy, but they accm to have been confined onlj^ to the use of heroes. Coming down to the true historical period, we begin to find the use of hcrses quite universal, for pleasure as well as for war ; and as civilization hcsan to colonize the earth, the horse clos^'ly followed. "Where the original 41 42 CYCLOPEDIA (H-^ LIVE 8TOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. country of the horse really was matters little, except as an interesting fact, whether in Asia, or on the soil of Africa, to which his near relations, the Zebra and Quagga, are certainly indigenous. It is certain, however > that in Media and Persia, and the fertile plains of Thessaly and Thrace, on the great meadows of the Danube, in the Ukraine, on the banks of the Dnieper and the Don, and other of the great grazing grounds of Europe and Asia, the horse found congenial soil and early became semi-wild. So, after the conquest of America, transplanted here, he became semi- wild, and soon occupied vast tracts on both sides of the tropics, in count- less herds. n. The Horse in Civilization. In extending civilization the horse has always occupied a place next to man, carrying him quickly and safely on long journeys, aiding him to explore new regions, or bearing him beyond the reach of savage foes. In the earlier stages of civilization, oxen tilled the fields, while sheep furnished clothing and food, until latterly the labors of tillage have been almost entirely transferred to the quicker and more intelligent horse. Among the nations which flourished between ancient and modern times, the Arabs seem to have regarded the horse with the greatest esteem and kindliness. Among no people were more care and attention bestowed in his breeding, and nowhere else was the horse so made the companion of man. Hence in no other country, from the seventh to the seventeenth century after Christ were horses found combining such high intelligence, with great speed and lasting endurance in travel. The Arabs were thus enabled to furnish the infusion of blood that has resulted in the English and American thoroughbred, that has stamped its measure of value upon nearly all the more highly prized of the modern sub-families if torses. Yet neither the English horse, nor the American horse, nor indeed the so-called wild horses of America, retain any characteristic of an abori- j^inal breed. They are, all of them, purely artificial \n their breeding, )r the descendants of horses artificially bred. III. Preserving Breeds in Purity. As among the Arabs, so among all the civilized nations of the earth, the great care is to preserve breeds in their purity. Hence pedigrees were established, first among the Arabs, and later for the English thoroughbred, while within the last thirty years stud-books are becoming common for the various valuable breeds of horses that have originated from time to time. Breeders are also beginning to understand the value of kind and careful treatment, as well as of careful training, in their influ- ence upon hereditary traits. These things seem to be far better appre- ciated in America than in England. To the early and careful handling THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC. 48 of colts in this country, niiikiiig them companion-sei*vants, rather than niachine-.slaves, subjecting thcni to the rule of kindness, rather th-Mx the law of brute force, in short to trainiiifi: rather than to l)reakinir, is due the docility of American horses, in contrast to the temper and stubborn acquiescence of English horses ; and this we believe is coming more aud more to be generally acknowledged. rv. The Wild Horses of To-day. Of the so-called wild horses of the various countries of the earth, we have the authoiity of IVIungo Park for the fact that wild horses exist in great herds, in the country of Sudamar, far to the southward of the great desert of Sahara, and in all that district extending to Nubia and Upper Abyssinia, where there are fertile, well-watered, grassy plains, and partially wooded countries. In northern Asia, and especially in southern Siberia, vast droves of wild horses are known to exist ; and in all that great pasturable region inhabited by the Tartars, both in Russian Europe and Asia there are countless herds semi-wild. These Tartar horses are said to owe their orijrin to the cavalry steeds turned loose in 1(557, at the siege of Azof. In Canada, and in the Falkland Islands horses released from control become wild and sustain themselves in that condition. It is stated that horses released from the dominion of IVlan, and gone wild, have been found in Hayt" and Jamaica. The great pampas and other grassy plains of Centra' America, North and South of the equator, including the Empire of Bra. zil, and also in Mexico, Texas, California, and elsewhere in the southerL portion of the great plains of the United States, once contained immense droves of wild horses, the progenitors of which, escaping from the Spanish conquerors of these countries, at length multiplied into countless numl)ers. At the present day however there are but few that are not clanned by proprietors except perhaps in some isolated regions near the Equator. v. Fossil Horses. The fossil remains of horses are not rare in America. These fossil remains, have also been found in Great Britain, in the oldest formation, and of such extreme antiquity as to have been contemporaneous with the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger and hyena, in Great Britain, and with the mammoth and other similar fossils in America. These classes of animals were entirely different from the animals of to-da}-, and the only means of marking the lapse of ages intervening since they lived, is the succes- sion of geological formations, and changes that have since taken place, carrying to total extinction the scries of animals that then, and subse- quently, up to the advent of man, successively occupied the earth. 44 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. VI. Horses of Asia. Aside from the modern breeds of Europe which will be treated of separ- ately, the Arabian is the most celebrated and midoubtedly combines more good qualities than any other Asiatic breed. In India there are many horses of more or less repute, the most valu- able of which is said to be the Turco, a cross between the Turcoman, a breed of South Tartary, and the Persian horse. It seems to be a fine animal, as it is said to be stately in movement as it is beautiful in form, and tractable in disposition. With the exception of the Turcoman, or iiorse of South Tartary, the Tartar and Calmuck horses are small, and ill shaped. They have the reputation, like our Indian ponies, of being able to perform long journeys under heavy burdens, while subsisting on the most indifferent food. The horses of China are also small with but little excellence in any point. Ill shaped and spiritless, they seem effete like their masters, who possessing the most ancient civilization of the earth, were slowly but surely retrograding, until they came into contact with the civilization of Europe. In Turkestan there appear to l)e two distinct races of horses. One is described as being heavy-headed, ewe-necked, with long legs and weak bodies ; while the other has high crests and long bodies with hmbs of good bone and substance. In Bokhara, is a small, stout, shaggy breed of horses, with very long manes and tails ; they are called Kussaks, and are considered excellent little animals. VII. European Horses. In the chapters devoted to special breeds, the. more important will be treated of separately. We shall only notice here such as have no promi- nence among the celebrated sub-families of the horse. The German States have horses noted chiefly as being large, well- formed and well-adapted to the purposes of heavy draft. Belgium and Holland also have breeds of horses large, strong and well-formed. The Flemish horses were at one time much valued in England for draft and heaty coach horses, and they undoubtedly form one of the principal ele- ments in the pedigree of some of the more celebrated of the English horses. The Hungarian horses are supposed to have the same general origin with the German horses. They are however lighter, more active, show more spirit and better action, which is probably due to a more recent infusion of oriental blood. Italy has not as good horses now as formerly. Some of them however are large, handsome, spirited animals, which do good service in carriage THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC. THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC. 47 harness. The same may be said of the horses of Spain. The common use of mules, both under the saddle and in harness, is not conducive to careful breeding in horses, still in Spain there are many tine horses espe- cially for saddle use ; the pure blooded Spanish barb being elegant, sprightly and docile. Norway, Sweden and Finland, have a hardy race of little horses, which run half wild in the woods. They have fairly good forms, an-3 are active and spirited. The people, however, give themselves but little trouble in breeding them. In Iceland the horses are still smaller, active, hardy fellows, who pick up a scanty living for themselves, when not -at Avork. Their origin is attributed both to the Swedish horse and those of the Shetland Islands^ and they have points of resemblance to l)oth. Thus it is seen that each country has its own peculiar breed of horses, Mie result of local peculiarities. The further we go North the more ihvarfed they become until some of them are found but little, if any, larger than the best of the larger breeds of long wooled sheep. As we go South to the tropics the horses increase iii size until we reach the middle region of the temperate zone, where the largest and heaviest, as well as the fleetest and most valuable are found. Continuing still fur- ther southward the horses begin again gradually to decrease in size until as we reach the tropics we find them but little larger than the animals we call jiony-horses. They are moderately swift, and of the most enduring bottom. The horses of Arabia have been celebrated in all modern times, and justly so, for the reason that owing to careful breeding and the kindest treatment, in connection with the most excellent training, they came to possess the perfection of form, united with great speed and en- durance, and almost human intelligence. That careful and scientific breeding was imderstood and appreciated bv the ancients is evidenced by the lines of the first lyric poet of the time of Augustus Csesar, which we find translated freely, but pointedly as follows ; '' The brave begotten are by the brave and good. There is in steers, there is in horses' blood The virtue of tlieir sires. Xo timid dove Springs from the coupled eagle's furious blood." \ VIII. Artificial Breeding, and Diseases. It is well kiH'wn that wild animals like savage tribes are little subject to disease It is the ai-tificial surroundings, and artificial living which produce diseases unknown in a state of nature. Hence, on the farm, animals are less susceptible to disease than in citv stables, where the lite of the horse is purely an artificial one, and where he must be depeuaenc 48 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVK STOCK AND COxMl'LETK STOCK DOCTOR. upon man, even for the water he drinks. Unfortunately he is too oftea dependent upon ignorant and brutal "helpers" who, the moment the eye of the master is turned, shirk their duty and the animal suffers. Hence the absolute necessity that all large stables should possess in the person of the foreman a competent head, and one whose sympathies are with the helpless annuals under his charge. Such a person will not only earn his wages fully, but will save largely to the owner every year by his constant watchfulness and care. Artificial breeding also gives rise to a num- ber of diseases, peculiar in themselves, and which may only be guarded against by intelligent care. Among the most serious of these are abortion, and all that class of diseases incident to animals kept in confinement in large numbers, and which, with other diseases of domestic animals, will be treated of separately in appropriate departments of this work. IX. Opinions Relating to Breeding. In tracing the history of horses, and all that relates to their care and treatment, we shall find various opinions relating to breeding. The sys- tems of in-and-in-breeding, and cross-breeding, each have intelligent and successful advocates. In-and-in-breeding may be defined as being the breeding together for generations, of closely related members of a fam- ily of animals. For fixing a breed ond for perpetuating the special ex- cellences sought, there is no doubt of the soundness of the practice. It is in this way and by careful selection of parents that all new breeds are established and fixed. What distinguishes the successful from the un- successful breeder, is the knowing, or not knowing, just how to select, how long to breed in, and in departing from the rule, so to select the new sire, that there may be no violent change of characteristics. For it is a well established fact that long-continued in-breeding reduces the constitutional vigor of the animal while it is fixing excellencies for per- petuation. Bakewell, Collins, Bates, Webb, and many other emi- nent breeders of modern times, have been most successful in this direc- tion, with cattle and sheep. The modern breeds of swine, also, owe their chief excellencies to this system, though in them it is modified by more frequent infusions of far related blood, since swine are peculiarly liable to degeneration of the vital forces, scrofula, and other diseases, supposed to be due to too close inter-breeding of near relations. X. In-Breeding of Horses. In horses, in-and-in-breeding has nevei' been practiced to the same ex- tent as with cattle. The horse is bred chiefly for his muscular jr>wers and endurance. To this is required to be added, beauty of form, and as supplementary to speed and endurance, great lung power and constitu- tional vigor. Hence, when a sire possesses these merits in an eminent THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC. 49 degree, he is eagerly sought far and wide. In tlie selection of nuires, this vigor of constitutit)n, combined with ample room for the develop- ment of the foal is sought. Hence the breeder seeks to breed to such sires as shall endow their foals with their own special characteristics, be- ing careful only that the cross shall not be a violent one, such as might produce decided alterations of form from that previously had. . XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics. Intelligence, stamina, great muscular power, constitutional vigor, and absence of congenital or hereditary disability, must all be taken into ac- count in selecting sires. If the blood of an animal has been sub- ject to any hereditary disability, as consumption or other disease arising from weak lungs, or has shown a liability to form curbs, spavin or other bone disease, such an animal should be discarded. Intellig-ence is a he- reditary characteristic of special families which should be carefully looked to. Here again we find that this quality may be steadily increased by careful training. This is especially noticable in dogs bred for a sin- gle purpose, as shepherd dogs, pointers, setters, retrievers, etc. The he- reditary instinct becomes at length so strongly marked in them, that the young animal takes to its special task of its own volition, and before the age for regular training is reached. In like manner certain breeds of horses are noted for their wonderful intelligence, as are the Arab horses, owing to hundreds of years of careful l)reeding, and to the training im- parted by the master, who is the friend and companion of his horse. XII. A Careful Study Necessary. To most surely and successfully compass all this, the breeder must carefully study the horse from various standpoints. He must be familii^r with the anatomy, or bony structure, the muscular development, the vital organs, the organs of digestion, and the other viscera of the animal. Again, the outward conformation is of the utmost importance, since from this a fair indication of all the rest may be arrived at. The girth and the barrel will give a good indication of the heart, lungs and digestive apparatus. From the head, the iHtelligcnce and docility of the animal may be clearly established. The shoulders, the loin and the haunch will be the index to the muscular power, and the bone and sinew may be accu- rately estimated from a i)roper examination of the limbs by one who will carefully study the succeeding chapters. * xm. About Object Lessons. Object lessons, the delineation of a subject by charts, plates and figures, have come to be regarded as one of the most important factors in modern education. They bring to the eye exactly what a thing is, and 60 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. its precise location. Hence, there has been prepared for this work the most accurate illustrations of every subject upon which it treats. In connection with this, the plainest descriptions and explanations are given, avoiding, as much as possible, technical scientific terms. These, when used, are explained, so far as possible, and should be learned by refer^ ence to the glossary, since, now-a-days, they are coming to be more and more used in every-day life, and in all languages, where used, mean ex- actly one and the same thing. If the latter part of this chapter has been somewhat discursive, it seemed necessary to a fair understanding of what is to be said in the succeeding ones. In the next chapter we take up the horse in the rela- tion of the bones to the body. Its scientific name is Anatomy — short enough and comprehensive. CHAPTER II. ILLUSTRATING THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. I. FRAME WORK THE INDEX OF VAIAIE. II. MASTER THE DETAILS OF THE SKELE- TON. III. DIVISION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS. IV. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF MAN AND THE HORSE. V. ANALYZING THE SKELETON. VI. THE FOOT. VII. THE HEAD AND NECK. VIII. BONES AND MUSCLES OF THE FRONT LIMBS. IX. THE HIND LIMBS. I. Frame Work tha Index of Value. A close and comprehensive study of the anatomy and physiology of the animals of the farm, is of the first importance to every person who breeds, rears, or buys them, with a view to profit from their sale. In the case of the horse it is especially necessary that this study be care- fully made, since, in the perfection of the several parts, constituting solidity and fineness of bone, a firm and complete muscular development, large, healthy lungs, and the highest state of normal activity of the digestive organs, lies the real value of this most useful of the servants ^f man. The owner or purchaser must also know distinctly what an ani- mal is intended for, and should select him with special reference to the ser- vice required, whether it be for special work, for trotting, racing, road-driving, light or heavy draft, or for what is termed general utility, With reference to these several uses the bony structure of the animal ia of the first importance, since it is the skeleton upon which all else is built. Without a knowledge of the bones, the situation of the muscles cannot be accurately determined, or their actions, in connection with the several parts, to which they are attached, and especially their action on the limbs be definitely understood. II. Master the Details of the Skeleton. Hence we must first master the details of the bony structure. Next the muscles may be studied, and from this we may easily understand the minute but important action of the several parts as a whole. While the ordinary observer will be altogether misled, in estimating the value of an animal from his outward appearance and movements, he who has carefully studied the physical proportions with the eye of a care- ful anatomist will quickly and accurately understand the true value of the animal from the relation of the several parts one with another. For these habits of accurate observation will readily detect, in the ^ivmg horse, the true character of the bony structure, and especially of the muscular system, which covers and envelops it. In ordei to make the bony structure plain to the reader it is here shown by 52 5i CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. diagrams or object lessons, since this is the most graphic, and at the same time the most accurate, method of presenting information of tnite kind. To make our object lesson still more easy we give in the engraving, not only the frame-work, but this resting on or shown against a back ground illustrating the outer form and contour of the horse. 56 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. The skeleton, as shown in the engraving, may be divided as follows : 1 — Cranium, or Head. 2 — Cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck. 3 — Dorsal vertebrae, or bones of the withers and back. 4 — Lumbal vertebrae, or those of the loin between the false ribs and the upper edge of the Haunch Bone. 5 — Sacral vertebrae, or those of the rump, or lying between the haunch bone and tail. 6 — Caudal vertebrae, or bones of the tail. An observation of the dotted lines will show these correctly. 7 — The Ribs, showing their correct position. 8 — Sternum, or the breast bone. 9 — Scapula, or shoulder bone. 10 — The front limbs. 11 — The Pelvis, the cavity of the body formed by the union of the haunch bones with those of the back and hip, and formed by the Sacrum at the top, the Ilium at the sides, the Ischium and the Pubis at the bottom. 12 — The hind limbs. III. Divisions of the Several Parts. Thus we have given the entire skeleton of the horse, showing the bones as they appear in their natural positions and relations to each other. We next proceed to a more detailed study of the several parts. The Head and Back Bones. — The head may be divided into two parts, the skull and the face, each having its particular bones, the variation of which may affect the proper grinding of the food and thereby influence the general condition of the animal, to say nothing of the relation be- tween the shape of these bones and the horse's intelligence. The verte- brae are divided into five groups, of which the Cervical or neck, contains seven bones ; the back, or Dorsal, eighteen ; and the Lumbar, six. The Lumbar vertebrae really belong to the back, and added to the eighteen Dorsals, make a total of twenty-four. The Sacral vertebrae are five in number, and the Caudal fifteen, making a grand total of fifty-one verte- brae in the animal. The Ribs. — The ribs are eighteen in number and are jointed to the transverse processes of the verteljrae, and curve, with some variations in their outline and direction, down to the sternum. Seven or eight of them are true ribs, and are composed of cartilage and attached to the breast bone and to the vertebrae, to allow full expansion of the lungs in breath- ing. Thus the spring of the ribs, as it is called, is most important to the horseman. The remaining ribs are called false ribs. They are not attached to the breast bone, but are united by cartilages, each on its own side, the union terminating in the sternum. Thus, all the ribs act in con- cert, giving play not only to the lungs, but also to other viscera. The Sternum. — The Stermum, or breastbone, in the young horse, is composed of six bones, but in the full grown animal these become uni- ted into a single piece. The front of this boiie is conve:^ and sharply THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 57 keeled and its upper part })iojet'ts so as to be plainly outlined in what is called the point of the breast, that part which the lower portion of tho collar just covers. The Hinder Limbs. — The Hinder Limbs are tlie proijclling power of all animals, and especially so in the horse. Hence the haunches are strong and the upper portion is pow- erfully developed in muscle, and the lower corresi)()ndinirly so in ten- dons. The illustration will give a perfect view, and the explanation the proper names of the parts. Tlie names and reference to the letters and tigures are as follows : a, Sacrum ; b, Ilium ; c, Ischium. These bones constitute the Pelvis, as seen at a, d, c, and b, b. The other bones are : e. Femur ; f , I^itella ; g, Tibia; h, Fibula; i, Tarsus; j. Metatarsus ; k, Digit. The tigures 1, 2, 8, refer to the Phalanges of the foot, corresponding to the toes in man. The Haunch or Pelvis. — The Pel- vis is made up of six bones, three on each side, all tirmly united .into one. The Ilium is strongly attached to the Sacral vertebne, and maybe called the kej^stone of the pelvic arch, while the lateral prolongations of the Ilium produce the prominences just above and in front of the hind-quarters. The Ischium or hip-bone is a backward continuation of the Ilium, and bears an enlargement which projects on each side a little below the tail. The i)ubis is a single bone and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with them, and composing the upper surface of the lower part of the pelvis. IV. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse. The anatomy or l)()uy structure of the horse is not so widely different from that of man as at first sight it would seem to be. Indeed, it was discovered by Aristotle in the days of the ancient Greeks that the horse, though a hoofed, and apparently a single-toed ani null, actually has the CUT 2. — IJONKS <)|- IIINDKK I'AKTS. 58 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. rudiments of toes enveloped in the flinty hoof which has developed around the foot and protects it from the rough soil over which the animal travels. And when a parallel is once found to exist even between the toes of the horse and those of man, there is nothing strange in the fact that other parts of the skeleton closely correspond. The names of the different portions of the limbs of the horse and of man are given below, in par- allel lines, so the reader may see at a glance, those exactly correspond- ing, though called by different names. A reference to the skeleton proper, as given in the cut, page 46, will show the precise location of each of the bones mentioned in the horse. Front Limbs. MAN. HORSE. Arm (Humerus) corresponds to the - - Lower bone of shoulder. Fore arm " " - - Arm. Wrist (Carpus) " " - - Knee. Hand (Metacarpus) " " - - Leg, cannon and splint bones. Knuckles " " - - Fetlock. Finger " " - - Pasterns. Hind Limbs. MAN. HORSE. Thigh (Femur) corresponds to the - - - Upper bone of thigh. Knee " " . „ - stifle joint. Leg " '' . . _ Thigh. Ankle (Tarsus) " " - - - Hock. Heel " « _ _ _ Point of hock. Foot (Metatarsus) " " _ . - Leg. Ball of Foot " " . _ _ Fetlock. Toe " " - - - Pastern and foot. This is quite different from the generally received idea of this compar- ative anatomy of man and the horse, and yet it is strictly true. This the skeleton will show, the proper names of each bone being given. The study is interesting, and the explanatioTis will enable any one to fully understand the names and location of the parts. V. Analyzing the Skeleton. The bones of the spine, (vertebrge) have already been mentioned. The parts of the skeleton as shown in the next figure, are : A, Cervical Vertebrge ; BB, Dorsal Vertebrae ; C, Lumbar Vertebrse ; D, Sacrum, the bone which forms the back part of the pelvis ; E, Coccygeal bones, or those forming the tail ; FF, Ribs ; G, Costal cartilages, or the carti- lages joining the ends of the ribs ; H, the Scapula or shoulder blade ; I, the Humerus, or the upper part of the fore leg ; KK, the Radii, or outer bones of the fore legs, below the humerus and knee ; L, the Ulva. This is the larger of the two bones of the upper part of the fore leg, Ijring behind the radius and extending from the knee to the lower part of the chest; M, the Knee, (Carpus). This is composed of 8 bones, viz; 60 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. 1, Scaphoid, or boat shaped bone ; 2, Semilunar, or bone resembling a half moon ; 3, the Cuneiform, or wedge-shaped bone ; 4, the Trapezium, resembling the geometrical figure of that name; 5, the Trapezoid, re- CuT 3. — The Skeleton. eembling a trapezoid ; 6, the great bone of the knee, (Os Magnum) ; 7, the Hook-shaped bone, (Unciform bone) ; 8, the pea-shaped bone, (pis- iform bone) ; NN, the big bone of the fore leg, the cannon bone or large metacarpal ; O, Splint bone, or small metacarpal ; PP, Sessamoid bones — two small bones in the substance of the tendons, where the fore leg is joined to the ankle; QQ, Phalanges. These are: 1, the upper pastern bone ; 2, lower pastern bone; 3, the first bone in the leg, (os pedis), inside the hoof, the coffin bone, and the navicular or ship-shaped bone, not marked here. The Hinder Parts. — Coming to the hinder jiarts, R shows the pelvis. This is formed. by : 1, the Ilium or flank bone ; 2, the Pubis, or fore part of one of the bones of the pelvis ; 3, the Ischium, or hinder and lower part of the hip bone. S, the Femur or thigh bone ; T, the Patella or small bone covering the stifle joint ; U, the Tibia or the large, long bone between the hock and the stifle joint; V, the small, long bone behind 62 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIA E STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR and attached to the Tibia ; W,the Hock, which is composed of the follow- ing small bones : 1, back point of the hock, Os Calcis ; 2, the Astraga- lus or upper bone of the hock, supporting the Tibia ; 3, Cuneiform Mag- num, the largest wedge-shaped bone ; 4, Cuneiform Medium, or middle- sized wedge-shaped bone; 5, Cuneiform Parvum, or smallest wedge- shaped bone ; 6, the small or cubical-formed bone. X, Large Metatarsal or front bone of the hind leg, between the hock and pastern joint; I, Small Metatarsal or small bone of the hind leg, in rear of Large Metar* tarsal . The Head. — 1, the lower jaw, (Inferior Maxilla) ; 2, the upper jaw, (Superior Maxilla); 3, outer part of the jaw, (Anterior Max- illa) ; 4, bone in front of the nostrils, (Nasal bone) ; 5, the prominent cheek, (Malar bone) ; 6, the forehead, (Frontal bone) ; 7, Parietal bones or sides and ^ipper part of the skull, (wall) ; 8, Occipital, or bone of the hinder part of the head ; 9, Lachrymal bone, inclosing the lach- rymal gland and duct ; 10, Squamous or scaly portion of the temporal bones; 11, Petrous or hard part of the Temporal bones, inclosing the organs of hearing. VI. The Foot. We will now enter upon a more critical examination of the foot, one of the most important parts in the anatomy of the horse. We give a cut showing the bones, as they lie, phiinly named, and also a vertical Cut 4. Cut Vertical Section of the Lower Leg and Foot. section of the lower leg and foot. The several parts here ill- ustrated are: «, can- non or large Metacar- pal bone ; h, large Pas- tern bone (Os Suffra- ginis,) c, one of the Sectional view of O '11 -, THE BONES OF THE oessamoid bones ; a, foot. Os coronae, small pastern bone ;e, navicu- lar bone ; /, Pedis or coffin bone ; g, g^ g. Flexor Perforans or penetrating tendon ; h, hy Flexor Perf oratus or penetrated ten- don ; «, extensor tendon ;y, suspensory ligament ; ky k, Capsular ligament or membraneous elastic bag surrounding the joint; ?, fetlock joint; m, pastern joint; n, coffin joint ; o, horny crust of hoof ; j>. o "^ > w cd o > a pi I— ( r 64 cyclopedia of live stock and complete stock doctor. Cut 6. p, horny sole; q, the frog; r, sensible ^SS .PmS^— '^ laminae ; t, the sensible frog ; w, the cush- AHffiif ^S^r ion ; V, the navicular joint. The next fig- ^Ss i^^a ures show front and rear views of the ,^^^Sx S^^_^ bones of the foot, c, c, Coffin bone; c^Hm^^ f^^^S^m''^ d, Sessamoid bone ; 6, b, Small pastern ^B^^^ ^Hl^^f a, The large pastern. p^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ view^f the BONE OF THE FOOT. VII. The Head and Neck. Coming again to the head and neck we are prepared readily to under- stand their atanomy. The names given to the several jjarts are as fol- lows : a, frontal bone ; 6, parietal ; c, occipital ; d, temporal ; e, malar ;f, lachrymal ; g, nasal ; h, superior maxillary ; i, pre-maxillary ; k, inferior maxillaries (lower jaw) ; I, orbit. The bones of the neck, (cervical ver- tabrse) are named ; 1, atlas ; 2, dentata ; 3, third ; 4, fourth ; 5, fifth ; 6, sixth ; 7, seventh. Of the bones of the neck, the atlas is a ring-shaped bone with broad lateral projections. It articulates with the skull, and has great freedom of motion on the next bone (dentata). On the artic- ulation of these two vertebrae, principally depends the power of turning the head. The remaining bones of the neck resemble each other closely, and have various small processes for insertion of the ligaments and mus- cles, and upon their flexibility depends the power of flexing and arch- ing the neck. The Head. — The bones of the head may be divided into two groujDS ; the cranial and facial. The cranial bones include all those which cover or inclose the brain, and are mostly in pairs, or are on what is called the mesial line of the skull, but may, for convenience, be spoken of as single bones. The bone of the forehead (frontal bone) a, forms the space between the eyes and extends to the top of the head with a narrowing outline. It therefore occupies the most central part of the head and is important as from its shape and surface it gives space for the brains. In succeeding cuts the facial expression of horses will be given, showing the different grades of intelligence in horses ; the broad and ample forehead indicat- ing intelligence and high breeding. The parietal bone, 5, extends back from the frontal to the poll, and has a ridge or crest of great strength and firmness along its upper sur- face, sloping down like a roof on each side, covering and protecting the brain. THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 65 The occipital, c, covers the entire back part of the head and lies imme- diately behind the parietal. It has to support the whole weight of the head, and from its position is exposed to greater strain than any other part of the skull. It is articulated by two rounded protuberances (con- dyles) at the base to the first vertebra (atlas) of the neck. On tho b 7 CLT 7.— SHOWINCr BONES OK UEAU AM) NECK, outer side of the occipital and beyond the condyles, are two pointed projections (sty lifonn processes) to which some of the muscles of the neck are attached, and which assist in supporting the head. The temporal bbnc, d, unites with the parietal above, and with the occipital behind. It contains the internal parts of the ear, and is provi- ded with a hollow for the articulation of the lower jaw, and in front joins the extremity of the frontal. Continuing forward, it unites with 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. the cheek-bone (malar), e, making up the zygomatic arch and forming the greatest part of the orbit, composed of a small bone in the inner corner of the eye (lachrymal),/. Just before the frontal is the nasal bone, ^, one of the principal bones of the face and covering the mem- brane of the nose. The large bone, (superior maxillary), h, occupies the side of the face and holds all the grinding teeth (molars) and the tusk of the upper jaw. The pre-maxillary, i, unites with the two last named bones, holds the nippers (incisor teeth) and completes the frame- work of the nose. The lower jaw consists of only two bones, the inferior maxillaries, k. They terminate in two j)rocesses, directed upward. The terminal. projection (condyloid process) articulates with the temporal bone, at the base of the zygomatic arch, forming the hinge upon which the whole lower jaw moves. The second process (coronoid) passes under the arch, receiving the lower end of the large temporal muscle arising from the parietal bone, and moves the jaw in the act of chewing. There are two small bones in the lower part of the cranium, under the parietal, 6, called the Sphenoid, and the Ethmoid, which connect the principal bones of the skull, but are not visible externally. VUi. Bones and Muscles of the Front Limbs. Coming again to the limbs, we represent in cut 8 on the next page, for the sake of comparison, both the bones and muscles of the front limbs side by side, since it will serve as a <;onvenient object lesson at one view. Bones. — A — Radius. B — Point of Ulna. C — Knee (Carpus). F — Ses- amoids, behind the fetlocks. G — Upper and Lower Pasterns. H — Coffin Bone. I — Navicular. Muscles. — h — Extensor carpi radialis, i — Extensor digitarum lon- gior. j — JExtensor digitarum hrevior. k — Abductor pallicis longus. ef — External flexor, mf — Middle flexor, if — Internal flexor. Bones of the Arm. — :The upper portion of the fore leg«in the horse is called the arm, and in man the corresponding bone is the fore arm. In the horse it consists of two bones, the radius A and the ulna B, and extends from the elbow to the knee. The ulna is situated behind, and, to some extent, above the radius, there being a considerable projection received between the heads of the lower bone of the shoulder (elbow), forming a powerful lever, into which are inserted the muscles for extending the arm. The ulna continuing downwards^ terminates in a point behind the middle of the radius. Bones of the Knee. — Cut 9 on page 70 shows in detail the various bones of the knee : Fig. 1, the left leg, outer side ; Fig. 2, a front view. The position ^.nd action of the knee, render it especially liable to shocks and THK ANATOAIY OF THE HORSE. 01 » jars, or strains. Hence it is protected by being formed of a nunil>er of bones, strongly united by ligaments, eat-li bone being protected by car- tilage, and resting on a semi-fluid cushion, so that any shock may l>e dis- tributed over the whole number of distinct bones. Tlie names of thp bones are as follows : a, Radius ; h. Pisiform ; c, Cuneiform ; d, Lunare : e, Scaphoides ; /, Magmmi ; h. Unciform : /, Cannon ; j, Splint. Thcsp two latter are called i\Ietacari)als. Fig. 1, Cut 8.— Bonks aki> .Mitsclks of thi-: Fohi: Lf.gs. By reference to cut 9 on page 70, the arrangcmei't and shape of the several bones will be readily understood. A large, flat knee is essential la the horse, since it not only carries i)lenty of integument, but allows free play to this portion of the leg. Fig. 1 shows the knee flexed and Fig. -J the knee at rest. 70 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. The true carpal bones are seven in number. Six of these are placed in two rows, each containing three bones in front of the joint, while the seventh, the pisiform, (Trapezium), is placed behind them, forming the point of insertion for some of the muscles of the arm. It also aids in protecting the tendons running down behind the leg. CUT 9. — SHOWING BONES OF THE KNEE. Bones of the Leg. — Between the knee and the fetlock are three bones, the shank (cannon) and two splint bones, as shown in cut 8, page u9. Fig. 1. D. These form the leg, the corresponding part in man being the metacarpus. The cannon bone articulates at its upper extremi- ty with the lower row of the bones of the knee and below with the upper pastern of the fetlock joint. It has scarcely any muscle, those parts not covered by tendons, as well as the parts so covered being envel- oped directly by the skin. The leg bone is nearly straight, rounded in front and flattened or slightly concave behind. The splint bones, slender bones attached to the cannon to strengthen it, diminish to a point before they reach THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE, 71 the fetlock joint. Behind this are two supplementary bones, called ses- amoids, b, in cut 10, and page 62 c. These serve to protect the back of the joint and some important ligaments passing over it. More fully to illustrate the lower part of the front limbs, we give four figures, show- ing the bones and articulations of the joints of the foot. CUT 10. — BONES AND ARTICULATIONS OK TUK KOOT. The names of these bones are as follows: a, cannon, or shank ; b, csesamoids ; c, fetlock joint ; d, upper pastern ; e, lower pastern ; /, cof- fin bone ; g, navicular bone. The upper and lower pasterns, d, e, have considerable motion one on the other to allow the loot to be bent back. The toe is formed by the coffin bono. This is surrounded and covered in by the horny hoof. Hence, its form is never seen unless dissected for. Another small l)one, the navicular, g , lies behind and partly within the junction of the coffin and lower pastern. Like the coffin bone, it is inclosed by the hoof. * 72 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. IX. The Hind Limbs. The bones of the limbs terminating and inclosed within the body of the horse, as well as the whole of the front limbs have been carefully illustrated and described. Many persons suppose, if they understand something of the anatomy of one limb, that they understand them all. This is a mistake, for while there are points in common, there are many differences. Hence the necessity of illustrating every part fully in order that the reader may get a full comprehension of every part. Further on we give a cut showing the bones of the hock joint and portions of the bones above and below. In the illustration, page 57, the anatomy of the entire limb may be studied. Anatomy of the Hind Limbs. — The great bone of the thigh (femur) which articulates with the upper bone (ilium), which in turn is joined to the back, is very strong, stout and short for its bulk. It is also further strengthened by large projections (trochanters), placed in the direction of the length, or longitudinally, for the attachment of important mus- cles. The upper extremity of the femur has a rounded head on the inner side, fitting into, and articulating with, a homy cup (acetabulum) formed at the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the lower end are two prominences fitting into depressions in the true bone of the thigh (the lower part of which is shown in the preceding illustration) and in front of which is placed the knee cap (patella), making what is called the stifle joint, which, anatomically, corresponds to the knee in man. The thigh bone is made up of two parts, the tibia, or bone proper and a small bone at the top (fibula), which reaches' down the bone for about one-third its length. It is attached to the large bone by cartilage, and corresponds - to the small bone (ulna) in the shoulder of the horse. The next illustration shows the bones of the hock. Figure 1, back view, inner side ; figure 2, front view, outer side. Bones of the Hoclc. — The names of the bones of the Hock (Tarsus) as shown in cut 11 are: a, Tibia; 6, Os Calcis ; c, Astragalus; c?, Cu- noides ; e, Naviculare ;/, Outer Cuneiform ; A, Splint ; %, Cannon, (shank bone.) The hock is as important as it is complicated. It corresponds to the ankle and heel in man, and is a prime factor in the means of progression. Like the knee of the horse, it consists of small bones, interposed between the upper bone. Tibia, and the Cannon bone below. These are six in number, as given above. The projecting bone at the back, the heel bone, (Os Calcis), is moved by tendons arising from muscles in the lower part of the limb. One of the Main Springs. — The principal one of these is the tendo* Achillis. In all ftist animals it is much developed, since an increase in THE AXATOMY OF THE HORSE. 73 the length of this lever adds force to the spring; for it must be remcmbcrod tliat i)rogrcssion is simply a succession of springs. Hence in all four-footed animals, the chief motive power lies in the hinder limbs Fig. 1. Fig. 2. CUT 11. — BONES OK THE HOCK. and hence, again, the reason why these are so much developed. Whether the animal be required for draft or saddle, the propelling power rerjuires to be especially studied. The skeleton is the frame-work upon which ali this is developed. CHAPTER m. THE MTTSCUIiAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OP THB HORSE. ' THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCT7LA.R COVERING. II. MUSCLES OP THEHEAD AND NECK. III. MUSCLES OP THE SHOULDER AND BACK. IV. MUSCLES OF THE HINDER PARTS. V. MUSCLES OF THE PORE- LIMBS. ^VI. MUSCLES OP THE LEG AND FOOT. VII. STUDYING THE STRUCTURE. VIII. INTERN AL ECONOMY OF THE HORSE. IX. EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HORSE. I. The Economy of tlie Muscular Covering. While, as already stated, the bones are the frame-work of the animal, the covering of the bones, viz : the sinews, muscles, nerves, membrane.3, etc., are really what constitute the motive power of the animal. With the nerves and membranes we shall have little to do ; their study will not be necessary to a correct understanding of the value of a horse to the farmer, breeder, or buyer. The bony and muscular development being perfect, and the digestive apparatus, the viscera, and all that pertains there- to, being healthy, the nerves and membranes may be taken for granted as being in good order. We therefore proceed at once to a consideration of the more important organs which constitute the working parts of the horse. This we have most carefully illustrated on the next page by a cut, show- ing the entire figure of the horse with the principal muscles laid bare. They need not be referred to here, since they will be named further on in considering the illustrations of the several parts. The engraving is considered necessary, as showing the connection of the parts, one with another, as the animal appears in walking. A Vertical Section of the Head. — A section of the head may here be studied to advantage, as showing not only the bony and muscular struc- ture, but the brain and ganglia as well. In the study of this figure we find at a, the frontal bone, showing the cavity or channel, (sinus) beneath; b, the wall bone (parietal) covering the brain; c, the nose (nasal) bone; d, the bone (occipital) at the back of the head ; e, e, the first bone of the neck, (atlas) showing the spinal mar» row in the center ; y, the sieve-like (ethmoid) bone through which the nerve, (olfactory) giving the sense of smell passes ; ^, the wedge-like hone, (sphenoid). This, with the ethmoid bone, supports the base of the brain. At A, between C and D is shown part of the lower, {max- 74 Cut 1. Horse's Head, Open to View. THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCULAR COVERING, 75 iUarT/) Jaw bone, with the lower nipper (incisor) teeth. Coming to the numerals : 1, is the large portion of the l)rain, (cerebrum) ; 2, the small brain {cerebellum) ; 3, the upper portion of the spinal marrow (we- dulla oblongata) ^ VfhQXQ \t leaves the small brain; ^, the spinal mar- row itself. The capitals show, at Ay the thin bony plates, (furbinated bones) in the form of a scroll, which serve to distribute the lining mem- brane of the nose ; B^ the cartilaginous division, (septum nasi) between the nostrils ; C, C, the lips ; D, the tongue ; E, the valve of the lar}Tix {epiglottis i) F, the wind pipe, {trachea^,- G, the gullet (aesophagus). 76 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. Economy of the Head.— Wo have heretofore 8pf)keii of the bones of the liead being in pairs. So also are the varions o^'gans of the body as a rule, namely : the ears, eyes, nostrils, lips, the lobes of the lungs, the va'ives of the heart, the kidneys, etc. Thus the two frontal bones (a) make up the forward part of the head. The wall bones (6) cover the outer lobes of the large portion of the brain. The occipital bone (d) is strong and solid, and at its back contains the spinal marrow, and some nerves and arteries which, pass from the brain ; at the point where it is jointed to the first bone of the neck it is rounded and smoothed to make the articulation perfect. The sphenoid bone (g) forms the inferior and central part of the skull {cranium) . Near the bones of the face (facial 6owes), are sinuses or channels, that are named from the bones which they pierce or channel. The bones of the head are of two kinds, the soft and scaly, (sqiiamous), and the hard, (petrous), bones. The temporal bones arc likewise of both kinds ; the hard portion contains the organ of hearing, and on its inside surface are o[)enings for the passage of the auditory nerve, and on its outside larger openings for the passage of sound. II, Muscles of the Head and Neck. The muscles of the head are not many. Those of the mouth, nostrils, ears and neck, are the most important from the standpoint of the breeder. Cut 3 on the next page we give shows, at two views, the various muscles of the head and neck. The Muscles of the Head. — «, the cheek, (Masseter) muscle ; b, tem- poral muscle, (temporalis) ; c, circular muscle, (ori/cw/am-), surrounding the eye ; d, the raising muscle, (levator) ; e, orbicularis ovis ; /, the di-^ lator naris lateralis ; g, Zygomaticus; h, nasalis labii superioris; i, de- pressor labii inferioris. Muscles of the Neck. — j, complexus major; k, splenius; I, levator an- guli scapulae ; m^ Ilijoideus; n, sterno-maxillaris ; o, levator humeri ov deltoides. The masseter (a), forms the cheek of the horse, extending alono" a rid2:e by the side of the head, below the eve to the rounded ano;le at the rear of the lower jaw ; its function is to close the jaw. The tem- poral muscle, (b), also assists in the action, and the dimpling seen abave the eye in the process of chewing, arises from the action of this muscle while opening and closing the jaw. The action of the muscle orbicularis is to close the eye-lids. Above the eye, passing inward and upward, over this muscle is the levator muscle ^ d). Its office is to raise the upper lid. The muscles of the ear are not conspicuous. One of them proceeds from the base of the ear, extends forward and turns the ear forward. The second, situated behind the ear, turns it inward and backward, while ^.he third muscle, a narrow strip, descends at the back of the cheek, and turns the ear outward. THE ECONOINIY OF TITE MUSCULAK COVEKINO. 77 The muscular covering of the frontal and nasal l)on('s is noc 2)romi« nent and docs not rctjuire mention here. Muscles of the Nose and Lips. — The muscles of the nose and lips are important, since on them depend the act of gathering food, and also the expansion and contraction of tiie nostrils in breathing. They are also Fm. 1. Cut 3. — Muscles of tue Head anu Xeck an index, together with those of the cars, in discovering much of the temper of the horse. Orhlrularisovis (r) is one of the most important of these. It entirely surrounds the mouth, and hy its action closes or opens tlie lips. A pyramidal muscle {dilator nan's lateralis) (f) covers the whole of the nostril, and also raises the upper lip. The nmscle shoAvn at h (nasal is lahii superior is) extends from a de- pression in front of the eye towards the angle of the mouth and divides 78 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. into two parts to permit the passage of the side dilator of the nostril (/), one brancli passing straight to the corners of the mouth : its use being to raise it. The other branch expanding under the side dilator, not only assists in dilating the nostril, but also in lifting the upper lip. The under lip is drawn back by the narrow muscle (/), which is inserted into the lip below the angle of the mouth. Passing along the side of the jaw, it disappears under the masseter or cheek muscle («). Muscles of the Neck. — One of the principal muscles of the neck rises from the transverse processes of the first four or five dorsal vertebrae, page 54 (3), and also from the five lower bones of the neck (2), same page. The fibers from these two points, uniting form one large muscle, which, in fact, makes up the principal lower part of the neck, and which, diminishing in size as it passes towards the head, terminates in a tendon inserted in the {occipital) bone covering the back of the head. See page 65 (c). Immediately above is the muscle splenius (A;,) page 77. It is used for raising the head. This muscle arises from the entire length of a strong and elastic ligament {ligamentum nuchoe), having its origin from the back of the occipital bone, to which it is attached immediately below the crest. At first cord-like, it passes over the first joint of the neck and adheres strongly to the second bone of the neck, on which the principal weight of the head is thrown ; it thence proceeds backward un to its termination on the elevated spinous processes of the bones of the withers. Thus the withers have to support the entire weight of the head and neck, when held in their usual position. To return to the splenius. It is inserted directly into all the bones of the neck except the first, but having with this and the temporal bone, a sep' arate and distinct connection. To its form and development, the muscu- larity and beauty of the neck are chiefly due. The thick crest and mas- sive neck of the stallion, is princii^all}^ due to its great development. If overloaded with cellular tissue or fat, the neck will be clumsy. These facts cannot be too carefully borne in mind, for whatever the condition or breed of the horse it is this muscle which gives character to the neck. Behind the spUnius, and extending along the upper margin of the neck, is a muscle {levator anguli scapulae') (I). Inserted in the back of the head, and attached to the first four bones of the neck and to the great ligament, it descends to the shoulder, out of sight. Its action is reciprocal on the neck and shoulder, according as one or the other may be fixed at the time. Muscles of the Front of the Neck. — Onpage77(fig. 2, m.) immediately below the head at its junction with the neck, its upper extremity, con- spicuous, is the muscle hyoideus. It is attached to the hyoid bone of THE ECONOMV OF THE MUSCULAll roVEItlXO. 79. the tongue, wliich it rcti'iicts ; descending along tiie front of the neck to the shoulder, it is for the greater part of its length, covered by other muscles. The principal depressor muscle of the head, called .sfei-no -max- ina7'is, (n,) partly covers the hist named. It rises from tlio upper i)ait of the point of the breast, (sfenium), covers the lower front of the neck, proceeds upward by the side of the retracting nuisclc of the tongue, and is inserted by a flat tendon into the rear angle of the lower jaw. It is not a large muscle, since it requires but little force to depress the head. Extending from the back of the head and upper part of the neck, along the front of the shoulder, to the top of the fore leg, and beyond the sterno-7naxiIlaris, is SI long and important muscle (Jevator humeri, or deltoides) page 7a (o) having a double function to perform. The head being held up by its own proper muscles, it then ])ecomes the iixed jioint from wliich the Jevator humeri raises the shoulder. But its action can be reversed. V\\{\\ the shoulder as a fixed point, the head can be depressed by means of a small slip of the nmscle being carried forward to the point of the breast bone to bear the head in that direction. In conclu- sion, it may be stated that the muscles are all arranged in pairs, some- times, but rarely, in contact ; so that in speaking of them in the sinijular, their position and function is to be understood as applying to each side of the animal. III. Muscles of the Shoulder and Back. In every science the use of Latin has generally been adopted in nam. ing the several parts andol)jects. The reason of this is that the true and exact meaning of the names is thus preserved with scientific accuracy, which could not always be the case if these terms were loosely translated from and into the various languages of the earth. In English and in other languages there are several names for one and the same object Once named in scientific nomenclature the object remahis fixed and clearly defined by its scientific name as long as the science lasts. Sometimes it would take many words to express the same meaning, and when neces- sary the meaning of the scientific term is explained. Sometimes thera is no common name, and hence we are obliged to depend ui)on the Latin name. For instance the trapezius is the muscle whose ottice it is to raise and support the shoulders, assisted by another important muscle, (serratics major) (g,) a muscle that is hardly visible externally, since it is situated between the ribs and shoulder l)lades, and forms the main connection between them. Hence in ex[)laining the illustrations we use these terms, explaining them, so far as may be necessary, in the body of the text. 50 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE 8TOC K DOCTOR. The muscle, trapezius, previously noticed rises from the ligaments of the neck, and the principal l)ones of the withers, terminating in a pointed shape on a prominent part of the shoulder blade, and is at x. CUT 4. — SHOWING MUSCLES OF SIIOULDFilt AND ADJACENT I'ARTS. The muscle occupying the outer surface of the shoulder blade (^scap- ula,) on the front side of the spine or ridge of that bone is termed antea spinatus, and is shown at 6, on pages 75, 80 and 82. It proceeds to the lower bone of the shoulder, and dividing into two parts, is inseited into the two prominences in front of it. Its use is to extend the bone forward. Situated on the other side of the shoulder blade and inserted into the upper and outer head of the bone, drawing it outward and raising it, is ^he muscle called postea spinatus. Behind it is a small muscle (teres minor) (tZ,) or little pectoral. Its office i« to draw the shoulder forward towards the l)reast. Inside the arm, at its junction with the l)ody, is an important and conspicuous nmscle, the large pectoral muscle (pectoralis major) shown THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCULAR COVERING. ^1 at pm, page 82. This muscle pulls the whole fore leg inwards keep- ing it ill a line with the body, so as to iuduc(^ an even and regular action of the limb. On the outside of the shoulder, and easily seen when a horse is iu motion, are two muscles, (e) (anconmm lougus) and (/) anronceus extcrniux) whose office is to straighten and extend the arm. That is, to bring the front limb down i)erpendicularly, and in a line with the lower bone of the shoulder (humerus). Arising from the lower bone of the shoulder, they are iuserted into the point of the ell)ows. The nuiscles which bend the arm upwards are not visible in the living animal, being almost entirely covered by those of the shoulder. The principal muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi, shown on page 80 as extending from the shoulder to tli« haunch, and on pages 75 and 82 at the * ; it is strongly attached to the processes of the back bones and ribs, and is employed in raising the fore and hind quarters, and in reanng and kicking. The portion which comes nearest the surface is that part which is covered by the saddle. No portion of it, however, is distinctly apparent without dissection. IV. Muscles of the Hinder Parts. The muscles shown in cut 4, are : x, Trapezius ; a, Peetoralis minor ; 6, Antea spinatus; c, JPosfea spinatus; d. Teres minor \ e, Anconceus longus; f, Anconceus externus; g, /Serratus major ;* , Latissimus dorsi ; pm^ Peetoralis major. These two latter are figured in the illustration on page 82. The Muscles of the Hind Quarters. — The illustration on page 83 shows all the prominent muscles of the hind quarters laid bare. Their names and references are as follows : I, Glutceus externus ; m, Glutceus medius; n, Triceps femoris ; o. Biceps; p, seini Membranosus, (shown on page 75) ; q, Musculus facioe lata' ; r, Rectus; s, Vastus externus; u, Gracilis; v, Extensor pedis ; tv, Peroneeus \x. Flexor pedis \ y, Gastroc- nemii ; z. Flexor metatarsi. The Muscles Described. — The muscles of the hind jiarts are mostly strongly marked, and the situation of tlie principal ones will be easily recognized. With them will be included those concerned in or connected with the motion of the hinder limbs. Among the most prominent of the muscles on the front and outer parts of the haunch is that one (the Glu- tceus medius) arising from the i)rocesses of several of the vertebrae of the loins and from the prominent parts of the ilium, (the side bone of the pelvis heretofore described) and termiiiating at its insertion in the great trochanter or projection on the upper bone of the th\g\\ (femur) . 82 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. It is an important and powerful muscle and is used in raising and bring- ing forward the upper bone of the thigh. It has been not inaptly called the kicking muscle, and is shown at m, on pages 75 and 82 and 83. The glutmus externus , I, is a slender muscle attached to the kicking mus- cle and has a similar origin and function. It may be called the assistant kickins: muscle. CUT O. — KEAU SIDE VIEW OF THE MUSCULAK COVERING. The Three Headed Muscle. — ^^Vhen the horse is in motion a conspic- uous muscle of the hind-quarter is the three headed muscle of the thigh {triceps femoris), shown at n. This is really three muscles in one, each having; a common orig-in and united tocjether. It comes from several of the bones of the spine, including some at the root of the tail, and from various parts of the haunch bone. It curves downwards and forwards, dividing into three heads. These are inserted broadly into the upper part of the lower bone of the thigh behind the knee {stifle joint). Its action straightens the leg, and it has great power in carrying the animal forward, for while the glutei muscles bend the leg before it takes the spring, the triceps, acting in opposition, forces the leg straight and lifts the body forward. The hinder margin of this muscle may be seen in all horses, parallel to the outline of the buttock, but it is prominent in racing THE ECONOMY OF THE !MUSCULAU COVERING. 83 and trotting horses, Avhcn proper exercise has ])rought them into condi- tion. Parallel with the triceps and immediately behind it is the biceps, shown on pages 75, 82 and 83, at o. Springing from the sacrum and the first bones of the tail, it descends to the inner side of tlie lower l)one of the thigh, forms the out:ini('iit of the uterus or womb, with the ovary or organ of generation displayed, c. The last portion of the large intestine, the rectum, f. The orifice of the large intestine, the amis, g. It, i, J, A', and /. These letters show the internal muscles of the thigh. They have already been evplaine(!. IX. External Parts of the Horse. This cut shows the external parts of the horse with their proper names. ci T cS. — sii(>\viN>; i;xri;i;NAi- tarts ok tiii; hokm;. Explanation: — 1 — The muzzle, 2 — The face. 3 — The forehead. 4— The ))<)11. 5— The crest. G— The jowl, 7— The gullet. 8— The wind-pipe, i) — Point of the shoulder. 10 — The breast. 11 — The arm. 19_The elbow. 13— The girth. 14.— The flank. 15— The sheath. lG_The stifle, 17- -The withers, 18— The back, 11>— The loins. 20— The hip, 21— The cioup. 22— 41ie dock. 23— The quarter. 24— The thigli or gaskin, 2") — The ham-string 2() — The i)oint of the hock. 27 — The hock. 28 — The cannon bone of hind leg. 21) — The fetlock. 30 — The large pastern. 31 — The small pastern. 32 — The coronet. 33_The hoof. 34— The knee. 35— The cannon of fore leg. 3(i— The fetlock, 37 — Tlie heel. 38 — The large pastern. 3i> — The small past- ern. 40 — The hoof. CHAPTER IV. OUTWARD APPEARANCE OP THE HORSE AS INDICATING VALUE'. I, ACTION THE FIRST REQUISITE OF A GOOD HORSE. II. FAST WALKING HORSES. III. HORSES FOR DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORK. IV. THE HEAD ILLUSTRA- TED OUTWARDLY. V. THE BODY AND LIMBS. VI. BAD FOREQUARTERS. VII. THE BODY AS SEEN FROM THE FRONT. VIII. WHAT A CRITICAL HORSE- MAN SAID. IX. FRONT VIEW, SHOWING BAD FOREQUARTERS. X. THE HIN- DER PARTS ILLUSTRATED. Xt. THE PROPELLING POWER. XII. WHAT THE ANCIENTS KNEW OF HORSES. XIII. WHAT ONE NEED NOT EXPECT. I. Action the First Requisite of a Good Horse. A horse, like every other farm animal, is to be bought with a view to the use for which he is intended. The buyer must therefore know what he wants the animal for ; if for slow draft a very different frame will be required from that needed when fast work is to be done ; and yet the general symmetry of the animal must be looked to in every case. Fur- ther on the various breeds will be illustrated. The present chapter will deal simply with the outward conformations, showing good and bad forms, just as the preceding chapters have illustrated the bony structure and the muscular development 4ction is of course the first requisite whatever use the horse is int«r> ired for, and fast walking is the ground- work upon which to build all other action. We give on the next page an illustration of a horse, as seen in a fastjvalking gait. Action in General. — Good action can never be gotten out of a lazy, lubberly horse. The animal must have spirit and ambition, whatever the breed. Action is of only two forms : smooth, safe, low action, and high, showy, or parade action. The latter is never admissible, except when the horse is intended only for show and j^arade, or for a certain class of carriage horses, or for slow driving or riding in parks or other places of public resort. It is unsafe, unless the animal be intelligent and naturally sure-footed ; for a high stepping dolt is generally bad-tempered, and as unsafe as he is ungainly. When slow-and-safe and fast-and-safc action are combined in the same animal, he is invaluable and should not be lightly parted with. Good action is attained when all the limbs are moved evenly and in accord one with the other, the hind limbs being kept well under the animal, ready for any emergency. The action s'hould be square in walk- hig or trotting and without paddling with the fore legs, or straddling behind. It is true that paddlers are staunch and sure footed, and horses that straddle behind are sometimes fast, but thi^ is in spite of such action, and not on account of it. They are never admissible, either in fine harness or under the saddle. 90 OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE. 91 II. Fast Walking Horses. It IS seldom one sees a horse that will walk four and a half or five miles an hour in regular 1-2-3-4 time, nodding his head in cadence. Yet anv horse that conforms to the configuration shown in the cuts hereafter given ill this chapter may easily be taught to do it, either under the sad- dle or in harness. Some horses may he taught to walk six miles an hour, but they are rare. As a rule, fast-Avalking horses may be taught to trot fast, though some fast-walking horses are too broad-chested, to trot fast, /3 o a 2 i. < f3 ^•^ tf •- o § w tf Oh n, CO '^ « a Bi CYCLOPEDIA OF LtVp STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. and they will roll in galloping. It is for this reason that we give the illustrations, showing the perfect conformation for perfeet action. A horse that is good at all gaits, is a horse perfect in his conformation. Hence, a perfectly-formed horse will Avell repay careful training, for such a one will bring a largo price for tho time and labor spent upon his edu- cation ; or if it be a mare that is to be kept for shoAV, and later for breed- ing, the labor of training will not have been thrown away III. Horses for Diffsrent Kinds of "Work. Speed and bottom, which indicate the superior bone and muscle of good breeding, combined with great lung and heart power, whatever the breed, are whatns desired in a horse. The nearer the animal comes to the (lustrations given^ the better will he be for general utility, and measurably so whatever the labor desired. The horse for heavy draft will be coarser, more stocky, heavier in the bone, not so tiexible in the limbs, more upriglit m the shoulder, longer-haired, and perhaps with less courage. Occasionally, however, a thoroughbred makes a first-class work horse, if trained to get down steadily to- the work. This very flexibility enables him to take a hard and long-continued pull without injury, and it brings the obliouc shoulder of the blooded horse straight in the collar. Yet thoroughbred horses are not draft horses, and were never intended to be, though they have imbued nearly every valuable breed existing to-day with some of their best characteristics. IV. The Head Illustrated Outwardly. The head is the seat of intelligence in all animals, and without intelli- gence we cannot have a good servant. The illustrations on pages 1)8 and 99 show the formation of heads from good to bad. Those on page 98 show the perfectly-formed head of a well-bred horse, j^resent- inga side and front view, that maybe taken as a type constituting perfec- tion, as near as may be. The side view exhibits the head fine and taper- ing to the muzzle, and the chin handsomely developed. The brow is smooth, distinct, and yet not heavily prominent. The eye is large, full, clear, and has a placid, intelligent expression. The ears are fine and flex- ible, rather large, but well pointed, and alive with intelligent motion. The jaw is strong but fine. Observe the muscularity of the neck, and at the same time, its lines of swelling and delicate grace. Observe especi- ahy the manner in which the head is set upon the neck. Again, it will be seen that the face is dished slightly, showing spirit, tempered to intelli- gent tractability N(Sw take the front view of the same head. Observe the great smooth swelling forehead looking really broader between the eyes than it is. Why ? It will be seen that the eyes are apparently at the side of the OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE, ^5 ^Q CYCLorEDiA OF LIVE sto4;k and complete stock doctor. LiJ o z < I- (/) z o u IT) I/) > OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSK. 07 head, and yet look straight forward. The temporal 1)ono.s at tlie side of the eyes, and the occipital 1)oiio at the top of the head between tlio cars, are prom nicnt. The nostrils and lips are largo and tlexihle, and if one could turn back the folds of the nostrils at the ends, we might see a moist and healthy inside surface. In the living head corresponding to the fig- ure, all this would be apparent. If we examine the side and front views of the heads shown on the opposite page, the side view at the top indicates a head somewhat heavy, with the nose and loAvor jaw too thick. The nose swells out above the nostrils. The face is not dished, but is depressed. The eyes are bright, but with a somewhat wild expression. The eyebrows are prominent, and the head broad. The ears are thrown back, and the muzzle is cruel in its expression. The head is set on the neck at too great an angle. The expression, as a whole, is indeed that of an intellig.Mit and spirited horse, but it is the intelligence of malice, and th-^ spirit of self-will. In the front view, it will be seen that the eyes are too close together, and are in the front of the head ratlier than the sides. The .ars are pointed close together and backward, as though the animal only wanted the chance to do mischief. The face is full of strong lines, but not smooth ones. They are those of a stul)born animal that may do as you wish, if he cannot or dare not do otherwise. The next figure to the right shows not only a cruel, but a stupid expression. There is a lack of intelligence, ^/hich, in the horse, means spirit, courageous docilitj^, and a generous desire to do the will of a kind master. While this head does not show particularly bad form, yet the general expression, drooping ears, and the dull eye, show less character than the average horse should possess. There is yet another form, and a worse one. It is shown at the bottom of the page. Here we have self-willed obstinacy, and a wild, sulky dis- position. The profile is curved, giving a Roman nose, and the eyebrows are raised, indicating self-will and wildness. The firm jaw and lower face are cruel. It is a face that never goes w'ith a horse safe to drive sinjile, or to ride, except in the hands of one who is perfectly master of himself, and at the same time, always watchful and firm. Thus we misrht jro on describing all the peculiarities of temper down through nervous timidity, as shown by the thin, clean face, the cowardly head, the idiotic, and even the head showing evidences of insanity ; for that there are horses subject to hallucinations, aberrations of mind, and even actual insanity, there is no doubt. The cowardly, the vicious, and the idiotic horse is never safe. The aberrant and the insane horse is always dangerous, even to the most practiced horseman, since neither caresses nor punishment avail. They will run their "muck" at any hazard. 98 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOE. SIDE A^ u ^'RONT VIEW ov HEADS— GOOD. (See Explanation.) OUTWARD APPICARAXCE OF THR HOUSE. 99 SIJIE AND KUONT VIKW OK IIKADS — BAlfc (See Explanation.. I 100 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE l«TOCK DOCTOR. V. Body and Limbs. The figure given on page 101 shows a side view of the head, neck, shoulder, and fore limbs, as they should be seen in a perfectly formed animal. On pagelOGare side views of the fore quarters of horses, even down to those which easily become distorted from labor or use. In the perfectly formed horse, the neck is muscular and fine at the top, where it joins the head. There is no useless flesh, though where it joins the shoulder it is full and yet fine in proportion. The shoulder is deep, ob- lique or slanting. The shoulder-blade is high, giving stability to, and al the same time fully supporting, th- withers. The breast is prominent, but narrowing to the point where the legs leave the body. The arm is long, muscular, and tapering to the knee. The joints are large, but firm and compact. The fetlocks are long but flexible. The hoofs are rather large, and are round, deep, tough, and sound. It is the shoulder of a sad- dle horse, .of speed, bottom and endurance, that is seen in the cut. Few horses, even of the highest class, possess this perfect ideal conforma- tion. For the harness, the shoulder may be less oblique. The horse of all work, is more rigid and upright in limb and slioulder thjan the more speedy one ; yet the illustrations w^e give may l)e taken as the standard in judging a horse intended for every kind of work. The general appear- ance of the best animals of the various breeds is shown by cuts in their appropriate places in this volume. A comparison will show that while there are differences, yet the rules here laid down will apply generally to all horses, modified only by the differences required to enable a particu- lar breed to perform special labor. The trotting gait, as exhibited in a high-caste roadster, combining style with high action and great and long continued speed, would be execrable in a saddle horse The spi ngy, nei-vous action, and the long stride of the elegant saddle horse, would not go far towards pulling a dead w eight, hoAvever honest and courageous the attempt might be — and we have seen thoroughbreds as honest and courageous at a dead pull as could be desired in a draft horse. While the highly-bredhorse, especially the road horse, will fill more places than any other, yet the horseman must seek the animal best suited to his purpose. A study of the various models ^^c present Avill enable any intelli- o-ent person to judge for himself, as well as an expert whom he would have to pay for his services. It should certainly prevent the palming off of any "sorry brute," as is often done upon those who, while scorning intelhgent study, imagine they "knoy\^ all about horses." VI. Bad Pore-Quarters. In the illustrations on page 106, the upi^er left hand figure shows a 8trai"-ht shoulder, the chest heavy, and the limbs placed too far undet OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF TIIK HORSE. 101 The arm seems long, but this is because it lacks muscular development. The shanks lack strength near the knee and pasterns, and there is a lack of strength generally. In the upper right hand figure, the shoulder is not only bad, Imt the legs and pastenis are weak. There is too much length from the hoof to the joint above To the uneducated eye the pasterns might seem flexible. It is, however, the flexibility arising from weakness. The nmscles which SIDE VIEW OP FORE QUARTERS, SHoWINC A GOOD SHOULDER. (See ExiJlanation.* carry the tendons lack strength, and with age the power of holding them in position will decrease. If the reader will turn again to the chapter illustrating tlie muscular development ot the horse he will understand these points better. J 02 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. FBONT VIEW OF FORE-QUABTERS, %HOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. OUTWAKD AITEAUANCK OF TIIK JIOUSK 103 FRONT VIEW, 6IIOWINU GOOD BKEAST ANU LiJiBS. (See Explanation;. 104 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. The left hand lower figure exhibits a shoulder tolerably well placed, but the limbs are set too far under, and the pasterns are too straight, so that the animal appears to stand on his toes, and there is a general lack of muscle and sinew. The lower right hand figure will convey a good idea of what old age, abuse, hard work and want of care will bring to either of the three pairs of shoulders and limbs just noticed. Abuse and ill-usage might ruin the living representative of the perfect figure on page 101 but the limbs would remain comparatively sound to the last. Vn. The Body as Seen from the Front. In the illustration on page 103 the neck and shoulders are oval or egg- shaped. The chest seems narrow ratlier than broad, but this is because the muscular development about the breast bone is ample and full. Observe how grandly the muscle above the arm swells out, and what mag- nificent muscularity the arm presents with the two great thews running down to the knee. The joints are large and ample, as they should be, but also firm. The hoofs are tough and hard. Look carefully at the white space between the limbs ruiiniiig from the hoofs upwards. See how the neck, gradually rising from the chest, shows strength and a perfect proportion of one part to the other. The joints are compact and rounded, to meet the articulating shank and fetlock bones. The staunch strong hoofs are rather open behind, but show no indication of a flat foot. Set this and the preceding illustrations against the wall, retire until you get a perfect view, study them as an artist would a subject, compare them with the living animal, and, if you buy a horse for breeding or other use, buy as near to the model as possible. VIII. What a Critical Horseman said. One of the best authorities of all writers on the horse, a highly edu- cated Englishman, whose estimate of an animal was always made from the standpoint of general excellence, the late Henry William Herbert, in his exhaustive work, "The Horse of America," sa3^s : "The points of the physical structure of a horse on which the most, indeed the whole of his utility depends, are his legs. Without his loco- raoters all the rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothing worth. Therefore, to these we look first. The fore-shoulder should be long, obliquely set, with a considerable slope, high in the withers and thin above. The upper arm should be very long and muscular, the knee broad, flat and bony, the shank, or cannon bone, as short as may be, flat, not round, with ciean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints moderately long and oblique, but nor too much so, as the excess produces springiness and weakness ; the hoois firm, erect or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE. 1U5 generally large and round. In the hind-legs the quarters should be large, i)o\verful, broad when looked at in profile, and square and solid from behind. Avoid Straight Hams. — "The hams should be sickle-shapea, not straight, and well let down, so as to l)ring the hocks well toward the ground. The hoeks should be large and bony, straight, not angular and convcxly cur- ved in their posterior outlines ; the shanks, corresponding to ihe cannon bones, short and flat, and the hind feet similar in form to the front The back should be short above, from the i)oint of the withers and shoulder- blade, which ought to run well back to the croup. The barrel should be round, and for a horse in which strength and quickness arc looked to, more than great speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can scarcely be too deep from the tip of his shoulder to the intersection of his fore-leg — which is called the heart place — or too wide in the chest, as room in these i)arts gives free play to the most important vitals. The form of the neck and setting on of the head are essential not only to the beaut}'' of the animal, but to the facility and pleasure of riding or driving him ; hence, with an ill-shaped, short, stubborn neck, or ill set on head, the animal cannot by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, or an easy one to manage. A Clean, Strong Neck. — " The neck should be moderately long, con- vexly arched aljove from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins the head, and so set on that when yielding to the bit it forms a semi-circle, like a bended bow, and brings the chin downward and inward until it nearly touches the chest. Horses so made are always manageable to the hand. The converse of this neck, which is concave above and stuck out at the wind-pipe like a cock's wattle, is the worst possible form ; and horses so made almost invariably throw up their heads at a pull, and the most exceptionable of brutes, regular star-gazers. The head should be rather small, bony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the ej^es, and rather concave, or what is called basin-faced, than Roman-nosed, between the eyes and nostrils. The ears should be fine, small and pointed ; the eyes large, clear and prominent, and the nostrils wide and well opened. A horse so framed cannot fail, if free from physical defect, constitutional disease and vice, to be a good one for any purpose — degree of strength, lightness and speed, being w^eighed in accordance with the purpose for which he is desired." IX. Front View Showing Bad Pore-Quarters. On page 102 are four figures. The upper left hand one shows a fair leg down to the knee ; from that point down it is bad. The toes are turned 106 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE 8TOCK DOCTOR. i' ' •k SIDE VIEW OF FOKE-QUARTERS, SHOWING BAD CONFORMATION. (See Explanation.) OUTWARD APPEARANCF-: OF THE HORSE. 107 very much out; sudi ji horse h:is not (hio strength, and the action will l)e inereasin' the feet, it is befittinir first ^o look to the horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have the horn thick are far superior in their feet to those which have it thin. Nor will it be well if one fail next to observe whether the hoofs be up- right, both before and behind, or low and flat to the ground ; for high hoofs keep the frog at a distance from the earth, while the flat tread with equal pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case with bandy-legged men. And Simon justly observes that well-footed horses can be known by their tramp, for the hollow hoof nngs like a cymbal 114 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. when it strikes the solid earth. But having begun from below, let us ascend to the other parts of the body. It is needful, then, that the parts above the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too erect, like those of the goat; for legs of this kind, being stiff and inflexible, are apt to jar the rider, and are more liable to inflammation. The bones must not, however, be too low and springy, for in that case the fetlocks are liable to be abraded and wounded if the horse be galloped over clods or stones. The bones of the shank (cannon bones) should be thick, for these are the columns which support the ])ody ; but they should not have the veins and flesh thick likewise. For if they have, when the horse shall be galloped over difficult ground they will necessarily be filled with blood, and will become varicose, so that the shanks will be thickened, and the skin be distended and relaxed from the bone ; and, when this is the case, it often follows that the back sinew gives way and renders the horse lame. But if the horse, when in action, bends his knees flexibly at a walk, you may judge that he will have his legs flexible when in full career ; for all horses as they increase in years increase in the flexibility of the knee. And flexible goers are esteemed highly, and with justice, for such horses are much less liable to blunder or stumble than those which have rigid, unbending joints. But if the arms, below the shoulder-blades, be thick and muscular they appear stronger and handsomer, as is the case also with a man. The breast also should be broad, as well for beauty as strength, and because it causes a handsomer action of the fore legs, which do not then interfere, but are carried well apart. " Again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizon- tally from the chest ; but, Yik.e that of a game cock, should be upright toward the chest and slack toward the flexure ; and the head beins: long should have a small and narrow jaw-bone, so that the neck shall be in front of the rider, and that the eye shall look down at what is before the feet. A horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently away, even if he be very high-spirited, for horses do not attempt to run away by bringing in, but by throwing out their heads and necks. It is also very necessary to observe whether the mouth be fine and hard on both sides, or on one or the other. For horses which have not both jaws equally sensitive are likely to be too hard-mouthed on one side or the other. And it is better that a horse should have prominent than hollow eyes, for such an one will see to a greater distance. And widely opened nostrils are far better for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect ; for when one stallion is enraged against another, 01 if he become angry while being ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier the crest, and the smaller the ears, the OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE. 115 more horse-like and handiome is the head rendered ; while lofty withers give the rider a surer seat, and produce a firmer adhesion between the body and shoulders. "A double loin is also softer to sit upon and pleasanter to look upon than if it be single ; and a deep side, rounded toward the belly, renders the horse easier to sit, and stronger and more easy to keep in condition ; and the shorter and broader the loin, the more easily ^vnll the horse raise his fore-quarters and collect his hind-quarters under him in goino-. These points, moreover, cause the belly to appear the smaller; which, if it be large, at once injures the appearance; of the aninuil and renders him weaker and less manageable. The quarters should be broad and tieshy in order to correspond with the sides and chest, and, should they be entirely firm and solid, they would be the lighter in the gallop, and the horse would be the speedier. But if he should have his buttocks separated under the tail by a broad line, with a wider space between them, by so doing he will have a prouder and stronger gait and action, and will, in all respects, be the better on them. A proof of which is to be had in men, who, when they desire to raise anything from the ground, attempt it by straddling their legs, not by bringing them close together." XIII. What One Need Not Expect. We have, in the foregoing chapters and in this, illustrated and explained the several parts of the horse and his excellences so fully that none need go astray in studying the points of an animal. If these illustrations and explanations are borne in mind, a horse may be accurately judged by his actual bone and jnuscle, whether fat or lean. The intelligence of an animal may also, by the same study, be accurately estimated. A fat horse is generally smooth and round, and many a sorry brute hjis been fattened for the purpose of palming him off on the unwary. We need not expect a fat horse to go right to work, and keep fat. The horse for hard work must first be brought into condition, and this means working off the mere fat, and getting down to bone and muscle. We must not expect a horse to be useful because he is big, unless he is wanted for heavy draft. If the draft is heavy it should be slow, and thus the horse may be big and also keep fat. For general work, the medium- sized horse is the best. A pair of horses, each 1(3 hands high and weigh- ing 1,200 pounds are well suited for city teaming and other ordinary draft, except the hauling of heavy trucks. A fifteen-and-a-half hand, 1,100-pound horse is suitable for the road, and if one-half hand less in height and correspondingly light in weight, say 1,000 pounds, he will do quite as well in single or double harness. Sixteen-hand horses are also suitable for coaches aud heavy carriages, while the lighter animals will 116 CVCLOrEDlA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. serve as double teams for road driving. If they are good ones, free from vice » well-matched, and perfectly trained, do not be afraid to ask a good round price for them. But do not expect to get a large price for a cheap horse, nor need you expect to buy a perfect horse for a low price. Ho may, however, be cheap at any price youi' purse may afford, In buying, keep constantly in view what you want the animal for, but do not buy any horse because he happens to strike your uneducated fancy. You cer tainly will not do so, if you have carefully studied the preceding chap- ters. TEETH OF THE iHORSE- Chart forjWatelTfeiiinglhTX^^ D"-- LOUIS BRANDTVVj. HORSE TEETH^Hregutar. N Ufiitittotlio"""- .v^ ..two widsUolfrwo^W- 1 ind, Tktlnoww""^ „,i. / .r- ?, CHAPTER V. THE HOKSE'S TEETH ; AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. I. THE KENTAL FORMrLA. IT. THE TEETH ARE THE TRtTK INDEX OF AGE. — ^-III. THE FOAL'S TEETH. IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TEETH OF FOAL AND HORSE. V. ALLOWANCES TO BE MADE. VI. ILLUSTRATING BY THE CHART. I. The Dental Formula. The names and numbers of the teeth of the horse are as follows : In- cisors (front teeth or nippers) | ; canine, oi tushes or hook teeth, in the male only, -f -i ; molars, or grinding teeth f |, making forty in all. This is for the male. The mare lias but thirty-six, since she lacks the tush- es, or canine teeth. These sometimes also fail to develop in the geld- ing. II. The Teeth, are the True Index of Age. Almost every horseman is supposed to be able pretty accurately to de- termine the age of his horse. Among old horses, the eyes, the sharpness of the jaw bones, and the bones of the tail, are, by many, claimed to give 11 clear indication of the animal's age. But these are all fallacious. They may be, and in fact are, helps, but the only true indication is given by the teeth; and to the educated eye, these are sufficien£ to tell the age accurately up to eight years, and thereafter with sufficient accuracy for all practical purpuoci. From the- time the colt is foaled until death, the teeth ai-e constantly undergoing change. Hence, if a person carefully studies the changing conditions of the teeth, ho may accurately determine the age either of the colt or horse. The incisors furnish the chief indica- tion, but to some extent the tushes or hook teeth, and the grinders give valuable assistance, since they may correct, or corroborate, what is seeuin the incisors. To assist in this study we give in this chapter, a chart show- ing, from accurate drawings, the precise appearance of the teeth from colt-hood up to the age of twenty-nine years. This chart, with the ac- companying explanations, will enable any person of intelligence to jud'T^e the age of a horse, even though he have been "Bishoped," as the making of false marks on the teeth is called, from the. name of the rascal v/ho in- vented the practice, III. The Foal's Teeth. When just foaled, the golt has no front teeth, but in most cases twelve back teeth appear just above the gums. At from two to three months of age four central nippers appear, two in each jaw ; in six weeks another tooth comes out on each side of these, or four more all together; and 117 118 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. at the age of eight or nine months the four corner nippers are seen. At this age the colt has all his teeth, upper and lower. They are the foal's teeth and are changed by the fifth or sixth year for the permanent or horse's teeth. As before stated, the three front double pairs of grinders are seen at birth, and are afteinvards changed. The fourth double pair, those seen from the eighth to the ninth month, are the first that remain stationary, and are found in the mouth of every year-old colt. The fifth double pair (fifth four), appear in the second year, while the sixth double pair generally come in the fourth or early in the fifth year. These three double pairs of back teeth remain unchanged, as also do the tushes or hook teeth. The tushes do not appear at a fixed age ; sometimes they are seen in the stallion at the end of the third year, and sometimes not until the middle or the end of the fourth year ; sometimes they do not come uintil the fifth year, and occasionally not until the sixth year. The maro never has them, and in the gelding they occasionally fail to develop. rv. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horse. The difference between the nippers of the foal and those of th CLIMATE. 11. THE FARM HORSE. III. THE CLYDESDALE HORSE. IV. THE NORMAN-PERCHERON. V. THE PERCHERON OP TO-DAY. VI. THE C::nESTO(}A HORSE. VII. ROAD HORSES. VIII. TROTTING HORSES. IX. HUNTING HORSES. X. LIGHT DRIVING HORSES. XI. COACH HORSES. XII. THE CLEVELAND BAY. XUI. PONIES. XIV. THE VERMONT DRAFT HORSE. XV. THE NARRAGANSETT PACER. I. Influences of Country and Climate. Every country of the earth has a breed or breeds of horses, each Avith its peculiar characteristics ; and the horses of Asia, Africa, Europe and A.merica have their points of difference as strongly marked as do the hu- man nihabitants of these grand divisions of the globe. Besides the pe- culiarities resulting from local influences of climate, topogi'aphy, etc. the horse has others which are due to the treatment and traininir received at the hands of his masters, since from a long course of artificial breed- ing and feeding, he has become a purely artificial animal, except among barbarians or savage tribes. _ Among savages, his hard en\ironment has made him degenerate — has in fact reduced him to a condition inferior to that of the horses found running wild where they have increased and multiplied on pasturable lands, after having escaped from domestication. The horse in the latter condition has already been sufficiently mentioned in the first chapter. In the present chapter we purpose to notice only the more important breeds of civilization, or those that have acquired celebrity for their valuable qualities. II. The Farm Horse. The farm horse is the most important member of the equine famil}'', for the reason that he is used by the largest number of people, and is employed in the production of that which sustains life in man. The farm horse cannot lay claim to the dignity of a distinct breed, as he is composed of mixed blood, and is dependent for whatever valuable qjualities he possesses, upon the intelligence of the people by whom he is l)red. The majorit}^ of farm horses are inferior to the more respec- table of the fixed breeds, though of late years they have steadily increas- ed in valuable qualities, through the introduction of superior blood! ; and in many districts they are, as they should be, bred with reference to their sale for particular uses, after they have partially paid for their care by their labor on the farm. The Hopse of All Work. — The farm horse should essentially be a horse of all work, of good style and action, and of about 1200 pounds weight. 125 126 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. Such horses will be able to do anything that maybe necessary to be done about the farm, plowing, reaping, hauling, or drawing the family carriage to church. When of suitable age they will bring good prices, the best of them for use as carriage horsey, and others for anything except heavy draft in cities, for express work, drawing omnibuses and other la bor, requiring style and action, combined with strength. The figure BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 127 page 108 front view, and page 107 side view, and page 111 back view of hind quarters Avill illustrate our meanuig. Light Farm Horses. — There is another horse that may well tind a place on all large farms, a horse about fifteen hands high and weighing from 950 to 1050 pounds. Such a horse as this is called, in England, a cob, a s(|uare-built, active animal, good for the saddle and all light M'ork. Such a horse is represented on the preceding page. The tail, however, should never be docked : for dockin^is a barbarous practice, and one now 128 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOK. happily gone out of fashion The Morgans, or rather their crosses, when bred up to the weight hist mentioned, make admirable horses ot this class. The Gold Dust Horses of Kentucky, — The Gold Dust Horses, which were originated by breeding from Morgan stallions on good thorough » bred mares, and carefully selecting for generations, make admirable light farm horses. High-strung, elegant, fast-going, staunch, and able for all light work on the farm, either for the saddle or harness, as light driving buggy horses in single harness, or for the light carriage iu double harness, they are most excellent animals. III. The Clydesdale Horse. Another class of horses that may be made profitable on the breeding farm are what are known as draft horses proper. In the United States, the best representatives of this class are the Clydesdales and the Norman- Percherons. The Clydesdales are an English-Scotch breed of great power, bone and substance, and are capable of drawing immense loads. In Canada there are many excellent representatives of this breed, and in the West they are attracting more and more attention every year. The West of Scotland has long been famous for its excellent draft hor- ses. Their origin is probably due in part to the blood of Flemish mares, though but little is authentically known of their ancestry. Whatever their origin may be, it is certain that they have made Scotland famous for its draft-horse stock, and much of the excellence of the draft horses of the North of England, where the Clydesdale originated, is due to an infu- sion of this Scottish blood. In England these heavy horses are useful to farmers in working their tough clay soils. In the United States, especi- ally in the West and South, the alluvial nature of the soil does not re- quire such strength of team in plowing ; but the vast amount of hauling to be done in and near cities, where the railroad and steamer traffic of the country centres, wall always cause a demand for large, able-bodied draft horses. The Shire horse seems to have taken the place of the Suffolk horse in England, so we have seen them in the United States. They are a larger horse than the Clydesdale, more upstanding wdth, perhaps, better hoofs. The hairy lower limbs, like the Clydesdale, is against them, in the eyes of the American farmer. Like the Cl^ydesdale, they are magnificent draft animals, strong, true and honest, but we do not think they stand hard city pavements much better than the Clydes. The back and body is more symmetrical, in om- view, than that of the Clyde. Like the Clyde, their BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 139 > o M > o r w m d o H o 5' r p o - Z 5£> H 130 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. walk and trot is majestic ])ut slow, and they are not better suited to West- ern aOTicultural soils. When first introduced into Canada and the United States, both the Clydes and Shires attracted great attention until the Percherons and heavy Normans were introduced. The style, endurance, quicker action and muscular effort was superior, in the eye of the Western man; hence, the Norman and Percheron became the favorites, and they have gained, rather than lost, ever since. This the show rings at our great fairs continue to show. Nevertheless, the Clyde and Shire continue the favorites among many breeders and farmers. For export to Great Britain, they are in request. IV. The Norman-Percheron Horse. Norman-Percheron horses are now generally divided into two classes : the Norman, a heavy, muscular, closely-built animal of great bone and muscle, weighing sometimes 2,200 to 2,300 pounds, and the Percheron, a lio-hter, cleaner built and more active animal, attaining a weight up to 1,800 pounds. Both these sti-ains of Norman blood are among the best of draft stock ever introduced into America. They are superior in some respects to the famous Conestoga horse of Pennsylvania, now prac- tically extinct. Much has been written about these excellent animals, both by partisans and by those who have investigated their history with a view to arrive at the real facts in relation to their ancestry. On tlie one hand it is contended that they arose from a cross of the Arabian upon the heavy native horses of Normandy ; and the defeat of the Sara- cens by Charles Martel, in which gre:it numbers of their admirable cav- alry horses fell into the hands of the French, is cited in support of this view. Many of these Saracen horses, it is said, were brought to Nor- mandy and to La Perche, and hence the commingling of blood which resulted in the present admirable breed. The old Norman war horses were heavy, bony, slow, but strong, and capable of enduring much hard- ship. They were admirably adapted for their day, since they were capa- ble of carrying a knight in his heavy armor. Ao-ain, it is asserted that the Norman iiorse is descended from a race then peculiar to Brittainy , and used for draft, rather than for war. Another writer asserts that the Percheron is descended from a remote cross between the Andalusian, mixed Avith the Morocco barb, and again crossed upon the Norman, because, it is said, the Norman was too slow, and the Andalusian too light, for a knight in full armor. The old Norman horses are said to have transmitted to the race their great bone and muscle, while the Arab, or Andalusian, or whatever the cross may have been. HIMOEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR (CHARACTERISTICS. lai added si)irit, action, speed and bottom Whatever may be the facts as to tneir origin, both the sub-families of the Norman-Percheron combine PRIZE WINNING PERCHERON MARE— SIX YEARS OLD. Specially photographed for this work. the strength of the old- Norman ))arb with something of the speed of the Arabian, and are capable of carrying great weights and of drawing heavy 132 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. loads at a fair rate of speed. A pair of the lighter Perche horses (called in France Diligence horses, from their use in drawing the coaches of this name) are capable of going at a speed of seven or eight miles an hour. These horses may now by regarded as having become a fixed race, cap- able of reproducing itself perfectly, unchanged, and without deterioration through generations, when pure sires are bred to pure dams. Bred to inferior mares, the stallion marks his impress wonderfully upon the pro- geny, and the pure mares also transmit their characteristics in the same wonderful manner. V. The Percheron of To-Day. The Percheron makes a capital cross upon any of the large, roomv mares of this country. When the Percheron is bred to this kind of damS; the progeny wall possess great size, and will partake essentially of th3 qualities of the sire. If this progeny is again bred to a pure sire, the result is a three-quarters-bred horse that is but little inferior to the Per- cheron in all that constitutes power and capability for w^ork. The Percheron is not what would be called a fast horse. He is not suited for pleasure driving, and yet he is capable of making long jour- neys at a speed fully equal to that of horses of more pretentions to speed. An instance is given where 58 miles out and 58 miles back was accomplished by a Percheron horse, in two days, the traveling time out beino" four hours and two minutes, while in returning the time was four hours, one minute and a half ; and this vdthout being urged with the whip. Again, a horse of this breed was driven 55 3-5 miles over a hilly and diificult road in four hours and twenty-four minutes, without distress to the animal. In outward appearance the Percheron presents a head that is not long, with broad brow and slightly dished face, showing intelligence, in which respect he resembles the Arabian. The neck is of fair length, strong, muscular and well-arched, but, like the head, well proportioned to the close-ribbed, x«und-barreled , short-backed body. The hind-quarters and shoulders a.e muscular, the lower part of the leg short, hairy and pos- sessino: immense tendons. The hoofs are hard, sound, free from disease : but the Percheron is somewhat inclined to be liat-footed. The height is from fifteen to sixteen hands, though many excellent specimens of the breed are somewhat under fifteen hands, especially the lighter Percheron proper. The same description will apply to the Norman proper, except that he is larger and somewhat coarser. Their general color is gray, Planning from iron-gray to the handsomest dappled gray. So difficult is it to draw the dividing line between the Norman and the Percheron, that the editor of the Percheron-Norman stud book seemed undecided just what, and what not, to admit into the stud book. Hence BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIK CHARACTERISTICS. 133 the plan uas adopted of giving a full account of the breeding, and crosses, so far as obtainable, and admitting to registry all stallions and mares imported from France as Percheroa, Norman, Percheron-Norman, oj' Norman-Percheroa. J 3-i CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. VI. The Conestoga Horse. It is unfortunate that the Conestoga, one of the very best of Ameri- can horses for draft, for all Avork in fact on the road or on the farm, should have been allowed to become extinct. Strong and able in every respect, a handsome, quick-stepping animal, and as honest as an ox at a dead pull, the Conestoga horse possessed qualities which entitled his breed to perpetuation. His original home was the Conestoga Valley, of Pennsylvania, and hence the name. This valley was originally settled by Germans, who undoubtedly brought with them the heavy German and Danish horses of their native land. Under the ample feed and genial climate of the Conestoga Valley, these foreign horses were, by careful selection, and an occasional dash of the staunch thorough blood of those days, developed into a race of horses ranging from sixteen to seventeen hands in height, weighing from 12r)0 to 1500 pounds, and proving to be among the most valuable horses ever known for drawing great loads over hill and mountain. A cross of the Cleveland Bay upon large, round- barrelled, roomy mares might again result in something like this horse. The experiment would be well worth the trial by breeders, who have the will and the years before them to originate a breed of horses, that would be capable of doing any work, from deep plowing, to wagoning and heav}' carriage work. Though the Conestoga is no longer bred in purity, there are yet many mares in Pennsylvania descended from this stock, which if crossed with the Cleveland Bay, as we have known him, would, the breed being carefully perserved in, produce a stock of horses possessing most of the valuable (qualities of the Conestoga. There are many such horses, in the pastures of Ohio and Pennsylvania. They are high headed, rather long in the limbs, not quite good in the barrel ; but, if bred as we have described the outcome would be most satisfactory. The Cleveland Bay is not really a draft animal, but is most excellent as a horse of all work, and will he described further on. VII. Road Horses. Many persons get their ideas of what a carriage horse, and especially a driving horse, should be, from English books, and from travelers who have visited that country. So far as action for show, in harness and the saddle, are concerned, they are admiralile models, omitting their docked tails, which, are happily going out of fashion there : and which, in this country of generally dry roads and stinging insects, are not to be toler- ated at all. The model English roadster is a horse in hicrh condition for service, not overloaded with fat, but in a condition of muscular strength and ability that would be difficult to better. A horse for similar road service should be 15 to 15 1-2 inands high, of good style, and well-mus- cled throughout. If he be half to three-quarters bred from accepted BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 135 trotting families, so much the better. In fact, in the United States, as has for many years been the rule in England, the road horses of the bet- ter class, a?e strongly imbued with thorough blood. Such were the Morgans, and such are the Gold Dusts, while many gentlemen's driving horses now-a-days arc closely bred to the blood of Hambletonian, Bell- founder, Abdullah and other famous getters of horses for the trotting course. In another part of this work will ])e found portraits of the American type of trotting horses, among them Goldsmith's Maid, and the highly-bred roadsters. The road horse should not only be a horse of good substance in bone and muscle, but he should also be an animal of fine style, a quality which is not always found in the trotting horse of the race course. If he can go fast and safely with high action, it is better ; but style he should have, and his temper must be without fault. His head must be light and held well up, the limbs strong and clean, the shoulders and pasterns oblique, and having that springy, nervous action characteristic only of high breeding. VIII. Trotting Horses. ''The trotting horse" of the turf has appropriated the name because he is par excellence the fleetest and most highly-valued of trotters. The road horse, though having the same gait, falls shoi-t of being a "trotting horse," only in that he cannot make speed with the wheel-and-harncss kings of the turf. If a trotter have great speed the lack of style in him is overlooked. If he is stylish aiid fast enough for fine drivino- he will bring a good price as a roadster, even though he do not possess great s[)eed. A trotter which lacks both style and speed degenerates into a mere hack. IX. Hunting Horses. Another valuable class of horses, especially in the South, are what would be denominated in England, light hunting horses. The light hunt- ing horse must be well-bred, able to gallop at speed, and to leap ordinary obstacles, as hedges, ditches and fences ; in this country he should l)e taught to swim easily and take to the water promptly, especially when deer is the game hunted. Thoroughbreds, that are not fast enough for the turf , make capital hunting horses, for foxes, and, in open, smooth country, for deer and prairie wolves ; but they are not capa])le of carry- ing heavy weights in a rough country, or over serious obstacles, and under such conditions necessarily soon come to grief. No matter what may be the blood of a horse, if he do not take kindly to the water and to leaping, he would be dangerous in the extreme to ride to hounds, or at least would soon fall behind the chase, which is but little less mortifying to the true huntsman than to be landed in a ditch. The hunter of to-da^' 136 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. is far better-bred and liofhter than those which men now in niiddle as:© rode in youth, though a three-quarters-bred horse, of the Monmouth- Eclipse blood, upon which, as a boy we followed the chase in Illinois, up to thirty years ago, was well-enough bred for to-day. He was a large, slashing horse, that never refused a Virginia fence, ditch or water,— > there were no hedges in the West in those days — and never brought the rider to grief, though sometimes disaster seemed near enough as we weiil BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 137 floundering in and out of deep, nniddy streams. The horse, the deer- hound, the mastiff and the boy were all good friends, a veritable happy family who were in at the death of many a deer and prairie wolf, before fences obstru(;ted the chase in Northern Illinois. A Heavier Hunting Horse. — The next illustration shows a heavier hunting horse for the saddle, when speed and bottom are desired. He is a horse of good style and action, capable of long and high speed under 138 CYCLOPEDIA or LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. the Aveight of a man of 180 pounds — and heavier men should nevei hunt. Such a horse should be capable of great speed when called on, < o o ^ 2 Ph be H Pi rt § CO able, and willing to take any leap a sehsible man would put him at, and sure-footed to a high degree. To this end, every hunting horse should have large lungs and heart, the best possible form, hard, firm bones, BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 139 strong t >ndoiis, and great muscular power. He should l)e cleanly formed, oblique shouldered and fetlocked, with high withers. If, in addition, he have what is called a double loin, he will carry his rider safely and easily, and combine in his form all the requisites of a good saddle horse, that will leave any cold-blooded horse blown in a very short trial of bottom : for the horses we have been describing are not found outside the range of highly bred animals. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that the hunting horse is not to be put to the labor of draft ; in fact, he should never be harnessed. He is a saddle horse, and the form required to move easily in harness, and especially under a load, would soon unfit him for the saddle, and for the hunting field. X. Light Driving Horses. The light driving horse is not required to have high speed ; eight to twelve miles an hour is sufficient ; ])ut he must 1)0 of unimpeachable style and action. Such horses are much sought, for driving on smooth roads, in parks and pleasure-grounds, where style and luxurious surroundings are the rule. They are also valuable for any service when only one per- son, or, at most, two light ones, are to be carried, since they will often go rapidly over roads with one person where heavier horses would labor. Here, again, we present an English type which shows a horse, the per- fection of style and action, in movement. Sometimes they are fast, but not when going in the form shown in the illustration. The head is out of position for fast work, l)ut is right for style and dainty movement. It will be observed that there is no check-rein. The horse has been trained under a curb, and requires nearly as light a hand to manage as though under the saddle. XI. Coach Horses. The carriaoe horse bears to the cotich horse the same relation that the light drivinir horse bears to the roadster. Horses, for the light or medi- um-weight carriage, should be handsome in appearance, and of better speed than those used for the coach or boxed-in vehicle. Anyroad- horse of 1050 to 1100 pounds will be suitable for the light or medium carriage. For the coach, a more stately animal is sought. He may have rather long limbs, if he is othenvise of suitable form and of good style ; but he must not be deficient in muscular jiower, since a fair speed is required, and without muscle no horse can drag a coach over muddy, diflScult roads. The. illustration we give of an English coach horse shows a long-limbed, rangey horse, stylish and nmscular. He should be from 16 to 17 hands high, with clean-cut head and neck, since only this class of horses can acquire the high stepping action, so nmch sought by 140 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. those able to own, and have driven for them, in the functions usual in city life by the wealthy. In the United States, for the heavy coach, the Ger- man Coach horse is preferred by many.' The better class are admirably fitted therefor. The horse, however, that most closely fills the bill, both for the family carriage, the close coach, and the drag, to our mind, is the French Coach horse, having great style, elegant proportions, upright car- riage, high speed when necessary, and undaunted courage, and the proof is that in these last years of the last decade of the century, they are taking the bulk of the prizes at the horse shows. East and West. The flash action of Indra fully shows pure trotting style. Is there better hock and knee action than that of Palestine, shown on page 51, or more grace, dig- nity and majesty than in Perfection, shown on page 53? These won, over all breeds of any age or size, and with Palestine, the Challenge Cup, at Chicago in 1897. XII. The Cleveland Bay. We come next to a class of horses always held in the highest esteem for their many valuable qualities. It is a horse that is now bred to a de- gree of perfection that leaves little to be desired in all that goes to con- stitute size, style and ability to perform any labor that may be requir- ed, except the heaviest drudgery. The Cleveland Bays are good carriage o 13 < ■ en o ^^ •<3 to g£ K -^ O ;- ^ '^ 9 ^ <; M N ^ K m Ok Eh xn BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. U1 horses, good and stout wagon or plow iiorses, and they match together about as easily as Devon cattle, combining, as they do, plenty of staunch thorough blood, with fair size and constitutional vigor. When first intro- duced into the West, they speedily grew into favor, but later the Percheron and especially the French Coach horse and the German Coach horse, as combining full size, speed and greater strength, have superseded them in p 142 CYCLOrEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. great measure. The Cleveland Bay is remarkable for color, a pure bay, dashed only at the fetlocks and in the forehead with white, as shown on page 141. XIII. The French Coach Horse. The French Coach horse is as near perfection as a speedy, showy horse, of great courage and endurance, of ample height and contour can be, and of weight sufficient to carry a good weight at a fast pace when called on. Their colors, too, are solid, as to the body, being, as a rule, when well bred, bay, brown or black, relieved often with a white star in the fore- head, with dashes of white on the fetlocks. Their breeding has been most careful and scientific, having been entirely under the control of the Govern- ment of France. This consists, first, of stallions owned by the Government itself; second, stallions belonging to private individuals inspected and approved by the Government, such approved stallions receiving from the Government, as long as they are so kept, from 300 to 3,000 francs per annum, according to their breeding and superior excellence; third, author- ized stallions — animals that by Government inspection are pronounced of good quality and worthy of public patronage; therefore, the fixity of type is fully perfected. The French Coach breed, instead of being the product of a multiplicity of ideas, has been developed under the exclusive guidance of the Director-General of the National Studs of France, and as these offi- cials are educated in the same school from generation to generation, are taught to value the same form, seek for the same qualities, and pursue the same system, we can understand how it has been possiljle for them to attain such high perfection and great uniformity in the horses of the country. The power exercised by the Inspector-General is extraordinary, controlling as he does the selection of the 2,500 stallions owned exclusively by the Government and the thousands of others annually inspected, which must obtain his approval before receiving their permits and subsidy; and further, all breeders are confined exclusively to the use of animals inspected and licensed by this department. This places horse-breeding entirely under Government control as far as the stallions, which greatly control results, can do. Hence, w^e do not hesitate to state, as an individual opinion, that, as now constituted, they are the peer of any other coach horse in the world. XIV. The Hackney Horse. As a well-bred harness horse, high stepping, active, swift and elegant, the English Hackney now stands in the first class, both East and West. Some men, who ought to know better, imagine that they have Mongrel blood in them. Far from it. An English authority of note, in 1894, says that it is to the Darley Arabian (imported into England in 1706), that all the noted Hackney sires of to-day are to be traced without a flaw. The Darley Arabian begat Flying Ghilders, which was the sire of Blaze, which BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 143 begat Shales, and from this latter sire are descended, in a direct line, such well-known Hackney sires as Driver, foaled in 1765; Fireaway^ foaled in 1780; Fireaway, foaled in 1815; Wildlire, foaled in 1827: Phenomenon, foaled in 1835; Performer, foaled in 1846, and Denmark, foaled in 1862. The progeny of Denmark is known all over the world through his son Danegelt, who is the sire of INIatchless of Londesboro, Ganymede, Lord Wilton, Saxon, Gen. Gordon, Astonishment, and others too numerous to mention Although many Arabian stallions found their way into England in the course of the fifty years prior to 1800, the infinite superiority of those old Eastern sires, the Darley Aral)ian, imported in 1706, and the Godolphin Arabian, about 1730, has never been surpassed and it is remark- able, but nevertheless true, that these two animals not only founded the English race horse, or Thoroughbred, but also the Hackney breed. They have continually increased in value of late years, and bring high prices when bred by horsemen of intelligence and aptitude in their art. The Gaited Saddler. The "combined'" horse or Gaited Saddler is a product of Kentucky. It is a horse combining fine action, docility and intelligence to acquire gaits, and, as now l)red, has the heredity that makes the several gaits come natural Hence, when acquired, they are not lost from disuse. It is an animal that is as good in the light carriage as under the saddle. Now is it the fact that light driving injures the horse for saddle purposes, as some suppose? It is true that coml)ined horses are not plentiful, l)ut they are becoming more and more so year l)y year. But do not accjuire the l)elief that any harness horse may become a saddler. The walk, trot and canter does not constitute the saddle horse of to-day. The gaited saddle horse must have saddle horse breeding, saddle horse action, saddle horse instinct, and saddle horse education. XV. Ponies. Ponies are much sought, of late years, for children's riding, and for pony carriages. Indian ponies, Canadian ponies, and Shetlands have all been called into requisition, while in the West and South the smaller Mustangs of Texas are used. Unless taken young, the Mustangs are wild, intractable, and often vicious. The Indian pony is fast l>ecoming extinct, and Canadian ponies are also growing scarce. These latter, many of them, are really hand- some, small horses, of thirteen to fourteen hands high, hardy, docile and of the most steadfast nerye, courage and bottom. They are self-willed, but perfectly tractable if not abused. Shetland ponies are stili smaller, and rougher; but they are ambitious little fellows, and scamper along easily at a good pace, with a twelve year old boy or girl on their backs. The illus- tration shows a group of these hardy little animals. It is claimed that 144 .CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. no true Shetland can be more than eleven hands high, and some of those Id the extreme northern isles of Tell and Unst do not exceed seven and a half hands. The average is from nine to ten hands. Although the smallest of ponies, they are the most perfect in form, round and closely p: H ■ H - O . BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 145 ribbed-up, with lean bony heads, wide between the eyes, and otherwise wellshaped, very muscuhir, with coarse bushy manes and tails. They are gentle and easily trained ; and it is said that some of them are capable of carrying a light man forty miles between sunrise and sunset. The Mustang. — The Mustangs are undersized and not handsome ; de- scended from horses gone wild after escaping from th<3 early Spanish ad- venturers, they have degenerated owing to the scanty fare and hard usage received at the hands of their Indian masters. They are of various colors, as are all the semi-wild horses of Texas and Mexico. The Indian ponies found in the West are undoubtedly of the same origin as the Canadian pony. They are pure, but modified, Norman, escaped from domestication and bred in a half wild state by the Indians of the NorthAvestern States and Territories. They are larger and heavier than the Indian horse or Mustang of the Southwestern plains and are in every way superior animals. Some- times they are fourteen hands high, but the average is about thirteen hands. They are compact, closely ribbed, stout, muscular, couragous little fellows, docile and sagacious in the extreme, with wavy tails, and shaggy manes falling on both sides of the neck. If carefully bred in high northern latitudes, and well-trained, they would make admira})le chil- dren's ponies and would readily sell for large prices to the wealthy. XVI. The Vermont Draft Horse. This is another breed of horses of most admirable qualities, specimens of which are now very rare, probably because their use in cities has beci; superseded by the introduction of the Percheron, Clydesdale and otlier heavier animals. The Vermont draft horses would weigh from 1,150 to 1,200 pounds; of fine breeding, clean-limbed, handsome, muscular, witli fine crests, capable of drawing heavy loads at a good pace, they were in the days preceding the advent of the locomotive, the crack horses of the stage companies of the Northern New England States. As cavahy horses, they were said to have no superior, .since they moved with speed, alertness, and with great force and jjower by reason of their weight. It is to be hoped that we may find, in the Cleveland Bay and his crosses, as good an animal of all work, both for saddle and harness. XVII. The Narragansett Pacer. Here is another of the extinct races of American horses, one that is said to have originated in Rhode Island, from an Andalusian stallion brought from Spain at an early day. They were largely raised, during the last century and the first part of the present century, for exportation to the West India Islands for the use of the families of the planters. Their only gait was a pace of the most perfect and easy-going descrip- tion. They are reputed to have been so easy-going that ladies could ride 10 146 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. them forty miles ji day for many days in succession without experiencing excessive fatigue. That they were horses of great bottom, and some- times of extraordinary speed, is undoulitedly true. The Colonial divine, Dr. McSparren, in his "America Dissected," speaking of the horses of Viro-inia, says : "There were plenty of a small sort of horses — the best in the world, like the little Scotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary journey to ride from sixty to seventy miles in a day. I have often, but on larger pacing horses, rode fifty, n:iy, sixty, miles a day, even here in CHAMPION GAITED SADDLE MARE LADY GLENN. New Eno-land, wdiere the roads are rough, stony and uneven." Again, speaking of the Narragansett pacer particularly, as an animal for ex-j^ort, he says : " They are remarkable for swift pacing ; and I have seen some of them pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal less than three." The good doctor probably did not hold a timing-watch on them. The story, however, is fully as credible as that oth^r story of Flying Childers having run a mile in a minute. CHAPTER VIT. THOROUGHBKED HORSES. I. ENGLISH THOKOTTGHBREDS. II. HERBERT'S HISTORV OF THE ENGLISH HORSE. III. THE FIRST LONDON RACE COURSE. IV. HORSES TAKEN TO ENGLAND BY CRUSADERS. V. BONE AND BULK IMPARTED TO THE ENGLISH HORSE. VI- THE HORSE IN THE TIMES OF HENRY VIII AND JAMES I. VII. AMERICAN THOROUGH- BREDS. VIII. THE ARABIAN. I. English Thoroughbreds. The English thoroughbreds are horses of mixed lineage. They are not a pure race, bred for hundreds of years without admixture of foreign blood ; but they rather owe their great excellence to the crossing of Arabian, Barb, and other Oriental blood, upon the best racing stock of the last and the preceding ccntur}^ The English have been famous, dur- irig the last thousand years, for their horses, especially for horses of speed and endurance. They have always had a passionate fondness for the chase and for racing ; and their kings and nobles have done much to keep alive this feeling, by securing, from time to time, the best foreign blood that could be secured to impart fresh stamina and vigor to their stock of horses. Many persons are prejudiced against thoroughbred horses, because they have been used for gambling purposes on the turf , but this fact should not be allowed to create hostility against valuable animals. As well might wheat and corn be placed under a ban because these indispensable cereals are used for purposes of gambling specula- tion. It is this passion for trying the speed of horses, which has ^jre- v^ailed during the last ten centuries, thathasledto the selection of the best breeds and given an impetus during the past 100 years to really scientific breeding. And it is to these latter causes that we owe all that is of val- ue in any of the improved breeds of horses existing to-day, not even ex- cepting our draft horses. Let us look at the history of the blooded horse of England, and view its gradual rise and progi-ess, even from be- yond the Christian era. II. Herbert's History of the English Horse. Henry William Herbert, in his admirable and voluminous work on the Horse of America, now unfortunately out of j)rint, has traced the Eng- lish horse so carefully, and at the same time so concisely, that one cannot do better than extract therefrom matter that otherwise the mass of the readers of to-day could not come at. He says, upon the authoiity of Youatt : "That horses were introduced into Britain long before the Christian era, we have abundant evidence, and that the inhabitants had 147 148 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. acquired great experience in their use is equally certain. In the ancient British language Rhediad is the word for a race — rheder^ to run — and rhedecfa, a race. All these spring from the Gaulish rJieda, a chariot. Here, then, is a direct evidence that horses were introduced from Gaul, and that chariot-races were established at a very early period.' "This evidence" says Mr. Herbert "is not to my mind direct or con- clusive, as to the fact of the introduction of the horse from Gaul ; al- though it is so, as to the antiquity of chariot-racing in both countries, and to the non-Roman descent or introduction of the British or Gaulish animal. As the ])lood, the religion and the language of the Britons were cognate, if not identical, with those of some, at least, of the Gallic tribes, it is no more certain that the Gallic Rheda is the theme of the British rheder, than that it is derived therefrom. It does, however, in a great degree prove that the Gallic and British horses were identical, and de- scended not from any breed transmitted through Greece and Italy, but from one brought inland to the northward of the Alps ; perhaps by those Gauls, who ravaged Upper Greece and Northern Italy, almost before the existence of authentic history ; perhaps by their original ancestors ; at all events, of antique Thracian or Thessalic descent, and, therefore, of re- mote but direct oriental race, in all probability again improved by a later desert cross, derived from the Numidian cavalry of the Carthaginian Barcas, long previous to the Csesarian campaigns in Gaul or the invasions of the sacred island of the Druids. This, however, is of small imme- diate moment, and is more curious and interesting to the scholar and the antiquary, than to the horseman or horsebreeder. "From the different kinds of vehicles, noticed by the Latin writers, it would appear that the ancient Britons had horses trained to different purposes, as well domestic as warlike. "It is well observed by Youatt, in his larger work on the horse, that from the cumbrous structure of the car, and the fury with which it was driven, and from the badness or non-existence of roads, they must have been both active and powerful in an extraordinary degree. 'Caesar,' he adds, though without stating his authority, 'thought them so valuable, that he carried many of them to Rome ; and the British horses ^vere, for a considerable period afterwards, in great request in various parts of the Roman empire.' " ^During the occupation of England by the Romans, the British horse was crossed to a considerable extent by the Roman horse,' continues the author in the volume first quoted ; for which I would myself, for reasons above stated, prefer to substitue bi/ the foreign horses of the Roman mercenary or allied cavalry, 'and yet, strange to say, no opinion is given by any historian, Roman or British, as to the effect of this. After the THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 149 SUFFOLK STALLION. EPATANT— 58100. SUFFOLK HORSE— CLOOT V— 21279. THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 15^ evacuation of England by the Romans, and its conquest by the Saxons, considerable attention was paid to the English breed of horses, and we know that after the reign of Alfred, running horses were imported from Germany ;' this being the first historical intimation we have of runnins horses in England. It is scarcely to be doubted that this importation produced a marked effect on the character of the native breed, but here, as before, no historian has thought it worth his while to record the fact of either improvement or deterioration. " 'English horses, after this, appear to have been highly prized on the continent, so that the German horses which were presented by Hugh Capet to Athelstan had been turned to good account. The English them- selves were, however, anxious to preserve the monopoly of the breed, for in 930, A. D., a law prohibited the exportation of horses. In Athelstan's reign many Spanish horses were imported, which shows the desire of the English, even at that early period, to improve the breed. It is no won- der that their descendants should have produced the finest horses in the world. Shortly before the Norman conquest a horse Avas valued at thirty shillings, a mare or colt at twenty shillings, an ox at*tliirty pence, a cow at twenty-four pence — tliese prices in case of their being destroyed or negligently lost — and a man at n pound.' Money, it should be noted, then being equivalent to at least fifteen times its present value. William the Conqueror took great pains to improve the English breed, introducing many fine animals from Normandy, Flanders and Spain. This monarch owed his success at Hastings chiefly to his cavalry ; his own horse was a Spanish one. In this reign we have the first notice of horses being employed in agriculture. They had been used for the saddle for many centuries, Bede informing us that the English began to use horses as early as 631 A. D., and that people of rank distinguished themselves by appear- ing frequently on horseback. During the Conqueror's reign the then Earl of. Shrewsbury, Koger de Belesme, brought a number of Spanish horses to his estate of Powisland. The breed issuiiiir from these is hi<>hly eulogized by Giraldus Cambrensis and Daj'ton. In the reign of Henry I. we have an account of the first Arab horse imported into the country. It was presented by Alexander I., King of Scotland, to the church of St. Andrew's, Avith many valuable accoutrements and a considerable estate, History, however, is silent as to the purposes to which this animal was devoted, or as to what ultimately 1)ecaine of him. " It has been well pointed out, in this connection, that the ancient histo- rians, being exclusively monks and churchmen, naturally paid little atten- tion to the breeding of horses, which were held to belong to war ratliei than to agriculture, and were forbidden to their order ; and farther, it may be observed that, until, comparatively speaking, very recent times, 152 CYCLOPEDIA or LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. no heed has been given to the siatistics of agriculture or animal improve- ment, and little mention made of such matters, beyond a casual and pass- Ing notice, even by the best historians. III. The First London Race-Course. " ' The English,' proceeds the work from which I quote, 'had now,' — that is to say in the reign of Henry I. — 'become sensible of the value and breed of their horses ; and in the twelfth century a regular race-course had been established in London, this being no other than Smithfield. which was at once horse-market and race-coarse. Fitz Stephen, who lived at that period, gives the following account of the contests between the palfreys of the day. 'When a race is to be run by horses, which in their kind are strong and fleet, a shout is raised, and common horses are ordered to w^ithdraw from out the way. Two jockeys then, or sometimes three, as the match may be made, prepare themselves for the contest, such as are used to ride, and know how to manage their horses Avith judg- ment, the grand point being to prevent a competilor from getting before Ihem. The horses on their part are not without emulation. They tremble, and are impatient and continually in motion. At last the signal once given, they hurry along with unremitting velocity ; the jockeys inspired with the thoughts of applause and the hopes of victory, clapping spurs to their w^illing steeds, brandishing their whips and cheering them with their cries.' IV. Horses taken to England by Crusaders. " It IS stated by Mr. Youatt, although, singularly enough, he main tains that the crusaders did not introduce eastern horses, that Richard 1, did import two from Cyprus, which he observes were of eastern origin. The statement is made on the faith of an old metrical Romance, which is that entitled by the name of the monarch whose feats it celebrated, .isually supposed to be of the time of Edward I., and contained in Ellis's Metrical Romances. The lines are curious, as they indicate a full ac- quaintance with various animals, natives of the East, and more particu- larly with the especial qualities of the oriental horse, his speed and sure- footedness. " These horses were named Favell and Lyard — ' In the world was not their peer, Dromedary, not destrere, Steed 'rabyte, ne camayl, That ran so swift sans fail, For a thousand pounds of gold, Should not that one be sold.' Destrere, is the old spelling of the word Destrier, in Norman French, derived from the barbarous, Middle Age Latin, Dex'^ranws signifying a THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 153 ^^imtii^sK-. 154 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE .STOCK DOCTOR. THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 155 war-horse. Edward I. also is known to have introduced horses from the East ; and that accurate and inquiring antiquary, Sir Walter Scott, de- scribes his spirit, or the demon of the haunted canq) under his form, in the nocturnal tourney with Alexander of Scotland, as being recognized by the horse he bestrode. ' Alike his Syrian courser's frame, The rider's length of limb the same.' V. Bone and Bulk Imparted to the English Horse. " Spanish horses, had come to be renowned, as chargers, so early as the Norman conquest, but it is more than questionable whether their su- periority was as yet known to arise from their being traceable, in nearly two thirds, to the blood of the Desert. At this time, it would seem to have been considered desirable to stengthen the English horse, and gain bone and bulk, rather than blood — not, I imagine, as Mr . Youatt sug- gests in the following sentence, for agricultural, but rather for military purposes ; in order to endure the ponderous burden of the mail-clad men- at-arms. "King John, he says, ' paid great attention to the improvement of horses for agricultural purposes, and to him we are indebted for the ori- gin of our draught-horses. He chiefly imported Flemish horses' — one hundred chosen stallions on a single occasion ; the Flanders horse being — as it was even in the time of Marlborouo;h and Prmce Euo-ene — the most approved cavalry trooper — ' and such w^as his anxiety to possess the finest stock from these, that he would accept strong horses as rent for crown-lands, and as fines for the renewal of. leases. His personal stud was both numerous and excellent.' One hundred years afterward, Ed- ward II. purchased thirty war-horses and twelve heavy draught-horses. "Edward the HI. devoted one thousand marks to the purchase of fifty Spanish horses ; and of such importance did he conceive this addition to the English, or rather mingled blood, then existing, that formal applica- tion w^as made to the kings of France and Spain to grant safe-conduct to the troop. When they had safely arrived at the royal stud, it was com- puted that they had cost the monarch no less than thirteen pounds six shillings and eight pence per horse, equal in value to one hundred and sixty pounds of our money. This monarch had many running horses. The precise meaning of the term is not, however, clear. It might be light and speedy horses in opposition to the war-horses, or those that were literally used for- the purposes of racing." VI. The Horse in the Times of Henry VIII. and James I. Our authority follows the history of the horse in England up to the reign of Henry VHI., who compelled the destruction of under-sized 156 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. horses, and rendered compulsory the maintenance of so great a number of fulU sized mares and stallions, in every deer park, and in every rural parish of the realm, that the reign of this monarch was marked by a decided increase in the breeding of powerful, well formed animals. It appears that the King even rode a race himself, for it is stated, by Miss Strickland, that the King rode a-Maying, with Katherine and the royal bride, Mary, widow of Louis XII., of France, and the bride of Charles Brandon. The amusements of the day, says Miss Strickland, were brought to a close by the King and his brother-in-law, the Duke of Suf- folk, riding races on great coursers, which were like the Flemish breed of dray horses. During the reign of Henry VIII., an annual race was run at Chester, the prize being a wooden ball, handsomely embellished, for which, in 1540, a silver bell, called St. George's bell, was substituted. Hence the phrase, " Bear the bell," in allusion to one who has come off victorious in a contest. In the reign of James I. races were merely matches against time, trials of speed and bottom for long and " cruel distances." From the time of James I. the history of the English race-horse, and of English racing, may be said fairly to begin, though no existing pedigrees are traced back to that time. But, though pedigrees be not directly traced to great antiquity, enough has been given of the history of English horses to let the reader know how long was the time, and how careful the breed- ing, required to produce, in the thoroughbred of to-day, the most superb race of horses the world has ever known ; for wind, speed and bottom 5 he is without a rival in ancient or modern times. The horse has of course always figured prominently in fiction and ro- mance ; but in this connection it will sufiice to state the fact that in the Homeric poems of the Trojan war, there is no mention of the trumpet or of cavalry. In Virgil, mounted men, saddles, spurs, and clarions are mentioned. In the romance of " Sir Bevis, of Southampton," he speaks of races of three miles, for "forty pounds of ready golde." Homer knew nothing of horsemen and trumpets in war, while Virgil was famil- iar with them. The author of " Sir Bevis," in his day and generation probably saw races of long distances, and long-distance races generally precede short ones. The excellence of the English race horse of the last 100 years is prob- ably more due to the Barb than to any other one strain, it was in 1121 that the first Arabian was imported into England, but the Arabian of that day was not what he was in the centuries 1400, 1500 and 1600, during the time immediately succeeding the overthrow of Charles I. Of English racing horses, Eclipse was the most wonderful of all whose perform- ances have come down to us weil authenticated . THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 157 158 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. VII. American Thoroughbreds. The thoroughbred horse of America is of course the descendant of English ancestors. It is probably true that the American thoroughbred is a superior animal to the English tlioroughl)red ; and this opinion is certainly fortified by the triumphs of American horses in England and France, in their greatest races, in the year 1881. A horse transported from one country to another, entirely different in climate, might be par- doned for not performing as well there as he would do at home. Yet, our horses have won laurels in England and France from the very l)est thoroughbreds there, and in l^ieir most exacting races. In the South, there has always been a passion for the sports of the field, and much attention has been devoted to the breeding of horses of speed and bottom. Interest in fine horses is growing in the North from year to year, but while we have some high-caste breeding studs in the North, the South, and especially Kentucky and Tennessee, still holds the lead. It will not be necessary here to go into a detailed history or descrijjtion of the American thoroughbred. Importations made before the revolutionary war, and continued from time to time have given us a horse that has no superior on the earth ; one that has at last snatched victory from the best of English horses on their own turf. In France, American horses have held their own against the best of English and French thoroughbreds. VIII. The Arabian. The Arabians profess to trace the ancestry of their horses back to the time of Solomon, yet in the light of authentic history, their horses before the thirteenth century were not of a character worthy of special notice. The horse of the desert receives the personal care and affection of his master. To the Arab the horse is not only a companion in solitude, but is also his only means of locomotion in arduous and perilous journeys. It is not strange, therefore, that these nomads of the desert should bestow much care upon the breeding and rearing of their horses ; and during the past seven centuries, such care has been bestowed. The Aral)S undoubt- edly did understand the true principle of breeding, care, feeding, selec- tion and training, at a period when Arabia was the seat of learning, and all Europe was enveloped in the gloom of the dark ages, or was just beginning feebly to see the dawn of the revival of letters. Arabian travelers of the last century do not agree as to the number of distinct breeds of horses in that country. A Mohammedan Avriter who seems to have had candor, and a good opportunity for gathering facts di- vides them into six tribes, as follows : THOKOUGHBKED HORSES. 159 loO CyCi,OjfJ*i»iA. OF LIVK STOCK AND COMJPLETi!: biOCK. DOCTOR. THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 161 *' The Dgelfe, founA chiefly in Arabia Felix, selr!>-m seen at Damascus, but common in the neighborhood of Anaze. Horses of this breed are of lofty stature, have narrow chests, but are deep in the girth, and their ears are long. They are remarkable for spirit and fleetness, but are ex- ceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst is a remarkable feature. " The Secaloni, a breed from the eastern part of the desert, somewhat inferior to the Dgelfe, though resembling him in most points. " The Mefki, a handsome horse, but not so fleet as either the Dgelfe or the Secaloni. In figure, he bears a resemblance to the Spanish or Andalusian stock. " A fourth breed is called the Sabi, similar to the Mefki, but seems to possess no specially useful or striking qualities. " The Fridi. This breed is very connnon ; but they are often vicious and untrustworthy, and lack some of the excellent qualities possessed by the best of the others. " The Nejdi, found chiefly in the region of Bussorah. These are said to be at least the equals of the Dgelfe and the Secaloni. Some judges assert that there is no horse to be compared with them, and they stand very high in the market." The Dgelfe and Nejdi are reported to be the most valuable. They are known to be the favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many fine ani- mals of these stocks having been carried thither by the sportsmen of that country. Other writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to which they attribute names different from those above given ; and it is difficult to reconcile the statements of the two, and to determine whether thoy have really agreed in any way in pointing out the same animal, though by diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences which have made a certain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class speak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at home or abroad, which they call the Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild state. Then come the Kadischi, a sort of half-breed stock, possessing some points of resemblance to the true blood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealers for the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the pure descend- ants of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call the Kochlani or Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shammar and Aneyza tribes. The Arabs themselves pretend to trace the Kochlani back to the days and the stables of Solomon. While this cannot be credited, it is known that some of them have written pedigrees for at least four hundred years, with extreme care, and always on the side of the mare. They are 11 162 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. finely-formed, enduring, fleet, rather small-sized horses of great vivacity and intelligence, but for speed, bottom and physical development decidedly inferior to oui' thoroughbreds. Yet, though not as swift as the English or American thoroughbred, the Aralnan is one of the best of horses. And while we could hardly gain any advantage from a fresh infusion of this blood, the Arabian is king on his native deserts, and no other horse could there fill his place. He is peculiarly adapted to the wants of the people and to the topography of that barren country. So good a horse is he to-day that English residents in India pay from $700 to $1,000 for the best that are offered for sale ; and it is well known that the best horses of the desert are never sold at any price. I PERCHERON STALLION FRONTON. CHAPTER Vin. ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. I. THE BREEDING OF TROTTERS. II. PROGENITORS OF FAST TROT-^ERS — MESSENGER. III. IMPORTED BELLFOUNDER. IV. THE MODERN TROTTER V. WHAT GOLDSMITH MAID WAS LIKE. VI. THE MOVEMENT IN TROTTING. VII. DIS- USE OF THE TROTTING FACULTY. VIII. A RECORD OP SIXTY YEARS. IX. STRAINS OF TROTTING BLOOD. I. The Breeding of Trotters. The production of trotting horse&, like that of racers, has come to be a distinct branch of breeding, and is pursued as a specialty, with a view to developing, in the highest possible form, the best trotting action in the horse. Hence, any person undertaking this branch of the breeder's profession needs to understand the peculiar form to be attained, and also to know the families from which the best trotters have been bred. The Morgans. — Twenty years ago the trotting form was thought by many to be most strongly developed in the Morgans ; at least it was hoped that this breed might be found to possess the qualifications nec- essary to develop the highest degree of trotting speed. The Morgans, however, disappointed the expectations placed upon them. The records of the turf have proved that fast trotters owe their speed to thorouo-h breeding ; and that their speed is directly in proportion to the degree of blood of thoroughbreds of trotting peculiarities that is in their A^eins. Ethan Allen. — Ethan Allen, one of the most celebrated of the Mor- gans, was a good trotter for his day, and yet he was never able to beat Flora Temple. At three years old he trotted a mile, three heats, in 2 : 42 ; 2 : 39 and 2 :36 minutes, which was the fastest time then record- ed for that age . The false estimate placed upon Morgan horses up to twenty years ago, not only kept back the development of really excellent trotters, but was a positive and incalculable damage to the horses of the country generally, in that it caused the size of the farm ani- mals to be reduced. For the farmers especially M^ent zealously into the rage for possessing Morgan horses. Development of the Trotting Horse.— The trotting horse of America has been entirely developed within the last forty years. He is not an animal of a separate and distinct breed ; for first-rate trotters have come of Canadian or Norman-French blood, from the horses of the middle States of mixed blood, from the Morgans and other New England breeds, and from Western horses of mixed blood. 163 164 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE 8TOCK DOCTOR. II. Progenitors of Fast Trotters. Notable among the horses that have made wonderful records in trot- ting of late years are those descended from, and partaking largely of the blood of, Messenger, Bellfounder and of Hambletonian. Hambletonian, after a career of varied success as a racer, at length became distinguished as a getter *of trotting horses of elegance, finish, speed and endur- ance, either under the saddle or in harness. It is not our purpose to go minutely into the record of noted performances on the American trotting turf. Nowhere else in the world is the fondness for exhibitions of speed in trotting, so nearly universal among the people, as it has become here ; and in no other country are such exhibitions so patronized by every class. Even in Kussia, the home of the famous Orloff breed, this sport is by no means a national one. AYhere the general reader is usually so well informed of current events, the familiar details of exploits upon the turf are deemed to contain far less interest than will be found in a brief account of some of the most celebrated sii-es, whose descendants have proved constant in their performances. Messenger. — The original source of our best blood. Imported Mes- senger, not only gained fame for himself, but bequeathed his excellen- ces to a lono- line of descendants, who have been famous in the annals of the turf. His own ancestry possessed character for great and peculiar merit. Foaled in 1780, his first sire was Mambrino ; second sire, En- gineer ; third sire, Sampson ; fourth sire, Blaze ; fifth sire. Flying Childers ; sixth sire, The Darley Arabian. On the female side, his dam was by Turf ; second dam, the sister of Figurante, was by Regulas ; third dam by Bolton Starling; fourth dam, Snaps by Fox; fifth dam, Gipsey by Bay Bolton, and so on through Newcastle Turk, Brierly Turk, Taffolet Barb, to the ninth dam hy Place's White Turk, out of a natural Barb mare. Messeno-er was threfore in-bred to a considerable degree, and combined in his veins the purest and richest blood of early English race horses. Potency of Arabian Blood. — Godolphin Ai-abian appears three times m the pedigree of Messenger. Flying Childers was the phenomenon of the Eno-lish turf in his day, and the accounts of his performances appear almost fabulous. Of one of the progenitors of Messenger, Sampson, it is said that while the thoroughbred of his day was scarcely more than fourteen and a half hands high, rarely reaching fifteen, Sampson was fifteen hands two inches, and was reported to be the largest-boned blood horse then ever bred. Horses of the Sampson blood, as we knew it nearly forty years ago, were wonderfully compact animals of great bone, muscle and sinew. Sampson, Engineer and Mambrino were all rough and coarse, and the last two were considered the strongest and heaviest-boned horses ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 165 of the English turf. It was a most lucky ch'cumstance for American studs tliat a scion of these coarse horses was imported, to stamp his impress upon the thoroughbred of this country. We have found that kind of coarseness to be the embodiment of strength, bone, muscle, and consequently of most enduring speed and bottom. m. Imported Bellfoxmder. This wonderful animal was known in his day as the Norfolk trotter, and was, like Flying Childers, a phenomenon of the turf. He waa fifteen hands high, a bright bay in color, with black legs. Being seven years old at the date of his importation, in 1822, he must have ItJH CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. been foaled in 1815. At five years old he trotted two miles in six min- utes, and the next year, trotted nine miles in twenty-nine mhmtes and thirty-eight seconds. Velocity, his dam, by Haphazard, trotted, in 1806, sixteen miles in an hour, and in 1808 trotted twenty-eight miles in an hour and forty-seven minutes ; wonderful work it was for that day, and would be so considered, if performed by a horse of the presort time. Bellfounder's Ancestry. — Bellfounder was not thoroughbred. He was sired by Fireaw^ay out of a Shields mare. The Shields horse, oth- erwise called "Shales," in England nearly one hundred years ago were hackneys, or, as we would now call them, road and trotting horses. Had the English people cultivated driving, as they did riding, America might not stand unrivalled, as she does to-day, in the pre-eminence of her road and trotting horses. IV. The Modern Trotter. Our account of modern trotters would be incomplete if we should wholly omit to mention that wonderful descendant of Hambletonian, I^ady Suffolk. Nor must the Morgans be forgotten. The Canadian trotters also claim remembrance ; notable among which were those won- derful little pony-horses, many of them not fourteen hands high, known as the St. Laurences, from the name of their sire. The best of them were good for a three-minute gait on the road, before a buggy ; for ener- gy, docility, speed and tireless endurance, while drawing the load of a horse, they have seldom been equaled among animals of their size. But it is our purpose more especially to notice the famous trotters of the last twenty years. Goldsmith Maid and Abdallah.— Among the galaxy of wonderful per- formers, none surpass Goldsmith Maid. This remarkable mare was foaled in 1857. Her sire was Edsall's Hambletonian, and her dam a mare by old Abdallah. Abdallah was a Hambletonian. In 1862 he became the property of R. A. Alexander^ the celebrated Kentucky breeder of thorough- breds, and was thereafter known as Alexander's Abdallah. Early in 1865, this Abdallah, together with several other valuable horses, among them Bay Chief, a son of Mambrino Chief, w^as seized by Guerillas. Shortly after, in an attack upon the guerillas by Federal soldiers, Abdal- lah fell into the hands of one of the attacldng party, who refused to give him up. This magnificent stallion, unshod and wholly out of condition for hard service, was nevertheless ridden day after day, over the roughest and hilliest road, until at last, completely exhausted, he was turned loose on the wayside, and died of pneumonia. Abdallall as a Sire. — To show what might have come of this horse, had he lived, it is only necessary to mention some of his offspring and to note ABOUT TKOTTINO HOUSES. 167 *^ what tlu'V have done. 1 ir.st is Goldsmith Maid with a record of 2:14; and a further record of 232 heats with 2 : 30 as the slowest. AVe also have Mayor Edsall, who made his mile in 2:29; and AVood's Hambletonian, 168 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. with sons making records in from 2 : 23 to 2 : 27|. Pacing Abdallah, the getter of excellent roadsters, was another of his sons, as was Belmont, the sire of horses going the mile in 2 : 23 ^to 2 : 30. Again, there is Thern- dale, a compact and muscular stallion, greatly celebrated, not only for his own great speed, but for the excellent trotting qualities of his offspring. In 1876, after serving eight years m the stud, he made five mile heats in 2 : 22| ; 2 : 22^ : 2 : 32^ ; 2 : 20 ; 2 : 25. Another remarkable son of Alexander's A.bdallah, is Almont. His offspring are yet young to the track, but Pied- mont, at four years old, trotted in 2 : 30^. V. What Goldsmith Maid Was Like. The likeness of Goldsmith Maid shows her appearance, when in trot- tins' condition, and will be studied with interest as an accurate view of the proportions of this most famous and one of the best bred of the Queens of the trotting course. She was fifteen hands and one mch in height, and seems rather delicately made in a superficial examination of her form. Yet the quality of her make-up is in every respect superb. An accurate and capable writer says of her : ' ' Her head and neck are very clean and blood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ; middle piece tolerably deep at the girth, but so light at the waist as to give her a tucked-up appearance, and one would say a lack of constitution, but for the abundant evidence to the contrary ; loin and coupling good ; quarters of the greyhound order — broad and sinewy ; her limbs are clean, fine- boned and wiry ; feet rather small, but of good quality. She is high mettled and takes an abundance of work without flinching. In her high- est trotting form, drawn to an edge, she is almost deer-like in appear- ance, and when scoring for a start and alive to the emergencies of the race, with her great flashing eye and dilated nostril, she is a perfect pic- ture of animation and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and sweep- ing, and she is, in the hands of a driver acquainted with her peculiarities, a perfect piece of machinery. She seldom makes an out-and-out break, but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing nothing in either case. Aside from the distinction of having trotted the fastest mile on record, she also enjoys the honor of makmg the fastest three consecu- tive heats ever won in a race, which renders any comments upon her staying qualities unnecessary." The tmie of Goldsmith Maid has been beaten several times since 1877, but this detracts nothing from her wonderful performance. She con- tinued on the turf until past twenty years old, and after completing that age she closed her public career with the year 1877 by trotting, during that year, forty-one heats in 2 : 30 or better, and making a time record of ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 169 2 : 14^. Her record stands at the close of her career at 2 : 14, with 332 heats in 2 : 30 or better. Her record and her career are the marvel of ihe age. VI. The Movement in Trotting. A trotter, especially if he go fast, must go level and square, both be- fore and behind, and with as low action as may be compatible with the necessary stride. It i? this ability to go close to the ground, or in what 170 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. has been called by some the sling-trot, and by others the slouchmg trot, of the thoroughbred, that enables the best trotters to make their great speed ; the sling-trot is simply the gait in which the animal reaches far forward without raising the feet unnecessarily high, thus economizing time and muscle. This movement, at an easy gajt, of, ssay twelve miles an hour^ is well displayed in the cut illustrating the trotting movement. It is not an artificial gait, as has been stated by some good English horse- men. Every one who has reared a well-bred colt has seen it, when fol- lowing the dam, strike naturally into this gait, with head up and tail ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 171 Straight out. The trot is a natural gait of any horse, and is always used when going at easy speed on a smooth surface; but the best trotting action is the result of breeding and training. VII. Disuse of the Trotting Faculty. That the English blood-horse has lost the trotting faculty to a great extent, is not because it was never in the blood, ])ut because it was never allowed to be exercised in the training. And, as few horses could ever gallop fast or far, without special training, so, no horse can trot to the best advantage unless the gait has been developed by long practice; and it is a peculiarity of this gait that the trotting horse, unlike the runner, seldom arrives at his best, until he is over eight years old. The same rule will a})ply to fast walking horses. They must be specially trained to walk fast, and there is no better preparation for the trotting horse than this preliminary trainmg in walking. VIII. Highly Bred Driving and Saddle Horses. Within the last ten years, the Hackneys have come to find a prominent place among American driving horses. These horses may also be trained to jump either from a standstill or when extended. They have come to be considered as excellent ponies for polo playing, and, as now bred, their fine turn of speed makes them available for light driving. Testing Horses as Roadsters — So again trotting horses of good style, but not fast enough for the track, make admirable roadsters and general di'ivers. They are also available for light express wagon work and other similar purposes where speediness is necessary. The farmer who likes to breed this class of horses, that will make good sellers at fair prices, may get them out of stylish roomy mares, from staunch sires of trotting blood. This class of horses will also be found available for general farm use, but if intended for the uses described, should not be used for the heavier uses of the farm, but three abreast will do a deal of plowing without injury. The New Morgans. — The Morgans can not hold their own to-day as against the English Hackney, the trotting horse or Kentucky saddle horse as now bred. The })alpable reason is that we want size with stamina now. This we get with a numl^er of fashionably bred horses — Hackneys, trotters, saddlers, French Coach and even thoroughbreds, not quite stylish enough for high priced carriage, coach, trap and other uses, all of which sell well as roadsters, light express, general delivery teams, drivers and cavalry horses. Saddlers. — Another class that always sells well both for home use and export. They also make wonderfully fine cavalry horses. There are two classes of these — one, the saddler ^^er se, and the combined saddle and carriage horse; the latter is a good general-purpose horse for running to 172 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. town with a light load; will do a good job in light plowing or for chasing around. The Kentucky saddle horse should be used for the saddle exclu- sively, and if well bred is a good horse for export. Five Classes of Horses. — Mr. F. J. Berrey, than whom there is no better judge of horses for money, either at home or abroad, and from whom we condense says: Class No. 1 — Drivers and coachers must ])e of good color, well bred, from 15.3 to 16^ hands high, with fine heads and necks, plenty of bone and substance, good knee action, smooth, plenty of quality, short back, round barrel, a good traveler, and if some speed ail the better. This class has advanced very nuich in price; prices range from $100 to $300; rare speci- mens of this class as high as $4.50. In case of a lack of good, big trotting- bred stallions, with quality to produce this class, the French Coach horse has been crossed on the trotting-bred mares with extremely favorable results. Class No. 2 — A cal) horse rather blocky made, weighing 1,100 pounds and standing a})out 15^ hands high. He should be smooth made, with good bone and substance and a fair traveler. He brings about $75. This class of horse is a very sala])le kind for many puri)oses, but they are always plenty in our market, and too plenty to be profitable horses to raise. In breeding horses of any kind the breeder always will get some that will answer for this class. This is the smallest class that should be bred, as there is no demand for anything smaller except at ruinous prices. Class No. 3 — A bus horse, which is blocky and smooth made, must shape himself when in harness and stand 15^ to 16 hands high, must have plenty of quality with bone aud su))stance, be a fair traveler, have fair action and weigh from 1,250 to 1,400 pounds. This class of horse in- cludes the quality of not only an omnibus horse but of an express and general-purpose horse. The English use the more blocky, lower set ones for "bussers," while the larger ones are used for express and general pur- poses. This class is in the strongest demand in all American and foreign markets, and sell from $80 to $125. Class No. 4 — The draft horse should weigh from 1,500 to 1,800 pounds, be blocky made, have heavy bone, with smooth finish, good quality an(l ac- tion, and be a first-class draft horse in every respect. Prices range from $100 to $250, and the best specimens sell as high as $300. This class is one of the most salable and will find ready buyers in domestic and foreign markets. Class No. 5 — The American trotter in all cases must be a high-])red trotting horse, with good bone and substance, high finish, good action and disposition, and the more speed he has the higher price he will bring. Prices range from $200 to $5,000, according to quality, size and speed. All horses for export must be perfectly sound and without blemish. ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 173 ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 175 IX. Strains of Trotting Blood. That the trotting horse of America owes liis great powers to the infu- sion of thorough blood, we have before stated. To Imported Messenger is this due in the greatest degree. Another great trotting sire of Amer- ica was Imported Bellfounder. There has been much controversy over his breeding, first and hxst, ])ut that he was a staunch trotter and a getter of admirable horses, there is no doubt, giving splendid action to his get. Still, it must l^e admitted that, admira])le as was Bellfounder himself, his get was not equal to the descendants of Messenger in all that constitutes speed, endurance and action. Duroc also became a valuable factor in our trotting blood. His strain of blood appears in the Medley's, Duroc Messenger's Mambrino Chief's and Gold Dust's. One of the sub-families of Messenger's blood, Hambletonian, who united the blood of Messenger and Bellfounder, has raised the trotting horse of America to the highest point of perfection. He was not a hand- some horse from a thoroughbred standpoint, if indeed he w^as thorough- bred, "which has been doubted. His pedigree has been given as follows : Hambletonian was by Abdallah ; he by Mambrino, a son of Messenger. The dam of Abdallah was the mare Amazonian . The dam of Hambletonian was l)y Imported Bellfounder ; second dam by Hambletonian ; third dam, Silvertail, said to have l)een by Imported Messenger In all that constitutes stoutness and ability to perform, in freedom from tendency to disability, his stock has been wonderful. Noted for immense and strong joints, length and strength of bone, magnificent mus- cular development, prominent, square, massive build, mighty hips and excellent barrel, all knit together to form a most admirable frame, united to a nervous constitution that reproduced itself in his descendants, in a most Avonderful degree. In relation to the descendants of the progenitors of the strains of trot- ting blood, Mr. H. T. Helm, in his work, "American Roadsters and Trotting Horses," says of the trotting horse of to-day: "The combined Abdallah-Bellfounder is a horse of the teens; Goldsmith Maid, 2 : 14 ; Dexter, 2:17; Gloster, 2:17; Bodine, 2 : 19^ ; St. Julian, 2 : 221 ; Gazelle, 2 : 21 ; Fullerton, 2:18; Mountain Boy, 2 : 20J ; Jay Gould, 2 : 21^ ; Nettie, 2 : 18 ; Startle — . Joe Elliot would, in his opinion, have stood as a bright star in the firmament." We can add to this our own opinion as a breeder of descendants of Messenger and Bellfounder many years ago, that we never had a disappointing colt. They were mighty driving horses, of great bone, muscle and sinew, of great lung power, and, of course, of great endurance. CHAPTER IX. THE BREEDING AND REARING OP COLTS. I. IMPORTANCK OF ACCURATE KNOWLEDGE. II. BREED FROM MATURE ANIMALS. III. NO PROFIT IN INFERIOR HORSES. IV. HEREDITY IN ANIMALS. V. PECU- LIAR ORGANIC STRUCTURE. VI. HEREDITY OF DISEASE. VII. AVATISM OR BREEDING BACK.— BREED TO NONE BUT THE BEST. VIII. VARIATION AND DEVEL- OPMENT. IX. TRANSMISSION OF QUALITIES. X. THE IMPRESS OF COLOR AND FORM. XI. RELATION OF SIZE IN SIRE AND DAM. XII. BREED ONLY FROM PURE SIRES. XIII. THE BEST ARE CHEAPEST IN THE END. XIV. SELECTION OF STALLION AND MARE. XV. SERVICE OF THE STALLION. XVI. THE PERIOD OP GESTATION — TREATMENT. XVII. TREATMENT AFTER FOALING. XVIII. HOW TO KNOW IF A MARE IS IN FOAL. XIX. HOW TO KNOW THE FOALING TIME. XX. THE FOALING STALL. XXI. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THE FCETUS. — —XXII. HOW TO RAISE A COLT. I. Importance of Accurate Knowledge. The breeding and raising of farm stock is one of the most interesting branches of agricultural art, and it is one requiring judgment and ac- curate knowledge in a high degree. In the preceding chapters we have therefore, carefully gone over the ground covered by what pertains to the anatomy and physical condition of the horse, to the end that any intelligent person may become so thoroughly master of the subject that he may not only know what constitutes a good horse, but may also decide with tolerable accuracy as to the age and constitutional vigor of an animal, and be familiar with the characteristics of the principal breeds. Know what You Breed For. — A horse should be bred with a view solely to the labor he is to perform. The first thing for the breeder to do, therefore, is to decide what he wants with the horse. If the animal is intended for the turf, there is but one course to pursue ; breed only to horses of the most approved pedigree, for the distance, whether it be one, two, three, or four miles. It is well known that but a moiety of the colts, even of the best blood, e\er arrive at high eminence. So many are the contingencies to be met, and so many the risks to be taken, that our advice is, Do not undertake the breeding of this kind of stock, un- less you are amply able to provide all the varied requirements, including the most perfect stables, and a training track. Above all, do not waste money on the so-called thoroughbreds, that travel country districts, ex- pecting to breed high-priced horses from common mares. You would ])0 quite as likely to be struck by lightning as to succeed in getting any- thing better, from such parents, than a quarter nag for a scrub race. So with trotting horses, do not expect to get a crack trotter unless the blood of trotting thoroughbreds is strong in the veins of sire and dam. Nor can you get a fine carriage driving horse from some weedy, dancing, 176 THE BREEDING AND REARING OP COLTS. 177 high headed sire, whose nervousness conies from timidity, and whose blood is made up from guess-work breeding. Read carefully what is con- tained in the preceding chapters, and breed from stock, already improved, rather than seek to make a breed yourself. If you desire to breed up from the stock you already have, the object is a laudable one, provided you want horses only for general use. In this case, breed from the best sires you can find, and those which combine the characteristics you seek to perpetuate. II. Breed Prom Mature Animals. Maturity in breeding stock is indispensable, since it is futile to expect to get the best development from animals undeveloped themselves. We believe the weediness of many thoroughbreds, which means want of de- velopment and lack of constitutional vigor, to be the result, in part, of too early and fast work, and also of breeding their parents while yet too young, or after they were broken down for service on the turf. To get the highest exellence in the offspring we must have the highest de- velopment in the parents. Degeneration will surely result, if we breed from immature or broken down animals. Another important requisite is, that the sire be given plenty of exercise during the season of service ; and after that, and until the next season begins, he should have constant work, except for a period of rest with a run on the grass immediately after the service season. The mare also she aid not be idle, nor confined to the stable ; exercise is as necessary to the dam as to the sire. III. No Profit in Inferior Horses. The best and purest stock, well adapted to the end sought, is always the cheapest. This is a fundamental principle, to be kept constantly in view. It costs no more to feed, shelter, and properly care for good stock, than it does to feed, shelter and care for inferior stock. The first x;ost of good animals is, of course, more, but this is the capital invested, and for which you expect to get adequate returns. It costs no more to raise good stock than it does to raise inferior stock. It costs no more to fit and train the one than the other. After you have secured the female stock, smooth in movement, of undoubted constitutional vigor, and of the proper blood for the labor intended, if you do not OAvn, or cannot afford to own, the sire, you need not fear to pay liberally for such blood as you require ; you may, moreover, safely incur the expense of sending your mares considerable distances to procure the proper sire. This, however, will rarely be necessary unless you wish exceptional colts ; for, in all well- settled districts, there are plenty of good sires, outside of the highest- caste thoroughbreds, and trotting strains. In thinly-settled districts the breeding of high-caste stock should not be undertaken unless the 12 lis CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. breeder can aiforato keep the sires at his own ex]K'nso orliv co-operation, or in partnership, "with others. Taking it for granted that the reader accepts, as trne, the foregoing propositions, we will next inquire into some points that should be borne in mind by every one who hopes to win success as a breeder, whether from the stand-point of profit or AAith a view to the pleasure of doing a thing well. rv. Heredity in Animals. We have dwelt with some emphasis upon the importance of breeding from sound, vigorous parents ; for like produces like, and the rule is constant even in the case of phenomenal animals. Extraordinary devel- opment is by no means the result of chance, though it may be the bring- ing out in an extraordinary degree, of qualities that have been dormant, perhaps for generations, for the want of what breedei*s call nicking. By "nicking" is meant the development of dormant traits through the miion of a sire and dam of peculiar qualities, of the most excellent traits perfectly blended together, and conferring \'igor of constitution, soundness and fineness of bone, along with great muscular development, good digestion and excellence of the respiratory organs, and of the nerv- ous system, and nerve force. With these, an animal must be good ; and how to have them good is the object of this work. Let us now see what goes to make up that quality called heredity, which is earned in the breeding of an animal. Charles Darwin has writ- ten A'oluminously and conclusively on this subject, as have man}^ others. Dr. Miles, late professor of Agriculture in the Michigan State Agi-icultu- ral College, in a treatise on the laws of development and heredity, in rela- tion to the improvement and breeding of domestic animals, has collected and arranged much valual)le matter bearing upon this subject ; and he cites heredity of normal characteristics, atavism, variation, the relative influence of parents, influence of previous impregnations, and various other matters, as being well worth the study of the breeder. The position we have assumed is, therefore, founded upon correct and long- continued observation by the most eminent minds of this and other ages ; for more than a glimmering of the laws of heredity' was had even by the ancients. In classic times there were families of athletes among the Greeks ; and the extract already given from Xenophon shows that he no less understood what a horse should be, than he did how to conduct the memorable retreat of the ten thousand, and to fight successful battles. Later researches by Gait on have shown that the best wrestlers and oars- men belong to a small number of families in which strength and skill have become hereditarv. The most successful of our trottinor horses are b*^^ 1 r- ■D CM > CD cr u Q > X (- o o Hi < >■ z c Q. THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. 181 derived from three families ; of these the descendants of Messenger are most strongly marked in hereditary trotting qualities. Among running horses Eclipse begat 334, and Herod 497 winners. The hereditary trans- mission of strongly marked peculiarities in races is conspicuously shown in the Jews and in the Gypsies, who intermarry, each, only,. among their owiirace. Hence, says Rihot, "their distingnishing characteristics have remained the same for centuries." So, certain breeds of sheep, as the Spanish Merinos, certain breeds of cattle, as the Devons, like certain breeds of horses, are strongly characterized by their hereditary traits and tendencies. V. Peculiar Organic Structure. No less remarkable is the tendency, sometimes seen, to inherit abnor- mal organic structure. A peculiar structure of the ear, nervous system and vocal organs, gave to the family of Sebastian Bach, that power which in eight generations produced no less than twenty-nnie eminent singers. Fecundity, length of life, abnormal peculiarities of members of the body, day-blindness, total blindness, peculiar 'forms of infirmity, and of disease, are well known to be hereditary in some human families. According to Finley Dun a tendency to consumption and dysentery in cattle is indicated by certain well marked signs ; the most obvious of which, he says, are a thin and long carcass, narrow loins and chest, flat ribs, a hollow appear- ance at the flanks, extreme thinness and fineness of the neck and withers, hollowness behind the ears, fullness under the jaws and a small, narrow muzzle. All these are indications of defective nutrition, and will apply generally, not only to cattle, but to other animals ; and defective nutri- tion is the parent of disease. VI. Heredity of Disease. Of 1000 cases of insanity noted in France, 530 were hereditary. In the family of Le Compt, thirty-seven children and grand-children became blind like himself, and in this case the blindness, for three successive generations, occurred at about the age of seventeen or eighteen years. Blindness is well known to be hereditary in horses. Spavins, curbs, ring-bones, strains of the ba(l<; tendons, swelling of the legs and grease, roaring, thick wind, chronic cough, partial as well as total blind- ness, malignant and other tumors, epilepsy and various nervous affec- tions, are also distinctly hereditary in the horse, and often do not aj^pear until mature age. Hence, it is necessary to know that the stock you breed from is not only sound, but that it came of sound ancestry ; for disabilities may lie dormant for one, two or three generations, and then appear. % 182 CYCLOPKDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. The predisposition most to be guarded against in horses, is hereditary disability in the bone, sinew, viscera, and especially in the sight. Defec- tive sight leads to shying, fright and consequent unmanageability, and is therefore dangerous in the extreme. VII. Atavism or Breeding Back. In breeding, if an abnormal characteristic appears in any of the young, and this is found to be valuable, it should be sedulously presers^ed and fostered. What is called breeding back or throwing back, may occur after the lapse of many years. The occasional appearance of horns in Galloway cattle is a case in point. Mr. Darwin mentions the occurrence in two of a litter of Essex pigs, of marks of a Berkshire cross, that had lain dormant for twenty-eight years. The reproduction of a peculiarity of an ancestor, near or remote, whether of form, color, mental trait or predisposition to disease, is termed atavism. It is a valuable trait when good qualities are thrown, and they are likely to be, if the good qualities are inherent. It is to be guarded against, if the qualities transmitted are bad. Hence we have laid it down as a rule : Breed to none but the best. VIII. Variation and Development. Variation is among the rarest of the occurrences that the breeder ever encounters. It is in fact not susceptible of proof that distinct and well- marked variation of a race is possible. Its occurrence is probably due to the throwing back to some long dormant quality of a remote ancestor. Wild animals do not change ; among them one is like the others. If transported, they may be dwarfed in size, and acquire a more'abundant cov- ering of hair, while their stomachs and other organs may become modi- fied to suit the changed conditions in a rigorous climate, or, with warmth and abundant food they may be increased in size and general develop- ment. But this is not what we understand by variation, which is not some sudden change in tlie species. Variation is rather the departure of the individual from the well-known traits of his species or family, and is due, as already stated, to avatism or breeding back to some ancient ancestor, and to some remote cross or mingling of blood. Si^ecies may acquire certain traits by development, but the process is gradual, and when once attained the traits may be perpetuated. This development is most gradual in horses, somewhat quicker in cattle, yet faster in sheep, and still more so in swine. Horses breed but once a year, mature the most slowly of all farm animals, and rarely produce more than one young at a birth. Cattle mature faster, breed younger and frequently produce twins. Sheep ma- ture still faster, and often produce two or more at a birth, while swine mature rapidly, breed young, and produce many at a birth. THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. 183 IX. Transmission of Qualities. In breeding, there are two points to be taken into consideration, in relation to the transmission of the qualities of the sire and dam. As a rule the sire of pure blood, coupled with a "cold-blooded" mare, by which we mean a mare of mixed blood, will get a foal more strongly resembling himself than the mare. Some sires have this power of im- pressing their characteristics upon the progeny in a remarkable degree. A fact that is still more striking is that some females have the faculty of bringing young remarkably like the sire. This is a species of atavism. If a mare possesses this peculiarity, she is invaluable, and if of pure blood should never be served by any but the best sires. If of cold blood then she should be served by a sire of like peculiarity as to the transmis- sion of blood, and possessing the qualities which are wanted in the foal. Again, the oftener a female is served by the same sire, the stronger will be the likeness of the progeny to the sire, as a rule ; and the oftener the sire is changed, the greater will be the danger of variation in the progeny. Hence, the absolute importance of breeding in such manner that the blood sought will be more and more impressed with the characteristics required ; and, hence, again, the imperative necessity that the first time a female, especially one of pure lineage, is allowed to breed, it be not only to an animal of known purity of blood, but to one bred in the same line, that is, having the same qualities as herself; for, not only is the dam impressed with the blood of every sire with which she has had contact, but the first impress is stronger than any succeeding one. If is not nec- essary here to go into a demonstration of these facts. They are so well established that they may be taken for granted. X. The Impress of Color and Form. Breeding to color is also an important point to be considered. Never use a parti-colored stallion, but always use one of self-color. Bays and chestnuts with darker manes and tails are the best colors, as a rule. These colors may be broken with white at the fetlocks, and by a star in the forehead; but too much white should be avoided, "while "calico mark- ings" are the least dcsiral)le of all. Certain breeds have characteristic colors, as the gray in the Percheron, bays and browns in the Clydesdales, and black in the English cart horse. Adhere to definite colors, whatever they may be ; if others incline to crop out, esjiecially marked ones, be sure they are due to atavism, from some near or remote cross. With regard to form, the rule more generally acknowledged to be cor- rect, and the one borne out by many facts, is, that the sire impresses outward form and color to a great degree, and the mare the inner and physical form to a corresponding degree. If the sire be of the purest 184 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. lineage, his impress, all through, will be the stronger, and if the mare be the purest, her characteristics will predominate. In breeding up to a higher standard, be sure, therefore, that the sire is of the purest and the most strongly marked characteristics, as to impress of blood. XI. Relation of Size in Sire and Dam. In the production of full-formed, vigorous and symmetrical animals, ii it is desired to increase the size, the mare should be relatively larger than the horse. But if the size is correct, according to the breed, select sire and dam of relative size ; that is, select a sire proportionately larger than the dam, according to the breed. In Devon and Hereford cattle, for example, the cows are smaller than the bulls, wherein they contrast with the Short-Horns, where the relative size between male and female cor- responds more nearly with the relative size of horse and mare. Above all, never make the mistake of attempting to brced-up the size by using overgrown males. Such an experiment must always end in disaster, as many farmers have found by breeding small mares, which they happen to have, to some coarse, large-lioued horse, w^ith the idea of gettijig large, able-bodied colts. At the time when overgrown horses were fashionable in England, for coach and carriage teams, the farmers of Yorkshire attempted to breed such animals from overgrown stallions on small mares. The result was a dismal failure. The converse of this has been seen in this country, in breeding pony Morgans upon much of the farm stock with a view of getting fine horses. The outcome was stock too small for labor, and not good enough for anything like road horses. The results of this mistake may yet be seen in some parts of the country, in undersized animals. XII. Breed Only Prom Pxire Sires. In-and-in breeding, as already stated, as the breeding together of ani- mals closely related, as the progeny of one sire and dam or members of the same distinct and closely related lineage. Cross breeding is the union of two distinct sub-families of the same tribe. Hybrids are the produce of two distinct tribes of a famil}', as for instance in the genus equus, of the mare and ass, or the mare and zebra, or of the mare and quagga. Cross-bred animals are fertile ; hybrids are not. Breeding in line is the union of animals closely enough related to pos- sess similar characteristics. In this connection it will be suiBcicnt to state conclusions founded upon experience and facts. The data may be found in the records of herd and stud books, and in works dealing in special- ties relating to physiology, anatomy and breeding. If it be desired to keep a stock absolutely pure, and to retain the well- known characteristics of a breed in their best form , the proper plan is to THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. 185 breed to Hue with individuals having the distinct points required. If the object is to breed-up, to found a breed, or to refine certain points and characteristics with a view to their perpetuation, it will be safe to breed in-and-in, or closely, for three generations, and then take an out cross, or breed to line, as the case may be. For ordinary purposes, where stamina, strength of constitution, and not exceptionally constant characteristics are required, crossing is not objectionable, though violent crosses, as heretofore stated, must not be allowed. Breed your females to the best male you can find, having due regard always to the point thatthfe 186 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. female must not be bred to a male widely different from, herself. Good mares of the common mixed breed may be bred to staunch thoi'ough- breds to refine, and to give style, symmetry and speed to the foals ; to Percherons, or Clydesdales, to increase the size and strength for draft ; to the Cleveland Bay, to beget handsome, able horses for the farm and car- riage, and to well-bred trotting stock to get good horses for the road, and for all work. As illustrating our meaning, if the reader will turu to the portrait of Gold Dust, a horse of mixed l)lood, got by Vermont Morgan, out of a dam nearly or quite thoroughbred, it will serve to show a result of cross breeding. The progeny partakes more of the thorough than of the mixed blood. The cut of Shales, a half-bred horse foaled iu England, early in the century, and noted during his whole life as a most wonder- ful trotter, shows the result of a thoroughbred sire, with a dam of mixed lineage. Here the preponderance is in favor of the thoroughbred sire. The cut of Dervish shows an example of pure breeding, and probably of close, or at least line, breeding. He was a little bay Arab, of great style and fineness, remarkable for his darting, square trot ; that is, for throwing out the fore-leg, and strp'ghtening the knee before the foot touched the ground. VIII. The Best are Cheapest in the End. The highly-bred trotters of to-day, those quite or nearly thorough- bred, show the value of breeding in line, that is, we repeat, the breeding- together of animals of close descent, or those having characteristics in common. Many of our best thoroughbred racers show examples of in- and-in breeding, and, as a rule, those bred in the same line of descent are more uniform in their qualities, than those which have been produced by the union of many sub-families of the same original blood. The objec- tion to close in-and-in breeding is, that, if persisted in, it will ultimately result in weakening the constitution, while at the same time it refines. To establish a breed it must be closely followed, departing from the rule only when undue delicacy of constitutional vigor is feared. In the wild state, gregarious animals, such as horses and cattle, breed in-and-in for two or three generations, or until the strongest males become enfeebled with age, or are obliged to succumb to younger and more vigorous ones ; which is in accordance with the principle of the survival of the fittest, and may be called a modification of in-and-in breeding alternated with breeding to line. The same rule would be a sound one, if modified by careful selection, in the artificial breeding of domestic animals, always keeping in mind that in sheep, and especially in swine, the rule must not be so closely followed. But in all this, remember constantly that the THE BKEKDlNd AND REARING OF COLTS. 187 PROCTOR KNOTT. Winner Jiinioi Champion and Futurity Stakes. MISS WOODFORD. Winner of the Great American Stallion Stalver THE nUEEDINO AND REARING OF COLTS. 189 best are always cheapest in the end. It is true that the breeder's purse must be considered ; but, be he rich or poor, it is always a money-losing business to breed to an ill-formed male because he is cheap. XIV. Selection of Stallion and Mare; The selection of the stallion, while it will depend primarily upon what che colts are intended for, should alwa3^s be for the good there is in him. He should be of full medium-size tor the breed, and should possess the ^characteristics we have previously stated, in writing of breeds. He should be masculine in every fiber, with the distinguishing beauty, strength, fire and courage of the male. Never breed to a feminine-look- mg male. The outcome will always be a failure. Selection of the Mare. — The selection of the mare is no less important. It is she that is to nourish the foetus, and after birth give suck to the young. The mare, Avhatever her size, should not be coarse at any point. Her beauty needs to be feminine, just as that of the stallion must be masculine. She should carry more muscle or flesh than the horse, be more rounded in outline, but be finer in head, neck and limli, and thin- ner in mane and tail than the stallion. Her strength should be that of fleetness, her fire that of docile playfulness, and her courage that of am- bition to perform. She should have a larger pelvis, relatively, than the horse, and her barrel should be rather rounder and more roomy. Her milking qualities should of course be good, for upon them depends, in a great measure, the future usefulness of the colt. XV. Service of the Stallion. The mare may be served just as she is coming into lieat, but better just after her greatest passion of heat has passed. The best time for service is early in the morning. After being served let her remain quiet, or, if she seem fretful, walk her slowly about, and, after fifteen minutes., turn her into a pasture that she may amuse herself eating grass ; but not. in a pasture where there is other stock. A mare will usually i-eceive the horse on the eighth or ninth day after foaling, even though she exhibit no particular sign of heat ; if not, she may come into heat when the colt is about four weeks old. Treatment after Service. — After being served, try her with the horse on the ninth day ; if she refuse, try her again on the seventh day follow- ing ; upon a second refusal, try her again on the fifth day after that ; if she then refuse, she may be fairly conceded to be with foal. Above all things, the mare should be kept away from teasing horses ; from badly castrated geldings ; from ridglings, or horses imperfectly gelded, and bear- ing one testicle in the body ; from yearling colts, and from other mares in heat. When once the time of heat is known, and service given, the 190 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. mare should be returned to the horse as recommended, so that the time may not run over when the mare should receive the horse. Forty-four weeks beino^ the usual time the mare goes with foal, if the service of the stal- lion is delayed it will bring the birth of the next foal too late, perhaps, in the next year ; and, possibly one year may have to be intermitted in breed' ing. XVI. The Period of Gestation. Gestation, the carrying of the young, continues, on an average, eleven months or forty-four weeks. This period may, however, according to the observations of Mr. Youatt, be diminished by five weeks, or extended by six weeks. Thus it will be seen that there is a variation of nearly eleven weeks, or nearly three months. M. Fessier, a French observer, counting 582 mares, finds the longest period 419 days, the shortest 287 days and the average 330 days. In an observation by M. Gayot on twenty-five mares, the average was 343 days, the longest period 367 days and the shortest period 324 days. Small mares, as a rule, go a shorter time than large ones, and a mare is apt to carry a horse colt longer than one which is a female. The observations of M. Fessier may be taken as the most conclusive, since they were extended over a period of fort}) years. Treatment During Gestation.— The mare should not be worked imme- diately after being served. Once quieted, it is proper that she have ordi- nary work until within about three months of the time of foaling. After this she may do light work, not fast work, with benefit to herself and the foal. Care, however, must be taken that she do not slip or strain herself, Qor fall down, XVII. Treatment After Foaling; After foaling, and until the colt is a month old, the mare should do no work. In fact, no valuable mare should do any work, certainly not more than enough for exercise, until the colt begins to eat grass and grain freely. There are more colts dwarfed, and mares injured, by the dam being worked hard Avhile suckling the colt, than at any other time, and I)}'' all other means whatever. She is then weak, liable to become overheated, and any disability experienced by the mare will surely be participated iiJ by the foal XVIII. How to Know if a Mare is in Poal. As already stated, if the mare refuse the horse upon the third trial, on the twenty-first day after service, she may be considered to be with foal. Between these trials, however, if the mare be not gravid, or in foal, the lips of the .vagina will be moist, bright, and of a fresh florid THE BREEDING AND REARING OP COLT8, 191 PERCHERON IN ACTION. 192 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. 193 appearance, and with a fresh drop of fluid at the lower part, which being touched will incline to extend. If she be gravid, the surface of the vagina will be dry and of a dirty brown or rusty color, while the drop that before was clear fluid, will be dark and brown. After the third month, the belly will begin to swell, and at the end of the fifth or sixth month the movements of the foetus may be seen by watching ; or by standing the mare at rest and pressing up sharply in the flank, with the thumb and fore-finger closed, the foetus may be distincly f elt by the rebound. XIX. How to Know the Foaling Time. From one to three months before the time of foalins;, the udder begins to fiH and swell, more or less, and this will continiie increasing. During the three weeks immediately preceding the time of foaling, a furrow-like appearance is seen, reaching from the haunch to the tail on each side of the spinal extension, as though the pelvis was separating its parts. This will be more and more apparent as the time approaches. The udder will fill, and two days, generally, though sometimes only one, before foaling, a, gummy substance will exude from, and stand at the end of, each teat. XX. The Foaling StaU. Whatever the place provided for foaling, it should be so tight that the mare cannot get her limbs through the interstices. It should be warm and well-littered wath short, fine straw, and the mare should be left entirely to herself, except in those rare cases when she may need mechan- ical assistance in foaling. This, however, should not be resorted to unless the size of the foetus requires it, or a false presentation is made. XXIc Abortion, or Slinking the Foal. From the time when gestation has proceeded three months, and up to the fifth month, there may be danger of abortion. To prevent this, the mare should not be exposed to foul smells, nor to the sight of blood or dying animals, nor should she be allowed to be frightened. She should have better feeding, and less work, since from this time on her system will be called on to nourish the fast-growing foetus. There are many causes of abortion. Among the most prolific are, allowing her to see food given others, that she does not get herself, and which she likes ; sudden fright i sympathy with the distress of other animals ; and above all, the germs arising in a stable in which there has been an abortion. The prevention is to avoid all these things, and to allow the animal plenty of fresh air. If an animal once aborts, unless it is brought on by strain or acute disease, or if once the tendency is established, it is some- what difficult to overcome the predisposition, which generally arises at about a concurrent period of gestation. Hence, great pains should be taken to prevent any liability to this disaster. 13 ^ 194 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. XXII. How to Kaise a Colt. The colt should be allowed to run with the dam until it is about six mouths old. The mare should have plenty of grass, and such other food as may be necessary to keep up her condition. If, at weaning time, the inare do not dry off kindly, the milk should be drawn by hand, often enough to prevent inflammation ; keeping her on dry food will assist in the pro- cess of drying, especially if she be put to steady but light work. At all events she should have plenty of walking exercise daily. The colt should be handled and fondled^ from the time it is a week old, if strong, and a light halter should be put on, to lead it by. Thus it early becomes ac- customed to the master, and if kindly treated will soon come to seek the fondling hand. As soon as it will eat, say at three months old, it should be accustomed to a little crushed oats daily, and the mess may be in- Dreased from time to time, until it gets a full ration, at six months old. Many persons suppose that a colt needs no water. Nothing could be further from the truth. After it is a w^eek old, the colt should be offered water once a day, at noon, and as it increases in age, oftener. When ready to wean, it will already have been accustomed to lead by the halter. Tie it securely where it may not hurt -itself, preferably in sight of the mare , feed it generoush'', give it plenty of water, and allow it to run at play every day. 1 J CHAPTER X. ASSES AND MULES. I. THE MULE AND HINNY DEFINED. II. THE ASS. III. ANTIQUlTi' OP THE MULE. IV. BREEDING-JACKS. V. LONGEVITY OP THE MULE. VI. THE VALUE OF MULES FOR LABOR. VII. MULES ARE NOT VICIOUS*. VIII. THE BREEDING OF MULES. I. The Mule and Hinny Defined. The word mule signifies a hybrid, that is, tlie offspring of animals belonging to the same genus, and fertile one with the other, but of dif- ferent species. Mules or hybrids are usually infertile, one with another, and are always incapable of propagating the species indefinitely. As now generally accepted, the word mule is used to designate the offspring of the male ass with the mare. They have been known and bred since the time of remotest history, having always been prized for their longevity, sure-footedness, and ability to labor in extreme heat. The Hinny. — The hinny is the produce of a she-ass, bred to a horse. They were called hinnus by the Romans ; — hence, our name, hinny. They resemble the horse more than the ass, just as the mule, spruno from the mare and ass, resembles the male parent most. Hinnies are handsome, round-bodied like the horse, but exceedingly small, and are also said to be slow and more difficult to manage than the mule propei . They have, therefore, seldom been bred, and when so, soon passed into disuse. II. The Ass. The wild ass is said to have been indigenous to Arabia Deserta, and the ^30untries which formed the Babylonian Empire. Those now found in the northern region of India are said to Ije so fleet, in the hill country, that no horse can overtake them. Four different races seem to be indicated in the Hebrew Scriptures, where they are named Para, Chamor, Aton and Orud. Of the wild ass Para, Scott's version of the description by Job is as follows : "Wild tenant of the Avaste, I sent him there Among the shrubs, to breath in Freedom's air. Swift as an arrow in his speed he flies ; Sees from afar the smoky city rise ; Scorns the throng'd street, where slavery drags her load, The loud-voiced driver and his urging goad : Where e'er the mountain waves its lofty wood, A boundless range, he seeks his verdant food." 197 198 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. III. Antiquity of the Mule. Mules were used and much prized from a remote antiquity, and are mentioned both in sacred and profane history. They were introduced into the chariot races in the 70th Olympiad, or about 500 years before the Christan era ; and in the time of the Romans, Q. Axius, a Roman Sena-, tor, paid, according to Pliny, 400,000 sesterces, or more than $13,000, for a male ass, for the stud ; and he also states that the best female asses were worth a like sum to breed sires. When we compute the difference in value between money then and now, the price was greater than that now paid for the most celebrated racing and trotting horses. IV. Breeding-Jacks. The best Jacks now are those of Spanish origin. They are large, strong-boned, long-bodied, and, of course, long-eared. The cut will give a good representation of the Poitou ass, an animal similar to the Spanish jack. The jack, whatever the breed, is sensitive to cold, and to the influ- ence of storms, and, if not warmly housed in winter, soon becomes useless and disal^led, from rheumatic and other affections. Of the jacks imported at an early day into America, as a present to General Washington, Mr. Custis has written as follows : "The Royal Gift and Knight of Malta, were sent to General Wash- ington about the year 1787 — the G^^yi? with a jennet, a present from the King of Spain ; and said to have been selected from the roj^al stud. The Knight, I believe, was from the Marquis de Lafayette, and shipped from Marseilles. The Gift was a huge and ill shapen jack, near sixteen hands high, very large head, clumsy liml)S and to all appearance little calcula- ted for active service ; he was of a gray color, probably not young when imported, and died at Mount Yernon but little valued for his mules, which were unwieldy and dull. The Knight was of a moderate size, clean limbed, great activity, the fire and ferocity of a tiger, a dark brown, nearly black colour, white belly and muzzle ; could only be managed by one groom, and that always at considerable personal risk. He lived to a great age, and was so infirm towards the last as to require lifting. He died on my estate in New Kent, in the state of Virginia, about 1802 or 1803. His mules were all active, spirited, and serviceable ; and from stout mares attained considerable size. " General Washington bred a favorite jack called Compound, from the cross of Spanish and Maltese — the Knight upon the imported Spanish Jennet. This jack was a very superior animal ; very long bodied, well set, ^vith all the qualities of the Knight and the weight of the Span- ish. Ho was the sire of some of the finest mules at Mount Vernon, and died from accident. The General bred mules from the best of his coach ASSES AND MULES. 190 mares, and found the value of the mule to bear a just proportion to the value of the dam. Four mules sold, at the sale of his effects, for upwardj^ PERCHERON STALLION CASINO. of $800 : and two more pairs at upwards of $400 each pair ; one pair ot these mules were nearly sixteen hands high each. "From these jacks a compound breed were produced, that, when bred to large mares, were unexcelled for size and activity." 200 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. ASSES AND MULES. 201 The breeding of jacks and jennets, as the female of the ass is called, IS confined to but few hands. These l)reeding studs are mostly located in Kentucky and Tennessee, though some are found in Ohio, Indiana, Il- linois and Missouri. Up to the time of the late war the breeding of this stock was an important industry, the jacks produced l)eing distrib- uted for service all over the Southern and Western States. Since the war, with the breiiking up of the great breeding studs, the industry has lano-uished, owing to the decreased demand for mules. A new impetus. PRIZE WINNING MULE. Specially photographed for this work. however, has given rise to the breeding of jacks again in considerable num- bers in the South, and this branch of husbandry will undoubtedly again assume more than its original importance ; for the agricultural interests of that section are stea^dily growing, and a constant improvement is noted in the quality and numbers of the live stock. What the jacks should be may be seen in the illustration of a Poitou ass, a modification of the liest form of the Spanish jack, on page 159, and that of the best form of the nuile in the cut on page 160, showing the manner of trimming, { roitfching) the mane and tail. The cut of a Spanish jennet given above will also convey an accurate idea of the best form of jennet. 202 . CYCLOPEDIA OP" LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. V. Longevity of the Mule. The longevity of the mule is proverbial. It was a commod saying dur- ing the civil war that *'mules never died;" they might sometimes be knocked over by a shot, but if one ever died a natural death the army wags refused to credit or record the fact. Pliny gives an account of one, taken from Grecian history, that was eighty years old ; and though past labor, followed others, that Were carrying materials to build the temple of Minerva at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them ; which so pleased the people, that they ordered he should have free egress to the grain market. Dr. Rees mentions two that were seventy years old in England. Mr. Jr*. S. Skinner says, "I saw myself, in the West Indies, a mule perform his task in a cane mill, that his owner assured me was forty years old ;" and adds, writing nearly twenty years ago, "I now own a mare mule twenty-five years old, that I have had in constant work twenty-one years, and can discover no diminution of her powers ; she has within a year past often taken upwards of a ton weight in a wagon to Boston, a distance of more than five miles. A gentleman in my neighborhood has owned a very large nmle about fourteen years, that cannot be less than twenty-eight years old. He informed me, a few day since, that he could not perceive the least failure in him, and would not exchange him for any farm horse in the country. And I am just informed, from a source enti- tled to perfect confidence, that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent agriculturist, near Centerville, on the eastern shore of Maryland, owns a mule that is thirty-five years old, as cj\pable of labor as at any form*;? pe^riod." VI. Value of Mules for Labor. It is bejrond dispute that mules will continue to labor for at least dou ble the period of the usefulness of the horse. They endure extreme! heat better, but are pinched with cold. It is a mistake to suppose thai the mule will sul^sist on far less food than the horse. In proportion to size, they require about the same quantity ; but, weight for weight, they will draw a heavier load ; and, for the reason, that they take little notice of what is going on about them, do not fret and seldom scare. As pack- animals, they are far suijerior to the horse ; while, in sure-footedness and freedom from disease, no farm animal, except the goat, can compete with them. The impression that mules can get along with little or no care, and that they may be turned out in the "VNanter to shift for themselves, has led many peojjle to be disappointed in their use. In summer, when a horse would seek the shade, we have seen mules lie prone in the sun and enjoy the heat. For ordmary farm labor and all teaming purposes, mules become more and more valuable as we go south of 40 degrees. As wo ASSES AND MULES. 203 proceed north they become less and less serviceable, and few are found in use north of 45 degrees. VII. Mules are not Vicious. It is generally supposed that the mule is naturally vicious. This is a mistake. He is resentful and never forgets an injury ; and if subjected to a long course of ill usage he at length becomes vicious. On the other hand, ho animal is more susceptible to kindness, or will exert himself more strenuously for a kind master. Nevertheless, the mule must have a mas- ter, one firm and yet kind. The mule, as some of our readers prol)ably know, has a most perfect means of offense and defense, namely, his heels. FRENCH DRAFT HORSE, OLD LOUIS NAPOLEON. These he knows how to use to far better })urposc than does the horse, They are not used, however, except under the impulse of fear or revenge. If kindly used the mule is at once amiable, tractable and willing to per- form any due amount of labor. On the contrary, if ill used he becomes sullen, vicious and often balky in the extreme. VIII. The Breeding of Mules. In the breeding of mules, as of all other animals, attention must be paid to the use for which they are intended. If for {)acking in the moun- tains, small, compact mules, such a* are bred from small, fine Spanish THE ZEBEULAS AS EXHIBITED AT THE ST. LOUIS WOKLD 8 i.Uii. The stocky, docile, striped Zebrula is the latest product in the evolution of the horse. Zebrulas are the progeny of the Indian pony stallion and the female zebra. They inherit the endurance of both sire and dam. For them is claimed the capacity to render more ser- vice than the mule and that with less food and drink. The Hagenbecks, the great ani- mal showmen, in their experiments at cross-breeding, originated this animal. Whether the Zebrulas can reproduce is yet to be determined. To the thousands of horsemen assem- bled, the Zebrulas were more than curiosities. They suggested the possible successor of the mule. It was only a suggestion. Beside the Missouri mule, Zebrulas were dwarfs. ASSES AND MULES. 205 jacks, are required. These are at once agile and sure-footed. For work on Southern phuitations medium-sized mules are most sought. These are bred from mares of ordinary size, by good-sized jacks. In breeding mules for the road and for heavy teaming, large, roomy mares are used. These are served with the largest jacks, and at three years old command, when well matched, from $300 to $600 a span. The treatment of the mares and of the mule colts should be precisely like that described in the preceding chapter. The colts should be handled 3^oung, gently treated and made completely subordinate to the will of the master. At two years old /KIUULA MAKHS. tliey may be broken. They should be carefully harnessed, without fright- ening them, and hitched to a strong wagon, when they will generally move off Avithout much difficulty. Thereafter they may do light work until they are four years old; when they may be put to full labor. Their denti- tion is similar to that of the horse, and the rule for telling their ages is identical with the advice for that animal. The illustration on page 163, shows a roomy Percheron mare and mule foal. Above is seen a group ©f mules as wintered in mild climates. CHAPTER XI. HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 1. THE OLD SYSTEM AND THE NEW. II. THE AMERICAN WAY BETTER THAN THE EN- GLISH. III. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREAKING AND TRAINING. IV. FIRST LES- SONS. V. LEARNINGTOLEAD. VI. TO MAKE ACOLTCOMETO YOU. VII. LES- SONS IN SOUND SIGNALS. VIII. FLEXIONS. IX. THE PROPER AGE FOR WORK. X. HARNESSING AND DKIVING. XI. THE AGE FOR REAL WORK. XII. HOW TOSUBDUE A WILDCOLT. XIII. HANDLING A VICIOITS COLT. XIV. SUBDUING A VICIOUS OR TRICKY HORSE. XV. TRAINING A STALLION FOR SERVICE. XVI. TRAINING FOR DRAFT. XVII. HOW TO HAVE A GOOD PLOW TEAM. XVIII. FORMING A GOOD SADDLE HORSE. XIX. THE DIFFERENT GAITS. XX. TRAIN- ING TO TROT IN HARNESS. XXI. FORMING A TROTTER. XXII. TO TRAIN A RACER. XXIII. SADDLING. XXIV. HARNESSING. I. The Old System and the New. Under the old system of training, an animal was subdued by main force.- What he learned was acquired under the impulse of fear. Under the new system, an animal is taught to depend upon and trust his master, by convincing him that he will not be injured. Under the old system, the whip and spur, and "terrible voice," were the means used to drive and force him up to, and beyond, an object that might be terrifying to a young and inexperienced horse, however harmless in itself. Under the new sys- tem, the young horse is allowed to see for himself that steam, harsh noises, great crowds, locomotives, the beating of drums, the thunder of cannon, and the various sights and sounds that, even to the savage and bar- barian, would be terrible, are quite innocent, when the master's hand di- rects. Hence, the horse, trained to obedience and made familiar witb the various sights he is to encounter, fears them as little, and is as eager to witness them, as a child. The habit of entire dependence upon the mas- ter prompts him to go forward, even into the most imminent danger, with- out other sign than that of eager curiosity or of obedience to the will of the rider or driver. It is true that all this may be accomplished by the whip and spur, which are, even now, freely and needlessly used by some brutal teamsters, as well as by many really humane persons, who have never sought to un- derstand the intelligence of the horse, and far less that of the other do- mestic animals under their care. Hence, to persons of this latter class, the horse is a slave, whereas, to the intelligent master, he is a servant anx- ious and eao-er to do his wilL The element of fear cannot, of course, be entirely dispensed with in training. A wilful animal must be subdued at any cost of punishment i but this punishment should be as intelligently and humanely administered as in the case of a child. Those who train animals should firsl^ themselves, learn to know what the animal means 206 HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 207 by his mute language ; in the case of the horse, for instance, they should know at a ghmce what is meant by the phiy of the ears, the arch of the neck, the expression of the eyes, and the attitude generally. These things once understood, more than half the difficulty of training is over- come. II. The American Way Better than the English. It has often been remarked that English horses are wilder, more dan- gerous and difficult to subdue, have stronger resisting powers, and are more liable at any titne to exhibit freaks of temper, than American-bred horses. This is quite true, and for the reason that, in England, the old system of horse-breaking is more in vogue than in this country. In England, colts are not I'aised on every farm, as in the United States and Canada, to be the friends and the pets of the children. Their keepers are generally ignorant servants, who seem to think that horses have but two impulses — to eat and to injure. In America, colts are the pets of the boys of the family, and, while running with the mare, they become habituated to all the sights and noises of the farm. They never come to know their real strength as a resisting power against man ; that power lies dormant, because on the farm, as a rule, they have no occasion to exercise it. We have accordingly insisted, as the result of experience, that the education of animals should begin at a very early age, when the power of resistance is small. For, if once an animal finds that the supe- rior intelligence of the master is more than a match for brute force, kind- ness and careful lessons will thenceforth easily complete the education of all farm animals, and especially that of the young horse. ni. Difference Between Breaking and Training. The difference between "breaking" and training must already be appar. ent to the reader. The aim of the first is to subdue, and force ia promptly resorted to as the readiest means to this end. The compara- tively-weak but intelligently directed brute-force of the master will, of course, generally win, and the animal, broken in spirit, becomes an autom- aton, performing through fear what he cannot avoid by resistance. In those cases where the superior force of the animal wins, he is thencefor- ward vicious and tricky, and passes from one master to another, until, worn out in the struggle, he either ruins himself or becomes the drudge of some reckless and brutal teamster. Training, on the other hand, consists in teaching the young animal to know that, while the master must be obeyed promptly and implicitly, he is truly an indulgent master, requiring nothing but what is necessary to be done, and, once the task is performed, that the rewards of care and rest will follow. 208 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. No horse broken hy inaiu-strength and brute-force is quite safe for a woman to ride or drive, unless she be a complete horsewoman. The more wilful of them are never safe for any woman to drive. A horse carefully trained, however, is always safe for a woman to drive, if she be not especially nervous, and has accustomed herself to the guidance of horses ; the only exceptions being such animals as by defective organiza- tions are naturally vicious, cowardly, timid from imperfect sight, or tainted with insanity. These defects have already been mentioned in the chapter on breeding, under the head of heredity. rv. First Lessons. As before stated, the first lesson to be imparted is that of reliance on the will of the master. This lesson in obedience should be given at weanino* time, or when the colt is first haltered to be stabled. If it has been haltered, as recommended, when quite young, there will be no resist- ance. If this has not been done, the colt must be driven into a confined space where it cannot escape. Take the halter in both hands, and keep holding it to the colt until it will touch it with the nose. Do not hurry. I'he important thing here is to show the animal that there is nothing dan- gerous about a halter. When the colt ceases to fear, place the halter on the head quickly, and fasten it. If it show no serious fear, tie it up at once. If it seems frightened, allow it to wear the halter a little time before tying up. When you fasten it, do so securely, for at some time or other it will try to break away. AYhen this occurs, halter and strap should be strong enough to resist every effort. When it ceases to pull, it is thoroughly halter-wise, so far as standing quietly is concerned. It will have ceased forever to pull at the halter simply to free itself. v. Learning To Lead. The next lesson before the colt is learning to lead. You should have a small yard, into which you can take the colt. Provide yourself with a lio-ht switch, and also with a line about ten feet long, to be tied to the end of the halter. Let the colt play around in a circle, if it chooses, for a time. Approach him gently, take the halter by the iiose-band with the left hand, while holding the switch in the right hand. If the colt rear, support yourself with the right hand, by grasping the top of the neck to keep the colt down. Use no undue violence. Do not strike it. When it gets through floundering, it will thereafter be quiet. Next take the halter in the right hand, and bid the colt go on. If it refuse, tap it under the belly with the switch, until it moves. If it rears again, again subdue it. So continue until it moves forward. Then talk to it, and pet it, and it will soon lead kindly, turning to the right or left at will HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 209 VI. To Make a Colt Come to You, Have a long flexible whip. Place yourself just so far ahead of the coif/ that you can easily touch him in the fliuik, and then bid hnn "come here," at the same time pulling on the halter. If he will not come, tap him in the flank, or on the fore legs, and so continue until he obeys. If he pulls back, checkhim, and continue touching him until he comes up. Then pet him and give him a small taste of sugar, or somethini)i: he likes. Continue in this wa}^ until he comes readily at the word. The colt will not always become perfect under the first or second lesson. Perseverance will accom- plish each and every other lesson more easily than if violence were used. VII. Lessons in Sound Signals. We have shown that the first lessons are to accustom the colt to prompt obedience to the will of the trainer, as expressed by the voice or signals. The voice, however, must be the chief reliance. The signal by sound, should precede tlie signal by sign, or the check by the strap or rein ; and should always precede the tap of the whip, when the whip is necessary. A child is taught to speak through its po^^erof imitation. If it never heard spoken language, it would never learn to articulate speech. So, the same word should alwaj's be used, to induce the perform- ance by the colt of a certain act, as : Whoa ! Back ! Go on ! Come here ! When this has been accomplished, and the colt has been taught to stand at rest, to lead quietly or to circle about the tutor, at the end of the rein, he should next be taught to follow the master about the yard with- out leading, first with the halter strap in the hand, the tutor backing as the colt follows, and afterwards with the strap over the neck of the colt. The preliminary lesson in backing may be taught, 1)y taking the colt by the head, standing in front of him, and using the word "back," at the same time, pressing in the proper direction, and tapping it on the breast, if necessary. After a time the animal will l)ack promptly and continuously at the word. This lesson, and all others of flexions, must l)e taught with the bridle and bit, since to back easily and properly, the head must be raised. In all first lessons the form of the halter is important. We give that of a good one, which will not huit the colt unless he pulls strongly on it. Upon ceasing, the halter will let up of itself. When once the animal is taught to stand quietly, an ordinary halter may be used. A tiOOU FOUM KOK A IIALTKR. 14 210 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. VIII. Flexions. That the colt may be able promptly to turn in any direction, what are called flexions should be practiced. The more simple of these are, raising the head high, putting it down close to the ground and then rais- ing it, turnmg the head to the right or the left side, with the nose close to the body, but obliquely to it, etc. Full instruction in these flexions need not be perfected until the animal is two or three years old ; and, in fact, but little of this exercise is actually necessary, except with the .sad- dle horse. For saddle horses, flexions are especially important, since the object of them is to render the head, neck, body and limbs supple and capa- ble of varied action. A curb-bit is necessary to their proper performance, and hence only preliminary and simple lessons should be given the colt, for the curb should not be used until the animal is nearly ready for work. At the proper age, put on a bridle with a curb-bit, taking care that it 6ts properly in every jDart. Between the chain and jaw, the finger should sRp easily, and the bit should just touch the upper part of the lips, and that only in the slightest manner. Stand in front of the horse, take the off or right rein with the right hand about six inches from the branch of the bit, and the near or left rein with the left hand, at about half the dis-. tance from the branch. Draw the right hand to the body, and press with the left, so as to turn the bit in the mouth. If the horse backs, follow him up, pressing steadily until he lowers his head, and flexes his jaw. Then slip the left hand along the rein until it is opposite the right hand and press the head to the breast, holding it curbed perpendicularly but obliquely to the right, until the horse ^\ill maintain the position himself. Then flex the jaw to the left by a reverse action to that above given. Teach the horse to raise his head high and perpendicularly, by taking each rein, six inches from the branch, and raising, and pressing slightly back. Teach him to lower the head by a contrary action. Next teach him to sway the head to the right and to the left, to raise and lower the head alternately, by means that will readily suggest themselves. It will surprise you to find how soon the average horse will understand. In all this, use no undue violence, and above all bear in mind that a curb-bit is a powerful lever, and must be carefully handled. When the animal is perfect in these flexions, take the reins in the left hand, near the branches of the bit ; and standing close by and facing the shoulder, holding the head fairly up, and to you, induce the animal to move his hind feet, in a circle from you, the fore feet remaining stationary, as a pivot. This lesson perfect, make him stand firm ])eliind, and move his fore parts from you in a circle. There are many other flexions taught in the menage ; but the foregoing are sufficient for a saddle horse or light HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 211 driving horse , and these are not necessary unless the animal be intended for this kind of work, or for racing or trotting. Eemember one thing, teach only one lesson at a time. Again, let us repeat the caution, never to use undue violence, and never lose your temper, never speak loud, or jerk the reins, or act upon nidden impulse. Keep cool. Your object is to train, not break the will. When the animal understands the wish, and i)crforms it, reward it with something it likes, and let it rest; a bit of carrot, or sugar for instance, goes a great way with a young horse. IX. The Proper Age for "Work. The preliminary training may go forward from the time the colt is six months old, until the age of two years is reached. It will by this time be quite submissive to the will of the tramer, and without fear. A pad, Avith light stirrup-leathers attached, may be put on, and the colt be allowed to play about the yard with it, at the end of the rein. A well- fitting bridle may be put on, with keys attached to the center of the bit, with which the colt may amuse itself. When the colt is one year old and over, the crupper-strap may be put on, and the little animal may 1)6 reined loosely to the top of the pad. Later, the side reins maybe put on, and the head gradually V)rought into i^osition. The colt, if stabled, should be regularly cleaned. His feet should be raised, and the hoofs lightly tapped with a hammer. He should be taught to lead, walk and trot, beside the trainer. Thus at the age of two years, if well -grown, he will be ready to be trained to light work, or, as it used to be put, * 'broken to harness." Under the course of treatment we have laid down, ho will have learned the use of the reins, — to go back, or forward, and to turn to the right or left at the word ; and al)ove all, he will have confidence in himself, and no fear of his master. In nine cases out of ten, if the colt has been taught to lead beside a well trained team, and used to the rattling of the wagon, he will go off pretty much like an old horse, except for his super- abundant life, the first time he is harnessed. X. Harnessing and Driving. Two years is the best age for i)utting the colt to light work. He has better teeth then than at three years old, and has arrived at the period when careful driving will assist to spread and develop the frame. The colt will, of course, first have been taught to allow himself to be harnessed and unharnessed kindly. Put the harness on carefully and hitch him up beside a well-trained horse, usually on the off side, and start the team ; then, if he plunge^ he can do no nx.L'chief. Tie the dou- ble-tree, of the old horse, so th^t he can pull all the load if necessary 212 CYCLOPEDfA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. and bid them go. If the colt plunge and rear, keep the steady horse in motion, and talk to the colt. If he show too much temper, a few sharp cuts of the whip will bring him to terms, but in punishing him strike but once, and repeat if necessary. This discipline, administered with care, and driving to make them way-wise, is all the diflSculty one need ever iiave with colts. XI. The Age for Real Work. Having performed light work, when from two to three years of age, let the colts have rest during the twelvemonth from three to four years of age. They are then shedding their principal teeth, and should be allowed to grow. At five years they may l)e put to real work, and they will then go on getting better and wiser, until they are eight years old, at which age a horse should be kind and without fear under any circumstances, and fit for any one to drive, who can hold the reins, and has judgment enough to keep from running against obstacles. This may seem like a long course of training, and one accompanied by much trouble. It all, however, comes in the regular routine of farm life, and must be undertaken in one way or another, unless the animal be intended for mere drudgery. XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt. The narrative of how the writer once subdued, and rendered perfectly amenable to the will, a pair of wild, high-bred foui;-3^ear-old colts, that had never even been haltered, may prove interesting. The colts had been purchased from a person who was a capital and humane horseman, but believed in never handling a colt until four years old — and this is cer- tainly better than imperfect handling. The two were driven together, into a close stall. From the outside of the stall, after many trials, in which no violence was used, but, on the contrary, soothing words, strong cavesson halters, such as are shown in the illustration, were put on the ani- mals and buckled. A rope twenty-four feet long, and with a powerful snap hook in tlie middle, was attached to the ring of the halter, leaving the ends twelve feet. Two men were placed at each end of the rope, whose only duty was to keep it sjiread, and, so accommodate themselves to the movement of the colt, as to keep it as nearly within bounds as possible. Our horseman friend superintended one colt, myself the other. The colts were allowed to find their way each into separate yards. The men picked up the ends of the rope, and the struggle began. The masters' part was simply to direct the movements of the men, and talk, each to his own colt. In ten minutes the rearing and plunging of one colt was over, and in less than fifteen minutes the strug£:les of the HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 21o otlter had ceased ; in less than twenty minutes each of the colts, ex- hausted, allowed the hand of the master to be placed on the nose, and himself to be gently fondled. Standing a short distance before the colt, with a flexible whip in hand and a cord attached to the ring of the halter, the men still holding the ends of the rope, but slack, I bade the colt come forward, tapping it on the knee after every word, with the end of the whip. The colt did not fear the master, only the assistants, and soon first one, and then the other, came forward promptly, and within an hour would follow like a dog. They were led home and put in the stable. The next day they were bitted, and their training proceeded steadily. Within a week each of them was ridden, and in ten days they were harnessed together and driven. They were broken, during the season, to light driving under sharp curb- bits, accustomed to various odd sights, and having first been rendered submissive to the voice and will of the master, never showed fear that could not be quieted by a word. XIII. Handling a Vicious Colt. Some colts are naturally vicious. The head of such an animal is rep- resented in one of the illustrations given with Chapter III. If you. un- fortunately have one, get him into a close stall, fasten him securely in, halter hini and get him in the yai-d, using ropes to the halter-ring, not less than twenty feet at each end. After he has struggled and exhausted himself, proceed to make him lie down. This can be done in the follow- ing manner. Have ready a strong bridle with a snaffle-bit, and put it on him; also fasten around the refractory youngster a good ])added sur- cingle, with a strap for the fore leg having a loop that will draw tight around the fetlock. '•Raise the leg, buckle the end of the strap securely around the arm; and you have him so he cannot kick. Fasten a longer stra}) with a similar loop, but no buckle, around the off fetlock ; pass the end under the surcingle, taking the end in the right hand, while the leftgrasps the bridle by both reins ; cast off the hampering ropes, and as the horse rears to free himself, pull tight the straj) that has ])een passed under the sur- cingle, and when he comes down it will be on the knees. As he strug- gles, press his head from you, by pulling the off rein tight over his neck, and he will fall over on the side. When he gives up entirely, and lies still, the horse should be fondled, the straps taken off, and after a time, ne should be allowed to rise. If not entirely subdued, the same thing must be gone over again. This is essentially Mr. Rarey's plan. It need never be resorted to ex~ cept under extraordinary circumstances, and the operator must have 214 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. been accustomed to handling horses, and understand the movements nec- essary in overcoming vicious and rearing animals. Another plan is to hop})le the horse and throw him down, but the one we have described is the best and most successful. It should never be attempted, however, except in a yard so thoroughly covered with some soft material that the animal will not hurt itself in falling:. XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. No person who is not well assured of his own power, should have any^ thing to do with a vicious horse, especially if the animal be vicious from some physical infirmity, such as partial insanity, wicked temper, etc. If the horse has been made tricky hy a previous timid owner, the case is not so bad. Go into the stable where he is tied, and speak to him in a firm voice. Put a strong snaffle bridle on him, take it by the bit, and order him to back. If he do not obey, strike him sharply with the whip on the fore limbs, holding him with the left hand, yourself partly facing to the rear, but so you can see every motion of the eye and ear. If he kick, cut him sharply with the whip (a rawhide is best) just above the hock, over the fieshy part of the leg. If he rear, cut him over the fore legs — ^never, however, giving more than one stroke at a time. When he backs, take him into a small, close yard, and make him obey you, coming forward, backing, or standing, as you order. If he again show signs of temper, or unruliness, proceed to make him lie down, as before directed. But a horse that has been in the habit of having his own Avay with a previous master, is thereafter never safe for uny one to drive, except him who has become his conqueror. In making a horse lie down, never use undue violence. Once the straps are fastened, you have him completely in your power. Let him struggle; it will do him good. You have simply to watch, keep him from hurting you, and seize the proper moment for subduing him. Once you have him down, and quiet, show him a buffalo robe, or any other object he dislikes; touch him with it, and let him touch it with his nose. When he at length smells at it, let him satisfy himself that it will not hurt him. At tlie first attempt at putting him down, if he get the advantage, let him rise and then try again. When, however, you have him in your power and quiet, soothe him : pass your hand repeatedly over his body ; breathe in his nostrils ; open his mouth ; gently stroke his ears and nose, and let him taste of something he likes. Thus, by using judgment, knowing your own power and ability to manage an animal, the most vicious can be subdued to your will, if not to that of other drivers. But, once you undertake to subdue a horse, do not leave him until he gives up completely. • i HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 215 XV. Training a Stallion for Service. For the reason that a stallion is stronger, more courageous, higher in nervous force, and more self-willed than the gelding, it is al)solutcly necessary that his actual training begin from the time he is a year old. He must be stabled, unless a pasture be provided where he may run every day. The ordinary training to halter, and in the flexions, learning to go fonvard, to back, to stand, to go kindly under the saddle and in harness, may l)c proceeded with much as in the case of any other colt. In addi- tion to these exercises, he should be taught to circle at the end of the long bridle rein, to the right and to the left at the word of command, to describe the figure eight, to kneel, to sit on his haunches, and to rear and to come as suddenly down at the word of command. These lessons being acquired, he should be exercised in them frequently, and be also taught to come instantly to his master at the word, without bridle or halter- rein . It will take time, all this, but henceforth he will not be found dragging his keeper about as though he were a toy attached to him. When the actual season of service is at hand, it will save many an accident, when in contact with unruly mares. Sooner or later, there may come a time when the stallion will resist authority, and then there must be no hesitation. The whip must then be used sharply and strongly, to subdue him. If he comes at you \vith mouth open, strike him suddenly a stinging blow across the nose. If he rears, cut him across the fore legs. If he kick, strike across the hind legs, just under the stifle. The whip should be strong, long, flexible, of the best workmanship and loaded with lead at the handle. We have known its use, in striking a frantic brute behind the ears, to bring him down. Remember what has been said about not striking more than once. Let there be a distinct interval between each sharp stroke, accompanied by as distinct a word of command. There is really little danger, to the cool horseman. The horse and mjister should never lose temper at the same time. If so, the strongest brute-force will certainly conquer. After a stallion is once thoroughly trained, never trust him to any but a thoroughly compe- tent groom, and one of calm courage. He is too valuable an animal to be either abused or spoiled. And during the season of seiwice, never allow him to be ridden from one station to another. He should be led beside another horse, even when taking his daily exercise. This exercise should be thorough, out of the season of service, except for a period of rest of a month's duration immediately after the season. During the season, 216 CYCLorEDiA or live stock and complete stock doctor. the exercise must be sufficient to keep the muscular condition well up, and the digestive organs in perfect order. Thus only can you expect to have the most perfect colts as the produce of your sire. XVI. Training for Draft. A horse to be used safely for draft, requires less training than any other. He has but one thing to learn ; viz : to exert his strength to tlie best advantage when occasion requires. To accomplish this, he should ])e daily exercised at a dead pull, being careful always not to overload, until he has acquired his maximum strength, which will not be until the asre of eisrht or nine years is reached. Training to the Wagon. — The wagon-horse should be trained to trot steadily with a light load, and to walk fast with a medium load. He must turn readily to the right and left, and describe short circles ; he should also be taught to stop suddenly, by throwing himself in the breechings, so as to hold a w^agon steady in going down hill, and last, ]>ut not least important, he should bo taught to back all that he can draw forward. XVII. How to Have a Good Plow Team. A plow team should be thoroughly under control. The animals should be trained to the word, fully as mucli as to the rein, and taught to obey promptly the slightest signal. They must be evenly matched for strength and agility ; for a fast, fresh horse, and a slow, dull one, together, are bad enough anywhere, but worst of all at the jjIow. With suchateam, no plowman can do good work, and without good plowing we need not expect good crops. The team should be taught to move forward without crowding together or j)ulling apart ; at the end of the furrow, the horse describing the least segment of the circle, should keep a little behind the other when coming about, so as to avoid being step- ped on ; and in the case of coming short-about, as in turning corners, he should make the turn b}^ a series of short steps. To accomplish this, the team must be talked to, though few take the trouble to do it, and hence we seldom see a really perfect plow team, one that can accomplish their task with the least labor to themselves and their driver. XVin. Forming a Good Saddle Horse. The forming of a saddle-horse, perfect in all his gaits, and amenable to the slightest sign of the bridle, voice, or heel of the rider, is more difficult than any other special training. It can only be done under a sharp curb-bit, and, to use this properly, the rider must have perfect command of himself in the saddle, and the lightest possible hand in using the reins. He must first become a horseman himself, before he can train a horse to the saddle. The animal should be perfectly flexed, HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 217 to render supple every portion of the body and limbs. He must be taught to go with head well-up and haunches well under him, to describe short circles and the figure eight, to turn, using the hind feet as a pivot, and also with the fore feet as a pivot ; and he should know how to wheel suddenly without danger of unseating his rider. This latter is accom- plished by a turn of the hind feet, the fore feet being in the air, and just after the impulse is partially given for the forward movement. A saddle-horse should also be taught to change the leading foot, while in motion ; and under whatever gait. The idea will be caught from the manner in which a person changes the leading foot in catching the step of another person. The horse's head is to be turned somewhat out of line by pressure on the bridle-rein, and also by pressure of the opposite foot of the rider. Tills will throw the head and croup out of the natural line of progression somewhat, as is done at starting, and then hy a pecu- liar movement of the limbs their motion is changed. Thus, if the horse is leading with the right fore-leg, turn the head to the right, and, with the heel turn the croup to the left, and vice versa. Once learned, it is never forgotten. XIX. The Different Gaits. The natural gaits of the horse are walking, trotting and galloping. Walking is performed in 1-2-3-4 time, and in regular cadence. The ordinary trot and the jog trot arc but modifications of the walk. Galloping is performed in 1,2-3,4 time, and the faster the stride, the more nearly simultaneously are the fore feet and hind feet brought down, so that when the horse is running at speed, the movement is apparently in 1-2 time. Then the animal is extended to the utmost, with head and tail straight out. The gait is truly a succession of leaps, and soon exhausts the animal. The slower the gallop, the less should the animal be extended, and the more should the head be raised and the haunches thrown under the body. Thus when an animal acquires the distressing, but fashionable, promen- ade canter, if he is handsome and has other corresponding accomplish- ments, he is almost priceless. The promenade canter is taught by rein- ing the horse in to get his head well up, and then restraining him to the pace required. Thus the slower he goes, the more upright he holds him- self. To teach this, the spur must be used, but with discretion. The canter then is a slow gallop. The hand-gallop is faster and is an easy gait for the horse, since he goes at half speed and in a natural man- ner. The running gait is not distressing until the violent exertion begins to tell on the wind and bottom. 218 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. Besides these, and other artificial modifications of the gallop, the pace and its modifications, are the only other gaits which a horse may be taught \ forleaping, wheeling, rearing and springing forward or from side to side, are all forms of the gallop. The amble is sometimes classed as a modified pace. It is, in reality, a slow gallop, easy and smooth, and, like any other saddle gait, must be taught under the curb. The true pacing horse lifts the fore and hind feet simultaneously on a side, first on one side and then the other. Like running at speed, it is performed in 1-2 time. The rack is a modified pace. Instead of two feet being lifted simultaneously on the one side and then the other, the feet are lifted in 1-2,3-4 time, but not regularly as in the walk. Single-foot, again, is a trained rack. Some horses take to it easily, and in fact almost naturally, just as some horses take to pacing natur- ally. But it often takes time to instruct the horse therein, though once acquired, it is not soon forgotten. No written instructions can be given for adapting all these gaits, except such general rules as are laid down for rendering the animal amenable to training. Once, by practice, you have imparted the gait, be sure to give the animal a kind word, and a rewarding caress. XX. Training to Trot in Harness. If a horse have the trotting instinct, all that is necessary in order to develop it is perseverance and training. The head should be carried toler- ably high, but not unnaturally so. The conformation of the horse must be studied, (see Chapter IV), and to assist the reader further, two cuts are given, one showing a horse's head, strained unnaturally and undul}? AN UNNATURAL POSITION. IIEAI> CARRIED NATURALLY. by the bearing rein, the other showing the liead drawn up naturally with the bit. In the one case the head is strained up by both check rein and curb, while in the other it is simply held in proper position by the curb. There is no objection to the use of the check rein if it be not improp- erly used. It serves to keep the horse in shape under a slack rein, and from putting his head to the ground, when standing at rest A matter in relation to driving in light harness, under the curb, may here be worth relating. We oilce trained a pair of fine roadster colts to HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 219 drive together in harness, solely under a pair of sharp curb-bits. This was thirty years ago. We were told that we could get no speed out of them, and that there would be danger of their falling. The last we knew to be nonsense, and the lirst we found to be a mistake. Tliere were few teams that could out-foot them on the road ; and, trotting at speed, they seemed to be going upon a slack rein. Not so, however; their mouths had never been calloused by the sawing of the "pulling bit," and they were amenable to the slightest sign. In fact, they were kept in perfect form, but it required delicate handling to do it. How much more ele- gant was this than the "g'lang" style adopted by too many persons when driving for pleasure on the road. Train, therefore, a pair of horses or a single light-driving horse, under the curb always, and, then, if you wish, you may drive then> handsomely under the snaffle. XXI. Forming a Trotter. All that is required in a horse for trotting a race, is that he go fast enou